^ |r;>v, . ♦
THE
CENTURY DICTIONARY
AND
CYCLOPEDIA
A WORK OF UNIVERSAL REFERENCE
IN ALL DEPARTMENTS OF KNOWLEDGE
WITH A NEW ATLAS OF THE WORLD
IN TEN VOLUMES
VOLUME IX
I'UBLISHKn BY
CI)e Ccnturg Co.
NliW YORK
Copyi-ight, 1889, 1895, 1896, 1897
By The Century Co.
All Rights Reserred.
PUBLISHERS' NOTE ON THE COMPLETED WORK
With the publication of the Atlas which is incorporated in the present edition The Century Diction-
ary and Cyclopedia has been brought to completion. As the Cyclopedia of Names grew out of the Dic-
tionary and supplemented it on its encyclopedic side, so the Atlas has grown out of the Cyclopedia, and
serves as an extension of its geographical material. Each of these works deals with a different part of the
great field of words, — common words and names, — while the three, in their unity, constitute a work of
reference which practically covers the whole of that field. The total number of words and names defined
or otherwise described in the completed work is about 4^0,000.
The special features of each of these several parts of the book are described in the Prefaces which will
be found in the first, ninth, and tenth volumes. It need only be said that the definitions of the common
words of the language are for the most part stated encyclopedically, with a vast amount of technical,
historical, and practical information in addition to an unrivaled wealth of purely philological material;
that the same encyclopedic method is applied to proper names — names of persons, places, characters in
fiction, books — in short, of everything to which a name is given; and that in the Atlas geographical
names, and much besides, are exhibited with a completeness and serviceableness seldom equaled. Of
The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia as a whole, therefore, it may be said that it is in its own field
the most complete presentation of human knowledge — scientific, historical, and practical — that exists.
Moreover, the method of distributing this encyclopedic material under a large number of headings,
which has been followed throughout, makes each item of this great store of information far more acces-
sible than in works in which a different system is adopted.
The whole represents fifteen years of labor. The first edition of The Century Dictionary was com-
pleted in 1891, and that of the Century Cyclopedia of Names in 1804. During the years that have elapsed
since those dates each of these works has been subjected to repeated careful revisions, in order to include
the latest information, and the results of this scrutiny are comprised in this edition.
November, 1897.
THE CENTURY
CYCLOPEDIA OF NAMES
A PRONOUNCING AND ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
OF NAMES IN GEOGRAPHY, BIOGRAPHY
MYTHOLOGY, HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY, ART
ARCH/EOLOGY, FICTION, ETC., ETC., ETC.
EDITED BY
BENJAMIN E. SMITH, A. M.
MANAGING EDITOR OF THE CENTURY DICTIONARY
ASSISTED BY A NUMBER OF EMINENT SPECIALISTS
PUBLISHED BY
Cije Centuii> Co,
NF.W YORK
Copyright, 1894 -189s, 1897. by The Century Co.
All Righh Reserved
The De Vinne Press.
PREFACE.
Ills Cyclopedia of N.\mes is an outgi'owth of The Centunj Dictionary. It was part of the
l)]au of that work to iiiohide iu its final vohime a somewhat fuller appendix of names
of persons and places than had before been given in general dictionaries; but as the size
of the book increased, it became obvious that this could not be done in the available space,
and it was decided to place the appendix in a separate volume. The result, with many
modilications of the original scheme, is the present work. It is entirely independent in suljject and use,
yet serves as a supplement to the dictionary l)y extending the naine-list into regions wliich the dictionary
could uot occupy, and by enlarging its encyclopedic field. In character it is primarily a dictionary of
proper names, giving their orthography and pronunciation and such explanation of them as is necessary
for tlieir identification; and, secondarily, a condensed encyclopedia in its somewhat fuller treatment of
several thousands of the more important articles.
The range of names to be included was practically imrestricted, since the object sought was not the
presentation of any special class, as iu a gazetteer or biogi-aphical dictionary, but a general account of all the
names excluded, by their natm-e, from the larger work, so far as this was possible within the prescribed lim-
its. The entries thus comprise not only names in biography and geogi-aphy, but also names of races and
tribes, mythological and legendary persons and places, character and objects in fiction, stars and constella-
tions, notable buildings and archaeological monuments, works of art, institutions (academies, universities,
societies, legislative bodies, orders, clubs, etc.), historical events (wars, battles, treaties, conventions, etc.),
sects, parties, noted streets and squares, books, plays, operas, and even celebrated gems, vessels (war-ships,
yachts, etc.), and horses. Pseudonyms, also, which have literary importance are included. The only condi-
tion of insertion has been that the name should be one about which information would be likely to be sought.
All these various groups could not, of course, be presented with equal fullness. The space given to
persons and places is relatively much greater than that devoted to any other class, and the others follow in
what api)eared to be the order of their usefulness to the general reader, whose needs have everywhere Ix^en
considered in the selection of the names to bo defined. Thus, both ancient geograpliy and modern are repre-
sented, and the information given in the brief space allowed to the se^jarate articles is historical rather than
statistical. The list of geographical names, also, includes, besides towns which are notable from their size,
smaller jilaci's and localities which are important historically, or as visited by tourists, or for other reasons;
the various physical and political divisions of the earth; rivers, lakes, seas, etc.; natural curiosities; and
various imaginary places of legend and fiction. The list of personal names, for the same reason, is selected
from all times, and not only from actual biography, but also from mythology, legend, and fiction (the last
chiefly English). In the matter of dates the usual difficulties, due to diflferent styles of reckoning and to
the actual differences (which are very numerous) among the best authorities, have been met and, it is hoped,
to a considera])le degree overcome. In English biography the dates given in the "Dictionary of National
Biography" have, as a rule, been adopted so far as its volumes were available (A to N); and full acknow-
ledgment is liere given of the aid received in this and in otlier ways from that great work. In the brief
bibliographies, witli few excei)tions, only the most important works are given, and these often, for economy
of space, with abbreviated titles.
vi PREFACE.
The orthography has, in general, been determined by the established usage in the language from which
the name is taken. The correct and, as a rule, the only current spelling of a place-name is the local one,
and, within certain limits, of a personal name that which its bearer gives it. There are, however, large
gi-oups to which these considerations do not apply. English usage, in many eases of foreign names which
were introduced before the present period of gi-eater exactness, has established forms which differ more or
less from the present or original native form. Familiar instances of this, in place-names, are Munich for the
German Miinclien, Flush iiir/ for the Dutch llissiur/oi, Hanover for the German Hannover, and in personal names
Horace, Livif, Plinif, Aiu/ustine, for the Latin Boratiiis, Liviiis, Plinhis, Augustinus, and the commonly accepted
Latinized forms of Greek names, as Hercules for Heracles, Plato for Platon, etc. In these cases the desire
has been to return to the native form when its difference from the Anglicized spelling is comparatively slight
(as in Hannover) ; but in other eases the conventional English spelling has, as a rule, been accepted. In the
case of Greek names, in particular, both geogi-aphical and personal, it has seemed best to retain the famil-
iar forms which have come to \is through the Latin, and to transliterate other Greek names, not recorded
in classical Latin, according to the same system. No transliteration of the Greek can be acceptable which
is not complete and consistent : such consistency, however, would produce many forms which are not only
without support in English usage, but are also open to the charge of pedantry. There are also many names
in regard to which usage differs (there being in fact, as a ride, no proper local usage), or where accepted use
may properly be corrected in accordance with a general rule : as, for example, Hudson Bay for Hudson^s
Bay. Here choice has been made of the simpler or the corrected spelling. Lastly, there is the large group
of names taken from languages which do not employ the Roman alphabet, or are without any, and whose
sounds have to be represented by some method of transliteration. Here established and familiar translit-
erations have, as a rule, been adopted ; and in other cases the simplest available forms, according to the
system, for the languages concerned, used in The Century Dictionary. So far as was possible the use of
"accented" letters in transliteration has been avoided, the employment of such marks, in the absence of
a generally accepted scientific system, appearing to be distinctly imdesirable, especially from a practical
point of view.
In the pronunciation the system of notation employed by Professor Whitney in The Century Dictionary
has, with slight modifications, been adopted. The marking of the sounds of foreign names might in some
cases have been simplified by the use of a notation based upon a different principle ; but, since this work
was designed to be a companion to the dictionary, it was desirable to avoid, especially in this particular, dif-
ference of method. Moreover, the "EngUsh" notation is that to which most are accustomed, and which best
enables the English consulter of a dictionary to reprodiice with a fail* degree of accuracy the sounds indi-
cated. In any case, only by the ear can one know the exact sounds of a foreign speech, and only the trained
tongue can utter them with precision. This is particularly tnie of personal and place names, which often
have a special character that can not exactly be inferred from the genei-al rales or usages of the languages
concerned. The values of the signs used are given in the key: it is necessary only to remark that the natural
tendency of an English-speaker to shorten or slur the long vowels of many foreign names has led to the use
of the long- vowel signs, to insure the right vowel quality, even in cases where the actual sound is shorter
than that indicated by the notation.
No attempt has been made systematically to etymologize all the names in the list : but etymological
notes have been inserted under many of the historical names of prime interest, especially those of ancient
English origin, and in many other cases where they seemed to be useful. These have been contributed by
Dr. Charles P. G. Scott, with additions by some of the other specialists in their several departments —
Sanskrit, Semitic, American Indian, etc. Dr. Scott has also aided in the work on the pronunciation, and has
criticized the proofs.
The geogi-ai)hical articles have been prepared by Professor Edmund K. Alden, whose work has been
supplemented in ^Mexican and Central and South American geography by Mr. Herbert H. Smith, in African
geogiaphy by Mr. Heli Chatelain, and in ancient Oriental geogi-aphy by Dr. Cyrus Adler. Professor W. R.
Martin has contributed the articles on Indian and Persian biogi-aphy, mji^hologj-, and literature ; Colonel
Garrick Mallery, those on North American Indian tribes; Professor Charles A. Young, those on the stars;
PREFACE.
Vll
Professor William H. Carpenter, those on Teutonic mythology, ethnology, and legend ; and Miss Katharine
B. Wood, those on English literature and characters in fiction. Professor Carpenter has also written bio-
graphical articles on the best-known names in German and Scandinavian literature. The accounts of works
of art, noted buildings (generally under place-names), and the articles on classical archaeology were written
l)y the late Mr. Thomas W. Ludlow. Biographical notices of the more important French writers have been
contributed by Dr. B. D. Woodward. Dr. Adler has also written numerous articles on Semitic history and
antiipiities ; Mr. H. H. Smith has had charge of the Mexican and South American biogi-aj^hy and ethnology;
and Mr. Chatelain has written on African ethnology, and has read the proofs especially for the correction
of the pronunciation. Many valuable notes on the ethnology and geogi-aphy of the southwestern States
and northern Mexico were received from Mr. Adolphe Bandelier. General assistance in the biogi'aphical
and historical work has been given by Dr. M. A. Mikkelsen, and valuable aid in the criticism of manuscript
and proofs by Rev. George M'Arthiu-. Whatever degi*ee of typographical accuracy and consistency has
been attained is largely due to the proof-readers of The De Vinne Press.
f
BENJAMIN E. SMITH.
September 1st, 1894.
PUBLISHEES' NOTE TO THE EDITION OF 1895.
Advantage has been taken of the opportunity offered in this second edition of the Cyclopedia of
Names to revise with care all its more important details, including pronunciation, dates, historical and
geographical statements, etc., and to bring its statistical material down to date. Assistance in this labor
lias been received from most of the contributors mentioned in the preface to the first edition, and from
Mr. Louis Heilprin, Professor Angelo Heilprin of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, Dr.
Samuel A. Biniou, Mr. F. W. Hodge of the Bureau of American Ethnology, and many others. In its
plan and the selection of its material this edition is practically identical with the first, no good reason
having been found for modifying either in any essential particular: room has, however, been made for the
addition of a number of contemporary names, the pecidiar utility of this part of the work having been
amply demonstrated.
BENJAMIN E. SMITH.
October 1st, 1895.
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION.
as in (at, man. pang.
as in fat(>, niano, dale.
as in fai', father, guard.
118 in fall. talk.
iis in ask, fast, ant.
as in fare.
as in met, pen, bless.
as in mete, meet.
as in her, fern.
as in pUi, it.
as in pim% fight, file.
as in not, on, frog.
as in note, jxike, lloor.
OS in move, spoon.
as in nor. song, off.
as in tub.
as in mute, acute.
as in pull.
ii German li, French u.
oi as in <jil, joint, boy.
ou as in pound, proud.
A single dot under a vowel in an un-
accenti^d sjilablu indicates its abbre-
viation and lightening, without abso-
lute loss of its distinctive (luallty.
Thus :
^ as in prelate, courage.
^ as in ablegate, episcopal.
9 as in abrogate, eulogy, dcinocmt.
4i OS in singular, education.
A double dot under a vowel in an
unaccented Byllable indicates that,
even in the mouths of the best speak-
ers, its sound is varlabU- to, and in or-
dinary utterance actually becomes,
the short «-8ound (of but, pun, etc.).
Thus :
A as in errant, republican.
fi as in prudent, difference.
i as in charity, density.
Q as in valor, wUir. idiot.
^ as in Persia, peninsula.
fi as in the book.
fl as in nature, feature.
A mark («) under the consonants
t, d, If, z indicates that they in like
manner are variable to ch, j, »h, zh.
Thus:
( as in nature, adventure,
d as in arduous, education.
9 as in pressure.
S as in seizure.
y as in yet.
B Spanish b (medial).
t\\ as in German acli, Scotch loch.
Q as In German Abensberg, Ham-
burg.
n Spanish g before e and i ; Spanish
j; etc. (a guttural h).
fi French nasalizing n, as in ton, en.
s tlual s in Portuguese (soft).
th as in thin.
TU as in then.
D = TH.
' denotes a primary, " a secondary
accent. (A secondary accent Is not
marked if at its regular interval of
two syllables from the primary, or
from another secondary.)
M^i^
THE century:
ICYCLOPEDIA OF NAMFSi
a, (a)- [Lit. '(the) water,"
i. o. 'the river'; one of
tlio forms, surviving in
river-names, of a com-
mon Tent, word, Goth.
aliwa, OHG. aha, AS. ai,
etc., = L. aqua, water:
see aqua and t«<2, C. D.]
A river in northern
France wliich flows into
the North Sea between t'alais and Dnnlcirk.
Aa. A river in the province of North Brabant,
Nethorlauds, which unites with the Dommel
near Herzogeubuscli.
Aa. A river in the province of Groningen,
NetherUinds, which flows into tlie Dollart.
Aa. A river iu the cantons of Lucerne and
Aargau, Switzerland, a tributary of the Aaro.
Aa. A river in tlie canton of Unterwaklen,
Switzerhmd, wliicli forms the outlet of Lake
Sarnen into tlie Lake of Lucerne.
Aa. A river in the canton of Unterwalden,
Switzerland, which flows into the Lake of Lu-
cerne near Buochs.
Aa. A river in Courland, emptying tiy one
mouth into the Gulf of Kiga, and by another
into the Diiua.
Aa. A river iu Livonia, about 175 miles long,
which flows into the Gulf of Riga.
Aa (ii), Peter van der. A Dutch publisher
and engraver who, with his brothers, formed a
publishing-house at Leyden about IGSU. Tluy
edited several collections of travels in Dutch and French.
Aach (ilch). A small town in Baden, about 20
miles northwest of Constance, the scene of an
engagement between the French and the Aus-
trians, March i"), 1799.
Aachen {ii'chen). The Gei-man name of Aix-
l;[-('ha|iello.
Aageson (ii'ge-son), or Aagesen (-sen), Svend.
A Scandinavian writer of the 1:2th century.
His '*Compendio8a liistoria regum Uaniie," from King
Skjiild to Kniid VI., is the lirat connected liistoi-y of Den-
nmrk. Little is Itnown of liis life.
Aah-hotep (ii-ho'top). [Egypt., 'delight of
the moon' (Brugsoh).] An Egyptian queen,
wife of Karnes, last king of the 17th dynasty,
and mother of Aahmi!.'<, first king of the ISth
dynasty. Her coffln was fonnd at TIiel)ea in IROO, in
the ancient necropolis of No, and was placed in the Uulak
Mnseum (now at (Jizeh).
Aahmes (ii'mes) I., L. Amasis (ii-ma'sis).
[Egypt., 'child of the moon' (Brugseh).] An
Egyptian king, the founder of the IStli dynasty
and the conqueror of the Ilyksos. iio livefl ahout
1700 B. C. An inscription on two rock-taldets at Tilrah
and Massajirah. commemorating the 22d year of his reign,
has been deciphered.
Aahmes II., L. Amasis. An Eg>-ptian king
(-u'Z-ry2H B. 0. [Brugsch], 570-.'')liG [Sayce]), the
fifth of the L'Oth dynasty. Ue maintained friendly
relations with the IJreek states, sending gifts (.')48 ii. o.)
for the rettniliiing of tile burnt temple at l)('lphi. and es-
tablishing at Xaucratis Greek commerce and settlement.
Mr. I'etrie's excavations show them [Oreeks) to have
been in pos.^ession of the city [Naucratisl from a much
earlier periorl -earlier, perhaps, than tlie dynasty lo
which Amasis belonged. What Amasis actually did for
thi' Oreek.s of Vaiicratis must, therefore, have been to cnn-
ttrm them in their occupation of that site, and to grant
them an exclusive charter whereby they should be en-
titled to hold It in perpetuity.
A. Ii. ICdwardf, i'liaraohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 180.
Aahmes. An Egyptian captain who fought
against the Ilyksos about 1700 B. c. An impor-
tant inscription in his tomb at El-Kab, near
ancient Thebes, has been deciphered.
Aahmes -Nefertari. See Xcfrriari.
Aalborg (ariiiiru). A seaport iu the amt of
Aalborg, Denmark, situated on the Lijmfjord
about lat. 57° 3' N., long. 9° 55' E. It" has an
important foreign commerce and fisheries.
Population (1890), 19,503.
Aalborg. A stif t and amt of Jutland, Denmark.
Aalen (ii'len). A town in the Jagst circle,
Wui'temberg, situated on the Kocher about
42 miles east of Stuttgart: an ancient free im-
perial city. Population (1890), 7,155.
Aalesund (a'le-s6nd). A seaport iu the prov-
ince of Bomsdal, Norway, on islands of the
western coast, about lat. G2° 28' N. Popula-
tion (1891), 8,383.
Aali. See AU.
Aalst. See Alost.
Aalten (iil'ten). A small town in the province
of Gelderland, Netherlands, about 30 miles
east of Arnhera.
Aar. See Aai-c.
Aarau (iir'ou). The capital of the canton of
Aargau, Switzerhmd, situated on the Aaro 24
miles southeast of BaseL It has manufactures
of silk, cotton, instruments, etc. Population
(188S), 6,809.
Aarburg (Jir'boro). A small manufacturing
town iu the canton of Aargau, Switzerland,
situated on the Aare about 22 miles southeast
of Basel.
Aare (a're), or Aar (iir). A river in Switzer-
hmd, rising in the Bernese Oberland near the
Grimsel Pass. It traverses the Hasli Thai and forms
the Handeck Fall, traverses the lakes of Brienz and TJiiin,
flows tIiroii|,'h He in, Sdlnthurii, and Aargau, and joins the
Rhine opposite Waliishiit. Upon it are Bern, Solotliurn,
Aaran, and Brug^. Its length is about 170 miles, and it
is navigable from Unterseen for small craft.
Aared (ii'red). A group of mountains in Nejd,
central Arabia. Also Ared, Arid, Aroiidli.
Aarestrup (a' re -strop), Carl Ludwig Emil.
Born at Copenhagen, Dec. 4, 1800 : died 1850.
A Danish lyric poet, author of "Digte " (1838)
and "Efterladto Digte" (1.863).
Aargau (iir'gou), F. Argovie (iir-go-ve'). A
canton of Switzerland, capital Aarau, bounded
by Baden on the north (separated by the Rhine),
Ziirich and Zug on the east. Lucerne on the
south, and Basel, Solothura, and Bern on the
west. The language is German, and about half the
popnlatinn is Roman Catholic. It is one of the most fer-
tile of the cantons, has an important trade and large
manufactures, especially of cotton, and sends ten mem-
bers to the National Council. Its area is 542 situare miles,
and its population (1888) 19.1,680. In the 13th century it
came under the inflnence of the Hapsburgs, was aninxed
in part by the Swiss ctrnfcdcrates in 141.'), became a canton
in 1708, and assumed its present form in 180:1.
Aarhus, or Aarhuus (ar'hiis). The capital of
the amt of Aarhus, Jutland, Denmark, on the
Cattegat. it Is the largest town In .Iiitland. and has
important commerce, manufactures, and a cathedral.
The bishopric was founded by Otto I. in the 10th century.
Population (ISOOI, .S,'J,306.
Aarhus. An amt and stift in Jutland, Den-
mark.
Aaro (iXr'6). A small island of Sohleswig,
I'riissia, in the Little Belt.
Aaron (ar'on or ar'on). [Gr. 'Anp6v, Heb.
'Aliaroti.^ "fho first high priest of the Israel-
ites, (ddest son of Amrain tmd .loehebed, of the
tribo of Levi, and brother of Moses and Mir-
iam. He died on MounI llor at tlie ago of 123
years.
Aaron, Saint. A British martjT who was put
to death at Newport, Wales, in the reign of
Diocletian.
Aaron. A character iu Shak.spere's (?) " Titus
Andr()nicus,"a Moor of unnatural wickedness.
Aaron's confessions of his villanies (in "Titus Andronl-
cus," V. 1) will recall to every reader the conversation be-
tween Barabas and Ithaniore in the third scene of the
second act of tlie "Jew of Malta" (of Marlowe]. The
character of Aaron was either drawn by Marlowe or in
close imitation of him : and it seems to me more reasiuia-
bie to supjiose that "Titus Andronicus" is in the main a
crude early work of Marlowe's than that any imitator
could have written witii such marked power.
lluil'ti. Iiitrod. to -Marlowe's Works, p. Ixxvii.
Aaron ben Asher (ar'on ben ash'er). Lived
at Tiberias in the first quarter of the 10th cen-
tury. A Jewish scholar, probably belonging
to the Karaite sect. He completed the Ma-ssorah, i. e.
the vowels and accents which make up the traditional
text of the Uebrew Bible. His contemporary and oppo-
nent was a certain Ben Naftali. When these authorities
differ, both readings are given in the i-abbinical Bibles.
Aarssens (iir'sens), Frans van. Born 1572 :
died 1641. A Dutch diplomatist, one of the
foremost politicians of his age, guilty of pro-
moting the condemnation of Barneveldt in
1619. His memoirs are important.
Aasen (a'sen), I'var Andreas. Bom at Orsten,
in Norway, Aug. 5, 1813 : dieii Sept. 23, 1896. A
Norwegian philologist, botanist, and poet: au-
thor of "Det norske FoIkes|irogs Grammatik"
(1848), "Ordbog over det norske Folkesprog"
(1850), later enlarged and issued under the title
" Norsk Ordbog" (1873), jinil other works.
Aas'vaer (as'var). A group of small islands on
the coast of Norway, nearly on the arctic cir-
cle, the seat of important herring-fisheries.
Ab (iib). The fifth month of the Hebrew eccle-
siastical and the eleventh of the civil year; July-
August. It was a Babylonian name, adopted by the
Jews with the names of the rest of the months alter the
Babylonian exile. Its etymology is uncertain.
Ababdeh, or Ababde (ii-biib'de). An African
tribe, of Ilamitic (Beja) race, living in I'jiper
Egypt anil northern Nubia, east of the Nile,
about lat. 20°-22°N. Their number is estimated
to- be about 100,000.
Ababde (ii-biib'de). A village in Egj-pt, on the
Nile, about lat. 27° 50' N. It is near the site
of the Roman city Antinoe.
Abaco (ii'bii-ko). Great, or Lucaya (Ui-kil'yii).
One of the jirincipal islands ot the Bahama
group. West Indies, east of Great Bahama.
It is iibout 80 miles long and 20 wide.
Abaco, Little. An island of the Bahamas,
nort Invest of Great Abaco.
Abaddon (a-bad'pn). [Heb., 'destruction':
svnonjnn of Slicnl' in the Old Testament (Job
x'xvi. 6and xx^'iii.22, Ps. Ixx.wiii. 12).] 1. The
destroyer or angel of the bottomless pit ; Apol-
lyon. Rev. ix. 11. — 2. The )ilace of destruction;
the depth of hell. Talmud; Milton. P. R., iv.
624.
Abadites. See Ahhndidcs.
Abad y Queypeo (ii'biiTii e ka-pa'6), Manuel.
Born in tlie Asturias about 1770: died in 1824.
A Spanish ecclesiastic. Most of his life was spent
in Mexico, ami in 1809 he was made bishop of Mielioaenn.
Driven out soon after by the revolutionists, he returned
in ISKl. In IM'iO he was deposed and sent a prisoner to
Spain for opposition to the Iiuiuisition. Released soon
after, he became a member of the government Junta and
bishop of Tortosa. In 1,S2.'1 he was again imprisoned by
the IiKiuisltion, and died In confliiemenf.
Abae (a'be), or Abai ni'lu). [Gr. K\i1ni.'\ In
ancient geography, a city of Phocis, Greece,
noted for its temple and oracle of Apollo.
Abaft (o'bo-fo), or Apafl, Michael. Born
Sept. 25, 1632: died April l.'i, 169II. A prince
of Transylvania, under the protection of the
^^,affy 2 Abbot, Robert
Porte until 1686 when he made a treaty with Abatizit (a-bo-ze'), Firmin. Bom at Tz^s, meteorologist, ai-pouited diieetor of the Cincin-
the emperor Ho was succeeded by his son Gard, France, Nov. 11, 1679: died at Geneva, nati Observatory m 1868, and meteorologist of
Michael (born Aug. 14, 1682: died Feb. 11, March 20, 1767. A French philosopher and the Weather Bureau in 18il.
1713) mathematician, a friend of Newton, Kousseau, Abbeokuta. See JhcoluUi.
Abailard Boe Abelard and Voltaire. His name was used as a pseudo- Abberville (ab'er-vil), Lord. The principal
Abakansk (iib-a-kansk'). A small town in nj-m by Voltaire. _^ ^ , ., n t> character in Cumberland's play " The Pash-
th,- Government of Yeniseisk, Siberia, near Abayi (»-;^^-ye'). [Heb 'my father.T Born .enable Lover." -.,,., ^
the Yenisei north of Minusinsk, noted for the about 280 A. D. : died 338. A distinpished Abbeville (ab-vel ). A town m the depart-
turauli and hieroglvphic statues in its neigh- Hebrew scholar, sumamed"Nachmani. Hewas mint of Somme, France, situated on the
u V J '' • director of a colebratcil Jewish academy at Pumbeditha Somme 25 miles northwest of Amiens: the
AbaUget (ob'o-le-^et). A vUlage near Piinf- ilL'.'^Sran^nlri.hrctr.,:;!''' '" '"'*' "'''"" '" -f/-* <^-y'\f °/ ^^-'^'^' -j\ ^ Pl*- "«
rrt^rst^aite'c'^^TabouTsTd^'feTi^ Abb (lib) A t'own in Arabia, about 80 miles e^-"r&.;t^ L^ufa^ctr^lS^^i.^^'c^n
for Its large stalactite ca> e (about 3,000 teet in p.,^, ,,( jioeha. e„blc trade. Its most interesting building is the church
length). Abbadides(ab'a-(lidz),orAbadites(ab'a-dits). of St. Wulfram, begun in I4ss, one of the richest existing
AbaluS (ab'a-lus). An island abounding ^vith ^ Mnorish dynasty of Seville. It was founded examples of the flamboyant style. The gravels of .^bbe-
amber, said (by Pytheas) to be in the Northern j^ 1Q03 x,y Abul-Kasim, cadi of Seville, and viUe have yielded fossil remains of the mammoth ami
/-> « 1 ..„_;«„=i^ i.]n.,tifio.l • Tii-nlmlilv a ! / J iiV-\, i r iu ■ •. T, ii »i ihmoceros associated with implementsof prehistoric man
Ocean and variously idcntihed. probably a lasted till the capture of the city by the Almo- dating from a time when the si^mme flowed 300 feet above
part of the Prussian Baltic coast. ra^ides in 1091. its present level. Population (1891), 19,851.
Abamonti (ii-bii-mon'te), or Albamonte (al- ^^,]ja,(iie (ii-bii-de'), Antoine Thomson d". Abbeville, Claude d". See Claude d'Abberille.
bii-mon'te). Giuseppe. Born about l(o9: died Born at Dublin, Ireland. Jan. 3, 1810. A French Abbeville, Treaty of. A treaty concluded
Aug. 8, 1818. .V Neapolitan statesman, sec- traveler (in company with Ids brother) in Abys- in 12j1I by which Hem-y HI. of England re-
retary-general under the Cisalpine Republic, ginia and the Galla country (1837^8). , He pub- nounced his claims to "Anjou, Poitou, Nor-
1798, and member of the executive committee ughed "Giod^sie d'une partie" de la Haute-Ethiopie " mandy, Touraine, and Maine, in favor of
at Naples. On the restoration of the monarchy in (1800-73), 'Dictioim-airedelaliingueamaiiuna" (18Sl),etc Louis" IX. of France, and held Guienne as a
1799 he was arrested and condemned to be hung, but AbbadiC, Ajuaud Michel d'. Born at Dub- gpf ^f France
was amnestied and returne<l to Milan, where he again i;,, T,.„ia,,,] T,,],- oi ici^ A French traveler a 1.1. / i_»-, tij ■ * _u t> t t>v,'i
acte<l as secretary-general until 1805 when he returned to I'"', ^^^'an';'. ''"VfrlV ii„' „„„. f;.! K,^tW l^A Abbey (ab'l), Edwill Austin. Bom at Phlla-
Naples. inAbyssmia and the Galla country, brother and .jpipifia, April 1. 18.52. An American painter
Abana (ab'a-nil). In ancient geography, a companion of A. T.Abbadie; author of Douze „,„! iHustnitor. He executed a series of mural paint-
small river, the modern Barada, which flows ans dans la Hante-Ethiopie" (1868), etc. iii!;s (the Holy Grail) for the Boston Public Library (18U5-).
through the plain and city of Damascus and is Abbadie, James (Jacques). Bom at Nay, AbbiategrasSO (ab-be-a-te-gras's6). A town
lost in the desert. Also Amana. Basses-Pyrenees, probably in 1654 (1657 and j,, the province of Milan, 15 miles southwest
Abancay (ii-Biin-ki'). A town in the depart- 1658 are also given) : died at London, Sept. 25, of Milan. Population, 10.000.
ment of Apurimac, Peru, about 110 miles south- 1727. A noted French Protestant theologian. Abbitibbe (ab-i-tib'e). Lake. A lake in Can-
west of Cuzco, noted for its sugar-refineries, l^f «■«■'* '« Berlin about ibso as minister of the French j jj^ f James Bav, about lat. 49° N.
T> 1 *• 'J nnn church there, and thence to England and Ireland; was """> ,,,,■,,■ """"^'' "".'' >»"""v i»i. ^"
ropuianon, d,UUU. for a time minister of the French church in the Savoy ; Also AhlntiOhi.
Abancay River. A small nver of Peru, an and settled in Ireland as dean of KiU.-aoe in 1699. His Abbitibbe River. The outlet of Lake Abbi-
aflSuent of the Apurimac, west of Cuzco, and chief work is the "Traits de la \irit4: de la religion tibbe. flowing into James Bay. in Hudson Bay.
crossed by the road to Lima. I, was a mUitary ^.S'TnX'fei''ne^«sTcS^^ (U-bon'), L. Abbo (ab'6). surnamed
?^C'^e%VXrd?l?vr™^dST47e7eafenyr Abbrja^td '(Tb'M ^u' red)." l^mUain in CemuusCTheCrooked-). Died923 Amonk
elder .\lmagro, and with his whole army captiu^d, July northern Abyssinia, northeast of Gondar, 14,714 °* .■5t.-^Termam-aes-rre^, aunior or a i^atin
12, l.'i37. Near the same place Giron defeated Alonso de feet in height poem upon the siege ot Pans by the Normans.
Aivarado, May 21, 1554. , Abbas (ab'biis). Bom about 566: died 652. Abbon ofFleuxy.L. Abbo Floriacensis.
Abano (a ba-no). A town in the province of ^^^^j p^^i ^1 Hasimi. uncle of Mohammed Born near Orleans. France, 94o: died Nov. 13,
Padua, Italy, about 6 miles southwest of Padua, and founder of the family of the Abbassides. ' 1004. A French theologian and diplomatist,
noted for its hot springs (the ancient Aquse ^\)])a,s I. "The Great." Born 1557: died at author of an "Epitome de vitis Eomanorum
PaUitinaeoT Ai>oiiiislApoiii)fons). It is the re- Ka<win 'Per'^ia Jan "7 16'^8 A famous "shah Pontificum, desinens in Gregorio I." (printed
puted birthplace of the historian Livy. Popu- of Persia, who 'reigne'd' 1586-1628. He defeated 1602), and other works,
lation. ali.iut .^.000. the Turks at Basra in 1605, conquered Khorasan, Kan- Abbot (ab'ot), Charles. Bom at Abingdon,
Abano, Pietro d' (PetrUS AponUS or de ApO- dahar, etc., and consoUdated the Persian monarchy. Berkshire, Oct. 14, li 57 : died May 7. 1829. An
no). Born at Abano, Italy, 1250 (1246 f): died Abbas 11. Hilmi. Born July 14, 1874. Khe- EngUsh politician, speaker of the House of
at Padua, 1316 (1320 f). An Italian physician dive of Egj'|>t, eldest son of Tewfik Pasha. He Commons 1802-16. created Baron Colchester
and philosopher, denounced by the Inquisition sticceeded his father Jan. 7, 1892. in 1816. He was chief secretary and privy seal
as a magician. He wrote '■ Conciliator differentiarum Abbas Pasha. Bom at Jiddah, Arabia, 1813: for Ii'eland in the Addington niinistry (1801).
quiE inter philosophos et medicos versantur" (printed died July 13, 1854, A grandson of Mehemet Abbot Ezra Born at Jackson, Maine, April
H72), " l.e veneuiseorumqucremediis"(printedU72), et«. Ali, \iceroy of Egypt 1848-54. 28. 1819: died at Cambridge, Mass., March 21,
Abarbanel.^ bee Abrabanel Abbas Mirza (ab'bas mer'zii). Bom about 1884. An American biblical scholar. Be was
Abanm (ab a-nm). A mountainous region or 1783: died at Mashhad, Persia. Dec, 1833. professor of Xew Testament criticism and interpretation
lofty table-land in Palestine, east of the Dead a prince of Persia, youno'er son of the shah '»' Harvard Cniversity, 1872-84, one of the editors of the
Sea, containing Pisgah and Nebo. Feth-Ali (Fath-' \li> " note?! .is n commnnilpr American edition of Smiths "Bible Dictionary," and a
AhariH (,ih'«.ri<\ FGr "X 1„nir 1 X ,„-iTtl,io«l f^;"-^" (ram .\ii), noreil as a commauaer member of the American committee for >'ew Testament
ADans (ab a-rib). |Gi^.A<a^f-J A mythical in the wars against Russia. 1811-13 and 1826-28. revision. He published " Literature of the Doctrine of a
(jreek sage, surnamed Ihe Uj-perborean,' as- By the first war Persia lost its remaining possessions Future Life" (lti6»X "The Authorship of the FourtL
signed to the 6th or 7th century B. c. i" 'he Caucasus, and was compelled to acknowledge the Gospel " (1880). and other works.
,,, ., ■ ■ . ,, ■ .Z ... t flag of Russia on the Caspian, and by the second it lost Ahhnt. Tranpi"! 'RlliTiirnrnnrt Bom at Boston
Abans) was said o have received from Apollo, whose Armenia. The succession of Abbas to the throne was ^,°?^' ^J,¥^'^}^ i^^^J^ Jl\^ „„„!!;, „r,^>"'
priest he had been in his own countrj-, a magic arrow, gu;u-anteed in the treaty of 1828 Mass., 1836. An American philosophical writer,
upon which he could cross streams, lakes, swamps, and Abbassides (a-bas'idz or ab'a-<iid7^ Thepnlifs editor of "The Index" (a journal of free
mountains. This arrow he gave to Pythagoras, who in ■*^,5''''TT"oi. i-L "'' ■^'*®''""^S tlinnirbt^ 1S70-S0 nnil aiithnr of "Scipiitific
tt;turn taught him his philosophy. Oracle and charms ot Bagdad, (o0-12o8. They claimed descent from }^°'^^'^V,7,l^^'u^^^ f f a!1 «
under his name appear to have passed current among the Abbas, the uncle of Mohammed, and succeeded the Om- ineism (18hb), ine V\ ay out 01 Agnostl-
Oreeks. According to Pindar he came into Greece in the ™'^'l c:dits of Damascus upon the defeat of the cilif Jlar- cism" (1890), etc.
^^*\",;',' t'nesus. Eusebius places him a little earlier. " ""i "l a k"! a ll"" "'^'' ""i ^^"", ".f.V ^Imansur sue Abbot, GCOrge. Bom at Guildford, Surrey.
IVil.ably he was, like Anacharsis, a Scj-thian who wished ceeded Abul Abbas and made Bagdad the capital of the ,"""o'„ i^iT-.i^^N-, . p__..j__ a,, ' a ifj-j-i'
to make himself acquainted with Greek customs. Ilthas califate. The most famous calif of this family was Harun- '/ t," ',. , , ^royaOTi. Aug. 4, lOAJ
been conjectured that the arrow of Abaris is a mythical al-Rashid, 786-S0i>. From 1258 to 1517 the Abbassides An English prelate, appomted archbishop of
tradition of the magnet, but it is hardly possible'that if were nominal califs of Egypt The last Abbasside, Muta- Canterbury in Feb., 1611. He was graduated at
the polarity of the needle had been known it should not wakkal III., died in Cairo in 1538. Also Abbangids. Oxford (BalUol College\ where he was tutor until 1593,
have been more distinctly noticed.— H. C. R.) AbbatC, or Abate (ii-ba'te), NiCCOlo dell' and became m.aster of I niversity College in 1697, dean of
itairfiiMim, Herod., III. 29, note. Born at Modeiia Italy 15P''- died in Friuce' Winchester in UHW. vice-chancellor of Oxford University
Abasalo (a-bii-sa'lo) Mariano, Bom in Do- 1571. An Italian painter. He assisted in ded iSidTcaT^/a^ii*! ^d^lsho^p ol'^.l^'r^^^^
lores, .Hc.\ico. liMJ; Oicd at Cadiz, bpain, 1819. orating the palace at Fontainebleau. His best leio. He was a nrm l-rotestant, and was influential in
A soldier iu the Spanish army who joined the works are at Modcna and Bologna. state affairs during the reign of .lames I. He was one of
revolutionary movement of Hidalgo in 1810, Abbatucci (a-bii-tii'se ; It. ii-ba-to'che), the translators of the New Testament in the King James
and was named lieutenant-general of the in- Charles. Born 1771: killed in battle, Dec. 2, /^v'"r- a-aref Born at Eisin^ton York-
surgents. He was capturel and sent a pris- 1796. A French general, son of J. P. Abbatucci, shirfF^Hml 1604 died Feb "^^
oner to Spain, where he died in confinement. distinguished in the campaigns of the Army of f,!^k' i, £T"^,V^t«l «,,V r^^^ tt.»
Abascal y Sousa (a-Biis-kal' e so'sii), Jos6 the Rhine, 1794-96. " ' f"f„ L^v '''°"f "^**^' *'i"^..Tt, i^' ?/ *^,*
Fernando. Bom in Oviedo, Asturiai June Abbatucci. Jacques Pierre. Bom 1726: died author o??hVlXBlk^o^^
3, 1743: died in Madrid, June 30, 1821. ASpan- 1812. A Coi^ican partizan commander, an an- Xasld" (IMO. T d " Tii dicf^ Sabbrth?"
ish general and statesman, viceroy of Peru tagonist of Paoli and later a division general WmU \iiu1ici» babbatm
1806-16. He was created Marquis de la Concordia in the French service in Italy. Avv„*' o;, ■M-„„,i„„ „,. lur^.,.^. tj,.^ ot
Espanoia del Peru (decree of May 2fi. 1812), and on his re- Abbatucci, JacQues Pierre Charles Bom ,?•??! 7"^^ •'^^^'Urice or Morns. Bom at
turn to Spain was made capt;iin-generaL 1 7<7i . .1 ;..,V 1 v*.7 A i?,. , i V^.^'fies. uora (.;„ii,iford, Sunev, 1.^60: died at London. Jan.
Abasgi (a-bas'ji), or Abasci (a-bas'i). or eian' ±ndson of J P Ai; ' ^^^^^^^^^ !«• I»>t2. A merchant and lord mayor of Lon-
Abasges (a-bas'jez). . [Gr. Xiaayoi ;vJa<,.o,.] tTr of'-tit^untr N^po.con'uL ' ""' """" ^°- "^^'^"^''^ ^ »'- ----'' "^ ^^->- I-
Black Sea north of Colchis at !3t.-Germain-des-Pr6s, Pans, built in lu22 important serAices. He was elected to Parliament in lfi2l,
Ah;is:^;i ci-bis'ii Si Tlii> re,rinn oi^ohtiJaH b,, and destroyed in 18o4. it was the scene of the mur- and in 1024 became a member of the couiicU for establish-
AOasgia (a-Das ji-a). l tie region occupied by derof lin prisoners by the revolutionists under MaiUard ing the c.lonv ..f Virginia.
the Abasgi; the modem Abkhasia. in September, 17»2. See .^.^Xmitfr mn^iaicre. Abbot, Robert. Bom at Guildford, Surrey,
Abassides. See Abbamdes. Abbe (ab'i). Cleveland. Bom at New York, about 1.560: died March 2, 1618. An Eng-
Abate. Sec Abbute. Dee. 3, 1838. An American astronomer and lish prelate, bishop of Salisbury (1615), elder
Abbot, Robert
brother of George Abbot, aivhbishop of Can-
tcrbiLTv: author of '• Minor of Popish Subtle-
tics" (I')y4), and other works.
Abbot, Robert. Boru about 1588 : died about
IGUO. Au English Puritan divine, author of
"Triall of oui- Churoh-Forsakers"' (1G39), and
other works.
Abbot, Samuel. Boru at Andover, Mass.,
Feb. i'), l7:iJ: died April 12, ISIU. A Boston
merchant and philanthropist; one of the foun-
ders of the Anilover Theological Seminary.
Abbot, The. A novel by Sir Walter Scott,
published in 1820, founded upon incidents in
the history of Mary Queen of Scots, from her
imprisonment in Loehleveu to her flight into
England after the battle of Langside: sequel
to " The Monastery."
Abbotsford (ab'ots-ford). The residence of
Sir Walter .Scott, on the Tweed about 3 miles
above Melrose. The pliice wa.s ncquiretl bj* him in
1811, anil he removed there in 1S12. It wjis uriginally a
farm in fl-ont of which was a pond from which the place
had received the name of clarty (Milthy') Hole. Scott
renamed it from the adjoining ford. The land had be-
loni^ed to the Abbey of ileh-oso. L^pon it Scott bnilt a
small villa, to which in 1817 he began to add, prodncing
in the end a larjje castellated and gabled mansion of
which the interior is llMishc<l in late medieval style.
Abbott (ab'ot), Austin. Born at Bo.ston, Dec.
l.S, 1831: died April 19, 189G. An American
lawyer and legal writer, son of Jacob Abbott.
He was appointed ilean of the facnity of law of the Uni-
versity of the City of New York in 1891, and is the author
of '*New Cases, .Mainly New York Decisions" (1877-SO),
" r.f^ral Renu'inbrancT" (1S87), a series of digests of New
Y■>^l^ statutes and rcimi ts --f 1 nited Stwtes eoui-ts, etc.
Abbott, Benjamin Vaughan. Born at Bos-
ton, June 4, 1830 : died in Brooklyn, Feb. 17,
1890. An .American lawyer and legal writer,
eldest son of Jacob Al)l)ott. He was the author of
a digest of New York statutes and reports (18(i."i), a digest
of United States court reports and acts of Congress (1807-
1S75), " A Treatise on the (\>nrts of the I'nited States and
their Practice " (1S77), " A Dictionary of Terms in Amer-
ican and English Jurisprudence " (1879), etc.
Abbott, Charles. Born at Canterburv, Eng-
land, (Jet. 7, 1702: died Nov. 4, 1.832. A noted
English .illri^t. the son of a Canterbury barber,
appointed chief justice Nov. 4, 1818, and created
Baron Tenterden of Hendon, April, 1827. He
was the autiior of a treatise on the '■ I.aw Relative to
Merchant Ships and Seamen " (18i)'2), still an authority on
mercantile law.
Abbott, Edwin Abbott. Bom at London,
183S. An Englisli clergyman and educator, a
graduate and fellow of St. John's College, Cam-
bridge, appointed head-master of the City of
London School in 186.'5. Tleistheauthorof " A.Shake-
gpearean Grammar" (1SC9), "Francis Bacon" (1885), and
various cdueatjonal and religious works,
Abbott, Emma. Boru at Chicago about 1850:
(lied at Salt Lake City, Utah, Jan. 5, 1891. An
American so|)rano, successful both in Europe
and .Vinerica as an operatic singer. She mar-
ried Eugene Wotherell.
Abbott, Evelyn. Born 1843. An English
scholar, a grudinito and fellow of Balliol Col-
lege, (>.\ford, and classical tutor and librarian,
the author of various works on classical phi-
lology and of a history of (ireece.
Abbott, Jacob. Born at Hallowell, Maine,
Nov. 14, 1803: (lied at Farmingtou, Maine, Oct.
31, 1879. An .\m(!rican (Jongregalional clergy-
man, and a voluminous writer of juvenile
works. He was graduated at Bowdoin College in 1820,
studied at .\iidover 'I'hcological seminary, atid was pro-
fessor of matliematii-s and natural pl)itoMo]iliy at .\lnher8t
College l^J.'.-2!t. His best-known works are "Tlie Rollo
Books." "'Viiung Christian" series, '* Lucy Books," "Sci-
ence for tlte Young," etc.
Abbott, John Stevens Cabot. Born at Bruns-
wick, Maine, Sept.. 18, l.Sd.-): died at Fair Haven,
Conn., Juin.' 17. 1877. An .\merican Congrega-
tional clorgynmn (pastor successively at Wor-
cester, Koxbury, and Niintiickot, Mass.) and
historical writer, brotlier of .Jacob Abbott, lie
was the author of a "History of Napoleon Bonaparte," a
"History of the ('ivil War in America," a "History of
Frederick the .Second," "The Mother at Uomo," "The
Child at II. line," etc.
Abbott, Josiah Gardner. Bom at Chelmsford,
Mass., Nov. 1, IS!.-.: ,li,.,l nt Wellesley Hills,
Mass., June 2, 1891. A jin-ist and politician.
He was judge of the Superior C<jurt of M.-ussachusetts for
Suffolk County 18;'>.'»-r.9, Denntcratic member of Congress
froni that state ls7(>-77, and meml>erof the I'.leetoral Com-
missitfu ill ls77. He was twice (187.'», 1H77) the unsuccess-
ful Democrat ie candidate for V, S. senator, and once (1878)
for governor.
Abbott, Lyman. Bom at Roxbury, Mass., Pec.
18, 183.'). .V Congregational elergi-man, author,
and journalist, a son of .facob Abbott. He has
been ihceditnr-in-chief of the "" Christian tinion" (changed
Ut " The t)iitlook" in 1893) since 1881, and is thesni-cessor
of Henry Ward Beeeher as pastor of Plymouth Church,
3
Brooklyn. He originally studied law, bat abandoned that
profession for the ministry in IStK).
A. B. C, An. A poem by Cliaueer, a prayer
to the \irgin JIary. it is a loose translation from a
work of liuillaume de Deguileville, a Cistercian monk who
died about 13(io. Kach stanza begins with a different let-
ter of the alphabet, ananged in order from A to Z.
Abda (iib'dil), or Abdas (iib-diis'). Said by
Theopluines (Chronogr. sub an. 405) to have
been bishop of Susa, and called by Socrates
bishop of Persia. He is said to have aided Maruthas
in driving a demon out of Vezdigerd, king of Persi.i.
Theoiloret relates that his zeal led him to destroy a lire-
temple, which roused a persecution against the Chris-
tians to which he fell a victim.
Abdalla (ab-dara). Th(> Mufti, a character in
Drvili'ii's tragedy "Don Sebastian."
Abdallah (iibd-iil'iih), or Abdullah (iib-dol'-
liih). [i\T., '.servant of God.'J Boru at Mecca
about 545: died at Medina, 570. The father of
Mohammed.
Abdallah ben (or ibn) Yasim (iib-dariih ben
(or 'b'n) y;i-sem'). Died 1058. A learned Ara-
bian Mussidraan, appointed by a sheik of Lam-
touua to instruct a tribe of Berbers in the Atlas
mountains in the faith of Islam. His enthusiasm
gave rise to thescctof AI-Morabethun ("dedicated to the
service of God") or Almoravides, which under his leader-
ship ronqnereil the country lying between the Sahara
and the ancient Gictulia for the new religion. Hediid in
battle ; but his conquests were continued in Africa by his
successors, and in 10S6 Yussuf ibn Tashfyn extended his
victories to Spain.
Abdallatif (iibd-iil-Iii-tef'), or Abd-ul-Lateef
(iibil-ol-lii-tef). Born at Bagdad, 1102: died
at Bagdad, Nov. 8, 1231. An iVrabian physician,
philosopher, and traveler. He was the author of a
liistorical work on Egypt published in Latin by Professor
Joseph White of Oxford as *' Abdallatiphi historinj .^gypti
compendium, "in 1800. A manuscript of it, brought from
the Kast by Pococke, is in the Bodleian Library.
Abdalmalek, or Abd-el-Malek, or -Malik
(abd-iil-(or-el-) mii'lek, -lik). The fifth calif
of the ( )mmi,ads, CSa-705.
Abdalmalek. Born at Basra about 740. A
Mohammedan doctor, instructor of Hanm-al-
Rashid, noted for his extraordinary memory.
He is the reputed author of the romance of
Antar.
Abdalmalek. Born at Cordova, 801: died 853.
A Mohammedan historian and theologian.
Abd-al-Rahman, or Abdalrahman. See Abd-
cr-lt<ilimaii,
Abdara. See Abdcra.
Abdelazar (iib-del-ii'zilr). A tragedy made by
Mrs. Aphra Behn from the play " Lust's Do-
minion," acted in 1676 and published the next
year. It contains the song '" Love in fantastic
triumpli sat."
Abd-el-Kader, or-Kadir (iibd-ol-kii'd^r). Bom
near Mascara, Algeria, 1807: died at Damas-
cus, May 26, 1883. A celebrated Arab chief,
the heroic leader of the Arabs in the wars in
Algiers against the Freneli 1832-47, and pris-
oner of the French 1847-52. He lived in later
years ])rincipally at Damascus as a pensioner
of the French government.
Abd-el-Malek, or -Malik. See Alxhiimtdek.
Abd-el-Mottalib. See Abdid-Mutt(dil>.
Abdemon (ab'de-mon). See the extract.
The "wisdom " of Solomon is said to have provoked the
Tyrians to match their wits against his. Solomon had
sent Hiram certain riddles to test his sagacity, and had
asked for a return in kind, wagering a good round sum
upon the result. The contest terminated in Solomon's
favour, and II Irani had to make a heavy payment in con-
8ei|Ueiice. Hereupon, a Tyrian iiunied Abdemon (Abdes-
munV) camo to the rescue, and vindicated the honour of
his country by correctly solving all King Solomon's rid-
dles, and proposing to him others, of which the Israelitish
monarch, «itli all his intelligini-e, was quite unable to
discover the solution. He was thus compelled to refund
all the money that Hiram had paid liiin, and to forfeit a
considerable amount in addition.
liawtiimoti, Plioonlcia, p. 10:i.
Abdera(ab-d6'rii). [Gr. Ti'i '!\,Wv/M, or'i\/}(S//por.]
In ancient geograjihy, a maril iine city of Thrace,
founded by the Teians, belonging to the Athe-
nian ('onfederation. Its inhabitants were no-
torious among the Greeks for dullness. The
exact ancient site has not been identified.
Abdera (ab-do'rji). [Cr. u't "AjSdr/pa, Ahdijim,
'!V;(ilo/)o, "XMripm'.^ In ancient geography, a
town, the modern Adra (or Almeria?), on the
southern coast of Spain, about 45 miles south-
east of (Traiiada. Also Abdiini.
Abd-er-Rahman (iiiid-er-riih'miin) I. [Ar.,
' si'rvant of the merciful one,' i. e. God. j Born at
Damascus, 731 : died 788. The founder (756) of
the independent Ominiad jiower in Spain, with
Cordova as capital. He survived the massacre of the
(linmiadsby the Alibassides. took refuge in Mauretiiiiia.
and was invited by a party of the Arabs In Spain to come
to tliein as their sovereign. He quickly established his
power, overcame his chief antagonist in battle (756), sup-
A Becket, Qilbert Abbott
firessed formidable rebellions (7.'>8-763). and repelled the
nvasion of Charlemagne (778). I he famous mos<|Ue at Cor-
dova was eonstructeil by him. Also Abd-al-Jiahman, Ab-
i.Utria}iiii(ni, .Ititlttrrahman.
Abd-er-Rahman III. Born 891: died 961.
Calif of Cordova from 912 to 961. During liis
reign the Saracen power in Spain rose to its
gi'eatest height.
Abd-er-Rahman. Died 732. A Saracen chief-
tain, governor of Narbonne. He invaded
Franco with a large army, and was defeated
by Charles Martel, and slain, near Tours in 732.
Abd-er-Rahman. Born Nov. 28, 1778: died
.\ug., 18.')9. Sultan of Fez and Morocco 1823-
1859. The jiiratical habits of his subjects Involved him
In sevenil ci'iiilirts with European powers, and in 1844 ho
supiiorted .\bil-el-Kader against I-Vimcc.
Abdiel (ab'di-ol). [Heb., ' servant of God.']
A seriijih in Milton's " Paradise Lost " (v. 896),
the only seraph who remained loyal wlien
Satan stirred up the angels to revolt. He is
meidiimed by the Jewish cabalists.
Abdi-Milkut (iib'de-mil-kot'). A king of
Sidon, a contemporary of Esarhaddon, king of
Assyria (680-(;68 B. c). He made an alliance with
King Sanduarri, and revolted from his allegiance to As-
syria; was attacked, and, after a prolonged resistance, fled,
probably to t y pi lis ; and was caught and decapitated in 676.
Abdol-Motalleb. See Abdiil-Muttalib.
Abdool-. See Abdul-.
Abdul-Aziz (iib'dOl-a-zez'). Bom Feb.9,1830:
assassinated (?) June 4, 1876. Sultan of Tiu-key
1861-76, second son of Mahmud H. and brother
of Abdul-Medjid whom he succeeded. Aided by
his grand vizirs, Ali Pasha and Kuad Pasha, he atti nipted
to introduce Western civilization into Turkey. In 1867 he
visited the Paris Exhibition, ami journeyed tlirougli Eng-
land, Austria, and Germany. Dissatisfaction with his re-
form piiliiy and the depletion of his treasury brought about
his deposition, May 30, 1876.
Abdul-Hamid (iib'dol-hil-med') I. Bom May
30, 1725 : died April 7, 1789. Sultan of Turkey
from Jan. 21, 1774, till April 7, 17S9. He inherited
a disastrous war with Russia, which was ended In .Inly,
1774, by the treaty of Kaiuardji, and which resulted in the
loss of Crimea and adjacent regions. He was also engaged
in war with Russia and Austria from 1787.
Abdul-Hamid II. Born Sept. 22, 1842. Sultan
of Turkey since Aug. 31, 1876, second son of
Abdid-Medjid and brother of the insane Murad
V. whom he succeeded. Ue carried on a war with
Russia from April 24, 1877, to 1878. By the treaty of San
Stefano, which followed (March .'i, 1878), inoditled by tile
Berlin Treaty of July 13, 1878, Turkey lost large posses-
sions in Europe and Asia, iiee San Ste/atw, Treaty o/, and
llerlin, C<m'jre.<s "/.
Abdul-Kerim (ilb'dol-ke-rem') Pasha. l?orn
1811: died 1885. A Tm-kish general, distin-
guished by his services in the Crimean war,
aiul against the Seixians in 1876, but banished
for failure in the Russian war of 1877.
Abdul-Latif. See Abdidbui/.
Abdul-Medjid, or Mejid (iib'dol-me-jed').
Born April 23, 1823: died June 25, 1801. Tlie
eldest son of Mahmud II. wliom he succeeded,
July 1, 1839. He was c iiiciid by .Mehemet Ali, the
rebellious viceroy of Eg.\pt, at .\isib, .luiie 24, 18:t9, but
wa.s iiroteeted liy the iuterveiitioii of the tJreat Powers in
18411. November ;J, 18;{'.), he promulgated the Hatti-sherif
of Gulbane (the imperial palace where it was Ill-st jiro-
claiincd), an organic statute for the government of the
enijiire, guaranteeing the security of life and pro|)erty to
subjects and introdueing Hscal and military reforms. He
was engaged in the Crimean war from 18.^)3 to 18;'.6. In
18.^6 was jironmlgated the Hatti-y-humayun, which pro-
fessed to secure the rights of the Ilatti-sherif of Giilhanfe
to all classes, without distinction of rank or religion.
Abdul-Mumen (iibMol-niii'men). Born in
norlhweslern Africa, 1101: lUed 1163. The
founder of the liynasty of the Almohades,
calif from 1130 till 116.3.
Abdul-Muttalib (iib'diil-mot-tii'lib). Died 578.
The graiiiiriither of Mohammed and his guar-
dian for two years.
Abdurrahman. See Abil-ir-Uahmnn.
Abdurrahman Khan (iib-dor-riih'inau khan).
Born about 1830. The ameer of Afghanistan,
jiroclaimed such in ISSO.
Abecedarians (a he-se-dii'ri-anz). A German
.•\nabaptis1 sect of the lOlhceiitury, led by
Nicholas Stork, a weaver of Zwickau, which
rejected all learning (even the learning of
" A-B-C ") as a hindrance to religion, professed
a special inspiration superseding the Bible, and
predicted (and was disposed to promote) the
overthrow of existing governments.
A Becket (ii-bek'etv Gilbert Arthur. Boni
at London,' IS37: died at London. t)ct. 15,
1891. An English journalist, dranuitist, and
ndseellaiu'oiis writer, son of G. A. A Becket.
A Becket, Gilbert Abbott. Born at London,
Jan. 9, 181 1: died al Houlogne, France, Aug,
30, 1.S.56. An English lawyer, journalisl, and
writer, noted chiefly for his contributions to
A Becket, Gilbert Abbott 4 ...... 7 . ■ v .•
"Punch": author of the "Comic History of \TII. of England, unjustly condemBcd on the f^^'jf'^^.^f;^?!'/^^^^
ESand," the "Conuc History of Kome,"-the ^''-fXTStf tt -'NC^^K^^r''^^^^ la Demera™ Vnd T^lrad^'and re^U^^^^^
"Comic Blackstono," etc. ^L^i'ae^^/e sup^"cr"<;f tht ,ueen'"in her endlkvort Vincent), in Ii-eland in 1798. and in the Xether-
A Becket. Thomas. See Thomas ^London. l.'^^ZZ ^t''^,^ sought by iS.urj-. lands in 1709. He was mortaUy wounded rear Alex-
Abed-negO (a-bed ne-go). Li^robaDly an en or a j,gjjgerrages(a-ben'se-raj-ez; Sp.pron.a-Ben- andria,Eg>pt, March 21, isoi. He " shares with .sir John
in the text for Abed Xebo. servant of the goil , .- ,.:j',,„o' A Moorish family in Granada, fa- Moore the credit of renewing the ancient discipline and
Nebo.] One of the three Hebrews cast by ,„„,"„';„ sp^nish^romance. Thdr struggle with the '"j^^^^iJl^^^t" ?Lg) """''""^ ""^'^"" ^"^ "■ ^'^
Nebuchadnezzar into the fiery furaace U.s , ■^ „, t^*; zejnis and tragical destructioii m the Al- a^v''"„'„"'v^- «{,. Kobert Bom at Tnllibodv
Hebrew name was Azariah, Abed-nego being substituted , ,,,,^'ra bv King Abu Hassan, near the end of the Moorish ADercromDy, au ItODeiX. Jt*orn at 1 nillDoay,
for it by the prince of the eunuchs of the king of Baby- j,„„i„j„„-in Granada, arc told in Perez de Hita's (unhis- Clackmannan, beotland. 1(40: died at Air-
lon. Dan. i. 7. torical)" Historiade lasguerras civilesdeCronada" (l.i9.i), threy, near Stirling. Scotland, Xov., 1827. A
Abesg (ii'beg), Julius Friedrich Heinrich. the groundwork of a romance by Chateaubriand (1S26), gntish general, younger brother of Sir Raljih
Bon. at Erlangen, Bavaria, March 27, 179G: »"!"' ""^''^^v^^.^^T-'^yT m- Tb^ Abercromby. He served in the French and Indian and
died at BreslauT Pinissia. Mav 29, 1868. A Ger- Abenezra (a-beu-ez ra), oi Ibn izra ( o n-ez jt^^„,„ji„„^. ,^^,3 ,„, ^^^^ battles of Brooklyn, Brandy-
maninrist author of " VersuchcinerGeschicllte ra). !-.cc Abraham beii Heir ibn J-ra- . wine,:,nd tiennantown, and at Charlestonand Yorktown),
maujuri8t,autlioroi vereucutiuei-a^^^^ Abensberg (a'bens-bero). A small town m and later c.mmanded in India.
nli«f ''f " *"" Civilprozessgesetzgebung ^°f °»;'|f ^ ^^.j^^ ^_^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^g ^^.j^^ ^^^,j^ Aberdare (ab-er-dar'). A mining and manufac-
Ai«!l!'5M>nn rTTob n,-hin formerly derived west of Ratisbon, the scene of a victory by Na- tm-iiig town in Glamorganshire, South Wales,
'W, ^Hnb"^A.i.^1^ns tt^rines™ more prob- poleon over the Austrian army of Archduke about 5 miles southwest of Merthj-r-Tydvil.
vT. ?, ^ 1 «^Vb WvvnR^hvlmiWn Charles. April 20. 1809. The attack was on the There are coal- and iron-mines in its vicinity.
ably to be connected ^"t'^^;^ssyio-Babylonian ^ jian ^^.^^^ I ^^^_^^^__ ^.^^ ^,^^.^^ ^^^ .^ ,1^^ Popidation (1891 ), 38,513.
abhi, son.] The second son of Adam, slain ^. ^^^^^ „,^ 1^,^^ at Landshut which was Aberdare Baron See Brme Priice Bvnru
by his brother Cain, according to the account c»pt„red, and the right was overcome at Eckmuhl on Aperaare, iiarou. oee o» e 1 njce, ainry
in Genesis April 22. In this series of operations the Austrians lost -'""""• ,,.,.,, „ a 1. j .
AVoi r 'ir.n Piiri Rnm at Berlin Nov 25 w'.ooomeii. Aberdeen (ab-er-den'), or New Aberdeen. A
^K-t- * \ r ;,„an comnaratfve nhUol'o^srai^^ Abeokuta(ab^-6-k6'ta). The principal town of seaport, capital of the county of Aberdeen,
thi.\f •'lim-rstirE^avs- (W^^^^^^ \^°A^^ or Yariba, a British protectorate in Scotland, on the North Sea between the mouths
hlT acted as Ilchester lecturer on comparative Icxlcog- western Africa. It was founded in 1S30 by fugitive of the Don and Dee, in lat. o7° 8' 33' N. . long. 2°
raphy at 0.xford and as Berlin correspondent of the slaves, who were subsequently joined by numerous free- 4' 6' W. (lighthouse). It is the principal city of
"Times" and "Standard." men, mostly of the Egba tribe. Excepting a few native northern Scotland, and has an important foreign and
Akol i.i'l.nn Sir TVpHp-rirk Ailfflistus Born fhristian churches, the massofthe people 15 still heathen, coasting commerce and a variety of manufactures. It
Abel(.i l)el),fe^rlTeaenCKAUgTlSlUS. ^ r p,j^,i„„ ^^.tj^atedi, 150,000. Also vti-6cofr«(a. received a chart*;r from WiUiam the Lion in UTS. Popu-
at London, 182*. An Eugli.sli chemist, presi- v , j-g^^j ^^^^ ^ ^- ^^ ^ g^^. ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^.^.^g.^
dent of tho Institute of Chemistry and other ^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^l^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^ Aberdeen, Old. A town at the mouth of the
earned societies, and author of Guncotton, ^^^^^ .^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^ y^ ,^^^^ ^_ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^jj^ ^^^^.^^ ^^ Aberdeen, Scotland.
"Modem History of Gunpowaer, Un i.x- g _g ,„,.,.,..i An element appearing in It contains the Cathedral of St. Machar, .and Kings Col-
plosive Agents." etc., and with Bloxam of a °^' .- f. ' ' es in Great Britain and si-r- lege in the Vniversity of Aberdeen. The old cathedral is
•' H-mdbook of Chemistry " ™?".> place-n.imes m ureal Dniam, auu si^ ^^^^ ^ ^.j^^ church, consisting of the spacious nave only
AK»1 :?'r„n WoiT^Hnh TVipllrirb Otto Bom "if.VUlg 'a confluence ot waters,' either of of the original building. It was begun in 134Hi. There
Abel (a bel) Heumcb frieancn Utta IJom ^^_^ ^«^^^ ^^ ^^ _^ ^.^^^ ^^..^,^ ^^^ ^^^ . ^^^ ^jp^_ ^^ ^^^ castle-like towers at the west end, surmounted by
at Reichcnb.ich, Wuriembcrg Jan ... l^--i. Abcrdoiir, Ahcrqarcmj, Ahcrysticith. heayj- pyramidal spires, and a fine projecth.g porch on the
died at Leoiiberg, Wurtemberg, Oct. 28. lbo4. . v- ' ._„_ f„i ^..^'vojO A seanort in Glamor- s<""li ^^i''''- The material is granite throughout. Popu-
AGermanhistorian,oollaboratoronthe"Monu- ADeravon (ab-er-a nou;. a seapori m uiamor ,^,j^|^ ^ ^
meuta Germania, historica," and author of ga"shire,_ South Wales situated on Bristol Aberdeen. A town in Brown County. South
■^K,mi<rPliiliDDderHohenstaufe" (1852), etc. Channel - miles east of Swiinsea. It has large Dakota, about 120 miles northeast of Pierre: a
AbturLl^loseph B^m at ischalh,in ^:tt^^,f,^'':^k^:.^ra^h,t^T' "^ "'"' -il-oad and trading center. Population (1890),
Austria, 1768: died at Vienna, Oct, 4, 1818. An Aberbrothock. See JrftroafA. A "^ . . .. , ^ -.r r, .
Austrian historical and portrait painter. Aberconway. See Comcai/. Aberdeen. A city, capit^al of Monroe Comity,
Abel (a'bel), Karl Friedricll. BornatKothen, Abercom (ab'er-korn). A hamlet in Linlith- ^I's^'^^^'PPi' 0° ♦''5'. ^?™^'sbe^' '",i^*\^r..J.
Germany, 1725: died, at London, June 20, 1787, gowshirc, Scotland, about 10 miles west ot A' ™"' '''t^ , r Popi"at>o» (l'^**'' ^'449•
A German composer, and noted performer on Eainbuigh, It was the seat of a bishopric from Aberdeen, Earl 01. See Gordou.
the \-iol da gamba. 6S1 to 6.s5. Aberdeen, University of. An institution of
Abel (U'bel), Niels Henrik. Bom at Findoe, Abercrombie (ab'er-kram-bi), James. Bom .at learning at Aberdeen, incorporated 1860, by
Norway, August 5, 1802: died near Arendal, Glasshaugh, in Scotland, 1706: died at Stirling, the union of King's College and university
Norway, April 6, 1829. A distinguished Nor- Scotland, April 28, 1781. A BriHsh general, (founded by Bishop Elphinstone, 1494) at Uld
wegian mathematician, noted especially for commander of an expedition against Canada Aberdeen and the Manschal College and um-
his researches on eUiptic functions. His com- ;„ 1758. He was defeated by Montcalm at versity (founded by tlie Eari Manschal, 1593)
plete works were published in 1839. Ticondero<ra July 8. 1758. at New Aberdeen. It had 0896-971 60 teaihers and
ibelard (ab'e-llird). Peter, F. Aboard Abercrombie, John. Bom at Aberdeen. Scot- Zr'fo^^riiamer.t'^ ""' '''"^" """ ' ""'
(ii-ba-lar'). ML Abelardus *ab-e-lar dus). i^^d^ Q^t. 10, 1780: died at Edinburgh, Nov. AberdeensMre (ab-«>r-den'shir). A county of
Born at Pallet (Palais) near Nantes. France, u, 1844. A Scottish physician and philo- Scotland, capital Aberdeen, bounded by the
in 10 « 9 : died April 21, 1142. At rencli scliolar. sophical writer. He wrote •■ Pathological and Prac- jjorth Sea on the north and east, by Kiucar-
one of tho most notable of the founders of tical Researches on Diseases of the Brain and Spinal ,. r-ni-fnr nml Perth on the south and bv
scholastic theology, a pupil of Roscellin of Cord" (1828), "Pathological and l-ractical Kesearches on <lme, 1^01 tar, and iTertl on tlie soutn, ana oy
•P«.I;^^,J;o»;,,lnf William of Chamneaux Diseasesof the Stomach, the Intcstiniil Canal, etc." (1S2S), Inyemess and Banff on the west. Its ancient di-
CompRVTie and of ^V , %5^i„n „. PorlSP »n!l ai " Enquiries Concerning the Intellectual Powers and the visionswere Mar. Formartin, Buchan, Garioch, and .Strath-
He taught "th great ''i?,''^VL^"}h^<fJ^S!^,tt^tf Investigation of Truth " (1830), •' Philosophy of the Moral bogie. Its leading industries are agriculture, stock-rais-
Pans. lnll2Ihewa5Citedbeforethef.>no<lofSois8on8, j.eelings " (1833) etc ing, cranitecutting, and fishing. Aiea. 1,95S square mUes,
on the charge of disseminating Sabellianism, and was '■"""ts i.i~oa eu,. v -d • rr „ p.rnnlition (l^on ^ Ota
compelled tcTburn his "Introductio ad Theologiam." Ue Abercrombie, John Joseph. Bom in Tennes- /^^"Xiir al, eTliBr' A «mall place in Fife-
8.«n after retired to a s-)litary place ne:ur Nogent-sur- see m 1802: died at Roslvn. N. Y., Jan. 3, AperaoUT (ai>-er-aor ). A small piaee in Jiie
Seine, but was sought out by students, who built for him ig77. ^n American soldier. He was graduated at ^^J^"' ''<^<'"''°f "'■ u ^ J a . *
the Oratory of the Paraclete. From 112o tdl about 1134 y^^^^ p^^j^j jj^ jg.„ ^^^j gp„.(,j j„ ji,g pionda war (lire- miles north of Edinburgh, resorted to for sea-
be was abbot of St liildas in Bretagne. In 1140, at the ,,.(j^,, n,ajor), in the' Mexican war(brevetted lieutenant- bathing.
Council of Sens, he was accused of heresy by Berntu-d of colonel), and in the Inion army in the Civil War(brevetted Aberfovle (ab-er-foil') A small villaee in
Clairvaui and was condemned by the councd and the briir idiir-ireneral). APerioyie (ao ei 1011 ;. ^ ""Y"" > "'ae" "f
Pope but was afterward reconciled to Bernard. Herepre- Avt™™!,- /„k'- i . „ l,■^ T\^.„iA TW^A Perthshire, Scotland, near Loch Katnne. It
sente.l the spirit of free inquiry in theology, and contrib- Abercromby (ab er-krum-bi), David. IJietl flg,,,.,.,; j,, Scott's novel •' Rob Koy."
utcd largelyt-.ttithescholasticmanncrof philosophiring. about 1(02. A Scottish physician and philo- Abergaveiinv (.ab-er-'^Tni or ab'fer-ga-ven'i)
i-or his relation to Heloise, see H.toiK^ sophical writer. His chief work is entitled "A Discou^^^^ ^ ,,f„.^ j„ Slonmouthshire, England, at the
Abel de Puiol ( i-bel de pu-zhol ), Alexandre of Wif (London, lesc), "it antedates the (so-called) . . , „ „ ' j tt 1, i,„;if „,.
Denis Born .at Valenciennes. Fran " iTn. ' Scottish School of Philosophy • a century nearly : for in junction of the Gavenny and Usk, biult on
r^.^V- ■- T- J .13 ■ c t oc laA i 1.^ „.V„i it Dr. Thomas Reids philosophy of common sense ... the Site of the Koman Uobanmo. There are
31). l,h.>: iliedat laris, !?ept. .^ l»oi. Aircucu j, ,iisti..ctly taught." ^, /;. Cromrt, in Diet. Nat Biog. coal-mines and iron-works in its ^-icinity. Pop-
historical painter. Abercromby, James. Burn Nov. 7. 1776: died ulation (1891), 7.640.
Abelin(a'be-l^§n),JohannP^lipp:pseudonyni ,,t Colinton House, Midlothian, April 17. 1858. Abemethy (ab'<T-ne-thi). A small town in
Jphann Ludwig Gottfried (GothofredlW). An English politician, third son of Sir Ralph Perthshir?, Scotland, about 7 miles southeast
Died about lt)3o, A German historian, tounder Abercromby, created Baron Dunfermline in of Perth It was anciently a seat of Culdee
of the "Theatium Europa;um,' a serial work 1^39 „^ ^^came a member ot Parliament in 1807, worship and a Pictish royal residence,
on contemporaneous history, earned forward Judgeadvocate-general in ls>7, chief baron of the ex- AKprnptbv Tnbn Born" at Coleraine Ireland
by Schieder Orlius, andothers into the 18th cen- che„„er ,,f .Sco.l^d in 1...0, master of the mint in 1834. Abernethy. Jcihu j^^o u at Colerame Irel^^ld,
"S;s?o"i"Anri;odum"'r/dtt'rw"^ Abercrombk'tir John. Bom 1772: died at thelrisiPresbyterian.Church, appointed by the
Ab»m^r^a'ben?sn; Abelo^tes (ab'e-lon- Marseilles, ^eb. 14. 1817. An EngUsh soldier, synod to the church in Dublin, 1717. His re-
■^^1 n^lbplo^il«,VA b^6^n^^nf) An Afri- second son of Sir Ralph Abercromby. He fusal to obey caused a schism in the Insh
Its), or AbelOmanS(a-bel-o ni-anzt. An Atri- ^^_^ .^ nanders 1793-94, was arrested by Kapolwn and Chmch,
can sect, mentioned by Augustine ( Ue lloere- ,„,prisoned at Venlun in IS..3, was exchanged in 1808, Abemethv John Bom at London April 3,
sibus ') as coming to an end in his day, which and was appointed commander-in-chief at Bombay in ,-,,.. ,H,..1it Kntiold near T^ondon Anril ''8
Observed the custom of marrying without pro- 1809. Ue captured Mauritius in isio. ' « • ^'\^^' VKfu ' ,, i„ °p" Wnror on anltl
creating, in order not to pei^etuate inherTted Abercromby. Patrick. Bora at Forfar, Scot- i^^^." ,i°,,^.^f , ' ^f^^CoUele'o Surgeons
sin and in imitation of the traditional example land. 1656: died 1716 (various dates are as- j^i^n P'i\"^! ^^/t^ S^^
of Abel tho son of Adam. They adopted the signed). A Scottish physician, antiquary, and 1814-1-, and suigeon to St Bartholomews Hos-
ohildr'n of othej.. ' \ b^torian, author of "Vartial Achievements of t:lJ^tJ"'^t^^.^e::^Sf^:^^^ll
Abell (a'bel), Thomas. Executed at Smith- the Scots Nation" (Idl-lOl. profession, due less to his learning than to his powerful,
(ield. London. July 30, 1,540. A Roman Catho- Abercromby, Sir Ralph. Bom at Menstrv. aitnutive, and somewhat eccentric personality.
lie clergyman, rector of Bradwell inEssex.and Chi<'kmannan. Scotlaml. Oct.. 1734: died near Abersychan (ab-er-suk'an). A mining town
chaplain to Queen Catherine, wife of Henry Alexandria, Egypt, March 28, 1801. A distin- in Moiunouthshire, England, about 16 miles
Abersychan
southwest of Moumoutli. Pojmlation (1891),
ir).-«JG.
Abert (a'bert), John James. Bnni at Shej)-
licitlstowii, Va., Sfjit. 17, 17SS: dieil at Wasli-
iiiKtou, D. C, Jan. 127, l.s6;i. An American
military (toj)Ofn"ai>lucal) engineer, brovetted
major in 1814, anil made colonel of engineers in
18;J8. He was given tlie charge of tho topo-
grapliieal bureau in 18:29.
Abert tii'bert). Johann Joseph. Born Sept.
21, 183"2, at Koeliowit/. in Bohemia. A German
musician, autluir of tlie operas "Anna von
Landskron" (IKoO), •' Kiiiiig En/.io" (18G12),
" Astorga" (186G), "Ekkehard" (1878), etc.
Aberystwith (ab-er-ist'witU). A seaport and
watiTin^'-jilaco in Cardiganshire, Wales, at the
junction of the Ystwith and Kheidol, in lat. 512°
25' N., long. 4° 5' W. It contains thi; University Col-
lege of Wales, which was opened in 1872. Population
(18111), 0,090.
Abeshr (ii-besh'r). The capital of Wadai, in
Sudan, about lat. 14° 5' N., long. 21° 5' E.
Abessa (a-bes'ii). A female character in Spen-
ser's '• I'^aerie Queene,"' representing the cor-
ruption of the abbeys and convents.
Abgar (ab'gar), L. Abgarus (ab'ga-rus). An
appellation of the kings of Edessa, used as
was M'a'sar' among the Kouums, 'Pharaoh'
and 'Ptolemy' in Egypt, and ' Antiochus' in
Syria. The dynasty lasted from 09 B. c. to 217 A. V.
According to Eusebius, Abgar XV, (t'conio, *tlie blacli,'
18 to .V)) wrote to Christ asking him to take up his a)>o<lc
witli llim and relieve liim of an incumblc disease. Clnist
promised to send him one of liis disciples .-ifter his ascen-
sion, and accordingly Tliomas sent Thaddeus. In Cedre-
nns is the following story. Ananias, who carried Abgar's
letter to Christ, was also a painter and tried to take his
portrait, but was dazzled by tlie splendor of his counte-
nance. Washing his face. Christ dried it on a linen cloth,
on whii-h his features were miraculously impressed. This
clotli was taken to Edessa by Ananias.
Abhidhanachintamani (a-blii-dha'na-ehin-
ta'ma-ni). (^Skt., 'the jewel that gives every
word wished.'] Asynon}^nic lexicon in Sanskrit
by Hemaehandra who lived in the 12th century.
Abhidhanaratnamala (a-bhi-dha'nii-rat-nk-
mil'lii). [Skt,. '(lie pearl necklace of words.']
A Sanskrit vocabulary by Halayudha, belong-
ing to about tl;e end of tfie 11th century.
Abhidharmapitaka (a-blii-dlmr'ma-i)it'a-ka).
[Skt., 'basket of metaphysics.'] 'I'haf sec-
tion of tho Buddhist scriptures which treats of
Abhidharnia or the supreme truth, philosophy
or inetaiihysics. It includes the Dhammasanganl, on
conditions of life in dilferent worlds: the \'ibhanga, eigli-
leeu treatises of v.arions contents; tlie Kathavatthu, on
one thousand controverted points; the I'nggalapannatti,
explanations of common personal qualities; the Dhatu-
katha, on the elements ; the Vaniaka, on pairs, or apparent
contradictions or contrasts; and the Patthana, or "Book of
Origins," r,ii the causes of existence.
Abhimanyu(a-blii-man'jTi). In Hindu legend,
the son of Arjuua. lie killed Lakshmana, son of
Duryoilhana, on the second day of tin* great battle of the
Mahabtiarata, Imt on llie thirteenth himself fell lighting
heroically.
Abhiramamani (a-bhi-rii'mji-man'i). [Skt..
'the jewel (book or drama) relating to Kama.']
A Sauski'it drama of which the hero is Kama,
written by Suiidara Mishra in 1599 A. D.
Abhiras (ab-he'riiz). A people inhabiting the
coast east of the mouth of the Indus (Lassen),
tho region identified by Lassen and Kitter with
the Oiiliir (ophir) of the Old Testament.
Abhorson (ab-hor'son). An executioner in
Shakspere's "Measure for Measure."
Abia (a-bi'a). See Ahijnh.
Abiaddl'be-ad). The White Nile. See B«7/j--
d-AI>iiid.
Abiah (a-bi'ji). See Abijah.
Abiathar (a-bi'a-thiir). [Hob., 'fatlier of ex-
cellence' or 'almiulanco' (Gesenius), or 'my
father excels' (Olshansen).] A high priest of
Israel in the llfh century B. c, a parlizan and
comiianion of David during his exile, ajipointed
for his services high priest conjointly with
Z;idok, the apiiointee of Saul,
Abich (ii'bich), Wilhelm Hermann. Bom at
Berlin, Dec. 11, 18U(): died at Gratz, July 1,
1886. A German miiu'ralogist ;iud geologist,
and traveler in Russia and elsewhere, apiiointed
professor of mineralogy in Dorpat in 1842.
Abidharma. See AhhhUi<irm(ijnt<ika.
Abiezer (a-bi-e'zir). [Heb., ' fatlier of help.']
1. A grandson of Manasseh and nephew of
Gilead, founder of an important family to
which also, collectively, the name was applied.
Also Abic:ar.
A family of Slanasseh, conseiiuently of Joseph, that of
Abiezar, which resided at (iphra. to the west of Slchem,
near the lower slopes of Ephraim, assumed in this sad
■tate of affairs a great importance, and nearly gave Israel
that dynasty which woold have realised its unity. These
Abiezrites were very fine men, heroes, like unto the sons
of a king.
llenan, Hist, of the People of Israel (trans.), L 260.
2. One of David's chief warriors, an inhabitant
of Anathoth, in the tribe of Benjamin.
Abigail (ab'i-gal). [Heb., 'father (.source) of
joy,' or 'my father is joy,'] 1. The mother
of Amasa and sister of David. — 2. The wile of
Xalial and, after his death, of David. By has-
tening to meet David with a supply of provisions when
he was marching to take vengeance upon Nalial she suc-
ceeded in arresting his anger.
3. A character in Marlowe's tragedy "The
Jew of Malta," the daughter of Barabas the
Jew. The jiassagcs between her and her father strongly
resemble those between Shylock and Jessica in the " Mer-
chant of Venice."
4. A lady's-maid or waiting gentlewoman in
Beaumont and Fletcher's "Scornful Lady,"
and Lu other plays: presumably from Abigail
who called herself the handmaid of David in
1 Sam. XXV. 3. The name is now a popular
syuouyiu for a lady's-maid.
Abigor (ab'i-gor). In medieval demonology,
a demon of high degree, grand duke in the
infernal realms. He has si.\ty legions at his com-
mand, and is an authority on aU subjects pertaining to
w:u-. He is rei)resented as a knight carrying a lance,
standai'd, or scepter.
Abihu (.a-bi'liii). [Heb.. 'father (worshiper)
of Him' (God).] The second of tho sons of
Aaron by Elisheba. For neglecting to burn incense
with tire taken from the great altijr and using strange or
common fire, he was slain with his elder brother Nadab
!)y fire from heaven.
Abijah (a-bi'ja). [Heb., 'father (worshiper)
of Jehovah,' or 'my father is Jehovah.'] 1.
The name of various persons mentioned in the
Old Testament: a son of Becher, one of the
sons of Benjamin (1 Chron. vii. 8); the wife of
Hezron and nuithor of Ashur (1 Chron. ii. 24);
the second son of Samuel, one of the judges
whose injustice led to the establishment of the
kingdom (1 Sam. viii. 2, 1 Chron. vi. 28); a
priest, a descendant of Eleazar, the chief of
the eighth of the twentj'-four courses into
which the priesthood was divided by David (1
Chron. xxlv. 10) ; a son of Jeroboam the son of
Nebat (1 Ki. xiv. 1); the mother of Hezekiah
(2 Chron. xxix. 1); a priest mentioned in Ne-
hemiah (x. 7). — 2. The second king of Judah,
son of liehoboam and grandson of Solomon.
He reigned 932-;i29 B. c. (Duncker). A victory over Jero-
boam in which 4110,000 men are said to have fought for
Abijah and SiH1,0iK) for Jeroboam, leaving 600,000 dead
(ot)viously erroneous numbers), was the notable event of
his reign. Also Abijam, Abiah, Abia.
Abika. See Creek.
Abila (ab'i-la). In ancient geography, a city
of SjTia, capital of the tetrarchy of Abilene,
northwest of Damascus.
Abildgaard (ii-bil'gard), Nikolai Abraham.
Bom at Copenhagen, Denmark, Sejit. 4, 1744:
died at Fredericksdal, June 4, 1809, A Danish
])aiuter of Norwegian parentage, professor
(17SG)at the academy of Copenhagen, and later
its director,
Abilene (ab-i-le'ne). In ancient geography, a
district iiud tetrarehy of Syria, lying east of
Antilihanus.
Abilene (ab'i-len). The capital of Dickinson
County, Kansas, situated on Smoky Hill River
about 85 miles west of Topeka, " Population
(!8',i0), 3,547.
Abilene. The capital of Taylor County, Texas,
alxnit 200 miles northwest of Austin. Popula-
tion (1890), 3,194.
Abimelech (a-bim'c-lek). [Heb.; Assyrian
Abi-mitki, father of counsel,] 1. A name
used in the Old Testament apparently as a
general title (like tho Egyptian 'Pharaoh') of
the Philistine kings. Specifically— (a) A king of
Oerar in the time of Abraham ((!en. xx.), .Supposing .Sarah
to be Abraham's 8ist«r, as Abraham asserted, he took her
into his harem, but dismissed her when he found she
was Abraham's wife, ib) A second king of Oerar, in the
time of Isaac ((.'en. xxvi. ), with whom Isaac found refuge
during a famine, and to whom he nn\ile the same statement
about Kebekah that Abrahiini had made about Siu-ali.
2. A son of (iidcou by a concubine, a native
of Shechem, made king of Israel by tho She-
chemites (Judges ix,). His reign, which lasted
three years, is assigned by Duncker to the sec-
ond hall' of the 12th century B. c.
Abingdon (ab'ing-don). a" town in Berkshire,
England, 7 miles south of Oxford. It contains
the ruins of a noted abbey. Population (1891),
G,557,
Abingdon, Earl of. See Bertie, WHloufilibij.
Abinger, Baron. See Scarlett, James.
Abington (ab'iug-tou). A town in Plymouth
Abomey
County, Massachusetts, about 20 miles soutt
of Boston. Population (1890). 4,260.
Abington, Mrs. (Frances or Fanny Barton).
Hum at London, 1737: died at London, March
4, 1815. An English actress, daughter of a
private soldier in tho King's Guards. From the
position of a Howcr-girl, known by the name of " Nosegay
Fan." in ,St. James's Park, and street-ginger, she rose to
eminence on the stage, and enjoyed a successful ciu-eer
of forty three years. " She was the original representa-
tive of thirty characteni, among which we find,— Lady
Kali, in 'High Life Below .Stairs;' Betty, in the 'Clan-
destine Maniage;' Charlotte, in the 'Hypocrite;' Charw
lotte Kusport, in the 'West Indian;' Pmxalana, in the
'Sultan;' Miss Hoyden, in the "trip to Scarborough;'
and her crowning triumph, Lady Teazle. ' iDoraii, Annals
of the Eng. Stage, II, 211.) She nn\rried her mueic-mas-
ter, one of the royal trumpeters, from whom she soon
separated.
Abipones (iib-i-po'nez). A tribe of Indians who
in the KJth ccnttu-y occupied both sides of the
river Paraguay about GOO miles above the
Parang. Later they removed to the Ch.aco region, and
were destroyed by wars with other tribes about I^00.
They were savage and intractable, wandering in their
habits, and lived by hunting and tishing. After the in-
troduction of horses by the Spaniards, this tribe acquired
large iiiiiiiliers of them by theft or by tiiming those Which
had run wild, and became skilful equestrians.
Abisbal, Count. See O'Uonnell, llenrij.
Abishag (a-bish'ag). [Heb., 'father (author)
of errur.'] A Shunammito woman taken by
David to comfort him in his old iige. IKi. i. 1-4.
Abkhasia (iib-khii'si-ii). A region, not an ad-
ministrative division, on the southern slope of
tho Caucasus, having au area of about 3,000
square miles. It was permanentlv stibjngated
by Russia in 18G4. Population, about 80,000.
Abnaki (ab-niik'e). ['The whitening sky at
daybreak,' i. e. eastern people.] A confed-
eracy of North American Indians, formerly oc-
cupying all Maine and the valley of the St.
Jomi's River, and ranging northwest to the St.
Lawrence. They were called Tarrateens by the New
England tribes and cohmial writers. The component
tribes were the Penobscot, the Passaniaquoddy, and the
Amalicite — all allies of the French. After the fall of the
French in North America, many of the Abnaki withdrew
to Canada. They number now about 1,000, Also Aben-
aki. .See Alijonquian.
Abner (ab'ner). [Heb., 'father of light.'] The
uncle of Saul, and the commander-in-chief of
his army. After Saul's death he maintained the in-
terests of the royal house, supporting Ishbosheth against
David. In his tlight, after the defeat at tiibeon, he slew
Joab's brother, .Asahel, who was pursuing him. Later,
when he was about to effect a compromise with David
prejudicial to Joab's interest, Joab treacherously slew him.
Abney (ab'ni), Sir Thomas. Born at Willes-
ley, Derbyshire, Jan., 1(J40: died at Theobalds,
Hertfordshire, Fel). C, 1722. A London merchant
(originally a fishmonger), sheriff of London and
Middlesex 1G93-94, one of the original directors
of the Bank of England, and Lord Mayor of
London, 1700-01. He was a friend and patron of Dr.
Watts, who for the last 36 years of his life made his home
with the -■Vbncys.
Abnoba (ab'uo-bjl). In ancient geography, a
mountainous rejrion in Gernumy, containing
tho sources of tho Danube: the modern Black
Forest. Also called Silva Marciana and Monies
Ilii iiraci.
Abo (il'bo; Sw. ft'bo). A seaport, capital of
Abo-Biiirneborg, Finland, in lat. 60° 2G' 57' N.,
long. 22° 17' 3" E. : the capital of Finland be-
fore 1819. Itwas founded by Eric the Saint in the l'2th
century, is the see of an archbishop, and was the seat of
a university which wa.s removed to Helsingfors in 1827.
Populatioti (I81W), 81,071.
Abo, Peace (Treaty) of. A treaty between
Russia and Sweden, signed -Aug, 18, 1743, by
which Russia acqtiired the southern part of
Finland as far as the river K\ineu and secured
the <>Iection of tin ally as Prince Royal of
Sweden.
Aboab (ii-bo'iib), Isaac. A Hebrew scholar who
fliuirished at Toledo about 1300. He wastheauthor
of " shnlchan hapaniin " (table of showbread), which is
lost, and of " Melioi-ath hamaor " (the light), a collection
of legends made from an ethical and religions point of
view, composed in seven pai'ts to correspond with tlie
seven branches of the temple candlestick (menorah).
This work became veiy popular among the Jews every-
where, and was translatetl into Spanish and Cerman,
Aboan (a-bo'an), A slave in Southern's play
;ha
"Orouooko": a fine though seooudary char-
acter.
Abo-Bjorneborg (ft'b6-by<'r'ne-b6rg). A gov-
emuieut of Finland. Russia, „bordering on the
Gulf of Bothnia. Capital. Abo, Area, 9,335
square miles. Population (1890). 395,474.
Abomey (ab-o'mi; native a-bo-mii'). The
cajiilal of Dahomey, western Africa, in lat. 7° 5'
N., long. 2°4' E. It was captured bv the French
in Nov., 1892. Population, about 20,000.
Abominations
Abominations, Tariff of. Sco Tariff.
Abongo. !5ie uboiigii.
Abony (ob'ony). A towu iii the county of
IV'St, llimgarv, 50 miles southeast of Budapest.
l',)l)iil:ition (1890), 12,012. Also ^lUjij-Aboiiy.
Aboo. !^ee Ahu.
Aboo-Bekr. See Ahu-Bekr.
Abookeer. See Abukir.
AbOU. See Abu.
Abou-Bekr. ^oe Ahu-Bclr.
Abouben Adbem (ii'bo ben ii'ilem). The title
(it u >li.iit iioem by Leigli Hunt.
Abou-Hassan. See Abu-Hassan.
Abou-Klea. See Abu-Klea.
About u'-i'o')- Edmond Francois Valentin,
which are largely used in the Jewish liturgy. He com.
munteii on tlie intiic Bible except the earlier prophet;
Greece, .\fric;i. :in<l Knglaiid. He was known t« medieval
seholai-B as Avenarc, said tu be a coiTuption ol Abraham
Jud.TUS,
Abraham Cupid. See Adam Cupki.
Abrahamites ta'bra-ham-its). 1. A branch
of tho I'auli.ians, named fi-om Abraham (Ilira-
him) of Antioeh, its founder.— 2. A smaU
sect of Boliemian deists living in the neighbor- --^- ., , , .
hood of Pardubitz. They rejected nearly all the /^"^ '''^ °^.lH" ,'', "^,-
doctrines of the chur.h, and professed to adopt thereh- Absalom (ab »,x-lom).
gion of Aljrahani before his circumcision
Abt
Aquila, and Campobasso. Area, C,380 square
njih's. Population (1891), l,30.i,171.
- ■ • • "Italy,
amo,
ora of
Naples. Withiii it are the highest and wildest
portions of the Apennines.
AbrUZZO Citeriore (ii-brot'so che-ta-ri-6're).
Tlu- (lid name of the province of Chieti, Italy.
Abruzzo Ulteriore (ii-brot'so ol-ta-ri-6're) I.
An old name of the pvoviuee of Teramo, Italy.
Abruzzo Ulteriore II. An old name of the
I'liat named after Abraliam was devoted tti a class ol
at the French school in Athens, and after returning to
France in 18.i3 wrote for the ".Moniteur," ".Soir," etc.
Napoleon 111. made use of his pen in political work for
many years. In 1872 he w as arrested tiy the Germans for
shooting a German sentry, but was released. With .^arcey
he founded the "il.\""- Steele." In ISW he was elected
an academician. Among his works are "La i;rLce con-
temporaine,' a satire on the manners and morals of the
Greeks (ISS,".), "La question romaine.'an attack on the
papacy (ISiiO). "Alsace" (1872). "Lesmariages de fans' ."v""v;"_ tj„„T„_ j Cp„ \f,rliind
(K^i). "Le roi des montagne8"(ls.5i;), " Gennaine "(IsoT), Abraham Newlana. bee ->fin«n(<.
"Trenteetquarante'dsMl, ■LN.ommeiiroreilIecii»s<-e" »'-— -^ •- ""'- »" a„...»nt nnV or
common meaning c.nme to be an impostor wlio wandered
about the country seeking alms, under pretense of lunacy,
rrom this came the phrase to sham Abraham, to feign
sickness.
(" The Man'with the broken Ear" ; 1^0I), "Lc nez d nn
notaire " (" The Nose of a -Notary " : 1862), " Le cas de M.
Guirln " (1863), " Madelon " (18B3X " Le romau d'un brave
homme " (ISSoi etc
Abra (ab'rii). 1. A character in the romance
of " Amadi's of Greece," the sister of Zaiio, the
sultan of Babvlon. She succeeds to the throne of
Babylon, after her brother has been killed by Lisuarte
whom she loves and finally miuries.
2. The favorite coucubiiie of Solomon, a char-
acter (of remarkable docility) in Prior's poem
"Solomon on the Vanity of the World."
Abra was ready ere I called her name ;
And though I called another, Abra came.
IL 364.
Abrabanel (ii-bra-bii-ner), Isaac. Born at
Lisbon, 1437: died at Venice, 1508. A Jemsh
scholar and statesman. His family claimed descent
from the royal house of David. He was treasurer of Al-
fonso v., king ol Portugal. On the death of this king he
was deprived of his fortune, and beini obliged to quit
Abraham's Oak. An ancient oak or terebinth
which lung stood on the plain of Mauire, near
Hebron in S^-ria, and was believed to be that
under which the patriarch pitched his tent.
Ji'liakr, Familiar Allusions.
Abraham the Jew and the Merchant Theo-
dore. A medieval story, invented in support
of the worship of images. "Theodore, ruined by a
shipwreck and repulsed by his friends, borrows money
from Abraham, invoking, as his only security, the great
[Heb., 'father of
peace.'] 1. The tliird son of David, king of
Israel. He rebelled against his father, and was defeated
and slain in the forest ol Ephraim.
2. A character in Dryden's satire "Absalom
and Achitopliel": an undutiful son, intended
to rejiresent the Duke of Monmouth.
named, in Je-
basement 1!) feet
_^ ^ ^ , rheniciaii concave
cornice of I'.gyptTan type, above wliich is an attic of ma-
sonry supporting a cylinder capped by a tall concave cone.
At the corners of the basement aie cut pilasters with Ionic
columnsasantje, and there are two Ionic semi-columns on
everj- face. Above the ai-chitrave is a Doric triglyph-
frieze of late t>pe.
Absalom and Achitophel (ab'sa-lom and a-
kit'6-fel). A poetical satire Ijy John Dryden
(published 1C81 ), directed against the political
faction led by the Earl of Shaftesbury. The sec-
ond part was written by Tate and re\ised by Dryden, and
was intended to show up the minor characters of the con-
tending factions. The success of this attack upon Shaftes-
bui-y was unprecedented, and the satire has been said to
be "thefli-stin the language for masculine insight and for
vigour of expression."
Christ set up by Constantino in the copper-lu:uket before Absalon (iib'sa-lon). Born 1128 : died at So-
the palace at Byzantium. Again Theodore loses all, and j^ Zealand, Denmark, 1201. A Danish prelate,
S\\:^lpXr'%VlS.in^'i:fe";aTltr,::i;;,tfl=;;d''- stalesman and wamor archbishop of Lund
ing no messenger, he puts the money in a bos, and com- and primate. Also Axel.
mitsit, in the name of Christ, to the waves. It is washed Absaroka (ab-sa'ro-kii). [Named from a spe
to the feet of the Jew on the shore of the Sea of Marmora.
But, when Theodore returns, Abraham, to try him, feigns
that he has not received it. Tlieodore requires him to
make oath before the Christ. And as Theodoi e, standing
before the image, passionately prays, the he:irt of his
ies of hawk, but commonly styled ' the Crow.']
A tribe of the Hidatsa division of North Ameri-
can Indians. They nmuber 2, '287. and are on the
Crow reservation in Montana. See Hidatsa.
benefactor is turned to faith in the surety of the friend- ^ijgcjjatz (Up'shats), HanS Assmann, Baron
less." Jcbb, Greek Lit., p. 155.
Portugai'(i4¥l), went to Madrid, where he remained eight Abrahen (ab'ra-hen). A character in Chap-
years in the service of l)ueeu Isabella. Forced to quit ™„j,'g trasredv " " Kevenee for Honom'": the
Spain after the expulsion of tlie Jews (1492), he lu-oceeded ™';" °, ' .,7 'f-Vhe o^t^f
to .Naples and entered the service of King Ferdinand, and second sojiot the calit.
thence to Sicily and Corfu. He was a writer of distinction Abram (a bram). 1. bee Abraham. — ^. In
■ "" Shakspere's "Romeo and Juliet," a servant to
Montague.
Also
in the tlel Is of philosophy and biblical esegesis
Abarhaml, Abrannd. Ilarbanetla.
Abradatas
firi
under
told
story - . -- -- - -
which ends with the death ol Abradatas in battle and the
suicide of I'antheia and her eunuchs.
Abraham (a'bra-ham)
' fatlur of multitudes'
was the starting-point of Junot in his march on
Lisbon. Population, about 6.000.
.r; possibly abu-ram, my Abrant^S, Duchesse d'. See J««o^ Madame. „,'. ef in 1 is wooin- of the en
One. Accordu.gto some A hrantes Viscount and Marouis of. See a-^vI,™ ?„l„ 'fe .... " f i
von. Bom at Wtii-bitz, Silesia, Feb. 4, 1646 :
died April 22, 1699. A German poet, transla-
tor of "Pastor Fido" from the Italian of Gua-
rini, and author of sacred hymns still in use in
Protestant churches. A selection of his poems was
given by W. MiiUerin " Bibliothek deutscher Dichter des
17. Jahrh." (1824).
a bay and
northeast
cum.
f the tales
in the series "Tales from Fashionable Life,"
by Miss Edgeworth, published in 1812.
Chaucer's " Miller's
lerk who comes to
miienter's wife.
Absolon, John. Born at Lambeth, Loudon,
May 6, 1815. An English painter, best known
from his water-colors.
\hriim, exalted father
father is the Exalted One. According to s_ome ^^j^ntesl Viscount and Marquis of.
Abraham is an ancient Aramaic dialectic form c„i„i,i,i du I'iii < llmiUla. Miguel.
for Abram.] Flourished 2000 B. C. The first Abravanel. See Ahrahanel.
of the patriarchs and the founder of the Hebrew ^^^^^ (ii-bra'6), Joao Capistrano de. . Bom in Absolute (aVs6-mt'),''sir Anthony. A famous
race. Many critical scholars do not consider Abraham Ceara, Brazil. 1852. A Brazilian historian. For ■^haraeter in Sheridan's eomedv " The Rivals,"
a historical llv-ure. The narrative m the 14th chapter of n,any years he has resided at Rio de Janeiro, where he has cliaiactei in oneiiciau h tomiuv rue ni>ais,
Genesis is especially considered historical and ancient been assistant in the .National Library, and professor in
The date of tlie events there nanated is fixed by Uommel ^i^^ p^ij^,, scnndo College, and has been connected with
at2Uiii». c. ; according to the usual chronology, 1918 B._C. yarjn„5 journals.
Born at Porto Novo, Rio
Abraham is etiually revered by Jews, Christians and Mo- . j ' A
hannncdans. He was buried in the cave of Machpelah Abreu, JOSe uC,
(irande do Sul, about 1775: killed at the battle
of Ituzaiug6,Feb.20, 1827. ABraziliangeneral.
He was of obscure parentage and enlisted as a common
soldier, but rapidly rose in rank and was one of the most
distinguished Brazilian leailers in the campaigns against
Artigas, l8lG to 1820. In the latter year he became field-
marshal, and in ls2(J was created Baron of Scrro l.;irgo,
taking part in the Truguayan campaign under the Mar-
quis of llarbaccna.
Abrocom
^(or
reek romance by Xeiio))hon of Epli
recounts the adventures ol the two lovers so named before
and subse<iuent to their marriage.
(the double cave) at Hebron, now said to he Inclosed by
the (Jreat Mosque (Uaram) of that place.
Ab\t-ramu or Abram, Abraham's original name, occurs
on early Babylonian contract-tablets.
.^at/cc, Anc. Monuments, p. 53.
Abraham, Plains of, or Heights of. An ele-
vatid jilaiii .iust beyond (.juebic to the south-
west, along the river, the scene of the battle
of (Quebec. See under (Quebec.
Abraham a Sancta-Clara (ii'brii-hiim ii siink'-
tii klii'rli). Born at Kriiheiiheiinstettcn, near
ilesskirch, Baden, .Inly 2. 1644: died at Vienna,
Dec. 1, 1709. Hans Ulrich Megerle (or Meger-
Ijn)
Vieii
Arch
giOUS .„ -- ,-- .,, . , --------
vellous hen in the duchy of Bavaria, or a detailed account Abrudb^nya (ob 'rud-biiu ' yo).
of the famous pilgrimage ,.f Maria Stern in Taxa" (1687), " ...... . *-.
etc. His colkcte.l wr.rks nil 21 volumes,
Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra (a'bra-ham
ben inii-er' '\>'n ez'iii). Born at Toledo, 1092:
died 1167. A celebrated scholar of the Jewish- ^^^^^^
Arabic period in Spain, a rl"lolotrist poet, Abrutum. Abrieium in Mcesia.
mathematician, asfrcuioiuer, and Bible com-
mentator. He had a good knowledge of Hebrew and
Arabic grammar, and wrote a treatise on Hebrew gram-
mar, " Sefer moznaim " (book of weights) ; also 150 poems.
an obstinate, passionate, self-willed, but gen-
erous old man. The following passage exhibits his
temper: "SirAnth. So you will Ity out ! Can't you be cool
like me? ^^hat the devil good can jiamion do '! I'asgioit is
of no service, you impudent, insolent, over-bearing repro-
bate ! There you sneer again ! don't provoke me I but you
rely upon the mildness of my temper— yon do, you dog!
you play upon the meekness of my disposition! Yet take
care, the patience of a saint may be overcome at last ! but
mark ! I give you six hours ami a half to ccuisider of this ;
if you then agree, without any condition, to do everything
on eai lb that i choose, why, confound yon ! I may in time
forgive ynu." Shi-ndan, lUvals, il, 1,
laibaccna. j a *i,-.. Absolute, Captain. In Sheridan's "Rivals,"
mas, or Habrocomas anti Ajlthia -^i^n^H.'f s^fAnthonv. a s,,irited soldier and
ha-) biok o-nias and an thwi) An old ..^i^j^^j i„,.„. ^.^o appears as the inipecimi-
romanee by Xenoidion of Lphesus. it i..„ r-„„:,... u i„.w.,.,;i ;.. n.,,.. i,;.: ««•., rivoli
A town in
the county of Unterweissenburg, Transylva-
nia, Austria-Hungary, about 28 miles north-
west of Karlsburg: the chief point in the
Transylvanian gold region. Population, about
See Decius.
Abruzzi and Molise (ii-brot'sc and mo-le'ze).
,\ cimiiKirtiiiiciito in the modern kingdom of
Italy, containing the provinces Chieti, I'eramo,
ous Ensign Beverley (ami is thus his own rival)
to win the affections of the romantic Lydia
Languish who scorns a match with one so siiit-
: Sir Anthonv Absolute.
tus). [Gr.'A^i'proc.] In Greek
er of Medea, who cut him In
pieces ami threw the fragments one by one into
the sea to delay her father (who stopped to pick
them tip) in his jmrsuit of her and Jason. Ac-
cording to another legend he was slain by
Jason. See .Jason.
Abt (iipt), Franz. Bom at Eilenburg, Pnissian
Saxony, Deo. 22, 1819: died at Wiesbaden, March
31, 188"). A German coiii]ioser, noted eliiefly for
his popular songs ("When the Swallows home-
ward fly," etc.).
Abu
Abu (il'bo). A mountain, 5,000 feet high, in
U\ijputaua, India, ul>()nt lat. -4° 45' N.. lonf;.
7J^ 4U' E., the chief seat of the Jaiu worshiij.
Its slopes are covered with temples and tombs.
Also Aboo.
Abu-Arish (ii'bo-a'rish or-ii'resh). A town in
siiutliwcstiTn Araliia, 24 miles from the Ked
Sca,alioiit hit. 1G°55'N.. long. 4i:°40'E. Popu-
luticiii, :ilM>iit S,000.
Abu-Bekr (ii'bii-bek'r). [Ar. ; said to mean
■father of the virgin,' i. e. Ayesha, Moham-
med's wife.] Born at Meeea, 57;t: died at Me-
dina. .\rubia, Aug. 22 (f), 034. The father-in-
law and one of the first folloni rs and chief
supporters of Jlohamined, and the first calif or
sncce.ssor of the prophet ((iyi'-GIW). His original
name was Abil-il-Kaubu. Also Aliao-Bckr, Abou-
ISH.r. Ah„-Dukr.
Abu-Habba (il'bo-hab'ii). An Arab village
about 1() miles southeast of Bagdad. Eicavatimis
were raiide there in 1881, Jilul tlie .nito (if an ancient iluby-
lonian city discovered, prubul>ly Sippar, tlie biljlical tie-
ph;n-vaiiii (wliicli see).
Abudah lu-bo'dii). A character in the Kev.
Jaiues Kiiley's "Tales of the Genii": a rich
merchant who in seeking, in a dream, the talis-
man of Oromaues, which insures perfect hap-
l)iness, finds it in love of God and submission
to his will.
Abu-Hanifah (ii'bo-hii-ne'fa). Born at Al-
Knfah, Toil: died at Bagdad. '770. A noted Mo-
haninicdau imam and jurisconsult, the founder
of the llaidti sect.
Abu-Hassan (il'bo-has'an). In the story of
"The Sleeper Awakened" in "The Aj-abian
Nights' Entertainments," a citizen of Bagdad
who while entertaining the disguised calif ex-
presses a wisli to " be calif for one day." The
wish is ffi-autcd in such a way that Abu-Uassan is entii-ely
deceived, to tlie (cre.it aniusenienC of the calif, who in the
end tuakes him llia eoiupanion and favorite. Shakspere
has adopted this idea, from an older play, in the decep-
tion practised on Sly the tinker, in the induction to the
'• Taming of the Shrew."
Abukir (a-bo-ker'). A small village in north-
ern Egypt, on the bay of AVuikir 13 miles north-
east of Alexandria. It is near the site of the ancient
Canopus, probably a little to tlie west. Here, July 'i.'*,
1799, Napoleon with .'.,(K)(J French defeated l.S.OiJO Turks.
.March S, 1801, the English under Sir Kalph Abercroml>y
captured the town from the French. Also Abookeerf
Abitukir.
Abukir, Bay of. A bay north of Egypt, be-
tween Abukir and the Kosetia mouth of the
Nile, the scene of the battle of the Nile, Aug.
1 and 2, 1798, in which Nelson defeated the
Freiiidi fleet under Bruevs, who lost 13 out of
17 vissels and 9,000 men.
Abu-Klea (ii'bii-kla'a). Wells in the Nubian
ilesert in the bend of the Nile on the route be-
tween Korti and Shendy, wlieri', .Jan. 17, 1S8.'),
the Mahdists attacked the British under Stew-
art, and were repidsed with severe loss on botli
sides. .\lso Ahou-Klcri.
Abul Casim. See Abul Kasim.
Abulfaraj (a'bol-fii-riij'), or Abulfaragius
(ab'nl-la-ra'.ji-us), suriianie(l Bar-Hebraeus
('Son of^tlio Hebrew'). Born at .Malatia (.Ma-
latiya), .\rmenia.li!L'li: died at Maraglia, I'ersia,
r28(i. Gregory Abulfaraj il)u al Harun, a Syriae
and Arabic author, the son of ,a bantized .Jew.
At twenty he was made bishop of (Jula ana afterward of
Aleppo, and bccinic niaphrian, the dignity among the
.Taeobite christians next to that of patriarch. Of his many
Syriae and .Anibie writings the liestknown are an anto-
biography and a chrotiicle in Syriae, a universal history
from Arlam down to his own time.
Abulfazl (ii/liol-fii'zl). Assa,ssinat.ed 1602.
Vizir and liistoriogra])lier of the Mogid em-
peror .\kbai-, author of the "Akbar Nameh,"
or "Book of .\kl»ar," eonijtrising a liistory <)f
Akbar's I'eign, and an account of the religious
and political constitution and the administra-
tion of the empire.
Abulfeda (a-bdl-t'a'dii or ji-boi'fii-dii), Ismael
ben-Ali Emad-eddin. Born at Danuiscus,
]27:i: died in .Syi'ia, ( )ct. 2(), 1331. A noted Ara-
bian geograplierand historian, jirince of Haniah
in Syria: antlior of ageograi)liy and an "Abridg-
ment of the liistory of the Hunum Kace."
Abulghazi Bahadtir (ii-bol-ghiiV.e bii-hii-dor').
Born IliO.'): died about UitJ."). A khan of Khiva,
author (after his abdication^ of a history of the
Mongols an<l Tatars, translated into various
European languages.
Abul-Hassan Ali ebn Bekar (ii'bsi-has'an
ii'16 el)'u Ite'kiir). .A chai'aider in "The Ara-
bian Nights' Entertainments," the lover of the
calif's faviirite, Schemselnihar. Fleeing from
Bagdad for fear of the calif s anger, he dies at the same
hour as Schemselnihar.
Abul Kasim Mansur (ii'bol kii-sem' miln-sor').
Born at Sliailab, near Tus, in Khorasan, about
U40: died 1020 at Tus. The great epic poet
of Persia, called Firilusi (more correctly Fir-
//((K.si the Paradisiac, from t'irdatis, Paradise),
lie was the author of the "Shahnaniah," an epic of about
Oi^ilOO distiehs, that sings the deeds of Ii-anian and ?er-
siau sovereigns and heroes from the oldest time to the
fall of the ,Sassanida'(«41 \. P.), and contains many of the
ancient epic traditions of the Iraldans. He lived long
at the court of Mahmud of Qbazni.
Abu-Nuvas {ifbii-no' vas). Died 81."). An
Arabic lyric jioet who lived at the court of the
califs of Bagdad. His songs of love and wine are
anion'/ the most notable in Arabijin piietry.
Aburi (ii-bo'ro). A town 15 miles back of Akni,
West Africa. t)wiiig to its altitude, it is used as a
sanatorium by British otticials and residents, as also by
the B:isel Mi:^sion, which has there an excellent industrial
scluxd. I'.ipulation, 5,000.
Abu Shabrein. See Eridu.
Abushehr. See Bushirc.
Abu-Simbel (ii'bo-sim'bel), or Ipsambul (ip-
siim'bol). The ancient Abtmcis or Aboccis,
a place in Ujiper Egv-pt situated on the Nile
about lat. 22° 25' N., famous for its two rock-
temples, one large and the other smaller, built iu
the steep face of a cUff liy Kameses II. For the
great temple the rock has been cut away to form a smooth
fa<;ade aliout 100 feet wide and high, with a cornice of
seated cynoceplndi. Before the facade are four enthroned
colossi of Itanieses, about 00 feet high, and comparatively
perfect except for the splitting away of the head and arms
of one. Over the central portal, in a rectangular niclie,
is a llgurc of Ra the sun-god. The first chamber of the
interior is a large hall with 8 Osiride piers, and mural
sculptures portraying the military deeds of Rameses.
Beyond is a smaller pillared hall, then a vestibule before
the sanctuary, wliieh contains seated figures of Amen,
Ptah, Horns, and Rameses himself. From the outer hall
8 lateriU chambers, irregularly placed, are reached. The
total depth in the rock of this temple is over 200 feet.
The fa<,'ade of the smaller temple displays six rectangulai"
niches containing colossal tlguresin high relief. Between
the two central niches is the portal, which leads to a hall
supported by (i ..quare piers with Hatllor capitals. From
the hall extends a corridor with two small chambers and
a sanctuary. The whole interior is sculptureil. Tin the
left leg of the injured colossus of the great temple is a
Creek inscription, one of the most ancient specimens of
(ircek writing, recording that when Psammetichus came
to Elephantine, the WTiters, whose names are given, came
to the spot by way of Kerkis, It dates from 592 B, c.
Abusir (ii-bo-ser'). A small town in the Delta
of Egj'pt, south-southwest of Cairo, the ancient
Busiris, containing pyramids erected by kings
of the 5th dynasty.
Abu-Teman (;i'b6-te-nmn'). Born in SjTia
about H07: died about 845, An Arabian eoiu't
poet at Bagdad, and collector of Oriental poetry.
Abydos (a-bi'dos). [(ir, ») '!\,iciSof.] In ancieiit
geogrii])liy, a town in Upper Egypt on the west
bank of the Nile, near the modern Arabat-el-
Madfuneh, about lat. 26° 13' N., long. 31°
52' E., famous for a temple of Osiris built by
Seti r.,andalsofora temple built Jjy Rameses II.
The former is described by Strat)o as the' ".Memnonion."
The plan is a square facing the northeast, with a large
rectangular prrijection from the back of the southeast
side, b'roin the outer court is entered tile long first liall,
with two ranges of columns, and from it the second liall,
with three ranges. Both these great halls are ornaniente<i
with reliefs. From the second hall there is access to an
extensive series of chnmliei'S, corridors, and smaller halls,
all decorated with colored reliefs. In ime of the corriilors
is tlie cbronologieally important Tablet of Aliydos. (See
lielow.) A miniher of the chambers are covereil with false
vaults, cut to shajie from flat lintels. The temiite of
Rameses is also dedicated to Osiris. lb was a rectangle,
preceded by a great inclosed court surroumled by Osiride
figures. From the court two spacious central hypostyle
halls are entered iu succession, and from these open a
numlier of chambers. The gateways were of red and
black granite, and one chamber was wholly lined with
alabaster. This temple, which was considerably smaller
than that of Seti, is in a very ruinous stiite. See Abi/dotf,
Table! ../,
Abydos, oi- Abydus. In ancient geography, a
town iu Mvsia, Asia Minor, on the Ilellespont
about lat. 40° 11' N,, long. 26° 25' E., noted
in the legend of Hero and Eeander, and as the
location of tlie Bridge of Xer.\e8.
Abydos, Bride of. A poem by Lord Byron,
],ubli-lir,l in 1813.
Abydos, Tablet of. An inscri]ition in a coitI-
diir of the (eniiile of Seti I. at .\bydos. giving
a succession of 65 kings beginning with Menes,
covei-ing a period of about 2.'_'00 years. A simi-
lar tablet containing Is names, found In the temple of
Kameses in 181S, was removed liy the French consul-gen-
eral, sent to I'arls, and finally purchiuied for the British
Mnsciini,
Abyla (ab'i-lii), [Gr. 'A3rh/ or 'AiVh/.] In an-
cient geography, a promontory in Africa, the
modern .Tebel Mnsa or Apes' Hill, opposite
Caliie ((tibraltar) : the two constitute the fa-
mous "Pillars of Hercules." Also Ahi/ld Maun
I ■ mountain ') anil Alii/ln I'lihiniini i'|iiilar"),
Abyssinia (ab-i-sin'i-a). [Arabic Uubash,
Academy of France at Rome
'mixed ': referring to tlie cliaiacler of the popu-
lation.! A country of Africa, part of the an-
cient Ethiopia, bounded by Nubia and Sudan
on the west and north, by the Italian posses-
sions, Danakil country, and Adal on the east,
and by the Galla coimtry on the south: area
(estimated), 190,000 square miles; population
(estimated), 5,000,000. Its inhabitants are Ethio-
pians, Fidasha (the Abyssinian JeusX Oallas, etc, ; the pre-
vailing language is Amharie ; the prevailing religion that
of the Ethiopian (Coptic) Church (founded in the 4tli cen-
tury by Frnnieiitius, bislioj) of Axilm); and the govern-
ment a feudal monarchy umler a^'egns or emperor (Negus
N'egust, ' king of kings ). The present (l!:9;i) sovereign ia
Menelek II,, who succeeded to the throne in 1K89, The
surface of the country consists mainly of tablelands » ith
mountain-ranges reaching an elevation of about 15,000
feet. The climate is temperate and salubrious. The prin-
cipal export8(through Massowah) are skins, ivory, butter,
gums, and mules. The empire is divided into the king*
doms of Tigris in the north, Amhara, Gojam in the west
and center, and .Shoa in the south ; and there are many
outlying territories and dependencies. The chief cities are
Ankober, liondar, and Adowa, Abyssinia was visited by
the Portuguese in the 1,'jth and 16th centuries in the
search for the kingdom of Prester John, It was broken
up into small monarchies do\vn to the time of the adven-
turer Theodore who conscjlidated the kingdom, but was
overthrown l»y the British expedition under Napier in 1808,
Difticulties with Italy in 1S--7 and 1888 were followed bya
treaty of "mutual protection" in 18811, This protectorate
was alirogated by Menelek in 1893, Among the explorers
of .'Vliyssinia are Bruce, CJobat, Beke, Parkyns, Stern, and
Slarkham,
Acacians (a-kil'shiauz). A branch of the
Arians, named froni Aeacius, sumamed "Mo-
nophthalmus" ('the one-eyed'), bishop of €«-
sarea (died 303), which occupied a position
between that of the Semi-Arians and the ex-
treme ^Vi'ians (Anoma'ans).
Academic Legion. An armed corps of students,
especially in the revolutionary troubles of 1848 ;
specifically, an insurrectionary corps of the
kind which was conspicuous at Vienna in 1848.
Academy (a-kad'e-mi), The. [Gr. ^AmMiiiita.']
A public pleasiU'C-ground on the Cephissus,
about one mile northwest of ancient Athens, on
land said to have belonged, in the time of the
Trojan war, to the hero Acadenins, it was sur-
rounded with a w:dl by Hipparchns and further adorned
by Cinion, the son of lliltiades, who bequeathed it to the
citizens of Athens, It was the resort of Plato, who taught
ill its groves for nearly fifty years, till his death in 348 a, C-
Academy, The. The Platonic school of philos-
ophy down to the time of Cicero : so called from
the pleasure-ground above described. It is com-
monly divided into the old. the Middle, and the New
Academy. The chief representatives of the first were
Spcusippus, Xenocrates of Chalcedon, Polemo, Crates,
and Crantor. The .Midiile .Academy was founded by Ar-
cesilaus about 244 a, c,, and the New Academy by Car-
neades about 100 n, c, .Sometimes the academies of Philo
and Antioclins arc spoken of as the fourth Academy luid
the fifth Academy, respectively.
Academy, French. [F. Aeademic fraiK^aixe.']
An association originating about 1029 m the
informal weekly meetings of a few (8) men of
letters in Paris, and formally established Jan.
2, 1635, by Cardinal Richelieu, for the puriiose
of controlling the French language and regu-
lating literary taste. It consisted of forty mem-
bers, the "forty i'mmortals," the otflcers being a director
and a chancellor, both chosen by lot, ami a permanent
secretary, chosen by votes. Among the objects proviiled
for in the constitution was the preiiaratimi of a diction,
ary, a grainmar, a treatise on rhetoric and one on poetry.
In ini)4 the fii-st edition of the celebrated " Hietionmiire
derAcademie" appeared, while the seventh appeared in
18T8. The Academy was suppressed tiy the Convention
iu 179."J, but was reconstructed in 1795, under the name
of the "Class of F^-cncli Language and Literature," as
part of the Natifpiial Institute. lis original organization
was restored !iy Louis X\ III. in 1810,
Academy, Royal Spanish. [Sp. linO Aco-
iliiiiid Ksj}(i{iola.'] An academy founded at
Madrid in 1713 by the Duke of Escalona, and
established by royal continuation in 1714. Its
oliject is tocidtivate and improve the national
language.
Academy of Arts and Sciences, American.
A society for the encoiirageiiicnt of art ami
science, founded in Boston in 1780. It has pub-
lished "Memoirs" from 1785, and ''Proceed-
ings" from 1840,
Academy of Fine Arts, The. [F, I'Acadi'mic
dis hiaux artti.] \n institution originating in
a private association of piiiulers in the 14lli ci'u-
tury, recognized by royal authority in 1648 under
theuamoof Academy of Painting and Sculpture,
and definitively constructed in 1655 by Cardinal
Mazarin. At the ereatlmi of the National Institute In
170.'> it was united with the Academy "f Architecture,
founded liy Colbert in 1071, to form the fourth class of the
institute: and since 1819 this chias has borne the name of
Academy of Fine Arts. It coiialsts of 41 niemliers, 10 hon-
orary acadeinieians, 10 foreign associate.^, and 4" correspon-
dents. It pnlilishes its ineiniiirs aii.l Iransaellons as well
as the '■ lliclionnaire general d. » l.eailx arts."
Academy of France at Rome. [F. Acadimie
Academy of France at Eome
He France d Home.] A school of fine arts
founded at Rome by Louis XIV., where those
artists are sent, at the public expense, who ob-
tain the great annual prizes of the Academy
of Fine Arts at Paris. See f'illii Medici.
Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres.
[F. rAcdditiiit lies iiLtcriiilioim tt Ulk\i-
lettrc.i.] An association composed originally of
four membei-s, chosen by Colbert from among
the members of the French Academy to draw
up inscriptions for the monuments erected by
Louis XIV. and the medals struck in his honor.
It rt't-eived ast.'paniteorp:iniz;ition in 17(>1, which was cou-
Hnnid hy thu IctliTS pat.nl of Louis XIV. in 1712, and was
suppressed l.y the Convention in 17111 : hut at the creation
of the National Institute in 17ai its meniherswcreincorpo-
raU-d in tllat hoily. In ISlfithe title was restored hy I/>ui8
XVIII. for the second cl.Tss of the Institute. The pres-
ent .\cadeniy of Inscriptions and IMles-T.etlres consists of
40 nuiuhcrs, 10 houonir>- academicians, and 8 foreign as-
BiK'iiii.si, with 50 corresiwnding members at home and
almnid.
Academy of Medicine. [F. VAcadimic de
meiltciiie.] A French academy founded in 18^0
to pieser\-e vaccine matter and act as a bureau
of information to the government on sanitation
and the jiublic health. It is divided into three sec-
tions: medicine, surgery, and ph:u-macy. It publishes
mcmnirs, and carries on an extensive correspondence.
Academy of Moral and Political Science,
The. [F. I'Acfideniic de.t sciences morales et po-
/i7i(/H< .«.] The fourth class of the French Na-
tional Institute, founded in 1795, suppressed by
Najioleon in 1803, and reestablished by Louis
Philippe in 1832. It has 40 members, 6 hon-
orary academicians, 6 foreign associates, and
48 corresponding members.
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia, Tne. .-V scientific Lnstitiitiou organized
in 181J, and iucoi-porated iu 1817, possessing
a valuable library relating chiefly to natural
history, and an extensive collection of speci-
mens in natural history. Its puhlications consist
of a series of *'Journ.als" from 1S17 to date, and of '*l*ro-
ceedings" from 1S41, besides which it also published" The
American .buirnal of Concholo!:ry."
Academy of Sciences, The. [F. VAcademie
de.i sciences.'] An institution founded at Paris
in 166G by Colbert, approved by Louis 'SJY. in
1699, suppressed by the Convention in 1793, and
reconstituted in 1795 as a class of the National
Institute. It numbers 68 members, 10 honor-
ary academicians, 8 foreign associates, and 100
corresponding members.
Academy of Sciences at Berlin, The Royal.
[(i. Die liiniiilielie Al.dileniic iler (IVx.syh.scAo/-
leii.] An institution founded in 1700 by Fred-
eric I. after plans submitted by Leibnitz, and
opened in 1711. Its present constitution dates from
1812. It is divided int^) four sections: iihysieal, mathe-
matical. philos*>pliic:U, and historical. The regular mem-
bers are paid, and hidd general meetings every Thursday
an<l sectional meetings every Monday. Besides, there are
foreign nu-iubers, not to exceed 24, and honorary members
aTid corresiM»ndents. It publishes " Abhandlungen " (till
]^>3 "Mi^-moires" and ">ouveaux .Memuir«s ') and "Mo-
natr'berichte."
Academy of Sciences at Copenhagen, The
Royal. [Dan. Del Knngeligc (UmskeVidenska-
berins Selskiih.] An academy established as a
private society in 1742, and received under the
royal protection in 1743. Sincel742 it has published
a series of transactions under the name of ".Skrifter,"
and since 1S23 each of its two classes has also published
Independent memoirs under the name of ".-Uhandlinger."
Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg, The
Imperial. An academy projected by I'etir
the tiical with the assistance of Wolf and Leib-
nitz, and established by Catherine I., Dec. 21,
172.^. It is composed of 15 professors, a president, and
a director, with four adjuncts, who attend the meetings
of the society, and succeed to vacancies. It has published
"Comnu'iitarii .\cademia; .Scientiarum Imperi:ilis I'etro-
polit^infc" (U volumes frtun 1728 to 1747); "Kovi t'om-
mentarii .\catlemite," etc. (20 volumes down to 1777);
•'Acta Acadeniia?," etc., of which two volumes appear au-
miidly.
Academy of Sciences at Stockholm, The, or
The Royal Swedish Academy. A society,
originally private, foiiiidecl June 2, 1739. and
incorporated March 31. 1741, as the Royal Swe-
dish Aca<lemy. Its quarterly publications are
issued in annual volumes, of which the first 40
(to 1779) form a series known as the "Old
Transactions."
Academy, or Society, of Arcadians. A society
founded in 1G90 in Italy by tJiovau Mario Cres-
ciinbeni and Oian Vineenzo Graviua. Its chief
aim was to establish in literature the simplicity of the
shepherds of the fabled golden age of ArcadiiL
Acadia (a-ka'di-a), Acadie (ii-kU-de'). [Ori-
ginally Larcadia : Acadie is said to have
been ifirst used iu 1603.] A former French
colony in America, bounded by the Atlantic,
8
the Gulf and River of St. Lawrence, and west-
ward by a line running north from the mouth
of the Penobscot. It was colonized by France iu
lt»4, on the Hay of lundy. and ceded to Great Britain by
the treaty of Itrccht, 1713 (except Cape Breton). The
freiK-li settlers in Nova Scotia were deported by the Brit-
ish in I7;'>5.
Acadian Mountains (a-kii'di-an moun'tanz).
An occasional name of the elevated region in-
cluded between the Hudson, the lower St. Law-
rence, and the Atlantic, and comprising the
mountains of Canada, Maine, and the White and
Green Mountains.
Acajutla (ii-kii-nSt'la). A small seaport in
Salv:ulor, Central America, about 40 miles west
of San Salvador.
Acampichtli, or Acampixtli (ii-kam-pesh'tle).
[Aztec, 'handful of reeds.'] A chief, or so-
called king, of the Aztecs of Mexico, who, ae-
cordiug to the most probable chronology, was
elected in 1375 and died in 1403. He led the In-
dians of Tenuchtitlan in their wars with Tecpan, and ca-
nals and stone bouses were first made in bis time. His
power was very limited.
Acapulco (ii-kii-porko). A seaport in Guer-
rero, Mexico, on the Pacific in lat. 16° 51' N.,
long. 99° 5G' W. It has one of the best h.arbora in the
country, and had a l.arce coninierco during the 17th and
iBtli ci iitnries. r<ipulaUun, S.Oixi.
Acarnania, or Akarnania (ak-ar-na'ui-ji).
[Gr. 'Akapvaviu.] In ancient geography, a divi-
sion of Greece, bounded by the Ambracian Gulf
on the north, by Amphilochia on the northeast,
by iEtolia on the east (partly separated by the
Achelous), and by the Ionian sea on the west.
Its ancient inhabitants were the Leleges and Curetes.
They were rude mountaineers, but were regarded as
Greeks, and as such were allowed to participate in the
ran-Uellenic games.
Acarnania and .^tolia(e-t6'li-a). A nomarchy
of modern Greece, baring an area of 3,013 square
mUes. Its capital is Missolonghi. Population
(1889), 102,020.
Acaste (a-kiist'). A character in Moliere's
play "Le Misanthrope," a gay and brilliant
marquis, a lover of Celimene.
AcastO (a-kas'to). A character in Otway's play
" The Orphan," a nobleman, the father of Poly-
dore and Castalio, retired from the court and
living on his estates.
Acastus (a-kas'tus). or Akastos (-tos). [Gr.
"AKaaro;.] In Greek legend, a son of King
Pelias or loleos, an Argonaut, and one of the
himters of the Calydonian boar. He was the
father of Laodameia.
Acawais. See Accawais.
Acaxees (a-kaks'ez). A native tribe (now ex-
tinct as such) in the state of Durango in north-
ern Mexico. Traces of their language may yet be
detected. They were described, in the last years of the
ICth century' and in the 17th. when first met with, as nither
peaceably inclined, of sedentary habits, and as sorely
pressed by their ferocious neighbors the Xepehuanes.
Acca. See Acre.
Accad. See AHad.
Accademia della Crusca(ak-kii-da'me-aderiii
kriis'kii). [It., 'academy of the bran, 'a fanci-
ful name alluding to its professed object of sift-
ing or purifying the Italian language.] An
academy founded at Florence in 1582 by the
poet Grazziui, with the object of purifv-ing the
Italian language and literature. It published in
lS12the first edition of the "Vocabolario degli -Accade-
mici della Crusca," long the standard dictionary of the
Italian Uuiguage.
Accadians. See nnder Akl-ad.
Acca Larentia (iik'ii la-ren'shi-a). A mythical
female personage in the early history of Rome,
sometimes represented as a public woman who
bequeathed her wealth to the citizens of Rome,
sometimes as the wrif e of Faustulus and the nurse
of Romulus ami Remus, she seems to be of Etruscan
origin and connected with the worship of the Lares. Also,
improperly, .4c<-n Laurrnlia.
Accawais (ii-kii-wii-ez'). An Lidian tribe of
Brit ish ( i uiana, the small remnants of which in-
habit the river-banks near the coast. They are
allied in language to the Caribs, but are more savage and
wandering in their habits, and are very treacherous. They
often attack villages of the more civilized Indians. Also
written Acratrays, Accoicaiog, Akaatig.
Accho (ak'o). An old name of Acre.
Acciajuoli (ii-cha-yo-o'le), or AcciajoU (a-cha-
yo'le), Nerio. A member of tlie Florentine
family of that name, created Duke of Athens
in 1394. The title was retained by his successors till
145(i, when the Turks put an end to the domination of
the Latins in .\ttica,
Acciajuoli, or Acciajoli,Niccolo. Died 1365. A
wealthy Florentine banker and statesman. He
served for many years as the chief adviser of Joanna,
Queen of Naples, and was invested in l:t.M with the barony
and heredituy governorship of the fortress of Corlntb.
Accorso, Francesco
Acciajuoli, or Acciajoli, Donato. Bom at Flor-
ence, 1428: died at Milan, Aug. 28, 1478. An
Italian scholar and statesman, gonfalonier of
Florence iu 1473. He was the author of lives of Han-
nibal, Scipio, and Charlemagne, of a translation of some
of l'lut;irch's '■ Lives," and of cummeutaiies on .Aristotle's
'"Ethics" and "Politics."
Accioli de Cerqueira e Silva (iik-se-o'le da ser-
ka'ra e sel'vii), Ignacio. Bom in Coimbra.
Portugal, in 1808: died at Rio de Janeiro, Aug.
1. 1865. A Brazilian geograjilier. When very
young he emigrated with his father to Brazil. In 18;iS he
began the publication of a series of geographical works
on the empire, of which he was made otiicial chronicler.
Accius (ak'shi-us), Lucius. Bom about 170
B. c. : died at an advanced age. A Roman
tragic poet and prose writer, especially notable
for his imitations from the Greek, though he
dealt also with Roman subjects. Fragments of
his tragedies have been preserved. Also Attius. ("The
forms .Accius and Attius prol>ably dilTer dialcctically. In
the MSS. that with cc greatly preponderates ; on the other
hand, in inscriptions the spelling of this name with U is
far the more frequent. " Teiiffd ami Schicabf, Hist, of
Kom. Lit. (trans.), I. 191.]
Acco. See Acre.
Accolon (ak'o-lon). A character in the " Morte
d'Arthur," a knight of Gaul, celebrated for his
combat with King Arthur, iu which the latter
sought to regain his enchanted sword and scab-
bard of which Accolon had gained possession
through the aid of Morgan le Fay.
Accolti (iik-kol'te), Benedetto. Bom at Arez-
zo, Italy, 1415: died at Florence, 1466. An
Italian jurist and writer, chancellor of the re-
pulilic of Florence 1459-66. He was the author
of a history of the first crusade, "De Bello a Christianis
contra Earb.aros," etc. (153*2), which served as the foun-
dation of Tasst>'s "(Jerusalemme liberata."
Accolti, Benedetto. Born at Florence, 1497:
died 1549. An Italian cardinal (and legate in
Ravenna) and poet, author of Latin poems col-
lected in "Carmina illustrium Poetarum Ital-
oi'um."
Accolti, Bernardo. Born about 1465: died
about 1535. Au Italian poet, son of Benedetto
Accolti the elder. See the extract.
The same age gave the name of X^uico to Bernardo Ac-
colti, of Arezzo, born before HiiO, and who died after the
year 1534. Whenever this celebrated poet announced his
intention of reciting bis verses, the shops were shut op,
and the people flocked in crowds to hear him. He was
surrounded by prelates of the first eminence: a body of
Swiss troops accompanied him ; and the court was lighted
by torches. But, as Mr. Roscoe has justly remarked, there
wanted one circumstance to crown his gli»n — that his
works had perished with himself. Their style is hard and
poor ; his images are forced, and his taste is perverted by
atfectation. He has left us a comedy, La Virginia; some
octaves and terza rima; some lyric poetry; and some
strambotti, or epigrams.
Si^nondi, Lit. of the South of Europe, I. 428,
Accolti, Francesco. Bom at Arezzo, 1418:
died at Siena, 14S3. Au Italian jurist, profes-
sor of law at Bologua and Ferrara, and secretary
to the Duke of Milan: brother of Benedetto
Accolti the elder. He was one of the most
notable jui'ists of his age.
Accolti, Pietro. Born at Florence, 1455 : died
at Florence, 1532 (1549 f). An Italian cardinal
and legate iu Ancona (commonly called '' Car-
dinal of Ancona"), brother of Bernardo Ac-
colti. He is said to have had an important
part in drawing up the bull against Luther,
1520.
Accomplished Fools, The. See The Tender
Husband.
Accoramboni (iik-ko-riim-bo'ne), Virginia
or Vittoria. Died at Padua, Dee. 22, 1585.
The Duchess of Bracciano, an Italian lady of
great beauty and wit. Her first husband, Francesco
I'eretti, whom she tnarried in 1573, was nnirdered in 1581
at the instigation, it was said, of P.iolo Giordano Orsini,
Duke of Bracciano, whom she married. On his death, Nov.
13, 1585, she became involved in litigation with I-odovic
Orsini concerning the inheritance, and was murdered hy
him. These events were altered and adapted by Webster
in his tragedy " The White Devil, or Vittoria CoromKma"
(1C12). Her histoid has been written hy Gnoli (1870\ and
she was made the subject of a novel by L. Tieck, " Vit-
toria -Accoramboni " (1840).
Accorso (iik-kor'so), Latinized Accursius
(a-ker'si-us), Buono. Born at Pisa about the
middle of the loth century. A classical scholar
and rhetorician, commentator on Ciesar and
other Latin authors. Also ISuonacenrso.
Accorso, Latinized AccuTsius, Francesco.
Born at Florence about 1180: died about 1260.
An Italian jurist, for a time teacher of law at
Bologna. His most celebrated work was a body of ex-
planatory glosses on the Soman law, called "The Great
Gloss,"
Accorso, Latinized Accursius, Francesco.
Born at Bologna, 1225; rlied at Bologna, 1293.
An Italian jurist, sou of the preceding, profes-
Accorso, Francesco
snr of law at Bologiiu. lie outercd the service
of Edward I. of Kugland and lectured ou law at
Oxl.iid about 1275.
Accorso, Latinized AccuTsius, Mariangelo.
l.iviMl ill the first half of tlic Ultli cntiiry. An
li:ili:iii literary critic, author of ■'Uiatriba* in
Ausduium, Jul. Solin Polyhistora, et in Ovidii
Metamorphoses" (1524), etc.
Accra, or Acra (ak-rii'). See Akra, the better
siiilline of the name.
Accrington (ak'rinp-ton). A town in Lanca-
sliiri~l:n(;lanil, about 34 miles noi-theast of
l.iveriiool. Its industries include <'alico-])rint-
iiii;, dveintr, iron-founding, coal-mining, etc.
Population (isyi), :iS.(io:i.
Accvun (ii'kom). Friedrich Christian. Born
at Biickeburg. Germany, ITOH: diiil at Berlin,
.Iiine 28, 1H38. A German chemist, long resi-
dent in London, known chiefly by his "Prac-
tical Treatise on Gas-light" (LSI 5), ami his
efforts to promote the use o* gas for purposes
"f illwmiuation.
Accursius. See Jrcorso.
Aceldama (a-sel'da-mjl). [Aramaic, 'field of
blood.'] A field said to have been situated
southof Jerusalem, the potter's field, purchased
with the l)ribe whicli Judas took for betraying
his Master (wlieuee tlie name). It was appro-
priated to the interment of strangers.
Acephali (a-sef 'a-li). [Gr. (i/ct^n/of, without
a head.J A name given to various parties of
('hristians, in the 5th and Gth centuries, who
rebelled against their bishops or other heads of
the church. The most notaMe .imonu them were cer-
tain Moiiophysites who rejectt-J (on dui-tiiual Kiounds)
tlie authority of I'etur Mon^iis, Itishup of .\lexaiHina(48'2).
Acerbas (a-ser'bas), or Akerbas (a-ker'bas),
iir Sicharbas (si-kiir'bas). [Said to bo a cer-
ruptiiin of Sicliar-Hiia!.^ In classical legend,
the uncle ami husband of Klissa. a wealthy
and powerful TjTian noble, high priest of the
Tj-rian god Melk.irth: the "Siehfeus"of Ver-
gil. See Eiixsd.
Acerbi (ii-cher'be), Giuseppe. Born at Castel-
(ioffredo, near Mantua, Italy, May 3, 1773:
died .Vug. 20, 184(i. An Italian traveler and
naturalist, author of "Travels through Swedeu,
Finland, ami Lapland" (1802).
Acernus, Sebastian. S<>e Klimowic:.
Acerra (ii-iher'ril). A town in the province of
Cascrta, Italy, the Koman Acerra? (Gr. Wxtpi'iai),
10 miles northeast of Naples. Population, 14,000.
Acestes (a-ses'tez). [Gr. 'Axtorz/r.] In Greek
legend, a son of the Sicilian river-god Crimisus
and Kgesta (Segesta), a Trojan woman. He
figured in the Trojan war, and was introduced
by Vergil iu the "iEneid."
Ach (iich). See An.
Ach4 (ji-chii'), Jos6 Maria. Born about 1805:
died at Cochabamba, 18()8. A Bolivian revolu-
tionist. He served under Santa Cruz, 182J>-ys), and under
Ballivian in the war atrainst Peru, 1841. In ISftS lie was
made by I'resiiicnt Linares minister of war, but re\nlted,
and in May, 1><J1, was proelainied president of iJoIivia.
He held Ins post during a period of great di.sorder until
1S6.'>, when he was deposed by another revolution.
Achsea. See Achaia.
Achaean League (a-ko'an leg). 1. A religious
conf'ileratioii iu Achaia, consisting at the time
of Herodotus of twelve cities: Pellene, .^geira,
MgiB, Bura, Ilelike, JEgion, Rhypes, Patra',
PhariB, Olenos, Dyme, an<I Trita'a. Later Uhypes
and JEfiva fell into decay, and their phices in the confedeniey
were taken by Leontioii and Kurynciiu In 373 a. c, the
number of cities was reduced to ten by the ilestrnction i>f
Ilelike and Hun hy an eartlu|uake. A connnon sacrittce
to Poseidon Wii.s held at Ilelike until that town was de-
Btroyed, when .Kgion became the center of the confedera-
tion, and the common sacritlces were held in honor of
Zeus Honnigyrios an<l DemeterPanachiea. thechief divini-
ties of .ICgion. Tlio confedeniey was dissolved by the
policy of Philip of Macedon and Alexander.
2. A political confederation of Achtean and
other (ireek cities e.xtonding over the period
from 281 B. c. to 146 B. C. After the death of [,y.
simachus in "i-so B. c. the Achtean cities Dyme. Patne, Tri-
t*ea, and Pham) formed a confederation to resist tlie
Macedonian domination, and were afterward joined by
the other Acliu;an cities, except Olenos and Helike. In
251 a. c. the confederation aequireil new strength hy the
acccssitni of Sikyon, under the leadership of Aratns. In
245 B. 0. .\ratus was elected strategus of the league,
which under his guidance rapidly rose to national Im-
portance. In a short time it embraced Athens, .'Egina,
■Salamis, and the whole of Pcloponnesiis. with the excep-
tion of Sparta, 'I'egea, Oreliomeiios, Mantlnelu, and Ells.
It was destroyed by the Itomans in 14(1 B, c, and with it
fell the last stronghold of freedom in Orcece. The Acha!an
League is remarkable as the most perfect type of fed-
eral government whieh has been haniled down from an-
tiquity. The c-onfederation was inseparable, every city
having ei|Ual riclits w llh the others ; In foreign alfalrsthe
federal government was siipreine. Common alfairs were
regulated at general meotlngB bold twlco a year by tbo
9
citizens of all the towns. The principal officers were:
two strat4'gi (after '2.'i5 B. c. only ime), who, in conjunction
with the hipparehus or commander of the eavahy, and an
under-strategiis, commanded the federal army, and were
intrusted with the comluet of war; a state secretary;
ami an apparently permanent council of ten deiniurgi,
who appear to have presitled at the great assemblies.
Achsei (a-ke'i). [Gr. 'A,va(0(,] The Achtcaus,
one of the four principal races of the Greeks.
Their chief places of aboile were southern Thcssaly and
eastern I'ehiponiiesuft. The name is S4>nietimes extended
poetically to all the Greeks, In Homeric times they had
a certain preiionderance of influence over the other Hel-
lenes,
Achaemenes (a-kera'e-nez). [Gr. 'Xxaiftvij^.
OPers, Ilal.lidmniii, the friendly (Sayce).] TIio
eponjTnous founder of the ancient Persian
royal family of the Achii'menida> : the name was
later used as a family name, as by one of the
sons of Darius Hystaspis. See Aclia'mciiid.T.
Achaemenidae (ak-e-men'i-de). An ancient
royal family of Persia, founded about 600 B. C.
The fidlowing are the names of its leading members :
Acha'incnes, Cyrus the Urcat, L'ainbyses (iJomates, the
&Iagian usurper), Darius Hystaspis, Xerxes I., .Artaxerxes
I., Xerxes II., Sogdiaiios, Darius Ochns, Artaxerxes Miie-
mon, Oehns. Arses, Darius Codomannus. Also Achjemrn-
itU'^, Achemenides, Achcmenids.
Achaeus (a-ke'us), or Achaios (a-ki'os).^ [Gr.
;V('"of.] A Greek poet of Erelria in Euba>a.
who flourished fi-om about 484 B. C. to 448.
He was the author of forty-four dramas, only fragments
of which remain. The titles of seventeen are known.
He contended with .Sophocles ami Eurijiiiles.
Achaia (a-kil'yji). [tir. /\,V""'-] 1. I" ancient
geograplij" («) A small region in southern
"Tliessaly, containing Phthia, hence called
Achaia I'hthiotis. It was probably the original home
of the Aehrean race, and it retained its name as late as
the time of Herodotus. See the extract.
Aclicea Plithlotis was the tract about Mount Othrys. Its
sea-board reached from the middle of the Pagasa;an gulf
to the mouth of the Sperchcius. Inland it once extended
beyond Pharsalus, called anciently Phthia (Leake, iv. pp.
484, 48.5) ; but at this time its northern boundary seems t4i
have been the line of hills stretching from Lake Xyn-
ias {Taitkli) across to the gulf of Pagasie, and terminating
iu the pr*)montory of l^jxrha (Cape AivjkUtri). Westward
it was bounded by the Dolopians and I'.nianians.
Jiaivliiison, Herod., I\'. 108, note.
(h) A mountainous district in the Peloiionne-
sus, boi'dering ou the Corinthian Gulf, north of
Elis and Arcadia : originally named .<-Egialus or
^gialeia, that is, "The Coast." (c) The stat.'S
forming the restored Achtean League, about
280-146 B.C. See J<7(a?rt«, 2. (rf) A Roman prov-
ince, of uncertain limits, but nearly correspond-
ing to modern Greece, formed jirobably in the
1st century B. C. Its northern boundary was proba-
bly drawn south of Thessaly and Epirns. The province
was abolished by Nero, but was reestablished by Vespasian.
2. A medieval Frankish principality in Greece,
corresponding generally to the Peloponnesus.
Achaia and Elis (e'lis). A nomarchy in mod-
ern Greece. Area, 1,901 square miles. Popu-
lation (1880), 210,713,
Achalm (iich'iilm). A summit of the Rauhe
Alli, near Reutlingen, in Wiirteiuberg, 2,300
feet high.
Achamoth (ak'a-motli). The name given by
the Gnostic Valentine to a lower or imperfect
Wisdom, tlie weakest icon, the form under
which spirit suiTcnders itself completely to
matter and becomes the foundation of the real
worhl.
Achan (ii'kan). An Israelite of the tribe of
Judali, stoned to death, with his family, for
plundering during the sack of Jericho. Josh,
vii. Also called Aclmr. 1 Cliron. ii. 7.
Achard (iiC'h'iirt), Franz Karl. Born at Ber-
lin, Ajiril 28, 1753 : died at Cunein, Silesia, April
20, 1821. A Gennan chemist, the founder of
the beet-root sugar manufacture.
Achard (iish-iir'), Louis Am6d6e Eugene.
Horn at Marseilles, .\pril 23. 1.S14: diiMhil Paris,
March 25. 1H75. A Frendi novelist and dram-
atist, author of "La Belle Rose" (1847), "La
Chasse Royale" (1849-50), etc.
Acharius (il-kil'ri-os), Erik. Born at Geflo,
Sweilcii. Oct. 10, 1757: died at Wadstena, Swe-
den, Aug. 14, 1819. A Swedish physician and
botanist, a pupil of Linnn-us: author of "Lich-
enogr;ipliia universalis," etc.
Acharnians (a-kiir'ni-anz). The. [Gr. 'Axnpvai,
.Vcharnie, the principal deme of Attica, 60 sta-
dia north of Athens, near the foot of Mount
Fames.] A comedy of Aristophanes, brought
out, under the name of Callistratus, at tlie Le-
niea, or country Diouysia, 425 B, c. It was an
attempt to support the aristocratic peace party against
the intrigues and intimidations of the democratic «ar pint y
reiiresented by theehoriiH of Acharnians. In form it is an
e\tn»va;:ant farce rather than a comedy.
Achasta. See liiimsiii.
Acbastlian. See Huvuen.
Achillini
Achates (a-ka'tez). The faithful companion,
•' fidus Achates," of .^neas.
Acheen. See Achin.
Achelous (ak-e-io'us), or AcheloSs (-os). [Gr.
lA I'^W'] In ancient geogi'aphy, a river in
Greece (the modern Aspropotamo), which rises
in Epirus, forms part of the boundary between
ancient j!^tolia and Acarnania, and flows into
the Ionian sea. Its length is about 130 miles.
Achenbach (iich'en-bii(:-h), Andreas. Born at
Cassel, Germany, Sept. 29, 1815. A noted Ger-
man landscape and marine jiainter.
Achenbach, Oswald. Bom at DUsseldorf,
Prussia, Feb. 2, 1827. A German landscape-
painter, brother of Andreas. The subjects of
his works are ehietly Italian.
Achenwall (iich'en-viil), Gottfried. Bom at
Elbing, Pmssia, Oct. '20, 1719: died at Gottin-
gen, May 1, 1772. A German scholar, professor
of philosophy (1748) and of law (1761) at the
University of Gottingen. He is regarded as
the founder of the science of statistics.
Achern (iich'ern). A town in Baden, situated
on tlie Acher about 31 miles southwest of
Carlsruhe. Population, 3,000.
Achernar (a-kir'niir). [Ar. Akher-nalir, the
latter part.] The first-magnitude star a Eri-
dani, situated in the southern hemisphere at
the southern extremity of the constellation,
about 32i degrees from the south pole.
Acheron (ak'e-ron). [Gr. 'Axifx^'- probably
dcriveil from Heb. ah'rihi, the west, i. e.
the direction of the setting sun, darkness;
hence its connection with Hades.] 1. In an-
cient geography, the name of several small
rivers, of whicfi the chief, the modern Gnrla,
was in Thesprotia in Epirus. It flowed through
the lake .Aelierusia, received the waters of the Coeytus
(the modern Vuvos), and emptied into the Ionian sea.
2. In classical mythology, a river in Hades,
and later the Lower World in general.
Acherusia Palus (ak-e-ro'si-a pa'lus). [L.,
'Aelicrusian bog,' (jr. ^i.^fpneom ?.///>•;/.] In an-
cient geogr.iphy.the name of several small lakes
supposed to be connected with the lower
world. The most important were the lake tlirough
which the Acheron flowed, and one 11 miles west of Na-
ples, the moilcrn Lago del Fiisaro. Like Acheron, the name
was transferred to tlie lower world.
Achill, or Achil (ak'il), or Eagle Island. An
island in the county of Mayo, Irelaud. off the
western coast in lat. 54° N., long. 10° W. Area,
80 square miles.
Achilleis (ak-i-le'is), orAchilleid (ak-i-le'id).
1. An unfinished epic poem by P. Papinius
Statins. — 2. A part of the Iliad, comprising
Books I. VIII, XI-XXH, regarded by some crit-
ics as constituting a poem of which the theme
is the "wrath of Achilles," and which is dis-
tinct from, and older than, tlie rest of the Iliad.
See Iliad. The name "Achilleis" was first ap-
plied to these books by Groto. — 3. A poem by
Goethe.
Achilles (a-kil'ez). [Gr. 'Ax'^.Mx.'i A Greek
legendary wanior, son of Peleus and Thetis
and grandson of ^Eacus, and chief of the Myr-
midons, a Tliessalian tribe, lie is the centnU hero
of the Iliad, which is largely occupied witli his (inarrel
with Agamemnon, leader of the Lireck host, ami his
martial exploits. He was the slayer of Hector, and was
himself slain by Paris.
In Achilles, Homer summed np and flxed forever the
ideal of tlie CJreek character. He presented an imperish-
able iiicturo of their national yonthfnlness, and of their
ardent genius, to tlie Greeks. The " beautiful human hero-
ism "of Achilles, his strong personality, his flerce passions
controlled and tempered by divine wisdom, his intense
friendship and love that passeil the love of women, above
all, the splendor of his youttiful life in death made per-
fect, hovercil like a dream above the imagination of the
(Jreeks, and insensibly determined their snbseqiient tie-
velopmenl. .At a later age, this ideal was destined to be
realized In Alexander.
Siimomit, Studies of the Greek Poets. I. 20.
Achilles. An opera by Gay produced at Covent
Garden in 1733. Colman the elder brought out
"Achilles in Petticoats,'' altered from Gay, in
the same year.
Achilles of Germany. A surname of Albert,
KliM-tor of Hi-aiidenliurg.
Achilles Tatius (a-kil'c/ ta'shi-us). Lived
prolialily iilioul .500 A. D. An Alexandrine rhet-
(U-icinn, author of a Greek romance, "Leucippo
and Cleitoplion."
Achilleum (ak-i-le'um ). A place on the promon-
tory of Sigenni, in the Troad, containing, ac-
cording to 1 radii ion, Ihe (omli of .\chilles.
Achillini (ii-kil-ie'nr). Alessandro, Born at
Bologna, Italy. Oct. 2!>, 1463 : dhd Aug. 2, 1512.
An Italian physician and philosopher, Bumamed
"the second Aristotle."
Achin 10 Acre
Achin, or Acheen, <>r Atcheen (ii-chen'). or Ackermann, Rudolph. Born at Schneeberg, acter in the tale of Acontius and Cydippe, tol.l
At\ei A foniicMalav sultanate, now a Dutcli Saxoiiv, April L'O. I7(i4: .lied March 30, 1834. A by Anstoenetus and by Ovid. " Acontius yathered
denendcncv in northcVn Kumatra A war «itl. Uuiman art-publisher and bookseller in Lou- at. orange in the garden of Vinus, and having ivnitcn on
iiepiiiutnLi, 111 iioruH III .rmuiaiiH. Anar«iiii y"-"""" '"I , , -i^i^,. „„j i.„_„oco .«.. the iind the words, ' By Artemis, 1 wii) m.arry Acciutlus,"
the Dutch, winch hegnn in 1S73, resulted in the virtual don, son of a coaeh-buildei and harnebs-ma- j,,,.,.^ ^^ j^ cj.ji,,p^-s „,ay. She u.ok it in her hand reah
subjugation of the country. J'opulation, about 2liO,0(iO(;). jj^.,. «hose trade he, for a time, tollowea. I he „„t the inscription, and tlnew it from her. But Artemis
Achin. The ea])it!il of Aehin,on the river Aehm establishment of lithographv as a fine art in lie:u-d the vow, and brought about the marriaso. " Wil-
about lat. i'>° 411' N.. loiiR. 95° 20' E. T^mrMnd is credited to lliru. " ""'" '^'""'^ '"'* '"■""' ""^ 'egend f..rthc subject of one
Achines, Ricardo. The name o.ommonh-. given j^,^^ j^^^^^ (ak'lin i'la.id). A long island ^^i^t'lurJacobur'see^'jc'^Wo
ri'iil'inl'"""'"^'"'""'" ''"'"""" *° "' ""^ ^''""P °' ""' -""^-•" Bahamas. i^^Xd't iT-k'?^T'^filTH'1? A court established
Ha«iuiis ,.„,■,*• I- ^f r-,tl, Ada (ii'klU). A town on the Caribbean side at C^ueretaro, Now Spain (Mexico), for the sura-
Achish(a kish). 1. A Phih.stine king of (.ath „f 4,,^ isthmus of Panama, probably near the ^^y trial of biig.inds and other criminals.
with whom David sought refuge wlieii 'lecing ^^^ ^j gj,„ jji,,(.. „ ^.,s funnded by Pedrarias in it originated in an old .Spanish Institution, the Santa
from Saul. 1 iSani. X.XI. lO-ln; xxix. — Z. An- isjjia,,,! was the place where Balboa built his ships to be Hemiandad, which was originally a kind of vigilance
other king of (Jiith who reigned in the time of transported across the isllimus in 1517, and where he was committee, was subsequently converted into a regular
Soloniou 1 Ki ii 39-40. executed. The aettltnicnt, for a time important, was police force and tribunal, and after 1031 had courts hi
A /,1«t4-Anii'/>1 a.^.1 V;;/J »',;././ ahamloned before l.^so. Spanish America. In 1719 the Quer^tai'o court, or acor-
ACmtOpnei. aee .iniwopnci. Acland (ak'land), Ladv Christian Henrietta dad, was given independent powei-s, and it wai ordore.1
Achmed. Seo^c/imrf. . Caroline (commoulv "known as Lady Har- that there should be no appeal from it; its officers had
Achmet (ach met) I., or Ahmed (ah ined). ^""'"""^ v . — itr„tt „ jurisdiction throughout Kew S]min. The com t was sup-
Boi-rils): died Nov." 22. f^lT. A sultan of "et)- Born ^'"'-/^I'l^:,;^^^^^^''^^ pressed in 1813. but its meth'ods are stUl in vogue fn
mi <• nr 1 1 iTi ,..1. ,„ 1,,^ o,,.. iainton, -huglaiia, Julv Jl, loio. A Uaugliter Mexico.
Turkev, son of Mo.auitne.l U- ^^l" " \s uc- ^^^ j,^^, j.;^^ ^. ^.^ ^^^ 'jj,^ -.j,,^ ^^^^ ^-ite ^f Major Atjores. Same as J--on-.s.
pLfe";fSi"vaZLvi'th.rttwl;enfor?he»,im^ John Dyke Acland whom she accompanied Acosta (a-kos'tii), ChristoySo de. Died 1580.
the Turks observe.l the jiriueiplesof an inteniationnl law through Burgoyne's campaign in 1( (( . Her ad- A Portuguese traveler and naturalist, author
In their diplomatic rehitions with chiistian nations. In ventures formed a noteworthy incident of the of " Tratado de las Arogas y medeciuas do las
1C12 he concluded an unsuccessful war with Persia. Kovolutionarv War. Indias orientales" (1578).
Achmet II., or Ahmed. Born 1642: diedPeb. Acland,Henr'yWentworth. BoruAug.23,1815. Acosta, Gabriel (later Uriel) de. Bom at
6,109.). A sultan of Turkey, brother of Soly- An English phvsiciaii,regius professor of medi- Oporto, Portugal, about 1591: committed sui-
man II. whom he succeeded July Ki. 1091. His cineintheUniversitvofOxford. Heaccompauied cide, 1647 (1640?). A Portuguese philosopher
forces were expelled from Uungary by the battle of Salaij- the Prince of Wales to Americaiu 1860, and later and Jewish proselvte from Catholicism. He was
u7 N^i4oL was cfeated 'and 1^^^ the'AusS "as ap,,ointed his honorarv physician. exeomumnicat^d by the synagogue at Amsterdam on ac-
the Mituous was dcltateu and Slam Dy tne Austrians 11 TttrVa THed nt Pivtnn PnrV count of rationalism. His autobiography was published
under Louis of Baden . Acland, JOhll Uvfee. Died at FlXton Park, uujer the title" Exemplar vitichuman!e"(16S7.
Achmetni. or Ahmed. Born 16*3 : ass.-issi- near Dulvcrtou, Luglaud, Oct. 31, InS. An Acosta. Joaquin. Born in Guaduas, Colombia,
natedl,3() Asultiinot Turkey 1.03-30, brother English soldier .and politician Asraember of Par- _.,,,„„j 'nos^aii,,! at Bogotd, 1852. A Colom-
of Mustapha II. whom ho succeeded. He was in- liament he was a vigorous opponent of the demands of i,;„,, „„i,,:„,. „„,i i,;„t„,.i^,, „„ „ * ,„ , k„iwo..'=
v.lved by Charles XII. (who. after the battle of Pnltowa the American colonies, and, as major of the L'Oth Foot, bian soldiei and Instoiiau. He entered Bolivars
in 17.«, took refuge llrst in ( it.hakolf, then in Bender) in a joined Burgoyne's expedition during the Kevolutionai-y ^rmy ill 1819, and before bis death bad attained the lank
war with Itussia which was ended bv the Peace of the War. He was wounded in the second battle of Saratoga of general. He was als,. a member of congress and held
Pruth, 1711 (see />n,(/,) : t.«.k Morea andthe Ionian Islands ami t:dien prisoner. During the campaign he was accom- important diplomatic posts. Besides traveling and con-
from Venice, 171.^ ; was defeated at Peterwardein in 171U panied by his wife. .See Acland. Ladij. ''"ctmg extensive investigations in Colombia, he visited
and at lielgrad in 1717 by the Austrians under Prince AcUa-huasi (ilk-lya-wii'se). In the Inca em- Spain m 1846 to search the archives there and spent
p.i^u..^- o,..i oi..„o,i th.. trT.ntv ,,f i>..Q«.>rnw;(» ii, i7i«CanA • i^vi 1 ■ t sevcial vcars ui P.aHs wheic hc publishcd lus " Conipeiidio
Eugene; .and signed the treat} of la.ss.arowitz in l,18(see ,,„.£ qJ Peru, a general name given to any con- histirico del de>cubrimiento v eolonizaciou de la Nueva
^g^'a-nd ',^tid ,!/;X?,n'iu' p'ri^:,n" '' '"^ ''"'^"' '" ''" 'Cut of virgins dedicated to thl sun ; iu pirticu- p^fj$:"""~ y eolonzacon de la
Achmet or Ahmed Bey. Died July 10, 1822. lai", the gieat convent at Ouzco wliere virgins Acosta, Jose de. Born at Medina del t ampo,
A Turkish eoiiiiuanier in' the Greek "war 'of iii- of royal lineage were kepf in rigid seclusion. Old Castile, 1540 : died at Salamanca, Fell. 15,
<Io,.eTi,li.iifo II .'„.„. ,.o„„i. „i 1,., n... f „„!.-= \(o„ o7 "^ *■''' '* "<"' covered by the Roman Cafholic convent of IGOO. A Spanish Jesuit historian aud archa?olo-
l'^!i::^:':.n;.c^":r:!l'^!:^Xy^t^l ' • ^-.-^f-f 'ina,butremainsoftheoldwanarediscernible. ^j^f. ^^ ^J^^, ,^ ^eru inl571, was historiographer of
Achmet or Ahmed Kiunrili Born 1635 • died Acoemitae (as-e-mi te). [L.; Gr. aKotjir/Tat, the the council of bishops at Lima 15S2-83, in 1586 resided
1676 (ivind vi'/ir of the Ottoman pmnirefiom sleepless ones ' or watchers.] A monastic or- for some time in Mexico, retmncd to Spain in 1587 vis-
i„i Uiami \l^ir ot tneuttomdii empiietiom ,*(.-,, , Ai„vQ,ir1o,. n tJ^nMor, T.iri,iV itcd Rome m 1690. was subsequently at the head of the
1661 to 1676. He added Candia. Neuhiiusel in 'Ifi' '""M^'a ^J Alexandei, a bynan monk, Jesuits' College at Valladolid, was visitor in Aragon and
Hungarv, and Kamieuiec in Poland to the about 430. Tlie day was divided into three parts during Andalusia, and finally had charge of the College at Sala-
emniro ' eachof which one third of the monks carried on their devo- nianca. The first two books of his "Natural and Moral
Ax'hmof'ho >Soo V^hni,,,,,, tionsso that the worship in the monastery was unceasing. History of the Indies," in Latin, appeared at Salamanca
ACnmeina. oee y^fonrnHn. AcolastUS (ak-o-las'tus). ALatincomedv com- in 1588 and 1589; the entire work in Spanish at Seville in
AchomaWl (li-cho-ma wi). An almost extinct .losed bv Gulielmus Fullonius (Willem de Vol- 1590. There are many editions iu Spanish, Latin, Italian,
tribe of North American Indians. See /'«- .ij... o or-lionhnistAr of The TTio-iip n„r1 tmns French, Dutch, German, and English. He also published
UiiUuiliaii 1 . '] ^ f "O0"",af er ot ine Hague, ana trans- j,,^. ..,.on, ilium Limense " (Rome, 1689), "De pronnilga-
A-l,_„-^I'-^ T„-i, All V, * o -1 lated into Engli.sh prose and published m l.o40 tione evangelii apud l)aibaros"(l5S9). and various theo-
Achray (ak ra). Loch. A lake about 2 mi es ^^ jo]j,j Palsgi-ave with the Latin version : first logical treatises in Latin,
long 111 western Perthshire, Scotland, 1/ miles a;,tcd in 1529. It was designed tor use in schools, and Acqua (a'kwa). Cesare dell'. Born at Pirano,
northwest ot btirling. there were forty different issues of it during the lifetime Istria, Julv 22, 1821. A painter of portraits
Acidalius (iit-si-dii'li-os), Valens. Born at of the author. and historical subjects.
Wittstock, Prussia, May 25, 1.567: died at Acolhuas (a-ko-lo'iiz). A branch of the Na- Acfiuapendente (;i'kw;i-pen-dcn'te). A small
Neisse, Prussia, May 25. 1595. A German phi- liiiatl tribe of centr.al Mexico, reported by tra- town in the province of Kome Italy, 67 miles
lologist. and man of letters, author of coinmen- dition to have ]ireceded the Aztecas in the oc- northwest of Rome.
taries on Latin classics. ciipation of the valley of Mexico, aud to have AcQuaviva (ii-kwii-ve'vii). A town in the prov-
Acilia gens (a-siri-ii jenz). In ancient Rome, been the founders of the Indian settlement at jjjee of Baii, Italv, 18 miles south by ■west of
a clan or house whose family names were .\vi- Tezcuco. Also .tcotliiiiins. Bari. Population,' about 8 000.
ola, Balbus, and Glabrio. Members of the last Acoma (il'ko-mii). [Properly Alo. but, with Acaui (ii'kwe). A town in the pro\-ince of Ales-
two families were frequently tribunes of the the affix -ma, imlicative of tribe or people, cor- Kamliia, Italv, the ancient Aiiiut' Statielliv, sit-
plebs. . „ , . rnpted into ^/C((»(« or .l/.-owm.] An Indian vil- uateil on the' Bormida 29 miles northwest of
Acireale. or Aci Reale (a che-re-a le). A city lago of western New Mexico, situated about Genoa, noted for hot sulphur baths. It has a
in tlie ]iroviiice of Catania, Sicily, situated on 14 miles south of the station of Cubero on the cathedral and silkworm indiistrv. Population
the eastern coast 9 miles north-northeast of Atlantic and Pacific Railroad in Valencia Coun- about n').O(X).
Catania. Near it arc the gi-otto of Oalatea, the cave of ty. Acoma was first visited by the Spaniiirds under Coro. Acrse (a'kre) PGr "Akooi ^ In ancient geog-
fh'^,?'!.':.";^^' "'"' "" "'"'" "' "'" '■''"'"'"• ''"P""""°"' "."'"' "' "^'P'- '/'"• '-""^ "I'l-^'f ,■" the chronicles of that ,,.,,,. ^ ^^^ ^j^ gipUy'^a colony of Svracusl,
Acis(a'sis). [Gr.'ftwf.] In cla.ssical mythology, Acoma. A tribe of North American Indians, ?"*:''? ""'^'^ <>* *''« modern Palazzolo Aereide
a beautiful Sicilian, son of Faunns and Symae- about 550 in number, inhabiting the pueblo of ("'"<"'' see). s r/-. .. •
this, beloved by Galatea, and slain by Polyplio- the same name in western New Mexico. This Acragas, or Akragas (ak ni-gas). [Gr. 'AKpa-
miis the Cvclops. his unsuccessful rival. He was ""'' Isleta arc the only pueblos occupying the 6.aine site /"'--J . ^"^ '''y^ . "''"^f ot Agrigentum.
crushed under a rock, and hisblood as it llowed forth was since the Spanish invasion in the liit'h century. It in- Acrasia (a-kra zi-ii). [Gr. OKfjaaia, intemper-
changed into the river Acis. eludes the summer villages of Acomita and Pucblito. Sec ance. immoderateness.] In Spenser's " Faerie
Acis and Galatea. A pastoral opera by Han- a 'T'™''l , .. , - ..,, , „ . ,^ , ,, „ . Queene,"alieautiful woman, thepersonification
del composed in 1720 or 1721. The words are by Acomat(a-ko.ma ). InRacine'stragedy "Baja- ^f i„temperance iu all things, living in the
Gay, with additi,.,,, fro,,, I;o,H.MIuglies, and l.ryden /^■''^Ji,'';''"'''.^.'''"'* '■'?'.?■; .., . . , "Bower of Bliss," in which isWervthing to de-
■Aci, i.alai,-:, ,■ l,.life„,o is another work by Handel Acoucagua (a-koii-ka'gwa). A province in ii„i,t the senses She wis sncrtrested bv (Mree
eomiHi.-iid II, Itu V r, i7os-ai. drove. central Chile bo,i„(ln,l l.v (',..., ii.,ii>n nn tl,.. I'g'" lUe senses, one was suggested u> <.iite
AcisetGalat6e(-i-sez' i "ii-lii-ta') Aiioi.erabv ,^,. l, \„ ".'t.' J ,'"'"" ■, |." 1""" 'o <>" * "' and. more dii-ectlv, bv the Alcina of Ariosto.
l"nf (^K Ciunpi^;:;^, ,t, u^r o'j? Z ' ^;^.^r^; r^iif ^^TZ s~ Acrates(ak-ra'tei): [Gr. n.p«rvr. intemperate^]
Ackermann (iik'ci-miin), Johann Christian miles.' Pop,it'.'tir(l.S9n A male character in the '-Faerie Queeiie," by
Gottlieb Born Feb. 17, 175(i: died at Altorf, Aconcagua.Mount. One of the highest peaks of ^1""'"^''' Personifying the intemperate love of
Bavaria. March 9, 1801. A German medical tlie.Ainles situited in tl,Pi>i-(>\-liin?onf'J.ii, 1i.„t, pleasure.
writer, author of "Iiistiti.tioi.es historiro medi- .ai'VVl' nd'o'a Ars^ei n 'ab^^^^^ Acre (a'ker or ii'k^r), or Saint-Jean d'Acre.
ein»" (1792), and lives of Hippocrates, Theo- lon.r (i9^-.0''w Hehdif '■'•' ^(iofeet Vtiitssfeldn' ^ seaport in Palestine, Asiatic Turkey, on the
phrastus. Dioscorides. Areta>is^ Rufus Ephe- Acc^ncio (V kon ' ^diO ' Giacom^^^^^^ W of Acre.about lat. 32° 56' N.. long. 35° 4'
sins, ami Gnlen. Trent, TvtoI, about 1.500: died at London about ^-. "'^ "^T*"?* Acca Acco ('^k-?, "■i/-,!;"), the
Ackermann. Konrad Ernst. BominSchwe- 1506. An Italian theologian and engineer, a *'•'■'n^Vy;'''^'^T*'"'.n"^ H'^i'VT-^VlT^'nwi b!
ri,i iJi.i-rmi.v Kol. 1 171'>' flinrl nt TTnm1>iir(/ » • Tp 1 J • ii j.- ->, *^ U,.' one of the chief ports for the Palestine coast. It was in
rm, German.N . i' <'b. 1 , 1 ' 1- ■ died at Hamburg, -eftigec in England in the time of Queen Eliza- the territory assiined to the tribe of Asher (.Judges i 31).
Nov. 13. 1/(1. A noted (icrinan actor. Heap- befh. to whom he dedicated his "Stratagemata but was never conquered bv the Israelites. Its kings
peared on the stage first in Luneburg (Jan., 1740), trav- Satana' " (1.5(;5^ Also icon-io Conrin and were reckoned next to thoseof Tyre and Sidon. It was
eled with various companies for several years, and erected t .,,:„■ „,i (,.,,,,/,„.. / T.,,.ol^„■.^ ' ' '""' """ coniiuered bv the Assyrian king Sennacherib and captured
and conducted a theater in Hamburg (17i;.4-67). He isre- I'.inilizt cl l(»»n«.^ (.J.u ODIIS). . and ruined bvbisgr.andson AssnrbanipaL Itwascaptnred
garded as the founder of the German school of acting. ACOntlUS (a-Kon sUl-US). iue principal char- by the Arabs in C3S, by the Crusadci-s in 1104, by Saladlu
Acre
in 1187, ami by the Crusaders in 1191 : and was held by
the Kiii^'hls of St. John until \2\*\, bt ing tht.* last stroiip-
iKihl in Palestine to hold out fur the christians. Sir
Sidney .Smith defended it succeesfully against Napoleon
in 171H). In IS^'J it was taken by IbriUiini I'asha, and in
1H40 by the Anslo-Austriau-Turkish forces. It Wiis named
Saiitt-Jean d'Acre by the Knights oi St. John. Population,
8,000.
As Pttdemais, Akko played a most iniportaitt part in the
Gnc('«v Roman ajje; as .\cre, it 1ms been famous in his-
tory from the period of tlie Crusades to times within our
own memury. It uoeupied the north-western extremity
of the Ki'eat hay vvliieh indents tlie Syrian coast north of
(.'armel, a bay eiffht miles across and about f<jur miles
deep. Its own haven was small and uxiiosed; but on the
opposite side of the bay, under Carmel, was the sheltered
roadstead of Uaifa; and either at Akko or at Haifa vessels
could ride securely in almost all sorts of weather. The
great importance of .Akko was that it commanded the en-
tnmce to the broad plain of £sdraelon, conducting to the
rich valley of the Jordan, and so was, in a certain sense,
as it was often called, "the key of Palestine." Its kings
were reckoned next iu rank to those of Tyre and Sidon
during the Assyrian period ; and we lind tin in taking piu-t
iu the wars which were carried on by shalmaneser IV.
and Sennacherib. liawlinxon, Pluenicia, p. 53.
Acrei Bay of. An indentntitm on the western
coast of I*alesliue, north of Mount Carmel.
Acrelins (ii-ki'a'li-os), Israel. Born at Oster-
akcr, Sweden, Dee. 2o, 1714: ilied at Fellings-
bro, Sweden, April 25. 1800. A Swedish cU-rgy-
man, author (>f a liistory of tlie Swedish colonies
in America (1759. Eng. trans. IS74).
Acres (a'kerz), Bob. A character in Sheridan's
comedy *' The Kivals,'' an awkward and simple
country gentleman changed into a boasting
coward by the sudden excitement of the gaie-
ties of Hath society. His brajr and his ludicrous van-
ity and assurance are coinbinetl witli a eumie trepitlatiou
and an uneasy gaiety. The p:ut has been moditied by the
actors.
Acri (ii'kre). A small town iu the province of
Cosenza, southern Italy, situated on the Mu-
cono about 13 miles north-northeast of Co-
senza.
AcrisiUS (a-kris'i-us). [Gr. 'A/i/Wff^of.] In Greek
niytholoi^y. a king of Argos, father of Danae.
Acroceraunia (ak*ro-se-ra'ni-a), or Akroke-
raunia (;ik-ro-ke-ra'ni-a). [Gr. to. OKpa K^jmvvia,
the tiuuHh-r-sniitten peaks.] In ancient geog-
raphy, a promontory wliich )irojects from the
northwestern part of Epirus into the Ionian
sea, about lat. 40° 27' N., long. lt>o 20' E. : the
modern Greek Glossa and Italian Linguetta.
The name is sometimes incorrectly extended to the whole
ran^e of Ceraunian Mountains (which see).
Acro-Corinthus (ak-^ro-ko-rin'thus). A height
(over IjSOO feet) covered with ruins, under the
nortliern slope of which lies the city of Corinth,
Greece: celebrated for its extensive view. The
medieval fortifications form a triple line, \\ miles in cir-
cuit, below the summit. Of the ancient fortihcatiom-,
the celebiated temple of Aphrodite, and other religious
fouinlations, the remains are very scanty. The most inter-
estinj^ relic of antitpiity is the vaulted subterranean well-
huuse of the famed fountain Pireiie. The view from the
suinnn't is of lemarkalde grandeur, and embraces many
of the atoiied sites and mountains uf (ireecc.
Acropolis (a-krop'o-lis). [Gr. nKpoTro/u^, the up-
per city, from nKfioCy liighest, ui)per, and TzoAti^y
city.] A general natne for tlie citadel of an
ancient Greek city, ))ut especially appropriated
to that of Atlietis, famous for the ]>lacing on
its summit in the r>th century n. c. of the higli-
est a(diievements of <ireek art. the I*ai*thc-
non and the Ereclithcum, with th(! sculptures
whicli adorned llicm without and witliin, and
the Propyhea, or monumeiital gate, inside of
tlie walls at the west end. The Acropolis is a pre-
cipitous rock which rises about iKH) feet above the city,
and extends l.non feirt from east to west, and 4CH> in its
greatest width. It was the site of the eatliest Athens
known to hist/iry, was stronKly fortified, and contained
the palace of the klutf until the expulsion of the I'isistra-
tids. I-rom this time it ceased to be inhabited, an<l was
reserved rk sacred ground and as a last refnge in time of
danger. It was taken and sacked by the Persians in 4HIJ
B. r. ; shoi-tly afterward its fortiltcations were Htrength-
etied and compIetA.'d and its area increased by retjiinintr-
waJls anil filling, especially by Cimoii, who had much to
do with devisinc the plans for monunn-ntal embellish-
ment which were carried out under Pericles. The aneiirit
entmnce to the Acropolis was on the southwest, by a
narrow, winding path conunanded by the battlements
above. Annum tlie other nioiuiments of the Arroj)(>li8
are the pre- Persian temple of Athena, correctly identitled
and studied by Dorpfeld In 1»8.^, the colossal bronze statmr
by Phidias of Atheiui Promachos. and the temple of
Windless Victory. The slopes of the Acropolis were occu-
pied by important foundations, particularly on the south,
where Iff (he Odeum of Hcrodcs, the sjinclnary of y^^si^u-
lapius. and the Oiimysiac theater. Cnder the medieval
Franks ami Turks the Acropolis xvas the citadel and abode
of the <lukes an<l pashas. The Parthenon was in turn
cathedral ami ino8(pie ; the Propyln:a became the palace
and government ofhres; ami the l-irechtheum, after Iieing
a church, wits tltted as the pashas harem. These great
monuments remained eonipanitively urdiarnied until a
late date in the Turkish iltMiiination. The Propyhea were
shattered by an explosion of gunpowder induced by
11
liehtninsr, the Erechtlieum was destroyed by the over-
wt'iKlitiiiK of the roiifs in the elfort to luiike them txunl)-
proof, ami the l'^u■th^-•^oll wiis cut in two in HiaT, dining
the \\-neti;in sit'ge uf Alliens untter Kunif^sniark, by a
bomb iiuijiosely sliot into the powder stored in it.
Acropolita (akro-po-li'tii), George. Boni at
Coustaiitiuoplp iulJiO: liled Doc, l'J82. A By-
zantiue liistorian iind diiilomat. omjiloyed by
the emperor Michael PaUeolofjiis iu the nego-
tiations with I'opes Clement IV., Gregory X.,
John XXI., Nicholas III., and Martin IV., to re-
unite the (ireek and Latin ehundies. He wrote
a history of the Byzantiue euipive from 1204
to 1201."
Acs (iieh). A village in the county of Komorn,
Hungary, situated on the Danube west of
Komorn : the scene of several contests between
the Austrians ami Hungarians in 1849.
Acta Apostolorum {ak'ta a-pos-t6-16'rum).
See Arts iif the A\H)xtlcs.
Acta Diurna(ak't;idi-er'na). [L.,'eveutsoftho
day. 'J A Roman " oHicial daily chronicle, which,
in addition to oflicial reports of events in the
imperial family, and state and city affairs, con-
tained regulations by the magistrates, transac-
tions and decrees of the senate, accidents, and
family news communicated to the editors. The
Act.i were publicly exhibited on a whitened board {alhum^,
which uny one might read and copy ; and there were men
who made a business of nmltiiUyiiig and transmitting
such news to the provinces. After a time the originals
were placed among the state archives for the benefit of
those who wished to consult them " {Setjjfert, Diet, of
Class. Antiq. Ed. by Nettleship and Sandys). The publi-
cation of such news was made official by Ctesar : it ceased,
apparently, on the transfer of the capital to Constanti-
nople. The eleven fragments of "Acta (diurna) ixipuli"
first published in 1615 (called "fragmenta Dodwelliana,"
from Dodwell the chief defender of their genuineness)
are now regarded as spurious.
Actaeon (ak-te'on). [Gr. ^kto/uv.] In Greek
mrthology, a hunter, son of .Ai-ista?us and Au-
tonoe, daughter of Cadmus, who, having seen
Artemis (Diana) bathing, was changed by her
into a stag and torn in pieces by his own dogs.
Other accounts of his death are given.
Acta Eruditorum (ak'ta e-ro-di-to'mm). [L.,
'ads of the learned': with reference to the
Roman 'acta,' or official records. See Acta
I>ii(nia.1 The first Geraian literary periodical,
founded by Otto Meneke at Leipsie, 1682, and
discontinued 1782. After his death his son J. n.
Meneke became editor. In 1732 the title was changed to
" Nova Acta Eruditorum "—a new series edited by another
son. F. (>. Meneke.
Acta Martyruin (ak'tii miir'ti-rum). See Acta
Siiiict(init)i.
Acta Pilati (ak'ta pi-la'ti). A spurious report
said to hnvo bceii sent by Pilate to Tiberius on
the ti-ial and death of Christ.
Acta Sanctorum (ak'ta sangk-to'rum). [L.,
' the deeds of the saints ' : with reference to
the Koman ' acta,' or official reccu'ds.] A name
aiiplied generally to all collections of aci'onnts
of saints and martyrs, both of the Roman and
Greek churches ; specifically, the name of a
work begun by the Bollandists, a society of
Jesuits, in 104;i. It now consists of si.xty-one
folio volumes, including an index pnblislied iu
1875.
Actium(ak'shi-um). [Gr. '^Knoi'.] In ancient
geography, a ])romontory on the northwestern
coast of Acarnania, Greece, about lat. ;)8° ."jG'
N., long. 20° 4()' K. The ancient peribolos or sacred
inelosure, I'ectangular in plan and built in opus retieula-
turn, the seat of the famous Aetian games of Augitstns.
still remains. Recent excavations Iiave laid hare extensive
ruiMB of severiU successive temples, tlie latest of which is
that dedicated by Augustus after the victory of K. c. :il.
A famous naval battle was ftmght near Actium between
Octavius ami Mark Antcuiy and Cleopatra Sept. •!, :11 n. c.
It was <lerided by file tligl'it of Cleopatra. Antony's land
forces Burreti'lert d tu Oetavius. 'I'he victory secured for
the latter Hnjirenie lule over the Koman dominion.
Actius Syncerus. The academical name of
Sana/./.aro.
Acton (ak'tcni). A suburb of London in the
count V of Mldillescx, 8 miles west of St. Paul's.
Popnlnti..!! (ISill), 24, '207.
Acton, Charles Januarius Edward. Born at
Naples. March (), ]S0:i: die<l tiierc, .lune 2:!, 1847.
The .second son of Sir John Francis Kdward
Acton. lie entered the service of the Pope, was made
cardinal in 1S4'.^, and played an important ]>at't in iiajial
jtoliliis. esjK'cially in nnitters lelaling to England.
Acton, Eliza. Bom at Battle. England, ,\pril
17, 17'.H): dii'd at Hampstead, Peb. ll!, ISfi!).
An English poet and jn'ose writer, best known
as the author of "Modern Cockory" (184.')).
Acton, Sir John Francis Edward. Born at
P.esan(,'on, Prance, 171i(i: died at Palermo, Aug.
12, 1811. An officer in the naval service of
France and afterward (17!)!)) of Tuscany, gen-
eralissimo and prime minister at Naples during
Adalbert
the French revolutionary epoch. In December,
179i^ after the successes of the French in northern Italy,
Acton tied (with the king and queen) to Palermo, but
was soon restoreil t4i Naples where he established a reign
of terror, committing to ])rison and executing nniuy citi-
zens on the anthoiity of the Junta. In 1604 he was re-
moved on the demand of France.
Acton, Thomas C. Born 182.3. An Arae,rican
banker and public official, president of the
board of New York police during the draft
riots in 18(53.
Actors' Vindication, The. See Apology for
Arturs.
Acts of the Apostles. A book of the New
Testament, a cdiitintiation of the third gospel
(Luke), and, according to a nnifonn tradition,
by the same author. It is a history of the early
progress of Christianity after (and including) the ascen-
sion of Christ.
ACUCO. See Acomu.
Acuna (ii-kon'yii), Cristoval de. Born at Bur-
gos. Sp;iin. 1597: died at Lima, Peru, probably
before 1().55. A Jesuit missionary and author.
He was rector of the <'ollege of Cuenea,* near Quito. In
16;i9 he accompanied Pedro Teixeira on his voyage down
the Amazon, and in UUl published at Madrid his''Nuevo
desenbriniiento del gran rio de las Aniazonas," wliieh is the
first clear account of that river. The original edition of
this work Is very rare, but there are later cues in various
languages. It appears that Acufia visited liome as procu-
rator of his province before returning to I'eru.
Acuna y Bejarano (ii-kon'yii o bii-Ha-ra'no),
Juan de, Manjuis of Casa Fuerte. Born at
Lima, Peru, lGo7: died at Mexico, 1734. A
Spanish-American soldier and administrator."
He was governor of Messina, viceroy of Aragon and Mal-
lorca, member of the supreme council of war, and vice-
roy of *^ew Spain from \~-2.-l until his ileath.
Acuiia, Hernando de. Died 1 580. A Spanish
poet and soldier. He served in the expedition of
Charles V. against 'i'nins. .\t the request of the emperor
he translated Olivier de la Marche's " I.e chevalier dt^di-
b^r^.-'' His poems were published after his death, under
the title " Varias Poesias" (1591).
Acusilaus (a-ku-si-la'us). [Gr. W.Kovailaoc.'] An
ancient Greek commentator on, or prose para-
phrast of. the Theogony of Hesiod. He was born
at Argos probably aliont tlie middle of the 6th centm-y
B. c, and was by some regarded as one of the seven wise
men.
Ada (a'dii). [The Greek form of the Hebrew
name.] See Adiih.
Adad. See Ihidiid.
Adafudia, or Adafoodia (ji-da-fo'di-ii). A town
in the western part of Sudan, Africa, in lat.
13° 6' N., long. 1° 3' E. Popidation, about
2.5,000 (f).
Adah (a'dii). [Heb., 'ornament,' 'beauty';
Gr. ;\(5.i. Alia.] 1. In the Old Testament: (fl)
The tii'st of the two wives of Lamech. Gen. iv.
19-23. (/)) One of the wives of Esau and the
mother of Eliphaz. Gen. xx.xvi. — 2. The wife
of Cain, a character in "Cain,'' by Lord Byron.
Adair (a-dSr'), James. An English trader resi-
dent among the NiU'th American (Chickasaw
and Cherokee) Indians from 1735 to 177"). He
wrote a "Ilistoi'y nf the American Indians"(1775), in which
he mauitains that the Indians are descendants of the Jews.
Adair, John. Born in Cliester County, S. C.j
17.')!) : dii'd in Uarroilsburg, Ky., May io, 1840.
An American politician and soldier. He served
in the Revolutio)iai-y War, was an ofticer in the Kentucky
State militia (ultimately bi-igadiei--genc)al), served in the
Indian wars, and commanded the Kentucky troops at the
battle of New Orleans. He was I'nited Stittes senator
from Ki'iitucky lsi)5-0(i, governor of Kentucky lS'20-24,
and inonber of Congress 1831-3^.
Adair, Sir Robert. Born at Ivondon, May 24,
17(i:i: died there, Oct. 3, 18;'):"). An English dip-
lomat and writer of historical memoirs. He waa
sent on diplomatic missions to Vienna lsnt>-07, toConstan-
tinople ISOS-Ui), where he concluded the treaty of the Dar-
danelles, ami to the Low Countries l.s;U-3.'>. Ho published
"Historical Memoirs of a Mission to the Court of Vienna
in Iso(i"(lsi-i), and "The Negotiations for the Peace of
the l)ai-d:inelliBin 1S0H-18II!I"(1SI.'.).
Adair, Robin. See Itnhin Adair.
Adaize. See Ihuhii.
Adal (ii-diiP), or Adel (ii-daP). A region in
eastern -Vfrica, boumled by Danakil Land on
the north, the Gulf of Aden on the east, Sonuili
Land on the south, and Abyssinia on the west.
Its inhaldtants are Mohammedan nomads. There nro
Hritisb a)nl French iwssessions on the coast, Also^rfaiW,
.idiijel.
Adalberon (a-dal'be-ron), or Adalbero (a-daP-
be-ro). Died 988. Bishop of K'licinis anil chan-
cellor of France under Lothaire an<l Louis V.
In '.103 he was made aiebld-hop, and in iM he ollleiated
at the coronation of Hugh Capet, bv whom he was elevated
to the position of lord higb chancellor.
Adalbert (ad'al-bert). Saint. Flourished about
700. -\n early Engli.sh saint, jierhaps a grand-
son of Oswald, king of Deira. He devoted him-
self to mlsslonai-y work among the Friesians, and is said to
have been the first ai'chdeacou of Utrcoht.
12
Adams, Henry
the Franco-Germaii war, and later lite senator died in Adampi (a-dam'pe). See .tkrd.
187i. She has written under the names of J. La Messine, Adams (ad'amz) '* ;.. t>-1
Mas
A towu ill Berkshire County,
aeliusetts, 47 mUes northwest of Spring-
field. Population (1890), 9,213.
Adams. A town iu Jefferson County, New
York, 40 miles northeast of Oswego,
tion (1890), 3.181.
Juliette Laiuber, and t'omte raiil \'asili.
Adam (ii'diim), Franz. Born at Milan, May 4,
1815. A German painter, chiefly of military
SL-eucs, son of Albrccht Adam.
Adam (U-dou'), Louis. Born at Miettershelz,
Alsace, 1758: died at Paris, 1848. A noted . , -i ,
French pianist, father of Adolphe Charles Adams, Abraham ("Parson"). In Fielding's
Adam. „..,-.,t •• t„o,,^i, a„,i. — „ v
Adalbert
Adalbert, Saint (orisrinally CzeohVojtech(voi'-
tech). Born near Prai,'ue, Bohemia, about 9.55:
martyi-ed iu West Prussia, April 23, 997. A
Bohemian jirelate. bishop of Prague, called the
"Apostle of the Prussians." in 988 he abandoned
his diocese iind retired to the monasterv of Sanf .Alessio
in Home, but w:is n.iistniined in !<!« t.i return. He thin
devoted himself to mit-ionarj- work among the Prussians.
Adalbert. Died 981. A German missionary.
aiclibisliop of Magdeburg, called the "Apostle
of the Slavs."
Adalbert. Died at Goslar, Prussia, March 16.
1072. A German prelate, archbishop of Bre-
men and Hamburg. He attempteil the forma-
tion of a northern ])atriarchate.
Adalbert (a'dal-bert). Heinrich Wilhelm.
Born at Bi^rlin, Oct. 29. 1811: died at Karlsbail,
June (i, 1873. A prince of Prussia, son of
Prince Wilhelm, the youngest brother of King
Frederick William IFI. He entered the nmiv as an
artiller>otTicer in 18.12. In 1^2 he visited southern Brazil
and the .Amazon and .XiiiRii. A description of thisvov.ifie
was pulilish il for private circulation, and lepublisheil in
English (2 vols., London, IS49). After the revolution of
1^8 he was employed in the orgamz.ation of the Herman
marine.
Adalia (iidii'le-a), or Antaliyeh (iin-tii'le-ye),
or Satali (sa-tii'le), orSataUah (sU-tii'le-ii). A
town ill the vilayet of Konieh, Asiatic Tiiirkev, Cornwall l>^0(i
situated on the^CJulf of Adalia about lat 3G° Adam, William Patrick. Born Sept. 14, 1823:
52 N., long. 30° 45' E., built by Attains II. of died at Ootacannmd, India, May 24, 1881 A
^wfTT' ''" •" r;l'."f "*■' "n ""V":''* ^'""" ^"^'^^ JJolitieian, whip of the Liberal party
phyl.a : the ancient Attaleia. Population (cs- from 1874 t,i 18s0, and governor of Madras from
tiraated), 13,(100. ISSQ till his death
Adalia, Gulf of, or PamphyUan Gulf. An Adam Bede (ad'am bed). A novel bv Geor-e Adams, Charles Baker,
arm of the Mediterranean on the southern coast Eliot (Marv Ann Evans) published "in 1859 Mass., Jan. 11,1814: die
of Asia Minor: the ancient Pamphvlieus Sinus. Hee ISetle idam
Adam (ad'am). [Heb. UMdm.] " 1. The first Adam Bell, Clym Of the Cloughe, and Wyl-
"" lyam of Cloudeslee. An old ballad piiuted by
William Copland about 1550, and iu the collec-
tions of Percy and Ritson. child repeats it from
Kitson with some variations from an edition older than
Copland's recovered by Payne Collier. See BeU Adam.
Adam Cupid. A nickname of Cupid in Shak-
speie"s "fiomeo and Juliet" (ii. 1). some com-
mentators contend that the name should be "Abram " (the
quartos (2-.S) and folios have "Abraham "). a corruption
of " aubmn," as Cupid is frequently represented with au-
burn or yellowish hair. Others agree with Upton in the
following extract
Shakespere wrote "Young Adam Cupid," &c. The
printer or transcriber gave us this "Abram," mistaking
the d for br, and thus made a passage direct nonsense
which was understood iu Sh.'s time by all his audience;
for this Adam was a most notable archer, named Adam'
Bell, who for his skill became a proverb. In Much Ado,
I, i: "And he that hits me, let him be clapped on the
shoulder, and called Adam."
Upton, quoted in Furuess, Var.
Popula-
Adam (ii'dam), Melchior. Bom at Grottkau,
Silesia, 1551 : died 1 G22. A German Protestant
di\Hne and biographer, author of "Vitip Ger-
manorum Philosophonim," etc.
Adam (ii-don'), Quirin Frangois Lucien.
Bom at Nancy, May 31, 1833. A French magis-
trate and philologist, noted for researches on
American and other languages.
Adam (ad'am), Robert. Bom at Kirkcaldy,
Scotland, 1728: died at London, March 3, 1792.
A noted Scottish architect and landscape-pain-
ter. See Ailelphi.
Adam, William. Bom at Maryburgh, Kinross,
Scotland, Aug. 2. 1751 : died at Edinburgh, Feb.
17. 1839. A British lawyer and politician, one
of the managers of the imiieachment of Warren
Hastings, 1788, and chancellor of the Duchy of
Cornwall,
novel "Joseph Andrews," a poor curate whose
adventures (chiefly ludicrous) in the company
of Joseph Andrews and his betrothed, Fanny,
constitute a large part of the book. He is a porl
trait of Fielding's friend Young. His characteristics are
given m the following passage.
Mr. Abraham Adams was an excellent scholar. He was
a perfect master of the Greek and Latin laneuages : to
which he added a great share of knowledge in the Oriental
tongues and could reail and translate Fi ench, Italian, and
.Spanish. He had applied many years to the most severe
stuily, and had treasured up a fund of learning rarely to
be met with in a university : he was, besides, a man of
good sense, good parts, and good nature ; but was, at the
same time, as entirely ignorant of the ways of this world
as an infant just entered into it could possibly be. As he
had never any intention to deceive, so he never suspected
such a design in others. He was generous, friendly, and
brave, to an excess ; but simplicity was his characteristic :
he did, no more than Mr. CoUey fibber, apprehend any
such passions .is m.-Uice and envy to cvist in mankind ;
which was indeedless reniaikahlein a couutrv parson, than
in a gentlemjin who has passed his life behind'the scenes ;—
a place which has been seldom thought the school of in-
nocence ; and where a very little observation would have
convinced the great apologist that those passions have a
real existence in the human mind.
Fieldinrj, Joseph Andrews, p. *.
man ; the father of the human race, accordinji
to the account of the creation in Ctenesis.
Like chenib, Adam also was a Rabylonian word. It has
the general sense of "man, "and is used in this sense both
in Hebrew and in Assyrian. But as in Hebrew it has come
to be the piiiper name of the first man, so, too, in the old
Babylonian legends, the "Adamites" were "the white
race "of Semitic descent, who stood in maiked contrast
to "the black heads"or Accadiaus of primitive Babylonia.
Sayce, Anc. Monuments', p. 3L
2. A character in Shakspere's "As you Like
it," an old and faithful servant of Oliver, but
following the fortimes of Orlando. There is a
tradition that .Shakspere himself acted this
part.
Adam, Master or Maitre. See Billaiit, Adam.
Adam. .V city of Palestine mentioned in the
3d chapter of Joshua.
Adam of Bremen. Died at Bremen about
lO/b. A German ecclesiastical historian, au- Adam de la Halle. See Xn Halle.
thor of a history of the diocese of Hambuig Adam Kadmon (ad'am kad'mon). rHeb..'the
and Bremen for the perioii 788-1072 (Copen- first man.'] Li cabalistic doctrine, the first
hagen, lo/9) : the chief authority for Seandi- man, emanating from the infinite and renre-
navian f;";';^n.l|ist<>r.v during this period. senting the ten Sephiroth (which see)
Born about 1286: died Adamastor (ad-am-as'tor). The phantom of
the Cape of Good Hope in the "Lusiad": a
Adam of Murimuthl
13.0. An English chronicler, ambassador to
Kome 1323, canon of Hereford, and vice-gen-
eral to the archbishop of Canterbury 1325.
"His chronicle extends as an original record over the
forty years from l:iO« to 1:«6. The continuation extends
to the year I3)(0." Morley, Eng. Writers, IV. 251.
Adam of Orlton. Bom at Hereford, England:
died at Fariiham. England, July 18, 1345. An
English prelate, made bishop of Hereford in
1317, of Worcester in 1327, and of Winchester in
1333. He took the part of the barons against Edward
n.,was tried by Parliament for trc-uson as an adherent of
Mortimer (the tlrst Knglish bishop, it is said, ever tried
before a lay court), and was iiiiluential in iioliticid affairs
durirjg the reign of Tdw.ird HI.
Adam (ii-doii'), Adolphe Charles. Bom at
Pans, July 24, 1803 : died at Paris, May 3, 18.5(3.
A French composer of comic opera. His best-
known work is "Le Postilion de Longiumeau"
(183fi). ^■'
Adam (ii'diim ), Albrecht. Bom at NSrdlingen,
April 16, 178(>: died at Munich, Aug. 28, 1862.
A Gemiau painter noted especially for his bat-
tle-pieces and paintings of horses.
Adam (ad'am ). Alexander. Born near Forres,
Scotland, June 24, 1741 : died at Edinburgh,
Dec. 18, 1809. A Scottish educator, rector of
the High School of Edinburgh 1768-1809. He
publi.shed "Roman Antiquities" (1791), and
other works.
Adam (ii-ilon'), Mme. Edmond. Bom at Ver-
berie, Oise, Oct. 4, 1836. A French journalist,
founder (in 1879) and editor of the " Nouvelle
Bevue," and miscellaneous writer. Among her
works are "Garibaldi" (1859), "R^cits dune paysanne"
(1862), "Voyaseaut.mrd'ungrandpin " (Isftf), '■ Dans les
Alpes" (18<)7), "Liide" (l!i7>-), "I.a I'atric Uongr..ise:
.Souvenirs personnels." etc. She has been twice married,
first to M. La Meseine. M. Adam, prefect of police in
terrible spirit described by Camoens as appear-
ing to Vaseo da Gama and" prophesying the mis-
fortunes which should fall upon other expedi-
tions to Lidia.
Adama'Wa (ii-da-ma'wil). A region in Sudan,
Africa, intersected by lat. 8° N., long. 13° E.
having- an area of about 70,000 square miles':
the ancient kingdom of Fumbina. The ruling
class IS Fulah ; but the population consists of several negro
tnbes with Bantu adiiiLvtures. Snch are the Batta. Dama,
Mbana, Mbuma, Kotofo, Z.ani, and Fall. To denote the re-
spective tribal diidects, the suffix nchi is appended, e. o.,
Batta-nchi, Dama-nchi, Mbana-nchi. All these dialects
seem to form one linguistic cluster. Islam is the domi-
nant religion ; the masses are pagan. There is no Chris-
tian mission.
Adamello Alps (ii-dii-mel'o alps). A group of
the Alps on the border between Italvand TjtoI.
south of the Ortler group. The highest point
is about 11,500 feet. o i
Adamites (ad'am-its). A sect which originated
in the north of Africa in the 2d century, and
pretended to have attained to the primitive in-
nocence of Adam, rejecting marriage and (in
their assemblies or " paradises ") clothing. This
Born at Dorchester,
died at St. Thomas, West
Indies, Jan. 19, 1853. An American naturalist
and geologist. He became professor of chemistrv and
natural history at Mlddkbury College, Vermont, in 1838:
was State geologist of Vermont fix.m 1815 to 1818; and
became professor of astronomy and zoology in Amherst
College, 1847. He was associated with Professor Edward
Hitchcock in a geolofical suneyof New York. Between
1^4 and ls.^1 he made scientific journeys to Panama and
the \Vest Indies.
Adams, Charles FoUen. Born at Dorchester,
Mass., April 21, 1842. An .American writer of
German dialect poems, etc. He served in the 13th
Massachusetts regiment of infantrj- in the Civil War, and
was wounded and taken prisoner at Gettysburg. In 1877
he published " Leedle Yawcoob Strauss and other Poems."
Adams, Charles Francis. Bom at Boston,
Aug. 18, 180i : died at Boston, Nov. 21, 1886.
Au American statesman and diplomatist, son
of J. Q. Adams. He was graduated at Harvard in
is2,i, was admitted to the bar in 1828, became a WTiig
member of the Massachusetts legislature in 1831. and wai
made candidate of the Free-soil p.arty for Vice-President
in 1848, He was member of Congress from Massachusetts
1859-61, I'nited States minister to England 18m-6», aud
United States arbitrator at the Geneva tribunal 1871-72.
He published "Life and Works of John Adams " (10 vols.,
ls.'>i »-5('.). and edited " Iiiarv of John tioincy Adams "" (12
vols., 1S74-77).
Adams, Charles Francis. Bom at Boston,
May 27, 1835. An American lawyer and poli-
tician, second son of C. F. Adams (1807-86). He
served in the Union army throughout the Civil War (mus-
tered out as brevet brigadier-general of volunteers), was
appointed a memljer of the board of Massachusetts rail-
road conimissiuners in 1SC9, and was president of the
Union I"acific Hailroad from ls^4 to liSO.
Adams, Charles Kendall. Bom at Derby, Vt.,
Jail. 24, 1835. An American educator and his-
torical writer. He was professor of history at the Uni-
versity of Michigan lSt'Ki-85, and president of Cornell Uni-
versity from 1885 to ]bS>2, and wiis appointed president of
the University of Wisconsin in the latter year. He is the
author of "Denioci-acy and Monarchy in France"" (1874),
'" ^lanual of Historicai Literature "" (1SS2), etc.
Adams, Clement. Bom at Buckington, War-
wickshire, about 1519 : died Jan. 9, 1587. An
English teacher and author, schoolmaster to
the royal "henchmen" (pages) at Greenwich.
He wrote down Chancellor's oral narrative of his journey
to Moscow in 155a, the tirst written account of the e;u-lie8t
English intercoui-se with Russia (published by Hakluyt
in his " Collections "" of 15*9).
Adams, Ed'Win. Born at Medford, Mass., Feb.
3, 1834: died at Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 25, 1877.
An American actor, particularly successful in
the romantic drama, though much admired in
pure comedy and tragedy. He made his d^but
in 18.53 at Boston.
heresy reapeared in the 14th centuni-. in Savoy, and again ."l'„''i/'°*'*'?- ,, . •,, jo , , ,,
in the loth centur}- among tlie Brethren and Sistera of Adams, Hannah. Bom at Medfield, Mass.,
""" "■•■•-- 1755: died at Brookliue. Mass.. Nov. 15. 1832.
An American writer, author of "View of Re-
ligious Opinions" (1784: later entitled "Die
the tree Spirit, in Germany, Ik.hemia. aud Moravia It
was suppressed in 1421 on account of the crimes and im-
moralities of Its votaries. V hen toleration wasproclaimcMl
by Joseph II,, in 17S1, the sect revived, but was promptly
proscnbed. Its latest appearance was during the insur-
rection of 1848-49.
Adamnan (ad'am-nan), or Adomnan, Saint.
tionarvof Religions"), a "History of New Eng-
land" (1799), a "History of the Jews" (1812),
Bom in Ulster, Ireland, about 625: 'died at Adams, Henry. Born at Boston, Mass., Feb.
lona. Scotland, / 04. A Celtic ecclesiastic, ab- 10,1838. An American historian, third .<;on of
hot of lona; author of "Vita Columbse" and C. F. Adams (1807-86); author of "Essays in
De Locis Sanctis," an account of Palestine Anglo-Sa-xon Law" (1876), a life of Gallatin
and other countries. (1879), a life of John Randolph (1882), etc.
Adams, Henry
His chief work is u " Uistory of the Ihiited States " ander
thu adtiiiiiistrutiuiis of JuIIersoM and Madisuii (0 vols.).
Adams, John. Boru at Bi-aintreo (in piesi-iit
Quincy), Mass., Oct. 30, 1735: died at (juiin'j-,
Mass., July 4, 18"26. The second President of
the Uuitod States, 1797-1801. Ue was graduated
at Harvard in 1755, studied law, tiK>k a leading part in
opposing the Stamp Act, was counsel for the soldiers
charged with murder in connection with the "Boston
massacre" of 1770, and became a leader of the patriot
party. In 1774 he was chosen a member of the Kerulu-
tionary congress of M:issaclmsetts. He was a delegate
to the first and second Continental Congresses, projiosed
Washington as commander-in-chief, signed the Declara-
tion of Independence, w.as appoiuteil commissioner to
France in 1777 (arriving at Paris in 1778), negotiated a
treaty with the Netherlands in 1782. was one ^if the nego-
tiators of the treaties with Great Britain, 17S2-S;j, nego-
tiated a treaty with Prussia, was appointed mitdster to
London in 17S.'t, and was recalled in 178.S. He was Fed-
eral Vice-President I7si>-!I7, and was elected as Federal
candidate for President in 179(i. In Isoo he was the un-
successful Federal candidate for ["resident, and retired to
Quincy in IStll. " Life and Works," edited l>y t'. F. Adams
(10 vols., IS-iO-oO) ; life by J. Q. and C. K. Ad:uus (1S71), by
J. T. Horse (1SS5).
Adams, Joan. Born in Enf^Iand about 1 760 ( f ) :
died at I'itcairn Island, 1829. A leading mu-
tineer of the Bounty (under the name of Alex-
ander Smith) and governor of Piteaii-u Island.
See liouiiti/.
Adams, John. Born in Tennessee in 1825:
died Nov. 30. 1864. A Confederate general in
the Civil War. He was graduated at West Point in 1S46,
brevetted first lieutenant for gidlantry at .Santa Cruz dc
Rosales, and promoted captain of dragoons Nov. 30, l^fiti :
he resigned May ;il, Istil, to l>ecome a Confederate major-
general. He was killed at the battle of Fninklin, Tenn.
Adams, John Couch. Born at Lidcot, Corn-
wall, Enf,'land, Juin' 5, 1819: died at Catnbridf;e,
Kiiglaiid, Jan. 21, l.Sil2. An RiiKlish astrono-
mer, professor of astronomy at Cambridge and
director of the observatory. He shares with
Levorrier the honor of the discovery of tho
planet Neptune (1846). See Xcptuiie.
Adams, John Quincy. Born at Braintree,
.Mass., July n, 1767: iliedat WasUiugton, D.C.,
Fob. 23, 184S. Tho si.xth President of the United
States, 182.5-29, son of President John Adams.
He was graduated at Harvard in 1787. and was admitted
to the b.ar in 1791. He was United SUites minister to the
JJetherlatids 1704-1797, and to Prussia 1797-l.sui ; I nitid
Status senator from .Massachusetts lsO:i-OS", professor of
rhetoric and belles-lettres at Harvard ISOO-iiU; Inited
States minister to Russia 1809-14 ; one of tlie ncgotiatois
of the treaty of Ghent, 1S14; Ignited States minister tt»
England 18I.T-17 ; secretary of slate 1817-2.5 ; candidate
for I'resident, 1824, and, there being no choice Iiy electors,
chosen by the House of Representatives. In 1828 Jackson
defeated him for tlic Presidency. He was member of Con-
gress from Massachusetts (Anti-Masonic and Whig) 1831-
1818, and unsuccessful cantlidate for governorof Massachu-
setts ls.il. His iliaiy was edited by C. V. Adams (1874-77).
Adams, John Quincy. Born Sept. 22, 1833 : died
Aug. 14, 1894. An American politician, eldest
son of C. F. Adams (1807-86). He was the un-
successful Democratic candidate for governor of Massa-
chusetts in 1807 and 1871.
Adams, Mount. 1. The second highest (5,819
feet) summit of tho Wliite Mountains, near
Mount Washington. — 2. A peak of tho Cas-
cadi' Mountains. 9.570 feet high.
Adams, Nehemiah. Born at Salem, Mass.,
Fi'j). 19, 1S06: dieil at Boston, Mass., Oct. 6,
1878. An American Congregational clergy-
man, pastor in Boston, and author of devotional
and other works.
Adams, Parson. See Adams, Abraham.
Adams, Point. Tho northwestemmost head-
land ot Oregon, at the mouth of the Columbia
river.
Adams, Samuel. Born tit Boston, Mass.. Sept.
27, 1722: diod at Boston, Oct. 2, 1803. An
American patriot and statesman, one of the
leaders of the Revolution, hc was a delegate to the
flrst Continental (Congress, an intluential member of tlie
second Continental Congress, a signer of the Declaration of
Independence, a member of the Massachusetts ratifying
convention 1788, lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts
17^9 91, and governor of .Massachusetts 1794-97.
Adams, Mis. Sarah Flower. Born at Gre.-it
Harlow, Kssex, Feb. 22, 1805: died Aug., 1848.
An English poet, wife of William Bridges Ad-
ams, inventor and pamphleteei-, and tho (laugh-
ter of H(Mi.jamin Flower, .she was the author of
'■ Vivia Perpelua" (1841), a dramatic poem, and of other
poems and hyimis, of which the best-known is "Nearer,
my t!od, to 'rhee."
Adams, Thomas. Flourished in the first lialf
of the 1 71 h century. An English Puritan divine
and writer, ono of tho greatest of English
]U'eachers. He was preacher at Willington in liedford-
shire, 1012; vicar td Wingnwe, Bucks, I(il4-.'OT; preacher
ot St. Gregory's under St. Paul's Cathedral, 1018-23 ; and
chajdain to Sir Henry Motdjigur, lord cidef justice of
Kngland. He published " Tlu' Happiness of the Church "
(1018; a collection of sermons), a c(dlection of occasional
Bennons (10*29). and a commentary on tho second epistle
of St. Peter (1033).
13
Adams, William. Bom at Oillingham, near
Chatham, Kngland: died in Japan, 1620. An
English navigator. Hejoined, as pilot major, in l,'i98,
a Dutch Beet of the ships lltted out by Eotterdiuu mer-
chants for the India Hade, and :ifter an unfortunate voy-
age, in which all the sbijis except the charity, in which
he sailed, returned to Holland or were lost, he aiTived at
the island of Kiushiu. .lapan, April 19. 10*«i. There he
remained, under compulsion, rose into favor at court, and
received from the shoguu lyeyasu a considerable estate
at Hemi near Vokosuka. In 1013 he obtained for the
English the privilege of establishing a tr.uling-station at
Fiiaudo, and was employe<l in the service of the factory
at Firando from .\ov. 24, 1013, to Dec. '24, 1010.
Adams, William. Born at Coh-hester, Conn..
Jan. 25, 1.S07: died at Orange Mountain, N. ,T.,
Aug. 31, 1880. An American Presbj-terian
clei'gyman, ptistor in New York city, anil presi-
dent of Union Theological Seminarv, New
York. 187.'i-.S0.
Adams, William. Bom 1814: died 1848. An
English dergnuan and writer, vicar of St.
Peter's, O.xford (1840): authorof "The .Shadow
of the Cross" (1842), "Distant Hills" (1844),
and other sacred allegories.
Adams, William Taylor: i)soudonym "Oliver
Optic. ' Burn at Medwav. Mass., July 31),
1822 : died at Boston, March 27. 1897. An Amer-
ican teacher (in the public schools of Boston)
and writer of fiction, chietiy juvenile, including
the series entitleil the ''Boat Club," "Young
America Abroad." "Starry Flag." "Rivenlale
Series," "Onward and Upward,'' <'tc. He also
founded and edited '• Oliver Optic's Magazine."
Adam's Bridge, or Rama's Bridge. A dan-
gerous shoal, about 30 miles long, nm-thwest of
Ceylon, about lat. 9° 15' N., long. 79° 30' E.
Adams Island. A name of lioa-Poua, one of
the Marquesas Islands.
Adam's Peak. A conical mountain, 7.379 feet
high, in Ceylon, about lat. 6° 50' N.. long. 8(lo
30' E., the seat of Singhalese worsliip. There
is a Buddhist temple on the summit.
Adam's Run. A townshij) in Colleton County,
South Carolina, about 25 miles west-southwest
of Charleston. Population (1890), 4,609.
Adamson, John. Born at Gateshead, England,
Sept. 13, 17S7: died at Newcastle, Sept. 27,
1855. An English arehieologist and Portu-
guese scholar.
Adamson (ad 'am- son), Patrick (originally
Conston, Constant, Consteane, or Gonstari-
tine ). Born at I'ertli, Scotland, March 15, 1537:
died at St. Andrew's, Scotland, Feb. 19, 1592.
A Scottish prelate, made archbishop of St.
Andrew's, 1576, and excommunicateil on vari-
otis charges in 1588.
Adamson, Robert. Born 1852. A Scottish
jiliilosojihical WTiter, professor of philosophy
at (_)weris College, Victoria University, Man-
chester, England. He is the author of "Roger Ba-
con: the Philosophy of Scietice in the Middle Ages"
(1870), "On the Philosophy of Kant" (1879), "Fichte"
(1881), etc.
Adamsthal (il'diims-tiil). A village 9 miles
north of Brlinn, Moravia. There are noted
eaves in tho vicinity.
Adana (ii-dii'nii). A vilayet in Asia Minor,
Turkey, corresponding nearly to th<> ancient
Gilicia Campostris. It was ceded by the sultan to
Ibrahim Pasha in 18;i3 (Peace of Kutaya, May of that year).
Poliulation (ISSr.), 40'2,4.'».
Adana. The capital of tho vilayet of Adana,
situated on the Sihun about lat. 37° I'N., long.
3.5° l.S' E. It was colonized by Pompey with i)irate3
about ft3 u. C, and was refounde*! in the time of Harun-
al Haahid. It formed the iu)rthwestern outpost of Ibra-
Iiim Pasha. Population (estimated), 4.'j,0(io.
Adangbe (il-<liing'bo). A town of German To-
go-land, western Africa. Ithas about 7,ikmi inhabi.
tants, whose ancestors were driven from Elmina Ity the
.\8lianti, in the latter part of the last century.
Adans le Roi. See Adnict.
Adanson (.i-doh-son'), Michel. Born at Aix,
Friiiic(>, Aiiril 7, 1727: died at Paris, Aug. 3,
1806. A French naturalist and traveler in Sene-
gambia: author of "Hisloiro naltirelle du Se-
negal" (1757), "Families des plantes" (1763),
etc.
Adar (a'diir). [Assyro-Babvlonian addarii.'Wii}
'dark.'] The name" of the '12111 nii>ntli (Febru-
ary-March) of the Babylonian calend,ar from
which it was adopte<l by tlit^ .Tews, along with
the rest of tlie names of the months, after (he
E.xile. The interealatcil month necessary in a lunar
calendar was ad<led both by ttie ilabylotdans and .Itvt.-
after Adar, and was called by tlie latter tlie second Adar.
Iti the Jewish ctdondar It occurs 7 times in a cycle of ni
years.
Adar (a'llilr). The probable reading of the
name ot an Assyrian deity, the ■warrior god,
Adela
usually called the warrior of Bel. His consort
was Gula. See Adiammchrli.
Adara (a-dii'ra). [At., ' the Nnrgins,' a name
for four stars, of which Adara is the brightest,
in the southern part of Canis Major.] The bright
second-magnitude star e Canis Majoris, in the
animal's thigh.
Adbeel (ad'be-el). The name of tho third son
of Isliinael. Gen. xxv. 13, 1 Chron. i. 29. An
Arabian tribe, Idibn' il. is mcntionetl in the cnneifomi in-
8cripli<ins. It was pr<pbably located on the Egyptian b<»r-
der. The name has also been fotiiid in a Mina^an in-
scription.
Adda (ii'dii). A river in Italy, the ancient
Addua. It rises in the Alps west of the Ortlcr Spitzc,
traverses the Valtelline and the Lake of Como, and Joins
tho Po 8 miles west of Cremomi. Its length is about 150
miles, and it is navigable about 75 miles.
Addington (ad'ing-ton), Henry. Born at
Keading, England, May 30, 1757: died Feb. 15,
1844. An English politician, created first Vis-
count Sidnioulh in 1805. lie entered Parliament in
1783; became speaker 1789-1801, and premier and chan-
cellor of the exche(|Uer 1801-04 ; negotiated the treaty of
Amiens in 180:; ; and was president of the council 180.'., lord
privy seal IKlKl. and again presiilent ot the council 18110-07
and 1812. As home secretary, 1812-22, he was noted for
his repressive measures. He left the cabinet in 1824.
Addiscombe (ad'is-kum). A place about 10
miles south of London, foi'merly the seat of a
college for tho cadets of tho East India Com-
pany.
Addison (ad'i-son). A town and village in
Steuben County, Now York, on the Canisteo
river 22 miles west of Elmira. Population
(1890), town. '2.908; village, 2,166.
Addison, Joseph. Born at Milston, Wilts, May
1, 11)72: died at llolhmd House, Londtm, Jtme
17, 1719. A famous English essayist, poet, and
statesman, son of Lancelot Addison. He was
educated at the Charterhouse and at (Queen's College, (>x-
ford, where he took his M. A. degree in 1()93, and in 1098
obtained a fellowship which he held until 1711. A Latin
poem whicii he published in 10;i7 on the "Peace of Kys-
wick" bronglit him a pi-nsion of t;,'J(X), and hc proceeded to
qualify himself for the dijdoinatic service of the govern-
ment by travel and study on the Continent l(itl9-1703, visit-
ing France, Italy, Austria, (iermany, and Holland. He was
under-secretui'y of state 17o(>-08; secretary 4o the lord
lieutenant of Ireland (Wharton) 1709-111 ; secretai^ to the
lords justices on the death of ()ueen Anne in 1714 ; secre-
tary for Ireland under the F.arl of Sunderland in 171.'> ; a
commissioner for trade and the colonies 1710 : and secre-
tary of state, April, 1717, to Slarch, 1718. On Aug. 3, 1716,
he married the Countess of Warwick. His principal works
are his "Letter from Italy, "a poem written as he was cross-
ing the Alps in 1701, printed in 1703; " The Campaign," a
poem published in 1704 ; "Remarks on Several Parts of
Italy, "published in 170.'i: "Fair Rosamond, "an opera, pub-
lished anonymously in 1707 ; " Cato," a tragedy, produced
at DrnryLane April 14, 1713 ; "The Drummer," a play, pub-
lished imonymously in 1716 (acted in 171.'>) ; contributions
to the "Whig F„\aminer" in 1710 (live papers) ; contribu-
tions to the " Tatler " from 1709 till 171 1 (4 1 jiapers were by
-\ddison alone, 34 by Addison and Steele together) ; and 274
' Spectators" 1711-12 : these last were all signed by ono
of the lettei-s of the word C. L. I. O. (Clio). Ills most fa-
mous character is that of Sir Roger de Coverley, originally
sketched by Steele. Ue contributed to the " (iuanlian '
r»l papers in 17i:t, and also others to a new ".Spectator" in
1714. From Dec, 17iri, to .lune, 1710, hc contributed ,'».', pa-
pers to " The Freeholder." The principal editions of his
works are Tickell's edition (17'-'1). the Baskerville (1701),
an edition by liishop Hurd (1811), and ono by 0. W.
Greene, New York (is.no).
Addison, Lancelot. Born in the ptiriah of
CrosbvKavens wort li, Westmoreland. ]()32: died
at Lic'litield, Ajiril 20, 1703. An English clergy-
man and writer, father of Joseph Addison. Ho
was educated at Queen's t^ollege, O.xford, where he was
graduated (A. 11.) in IO.Mj. He was a zealous royalist and
i;pisco])aliun, and at the Restoration was ai>poirded Eng-
lish chaplain at iuuikirk. On the sale of linnkirk to the
Fretnh in 1002 he was transferred to Tangier. About
1070 he became a royal chajilain, in U!S,'l dean of Llchlleld,
and in 10,84 archdeacon of Coventiy. Ilisiiriiu'ipal works
are "West I'.arbary. or a Short Narrative of the Revolu-
tions of the Kingdoms of Fez and Morocco" (1071), and
"'I'liePreseiit St;ile of the .lews (more particularly relating
to those ..t llnrbary)," 107.'..
Addison of the North. An epithet applied to
Henry M:icken/.ie.
Addison's Walk. A walk in the grounds of
Alagdalcn College. O.xford, said to have been a
favorite ]irom<iiade of tho essayist, who in 1689
held a demysliip in that college.
Addled Parliament. A nickminie of the sec-
oiiil Parliament of .billies I. (,\iiril-June, 1614),
whicli was dissolved without having passed
any acts, on its refusal to grant siip|)lies until
the king's imposition of customs and the res-
toration of the nonconforming clergy ejected
in 1604 had been ccmsideri'd.
Addua (airu-iU. The ancient nameof tho Adda.
Adel. See Ailal.
Adela (ad'elii). Born about 1062 (f): died 1137.
Tlie fourtli (hiughterof Willi;im (he CoiKpieror,
wife of Sti'plien, earl of Blois and Chnrtres,
and mother ot Stephen, king of England.
Adelaar
Adelaar (ii'de-lar) (Cort Sivertsen). Bom at
Brevi^. Norway, Dee. l(i, IGL'L': ilieJ at C'upeii-
hageu, Nov. 5, 1G75. A uaval commauder, in
tho service of the Netherlands (1637),ol"Veiiiee
(1642). and of Denmark (1(JG3). He defeated
tho Turks at the Dardanelles, May 13, 1654.
Adelaide (ad'e-lad). The capital of South
Australia, foiuided iu 1836 on the Ton-eus 7
miles southeast of Port Adelaide. The trniversity
of Adtlaide was founilcct in 1S72. Population (1S91). in-
chhliiii: Hiilmrtis, l;!:i.'_'.':i.
Adelaide i Amelia AdelaideLouise Theresa
Caroline). Born Aug. 13. 1(91': died Deo. 2,
1849. A princess of Saxe-Coburg-Meiniugen,
and (luecu of England, wife of the Duke of Clar-
ence (later 'William IV.), -whom she married
July 18, 1818.
Adelaide (a-<la-la-ed'), Eugtoe Louisa. Born
at Paris, Aug. 2."i. 1777: died Dee. 31, 1847. A
princess of (jrlcans, sister of Louis Philipjie.
king of the Fn-nch. Returning in 1702 from a jour-
ney to England, she found herself inscribed among the
^miglV'S, but succeeded ill making her escape, and re-
mained in exile till 1S14. She is said to have persuaded
her brother to accept the crown in 1830.
Adelaide (ad'e-lad), or Adelheid, Saint. Born
about 931 : died at Selz in Alsaee, Dec. 16, 999.
A daugliter of Rudolf 11. of Biu-guudy, and wife
of Lothar of Italy and aftenvard of Otho I.
She founded a Benedictine cloister in Selz,
AlsacM-.
Adelaide, Port. See Port Adelaide.
Adelard (ad'e-lSrd), or .ffithelhard (ath'el-
hiircl), of Bath. An English philosophical writer
who flourished in the early part of the 12th cen-
tury. He studied at Tours and Laon, also teaching at
the latter place, and traveled in Greece, Asia Minor, and
Arabia, returning to England iu the reign of Henry 1. He
wrote *■ De eodem et diverso " (before 1116), an allegory, in
wliieh philosophy and love of worldly enjoyment (Philo-
cosmia) are represented as contending for his atfectioiis;
"Perdiltieilestiuicstiones Naturales" (printed toward the
end of the 15th century) : a translation of Euclid (printed
14m:) wltich long remained a text-book; etc.
Adelheid (ii'del-hid). 1. Hee Adelaide, Saint. —
2. A character in Goethe's "Goetz von Ber-
lichiugen ■' (which see).
Adeliza (ad-e-U'zS), Queen. Died March 23,
llol (T). The second queen of Henry I. of
England, daughter of Godfrey (Barbatus) of
Loiivaln, duke of Brabant or Lower Lotharin-
gia, and a descendant in the male line from
(Charlemagne. .She was married to Henry I., .Tan. 24,
1120-21, and after his death married William" dc Albuii.
Adelnau (ii'del-nou). A small town in the
province of Posen, Pnissia, about 44 miles
northeast of Breslau: the scene of a battle be-
tween the Prussians and Polish insurgents,
April 22, 184S.
Adelon (iid-iou'), Nicolas Philibert. Bom
at Dijon, Aug. 20, 1782 : died July 19, 1862. A
Kreueli medical writer.
Adelphi. See Adeljihw.
Adelphi (a-del'fi). The. A region of London
comprising several streets on the south side of
the Strand and the Adelphi Terrace, facing tho
river. The name was given from the Greek dieA^oi
('brothers') fnjni the fact that the terraee was built al)out
17(W by four brothers named .\dam, whose names were
given U' til'- streets .lohn street, Ri'liert street, J;mies
street, and Williuni street. IHfkem's Dictioiiani.
Adelohi Theater. A theater on the strand,
London, first built in 1806, and rebuilt and en-
larged in 18.58. "The old Adelphi was the home of
melodrama and screaming farce, and these traditions arc
t<i a degree licpt up iu the plays at the modem house."
Dickemt'it Dictionary.
Adelphians (a-derfi-anz). A branch of the
Euehites, named from a certain Adelphius, a
Gahitiau. See Euehite.-:.
Adelphce (a-del'fe), or Adelphi (a-dcl'fi).
[Gr. ui)t><poi, brothers.] A comedy by Ter-
ence, ad:ipted from Meuandei-'s Greek \kit'/,(poi,
with the addition of a scene from a play of
Diphilos. It suggested Moli&re's "fieole des
Maris" and Banin's "L'ficole des Peres."
Adelsberg (il'dels-bero). A town in Camiola.
Austria-Hungary, about 22 miles east-north-
east of Trieste. Tlie Adelsberg grotto, over Bve miles
long, is one of the most nott^l stalactite caverns in the
world. Population (1880), 3..',<)7.
Adelung ( U'de-long), Friedrich von. Bom at
Stettin. Prussia, Fob. 2"), 17G8 : died at St. Peters-
burg, Jan. 30, 1843. A German philologist,
nephew of J. ( '. Adelung. He wTote " Rapport entre
la languc sanscrite et la langue russe " (1811X " Vcrsuche
einer I.iteratur der .Sanskritsprache" (IS-'tO), " Ubersicht
der Ueiseuden in Russland Itis 170*»," etc.
Adelung, Johann Christoph. Born at Spante-
kow, Prussia, Aug. 8, 1732: died at Dresden.
Sept, 10. 1806. A (iennau philologist, librarian
at Dresden (1787-1806). He wrote " Grammatisch-
14
kritlsches Worterbnch der hochdcntschen Mundart"
(1774-86), " I'mstandliehes Lchrgebaude der deutschen
Sprache" (17S1-S2), " t'ber den deutschen Stil," "Jlith-
ridates," and other works, especially on Germau language
ami literature.
Aden (ii'den or a'den). A seaport in Arabia,
the ancient Adana, Attanw, or Arabia Feli.x,
on the Gulf of Aden, lat. 12° 47' N., long. 44°
59' E., situated on a rocky peninsula eonneeted
with the mainland by a nanow isthmus. It is
an important coaling-station, and a port of call of the
Peninsular and oriental steamships. It was captured
by tlie Ilritisli in 1S30 and annexed, .^den and the settle-
ments adjoining, with the island of Perim, in all 80 siiuare
miles, .are administered by a political resident, subject to
the Bombay government. Population (1891), 41,910. See
Araltia.
Aden, Gulf of. An arm of the Arabian sea.
lying between Arabia on the north and the
Somali Land on the south, and connected with
the Ked Sea by the Strait of Bab-el-JIandeb.
Aden^S. See Adenct.
Adenet (iid-ua'). A French trouvcre of the
13th century, surnamed "leRoi." Also Adenez,
Adeiics, Adans. See the extract.
Adenifs or Adans le Roi derived his imposing surname
from the function of king of the minstrels, which he per-
formed at the coiU"tof Henry III., duke of Brabant He
must have been born about the niiiidle of the thirteenth
century, atid the last probable allusion to him which we
have occurs in the year 1297. The events of his life lu-e only
known from his own poems, and consist chiefly of tr.avels
in company with different princesses and princes of Hau-
ders and Brabant. His literary work is however of great
importance. It consists partly of refashionings of three
ChansonsdeCestes, "LesenfancesOgier," "Berteausgrans
Pit?s,"and **BuevesdeComm.archis." In these three poems
Aden^s works up the old epics into the form fashionable
in his time, and as we possess the older versions of the
first and last, the comparison of the two forms affonls a
literary study of the highest interest His last, longest,
and most important work is the roman d'aventm-es of
Clt'omades, a poem extending to 20,00(1 verses, and not less
valuable for its intrinsic merit than as a type of its class.
Saintsbury, Fr. Lit, p. 9.^
Adenez. See Adenet.
Aderbaijan. See Aj:erbaijan.
Aderer i ii-ile-rar' ), or Aderar (-rar' ). or Adrar
(ii-ilriir'). A mountainous region in the Sahara,
within the Spanish protectorate and new
French "sphere of influence," about lat. 20° N.
The chief place in it is Wadan.
Aderno (ii-dar-no'). A town in the province of
Catania, Sicily, the ancient Hadrauum, about
17 miles northwest of Catania. It contains
Sikeliau antiquities and a Norman castle.
Popidation. 19.000.
Adersbach (ii'derz-biieh). A village in east-
ern Bohemia, near the Eiesengebirge and the
Silesiau frontier, about 12 miles northwest of
Braunan.
Adersbach Bocks. A labjTinth of fantastic
roi'ks, about 5 miles long, near the village of
Adersbach.
Adherbal (ad-her'bal). Died 112 B. c. A son
of Micipsa and king of Numidia, in conjiuiction
with his brothers Hiempsal and Jugiu-tha, in
118 B. C. Hiempsal was slain by .lugurtha and Adher-
bal tied to the pi-otection of the Romans who restored him
in 117. He was again ousted by Jugurtha and slain by
him in Cirta.
Adiabene (ad i-a-be'ne). [Gr. 'AdiOfh/vi/.'] A
small Assyrian district on the Tigris not far
from Nisibis. It was a vassal of Parthia, and suc-
cumbed to Rome under Trajan. Its queen, Helen, and
her sons Izates and Monabaz, embraced Judaism about
the year 18 A. I»,
Adi-Buddha ( ii'de-bud'ha). [Skt., ' the primor-
dial Buddha. 'J A creation of Buddhism as-
cribed to the 10th century A. D. He is represented
as a being infinite, self-exis'tent, and omniscient, who
evolved out of himself by the exercise of the five medita-
tions the live Dh.vanibuddhas, while each of these evolved
out of himself by wisdom and contemplation the corre-
sponding ISodhisattvas, and each of them again evolved out
of his inuuatenal essence a material world. These ema-
natifuis bear a resenildance to the Eons or Emanations of
the Gnostics. It is hence believed possible that they owe
their existence to the influence of Persian fluistianity.
See Ohyaiii'Iludtilta, BodhUattva.
Adicia (a-dis'i-ii). [Gr. nSiKia, vrroug, injustice.]
In Spenser's " JFaerie Queene," the wife of the
.soldan, an unrighteous woman, transformed
into a raging tiger.
Adige (ii'de-je). G. Etsch (ech). A river of
Tyrol and northern Italy, the Roman Athesis.
It rises in the Col de Rcsca in western Tjrol near the fron-
tier of Orisons, traverses the Vint.schgau, flows south
through Tyrol into Italy, sends arms to the Po. and flows
into the Adriatic north of the mouths of the latter. Its
length is about 220 miles, an<l it is navigable for about
180 miles. On it are Trent and Verona It has formed
an iniiKjrtant strategic line in the Italian campaigns.
Near the Adige and Lago di (iarda victories were gained
by the Austrians over the Kreneh under .Sch(5rer in the
spring of \-M. The most notable battle was that of Ma-
trnann, April :*.
AdigettO (ii-^le-jet'to). A canal or arm of the
Adige, which separates from it near Badia, and
Admetns
flows past Eovigo into the Adriatic north of
the Po.
Adighe (a-de'ghe). A collective name for
various disconnected and hostile tribes in the
Caucasus. Some are Christian and some Mo-
hammedan.
Adi-Granth (ii'df-granth). [' The fundamental
book.'] The Bible of the Sikhs, compiled by
the fifth successor of Nanak, Guru Arjun (1.584-
160(>). He collected in it the poetical pieces of the
founder and the three following gui'us, and added hisown
compositions as well as sentences and fragments by Ra-
niananda, Kabir, Namdev, and others, Additi^»ns were
made by Govind (1675-1708), the tenth and last gui u, who
composed, l>esides a second Granth, "The Granth of the
Tenth Keign." These books are written in an antiijmited
Panjabi, called Gurmukhi, 'that whicli comes from the
mouth of the guru.' These, with biographies of the gu-
rus and the saints, and a number of directions as to ritual
and discipline, make up the sacred literature of the sect
Adin (ii'din). [Heb., 'delicate.'] The head
of a Hebrew family which returned from
Babylon with Zerubbabel. Ezra ii. 15, Neh.
vii. 20.
Adirondack Mountains (ad-i-ron'dak moun'-
tauz). A range of mountains in northeastern
New York, the highest in the State. The main
group is in Hamilton, Essex, Franklin, and Clinton
counties, but the name is extended to the whide north-
eastern region of New York. The highest peak is Mount
Jlarcy (5,344 feet). Other prominent summits are Mount
l>ix. Mount Melntyre, Mount Seward, ilount M'hiteface,
Haystaek, etc.
Adirondack Park. A park established by act
of the New York legislature in 1892 ■within the
counties of Hamilton, Essex, Franklin, War-
ren, St, Lawrence, and Herkimer, for the use
of the public. Further pro\'ision for the park
was made by act of 1893.
Adites (ad'its). Early Arabian (Cushite) rulers.
Aditi (ad'i-ti). [Skt.. appar. from n- priv. and
*((((», bond (i/ da. bind).] Used in the Vedas
as an adjective to mean 'unbound,' 'free,' 'lim-
itless,' 'infinite.' 'exhaustless.' and, as a noun,
to mean 'freedom.' ' security,' and then 'infin-
ity,' in particular that of the heaven in contrast
with the tinitnde of the earth and its spaces.
The last conception personified is the goddess Aditi, the
mother of the Adityas. In the post-Vedic literature
Aditi is the mother of the gods, daughter of Daksha and
wife of Kasyapa, mother of the thirty-three gods, mother
of the Tushitas or of the twelve Adityas and the sun, and
sister of .\gastya. In Aditi the confused and imposing
notion of a substratum of all existence seems to have
found one of its earliest expressions.
Adityas (a'dit-yaz). [' Sons of Aditi.'] In the
Vedic literature, seven gods of the heavenly
light, at whose head stands Varuna, who is the
Aditya par exceUenee. They are Varuna, Mitra, 'the
friend," Aryaman, 'the bosom friend,' Bhaga, 'the lib-
eral,'Daksha. 'the capable,' Ansa, 'the apportioner,' and
an uncertain seventh. Mitra and the rest are only a split-
ting up and reflection of Varuna, the god of the vast
luminous heavens, viewed as embracing all things and as
the primary source of all life and every blessing. In the
Brahmanas and later the Adityas are twelve in number,
with manifest reference to the number of the months.
The term Aditya is also used from the earliest times as a
designation for the sun. See Am^itha SpciUax.
Adler (iid'ler), Nathan Marcus. Bom at Han-
over, Germanv. 1803: died at Brighton. Eng-
land, Jan. 21, "1890. Chief rabbi of the United
Congi'egations of Jews of the British Empire,
aiid autiiiir of various theological works.
Adlerberg (iid'ler-bei-G), Count 'Vladimir
(Woldemar). Born at St. Petersburg. Nov.
10, 1790 : died there, March 20, 1884. A Russian
general and minister in the service of Nicholas
and Alexander II,
Adlerbeth (ad'ler-bet). Gudmund G5ran.
Bom 1751: died 1818. A Swedish ))oet. dram-
atist, translator (of old Norse poetry, 'V'ergil,
Horace. ( )rid, etc.), and historical writer.
Adlercreutz (iid'ler-ki'oits). Count KarlJTo-
han. Born nearBorga. Finland, April 27, 1757:
died Aug. 21. 1815. A Swedishgeneral. defeat-ed
in Finland by the Russians in 1808. He took part
in deposing Giistavus IV. in March, 1809, and served in
Germany in 1S13, and in Xorw.ay in 1814.
Adlersparre (iid'lers-pii're). Count Georg.
Born in Jeiutland, Sweden, Jlarch 28, 17C0: died
iu Wermland, Sweden, Se])t. 23, 1835. A Swe-
dish author, editor, statesman, and general.
He contributed to the overthrow of Gustavus
IV. in 1809. Later he was appointed major-
general and was ennobled.
Adlersparre, Karl August. Bom June 7, 1810:
died Mav .1. 18(32. A Swedish poet and histo-
rian, son of Coimt Georg Adlersparre.
Admah (ad'mji). One of the cities destroyed
with Sodom. Gen. xiv. 2.
Admetus (ad-me'tus), or AdmetOS (-tos). f Gr.
".KAuifoc.'] In Greek mythology, a Thessalian
king, son of Pheres, king of Phera?, delivered
Admetus
from death by the voluntary sacrifice of his
wife Alcestis. See Alctslis. He ti.ok part in the
expt-ditiuii uf the Arguiiauts and in tlie chase uf the C'aly-
doiiiali hour.
Admirable Crichton. Sec Crichfim.
Admirable Doctor. L. Doctor Mirabilis. \
siirnaiiii' ^'iven tu lioger Uacou.
16
tlon attached to it, found Its way Into the English trans-
lations of the old Teslaincnt Scriptures.
Hayce, Anc. Monuments, p. 74.
Adonais (ad-o-ua'is). An elegiac poem by
slii/ll.v, commemorating the death of Keats,
piililishod in 1821.
Adonbec. See Saladin.
Admiraltylnlet(ad'nii-nil-ti in'let). An arm Adonijah (ad-o-ni'jii). [Heb., 'my Lord is Je-
of tlie s>a, on the western coast of the Stat*
of Wasliiii|,'ton. connecting Puget Sonnd with
the Strait of Juan de Fuca.
Admiralty Island. An island west of Alaska,
belonging to the United States, lat. 57° 30' N.,
long. 134° 30' W.
Admiralty Islands. An archipelago in the
Paiitie, northeast of Papua, about lat. 1.'° S.,
Iiovah': Or. 'V''ui'in<;.] 1. The fourtli son of
David. He pli)lted to i.blain the throne in place of Solo-
mon near the close of Iiavid's reign.
2. A Lcvitc mentioned in 2 Cliron. xvii. 8.
Adonis (a-do'nis). In ancient geography, a
.small river in SjTia, the modern Nahr-Ibrahim.
rising in tlie Lebanon, and iloAving into the
Mediterranean about 13 miles north of Beirut.
long. 147° K.. dis<-overed bv the Dutch in 1616, Adonis (a-do'nis). [Gr.'Arfuivi ; Heb. and Phen.
and annexed by Ciennany in ]W").
Admiralty Sound. An 'arm of the Strait of
Magellan, on tlie western coast of King
Chai-lcs's South Land, Tierra del Fuego.
Admonitionists (ad-mo-nish'ou-ists). A name
given to the followers of Thomas Cartwright.
two of whom in 1.^72 published "An Admoni-
tion to Parliament,'' followed by a second one
by himself, strongly advocating church govern-
ment by presbyters as opposed to bishops, and
the supremacy of the church over the state.
Admont (iid'mont). A small town in Styria,
Austria-Hungary, situated on the Ecus about
'adoii, lord.] In Greek mythology, a youth, a
model of beauty, beloved of Aphrodite. He died
from the wumid of a boar's tusk, received while luuitint?.
Accedine:t'> the entreaties of .\phrodite, Zeus decreed that
he should jiass half the year in the upper and half in the
lower world. Adonis is an oriental deity of nature, typi-
fying the withering of nat»n-e in winter, and its resuscita-
tion in summer. By way of Asia Minor his cult came to
Greece, then under the Itolemies to Egypt, and, at the
time of the Empire, to Rome. The yearly festival of
Adonis in the spring w:is a special favorite with women.
In the Old Testament reference is made to the weeping of
the women over Tammuz, the tiahylonian equivalent «i
Adonis (Ezek. viii. 14). In the Babylonian Nimrod epic
he is mentioned as the beloved of Islitar (Astarte, the Se-
mitic goddess, corresponding to Aphrodite), being repre
5t) miles south of Linz : noted for its sceuerj- rented there as slain by thcgoddess herself, i^ce Tammia.
and Benedictine abbey Adony (od ony). A small town m the county
Ado (ii'.lo). Saint. Born about 800 : died 87.x "? Stvihlweissenbt.rg, Hungary, on the Danul
An archbishop of Vienna (appointed 860), noted ^^ t' r> "'m? %u t>
for his zeal in reforming the morals of the peo--A-«i0Ptl^e Emperors, The. The Roman
pie and in enforcing churcli discipline. His j',"'""'^ ^VV?-^' Trajan, Hantaan Antom
Jn«,^^rv w «oloh,.«to,i !>■>, tbn n^^i,. Poti,..i;,. 1 'US. a'"^ Marcus Aurebus : so called becf
memory is celebrated by the Roman Catholic
Church on Dec. 16.
Adod. See Hailiid.
Adolph. See Atuiculf.
Adolphe ( ii-dolf ' ) . A romance ( ' ' Adolphe : anec-
doto trouvee dans les papiers d'un ineonnu") l)y
about 28 milts south of Budapest
" ' " ~ ' " em
toninus
ause
after Xerva, who was elected by the senate on
the death of Domitian, each was the adopted
son of his predecessor. They constitute the greatest
and noblest group of Roman emperors, and the period of
their reign-^ is the happiest in Roman histoi-y — according
to Gibtton the happiest in the history of the world.
Benjamin Constant (first published IS 16), which Adoration of the Lamb. A painting by .Jan
ranks as a masterpiece of Frencli literature.
Adolphus (a-tlol'fus), "William Augustus, G.
Wilnelm August Karl Friedrich Adolf.
Born at Weilburg, July 24. 1S17. The last duke
of Nassau. He succeeded to the duchy in 1839. In
IStHi he sided with Austria, and Nassau was annexed to
Prussia in ttie same ye.ar. lie became grand duke of
Luxemburg in Nov., 1H90.
Adolphus, John. Born at London, Aug. 7,
1768: died at liondon, July 16, 1845. An Eng-
lish ban-ister and historian, author of a "His-
tory of England from the Accession of George
HI. to theConchisionof Peace in 1783" (1802),
etc.
Adolphus, John Leycester. Born May 11,
17Uo: died Dec. 24, 1862. An English barrister
and man of letters, a son of John Adolphus :
author of "Letters to Richard Heber, Es(|.,"on
the authorship of tlie Waverloy novids (1821).
Adolphus, Frederick, G. Friedrich Adolf.
Born ilay 14, 1710: died Feb. 12, 1771. Duke
of Holstein-Eutin, chosen as crown-follower of
Sweden 1743. II<^ n'igned 1751-71.
Adolphus of Nassau. Born aliout 1252: killed
at Gollheiui, Rhino Palatinate, July 2, 1298. A
king ot Germany, elected 1292 and deposed
1298. He was defeated bv his successor Al-
bert I. at GoUheini, 1298.
Adonai (ad-o-na'i or ii-do-ni'). [Heb. 'Arlomii,
plural of 'ikIoii, lord.] The name used by the
Hebrews in place of the ineffable name Yali-
veh (Jehovah) wherever it occurs in the Scrip-
tures. See the extract.
It Is in accordance with this Masoretic mode of pronun-
ciation that Hebrew is now taught. But there was one
and Hubert van Eyck, in the cathedral of
Ghent, Belgium. It is the capital work of the
Flemish school.
Adoration of the Magi. Of the paintings with
this subject the following are among the most
notable : (i) An altarpiece (16-28) by Sodoma (Bazzi), in
San Agostino at Siena, Italy. It is the painter's master-
piece, admirable in drawing and color. (2) A paintin;: in
tempera by S.andro Botticelli, in the Uffizi, Florence. The
three kings are portraits of Cosimo, Giuliano, and Gio-
vanni del Medici. The "Virgin occupies a hut among rocks
and old ruins. (.3) A painting by Tintoret, in the Scuola
di San Rocco at Venice. The entire scene is lighted by
the radiance emanating from the body of the Child. (4)
A noted painting by Remlirandt, in Itnckinu'ham Palace.
London. The Virgin and Child are seated at the right;
before them kneel the Magi. Behind are kings and old
men, and in the distance a cai-avan of camels. (.')) \ pic
tnrc tty Alliert DUrer, in the Uffizi, Florence. Tliere is a
very delirate landscape background. (6) A paintins; )iy
Ruljens, in tlie Musde de I'eintnre at Brussels, Belgium.
Tile Virgin stands in the middle lioldin-/ the Child erect,
\i ith St. Joseph behind her ; before them the kings staml
and kneel, while their guards ami attendants observe the
scene from a staircase liehind. (7) A painting )»y Rubens
(1021). in the ^luseum at Antwerp. Belgium. The Virgin
appears at the left, holding the Child on a pillow ; behirul
her stands St. Joseph, and in front the kings and tlieir
train. The fluures are over life-size. (S) A splendid
paintii]g by Paolo Veronese, a conipanion piece to the
Marriage at Caini, in the Musetmi at Dresden. The A'ir-
gin is seated, with the child on her knee : the kings, at-
tended by a numero\i3 train with camels and horses, otter
their gifts. (») The noted "Dombild" of the Catbe.hal
of Cologne, a large trii>tych by Meistcr Ste)>han (died
14t»lX considered the llnest work of the c.-uly tiernian
school intermediate between pm-ely medieval and Renais-
sance painting. Tlie side panels bear St. Gereon and St.
irrsula, anil on the outside is painted an Annunciation.
Adorf (ii'doif). A small town in the district
of Zwickau, Saxony, on the Elster about 30
miles southwest of Zwickau.
». ad which the Ma.sorete8of Iibmas eitlier could not or Adour(ad-6r'). AnverinsouthwestemFrance,
would not pronounce. This w:ui the national name of the fi,„ „,,,.:,.„f Atoriiu wbiol, ,.;,;.,q tr, ihn P,.,.<.,>„«^
God of Israel. Though used so freely in the old Test.a- ^lie ant I( lit Atiii us, \v hu li rises in the 1 \ 1 ences
ment. It had come to be rcgai-ded with superstitious rev- and tlows into tlie Hay ot Biscay about :) miles
crencc before the time when the (ireek translation ot the wi'st of Biivonnc. Its length is about 180 miles,
Septuagiiit was made, and ill thiBtranslati,,ii.accorclingly, ,„„1 i| js navigable for about 70 miles,
the wold kyrios, "I.ord, is sutjstituted fo- o ...i — o . - ...'='.
occurs. The New Tesi
the eiiBtom of the Suptuagint and of their age, lind so also
did the .\I;i8i>rete3 of Tilierias. Wherever the holy name
was nut with, they read in place ot it Aihttmi, "lAiril, "
and hence, when supplying vowel-symbols to the text of
the I lid Testament, they wrote the vowels of -Idonat under
the four c.insonants, V H V II, which composed it. This
simply meant that .li/..noi was to l)e read wherever the
sacred name w.as found. In Ignorance of this fact, how-
ever, the scholars who llrst revived the stndv of Hebrew
In modem Europe imagined that the vowels of .Ii/.Jnnt (a
or f, o, ami ,1) were inleiiiled to be read along with the
consonants lielow which they stood. The result was the
hylirid monster VChovfth iJehovahj. In passing into Eng-
land the word became even more defonntnl. In German
the sound of y Is denoted by thesymbol ]. and the German
,....,.... ...,„v.„. .„...,. .wi-.>iuniKij, HiKi n IS navigaiiie lor aoour, di miles.
:sL;^ri;^;;ria;nrai];''^:^i; Adowa oi'.io-vvii), or Aduaa^
'tuagintandof their age, and so also 'al of 1 igre, Abyssinia, about lat. 14° 8' N.,
long. 38° .54' E. Population, 3.000.
Ad Pirum (adpi'mm). [L., 'at the pear-tree.']
,\n ;iiicicnt Roman station in the Biniliaumer
W'ald (northeast of Trieste), on the road across
till- Alps into Italy, celebrated in connection
with Tlieodosius's victory of the Frigiiliis, 394.
Adra (ii'dril). A sen]iort, the ancient Abilera,
ill till' jirovince of Alnieria. Spain, on the Mcdi-
tiriaiuiiii about ;">0 miles southeast of Granada.
There are numerous lead-mines in its vicinity.
Population (1887), 9,029.
symbol, but with the utterly dmiTenrEngliahprouuncia^ Adrain (ad'rau), Robert, Bom at Carrickfer-
Adrian VT.
gus, Ireland, Sept. 30, 1775: died at New Bruns-
wick, New Jersey, Aug. 10, 1843. An Irish-
American mathematician, a participant in the
Irish rebellion of 1798. Uc escaped to America,
tauglit school in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and was
professor of mathematics at Rutgers College from 1810 to
1S13, at Columlua College from 1813 to l»2r), and at the
University of Pennsylvania from 1827 to 1S34. He edited
Hutton's "Mathematics," and was editor of the "Matbo-
matical Diary " from 182^1 to 1829.
Adrammelech, or Adramelech (a-dram'e-lek).
[Babylonian .lilar-imilil:, Adar is councilor
(ruler, prince).] 1. An idol worshiped, with
the sacrifice of children, by the inliabitants
of Sepharvaim with whom Sargon, king of As-
syria, colonized Samaria. (2 Ki. .wii. 31.) See
Addi: — 2. A son of Sennacherib, king of As-
syria. With the help of his brother Sharezer he slew
his father in the 6i»-ealled temple of Nisroch. on his return
frtnn his expedition against Hczekiah. <2 Ki. xi.x. 37, Isa.
JLV.wii. :«.) This event is mentioned in the Babylonian
chronicle (cuneiform).
3. In angelology, one of the fallen angels.
Adramyttium (ad-ra-mit'i-um). [Gr. 'Aipafiir-
Tiioi; ;vilpa/;iT7(oi'.] In ancient geography, a
town in Jlysia, Asia Minor, on the Gulf of Adra-
myttium about lat. 39° 35' N., long. 26° 55' E.
The modern town Aiiraniyti or Edremid lies
about 3 miles inland (population, 8.000).
Adramyttium, Gulf of. An arm of the iEgean
Sea. on the •western coast of Asia Minor, north
of Mytilene.
Adrair. See Aderer.
Adraste (ii-drasf). The principal character of
Molieie's play "Le Sicilien," a yotuig French
gentleman who succeeds in carrying off Isidore,
the beautiful Greek slave of Don Pf^dre, by
disguising himself as a portrait-painter : hence
the second title of the play, " L'Amom' peintre."
Adrasteia (ad-ras-ti'ji). " [Gr. 'Arfpdurcm.] 1.
A name of Nemesis and of Rhea-Cybele. — 2.
A Cretan nymph, daughter of Melisseus, to
whom Rhea intrusted the infant Zeus to be
reared in the Dieta>an grotto. Hiiiiili, Diet. Gr.
and Rom. Biog.
Adrastus (a-dras'tus), or Adrastos (a-dras'-
tos). [Cir. 'MpnaTo(;.'] In Greek legend, a king
of Argos, leader in the expedition of the
"Seven against Thebes." He was worshiped
as a hero in several places, among theniMegara.
Adria (a'dri-ii). In ancient geography (about
the 1st century A. D.), that part of the itedi-
terraneau which lies between Crete and Sicily.
Adria (in ancient Piceiium). See Atii.
Adria (il'dre-ii), or Adria Veneta (ii'dre-ii va-
iia'tii). A town in the province of Ro-sigo,
Italy, the ancient Adria, Atria, Hadria, or
Hati'ia, situated near the sea about 16 miles
southwest of Venice. It has a cathedral and many
antiquities, and has been successively an Etruscan, a
Greek, and a Roman town. Population, 7,<-100.
Adrian (a'dri-an), or Hadrian (ha'dri-an), I.
Pope from 772 to 795. Ue suinmoncd Charles the
Great to resist the encroachments of the Lombard king
Desiderins, who had occupied Penlapolis and was threat-
ening Rome: and Chai'les, after the destruction of the
Lombard kingilom, granted anew to him the territories
originally bestowed by Pepin, with the addition of Ancona
and Piencvcnto. Adrian adopted the view of the Eastern
Church with regard to the wtirsbip of images, anathema-
tizing all who refused to wnrsliii) the images of Christ,
the Virgin, or the saints. He was the sou of a Roman
noble.
Adrian, or Hadrian, II. Pojie from 867 to 872.
He jiasstil a seiiteiiee of deposition on Photius, patriarch
of Const;intiiio]i]r, wliicli was contlrmed at a council of
the Eastern clinrcb in >r,;i H7n.
Adrian, or Hadrian, III. Pope from ,8.84 to 8,85.
Adrian, or Hadrian, IV. (Nicholas Break-
spear). Horn before 1 100 at Laiigley, near St.
Albans, in Hertfordshire: died at Anagiii, Italy,
1159. Pope from Dec. 4, 1154, to Sept, 1, 11,59:
the only Englishman who has occupied the
papal chair. lie was successively a clerk and abbot of
the monastery of St. Rufus, in Provence, ami in 11-10 was
created eardinal-blshop of Albaiio by Pope Eugenius III.
Two years later he was senf as legate to Denmark and
Norway. As Pope he bestowed the sovereignty of Ireland
on Henry II. of England. He ((Uelled the ilemoenitic
rising of the Komaii people under Arnold of Brescia, and
procured the execution of the latter in 115.''t. He com-
pelled William, king of the Two Sicilies, to acknowledge
the feudal suzerainty of the Pope. With Adrian IV. be-
gan the great ctuittict between the palial power and the
house of Ilohenstaufen. He died while prepnilng to
place himself at the hcail of the forces of tin- Italian
party against the emperor Frederick I.
Adrian, or Hadrian, V. tOttoboni Fiesco).
Pope in 1276. He lived only live weeks after
his accession to the chair.
Adrian, or Hadrian, VI. Born at Utrecht in
14.59: .lied Sept. 14, 1523. Pope from 1.522 to
1523, He sindieil at the t'niverslty of Limvain, of which
he became vjce.elianeellor, and was chosen liy the em-
peror MnxhuUian to be th« tutor ot his grandson, ArcU-
Adrian VI. ^« ^glamour
J ,. ^ , »v , . .......I.. V T„ir,iRi,» «R n hidinff.olace It has been identifled with the modem ^geuS (e'jus). [Gr. AijEif.] In Greek legend,
111 1617 he was cit-ati-d a cariliii:il by I.to X., anil .ilti-l ntu i'> u.iiini"" """.'^ ,„, ,.„,,„ ^„ ,rlii,.)i 'Diivirl
t«i for a time as reKcut of Adullam, Cave 01. ilie i^a^e to wUkU uavia
" ■ ■ " withciifwfromGath. 1 Sam. xxii. it was capable
the death of Ferdinand ht-
Spain. On his accession to the papal chair Jan. 9, 1
he corrected varions external aliases in the church, but
failed in his efforts to check the Kcformation.
Adrian. A l.«r.l in Shakspere's •• Tempest. "
Adrian de Castello, or de Cometo. Boru at
Cornuto, Tuscany, Italy, 14C0 (.'): .lied 1521 (?).
An Italian ecclesiastic ami scholar, uiiiieio of
Innocent VIII. in ScoUaml in 14.S8. agent at
Rome of Henry VII. of Kugland. coUeetor of
Peter's pence in Englaml, and papal j)rothou-
Otary. lie obtained in 141)2 the prebend of Ealdland in
St. Paul's Cathedral, and the rectory of St. Dnnstan ni-thc
of'aifcinling shelter to four hundred men. See .above.
AduUamites. In English history, the group
of Liberals who seceded from the Whig part,y
and voted n-ith the Conservatives when Earl
Kussell and Mr. Gladstone introduced a measure
for the extension of tlie elective franchise in
186fi. They received the name of AduUamites from their .^gidiUS (e-jid'1-us). 1. A Roman commander
beinK likened by Mr. Brijjht t« the discontented persons • - ■ ■ ^, ■ ■ ..—
who took refuge with Havid in the Cave of .\dullam.
The party was also known collectively as "The Cave"
and ■' The Cave of Adullam "
He threw himself into the .Egean Sea (whence, according
to tradition, the name) through grief at the supposed
loss of his son.
.ffigidiUi-ge'de).Ludwig Karl. Born at Tilsit,
April 10, 1825. A German jurist, publicist,
and politician, professor of jurisprudence in
the University of Bonn (1868), and professor
of jurisprudence in the University of Berlin
(1877).
East but returned' to Itome on the death of Innocent Advance (ad-vans'), The. The vessel in which
VIII. He was made bishop of Hereford in 150_', bishop Eiislm Kaiie explored the arctic regions m
of liatli and Wells in l.W, and cardinal in 1. '.03. In 1617 ,, f gij. j^jjn Franklin. See Kane.
he was implicated in the eonsi.il acy of Cardnialsretrucci 4y"'„Vl,tr o^ ,-o,,'h-,rl Thp 1 The shin of
I)eSnuli.andRhu-iotopois..n I.co .K., and was deprived of AdveUture (ad-ven fin ), Ine. /. 1110 snip or
his cardinalate a''l») and of his dignities in England. He 'fho piiat c ( 'aptain Kidd. — H. I lie ship in wnich
' ■ '• ■" ■■ (•ap(.|i|,Kiiig(associateil with Fitzroy) explored
the coasts of South America, 1826-30.
Adventures of Five Hours, The. A play by
Sir Samuel Take, an adaptation of Calderon's
'Los Empeilos de Seis Horas," made by the
advice of Charles II., and printed in 1662.
Adventures of an Atom, The. A political .ffigina, or Aigina. Auislandof Greece, in the
satire by Smollett, published in 17G9. " ' • ,. ^ . . r.r.„.„,-Kr ,
Adversity Hume. A nickname of Joseph
Hume (1777-1855), given to him about 1825 on
account of his predictions of national disaster.
See Prospcrili/ Robinson.
Adventures of Philip. A novel by Thackeray,
publislieil in 1SG2.
was pii.bal.ly :issassinatcd. lie wrote " Veiiatio,' a poem
(IStii), 'UeVeraPhilosophia "(1607), " De Sermone Latino
et niiHlo Latine Loi|Ueiidi' (1.113), etc.
Adrian (a'dri-an). The capital of Lenawee
Couutv, ilicliigan, a manufacturing town situ-
ated on tlie river Kaisin about 55 miles south-
west of Detroit: sometimes called the "Maple
City." Population (1890), 8,756.
Adriana (a-dri-a'nil). A cliaracter in Shak-
spere's ''Comedy of Errors": the wife of An
tiplioliis of Ephcsus.
Adriana, Villa. See Uadiian's Villa.
Adrianople (ad'ri-an-o'pl). [Turk. I'Ainteh, or
lidrcnehT] The capital of tlie vilayet of Adri-
anople, on the Maritza in lat. 41° 41' N.,
long. 26° 35' E.. a place of great strategic and Adye (a'di). Sir John Miller. Born at Seven-
commercial importance, founded by the em- oaks, Kent, Nov. 1, 1819. An English general
peror Hadrian about 125 A. D., on tlie site of and military writer: author of 'Defence of
the ancient Uscudama: the residence of the Cawnporc," "Review of the (.nmean War, etc.
sultans 1361-1453. It was besieged by the Avars in .ffiacides (e-as'i-dez). A descendant of .^acus,
BS8. stormed by the I;ulgarians in 9-2-2, entered by the especially Achilles.
Crusaders in IIS',1, taken by the Turks in 13(;l. taken by the JEaCUS (e'a-kus). [Gr. Ajaicof.] In Greek
Russians under Diebitsch in 18211 .and occupied by the Bus- mythologv," the son of Zeus and iEgina, re-
sians .Tan . 1S78. The emperor Baldwin I. was taken pris- • i^' ,_• ■ ... i i • i •
oner in Adrianople by the Bulgars in 120.'.. Its most nowned for his justice, and made a judge m
notable building is the mosque of Sultan Selim II.. a veiy . the lower world. He was the grauotather ot
impressive building of the Kith centiHy. It is preceded Acliilles.
by a fine portico of monolithic columns, and flanked by iij-u.- o„„ .i;,]n,i
four sleniler fluted minarets about 200 feet high. The ■^.'"l'''"; P,*^, '"" "V, ,. a -, t n i
span ..f the dome (106 feet) is greater than that of Santa Aedon (a-e don). [Gr. A^dui'.J In (.reek my-
St.phia: it rests on four colossal porphyry columns. thologv, a daughter of Pandareus of Ephesus.
Adrianople. A vilayet in European Turkey. According to Homer she was the wife of Zethus. king of
in Gaul under Majorianus (457-461). After the
death of the emperor he maintained an independent sov-
ereignty, possibly with the title of king, at .Soissons. He
was voluntarily chosen kinu of the Franks during the
temporary exile of the unpopular Childeric.
2. See (lilcs. Saint.
.£gidius a Columnis (e-jid'i-us a ko-lum'nis).
Born at Rome about 1'247: died 1316. A scho-
lastic philosopher, general of the Augustine
order, suiiiamed "Doctor Fundatissimus."
.SIgina (e-ji'nii), or Aigina (i'gi-na). [Gr.
Atj/irt.] In Greek mythologj-, the daughter of
Asopus, the river-god, beloved by Zens, and
caiTieii by him to the island of iEgiua (whence,
acconling to tradition, its name).
l'(.pulaticin, 836,044.
Adrianople, Battle of. 1. A victory of the
Goths over the emperor Valeiis, 378 A. D. — 2.
A victory of the Slavs over the Byzantines,
551.
Adrianople, Peace or Treaty of. A treaty
between Russia and Turkey, signed at Adrian-
ople, Sept. 14, 1829. Turkey ceded to Russia im-
portant fortresses and districts on the northeastern coast
of the Black Sea ; granted to Russian subjects freedom of
trade in Turkey, and freedom of navigation in the Black
Sea, Danube, and Dai-danelles ; conflrnied" and extended
the protect. .rate exercised by the czar over the Danubian
prineipalities ; gave Russia control of a part of the left
bank i.f the lower Danube, and of the Sulina mouth of
that river ; and recognized the independence of Greece.
Adriani (ii-dre-ii'ne), Giovanni Battista.
Born at Florence 1513 • died 1579. A Florentine
Thebes, and the mother of Itylus. Inspired by envy
of Niobe, the wife of her brother Amphion, who had six
sons and six daughters, she formed the design of killing
Niobe's eldest son, but by mistake destroyed her own son
Itylus. To relieve her grief she was changed by Zeus
into a nightingale.
JEdui (ed'n-i). A Celtic people -living in cen-
tral Gaul, west of the Sequani between the
Saono and the Loire. Their capital was Bibracte
(Augusti.diinum, Autun). They were allies of the Romans,
butjoint'd in the revolt of 62 B. c. Also lledui.
The .l-^dui, friends and brothers, as they delighted to be
called, of the Roman people, held the highest place among
the nations of central Gaul. Their friendship and brother-
hood was ai-knowledged by the Romans themselves. It
was a special badge of distinction. Rome had many al-
lies; the .Edui were her only brothers. The brothers of
Rome were naturally the first among the nations of Gaul
to find their way into the Roman Senate.
Freeman, Hist. Essays, 4th ser., p.
Statesman and historian, author of a history of JEgadian Islands (e-ga'di-an S'landz). See
his time, for the period 153(5-74.
Adrianus, Publius .£lius. See Hadrian.
A(iriaticSea(a-i:h-i-at'ik, or ad-ri-at'ik,se). [Gr.
6 A'V'"";, I-., ilarc AOriaiictim, or Marc Sujierum,
It. Marc Adriatico, Y.Mcr Adriali'iuc^Qi.Adria-
tisches J/irr.] That jiart of the Mediterranean
which lies between Italy on the west and north-
west, and Austria, Monteiu'gro, and Albania on
the east, and is connected with the Ionian Sea
by the Strait of OtranI o. its chief arms are the Oiilts
of .Manfredonia, Venice, Trieste, and C^namero, and its hir-
gest tributaries are the Po and Adige. Its length is about
460 miles, and Us average width al)out 100 miles.
Adrienne Lecouvreur (ii-tlri-en' le-ko-vrer').
A prose drama in 5 acts, by Scribe and Le-
gouvC', first presented April 14, 1S49. See Iai-
coiirri nr, .Idricnne.
Addatici (ad-u-at'i-si), or Aduatuci (ad-u-
at'ii-.si). A German tribe of Belgic Gaul, de-
scendants of the Cimbri and Teutones, living
west of the Mouse, dispersed bv Cocsar .57 B. C.
Adula (a-dd'lii), or Rheinwaldgebirge (rin-
viild-ge-ber'ge). A grc.np of tlie Alj.s in the
western part of the canton of (Jrisons. Switzer-
land, the source of the Hinter-Rhein. The
highest point is the Rheinwaldhom, ll,150feet.
Adule, Adulis. See Xntla.
Adulis Bay. See Anmxlri/ Bay.
Adullam (ii-dul'am). [Heli., possibly ' retreat';
Arabic ndalii, turn aside.] A city and cave in
the territory of Judah in the low country : origi-
nally a Cauaanite city. The cave was used by David
.I'.ijatcx
.ffigaeon (e-je'on). [Gr. .^i)^^!..] Seo Briarctis.
.^galeos (e-ga'le-os). [Gr. Aijd/lfuf.] In an
Saronie Gulf of the ^Egeau, lat. 37° 45' N., long.
23° 26' E. It was colonized by Dorians, and was an im-
portant commercial state and center of art in the tith and
6th centuries D. C. In 150 B. c. it w as subjugated byAthens,
and now belongs to the nomarchy of Attica and Bteotia.
Its length is 9 miles. Population, about ti.OWl.
.£gina, or Aigina. The capital of the island of
Jigiua, situated on the western coast: popula-
tion, about 3,000. The temple of Athena at .Igina was
a monument famous for both architectme and sculpture.
It was a Doric peripteros of C by 12 columns, the cella
ha\ ing pronaos and opisthodomos with 2 colnmns in antis.
Twenty-two columns, with their entablature, are standing.
Each pediment was filled with a group of sculpture rep-
resenting a combat between Greeks and Trojans under
the presidency of Athena, who is the central figure. The
major part of these sculptures has been recovered, and
is included in the collection of the -Eginetan Slarbles
(which see) at Munich. Though appearing older, the
temple is ascribed to the early part of the 6th century B. c.
VS the temple of Aphrodite but one of the great Doric
columns, very similar to those of the temple of Athena,
but larger, is standing, but the plan has been in part re-
covered. The temple was llexastyle.
.aigina. Gulf of. See Saronie Gulf.
.Sgineta, Paulus. See Paulns JEgincta.
.Sginetan Marbles (ej-i-ne'tan milr'blz). An
important collection of sculpture from the tem-
ple of Athena in xEgina, now iu the Glyiitothek
at Munich. These sculptures were discovered in 1811,
and consist for the most part of the remains of the series of
statues from both pediments of the temple. Five figures
survive from the eastern pediment, and 10 from the west-
ern, which is probably comiilete. Both groups represent
the exploits of Greek heroes in the Trojan war, with
Athena as the central figure. They belong to an artistic
period immediately before the time of full mastery, and
thus, while in many particulars admirable, preserve some
archaic features, as the rigid smile on the expressionless
faces, and the stiffness of attitude of some of the figures.
The date generally accepted is about 476 B. c; but this
is not definitely established. These sculptures were re-
stored by Thorwaldsen.
Ji!gipan (e'ji-pan). [Gr. Aiji'ttov, the goat Pan.]
In Greek mjihology, the goat Pan, in some
forms of the myth identical with Pan, and in
others different from him. He is called the
son of Zeus and Mga, Pan's wife, and also the
father of Pan.
cient geography, a mountain-range in Attica .ffigir (a'jir). [ON. a-gir, AS. edgor, the sea.]
separating the Athenian and Eleusinian plains.
It ended in a promontory (Amphiale) opposite Salamis.
From it Xerxes witnessed the battle of Salamis.
.ffigates (e-gil'tez). [L.] In ancient geography,
a group of small islands west of Sicily: the
modern .lEgadian Islands. They comprise Favi-
gnana. Maritime., Levanzo, and Formica, and belong to the
province of Trapani, Sicily. »ar them was gained the
Roman naval victory over the Carthaginians, 241 B. c.
.£gean Sea (e-je'an se). [L. Marc JEi/anim,
Gr. 6 Ai} niof iriJi'Tof, or to Ai) aioi' tt^ Aajof, so called,
according to Strabo, from A'lyal, JEga?, a town
in Euboca; according toothers (erroneously)
from Ai)(i'f, iEgeus.J That part of the Medi-
terranean which lies between Greece on the
west, European Turkey on the north, and
Asia Minor on the east, and communicates
with the Sea of Marmora and thence with the
Black Sea liy the Strait of Dardanelles. It con-
tains many isl.ands, as Kuboca, the Cyclades, the .Sporades,
In Olil Norse mj-thology, tlio god of the ocean,
lie was the principal wnter-dcinon and by race a giant,
but personifies the more propitious characteristics of the
sea. He is also ciUled nicr (ON. Idler) and Gymir. His
wife is Ran.
.Sgis (e'jis). [L. a-qis, < Gr. a'lyir^, the Kgis, also
a rushing storm, hurricane.] In Greek mythol-
ogy, originally the storm-cloud enveloping the
thunderbolt, the especial weapon of Zeus. It
afterward came to be reganied as: (a) The skin of the
goat .\malthea, the foster-mother of Zeus, which tile latter
took for defensive armor in his wiu- with the Titans. (6)
A terrible weapon wrought by Hephajstns after the fash-
ion of a thunder-eloud fringed with lightning, intrusted
by Zens to Apollo and to Athena, and a characteristic at-
tribute of the latter. In art the -Fgis is represented as
a sort of mantle fringed with serpents, generally worn
over the breast, but sometimes held extended over the
left arm, ur thrown over the arm to serve as a shield. The
-Egis of Athena, except in the most primitive representa-
ti(.n8, bears in the midst the head of the Gorgon Medusa,
and is usually covered with scales like those of a serpent.
LuiiiBiiiiiiiy iHi.uiuc, as r.iioiea, iiie eyciaaes, inc .^poraues, „ . .: .._..,,% — r.', — .- a -IT l^Z.^..^
Sainos, ciiios, Mylilene, Sam..thrace, Tha-sos, etc. Its .ffigisthus(e-jis'thus). [(iV. hi)iOinc.\ Inbieek
chief arms are the Gulf of Xaiiplia, the .Saronie Gulf, the
tliannels ..f Egi-ii.o and Talanta, and the Gulfs of Lamia,
Volo, Saloniki, Cassandra, .Monte Santo, Contess,!, Saros,
Adraniyti, Smyrna, Se:Ua Nova, Mendelia, and Kos. Its
chief tributiu-ies ;ire the Salembria, Vardar. Struma, Ma-
ritza, Saiabat, and Mendere. Its length is about 400 miles,
and its greatest width over 200 miles. See .-Etjeiis.
iEgeon (e-je'on). A character in Shakspere's
" Comedy of Errors" : a merchant of Syracuse.
legend, a son of Thyestes and cousin of Aga-
memnon: he seduced Clytemnestra, and pro-
cured the murder of Agamemnon. In the "Aga-
nieninon " of .Eschylus Clytemnestra, incited to the act
by .Egisthus, commits the murder.
.^glamour (e'gla-mor). The Sad Shepherd in
Jouson's plav of that name. He gi-ieves at the
reported di-owning of the shepherdess Earijie.
.Sgle (eg'le). [Gr. Ai)X)?.] In Greek mythol-
ony: ('() A iiaiaii, mother of the Graces, (ft)
One of the Hesperidos.
.SgOSpotami (e-gos-pot'a-mi). [Gr. Aiyof tto-
Ta/joi, 'goat's rivers.'] lu auc.ient geograp}iy, a
small river and a town of the Thracian Cllor-
Bonesus, about lat. 40° 20' N., long. 26° 33' E.,
noted as the place of a naval victory of the
Spartans under Lysander over the Athenians,
405 B. c, which led to the close of the Pelopon-
nesian war.
.^girptus (6-jip'tus). [Gr. Ai; iwrof.] In Greek
mythology, a sou of Belus and twin brother of
Danuiis. lie received from Bolus the sovereignty
of Arabia and conquered Egyjit. See AV/.'/y'.
JElfheah (alf'hean), or Saint Alphege (al'fej).
Born 954 : died April VJ, 1012. An ^Uiglo-Sa.xon
prelate, made bishop of Winchester in 984 and
archbishop of Canterbury in 1000. nc was captured
by thu Danes in 1011, and held for ransom. This lie at
first agreed to pay, but afterward refused, and in conse-
mienix- was slain.
.ffilfred. See Alfred.
.Slfric (alf'rik). Born about 955: died aljout
1020 A. D. An English (Anglo-Saxon) abbot,
surnamed ''Grammaticus," author of homilies
(edited by Tlioi-pe 1844-46), a Latin grammar
and glossary, a treatise on the Old and New
Testaments, " Heptateuchus," etc. There has
been much discussion with regard to hia identity, and it
is still in dispute.
iElfthryth (alf'lhrith), L. Elfrida (el-fri'da).
Born about 945: died about 1000. An Anglo-
Sa.xon queen, daughter of Ordgar, ealdorman of
Devon, wife first of ^Ethehvald, ealdorman of
the East Anglians, and, after his death, of King
Eadgar by whom she was the motlicr of yEthel-
red II. She is said to have caused the murder of her
stepson Kadward at Corfe, in order to secure the election
of.Ktluhud,
.£lia Capitolina (e'li-il kap'i-to-li'ua). In an-
cient geography, a Roman colony established
by Hadrian, 134 A. D., on the site of Jerusalem.
JElin was the family name of Hadrian : a temple was
dedicated to Jupiter Capitulinus in the place (hence the
name).
.£lia gens (o'li-ii jeuz). In ancient Rome, a
plebeian clan or House whoso family names and
surnames wore Bala, Catus, Gallus, Gracilis,
Lamia, Ligur, Pffitius, Sejanus, Staienus, Stilo,
and Tubero. To this gens belonged the em-
peror Hadrian and the Antonines, whom he
adopted.
.£lian (e'li-an). See .^lidiiuK, Claudius.
.Slianus (c-li-a'nus), Claudius. A Roman
rhetorician of the 2d century A. D., .said to have
been born at Pneneste, Italy. His extant works
are IIoijciAT'Io-Topia, commoidy called '' Varia Uistoria,"
'*a collection of 'ana' cohtainin^ anecdotes of every
kind, liistorieal, biotfraphical, antitiuarian, put together
witliout any method or connection, and, ])erhaps, not in-
tended for publication" (A*. O. Multfr); and lltpi Ztiiuji-
I5ibTT|Tos"(De Aniuialium Natura), "On the Peculiarities of
Animals,' a work similar in fcu'm to the preceding.
.Slianus Tacticus (e-li-a'nus tak'ti-kus).
Lived about 100 A. D. A writer, probably a
Greek resiiUng at Rome, author of a work in
Greek on the military tactics of the Greeks and
tlie constitution of a Roman army.
JEUa (al'il), or Ella (cl'il). Died 588. King
of the Deirans from 559 to 588, the sou of Iffa,
ealdoi-man of the Deirans. He cast off the su-
premacy of the Bernicians at the death of Ida.
Aello (a-el'o). [lir. 'A(7>.<j.] In Greek mythol-
ogy, ono of the Harpies.
Aelst. See Aloxt.
Aelst (iilst ), Willem van. Born at Delft, Netli-
erlaniis, 1()211: died at Amsterdam, 1()79. A
Dutch painter of flowers and fruit.
.fflmilia (e-miri-ji). [Fem. of yEm(7iK.s.] 1. In
the fourth book of Spc'iisor's "Faerie Queene,"
a lovely lady "rapt by groedie lust" into tlie
power of a cannibal giant who held Amoret
also captive. She was saved by Beli)h(ebe. — 2.
In Shnkspcre's "Comedy of Errors," the wife
of .Egi'oM, acting as tlie atibess of Ephesus.
.£milia gens (e-mil'i-ii jenz). One of the most
ancient imtrician houses at Rome, probably of
Sabine origin, which rogai'ded as its ancestor
Maniercus, called j'TJmilius on account of his
persuasive language, who was variously re|)re-
sented as the son of Pythagoras, or of Nuina,
or as the descendant of Ascanius. The nr«t
member of the gens who obtained the consulship was h.
.^!iiii1ius Mamcrcns (in 4H-I n. c). Its family names are
Harbuja, \\\n:;\, [.epidiis, Maincrcus or iManiercinus, I'aiius,
Paulus Kegillus, and .Scaurns.
.ffimilius(e-miri-us). [A Roman name said to
be tiom Gr. m/iiV/of, (lattering. See JimUia
liens. I In Shakspere's (f ) "Titus Andronicns,"
a noble Roman.
17
.Smilius, Paulus (Paolo Emilio). Bom at
Verona, Italy : died at Paris, Hay 5, 1529. An
Italian historian, summoned to France in the
reign of Charles VIII. to write a French history,
"Do rebus gestis Francorum."
.ffimilius Paulus. See Paulus.
.£neas (e-ne'as). [Gr. Aimaf.] In classical
legend, a Trojan prince, son of Anchises, king
of Dardanus, and Aphrodite. The traditions about
him vary. According to Honur, being roblied of Ids cat-
tle by Achilles, he took sides, with his Uariianians, against
the Greeks, played an important part in the war, and after
the sack of Troy, and the extinction of the house of l'ri.am,
reigned (as did also Ids descendants) in the Troad. Iii
post-Ilomerio trailitions ho is sometimes represented as
absent from the sack of Troy, sometimes as seeking refuge,
on the admonition of Aphrodite, in Mount Ida, and carry-
ing his father thither on his shouKlcis (with other varia-
tions), and as settling in tlic peninsula ot I'allene. or in
the Arcadian Orchomenos. Most of the traditions, how-
ever, represent him as landing in Italy, and becoming the
ancestral hero of the Romans. See ^-Kiieid.
.Sneas Sylvius. See I'ius II.
.£neid (e-ne'id), or.ffineis (-is). An ejiie poem,
in twelve books, by Vergil, recoimting the ad-
ventures of iEneas after the fall of Troy, founded
on the Roman tradition that ^Eueas "settled in
Latium and became tlie ancestral hero of the
Roman people. The hero, driven by a storm on the
coast of .\frica, is hospitably received by Dido, queen of
Carthage, to whom he relates the fall <if Tmy and his wan-
derings. An attachment between them is broken by the
departure of .Eneas, in obedience to the will of the gods,
and the suicide of Dido follows. After a visit to .Sicily,
-Iilneas lands at C'unite in Italy. In a descent to the in-
fernal regions he sees his father, Anchises, and has a pro-
phetic vision of the glorious destiny of his race as well as
of the future heroes of Rome. He marries Lavinia, daugh-
ter of Latinns, king of the Latini, and a contest with Tur-
nus, king of the Itutuli, tlie rejected suitor, follows, in
which Tumus is slain. The poem is a glorifl<'ation of Rome
and of the emperor Augustus, who, as a meml)er of the
Julian gens, traced his descent from Julus (sometimes
identified with Ascanius), the grandson of .tineas. The
poem w.as completed, but not Anally corrected, at the death
of the author in 19 B. 0.
.^nesidemus (en-e-si-de'mus). [Gr. kmiaidTj-
/jof.] A celebrated Greek skeptical philoso-
pher of Cnossus (or .^Egfe) in Crete, a younger
contemporary of Cicero.
2Eo\\Z. (e-o'li-ii). See Jiolis.
.^olian Islands (e-6'li-an i'landz). The an-
cient name of the Lipari Islands.
.Solians (e-6'li-,anz). The .iJ^oles or .lEolii, one
of the four great divisions of the Greek race.
They occupied from an early period a large part of north-
ern Greece and the western part of Peloponnesus, and
also migrated to Asia ilinor, settling in the region named
for them zEolis, and in Lesbos.
.Solis (e'o-lis), or iEolia (e-o'li-il). [Gr. AioA/f,
Aio/lm.] In ancient geography, originally the
western coast of Asia Minor between the river
Hermus and Lectum. Later it extended along
Troas.
.ffiolus (e'o-lus). [Gr. AiWof.] 1. In Greek my-
thology, the god of the winds, which he con-
fined in a cavern. — 2. The son of Hellcn, and
the eponymic founder of the yEolian race.
.ffipinus (a-pe'niis) (Franz Maria Ulrich Theo-
dor Hoch). [G. lluvh, high; Gr. mnh^, high,
steep, whence Ji7;iH»x.] Born at Rostock,Ger-
mauy, 1724: died at Dorpat, 1802. A German-
Russian physicist, author of " Tentamen theo-
ria) electricitatis et magnetismi" (17.59), etc.
.^pinus, Johann (originally Hoch). Born at
Ziesar, Prussia, 1499 : died at Hamburg, May
13, 1.553. A German Protestant theologian, an
opponent of Melanchthon, and author of a work
"De Purgatorio."
.£qui (6'kwi). In ancient geography, a tribe
living in Latium, east of Rome and north of the
llernici, oflen allied with the Volscians and at
war with tlie Romans. They were finally sub-
dued about 300 B. V.
Aerians (a-cVri-anz). A reforming, Ai'ian, sect
of the 4tli century: so called from their leader
Aerius. They maintained that a presbyter or elder does
not dilTer from a lusliop in authority, repudiated prayers
for the de;id, and rejected church fasts. This sectVas
the forerunner ot modern I'reshyterianJBm.
Aerius (li-e'ri-us). A presbyter ot Sebastia,
in Pontus, Asia Minor, who lived in the middle
of the 41 h century A. n., and was the founder
nl' I lie Aerians.
JEtob (ii're-e), or Arroe (:ir'rt''-e). An island
of Denmark, in the Little Belt, south of' Fii-
nen. IjCiigth. 15 miles. Area, 33 si|unr<' miles.
Pi>I)ulalioM, about 11,000. Us cliicf town is
yl']rocsl\.iilt)iiig.
Aerschot, or Arschot (iir'skot). A town in the
province <if P.rabauf, Belgium, on the Denier
al)out 23 miles northeast of Brussels. Popula-
tion (1890), fi,'2:M.
Aertszen (iirl'sen), Pieter. Born at Amster-
JEstii
dam about 1520 : died 1573. A Dutch histori-
cal painter. Among his works is a Crucifixion,
in .iVutworp.
,£scanes (es'ka-nez). A character in Shak-
spere's " Pericles" : a lord of Tyre.
.ffiscMnes (es'ki-nez). [Gr. Aia^iVc/c] An Athe-
nian philosopher, a contemporary and disciple
of Socrates. The three extant dialogues as-
cribed to him are spurious.
.£schines. Born 389 B. c. : died in Samos 314
B. c. A famous Athenian orator, the political
antagonist of Demosthenes, son of Atrometus
(Tromes), of the demo of the Cothocida>, and
Glaucothea. lie served in the campaigns at Nemca in
368, at ilantincia in 36'2, and at Taniynn; in 349 ; was a
tragic actor and a clerk to the assembly before he ap-
peared about 348 as a public speaker ; was twice an envoy
to Philip of Macedon, 340; was twice accused (onee (;t4:i)
t>y DenioHthenes)of having accepted bribes from the king,
but saved himself; and was defeated (:i30) in a trial whieh
lie brought against Ctesiphon for having proposed that
Demosthenes should be rewarded for his public services
with a golden crown, and, as a consequence, went into
exile. He fln.illy settled in Rhodes, where he is said to
have established a school of eloquence. His extant ora-
tions are " Ag.ainstTiniarchns" (.145), "On the Embassy"
(343), and " Against Ctesiphon " (330).
.Slschines the Orator. A Greek statue from
Ilerculanoum, in the Museo Nazionale, Naples,
of high rank among works of its class. The orator
stands quietly, his arm wrapped in his mantle; the ex-
pression is preoccupied, but full of dignity.
.SIschylus (es'ki-lus). [Gr. Aio^'^-of.] Born
at Eleusis, Attica, in 525 B. c. : died at Gela,
Sicily, in 456 B. c. The greatest of the Greek
tragic poets. He was the son of a certain Euphorion,
and fought in the great liattles of the Persian war, being
wounded, it is said, at Marathon in 4!K) u. c. In 4sr> it. c.
he gained his tirst tragic victory : in all he gained thirteen.
In 46S he was defeated by Sophocles. In the same year
he quitted Alliens, according to Plutarch, ui tuorlitleatioii
at ills defeat, and went to the court of llicro at Syracuse,
at whose invitation he had already once before visited
.Sicily and written a local piece called the " -EtnajaiiB. "
.«schylus was the father of the Greek tragic drama. Of
his plays there remain 72 titles, over 00 of wliicli fieeiu
genuine, but only 7 ai'e extant: the "Supplices," the
"Persffi," the "Seven against Theties," the '• Prometheus
Vinctus," and the Orestean trilogy, consisting of the
"Agamemnon," "Choephori," and " i;unienides."
.Ssculapius (es-lm-la'pi-us), or Asklepios (as-
kle'pi-os). [Gr. ;\(iK/l;;OT/<f.] In Greek mythology,
the god of medicine, son of Apollo ami Curonis.
He was killed with a thundert)olt by Zeus, Iiecuiise fliito
complained that Hades was being depopulated. ,\t the
request of Apollo, he was, after death, placed among the
stars. He is commonly represented as an old man with
a beard, his usual attribute being a staff with a serpent
coded around it. The common offering to him was a
cock.
Aeshma Daeva (ii-csh'mji dii-ii'va). The de-
mon of anger in Avcstan mythology, identified
with the Asmodeus of the Book of Tobit.
.Ssir (a'sir). The collective name for the gods
of Scandinavian mj'thology. There were 12
gods and 26 goddesses, dwellers in Asgard.
.£son (e'son). [Gr. Atmjr.] In Greek legend,
the father of Jason, and stepbrother of Pelias,
who excluded him from his share of the king-
dom of Thessaly. When Peliaa, on the repiuted re-
turn of the Argonauts, attempted to kill him, he com-
mitted suicide. According to Ovid, he was rejuvenated
by ilcdca after the retiu'ii of the Argonauts.
.£sop, or Esop (e'sop). [Gr. Ai(7urof,L. Ji.w/)Hs.]
1. According to tradition, a Greek fabulist of
the 6th century B. c, represented as a dwarf
and originally a slave. .Samos and other places
claimed the lionor of being his birthplace. After obtaining
his frecilolu lie visited Lydia and Greece. Of the so-enlled
fatdesof .'Ksttp there hav<- lieeii several editions : but they
are all spurious. Iiidrcd, be is ]irolialtIy not a historical per-
sonage. "Some of the fal)lesattiilinted to him are drawn.
from Egyptian sources older by eiglit hundred years than
the famous dwarf who is supposed to have invented
them. Tlie fable of 'The I.icui and the Mouse' was dis-
covered by Dr. Brilgseh in an Egyptian papyrus a few
years ago. 'The Dispute i>f theStoniaeh and the Mem-
tiers ' hius yet iiuu-e recently been Idcntitled by Pro-
fessor Maspero with an ancient Egyptian original."
(l'Jtttt'arti.t, I'liaraohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 'J-J;l.) He was repre-
sented in later art as deformed, "jierbaps to indicate
his nearer approach to the lower atiimals and his pecu-
liar sympathy for their habits. Such is the cotice|>tit>u
of the famous statue now in the Villa .Alliaui at Koine."
2. A Greek historian of the 7lh or 8th century
A. D., author of a life of Alexander the Gretil.
.£sop, ClodiUS. A Rottian tragic actor, a con-
liiiipor:irv titid intinialc friend of Cicero, re-
garded by Horace iind others as the etpial of
the great actor Roscius.
.Sstii (es'ti-i). See the extract.
Norlhof the Sl,av8,and iiitltnatelyconnccled with them,
the Prusso- Lettish branch of languages was situated;
these trifles are tlrst ni<-iitioned as the .Kslii of Taci-
tus (e, 4rt) on the aml)er coast, then as the (ialinda) and
Snilini of Ptolemy, the neiL'blioniK i^f the Veneda-. Mul-
lenhoff makes it probable that "the stock collectively
spread from Hie south or south-east, so that the swampy
i£stii
district of the Pripet was once its natural boandaiy to
the soutll, and the original basis of its (iilfiision."
Schrailer, Aryan Peoples it r. 1)> Jevons). p. 428.
iEthelbald(ath'el-bald), orEthelbald (eth'cl-
bald). Died 757. Kiug of the Mercians from
716 (718 ?) to 7.57, son of Alweo, grandnephew of
Peuda, and suece.ssor of Ceolred. He wiis acknoiv.
ledged overlord of the English as far as the 11 umber, 7:il ;
took the VVest-Saxou town of Son»crt*in, Taj ; nivaged
Northumbi ia. 74il ; was defeated lij his West-Saxon uuder-
king, Cuthred. at the l)attle of Burford, 7.v» ; and was killed
l>v liis ealdornien, ~57.
.ithelbald, or Ethelbald. King of the West
Saxons S5S-8()0, son of ^Ethelwulf. He married
his father's widow, Judith of Franee, who on his death re-
turned to Krance and married Baldwin, afterward eount
of Klanders. Fromtliis last union wasdesceuded .Matild:i,
wife of William the Conqueror.
.ffithelberht (ath'el-tierHt ), or Ethelbert (eth'-
el-bert), Saint. Born 552 (?): died Feb. 24,
616. King of Kent from 560 to 616, son of
Eonnenric. and great -grandson of Hengist. He
was defeated l)y tlic West Saxons under ("eawliu and Cu-
thn at the battle of Wimbledon, 668 : married Bertlia or
Bercia. a cliristian princess, daughter of Chariiiert. king
of the Franks; gradually established his overloidsliip
over the F.iiglish south of the Humber after the death iif
Ceawlin, ^&:i ; received St. Augustine at the Isle of Tlianet,
5!I7; and was converted and vigorously supported Angus
tine. He issued the first of the Anglo-Saxon codes, (WO.
.Sthelberht, or Ethelbert. King of the West
Saxons ,S(;il-K()6, sou of vEtlioUvulf.
.Sthelburh (ath'el-born), L. EthelbuTga (eth-
el-ber'gji). Saint. Dicd676(f)- Abbess of Bark-
ing, Essex. She is eommemoratcd on Oc-t. 11.
.ffitbelflaed (ath'el-flad), or Ethelfleda (eth'el-
rte-dii). Died in 918 (f). The eUU-st daiigliter
of King Alfred, she married Ethelred, ealdomian of
the .Mercians. During his life they had equal rule, and
after his death, in nil or 912, she was sole ruler. She is
known ;is '■ the Lady of the Mercians,"
.ffithelfrith (ath'el-frith), or Ethelfrid (eth'-
el-frid), or .^dilflld. Died 617. King of the
Northumbrians from 593 to 617, son of -Ethel-
ric, whom ho succeeded. He defeated Aidan (.«■
han) at the battle of Da?gsastan (probably DawstoneX 003;
defeated the Welsh at the battle of Chester, 613, massa-
cring about twelve hundred of the two thousand monks
from Bangor Yscoed, who were praying for the success of
the Welsh ; and was defeated and killed by Rxdwald at
the battle of the Idle, 617.
,£thelred (atli'el-rad), or Ethelred (eth'el-
red), or Ethered (eth'e-red), I. King of the
West Saxons from 866 to 871, son of .^Ethel-
wuK.
/Ethelred, or Ethelred, n. Born 968: died at
London, A])ril 23, 1016. King of England, sur-
named "The Unready" ('lacking counsel'), son
of Edgar and Elfrida, He succeeded to the throne
979, instituted the payment .of ''danegeld" 991, ordered
a general massacre of the Danes HX)2, was deposed 1013,
and was restored 1014.
,£thelstan. Sec Alliclstun.
.aithelwulf (ath'cl-wulf), or Ethel-ssrulf (eth'-
el-wiilf ), or Athulf. Died Jan. 13 (June 13?),
858. An .\iiglo-Saxon king, son of Ecgberht
(king of WcssfX, ruler of Sussex, Kent, and
Essex, and ovi-rlord of Mercia, East Anglia,
Northuinbria, Wales, and Strathclyde), whom
he succeeded in 839. In 842 he was defeated by the
Danes at Charmouth, but in 8.')! repulsetl them with great
slaughter at tickley in Surrey. In 8,'»6 he married a sec-
ond wife. ,Jtnlith, the daughter of Charles the Bald. The
West .Saxons revolted under his sou .-Ethelbald to whom
he surrendered the government of Wessex, retaining only
his overlordship.
iEther(e'ther). [Gr. Ai*/p. ] In Greek mythol-
ogy, the son of Chaos and Darkness, and the
brother of Night, Day, and Erebus ; or, accord-
ing to Hesiod, the son of Erebus and Night,
and the brotl)er of Day. By Day he was the father
of Land. Heaven, and .Sea; by Earth, of the (Hants and
Titans anil the vices which destroy the human race. .Ac-
cording to the Orphic h)Tnn8, he is the soul of the
world from which all life springs. In later times he was
reganled as the broad expanse of heaven, the aiiode of
the g.Ms,
.Ethiopia. See Ethiopia.
.£thiopica. See Tlnagcues and Cliarirtea.
.Sthiopis {e-ihi'o-pis\ or Lay of -Ethiopia. A
Greek epic poem of the Trojan cycle, by Arctiuus
of Miletus, the oldest certainly known epie poet
(about 776 B. c, ) : so named from one of its heroes,
Memnon the .Ethiopian, it was a continuation of
the Iliad, reaching "from the death of Hector to that of
Achilles, and telling of the arrival of the Am;i2ous and
the ^.Klhiopians to aid Troy."
Aetians. See Aetiiis and Anomceans.
Aetion (a-e'shi-on). [Gt. Wcrluv.'] A noted
Greek painter, probably a contemporary of
Apelles. His picture of the "Marriage of
Alexander and Roxana" was famous in an-
tiquity.
Aetius (a-e'shi -us), or Actios (-os). fGr. 'At'r/of.]
Born at Antioch, in f'lele-Syria : <iied at Con-
stantinople, 367 A. D. A Syrian theologian, sur-
18
named "The Atheist," the founder of a sect of
extreme Allans, called Aetians from him, Eimo-
mians from his disciple Euuomius, and Ano-
mteans. The Aetians "were the first to carry out the
doctrines of Arius to their legitimate issue, and in oppo-
sition both to Horaoousians and Uoinoiousians maintained
that the Sou was utitike, iidfjoiot, the Father " (whence
the name AnomceansX
Aetius. Born at Durostorus (Silistria) about
396 : killed at Rome, 454. A Roman general,
commander-in-chief under Valentinian III.
He gained many victories over the West Goths, Franks,
Burgundians, and other northern invaders, and is famous
for his victory over Attila. near Chalons-sur-Marne, 451.
He was put to death by the emperor.
Aetius, Born at Amida, Mesopotamia : flour-
ished about 500 A. D. A Greek writer, author
of a medical work in sixteen books (Latin
translation 1542). Though essentially a compilation,
it is one of the most valuable books of antiquity on
medicine.
.£tna (et'nS). A Latin didactic poem errone-
ously attributed to Vergil. It combats the
popular mythical theory of the causes of vol-
canic action.
.£tlia, Mount. See Etna.
.£tolia (e-to'li-a), or Altolia (i-to'li-ii). [Gr.
Airu/./n.] In ancient geography, a tlistrict of
Greece, bounded by Epirus and Thessaly on the
north, Doris on the northeast, Locris on the
east and southeast, the Corinthian Gulf on
the south, and Aearnania on the west. It now
forms part of the nomarchy of Aearnania and
*5Dtolia.
.£tolian League (e-to'li-an leg). A confeder-
acy of Greek tribes whose constitution was
copiedfromthat ofthe Achaean League, itwaged
war .against Macedon 3'23 B. c, against the Gauls 279, and
against the Achajan League 220, and was allied with Rome
211-192. It was dissolved in 167 B. c.
AfanasiefT (ii-fii-na'si-ef), Aleksandr. Bom
1826: died 1871, A Russian archteologist,
author of "Russian Popular Stories," "Poeti-
cal Views of the Old Slavonians about Na-
ture," etc.
Afar and Afar country. See Danakil and
Danakil cnuntnj.
Afer (a'fer). Domitius. Born at Nimes, France :
tiled 60 A. D. A Roman orator, a teacher of
Quintilian. in a. i». '26 he conducted the accusation
for the government against Claudia Pulchra, the cousin
of Agrippina, and in A. D. 27 appeared against Varus
Quintilius, her son.
Ajffenthal (iif'fen-tiil). A village near Baden,
in Baden, noted for its red wine.
Affre (af'r), Denis Auguste. Born at St.
Rome, Tarn, France, Sept, 27, 1793: died at
Paris, June 27, 1848. A French ecclesiastic,
appointed archbishop of Paris in 1840. He was
mortally wounded in the insurrection of 184S, at the barri-
cades, June '25, while attempting to admonish the in-
surgents.
Afghanistan (af-gan-is-tan')- A country of
Asia, bounded by Asiatic Russia and Bokhara
north, India and Kafiristan east, Baluchistan
south, and Persia west, and extending from
about lat. 29° to 37° 30' N., and long, 61° to
< 2° E. The limits of the ameer's rule ai-e ill dellned.
The chief divisions are Kal)nl, Herat, Kandahar, Afghan
Turkestan, and Jelalaliad. The Ameer of Kabul is its
alisolute sovereign. The prevailing religion is Moham-
medanism. Afghanistan became independent of Persia
under the Durani dynasty in 1747. Under its ruler, l>o»t
Mohammed, war broke out witli the British in 1838,
The latter captured Kandahar, (ihazni, and Kabul (1839),
establishing a new ameer; !)ut in 1841 the British a^ent
was massacred, and the lliitish army was antiillilated
in 1842 in retreating in the Kurd-Kabul Pass. Gen-
eral pollock eniled the war in 1S42. In 1878, under the
ameer Shcre All, war a;.'ain broke out with the British,
who captured Jelalabad and K:indahar. Shere Ali fled,
and Vakub Khan was proclaimed in 1879. A massacre of
the British resident at Kabul was followed by an invasion
under General Roberts, and Yakub Khan abdicated. The
latter's brother Ayub Khan in 1880 defeated the British
forces, l)Ht undertieneral Roberts they relieved Kand.diar
in 1880, defeated Ayub Khan, and recognized Abdurrah-
man Khan as ameer. Various disputes arose regarding
the boundary between Afghanistan and the Russian pos-
sessions. The Russians seized Penjdeh in 188.1, and war
was narrowly averted. An Anglo-Russian commissi.)n
arranged the delimitation of the northern frontier in
1886-87. Recent occurrences have been revolts of the
Ghilzais and other tril)es. Area (estimated), 27n,f)0() sipmre
mdes. I'opulation (estimated), 4,0(10,000, including the
Afghans proper, Pathans, Uindkis, Hazaras, Kataghans
etc.
Afghan Turkestan. A region between the
Oxus and the Hindu-Kush Mountains, subject
to the Ann cr of Kabul : a vague term.
Afghan wars. British wars with Afghanistan
in lH.'!,S-42 and 187.t-.S0. .See .tffihnnistiin.
Afghan (af'gan). 1. One of an Iranian race
forming a large part (about 3,000,000) of the
inhabitants of Afghanistan. The native name
is Pushtanah (jd.).— 2. One of the languages
of the Aryan family, spoken by the Afghans or
Africa
natives of Afghanistan, and called by them
Pushtu or I'uklitu.
Afinger (iif'ing-er), Bernhard. Born at Nu-
remberg, Bavaria, May 6, 1813 : died at Berlin,
Dec. 25, 1882. A noted German sculptor.
Afium-Karahissar (ii-fS-om'kii-ra'his-sUr'), or
Karahissar. [Turk., -black castle of opium.']
A town in the vilayet of Kliodowendikyar, Asi-
atic Tiu-key, about lat. 38° 38' N., long. 30° 28'
E. : the native city of Othman, founder of the
Turkish empire. Near it is the site of the an-
cient Synnada. Population, 20,000 (?).
Afranius (a-fril'ni-us), Lucius. A Roman
comic poet, an imitator of Menander. living
about 100 B. c. Fragments of his works are
extant.
Afranius Nepos, Lucius. A Roman general,
an adherent of Pouipey. He was consul 60 b, a,
was opposed to Csesar in Spain 49 B. c, and died in Africa
46 B. C.
Afrasiab (a-fra-si-ab'). In the Shahnamah,
son of the Turaman king Pesheng and a de-
scendant of Tur, the son of Feridun, The obliga-
tion to blood-revenge for the death of Eraj, who had been
kilted by Tur and his brother Salm, was the ground of the
long struggle between Iran and Turan. A great part of
the Shahnamah is taken up with the account of the wars
waged by .Afrasiab with Iranian sovereigns until he at last
escapes from Hom, who had bound him, into the lake of
Urumiah. As Afrasiab is induced to raise his head above
the waters, he is caught with a lasso by Hom, who gives
him over to Kaikhosrav, who beheads him. Afrasiab is
the Franrasyan of the .\ vesta.
Africa (af'ri-ka), [F, Afrique, G. Afrika, Sp.
It. Pg. Africa, L. Africa (whence Gr. 'A^piKt/,
the prop. Gr. term being Xijiir/, Libj-a), prop. adj.
(se. terra), from Afer (pi. Afri), an inhabitant
of Africa, orig. with reference to the country
of the Carthaginians, from whom the term was
received,] 1. A continent of the eastern
hemisphere, next to Asia the largest grand
division of the world, bounded by the Medi-
terranean on the north (which separates it
from Europe), the Isthmus of Suez (which con-
nects it with Asia), the Red Sea (which sepa-
rates it from Asia), and the Indian Ocean on
the east, the Southern Ocean on the south, and
the Atlantic on the west. It extends from lat. 37"
20' N. to lat. 34° 60' S., and from long. 17° 31' W. to long.
51° 22' E Its principal political divisions are Morocco,
Algeria, Tunis, Tripoli, Barca, Fezzan, Egypt, the Mahdi's
dominions (in the eastern Sudan), Abyssinia, the Italian
possessions, British East Africa, German East Africa, Brit-
ish protectorates in the interior, the Portuguese posses-
sions on the east and west coasts, British South Africa
(Cape Colony, Natal, etc.), the Orange Free State, the
South African Republic, the German possessions in west
Africa (Kanierun, Togo-land, Damaraland, etc.), the Kongo
Free State, the French Kongo, the British possessions in
west Africa (Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, etc.), the French
sphere of influence in western Africa (including the west-
ern Sahara), Senegal, Liberia, the Spanish coast, and
various native states in the Sudan (Banibarra, Gando,
Sokoto, Bornu, Adamawa, Wadai, etc.). The more dis-
tinctive physiographic features of the continent are to be
found in the Atlas Mountains, the Sahara, the great equa-
torial forests, the lake regiitn (.\Ibert Nyanza, Victoria
Nyanz:i, Tanganyika, etc.), and in the south-centnd pla-
te.au. Principal rivers : Nile, Kongo, Niger, and Zambesi
(with the Victoria Falls, the "African Niagara"). .-Vfrica
h;is at least one active volcano, the ilf umbiro ; highest ele-
vation of the land, the glacier-covered volcanic Kiliman,
jaro. Its inhabitants are chiefly of the negro race, with
Kaflrs, Hottentots, Copts, Arabs, Moors, Berbers, and some
Europeans. The prevailing religions are Mohammedan-
ism, various forms of paganism, the Coptic Church, and
the Abyssinian Church. The name " Dark Continent " has
been given to it as the least-kn()wn of the earth's grand
divisions. Its northern portions were early seats of civil-
ization, and part of the Roman Empire ; but much of its
interior is still unexplored. It was circumnavigated by
the Phenicians as early as the 7th century B. c. Coast-line
exploration was undertaken by the Portuguese in the mid-
dle of the l.Mli century, and the Cape of Good Hope was
doubled liy Da Gama (1497). Explorations (interior) have
been made since the last p.art of the 18th century by Bruce,
Mungo Park, Hornemann, Burckhardt, Denham, Clapper-
ton, Lander, (ludney, Rel)niann, Barth, Richardson, Over-
weg. Vogel, Livingstone, Burton. Sjjeke, Grant, Baker,
Stanley, Schweinfurth, Mauch, Nachtigal. De Brazza, Ho-
lub, Wissmann, Serpa Pinto, Cameron, Rohlfs, Lenz, Du
chaillu. Emin Pasha, and others. Recent events are the
founding of tile Kongo Free State, and the partitioning
among various powers (Great Britain, France, Germany,
Portugal. Italy, Spain, etc.)of immense districts especially
ill the interior and along the cistern and western coasts :
this so called " scramtile for Africa" liegan about 1SS4.
(See S/ilu-n'n uf Inii'ienn-.) The length of Africa is 4,970
miles, its breadth' aliont 4.700 miles, its area (estimated,
Petermann), ll,.'i0g,793 square miles, and its population
(estimated, Petermann's), l(a,n53,0OO.
[African names. Iti most purely African languages
the names of tribes, languages, and countries, as first
heard and written by travelers, colonists, authors, and
cartographers, appeal not in their naked form, but adorned
with prefixes or suftixes, which distinguish the name of
one memlier of the tribe from many, the tribe from the
language, and the country from both tribe and language.
Strictly speaking, the only correct way would be to use
the prefixes and suffixes as the natives do. This, however,
is impossible, because the languages are not yet suffl-
Africa
clcntly known, and because a specialist alone could mas-
ter the great variety uf preHxen and sulHxes. Tlierefure
Ur Upsiiis and Dr. R. N. Cust, and many after them,
prefer to use the stein of the word, as it may he aseer-
tahied, and add tu it, respectively, ■ man, "men,' ' tribe,'
"lanuuace," "country." Thus, Gaiula man (instead of
MmrulaX Oaiula tribe or peiipie (instead of ISa-ijanila),
Uaiula lawiuaijr (instead of Lu-tjatuia), and Uaiuia-laml
(insUad ut' Itu ijaiuia). Uijatula, as generally written, is
the Suahili form of Biigaiula. In this dictionary the
tribe and the dialect will generally be found iinilcr one
name, the word stem. In the case of sullixes, which are
used in a tew .Mgritie and in the Hottentot and Haniilic
languages, there is no difflculty ; for the initial syllabUs
are not allected, and can he readily found in the diction-
ary Thus in Mandi-wjn, of the Nigritic branch, the stein
Is ilttiuli or Maiutr, and -m" is a suftlx. In the Hottentot
name .Vama-qua, the suthx -qua signitlcs ])Cople or tribe ;
and it is better to say .Varna tribe or pfnpU. The great-
est dilfleulty is met with in the Bantu languages, where
every noun has a prefix for the singular and another for
the plural. The following rules will be found useful : In
a general way, ami in cases of di>ubt, the prefix J/»- may
be considered to signify 'person ' (man, woman, or child)
Ba- or Wa- to signify people, U- Ut signify country, and
Ki- to signify language. Thus, Ma-ffor/n, a Gogo man ;
Wa'ii"lo. Cogo people; [T-i/ww, Oogo-land ; Ki-gugo, (logo
lang'uage. lient rally speaking, too, the plural prefix
Ama- (fortriliu) is used among the Kafirs in .South Africa,
Ova- In West .Africa, between Benguella and Walfisch Bay,
A- or Akiia- from Loanda to the Lunda country, EM-
(Exi\ BaM; and lieiui- from the Kongo district of An-
gola due east to Nyangwe, Ba- in the Kongo basin and
central Africa generally. Wa- in East Africa. The pre-
fixes of most freiiuent occurrence, in proper names, are:
Man : .>/«-. Um-, Mn., M- : seldom Ki-, TshU, Ka-, Mushi-,
Muktia-. People: Bo-, Wa-, Om-, A-, Ma-, Ama-; seldom
/-, Tu; KM- or Bathi-, Akua-. Language: Jit-, Tshi-,
Shi-, Si-, Se- ; seldom U-, Lu-, Di-. Land : Bu-, U- ; sel-
dom Le-.
19
Agassiz, J. L. B.
Examples :
Ganda :
Luha:
Owamtm :
8ut»:
Mhaiiflttlii
M hii null :
Laiip-:
NKi.ra:
Man.
M-KRncIa,
Mii-liitia.
Mo-gwnniba,
M<>-«ut>i,
Ri-niliaiignla.
ii-t«IU-iiibiiiidu,
MuHlii-lniiR'.-.
Mtikna-iigola.
People.
Ba-gaiida,
Ba-liiha,
Wa-p'gu.
Language.
Lu-gumla,
Ki-luba.
Klg..,
Mft-RWariiba, Slii-nwainba.
Ba-toitu, Si'-fiit'i.
I-nibangttlB. r-iiiliniigula.
Ovi-iiibundu. U-mliiiiidii.
lifuilii-lnngi-, Kialii-liiiige.
hIh, *"'
Land.
BuiEranda.
U-IiiW
U-K"g"-
Akua-ugi'lu. Di-ngi'lo.
African languages. (Hir knowledge of African lan-
guages is not j-L't sufficient to warrant a final, or even
a KciK-rally acceptable, classiflcation. Specialists contra-
dict each otluT as soon as they becin to classify. The
EnKlish-spfakiiik' putdic still holds to the temporaiy clus-
Bitlcation of Ur. R. X. Cust in his " Modem Languages of
Africa." which is simply that of Fr. Miillerin his "Grund-
riss der .Sprachwisscnschaft." German Africanists show,
of late, a preference for tliat of Dr. I.epsins in the intro-
duction to his "Grammar of Nuba." Somewhat modi-
fied, (his will probably be that of the future. Our cl:issi-
flcatiiM) tries to combine the nomenclature of Dr. Cunt,
generally followed in Englishbooks, with the facts, which
give more support to the system of Lepsius. The main
question is about the relation of Bantu and Negro.
I. Purely African languages.
(1) Negro liinj^Uiiges:
Sa) Bantu latiKUuges (pure).
b) Nigritic or Sudan-negro languages (mixed),
c) Nuba-Fulah or i'ul languages (mixed).
(2) Hottcntxjt, Bushmen, or Batua languages :
(a) Hottentot langunges, / . j,^,,^,, ^^^.^^
(6) Bushmen languiigea, 3
(c) l*ygmy languages, in central Africa.
<3) Hamitic languages :
(o) Egyptian.
ib) Libyan or Berber languages.
(c) Ethiiipian or Kushitic languages.
II. Extra-African languages.
(1) Semitic languages :
(a) I'ure Arabic (Egyptian, Maghreb, Sudani, and Mub-
cat dialects),
(ft) Mixed (Amharic, Tigr(5, etc.).
(2) Malay languages (Madagascar).
(3) Aryan languages.
(o) English, in South Africa and Liberia. \ «„_.
French, in Algeria. 5 ^^^^
(fr) Creole dialects.
Mediterranean Lingua Kranca.
English Creole (in West Africa, Kru-EngUsh).
Portuguese Creole (Cape Verde Islands ; S. Thom6
and Principe Islands).
Dutch Creole (IJoera and Hottentots).
In the English, Portuguese, and Dutch Creoles, the word-
store is European ; much of the phonology, inori)hology,
and syntax is African. For the Semitic and Malay lan-
guages, see Anibic. jVn/f7,i/-/'"i.V»W"'i«»- For the purely
African languages, see liatittL, Nit/ritir. Hamitic. Xuha-
Fulah. Huttrntot. African ethnography, owing tothe
scantiness of etbno^'iapbic data, tlu- lint:uist jc tlivision <jf
Africa is also generally ajiplicd to the ethnographic chissi-
flcation. It should, however, be remembered that the two
do not cover each other exactly cither within a family or
group, or fnun class to class, Tlius the Hottentots of I'apc
Colony have loMt I heir original dialect, and adopted Dutch.
The Ba-Kotse, on the /.ambesi, have htst their language
and adopted the Se-chuanadialectof tjie Ma-Kololo. Tlie
Nuba of Kg>pt, while retaining many charucleristies of
their language, have lost nearly all their racial traits,
while, on the contrary, the llaiisa have given up almo^^t
every trace of their lirst mother-tongue, but arc still, ra-
cially pure negroes. As a rule, tlie names of Afrbiui
tribes and Ianguagt;» or dialects, if strijijied of jirelixcs
and sulhxcs, eolneide, iin<l will be found under one title
in this dictitinary. Sec lUtntu, Si'jritir, Huttrtitnt^ UamiHr,
SiOm-Fulah ; also African naiiu^x and African lantntnijru. ]
2. In juiciriit ;^'(M)j^r!L]thy, a psirt of iiortlicni Af-
ri(';i which <'nrr«'S|ioiHlc<l ni'arly to tlio modern
TuiiiH. It coiniirisiMl tlie iiniufMlinlc dominions
of Carthage. LatiT it was a Koman proviiivt'.
North Africa— thconlyAfricaknown to theanciontB— Agades (il'fja-dez). The capital of the sultan-
had seen many rulers come and go since the Arabs under J^,^. „]■ As})en (or Air), in Africa, about lat. 17*^
Okba tli-st overran it.s plains and valleys. Dynasty had ^ , ^q ^-z v Poniilntidii nltniit 7 OOn
succeeded dynasty; the Arab governors under the Kb;i. .^•' ^"">/ ' ^^ f^- i'opuiaiion, aooni ^UUU.
Ufa of Damascus and Baghdad had made room for the Agag (a gag). [Heb, ; of uncertaui meaning.]
Houses of Idria (A. h. 76W) and Aghlab (H(Xf); these in 1, Au Amalekite king, Spared by Saul, contrary
turn had given way to the Fatinii Kbalifs (1*<J*J); and when .... , - .. . .
tliese schismatics removed their seat of power from their
newly founded capital of Mahdiya to their final metropo-
lis of Cairo (;n>'^), their western empire speedily split up
into the several princedoms of the Zeyris of Tunis, the
Beni Hamniad of Tilinisan. and other minor govermiienta.
At the close of the eleventh century, the Murabits or Al-
moravides, a Berber dynasty, impost-d their authority over
the greater part of North Africa and Spain, tmt gave place
in the middle of the twelfth to the Muwahhids or Ahntj-
liades. whose rule extended from the Atlantic to Tunis,
and endured fur over a hundred years. On the ruins of
their vast empire three sepai-ate and long-lived dynasties
spiang up: the Beni-Hafs in Tunis {1228-1534), the Beni
Ziyan in Central Maghrib (l'23r»-14(Ht). and the Beni Merin
in Morocco (l'2iK>-l.">5ft). To complete the chronology it
may be added that these were succeeded in the sixteenth
century by the Corsair J'ashas (afterwards Deys) of Algiers,
the Turkish Pashas or Beys of Tunis, and the Sherifs or
Emperors of Morocco. The last still continue to reign ;
but the Deys of Algiers have given place to the French,
and the Bey of Tunis is under French tutelage.
Poole, Story of the Barbary Corsairs, p. 21.
3. A diocese of the later Roman prefecture of
Italy. It comprised the Roman provinces of Africa. Nu-
midi'a, and a part of Mauritania, and corresponded to
modern Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli.
4. See the extract.
Africa meant to the Arabs the province of Carthage
or Tunis and its capital, which was not at first Tunis but
successively Kayrawan and ilah<iiya. Throughout the
later middle ages the name Africa is applied by chris-
tian writers to the latter city. Here it was that in VS'M)
a " grand and noble enterprise" came to an untimely end.
'The Genoese,'" says Froissart. "bore great enmity to this
own ; for its Corsairs frequent ,
when strongest fell on and plundered their ships, carrj-ing
their spoils to this town of Africa, which was and is now
their place of deposit and may be called their warren." It
was "beyond measure strong, surrounded by high walls,
gates, and deep ditches."
Poole, Story of the Barbary Corsairs, p. l.'il.
to his vow. and slain by order of Samtxel. 1
Sam. XV. — 2. A character in Dryden's "Absa-
lom and Achitophel," a satire of Sir Edninnd
Berry Goilfrcy, a magistrate who received the
declaration of Titus Gates. He was afterward
found in a ditch dead and mutilated, hence the
allusion (see def. 1).
Agamemnon (ag-a-mem'uon). [Gr. ^A)afiifivuv.'\
1. In Greek legendary history, the son of
Atreus, king of Myeena?, and the most power-
ful ruler in Greece, lie led the Greek expedition
against Troy, and on his return was slain, according to
Homer, by .kgisthus, according to .-tlscbylus, by his wife
Clytemnestra, who was incited to the deed partly by
jealousy of Cassandra, and partly through fear on account
of her adultery with .Kgisthus.
2. The greatest of the tragedies of ..^^schylus.
The scene is laid in Argos, in the palace of Agamemnon,
at the time of the king's return from the capture of Troy ;
the catastrophe is the murder (behind the scenes) of
Agamemnon and Cassandra (whom he has brought captive
with him) by the queen Clytemnestra urged on by her
paramour .Kgisthus. Tragedies with this subject have
been written also by Seneca, Alfieri, and Lemercier.
Agamenticus (ag-a-men'ti-kus), Mount. A
hill, 67;J feet high, in York County, near the
southwestern extremity of the State of Maine.
The locality was the site of one of the earliest English
colonies in Maine, led by Gorges and others, in 1631.
Agana (ii-ga'nyil). The principal place in the
Ladrones, Pacific Ocean, situated on the island
__^ ^ of Guahan.
t^iwn : for its Corsairs frequently watched them at sea, and Aganippe (ag-a-nip'e). [Gr. ^Ayavimrj].'] In an-
._ *e^,. . „i.,.,.^.,„„j n,.>... .!,..„, ««..™...n, ^-^^.^^ geography, a fountain near Mount Heli-
con, in Bo-otia, Greece, sacred to the Muses.
It was believed to inspire those who drank of it, and it
gave the name '* Aganippides" to the Muses. See Helicon,
Agape (ag'a-pe). [Gr. ajarr;/. love,] In Spen-
ser's ''Faerie Queene," a fay, the mother of
three knights born at a birth, for whom she
obtained the gift that if one were killed his
strength should pass into the remaining bro-
tliers or brother.
Africaine (af-ri-kau'), L'. An opera by Mey-
erlK'er, produced at the Aead^mie in Paris,
April 28, 18(55, after his death.
African International Association. See
African'warT'The. The war between Julius Agapetus (ag-a-pe'tus) I. [Gr.^>-'/i:f;> Ij^"
rSandTh.folk,wers of Porapey, who had lovedj Pope frora June 535 to Apnl, 53b,
11 t 1 • ti, „„„;.,„„ „f Af..;„r, oftu,. t'h,, sou or Gordianus, a Komau priest. Ilf went to
collceted in the province ot Africa attei the f.„„gt„„ti le i„ 53,5. and there deposed Anthin.us the
defeat of Pharsaha 48 B. C, and were over- Eutychian, patriarch of Constantinople. The Roman
tlirowii at Thapsus 46 B. C. Churcli celebrates his festival Sept. 20.
Africans, The. A pastoral by Colman the Agapetus II. Pope from 946 to 955, a Roman
younger, produced in 1808. by birth.
Africanus (af-ri-ka'nus), Sextus Julius. A Agapida (a-ga-pe'THa), Fray Antonio
The
Christian historian of the first half of the 3d
century A. D., author of a treatise on chro-
nology, fragments of which are extant (chiefly
in Eusebius).
Afrikander (iif-re-kan'der). The Dutch word
for "African ": a name given to whites born in
South Africa, particularly to those of Dutch
descent.
Afrikander Bund (af-re-kiin'der biint), or
Bond (bond). A South African association
founded in 1879 (and under tlie present name
in 188(1), which aims not only at the furtherance
of Afrikaiidorinflueuce,but atthoultimato com-
ficti'tious writer to whom Washington Irving
originally attributed the authorsnip of the
"Conquest of Granada."
Agard, or Agarde (a-gard'), Arthur. Bom
at Foston. Derbyshire, 1.540: died at l.ondon,
Aug. 22, 1615. An English antiquary, clerk in
the Exchequer, and (1603) deputy chamberlain.
He prepared catalogues of state papers, compiled a list of
all the leagues, treaties of peace, " inlercoui-ses," and mar-
riafies airaiiKed lietween Eiipland and otller countries
down to tlie end of the 16th ecntnry, and wrote a Latin
treatise on the Doomsday Book. lie bequeathed liis nu-
merous MSS, partly to the Exchequer and partly to his
friend Kobert C^otton. Most of them are now in th6
Itritish Museum.
a— /i.»\ i tf » l,lilltllnill yii'.ji.,, V ,v..
/92). secretary or . jt t»- 1 a j if r>
(1796), and professoV of Agardh, Karl Adolf. Born a
died Jan. 30, 1837. A Swedish naturalist,demoii
strator of botany at Upsala_(1785), scientifit
explorer ill Sierra Ijeone
legation in Lomlon (
materia medica at Upsala (1812).
Afzelius, Arvid August. Born May G, 1785:
died at KnUiiping, Sept. 23, 1871. A Swedish
writer and scholar, noted as a collector of
Swedisli folk-songs. He was pastor at Enkii-
]iing after 1821.
Agahus (ag'a-bns). [Gr. 'k)a,Jor.] A prophet
and martyr of the early Christian church, sup-
]>osiil til have been one of the seventy disciples
nl' ( Mil'ist. In 4:1 A. I)., while Paul and Marimbas were
in Aiitiorh, he eanic fit»m .ludea to Antioell, where he
predicted tlie approach of a famine. (Acts xi. '27, *>.) He
is said to liave sulfered martyrdom at Antioch. and is
coniinemorated as a saint in the IJyzantinc Churcli on
Man-h S.
Agada (ag'a-dil). f Aramoan form of Hebrew
hiii/oilii. iiiirrative.] The naii»( given to one
(if till' two great divisions of jiost-biblieal
Hebrew literature. It denotes that portion of the
'I'aliiiudic literature not dov.ited to relii;loiis law: (bus
the exinctical and liomllethuil portions, fables, provertiH.
tile ctliics, as well as evcrythinc relatini: to natural
Beioiire and history, are included under the term Agatfa,
which is opiiosed Ui Ualacha, the le^al fKirtiuns.
Agade (a-gii'de). See Akhtd.
Alganim."
Plant arum'
Naturalis
Speei
'Theoria Systematis
(1858), etc.
t Bastad, Sweden,
ad, Sweden, Jan.
J8, 18.')9. A noted Swedish naturalist and
political economist, professor of botany and
economics at the University of Lund 1812, and
bishop of Carlstad 1834. His most Important
scicntillc works are •• Systema Algarum"(lS'24), "Icoiics
Algariini Europioarum" (lS'28-36), "Liirohok 1 Dotanik
(is:i()-:ii!).
Agasias (a-gas'i-as). [Gr.'Ajnirmf.] Asculjitor
of Kphcsus. AccordliiK tii the Inscription on the statue
he was tliu sculptor of the so-called HoikIusc (iladiator
(which see) in tlie Louvre. This inscription is In late
(Ireek characters which place the work at about the last
century of the Itoinan republic.
Agassiz ( ag'a-si ; !•'. |ii'.iii.ii-g:i-se' ), Alexander.
I!., Ill nl Neiieh.'ilej, Swit zerhiiid. Di'c. 17, 1S3.>.
,\ii American zoiilogisi and geologist, son of
J. L. 1>. Agassiz, ilireclor and curator of the
Museum of ( 'omiiaratlve Zoology of Harvard
lliiiversilv, Cninbridge. Mass.
Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe. Born at Mo-
tier, canton ot Kribourg. .Switzerland. May -8,
1807: dii'd at Cambridge. Mass., De.'. 14,
1873. A celebrated Swiss-American naturalist,
especially noted as a geologist (researcbes on
Agassiz, J. L, B.
glaciers) and it'hthyoloj;ist. He was made pro-
fessor of natural history at Ncucliatel in 1S32; studied
flie Aar glacier 1S4U-H ; came t« the I'nited States in
1S4G ; became professor of zoolojry and geology at Cam-
bridge in 1S4S ; traveled in the I'nited States, in Brazil
(\fna-m), and around Cape Horn (l»71-72). and heeame
curator of the Museum of Compai-ative Zoology at I'am-
hridge in Kh.'.i). He published " Keeherches snr les jwis-
Bons fossiles" (183:i-13), "Natural History of the Fresh-
water Fishes of Kurope" (1839-10), "Etudes sur les
glaciers" (1840), "Systeme glaclairc" (1847), "Contribu-
tions to the Natural History of the United States" (1867),
etc.
Agasti (a-gas'ti), or Agastya (a-gast ya). A
Kishi, reijutod autlior of a number o£ Vcdic
livmiis. He is said to have been the son of both Mitra
aiid Varnna by l'rv:isi, to have been born in a water-jar,
to have been of short stature, to have swallowed the
ocean and eompelled the Vindhya mountains to jaostrate
themselves before him (whence they lost their jirimeval
height), to have coiuiuered and civilized the south, and
to have been made regeut of the star I'anopus. He is most
prominent in tlie Kaniayana, where be dwells in a her-
mitage on Mount Kuujara and is chief of the herniits of
the south. In Tamil literature he is venerated as the llrst
teacher of science and literature to the primitive Uravidian
tribes.
AgatharcMdes (aK-a-thiir'ki-dez). [Gr. il)«Aip-
Xi(h/r.] Horn at Cuidos, Asia Minor : flourished
during tlie latter half of the 2d century B. c.
A Greek grammarian, author of several geo-
grajihical works. Of a part of one, "On the
fjrythnoau Sea," an extract is given by Pho-
tius. Also Aiiutharcus.
AgatharcllUS (ag-a-thar'kus). [Gr. 'AyaDapxo^.']
See A(/<ltll(ircllillc><.
Agatharchus. An Athenian painter of tlio 5th
century R. c, said by Vitruvius to have painted
a scene for a tragedy of J'isehylus, and thus
to have been the inventor of scene-painting.
Agatha (ag'a-thil), Saint. A Sicilian virgin
martjT (born at Palermo) put to death by Quin-
tianiis, the governor of Sicily, Feb. 5, 251, be-
cau.se she re.iected his iOicit advances. The Roman
and Anglic:ui churches celebrate her festival on that day.
.Slic is said to have been scourged, burnt with hot irons,
torn with hooks, and then placed on a bed of live coals
and glass.
Agathias (a-ga'thi-as). [Gr. 'AyaOiar.'] Born
at Myrina, Asia Minor, about 5iiC : died about
582. A Byzantine poet and historian, author
of a history of the period 552-558 (cd. by Nio-
buhr, 182.S").
Agatho (ag'a-tho), Saint, surnamed Thauma-
turgUS. Pope from June 27, 678, to Jan. 10,
C82: a native of Palermo, Sicily. He brought
about the sixth Erinnenical Council of Constantinople
in (W.', ill w hicli the Monothelito lieresy was condennied.
Agathocles (a-gath'6-klez), or Agathokles.
[Gr. :\ya(hK?Jir.] Born at Thermtp, Sicily, 301 ( ?)
B. o. : died 289 B. c. A Sicilian despot, tyrant
of Syracuse 317-289 B. c. He invaded Africa
in 310.
Agathon (ag'a-thou). [Gr. iVj'Wui'.] Born about
477 ». c. A (ireek (Athenian) tr.agic poet. lie
figures in the '•Symposium" of Plato, the
scene of which is laid in his house.
Agathon. A philosophical romance by Wie-
laiid, piiblisheil in 1700: so named from its chief
charaelor in which the author depicted himself.
Agathon. An unknown author referred to by
Chancer in the prologue to the "Legend of
(iood Women."
Agave (a-ga've). fGr. iVjnii/.] In Greek legend,
the ilaugliter of Cadmus, wife of the Spartan
Eeh ion. and mother of Peiitheus, king of Thebes,
whom she destroyed in a frenzy.
Agawam (ag'a-wom). A town in Hampden
County, Alassaehusetts, situated on the ('on-
necticut nearly opposite Sjiringfield. Popula-
tion ( 1K90), 2,352.
Agawam, See I'cmiacook.
Agbatana. Same as Echatana.
Agde (iigd). A town in the department of
Ileranlt, France, the ancient Agatha, on the
Herault near the Mediterranean, 29 miles south-
west of .Montjiellier. It was a colony of Massilia.
A council w:ls called here by Alaric II. in f>nc, and it has
often been sacked in the religious wars. It was held for
Bonie yeai-s by the Huguenots. Population (ISIUX 7,;J8D.
Aged P. See ll'rmmick.
Ageladas (a-.jera-das). [^Gr.'ApMSar.'] Flour-
ished 520—100 B. c. A Greek seuljitor, a native
of Argos, known chielly as the instructor of
the thri'c great sculptors of the 5th century n. c,
Myron, Pliidias, and Polycleitus. He probably
representeil more especially the severe forinnhD of the
Doric. IVloponncsian, i)r A rgive school whirb devoted itself
to the structure and pi-opiirtions of the pcrfertcd athlete.
In distinctitui from the more graceful and synipatlietic
loinc school already far atlvani-ed in Asia Minor and itortli-
ern Greece. Nothing now remains which can be traced
Ui his haiul. An inscription with Iris name h.as been dis-
covered atolympia.
Agelaus(aj-e-la'us). [Gr. Sij^Aoof.] In Greek
20
mythology: 1. A son of Heracles, and ances-
tor of Cruesus. — 2. A servant of Priam, who
exposed Paris on Mount Ida. — 3. The bravest
of the suitors of Penelope. He was one of the
last to be slain by Ulysses.
Agen (;i-zhon' ). The capital of the department
of Lot-et-Garonne, Prance, the ancient Agin-
num, on the Garonne about hit. 4-1° 13' N.,
long. 0° 39' E. It has a cathedral. It was the capi-
tal of the Nitiobriges, and later of the Agenois, and was
the scene of executions in the Albigensiau and Huguenot
wars. It is also notable as the birthplace of .Scaliger and
Lacepi-de. I'opulation (181)1), 23,-J34,
Agendicum (a-jen'di-kum). The ancient name
of Sens, France.
Agenois (a-zha-nwil'), or Ag^nais (a-zha-na').
A former district of France, comprised in the
modern department of Lot-et-Garonne.
Agenor (a-je'nor). [(ir.'A}'/iwp.'] 1. In Greek
legend: («) A king of Phoenicia, son of Posei-
don and Libya, and fatlier of Cadmus and Eu-
ropa. (ft) A sou of Phcgeus, king of Psophis
in Arcadia, one of the slayers of Alcma>on, slain,
in turn, by Alemfeou's son. (<•) A bravo 'Trojan
warrior, son of Antenor, «bo appears in the Il-
iad as a leader in the attack on the fortifications
of the (ireeks. He fought with and wounded Achilles,
and Apollo assumed his form in order to lead Acllilles
away from his pui'suit of the retreating Trojans.
2. The Greek name for Baal-Samen.
Age of Innocence. A noted painting by Sir
Joshua Reynolds, in the National Gallery, Lon-
don. It repi-esents a little girl seated on the
ground in a wooded landscape.
Ager (a'gir), Captain. A character in Middle-
ton and Rowley's play "A Fair QuaiTel," a
soldier of delicate and noble nature who makes,
in his consideration of a point of family honor,
a tine distinction between moral and physical
.courage.
Ageri (a'ger-i), or Egeri (a'ger-i). A small
valley in the eastern part of the canton of
.Zug, Switzerland.
Ageri, or Egeri, Lake of. A lake, about 3li
miles long, in the canton of Zug, Switzerland.
Its outlet is by the Lorze into the Lake of Zug.
Agesander (aj-e-sau'der), or Agesandros
(-dros). [Gr. 'Ay^aainlimc.} A Greek sculptor,
a native of Rhodes. With Athenodorus and
Polydorus of Rhodes be carved the Laocoon
(which see).
Agesilan of Colchos. The principal character
in the romance of that name in the eleventh
and twelfth books of " Amadis of Gaul."
Ag^silas (ii-zhii-se-las'). A tragedy by Cor-
iieiUe, produced in 1666.
Agesilaus(a-je-si-la'us)II.,orAgesilaos(-os).
[Gr. 'A;c/<7//aor.] Died in Egypt in the winter
of 301-300 B. c. King of Sparta from 399 to
301 B. c, a son of Ai'chidamus II. of the Eu-
rypontid line, by his second wife Eupolia, and
half-brolher of Agis II. whom he succeeded.
In 30G he came to the relief of the Asiatic Greeks against
Tersia, and in the following year defeated the satraps
Tissapbernes and Pharnabazus. In :i'.14, as he was prepar-
ing to enter the heart of the empire, he was called home
by the ephors to take part in the Corinthian wai", stirred
up against Sparta by Persian gold. In 394 he defeated
the troops of the allies at the battle of Coronea in Bo'otia.
In 3!)3 be ravaged Argolis, in 302 the Corinthian territory,
and in :ii)l reduced the Acarnanians. In 309 he main-
tained the tniwalled .Sparta against the attacks of four
armies. He was present at the battle of Alantincia in
302, ami in 3('l be crossed with a Lacedeemonian army of
mercenaries into Egypt.
Agger of Servius TuUius. [L. np<jcr, mound,
rampart.] An especially important stretch of
the Servian Wall of Rome, extending from the
Colline Gate, on the site of the present Minist ry
of Finance, across the low ground to the Es-
quiliiie Gate, 'adjoining the existing Arch of
Gallienus, at the foot of the Esquiline. In the
iniddle of the Agger there was a third gate, the Porta
Viminalis. The -Agger consisted of a great mound of
earth, in front of which there was a ditch 80 feet deep
and 100 wide. The mound had a very massive retaining-
wall in front, rising ») feet above the top of the ditch, anil
a lighter w:Ul at the back. An impressive length of the
front wall is standing, close to the railway-station.
Aggershus (iig'gei-s-hos). or Akershus ( ii'kers-
hos). An ami or jirovince of southeastern
Norwav. Area, 2,055 square miles. Population
ri891)," 99,111.
Aggtelek. See Agklck.
Aghasura (a-ghjl'so-r.a). ['The Asura or de-
mon Agha.'] In Hindu mythology, an asura
who was general of Ktmsa, Idiig of Mathura,
and second cousin of Krishna. He took the fonn
of a huge serpent, and Krishna's companions the cowherds
entered into its mouth, mistaking it for a cavern, Krishna
rescuing them.
Aghlabides. See Af/hihitcs.
Aghrerath (iigh're-rath). In the Shahnamah,
Agnes
the third son of the Turanian king Peslieng. He
fruitlessly tried to dissuade I'eshengfrom attacking Iran,
and Afnisiab from executing Nandar. He freed Naudar's
captive nobles, who had been sp-ared on bis entreaty and
were imprisoned at .Sari. For this he was killed by
Afrasiab.
Aghrim, or Aughrim (ag'rim). A village in
C'oimty Galway, Iiclantl, about 31 miles east of
Galway. Here, ,Tuly 12, 1C91, the English under Giukel
defeated the Irish and I'"rencb under Saint-lUith.
Agias (a'ji-as). [Gr. '.\;/ni:.] An ancient Greek
"cyclic" poet of Tra'zen (about 740 B. c),
author of the "Nostoi," or "Homeward Voy-
ages" of the AchiBan heroes from the siege of
Troy.
Agib (a'gib). 1. The third Calendar in the
story of "The Three Calendars" in the "Ara-
bian Nights' Entertainments." — 2. In the story
of Noureddin Ali and Bedredden Hassan in
" The Arabian Nights," a son of Bedredden
Hassan and the Queen of Beauty.
Agilolfinger (ii-gi-lol'fiug-er). The family of
the earliest dukes of Bavaria. The line began
about 590 (530 ?) and ended in 788.
Agilulf (a'gi-liJlf ). Died 016. A duke of Turin
and king of Lombardy.
Agincourt (aj'in-kOrt; F. pron. azh-aii-kor').
A village in the department of Pas-de-Calais,
Franco, about 29 miles southeast of Boulogne,
noted for the victory gained there Oct. 25, 1415,
by the English (about 15,000) under Henry V.
over the French (50,000-00,000) imder the Con-
stable d'Albret. Tho loss of the English was
about 1,000; that of the French over 10,000.
Agincourt. See Scronx cl'Agiiicoiirt.
Agincourt, Ballad of. A poem by Drayton
which appeared in "Poems Lyrick and Pasto-
ral" aliout 1605. (Not to be confused with "The
Battle of Agincourt," also by Drayton, which he pub-
lished in 1027.)
Aginnum. See Anoi.
Agira (ii-je'rii), or San Filippo d'Argir6. A
town, the ancient Agp'ium, in the province
of Catania, Sicily, about 31 miles northwest of
Catania. Population, about 13,000.
Agis (ii'jis) I. [Gr. "Aytg.'] King of Sparta
about 1033 (?) B. c.
Agis II. Kmg of Sparta from about 426 to 399
B. c. He was victorious at Mantineia 418.
Agis III. King of Sparta 338-330 B. c. He was
allied with Persia against Macedon, and was
defeated and killed in 330.
Agis IV. Died B. c. 240. King of Sparta from
B. c. 244 : son of Eudamidas II. of the Eurypontid
line. He proposed to recruit the ranks of the Spartans
from among the Periled, and advocated a redistrilmtion
of the landed property. In these measures of reform he
was opjjoscd by his colleague, Lconidas II., of the Agid
line, and was, after some transient successes, captured and
sentenced to death by the ephors. Allleri produced a
remarkable tragedy on this subject.
Aglabites (ag'la-bits), or Aghlabites, or Agla-
bides (ng'la-bidz). An Aiab djTiasty which
reigned in northern Africa (capital at Kairwau)
from the beginning of the 9th century to 909.
It was siu'ceeded by tho Fatimites.
Aglaia (ag-la'yii). "[t4r. lAj/a/a.] 1. In Greek
mythology, one of the three Graces. — 2. An
asteroid (No. 47) discovered by Luther at Bilk,
Sept. 15, 1857.
Aglaura (ag-la'r|l). A tragedy by Sir John
Suckling, acted in 1037-38 and printed in 1646.
Aglaura enjoys the eccentric possession of two fifth
acts, so that it can be made a tragedy or a tragicomedy
at pleasure. Saintsbury.
Aglauros (ag-la'ros), or Agraulos (ag-ra'los),
or Agraule (-le). [Gr. "Ay'/avimr, "Aypnv/.oc, 'Ay-
pav?'/.] In Greek mythology, the wife of Ce-
erops; also, the daughter of Cecrops, noted in
legends of Attica.
Aglemut (ag'le-mot). [Singular Agleniu.'i A
tribe of Alask.-in Eskimo inhabiting the .sliores of
Bristol Bay and the northern shore of the Alas-
kan ]ieninsula. Also A;ilciiiuit, A<iJvijniut.
Agnadello (ii-nyii-del'lo). A village in tho prov-
ince of Cremona, nortliern Italy, near Lodi.
Here, May 14, 1S09, the •French, under Louis XII., de-
feated the Venetians. For the battle of 170.% sec Cassttno.
Agnano, LagO fl' (Ui'go d' ii-nyii'no). Formerly
a small lake, now an open crater, 5 miles west
of Najiles, noted for the Grotta del Cane (which
see). It was drained in 1870.
Agnes (ag'nes or ag'nez). Saint. [Formerly
Aitiics, AiDiis, Ainiice, etc., F. Aiiiic.i. L. Agnes;
from Gr. uyvnr, lamb.] A Roman virgin and
martyr, 12 or 13 yetirs of age, beheaded during
the reign of Diocletian. She is said to have been
slain after having been exposed to the vilest outrage
in a brothel. Her festival is celebrated on Jan. 21 by the
Greek, Roman, and Anglican churches.
Agnes
Agnes. 1. A character in Moli&re's "L'fioolo
lies Femmt'S," an iiiKi'-nuc. she contrives to make
extremely suggestive allusions while s|ie:ikinB with the
utmost siinplicit} of mind. Wycherley U)ok his "Coun-
try Wife " from this eluiracter. The name has become
proverbial for a person of this kind.
2. In "Fatal Ciit-iosity," a tra^'oly by Georgo
Lillo, the wife of Wilinot ami mother of Young
Wilmot. She kills her son.— 3. See WiclcficUl.
Agnes'S Eve, Saint. Celebrated on the night
of .(an. *J0. It w.as especially a holiday for women.
Il wa-s suj)i)Os«-d p.>ssilile by various forms of divination for
a pirl on this ninlit to see the form of her future husband.
Agnes' Eve, Saint. A poem by Tennyson, pub-
lisliod in ls4-_'.
Agnes, The Eve of Saint. A poem. by Keats,
written in ISIS.
Agnes Grey. A novel by Atine Bronte, pub-
lished under the signature of '•Acton BoU" in
1S47.
Agnes of Austria. Bom 1281: died 1364.
Daughter of tin' (lerman king Albert I., and
wife of Andrew III. of Hungary, notorious for
her vengeanee on all connected with the miu'-
derers of lier father.
Agnes of Meran. A German cotmtess of Orla-
miinde, said to liavo lived about 1300 and to
have put to death her two children. Afterwanl
as the "White Lady" she was populaily supposed t-
haunt the eastUs of the Ilohenzollerns. See White Latlil.
Agnes of Poitou. Died Dec. 14, 1077
consort of the em))er
v., duk(! of Ar|nitaiii<
21
Father"), held that Clirist, as man, was igno-
rant of many things, and specifically of the
time of the day of judgment. Also AynoiUe,
Aiiuiiilis.
Agnolo (ii'nyo-lo), Baccio d'. Born at Florence
about 14(>1 : died 1543. A Florentiin' arehitecl.
Agobard (F. jiron. iig-6-bar'). Born 779: died
June 0, S40. A Frankish theologian, archbishop
of Lyons SKi.
Agora (ag'o-rii). The. [Gr. d;o(jii, assembly,
market-place.] A large irregular areain Athens,
entered beneat h the northeast angle of tlio Colo-
•nus Agora'us hill, on which stands the so-called
Theseum, by the broad portico-bordered Dronios
street running to the Dipylon (iate, thence pass-
ing ahnig the base of the " Theseum" hill, ami
e.\tending one branch north of the Areopagus,
and anot Iter around the western end of the Areo-
pagus, and between thePnyx and the Acropolis.
This l.ast portion was especially the political agora, while
the iM)i-tion north of the Areopagus was more i)articularly
the original cotnmercial agora or market-place, emlira-
cingaswell a number of religious foumlatiinis, the famous
porticos, the Basileios, Eleutherios. ami I'oikile, and the
liouleuterion or semite-house. The position of the new
agora or oil-market is tlxed by its existing Gate of Athena
Arehegetis : much of its inclosure also rennlins, south of
the St,ia of Hadi-ian. and fni-ther east than the old agora.
Agricola, Johann Friedrich
entire size, inclmling the cloistered court, is only 187 by
234 feet, but the building is a gi-m of .Mogul artistic de-
sign and execution. (4) The tomb of Itiniad ud-Danlah.
built iMuler Jehangir, in the early 17th century*, lly its
inlaid work in st<ine, possibly of Italian derivation, it
marks an epoch in the Imlian-Saracenic style. The ex-
terior forms a single story with octagonal towers at the
angles, an<l is surmounted by a s^iuiu'e central pavilion
with three arcades to a side, widely projecting bracketed
cornice, and a domical roof. .-Ml the openings of the
monument except the centnil portal are closed iiy marble
slabs pierced in geometrical patterns of mai-velous deli-
cacy. (.'',) The Taj-Mahal (which see).
Agrae (ii'gre). [Gr. «( :a ;/<«/.] A suburb of an-
cient Athens extending eastward from opposite
the temple of Olympian Zeus over the hills on
the south bank of the Ilissus. In it lies the
Panathenaic Stadium.
Agram (ii'griim), Slav. Zagreb (ziig'reb). 1.
A eoiiniy in the noithwcstoni part of Croa-
tia and Slavonia. Population, 4.S'.i,259. — 2. A
royal free city, capital of the crownland of
Croatia and Slavonia, Austria-Hungary, situ-
ated near the Save about lat. 45° 49' N., long.
15° 58' E. It has a trade in wine and grain, and some
manufactures, and is the seat of a Koman Catholic arch-
bishopric and cathedral, and of a university. The latt4;r
was openecl in 1874, ami bad (1896-1>7) ^> instructors and
437 students. It was devastated by eartht|uakes in 1880-
pillation (1880), 37,521).
daughter of William V., duke of Af|nitaiiie. ^ native" of Pares, the favorite pupil of Plii-
At the death of Henry III., Oct. 5, lOaii, she ,]i.^^ ,i,„i (]„, j-ivnl of Alcanienes. His most
became guardian of her son, Henry R'. Aeon- famous statue was a Nemesis, iirobably repre-
splraey of the nobility deprived her of the regency in rented by a little statue in the Lateral).
May, KkU, when the young king was abducted from ' , •'.,,-, . ,, . . ,,
Kaiserswerlh toi'ologne by Anno, archbishop of Cologne. Agordo (a-gor do). A small town in the prov-
Agnes Sorel. See Surcl, Aijuvs. inee of Belluno, northern Italy, situated on
Agnesi (ii-nya'/e), Maria Gaetana. Boni at the Cordevolo 14 miles nortliwest of Belluno
.Milan, May 16, 1718: died at Milan, Aug. 4,
1799. An Italian lady, appointed professor of minerals in the vicinity
mathematics at Bologna in 1750, noted for her Agosta (il-gos'til), L. Augusta (a-gus'til). A
acf|uirements in languages and science : author
of "Instituzioiii .Vnalitiche" (1745), etc.
Agnesi, Maria Theresa, Born at Milan, 1724:
died about 1780. An Italian eoin))oser and
l.HSI. P.
The great Stoa of Attains II. undoubtedly faced on part ^gjamant (ii'grii-mitnt). In Boiardo's "Or-
of the comnuTcial agora, and the s.)-called Stoa .,f the jj,,^,^^ Innamorato " and Ariosto's "Orlando
giants IS within the area of the agora. tt, • „ ii ^ • ^ e k e '
■ Furioso, the young King of Africa.
Agramonte y Loinaz (ii-grii-mon'te 6 16-5-
Dec. 14, 1077. Second Agoracritus (ag-6-rak'ri-tus), or Agorakritos
ror Heiu-y HI., and (.tos). [C'ir. 'Ajo^i^p^-of.] A Greek sculptor,
)ia/.'), Ignacio. Born at PuirtoI*rincipe, 1S41 :
kilU'd at the encounter of Jimaguayti, July 1,
1873. A Cuban revolutionist, one of the leaders
of the revolts of 1S()7 and ]S()8, commissioned
major-general by Cespedes. He commanded the
insurgents in Camagiiey, and subsequently their entire
force.
Agraulos. See Ayluurns.
There are important mines of coi)perand other Agravaine (ag'ra-van). Sir. In the romances
■ of chivalry, a knight of the Round Table, sur-
pianist, sister of M. (t. Agnesi: author of the
operas "Sofonisbe," " Ciro i)i Annenia," "Ni-
tocri," and ''Insubria Consolato."
.Agnethlen (iig'net-len). A town in Transyl-
vania, about 25 miles northeast of Hermann-
sladf. Population, about 3,000.
Agnew (ag'nu), Cornelius Eea. Bom at New
Viirk, Aug. 8, 1S3I): died there, April IS, 1888.
A noted American physician and surgeon,
clinical professor of diseases of the ear and eye
in the (Villege of Physicians and Surgeons, New
York city (ISffil).
Agnew, David Hayes. Born in Lancaster
County, Pounsylvania, Nov. 24, 1818: died .at
Philadelphia, March 22, 1S92. An eminent Am-
erican surgeon, appointed in 1S70 professor of
operative surgery, and in 1S71 of the principles
and jiracticc of surgery, in the University of
Pennsylvania.
Agnew, Patrick. Born 1822: died at Multdn,
India, April 21, 1848. An Knglish Indian civil
servant, murdered witli his companion, Lieu-
tenant W. A. Anderson, by tin' retainers of
Mulraj, dewan or governor of Multiin. This
incident led to the second Sikh war.
Agni(ag'ni). [Skt.,= l.i. iV/ii(-v, fire.] In Hindu
niylli(dogy. the god of fire. In the Veda he is the
conveyer of the sacritlce. messenger ami priest of men,
their protector against the hoiTors of the darkness, the
dofentlcr of the home. As one of the chief divinities rif
the Vedas great numbers of hymns aro addressed to him,
more than t^) any other goil. lie is one of the three great
deities Agni, Vayu (or indni), anil Surya, who preside re-
spectively over eartli, air, and sky.
Agni Purana (ag'ni po-ril'nji). APurana (so
named as supposed to have been communicated
by Agni to Vasishtha) devoted i<> the glorilica-
tionof Siva, but of vi'ry various contents, ritual,
cosmical, ethical, military, legal, medical, rlii-
torical, grammatical, taken largidy from earlier
works. It is <|uite modern, and has no legiti-
mate claim to be regjirded as a Purana.
Agni6. See Miihawl;.
Agniehronnon. See ilohnwk.
Agnoetse (ag-no-u'te). [Gr. 'Ajiw/rn/, the igno-
rant ones.] 1. A Christian sect of the 4th cen-
tury, which denied the omniscionco of the Su-
preme^ Being, ntaintaining that God knows the
past only by memory, ami the fului-e only by
inference from the present. — 2. A sect of the
fith century, followers of Themistiiis, di'acon
of Alexandria, who, on the authority of Mark
xiii. 32 ("But of that day and that hour know-
eth uo man, . . . neither the Son, but the
seapoi't in the province of Syracuse, Sicily
about 13 miles north of Syracuse, it was over-
thrown by an earthciuake in 1093. Near here, April 22,
](:?•;, the French lleet defeated the Spanish and Dutch.
I'opulatioii, about 12,000.
Agostini (il-gos-te'ne), Leonardo. Born at
Siena, Italy: lived in the 17th century. An
Italian .antiquary, appointed insjiector of an
tiquities l>y Pope Alexander VII. : editor of
a new edition of Pamta's "Sicilian Medals,"
etc.
Agostini, Paolo. Born at Vallerano, Campagna
Komana, Italy, 1593: died at Rome, 11)29. A
noted Italian composer, chiefly of sacred music,
maestro at the Vatican Chapel (1G29).
AgOStino de Duccio (ii-gos-te'no de do'cliio)
named L'Oigueilleu.x ('The Proud').
Agraviados (a-grii-ve-a'Tiios). [Sp., 'the dis-
contented.'] lu Spanish history, the adherents
of the Hapsburgs in Spain in the ISth century,
who opposed recognition of the Bourbons ; also,
the partizans of an unsuccessful absolutist out-
lireak in 1820-28.
' Agreda (ii-gi'a'THii). A small town in the prov-
ince of Soria, Spain, about 60 miles northwest
of Saragossa.
Agreda, Maria de. Bom at Agreda, Spain,
1602: died at Agreda, May 24, lOOo. A Spanish
mystic, abbess of the convent of the Immacu-
late Conception at Agreda. She wrote a life of the
Virgin Maiy, the contents of which she asserted had
been revealed to her. It was characterized by Bossuct
as indecent, and was censured by the Sorbonne.
15<ati at Florence, 1418: died at Perugia, 1498. Agreeable Surprise, The. AfarcebyO'Keefe,
An Italian sculptor, noted for his reliefs
glazed terra-cotla. In 1442 lie made the reliefs on
the facade of the Duomo at Modeiia. Krom 144(» to 14.'j4
be lived in Rimini. From Kiniiui lie went to ririi;;ia.
where his beautiful facade of the church of San lleniar-
dino, with itsterra-cottas and party-colored maibles, forms
one of the nupst charming examples of polychromatic
architecture in Itiily.
produced in 1781. 11 contains some peculiarly
felicitous blunders in situation and character.
A-Green. See 0<imic-a-Grcen.
Agrib (ii'greb), or Jebel Ghareb (jeb'el ghii'-
reli). A motmtain in middle F.gypt, lat. 28°
12' N., long. 32° 42' E., about 5,300 feet high.
Also Aijrcvl), A<iarrih, .lilicl J\li<ircvb, etc.
Agoult (ii-go' ). Comtesse d' (Marie Catherine Agricane (ii-gre-kii'ne). In Boiardo's "Orlando
Sophie de Flavigny): pseudonym Daniel innamorato," a king of Tatary who is m com-
Stern. Born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Dec niaii<l of an enonnons army, but is killed by
31, 1805: diedatParis, March .5, 1876. AFrem-h (irhimlo in single combat.
Christoph Ludwig.
AgOW(!i-gou'). Abi'anchof thoEthiopian fatiiily
constituting a large part of the population of
Abyssinia. They inhabit parts of Amhara and
Tigr<5.
Agra (it'grii). 1. A division of the Northwest-
ern Provinces of British India. Ari'a, 10,151
sipiare miles. Population flKSl), 4,S34,(I()4, — 2.
A ilistrict of the division of Agra, intersected
by lat. 27° N., long. 7s° K. Area, 1,846 .sinnire
miles. Population (IM91), 1,003,796.-3. The
capital of the division and district of Agra.
Julii
(Fr?' jus),' .lime 13, A. T>. 37 : died at Home, Aug.
23, A. I). 93. A luunaii soldier and statesman, son
of the senator Julius Gnecinas, and the father-
in-law of Tacitus, lie served tlret under Suetonius
I'aulinns in Hritain ; in (>S was appidnted qumstor in Asia
under the proconsul Salvlus Titianns; in 70 was raised by
Vespasian to the commami of the -iOth legion in Britain ;
and from 74 to 7« was governor of the iirovince of Aqul-
tania. (hi his recall he was elected consul and assigned
the province of S<inthcin lirltain. In seven campaigns
from 7s to S4 he pacitb'd the rest of lirltain as far as the
northern bonnilary of I'eith and Aiifyll. He was recalled
b) Koine in -St.
situated on the Jumna abcnit lat. 27° 10' N., Agricola (originally Bauer), Georg. Bom at
long. 78° E. It is a military and commercial center, (il;iuili;iu,SaNonv,Kla'rcli 24, 1490: died at Chem-
and exjiorts raw silk, sugar, and indigo. It was the capi- ^^^^.^ Saxony, N()V. 21 , 15.55, A German min-
eralogist, author of a treatise on metallurgy.
tal of tlio Mogul empire diu-ing the last part of the lOtll
and the llrst pai-t of the 17th century, and was cuplnrid , ,,. „/,r-„i, i.
bythelhltlsh InlSOS. The English in Agra were IK'siegcd "De re metalllea" ( I.).ill),_etC.
in the fort by the mutineers, Aug.-Oct
lation, including cantonment (1801), l(iS,(Ul:
noted bnlbliiigs of Agra are: (1) The palace of Akiiar,
massively built of red sandstone, richly sculptured, and
exhibiting In its lintel-constructlnn the marks of Hindu
Inlluence on the Indian-Saracenic style. (2) Adj<>ining
lies the p.-daceof Shall Jehan, half a century later in date,
and f<irmitig a strong cmitrast in its white marble archi-
tecture, its dcntellated arcades, and its inlaid work of
arabesi|Ues and llowers lu colitred stone. (;t) The I'earl
Mosque, another notable foundation of SliiUl Jehan.
jra were licsiegco --i;r ro iiie-i.iMo-o \ i.',,--/, ' '^ * _ .-^
St., i8r,7. iMpM- Aericola {origimiUvSneider), Johann. Bom
U12. Among the .,f Kisloben, Geiaiiany, Api'il 20, 1492: died at
Berlin, Sept. 22, 1566. A German Protestant
theologian and reformer, preacher in Eisleben,
professor in Wittenberg, ami later court preach-
er in Berlin. He was a leader of the Antinomlans. Ho
publisheil various theological works, and a collection of
.,...,1 I lerman proverbs (l.',-'0- IM. . -w^ , ■.
The Agricola, Johann Friedrich. Bom at Dobit-
Agricola, Johann Friedrich 22 Ah&ra,
schen, Saxc-AltPTilmrg, Jan. 4. ITliO: died at discharges water, and destroyed old Guatemala gas were murdered by Aguiire and others at Machiparo,
Berlin, Nov. 12, 1774. A Herman organist an.l liv lio.uls. Sept. 8. 1541. V**' 1 ,\?'i''*"''i ^i.'* "' ''"''""ng? o" 'he upper Amazon,
1- * r ii i_> I /,i 1 * i> * • j-ii ,-■ •• _ -,/ "x * L ^ *!..» ■'*"• ^' *&'»l, ana rernanilu de i'Uziuan (wluim Ajruirr*
composer, director of the Koyal Chapel at B.-r- Aguadllla (ii-g«a-THerya). A seaport at the aft«r»ard raurdered) was made general witli Aguirre as
lin 17.5!>-74. norflnvcsteni extremity of Porto Kico. his lieutenant, ftom this time the expedition became a
Agricola (originally Sohr or Sore), Martin. AgUadolii-gwa'TnO), Jiiande. A Spaniard who pinilical imise s.j wiUI that it bordered on insanity. The
Horn at Sorau, Brandenbnrg, about U!<ti; accoinpaniedChimljus on bis second voyage .';.'!';L\ !i ,„,, th'n°\, Tf,^ ,^^
..,.,, , , T ,rt 1--/' , /. i » ■ /I !,,.>, i. 1 * L, • . ceevleU down the Ani:i7<in, plundenng Indian villaires
died at Magdeburg, June 10. looC. A (.reruian to America (WiU). returned to bpaiii next year fighting withone another, and committing eveiy honible
mii-sician and writer on music, musical director and was made royal commissioner to investi- ciime, reaching the island of Margsuita July 2o, i.iGi.
at Ma<;del>urg, notable for bis attempt to im- gate the affairs of Hispaniola. He arrived there J'"'''^ Aguirre murdered the governor and others, robbed
nroye musical notation • author of " Eiii Kurt/ in Oct., 149;'., and returned to Spain 14!»6. Nothing is 'he royal treasury, and then made a descent on the main-
?? rtl,. ! M, li, " n^"s'l • \l,^^ ins rmne , known of his previous or subsequent history. '»",<• of Venezuela. He was captured at Ban,uisin.eto,
deiitsche iMuMc.i (lo.^), .Mum, a instnimeii- a„,„ y-i^ i-.-,>„,..-, f,.^.-.,^^fi-i,.\^ A tribntnrv and shot by his own maranones.
tali.sdeu.lsel,- (1.-1-9), etc. "TI^L niVlii.^pV n WiVmT« ^AgulhaS (ii-go'lyiis). Caps. The soutbem-
Agricola, Rodolphus (Roelof Huysmann). * ' ,,! o,iiiJ+fI r^„^' i."i£^,,'i„,N r«,. mo.st point of Africa, in lat. 34° 30' S., long. 20°
Born at Laflo, near Groningen, in 1443 : di.-.l Aguas Calientes (a gwas ka-le^en es). [Sp., y j, '^oq ^, southeast of the Cap^ of Good
at Heidelberg in 1485. A Dutch .scholar, 'l^ot springs. A state of Mexico, bounded by jj ' P'' ° ^°<'«
painter, and musician, lecturer on Greek and f^S'^o*^^^ °," ^.^J^.r^'''/;!:^'^^ 1^^^ Agustin (a-gos-ten') I. The title of Iturbide,
Roman literature at Worms and Heidelberg p„„u'i°H"„ js,^^^^^^^^^^^ emperor of Mexico. See Iturbide.
after 14.H2. He was an influenlial proniotor of class!- A ffiia^'nalipnte? The canital of the state of AgUStina (a-gos-te'nii). Died at Cueta, Spain,
^^^t;^ctS:^^"'"""' "■"^'' '" " *"""" "" '"""• X^slnirTme'- about ?a?. 21° 53'' n' Yong ^--' '"i" " '"""• " T''f. ^^-^f -•" ""^^^
Agri Decumates. See Deanmites Jgri. 101° 50' W. There are hot springs in the J^L.oa ''"''■'•' '" ''•'fense of that city,
Agrieentum (ag-ri-ien'tnm). The ancient vicinity (whence the name). Population (1892), » !_i~ f" -/ -, a * • mt , ^
mimeof(;,i-,„ti:theGreekAkragas('Av«;<i.;). 32,355. "^^ */"JJ 'Hv ^ /?.'"'''" P^Ti?'' *^,^!,t^t'
It was founded by colonists from ticia aiwut ;vs2 B. c. In Ague-Cheek (a'f'u-chck) Sir Andrew A at tj'f loot ot Mount Ussa. Population (1889),
the middle of the (ith century B.C. it was ruled by the tjTant .,|,.,,..,,.,,.,. :,, Shaksnere's coinedv "Twelfth .-'"^''•
Phalaris: afterward its government was in turn oligarchic i." ,'1 , I- .''"<'^='P'^'l '*/"'"'^":> " Aiab (a'hab). THeb. Jo/lrtft (Gr. 'Aroti.J) fa-
and republican. It was most flourishing in the .'.th cen- Niglit." a timid, silly but amusing fouutry "^^^^ j^ ^--l '^ Kina of Israel aecOTdin'ir to
tury B. c, when it was a great commercial center, with squire. li f "',... '-'^- J ^"'g.oi israei, aecoraing to
nearly l,oii<i,ooo (?) Inhabitants. In 40(! u. c. it was plun- Aeiiero (a-t'o-a'ro) Crist6bal Born in San *"*' traditional reckoning, 918-890 B. c, but
dered by Carthage, and was rebuUt and received a Syra- t° • , ,'. f, AH,.l,oaf..,Ti lllDfl • dafp nf .loatl, according to some scholars 876-854 B. C. : the
cusan colony In the l>unic wa,-s it sided with raithage, ^^f^^'.^j,-^,;,!'"' A S^i' Doininic n mission ^"° ''"'^ ^"'^'^•^ssor of Omri. He married Jezebel,
an<l wiiseventually annexed by Ro.ne. an.l became of little not recorded. A ^exu an Dominican mission- daughter of Ethbaal, king of Tvre, and permitted the wor^
importance, tor its later history and ruins, see Giryenli. ary, who spent the greater part ot bis lite labor- ship of Baal and Astarte in Samaria. alont:6ide of that of
Agrippa(a-grip';i),ConieliusHeinrich (called ing among the Zapotecan Indians. He left Yahveh. By this, as well as by his luxury and wicked-
AgriPPa of Nettesheim). Born at Cologne, several works on tlieir language. 'l^'^' '" "»>; matter of Naboths vineyard, he provoked
Pra.ssia. Sept 14 148G: died at Gi-enoble, Agiiero.Joaquin de. Born at Puerto Principe, Z^'^^i^^i'^l^'^^^^.Tair^fif^^^^^^^^^^
trance. Feb. Ih, lo3o. A German philosopher A ov. lu, 1810: died there, Aug. 12,1851. A defeated in his second canipai;;n. but whose life he spared.
and student of alchemy and magic, author of Cuban reyolutioni.st. He was a planter of moderate Ko reason for this is given in the old Testanjent, and the
" De incertitiidine et vanitate seientiarum " fortune and exalted ideas. In 1S43 he freed his slaves and act was denounctd by the prophets. The reason of this
/i-.i-, ..ri It l,-l I.' "/i-in\ t took measures to have them educated. Later he endea- act is found in the cuneiform inscriptions where we find
( 1.1-1 ), lie oecmia pmiosopnia (lOlUJ, etc. ygred to bring white immigrants to Cuba. After engaging that Shalmanezer II. in S54 B. c. fought with the kiugs of
Agnppa I., Herod. Born about 11 B. C: died in the insurrection of ISSl, he was captured and shot. Damascus, Hamath, and with Ahabbu Sirtaa who is
at Cffisarea, Palestine, 44 A. D. A grandson Aeiiero Joq^ Rlva See JUva Adiieni J<i^r identified by most scholars with Ahab of Israel. The
nf TTev,>,l t in (irnnt BTinAirifofl I-iTirr o,-«,- tbt. -^-syei", "^ 0!>e JSilVd. oi e .fi (( < j^t / o, ./'«< . j.resi-ncc of the Common enemv Assyria no doubt induced
ot Hei Hi the txreat, appointed fang o\er the Aguesseau (a-ge-so'). Henri FrangOlS d, Ahab to m.ake peace with Benhadad of Damascus. Aft«r
tetrarcliies oi iiortueastem Palestine, di A. u., or Daguesseau. Born at Limoges, France, the disappearance of danger from Assyria he made an
and in 41 A. D. over Judea also. He persecuted Xov. 27, HiliS; died at Paris, Feb, 9, 1751 A alliance with Jehosaphat, king of Judah, and carried on
the Christians, 44 A. D. (Acts xii.), and is said to liave French iurist ehnneellnr nf Frnnpp 1717-'Ti nn.l fuotlirr campaign against Damascus, but was killed in a
died in a h..rrible manner. Acts xii. 23. f-V?'-" -'^Y.^' <>ianceilor OI !■ ranee 'HI --■ and ^,^^^^^ ^t Ramoth Gilrad. The Old Testament contains
Agrippa II Herod Born about 27 \ d • ^Mz-oO. His complete works were published considerable information concerning this period, which
d?i.il at Koni'i' 01 -f)"! ' Snii nf TTpvnrl A^in^a f l''59-89. is supplemented by the cuneiform inscriptions and the
UK. atnomi, Ji jd con ot Jieioa Agrippa l., ^^., j Grace Born at London Moabite stone. Ahab continued .Samaiia as the capital of
made prince of Cbalcis 48 A. D., and fang over t'TTp isin- .IWl \t Vv. iA-f;?^ r„f tl!l \I ,^^' I^"'''- b"' <!*<='« *" •'"'■'^'='. »'"'-■>' '" 8'-''a"y beautified,
northern Palestine in .32. He sided with the Romans «i"f ' ip loi-'^*^? ?? r ,• f -i ' Ahaggar (ii-ha-' gar) A laree plateau and
in the con.iuest of Jerusalem. It was before him that Sept. 1(^,184<. An English novelist and writer ,,7„,°Srt,,XL rp'^nn"^^^^ Snba^ ^.tpiieltp/w
Paul was b,'o„Kht. on Jewish history. She was the daughter of ^Tooo^'^^V P Vo ^o ^ 'nl? T r*^ , ^^
Agrippa. Marcus Vipsanius. Born at Rome, Jewish parents. i'lt • -? "2^° ^ " lo^g- ^ "6° E. The chief place
03 B. c. : died in Campania, 12 B. c. A Roman Aguilar, Manuel. Born in Costa Rica about av i'*/ t-?i'-N o • o ■^■ c^
commander, of obscure origin, the leading 1800 : died at Guatemala, June 6, 1846. A Cen- -^J^^J^ <^'"* 'S'.- .^Jieius bervillUS Structus.
statesman of the reign of Augustus. He served tial American statesman. He occupied various A Roman patncian master of the horse 439
under Octavius in the Perusinian war, and in Gaul and public posts in Costa Rica, represented that state in the ^- "■ (according to tiie common chronology),
Germany; defeated SextusPompey at Mylie and Naulochus Assembly of 182S,and was elected president April 7, 18;f7. and slayer of the popular leader SpuriusMfelius.
SO B. c; was consul 37, and a?dile 33 ; served at Actium He was deposed by Carrillo, May, 1S38. At the time of Ahalva (a-hal'ya). In Hindu legend the wife
31 ; dedicate.1 the Pantheon 27 ; was governor of .Syria 17 ; Ids death he represented Costa Rica in the Central Amer- „f ti,' Ri<jhi Gautama and verv bea nVifiil • an
and was tribune with Augustus ls-13 b. c. He was the ican diet. "^ 'P.*^ Kism uautama, ana veij Deautirul. ac-
father of Vipsania. llret wife of Tiberius and mother of Aguilar, Marcos de. Bom at Eciia about ("ording to the Kamayana the first woman
Drusus. His third wife was Julia, the daughter of Au- 1465: died at Mexico Feb 13''7 ASnniiish made bv Brahma and given by him to Gautama,
gustus and widow of Marcellus. lawvpr in ,^o2 i,J „, ', . n' ' •"' , TX '„ • V; She was sednced by Indra. Gautama eipeUed Ahalya
Agrippa, Menenius. A character in shak- lunTrs"asJi'i.a\r,iiiyr'Sn?5i?rhr^L:e'i\!?'!fe"x^c"^ 'iz^i^i:^^^^J'n^^L^^'^t:z:^
spere s " (,'„riolain.s." with Luis Ponce de Leon, appointed to inquire into the stored her ?o her i?aturd W ^e Ld recon -n^^^^^^ be??J, hp,:
Agrippa PostumUS. Born 12 B. c: died 14 conduct o,C„j.«s ; and on the de^ Sa"!'' Kumlrila bC1%^^^^^^
A. P. A posthumous son of Marcus Vipsanius l^^„ '"' ^•''"^' ^^-'^^ '" ""= temporary rule of New dras (the sun's) carrying aw.ay the shade of night.
Agrippa l.y Julia, the daughter of Augustus. Aguilar de la Prontera (li ire liir' da lii fmn Ahanta (a-hiin'ta). A district on the Gold
adopted by Augustus in 4 B. c, and mtirdere.l in Tlvi f A t.fwf, i.Ptf , . ^^ to i Coast of Africa, about long. 2°-3° W.
prison on theaccession of Tiberius, probably by "^^^ 20 mUes soutLeL of Cordoya Popul Ahantchuyuk ai-hant'cho-yok). A division
tlip (irder of Livia. lation (1887) T' 451 v/v^iuu.a, j. o^-u ot the Kalapooianstock of Isorth Amenean In-
Agrippina (ag-ri-pi'nil). Born about 13 B. c. : A?iii1a.<3 (^i ^i'lrsV r,',. Oon T„or, A^ io„ A„„{ <5>ans, formerly on and about Pudding River,
died at Pandataria. near Naj.les. 33 A. D. The iff (s^Ui infl.i da Hs a °e'f^^ A spanmf^,: O'-^^""' The name was applied to them by the Calal
younge.stdaughterofMarcusVipsaniusAgripna nTp ,',.„.;tl,„p "f m ■ fe ■ '\a .^'^<^1"^*'' ,= " pooya. See A-aiapomon. Also called Fr^urA Prafrw /«.
»nd TiiliH tlip .l-iii<rhtf- „f A„,r,, f , . ,S;I*- f the province of Murcia, Spain, 48 miles south- diam,mA Pudding Rivfr Indian*.
t/enna i us Lid Ser of CaT^^^^^^ T ^^-oft »f M"'?.'"- It ''^Ports lead, esparto-grass, AhasueniS (a-haz-u-e'rns). [Heb. Ahashve-
cuUed' Ua'h'aLd":^ S^Vl^^lf, L^l^^^^ ifAh^'m r^Jltr P-«P"}='.*-;»" d^^^), 10 042.. To.,,. Pers A7,.<7y«r.A«('niighty' and 'eye'f).]
was l.aidshed to Pandataria, where she died of voluntary ■"■gUliera ( a-ge-la ra ), FranClSCOXaVier. Bom Aerxes, who ruled 480-46o B. C, mentioned in
starvation. .She was a woman of lofty character. at Santa Cruz de la Sierra about 1775 : died at Ezra iv. 6 and throughout the book of Esther.
Agrippina, Julia. Bom at Oppidum Ubiomm Valle Grande, Xov. 23, 1828. A rovalist guer- The Ahasuerus of the book of Daniel (i.x. 1), who is called
I named for her Colonia Agrii>piiia. the modem "''"a chief of Charcas (Bolivia), notorious for <he father of Darius the Me.le cannot have been Xerxes;
Cologne), about 15 a. D.: put to death at the ''is cmelty. He received a commission as brigadier- ^::er;s' Ic'elS '' '""'"* """ ^'^'*" ""■* ^•
Lucrine Lake, near Baie, 60 or .39. A daughter f^^i^^ATteVth^flnS'd^S'of'SrpSr^m^^ Agu? Ahasuerus. 1. A name given to the legendary
of Germanicus and Agrippma and wife of lera fled to the f„?Ss. i'fibls he cS'e^^^lT^^^^^^ ••Wandering Jew" (wiiieh see).-2. A prose
Uomitius AlienoharOus by whom she was force, captured a Spanish post, and proclaimed Ferdinand drama by Edgar Quinet. published in 1833,
mother of Xuro. Latershc married Crispus Pnssienus, } ^I-."" '''"S- ''e was soon captured and shot. founded on the legend of the Wandering Jew
and, 4!) A. I)., Claudius whom she poisoned .^4 A. 1). She Aguirre (a-ger ra). Josef Saenz de. Born at Ahaus (a'hous). A small town in the DTOvince
wa.j a wonnm of scandalous life and unbounded ambition Logrono, Spain, March 24, 1630 : died at Rome, TfWeitpalaPmssia about '^8 mfle^s north
and had great influence in the early part of Nero s reign ' A.iTr 10 Ifiiio \ w„ • i i- i i ,1 >> cMl>naua, iTllssia, aoout _« miles nortn-
hut she was murdered by his order There Is a flue sit: , "?• ^"' ^'t^' ') *^P;"i'sh cardinal and theo- west of Miinster.
lingportrait-statueofherintheMuseoNazlonale.Naples. ["P^"^' ,,,-oo^ „A ,f''"*'° "''"^'"'Irw S. Pe- Ahausen (ii'hou-zen), or Auhausen (ou'hou-
Agtelek (og te-lek). A village in the county "■'• MO- (168-). Collectio raa.xima Con z,.„). A \'illage in Bavaria. 12 miles northeast
of (.omi.r. Hungary, noted for its cavern (or ™m (um). Theologia S. Anselmi," etc. of Xordlingen. Here the Protestant Union was
Baradla), which is. after the Adelsberg, the Aguirre, Lope de. Bom at Onate, Asturias, formed under the lead of the elector Frederick
largest stalactite grotto in Europe. aDout laU8: shot Oct. 2/, 1.361. A Spanish ad- iv of the Palatinate in 1608
AgU(ii-go'),orAku(ii-k6') An old Chaldean ?;^'d^"7;^,r*° ^"^.^^^^^ to America, Ahausaht (ii'hou-siit), or Ahowsaht. A tribe
name of the moon-god; in later Babylonian and jind for t«ent> years led such a scandalous life ^j j,.^,,,^,, American Indians, on Clayoquaht
Vssynan, Sin (which see) m Peru tha he was known as " Aguirre the Sound, Vancouver Island, Briti.sh Coluilibia.
Agua (a gwa), or Volcan de Agua. [Sp.,'yol- luaanian. He was engaged In several rebellions, was numberincr -196 (1884) See Iht
ctno of wat.-r.'] A conical mmintain 23 miles °" Jcr.!?!" J"'"."' "'? ."P"!^"';" °' Pedro de Irsua in AWa ji^h^ vaS The name of a nlnee and
iu i, f /-. i. 1 1.^ tnn e- ill T. search of Ki l>urnilu and the kiimtlom nf tht; (hiiairuas on AHava (H iia-\a;. 1 lie name Or a piaee ann
southwest of Cruatemala, 12,197 feet high. It the upper Amazon (1559). Vi-sua and his lieutenw.t Var- river or eaiiul in Babylon at which the Jews
Ahava
who formed the second expedition which re-
turned to Jeriisalem with Kzra asscnililed. Its
exact location is unknown. Kzra viii. lo.
AhaZ (a'haz). (Hcb., -possessor.'] King of
Jndah, accordin>; to sonic T:).")-?!."! B. c, accord-
ing to others 7:14-7i;H or 74:^-727 H. c. The last date
Sft-iiiH must prububle. He wjia a conluiuponwy of the
jinji'het Isaiah. On his accussitm to tlie thioiie, wliich
Uxik place in his joutli, Kczin, kiux "f Syria, ami I'ekah,
kii)).' of Israel, tunue.l a cc>nsplra<y against him. Contrary
to the advice of Isaiah he soiiKlit the assistance of the
Assyrian king, to whom he paid homage and tribute.
This latter fact is mentioned luith in the Bible and the
ciineifi>nn inseriiitions. In tlie latter he is called lauhttli,
which would indicate that liis name is shortened from
Joahaz. Ilis tribute to Assyria had the desired result,
Tiglath Pili'ser attacking Uezin anil J'lkah. This policy
culminateil it) the entire destruction of the kingdom of
Israel. Ahaz wa.s succeeded by his son Hezekiah.
Ahaziah (a-lia-zi'ji). [IIcli., 'sustained Ity
Yaliveh.'] Son of Atiab and king of Israel
85;f-8ol B. C. (H<)G-894f).
Ahaziah. Son of Jchoram and Athaliah, and
king of .ludalt 844-843 B. c. (880-884/).
Ahenobarbus (a-he-no-biir'bus). A plebei.an
family of Koiue, gens Doinitia, to which the
emperor Nero belonged.
Ahijah (a-hi'jii), or Ahiah (a-hi'a). [Heb.,
'brother of Yahveh.'] In Old Testament his-
tory, tlio name of s<>veral persons, of whom the
most notable was a son of Ahitub and high
priest in the reign of Sanl (1 Sam. xiv. 3, 18):
probably the same as Ahimelech, who was
high priest at Nob. and was killed by Saul for
assisting David.
Ahimaaz (a-him'a-az). [Ileb., 'brother of
anger.'] 1. The father of Ahinoam, wife of
Saul. 1 Sam. xiv. 'in. — 2. A high priest, the son
an<l successor of Zadok. lie distinguished himself
by his services to King Itavid during the revolt of Ab-
salom. 2 Saiu. XV. xviii.
Ahimelech (a-him'c-lck). [Heb., 'brother of
the king.' (Compare Assyrian Ahi-milKi, 'bro-
ther of counsel.'] 1. Priest of Nob, father of
Abiathar, the friend of David. He gave to David,
who w;i9 fleeing from .Saul, the sacreil bread and the sword
of Ooliath from the taheriuicle. For this Saul slew him.
2. Son of Abiathar, a priest in David's time:
grandson of the priest of Nob. Called Abim-
elrrh. 1 Clir. xviii. IG.
Ahithophel (ahith'o-fel). [Heb. 'brother of
folly,' that is, 'foolish.'] 1. A Hebrew poli-
tician, counselor of King David and, later, of
Absalom in his revolt against his father, lie
was famous for his political wisdom, and his defection
caused David great apprehension. His advice, however,
was rejected by Absalom, and he thereupon retired to
his home, set his atfairs in order, and hanged himself.
Thought to be the grandfather of Uathsheba.
2. A character in Dryden's jioera "Absalom
and .Vchitophel," inteniled to represent the
Earl of .Shaftesbury wlio was calleil by this
name l)y his contemi>orarics: a treacherous
friend and adviser. Also Arhitoplirl.
Ahlden (iil'den). A small town '.'7 miles north
of Hanover. Princess Sophia Dorothea, wife
of (leorge I. of England, was kept here as
prisoner, l(i!)4-172(i.
Ahlefeld (ii'le-ielt), Fran von (Charlotte
Sophie Luise Wilhelmine von Seebach):
psoudoiiyiii Elisa Selbig. Bom at Stedlcn.
near Ertiirt, ticrnianv, Dec. (i, 17S1 : died. at
Teplilz, li.ilniiiia, .luiy 27, l.'<4!). A (German
writor of si-iit imental n(»vels.
Ahlefeldt (ii'li-icit), (lonntess Eliza Davidia
Margaretha von. Horn in Langchmd, Den-
mark, Nov. 17, 17!)t): died iit Berlin, March 211,
18;")"). A Uernum woman, wife of Major von Liit-
7.0W ( 18111), from whom she was sei)arated ( 1824),
living then, for a time, with the author Immer-
inann. she was noteil for Ic-r patriotism (she accom-
paidcil her husbanrt to the field and cared for the wounded,
IHi:i-14) and her hive of literature.
Ahlheide (iil'lii-tlc). A stel■il(^ plain in the
central pari of .Iiillanii, Di'nniark.
Ahlquist (iii'kvist), August Engelbert. Born
at Kuopio, Finland, .\ug. 7. IS2(i : died Nov. 20.
1889. ,\ PiiiMish iihilologisl, poet, and traveler
in Russia and Siiieria, appointtMl in 1802 j»ro-
fessorof the Finnish language and litcratin'c at
Helsingfors.
Ahlwardt (iil'viiri ), Christian 'Wilhelm. Bora
at (ireifswald, Prussia, Nov. 211, 17(iO: died
theri>, April 12, 18:i0. A licrman iiliilologist,
rector successively of several jiublic schools,
and later professor of aiwient literatin-e at the
Universitv of (ireifswald. His work waschiellv
upon the (Ii-ock po.'ls (rdili'il PInilar, 1820).
Ahlwardt, Theodor 'Wilhelm. Born at Greifs-
wald, Prussia, .Inly 4, 1S2H. A (ierinan orien-
talist, son of Christian Wilhelm Ahlwardt, pro-
23
fessorof oriental languages,and librarian (ISCl-
mC't) at the I'niversity of (ireifswald. He has
published "Iber I'oesle ufid Poetik der Araber" (18.'i6X
editions of various Arabic works, etc.
Ahmed. See Achmct.
Ahmedabad (ii-med-ii-biid'). or Ahmadabad
(ii-mad ii-b;id'). A district in Bumliay, British
India, iutorsected by lat. 23"^ N., long. 7"2'^ E.
Its area is 3,949 square miles. Population
(181)1 1. 921,712.
Ahmedabad. The capital of the district of
Ahmedabad, situated on the Sabarmati in lat.
23° N., long. 72° 32' E., formerly one of the
largest and most imjiortant cities of India, it
was captured Ijy the British in 17sil, and was ceded to
them in Isls. The Jumma .Musjid of Ahmedabad, built by
Ahmed Shah in the early Ifitli century, is one of the most
beautiful of mosques. The gross dimensions are ;l»2 by 2.'>S
feet, three sides of the court being surrounded by a colon-
nadeil gallery, anil the sanctuary, 95 feet deep, occupying
one eiul. The sanctuary contains 2(.iO columns, which
support three rows each of five domes, the ceutnd one of
which is the largest autl highest, and is flatiked by two
which are higher than the other twelve. The front toward
the court is formed by a flue screen, with three noble
pointed arches, flanked on each side by a lower arcade.
I'opulation, including cantonment (1891), 148,412.
Ahmednuggur (ii-med-nug'ger). A district in
Bombay, British India, about l.at. 19° N.
Ahmednuggur. The capital of the district of
Ahmednuggur, about lat. 19° 8' N., long. 74°
43' E., formerly an important city of Auran-
gabad. It suiTenderetf to the British under
Wellington in 1803. Population (1891), 41,689.
Ahmedpur (ii-med-piir'). A town in the state
of Bahawalpur, India. Population (estimated),
30,000. Also Alimrdpaor.
Ahmes. See Aalmics.
Ahn (iin), Johann Franz. Born at Aix-la-
C'hapelle, Prussia, Dec. 15, 179G: died at Neuss,
Prussia, Aug. 21, 1865. A Uerman teacher (at
Aix-la-Chapelle and later (1843-63) at Neuss)
and grammarian, noted for his methods of
teaching the modern languages. He published
"The Poetry of Germany" (IS59), and English, French,
tJemjan, Dutch, and Italian grammars.
Ahnen (ii'nen). Die. [ti.,' the ancestors.'] A
series of historical romances by Gustav Frey-
tag, illustrating German history (published
1870-80). It comprises "lugo und Ingi'aban," "Das
Nest der Zaunkdnige," "Die Briider vom deutschen
llause," "Markus Konig," "Die Gesehwister," and "Aus
einer kleinen Stadt. "
Ahnfeld (iin'felt), Arvid Wolfgang Nathan-
ael. Born Aug. 16, 1845 : died Feb. 17, 1890. A
Swedish )ouriialist, author of a "'Historv of
the Literkture of the World" (1874-76), 'and
other encyclopedic works.
Aholibamah (.a-hol-i-ba'mit). [Heb., 'tent of
tlie high place.'] 1. One of the wives of
Esau ; also, the name of an Edomite tribe. — 2.
A character in Byron's "Heaven and Earth,"
tlie proud, ambitious granddaughter of Cain.
Ahome (ii-ho'nm). An Indian tribe of the Piman
stock in Sinaloa. They have been almost completely
Me\icani/,ed, but the language still is occasionally heard.
AhOWSaht. See AluiKsaht.
Ahr (iir). A river in the Rhine Province, Prus-
sia, about .')5 miles long, wliich .joins the Khine
at Sinzig (above Bonn). On its banks are pro-
duced the noted Ahr wines.
Ahrens (ii'rcns), Heinrich. Born at Knie-
stedt, near Salzgitter, Prtissia, 180S; ilicd at
Salzgitter, Aug. 2, 1874. A (ierman ]iliilo.soph-
ii'al writer and .inrist, professor at Brussels
1K34-50, at (iratz lS.')0-59, and at Leipsic 1S59.
He wr^ite "Cours de iisychologic " (1S3"-;{S), "('ours de
droit naturel" (ls;;8), "Die Reehtsphilosophie" (ls.^>l),
" Die iM-ganischc staatslehre" (l.s.'.dl, '• Naturrecht" (1H70-
1S71). " ,IiM-istisc.he Encyklopjidie " (Isr.f. :>J), etc.
Ahrens, Heinrich Ludolph. Born at Helm-
steilt, .Inne (1, IS09 : died at Hanover, Sept. '24,
1881. A German pliilologist, noted as a student
of the Greek dialects.
Ahriman (ii'ri-man). See Aiifirn Miihtiiti.
Ahrweiler (iir'vi-ler). A small town in the
K'liine Province, Prussia, situated ou the Ahr
20 miles south by east of Cologne. Its chief
industrv is the making of wine.
Aht (Ht). A division of thi- Wakashan stock of
North Americ'in Indians, comprising 22 tribes,
dwelling cliiclly on the west coast of Vancou-
ver Island, Brilish Columbia, one tribe being
near Ca|ie Flallery, Washington. The principal
tribes of Ibis dlvision'are N'itinaht, Tlaasidit or Makah.
Tlaokwiidit or Clahoquaht, Ahausahl, Moatcaht or Nootka
proper, and Kliatlshulit. They number 3,017. See Wa
Ahtena (it'te-nil), or Atna (itt'nii). A tribe of
I he nortliern division of Ihi' AlliniiaKcan stock
of Norlh ,\nu'rican Indians, sometimes called
Co|iper Indians, from their habitat ou the Almt
or Copper Kiver, Alaska. See Atliapuscaii.
Aidin
Ahuizotl, or Ahuitzotl (ii-ho'i-tsoti). The
chief or king of Tcnochtitlan (Mexico) from
14.S6 until his death in lriO\l. He made war on the
Z;iiioteeas. subdued rebels in Tlae<ipan, and sacrificed an
immense number of captives ^> celebrate his ctunplctiou
of the great Aztec temple. He also built an a4|Ueiluct
from t'hapultepec to the lake of Tezcueo, with the object
of raising the water-s but the result was a disastrous riood.
He was succeeded by Montezuma II.
Ahumada (ii-o-ma'Tiiii), Duke of (Pedro Gi-
ron, Mar<iues de las Amarillas). Born at San
Sebastian, 1788: die<l at Madri<l. May IT, 184'2.
A Sj>anish politician and general, chief of the
general statT of tlie ,S|ianisli army in the war of
independence, minister of wai' for a short time
in 1820, member of the regency during the
minority of Isabella, and again minister of war
in 1.S35.
Ahumada y Villalon (ii-o-mii'Tnii e vel-yii-
lon'), AgUStin de, Mai(Hii5s de las Amarillas.
Born about 17o0: died in Mexico City, Feb. 6,
1760. A Spanish general and administrator.
He ilistiiiguished himself in the Italian and Peninsular
wars, and from Xov. 10, 17.'ir», was viceroy of Mi-xieit.
Ahura Mazda (ii-ho'ril miiz'dii). ['TheWi.se
Lord': the modern Persian Oniiii^d.] The
Good Spirit in the dual system of Zoroaster.
Angra .\lainyu, 'the Spiritual F.uemy' (Persian Ahriman),
also called Druj. 'deceit,' is in eternal conflict with him.
Both have existed from the beginntngof the world, .\hura
.Mazda will, however, ultimately tiinmid) and the good
kingdom, vohukhshathiii, be established.
Ah'Was'te (ii-wiis'te). A tribe of North Ameri-
can Indians formerly dwelling on San Fran-
cisco bay, California. See Cnsttinoan.
Ahtvaz (iih-wiiz'). A village in the province of
Khuzistan, Persia, situated on the Karun about
lat. 31° 12' N., long. 4S° 43' E.. an ancient resi-
dence of the Persian kings, and a nourishing
town under the Arabs in tlie early middle ages.
Ai (ii'i). [Heb., 'ruin.'] In biblical geogi-a-
ph.y, a city of the Canaanites. in the territory
of Benjamin, about lOmilesnorth of Jerusalem,
conijuered by .losliua.
Alas (i'as). The (ireck name of Ajax.
Aiblinger (ib'ling-er), Joseph Kaspar. Bom
at Wasserburg, Bavaria, Feb. 23, 1779: died at
Munich, May G, 1867. A German composer, the
founder, with Gregorio Trentino, of a musical
conservatory (Odeou) in "Venice, and kapell-
meister (1826) to the king of Bavaria. His
works comprise masses, requiems, etc., and an
opera "Kodrigo e Ximeiie."
Aicard (a-kilr). Jean. Born at Toulon. Feb.
4, 1848. A French poet and prose-writer.
Among his works are " Bes ,ieiines croyances"
(1867), ''Les rebellions et les ajiaisi'inents"
(1871), "Poemes de Proveiii'e" (1874). "La
chanson de I'enfant" (1H76), "Miette ct Nore"
(18,S0), "Emilio,"a prose drama (18,S4). " Lo
Pfire Lebonnard," a drama in verse (1889),
etc.
Aichach (ic)i'iieh). A small town in Upper
Bavaria, on the Paar about 13 miles northeast
of Aug.sburg. A French victory was gained
here over the Austriaiis, 1,'<05.
Aida (ii-e'dii). An opera by Verdi, first given
at Cairo, Egypt, Dec. 27, 1871.
Aidan (I'dan"), or .^dhan. Died 606. A king
of Scottish Dalriaila. son of Gabran, a f(U-mer
king of Dalriada, and successor, according to
the law of taiiistry. to his relative Conall. Ho
was crowned by St. (\ilumlia in the island of lona in .')74.
In ,')7.'t, at the council at Driimeeat, he deelarcil the inde.
pendence of his kingdom, which had been formed in the
r.tli century by emigrants from Irish Dalriada, anil which
had hitherto i)een treated as an Irish dependency. In 1*03
lie led a force of Britons and Scots against .-Ethelfrith,
king of Bernicia, but was defeated.
Aidan, Saint. Died Aug. 31. 651. First bishop
of Lindisfarne, and founder of the Northum-
brian Church. IIcwasBeiitby themcuiksof Hiiorloiia,
ill answer to the request of King Oswald, to convert his
heathen subjects. (In the ilefeat of Oswald by PendalWL',
Aidan joined Oswiu, king of llic llcirans.
A5d6 (;i-6-da'), Hamilton. Born in Paris,
France, in 1829. A novelist and poet, son of
an Armenian and an English hidy, educated at
the University of Bonn, and for a time an offi-
cer in the British army. Among his worksarC'F.lea-
nore and other Poems " (\itM\ " Kita ; an Autobiography '
(lS.'.n). "Carr of Carlyon" (lS(i2). "The Itonnmee of the
•Scarlet Leaf, and other Poems' (ISlir.), •S.mgB Wlthoiil
Music '(IM.S'2), " Passages in the Life of n l.ndy"(lss7), etc.
Aidenn (a'dcn). [Ar. Aihi. Eden.] Para-
dise: an "Anglicized" form of the Arabic for
lull II. used, for the rime's sake, by Edgar Allan
Poo in "The Kaven."
Aidin (i-den'). A city in Asiatic Turkey, situ-
aleil near the Meiiderc, about ,'i5 miles south-
east of Smvrna, near tlie ruins of ancient
Tralles. It has trade in ligs, cotton, etc. Popu-
lation, about 35,000.
Aienai 24 Aisne
Aienai (i-»-ni'), or loni (i-o-iii'). A tribe of England, Jan. 29, ISfti. An English ■wrriter, Manchester, England, Sept., 1660: died at Lon-
the Caddo Confederacy of North Ameriean In- daughter of John Aikin. She wrote 'Lorimer, a don, April 4. 17-43. An EngUsh teacher and
dians. See t'of/rfo. Talc ■ (1814), "Memoirsof the Court of yuetn Elizalieth" le.\icographer, author of a Latiii-F.7iP-lis)i rtio
Aigai (i'gi). [Gr. AJ^a,-.] A town in ^Eolia. USM, 'M-^'uoirs "f theCpart of J^es I/(18-^^^^^^ tionarv (1736) a i.auu r,ngubn aic-
Asia Minor the modern Xinarud-Kalessi. On iS;'^''^Ka;V/w mai^fs'orTat Caern^^ AinswoAh, WilUam Francis. Born at Exe-
its site are the nuns of various ancient struc- Korfarshire, Oct. 24. l"s™\Jd at London! ter. England, Xov. y, 1!^U7. An English geol-
.,.^?^- „ _. JuJie 7, 1731. A Scottish portrait-painter. ogist and traveler. He has pubUshed "Researches
Algma. bee-I^ffllHfl. Aillon Lnrac; VacniiP!- Hp i^peiulloii "> Assyna Babylonia, etc." (ISSSX "Travels and Re-
Aigle (a'gl). G. Aden (a'len). A small town ^°°',--^-'^^*^ * ^S.?^®^ae. bee ^yaon searches .uAsia Minor, Mesopotamia, etc." (Is42), "Trav-
in the canton of Vaud Switzerland on the ■^^ly '"""^ ^' or Allll, Pierre d . Born 13o0: els in the Track of the io,(xjo Greeks •■(1S44), "A Personal
Grande Eau? near trEhoTe, ahou 22 rn^es died at A>-ignon, France, 1420 (0- A French ^,^":^:^'''^'^T^"^J-^^9'"-- ^^^- ^\^
soutlieast of Lausanne cardinal and theologian, sumamed the "Ham- Ainswortn.Wllbain Harrison. Born at Man-
Aigle. 'a tow^ in the department of Orne. mer of Heretics " and the "Eagle of the Doc- ^''^^/^-.^'i^^flf^'- ^^^:i',;-^^
See I niiile tors." J'-ngland, Jan. 3, lh>>2. An English novehst.
A,-__.'j.;i o A J 17 Ailmer y.i'0 Ffhrlm^rr His works inclade"Rookwood"(1834), "tYiLhtQn"a8S7V
Algnadel. See AffnadeUo. Ail^d of Rievanlx See Ethelred l^^'l ^I't^"^ " (l**). " Tower of London " (isinx " The
Algnan. Sec Saint-Jifl»ail. ■^jJ^S" OI ■K'levamx. S>ee AWffrert. FlitchofBacon.orthcCustomofDnnmow ■■(lSMX"Tower
Aiguebelle (ag-bel'). A small town in the de- -^^sa Craig (al sa krag). A rocky island of Hur(is7l), -Beau Nash " (ISSO), etc.
p:iitnunt of Savoy, France, about 17 miles east Ayi^h"e. Scotland, near the mouth of the Firth Aintab (in-tab'). A to^Ti in the vilavet of
ofChambery. Here, in 1742, the French and p^t-ly'"'- It 'S conical m shape, and rises to a Aleppo, Asiatic Tiukey, on the Saiiir "about
Spaniards defeated the Sanlinians. a -"/,-'"*? ^^®'>, .^ t, . t. • !»*• 3'° 4' N.. long. 37° 2.5' E. it has some trade
Aiiniebelle Paul Alexandre Nevene d" AUJiara (a-mar ). Gustave. Bom at Paris, and manufactures, and is a missionar>- center. Popula-
B.?rnJar7.1S3*l:di7darr^^^^^ Sept. l.S, 1818: died there. June 20 1»«. A i^ ';f'!"f^'^>- '^'^^J- ,.. ,
A French naval officer in the Chinese ser\-ice "euch novelist and traveler m the Umted Air (a-er ), or Asben (as-ben'). A mountain-
durin<' the Taipin" rebellion ISG-'-fti States, Mexico, Spain, Turkey, and the Cauca- ous oasis in the Sahara, Africa, lat. 16°-20° N.,
Aigueperse {ag-pe?s'). A town in the depart- f?|-= ^""'?'^ °^ "'^"^ Trappenrs de I'Arkansas" long. 6°-10° E., ha\iiig an area of about 20,000
ment of Puv-de-D6me, Prance, 19 miles north- (1&>8) ai'd numerous other works in the style of square miles, and a population estimated at
east of Cleriuont-Ferrand. Population (1891), .t-.ooper. He cUed msane. n.-' . ,', . capital is Agades, and chief town
o 341 ^ \ /> Aimon. See Aymon. lintellust. Also Ahir.
Aigues-Mortes, or Aiguesmortes (ag-mort'). Aimon, Jacques. A pseudonym of Voltaire. Airavata (i-ra'va-tji) In Hindu mythology,
A town in the department of GardT France, Ajmpres(i-mo-res ),or Aymores, or Aimures. the prototype of the elephant, produced at the
near the Mediterranean, 22 miles southwest of An "nUan tribe of eastern BrazU, now known churning of the ocean: the worid-elephant of
Nimes. founded bv St. Louis 1246. From here ^f Botocudos. ^ ^, ^ the East^ and Indra's beast of burden,
he embarked on the"Orus,idcs, I24S and 1270. it has Aimores, Serra dos, heo Serra dos Aimores. Airay (ar a). Henry. Bom at Kentmere,
Kilt-wcirks and fisheries. Its fortiticitious (constructed Aimwell (am'wel). 1. In Farquhar's comedy Westmoreland, about 1500: died Oct. 6, 1616
by l-hilip III. 1270-8.^,) .are from an arch!cological point of --The Beaux' Stratagem,"a young gentleman An English Puritan di\ine, vice-chancellor of
'^1) 3 9"f "" ■""'' "'■"-"'"'le in France. Population ^f a romantic temperament, who his dissipated Oxford^ 1606. and author of a "Commenta^ on
Aiguille d'Argentiftre (a-<niev' diir-zhou'te- ^'® fortune and who, with his cooler-headed Philippians" (1618).
ar'). [F. aiyidlle. needle: in tliis special use friend Archer disguised as his servant, person- Aircastle (ar'kas'l). A character in Foote's
'needle-like peak.'] An Alpine peak, 12 83'' ates a rich lord, with a \-iew to retrieving their comedy " The Cozeners," played in an amus-
feot high, northeast of Mont Blanc. ' ' ~ bosses by a rich man-iage for either or both, mgly prolix and digressive manner by Foote
Aiguille de la Grande-Sassifere (a-gtiey'delii "nuking a joiu-ney from one town to another, himself, bm-lesquing Gahagan, a lughly edu-
groiid'siis-se-ar'). One of the chief peaks of ^^^ taking turns in being master and man — a cated young Iiish gentleman who was hung in
the Tarentaise Alps, France, on the Italian stratagem which is successful.— 2. InShirlev's 1''49 for "filing or diminishing the current coin
border. Height, l-\3'\5 feet play " The Witty Fair One," a gentleman, the of the realm."
Aiguille du Midi (a-giiev'diime-de'). 1 An J?'^^' °^ ^''oletta. Aird (ard), Thomas. Bom at Bowden, Eox-
Alpine pi-ak, 12,605 feet high, northeast of Am (an). .4. river of eastern France, about 100 burghshiie, Scotland, Ang. 28, 1802: died at
Mont Blanc— 2. A peak in the Alps of Oisans, ™iles long, which joins the Rhone 17 miles east punifries, Ajiril 25, 1876. A Scottish poet and
Is^re, France, about 11,025 feet high. of Lyons. It is nan-ow in its lower course. journalist. He was editor of the " Edinburgh Weekly
Aiguille Verte (a-ffuev' vert 1 AnAloineneak ■^°- -^ department of France, bounded bv Jo^nal'dsss), and the •■ Dumfriesshire and Calloway
Alguillon (a-gue'yon). A town in the depart- Savoie and Savoie (taom both of which it is Airdrie (ar'dre) A toU in LanarksbirP Scot
ment of Lot-et-Garonne. France, on the Lot separated by the Rhone), with Switzerland, on "^nd lo milel east of (3h^s"ow P^^^^^
near its junction with the Garonne, 16 miles tl'^'J^st, Isere (separated by the Rhone) on the pa"uamenta4 b^-h (189^ Population of
northwest of Agen. Population (1891), com- ^""f^' ^''•^ I^lione and Saone-et-Loire (from i^iJp ,^^? ^ ^£i \-„ v^Ji 'i • -n' i ,
mune. 3,119. ^ ^ ^ '' both of which it is separated bv the Saone) on ^IJ^L. f>,» n!.=o i« '^ ''^' I'^Y^
Aiguillon, Due d' (Armand Vignerot Du- L^.'^.rl-- " - -o-'a^-us (jura) in the east and a ^>f \Ts en^\^rabout"5i^ranTuif
i^Fivuc?^';^fS-n-^";' ^'r?^ ''^^ i''-- ^^^S^^i^'^^^'^'^^^pi^^^'^Z navfeablefrZ^Lerds''^"* -5 miles, and it is
mwlil 1 n ,r vv ^ --1 -7 '■ ° ^"''•■'^ "^'"'■^ I'iS^'' ?.-*• ^"^^^n""*-'. and its population (iS9i! Aire. A small river in eastern France, which
uiKlcr L,oiiis .\V. I(il-i4. 3o6,907. It was formed from the ancient Biesse.Bugey, ioius the Aisne in the df-iinvtTiipnt nf ArHoTipo
Aiguillon, Due d' (Armand de Vignerot Du- .D°»>bes. Valromey, and the -pays de Cex." aS™ VAdonr (ar ' sHr' r dfir M aT^
was one of the first JrFnounce the S«^ of hil ff !"' """ "^'-.i The eeUa is s.urpunded on the interior Population (1891) comniune, 4,551.
rank. In 1792, however, hrfeU under susnictofau^^ ^y a coru,ce^a„d has four ent-aged Ionic columns at the Aire-SUr-la-Lys (ar'siir'la-les'). A fortified
caped to England. ' " suspicion and es- -' -f, Jh^^^^nor west^wa^^^^^^ , i, the department of Pas-de-Calais,
Algun (1 gon). A town in Manchuria, Chinese The plan measures 26 by 39 feet. j stuipiureo. i ranee, situated on the Lys 30 miles southeast
Empire, on the Amur about lat. 50° 5' N., Ainmiller (in'mrl-er). Max Emanuel Born of Calais. Population (1891), commime, 8,409.
long. 127° 28' E. It is a naval station. Pop- at Munich, Feb. 14, 1807: died at Munich, Dec. Air lie Castle (ar'li kas'l). A residence of the
ulation, about 15,000. 8, 1870. A German painter of architectural Eari of Aiilie, near Meigle, Scotland, it was
Ai&en (a'ken). The capital of Aiken County, subjects and on glass. plundered and destroyed by the eighth Earl of Argyle
South Carolina, about lat. 33° 34' N., long. 81° Ainos (i'noz), or Aino (i'no) or Ainn (i'no) }^^ T V^?"^' °{ Aulies attachment to the cause of
ZZl' OS^'l '^^'r.^'^*" health-resort. ^Pop- A small tribe' (aboTsO.Uo i^'n^i^^-^if nTii: T^^U-bJ^L^^^J^ i''ir^fe"':^l\^'n'?^'u^1n'Sr
Ulation (IbWl), J,3bJ. Japanese (perhaps Mongolian) race and Ian- has transferred it to the 18th century.
Alien, William. Born at Charleston, South guage, representing the primitive population of Airola (i-ro'lii). A small town in the province
Carolina. 1M)6: died at Flat Rock, North Caro- Japan, Uving in Yesso. parts of Saghalin, the of Benevento, Italv, 23 miles northeast of
Una, bept. (, 1881. An American politician, Jennies, and on the adjacent coast. The type is Naples.
member of the South Carolina legislature S?"'^''*'. European as compared with other Asiatics. Airolo (5-r6'16). G Eriel<! (er'i-elz) A small
hf^''- ^iTr--'' '^' ^'"'^ -^•■•'^-"'''t-e in l^^.Z'''n^r,:^e''ZZ:,'^':^f:^tr.^ro?'TJl^- l^wTinSh^faJiton of TfclLo S^tzerfai^'i
ES'^%* ^?;lJ,'^'- '''"Prf*'! r°""''^^='"<"' »"■! ««^ ^""*^^" ^ '*'"'*""*">' ^'y "™"= <" "»"> the southern entrance of the St.Gotthardrail-
not'!:?rn,it{ed t^a seat'''' ""•'"'"'' ^ '•'°"*"''" """ ^^ Alnslie (auz'li), Hcw. Born in the parish of ^"ay tunnel, on the Ticino about 38 miles south-
Aikin (a'kin), Arthur. Bom at Warrington , t y*. -^yfsl''ie, Scotland, April 5, 1792: died east of Lucerne.
Lancashire, England. Mav 19 1773- died at 7 Louisville, Ky., March 11,1878. A Scottish- Airy (ar'i), Sir George. The successful lover
London, April 15,1854. An EiiL'lish chemist ^™^i'"-'an poet, author of a "Pilgrimage to the of Miranda in Mrs. Centlivre's comedy "The
and mineralogist,' son of John Aiki Ue pit ^""4 of Burns" (1820), etc. He emUted to Busybody."
lished a "Dictionary of Chemistry and ^neT^^y^' Ammcam 1822, and res^^^^^^^ M^ s:, n.
I la07-U), a " Manual of Mineralogy " (1811). etc ' "f lUs life wj^ ,
Aikin, John. Bom at Kibworth, England, Jan. Ainsworth(a.
licc^W8''''>''''\nE^nsU^^^^^^^^ f'^^'"]t' a£?'' l^^^'r-T'icS-^''^"".""' ^^'^= '"^^ " 1S26, Pluniian professor and director of the Cambridge
aulhorifatranMaTi^noX 'alt;^ Amsterdam about 1G22. An English separa- Observator>- in 1S2S. director of the Greenwich observa-
of"Taci?«i^ '•W.f^pSi^al MentrA^oHler nc^^Sr'etit *'l' '^^'Symau, controversialist, and rabbinical {?5;?'^f t'T,T^4 ""f,^ '■'■^*^, II'"' "'f ''^"' V"'
Britain," •■Bioe.^phical Dictionar>- ■ (171)'«81.'x " Ev^. ?.«1'°1"' "» ^^js driven from England by the persecu- oZf^^lll^l"^' "e resigned his position as astron-
ings at Home" (1792-95, written in conjunction with his '""" °' '^« liro-^i's's (IndepenJcnts). with whom he was a ."'"i^'U^l . a^^„^ t ^t v ■* i
sister Mr^. B.arbauldX etc. connected, became porter to a bo.ikseller in Amsterdam -AJSne (an). A department of France, capital
Aikin Lucv Bom at Warrlnfrtnn T inpnQl,;ro ?lS."' ^■??' *^'="-''"^'' "' Francis Johnson's church there, Laon, bounded by Nord and Belgium on the
ESlaudSivG 1781' died at Hnm,^^^^^^^^^ A^^'.^^J^l^^ T -"' V"" »"?'■'«««■■■'■ north, by Ardennes and Marne on the east, by
J:.ngiaua, ^so^. 0, 1,81. died at Hampstead, Ainsworth, Robert. Born at Woodyale, near Seine-et^Mame on the south, and by Oise and
Aisne
Somme on tho west : formod from parts of an-
cient Picardy, Brio, and Ilf-de-Frauce. Its
area is 2,839 stuiaro miles, and its population
(1891), 545,493.
Alsne. A rivor in nortliorn Franco, about 150
miles long and navifjablo for 75 inilcs. It rises in
thcfii'purtmeiit of .Mcuse, Hows tlirniigh the departments
of Manie, Aniennes, Aisne, and Oise, and jitiris the Oise
near Cornpiegne. On it are Retliel and Soissons. Its
cliief attliients arc the Aire and Vesle, and it communicates
by canals with tlie Mense and Marne.
Aiss6 (ii-e-sa'), Mile. Born 1694: died at Paris,
1733. A daugliter of a Circassian chief, carried
off when a child by Turkish rovers and sold at
Constantinople to the French ambassador, M.
do Ferriol, who took her to Paris andcdncated
her. She pained celel)rity at court for her beauty and
acconiplisliments. Her letters to her lover Chevalier
d'Aydic have been pnldished.
Aistulf (Ts'tulfV or Astolf (iis'tolf). King of
the Loml)ards, 749-750. His eomjuest of the
exarchate of Kavenna (752) was wrested from
him by Pepin the Sliort in 755.
Aitareya (i-ta-ra'yjl)- [Skt., 'descendant of
Itara.'J To him a Brahmana, an Aranyaka,
and an Upanishad. which bear his name,
were supposed to liavo been revealed.
Aitken (at'ken). Robert. Born at Crailins,
near .Jedbiu-gh, Jan. 22, 1800: died suddenly
in the railway-station at Paddington, July 11.
1873. A clergyman of the CImrch of England
(from which ho temporarily withdrew 1824-
1840), leader of the Aitkenites.
Aitkenites (at 'ken-its). A party in the Church
of En::land, led by Kobert Aitken, a Wesleyan
minister who became a High-churchman (vicar
of Pendeen 1849-73). Its object was to in-
(jraft certain Methodist practices and views
upon the Anglican Church.
Aitolia. See .liiiiliit.
Alton (a'ton), William. Born near Hamilton,
.Si'iithind, 1731 : die<l at Kew, near London, Fel).
2. 1793. A Scottish botanist ami gardener, .ap-
pointed director of the Koyal Botanical Garden
at Kew 1759. He published "Hortus Kewen-
sis" (1789).
Aitutaki (i-to-t!l'ke),or Aitutake (i-to-ta'ke).
One of the chief islands of the group called
"Cook's Islands," in the Pacific Ocean.
Aivalik (i'vii-lek), or Aivali (i'vii-le). A
seaport in the vilayet of Khodovendikyar, Asi-
atic Turkey, situated on tho Gulf of Adramyt-
tium OG miles northwest of Sni\Tna.
Aivazovski (i-vil-zof'ske), Gabriel. Bom at
Feodosia, < 'rimea, Russia, M<ay 22, 1812. Au
Armenian liistorian, author of histories of Rus-
sia and Turkev.
Aivazovski, Ivan. Born at Feodosia in the
Crimea, July 7, is 17. An Armenian painter, bro-
ther of the preceding, professor in the Imperial
Academy of tlio Fine Ai-ts at St. Petersburg.
Aix (a). A small island off the western coast
of France, 11 miles south of La Roclielle, tlie
scene of several encounters between the Frencli
and British.
Aix (as). [L. Aqux Sextite, Springs of Sextius
(C. Sextius Calvinus, a Roman ijroconsnl, its
foimder).] A city in tho department of Bou-
ches-du-Rhono, France, about lat. 43° 33' N.,
long. 5° 25' E. It is the seat of an archbishopric,
andhasacatliedral, a museum, an academy, and baths. It
was colonized Ity the proconsul C. Sextius Calvinus l'2:i
n. c, and i)ecanie renowned for its l)aths. in its vicinity
Marius defeated tlic Tcutonea and their allies with great
slaughter lo2 it. c. It l)ecame tlie capital of Provence,
and a famous literary center, and was tlie teiniiorary resi-
dence of tile emi>eror Charles V. in 1.''30. Prior Ui the
Revolution it had one of the cliicf provincial parliaments.
It has an extensive trade in olive-oil and fruits, and manu-
factures of silks, etc. Aix contains a cathedral, of very
early foundation, with Romanesque nave and later aisles
and choir. The curious porch has antique columns, and
ccd.ar-wood diHU-s of liioi, very delicately sculptured. A
tiaittistery of tlic cth century opens on the south aisle ; it
has eight Komari columns. Population (1891), 22,021.
Aix, or Aix-les-Bains (iis-la-ban'). A town
in the department of Savoie, France, the an-
cient Ai[iiie Gratiana> or Aqna; Allobrogum,
situateil near Lake Bourget, 8 miles north of
Chamb6ry, renowned since Roman times for
its hot suliiliiir s)irings. It has an arch of
Cam pa 11 UH. l'(i|iiilatioii (IH91 ), commune, G,2!)().
Aix-la-Chapelle (as-lii-shil-per), G. Aachen
(ii'cheii). [Named from its mineral s)iriiigs
(L. (iqiar). known from the time of Charle-
magne, and tlio chapel (F. chapcUe) of the
palace.] A city in tho Rhine Province,
Prussia, about lat. 50° 4(;' N., long. G° 5' E.,
an important: commcri'inl aii<l railway center.
It li;is targe manufactures of cloth, needles, cigars, ma-
chinery, etc., and a noted cathedral, a Kathhaus, fanions
hot sulphur springs, and a museum (the Suenuondt).
26
It was founded by the Romans as a watering-place, was
tt favorite residence and the northern capital of Charles
the Great (wlio died here), and became a free imperial
city. Vrimx L<niis the Pious to Ferdinand I. it was the
crowning-place of tlie Uerman emperors (hence calletl
the "seat <tf royalty." etc.), and it waa also the seat
of numerous iliets and councils. It was cai)turcd by
the Krcnch in the revolutionar>' period, and was granted
to Prussia in Isl."!. The I'athcdrulof Aix-la-CIiapeUe con-
sists of the famous polygonal nionnnient founded by
Cliarlemagne in 7'.Mi, and a beautiful Pointed choir of the
14th century. Charlemagne's structure was, inspired by
San Vit-ale at Kavenna and similar Italian Ijuildings. It
is l(J-8ided, about 105 feet in exterior diameter, with
a lionie 104 feet liigh and 4S in diameter over tlie centnil
portion. Tlic eight gabU-s around the di>nie are lath-
century additions. Tlie dome is supported liy eiglit mas-
sive piers, and the surrounding amiiulatiiry is two-storied.
The marble throne of Charlemagne, in wliich his l)ody
sat for over S-W years, is now in the upper gallei7. Tlie
mosaic on gold ground in the dome is niodern. Tlie choir
is of light and elegant proportions; it ii* ornamented with
medieval statues of Cli.arlemagne, tlie \'irgin, ami the
apostles, and with good modern glass. The cliapels are
interesting, and there is a line late-Point, d cloister. The
bronze dooi-s of the west ixirtal, wliicli opens lietween two
low cylindrical towers, date from 804. The Uathhaus, or
town hall, is a structure of the 14th century, interesting
.as incorporating what remains of the palace of Cliarle-
magne, including the lower part of tlie west tower. The
' Kaisersa.al, a great vaulted hall extending the entire
length of the upper story, contains eight historical fres-
cos designed by Rethel, which rank among the finest
examples of their class. The council-chamber is adorned
witli imperial portraits. Population (1S90), commune,
10:i,470.
Aix-la-Chapelle. A goveramental district of
tho Rhino Province, Prussia. Population (1890),
504,577.
Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress of. A congi-ess of
the sovereigns of Russia, Austria, and Prussia,
assisted liy the ministers Castlereagh and Wel-
lington from Great Britain, Richelieu from
France, Mctternich from Austria, Nesselrojlo
and Kapodistrias from Russia, and Harden-
berg and Bernstorfif from Prussia. Tlie conven-
tion "signed Oct. 9, 181S, provided Un- the immediate witli-
drawal of the army of occupation Iiom France. The con-
gress expressed the reactionary purposes of the Holy
.\lliance, and received France Into the European concert.
Aix-la-Chapelle, Peace of. 1. A treaty (May
2, IGOS), between the Triple Alliance (England,
the Netherlands, and Sweden) on one side, ami'
Franco on tlio otlier, acceded to by Spain, by
which Franco returned Franche-Comt(5 to Spain
and received twelve fortified towns on the bor-
der of tho Spanish Netherlands, among them
Lille, Tournay, and Oudenardo.— 2. A treaty
(Oct., 1748) which ended the war of the Austrian
succession. The b.asis of peace was the mutual restitu-
tion of conquests, except in the case of Austria, wliich
ceded Parma, Piaeenza, and Guastalla to the Spanisli in-
fant Don Philip and conflrmeil Prussia in the possession of
Silesia. The pragmatic sanction was coullrnied in Austria.
Aizani. Seo A:nni.
Aja (aj'a). In Hindu mythology, a prince of
the solar race, the son of Raghu or of Dilipa,
son of Raghu.
AJS'CCio (ii-yii'eho). A seaport, the capital of
the department of Corsica, France, situated on
tho western coast of Corsica on the Gulf of
Ajaccio, lat. 41° .55' N., long. 8° 44' E., cele-
brated as tho birthplace of Najioloon Bona-
parte. It has a considerable trade, and a ca-
thedral. Population (1891), commune, 20,197.
Ajalon (aj'a-lon), or Aijalon (aj'a-lon). In
bililical geogi'aphy, a town of Palestine, the
modern Yalo, 14 miles northwest of Jerusalem.
Ajan (ii-'.jan), or Ajam (ii'jam). A district in
Somali Land, eastern Africa, on the coast south
of Cape (iiiardafui.
Ajatasatni (a-jii-tii-sat'ro). A king of Kasi
(Benares), mentioned in the Upanisliads, who
was very learned and, though a Kshatriya,
taught the Brahman Gargyabalaki.
Ajax (li'jaks). [(ir. Ai«r.] In Greek legend:
(o) Tho son of Telamou and half-brother of
Teucer, and one of the loading Greek heroes in
tho Trojan war. f.amous for his size and physi-
cal strength and beauty. According to Homer he
was, next to Achilles, the bravest of the Grecian host.
He several times engaged in single combat with Hector
and gained the advantage over him, and was always a ter-
ror to the Trojans. There are various accounts of his ex-
pbdts after the war and of his death. According to tlte
common poetical tradition, he died by his own hand.
The ilecision of Agamemnon (on the advice of Athena) to
sward the anus of Achillea to Odysseus drove Ajax mad,
and ill his insanity be furiously altarlted and ^slcw the
sheep of the Creeks, iniiiginiug them to tie bis enemies.
Shame for this conduct drove him to siiii-ide. Ai-cm ding
to otlier accounts he was murdered. From his blood w;is
said to have sprung up a purple Hower bearing on its
leaves the letters m, the Hr«t letters of Ills name and also
an exclamation of woo. His stoiy waa dramatized by
Sophocles, (ft) A Locrian legendary king, son
of OTleus, ami one of the heroes in" the Trojan
war: often called the Lfs.irr Ajax.
Ajax, Sir. See tho extract.
Akbar
Sir Ajax seems to have been a title imposed on Sir John
Harrington, for a very meritorious attempt to introduce
cleanliness into our dwellings. ... In l.MX',, he pub-
lished, under the name of .Misacmos, a little treatise
called. "A new discourse of a stale subject, or the Meta-
morphosis of Ajax." of which the object was to point out
the pnipriety of adopting somelliin;; like the water-closets
of the present day. As the nature of his sulijeet led Iiini
to lay open the interior of our palaces and great houses,
otlence was taken at his freedom : he lost, at least for a
time, the favour of F.lizabeth (his gmluiother). and was
banished from court. His gains, from his well-timed la-
bours, were aiiparcntly contlned to the honour of contrib-
uting to tlie merriment of the wits, Shakspeare, .tonson,
Nabbes, and many others, who took advant.age of his own
pun (a-jakcs), and dubbed him a knight of the stool;
unrler whicll title he freiiuently apjicars in their jjages.
(Jifford, Note to .lonsou's "The Silent Woman," i. 447.
Ajigarta (a-je-giir'tii). The poor Brahman
Rishi who sold his son Sunahseiia to Kohita
to be a substitute for Rohita, King Ilarischan-
dra having vowed that if he obtained a son
he would sacrifice him to Varuna, and Rohita
having been the son given.
Ajmir, or Ajmere (iij-mer'). A province in
Rajiiutana, British India, intersected bv lat.
20° 20' N., and long. 74° 30' E. It is und'er the
supervision of the govemor-gener.al of India, and was
ceded to the British in 1S18. Ajca, 2.711 square miles.
Population (1S91), 542,35s. A\%o Ajinrer,
Ajmir, or Ajmere. The capital of the province
of Ajmir, about lat. 20° 29' N., long. 74° 40' E.
The Mosque of .Ajmir waa fon tided in the early 13th century,
and is one of the first established in India. It occupies the
spacious square court of a .lain temple, whose obi colon-
nades of graceful and well-c:irveil coluninsremaiu in place
around the walls and supjiort a series of low domes, 'the
great beauty of the monument lies in the screen of seven
keel-shaped llohammedan arches carried across the west
side of the court in front of the colonn.ide. This screen
is covered with bands of Cutic and Togra inscriptions sepa-
rated by diaper-work, admirable in decorative motive, and
cut with great delicacy. Population (18U1), 08,843. Also
Ahnecr.
Ajodhya (ii-jodh'yii). A suburb of Faizabad,
(Juilh, British India, on tho site of an impor-
tant ancient city.
Ajunta (a-jun'ta), orAdjunta. A small place
in the Nizam's dominions, India, about 55 miles
northeast of Aurangabad, celebrated for its
cave-temples. The Buddhist vihara, or monastery, is
known as Cave No. 10. It is rock-cut, in plan a rectan-
gular hall about 65 feet square, with a hexastylc por-
tico preceding the portal. At the back is a rectangu-
lar jutlared shrine, in whicll is an enthroned figure of
Buddha. The sides are bortlered by Itl small cells for the
recluses. The hall has an interior peristyle of 20 fine col-
umns, with'cubical corbeled capitals. Tlie columns and
flat ceiling are carved with rich arabesques, and the walls
are covered with interesting iiaintings of Buddhist scenes.
The monument dates from the .Mb century A. p., and is
typical of a large class of similar viharas. Sometimes, as
in the Great Vibaia at Bagh, a sllala or school, in form a
pill.ared hall separate from the main foundation, is at-
tached to the vihara.
Akabah (ii-kii-bii'). A haven in Arabia Pet ra^a,
at the head of the Gulf of Akabah, about lat.
29° 33' N., long. 35° 24' E. Near it were the
ancient Ehith (.."Elami) and Ezion Geljer.
Akabah, Gulf of. The northeastern arm of
the Red Sea, the ancient Sinus JElanites, about
100 miles long.
Akakia (ii-kii-ke-ii') (Martin Sans-Malice).
[Akiil:ia (iiKaKia) is a Greek traiislnticm of the
French name sdiix-niulice.^ Born at Chalons-sur-
Marno : died 1.551. A French physician, lec-
turer at the College de France, founded by
Francis I. He published several medical works.
Akakia, Le docteur. A pseuilonym of Vol-
taire, borrowed from the preceding. It was used
by Voltaire in his "Diatribe du lioctenr Akakia." a lam-
poon on llaupertiiis, )iiil>lii<licd about 17.'i2. A supple-
ment appeared later. 'I'lie liook was burned by the pub-
lic executioner on the I'liice Gendarmes, liec. 24, 176^
lint a copy was saved by Voltaire, who republished it.
Akansa. See Kuapa.
Akarnania. See Acanmina.
Akassa (ii-kils'sii). The seaport of the Niger,
West Africa. See Iil~n.
Akbar, or Akber (iik'ber; Hindu pron. nk'-
ber),<ir Akhbar, originally Jel-al-eddin Mo-
hammed (je-liil'ed-den' mo-ham'id). [At.,
'very great.'] Born at Ainarkote, Bind, India,
Oct. 14, 1542: died at Agra, India, Oct. 13. 1005.
A great Mogul emperor in India. 1.5.5(i-l(i05.
He was born during the cxllp of his father Iluniaynn.
After twelve years Huniayun recovered the throne of
llelhl, but died within a year, when In I.l.'.tl Akbar succeeded
him, rilling at first under the regency of Hairatn Khan.
In his eighteenth year be threw olt this yoke, liy war
and policy ho consolidated his power over the greater
jiart of India. He put an cud to the conllict between
Afglian and .Mogul, and sought to reconcile Hindu and
Moliauimedan. He Interested himself in various rellgionll
Urahmanism, Buddhism, Mazdnism, and Christianity, and
even sought to estalillsh a religion of his own. He
sought to better his subjects by measures of tolera-
tion and improved social laws. He permitted the use
of » Ine, but punished intoxication ; tried to slop widow-
burning ; permitted the marriage of Hindu widows ; for-
bade tho marriage of boys before sixteen and of glrla
Akbar
before fourteen ; to ermtify Ins Hindu subjects prohibited
tllL' BhiUL'btcl' iif cows; hail liis lands accurately aiirvfyi'd
anri statistics taken ; constructed ruads ; establislied a uni-
fonn system of wei;:lit8 and measures ; and introduced a
vigorous iMilice. lie was sometimes harsh and cruel, and
is clntrgcd with poisoning his enemies. The rebellion of
tiis son .Selim. later known as Jahangir, was a .Mohanime-
dati uprising :);;:unst Akbar's apostasy. The rebellion was
8ujipressc<i. an4l .Akbar retui-ned to the faith. He was
probably pois4>ne<l at the instlKatiou of Jahaugir.
Akbar, Tomb of. Sec .Sccundru.
Ak6 (ii'ke). 1. See -Icrf. — 2. One of thepiinci-
pal niiiietl cities of Yueatau, situated about 30
miles east of Meriila, noted for its jnTamid.
Akeman Street (ak'mau stret). [So called from
AS. .Iccmiiinic.s liiiili, sick man's town, a name
of Bath: AS. .rir. rcc, ake (now spelled <if)u),
pain.] All ancient ]{oman road in England
connecting' Hath, through Speen and Walling-
ford, witli Ldiiiloti.
Aken, or Acken (ii'ken). A town in Prussian
Saxonv, on the Ell>e 2!) miles southeast of
Magdeburg. Poinilation (1890), 6,109.
Akenside (a'ken-s5d), Mark. Born at New-
castlc-on-Tyne" Nov. 9, ITl'l: died at London,
June 23. 1770. An English poet and physician,
author of "Pleasuresofthelmagination" (1744).
He was the son of a butcher. He studied theology and
then medicine at Edinburgh ; went to London in 1743
and to Leyden in 1744, where he completed his medical
studies ; ami returned to England in 1744, beginning the
practice of his profession in Northantpton, and removing
in 174,S to lyomlon. In 1761 he l»ecame physician to the
queen. The l)est edition of his poetical works (with a
bic.gniphy) is that published by l)yce in lis34.
Akerbas. See .Icirhas.
Akerblad (ii'ker-bliid), Johan David. Bom
in Sweden, 1700: died at Rome, Feb. 8, 1819.
A Swedish Orientalist and diplomatist, author
of works on oriental inscriptions.
Akerman (ii'ker-miin). or Akyerman, or Ak-
kerman. A seai)ort iu the government of Bes-
sarabia, Hussia, situated ou the estuarv of the
Dniester about lat. 4G° 1:5' N., long. 30° 15' E.
It is probably <m the site of the ancient .Milesian colony
Tyras, and was occupied by the Venetians and Genoese in
the later middle ages. Population, 43,943.
Akerman, Convention of. A treaty concluded
between Russia and Turkey, Oct. 6, 1826, by
which Russia secured the navigation of the
Black Sea, and various agreements were en-
tered into concerning Moldavia, Wallachia, and
Servia. The non-fultilment of the treaty by
Turkey led to the war of 1828-29. .
Akerman (ak'er-man), Amos Tappan. Born in
New Hampshire, 1823: died at Cartersville, Ga.,
Dec. 21, 1880. An American lawyer, a graduate
of Dart mouth College, 1842. He settled in Elberton,
Georgia. 18'>0, followed his adopted .state in secession,
IStil, became a Republican ami reconstructionist after the
war, and was attorney-general under Grant, 1870-72.
Akerman, John Yonge. Born at London,
.June 12. 18(16: died at Abingdon, England,
Nov. 18, ISTii. An English numismatist.
Akers (a'kcrz), Benjamin Paul. Bom at Sae-
carappa, Maine, .luly 10, 182.5: died at Phila-
delphia. May 21, 1861. An American sculptor.
Among his best works are "I'ua and the Lion, "8t.
Elizabeth of Hungary," "The Dead rearl-Diver,"etc. See
Allien, IClizafH'lh Ch'ige.
Akershem, Miss Sopkronia. See Lammle,
Mrs. Alfnit.
Akershus. See Afii/crshiis.
Akhal Tekke (il'khal tek'ke). An oasis in
central Asia, north of Persia, inhabited bv
Turkomans, annexed by Russia iu 1881. ft
is traversed by the Transcaspian railway.
Akhalzikll(a-khal-zekh'). Atown in the govern-
ment of Titlis, Caucasus, Russia, about lat. 41°
40' N., long. 43° 1' E. it is the ancient capital of Turk-
Ish Georgia, and was captured by the Russians under Pas-
kevitch, Aug. 27, 1828. A Turkish attack upon it was re-
pulsed in March, ls2!>, and near it a Knssiau victory was
gained .Nov. 26, 18.W. Population (Issil), l(i,116.
Akkissar (il-khis-sar'). Atown iu Asiatic Tur-
key, the ancient Thyatira, about .58 miles north-
east of Smyrna. Poptilation (estimated), 10,000.
Akkissar (in Albania). See Knna.
Akklat (iikh-liit'). A town in the vilayet of
Erzrura, Asiatic Turkev, on Lake Van about
lat. 38° 4.5' N., long. 42° "13' E. Near it are the
ruins of the ancient Khelat.
Akhmim (iikh-mem' ), or Ekhmim (ekh-mem').
A town in Egypt, the ancient KliemmisorPan-
opolis, on the east bank of the Nile between
Assiut and Thebes, it was the seat of the cult of
Ammon Khem, and its ancient necropolis was discovered
by .Maspero in 18M. Population, lo.olN).
Akhtuba (ilkh'tii-ba). An arm of the Volga,
which branches from the main stream near
Tsaritsyn, and Hows parallel with it to the
(^aspinn Sea.
Akhtyrka (iikh-ter'ka). A town in the gov-
ernment of KharkofF, Russia, about lat. 50° 18'
26
N., long. 34° 59' E. It has a cathedral. Popu-
lation. 2.5,870.
Akib, Le rabbin. A pseudon}^n used by Vol-
taire in I7()l.
Akiba (ii-ke'bii) ben Joseph ('Akiba son of
•Joseph'), or simply Rabbi Akiba. l^xecuted
132(f) A. D. The most distinguished Jewish
personage in the 2il century. There are many
legends abtiut him. He introduced'a new metho<l of in-
terpreting the oral law (Halacha) and reduced it to a
systeni (Mishna). He t(tok an active part in the rebellion
which lirt'ke out against Hadrian under the leadership of
Bar-t'ochba (132 A. Ii.) and suffered death liy torture for
his share in this unsuccessful uprising.
Akita Ken (ii-ke'tii ken). A ken in the north-
western part of the main island (Hondo) of
Japan. Its chief town is x\^kita. The population
of the town is about 30,000.
Akka (iik'kii). A tribe of pygmies discovered
by Miani and Schweiufurth in central Africa,
between the Nepoko and Aniwimi rivers. Their
average height is 1.33 meters, complexion light brown, hair
scanty and woolly, head large, nose flat, arms long, legs
short, and hands well formed, but not the feet. They are
expert hunters, live in temporary grass huts of beehive
shape, an*! keep no domestic animals, save chickens. Also
called Tikke-Tikkf, or, in Bantu speech, Wambuti.
It seems possible, therefore, that at an epoch when the
Sahara was still a fertile land, and the Delta of Egypt an
arm of the sea, a race of men allied to the Bushmen
ranged along the southern slopes of the Atlas mountains,
and extende<l from the shores of the Atlantic on the one
side to the banks of the Nile on the other. Of this race
the bmchycephalic Akkaa and other dwarf tribes of Cen-
tral Africa would be surviving relics. They were driven
from their primitive haunts by the negro invasion, and
finally forced into the extreme south of the continent by
the pressure of the Ban-tu or Kaffir tribes.
Sayce, Puices of the O. T., p. 14S.
Akkad, or Accad (iik'kad or ak'ad). One of
the foiu' cities of Nimrod's empire (Gen. x. 10)
iu .Shiuar or Babylonia: in the ciuieitorm in-
scriptions it is usually the name of a region.
The kings of Babylonia and those of Assyria who conquered
Babylonia call themselves ''king of Sumer and Akkad."
whence it is usually assumed that Sunier denominated
southern Babylonia and Akkad northern Babylonia. The
boundaries of this district are not certain, but it seems
to have lain between the Tigris and the Elamitic anti Me-
dian mountains, its northern limit being the upper Zab.
The name of a city, Aijadi% was discovered in an inscrip-
tion of Nebuchadnezzar, which is held by some to be
identical with the city of Akkad. Agade was the resi-
dence of the earliest-known Babylonian king, Sargon I.
(about .*J.S0O B. c). Cyrus mentions this city as still cvist-
ing in his time. Friedrich Delitzsch considers it part of
the city of .Sepharvaini : other scholars, however, doubt
the identification. Akkadian is the name given to th--
people and dialect of Akkad. The people were supposed
to be a non-.Seniitic tribe and their language agglutina-
tive ; the literature in this dialect consisted chiefly of
magical incantations. Tllis theory has been strongly de-
fended by Oppert and Haupt. .Joseph Halevy and others
hold that this non-Semitic people and language never ex-
isted and that the writing is simply a cryptography or
secret writing invented by the priests to lend a greater
mystery to their sacred writings. The most recent theory
is that the so-called Akkadian dialect is simply an older
form of Snmerian and should be called old Sumerian.
(See Sum^ria.) Akkadixt is the name given to a person
who believes in the real existence of the Akkadian dialect
and people : the opponents of this school are called anti-
AkkadixU.
Akko. See Acre.
Akmolinsk, or Akmollinsk (iik-mo-linsk'). A
Russian province in the government of the
Steppes, Russian central Asia, organized in
18(58. It is level in the north, hilly in the center, and a
desert step|)e in the south. Area, 229,609 sipiare miles.
Population (1SS9), 500,180.
Akmolinsk. The capital of the government
of Akmolinsk. situated on the Ishim about lat.
51° 30' N., long. 71° 30' E. It is a caravan cen-
ter. Population (1889). ;5.447.
Akoklak. See Kitunahan.
Akola (ii-ko'lii). A district in West Berar,
Hyderabad Assigned Districts, British India,
intersected by lat. 21° N., long. 77° E. Area,
2.660 square miles. Population (1891), 574,782.
Akola. The capital of the district of Akola,
British luilia. about lat. 20° 40' N., long. 77° E.
Population (1891), 21,470.
Akpotto (iik-pot'to). See Igbira.
Akra ( iik-rii' ), formerly Accra. A Nigritic tribe
of the Gold Coast, West Africa, .sub.iect to Eng-
land. It occupies the triangular area between the sea-
coast, the Volla River, and the Ashanti Mountains. The
Akra language has monosyllabic roots an<l makes a great
use of nuisical tones. Ga (Gad) and Adaiupi are its two
principal dialects.
Akra, formerly Accra. A town on the Gold
Coast, West .\frica, about 80 miles west of the
Volta river, it had. in l.sixi, 20,000 inhabitants, a few
only being white. It became English in ls.'.ll, and is the
largest town of the Gold Coast. Since 1«7;'> the governor
has residetl in the neighboring Christiansborg.
Akrabbim (a-krab'im). [Heb., -scorpions.']
In biblical geography, a group of hills south of
the Dead Sea, variously identified.
Alabama, The
Akragas. See Aiirh/oitiim,
Akron (ak'ron). the capital of Summit County,
(_)hio, 36 miles south of Cleveland. It has consid-
erable manufactures of flour, woolen goods, matches, agri-
culturid implements, etc. Population (l«)o), 2T,i»l.
Akrura (a-krii'rii). In Hindu mythology, a
Yadava and luicl'e of Krishna, chiefly noted as
the holder of the Syamautaka gem.' See Sya-
m(iiit<ik((.
Aksakoff (iik-sii'kof), or Aksakov (iik-sii'kof),
Constantine. Bom at Moscow, April 10, 1817:
died iu the island of Zante, Greece, Dec. 1860.
A Russian poet and prose-writer, son of Sergei
Aksakoff.
Aksakoff, or Aksakov, Ivan. Bom Oct. 8,
1823 : died Feb. 8, 1886. A Russian Panslavist,
son of .Sergei Aksakoff.
Aksakoff, or Aksakov, Sergei. Bom at Ufa,
Russia, (.)ct. 1, 1791 : died at Moscow, May 12,
1859. A Russian writer, author of "Family
Chronicles" (1856), etc.
Akserai (:ik-se-ri'). A town in the vilayet of
Konieh, Asiatic Turkev: the ancient Archelais.
Population (estimated), 10,000.
Aksha (ak'shii). In Hindu mythology, the
eldest son of Ravana, slain by Hanuman.
Akshehr (iik'sheHr). A smalltown in the vila-
yet of Konieh, Asiatic Turkev, about lat. 38°
22' N., long. 31° 17' E., on the site of the ancient
Thymbrium or, more probably, of Philomelion,
the scene of the victory of Frederick Barba-
rossa over the Seljuks, May 18, 1190. Bajazet
I. died here 1403. Also Ak-Sheher.
Aksu (ak-so'), or Ak-sai (ilk-si'). A northern
tributary of the Tarim in eastern Turkestan,
about 300 miles long. It rises in the Tian-Shan.
Aksu (iik-so'). A citv in eastern Turkestan,
about lat. 41° 7' N., loiig. 80=' 30' E., important
as a commercial center and strategical point.
It has manufactures of cotton goods. Popula-
tion (estimated"!, 40.000.
Akupara (ak-o-pii'rii). In Hindu mythology,
the tortoise which upholds the world.
Akurakura (a-ko-rii'ko-ra). A small African
tribe, settled on the bend of Cross River, West
Africa, iu the region where the Bantu and Ni-
gritic languages meet and blend.
Akureyri (ii'ko-ra'ri). A small seaport on the
northern coast of Iceland, the second largest
place on the island.
Akwapim (iik-wa,-pem'). See Ashauti.
Akyab (iik-yjib'). A district in the division of
Arakan, British Burma, intersected by lat. 21°
N. and long. 93° E. Area, 5,535 square miles.
Population (1891), 416,305.
Akyab. A seaport, capital of the district of
Akyab, and chief port of the Arakan division
of British Burma, lat. (old temple) 20° 8' .53' N.,
long. 92° 52' 40' E. Population (1891), 37,938.
Ala (a'lii). A town in Tyrol, Austria-Hun-
gary, on the Adige 23 miles southwest of
Trent. Population (1890), 3,161.
Ala. See Iijara.
Alabama (al-a-bii'ma). [Ind., 'here we rest,'
or 'place of rest'(f).] A river in the State
of Alabama, which is formed by the Coosa and
Tallapoosa, above Montgomery, and unites
with the Tombigbee to form the Mobile, about
32 miles north of Mobile. Its chief tributary is the
Cahawba. Its total length is 312 miles, and it is navigable
to Montgomery.
Alabama. One of the Southern States of the
United States, capital Montgomery, bounded
by Tennessee on the north, Georgia (partly
separated by the Chattahoochee) and Florida
(separated by the Perdido) on the east, Florida
aiul the Gulf of Mexico on the .south, and Missis-
sippi on the west, and extending from lat. 30°
13' to lat. 3.5° N., and from long. 84° 53' to long.
88° 35' W.: one of the Gulf States, it is moun-
tainous in the north, hilly and rolling in the center, and
low in the south ; and is traversed by the Tennessee
river in the north, and by the Alabama and Tombigbee
systems from north to south. It is rich in coal and iron
in the moinitainous region, ami was the third State in the
production of pig-ii-on in 1890. It has 66 counties, ,>
representatives in Congress, and 11 electoral votes. It
was settled by the French in 1702. The territory north
of lat. 31" N. was cedetl to Great Britain in 1763, and to
the United States in 17s.'t ; and the remaining territory
was ceded by Spain to the United States in 1819. It wjis
admitted to the Union in 1819, seceded Jan. 11, 1861, and
was readmitted July, IstiJ*. Area, C2,25o squju'e miles.
Population (1890), l,.'il3,017.
Alabama, The. A wooden steam-sloop of 1,040
tons built for the Confederate States at Birken-
head, England. Her commander was Captain Semmes
of the Confederate mivy. (See Semmes.) Her crew and
etjuipments were English. She cruised ]86"2-64, destroy-
ing American shipping, and was sunk by the Kearsar^e,
off Cherbourg, June 19, 1864.
Alabama claims
Alabama claims, (.'hums for damages pre-
fciTcii l)y tlif United States iiKaiiist Groat
Britain for losses caused during tlic Civil War
by the depredations on Anieriran eoninieree of
vessels — the chief of which was the Ala-
bama— fitted out or sup)ilied in British ports
under the direction of the Confederate gov-
ernnn'ut. The aiijustniciit of lliusc chiiniti was proviiieil
fur by llif treaty of WjisliiiiKt^n, concludi-J iluy S, 1871,
whicll rifiTreil them to a tjihunul ot iirhitnitiuii to he
compoBed of five meuihers. llimied re8i>ectively by the
goveniiiients of the l'nit<;il States, (lieat Itritain. Italy,
Switzerlauil. .imi linutil. The tribunal aaseinbled in lie-
^cvl^ .Switzeilanil, Dec. 16, IS71, and was composed of the
followluK arbitrators: Count Federigo Sclopis, of Italy;
Baron Itajuba. ot Brazil ; .Tactnies Staemplli, of Switzer-
land; Charles Knineis Adams, of the I iiited States; and
l>ord Chief .lustiee Sir Alexander Cockburn, of Great
Britain. The jigent for Great liritain was Lord Tenter-
den, the counsef Sir Kumidell Palmer ; the ajjent for the
L'nited states, J. C. Bancroft Davis, the counsel William
M. Evarts. i'aleb Ciishin^', and ilurrison K. Waite. Count
Sclopis was elected president, and Alexandre Favrot, uf
Switzerland, secretary. After having received the cases
of the contending parties, the tribunal ailj\>urned till
June l.'i. Iji72. The t'nited States claimed, in addition to
direct damages, conseciuential or indirect ilaniages ; while
Great Britain contended against any liability whatever,
anil especially against any liability for indirect damages.
Sept. 14, 1.S72. the decision of the tribunal was announceil,
a gross sum ot $l.'i,.'ia\lH)n in gold being awarded the
t'nited States in satisfaction for all claims. The Geneva
tribunal is of importance iii the history of international
law on account of the rules relating to nentnils which it
adojited to gui<le its action.
Alabama Claims Commission. A eommission
of re]iresontatives of (ireat Britain aud the
I'niled States, for the settlement of the Ala-
))ama claims. Its members were Earl de Grey and
Ripon. Sir Statford Xortheote, Sir Edward Thornton.
Sir .John .Macdonald, and Professor .Montague Bernard, for
Great Britain ; and Hamilton Fish, Robert C. Schenck,
Samuel Nelson, Ebenezer R. Hoar, and George H. Wil-
liams, for the t'nited States. They concluded the treaty
of Washington, .May 8, 1871. See treaty o/ Waxhitigton, and
Alat)am<i claim* (above).
Alabanda (al-a-ban'dii). An ancient eity of
("aria. Asia Minor, on the site of the modern
Ilissar.
Alabaster (al'a-bas-ter). William. Born at
)Iadleij;li, Suffolk, Eufjland, 1.5()7: died in April,
lt>40. An English jioet and divine, a gradu-
ate and fellow of Trinity College, ('ambridge,
author of a Latin trageily, "Koxana" (acted
at Caml)ridge University about l.'iO^, jjrinted
l(i;j2), and ot various lejirned works. He began
an epic poem, in Latin, in praise of Elizabeth, the first
book of which remains in manuscript in the library of
Emmanuel College, Cambridge. In 1:''SK5 he went to Cadiz
as chaplain to the Earl uf Essex.
Alacoque(ii-l:i-kok'), Marguerite Marie. Born
at Eauthecour, Saone-et-ljoire, France, July
22, 1G47: died at Baray-le-Monial, France, Oct.
17, KiilO. A French nun, founder of the wor-
ship of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
Alacranes (ii-lii-krii'nes). A group of coral
islets in the Gulf of Mexico, in lat. 22° 30' N.,
lont' H9° 40' W.
Ala-Dagb (ii'Iii-dilo'). A range of the Taurus
in the southeastern part of Asia Minor, north
of .'\dana, a conliiinatiou of the Bulgar-Uagh.
Ala-Dagh, or Allah Dagh. A mountain-range
in the nortlierii part ot Asia Minor, intersected
by long. :i2° E.
Ala-Dagh. A mountain-range in Turkish Ar-
menia, north of Lake Van, about 11,(100 feet
high. I he source of the eastern Euphrates.
Aladdin (a-lad'in). Ill the story of "Aladdin
or the Wonderful Lamp," in the "Arabian
Nights' Entertainments," the son of a poor wid-
ow in China, who becomes possessed of a magic
!am|i and ring which eommanil the services
of two terrific jinns. Learning the magic power uf
the lamp, by accidentally rulibitig it. Aladilin beconu'S
rich and marries the Pi-incess uf <'athay through the
agency (•( the "slave uf the lamp" who also builds In a
night a palace f«jr her reception. One window of this
palace was left inillnished, and no one could complete it
to match the others. Aladditi therefore tlirect« the jinns
to llnish it, which is done in the twinkling uf an eye (hence
the phi*ase "to tlnish Alaililin's winduw"; that is, to at-
tempt to llnish something begun by a greater mati). After
many years the original owner uf the lamp, a magician,
in urder Ut recover it, goes through the city otfering new
lamps fur i>M. The wife uf Aladdin, tenipteil by this
idea, eXi:hangeB the uld rusty nnigie lamp fui- abrand-new
useless one(licnce the phnise " to exchange old lamps for
new "), and the nnigician transports buth palace an<l prin-
cess to Africa, but tlie ring helps Aladdin to tlnd them. lU-
kills the magi(dan, and, possessing himself of the lump,
transports the palace to ('athny, and at the sultan's death
Mucc'-rds t4» the throne.
Aladfar (al-ad-fiir'). [Ar.] A name, not much
used, for the star ;/ Lyra>.
Aladja-Dagh (ii-lii'.iii-iliiG'). A mountain near
Kars, Uussian .Armenia, the scene of a vic-
tory of the Russians under <lrniid Duke Michael
over the Turks under Mukhtar I'asha, Oct. 13-
15, 1877.
27
Ala-ed-Din (ii-lii'ed-<len'), or Ala-eddin, or
Aladdin. An ottoman statesman, son of
Otliinan the fouinler of the (Jttoman emjiire.
On the death (.f Dtbiiian, Orelian, Ala-ed Pin's elder
brother, ottered to share the empire with him, but he
would accept oidy the revenues from a single village ami
the post of vizir. He organized the corps of janizaries,
at the head of whicli he gained a victoi-y over the em-
peror .\ndronicus in l;wo, and ti.Hjk J^icica, the chief de-
fense of the tjreek empire in Asia.
Alaghez (ii-lii-gez'). An e.\tinct volcano 30
miles nortliwest of Erivan, Transcaucasia,
Russia, over 14,000 feet high. Also Ali-Ghr;.
Alagoas (ii-Ui-go'iis). A state of eastern
Brazil, capital Maceio, bouinled by Pernam-
bueo on the north and northwest, the Atlantic
on the southeast, and Sergipe on the .southwest.
Its chief products are cotton, sugar, anil to-
bacco. Area, 22, .W} square miles. Population
(1SS.S), 4.')!),371.
Alagoas. A town in the state of Alagoas,
situated near the coast in lat. 9° 45' S., long.
3.')° 50' W. : formerly the capital of the province.
Population, about 10,000.
Alai, or Alay, Mountains. See Tniiis-.-llni.
Alain de Lille (ii-lah' de lei). Latinized Ala-
nus ab InsuliS (u-la'nus ab in'su-lis). Born
1114: died at Citeau.\, France, 1203 (?). A
monk and celebrated scholar, surnaiued "Doc-
tor Universalis," author of an encyclopedic
poem, treating of morals, the sciences, and the
arts, entitled " Antielaudianua " (published in
153G), etc.
Alais (ii-la'). A town in the department of
Card, France, situated on the ("iardon 25 miles
northwest of Ximes. it has a furt built by Louis
XI \'. to intimidate the Huguenots. Population (1891),
24,:;5ii.
Alais, Peace of. A peace (1629) which termi-
nated the last of the religious wars in France,
in which (1G2H) La Itochelle, the stronghold of
the Huguenots, was taken by Kicholieu, and
the Huguenots were compelled to tlisband as a
political party.
Alajuela (ii-lii-Hwa'lii). A town of Costa Rica,
about lat. 9° 55' N., long. 84° 20' W. Popula-
tion (estimated, 1893), 12,000.
Alaka (a'la-kil). In Hindu mythology, the
capital of Kuvera and the abode of the gan-
dharvas on Mount Meru.
Ala-kul (il-Ia-kiil'). A lake in Asiatic Russia,
about lat. 46° N., near the Chinese frontier,
without outlet.
Alaman (ii-lii-iniin'), Lucas. Bom at Guana-
.juato, Oct. 18, 1792: died in Me.xico, June 2,
1853. A Mexican historian and statesnuin.
He traveled extensively in Europe, 1814-22, and was dep-
uty in the Spanish Cortes fur his native province. Re-
turning to ilexieu. he held various inipiutant uffices, being
secretary uf the interior for the provisional government
182;i-2.'i, foreign minister under Bustamente, and again
under Santa .\nna until his death. Many important public
wurks are due to him, including the Mexican museum.
He is best known fur his '■ Historia de M^jico " and " bis-
crtaciunes subre la historia de la Repi'iblii-a Mejicana,"
w()rks published <luring the ten years liefore his death.
Alamanni (al-a-man'i), less correctly Ale-
manni (al-e-man'i). ['All men,' that is,
'men of all nations.'] A (ierm.'in race of Sue-
vie origin, wliicli occupied thi^ region from the
Main to the Danulni in the first part of tlie 3d
cenlttry A. n. Their territory extended later across
the Rhine, including Alsace and part of eastern Switzer-
lauil. They were defeated by Cluvis 4!«>. (Sec Siruhid.)
The Alaiuatniic is the German dialect in uld Abunamiic
territ^try in the regiun uf the upper Rhine, ai»i>ruxiinatt'ly
coincident with modern Alsace, the southern half of
Baden and uf Wiirtemberg, Swabia, ami Switzerland.
With Bavarian itfi>rms the group siiecitleally called lligli
Gernuni. It is the typical form uf Old High Gernnin,
which exists ill literature from the 8th to the cud of the
llth centtn-y.
Alamanni (ii-lii-miin'ne), or Alemanni (ii-le-
iniin'ne), Luigi. Born at Floremi-, llO."): died
at Amboise, I'rance, 15,^6. An Italian poet, au-
thor of eclogues, hymns, satires, elegies, a di-
ilactic jioem "La Coltivazione " (1.546), an eiiic
poem "(Jirone il cortese" (1548), etc. Ilecun-
spired against (Muliu de" Medici and escaped tu Venice:
thence he went tu tjenua, and in ir»2:i tu the court of
Francis I. where, after returning to I'lorence for a short
time (I.^27-;iil). he spent most of his after life. Through
Wyatt, who imitated him, he exerted eunsidcrablc in-
lliicncc upon English puetry.
Alamannia (al-ii-man'i-ji), or Alemannia
(al-e-nnin'i-ii). A division of ancient (ler-
numy. which first appears about tlie end of the
3cl century. It lay in the southwestern part uf Ger-
many and adjuiidng parts uf Swit/erland and Tyrul. the
region settled largely by the ..Mamaniil (ancestors of the
Swablans. Gernnin .Swiss, etc.). Fur the duchy of Ala-
mannia, see Swnhut.
Alamannic (nl-a-mnn'ik), or Alemannlc (al-e-
man'ik), Federation. A federation of several
AlAraf
German tribes, chiefly Sue\i (Alamanni = all
men, i. e., men of all nations), which appeared
ontheMain the lid ciiituryafterChrist. Caracalla
engaged in war with them in 21.1. tender Aurelian they
invadeil the empire, but were defeat eil in three battles in
271. In :if.« and :i.17 they were defeated by .lulian ; in :»)0
by .loviinis; and in 40tl they were completely subjugated
try cl..vi.<.
Alamans. See Alamanni.
Alambagh (a-liim'baG ), or Alumbagh (a-lum'-
bao). A fortification near Lih'know, India.
It was held bvOutram against the Sepoys from
Nov., 1857, until March, 18.58.
Alameda (Ji-lii-ma'dii). [Sp.. 'a grove or row
of poplar-trees.' The name is now applied very
generally in Spanish .-Xmerica to any large
pleasure-ground or park.J A town in Si)ain,
about 50 miles northwest of Malaga. Popu-
lation, about 4,500.
Alameda. A city in Alameda County, Califor-
nia, situated on .San Francisco bay 9 miles
east of San Francisco. Population (1890),
11,10.').
Alameda. Up to 1G81, a pueblo of the Tigua
Indians, 9 miles north of Albuquerque on the
Hio (irande in central Now Mexico. In 1681
the Indian pueblo was burnt by Governor Oter-
niiu on his expedition into New Mexico.
Alamillo (ii-lii-niel'yo). [Sp.] A small settle-
ment on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa F6
Railroad, in New Mexico, south of Albuquer-
que and on the Rio (irande. Up to if,so it was the
site of a considerable village of the I'iros Indians. The
ruins of the village are still visible.
Alaminos (ii-lii-me'nos), Anton or Antonio.
A Sjianish navigator whose name is associated
with many early expeditions in the (itilf of
Mexico. It appears that he was with Culuinbus in
1499 and 1502, and he was chief pilut uf the successive ex-
peditions of Cordova, Grijalva, and Cort^B to Mexico, lf»17
to 1520. He discovered the Bahama channel in 1620.
Alamo (ii'lii-iu6). Amission building, founded
in 1744 at San Antonio, Texas, fntil 179.S it was
used as a parish chureli, and suliseqiiently as a furt, being
surrounded with strong walls. In Feb., lS;iG, it was oc-
cupied by Colonel W. B. Travis with about 150 men in re-
volt against the government of .Mexico. After withstand-
ing a terrible siege, it was taken by assault un March 6, and
the garrisun (including David Cruckctt and Culunel Bowie)
killed. One man had previously made bis escape.
Alamos (ii'lii-mos), Los. A town in the state
of Sonora, Mexico, about lat. 27° 25' N., long.
109° W. Population, 8.000.
Alamos de Barrientos (ii'lii-mos de biir-re-en'-
tos), Balthazar. Born at Medina del Campo,
Spain, 15.50: died about 1635. A Spanish phi-
lologist.
Alan, William. See Allen.
Aland Islands (a'land i'landz). An arclii-
pelago at the entrance of the Gulf of Bothnia,
in the government of Abo-B.j<)rneborg, Fiidand,
conquered by Russi^ from Sweden in 1809.
The chief island is Aland (population. 9,000).
It was occupied by tlie Allies in 1854.
Alani (a-Ul'ni). A people of Scythian origin,
dwelling originally in the Caucasus. With the
Huns they defeated the East Goths about ;i75 A. P.. and
they invaded Gaul with the Suevi and Vandals in 40*1, and
Spain in 409. They were defeated by the West Goths about
418, and disappeared as a nation in the 5th centui-y.
The Alani are a jnizzling race, oin- accounts of whom
are somewhat contradictoi-y, luit who may perhajis be
most safely set down as a mm-Aryan, or, at any rate, a
non-Teutonic jicople, who had been largely bruught under
Gothic inflmnces. But early in the llfth century they
possessed a dominion in central Spain which stretched
from sea to sea. Freanan. Hist. Geog., p. 89.
Alans. See Alani.
Alantika (ii-liin'ti-kii). A mountain-range of
Adaiiiiiwa, central Africa, from 7,000 to 9,000
feet higll.
Alanus ab Insulis. See .tlain dc Lille.
Alaotra(ii-lii-o'lrii), Lake. The largest lake of
.Madagascar, north of Tamatave, iiO miles long
aiul 5 wide.
Alapalli, or Allapalli (ii-Ui-piirie). or Aleppy
(a-lej/i). .\ seaport in Travancore, India, in
lat. 9° 30' N., long. 76° '20' E.
Alapayevsk (ii-lii-pii-yevsk'). A town in the
government of Perm, Russia, situated on Iho
Neiva about 70 miles northeast of Yekateriii-
buig. It has large iron-foundries. Population,
8,3H4.
AlAraf (iil ii'riif). [Ar., from 'ara/a (f), to dis-
tinguish.] In Jlohammedau theology, a par-
tition betwei'u heaven and hell (described in
the Koran, Stirah vii. 44) on which are those
who have not yet entered into heaven but
desire to do so. It is regarded by some as a limbo for
the iiatriarchs and prophets, or other holy [lersons, and
by others as a Jilace of abode fur those whose good and
evil works are about ei|ually balanced, tlughts. Diet, of
Islam.
Alarbus
AlarbUS (a-liir'bus). In Shakspcre's (?) "Titus
Audrouiciis," a sou of Tauioia, queen of the
Goths.
Alarcon (il-lar-kdn'). A small town in the
province of Cueuca, Spain, situated on a rock
in the Jiicar, 43 miles south of Cuenca. It was
an important medieval fortress, and was the scene of a
Moorish victorj- over the CastiJians in 1195.
Alarcon (U-Ulr'kon). In Tasso's "Jerusalem
Delivered," the King of Barea viho fought
against the Crusaders with the Egyptians.
AlaTcon (a-lar-kon'). Hemando de. Lived
about 1540. A Spanish naWgator, sent by the
viceroy of New Spain to support by sea the
expedition of Francisco Vasiiuez de Coronado
to the mythical Seven Cities in the interior of
Mexico. He set s.iil Ifay 9, \Mn, and by penetrating the
Quit of California pr\iviil t hat Ciilifornia was not an island.
He made two attempts to .ascend tlie tJolonido in l)oats,
and planted a cross at the hijrhest point he reached, bur>'-
ing a writinp at its foot, which was subsequently fouud
by Melehor IHaz. His report of this exi>editlon is printed
in Hakluyfs "Voyages.*
Alarcon, Pedro Antonio de. Born at Guadix,
Spain, Marcli 10, 1S3:J: died at Madrid, July
20, ISyl. A Spanish poet, novelist, journalist,
and politician. He accompanied the Spanish army to
Morocco as a newspaper correspondent in IS,')!), and in
1864 was elected a member of the Cortes from Cadiz. In
1865 he fought oik the side of the revolutionists in the
battlcof Alcolea. Ue published " Diario de un testico de la
Riierra de Africa " (IS.'iO), " Poesias serias y humorfsticas "
(ISTO), "El sombrero de tres picos" (IS74), "EI Hijo
rtrtdi'To" (18.-.7), ell-.
Alarcon y Mendoza (ii-liir-kou' 6 man-do'tha),
Juan Ruiz de. Born in Taseo, Mexico, about
1588 : died in Cordova, Spain, Aug. 4, 1639. A
Spanish dramatic poet. He was giaJuated doctor of
laws in Mexico in icon. Afterward he went to Spain, had
a subordinate position nmler the Council of the Indies,
and l)e!xaii to puitlish his conieilies in lfi2S. They are re-
garded by sonie jud-^es as the ttnest in the Spanish lan-
guage. Perhaps tile best-known is "La Verdad sospe-
chosa," which was imitated by Corneillein "Le Slenteur."
Alarcos. See Alarcon.
Alardo (a-lar'do). The younger brother of
Hiadamant iu Ariosto's "Orlando Piu-ioso."
Alaric (al'a-rik). [Goth. "Ahircikf, from al,
all, and reiks, ruler. Of. Genser«', TheodojvV,
etc.] Bom on the island of Peuee, in the
Danube, 376 (?) a. d. : died at Cosentia, Italy,
410. A celebrated king of the West Goths,
3ft')(f)-tl0, a member of the princely family
of Baltha. He served under Theodosius as commander
of the Gothic au.\ili:u-ies in the war against Eugenius
and Arbogastes in :i94 ; left the Roman service on the
death of Theodosius, being elected king of the West
Goths about the same time ; invaded Greece in 396, and
was compelled by Stilicho to retire to Epirus in 397;
was appointed prefect of eastern Illyricum by Arcadius;
Invadeil Italy in 41)0, and fought a drawn battle at Pol-
lentia in 40:! or 4o3 with Stilicho, who allowed him to
escape to Illyricum ; was made prefect of western Illyri-
cum by Honorius; invaded Italy a second time in 408;
and after twice besieging Kome captured and sacked it
Aug. 24, 410. He died while preparing to invade Sicily
anil Africa, and was buried, with a vast treasme, in the
bed of the river Busento.
Alaric II. Died near Poitiers. France, 507 A. D.
A king of the West Goths, 484-507, defeated
and slain by Clovis. He ordered the compilation of
the co<le "Breviarum Alaricianum " or "Corpus Theodo-
Bii " (so named from the six books of the Theodosi.aa code
which it contains).
Alaric Cottin. See Cotiin.
Alarodians (al-a-ro'di-anz). See the extract.
In Tubal and Jleshech we must see representatives of
the so-called Alarodiau race, to which the modern Geor-
gians belong. This race was once in exclusive possession
of the highlands of Armenia, and the cuneiform inscrip-
tions found there were the work of Alarodian jirinceswho
estjiblislieil a kingdom on the shores of Lake Van. About
B. C. coo Aryiuis from I'lii ygia entered Armenia, overthrew
the old monarchy, and imposed their rule upon the in-
digenous jiopulation. The bulk of the Armenians, how-
ever, still l.el.mg to the older race, though the language
they have adopted was that of their invaders. The Ala-
rodian IS a family of inflectional languages, of which the
Georgian iu theCaucasus is thechief living representative
Sayce, Kaccs of the O. T., p. .'•>1).
Alarum for London, or The Siege of Ant-
werp. An aimiiyiuoiis plav acted about 1599
(jiiililished in 1600), attributed to Lodge.
Alascans (a-las'kauz). A name given to the
foreign Protestant's in London during the reign
of Edward VI., from the superintendent of the
foreign (GiTman, French, etc.) churches in
London, John Laski, a Polish refugee and fol-
lower of Zwingli. Sec Luski.
Alasco (a-las'ko). An old astrologer in Scott's
novel "Kenilworth," secretly in the employ of
Richard Vamey. Also called Dr. Demetrius
Dfliofthir.
Alasco, John. See LnsH.
Alashehr (ii-Ui-sbenr'). A town in Asiatic Tur-
key, the Philadelphia of Scripture, situated on
the slope of Tmolus about 80 miles east of
28
Smyrna, on the railway from Smyrna. It has
considerable trade, and is the seat of a Greek archbishopric.
Population (estimatcdX 8,000.
Alaska (.a-has'ks), formerly Russian America.
A territory of tlhe United States, capital Sitka,
bounded by the Arctic Ocean on the north,
British America on the east, the Pacific Ocean
on the south, and the Pacitic and Arctic oceans,
Bering Strait, and Bering Sea on the west. It
iiiclmles many islands, ilonnt St. Elias is now placed iu
British America. Chief river, the Yukon. It has valuable
fisheries, fur-trade, and extensive forests, and is supposed
to have large mineral deposits. By act of Congress, 1SS4,
it ctmstitntes acivil and judicial district, with a governor,
clerk, judge, att^jrney, and marshal. It was discovered
by the Itussians in 1741, and was settled by them iu 1801.
It w-as purchased by the I'nited States from Russia for
J7,20O,iHKi, by treaty of March 3o, ls«7,ratifled by the United
States Senate .luiie 20, 18(J7. Area, 531,409 square miles.
Population (ISOo), 3-2,0.52.
Alaska Peninsula. A peninsula in the terri-
tory of Alaska, extending into the Pacific, and
partly inclosing Bering Sea, traversed by a vol-
canic range.
Alaska Strait. A sea passage between the
mainland of Alaska and Kodiak Island.
Alasnam (a-las'nam). In the "Arabian
Nights' Entertainments," a man who became
possessed of height magnificent golden statues,
and on searching for the ninth, which was more
singulitr and precious still, discovered it in the
person of abeautifidwoman, whom he married.
Alassio (ii-liis'se-o). A small seaport in the
province of Genoa, Italy, situated on the Gulf
of Genoa about 48 miles southwest of Genoa.
It is a bathing-place and -winter health-resort.
Alastor (a-las'tor). 1. In Greek mythology,
a surname of Zeus as the avenger: also applied
to any avenging deity or demon. — 2. In medi-
eval demonology, a spirit of evil, the executor
of the sentences of the king of hell. — 3. A
poem by Shelley, published in 1816, named
from its chief character, ' ' Alastor or the Spirit
of Solitude."
The poet's self-centred seclusion was avenged by the
Furies of an u-resistible passion piu-siiing him to speedy
ruin. Pre/ace to the Poem, Dec. 14, ISI.I.
Alatau (ii-lii-tou'), or Sungarian (sung-gar'-
i-aii) Alatau. A mountaiu-rauge in Semi-
ryetehensk, Asiatic Russia, on the boundary be-
tween that government and the Chinese prov-
ince of Hi, about lat. 44° 46' N. It reaches
a height of about 11,000 feet.
Alatau, or Kusnetzky (kiiz-net'ske) Alatau.
A range of moimtains in the governments of
Tomsk and Yeniseisk, Siberia, extending about
northeast and southwest.
Alatau, or Trans-Ili (tranz-e'le) Alatau. A
mountain sj'stem iu Semiiyetchensk, Asiatic
Russia, south of the river IU. It reaches a
height of over 15,000 feet.
Alatheus (a-la'the-us), or Odotheus (6-d6'the-
us). Died 386 a.d. An Ostrogothie general.
On the death of Vithimir, 370, he became with Saphrax
the guardian of Vithericus, king of the Greuthungi, the
chief tribe of the Ostrogoths. Alatheus and Sapluax
fought under the Visigoth Fridigern at the battle of
Adi-ianople in 378.
Alatrl (a-lfi'tre). A town in the province of
Rome, Italy, about 4i mUes east by south of
Rome : the ancient Alatrium. There is an ancient
temple beyond the Porta San Pietro, prostyle, with two
Tuscan columns before the anta;, in jilan 26 by 47 feet At
some time subsequent to its construction, a posticum was
added, of similar disposition to the ijrouaos, I'opvUation,
about 6,000.
Alatyr (ii-lii-ter'). A town iu the government
of Simbirsk, Russia, on the Sura about lat. 54°
53' N., long. 46° 30' E. Population, 10,092.
Also Alateer.
Alava (ii'lii-vii). One of the Basque provinces
in Spain, capital Vitoria, bounded by Biscay
and Guipiizcoa on the north, NavaiTe on the
east, LogroSo on the south, and Biu'gos on the
west. Area, 1,205 square miles. Population
(1887), 92,893.
Alava, Miguel Ricardo de. Bom at Vitoria,
Spaiii, 1771: died at Bareges, France. 1843. A
Spanish politician and general. Ue fought under
Wellington in the Peninsular campaign, at the close of
which he had obtained the rank of brigadier-general; was
president of the Cortes May, 18-22; fought in the same year
under llallasteros and Murillo in support of the Cortes
against the rebels ; went into exile 1823, on the restoration
of Ferilinand by I'rench intervention ; espoused the cause
of JIariaChristina iigaiiistDon Carloson the death of Ferdi-
nand ; was ambassador to London ls:i4, and to Paris ISS.t ;
Jlnd retireil to France after the insurrection of La Granja.
Alava y NavareteCii'lii-vji e nii-va-rii'ta), Ig-
nacio Maria de. Born at Vitoria, Spain, about
1750: died at Chiclana, near Cadiz, May 26,1817.
A Spanish admiral and explorer. He is best known
for his voyage of circumnavigation of the globe, com-
menced in 17i>4, In which he explored the coasts of South
Albanian
America and the East Indies, and added largely to geo-
graphical knowledge. He commanded a squadron at Tra-
falgar, and in 1810 was made grand admii-:d and chief of
marine.
Alazan (ii-lii'zan). A river in Transcaucasia,
about 150 miles long, a northern tributary of
the Kur.
Alb, or Alp. See SifuUa)i Jura.
Alba (al'bii). Ancient Scotland north of the
Forth and Clyde.
Alba (iil'ba). A town iu the province of Cuueo,
Italy, on the Tauaro about 31 miles southeast
of Turin : the ancient AUja Pompeja. It has a
cafhedi-al. Population, about 9,000.
Alba, Duke of. See Ah-a.
Alba de Liste, Count of. See Henriquez de
<!u::iiniii, Luis.
Albacete (iil-bii-tha'ta). A province iu the tit-
idar kingdom of Murcia, Spain, bounded by
Cueuca on the north, Valencia and Alicante on
the east, Murcia and Granada on the south,
and Jaen and Ciudad Real on the west. It is
mountainous in the west, and elsewhere a table-land.
Area, 6,972 siiuare miles. Population (18S7), 229,492.
Albacete. The capital of the province of Al-
bacete, about lat. 38° 58' N., long. 1° 55' W.
It manufactures and exports cutlery. Popula-
tion (1887), 20,794.
Alba de Tormes (iil'ba da tor'mas). A small
town in the province of Salamanca, Spain, sit-
uated on the Tormes 17 miles south of Sala-
manca. Here, 1809, the French defeated the
Spaniards.
Alba Longa (al'bii long'gii). In ancient geog-
raphy, a town iu Latium, Italy, 15 miles south-
east of Rome, the ancient center of the Latin
League, its foundation is traditionally ascribed to
Ascanius and its destruction to TuUus Hostilius.
Alban (al'bau, or iH'b.in) Saint. Protomartyr
of Britain, 303. He is said to have been a native of
Verulamium where he was put to death with the sword.
The famous monastei-y of St. Alban was founded in his
honor by King CJfa about 79.'>. His festival is celebrated
in the K(»man Church June 22, and in the Anglican Chiurch
on .Tune 17.
Alban Lake. See Alhauo.
Alban Mountains (al'b.an moiin'tsnz). It.
Monti Laziali. A mountiiin group southeast
of Rome, near Albano. Its highest point is
Monte Cavo.
Albanenses (al-ba-nen'sez) . A small medieval
sect, named from'the city of Alba in Piedmont,
which professed Manichsean doctrines. They
were closely allied to the Albigenses.
Albani (iil-bii'ue), or Albano (-no), Francesco.
Born at Bologna, Italy, March 17, 1578: died
there, Oct. 4, 1060. A noted Italian painter.
Albani (iil-bii'ne), Mme. (Marie Louise Ce-
cilia Emma Lajeunesse). Born at Chambly,
near Montreal, 1S50. A distinguished sopraiio
singer, of French-Canadian parentage. Hcrfani-
ily removed to .Albany, New York (from which she took
her assumed name), in 18G4. She studied in Palis under
Duprez, and in Milan under Lamperti, and made her d^-
but as an opera-singer in Messina in 1870. She married
Ernest Gye in 1878.
Albani, Villa. A palace in the northern part
of Rome, celebrated for its art collections.
Albania (al-ba'ui-ii). [Gr. 'A'/./lavia.] In an-
cient geogi-aphy, a country of Asia, lying west
of the Caspiitii, north of Armenia, and east of
Iberia, and corresponding nearly to the modern
Baku and southern Daghestan in Russia. It was
part of the .-Vssyiian empire, and the theater of some of
the wars of Sargon and Sennacherib.
Albania. [NL. Albania, Alb. Sliki/pcri, Turk.
Arnautlik, F. Albanic, (i.Alhanieu.] A region in
the western part of European Tiukey, bouuded
by Montenegro and Novi-Bazar on the uorth,
Macedonia (with a vague frontier) and Thessaly
on the east, Greece and the Gulf of Arta on the
south, and the Ionian Sea, the Strait of Otranto,
and the Adriatic on the west, coiTespondiug in
general to the vilayets Skutari, Janina, and
part of Monastir, and largely to the ancient
IlljTia and Epirus. It was occupied by the Tiuks in
the first part of the 15th century, revtdted under Scan-
derbeg 1443-67, and was subdued by the Turks iu 1478.
Several rebellions against the Turks occurred about the
beginning of the i9th century. Albania resisted the
treaty of Berlin (ls7s) and the cession of territory to
Montenegro in 1880. Population (estimated), 1,600,000 (?),
2,000,000 0\ princiiially Arnauts.
Albania, or Albany. An ancient name of the
Scottish Highlauds, fancifully derived from the
m-vthical Albanact, son of Bnite.
Albanian (al-ba'ni-an). The language of the
Albanians. It is now commonly regarded as a member
of the Aryan family. It exists only in modern dialects,
but is snpiHtsed to be the descendant of the ancient Dly-
rian of which no records are extant Alstu^jilled .^H^ielar,
from the native name of the people {Slikypetar, -high-
landers ').
Albanian Oates
Albanian Gates. TLo deiilo of Derbeuil be-
Iwfun tlie Caucasus ami the Caspian Sea.
Albano (iil-bii'uO). A town in the province of
Kome, Italy, situated on the slope ot the Alban
Mountains, 14 miles southeast of Home, on the
site "f Porapey's Villa: the lionian Albanum.
It passed to the Fapai .States in liiU7. It cuntaiiis the ruins
of a pretorian caniji built by Uomitian, a large fortifled
inilobure, ipiaclrilatei-al in plan. The walls arc built of
huac but rather thin blocks i>f stone. One of the gates
n-inains. IV'pulation, aUiUt ti,l»0O,
Albano, Lake of, or Lago di Castello, or Al-
ban Lake. A small lake near Albano, Italy,
noteil for its pictures<iuo scenery, occupying
the crater of an extinct volcano.
Albano, Mount. See Munte Cavo.
Albany (arba-ui). Same as lircadalbanc.
Albany. The capital of the State of New York
anil of Albany Couutv, situated on the west
bank of the Hudson in" lat. 42° 39' 50' N., long.
73° 44' 50' W. (Dudley Observatory), near the
head of navigation. It is an important commercial
city, the terminus of lines of steamers to New Yorli and
other river-jiorts. and of the Erie and Champlain canals,
and a center of extensive sj-stt'nis of railroads. Besides
the Stale ('apit.d, it contains the law antl nicdical depart-
ments and the (Dudley) Obsen-at^iry of Cnjon I'niversity.
It w:i8 settled by the Dutch in 1014, fortilled (Kort Orange)
In 1624, obtained a city charter in ll'.86, was the seat of a
convention (under the lead of Franklin) to form a colonial
union in 17M, and became the permanent capital of the
State in 17!I7. I'oiiulation (ISIK)), iH.'Ji).
Albany. The capital of Dougherty County,
Georgia, situated on Flint Kiver, at the head
of navigation, i)0 miles southwest of Macon.
Population (1S90), 4,008.
Albany. The capital of Linn County, Oregon,
situated on the Willamette 03 miles southwest
of Portland. Population (IS'JO), 3,079.
Albany. A small seaport in western Australia,
situateil on King (^ieorge Soumi about lat. 35°
S. It is a station of the Peninsular au<l Oriental
Steamship Cohijiany.
Albany, Countess of i Louise Marie Karo-
line von Stolberg-Gedern). Born ii53 : died
at Florence, Jan. Lit, 18124. A German priueo.ss,
daughter of (iustavus Adolplius, prince of Stol-
berg-tiedern, and wife (married March 1!8, 1772)
of the •' Voung Pretender" (l)uko of Albany),
and later the mistress of Altieri.
Albany, Duke of. See LcojtoM George Viin-
citn .lllii It.
Albany, Duke of. A character in Shakspere's
"King Lear," the husband of Uoneril, Lear's
oiliest daughter.
Albany Regency. A name given to a clique
ot New York politicians who controlled the
machinery of the Democratic jiarty in the State
of New York from about 18i;0 to about 1854.
Among its members were Van Buren, Marcy,
Wright, and Di.x.
Albany River. A river in Canada, about 500
miles 111 lengtli, tlowiiig into .lames Bay.
Albasin (al'bii-sen), or Yaksa (yilk'sa). A
former fortifieil town in the Amur Territory,
Siberia, on the northern bend of the Amur: a
center of Kussian colonization in the 17th cen-
tury.
Albategnius (al-ba-teg'ni-us), Mohammed
ben Jabir. Born In Jiesopotaniia aV)out 850:
dieil 929, A noted -Arabian astronomer. He
discovered the motion of tlie sun, and introduced into
mattiematieal calculation the use of thu sine, in place of
the entire chord of the arc which Iiad i)reviou8ly been em-
ployed. Among his works are coniinentaries on Ttoleniy's
"Almagest," a treatise on astronomy and geogniphy, etc.
One <»f his astronomical works was translated into Latin,
under the title '* DeScienlia. Stellarinn" (Nuremberg, l.'t37).
Albay (iil-bl'). A town of Luzon, one of the
Philippine Islands. Population (1887), 11,986.
Albe (ill'be). The ancient Alba Fueentia, now
a small village near Avezzimo, in central Italy,
It contains an ancient amphitheater of the usual lloman
clllplii-al pl.in, 114 by 30.^ feet, estimated to have seated
l*o,iHio i>eopie. The arena measiU'i'S (is l»y l.Ml feet.
Al-Beladori(al-bel"ii-(16'ri),Abul Hassan Ah-
med. Died at Bagdad about 895. An Arabian
historian, author of a history of the conquest
of .Syria, the island of Cyiirus. Mesopotamia,
Armenia, Eg.\7)t, Africa, Spain, Nubia, ami the
islands of the Mediterranean by the Arabs.
He describes the condition of the coiHiiicred
countries and various towns fouiuliMl by the
Moslems, aniong them Bagdad, Also. (//«■/(/ Jon/,
Albemarle (iil-iie-miirr). Seo .ininnlr.
Albemarle. See JllicnKirlr Islmid.
Albemarle, Duke of. See .)/o«/,-.
Albemarle, Earl of. See hiji/nl.
Albemarle Club. .\ Lomloii club, established
ill 1874, coinposeil of Indies and gentlemen.
nead(|iiarters, 13 Albemarle street. Member-
ship, 750.
29
Albemarle Island. The largest of the Gala-
jiagos Islands, in the Pacific. Area, 1,650 square
miles.
Albemarle Point. The early name of Charles-
ton, .South Carolina.
Albemarle Sound. A shallow body of water,
about 55 miles long, in the northeastern part
of North Carolina, separated from tlie Atlantic
by sand beaches, and conmiuuicating with Pam-
lico Sound on the south through Croatan and
Koanoke Sounds. It receives the Roanoke Iliver, and
is connected with Chesapeake Bay by the Chesapeake
and .\ll»eniarle Canal and the Dismal .Swamp Canal.
Albemarle, The. A (,'onfederate iron-clad ram,
built on the Koanoke Kiver about 30 miles
below Weldon, North Carolina, during 1863.
She did much damage to Union steamers during the
spring of 1804, but was destroyed by Licnteinuit W, li.
Cushing during the night ot Oct. 27 of that year, lie
attacked her in a smidl launch carrying a torpedo. For-
cing his way within the chain of logs which formed part
of lier defense, he exploded the torpedo under the rani's
overhang. She was afterward raised, towed to Norfolk,
and ill 1S07 stripped and sold.
Albendorf (iil'ben-dorf). A village and fre-
quented place of pilgrimage (to the sanctuary
of the New Jenisalem), in the province of
.Silesia, Prussia, on the Glatzer Neisse, north-
west of Glatz.
Albenga (iil-beng'gii), A seaport in the prov-
ince of (U'noa, Italy, the Roman Albiiigaunum,
situated on the Gulf of Genoa 44 miles south-
west of Genoa. It contains a cathedral, an early
Tointed church with sculpture of Runic type about the
doorways. The baptistery is octangular, of the lllth cen-
tury, with Corinthian columns, some early mosaics, and
a curious'tomb. The bridge over the Centa, the I'onte
I.ungo, Iietween the railway-station and the town, is Ro-
man, All the piers of its ten arches, and much of the upper
work, are antique. There are also medieval walls. The
town c<»iitain3 a gyninasiinn and an episcopal seminary.
Albdres (iil-bSr'). The eastern ramification of
the Pyrenees, between Spain and the depart-
ment of PjTenees-Orientales, France.
Alberic (al'ber-ik) L Slain by the Romans
about 925 at Orta, Italy. A Lombard noble-
man, patrician (also called senator, consul,
and prince) of the Romans and duke of Spoleto,
e.\pelled from Komo by Pope John X. He
married Marozia, daughter of Theodora.
Alberic II. Died 954, A patrician and senator
of the Romans, son of Alberic I. and Marozia.
Alberoni (iil-ba-ro'ne), GiuliO. Born near
I'iacenza, Italy, May 31, 1664: died Jime 10,
1752. A statesman and cardinal, resident of
the Duke of I'arma at the Sjianish court, nego-
tiator of the marriage of I'hilip V. and Eliza-
beth Farnese, and prime minister of Spain,
1714 (or 1715) to 1719. His foreign policy le<l
to the Quadruple Alliance and a war disastrous
to Spain.
Albers (iil'berz), JohannFriedrich Hermann.
Born at Dorsten, Westphalia, Nov. 14, 1805:
diinl at Bonn, May 12, 1807, A German physi-
cian and professor at Bonn, author of "Atlas
dor pathologischeii Anatomic" (1832-62), etc.
Albert (al'bert), G. Albrecht (iU'brecht), sur-
iianu'd "The Bear," from his heraldic emblem.
Born at Balleiistiidt, Germany, about 1100
(llllOO:diedatBallenstadt,Nov". 18, 1170. Mar-
grave of Brandenburg, son of Otto the Rich,
count of Ballenstiidt. He received agrant of Lnsatia
112.^1 (retaining it, however, but a few years), and of the
Noi-tlmark 1134 ; otitained the duchy of Saxony ll.'tS, which
he soon lost ; attacked the Wends 113C-37 and later, and
coinpiereil a large jiart of their territory ; and assumed the
title of in;ngiave of l:iandenlnirg ll&o,
Albert, G. Albrecht, suniamed "The Proud."
Born 1158: died .June 25, 1195. Margrave of
Meissen from 1 190 to 1 195, in attcnipting to oppress
his younger brother Dietrich, who hail inherited Wcissen-
fels, he incurred the enmity of the empenu* Henry VI.,
and died by poison, administered, it is said, by an agent
of the emperor.
Albert, G. Albrecht, surnamed "The Tall."
Born 1230: died .\iig. 15, 1279. DiikeofBruns-
wick-Liinebnrg, son of the first duke. Otto the
C'llild, llewascapluiedby thcsoitsof (hcmai-gravcllenry,
Oi-t. '27, l-f'-:i, in the war of the'l'liuringian succession, and
was relcaseil in l'J6-l, on the payment of S.IMMI marks in
silver and the cession of the (iuelph cities and castles on
tlie Werra.
Albert, '•■ Albrecht, surnamed "The Bad."
Died loll. Landgrave of Thuringia after 1205,
and margrave of Meissen from 1288 to 12iKl. Uy
his sceonil wife, Cnnegonde of Kiscnberg, ho was per-
suaded to exclude his sons by his tli'st marriage from the
Bllccession In Thin-ingia in favor of Ajiltz, hisson by 4'nnc-
gondc, A war followed, ill whieb ho was taken captive by
his son Krcderlek, and forced Ut sign a diaadvantageinls
tiealv at lloelililj:, .Ian. 1, V2x9.
Albert I., •:. Albrecht. Born about 12.50:
slain by a consiiiraey at Windisch on the Keiiss,
Switzerland, May 1, 1308. The eldest son ot
Albert
Kudolf I. of Hapsburg. duko of Austria 1282,
and German king 1298-1308. Uo overthrew and
killed his rival, Adolf of Nassau, at the battle of GuU-
lieini, Jnh' 2, 12'Js.
Albert IL, a. Albrecht. Born 129S: died 1.358.
Duke of Austria and son of Albert I. of Ger-
many. He ruleil the .\ustriaii lands in commou with
his brother Otto from 1331.1, and after 1330 alone,
Albert ni., G. Albrecht. Died 1395. Son of
Albert II. of Austria, He ruled alone as duko
of Austria from 1379.
Albert I., G. Albrecht. Bom about 1317:
died Feb. 18, 1379. The founder of the reign-
ing house of Mecklenburg, created duke of
Mecklenburg by the emiieror Charles TV. in
1348. He came into possession of the diiehy of Schwe-
rin in 1358 by the extinction of the ducal house, and se-
cured the election of his second son Albert, by his first
wife Euphemia of Sweden, as king of .Sweden in 1303,
Albert II., (i. Albrecht. Died 1412. Son
of -\lbert 1, of Mecklenburg, elected king of
Sweden in 13()3. He was defeated by Queen Margaret
of Denmark and Norway (widow of Uakon) at the battle
of Falkopiiig, Sept. 21, KiS!), and taken prisoner. In 1395
ho was released and renounced the throne of Sweden.
Albert, G. Albrecht, surnamed Achilles, and
also.Ulysses, from his valorand sagacity. Bom
at Tangermunde, Prussia, Nov. 9, 1414: died at
Frankfort-on-the-Main, March 11, 1480. An
elector of Brandenburg, third sou of Fredeiiek
I. on whose death (1440) he succeeded to the
principality of Ansbach. He inherited the princi-
pality of Baireuth in 1404 from his brnther John, and re-
ceived the electorate of lirandeiiburg in 1470 from his bro-
ther Frederick II., whose hearing had been destroyed by
the discharge of a cannon. He carried on successful wars
with ileckienlmrg and romerania, and resisted the at-
tempt of the Tciitoiii*' Kniuhts to repossess themselves of
Ncnmark. He was the aullior of the "Dispositio Achil-
lea," a family oriliiiaiiee pnivi<iing for the separatiini of
Rrandenburg and Ansbacb-l'.aireuth, and establishing
primogeniture in each, according to llallani the first in-
stance of the legal cstablishincnt of the custom of primo-
gi'iiitiire.
Albert, G. Albrecht. Bom at Ansbaeh, Jlay
10, 1490: died March 20, 1508. Margrave of
Brandenburg-Ansliach, hist gi'and master of
the Teutonic Knights, and first duko of Prussia :
younger son of Frederick of Ansbach, who was
the second sou of Albert Achilles, elector of
Brandenburg. He was oleeteil grand master Feb, 13,
1.^11; made his entry into Koiiigsberg Nov, 22, 1512;
carried on war with his suzerain, tlie kiiigof Poland, 1519-
1.V25, in a futile attempt to regain t lie independence of I'ms-
sia, the Ordenslaiiil of the Tintoiiie Knights ; secured by
the treatypf Cracow, April s, 1S2;''. the conversion of I'rnssia
into a secular dueliy, licreditary in his family ; and for-
mally introduced the Reforination July 0, 152.^. He was
aided in his political and ecelesiastieal reforms by the ad-
vice of Luther. He was the fonnder of the I'niversity of
Konigsberg (l.'t44), the third I'rolestant university.
Albert, G. Albrecht, smnamid "The Bold."
Born July 17, 1443: died at Fmden, Prussia,
Sejit. 12, 1500. Duke of Sa.xony, younger son
of Frederick the Gentle, and founder of the
Albertine Saxon line. In the division of the
Saxon dominions in 1485 he received Meissen.
Albert IV., 'i. Albrecht, surnamed "The
Wise." Born Dec, 15, 1147: died March 18, 1508.
Duko of Bavaria, third son of Albert HI. After
the death of his oldest brother .loliii he became (140,'',) co-
regent with the sceoiid brother Sigisniiind, and later (1407)
sole ruler.
Albert, G, Albrecht. Born June 28, 1490 : died
at Aschaffenbiirg, Sept. 24, 1545. The youngest
sou of the <'lector Johannes Cicero of Bran-
denburg, archbislio]! of Magdeburg 1513, arch-
bishop and elector of Mainz 1514, and cardinal
1518, To him was intrusted the sale of indulgences in
one district of (lerinany, and Tetzcl acted as his commis-
sioner. See IVtzc/, Luther.
Albert, (!. Albrecht, surnamed Alcibiades.
Horn at.\iisb;icli. ManOi 28, 1522: died at Pforz-
heim, Jan. 8, 1,577. A margrave of Branden-
burg, partizan and later opponent of the em-
))eror Charles V. He was defeated by Maurice
of Saxony at Sievershau.seii, in LUneburg, July
9, 1553.
Albert, G , Albrecht or Albert. Born Nov. 13,
l.'i5;): died .Inly. 1021. An archduke of Austria,
sixth son of the enijieror Maximilian 11. He
was tHlucatcd for I lie eliureh, and liecaiiie a cardinal l.'o7,
and archbishop of Toledo If.M. From l.'.M to l.'.lKi he
was viceroy of I'ortngal, ami was appointed governor of the
Spanish Netherlands in l.'.lMl, In U»)0 he was defeated by
Maurice of Na.ssau at Nicupoort, and conelndcd nn ai--
inisliee of 12 years with the .Nelllcrlands in 100!),
Albert, Count of Geierstein. A ch;iracter in
Sir Wa II er Scot t's novel " Anne of Geierstein," a
restless inlriguerand lie.qd of the Vehnigerieht.
rnrancd by Charles of liiirguiidy, be takes refuge in a
monastery and is kimwii a.s the "lllaek I'riest of St.
rani's." ■ lly order ot the Vehnigerieht he kilU Charles
of llurgnndv in battle. ^
Albert, in Goethe's "Sorrows ot Werther, a
young farmer who marries Charlotte, with
Albert
whom Werther is in love. He represents Kest-
ner, one of Uoethe's friends. See Wcrthir.
Albert (iil-bar') (orifp'ial name. Alexandre
Martin ). 15<>rn A).>ril 27. ISl.") : died Dei-. , 1.S92.
A Flinch mechanic, noted as a revolutionist
and follower of Louis Blanc. He was a member of
the provisioiial coverument Feb., 1S4S. ami of the Con-
stituent .\s3eMibly (convened May 4); was sentenced to
deportation U*r complicity in the riot of May 15, 1S4S ;
and recovered his liberty by the amnesty of ISili. In 1870
he took a prominent part in the defense of Paris.
Albert (al'birt). In Sheriilan Knowles's play
•• The Blind Beggar of Bothiial Green," the real
Lord Wilfrid, appearing as the Blind Beggar.
Albert (iil-bar'), formerly Ancre (iinkr). A
town in the department of Somme, France, on
the Ancre 2S miles northeast of Amiens. Pop-
ulation (181)1). commune, 0,1(59.
Albert (al'bcrt), G. Albrecht (iil'brecht),
Friedrich Heinrich. Bom Oct. 4, 1809: died
Oct. 14. 1872. Prince of Prussia, fourth sou of
Frederick "William m. Heconwnanded in thefoiii-th
cav.ilry division in the Franc«>rrus.siiiri «;ir, and partici-
pated in tile battles of Sedan, Artriiiiy. ami < (rleans.
Albert, G. Albrecht, Friedrich Rudolf. Born
at Vienna, Aug. 3, 1817. Archduke of Austria,
eldest son of Archduke Charles, noted as a sol-
dier and military ■nriter. He served in Italy 1S4S-
lS4fl, and as comman'der of the army of the south gained the
victory of ('nsto2Z.i June 24, 18(<fi. (See C^lStozza.^ The
same year he was made coramander-in-cliief tif the Austrian
army.
Albert Francis Augiistus Charles Emman-
uel. Born at the Rosenau, near Coburg, Ger-
many, Aug. 26, 1819: died at Windsor (iastle,
England, Doe. 14. 1861. Prince Consort of Eng-
land, second sou of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-
Gotha. He married Queen Victoria Feb. 10, 1S40, and
was made prince consort June 25, 1S57.
Albert, G. Albrecht, Easimir. Born at Mor-
itzburg, near Dresden, Julv 11. 1738: died at
Vienna, Feb. 11, 1822. Duke of Saxe-Teschen,
an .\ustrian general, son of Augustus III. of
Poland. He was defeated by Dumouriez 1792.
Albert, G. Albrecht, Friedrich August.
Born at Dresden, April 23, 1828. King of
Saxony, son of King John of Saxony, whom he
succeeded Oct. 29, 1873. As crown prince he com-
manded in the Franco-German war an army corps, and
later the .\rmy of the Meuse.
Albert Edward (al'bert ed'ward). Born at
Loudon, Nov. 9, 1841. Prince of Wales, eldest
son of Queen Victoria. He married Princess Alex-
andra of Denmark March 10, 186.3. In IStJOhemade a tour
of the United States and Canada, in 1S62 of Egypt and
Palestine, and in 1875-70 of British India.
Albert Victor Christian Edward. Bom Jan.
8. 1S64: died Jan. 14, 1892. El.lest son of Albert
Edward, prince of Wales.
Albert the Great. See Alhcrtus ilufinus.
Albert Savarus (iil-'bar' sii-va-riis'). A tale
by Balzac, published 1844. one of the "Scenes
from Private Life." Savarus is said to be a
Sortrait of the author. The book contains many
etails of his life and work.
Albert (iil'bert), Joseph. Bom at Munich.
March 5, 1825: died there, May 5, 1886. A
German photographer, inventor" of the Alber-
tvpe.
Albert (iil-bSr'), Paul. Born at Thionville,
D.'c. 14, 1827: died at Paris. June 21. 1880. A
French literary historian, professor at Poitiers,
and later (1878) at the College de France: au-
thor of "La litt^rature fraiKjaise" (1872-7.5),
"Histoire de la litt^rature romaine" (1871),
etc.
Albert Edward Nyanza (nyan'zji). A lake in
central .\frica, south of Lake .Mliert Nyanza,
and connected with the latter by the Semliki,
discovered by Stanley in 1877 "and revisited
bjr him 1888-89. Its" native name is Muta
Nzige.
Albert Chapel. See WimUor.
Albert Embankment. See Thames Emhanl<-
mrnts.
Albert Hall. A covered amphitheater in Lon-
don, liiiishcd in 1871. its axes are 270 and 240 feet,
those of the arena ino and 70. and it can seat 8,(K») persons.
The exterior is of brick, with ornament of colored tiles
and t«rra-c'»tta inclinliti^ a frieze representinp the various
peoples of the earth. The organ is one of the largest ex-
isting.
Albert Lea (aPbcrt le). The capital of Free-
lioin C'riuiitv, Minnesota, 92 miles south of St.
Paul. Poimlaliou (1890), 3..m').
Albert Memorial. A monument, in London,
erected to the memory of the Prince Consort,
Albert of Saxe-(^ntha, on the south side of
Kensington Gardens, built from the designs of
Sir Gilbert Scott, it consists of a colos.s.al bronze
statue of the prince, seated, beneath an ornate spired
canop; in the Pointed style, which rises to a height of 175
30
feet Statue and canopy rest on a basement bearing re-
liefs of artiste of all countries and times. At the angles
four pedestiUs project with groups c»f statuary represent-
ing Agriculture, Commerce, Engineering, and Maimfac-
ture. Steps descend on all sides in pyramidal form, and
at the lower angles are placed sculptures personifying the
four chief regions of the earth — Europe, America, Asia,
and .\friea.
Albert Nyanza (al'bert nyan'za). A lake in
central Africa, intersected by lat. 2° N., long.
31° E., one of the main sources of the Nile, dis-
covered by Sir Samuel Baker, March 14, 1864.
Its length is 97 miles, and its area about 2,000
square miles.
Alberta (al-ber'tii). A provisional district
formed in 1882 in the Northwest Temtories,
Canada, bounded by Athabasca on the north,
Saskatchewan and Assiniboia on the east, the
United States on the south, and British Co-
lumbia on the west. It sends one representative to
the Dominion Parliament It is traversed by the Cana-
dian Pacific Railroad. Chief town, Calgary. Area, about
106.000 square miles. Population (1891), 26,123.
Alberti (ui-bar'te), Leone Battista. Born at
Florence, Feb. 18, 1404: died at Rome. 1472.
A noted Italian poet, musician, painter, sculp-
tor, and architect, author of "De re .^difi-
catoria " (1485), etc.
Albertine Line (al'ber-tin lin). The younger
and royal branch of tlie Saxon house which de-
scended from Albert (G. Albrecht), duke of
Saxony (1443-1500). He ruled jointly with his bro-
ther Ernst (see Erneftiiie) from 1464 to 1485, when they
came into possession of Thuringia by inheritance, anil
agreed upon a division, Albrecht taking an eastern and
a western portion, with the Ernestine lands intervening
betfl-een them.
Albertinelli(iil-bar-ti-nerie). Mariotto. Born
at Florence, Oct. 13, 1474: died at Florence,
Nov. 5, 1515. A Florentine painter, an asso-
ciate and imitator of Fra Bartolommeo.
Albertrandy (iil-ber-triin'di), John (Jan) Bap-
tist. Born at Warsaw, Dec. 7. 1731: died at
Warsaw, Aug. 10, 1808. A Polish Jesuit and
historian, of Italian parentage, librarian to
Bishop Zaluski in Warsaw, and later to Stanis-
laus Augustus, and a notable collector of manu-
scripts relating to Polish history. • He was
appointed by Stanislaus bishop of Zeuopolis.
Albertus Magnus (al-ber'tus mag'nus). [L.,
'Albert the Great.'] Born atLauingen,Swabia.
1193 (according to some atithorities 1205) : died
at Cologne, Nov. 15, 1280. A famous scholastic
philosopher and member of the Dominican
order. He studied in Padua and Bologna, taught philoso-
phy and theology at Cologne (1229X taught at Paris (1245).
and finally returned to Cologne. He was made bishop of
Ratisbon in 1260, but soon resigned and retireil to a con-
vent where he died. Among his numerous pupils w;is
Thomas .\quinas. He was famous for his extensive learn-
ing which gained for him his surnames "The Great" and
"I)octor Univers.'Uis,"and was even reputed to be a magi-
cian ; but his modern critics differ greatly in their esti-
mates of his attainments and ability. "He was the first
scholastic who reproduced the philosophy of Aristotle
systematically, with thoroughgoing consideration of the
Arabian commentators, and transformed it in accordance
with the dogmas of the church " — to the practical exclu-
sion of Platonic influences. His works fill twenty-one
volumes, and relate chiefly to physical science ; they in-
clude a sort of encyclopedia of the learning of his times.
Albertville (ill-bar-vel'). A town in the de-
partment of Savoie. France, near the Arly,
23 miles northeast of Chambery. Population
(1S91), 5,8.54.
Albi, or Alby (iil-be'). The capital of the de-
partment of Tarn, France, situated on the
Tarn: the ancient Albiga. it has a cathedral (of
St. Cecilia) and an archiepiscopal palace, and is the seat
of a bishopric. It was a stronghold of the Albigenses, to
whom it gave their name. The cathedral is a unique
monument, massively built of brick, with the base of its
walls sloped outward, the openings all high above the
ground, and otherwise fitted to serve not only as a church
but as a citadel. It is chiefiy of the 14th century. It has
a massive and lofty western tower, and a beautiful florid
triple porch on the south side, lavishly carved in stone.
The interior, » ithont aisles or transepts, is 262 feet long,
62 wide, and 98 high, surrounded between the buttresses
by 2 tiers of chapels. The celebrated 15thcentury rood-
loft and choir-screen are rich with delicate tracer)- and
excellent figure and foliage sculpture. Thereof and walls
are covered \lith Italian frescos dating from about 1505.
Population (1891X connnune, 20 903.
Albigenses (al-bi-.jen'.sez). A collective name
for the members of several anti-sacerdotal sects
in the south of France in the 12th and 13th
centuries: so called from .\lbi, in Languedoc,
where they were doniiiiaiit. They revolted from
the Church of Rome, were charged with Manich»an errors,
and were so vigorously persecuted that, as sects, they had
in great part diaappeareil by the end of the 13th century.
A crusade against them was preached by Pope Inniwent
III. in VIOH, anil was led by Arnold of Citeaux and Simon
de Montfort. The war of extermination, which histed for
several years, was one of the bloodiest in history. I'heir
doctrines are known chielly from the writings of their
orthodox enemies. Also calle.l Cathari, and by niany
other names.
Albitte, Antoine Louis
Albigeois (iil-be-zhwa'). A former district of
Languedoc, Frauce, comprised in the modern
department of Tarn.
Albin, or Albyn (al'bin). Another form of
Albion.
Albina (al-bi'na). A city in Multnomah County.
Oregon, on the Willamette near Portland.
Po]>ulation (1890), 5.129.
Albingians (al-bin'ji-anz). [Properly yurth
Atbi)i(iiani< ; LL. yordalhiniji (cf . L. Albis. the
Elbe), G. S'crrdalbiniijiii-li.'} A Saxon tribe liv-
ing north of the Elbe (whence the name) in
the present Holsteiu. They were first made known
to Europe by the campaigns of Charlenia;:ne in the 8th
century-. Their langu.age was the Low German dialect of
Holstein. With the other closely related ilialects, West-
phalian. Middle Saxon, and East Saxon, it forms the group
specifically called Saxon.
Albini (iil-be'ne), Franz Joseph, Baron von.
Born at St. Goar, May 14, 1748: died at Die-
burg, Jan. 8, 1816. A German statesman, head
of the government of the electorate of Mainz
during the French revolutionary period.
Albinovanus Pedo. See Pedo.'
Albinus (al-bi'nus; G. pron. til-be'nos), or
Weiss (vist, Bemhard Siegfried. Bom at
Fraukfort-on-the-Oder, Fell. 24, 1697: died at
Leyden, Sept. 9, 1770. A German anatomist,
professor of medicine and anatomy in the Uni-
versity of Leyden : author of " Tabula? Sceleti
et Musculorum Corporis Humani" (1747), etc.
Albinus (al-bi'nus). Clodius(DecimusClodiu8
Ceionius Septimius A. ). Died after the battle
of Lyons, 197 A. D. A Koman commander, pro-
claimed emperor by the armies in Gaul and Brit-
ain in 193 A. D., and probably recognized as
Cfesar by Severus in 194 : said to have been called
"Albinus" from the fairness of his body. He
was defeated by Severtis in 197.
Albinus, Spurius Postumius. Roman consul
3.34 and 321 B. c, and commander at the defeat
of the Caudine Forks.
Albion (al'bi-on), or Alebion (a-le'bi-on). [Gr.
l\/.iiuT or ^/f,i(ui .] In classical mythology", a
son of Poseidon and brother of Dercynus or
Bergion. He and his brother lost their lives in an attack
on lleracles as the latter passed through their coiuitry
(Liguria) with the oxen of Geryon.
Albion (al'bi-on). [L. Albio>i, Gr. 'A/.fiiuv,
'A/oviur. from Old Celtic 'AU)io)i. It. Alba, Alpa,
Elbii (gen. Albaii, dat. ace. Albaiii), W. Alban
(see Albin), lit. "white land,' with reference
to the chalk cliffs of the southern coast. Cf.
Alps."} The ancient name of Britain : restricted
in later poetic use to England. Alban and Albin
were ancient names for the Higldands of Scotland.
Albion. The capital of Orleans County, New
York, 43 miles northeast of Buffalo. Popula-
tion (1890), 5,773.
Albion. A city in Calhoun County, southern
Michigan, 38 miles south-southwest of Lansing.
Population (1890), 3.763.
Albion and Albanius (al-ba'ni-us). An op-
eratic entertainment by Drvden, produced in
1C85, allegorieally representing the chief events
of King Charles II.'s reign. Albion was Charles
himself and Albanius was James, duke of York.
It was not printed till 1691.
Albion's England. A rimed chronicle of Eng- '
lish history. l)y William Warner, published in
1.586. It was seized as contraband by the order of the
archbishop of Canterbury, for no reason that is now as-
signable.
Albion Knight. A comedy morality published
in 1565. It turns on the want of concord be-
tween the lords temporal and the lords spiritual.
Albireo (al-hir'e-o). [Origin doubtful, but con-
jectured to be a corruption of ab ireo in the
Latin version of the "Almagest."] The usual
name for the yellow third-magnitude star ,i
Cygni, in the beak of the swan. It is coarsely
double with a fine contrast of color between
the two components.
Albis (al'bis). The Latin name of the Elbe.
Albis (iil'bes). A low mountain-range in the
canton of Zurich, Switzerland, west of Lake
Ziirich. Its best-known smnmit is the Utliberg.
Albistan ( a 1-bi-st iin ' ) , or Elbistan { el-bi-stii n ' ) .
A town in the vilayet of Aleppo, Asiatic Tur-
key, on the Jihnn 40 miles northeast of Marash.
Tlie sultan Bibars <lefeated here the Turks
and Mongols in 1277. I'opulation, 8,000 (f).
Albitte (iil-bet'>. Antoine Louis. Died 1812.
A French radical ri-voliitionist. member of
the Legislative Assembly. 1791. He was con-
demneil to death for participation in the revolt of May 20,
1795, .against the C<uivention, but succecdcil in avoiding
capture. I'nder the Directory he was aii]K)inted mayor of
Dieppe, after the Isth Bniinaire was engaged in military
affairs, and Anally perished in the retreat from Moscow.
Albizzi
Albizzi (al-bet'se). A noted Italian family,
origiiiHlly of Arezzo, which played a conspic-
uous part in Florentine affairs during the 14tli
and 15th centuries. They belonged to tlie
democratic (iuclpli party.
Albizzi, Bartolommeo, L. Bartholomaeus
AlbiciUS Pisanus ("of Fisa'). Born at Kivano
in Tuscany : died at Pisa, Dec. 10, 1401. A
noted Franciscan monk and religious writer : au-
thor of •' \Ahcr conformitatum sancti Fraucisci
cum Christo " (first ed. folio, Venice, undated).
Albo, Joseph (iil'bo). Born at Soria in Spain:
died there, 1444. A Jewish physician, theolo-
gian, and philosopher. He vfrote a work entitled
" Ikkarim" (" fuiiclauiints "l wliich comprises a complete
system of the Jewish religion.
Alboin (al'boin). Died at Verona in 573. King
of the Lombards from about 5.53 (5<50?) to 573,
son of Alduin, whom he succeeded. He destroyed
the kinKilom of the Oepidic ('-IX), and married Rosa-
miinda, daughter of the slain king t'uriimund. In .'■(>» he
coiHiuered Italy as far south as the Til>er, and establisheil
the kingdom of the Lomliards with Pa%ia as its cajiital.
He was niurderetl at the instigation of Kosaniunda, whom,
at a carousal, lie had ordered to drink from her fathers
skull, she is saitl to have employed for this puriM)se a
common sohlier(HeImichis, AllHHn's shield-bearer) whom
she rtrst allowed to liecotne her paramour, and to whom
she then ottereil the choice of perishing through the Jeal-
ousy of AllK)in or of becoming his murderer. This story
is pnil)ably unhistorical.
Albona (iil-b6'i\ii). A town in Istria, Austria-
Hungtiry, 4i; miles southeast of Trieste. Popu-
lation (181)0), commune. 10.379.
Alboni (iil-bo'ne). Marietta. Born at Ceseua,
Italy. March 10, ISiIS: died at Paris, Juno
'J3, 1>!EW. A celelmited contralto singer. .She
studietl under Matlame IJertoletti and later under Ros-
sini (Onuc). and made her ddbutat the Commuuid Thea-
ter in B^dogna with great success, apiiearinp immediately
afterward at I-a Seala in .Milan. Slie sang in all the Con-
tinental and ijiglish cities anil in America until 1^07,
when her husband, fount I'epoli, a Bologncse, died. In
l»7J she reappejired in "11 Malrimimio Segreto" at the
Italiens. In 1*77 she married ag:un an officer of the Garde
Rt'publicaine. M, Zieger.
Al Borak (al Im'rak). [Ar., 'lightning.'] A
legendary animal, white in color, in size be-
tween a mule and an ass, with two wings, and
of great swiftness, on which Mohammed is said
to have made a nocturnal journey to the sevcutli
heaven, conducted by the angel (Jabriel.
Albomoz (iil-bor'noth), Gil Alvarez Carillo
de. Born at ("uenca, Spain, about 1300 : died
at Viterbo, Italy, Aug. 1'4, 1367. A Spanish
prelate (archbishop of Toledo) and soldier, a
supporter of the papal authority in Italy.
Albovine (al'bo-\in). King of the Lombards.
A trjgedy by liavenant, printeil in l()li!l. Tin'
sci-ne and the names of characters are the same
as in his later ))oem "Gondibert."
Albracca (iil-briik'kii). InBoiardo's "Orlando
Innainorato," a castle of Catliay in which An-
gelica was besieged by Agricane.
Albrecht. See ,ilh,rt.
Albrecht (iil'brecht). Lived about 1270. A
tierinau poet, author of the later "Titiu-el," a
continuation of the "Titurel" of Wolfram von
Eschenbach : generally. Imt probably wrongly,
named Ailirecht v<iii Scluirfenberg.
Albrecht, Wilhelm Eduard. Born at Elbing,
Prussia, .Marcli 4, ISdd: died at Leipsic, May 'JS,
1876. A (Jernian jurist, one of the seven (iiit-
tingen jirofessors removed on account of liber-
alism in 1S;j7.
Albrechtsberger (iil-brechts-ber'ger), Johann
Oeorg. Born at Kloster-Neuburg, near Vien-
na, Feb. 3, 1736: ilied at Vienna. March 7, 1809.
An Austrian musician, distinguished especially
as aoontrapuntist : author of "(iriindliche An-
weisung zur Komposition" (1790), etc.
Albrechtsburg(itl'brechts-biiru). An extensive
castle at Meissen, Sa.\onv, founded in 1471 by
the princes Ernst and Albert. It is a pictures<|ue
pile, dominateil by towei-s and lofty nxifs. and by the open-
worlt spire of its.lohanidskapelle. The large banqiu-tiiig-
hall is an imiMtsing room, with wouclen figures of Sa.Yon
princes. There is much excelU-nl vaulting. Since lSiS;t tht;
whole has been rest^tred and deroratcd with historical
fres<niH. Kor l.'iO years from 1710 the famous royal porce-
lain manufactory was conducted here.
Albreda (iil-bra'dill. A seaport in Senegambia,
situated on the (iambia Kiver 20 miles above
Balhurst. Population, 7,000 (f).
Albret (iil-lua'), House of. A (iascon family
wliich arose in the 11th century, and derived
its luime from the Chateau d'Albret. Its best-
known UK'rnbers are t'harles d'Albret, count cd Drcux,
who was killed in the battle of Agincourt in 141;',; I.ouiH
d'Albret (dieil UIlM, carillnal bishop of I'ahors; .lean
d'Albret, who liecnine king of Navarre by his nnirriage
with Catherine of I''oix in llsi ; .feinnu' d'Albret (see be-
low): anti f'ctiar- I'hebus d'Albret, marshal id France and
the last descendant of the lionse in the male tine.
Alcantara
quered Rio Grande do Norte from the Indians 1598-99 and
Cear;^ in 1613. In Nov., ndCi. he took Maraidiao from the
tVench, and was made captain-general nf that colony.
Albuquerque, Mathias de. Said to have been
born in Brazil: died at Lisbon, .lune 9, 1647.
A Portugue.se general, governor of Pcrnambuco
in 1624, and, after the Dutch had taken Bahia
(May, 1624), acting governor-general of north-
ern Brazil. He recovered Baliia in IBil. After vis-
iting Madrid he returned to Pcrnambuco, in Oct., 1»*29, as
governor, and in Feb.. 1030, abandoned Olinda and Recife
(Pcrnambuco) to the Dutch. In Dec, les.S.hewas ordered
back to Madrid, whence he was sent to Portugal in dis-
grace. In KHO Portugal threw otf the Spiuiish yoke, and
.\lbuquerque took a principal part in the war which fol-
lowed. His decisive victory of Montijo or Canipo Mayor
(.May, IGJJ) won for him the titles of Count of Allegrete
and gr.mdee of Portugal.
Albuquerque, Pedro d'. Bom at Pernambuco
about 1575: died at Para. F"eb. 6. 1(544. A son
of Jeroiiymo de A1buiiuer(|ue Maranhao, ap-
pointed governor of Maranliao and Para in 1642.
Albuquertiue Coelho, Jorge d'. See Coellto,
Jori/c (PAlhuijiierquc.
Alby. See .llhi.
)rauig to some ne Al'h^ Sep tlhinn
partially translated -ft^oy"' T oi," , ••- i-- -i/, a. i-
Alcacer-do-Sal (al-ka ser-do-sal). A trading
town in the province of Estremadura, Portugal,
situated on the Sado 50 miles southeast of Lis-
Badajoz. Here, May 16, ISII. the Anglo-Spanish-Portu- 1^"" =. ^^'', Roman Salacia It has been the scene
guese army (:)0,iW) unde; Beresford defeated the French ''.' ""-n.us batt cs, particul,u-ly between Moors and Chris-
(20,00(1) under Soult. The losses were nearly even. <L^'"*- l'"Pnlatjon, about 2,0<H_i . ., , ^ .
Albufeira (iil-bo-fa'e-rii). A small fishing port AlcaBUS^(al-se us). [Gr. 'AAramc.] .1. A famous
in the province of Algar\'e, Portugal, 21 miles '
west of Faro.
Albufera de Valencia (iil-bo-fa'rfi da vii-lau'-
tlie-ii). A lagoon, about 10 miles long, 7 miles
soutli of Valencia, in Spain. Its revenues belonged
to (Jodoy. later to .Suchct (Duke of Albufera), and after
him to the Duke of Wellington.
Albula (jil'bb-lii). A pass in the canton of
31
Albret, Jeanne d". Bom at Pan. France, Jan.
7. 152.S : died at Paris, June 9, 1.572. A (pieen
of Navarre, daughter of Henry, king of Na-
varre, and Maigaret of Valois, wife of Antony
of Bourbon, and mother of Henry IV. of France,
noted as a supporter of the Huguenots.
Albright (al'brit). Jacob. Born near Potts-
town. Pa., .May 1. 175!): died 1808. An Ameri-
can Methodist clergyman, founder of the de-
nomination named the "Evangelical Associa-
tion."
Albrizzi (iil-bret'se). Isabella TeotOChi, Coun-
tess d'. Bom in Corfu, 1763: died at Venice,
Sei)t. 27. 1836. A Venetian yiatroness of liter-
ature and art, called by Byron "the Madame
de Stael of Venice": author of "Descrizione
delle opei-e di Canova" (1809-25), etc.
Albucasis ( a l-bfi-kii ' sis ) , or Abul-Casim ( ii-biil-
kii-.sem'),orAbul-KasimelZahrS.'wi. Born at
Zahra al Tasrif, near Cordova, Sjiain: died at
Cordova about 1106. An ^Wabian physician,
author of "Al-Tasrif," a famous resum^ of
Arabian medical science. According to some h
lived a century earlier. His work was
into Latin and twice into Hebrew.
Albuera (iil-bO-ii'rii). A village in the prov-
ince of Badajoz, Spain. 12 miles southeast of
poet of Mytilene in Lesbos (about 611-.580
B. C), by some regarded as the first in rank of
the IjTic poets of Greece. He supporteil the nobles
in their struggles with the tyrants of his native town,
was banished, and led an eventful and wandering life.
He was "the i>erfect picture of an unprincipled, violent,
lawless Greek aristocrat, who sacrillced all and everything
to the demands of pleasure and i)ower" (Mnhnjfji). Frag-
^.,- .,„ ,, _. ^. -_ ments of his works remain.
t!risons, Switzerland, about 25 miles southeast 2. In Greek legend, a son of Perseus and An-
of Coire, connecting the valleys of the Albula dromeda. He was an ancestor of Hercules,
and Hinter-Rhein with that "of the Inn. Its Alcaforado (iil-kil-fo-ra'do). Francisco. A
height is 7,595 feet
Albumazar (iil-bo-mii'ziir). Born at Balkh,
Turkestan, 805 (f): died at Wasid, central
Asia, 885. A celebrated Arabian astronomer,
author of numerous works, including an intro-
duction to astronomy, a " Book of Conjunction,"
and a treatise on astrology. Latin translations of
the first two appeared at Augsburg in 1-lsO, and again
at Venice, the former in 1506 and the latter in 151J>. Tlie
work on astrology was printed at Venice under the title
"Flores Astrologiae" (date unknown), and reprinted at
.\ugsburg in ISSti. His name is given to the leading
character, a knavish astrologer, in a university play (in
English), named for liim, by John Tomkis (or Tomkins\
acted tiy the gentlemen of Trinity College, Cambriilge. be-
fore King.Ianii's I. in 1614. It is founded on *' L'Astrologo"
of liian Battista del Porta, 1606. Dryden revived it in
1748. In 17:U a comedy called *'The Astrologer" (pro-
duced in 1744) was founded on it by Ralph.
Albuquerque (ill-bii-kar'ke). A town in the
province of Badajoz, Spain, 24 miles north of
Badajoz. Population (1887), 7,385.
Portuguese navigator who took part in the ex-
pedition (of which he wrote an account) of Joao
Gonzales Zarco to the island of Madeira in 1420.
Alcaic de Chisbert (iil-kii-lii' da ches-biirt').
[.(?(■((/«' ; Ar. ■ castle.'] A town in the province
of Castellon, Spain, sittiated near the Mediter-
ranean 65 miles northeast of Valencia. Popu-
lation (1887), 5,7oL
Alcaic de Guadaira (iil-kii-lii,' da gwii-THi'rii).
A town in the province of Se'ville, Spain, situ-
ated near the (jnadaira 7 miles east of Seville.
It contains a Moorish castle, an uimsually fine example,
older than 1'246, when the town was tjdien by the Chris-
tians. Population (1SS7), a.ia^.
Alcald de Henares (iil-kii-lii' da a-nii'ras). A
town in the province of Madrid, Spain, near
the site of the Koman C<miplutum, situated on
the Henares 17 miles east by north of Madrid:
the birthplace of Cervantes. It was formerly famous
for its university, founded by Cardinal Ximenes, whicll
was removed to .Madrid in ls:t6. Population (1S»7), 13,.')43.
Albuquerque. The capital of Bernalillo Alcalide los Gazuies (iil-kii-lii' da 16s gii-tho'-
County, New Mexico, situated on thi> Kii
(jrande .58 miles southwest of Santa Fe : an
important railroad center. It consists of twosci-
tlements, the old town (population (ISDO) ],T:i:i) and the
new town (population(1890), 3,786). The latter was founded
in 1S81. The old town dates from the 17th century.
Albuquerque, AffonSO de, surnamed "The
Great "and "Tlie Portuguese Mars." Born at
Alhaudra, near Lisbon. 14.52 (1453?): died at
sea near Go;t. India, Dec. 16, 1515. A cele-
brated Portuguese navigator and compieror,
the founder of the Portuguese empire in the
East. Appointed viceroy of India, he landed on the
coast of Malabar in 15(J3, conquered Coa and afterward
the whole of Malabar, ('eylon, the Suinla Islaiuls. the
peninsula of Malacca, and the island of Onnuz. King
Emmatniel appointed a personal enenty of Albin|uer(|in.'
to supersede him. On his return, he died at sea. He
was an extraonlltniry man, and made the Portuguese name
priifounilly resitccti-d in tlie Kast.
Albuquerque, Duarte Coelho de. See Cnillio
(If .tdiiiiiiiiri/iii , Ihiiiiti .
Albuquerque, Francisco Fernandez de la
CueVa, I'uUe of. See h'( riKDlilr- llcid (llini.
Albuquerque, Francisco Fernandez de la
Cueva Henriquez, 1 >"kr of. Sec rmunnU- ilr
lit i in III Ih iinifiii:,.
Albuquerque, Jeronymo de. Born about 1514:
died al Olniila, near PoTiiiiinliiico. abou| l''eli.
25, 1.594. A Portuguese soldier, leaiU'r in various
wars against the Indians in Hnizil, whitlier lie
went in 1.535. In 1.148 he was captured by the Cahetes
tribe, but gained their good will and nnirried the daughter
of a ibiif.
Albuquerque Maranhao, Jeronymo de. Born
at I'eniaiiiliiii-o. 154S: died at M.'iriiiiliao. I'l-b.
11. 1(>18. A Ura/.ilian soldier, sou of .leronymo
do Alimquerque and an Indian mother. Ue con-
las). A town in the ])i'ovince of Cadiz, Spain,
30 miles east of Cadiz. Population (1887),9,S02.
Alcaic la Real (iil-kii-lii' lii ra-iil'). A town in
the province of Jaen. Sjiain, 27 uiiles north-
west of (ii'anada. Popuhition (l.'<87), 15.802.
AlcaU y Herrera, Alonso de. A Portuguese
writer of Spanish origin, who published in 1641
five Spanish tali'S in each of which one of the
live vowels is omitted. Tichimr.
Alcamenes, or Alkamenes (al-kam'e-nez).
[Gr. ;\/mi/«i';/f.] Boi'n at Lemnos. of Attic de-
scent, or at Athens: flourished about 448-404
B.C. A Greek sculptor, acconliiig to Pausanias
the most skilful jnipil of Phidias. The same au-
thor ascribes to him tlie centaur coiifiici on the western
pediment of the temi)le of Zens recently recovered at
Olympia. This must have been a very early work of the
master. His reconled wiirks were statues of gods and
heroes maiidy. His Aphrodite "ot the ganleus " was one
of the great statues of aniiiiuity. His statue ot ivory and
gold ot .F.Bcnlapins may be represented in the beautiful
bead in the British Museum, found al Melos.
Alcamo (iil'kii-mo). A town in the pi'ivvince of
'i'rapani. Sicily. 24 miles wi'sl southwest of Pa-
lermo. Near it ari' the ruins of the ancient
Segesta. Popidation. about 37,000.
Alcandre (iil-kon'<lr). A .diaraeter in Mado-
TMoiselle de Scudery's romance "Clelie": a
Haltering portrait of Louis XIV., then only
aliout eighteen years of age.
Alcaniz (iil-kiin-yoth'). A towni in the jirovince
of Teriiel, Spain, on the (iuadalope M ludes
southeast of Saragossa. 1'opulalioni(I887),7.781.
Alcantara (iil-kiin'tii-rii). A western cpiarler,
Idriiierlv a sulnirb. of Li.sbon, noled for the
victory 'gitined there in 1.5S0 by the Duke of
Alva over the Portuguese.
Alcantara
civilities of life aud the sbams of society.
"Wvcherlev has taken him as the model of his
rude aud brutal Manly in '-The Plain Dealer."
Alceste. A pseudonj-m of several modem
French writers, among them Alfred Assolant.
Hippolyte de Castille, Louis Belmontet, and
fidouard Laboulaye.
Alceste. A tragic opera by Gluck, first pre-
^ ^ seuted at Vienna, Dec. IG, 17G7.
the buitiUnKS, both for residence and for (lefeusc, of great AlcestCT (al'ster). A town in Warwickshire,
extent and inMsiveness. Population, about 4,000. England, 19 miles south of Birmingham : the
Alcantara. A seaport in the province of Ma- ^1,^ of a„ ancient Koman encampment. Popu-
Uriizil, inlat. 2°2o'b.,loug. 44° 2o \\ .
northwest of Cacercs. The famous bridge of IVajan,
over the Tasrus, bnUt in wr, A. v., exists to-day priietically
as the Romans left it. It is Imilt witliout cement, and is
one of the most imposinc of masonr) bndges. It is about
670 feet loUK. and Jlo (eit high from the river-bed, with
six arches. Tlie two central arches each have a span of
110 feet. A plain triumphal arch rises over the midillc
pier Anotlier uolahle structure is the monastery- of the
Kni"hts "f Alc-intara, bepuu in 1506, and now in ruins.
Thellorid I'ointed church is divided by slender piers into
lofty eracelully vaulted aisles. The cloisters are line, and
ranhiit), 1>:
Alcantara, Francisco Martin
Born in the
lation (1891), 4,963,
Alcester, Baron. See Seymour, Sir Frederick.
province of Estremadura, probably about 1480: Alcestis' (al-ses'tis), or Alceste (al-ses'te).
I'll.) _A 1 : T» .. I •'••I A •»/» I'A-ll a^»k'lTl_ ^ ... .> -» --» 11 1
killed at Lima, Peru, Jime 2G, 1541. A Span
ish soldier, half-brother of Francisco Pizan'o on
the mother's side. He left Spain with Pizarroin 1529,
and was with him during part of the coiu|uest of Peru.
He received a large inheritance which was unjustly taken
from the younger Almagro. Alcantara was killed with
Piz:xm\
Alcantara, Doctor of. An operetta by Julius
Eichbcrg jiroduced in Boston in 1862, ''the
most successful work of any pretensions with
an exclusivelv American reputation" (Grorc).
Alcantara, KjlightS of. A religious and mili-
tarv Older in Spain, created about 115G by the
brothers Don Suurez aud Don Gomez de Bar-
rientos to combat the Jloors. In 117T it was con-
firmed by Pope Alexander lU. as a religions order of
kuightho.nl under Benedictine rule. It took its name
fRim the fortillcd town of .\lcautara, with whose defense
it was intrusted about r>13, having hitherto been known
as the order of the Kuights of San Julian del PerejTo. In
14JM-95 the grand mastership was vested in the crown,
aud in ir>lu the knights received permission to marrj'. In
1S3.') the order ceased to exist as a spiritusil body, though
it still remains in its civil capacity.
Alcantara, Pedro de. See I'edro I. and //. of
Brazil.
[Gr. 'a>w/oT/f, or l\>At(7T;/.] In Greek legend,
the daughter of Pelias and wjfe of Admetus,
king of PhersB in Thessaly. When her husband was
stricken with a mortal sickness she sacrificed her life for
him, in accordance with the promise of Apollo that by
this means he should be saved. According to one form
of the legend she was allowed to return to the upper world
by Persephone : according to another she was rescued by
Hercules. She is the subject of a play by Euripides.
The Alcestis is a curious and almost unique example of
a great novelty attempted by Euripides — a novelty which
Sbakspeare has sanctioned by his genius — I mean the
mixture of comic and vulgar elements with real tragic
p.athos, by way of contrast The play is not strictly a
tragedy, but a melodrama, with a happy conclusion, and
was noted as such by the old critics, who called the play
rather comic, that is to say, like the new comedies in this
respect. The intention of the poet seems to have been to
calm the minds of the audience agitated by great sorrows,
and to tone them by an afterpiece of a higher and more
refined character than the satjTic dramas, which were
coarse aud generally obscene.
Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 325.
Alchemb (al-kemb'). [Ar.] A rarely used
name for the second-magnitude star a Persei,
usually called Mirfnk, and sometimes Alijcnih.
Alcatraz (iil-ka-traz'). A small island north Alcheiaist, The. A comedy by Ben Jonson
if San Francisco, the seat of a military prison.
Alcandete ( iil-kou-THa'ta). A town in the prov-
ince of Jaen, Spain, situated on a tributary of
the Guaiial<iui\-ir 2:) miles southwest of Jaen.
Population (1887). 9,188.
Alcazar (iil-kii'thar). [Ar. al qaer, the castle.]
acted by the King's Servants in 1610: a satire
on the reigning folly of the time, the search
for the philosopher's stone. It observes strictly
the unities of time and place, and, in point of intellec-
tual power, is regarded as the first of Jonson's plays,
"The Empiric," a droll, was founded on it in 1676, and
The Tobacconist, " a farce, in 1771. It was entered in
1. The palace of the Moorish kings and later the stationers' Register in 1610, but was not published
of Spanish rovaltv at Seville. A large part is of ,, . **- ~ , , ,.., ,,,..,, ai.v«-jj /•f„;i\
the original Alliambfes.iue architecture, and extremely AJcllfntll (alch fnth), or AlcMnd (-frid)
beautiful, though restored and too highly colored. Other
portions have been addeil by successive Spanish sover-
eigns, fi-oin I'edro the Cruel. The gardens were laid out
by the emperor Charles V.
2. A palace in Segovia, Spain, originally Moor-
ish, occupied by the sovereigns of Castile from
the 14th century. ltwasalargeandstrongmediev.il
castle, with pictures<|ue towers and turrets, and con-
taineil rooms of much historical interest. It was burned
in IsOJ, ;ilid Ii:is been restored.
Alcazar, Battle of. See Battle nf Alcazar.
Alcazar de San Juan(al-ka'th:irda sUnhwan).
A town in the prorince of Ciudad Keal, Spain,
a railway and manufacturing center. Popula-
tion (1S,k7^, 9,. 5.57.
Alcazar-Quivir. See Kassr-cl-Kchir.
Alcazava Sotomayor, Simao de. Bom about
1490 : died on the east coast of Patagonia early
in I'lUG. A Portuguese explorer, from 15'22 in
the .service of Sjiain as a naval officer, in i.'.34
he fitted out, at his own expense, two vessels and 240 men,
with the object of reaching Peru by the Straits of Magel-
lan. Leaving ."^an Lucar Sept. "21, he touched at the Abrol-
hos Islands, Brazil, and arrived at the Straits in Jan., ir»3;i ;
attemiiting to p:iss, he was driven back by a st.irm. and
wintered at Puerto de los Lobos (probably St. Joseph's or
St. Matthew's Bay). Thence he leil a land expeditiun
which crosses! the country to the Andes aud was the first
to explore the Patagoiiian plateau. Alcazava himself was
obliged by sickness to return to the ship, where he w:is
shortly after nitmlered in a mutiny. Also Alcazaba, At-
ctizora, AIca;obti.
Alcedo(!il-tha'Tiio), Antonio de. Bomatt^uito,
1735: date of death uot recorded. A Spanish
brigadier-general (1792) and gcograi)her, sou of
Don Dionisio de -Vlcedo y Herreni, best known
for his "Diccionario geografico-hist6rico de
las Indias occideiitales 6 America" (Madrid,
17S(i-,H9, 5 vols. ). There is an English translation by
Thomson. Ixuidon, 1812- l.'i. He serveil during part of his
life ill .\iiMTi,"u
Alcedo y Herrera (iil-tha'Tno e er-ra'rii), Dio-
nisio de. Born at Madrid, 1G90: tiled there,
1777. A Spanish administrator. From 1706 to
1752 he was almost constantly in Spanish America in va-
rious civil capacities. As president ami captain-generid
Alceste. See Akentis.
A sou of Oswiu. king of the Northumbrians,
and Eantiaed, daughter of Eadwine. He w:is cre-
ated under-king of the Deirans by his father; married
Cynieburh, daughter of Penda, king of the Mercians ; and
joined his father in the defeat of Penda, 655, near the
river Winwjed. He made unsuccessful war against his fa-
ther, and probably fled to Mercia.
Alchiba, or Alkhiba (al-ke-bii'). [Ar.. 'the
tent,' a name given by some of the Arabians
to the constellation Corvus.] The seldom
used name of the fourth-magnitude star a
Coi-vi, which, however, is not the brightest in
the constellation.
Alchymist (al-che-mesf), Der. An opera by
Sjiolir, composed about the end of 1829, and
tiist pertonued at Cassel July 28, 1830. The
libretto by Pfeiffer is based on a story by
Washington Irving.
Alcibiades (al-si-bS'a-dez). [Gr. 'A/Ki,3iafir/c.']
Born at Athens, aboiit 450 B. c. : killed at Me-
lissa. Phrygia, 404 B. c. A celebrated Athenian
politician aud general, the sou of Gleiiiias and
Deinomache. aud a pupil and fiiend of Socrates.
.\fter his father's death at the battle of Coronea he was
brought up in the house of Pericles, who was his kinsman,
lie became leader of the radical party about 421 ; com-
manded the Athenian League 420-41S ; was appointed a
commander of the expedition against Sicily in 415 ; and
was accused of profanation in Athens, and fled to Sparta,
in the same year, becoming an open enemy of Athens.
In 412, having become an object of suspicion at Sparta (his
death had been resolved upon\ he went over to the Per-
sians. He was soon recalled by the Athenian army, and com-
manded the Athenians in the victory over the Pelopon-
nesians and Persians at Cyzicus 410, and in other success-
ful battles. His failure at .Andnts and the defeat of his
general at Notion in 407 caused him to be deposed from
his command, -\fter the battle of .•Epospotami he sought
refuge with Flianiabazns in Phrygia where he was treach-
erously put to death. He was celebrated for his great
beauty and talents, and also for his self-will and uubri-
dletl iiistilence and capriciousness.
Alcibiades. A tragedy by Tliomas Otway pro-
duced in lfi75.
Alcibiades. A pseudonym used by Alfred
Tennyson in "Punch."
pam
|)rob-
stories
I vanity.
[•Jr. 'A/.Kiid/iac.^ A
Alcidaidas (al-sid'a-mas
Alcock
Greek rhetorician, a native of Eltea in Asia
Minor. He was a pupil of Gorgias, and between 432
and 411 B. c. resided at Athens where he gave instruc-
tion in eloquence, being the last of the purely sophistical
school of rhetoricians. Two extant declamations are
ascribed to him.
Alcide (al-sed'). Baron de M . . . A pseudo-
n>-m used 1833-35 aud in 1S64 by .Alfred de
Musset.
Alcides (al'si-dez). A patronymic of Heracles,
who was a descendant of Alcseus.
Alcina (iil-che'nii). A fairy, the embodiment
of carnal delights, in Boiardo's "Orlando lu-
uamorato" and Ai'iosto's "Orlando Furioso":
the sister of Logistilla (reason) and Morgana
( lasci viousness). Wten tired of her lovers she changed
them into trees, beasts, etc., and was fin;illy, by means ol
a magic ring, displayed in her real senility and ugliness.
Compare Acrafia, Aniiida, and Circi.
Alcinous (al- sin '6 -us). [Gr. 'A?Jiivoof.] In
Greek legend, a king of the Phseacians, in the
island of Scheria, mentioned in the Odyssey.
A considerable part of the poem (Books VL-Xin.) is de-
voted to the events of Odysseus's stay in his dominions.
Alciphron (al'si-fron). [Gr. ll/.M^pui'.] Lived
probably in the last part of the 2d century A. D.
A Greek epistolographer whose identity is un-
certain, Alciphron being, perhaps, an assumed
name. The letters attributed to him "are about 100 in
number, and are divided into three books. They repre-
sent classes of the older (.Jreek community, and are val-
uable from the glimpses which they give of social life,
the materials being mostly derived from the remains of
the middle and new comedy. The most lively ar-e those
supposed to be written by celebrated hetiene, especially
those from Glycera to Menander. ITie style is a careful
imitation of the best Attic " (K. O. iluUer, Hist, of the
Lit. of Anc. Greece, III.). (CoiioWsoii.)
Alciptiron. A character in Thomas Moore's
romance "The Epicurean,'' jmblished in 1827.
Moore also wrote a poem with this title, pub-
lished in 1839.
Alcipliron, or the Minute Philosopher. A
philosophical dialogue by Bishop Berkeley,
written to exiiose the weakness of infidelity.
It was composed while Berkeley was at New-
port, K. I., and was published in 1732.
Alcira (iil-the'ra). A town in the province of
Valencia, Spain, on an island of the Juear 20
miles south of Valencia. Population (1887),
18,448.
Alcmaeon (alk-me'on). [Gr. 1\/'.k//o/oi'.] In
Greek legend, the son of Amphiaraus and
Eriphyle and the leader of the Epigoni in the
expedition against Thebes. In accordance with the
commiUid of his father, given when he joined the first
expedition against Thebes, and the advice of the oracle,
he slew- his mother, aud was driven mad and pursued by
the Furies in consequence. Having, under false pretenses,
obtained from Phegeus the Arcadian the necklace and
robe of Hamionia (see Hartnonia) for his wife Callirrhoe,
he was waylaid and slain by Phegcus's order.
Alcmxon. A Greek natural philosopher, bom
at Ciotoua, Italy, in the 6th centmy B. c, es-
pecially noted for his discoveries in anatomy.
Alcmsebnidae (alk-me-ou'i-de). A noble family
of Athens, a branch of the family of the Neleidaj
which came from Pjlos in Messeuia to Athens
about 1100 B. C. Among the more notable members
of the family are AlemaKin, an Athenian general iu the
Cirrhsean war ; Megacles, a son of Alcmffion, and a rival
of Pisistratus ; Clisthenes. the legislator, son of ilegacles ;
Pericles, the celebrated Atheniiui statesman, great-grand-
son of Meaacles ; and the scarcely less famous .Alcibiades,
cousin of Pericles. The family w.is banished for sacri-
lege alxmt 590 B. c, on account of the action of the Alc-
m:e<mid archon Megacles who 612 B. c. put to death the
piuticipants in the insiurection of Cylon while they clung
for protection to the altars. They returned through an
alliance with I.ycurgus, ciuried on with varving fortunes
a struggle with Pisistmtus and the Pisistratida?, aud were
finally restored in .^10 B. c.
Alcman, or Alkman (alk'man), or Alcmaeon.
[Gr. '.O-K/iav, or L\//c//0('ur.] 'The greatest IjTic
poet of Sparta. He flourished about the middle of the
7th century B. c, and was probably brought to Greece as
a slave, in youth, from Sardis. "His sL\ IxMiks contained
all kinds of meh«, hymns, pseans, prosodia, parthenia, aud
erotic songs. His metres are esisy and various, and not
like the complicated systems of later lyrists. On the
other hand, his proverbial wisdom, and the form of his
personal allusions, sometimes remind one of Pindiu". But
the general character of the ptiet is that of an easy,
simple, pleasure-loving man. He boasts to have imitated
the song of birds (fr. 17, 67)— in other words, to have been
a self-taught and original poet." {ilahaffij, Hist. Greek
Lit., 1. 170.) t'ragments of his writings are extant.
Alcmene (alk-me'ne). or Alkmene. [Gr. l\/^-
li'i'-ri-l In Greek mythology, the wife of Am-
pliitrvon and mother, liy Zeus, of Heracles.
Alcoba(;a (al-ko-ba'sii). A small town in the
lirovince of Estremadura, Portugal, 50 miles
north of Lisboti. it contains a Cistercian monastery,
founded in 114,S and believed to have been the largest of
the order. The buildings now serve as barracks.
Alcock, or Alcocke (al'kok), John. Bom at
Beverley, Yorkshire, England. 1430: died at
Wisbeach, England, Oct. 1. 1500. An English
Alcock 33
prelate and scholar, successively bishop of Ro- Aldabra Island (iil-dii'bra). A small island
Chester, Worcester, and Elv, and founder of in the Indian ULiun,belongingto Great Britain,
J.siis (olUfie, Cambridge, 149(i. in lat. 9° 23' S., long. 46° 15' E.
Alcofribas Nasier (Ul-ko-fre-bii' nii-sya'). An Aldan (iil-dan'). A river in the government of
anagrammatic[>scudony!iiof Frani;oisKabelais, Yakutsk, Siberia, which rises near the Yablo-
once or twice slmrtened to the first word oulv. noi Mountains, and joins the Lena about lat.
Alcolea (iil-k6-la'ii). A locality in the province 6:!° N., long. 130° K. Its length is about 1,300
of Cordova, Spain, on the Giiadaliiuivir .S miles miles.
northeast of Corilova, where, Sept. 1'8, 18G8, the Aldan Mountains. A spur of the Stanovoi
Spanish revolutionists, under Senano, defeated Mountains, in eastern Siberia, near the river
the rovalists. The battle resulted in the ovei'- Aldan.
throw of yueen Isabella.
Alcor (al'kor). [Ar., but uncertain; said to sig-
nify ' the rider.'] A small fifth-magnitude star
verv near to Mizar (,' UrsiB Majoris). It is easily
seen with the naked eye if the eye is uoinial, but not
otherwise: hence suinetiines used iis a test i»f vision. ^^It
is culled Atiorf in the Latin version of the '■Almagest."
Alcoran. See Koran.
Alcorn (al'korn), James Lusk. Born Nov. 4,
1811): died Dec. '20, ls;)4. An American poli
Aldana (iil-dii'na), Lorenzo de. Born in Es-
tremuduru about 1500: died at Arequipa, Pern,
proljably in 1550. A Spanish soldier who servetl
with Alvarado in Guatemala and Peru, and in
153G went with Juan do Bada to reinforce Al-
niagro in Chile, in i;,M he was with .\Ionzo de Alva-
rado in tlie canipiu^[i at?ainst Cirun, and shared in the
defeat at the Abuncay (May 'Jl, 1554). .Authorities are not
in accord as to the date of his death, Calancha placing it
in 1671.
tician. founder of the levee system of the State Aldborough (ald'biu'"6, locally a'bro). A small
of Mississippi, Kepublican governor of Missis- town in Vorksliire, England, the ancient Isu-
sippi 1870-71, L'nitecl States senator 1S71-77, and rium, 16 miles northwest of York, noted for its
unsuccessful candidate for governor in 1873. Koman antiquities (the pavements, founda-
Alcott (.al'kot). AmosBronson. BornatWol- tions, etc., of the ancient city).
cott, Conn., Kov. L'0, 1799 : died at Boston, March Aldborough, or Aldeburgh. A watering-place
4,1888. An American philosophical WTiter and in SutTolk, England, HI miles northeast of
educator, one of the founders of the school of Ipswich. Population (1891), 7,467.
tiausceudi-utalistsinNewEngland. Hewassonof Aldea Gallega do Ribatejo (iil-da'ii giil-lil'gii
Joseph I ■hulllcld Alcox, a small fiirmer and mechanic, and Jii ro-lni-ta'zho). A tovv'n in the district of
Anna lirons..n : the family name was orisinallv spelled Lisbon, Portugal, near the Tagus 8 miles east
of Lisbon.
Aldebaran (iil-de-ba-riln' or al-deb'a-ran).
[Ar. iil-(l<ilnir(iii. the follower or the hindmost,
because in rising it follows the Pleiades.]
The standard first-magnitude red star a Tauri.
It is in the eye of the animal, and is the most conspicuous
member of tlic group known as the Hyades. Also often
called Paliticium (which see).
Atcoclce. llis youth was i^pcut in peihilinK books and
oilier wiu-es, interrupted by 8cllo«jl-teacluiig. cliicllyin Vir-
glina and North and .South (."arolina. He returned to New
Knglaud in ls:i-i. and soon after opened an infant-school
in Boslen where he later (lS34-37)conilucted a well-known
school in which the instruction was base<l upon the prin-
ciples of self-analysis an<l self-education, theetforts of the
teacher lieiug directed to the development of the indi-
viduality of the jiupil. He retired to Concord 184o, where
he was intimately :issociated with Emerson, Hawthorne,
Thotcau, and thanning, aiul became dean of the Concord Aldcgonde. See Sainic-Aldeqonde.
School of l'hilo8o|dly. His chief works are "f'n)hic A l Jp„_p._p_ (:ii',ig.o._s fp_N or Aldpornf (jil'dp.
Sayings" contributed to the "Dial" (IStO), -Tablets" -^^S^^pfgr V*^ ' . '"'' ^f*^ ler;, or .aaaegrai (ai ae-
(isno), -Concord bays "(1S72), •■Table-Talk" (1S77), "Son- gi""). HeinTlCh. Born at Paderborn, Prussia,
nets and canzoncis • (18^2)- 150:;: died at Soest, Prussia, 1562. A German
Alcott, Louisa May. Born at Germantown, engraver and painter.
Pa., Nov. 29, 1832 : died at Boston, Mass. , March Alden (tU ' den), James. Born at Portland,
6, 1888. An American author, daughter of A. Maine, Marcl'i 31, l.slo: died at San Francisco,
B. Alcott. She was a teacher in early life and an army Cal., Fob. 6, 1877. An American naval officer.
nurse in the Civil War. Among her works are "Littl
Women" (18«s), "Old- Fashioned (iirl" (IWiil), "Little
5Ien"(ls71), "Aunt Jo's Scrap-Hag" (1872-82), "Rose in
Bloom," etc.
Alcoy (iil-koi'), A eitv in the province of Ali-
cante, Spain, lat. 38° 42' N., long. 0° 27' W. :
an important manufacturing center (paper.
etc.). It was the scene of a bloody insurrection of the
Inleniallonale in July, 187.f. Population (18»7), 30,373.
Alcudia (iil-ko'THe-ii). A seaport on the north-
ern coast of Majorca, Balearic Islands, for-
merlv the chief fortress of the island. Popula-
tion," about 2,000.
Alcudia, Duke of. See <.'««/«//. l^""'"? de.
Alcuin(al'kwin), AS. Ealhwine (ejileh'wi-ne).
Born at Y'ork, England, 735: died at Tours,
May 19, 804. An English prelate and scholar,
abbot of Tours : also known as Albinus, Flaceus,
and Albinus Flaceus. He was educated at York,
and settled on the Continent in 7H2, on the invitation
ami under the protectimi of Charlemagne. He was mas-
ter of the school of the palace and served as general su-
perintetidenl of Charlemagne's schemes of ecclesiastical
and eilncational reform. ,\t the council of Frankfort in
7iM he led the opposition toadoptionisni, which the coun-
cil corulenined ; and at the synod of .\achen (Ai.\-la-
Chnpelle) in 7l)l) he persuaded Kelix, the leader of (he
adoptioiusts, to recant (Ids second recantation). Alcuin
wrote on a great variety of subjects, inclnding thi
hlsloiy, grammar, rhctoiic, orthography, di
About .s<i2 he revised the Vulgate. He was also a pi
Alcyone (al-si'o-ne). [Gr. '.V/mwi;/.] 1. In
dassicalmythology: (n) Thedaugliterof ^Eolus
anil wife of Ceyx. After the loss of her husband
she cast herself into the soa and was changed
appointed captain Jan. 2, 1863, commodore July
25, 18()0, and rear-admiral June 19, 1871. and re-
tired March 31, 1872. He served in the Mexican war,
and commanded the Richmond in the New Orleans cam-
paign of 1862, and the Brooklyn in Mobile Bay, 1804,
and in the attacks on Fort Fisher.
Alden, John. Born in England, 1599 : died at
Dux bury, Mass., Sept., 1086. One of the " Pil-
gi'im Fathers," a cooper of Southampton, who
was engaged in repairing the Mayflower and
became one of the party which sailed in her.
He is said to have been the first to step on Plymouth lUick,
though Ibis honor is also assigned to Alary Chilton, lie
setllrii ;d I)u\lmry and in ](i21 married Priscilla .Mullens.
The iiMJdi'nts of their courtship form the theme of Long-
fellow's "Cinulsbip of Miles Standish." He was a magis-
trate in the colony for more than 50 years, aiul outlived
all Ihc other sigiicrs t)f the Mayflower compact.
Alden, Joseph. Born at Cairo, N. Y.. Jan. 4,
ISII7: (lied at New Y'ork, Aug. 30, 1885. An
American educator. Hcwasprofcssor of Latin(later
of rhetoric and p<ditical ecoiu)my) in Williams College
18;l.^-5:{, professor of mental aiul moral philosophy at La-
fayette College 18.53 57, presiiient of Jelferson College,
Cannonsburg. Pennsylvania, 1857-t>2, and principal of the
Albany. New York, .Vormal .School 1807-72. He was also
for a time editor of "The New York Observer," and was a
prolific writer, chieliy of juveidle literature.
'•'i'let-t'ics''"e'ic' Aldenhoven (iil'.len-ho-fen). A town in tlie
ilsoapoet ^ Kliine Province, Pru.ssia, 12 miles northeast of
Aix-la-Chapelle. Here, March 1, 17!i.'i, the Auslrinns
under the Prince of Cr)bui-g and Archduke Charles de-
feated the French, and Oct. 2, 17!i4, the Krench (about
s.5,(KKt) under Jonr<lati defeated the Austrians (about 70,000)
under Clairfajt. Poimlation, about2,00(l.
luto a kingfisher, (h) A Pleiad, (laughter of Alderamin (nl-der-am'in). [Ar. al-dord' l-i/a-
Athis and Pleione.— 2. A gi'eenish star of »//», tlie right arm.] The usual name of the
ni:c,'nitude 3.0. the brightest of the Pleiades. 2".;-nnignitude star a Cephei.
Alcyonius (al-si-o'ni-us), or Alcionius, Pe- Aldemey (Al'der-ni), F. Aurigny (6-ren-ye').
' line of the Channel Islainls, file ancient An-
trus. Born at Venice, 1487: died at Komi'.
1527. An Italian scholar, coiTector of the press
of Aldus Manntius, and professor of Greek at
Florence: author of ".Medicis legatns, sive de
Exilio" (1522), etc.
Aldabella (ni-dii-bel'lii). 1. The wife of Or-
lando in Ariosto's poiins, the sister of Oliviero
and Brandinnirteand daUL'hter of Monodante
rinia or K'iduna, situated northeast of Guern-
sey, and 7 miles west of Cape La Hagui', in lat.
49° 43' N., long. 2° 12' W. (Braye Harbor):
length. 3'._, miles; area, 4 S(|uare miles: noted
for its breed of cattle. It contjdns the t.>wn of St.
Anno. 'I'be government Invested in a judge. (1 jurats, and
12 representatives. Population (ISIU), l.s4:l.
inthcoldFrenchandSpanishpoemsealled.I/(/'( Aldemey, Race of, F. Ras d'Aurigny. A
and .iiidit. — 2. A character in Milman's play channel between Aldemey and the French
"Fazio" : a handsome shameless woman who coast, dangerous from its currents,
beguiles Fazio when he becomes rich, and after Aldersgate (al'<lers-gat). A gate in old Lon-
his execution is condemned to im|irisonment in don wall which stoixl in the rei'mtering angle
a nunnery for life through the interposition of of the old city between Newgate and Criiiple-
Bianca, Uie wife of Fazio. gate and at the junction of Aldersgate street
3
Aldred
and St. Martin's lane. It is called Ealdred's
gate ( Kaldredcsgalc) in the (Latin) laws of
Eth.lred.
Aldershot (al'd&r-shot). A town on the border
of Surrey and Hampshire, England, 34 miles
southwest of London, noted for its military
camp (established 1853). Population (1891),
25,595.
Aldfrith (iild'frith), Ealdfrith (eald'frith), or
Eahfrith (eiih'frith). l)ied 705. King of the
Northumbrians, an illegitimate son of 0.swiu,
and brother of Ecgfrith, whom he succeeded
in (i85.
Aldgate (ald'gat). [Originally J/ciynfc; mean-
ing probably 'a gate open to all,' or 'free gate.']
The eastern gate of ohl London wall, situated
near the junction of Leadenhall street, Ilounds-
ditcli, Whitehall, and the Minories. it must have
been one of the 7 double gates mentioned by Fitz Stephens
(who died 1191), not one of the Itoinan gates. The great
road to Essex by which provisions were brought to the
Koman cily crossed the Lea at Old-ford ami entered the
city Willi the F,orniiiie(F,rinine) street, not at Aldgate but
at Bishopsgate. Aldgate may have been opened in the
reign of King Eadgar, or that of Edward the Confessor,
but probably dates from the first years of Henry 1 , at
which time Bow Bridge across the Lea at Stratford is
supposed to have been built by his queen Matilda.
Aldhelm (iild'helm), Saint. Born (>40 (f ) : died
at Doulting, near Wells, England, Mav, 709.
An English scholar and prelate, made bishop of
Sherborne in 705. iHg best-known works are " De
laude virginitatis," in prose, and a poem "De laudibus
virginuni."
Aldiborontephoscophornio (al'di-bo-ron te-
fos"ko-f6r'ni-6). A character in' Henry
Carey's burlesque " Chrononhotonthologos." it
was given as a nickname to .lames Ballantyne the printer,
on account of the sobinn pninposity of his manner, by Sir
Walter Scott. See !ii'jduiiijuiuiifto$.
Aldiger (al'di-ger). Ill Ariosto's "Orlando
Furioso," a Christian knight and the brother
of the enchanter Malagigi.
Aldine (al'din ) Press. The press established at
Venice by Aldus Manntius. See Manutius.
Aldingar (al'ding-giir). Sir. A ballad concern-
ing a false steward who sought to take away
the honor of his qtieen. Inthelmllad with this title
from the Percy MS. the queen's name is F.linore, the wife
of Henry H., but the story occurs repeatedly in connec-
tion with historical personages of nearly all the European
nations.
Our conclusion would therefore be, with Grundtvig,
that the b,allads of sir Aldingar, Ravengaard, and Mem-
ering, and the rest, are of common derivation with the
legends of St. Cunigund, Gundeberg, &e., and that all these
are ofishoots of a sttiry which, "beginning far back in the
infancy of the Gothic race and their poetry, is continually
turning up, now here and now there without having a
proper home in any dctlnite time or assignable place."
Child, Eng. and .Scottish BiUlads, III. 241.
Aldingar. The prior of St. Cuthbert's Alibey
ill Sir Walter Scott's poem "Harold the
Dauntless."
Aldini (iil-de'ne). Count Antonio. Born at
Bologna, Italy, 175G: died at Pavia, Italy, Oct.
5, 182G. An Italian statesman, minister" of the
Italian re]iublic and kingdom under the Na-
poleonic regime.
Aldini, Giovanni. Born at Bologna, Italy.
April 10, 1762: died at Milan, Jan. 17. 18.34. An
Italian jihysicist, jirol'essor of physics at Bo-
logna, brother of Antonio Aldini "and nephew
of (ialvaiii.
Aldo Manuzio. See Manutius.
Aldo (al'do). Father. In Dryden's play " Lim-
berliam, or the Kind Keeper," an abandoned
but kind-hearted old debauchee.
Aldobrandini (iil-do-briin-de'ne). A celebrated
Floreut ine family, originally from the village of
Lasciaiio, near Pistoja, established in Florence
since the 12th century. Among its more important
members are Giovanni A. (1625 : died at Rome. 1.5731, an
Italian cardinal, son of Silvestro A. ; (Giovanni Francesco A.
(1540 11101), a papal general, nephew of Pope clement ^'^I. ;
Pietro A. (1571-1021), an Italian cardinal, grandson of Sil-
vestro A.; Silvestro A. (liorn at l-'lorence. Nov. 23, Mint: died
at Home, Jan. 6, 155.S), an Italian Jurist; and Toinmaso
A. (1510'.'-72). an Italian man of lettera, wni of Silvestro
A., author of a Latin Iranslation of Diogenes Lacrliiis.
Aldobrandini, Ippolito. See vhmvnt VI II.,
I'ojic.
Aldred (al'dred), or Ealdred (e-iil'dred), or Ai-
red (al'red). Died at York, England, Sept.
1 1, 1IIII9. An English ecclesiastic, made bishop
of Worcester in 1044 and archbishop of York
ill 1000. About 1050 he was sent on a mission to H4mio
by Edward the Confessor, and in 1054 to the couil of the
emperor Hcniy III, to negotiate for the return of
Edward the .Elheliiig from Hungary. He was tin- first
EnglisiihislK>p to make the pilgrimage to Jerusalem (10.' s).
According to one ncconnt (Florence of Worecsler) ho
crowned Harold In lIHlll, but the ceremony was probably
fierformed by,Stigand. He submitted to William I., whom
le crowned liKUl and over whuiu ho is said to have exer-
clsod considerable infiuence.
Aldrich, Henry
Aldrich (al'dricU or al'diij), Henry. Bom at
Westminster, England, 1647: died at Oxford,
England, Dec. 14, 1710. All English divine,
writer, mu-sieiau, and architect, deau of Chi'ist
Church, Oxford, from ICSO: author of a logical
compendium (1691) which long remained a pop-
ular text-book (ed. bv Mausel).
Aldrich, Nelson Wilmarth. Born at Foster,
K. I., Nov. 6, 1841. An American politician. mem-
ber of Congress from Rhode Island 18(9-81, and
Kcpublicau senator from Rhode Island 188I-.
Aldrich, Thomas Bailey. Born at Ports-
mouth, N. H., Nov. 11, 1836. An American
poet, novelist, and journalist, editor of "Every
Saturday" (Boston, 1870-74), and of the "At-
lantic Monthly" 1881-90. llisworks include "Bells"
(IK.').")), "ISallad of liable l!cU" (1S50), " I'ampiuea, and
other I'oenis" (1861), "Pueius" (lS6:i, lSO.i), "Cloth of
Oold, and other l'oeins"(ls74>, " Flower and Thorn "(ISTfi),
"Story of a Bad litiy" (1S70). "XIarjorie D.iw, and other
People" (1S73), "Prudence Palfrey" (1874), "Flower and
Thorn: Later Poems" (1870), "The Queen of Sheba" (1877),
" Kiverinouth Romance " (1877), "The Stillwater Tragedy "
(18S0), " From Ponkapog to Pesth " (188:1). " Slercedes, and
Later Lyrics" (1SS3), "Wyndham Towers" (1S89), "The
Sisters' Tragedy, and other Poems" (1891).
Aldridge (al'drij ), Ira. Said to have been born
at Bellair, near Baltimore, about 1810: died at
Lodz, Poland, Aug. 7, 1866. A negro tragedian,
surnamed the "African Eoscius," in early life
valet of Edmund Kean. Among his chief parts
was Othello.
Aldringer (iilt'ring-er), or Aldringen (iilf-
ring-en), or Altringer (iilt'riug-cr). Count
Johann. Born at Thionville (Diedonhofen),
Lorraine, Dec. 10, 1588 : killed at Landshut,
Bavaria, July, 1634. An Imperialist general in
the Thirtv Years' War. He succeeded Tilly as com-
mander of "the army of the League in 1632, and distin-
guished liimself under Wallenstein at Nuremberg.
Aldrovand (al'dro-vand), Father. A Domini-
can, the warlike chaplain of Lady Eveline Be-
renger in Sir Walter Scott's novel "The Be-
trotlied."
Aldrovandi (iil-dro-van'de), L. Aldrovandus
(al-dro-van'dus), Ulisse. Born at Bologna,
Italy, 'Sept. 11, 1522: died at Bologna, May 10,
1605. A celebrated Italian naturalist, appointed
professor of natural history at Bologna in 1560.
At his instancethe senate of Bologna established in 1568
a botiiiiical garden, of which he was appointed director.
He also served as inspector of drugs, in which capacity he
published "Antidotarii Bononiensis Epitome" (1574). His
chief work is a "Natural History" in 13 volumes, espe-
cially notable on account of the profusion and excellence
of its illustrations. The last 7 volumes were published
after his death.
Aldstone (ald'stun), or Aldstone Moor, or
Alston Moor. A town in Cumberland, Eng-
lauil, I'O miles southeast of Carlisle. Popula-
tion (1801), 3,:i84.
Aldus Manutius. Hee Maiuitius.
Aleandro (iil-a-iin'dro), Girolamo, L. Alean-
der, Hieronymus. Born at Motta, near Ven-
ice, Feb. 13, 1480: died at Rome, Jan. 31, 1.542.
An Italian ecclesiastic (cardinal) and .scholar,
author of a "Lexicon grseco-latinum" (1512),
etc. He was several times papal legate or nuncio to
Germany, and was an ardent opponent of the Reforma-
tion.
Aleardi (ii-la-ar'de), Aleardo (originallv Gae-
tano). Born at Verona, Italy, Nov. 4, 1812:
died there, July 17, 1878. An Italian poet and
patriot, an active partizan of the insurrection
in Veuetia 1848-49, imprisoned bv the Austri-
ans in 18.52 and 18,59. Best edition of his
poems, Florence, 1862 (5th ed. 1878).
Alecsandrl (iil-ok-siin'dre), or Alexandri,
Basil, or Vassili. Born in Moldavia, Jiilv,
1821 : died at Mircesti, Moldavia, Sept. 4, 1890.
A Rumanian poet, politician, and joui-nalist,
active in politics after 1848, and for a short
time (1859) foreign minister: author of lyric
and dramatic i)oems in Rumanian, and of
translations of Rumanian songs into French.
AlectO (a-lek'to). [Or. 'A?.iiKr6, she who rests
not.] In Greek mythology, one of the three
Erinyes. Sec Krhiijes.
Aleksin, or Alexin lii-lek'sen). A town in
the government of Tula, Russia, situated on
the Oka 85 miles south by west of Moscow.
Population, 5,713.
Aleman (ii-la-miin'), Mateo. Born near Se-
ville in the middle of the Kith centurv: died in
Mexico about 1610 (f ). A Spanish novelist, for
many years controller of the finances to Philip
II. : author of the famous " La vida y heehos
del pioaro Guzman de Alfarache" (1599), etc.
See (riizmnn <le Al/arnrlie.
Alemanni, Alemannic. See Alamanni, Ala-
mannic.
34
Alemanni, Lnigi. See Alamanni, Luigi.
Alemannia. See Alamaiuiia.
Alembert (ii-lon-bar'), Jean Baptiste le Bond
d'. Born at Paris, Nov. 16, 1717 : died at Paris,
Oct. 29, 1783. A noted French mathematician,
)ihilo.so])her, and author. He was an editor of the
"Encyclopt'die," for which he wrote the introduction, the
inatjiematical articles, and pai't of the biugraj)hies. In
1772 he became i)erpetual secretary of the French Acad-
emy, and in that capacity was the spokesman of the parti
des philusopkes of which Voltaire was the head. His prin-
cipal works are "Traits de dynamique" (1743), "Traite
de re<iuilibre et du mouvement des tluides" (1744), "Re-
cherches sur la precession des (Equinoxes et sur la nuta-
tion de I'axe de la terre " (1749)," Recherches sur dilf brents
points importants du syst^me du monde" (1754), "Me-
langes de philosophic et de litt^rature," "Elements de
philosophic," "Opuscules mathematiques" (1701-80), etc.
Alemc^uer, or Alenquer (il-laii-kar'). A small
town m the pro\-ince of Estremadui-a, Portugal,
29 miles northeast of Lisbon.
Alemquer, or Alenquer. A town in Brazil, on
the Amazon opposite the mouth of the Tapaj6s.
Population, 3,000.
Alemtejo (ii-lan-tii'zho). A province of Portu-
gal, bounded by Beira on the north, by Spain
on the east, by Algarve on the south, and by
Estrcmadura and the Atlantic on the west, it
comprises 3 districts, Evora. Portalegre, and Beja. Area,
9,431 square miles. Population (1890). 393,054.
Alencar (ii-lan-kiir'), Jos6 Martiniano de.
Born in Cear^, May 1, 1829: died at Rio de Ja-
neiro, Dec. 12, 1877. A Brazilian jurist and
novelist, best known from his stories of Indian
and colonial life, among which are "O Guar-
any," "Iracema," and "O Sertanejo."
Alen^on (il-lou-son')- A former countship and
duchy of France, whose counts and dukes were
prominent in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries.
The duchy was an appanage of the house of Va-
lois. See below.
AlenQOn. The capital of the department of
(_)i'ne, France, situated at the junction of the
Briaute and Sarthe in lat. 48° 25' N., long. 0°
5' E. It hasanimportanttradeandmanufactures of lace
(the celetu-ated "point d'Alenvon "), linen, and woolen
goods. The town was often takeu and retaken in the Eng-
lish and League wars. Captured by the Germans Jan. 16,
1871. Population (1891), 18,319.
Alengon, Due d' (Charles de Valois). Died
1340. A brother of Philip VI. of France, killed
in the battle of Cr^ey.
AlenQon, Due d' (Charles IV.). Born 1489:
died April 11, 1525. A prince of the blood and
constable of France, husband of Margaret of
Valois, sister of Francis I. His cowiu-dice caused
the loss of the battle of Pavia in 1625 and the capture of
Francis I.
Alengon, Due d' (Jean II.). Died 1476. He sup-
ported tile liauphin against his father Charles VII,, and
was ciintU' rimed to deatli in 14ri6, the sentence being, how-
ever, commuted to life imprisonment, followed by a par-
don.
Alenio (ii-la'ne-o), Giulio. Born at Brescia,
Italy, about 1582: died 1649. An Italian Jes-
uit, a missionary in China.
Aleppo (ii-lep'o)". [Ar. Hdleb or Haleb-es-Shah-
6fl.] The capital of the vilayet of Aleppo, sit-
uated on the Nahr-el-Halcb in lat. 36° 11' 32" N.,
long. 37° 9' E.: the ancient Beropa. It has an ex-
tensive commerce, and manufactures of silk, etc. In
G38 it was c(tuauere(i by the Saracens; was the seat of a
.Seljuk sultanate 1 Itli and 12th centuries ; was captured by
the Crusaders under B;Udwin in 1170; was plundered by
the Mongols and by Timur; was conquered and annexed
by the Turks in 1517 ; suffered severely from plagues, and
in 1170 and 1822 from earthquakes; and was the scene
of an outbreak against the Christians in 1850. Popula-
tion (estimated), 120,(KX).
Aleppo. A ^^layet in Asiatic Turkey. Popu-
lation, 994,604.
Aleppy. See AlnpaUi.
Aler (ii'ler), Paul. Bom at Saint-Guy in Lux-
embui'g, Nov. 9, 1656: died at Diiren, (jermany.
May 2, 1727. A German Jesuit, author of the
school treatise " Gradus ad Parnassum" (1702),
etc.
Aleshki (ii-lesh'ke). A town in the govern-
ment of Taurida, Russia, near the Dnieper,
opposite Kherson. Population, 9,925.
Alesia (a-Ie'shi-a). [Gr. 'A'/eala.^ In ancient
geography, the caipital of the Mandubii in cen-
tral Gaul, usually identified with Alise, famous
for its defense by Vercingetorix (of whom Na-
poleon III. erected a colossal statue here) and
capture by Julius Ca>sar 52 B. c. See AUse.
Alesius (a-le'shi-us) (properly Aless), Alex-
ander. Born at Edinburgh, April 23, 1500:
died at Leipsie, March 17, 1565. A Scottish
Lutheran controversialist and exegete, early
made a canon of St. Andrew's where he was
educated. He was imprisoned several times as a result
of his reforming tendencies, and tinally escaped to Ger-
many in 16SS8, where he became the friend of Luther and
Alexander
Melanchthon and declared his adherence to the Augs-
burg Confession. In August, 1535. he returned to England,
and was intimately associated with Cranmer and other
English reformers. He retui-ned to Germany in 1540, was
appointed in the same year professor of theology at Frank-
fort-on-the-cder, and played an important part in the
German Reformation. Also Aleitse.
AlessandrKii-les-siiu'dro), Alessandro. Born
at Naples, about 1461 : died 1523. Aii Italian
jurist and antiquarian, author of "Dies geni-
ales" (1522), etc.
Alessandri, Basil. See Aleesaiidri.
Alessandria (al-es-siin'dre-ii). [Named for
Pope Alexander III.] The capital of the prov-
ince of Alessandria, situated at the junction of
the Bonnida with the Tanaro, lat. 44° 55' N.,
long. 8° 38' E. it is an important railway center and
a strong fortress, and has flourishing trade and manufac-
turesof wnolengoods,linen,silk,etc. The town was built by
the Lombard League against Frederick Barbaiossa in 1 168 ;
was conquered by Sforza in 1,522; was unsuccessfully be-
sieged by the French in 1657 ; was taken by the Imperial-
ists in 1707 ; was ceded to Savoy in 1713 ; was the capital
of the F'reiich department of Marengo in the revolutionary
period ; was taken by Suvaroff in 1799 ; was occupied liy the
Austrians in 1821 ; became a Piedmontese military center
1848-49; and was occupied by the Austrians in 1849.
Population, 30,000 ; commune (1S91), 75,000.
Alessandria. A province in Piedmont, Italy.
Ai-ca, 1,9.50 square miles. Population (1891),
estimated, 775,729.
Alessandria. A small town in the province of
Girgenti, Sicily, 20 miles northwest of Gir-
genti. *
Alessandria, Armistice of. An ai-mistice
agreed upon between Napoleon and the Aus-
trian general Melas, June 16, 1800, after the
battle of Marengo. The Austrians retired behind
the Mincio, abandoning to the French every fortress in
northern Italy west of that river. " It was an armistice
more fatal [to the Austrians) than an unconditional sur-
render." Fyffe, Hist of Mod. Europe.
Alessi (a-les'se), Galeazzo. Born at Pemgia,
Italy, 1500(1512?): died 1572. An Italian archi-
tect, builder of the church of Sta. Maria di
Carignano (in Genoa), and of palaces and
churches in Genoa, Milan, etc.
Alessio (a-les'se-6). A town in the vilayet of
Skutari, European Turkey, situated on the Drin
20 miles southeast of Skutari : the ancient Lis-
sus. founded by Dionysius. Scanderbeg died
here. Population, about 3,000.
Alet (ii-la'). A town in the department of
Aude, France, on the Aude 15 mUes southwest
of Carcassonne. It contains a ruined cathe-
dral.
Aletsch (a'lech) Glacier. The largest glacier
in Switzerland, 13 miles in length, situated in
the canton of Valais, north of Brieg and south
of the .Jungfrau.
Aletschhorn (a'lech-horn). A peak of the Ber-
nese Alps, 13,773 feet high, near the Aletsch
Glacier.
Aleut (al'e-fit). See Vnungun.
Aleutian Islands (al-e-6'shi-an i'landz), or
Catharine Archipelago (katli'a-rin ar-ki-
pel'a-go). A chain of about 150 islands belong-
ing principally to Alaska. It extends westward
from the peninsula of Alaska, and separates Bering Sea
from the Pacific Ocean. The islands were discovered by
the Russians in the middle of the 18th centuiy. Popu-
lation (Aleuts), about 2,000.
Alexander (al-eg-zan'der). [Gr. a/t^favd/jof.]
See Paris.
Alexander III., sumamed "The Great." Born
at Pelhi, Macedonia, in the summer or autumn
of 356 B. c. : died at Babylon, May or June, 323
B. c. A famous king of Macedon and con-
queror, son of Philip and a pupil of Aristotle.
He fought at the battle of Cliajronea in 338; succeeded
to the throne in 336 ; subjugated Thrace and Illyiia in 335 ;
and conquered and destroyed Tliebes and subiliied oppo-
sition in Greece in 335. In 334 he started on his eastern
expedition ; gained the victory of Granicus in 334 and of
Issus in 3S3 ; captured Tyre and Gaza, occupied Egypt,
and founded Alexandria in 332 ; overthrew the Persian
Empire at Arbela in 331 ; conquered the eastern provinces
of Persia 330-327 ; and invaded India in 326. He returned
from India to Persia 326-324. He became a hero of
various cycles of romance, especially in the middle ages.
See Alexander, Romance of.
Alexander. A Greek, or native of Lyncestis
in Macedonia (whence his surname "Lynces-
tes"), implicated with his brothers in the mur-
der of Philip, 3.36 B. C. Because he was the first to
do homage to Alexander the Great, the latter pardoned
him and raised him to a high position in the army, but
afterward put him to death for a treasonable correspon-
dence with Darius.
Alexander. A celebrated commentator on Aris-
totle of the end of the 2d and beginning of the
3d century A. D., a native of Aphrodisias in
Caria, whence his surname " Aphrodisiensis."
He was also called "the Exegete." More than half of
his numerous works are extant. The most notable is a
treatise on Aristotle's views concerning fate and freewill.
Alexander
Alexander, sumamed Balas (the Semitic
ba'al perhaps siguities 'lord'). Killed in
Arabia, 146 B. c. A person of low origin who
usurped the Syrian throne in 150 b. c. He was
overthrown in battle by I'tolenjy rhiloiuotor and was
murdered by an Arabian emir with whuni he had taken
refuse.
Alexander I. Uied 326 b. C. KIhr of Epims,
son of Xeiiptolcmus and brother of Olympias,
the mother of Alexander the (jreat. Hisyoutli
was spent at the court of Fliilip of Macedonia, wlio made
him kiiiK of Rpirus. On her repudiation by I'lulip, Olym-
pias souglit refUKe with Alexander, and it was at his
marriage witli I'tiilip's daushter I'leopatni in 33G B. *:.
that rhilip was assassinated by Pausanias. In 3S'2 u. c.
Alexander crossed over into Italy tt) aid the Tarcntines
against tiie Lucaniansand liruttii. He was treacherously
killed by some Lucanian exilea at the battle of i'andosia.
Alexander II. King of Epims, son of Pyn'hus
aucl Liiiiassii, the daughter of Agathoeles, ty-
rant of Syracuse. Ho succeeded his father in 272
B. 0. He was dispossessed of Epirus and Macedonia by
Demetrius, whose father, .\ntiponus (ionatas, he had de-
prived of Maccdorua: but Kpirus was recovered by the
aid chielly of the .\carnanians.
Alexander, surnamed JannaeUS (Heb. V<iniiai,
an abhreriation of Jonathan). Born 1'2.S or Vl\)
B. c. : liied 78 B. c. King of the .lews from 104
till 7S II. c, a younger son of John Ilyrcnnus.
Alexander, surnamed "The Paphlagoniaii."
An impostor, a native of Abonoteichos (lonop-
olis in Cappadoeia), wlio flourished about the
beginning of the 2d century. He posed as an
oracle and wonder-worker, and attlained great influence.
His tricks were exposed by Lucian.
Alexander, Saint. Died at jVlexandria, April
17, i!2G. The patriareh of Alexandria from ■il2.
He condemned the heresy of Arius in hi«i dispute with
Alexander Bancalis, and attended the Council of NiCiea
in ;vj.'> with his deacon .St. .\thanasius.
Alexander. -V Greek medical writer born at
Tralles in Lydia, in the 6th century.
Alexander I. Bishop of Rome, successor of
Evaristus. Kuscbius in his history gives as the date of
his accession tlle year 109 A. 1).; in his chronicle, the year
111 \. \K In boih works he is assiKtied a reitjn often years.
Alexander II. ( Anselmo Baggio, ML. Ansel-
mus BadajtlS). Bo™ at Milan: died April 20,
1073. Pope from 1061 to 1073, successor of Nich-
olas II. He 8tn)ve to enforce the celibacy of the clergy
and the extravagant pretensions of the papacy. His elec-
tion did not receive the imperial sanction, and an antipope,
Uonorius II. (Cadolaus, Ijishoj) of I'arnuO, was chosen by
a coiuicil at Basel, but was later deposed by a council
held at Mantua. .Alexander was succeeded by Hilde-
brariil under the name of iJregory VII.
Alexander III. ( Rolando Ranuci of the house
of Bandinelli). Born at Siena, Italv : died
Aug. 30, llSl. Pojie from ll.JU to 1181. Ue
carried out successfully the policy of Hildebrand in oppo-
sition to Frederick Barljaroasa and Heniy II. of England.
Three antipopes, Victor IV., Pascal III., and Calixtua
III., elected in ll.''»!>, IKM, and lUiS, respectively, were
continued by the emperor and disputed the authority of
Alexjinder, who was compelled to seek refuge in France
from \\i\t to lit;.',. The contest between thejuipe and the
emperor ended in the decisive defeat of the latter at the
battle of Legnano, May 20, 1176. In 1177 a reconciliation
to«tk place at Venice, and in 1178 the antipope Calixtus
III. abdicated. The contest with Heiu-y II. of England
ended in the hnnnliation of the king and the canonization
of Thomas h Becket, who rei)re8ented the i»apal claims of
suprcniaey.
Alexander IV. (Count Rinaldo di Segni).
Died at Viterbo, Italy, May 25, 12(il. l'oi>e
from 1 2.">4 to 1 261 . iic attempted to uidte the Greek
and I.atin churches, established the In(|uisition in France
In 12.''.'>, and encouraged the orders of memlicant friars.
The last years of ins i)ontillcate wtne spent at Viterbo,
whither he bad been driven by the factjonal struggles In
HotIK'.
Alexander V. (Pietro Philarghi). Bom at
L'andia: died at Bologna, May 3, 1410. Pope
from .Tune 26, 1400, to May 3, 1410. He was
clacled by the Council of Pisii, after the deposition of
Bcnerllet .\III. and Gregory XII., with the understanding
that he should reform the abuses of the ehui'ch. He was,
acci>rdit)g to the general belief, poisoned iiy I'.allhasaf
Cossa. his 8UccesS4»r under tlie nitnie of John X.XIII,
Alexander VI. (Rodrigo Borgia). Born at
Xativa in Valencia, .Ian. 1, 1431 ; died .\Mg. 18,
1.503. PopefromAug. 11, 14!»2, to Aug. 18, 1503.
He was made cardinal and vice iliancijlcr irj ll.li by his
uncle Calixtus 1 1 1., whom heals<i sneered t-d iis anlibislM'p
of Valencia. His election tothe ponlillcate is asciilj.-d to
bribery. His elforts were directed toward the agu'raii-
dlzement of the temporal power of the papacy at the ex-
pense of the fenilal vassals of the church, and toward the
fonniiallon for his fajnily of a great b.rcdit.ny ilomirnon
In Italy. In the furtherance of tlusc plans two of bis live
Illegitimate children by R4isa \'anoz/a(Cjesar ami I.iicretia
Borgia) played important parts. May 4, H;i:t, ,\lf\;uider
Issued bis bull .livldlngthe New World between Spain and
Portugal. In M'.M he unsuccessfully opposed tbeeiilranco
of Charles VIII. into Naiil.s, but In HI).') he Jcdned the
league between the emperor, Milan, Vcidec, and ,Spnin.
which drove Charles from Italy. May 23, UDS, the exe-
cution of Savonanda took place by his order, anil in IfiOl
he instituted the censorship of books. He was poisoned.
It Is saifl, by a cup of wine lidended for Cardinal Corneto.
-Alexander Vll, (Fabio Chigi). Born at Si-
36
ena, Feb. 13, 1599 : died May 22, 1667. Pope
from April 7, 1655, to May 22, 1667. He was a
patron of learning and art, and a poet. He promulgated
a bull against the Jauseiusts, and, In 10(52, in a conflict
with Louis .\IV., was deprived of Avignon. During his
pontitleate occurred the conversion to the Catholic faith
of Christina, queen of Sweden, after her abdication (Itii^)
of the Swedish crown.
Alexander VIII, (Pietro Ottoboni). Born at
Venice, 1610: dieil Fcl)., 1601. Pope from 168!)
till 1601. He condemned the doctrine of "philosophi-
cal sin," as taught by the Jesuit Bongotof Dijon ; assisted
Venice against the Turks; and enriched the Vatican li-
brary by the purchase of gueen Christina's collection of
books and manuscripts.
Alexander of Hales. Born at Hales, Glouces-
tershire, England : died 124.5. A noted Eng-
lish theologian and philosopher, surnamed
"Doctor Irrefragabilis." He lectured at Paris and
was a member of the order of Franciscans. His chief work
is "Summa Theologiie" (printed 147,')).
Alexander has acquired a place in the roll of mediaival
writers mainly by the accitlents of his historic position.
He was among the ilrst to appi-oach the labour of ex-
pounding the Christian system with the knowledge not
only of the whole Aristotelian corpus, but also of the Arab
commentators. He thus initiated the long and thoiiiy de-
bates which grew out of the attempt to amalgamate the
Christian faith with a radically divergent metaphysical
view. Lrstie Ste2>hen, Diet. Sat. Biog.
Alexander I. Bom 1078 (?): died at Stirling,
Scotland. April 27, 1124. A king of Scotland, the
fourth son of Malcolm Canmore and Margaret,
sister of Eadgar the iEtheling, and brother of
Edgar whom he succeeded in 1107. He mar-
ried Sibylla, a natural daughter of Henry I. of
England.
Alexander II. Born at Haddington, Scotland,
Aug. 24, 1108: died in Korrera, Scotland, July
8, 1249. A king of Scotland, son of William
the Lion whom he succeeded in 1214: sur-
named "The Peaceful." He joined the Eng-
lish barons against John.
Alexander III. Bom at Roxburgh, Scotland,
Sept. 4, r241: died near Kiughorn, Fife, Scot-
laud, March 16, 1286. A king of Scotland, sou of
Alexander II. whom he succeeded in 1249, His
army defeated the Norwegians in 1263, and
aided Heurv III. of England in 1264.
Alexander 1. Born at St. Petersburg, Dec. 23,
1777 : ilied at Taganrog, Russia, Dec. 1, 1825.
Emperor of Russia, son of Paul whom he suc-
ceeded in 1801, He encour.aged education and science,
and the introduction of Western civilization ; carried out
ma)iy reforms, including the abolition of serfdom in the
Baltic provinces; and promoted trade and manufactures.
In 1805 he joined the coalition against Napoleon ; was
present at the battle of Austerlitz ; joined Prussia against
Napideon In 1800; signed the Peace of Tilsit in 1807; and
conquered Finland in 1808. A successful war was waged
with Turkey 1SU6-12. In 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia
(see Sapoleon). Alexander was a leader in the coalition
against p'rance 1813-14 ; was present at the battlesof Dres-
den and I.eipsic in 1813 ; entered Paris in 1814 ; took part
in the(.'ongre8s of Vienna; became king of Poland in 1816;
again entered Paris in 1815; formed the Holy Alliance in
181.'i, and took part in the conferences of Aix-la-Chapelle i)i
1818, Troppau in 1.S20, Laibaeh in 1821, and Verona in 1822.
He married a itrincess of Baden.
Alexander II. Born April 29, 1818 : died at St,
Petersburg, March 13, 1881. Emperor of Rus-
sia, son of Nicholas I. whom he succeeded in
1855. He concluded the treaty of Paris IS.'iC ; proclaimed
the emancipation of the serfs IStfl ; reorganized the army
and the dejiai'tinents of administration and justice; and
developed commerce and manufactures. He suppressed
the Poli.=h insun-ection 1S03-C4, and carried on war with
Turkey 1877-78. During the latter part of his reign he
was closely allied with Germany a]id Austria. Thoattacks
of the Nihilists led him to enter upon a reactionary pol-
icy In 1879, and he was finally assassinated by them. He
married a princess of Hesse.
Alexander III. Born March 10, 1845: died at
Livijdia, Crimea, Nov. 1, 1.894. Empoi'or of Rus-
sia, son of Alexander II. whom he succeeded
March 13, 1881. He contit)Ued the reactionary policy
of his father's reigti. A meeting of the emperors of Rus-
sia, Germany, and Austria, at .Skierniewice in Poland,
Sept.. 1884. ceineided the personal uidon of these nders for
the time, but sijico the forn)ation of the Triple Alliance
(which see) In lfS8;i, Russia hiis become a virtual ally of
France. Alexandcropposed Prince Alexandei-of Bulgaria
at the time of his overthrow in 1880, and refused to rec-
ognize his successor Prince Ferdinand. (For the chief
events in his reign, see Ihisgia.) He married Princess
Dagniai' of Denmai'k in 18(KJ.
Alexander I, Born April 5, 18,57: died Nov.
17, 1H03. Titidar prince of Battenberg, the
second son of Trince Alexander of Hesse, He
served In the Hessian army, and in the Russo- Turkish
warof 1877-78 in the Russian army. He was elected prince
of Bulgaria April 21), 187U; suspendeil constitutional gov-
ernnierd there 1881-83 ; becarneny the revolution at Philip-
popolls. Sept., IS.'v'i, prince of Eastern Rnmella also; com-
manded in the repulse of the Servian invasion. Nov., issf,,
at the battles of Slivnltza, Dragoman Pass, Tsarlbrod, and
Plrot ; became governor-general of Eastern Rnmella April,
1880; and was overthrown by a considracy at Sofia Aug.
21, 1880, a[]d abducted to Renl on the Danube. He was
re8tore<i at the end of August by a counter-revolution, but
abdicated In the beginning of Sept., 1886.
Alexander, Romance of
Alexander Bey, See Scamhrhcg.
Alexander, .Ajrchibald, Born in Virginia,
April 17, 1772: died at Princeton, N. J., Oct,
22, 1851. An American Presbyterian divine,
president of Hampden Sydney College (Va.)
1796-1806, and jirofessorat Princeton Theolog-
ical Sc'minary 181'2-51. He wrote "Evidences of
Chiistianity " (1S23X "Treatise on the Canon of the old
and New I'estament" (lt>20), "Outlines of Moral Science "
(ls52), etc.
Alexander, Barton Stone. Bom in Kentucky,
1819: died at San Francisco, Cal., Dec. 15,
1878. An American military engineer and offi-
cer in the Civil War, brevetfed colonel and
lirigadicr-gcueral Mar<-h 13, 1865.
Alexander, Edmund B. Bom at Haymarket,
Va., Oct. 6, 1S(I2: died at Wa.shingto"n, D. C,
Jan. 3, 1SS8. \n American officer. He served
in the Mexican war, connnamled the ftah expedition
1857-08, and was brevetted brigadier-general Oct. 18, 1866.
Alexander, sir James Edward. Born in
Scotland, 1803: died April 2, 1885. A Britisli
soldier (general) and explorer, author of
"Travels through Russia and the Crimea"
(1830), "Expedition of Discovery into the In-
terior of Africa" (1838), etc. He served in India
and at the Cape of Good Uoric, and in the Burmese, Kafir,
Crimean, and other wars. In 18:t(>-:t7 he conducted an ex-
ploring expedition into central Africa.
Alexander, James Waddel. Bom in Louisa
County, Va., March 13, ls()4 : died at Red Sweet
Springs, Va., July 31, 18.59. An American
Presbyterian clergTiTuan, son of Archibald Alex-
ander. He was professor of rhetoric and belles-lettres
at Princeton College 1833-44, and of ecclesiastical history
and chuich government in Prineet<in Theological Semi-
nary l,s44-.''.l, anil pastor of the Fifth Avenue Presbyte-
rian Church, New Voik, 1.861-69.
Alexander, John. A pseudonym of Jeremy
Taylor, used in 1642.
Alexander John (Alexander John Cuza or
Cusa). Born at Hush. Moldavia. Maich 20,
1820: died at Heidelberg, Baden, Mav 15, 1873.
Prince of Moldavia and Wallachia 1859, and of
K'limatiia 1.861: dethroned 1866.
Alexander, John W. Born at Pittsburg, Pa.,
Oct. 7, 1850. An American portrait-painter.
He studied at Munich, at Paris, and in Italv, and
is societaire of tlie Beaux Arts at Paris.
Alexander, Joseph Addison. Bom at Phila-
delphia, April 24, 1809: died at Princeton,
N. J., Jan. 28, 1860. An American biblical
scholar, son of Archibald Alexander, and pro-
fessor in Princeton Theological Seminary. He
wrote conimentaries on Isaiah (1840-47), on the Psalms
(1850), and on several books of the New Testan)ent.
Alexander (ii-kk-sitn'der), Ludwig Georg
Friedrich Emil. Born July 15, 1S23. Prince
of Hesse, younger son of the grand duke Luil-
wig II. of Hesse-Darmstadt. He distinguished
himself in the Russian military service, and later in the
Austrian, commanding a Sou th-Ge)-man contingent against
Prussia in 1800.
Alexander (al-eg-zan'dc^r), Sir William. Born
1,567 (f): died at London, Sept. 12, 1640. A
Scottish poet and statesman, created earl of
Stirling in 1633. Author of "Mnnarchickc Ti-agedics "
(lG03-€7); "Parrcnesis to the Prince" (lli04); " Doomcs-
day, etc. "(first part 1014), etc. He n-cived SeJ>t. 21, 11.21,
the grant of New Scotland (i'. c, Nova Scotia and .New
Brunswick), which he transferred to De la Tour in 10;10.
In 1020 he \vas appointed secretary of state for Scotland.
Alexander, William. Born at New York,
1726: died at Alliany, N. Y., Jan. 15, 1783. An
American major-general in the Revolutionary
War, known as Lord Stirling, though his claim
to the Stirling tillo and estate was pronounced
invalid by the lords' committee on privileges
in March, 1762, He entered the service aa colonel of a
n)ilitia regiment in 1776, commanded a brigade at the
battle of Long Island in 1770, where he was taken pris.
oner, antl also served at Trenton, Bnnidywine, German-
town, and Moinnoutb.
Alexander, William Lindsay. Bom at Edin-
burgh, Aug. 24, 1808: died at Pinkieburn, near
Edinburgh, Dec. 21, 1884. A Scottish Congre-
gational clergyman and religious writer, a
member of the Old Testament revision com-
mittee in 1870.
Alexander, Mrs. See Thrtor, Aiiiiic.
Alexander, Campaspe, and Diogenes. A
con)i'ilv by Jol)n Lyly, printeil in 1584, and re-
printe(i as "Campaspe" in that year and in
1,591. It is usually known by the latter title.
Alexander, Romance of. One of the most fa-
)))o)is ron)anccs of (lie Uiiddle ages. Calllsthenes,
a co)nj)anlor) of Alexander, wrote an account of the AbI-
atie expedition of Alexander, but it is lost. Ills name,
however, is attached to a fabulous account which is sup-
posed to have been written In Alexaniirla In the early
part of the 3d century. There are three Lath) translatUnis
of this pseudo-Callisthenes ; one by Julius Valerius, be-
fore 340; the "Itlnerarium Aleiandrl"; and the "His-
toria do prellis," by Archproabyter Leo; aod on these
Alexander, Romance of
the later ones are based. It was translated into Syriac
and Armenian in the 5th century. The fcrsians and
Arabs made use of the myth, and in tlu; tltli century
Simeon Seth, keeper of the imperial wardrobe at the By-
zantine court, translated it back from the Persian into
the Greek.
[Thisjwas translated into Latin, and from Latin even into
Hebrew, by one who wrote under the adopted name of
Jos. Gorionides, had very wide popularity, and became
the groundwork of many Krench and English poems. Ger-
ald de Barri mentions the Latin version which professed
to be by an ,*:sopU8 or a Julius \alerins, ami had a ficti-
tious dedication to Constantino the Great. Iti the year
1200 Gaultier de ChatUlon turned it into an Aleiandrcis,
which was one of the best Latin poems of the lliddle
Ages ; and, again, in 1236 Aretinus Qualichinus turned it
into Latin elegiac verse. ... A score of French poets
worked upon the subject, and by translation anil expan-
sion produced that romance of Alexander of which the
great hYench exemplar was romptiscd in or near the year
11S4 by the trouvtre l.anibert li Ou-t, or le Court, of Cli.1-
teaudun, and Alexandre de P:u-is, named usually from
Paris where he dwelt, and sometimes from Bernay where
he was born. There are only fragments of the earliest
French poem upon this subject, written in the eleventh
century in octosyllabic verse by Alberic [Aubrj") of Besan-
gon. The Im-ger and later romance or Chanson d'Alixandre
Is of 22,006 lines in nine books, and the twelve-syllabled
lines are of the sort now called, as is generally supiiosed
from their use in this poem. Alexandrines. . . . There is
ft German Alexandreis, written in six books, by Rudolph
of llohenems, a Suabian, between the years 1220 and 12:p4.
Ulrich von Eschenbacli translated the Alexandreis of Gaul-
tier de Oliatillon. The Alexander romance was adoi)ted in
Spain, Italy, and even in Scandinavia. An admirable free
translation into English metre wjis made in the thirteenth
century by an unknown author, who has been called
Adam Davie. . . . But few mistakes can be more obvious.
Morley, English Writers, III. 280.
ILamprecht, a priest, translated the French of Aubry, or
Alberic, of Besan»,on. intoGeiman, and called it the Alex-
anderlied, in the I2th century (about 1130^. The Alexan-
dreis of the Austrian Siegfried was written about 13.MI. In
the lf>th century he again appeared as the hero of prose
romances in Germany. Alexander myths are to be found
in many other of the old French poems, and he becomes a
knightly conqueror surrounded by twelve paladins. The
poems do not properly form a cycle, as they are quite in-
dependent of one another.]
Alexander Colunm. A column erected at St.
Petersburg in 1832 in honor of Alexander I.
The polished shaft of red granite, 84 feet high and 14 in
diimietur, is remarkable as the greatest modern monolith.
It suppiirts a Roman- Doric capital of bronze, on which is
a die liearing a figure of an angel with the cross. The
pedestal is adorned with reliefs in bronze. The total
heij;ht is 154; feet.
Alexander Cornelius (kor-ne'lius). A Greek
writer of the 1st century B. c, a native either
of Ephesus or of Cotireum in Lesser Phrygia:
surnameil " Polyhistor"from his great learning.
During the war of Sulla in Greece he was made prisoner
and sold as a slave to Cornelius Lentulus, who brought
him to Rome to become pedagogue of his children, ilti
received the Roman franchise and his gentile name either
from Cornelius Lentulus or from L. Cornelius Sulla. He
died at Laurentum in a fire which destroyed his house.
He wrote a geographico-historical account in 42 books of
nearly all the countries of the ancient world, and many
other wi>rks, of which only the titles and fragments ha\ e
been preserved,
Alexander Jagellon (ja-gd'lon). Bom in
1461: died in 1506. King of Poland and grand
duke of Lithuania, second sou of Casimir IV.
of Poland. He succeeded to the grand duchy at tlie
death of his father in 1492, and was elected king of Poland
at the death tif his brother John Albert in 1,501, He mar-
ried Helena, daughter of Ivan III, of Russia, but was al-
most incessantly at war with his father-in-law. In his
reign the laws of Poland were codified by John Laski,
Alexander Karageorgevitch (k;i-ra-ga-or'ge-
vich). IKdrai/eoriji-i'itcli, son of Black George.
See f'ccjvi//.] Born at Topola, Servia, Oct. 11,
1806: died at Temesvar, Hungary, May 2,
1885. A son of Czeruy George, elected prince
of Servia in 1842 and deposed in 1858. He was
succeeded by Prince Milosch Obrenovitch, who was in
turn succeeded by his son Michael in 1800. Alexander
made repeated attempts to regain the throne, and was
accused of complicity in the murder of Prince Michael in
180S and imprisoned, but was soon pardoned,
Alexander Nevski (nef'ski), Saint, Bom at
Vladimir, IJiissia, 1219: died Nov. 14, 1263. A
Kussian national hero and patron of St. Peters-
burg, printre of Novgorod and grand duke of
Vladimir. He defeated the Swedes in 1240 on the Izhora,
a southern atlluent of the Neva (whence his surname
-Nevski), and the Livonian Knights on the ice of Lake
Peipus, 1242. He isci>mmenii>ratrd i[l the Russian Church
.Nov. 2,i,
Alexander Nevski, Cloister or Monastery
of, A famous foundation of Peter the Great
at St. Petersburg. The large church, though by a
Russian architect, is nasilican in plan, with transepts and
an Italian dome at the crossing. The exterior is 8ol>er
in design and ornament; the interior is of lavish richness
In marbies, jewels, and paintings. The shrine of the
saint, in massive silver, is 15 feet high without the angel*
supported canopy,
Alexander of the North. An epithet of Charles
\ll, (it Swcili-n.
Alexander Severus (se-ve'rus), Marcus Aure-
lius. Born at ArcaCtesarea in Phfenicia iilioiit
205 A. D. : died in 235 A. D. Komau emperor
36
from 222 to 235, son of Gessius Marolanus and
Julia Mamma, and a cousin of Elagabalus by
whom he was adopted in 221, He was killed by
his nmtinous soldiers in a campaign against the Gennans
on the Rhine. See Mauiisa.
Alexander the Corrector. A pseudonym of
Alexaiiilrr Cruden,
Alexander and the Family of Darius. An
imjiortant painting by Paolo Veronese, in the
National Gallery, Loudon.
Alexander's Feast. An ode by Dryden writ-
ten in lliitT, in honor of St. Ceeilia's day.
Alexanderbad (ai-ek-siin'der-biid), or Alex-
andersbad (iil-ek-siiu'ders-biid). A watering-
place in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, in the
Pichtelgebirge 21 miles northeast of Baireuth.
Alexander Archipelago. A group of islands
on the coast of Alaska which includes Sitka
and Prince of Wales islands.
Alexander I. Land. A region in the South
Polar lands, about lat. 70° S., long. 75° W.
Alexandra (al-eg-zau'drii). Died in 69 B. C.
t^ueen of Judea from 78"b. c. to 69 B. c, con-
sort of Ale.xander Jannseus whom she suc-
ceeded.
Alexandra (Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise
Julie). Born at Copeiiliagcn, Dee. 1, 1844.
Daughter of Christian IX. of Denmark and
wife of Albert Edward, prince of Wales, whom
she married March 10, 1863.
Alexandra. The queen of the Amazons in
Ariosto's ''Orlando Furioso."
Alexandra. The 54th asteroid, discovered by
Goldschmidt at Paris, Sept. 10, 1858.
Alexandra Land. A vast region of Australia
under the administration of South Australia,
regarded as the same as the Northern Territory,
or as that part of it which is included between
lat. 16°-26° S. and long. 129°-138° E.
Alexandre (al-ek-son'dr). Aaron. Born at
Hohenfeld, Bavaria, about 17G6: tlicd at Lon-
don, Nov. 16, 1850. A German chess-player,
author of "Eneyclop^die des tehees" (1837).
Alexandre le Grand (iil-ek-soii'dr le gron).
A tragedy by Eaeine, produced in 1665. it was
the cause of a serious quarrel between Moliereand Racine,
who both loved the same woman, an actress who played
the part of Axiane.
Alexandretta (al-eg-zan-dret'ii), Turk. Skan-
derun, or Iskanderun (from Arab. Lskan-
(Icr, Alexander (the Great)). A seaport in
the vilayet of Adana, Asiatic Turkey, on the
Gulf of Iskanderun in lat. 36° 35' N., long.
36° 10' E., founded by Alexander the Great in
333 B. c.
Alexandria (al-eg-zan'dri-il), Arab. Iskan-
deriyeh. A famous seaport of Egypt, founded
by Alexander the Great in 332 B. C. (whence its
name). It is situated at the northwestern extremity of
the Delta on the strip of land which lies between the
Mediterranean and Lake Mareotis. The modern city oc-
cupies what was anciently the island of Pharos, together
with the isthmus now connecting it with the mainland
where the ancient city stood. Alexandria was the capital
of Egypt during the Ptolemaic period, and became an im-
portant seat of Greek culture and learning. In ;iu B. c.
it wiis annexed by Rome. It ranked as the second city of
the Roman Empire, and continued to be the chief com-
mercial city under the Byzantine empire. It was an
important center of Christianity, and the seat of a patri-
archate. In 041 it was taken by the Saracens under Amru,
and was entered by the French in 1708. who were defeated
near here by the British in ISul. (See^t^uKr.) The pres-
ent city was largely rebuilt under Mehemet Ali. It was
bombarded by a British fleet of eight ironclads under Sir
Frederick Seymour, July 11, 1882, and defended by the in-
surgents, and was taken by the British July 12. Popu-
lation (1882), 208,755.
After the time of .Alexander, Grecian literature flour-
ished nowhere so conspicuously as at Alexandria in
Egypt, umler the auspices of the Ptolennes. Here all the
sects of philosophy had established themselves ; numer-
ous schools were opened ; and, for the advancement of
learning, a libiary was collected, which was supposed, at
one time, to have contained 700,000 volumes, in all lan-
guages. Connected with the librai-y there were extensive
otflces, in which tlie business of transcribing books was
carried on veiy largely, and with eveiy possible advan-
tage which royal munificence on the one hand, and
leai'ued assiduity on the other, could insiuc. Nor did
the literary fame of Alexandria decline under the Roman
emperi>rs, Domitian, as Suetonius reports, sent scribes
to Alexandria to copy books for the restoration of those
libraries that had been destroyed by Arc. And it seems
to have been for some centuries afterwards a common
practice for those who wished to form a library, to main-
tain copyists at Alexandria. The conquest of Egypt by
the Saracens, A. D. B40, who burned the Alexandrian
Library, baidshed learning for a time from that, as from
other countries, which they occupied.
Taiilur, Hist. Anc. Books, p. 69.
[This library (according to many writers who discredit
its sacking by the Arabs) was entirely destroyed under
Thei>philus, .\. l>. x»].]
Alexandria. -\ small town on the coast of
Asia Minor, near the island of Teneclos. It con-
tains important ruins of Roman thermae. The structure
Alexis
measured 270 by 404 feet in plan, and had on three sides-
long halls, with columns, inside of which were snulller sub-
divisions. The walls of the interior were incrusted w ith
ornamental marbles, and tlie vaults ornamented with
glass mosaics. It is believed to date from the reign of
lladi"ian.
Alexandria. A town in southern Ru7nania,
."iD miles southwest of Bukharest. Population
(18M9-90), 12,308.
Alexandria. A small manufacturing town in
Dumbartonshire, Scotland, situated on the
Leven 15 miles northwest of Glasgow.
Alexandria. The capital of Rapides parish,
Louisiana, situated on Red Kiver 100 miles
northwest of Baton Rouge. A Federal squadron in
Banks's expedition passed the rapids here. May, 1864, by
means of a dam built by Lieutenant-Colonel Bailey. Pop-
ulation (1890), 2,861.
Alexandria. A town in Jefferson County,
New York, situated on the St. Lawrence 32
miles southwest of Ogdensburgh. Population
(1890), 3,601.
Alexandria. The capital of Douglas County,
Minnesota, 125 miles northwest of St. Paul.
Population (1890), 2,118.
Alexandria. A city, port of entry, and the
capital of Alexandria County, Virginia, situated
on the Potomac 7 miles south of Washington.
It was entered by Federal troops May 24, ISOl. Population
(ISilO), 14,33!».
Alexandrian Codex, L. Codex Alexandrinus.
An important manuscrijit of the Scriptures
now in the British Museum, sent to Charles I.
of England by the Patriarch of Constantino]ile.
It is written in Greek uncials on parchment, and eon-
tains the Septuagint version of the Old Testament com-
jdete, except parts of the Psalms, and almost ail the New
Testament. It is assigned to the 5tll century.
Alexandrian Saga. See A lexander, linmance of.
Alexandrina (al-eg-zan-dri'na), Lake. Seo
( 'ictdiid, Luke.
Alexandrine War. A war (48-47 b. c.) be-
tween Julius Crt-sar and the guardians of Ptol-
emy (elder brother of Cleopatra), in Egypt.
It resulted in favor of Caesar, who placed Cleopatra' and
her younger brother (the elder having died) on the Egyp-
tian throne,
AlexandrofT. See AJexandror.
Alexandropol (iil-ek-san-dro'pol), or Alexan-
drapol (iil-ek-san-dra'pol), formerly Gumri.
A town in the government of Erivau, Trans-
caucasia, Russia, situated on the Arpa .35 miles
northeast of Ears, it is an important military post.
Here, 1853, the Russians defeated the Turks. Population
(ISiU), 24,230.
Alexandrov, or Alexandroff (ii-lek-siin'drof).
A townin the government of Vladimir, Russia,
60 miles northeast of Moscow. Population,.
5,692.
Alexandrovsk (iil-ek-siin'drofsk). A town in
the government of Yekateriuoslaff, Russia, sit-
uated near the Dnieper in lat. 47° 47' N., long.
35° 20' E. Population, 15,079.
Alexandrovsky (iil-ek-san-drof'ske) Moun-
tains. A mountain-range rtmning east and
west in the governments of Semiryetcliensk
and Syr-Daria, Asiatic Russia. Its greatest
height is about 12,000 to 13,000 feet.
Alexas (a-lek'sas). A minor character in
Sliiikspere's "Antony and Cleopatra," an at-
tendant of Cleopatra.
Alexei. See Alexis.
Alexlad (a-lek'si-ad). The. See the extract.
By the command of the Empress Irene, Nicephorus
Byrennius, who had mai'ried her daughter the celebrated
Arma Comnena, undertook a history of tlie house of
Comneni, which has come down to us with the title
"Materials of History," Anna herself continued her
husband's work when she retired after his death to the
leisure of a convent. The imperial authoress entitled her
book "The Alexiad," As its epic name denotes, it is
mainly a prolix biography of her father Alexis I. It is in
fifteen books, and includes the period from 1060 to 1118.
The work is interesting in itself to the student of historj*,
but it is most generally known as having supplied sir
Walter Scott with the subject and some of the materiitls
for the last and feeblest of his romances.
K. 0. iluller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece. III. 309.
[(Donaldson.)
Alexin. See Ahkxhi.
AlexinatZ (a-lek'si-niits). A town in Servia,
situated near the Morava in lat. 43° 31' N.,
long. 21° 41' E., the scene of several contests
between the 'Turks and Servians in 1876.
Pojiulation (1890), 5,762.
Alexios. See Alexius.
Alexis (a-lek'sis). [Gr. ';\/i.ffif .] Born at Thurii,
Magna Gra>cia, Italy, about 39(3b. c. : died about
288 B. c. A Greek dramatist, a master of the
"middle cofnedy." He was a prolific writer, the
author of 245 plays. Fragments of these, amounting to
l.lKMi lines, are extant. He was brought as a, youth to
Athens, and was a citizen of that city.
Alexis, or Alexei. Born in 1(j29: died in 167(;.
Czar of Russia, son of Michael F6odorovjteh,
The horse of Gradasso in
Alexis 37
the founder of the house of RomanofT, whom he Alfana (al-fa'na).
succei'deil in 1645. He wased a warwitli I'oland from 'I Jrlaiido !• urioso. t ■•»• ^.
1(154 to IW". acquiring possession of Siiiok-nsk ami eastern Al-Farabi ( al-lii-ril'lii). Abu NaSlMonammed
Ukraine. In« war withswe.len from 1«.)6 to KliS he ei>ii- j^jjj Xarkhan. li'nn at l"anil>, Turktstan,
nuered a part of Livonia and Imiermanland, but was forced | ,. j^tm . k„ i „► I).i,„as(.'iis about 'JM
by domestic troubles to relinquish this tenitory at the •\""^" '^'"l .\""-" •!' J'aii'aj'^ "» "■"""'•'•'"
treatyoft'ardis, June 21,1601. He extended his conquests Arabian i)hilosoplier of the school of Ba
to eastern Siberia, codified the laws of the various prov- famous for his grt- at Icaniiug. lie wTotc an cncyclo-
inccsof Russia, and. by beginning; to introduce European pedia of the sciences and numerous treatises ou the works
civilisition. prepiu-ed the way for his son Peter the (ireat. of Plato and Aristotle.
Alexis, iir Alexei. Bom at Moscow, Feb. l.S, Alfarache, Guzman de. See Gu:man.
KiiH): iliiil ill prison at St. PetersburR. July 7. Alfaro (;il-fii'rO). A tomi in the province of
171S. The eldest son of Peter the Great and Logroiio, Spain, situated near the Kbro CO
father of Peter 11. He was condemned for miles northwest of Saragossa. Population
high treason and Imprisoned. ^ (1887), 5,938.
Alexis. An amorous shepherd in Fletcher's Alfaro, FranciscO de. Bom at Seville about
pastoral '"The Faithful Shepherdess." l.JO.j : iliiil at Madrid about 1()50. A Spanish
Alfonso XIII.
Alexis I.-V. See Alexius.
Alexisbad (ii-lek'ses-bad). A health-resort in
tlie llarz, Anhalt. Germany, 18 miles south of
Hall)erstadt, noted for mineral springs.
Alexius (a-lek'si-us). Saint. A saint (probably
mythical ) said to have been born at Kome about
350 A. D. According to the legend, he lied from his bride,
a lady of high rank, on the wedding evening to the porch
of the Church of Our l-ady of Edessa. where he lived in
chastity for seventeen ye:u^. He afterward returned to
Rome and lived unrecognized in his father's house. He is
commeinorated in the Koman Church on July IT, and in
the ijreek on ilarch 17.
Alexius, Saint. A Homan saint of theSth century.
dowing monasteries and churches, lie was a son
of Pedro, duke of Biscay, a descendant of the Visigolhic
kings, and son-in-law of Pelayo, king of Asturias, whose
son Kaviia he succeeded. He is said to have wrested
Leon, Galicia, and Castile from the Moors.
An AlfonsoII., or Alphonso. Died in Oriedo, 842.
dad, Kiiif,' of Asturias 7;»1-.S42, sumamed '•The
Cliaste.'' lie defeated Mohammed, the Moorish
gcivernor of Merida, in 830.
Alfonso m., or Alphonso. Bom 848: died
yi-. King of Asturias and Leon 866-910, sur
named "The Great," eldest son of OrdoEio 1.
His reign was fllled with internal struggles and extenial
conflicts, especially with the iloors, over whom he was
almost uniformly victorious. His successes extended
his dominions from the l)uero to the Guadiana. In UIU
he abdicated in favor of bis sou Garcia on account of civil
wars raised_by his sons. _
King
lawyer. Ue was successively fiscal of the Audience of AlfonSO IV., <>r AlphoUSO, Died 933 (?), Kin]
Panama (ir.!H), member of the Audience of Lima (abont ,,f i"," ,j.,7 0'>7 ('i .<iii-i,-,!,h.,1 •■TIip Afonk
1601). president of the Audience of Chiu-cas (llB'J), and "[ '" "" ■'-y,-'-' '.;'■ Jl'" "■'"" " ' '"^ ■^^'"^^'
pre
member of the Council of the Indies for some years before
his death. The viceroy Montesclaros coinuiissioned him to
intiuireinto the condition of the Indiansof rem, and the re.
suit was a setoi laws called the Ordinances of Alfaro, pro-
mulgated in 1012 aii'l intended to prevent Indian slavery
eldest .sou of Orduuo II. He abdicated, on the death
of his wife, in favor of his brother Rauiiro, and retired to
a cloister, was taken prisoner at Leon In an attempt to
regain the throne, was blinded, and was conflned till his
death in the inunastery of .SL Julian.
Alfasi (iil-ta'si), Isaac ben Jacob. [Ar. .1/- Alfonso V., or Alphonso. Born 994: diedl027
t'((si, Fez.] Born in Kala Hamad, near Fez,
1013: died at Tucena, 1103. A celebrated
Jewish scholar and authority on the Talmud.
He composed a sort of abbreviated Talmud which was
King of Leon and Castile 999-1027, son of
Bennudo Tl.whom he succeeded. He recaptured
Leon, which had been lost during his minority, and waB
killed at the siege of Viseo.
much used by the Spanish Jews' in place of the Talini'id AlfoUSO VI., or AlphonSO. Born 1030: died
itself. Also called, after the initials of his name, Jii/.
sail! to have been asenator. He wasthefounder j^^^^ (arfelt). A small town in the province
of the .-Ue.Mans or Celhtes. , „ . , of Hanover, Prussia, situated on the Leine 28
Alexius I. Comnenus (kom-ue nus), Gr. Alex- ^^^^ gy,,,,^ ^j Hanover.
ios Komnenos. Born at <-'"'®''"'"""l'i.'^ "' Alfeta (al'fe-ta). The name given in the "Al-
1W8: died in 1118. Byzantine emperor from "•""= ^ . '. . . P .,
1081 to 1118, nephew of Isaac Comnenus. He
supplanted, by the aid of the soldier}-, the emperor Xi-
cephorus, who retired to a monastery, and defended the
empire against the Fetchenegs, the Turks, and the NUr-
mans. In bis lelgti occurred the first Crusade. His life has
beenwritlcn bv bisdaughter .\niiai ninnena. Se^- Jlcriad.
Alexius II. Comnenus, Or. Alexios Kom-
nenos. Born in 1108 (f): died in 1183. By-
1109. King of Leon and, as Alfonso I., of Cas-
tile, sximamed "The Valiant," son of Ferdi-
nand the Great whom he succeeded in Leon in
1005. He succeeded his brother Sanclio In Castile In
1072. From 1068 until 1072, when .sancho died, the
brothers were at war, and in 1071 Alfonso was defeated
and taken prisoner at Valpellage (Golpelicra). In los^ he
captured Toledo from the Moors and was himself de-
feated near Zalaca by Yussuf Ibn Tashlyn In 1086. Hlfl
reign witnessed the exploits of the Cid.
- • " ■•■ See
zantiiio emperor from 1180 to 1183, son of
Manuel whom he succeeded. He was deposed
and stranirled liv Andronicus.
Alexius III. An'gelus (an'je-lus), Gr. Alexios
AngeloS. Wwd in 1210. Byzantine emperor
friiMi 1195 to 1203. He usurped the throne of his
bnjther Isaac II., but was deposed by an army of Crusaders
who besieged Constantinople and reinstated Isaac II. with
his son Alexius IV. as colleague. Alexius III. died in exile.
Alexius IV. Angelus, Gr. Alexios Angelos.
Died in 1204. Byzanliiie emperor in 1203 and
1204, son of Isaac II. Angelus. He was put to
deatli after a reign of si.\ months by Alexius V.
Alexius v., or Alexios.surnaraed Dukas Murt-
ZUphlOS. Dieilinl204. A Byzantine emperor.
He nsnrped the throne of .Alexins IV. in 1204, but was
driven from Conslantin.iple by the Crusaders who had re-
solved on the partition of the empire. He was arrested
In Morea, tried for the murder of Alexius IV., and executed.
Alexius I. Comnenus, Gr. Alexios Komnenos.
Died in 1222. Kniperorof Trebizond from 1204
to 1222, gi-aiidsdii of the Byzantine emperor
Andronicus I. At the capture of Constantinople by
the 1 'rusadera in 120-1 ho maile himself master of Trebizond,
which lie raiscil from the piisitlon of a province of the
Bvzantine empire to that of an indejiendent empire.
Alexius II. Comnenus, 'ir. Alexios Kom-
nenos. Died in 1330. Emperor of Trebizond
from 12!)7 to 1330, son of Joannes II. whom he
SUcceeiled.
Alexius in. Comnenus, <ir. Alexios Kom-
nenos. Died in 1390. Lmin'ror of Trebizond
from 1349 to 1390, sou of Basilius by Irene of
Trebizond.
Alexius IV. Comnenus, c.r. Alexios Kom-
nenos. hied in 1140. Kniperor of Treliizoud
from 1417 to 1440, son of Manuel 111. and Eu-
doria of (leorgia.
Alejm, "r Alain. [ME. : the mod. Allen.] See
the extract.
magest " and Alphonsine tables to the second-
magnitude star a Corouffi Borealis. The star is
more generally known as Alphccca or Gemma.
Alfheim(iilf' h'im). [ON.J///«-i«ir; ((//V.elf.and . ,^ __„ ,-.-,., i /^ *-i
An/«r, world.] luOldNorsemythology.theabode Alfonso VII., King ot Leon and Castile
of the light Elves, it was conceived to be near the ." 'i' ""''■" ^L'Iv'^^'a'V' ,. .Air tj
sacredweUoftheNorns, atthe tootottheash Vggdr.asil. AlfonSO VIII., or AlphOUSO (AlIOUSO Kay-
Alfieri (iil-fe-a're), Cesare, Marquis di Sos- mond). Born llOO: died at Tremada, Aug.,
teeno. Bom at Turin, Aug. 13, 1790: died H''''- I^mg "t Leon and. as Allonso 11. (or
at Florence, April 17, 1809. A Piedmontese HI.), king of Castile, 112t.-oi, sou of Ln-aca,
statesman and political reformer, for a short daughter of Alfonso \ I. (and wile of Alfonso
time premier in 1848. VII.), and Raymond of Burgundy, her hrst
Alfleri, Count Vittorio. Born, of noble pa-
rents, at Asti in Piedmont, Jan. 17, 1749: died
at Florence, Oct. 8, 1803. A celebrated Italian
tiramatist. At nine years of age he was placed in the Acad-
emy at Turin, at tllilteen began the study of civil and ca-
nonical law, which he soon abandoned, and at fourteen
came into possession of large wealth. From 1767 to 1773 he
roamed adventurously over Europe, returning to Turin in
the latter year. In 1775 his play "Cleopatra" was success-
fully piotluced. He then went to Tuscany to complete
'rliilip II." and "Polynioes," two tragedies originally Aifn.,„n TV-
written in French prose, which he now versified. While Alionso lA
in Florence he formeil a connection with the Countess of
Albany, which endured for twenty yeai'S. He resided for
a time ill Kome, leaving it in 1783 for a period ot travel :
on his return he joined the countess In Alsace, living with
her there and in Paris, where he went in 1787 to oversee a
complete edition of his works. In 1792, at the outbreak
husband. He extended the frontiers ot Castile from
the Tagus to the Sierra Morena Mountains, and proclaimed
himself emperor of Spain in 1135.
Alfonso IX., or Alphonso. King of Leon
llS.S-1230, son of Ferdinand 11. He gained a bril-
liant victory over .Mohammed ibn Hud at Merida 1230.
He was married first to Theresa, daughter of Sanclio I.
of Portugal, and later to Berengaria. daughter of the king
of Castile: both marriages were dissolved by the Pope
as being within the degree of affinity prescribed by the
canon law.
The good-livers go to service and are fed by the Holy
Graal. The sinners, on the contrary, not being thus fed,
beg Josephes, .loseph's son, to pray for them ; and he or-
ders lirons twelfth son, Aleyn or Alain le Oros, to take A'ifi„„or / il I 'fi.ii'-eil Amhrrxsin dp Died 1532
the net from the Oraal table, and fish with It. He catches Alnnger(al lllf, ( l ;, AmprOSlO QB. I'li (i i.m-
one fish, which the sinners say will not suffice. But Aleyn A t.ernian soldier, appoiiitedjn l:i_.H agent ot
complete edition or his worKS. in l.ai, at uie ouioreaK , \,^,,„o .\„ t,,],,,., („ m"
of the Revolution, they returned to Florence where he a if«r.'an Y ,„• Alntinrion
passed the last eleven years of his life. Ue left 21 tragedies AllOnSO A., oi AipnonSO
andijcomedies, besides 5 odes on American Independence, Seville, April 4, 12o4. 1
various sonnets, and a number of prose works, among
which are a "Panegyric on Trajan," "Essays on Liter.i-
ture and Government," and a "Defense of Louis XVI.,"
which Includes a satirical account of the French Revolu-
tion. Ills tragedies are " Philip II." " Polynlces," " An-
tigone " (the sequel of "Polynlces"), "Virginia," "Aga-
memnon," "iirestes," "The Conspiracy of the Pazzi,"
" Don Garcia," " Kosaniunda," "Mary Stuart," " Tinio-
leon," "Octavia," "Merope," ".Saul," "Agis," "Sopho-
nisba," " .Myrrha," two tragedies on the elderand yiumger
Mrutns, and two on the subject of Abeates. "Abel,"
which lie called a "trainelogedia," Is a sort of mixture of
lyric and tragic fMietry. He wrote six comedies which he
attempted to make a vehicle for his pidltical sentiments.
They are satirical, not dramatic. They are "OnCj '"Few,"
"Too Many," "The Antidote," "La FInestnna," and
"The Divorce." They were never played. He alsii wrote
an autobiography. He was a strict observer of dramatic
unities, and left out all secondary characters. His bold,
yigor.iiis, lofty, and almost naked style founded a new
school in Italian drama. His works were first collected
and pnblisbed alter liis death by the Countess of Albany,
'the edition is in X< volunus. pnblisli.d at Pisa iwft-l.l.
Thirteen volumes contain his jiostbiinions works.
having prayed satisfies them all with it. and is thetii
forward called the Rich Fisher. Joseph dies and his
body is burled at"Glay," while his son transmits the
Oraal to Aleyn. By Aleyn'a Instrumentality the leper king
Oalafres, of the laml of Foreygne, Is converted and chris-
tened AInliasan. He is healed by looking upon the Graal,
ami builds Castle ('orbenic, which Is t<» be the repository
ami shrine ftf the Holy Cup, as Vespasian was healed by
looking on the Veronica.
IMiiJo)), Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 1C7.
Aleyn. Oneof the Cambridge students or clerks
in Chaucer's " Reeve's Tab
the mercantile house of the Welsers (of Augs-
burg), wliicdi held Venezuela as a heredilary
fief on condition of completing tlie coinpiesl of
the country forCastile and colonizing il. Alter
ravaging the vlelnity of Lake Maracaybo, lie inarched
Into the highlands ot New Granada, and had nearly
reached the rich country of the Chibclias when he died
from a w<nind by an Indian arrow. Ills Inroads were
marked bv horrible ci-ueltles.
Alfold (ol'tVlil). [Hung., 'lowland,'] The
gre.it eiiitial plain of Hungary.
) IX., or Alphonso (also reckoned as
VIII. and as III.). Born 11.55: died 1214.
King of Castile 1158-1214, sumamed "The
Noble" or "The Good," son ot Sancho HI.
He was defeated by the Moors at Alarcos in 1105, and in
alliance with Aiagon and Navarre defeated the Mocos at
Born 1221 : died at
A celebrated king of
Leon and~ Castile, 1252-82, surnamed "The
Wise "and "The Astronomer," son of Ferdi-
nand HI. He laid claim to the duchy of Swabia, and
twice unsuccessfully attempted to secure the imperial
crown : the first time he was defeated by Kiclnud of
Cornwall, and the second by Builolf ..f Hapsburg. From
1261 to 1206 lie waged war with the Moors with varying
fortune. He was dethroned by his son Sancho In 12S2.
Alfonso is celebrated as the author of the code ■ Las Side
Partidas," the basis of Spanish Jurisprudence, and for
the Alphonsine tables, a set of astronomical observations
compiled at his command.
[Alfonso] first made the Castillan a national language by
causing the Bible to be translated Into It. and by requir-
ing it lb be used in all legal proceedings: and he first, by
his great Code and other works, gave specimens of prose
composition which left a free and disencumbered eoui-se
for all that has been done since.- a service, perhaps,
greater than It has been permitted any other Spaniard to
render the prose literature of his country.
Ticknor, Span. Lit., I. 41.
Alfonso XI., or Alphonso. Died March 26,
1350. King of Leon anil Castile 1312-.i0, stir-
nnined "Tlie Avenger" from his severity in
repressing internal disorder: son of Ferdinand
IV. He defealcd the Moore of Morocco and Granada at
RIo.Sabulo, (1,1, 20, 1:M(). ,, , .,
Alfonso XII., or Alphonso. Bom at Madrid,
iNov. 28, 1S,')7: dii'il at El Pardo, near JIadrid,
Nov. 2.5, 1885. The son of Isabella II., )iro-
cliiimed king of Spain Dec, 1874. lie landed In
Spain Jan., 1S75, and suppressed the Carllst rebellion In
1876. In 1883 he visited Germany, and was insulted by
a ineb in Paris on bis return.
of Caiitebrcgge - „ . . .
Alfadir (iil-fii'dir). [leel. Mfailhir. All-father.] AlfonSO ial-fon's("))I.,or AlphonsO, or AlonzO
In Old Norse nivlliologv. one of the inanv (a-lon'zo). Horn 093: died at Canttas, i-u.
appellations of Odin as the supremo god of all Kingof Asturias 739-757, surnamed "TheCalh- ,-."■■■• ■■,■■.;■-.■ ,.,'?„„ .,„, ,„^. ,,,■ i,:., i,:-,!,
mankind. olio " on account of his zeal in erecting and en- Ferdinand ot Austria) on the din ot his birtu
Alfonso XIII., or Alphonso. Born at Madrid,
May 17, l.SSO. The son of Alfonso XIL, pro-
claimed king under the regency of his mother
( Maria Christina, ilaughterof the archduke Karl
Alfonso I.
Alfonso I., King of Naples. See Alfonso V.
Ill" Ai'ii^on.
Alfonso II., oi'Alphonso. Boml448: diedNov.
19, 1495. King of Naples 1494-95, eldest son of
Fenlinand I. and Isabella. He defeated the Hor-
entines at I'odgio 1479, aiid the Turks at Otranto 14S1.
Having rendered himself obnoxious to hj« subjects, he
abdicated (.Ian. 23, 149.'.) in favor of bis son Feidinand II.,
wlien (-'harles VIII. of France threatened bis capitaL
Alfonso I., 1)1- Affonso ( iif-f ou 'so), c >r Alphonso.
Born ubotit 1110: died Dee. G, 1185. The first
king of Portugal, son of Henry of Burgundy,
count of Portugal, and Teresa of Castile. On
his father's death in 1112 be became, under his mother's
tutelage, count of Portnpal, and was dechtred sole ruler
In 1128. In that year he made successful war upon his
mother, who refused to yield up the po\emment, and
upon her ally, Alfonso VIII.. from whom he wrested
the independence of I'ortng.il. He was proclaimed king
by his soldiers, protiably after the vict*)ry over the Moors
at «>uri(iue, July 2*3, ll.'iO; took Santarein from the Moors
in 1140 ; captured Lisbon in 1147 ; and was taken captive
near Itadajoz in UtlT by tbe I.eonese anil made to pay a
heavy ran.som (the surrender of all his conquests in Galicia).
Alfonso H., or AJTonso, or Alphonso. Born
April 1>3. 1185 : died .Mareh 25, 1'223. King of
Portugal lL'11-23, surnained "The Fat." He
defeated tlie Moors at Aleaoer do Sal in 1217.
Alfonso III., or Affonso, or Alphonso. Born
May 5. 1210: died Feb. IG, 1279. King of Por-
tu^il 1248-79. During his reign Algarve was
incorporated in Portugal.
Alfonso IV., or Affonso, or Alphonso. Bom at
Ciiiuibra, Feb. S. 1290: died May 28. i;iJ7. King
of Portugal 1325-57, siu-named "The Brave"
and "The Fierce." He consented to the murder of
Ines de Castro, secretly married to his son Pedro, who,
in consequence, headed a revolt against his father. See
t'a*f'r<t. Inert de.
Alfonso v., or Affonso, or Alphonso. Born
1432: died at Cintra, Aug. 28, 1481. King of
Portugal 1438-81, sumamed "The African"
from his conquests in Africa: son of King
Duarto (Edward). He defeated the Moors in
Afrii'a in 1458 and 1471, and was defeated at
Torn ill 147G 1_iy Ferdinand the Catholic.
Alfonso VI., or Affonso, or Alphonso. Bom
1643: died Sept. 12, 1G.S3. King of Portugal,
second son of John IV. He succeeded to the
throne in 1656 and was deposed in 1667.
Alfonso I., or Alphonso. King of Aragon and
Navarre 1104-34, and, as Alfonso VII,, king of
Leon and Castile. He married Urrac.% daughter and
heiress of Alfonso VI, of Leon and Castile, in 1109. In
1113 he conquered Saragossa from the Moors.
Alfonso II., or Alphonso. Bom 1152: died
1196. King of Aragon 1163-96, son of Ray-
mondo V., count of Barcelona, and Petronilla.
daughter of Eaniiro II. of Aragon : especially
noted as a patron of Proven(;al poetry.
Alfonso III., or Alphonso. Born 1265 : died
June 18, 1291. King of Aragon 1285-91, sur-
named "The Magnificent," son of Pedro III.
He srranted in 1287 the " Privilege of Union " by which his
subjects were permitted to bear arms and the right was
given of citing the king himself before the Cortes,
Alfonso IV., or Alphonso. Born 1299: died
1336. King of Aragon 1327-36, surnamed "The
(lood." His entire reign was occupied by a war with
tile (ienoe.iie about tbe i)osaession of Corsica and .Sardinia.
Alfonso v., or Alphonso. Born 1385: died at
Naples, June 27, 1458. King of Aragon and, as
Alfonso I., king of Sicily and Sardinia and of
Naples : surnamed " The Magnanimous." Hewas
the son of Ferdinand the Just, niiom he succeeded in 1416
as king of Aragon and of Sicily and .Sardinia. In 1420 he
was adopted as heir and prospective successor by Joanna
I. of Naples, but was disinherited in 142,3 in favor of Louis
of Anjou. He captured Naples in 1442, seven years after
the death of Joanna, and enforced bis claim to the succes-
sion. He was a patron of learning and a model of chivalric
virtues.
Alfonso I., or Alphonso, of Este. Born 1476 :
died Oct. 31, 1534. Duke of Ferrara 1.50.5-34.
He conuiianded the papal troops in the war of
the League of Cambrai in 1509, and fought
against Pope Julius II. at Ravenna in 1.512.
lie married Lueretia Borgia in 1.501.
Alfonso, Count of Poitou. Died 1271. Brother
ol Louis IX. of France, and ruler of Poitou and
Toulouse.
Alfonso de Cartagena. See Alphonsus a Sancia
Aid r if I.
Alford (al'ford). Henry. Born at London, Oct.
10, 1810 : died at Canterbury, England, Jan. 12,
1871. An English diWne, biblical scholar, poet,
and general wi-iter, a graduate and fellow of
Trinity College, Cambridge, and dean of Can-
terbury 18.57-71. Hewas the author of a noted edition
of the (ireek Testament (1849-61), " New Testament for
English Readers" (1867), "Poems," "Tlie Queen's English"
(1866). etc.
Alford (originally Qrifiths), Michael. Born
at London, 1587: died at St. (Jmer, Aug. 11,
38
1652. An English Jesuit, author of various
works on ecclesiastical history.
Alfort (iil-for'). A town in the department of
Seine, France, on the Mai-ne southeast of Paris,
the seat of a national veterinary school estab-
lished 1766. Population (1891), commune, 7,984.
Alfred (al'fred), or .Alfred (alf'rad), sui-named
"The Great." Born at Wantage, Berkshire,
849 : died Oct. 28, 901. King of the West Saxons
871-901, fifth and youngest son of J^thelwulf,
king of the West Saxons, and his wife Osburh
(daughter of Oslac his cup-bearer), and brother
of ^thelred whom he sticceeded. He fought
against the Danes in the defensive campaign pf 871, ser^'-
ing under his brother .-Ethelred at Ashdown, Basing, and
ilerton, and commanded asking at Wilton. In 878 here-
ceded before the Danes to Athelney, but later obtained a
decisive victory over them at Ethaudun, By the treaty of
Wedmore, which followed, Guthrura consented to receive
baptism and to retire north of Watling Street, Alfredforti-
fied London in 886, and canied on a defensive war with the
Danes 894-897, which ended in the withdrawal of the in-
vaders, and in which, by the aid of ships of improved
model, the English for the first time gained a decided
naval advantage over the vikings. His success against
the Danes was due largely to his reform of the national
iyril or militia, by which h.-Uf the force of each shire
was always ready for military service. His adminis-
tration was also marked by judicial and educational re-
forms. He compiled a code of laws, rebuilt the schools
and monasteries, and invited scholars to his court. He
was himself a man of learning, and translated into
Saxon the "Ecclesiastical History " of the Venerable Bede,
the "Epitome of Universal History"of Paulus Orosius,
and the " Consolations of Philosophy " by Boethius. and
corrected a translation of the " Dialogues" of Gregorj'the
Great, The popular accounts of his life abound iu legends
which are devoid of historical foundation.
It is not surprising that the great services of Alfred
to his people in peace and in war should have led poster-
ity to ascribe every institution, of which the beginning
was obscure [such as the law of frank-pledge, the distri-
bution of hundreds and tythings. and trial by jurj'], to his
contrivance, till his fame has become almost as fabulous
in legislation as that of Arthur in arms. Hallavi.
Alfred the Great. A historical play by J.
Sheridan Knowles, produced in 1831.
Alfred, or Alredus (al-re'dus), or Aluredus
(al-o-re'dus), of Be'verley. Lived about 1143.
An English chronicler, author of " Annales give
Historia de gestis regura Britannise libris ix. ad
annum 1129." a work occupied chiefly wnth the
fabulous history of the country, and forthe most
part a compilation from earlier authorities.
Alfred,Prince(Dukeof Edinburgh). Born Aug.
6, 1844. The secondsonof (jueenVictoria : duke
ofSaxe-CobuTgandGotha(1893). Hewaseleeted
king of Greece in 1862. but declined the offer.
Alfred Club. A club instituted in 1808 in Al-
bemarle street, London.
Alfreton (al'fer-ton). A town in Derbyshire,
England, 13 miles northeast of Derby. Popu-
lation (1891), 15,355.
Alfric. See Jilfric.
Alfures (al-fo'res), or AlfUTOS (al-fo'ros), or
Alfura (al-fo'ra). A descriptive name, sigui-
f}-ing ' wild,' ' uncivilized,' given to certain
native tribes of the north of Celebes, the Mo-
luccas, Mindanao, and ad.iaeent islands. They
are generally classed with the Malays. Also
Haraforus.
Algafdi (iil-giir'de), Alessandro. Bom at Bo-
logna, Italy, 1602 (1598 '(): died at Rome, Jtuie
10. 1654. A noted Italian sculptor. His chief
works are the monument of Leo XI. and a marble relief
of Leo I. and Attila, both in St. Peter's, Kome.
Algarotti (;il-ga-rot'te), Count Francesco.
Born at Venice, Dec. 11, 1712: died at Pisa,
Italy, May 23, 1764. A noted Italian littera-
teur and art connoisseur.
Algarve (al-gUr'va). The southernmost prov-
ince of Portugal, bounded by Alemtejo on the
north, by Spain (from whicli it is separated by
the Guadiana) on the east, and by the Atlantic
on the south and west. It forms the district Faro,
with till- town of Faro as capital. It was partly conquered
from tbe Moors by Sancho I., and was united with Portu-
gal as a kingdom by Alfonso III. about 1260. Area, 1,873
square miles. I'opulation (1890), 206,901.
Algau, or Allgau (iU'gou). A popular name
for the southwestern part of Bavaria with the
neighboring portions of Wiirtembergand Tyrol ;
in an extended sense, the region between the
Danube on the north, the Lech on the east,
the Inn on the sotith, and the 111 and Lake
Constance on the south.
Algauer Alps. A mountain group In Algau
(northern Tyrol and southwestern Bavaria).
Its highest point is the Parseyer Spitz, which
is about 9,960 feet high. Among other points is
the (jriinten.
Al-Gazali (iil-gii-zS'le). or Algazel (iil-ga'zel),
Abu Hamid Mohammed. Born at Tus, Per-
sia, 1058 (1059 1): died 1111. An Arabian phi-
Algiers
losopher and theologian, for a time professor
of theology and director of the school at Bag-
dad. He wrote "The Destruction of the Philosophers"
and other works in defense of Moslem orthodoxy against
the followers of Aristotle and other (Jreek philosophers.
It appears that he contested the fundamental principles
of tbe Platonic and Aristotelian schools, and denied the
possibility of a known connexion between cause and ef-
fect ; thus making a prelude to the celebrated argumen-
tation of Hume. Whewell, Hist, Ind. Sciences, I. 2ol.
Algebar (al'je-biir), [Said to be from Ar. al, the,
and ja/<6rfr (.Syr. (/afeor*^), giant.] 1. An Arabic
and poetical name of the constellation Orion. —
2. Occasionally used to designate Rigel (/?
Oriouis), the brightest star in the constellation.
Algeciras, or Algeziras (al-Ha-the'ras).
[Ar. al-ja:ira, the island or peninsula.] A
seaport in the pro%'inee of Cadiz, Spain, 6 miles
west of Gibraltar: the ancient Portus Albus.
It has a considerable coasting-trade. It was the landing-
place of the Arabs under Tarik in 711 : was retaken from
the Moors by Alfonso XI, of Castile in 1344 (?); and was
the scene of engagements, July, 1801, between the British
and Franco-.Spanish fleets. It contains a notable aqueduct
built by the .Moors. The arches are pointed, elegant in
profile, and of considerable height and span. The highest
piers, in the middle, have on each side ciu'ious ogival
flying buttresses. Population (1887), 12,381,
Algeiba, or Algieba (al-je'bS). [Ar., said to
represent aljcb-bali, the forehead ; but if so a
misnomer, as it is in the shoulder of the con-
stellation.] The second-magnitude double star
) Leonis. By Ulugh Beigh the name Algeiba
was applied to three stars, 7/, j , and C Leonis.
Algemesi (Hl-na-ma'se). A town in the prov-
ince of Valencia, Spain, 20 miles south of Va-
lencia. Population (1887), 7,441.
Algenib (al'je-nib). [Ar. al-jdnib al-faras, the
flank of the horse.] The third-magnitude
star } Pegasi, at the extremity of the wing.
The same name is also often given to a Persei,
better known as Mirfal-. See also Alchenib.
Algenubi (al-,ie-n6'bi). [Ai'. ra's al-'asad 'al-
jaiiiibbi, the head of the lion, the southern : op-
posed to fil-'snmdU, the northern.] A name
used, though rather rarely, for the third-mag-
nitude star £ Leonis.
Alger, William Rounse'ville. Born at Free-
town, Mass., Dec. 30, 1822. A Unitarian clergy-
man and author. Among his works are "Introduction
to the Poetiy of the Orient," "Metrical Specimens of
the Thought, Sentiment and Fancy of the East " (1S66X
" F'riendships of Women " (1867), etc.
Algeria (al-je'ri-a). [Ai-. al-jazira, the island
or peninsula; F. Alyt'rie, 6. Alffcricn.^ A
country in northern Africa, the ancient Nu-
midia and eastern Mauritania, organized as
a colonial posses.sion of France in 18.34 (con-
quest begun in 1830). It is bounded by the Mediter-
ranean on the north, by Tunis on the east, by Sahara on
the south, and by Morocco on the west, and is travei-sed
by the Atlas range. It comprises three distinct regi<in8 :
the Tell, or mountainous and cultivated region, in the
north ; the steppe region, with various shotts, or bi-ackish
lakes, in the center ; and the Sahara, w-hich extends in-
definitely southward. The leading industrj- is a.gricnlture,
but the country also contains considerable mineral wealth
(especially iron and copper), and exports wheat, barley,
oats, wine, olive-oil, esparto grass, wool, fruits, and live
stock. It is divided into three departments: Algier,'*, Oran,
and Constantino, each with a civil territory and a mili-
tary territory. The capital is Algiers, The government is
vested in a governor-general appointed from France, in the
French Coi-ps Legislatif, and in a Superior Council. Each
province semis 1 senator and 2 deputies to the French As-
sembly, The prevailing religion is Mohammedanism, and
the inhabitants are chiefly Berbers, .\rabs, Europeans
(largely French and Spaniards), Jews, Mooi-s, and de-
scendants of Turks. The country was annexed by Home
in large part in the 1st ceutuiy B. c, ; was conquered by
the Vandals in the 6th century, and by the Saracens
in the 7th ; passed into the possession of the Turks in
1519 ; and was a piratical power from the loth to the 19th
century, becoming independent of Turkey in 1710, The
office of dey was established in 1600. Defeated by tlie
United States in 1815, Conquest by France, begun in 1830
with the taking of Algiers, was continued by the taking of
Constantine in 1837, the subdual of the Kabylcs, and the
capture of Abd-el-Kader in 1847. Various insurrections
occurred in later years. Area (excluding the Algerian
Sahara), about 180,000 square miles. Population (1891),
4,124,732. See C(frsair^.
Algesiras. See Algeciras.
Alghero (iil-ga'ro), or Algheri (-re). A sea-
port in the province of Sassari, Sardinia, in lat.
40° 34' N., long. 8° 19' E. It has a cathedraL
Population, about 9.000.
Algiers (al-jerz'). [F. Alger, Sp. Pg. Argel, It.
Algieri, G. Algier. See Algeria.'] A seaport, the
capital of Algeria, situated on the Bav of Algiers
in lat. 36° 47' N., long. 3° 3' E., founded by the
Arabs about 935. it consists of a lower or F.urojiean
and an upper or Moorish quarter, and contains the Kasbah,
or ancient fortress of the deys, situated about ,',00 feet
above tbe sea, numerous mosques, a Catholic cathedral,
and several Protestant churches. The harbor is sjiacious,
safe, and well fortified, ■ Algiers is a favorite winter
health-resort. It was nnsaccessfully attacked by Charles
Algiers
V. In 1541 : bombarded by the British in 1816 : and occa-
pled by the fYenih in 1830. Population (1891), 82,685.
See CortaiTt.
' Algiers ■ Is in Arabic 'Al-Oerair' ("the islands"), said
to be 80 called from that in its bay ; or, more probably,
'Al-Gezair' is a pramraarian's explanation of the name
'Tzeyr' or 'Trier,* by which the .\l);eri:uis commonly
called their city, and which is, I siispect, a corruption of
the (name of the] Koman city t'a;siuc:i( -Augusta), which
occupied almost the same site. It should be remai'ked
that the Algerians pronounce the gim hard: not 'Al-
Jezair.' Europeans spelt the name in all sorts of ways:
Arger, ArRcl, AT-geir, Algel, Ac. , down to the French Alger
ana our Algiers.
/•ooif. Story of the Barbary Corsairs, p. i;j.
Algiers. The middle province or department
of Algeria. Population (1891), 1,468,127.
Algiers. A manufacturing suburb of New Or-
leans, situated on the Mississippi opposite New
Orleans.
Algoa Bay (al-go'ii ba). A bay on the soutliern
coast of Cape Colony, Africa.
Algol (al'gol). [iU'. al-yliul, the ghoul or de-
mon.] The remarkable second-magnitude va-
riable star /3 Persel, in the head of Medusa,
who is the monster referred to in the name.
Algonquian (al - gon ' ki -an). lJliiongu(iii ) and
-iini.] A linguistic stocli of North American
Indians, which formerly occupied an area larger
than that of any other stock in North America,
reaching from Labrador to the Kocky Moimtains
and from Churchill Riverof IIudsonBayat least
as far south as Pamlico Sound in Nortli Carolina.
There were breaks in the continuity of its territory in and
uear the state of New Yt)rk where an area was occupied
by Iroquoian tribes, and one iu Newfoundland where the
Beothukan family dwelt. An advance to the south be-
yond the contiguous tribal territories was made by the
Shawano or Shawnee tribe which had early sepiuated
from the main bo<ly. The Cheyenne and Aj-apalio, two
allied tribes of this stock, also sepanited from their kin-
dred on the north and forced their w^ay west through
hostile tribes across the Missouri Kiver to the Ulack Hills
country of South Dakota, ami more recently into Wyoming
and Colorado, thus forming the advance of the Algoiiquian
stuck in that direction, leaving the Siouau tril)es in their
rear and confronting those of the .shoshonean stock. In
the lunnense area occupied by this stock the number of
tribes which sometimes have been called villages, and
sometimes were composed of sevi;ral neighboring villages,
was very large. Hundreds of names of these subordinate
divisions with their situations are known, and also several
confederacies wliich are more frequently mentioned by a
collective name than by the names of the tribes conijjos-
ing them. Among these confederacies arc the Abnaki,
Illinois. Pennacook. Powhat;in, andSiksika. TheCheyenne
and .\rapaho and the Sac and Fox. though essentially
confederacies, are not designated as such under a special
title. Excluding the Ave confederacies just mentioned,
the principal tribes are Algonttuin, .Aruijuho, Cheyenne,
Conoy, Cree, Delaware, Fox, Kick;ipno, Maliican, Massa-
chuset, Mi-noniinec. Miami, Micmac, Misisaga, Motiegan,
Montagnais. Montauk, Munsee, Nanlicnke, Narraganaet,
Nauset, Nipmuc, Ojibwa, Ottawa, Pamlico, Pecjuot, Piati-
kishaw, Pottawotomi, .Sac, Shawano, Wampanoag, antl
Wappinger. The .\lgonqnian stock numbers now about
OS.tWJO, of whom about 00,000 are in Cansida and the rest
in the United States. As its trilies were met by the flist
tYench. English, and Dutch immignuits and for genera-
tions were closely connecte<l with the colonial and revo-
lutionary history of North America, the litemtnre relating
to them nils many volumes. Brief allusions to prominent
histori(^ events appear undiT some of the tribal names.
Algonquin, or Algonkin (al-gon'kiu). [A
French contraction of Alfl<>/nr(juiii, a word of
the Algonkin hinguage signifying 'those on
the other side of the river,' i. e. tlio St. Law-
rence Kiver.] A collective term for a group of
tribes of North American Indians of the valleys
of the (Jttawa Hivcr and of the northern triliu-
taries of the St. Lawrence, to near (^woljoc.
They were early allies of the I'rench in fighting the Iro-
quois by whom many were driven west where they became
known as Ottawa. Some returned to Three Rivers, l^ue-
bec. There are about 4,700 in the provinces of Quebec
and Ontario.
Algorab (al-go-riib'), or Algores (al'go-res).
[Ar. (d-yhurdb, the raven.] The third-magni-
tude star <! Corvi. See Atchilxi. In this conslcl-
latlon the lettering of the stars does not at all correspond
to their present brightness.
Algrind (argrin<l). An anagram of Grindal, in
Sji'iiscr's "Sheplierd's Calendai"."
Al-Hakim ibn Otta (iil-hii'kem ib'n ot'tii).
Died al>out 7si). An impostor who appeared
as a prophet in Mero, the capital of Khorasan,
in 774, snrnamed AI-Mokeiina (Mocanna, or
Mukanna), "The Veiled One." lie destroyed
himself about 780 to avoid capture by an army which had
been sent against him by the calif Alahdl. lie has been
made thesnbjeet of a jioem by iloore, "Mokaiuia, or the
Veiled Trophet of Khorassan."
Al-Hakim (iil-liii'keni)II. Born about the be-
ginningof the lOtli century: died Sept. 30, 97(>.
('alif of Cordova 901-976, famous as a patron
of literattiro and learning. He cillccted a large
library (said to have contained (H)0,(MHI volumes), which
formed the nnelens of the ci lehrated acailemy of Cordova,
and founded eolteges, mosques, and hospitals.
Alhama de los Bancs i ii-lii'mii da 16s biiu'yos).
A town and watering-place, containing hot
39
sulphur springs, in the province of Oranada,
Spain, 26 miles southwest of Granada. It was
taken from the Moors iu 1482. Population
(1SS7). 7,S9y.
Alhama de Murcia (ii-lii'ma da mor'the-ii). A
town in the province of Murcia, Spain, 17 miles
southwest of Murcia, noted for its sulplmr
springs. Population (18S7), 7,203.
Alhamarides (ii-Ui-miir'idz). Tlie lust Moor-
ish dynasty in Spain. It ruled iu Granada
from the middle of tlie 13th century until 1492.
Alhambra (a!-ham'brji). [Ar. itl-lmmru'u, red.]
A gi-eat citadel and jialace fomided in tlie 13th
century above the city of Granada, Spain, by
the Moorish kings. The hill inclosed by this once
formidable fortress is %tXO feet long and "no wide; the
high and thick walls are strengthened by great square
towers, ami there is a strong inner citadel. The palace, a
large part of which was destroyed by Charles V. to make
room for a Kenaissanee structure, is the flnest example
of Moorish art, and gives its name to the Alhanibraic
style. It consists of galleries and rather small rooms sur-
rounding arcaded courts beautiful with fountains, llowers,
and subtropical vegetation. The key-note of the style is
the delicacy and elahoralion of detail of its interior dec-
oration, which is formed especially of endlessly varied
ai-abesque patterns and Moslem inscriptions impressed
w\ plaster or executed iu wood, and delicately yet bril-
liantly colored. All is on a rather small scale ; but the
little marble columns are very finely cut, the coupled
Ajimez windows are lovely in proportions and ornament,
and the reseai-eh of artistic effects of perspective is note-
worthy.
AUiazen (iil-hii'zen). Born at Bassora: died
at Cairo, 1038. An Arabian mathematician,
author of commentaries on the "Almagest" of
Ptolemy, a treatise "On Twilight," a •' Thesau-
rus Opticie," etc.
Alhena (al-hen'ii). [Ar. al-hrn'ah, a ring or
circlet.] The third-magnitude star ) Gemi-
nornm, in tlie foot or ankle of Pollux. It is
sometimes called Almeit^am.
All (il'le). Born at Mecca about 600: killed at
Kufa, 661. A cousin germanaud adopted son of
Mohammed, and the fom'th calif, 656-661 : snr-
named "The Lion of God." He was the son of Aim
Talib, nncle of Mohammed, and he married Fatima, daugh-
ter tif tlie Prophet. He was defeated by Moavya, the
founder of the Omniiad dynasty, and assassinated. His
sons Hassan and Hussein, who tried to regain the cal-
ifate, were killed in 669 and 680 respectively. Their ftd-
lowers brought about the great schism which divides the
Moslem world into two sects, the Sunnites and the
Shiites. The latter, which include Persians and most of
the Mohammedans of India, regard All as the first right-
ful calif, and venerate his sons as martyrs. He wrote
lyric poems (" Diwan "), and a collection of proverbs is at-
tributed to him.
Ali. Brother of the prince in the story of
"Prince Ahmed and the Fairy Pari-Banoii,"
in "The Arabian Nights' Entertainments.''
He marries the Princess Nourounniliar.
Ali Bey. Born in Abkhasia about 1728 : died
1773. A Mameluke bey, ruler of Egypt, who
declared himself independent of the Porte in
1 768. He made many comiuests in Arabia, .Syria, etc.,
and was taken prisoner in battle in 1773.
Ali Bey. See Badia y Lihlich.
Ali Pasha. Born at Tepeleni, Albania, 1741:
belieailed at Janina, Feb. 5, 1822. An Alba-
nian wlio became pasha of Janina in 1788. He
subdued the Suliotcs in 1803 and was made governor of
Iliimelia. He intrigued with France, Russia, and (ireat
Britain against Turkey, and was compelled by the Tm"ks
to surrender at .laniua, and assassinated.
Ali Pasha. Born at Constantinople, 1815: died
Sept. 6, 1871. A Ttirkish statesman and dipU)-
matist, several times grand vizir since 18.')5.
He was especiidly distinguislied as the promoter of vari-
ous reforms in the Turkish government.
Aliaska. See Alasbn.
Aliata. See Comtnichc.
Ali Baba (n'le bil'bii). A character in "The
Araliian Niglits' Entertainments," in the story
"Ali Haliii and the Forty Thieves": a jioor
wood-eultcr who, concealed iu a tree, sees a
band of rolibers enter a secret cavern, and
overliears the magic words "open sesame"
whicli open its door. After their departure he repeats
the spi-11 and the door opens, disclosing a rofuii full of
treasures with which he loads his asses and returns home.
His brother Cassini, who discovers his secret, enters the
cave alone, forgets the word "sesame," and is f<nind and
cut in pieces by the robbere. The thieves, discuveriiig
that Ali Baba knows their secret, resolve to kill him, but
are outwitted by Morgiana, a slave.
Ali Baba. An opera by Cherubini, founded on
liis " Koiikonrgi," jtroduccd at Paris 1833.
Alibamah, <u- Alibami, or Alibamo. See
Alihtuini.
Alibamu (ii-le-bii'mo). [In the form Alabama,
as the name of one of the United States, com-
monly but incorrectly transhited ' here we rest ' :
the name is first mentioned as that of a cliief
met by De Soto.] A tribe of the Crook Con-
equel to "Ernest Mal-
Alinda
federaoyof North American Indians. Tlie French
came into contliet with them in 1702. There is now an
Alibamu town on Deep Creek, Indian Territory, and some
of the tribe live near Alexandria, Louisiana ; over 100 arc
in Polk County. Texas. (See Creek and ittuHiogean.)
Also Alibatno, Ali/>ttmah, Alihami.
Alibaud (ii-le-bO'). Louis. Born at Nimes
Frame, May 2, 1810: guillotined at Paris, July
11, 1836. A Frenchman wlio attempted to as-
sassinate Louis Philippe, June 25, 1,S36.
Alibert (ii-le-bar'), Jean Louis, Baron. Bom
at Villefranclie, Aveyron, France, May 12,
1766: died at Paris, Nov. 6. 1837. A French
medical writer, author of " Traits complet des
maladies de la peau" (1.806-27), etc.
Alibunar Marsh. A lai-ge morass in the neigh-
borliood of Alibunar in Croatia.
Alicante (ii-le-kiin'ta). A province in the titu-
lar kingdom of Valencia, Spain, bounded by
Valencia on the north, the Mediterranean on
the east, Murcia on the south, and Albacete
and Murcia on the west. Area, 2,098 square
miles. PopnIuJon (1887), 432,355.
Alicante. A seaport and the capital of the
province of Alicante, situated on the Mediter-
ranean in lat. 38° 21' N., long. 0° 29' W. : the
ancient Lueentum. it is one of the best harbors in
the Mediterranean, and has an important export trade
in wine and other products of eastern Spain. It was re-
covered from the Moors by Ferdinand 111. of Castile,
ceded to Aragon in 1304, besieged and taken by the French
17011, besieged by the French 1812, and bombarded by the
insurgents of Cartagena 1873. Population (1887), 39,638.
Alicata. See Licnta.
Alice ( al'is). 1 . The wife of Bath in Chaucer's
tale of that name- Her " gossib," to whom she
alludes, has the same name. — 2. A lady in at-
tendance on the Pi'incess Katharine, daughter
of the King of France, in Shakspero's "Henry
V." — 3. The principal female character in
"Arden of Feversham." — 4. A little girl
through whose dream pass the scenes of "Alice's
Advenhu'cs in Wonderland "' and "Behind the
Lookiiig-glnss,"two popular stories forchildren
by Lewis Carroll ((^harles Dodgson).
Alice, or The Mysteries. A novel by Bulwer,
published in 1838 : a seq
travers."
Alicia (a-lish'ia). 1. One of the principal
female characters in Rowe's tragedy "Jane
Shore," a woman of strong passions who by her
jealousy rnins her former friend Jane Shore. —
2. The name given by Lillo in his "Arden of
Feversham" to the Alice of the earlier version.
Alicudi (ii-le-ko'de), or Alicuii (ii-le-kii're).
The westernmost of the Lipari Islands, north of
Sicily, in lat. 38° 35' N., long. 14° 15' E. It is
4 miles long.
Alides (al'idz). The descendants of Ali the
fourth calif.
Aliena (a-li-e'na). The name assumed by Celia
in Shakspere's "As you Like it" when she
followed Rosalind disguised as a shepherdess.
See Aliiida.
Alifanfaron (ii-le-fiin'fii-ron). The emperor
of tlie Island of Trapoban, mentioned by Don
(,)uixote. When he sees two tlocks of sheep coming
toward him he says : " Know, friend Sancho, that yonder
army before us is commanded by the Emperor Alifanfaron,
sovereign of the Island of Trapoban. and the other , . .
by . . . Pentaiiolin." See I'entapolin,
Aligarh (ii-li-giir'). A district in tho.JIeerut
division, Nortlivvcstern Provinces, British In-
dia, intersected by lat. 28° N., long. 78° E.
Area, 1,952 square miles. Population (1891),
1,043,172.
Aligarh, Fort. A fort in the district of Aligarh,
delViided by the Mnhrntlas and stormed by the
British under Lake 1803.
Alighieri. See l)a»(c.
AlijOS (ii-le'ii6s). A group of small islands iu
the Pacific, west of Lower California.
Alikhanoff (ii-Ie-chii'nof), originally Ali
Khan (ii'le chiln). Born in the Caucasus,
184(). A Russian oflicer, governor of the Merv
oasis, noted for his share in gaining Merv for
the Russians in 1884.
Allma (ii-lo'mii). A right affluent of the
Kongo River, having its head waters near those
of tho Ogowe, in Flench Kongo. It was dis-
covered by Brazza in 1878, and is navigable as
f;ir as Lekeli.
Alinda (a-lin'dii). 1. A character in Lodge's
idiiiniice " Rosiilynde," tho storv transformed
bv Sliakspere into "As you Like it." Alinda is
the Celia of Shakspere's play.— 2. The daugh-
ter of Alphonso in Fletcher's "Pilgrim."' —
3. The name assumed by young Archas when
disguiseil as a woman, iu Fletcher's "Loyal
Subject."
Alioth
Alioth (al'i-oth). [At., but of disputed deriva-
tion.] The name in the AJphonsine tables,
and still iu ordinarj- use, of the briglit second-
magnitude star f Ursa; Majoris. The name is .-Uso
sometimes (rartl}) given to a Scrpentis, and even to << Ser-
pcntis.
■AJiris. See Feramorz.
,AJiscans (ii-les-kon')- [Also Aleschans; fromL.
Elysii Campi, Elysian Fields, referring to an
ancient cemetery near Aries.] A chanson of
the I2th ceutui-v, dealing with the contest be-
tween William ^f Orange, the great Christian
hero of the south of France, and the Saracens.
It forms, accoriliug to custom, tlii- center of a whole group
of chans.ins dealing with the earlier and later adventures
of the hero, his ancestors and descendants. Such are
"Le couronnement Loys," "La prise dOrange," '1.6
charroi de Nimes," "Le nioniage Ouillaume." The series
formed by these and others is among the most interesting
of these groups. SainUbury, ¥l. Lit., p. 19.
Alise (a-lez'). A small town in the department
of Cote-d'Or, France, 30 miles northwest of
Dijon. It is usually identified with Alesia.
AIlso {al'i-so). A fortress near the river Lippe,
built i)y the Romans under Drusus, 11 B, c, as
a military center against the German tribes:
variously identified with Elsen (near Pader-
liorn), localities near Hamm, Dortmund, etc,
Alison, Alisoun, old forms of Alice.
Alison (al'i-son), Archibald. Born at Edin-
burgh, Nov. 'i3, 1(57: died at Colinton, near
Edinburgh. May 17, 1839. A Scottish clergy-
man, author of "Essays,"' of which the most
noted is that on " The Nature and Principles
of Taste " ( 1790).
Alison, Sir Archibald. Bom at Kenley, Shrop-
shire, Dec. L'St, 17yi;: died at Gla^-gow. May 23,
1SG7. A British lawyer and historian, son of
Archibald Alison (1757-1839). He settled near
Glasgow as sheriff of Lanarkshire in l&i5, and was made
a baronet in ls42. His principal works are a " History of
Europe" (10 vols. 1833-1-2), "Criminal Law of Scotland,"
a life of Castlereagh, etc.
Alison, Sir Archibald. Bom at Edinburgh,
Jan. 21. 1820. A British general, son of Sir
Archibald Alison (1792-1867). He served in the
Crimea at the siege of .Sebastopol, in India during the
mutiny, on the Gold Coast in the Ashanti expedition
18";i-74, and in the military expedition to Egypt in 1N52.
He is the author of the treatise "On Army Organization "
(IsCQ).
AlisOS (ii-le's6s), Los. A dry torrent iu north-
western Chihuahua, where, in 1881, in a bloody
encounter between the Mexican forces com-
manded by Colonel Garcia, and the Apaches
led by Geronimo, the latter were defeated.
Alithea (iil-i-the'aj. One of the principal
characters in Wycherley's comedy ''The
Country Wife," a woman of the world, bril-
liant and cool. She also appears in Garrick's
"Country Girl."
Aliwal (iil-e-wal'). A village in the Panjab,
British India, near the Sutlej, in lat. 30^ 55'
N., long. 75- 30' E. Here, Jan, 28, 1846, the
British under Smith defeated the Sikhs.
Aljubarrota (iil-zho-ba-ro'ta). A small place
in Portugal, about 63 miles north of Lisbon.
Here, Aug. 14, 13S.5, John I. of Castile was defeated by
John I. of Portugal. Tile battle established the inde-
pendence uf Portugal.
Alkaid (al-kad'). [Ai. al-qddi al-handi al-na'sh,
the governor of the mourners: by the Arabians
the ifour stars which form the bowl of the
"dippef" were called "the bier."] The bright
second-magnitude star ;; Ursro Majoris, at the
extremity of the l.)ear's tail, or "dipper-handle."
It is more usually called lioiitnascU.
Alkalurops (al-k"a-lu'rops). [Ar. al-hilurops, a
transliteration of the Gr. Ka/Mipotp, a herds-
man's staff.] A seldom used name of the
fourth-magnitude star /i Bootis, situated in the
stalT wliiih Bootes carries iu his right hand. It
is a chrome star.
Alkes(arkes). [Ar. n/-Arf.'(, the eup.] The 410-
magnitude star a Crateris.
Alkmaar (iilk-miir'). A town in the province
of North Holland. Netherlands, situated on the
North Holland Canal 18 miles north of Am-
sterdam: noted as a cheese-market, it was un-
successfully besieged by the Spaniards in 1573. and was
the scene of several indcrlsive actions between the French
under lirune and th<^.\nglo-Kussian aruiy under the Duke
of Vork in the autumn of 1799. fopulat'ion (l--^9), 15.S0X
Alkmaar, Convention of. A convention con-
chided at .Vlkmaar, Oct.. 1799, by which the
Anglo-Kussian army under the Duke of York
evacuated the Netherlands.
The result of a scries of mischances, every otie of which
would have been foreseen by an average niidstiipnian in
Nelson's fleet, or an average sergeant in ila-saena's amiv,
was that Yiirk had t<i purchase a retreat fur the allied
forces at a price equivalent to an unconditional snrreniier.
He was allowed to re-embark on consideration that Great
40
Britain restored to the French 8,000 French aud Dutch
prisoners, and handed over in perfect repair all the mili-
tary works which our own soldiers had erected at the
Uelder. Fi'ff', Hist. Mod. Europe, L 19«.
Alkmaar, Heinrik von. Lived in the second
half of the loth century. A German translator
of the poem "Eeineke de Vos," published in
Low German at Bremen 1498.
Alkoran. See Kmim.
Alkorenuni (iil-ko-rem'me). The palace of
Vathek, in the story of that name by Beckford.
He (Vathek) surpassed in niagniflcence all his prede-
cessors. The palace of Alkoremmi. which his father Mo-
tassem had erected on the hill of Pied Horses, and which
commanded the whole city of Samarah, was in his idea
far too scanty : he added, therefore, five wings, or rather
other palaces, which he destined for the piu-ticular grati-
fication of each of his senses. Beckford, Vathek, p. 20.
Alia (al'lii), or Ella (el'lji). The king in " The
Man of Law's Tale," one of Chaucers " Canter-
bury Tales." He marries the unjustly accused
Constance.
Allah (al'ii). [Ar. 'alUh, for 'al-'ildh, the God.]
God.
Allahabad (iil-ii-hii-biid'). [Hind., 'city of
God.'] The capital of the Northwestern Prov-
inces of British India and of the district and
division of Allahabad, situated at the junction
of the Jinnna with the Ganges, in lat. 25° 26'
N.. long. 81° 52' E. It is the emporium for central
Hindustan, a celebrated place of Hindu pilgrimage, the
seat of an annual fair, and an important railway center.
Among the chief buildings are the citadel built by Akbar
and one of the chief Brit ish strongholds in India, the Juma
Masjid (mosque), and the serai of Khosru. Allahabad
was taken by the British in 17(1.5 and by them granted to
the Emperor of Delhi and later to the Nawab of Oudh ; it
was ceded to the British in 1801. Population, including
cantonment (1891X 175,246.
Allahabad. A district of the Allahabad divi-
sion, intersected by lat. 25° N., loug. 82° E.
Area. 2..S52 square miles. Population (1891),
1,548,737.
Allahabad. A division of the Northwestern
Pro^-inees, British India. Area, 13.746 square
miles. Population (1881). 5.754.855.
Allain-TargI (a-lan'tiir-zha'). Franijois Henri
Ren^. Born at Angers, May 7, 1832. A French
advocate, politician, and journalist, a friend of
Gambetta and minister under him 1881-82. He
was also minister of the interior in tie Brisson
ministry 1885.
Allamand (a-lii-mon'), Jean Nicolas Sebas-
tien. Bom at Lausanne. Switzerland. 1713:
died at Leyden, March 2, 1787, A Swiss scholar,
professor of philosophy (1749) and later of
natural history in the University of Leyden.
He was the first to explain the phenomena of
the Leyden jar.
Allan (al'an). David. Bom at Alloa, Scotland,
Feb. 13, 1744: died at Edinburgh, Aug. 6, 1796.
A Scottish historical and ijortrait painter.
Allan, Sir Hugh. Bom at Saltcoats, Avrshire,
Scotland, Sept. 29, 1810: died at Edinbuigh.
Dec. 9, 1882. A Scottish merchant, identified
with Canadian mercantile interests, and foun-
der of the Allan Line of steamships iu 1856.
Allan, Sir William. Born at Edinburgh, 1782:
died there, Feb. 23, 1850. A Scottish painter.
Ijest known from his pictures of Russian life and
Scottish history. He was elected president of
the Royal Scottish Academy in 1838.
Allancle ( ii-liin-sa ' ) , Le Seigneur d' . A pseu-
donym of Alain Chartier.
Allapaha (a-lap'a-hii). A river in southern
Georgia and northern Florida, a tributary of the
Suwannee.
Allardice (al'ar-dis), Robert Barclay. Bom
1779: died 1854. A British officer and pedes-
trian, known as "Captain Barclay."
His [Captain Barclay's) most noted feat was walking one
mile in each of l,(XMt successive hours. This feat was per-
formed at Newmarket from 1 June to 12 July, 1S09. His
average time of walking the mile varied from 14 m. 54 sec.
in the first week to 21 min. 4 sec. in the last, and his
weight w.as reduced from 13 st 4 lb, to 11 stone.
Diet. Xat. Bmj.
Allatius (a-la'shius) (Leo AUacci). Bom at
Scio, Greece, 1586: died Jan. 19, 1669, A Ro-
man Catholic writer, author of "De Ecclesia;
oecidentalis atque orientalis perpetua consen-
sione, etc." (1648), etc.
Allatoona (al-a-to'nii). A place in northern
(jeorgia, about"35 miles northwest of Atlanta.
Here, Oct. 5, 1864, the Federals under Corse defeated the
Confederates under French. Loss of the Federals, 700 ;
of the Con(e<lerates, 1,142.
Alle (iil'le). A river about 1,30 miles long, in
the province of East Prussia, which joins the
Pregel at Wehlati.
Alleber (iil-bar'), Henri d". A pseudonym of
Henri de Lapommeraye.
Allen, Carl Ferdinand
A.llectus (a-lek'tus). Tlie prime minister of
Carausius, "emperor" of Britain, and his mur-
derer (293 A, D.). Alkclus usurped the throne of
Carausius and retained it for three years, but was de-
feated and slain by the Romans under a lieutenant of Con-
stantius near London.
A116e Blanche (HI -la' blonsh). [F., 'White
W;ilk.'l -\n .\lpine vallev south of Mont Blanc.
A116e Verte (al-la' vert)." [F., ' Green Walk,']
A double avenue of limes beginning at the
western end of the Boulevard d'Anvers in Brus-
sels and e.xtending along the bank of the Wille-
broeck Canal. It was fonnerly a fashionable
promenade.
Alleghany (al'e-ga-ni) Mountains. A name
given sometimes to the Appalachian Mountains
(see AppiilachiaH). and sometimes to that part
of this .system which lies west and south of the
Hudson ; but usually applied, in a restricted
sense, to the chain which in Pennsylvania lies
east of the Laurel Hill range. This chain crosses
the western extremity of Maryland, traverses West Vir-
ginia, and forms pai't of the boundary between Virginia
and West Virginia. Also thr All"jhuiiics.
Alleghany River. See All ijin in/.
Allegheny (al'e-gen-i), or Allegheny City.
A city in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, situ-
ated on the Allegheny River opposite Pittsburg.
It is an important railroad center, has extensive manu-
factures, and is the seat of a Presbyterian and other theo-
logical seminaries. Population (1S90), 105,287.
Allegheny, or Alleghany, River. The chief
head stream of the Ohio River. It rises in Potter
County, Pennsylvania, flows through Cattaraugus County,
New York, reenters Pennsylvania, flows southwest, and
unites with the ilonongahela at Pittsburg to foi-m the
Ohio. Its chief tributaries are French Creek, the Clarion,
and theConemaugh. Its length is about 350 miles, and it
is navigable about 2(k:i miles,
Allegheny College. An institution of learn-
ing at Meadville. Pennsylvania, incorporated
in 1817. It is under the control of the Metho-
dist Episcopal Church.
Allegri, Antonio. See Correggio.
Allegri (al-la'gi-e). Gregorio. Bom at Rome
about 15,80: died at Rome, Feb. 18, 1652. An
Italian composer.
His name is most commonly associated with a " Mise-
rere " for nine voices in two choirs, which is, or was till
lately, sung annually in the Pontifical Chapel during the
Holy Week, and is held to be one of the most beautiful
compositions which have ever been dedicated to the ser-
vice of the Roman church. There was a time when it
was so much treasured that to copy it was a crime visited
with excommunication. Not that its possession was even
thus confined to the Sistine Chapel. Dr. Burney got a
copy of it. Mozart took down the notes while the choir
were singing it, and Choron, the Frenchman, managed to
insert it in his "Collection" of pieces used in Rome dur-
ing the Holy M"eek. Leopold I., a great lover of nmsic,
sent his ambassador to the Pope with a formal request for
a copy of it, which was granted to him.
Grove, Diet, of Music
AUeguash (al'e-gwosh), or Allegash. A river
in northern Maine, a branch of the St. John.
Alleine, Edward. See Aiieyne.
Alleine (al'en), Joseph. Born at Devizes,
England, 1G34: died Nov. 17. 1668. An Eng-
lish Puritan clergyman, ejected imder the Uui-
formitv Act of 1662: author of "An Alai-m to
the Unconverted" (1672), etc,
Alleine, Richard. Born at Ditcheat. Somer-
set. England, 1611: died Dec, 22, 1681. An
English Puritan clergyman, ejected under the
Unifomiitv Act of 1662: author of "Vindiciee
Pietatis" (1663., etc.
Alleine, William. Born at Ditcheat, Somerset-
shire, in 1614: died at Yeovil, Somersetshire,
Oct,, 1677. An Engli.sh Puritan clergyman,
brother of Richard Alleine, He was ejected utider
the .\ct of Uniformity of 1662 ; author of two iHJoks on
the millennium, etc.
Allemaine (al-man'). An obsolete name of
(jermany.
Allemand (iil-mon'), Comte Zacharie Jacques
Theofiore. Bom at Port Louis, Mauritius,
1762 : died at Toulon, March 2, 1826, A French
naval commander.
Allen (al'en). A township in Michigan, 60 miles
southwest of Lansing. Population (1890), 1,429.
Allen, Arabella. Iu Charles Dickens's "Pick-
wick Pajjeis." a yoimg lady, afterward Mrs.
Natlianiel Winkle.
Allen, Barbara. See Barbara Allen's Cruelty.
Allen, Benjamin. In Charles Dickens's " Pick-
wick Papers," "a coarse, stout, thick-set"
young surgeon, "with black hair cut rather
short and a white face cut rather long."
Allen, Bog of. A group of peat morasses, 372
square miles in extent, in Kildare and Queen's
counties, Ireland.
Allen, Carl Ferdinand. Bom at Copenhagen,
April 23, 1811: died at Copenhagen, Dec, 27,
1871. A Danish historian, author of hand-
I
Allen, Carl Ferdinand
books of Danish history, of a "History of the
Three Xortheru Kiii{;iloms '" (1SG4-72}. etc.
Allen, Charles Grant Blairfindie, eaUed
Grant Allen: i>s.iiilmiyms Cecil Power, J.
Arbuthnot Wilson, liiuu at Kinystou, Can-
ada, Feb. 1.'4, 1S4S. A British naturalist, nov-
elist, and niiseellaneous writei-.
Allen, Elisha Hunt. Born at New Salem,
Mass.. .Jan. IjS, I.S114 : died at Washington, D. C,
Jan. 1, lS.s:i. A i)i>litician and diplomatist. Uo
was a Wliig meiulji-r of Cuiinress fruni MiiiiR' 1^41-4a. and
fur in:iny yc:irs Ihuvaiiiin cliiff justice .ind minister to
Ihi- t nite.i Sl.itis.
Allen, -Mrs. (Elizabeth Chase): pseudouj-ra
Florence Percy. Born at iSiroug, Maine, Uct.
9, 183J. .\n American ]Mii-t and general writer,
she is also known as ilrs. Akers .\llen (ifrom Paul Akers,
the sculptor, her llrst husband).
Allen, Ethan. Born at Litchfield, Conn., Jan.
10. 1737: died at Burlington, Vt., Feb. l.S,
1789. A noted American Revolutionary com-
mander, colonel of the "Green Mountain Boys."
He captured Fort Tiuonderoga from the British .Ma'y 10.
177.T ; was a prisoner 177r>-7s ; and was later commander
of Vermont militia. He wrote "Reason the only Oracle
of Man" (17«4).
Allen, Harrison. Bom at Philadelphia, Pa.,
April 17, 1.'541. An American anatomist and
naturalist. He was assistant surceon in the United
States army 1862-t).'), and professor (of comparative anat-
omy and medical zoology and later of physiology) in the
fniversity of rcniisylvania from lS(l.'i.
Allen, Henry. Bom at Northampton. N. H.,
Feb. 2, 1748: died at Newport, K. I., June 14,
1784. The founder of a short-lived religious sect
in Nova Seotia, named from him '■ Allenites."
llis peculiar doctrine related chiefly to the fall, and to the
creation of the material world, which he regarded as a
cttnsequence of the fall.
Allen, Ira. Born at Cornwall, Conn., April 21,
1751: died at Philadelphia, Pa.. Jan. 7. 1S14.
An American Revolutionary soldier and poli-
tician, brother of Ethan Allen. He took part in
the battle of Bennington in 1777, was a member of the
Vennont legislature 1770-77. secretary of state, trea-
aurer, and surveyor-general ; and was sent as a delegate to
the convention which ratified the Federal Constitution in
179'J. Having been appointed major-general, he went in
1795 to Europe to purcnase arms. On the return voyage
he was captured by the Knglish, and lirought to England
on a charge of sui>i)lying the Irish rebels with arms, and
was ac<)Uitted only after a suit of eight years in the Court
of .Admiralty. He wrote ''The Natund and rolitieal His-
tory of Vermont " (179S), etc.
Allen, Joel Asaph. Bom at Springfield, Mass. ,
July 19, 1.SI18. An American natiu-alist, noted
as a mammalogist, He was app.iintcd assistant in
ornithology at the Museum of ('oiiiparati\e Zouln^ry at
Cambridge in ls7o, and curator of the ilepaitmeut of
Maw iiKilia and birds in the .American Museum of Natural
Hi.stoiy. New York, in IS^o. He accompanied Agassiz in
his e.vpeditioii to Brazil in ISCa.
Allen, John. Born at Colinton, near Edin-
burgh. Feb. :S, 1771: died at Dulwich, England,
April 10, 1843. A British political and histori-
cal writer, secretarj- to Li>rd Holland: author
of " Growth of the Royal Preiogative in Eng-
land" (IHHO), etc.
Allen, Philip. Bom at Providence, R. I., Sept.
1, 17s.): died at Providence, Dee. 10, 18(3,5. An
American politician. Democratic governor of
Rhode Island 1851-53, and United States sena-
tor 18.53-59.
Allen, Ralph. Born 1694 : died at Bath, Eng-
land, Juno 29. YiGi. An English philanthropist,
known eliielly as the friend of Fielding, I'opc,
and Pitt. He was of obsciu-e birth, i)ut ac(iuircd a for-
tune l>y devising (17-'u) a system of cross-posts for Eng-
land and Wales, and made a liberal use of his wealth.
He was the original of Allworthy in Fielding's '*Tom
Jones," and is well known front Pope's lines in the '* Epi-
logue to the .Satires of Horace":
"Let huintile .Allen with an awkward shame
Do good l)y stealth, and blush to llnd it fame."
Allen, Robert. Born in Ohio about 1S15: died
at Geneva, Switzerland, Atig. G, 188(i. An
American soldier, llo was a graduate of the United
States Military Academy (1830), and was brevetted major
April l.s, ls-17, for gallant conduct in the battle of Ccno
Corilo. and major-general March l.t.lsori. He became assis-
tant f(Uarteruiaslcr.general with the rank of colonel, July
1H, !■,(«;, :ui.l retired .March 21, 1x78.
Allen, Samuel. Born in England, about 1030:
die.l at Newcastle, N. H., May 5, 1705. An
English merchant, proprietor and governor in
New IIairi]isliire.
Allen, Thomas. Born at Utto.xeter, StafTord-
shire, England, Dec. 21, 1542: died at ().\l'ord,
England, .Sept. 3(), 1032. An j:nglish mathe-
matician ami antitpiary, of gi-eat eminence in
his (lay. He Is best known from his collection of M.SS.
of astronomy, astrology, etc., copies of some of which arc
T)reserved.
Allen, or Alan, William. Born at Rossnll,
Laiicasliire. Kiiulnnd. 1.532: died at Rome, ( )ct.
10. 1594. An English eardimil and conlrover-
41
sialist, a graduate of Oxford, appointed prin-
cipal of St. Mary's Hall in 1550. He fled to Lou-
vain in ISfll, and founded the Catholic seminary at Douay,
Sept. 29, iDtiS. In l.vs7 he was created cardinal by .sixlus
v., and connnissioned to rnorganize ecclesiastical allairs
in England after the kingdom should have been conquered
by I'hilip II. He was implicated in various conspiracies
against Elizabeth, aiui became the leader of the .Spanish
party among English Catht>lics.
Allen, William. Born at Pittsfield, Mass.,
Jan. 2, 1784 : died at Northampton. Mass., July
10, 1868. .\ii American C'ongregationtil clergy-
man and author, president of Bowdoin College
lS20-;!9.
Allen, William. Bom at Edenton, N. C, 1806 :
died July 11, 1879. A lawyer and politician.
Democratic member of Congress from Ohio
1833-35, United States senator 1837-49, gover-
nor of t)hio 1874-70. He was the leading e.\-
pounder of the "Ohio Idea" (which see).
Allen, William Francis. Born at Northbor-
ough, Mass., ,Sept. 5, 1S31I: died Dec, 1889. An
American classical scliolar. He was a graduate of
Harvard (ls.^'1), and was appointed professor of Latin in
the University of Wisconsin in 1867. He was the author of
a series of Latin text-books, etc.
Allen, William Henry. Born at Providence,
R. I., < let. 21. 17S4 : died atPlymouth, England,
Aug. 15, 1813. An American naval comman-
der. He served with distinction in the war of 1812, and
was mortally wounded while in coummnd of the Argus.
Allen, William Henry. Born at Manchester,
Maine, March 27, 1808: died at Philadelphia,
Aug. 29, 1882. An American educator. He was a
graduate of Bowdoin College (183.'{), professor of natural
philosophy and afterward i>f philosoj,hy and Knglish lit-
erature at Dickinson ('..liege, piesi.icnt" of the Pennsylva-
nia College at Gettysliur, l.st>ii-(Jli, a?iil president of (.Urard
College ls.50-t>2 and 1807-82.
Allen-a-Dale (al'en-a-dal'). In the Robin
Hood ballads, a brave, gaily dressed, and musi-
cal youth whom Robin Hood assisted to elope
with his bride who was to be married against
her will to an old knight. He is usually introduced
as "chaunting a round-de-lay":
■ The youngster was cloathed in scarlet red,
In scarlet tine and gay ;
And he did frisk it over tlie plain
And chanted a round-de-lay.
Child's Eng. and Scotch Ballads, V. 278.
[He appears as Robin Hood's minstrel in Scott's " Ivan-
lioe."]
Allenburg (al'len-boro). A small town in the
province of East Prussia, sittiated on the Alle
30 miles southeast of Konigsberg.
Allendale (al'en-dal). A town in Northum-
berland, England, 27 miles west of Newcastle.
Allendale. A township and town in Barnwell
Countv. South Carolina, 07 miles southwest of
Columbia. Population (1890), town, 3,144.
Allende (iil-yan'da), Ignacio. Born in San
Miguel el Grande (since named San Miguel de
jVllende, in his honor), Jan. 27, 1779: e.\e-
cuted in Chihuahua, Juno 20, 1811. A Mexi-
can patriot, son of a Spaniard, Nareiso Allende,
and a captain in the Spanish army, with his
regiment he declared for Mexican independence Sept.,
1810. and joined the insurrection of Ilididgo. He was
betrayed into the hands of the Spaniards May 21, 1811,
and shot.
Allende. A hamlet and hacienda in southern
Chihualiua, f(n'm(?rly called San Bartoloim5, and
the first Spanish establishment in Chihuahua
(157(1).
Allende, or Allende San Miguel. See San
Miijilrl ,/r AllrlKlc.
AUendorf (iil'len-dorf). A small town in the
]iroviiice of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situated on
the Werra 17 miles east of Cassel.
Allenstein (iil'len-stin). A town in the prov-
ince of East Prussia, situated on the Alio 03
miles south of Konigsberg. Near here, Feb., 1807,
the French under S..ult defeated the Russians an<l Prus-
sians. ro)inlati.in (ISIHJ), 18,822.
AUentown (al'en-toun). A town in Monmouth
County, New Jersey, 11 miles southeast of
Trenton.
AUentown. A city, the capital of Lehigh
County, Pennsylvania, situ;itcd on the Leliigb
50 miles northwest of Philadelphia. It has ex-
tensive inm manufactures and a large trade in coal and
inm, and is the seat of AUentown Eennile College and
Mdhlcniierg College. Population (1890), 26,228.
AUer (iil'ler). A river in northern (iermany
wliieh .ioins the Weser 18 miles southeast of
Bremen. Its length is about 100 miles and it is
navigable froiri Celle.
Allerheiligen (iil-ler-ln'li-gen). [G., 'AH
Saints. 'J A mined Premonsliant abbey in the
Black Forest, Baden, near ( )l>erkirch.
AUerheim (iil'ler-him) ontheRies, or Allers-
heim liil'lers-him). ,\ village (i miles soulli-
cast of Niirdlingon, Bavaria. Here, Aug. :), l«40.
AH is Tme
the French under Condi defeated the Imperialists under
Mercy (who fell). It is sometimes called the second battle
of Nordlingen.
Allerton (al'er-ton), Isaac. Born about 1.583:
died at New Haven, Conn., 1C59. One of the
"Pilgrim Fathers," a colonist at Plymoutli,
Massachusetts. 1620, and agent of the Plymouth
Colony in Europe.
Allestree (als'tre). or Allestry, Richard.
Born at Uppingtou, Shropshire, England, Marcdi.
1019 (1021 f): died at London, Jan. 28, 1081.
An English royalist divine and scholar. He
was appointed chaplain in ordinary to the king and regins
professor of divinity at Oxford in MViii. and provost of
Eton College in 1005. Author of "Privileges of the Uni-
versity of Oxford, " etc. (I(i47), and of several collections
of sermons.
Alle'Vard (iil-var'). A to'mi in the department
of Isere, France, situated on the Breda 23
miles northeastof Grenoble. Population (1891),
commune, 2,8,50.
Alley, The. See Change Alley.
AUeyne (ul'on), Ed'Ward. Born in the parish
of St. Botol])!!, London, Sept. 1, 1500: died
Nov. 25, lO'JO. A celebrated actor, and the
founderof Dulwich College (incorporated 1019).
He served with the Earl of Worcester's players, the Eatl
of Nottingham's, or the Lord .Admiral's, company, and
Lord Strange's players, ami also engaged in various enter-
prises with Philip Henslowe. He is frequently mentioned
with praise by contemporary writers. His name flist
appears as an actor in a list of the Earl of Worcester's
players in 1686, and he was said by Nash in " Pierce Teni-
lesse" in 1592 to be one of the four greatest English
actors. His last known appearance was in 10o;i-04 wlien
he delivered a reception address to James I. He is said
to have excelled in tragedy. He built, with Henslowe,
the " Fortune " Theater in 1000, in which he playeil at the
head of the Lord Adniind's company. He began to build
Dulwich College in 101;}, and personally managed its
atfairs after its completion.
All Fools, or All Fools but the Fool. A
tragi-comedy by Chapman, printed in 1005, n
was first called "'i'he World on Wheels " and registered
in 1599. It is considered the best of his comedies.
All for Love, or The World Well Lost. A
traged}' by Dryden produced in l(i(8. it is based
on .Shakspere's ""Antony and Cleopatra." In this play he
abandoned rime.
Allia (al'i-ii), or Alia (a'li-ii). In ancient
geography, a small river in Latium, Italy, the
modem Aga, which joins the Tiber ab(jut 10
miles north of Rome. On its banks in :}90 (ass '?:)87'0
B. c. , the Gauls under Brennus defeated the Romans. 'The
battle was followed by the capture and sack of Rome.
Alliance, The. See Farmers' Alliance.
Alliance (.a-li'ans). A city in Stark County,
Ohio, situated on the Mahoning River 48 miles
southeast of Cleveland. Population (1890),
7,607.
Allibone (al'i-bon), Samuel Austin. Born at
Philadelphia, April 17, 1810: died at Lucerne,
.Switzerland, Sept. 2, 1889. An American bibli-
ographer, at one time librarian of the Lenox
Libr.-iry in New York city. He was the authorof a
" Dictionary of English Literature and Britisli and Ameri-
can Authors" (;J vols. 186-1-71 ; Supplement, liy l)i-. .lolin
Foster Kirk, 2 vols. 1891), and of various other works, in-
cluding "Poetical Quotations" and "Prose Quotations, '
Allier (;il-ya'). A department of France, capi-
tal Moulins, bounded by Cher on the north-
west, Nii>vre on the north, Saone-et-Loire on
the east, Loire on the southeast, Puy-de-D('iine
on the south, and ('reuse on the west, it was
formed chiefly from part of the ancient ItourlK.nnais.
.\rea, 2,822 stjuare miles. Poitulation (t.^91), 424,;ifi2.
Allier. A river in central France, the ancient
Eluver, which rises in the mountains of Loz6re,
(lows north, and ,i(jins the Loire 5 miles west
of Nevers. Its length is about 220 miles, and
it is lutvigable from Fontanes.
Alligator Stvamp (al'i-ga-tor swomp). A large
suani]) in North Ctirolina, between Pamlico
and .\lbenuirle Sounds.
Allingham {al'ing-ham), William. Born at
Ballyshannon, Irtdand, 18'.'8: di,.d 1889. An
Irish poet. Uo published "Poems" (18.W), "Day and
Night (18r>4X "Lawrence Bloouifleld In Ireland ' (ISOt),
etc.
Allison (al'i-son), William B. Born at Perry,
Wayne Couniy, Ohio. March 21, 1829. An
.\merican politician. He was Republican member
of Congress from Iowa l,S(;;t-71, t'nited States senator
1S7.S-, and candi.late for the Republican nominatiiui for
rresiilenl in 18,SJ.
All is True. A play, probably by Sliakspere,
an earlier form of ''Henry S'lll.." which is
chiellyby Fletcher and Massingcr. Shaksjiere's
share in the latter not being large, it i»f(mnded
on llolinshed's "Chronicle " and Fox s ".MOTtyrs. " Wot-
ton descriltcs it as " the play of Henry A'lIL," lint 1.4>tkin
says "it was a new play called AM is True, representing
some principal pieces of Henry \'III." Portions of it are
now embedded in "Hem-y \'III.," '»» we have it. The
(llobe Theater caught Hre during its performance, .March
29, 1U13, and the manuscript periahed.
Allix
Allix (a-leks'), Jacques Alexandre Fran-
gois. Born Sept. 21, 1776: died Jan. 26, lf<36.
A Freuch general and military writer. He sencd
as a colonel at Marengo in 1>W, and later in the service of
Jerome Bonaparte, kins of Westphalia ; was exiled from
tYanee .luly -'4, 1815, and rec:dled in 1S19. Author of
"Sysleme d'.artiUerie de campagne " (1827).
AlUz, Pierre. Born at Aleu<;on, France, 1641:
died at London, March 3, 1717. A French Prot-
estant dixine and controversialist, an exile in
London after 1685.
Allman (al'man), George James. Bom at
Cork, 1S12. A British zoologist, regius pro-
fessor of natural history and regius keeper of
the Natural History Museum in the University
of Kdinburgh, 1855-70.
Alloa (al'6-a). A seaport in Clackmannanshire,
Scotland, situated on the Firth of Forth 6 miles
east of Stirling. Population (1891), 10,711.
Allobroges (a-lob'ro-jez). In ancient history.
a Celtic people of southeastern Gatil, dwelling
between the Rhone and the Isfere, northward
to Lake (teneva. They occupied also a tract on the
western bank of the Rhone. The chief town of the tribe
was Vienne. They were subjected to Rome 121 B. c.
The .\llobroKes were Celts, though their name means
'those of another march or district' ; they were so called
doubtless by some of their Celtic neighbours, but the
name which they gave themselves is unknown.
Rhys, Celtic Heathendom, p. .';.
Allon (al'on), Henry. Born at Welton, York-
shire, England, Oct. 13, 1S18: died at London,
April 16, 1892. An English Congregational
clergNTnan and author, editor after 1865 of the
" British Quarterly Keview."
Allouez (ii-lo-a'), Claude Jean. Bom in
France. 1020: died in Indiana, 1090. A French
Jesuit in -\nierica. He explored the regions of Lake
Superior and parts of the Missis-sippi valley, established a
mission at Cherai>rniegon on L:ike Superior in Ititi.',, and
rebuilt ilanjuette's abandoned mission at Kaskaskia, Il-
linois, in 1<'.T«'..
Alloway Kirk (al'o-wii kcrk). Armned church
in the parish of Ayr, Scotland, near the Doon.
rendered famous by Burns in •• Tamo'Shanter.''
All Saints' Bay. A harbor on the coast of
the state of Bahia, Brazil, in lat. 13° S., long.
38° 30' W.
Allsop (al'sop), Thomas. Born near Wirks-
worth, Derbyshire, April 10, 1795: died at Ex-
mouth in 1880. An English stock-broker and
author. He was the intimate friend of Coleridge, and was
known a.i his "favorite disciple." He shai-ed the theories
and w:i.*:ilsiitlu' friend of such men as Cobbett,Mazzini, etc.
AJl Souls College. A college of Oxford Uni-
versity, foimded in 1437, by Archbishop Chi-
ohele, to pro\"ide masses for the souls of the de-
parted, especially those killed in the Hundred
Years' War. The first quadrangle, with its fine gate,
remains as when first built : the thapel possesses beautiful
fan-tnicery and reredos. The second (ju-adrangle, with its
two towers, was built 1720. The statutes of the college
were formally issued April 2, 1443.
Allstedt (al'stet). A town in Saxe-Weimar,
Cjerniany, situated on the Rhone 32 miles north
of Weimar, it is, with its territory, an enclave sur-
rounded by I'russia. and is situated in the Goldeue Aue.
Population, about 3,000.
Allston (al'ston), WasMngton. Born at Wac-
cainaw, S. C, Nov. 5. 1779: died at Cambridge,
Mass. , July 9, 1843. An American painter. He
was graduated at Harvard College (1800), studied at the
Royal Academy and at Rome, and returned to the United
States in 1809. His work covers a wide nuige, including
portraits, genre, landscapes, marines, historical paintings,
etc.
All "s Well that ends Well. A comedy by
Shakspere. played in 1001. Portions of this play
were written not later than l:iO:l. but the play as we have
it was written after Hi0*i, probably just before its produc-
tion. It was first printed in tlie folio of 1623. The plot
is from "Oiletta of Xarbonne" in Painter's "Palace of
Pleasure." who took it in v>nt\ from the l>ecanieron of
Boccaccio. The stoi-y is followed closely, but the coun-
tess, the cl<»wn. Tjifeu, and PnroUcs are .^hakspere's own.
All-the-Talents Administration. A name
given ironii-ally to tlie English ministry of
1806-0*. Among the leading members were Grenville
(premier), Kox (foreign secretary), Erskine, and Lords
Kitzwilliarn, Sidinouth. and Ellenl)orough.
All'Wit (iil'wit). A character in Middleton's
'•Chaste Maid in Cheapside," contented to be
made a fool of.
All'WOrth (al'werth). Lady. A rich ■widovr in
Massiiiger's play "A New Way to pay Old
Debts.''
Allworth, Tom. In Massinger's play "A New
Way to pay Old Debts," a young gentleman,
page to Lord Lovell.
All'WOrthy (al'wer TUi). Thomas. In Field-
ing's novel "Tom Jones." a S(|uire of large
fortune, the foster-father of the foundling Tom
Jones. He is depicted as a man of the most upright and
attractive character — a sharp contrast to Squire Western.
He is a portrait of Fielding's friend Ralph Allen.
42
Allyn (al'in), Ellen. A pseudonym of CJhris-
tina Georgina Rossetti.
Alma, (al'ma). In Spenser's "Faerie Queene."
the Queen (if Body Castle : the soid dwelling in
the body (the House of Temperance).
Alma. A pseudonym used by Miss C. M. Yonge
in some of her novels.
Alma, or the Progress of the Mind. A poem
bv Prior.
Alma (iil'mii). A river in the Crimea, Russia,
which flows into the Black Sea about 20 miles
north of Sebastopol, Near its mouth. Sept, 20. 1854,
the Allies (about 27,000 British under Lord Raglan, about
22,(KX) tYench under St. .\rnaud, and 5,000-7,OOi) Turks)
defeated the Russians (3.5,a<X)-ir.,00o) under Menshikolf.
The loss of the Allies was about 3,400; that of the Rus-
sians niiout .s.tHIO.
Almaach, or Almak (al'mak). [Ar., probably
• the boot.'] The fine second-magnitude triple
star ; Andromedw, in the foot of the constel-
lation.
Almack's (al'maks). 1. A gaming-club estab-
lished by William Almack in Pall Mall. London,
before 176:!. afterward the Whig club known
as "Brook's." "Among the twenty-seven original
members of Almack's Club w-eie the Duke of Portland and
Charles James Fox. and it was subsequently joineil by
Gibbon, William Ktt, and very many noblemen." S. L.
Lee, in Diet Nat. Biog.
2. Famous assemlily-rooms built by Almack in
1764, and opened Feb. 20, 1765, in King street,
St. James. "At the beginning of this centurj- admis-
sion to Almack's was described as 'the seventh heaven
of the fashionable world,' and its high reputation did not
decline before 1840. " (S. i. iee. in Diet. Nat. Biog.) These
rooms are commonly called " Willis's," after the neit
proprietor.
Alma Dagh, See Amanus.
Alma Island (al'ma i'land). An island in the
Saguenav River, Canada, at the outlet of Lake
St." John"
Almada (al-ma'da). A port in the province of
Estremadura, Portugal, on the Tagus opposite
Lisbon.
Almaden (al-mii-THen'), or Almaden de
Azogue (al-ma-THen' da a-tho'ga). A town
in the province of Citulad Real, Spain, in lat.
38° 44' N., long. 4° 52' W. : the ancient Sisa-
pon. It is celebrated for its quicksilver-mines, which
were worked by the Romans and Moors and are now
crown property. Population (1887X 8,165.
Almagest (al'ma-jest), The. See the extract.
The best known of the works of Ptolemy is his " Great
Construction of Astronomy " (^leydAyj o-vi-ra^is t^s atrrpoio-
Mias) in thirteen books. To distinguish this from the work
on astrology in four books only, or the '" four-book con-
struction" (TeTpai3t3Ao« o-vFTafi?), the lengthened trea-
tise on spherical astronomy was called i) fieyto-TTj cnii-To^is
("the greatest construction") or simply the /ic-ytcrrrj,
from which the Arabs, by prefixing their article, framed
the title Tahrir al Mmjisthi, under which the book was
published in A. D. 827, and from this is derived the name
Almngest by which l^tolemy's great work is familiarly
known. . . . The first book lays down the mathematical
principles of his system. . . . The second book deals with
the problems connected with the determination of the
obliquity of the sphere. In the third book he fixes the
length of the year at 3651 days and explains his cele-
brated theory of excentrics and epicycles. The fourth
book treats of the moon, criticising the results obtained
by Hipparchus. In the fifth he describes the astrolabe of
Hipparchus with which that astronomer discovered the
moon's second inequality, called by BuUialdus the evec-
tion. The ^(/i book treats of eclipses. The *;rrc«(/i treats
of the stars, with reference to their*movement from west
to east, which Hipparchus had established ; but by redu-
cing this motion from 4S" to 36 " in a year Ptolemy increjises
the error of his predecessor. In the eighth book he gives,
with slight variations, the celebrated catalogue of the stars
drawn up. as we have seen, by Hipp.archus, and introduces
also a description of the Milky Way. The ninth book treats
of the planets in general; thi; tenth of Venus; the elcrriith
of .lupiterand Saturn. In thi; ticdfth he gives us the pro-
gressions and retrogradations of the planets, and in the
thirteenth he discusses their movements in latitude, and
the inclinations of their orbits.
K. O. Mutter, HisU of the Lit of Anc. Greece, III. 264.
[{Donaldson.)
Almagro (iil-ma'gro). A town in the prov-
ince of Ciudad Real, Spain, 14 miles southeast
of Ciudad Real, it has noted lace manufactures and
is the center of a district producing the wine of Valde-
peftas. Fopnlation (1887), 8,712,
Almagro, Diego de. Bom probably at Aldea
del Rev. a1>o)it 1475, but according to some ac-
counts a fotuuUing in .\lmagro, 1464 : executed
July 10 (12?), 1538. A Spanish soldier, one of the
conquerors of Peru. He went to Panama with Pedrarias
in 1514, and in 1525 joined I'iKirro and Luque in an enter-
prise for conquest toward the south. He w.as in Panama
when PistUTodiscoTered the coast of Peru in 15'28; but when,
after his return from Spain, Pizarro sailed for Peru {.Ian.,
1531), ,\lmagro followed, late in the same year, with three
vessels and 1.54) men. and joined him at Caiamarca about
the middle of February, 1533, after the death of Atahual-
pa. Here a violent (luarrel (the second) between them
took place; but a reconciliation was effected and Almagro
took an active part in the march on Cuzco. In 1535 he
was sent to conquer Chile, of which he was made governor.
He went as far south as ('(Kjuimbo. but finding nothing of
the coveted riches, turned back, laid claim to Cuzco as
Almeida
the territory assigned to him. and seized the city by sur-
prise (AprU 8, 1537), capturing Hernando and Gonzalo
PizaiTo. He was attacked by Alonzo Alvarado. who was
captured with his whole anuy July 12, 1537. Almagro was
finally defeated by Alonzo PizaiTO at Las Salinas, near
Cuzco, April '26, 1538, and he was soon after captiued,
tried, and beheaded.
Almagro, Diego de, surnamed "The Youth " or
"Lad." Born at Panama, 1520: executed at
Cuzco about Sept. 25, 1542. Son of Diego de
Almagro and of an Indian mother. He accom-
panied his father to Chile (l.',35-30) and after his death
lived in poverty at Lima. The conspirators who killed
Francisco Pizarro (June 26, 1541) had met at his house,
but it does not appear that he was actively engaged with
them. They, however, proclaimed hint g.'vernorof Peru,
and part of the country submitted to him ; but the royal-
ists under Vaca de Castro defeated him at Chupas, Sept.
16, 1542. He was arrested next day and soon after be-
headed.
Almahide (al-ma-ed'). A romance by Made-
leine de Scudery, founded on the dissensions
of the Zegris and Abeneerrages.
Almahyde (al'ma-hid). The Queen of Granada
in Dryden's "Almanzor and Almahyde, or The
Conquest of Granada." The name was taken
from Madeleine de Scud^ry's novel "Alma-
hide."
Almain (al-man'). [Early mod. E. also Al-
maijii, Almuigue, etc., OF. Aleman, F. Allemaiid,
German, L. Alamanni, Aletnanni: see Alaman-
iii.'i An old name for Germany.
Almali. See Elmalu.
Al-Mamun (al-ma-mon' ). Bom 786 : died 833.
The seventhAbbassidecalif of Bagdad, 813-833,
a younger son of Harun-al-Rashid : " the father
of letters and the Augustus of Bagdad" (Sis-
monili). Also Al-iIttniou)i. AJ-iliimon, ilamutt.
Almansa (al-man'sii), or Almanza (iil-man'-
tha). A town in the province of Albacete,
Spain, 59 miles southwest of Valencia. Popu-
lation (1887), 9.686.
Almansa, or Almanza, Battle of. A victory
gained by the French and Spanish under the
Duke of Berwick over the allied British. Dutch,
and Portuguese under Galway, April 25. 1707.
It established Philip V. on the Spanish throne.
Al-Mansur (Sl-man-siir'). or Almansor (al-
man'sor) ^Abu Jaffar Abdallah). [Ar. Jf-
J/(7n,«HC, the Victorious.] Born about 712: died
near Mecca, Oct. 18, 775. The second Abbasside
calif, successor of his brother Aliul-Abbas Al-
Saffah in 754. His reign was marked by numerous
revolts which were suppressed with great cruelty. He
transferred the seat of government to Bagdad, which he
built with great splendor. He was a patron of learning,
and under his inspiration many Greek and Latin works,
including Plato, Herodotus, Homer, and Xenophon, were
ti-anslated into Arabic and other Oriental tongues.
Almansur, or Almansor. Bom near Alge-
ciras, Andalusia, 939; died 1002. The regent
of Cordova under the sultan Hisham II. He
reconquered from the Clu-istians the territory south of
the Douro and Ebro. extended his sway over a consider-
able portion of western Africa, and restored the waning
power of the califate of Cordova. He is said to have
starved himself to death, broken-hearted over the defeat,
after fifty actions, of Calatanazar by the kings of Leon and
Navarre and the Count of Castile.
Almanzor (al-mau'zor). The calif of Arabia
in Chapman's "Revenge for Honor."
Almanzor and Almahyde, or The ConQuest
of Granada by the Spaniards. A heroic tra-
gedy in two )iarts. by Drydcn. prodtieed in 1670.
It was partly taken from Mademoiselle de Scud^r>''s "Al-
mahide." It is usually known .as "The Conquest of Gra-
nada. " The character of .\lmanzor, a knight errant of ex-
travagant egotism, is caricatured as Drawcaneir in "The
Rehears;d."
Almaraz (Ul-mii-riith'). A small to-wn in west^
ei-n Spain, on the Tagus 40 miles northeast of
Caceres. The bridge over the Tagus was built in 1552.
It is ,580 feet long and '25 feet wide, and rises 134 feet
above the water. It has only two arches, and resembles
the great Roman works.
Almaric. See Amulric of Bine.
Alma-Tadema (al'ma-tii'de-ma), Laurence.
Born at Droni-N-p, Friesland, Netherlands, Jan.
8, 1836. A Friesian painter in England, noted
especially for his representations of Egyptian,
Greek, and Roman life. He settled in London in
1870 and was naturalized 1873. Among his works are
" The Vintage," "Catullus," "The Siesta," "Entrance to
a Roman Theatre." "Tsirquinius Superbus," "Phidias,"
■'.\n .\udience at Agrippa's."
Alma'7i'7a (iil-ma-ve'va),' Count. A brilliant
and too attractive nobleman in Beaumarchais's
comedy " Le Barbier de Seville." He is the lover
of Rosine, and succeeds, with the aid of Figaro the barber,
his former valet, in rescuing her from old Eartholo and
marrying her himself. He appears in the " Mariage de
Figaro." already tired of Rosine his wife, and in "LaMere
Coupable " as an old and faded beau. He also appears in
the openis by I'aisiello and Rossini founded on " Le Bar-
)>ier."
Al-Megnum. See BahaluL
Almeida (al-ma'e-dii). A town in the province
Almeida
of Beira, Portupal, in lat. 40° 46' N., long. 6°
50' W. It was caiif iireil by the French in 1810,
and ntaki'ii by Wellington in 1811.
Almeida, Francisco d'. Born at Lisbon about
the midiile of the l.'Jth century: killed at Sal-
danha Bay, South Africa, March 1, 1.510. A
Portuguese coniniander, first viceroy of Portu-
guese India 1.')05-<I0. He conquered Kilwa,
Cannanore, Cochin. Kalikut. Malacca, etc., and
defeated tin- K^'yptiiiii fleet in l.')09.
Almeida, Nicolao Tolentino. Bom at Lisbon,
174.5: died at Lisbon, 1811. A Portuguese
poet and satirist. He published a collection
of poems ill 180'_'.
Almeida-Garrett (iil-ma'dii-giir-ret' or -gar'-
ret). Joao Baptista d'. Bom at Oporto, Por-
tugal, Feb. 4, 171)9: died at Lisbon, Dec. 10,
1854. A Portuguese poet, dramatist, and jioli-
tician. He was the author of the poetical works " Ca-
moes ' (1»2.'>X " Dona Branca " (1826), " Adozinda " (1828),
"RoniniKciro"(18.sl-.'i:i). and of "Auto de Gil-Vicento"
(18.(8), and other dramas.
Almeisam (al-me-i-siim'). [At. a! me'isdn, the
proud marcher.] A seldom used name for
; licniinorum. i^ec Allieiio,
Almelo (iil-ma-16'). A town in the province
of Overyssel, Netherlands. Population (1889),
8,354.
Almenara (al-ma-nii'ril). A small town in the
province of Lerida, Spain, 1.5 iiiilcs northeast
of Lerida. Here, July 27, 1710, the Allies un-
der Starhemberg and Stanhope defeated the
Spanish.
AJjnetia (iil-ma-re'ii). A mountainous prov-
ince in AiKialusia, Spain, bounded by Murcia
on the northeast, the Mediterranean on the
southeast, east, and south, and (iranada on the
west and northwest. It contains important
lead-mines. Area, 3,302 square miles. Popu-
lation (1887), 339,383.
Almeria. A seaport and the capital of the
province of Almeria. situated on the Gulf of
Almeria in lat. 36° .50' N., long. 2° 32' W.r the
Roman Portus Magnus. It exports lead, esparto,
etc., has a cathedral, and is well fortified. It was an im-
portant emporium under the Moors. Population (1887),
86,200.
Almeria (al-me'ri-ii). In Congreve's play "The
Mourning Bride," tl'ie (supposed) widowed bride
of Alphonso, prince of Valentia, It is she who
Dtters the familiar words:
" .Music hath chnrma to soothe a savage breast,
To soften rocks, or bend a knotted oak."
Cow/rcve, MournioK Hride, i. 1 (ed. 1710).
Almod6var, or Almod6var del Campo (iil-
mo^io'viir clel kiim'po). A towni in the province
of f'iudad Keal, Spain, 21 miles southwest of
Cindiid Keal, Population (1.887). 12,00s.
Almod6var (iil-ni6-d(5'viir), Count of (Ilde-
fonso Diaz de Ribera). Bom at Orauada,
1777: died at Valencia, 1846. A S)>anish states-
man. He was imprisoned and exiled in the reipti of
Ferdinand \1\., was afterward minister of war and presi-
dent of the (fortes, and was minister of foreign affairs
lS42-l.f.
Almod6var del Rio (iil-mo-do'viir del re'6). A
Bnuill town in I he pro\nnce of Cordova, Spain,
situateii on the Guadalquivir 13 miles sotith-
west of Cordova.
Almogia (iil-uHl-ile'ii). A town in the province
of .\I.-ilaga, Spain, T-'milesnorthwest of Malaga.
Poiuilalion (18H7), 8,346,
Almohades (al'mo-hiidz). A Mohammedan
dynasty in northern Africa and Spain, which
8u))erseded the Alnioravides about the middle
of the I2th century: so called from tlio sect
of the Almoaheduii (worshipers of one god),
founded by Mnhaninicd ibn Alxlallah, The family
established itself in tin- provinces of I-'ez, Morc>ec<», Tleni-
cen, Ornn, and Tunis*, and extended its conquestH to Anda-
lusia, N'aleneia, and a part of .\ra(;on and I'ortuKal, It
sustained a tiecisivc repulse at L:i8 Navas de T<»losii, .July
in, 1212, at the hands of Alfonso of Castile, aided by the
kin^s nf AraRon and Navarre, and became extinct in
Spain in 12.'»7 and in Africa in 12tift.
Almon (al'nioii), John. Bom at Liverpool, Dec,
17, 17:i7: died at Boxmoor, Dec, 12, 180.5. An
FriL'lish jiiililisher and political pamphleteer,
a frii-nd nl" .lnlm Wilkes.
Almonacid (iil-nio-nii-tho'TH'). A small town
situalcil on the Guazelato lit miles southeast
of Toledo, Spain. Here, Aug. 11, 180il, the
Frcich under Sebastian! defeated the Spanish
under Venegas,
Almondbury(ii'i"ond-bor"i, locally ilm'bri). A
town ill I lie West Hiding of Yorkshire, England,
on tlii^ (!alder, ail.joining Huddcrslield. Popu-
lation (1891), r),117.
Almonde (iil-mon'da), Philippus van. Bom
at Briel, Netherlands, 1646: died near Leyden,
43
Alpheratz
simultaneously at the animal, slew each other. In Hades,
as a further punishment, they were tied to a pillar with
serpents, and perpetually tormented by the screeching of
J .an uwl.
<,>; comniiuided the Dutch llect at U Alompia, or AloUng P'hoUTa. Born 1711 : died
id commanded, with Sir tieoree Rooke, i-..,, fi'i *• . i„„ , ♦• ti , i .„* ,i,. *„ e
destruction of the Spanish fleet in the l'^*- 1 h<' founder ot the last dymisty of
Burma (named from him). He reigned 1 i.)4-G0.
Jan. 6, 1711. A Dutch naval oflSeer, made
commander of the fleet on the death of Do
Kuyter in 1676, He accompanied William of OrauKc
to England in KK-
Hogue in lti'.i2 : ai
the allies at the destruction of the Spai
Bay of Vigo 1702,
Almonte (iil-mon'ta). Juan Nepomuceno. Alonzo (a-lon'/.O). 1, The King of Naples in
Born in GueiTero, 1812: died at Mexico, 18fJ9,
A Mexican general, of mixed Indian blood,
said to have been an illegitimate son of the
revolutionist Morelos. He served under Santa Anna
in Texas, and was taken prisoner at the battle of .San
Jacinto, .After his release he became secretary of state,
and in 1841 was appointed ininist^-r to \\'ashiiigton. He
entered a formal jirotest (184.'>) against the annexation of
Texas, and demanded his passport. In l84.'i he was a can-
didate for the presidency, and claimed to have been elected
Shakspere's "Tempest. He appears as Duke of
Savoy and Usurper of the Kingdom of ilantua in the ver-
sion of I)r}'del) and Davenant.
2. In Beaumont and Fletcher's "Custom of the
Country," a young Portuguese gentleman, the
enemy of Diiarte. — 3. In Sheridan's transla-
tion of Kotzebue's "Pizarro," the commander
ot flic army of Ataliba, king of yuito.
Alonzo. Sep Dorax.
he afterward contrilmted to the elevation of I'aredes, and AlonZO Of AgUilar. A brave Spanish knight
was his minister of war. In the war with tlie I'nited ■^vho lost his life in trving to idaiit King Ferdi-
States he fought at linenavista Cerro Gordo, and rhinu- j, banner on the heights of Granada, in
busco. Vnder Santa Anna Almonte was a second lime ,^,., „,, lo • i. i. ii i ii
made minister to Washington, a position which he re- loOL There are several Spanish ballads on the
taiued until 18(jO. Later he was minister to France, ac- subject.
companied the French expedition t.. M. xieu in is(,2, and Alonzo the Bravc and the Fair Imogene. A
wasamcmberof fbe iiL'cn.y apijniiitnl after the city of v.-ilbiil l.v >• Al.ml.-'' 1 n^-lc (W i; 1 nvi^l
Mexico was taken. Mu.viniili.in made him grand marshal. I'<l"-'d li.) Monk Le^^l^ (.M. ( . . L(Wis).
Alopeus (a-lo'pe-us), Maximilian
Maxiiiiili.in niaile him grand marshal
He was the author of an excellent treatise on the geog-
raphy of Mexico.
Almora (iil-mo'rii). A district in Kumatui di-
vision. Northwestern ProNinces, British India,
intersected by lat. 29° 35' N., long. 79° 40' E.
Almora. The capital of Almora district and
Kumaun division. British India, in lat. 29° 35'
N., long. 79° 42' E.
Almoravides (nl-mo'ra-vidz). A Mohammedan
dynasty in northwestern Africa and Spain,
founded by Abdallah ben Yasim (died 10.5s ).
His successor founded Morocco in 1062. The Almoravides
under Yiissuf defeated Alfonso VI. of Castile at Zalaca in
Born at
Viljorg, Finland, Jan. 21, 1748: died at Frauk-
fort-on-the-Main, May 16, 1822. A Kussian
diplomatist, accredited minister jilcnipotcn-
tiary to the court of Prussia in 1790 by Cathe-
rine II.
Alora (a-16'rii) A town in the province of
Malaga, Spain, situated on the Guadalhorce 9
miles northwest of Malaga. Population (1887),
10,543.
Aloros (a-l<5'ros). The first of the ten mythical
kings who reigned over Babylonia before the
deluge.
lOSG and the dynasty was established in Spam. It was Alost (ii'lost), or Aelst, or Aalst (iilst), A citv
lu the pro\nnce ot hast J'laiulors, Helium,
situated on the Dendcr 16 niilcs iu)rthwest of
Brussels. It has a trade in grain and hops, and manu-
factures lace, cotton, etc. It was taken by Turt-nne 1067.
Population (18W), 2.'^,r)44.
ua), Saint (Louis Gonzaga).
commemorated in the Roman
overthrown l>y the Almohades 114(;-47
A new Berber revolution had taken place in North
Africa, and a sect of fanatics, cjdled the marabouts or
saints (.Almoravides, as the Spaniards named them), had
conquered tlie whole country from Algiers to Senegal.
Poole, Story of the Moors, p. 178,
aqvlst (alm'kvist), Karl Jonas Ludwig. "^l°^'JSf /'^'ijf'
rn at Stockholm, Nov. 28, 1793: di.-d at ^.V^'^Y I' 01
Bmen, Sept, 26, 1866, A Swedish novelist l'}^,^ , ^"i ■'^•
J _„. '„..„i1„.:* ' „ .,,„ _.... ...-,.,_- Alp (alp) The pi
principal character in Bjtoii's
Almqvlst
Bor
Bremen, ocpe, -kj, xcuw, x^ tjv,e-i.iiaii lh^^^h.^i at— ^.ilr\\
and general writer. He was tlie anthor of "Tomro- P *' ,";„ „ a.„ - „t n ;„+i, » „ ^„„„^„a,, „i,„^
sens Bok" ("Book of the Thorn-Rose "), "Gabriele Mi- V^c^ ".ite Siege of Cormth," a renegade shot
manso," "Amalie Hillner," "Araminta May," "Koluni- in the Siege.
liine," •' Marjam," etc. Alp. The local name of the elevated and little
Almunecar (iil-mon-ya-kiir'}, A seaportin the inhabited meadow and pasture tracts of Swit-
province of Granada, Spain, 38 miles east of zerland and Tvrol, Also Aim.
Malaga. Population (1887), 8,842, Alp or Alb Rauhe. See Rauhe Alp and Swa-
Almy (al'mi), John J. 'Bom April 25, IblD: ,,,;;;, _,„,.,,
died May 16, 1895, An American naval officer, y^jp Arslan (iilp iirs-lan'). Born 1029: died
He was appointed coininodore Dec. 21. 1809, and rear-ad- ^072. A surname of Mohammed ben Daud,
miral Ant;. 24, 187:^, retired April 2-1, 1877. He had charge - '
suecessively of the Union (.'iinb.iats South Carolina, Con-
nectieut, and Juniata durins tlie Civil War.
Alnascnar (al-nash'aror-nas'kiir). The "Bar-
bci-'s Fifth Brothor""in -'The Arabian Nights'
Entertaiiunents." He invests his inheritance in glass-
ware. W'liile awaiting eustoniershefaneieshiniselfalready
a millionaire, and an incautious niMvenient upsets liis
tiaskct, l.reakiTii,' its eonteiits and destroying all his pros-
pects ( lii-nee tlie phrase ' ' visions of Alnasehar," i. e. . count-
ing one's ehiekens before they are hatched ; day-dreanist.
Alnilam (al-ni-lam'). [Ar. cil-iiiMiii, the string
of pearls.] The bright second-magnitude star
e Orionis, in the niitldle of the giant's belt. _
Alnitak (al-ni-tak'). [Ar. (it-nitdl:. the girdle.] Alpes,' Hautes.
The line tri|ile second-magnitude star f Orionis, Alpes-Maritimes (iilp miir-e
at the soutiieastern end of the belt. mentof France, capital Nice
Alnwick (an'ik). The capital of Northum-
Vierland, Kngland, situated on the Alne in lat,
,55° 25' N., long. 1° 43' W. Here, 1174, the
English nndfr (ilanville defeated the Scots.
Pcipulalion (1891), 6.746.
A. L. 0. E. A pseudonym (standing for 'A
sultan of the Seljuk Turks, who reigned in Kho-
rasan from 1059 to 1072. He succeeded his uncle
Toglirul Beg as chief ruler of the empire in Uni;t. subdued
Georgia and .\riuenia aliout l(Mi4, and ciuuiuered Aleppo
and defeated and took prisoner the Byzantine enijieror
Romanus Diogenes near the Araxes in 11)71, a victory which
led to the establisliment of the Seljuk empire of Kvlin.
Alpena (al-pe'nji). The capital of Alpena
Countv, Michigan'j situated on Thunder Bay,
Lake lluron, in lat, 45° 4' N., long, 8:j° 26' W,
It is a center of the lumber trade. Population
(1.S90), 11,2.83.
Alpes, Basses, See Bassen-Alpcs.
See Hiiiilrs-JIprs.
-tem'). A depart-
pital iNice. bounded by Italy
on the north and cast, by the McditciTanean on
the south, and by Var and Basscs-Alpes on the
west: noted for its mild climate and the health-
resorts on its cojist. It was fonne«l fnuii the terri-
tory of Nice (ceded by Italy in ISliii) and fi.uii part of Var.
Area, 1,182 sciuare miles. Population (Ism), 2.'.8,r)71.
Ladv <d' England') of Charb.tti' Maria Tucker? Alph (alf)." A sacred underground nver ui
Alogians (a-16'ii-anz), or Alogi (ai'd-ji). A Xanadu, in Coleri.lge spocin •Kubla Khan.
lierTS sect which existed ?n Asia Minor Alphard (al-fiird'). Ar. .,l-n,n1. the solitary,
toward the end of the 2d cenlnrv A, l>. Lit- because tlicre is no other conspicuous star very
tie is known of them. They were called Alogi by F.pipha- near it .] 1 he second-magnitude star (i IlyillTO,
niiis bceausc tliey rejected the doctrine of tlie Logos and or Cor llvdl'tc.
the flospel of .lobn (whieh tlioy ascribed to the Gnostic ^Ipljecca (al-fek'kil), or AlphaCCa (al-fak'kil),
Cerintlius). They also rejected the Apocalypse. ^^^, ,,, ,,1.,.,,,^^ tlie-(brok..nf cup or platter of a
Uoidae (a-lo-i <le), '>'■ AlOiadS (a-lo-i a-de), dervish: in allusion to the shai.e of the c.uistcl-
Aloidse
or Aloadse (a-16'a-de). [(ir. 'A'/.uiiihi, 'A^um-
iai, 'A'yuiK^di, sons of Aloeus,] In (ireek mythol-
ogy, two giants, Otus and Ejiliialtes, sons of
Poseidon liy Iphimedea, wife of Aloeus, r.ach
of tile bi-otliers measured 0 cubits in lireatith and 'J7 in
height at tlie age of nine years,wlien, according to the Odys-
sey, tlicy tlire:iteiied the lilynipian gods with war, and at-
tempted to pile Mount ossa on Olympus and I'elion on Ossa,
but were destroyed by the arrows of Aimllo. Aeeording
to Homer they kept Ares imprisoneil for tliirteen months,
until he was secretly liberate<l by Hermes. Ity some writers
they an- reju'esented as having surviveil the attempt <in
Olympus, and as liaving fallen vielinis to tlieir |iresump-
tiiJn in suing Ephlaltes for (he hand of Hera, and otus
for that of Artemis. In tlie island of Naxos, Artemis, In
the form of a stag, ran between the brotboti, who, ainiing
lation.] A usual name of the second-magnitude
star « C(U-oiue Borealis, more commonly known
as (Iniiiiiii, but also as Alfrld.
Alphege, Saint. See .I'.lfliiiih.
Alphen (iirfen), Hieronymus van. Born at
(ioiida, Netherlands, Aug. S, 1746: died at The
Hague, Ai>ril 2, ISO;!, A Dutch poet and ,iurist.
Alpheratz (nl-fe-rats'). [Ar. Siirrnt-iil-fiiriis.
the navel of the horse: the star having been
reckoned as belonging to Pegasus.] The usual
name of the second-magnitude star n Andro-
meda>, in the head of the constellation. It is also
oftou called Sirrah.
Alpheus
Alpheus (al-fe'us), Alpheius (al-fi'us). [6r.
'A'/.(pii6(;.'] hi Greek mythology, ;i river-god,
soil of Ocoauus and TetllVS. He is represented as
originally a hunter who fell in love with the iiyniph Are-
thusa. she tk-d from him and transformed herself into a
well, and upon this he became the river Alpheus. The
details of the myth vary.
Alpheus. The prineipal river of the Pelopoii-
iiesus, Greece, the modern Eufia, Ruphia, or
Koiiphia, emptying into the Ionian Sea. It Hows
iu part of its course uuderpround, and was for this reason
fabled to flow under the sen to Sicily. Olympia was on
its banks. Its northern and southern head streams, botli
known as Jiuphia (the northern also as Ladon), unite on
the iiorders of the nomarchies of ilessenia, Arcadia,
.Acliaia, and Elis.
Alphirk (al-ferk'). [Ar. hmuikih-nUjirq, stars
of Ihi' llock.] The third-magnitude double star
V Cephci.
Alphonso. See Alfonso.
Alphonsus a Sancta Maria (iil-fon'sos a
siingk'tii mii-re'ai, or Alfonso de Cartagena
(iil-l'on'so da kur-tii-Ha'ua). Born at t'arta-
gena, Spain, 1396: died July 12, 14,')6. A
Spanish prelate and historian. He succeeded
his father, I'aulus, as bishop of Burgos; was deputed in
1431 by John II. of Castile to att«nd the Council of Basel ;
and succeeded in reconciling Albert V. of Austria with
I.adislaus, king of Poland. His luineipal work is a history
of Spain from the earliest times down to 1496 (printed
1545).
Alphonsus of Lincoln (al-fon'sus ov liug'kon).
A story resembling that of Hugh of Lineoln and
Chaucer's " Tale of the Prioress,"' purporting to
be composed in 145!). reprinted by the Chaucer
Society in 1875. It is attributed by Hain and
others to Alphonsus a Spina.
Alphonsus ( al-f on ' sus) , Emperor of Germany.
A tragedy attributed to Chapman, printed in
1054, after his death. It was played at Black-
friars ill 1(536. and was then a revival.
Alphonsus, King of Arragon, The Comical
History of. A play liy Roliert (ireene, written
as early as 1592, and printed iu 1.599. It was
called "comical" only because its end is not
tragical.
Alpiew (al'pii). In ill's. Centlivre's comedy
'•The Basset-Table," Lady Reveller's waiting-
woman, a pert, adroit soubrette. The name is
taken from alpCeu, a term in the game of basset imply-
ing tile uontinuauce of the bet on a card that has already
won.
Alpine Club. A club established in London in
1.S57 for those who are interested iu the subject
of mountains, as explorers, or artists, or for
scientific purijoses.
Alpini (al-pe'ne),L. Alpinus, Prospero. Bom
at Marostica, Veuetia, Nov. 23, 1553 : died at
Padua. Italy, Feb. 6, 1617. Au Italian bota-
nist and phj-sician, author of works on the
natural history of Egj-pt, etc.
Alpnach (iilp'niieh), or Alpnacht (iilp'naoht).
A commime in the canton of Unterwalden,
Switzerland. 8 miles sotithwest of Lucerne.
Alpnach, Lake. The southwestern arm of the
Lake •<( Lucerne.
Alps (alps). [F. Aljies, It. Alpi, G. Alpen, etc.,
L. Alpes, Gr. ';\/.-f(c "Xlirna, "A'Ajiaa, a Celtic
name, 'the white (moiuitaius).' Cf. Albiuii.'\
The most extensive motmtain system iu Eu-
rope, comprisiug a part of southeastern France,
most of Switzerland, a part of northern Italy,
a part of southern Germany, and the western
part of Austria-Hungary. " it was anciently di-
viiled into the Maritime, Cottian, Graian. I'ennine, llhte-
tian, Noric,Carnic.\'enotian, and Julian Alps. The modern
division is into the Western. Central, and Eastern .Alps.
The Western Alps include the Ligurian .Mps, Maritime
Alps, Cottian Alps, tiraian Alps, Montngnesdes .Maurcsand
Esterel Mountains, Mountainsof I'rovence (or of Vauuluse,
Vcutoux group), Alps of Dauphine, Limestone Alps of
Savoy, and the Mountainsof Chablais and Faucigny. The
Central Alps include the rcnnine Alps, Lepontine Alps,
Klitctinn Alps, Otzthaler Alps, Kernuse Alps, l'"ribom-g
Alps, Emmenthal Alps, Trner and Engelberg Alps, TOdi
range, Schwyzer Alps, St. (iall and Appenzell Alps, Vo-
rarliierg and AUgau Alps, Nortli Tyrolese and Bavarian
Alps, Luganer Alps, liergamasker Alps, (Irtler Alps, Xons-
berg Alps, Adamello )Iountuins, and Tridentiiie Alps.
The Eastern .\Ips include the Zilleithal Alps, Hohe Tan-
em, Niedere Taueni, Carinthian and Styrian Alps, Styrian
Niedcr Alps, Kitzbuhler Alps, Salzburg Alps, 1 pper Aus-
trian Alps. North Styrian Alps, Lower Austrian Alps.
Lessiiiian Alps, Cadoiic .Vlps (Dolomite Alps), Venetian
Alps, Carnic Alps, Karawankcn, I'adler, and Santhaler
Alps, and .lulian Alps. There are also various outliers of
the system in Hungary and Croatia, etc. (Bakony Forest,
Jlonnt.ains of Cilli, etc.). The length of the range from
the I'ass of Ijiovi (north of Uenoa) to Semmering Pass is
over tiOO miles ; and its width is from IK) to 1.S0 miles. Its
highest peak is Mont l',lanc, 1.%7»1 feet (on the liorders
of France and Italy ; highest in Switzerland, the Monte
Rosa); and its average height about 7,700 feet. Its
largest glacier is the Aletsch, about 13 miles long. See,
further, the special articles Pennine, Maritiinf, Lepontine
Alpn, etc.
Alps, Eastern. A division of the Alps which
44
extends from the Brenner Pass eastward to
the Scmmcring Pass. Oftentimes made to include
all the Alps lying cast of a line connecting Lake Constance
with Lugo Mau'giore. See Alps.
Alps, Western. A division of the Alps which
is separated from the Apennines by the Pass
of Giovi (north of (ienoa) and extends to the
Pass of Great St. Bernard. Oftentimes made to in-
clude uU the Alps lying west of a line connecting Lake
Constance with Lago Maggiore. See Alps.
Alpujarras (iil-po-niir'r.as), or Alpuxaras. A
mountainous region in the provinces of Grana-
ila and Almeria, Spain. It contanis many romantic
valleys, .\fter the fall of the Moorish kingdom of Granada
in 1492 it w.is the refuge of the Morlscos in Spain.
Al Rakim (al ra-kem'). A fabulous dog that
accompanied and guariied the Seven Sleepers.
T!ie name occurs in the Koran (in reference to the Sleepers)
and has been variously interpreted as a bi-ass plate, a stone
table, the name of the dog, and the name of the valley in
which the sleepers' cave was situated.
Alredus, or Aluredus. See Alfred of Beverley.
Alright Island (al-rif i'land). One of the
JIagilaleu Islands, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Alroy. See Wondrau.'i Tale of Alroy.
Alsace (iil-zas'), L. Alsatia, G. Elsass. A for-
mer government of eastern France. It formed
after the Revolution the departments of Haut-Rhin and Bas-
Rhin, and is now part (see Almce-Lorraine) of the German
Eiuptre, comprising the districts {Bezirke)of Cpper .\l8ace
and Lower Alsace. It is bounded by the Rhine Palatinate
on the north, l)y Baden (from which it is separated by the
Rhine) on the east, by Switzerland on the south, and by
France and German Lorraine on the west. The Vosges are
on its western frontier. Its soil is fertile, and it has impor-
tant iron- and coal-mines, and considerable manufactures.
Its chief city is Strasburg. German is the language of the
largest numberof the inhabitants. It was a part of ancient
Gaul and afterward of the Frankish kingdom. In the 9th
and loth centuries it was a part of Lotharingia, and later of
the duchy of Swabia, and gradually came to be divided be-
tween imperial cities, bishops, and other spiritual rulers,
etc. Part of it was conquered by France in the Thirty
Years' War, and ceded to her in 1(548. Strasburg was seized
by Louis XIV. in 16S1, and the remainder of Alsace was
annexed to France in 1791. It was ceded to Germany in
1S71 as a result of the Franco-German war.
Alsace, Lo'wer, G. Unter-Elsass. A district
of Alsace-LoiTaine, occupying the northern
portion of Alsace. The chief city is Strasburg.
Area, 1,866 square miles. Population (1890),
621,505.
Alsace, Upper, G. Ober-Elsass. A district of
Alsace-Lorraine, occupying the southern por-
tion of Alsace. Its chief town is Miilhausen.
Area. 1.370 square miles. Population (1890),
471,609.
Alsace-Lorraine (al-ziis'lor-ran'), G. Elsass-
Lothringen. An imperial territory (Keichs-
laud) of tlic German Empire, capital Strasburg,
bounded by Luxemburg, Prussia, and the Rhine
Palatinate on the north, by Baden (from which
it is separated by the Rhine) on the east, by
Switzerland and France on the south, and by
France on the west, it is traversed by the Vosges;
soil generally fertile, producing grain, wine, tobacco, etc.,
and it has important iron- and coal-mines, and large manu-
factures of iron, cotton, etc. It is divided into ."{districts.
Upper Alsace. Lower Alsace, and Lorraine. Its govern-
ment is vested in the imperial government and in a pro-
vincial committee of .^is mcmbei-s. It sends Ifi deputies
to the Reichstag. The prevailing religion (7^ per cent,
of the population) is Roman Catholic, The prevailing lan-
guage is German, except in Lorraine, where French is
chiefly sixtken. It was ceded by France to Germany in
1871, as a result of the Franco-Oernian war. Area, 5,668
square miles. Population (1895), 1,621,2J9.
Alsatia. The Latin name of Alsace.
Alsatia (al-sa'shiii). Formerly a cant name
(Alsace being a debatable gi-ound or scene of
frequent contests) for Whitefriars, a district in
London between the Thames and Fleet street,
and adjoining the Temple, which possessed cer-
tain privileges of sanctuary derived from the
convent of the Carmelites, or White Friars,
foimded there in 1241. The locality became the
resort of libertines and rascals of every description, whose
abuses and outrages, and especially the riot in the reign
of Charles II.. led in lil97to theaholition of the privilege
and the dispersion of the Alsatians. The term Almlia has
in recent times been applied offensively to the English
stock-exchange, because of the supposed questicnnible
character of some of its proceedings. The name first oc-
curs in Shad well's plays '• The Woman Captain " (l()SO)and
"The Squire of Alsatia " (l(ls^). See Whitefriars.
Alsatia, The Squire of. See Squire.
Alsea (ul-se'). [From .!?.«(, their name for
themselves.] A tribe of North American In-
dians, which fonnerly occupied 20 villages on
both sides of Alsea River, (Jregon, and is now
on the Siletz reservation, Oregon. One of these
villages was Yahats. See Tnkona)!.
Alsen (iil'sen), Dan. Als. An island 20 miles
long, in the Little Belt, lat. SS*-^ K, long. 9°
50' E., belongingto the province of Schleswig-
Holstein, Prussia . its chief town is Sonderburg. The
inhabitants are chiefly Danish. It was a strategic point
lor the Danes in 1848-49, and was couquered by the Prus-
Altamura
sians under Herwarth von Bittenfeld, June 20, 1864,
.Area, lytt square miles. Population, about 'J4,000.
Alsfeld (iils'felt). A small town in the prov-
ince of Upper Hesse, grand duchy of Hesse,
situated on the Schwalm 41 miles southwest
of Cassel.
Alshain (al-shan'). A seldom used name for
the fourth-magnitude star /i Aquila>.
Alshemali (al-she-mii'li). [Ar. al-.scmdll. the
northern. See Aigcnidii.] The foiu-th-magni-
tude star ft Leonis, in the head of the animal.
Alsi. See Alsea.
Al Sirat (al si-rat'). [Ar., 'the road or way';
probably borrowed in Arabic from Latin strata
I'/o.] The bridge over which all must pass who
enter the Mohammedan paradise. It is of incon-
ceivable narrowness, finer than the edge of a razor ; hence
those burdened by sins are sure to fall otf and are dashed
into hell, which it crosses. The same idea appears in
Zoroastrianism and among the Jews.
Alsleben (als'la-ben). A small town in the
province of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the
Saale 30 miles' south of Magdeburg.
Alsop (iU'sop), Richard. Bom at Middletown,
Conn., Jan. 23, 1701: died at Flatbush, L. I.,
Aug. 20, 1815. An American author, one of
the "Hartford Wits" and chief -writer on the
"Echo." He published " Monody on the Death
of Washington," and other poenis.
Alsop, Vincent. Died May 8. 1703. An Eng-
lish uonconfoi-mist divine and controversialist.
He wrote "Antisozzo" (167fi), "Mischief of Impositions "
(Itisii), "Melius Inquirendum "(1679), etc.
Alsted (iil'stet), Johann Heinrich. Born at
Ballersbach, near Herborn, Prussia, 1588: died
at Weissenburg, Transylvania, Nov. 8, 1638. A
German Protestant theologian and voluminous
■writer, professor of philosophy ( 1615) and ( 1619)
of theology at Herborn.
Alster (iil'ster). A small tributary of the Elbe
which traverses Hamburg, forming two basins,
one (the larger) outside the town (Aussen
Alster), and one within it (Biunen Alster). The
latter is surrounded with line buildings and is
a favorite pleasure-resort,
Alston, or Alston Moor. See Aldstotie.
Alstroemer (al'stre-mer). Jonas. Born at
Alingsa's, West Gothland, Sweden, Jan, 7,
1685 : died June 2, 1761. A Swedish merchant,
distinguished as a promoter of industrial re-
form in .Sweden.
Alt. See Aliita.
Altahmo (jil-ta'mo). A tribe of North Ameri-
can Indians which formerly lived on San Fran-
cisco bay, California. See Costanoan.
Altai (al-ti'). A mountain system which lies
partly in the government of Tomsk, Siberia,
and is continued eastward into Mongolia. The
highest elevation, the Bjelucha (White Moun-
tain), is about 11,000 feet. The main range is
also known as the Ektag Altai.
Altaic (al-ta'ik). A term applied to various
" Tm'anian " or unclassified languages in north-
ern Asia : usually in the compound Vral-Altnic.
See Turanian.
Altai Mining District. A ten-itory in the
southern part of the government of Tomsk, Si-
beria, noted for mineral wealth. Its capital is
Barnaul.
Altair (al-tar'), or Atair (a-tar'). [Ar. al-nasr
(il-tair, the flying eagle.] The standard first-
niagnituile star a Aquila>.
Altamaha (al"ta-ma-ha'). A river in Cieorgia
which is formed by the jtuiction of the Oconee
and Ocmulgee. and flows into the Atlantic 55
miles southwest of Savannah. Its length is
about 130 miles.
Altamirano(iil-ta-me-rii'n6),Ignacio Manuel.
foru in Guerrero about 1835: died in Italy,
eb., 1893. A Mexican poet, orator, and
journalist, of pure Indian blood, said to have
been a descendant of the Aztec monarchs. He
was a member of the Constituent Congress of 1861,
and joined the army during the French invasion, attaia-
ing the rank of coloneL He publislied "Clemencia,"
"Julia," etc.
Altamont (al'ta-mont). 1. In Rowe's play
"The Fair Penitent," the much-wronged but
forgi^-ing husband of Calista (the Fair Peni-
tent). He kills "that haughty gallant, gay
Lothario" who has wronged him. — 2. In Thack-
eray's novel "Pendennis," the natne assumed
by tlie returned convict Amory. Heist he first
husband of Lady Clavcring and father of the
emotional Blniu-iie Amory.
Altamont, Frederick. See Bunce. John.
Altamura (tU-tii-mo'ra). A city in the prov-
ince of Bari, Italy, 28 miles southw'est of Ban.
It contains a cathedral, founded by the emperor Freder-
Altamora 45 Alva
Ick II. It is a ».aiflleil church of ba«llicaii plan, \yith cy- milos south of Eisenach, notod in the history German naturalist and engraver, author of
lV;.r.tJ sir a""t';.'"r!.rw'cs^? lro;,'ri:Sr„?,l^^r'^-;! A°^^:"i'l'irr",";' "V'lJi'T *i'^"- r- . ■ " N.at"rge-;lm-hte des Pferdes" dSlO), " Vor.
chamutir, with a Rieat rose aiul iii.iwsing lion-iwrch and Altenzelle (iil-tcn-tsel le). A former Cistercian glcicheiide Osteologic ( 1821-31).
much sculpture, cspeciiilly scenes from the lift of Christ, iiioimsl I'ly ue.ir Nosseu, iu iSa.xouv, secularized Alton (I'll'toii). A town in Hampshire, Eng-
Altar (iil-tiir'), or Altar de CoUanes (iil-tiir' in 1">44. land, i") miles north liy east of Portsmouth.
da kcil-yil'nes), or Capac-Urcu (.kii'piik iir'ko). Alterati (It. pron. iil-te-ra'to), The. Aprivate I'oiiiilation (IHill), 4,{)71.
A volcano in the eastern range of the Andes uiusicul academy, founded in 1568 at Florence Alton. A city in Madison County, Illinois, situ-
of Ecuador, east of Riobamba, 17,730 feet high by seven Florentine noblemen, it devoted it- ated on the Mississippi 21 miles north of St.
(Heiss ami Stubel). ?."" '" 'l"" J";!.' "«"?', I'',,""' ■""*''^"' <'""»•■. •'">' ""der Louis. It has Important manufactures and trade, and
Altar The See fro its auspices the tlrst Itidian opem was pro.luccd. See is the scat of Shurtlell College. Population (lawjy Icl.aw.
Altaroche(iil-ta-rosh'). Marie Michel. Born Alterf(al-t6rf'). [Ar.] The seldom used name -A-ltona (iil'to-nii). A seaport in the province
at Issoire, Puy-de-l)6me, France, April IS, „f ,1h. iourth-magnitudo star /. Leonis, in the «.» ^^•''l<'«r>K-I/"l''^t;>''. I'™^sm sitnafed on the
181 1 : died at Vaux, May 14, lsS4. A French ,u„utli of the auiiSal. T?''.* ^'">?k ot the Llbe below Hamburg and ad-
journalist, poet, and dramatist: early editor Alter Fritz (ill' ter frits). [O., 'OldFritz.'] A '|?V<,'n ^ i ' "! ■, • ?. ^- J^i, ?' T"
«f ..r'L,. .,.;,-. I,.; •' x»-i.</tii * *iu^ v ■ , ', S ■ -"^^i !■««-. j -a. it is the hugcst citv in the province, and has extensive
ot (M.iin.iu. ,,.,. nickname ol Frederick the (Meat. foreign and domestic tr.-idc and ImiKirtant inanufactures.
Altas Torres (al tas tor res). [Sp., 'high tow- Althaea (al-tlie'ii), or Althea. [Gr. 'A?.Oa<'a.] In It was formerly the scat of an observatory which was re-
els.J .Sie M(i(lri<jiil. Greek legend, a daughter of Thestius, wife of "'"^'r'' '" Kiel in 1S74. It received the privileges of a
Alt-Breisach. Hee Jireimch. a;neus,kingofCalydon,andmotherofTydeu8, ultionalfTO us "4" '''™'''' ''^ ** ''"'"''■" ^''^' '""''""
Altdorf (Switzerland). See Altorf. Meleager. and Dcianeira. a'i+„„ t«J.i,1'"/-'i'* 1 1 > m -i j -b j.
Altdorf < alt'dorf ., or Altorf (iil'.orf). Asmall Althea. The name under which RichardLove- '^\°,°r^ bv amriesfan^^leV^^^^^^^^^^
town m Middle Frunconia, Bavaria, situated Uco poetically addressed a woman, suppose.l /un^W, VnV "' •^ a^ 7' '• 1 <
on the Schwarzach 13 miles southeast of Nu- to bo Lucy SaJheve.vll, who was also celebrated "T, °n .^v,^ ', . "f '.T^ '^^^1 !*'=l,"'.f ""f -■;
1 , ........... .,, „.i.,.f ,«.,»♦„ ..„.!„-. 1,.; „<■ T ..,'.. ,„t., leniisjlvania, on thoPennsylvaniaRailroad.at
remUerg. It was the seat of a university from 1828 to under the name of Lucasta. the ,•.. nr i,n AH 7 f 1 " T. I ^"""."" • ^,'-
JMJ, Which was united in the latter year with tl.at of Alt^n (F. pron al-,on'). Jehan or Jean. Born %l "^f^'^'^ Z^^^^'^^ ^T'^ll:^- Z \t
AJtdorfer(alt/dor-ter),orAltorfer(ai;tor.fer), \l/ZnVi nty^r^on Ivitian j,!-,";^"; l^Cfll'iirnHO.irTrr"'"' "'"' ™'^^^"y<^'"-^-
Albrecht. Born at AluU.rf, Havana, 148,S: who introducc.l the cull ivation of madder int„ .1^' f -^"Z f^^' Vlj c,-,...^. r.u
died at Katisbon, Bavaria, lo38 A German p,,,,,,,. He was sold as a slave at Smyrn,,, hut n.ade -^""yV"] h"'"']' 'f ^"dorf (alt'dorf) The
painter and engraver. His chief work, " 'I ho his escape to France, hrinsing wiih him some seeds of '■■^P"'" ot the canton ot Lri, Switzerland, situ-
Battle of Arbela," is at Munich. madder, the exportation of which was forhidden under ated near the Reuss and near the southeastern
Altea (iil-ta'ii), A seaport in the ]>rovince of penalty of death. exti'cmity of the T>ake of Lucerne, on the St.
Alicante, Spiiin, 25 miles northeast of Alicante. 4-JJl S' •.^■'''' ''""■''• , , - , t, Gotthaid route, 20 miles soutli,;i>t of Lucerne.
Population (1887) 5 790 Althorp, VlSCOtint. See Spencer, third Larl. It is celebrated in the Icsjends (if Willi:.m Tell, to whom a
Altemira (al-te-.nVr"il). ' A tragedy bv Lord Altilia (al-te'U-ii). A small jdaee in central statu^ was.„ect^^^ Population (isss). 2,651.
Urrerv, produced in 1702, after his death. 1'"'.^ »'"™t ,^; '<"!':« "o"'' "f Beneyento. The AlLrf n T ' aria1 See 4lt,lorf
*'* ' Koman walls of the ancient town (the Samnite Sxpinnni). Alton ( ill .rs.n ana;. r>ee ^(T(IO}f.
It is a roar of passion, love (or what passed for it), jeal- about two miles from the modern site, remain piaclit:dlv Altorfer. See Altitorfir.
ousy. despair, and murder. In the concludillK scene the perfect. The plan is a square with rounded aii^lis :oid ii Altnttinir CHll ot'tiiiir^ nv Alton nt+iTiiT rul'
slaughter is terrifle. It all takes place in presence of an gate strengthened by massive square towers intlie mi.ldic ,„,, •f'tTfrrV A «,li„>n t^., i r . U . '
unobirusive individual, who carries the doctrine of non- of each side, oriented toward the cardinal points. The I ct ling;. A small lown 111 t ppei liavaria,
intervention to its extreme limit. When the persons of masonr,v is reticulated, except that of the gate-arches. An Bavaria, on the Miiril 51 miles northeast of
the drama have made an end of one another, tile quietly inscription asciibes the construction to Xero. Munich. It is a famous pilgrim resort on account of a
delik-hted genllenian steps forward, and blandly remarks, ^Itin (iil-tiii'). or Tcletskoi (ta-let-skoi'). A miraculous image of the Virgin, which', it is said, was
that there Wiis so much virtue, ove, and honor 111 it all, ,. , -.- ■, , , , ^ „,, hrmil in west hrought from the East in the 7th centuiT.
Oiat he could not And it in his heart to interfere though ''I'^Oj 'o mi'es long aucl .1 oout „u Dioail, in west- " x.-ji ,.,., . ..-^^ , •,, ,. t.
his own son was one of the victims. em Siberia, in lat. 51° 30' N., long. 87° 30' E., Altranstadt (alt ran-stat). A village of Prus-
Doran, Eng. ,«tage, 1. 133. which empties into a tributary of the Obi. i?ian Saxony 9 miles southeast of Merseburg,
Alten(iil'ten), Count Karl August von. Bom Alting (al'tiug), Johann Heinrich, Born at where a treaty was concluded 170G between
at Burgwedel, near Hanover O.-t. 20, 17t>4: Kmden, Pnissia, Feb. 17, 1583: died at Gron- Charles XII. ot Sweden and Augustus II. of
died at Bozen, Tyrol, April 20, 1840. A Haiio- <*'Ke". Aug. 2;-), 1644. A German Protestant Saxony, by which the la ter ost Poland A
verian ceneral commander of the '•German theologian, professor of dogmatics at Ileidel- treaty was also made here m 1707, between Charles MI.
vtiiHii ueui lai, cuiiimaimti or iiie vieiinaii /irTiN 1 1 + /iro-\ p +1, i + °^ .Sweden and the emperor .loscph I., by which re-
Legion in British service. He served in the Penin- of'tC (ioi'J)i imu later (1(d_<; or tneology at ligious toleration was secured to the l"rotestants in
Bular and Waterloo campaigns, and was Hanoverian min- (^roniiigen. He opposed the Remonstrants in Silesia.
Uter of war and foreign alfairs. the synod of Dordrecht. Altrlncham, or Altringham (al'tring-am). A
Alten Fiord (iil'ten fyord). A fiord on the Alting, Jakob. Born at Heidelberg, Sept. 27, town in Cheshire. F.iigland, 8 miles southwest
northern coast of Norway, in lat. 70° N. KUH: died at (ironiiigeii, Aug. 20, lf)7(). A son of Manchester. Pojiulation (1891), 12,424.
Altena (iil'te-nii). A town in the jiroyineo of of J. H. Alting, professor of Oriental languages Altringer, i>oe Alitiiin/rr.
Westphalia, Prussia, situated on the Leuue (1G43) and of theology (1667) at Groniugen. Altstadten (iilt'stad-ten), or Altstetten (iilf-
40 miles northeast of Cologne. It is noted for His works on Hebrew are notable. slet-teii). A town in the caiilmi of St. t^all,
iron and steel maiinfactures, and for its castle. Altis (al'tis). [Gr. "AATrg.l The sacred pre- Switzerland, in lat. 47° 23' N., long. 9° 32' E.
Population (1890), 10,488. ciiict and nucleus of the ancient Olympia, in It has cotton manufactures. Population (1888),
Altenahr (iil'ten-iir). A village in the Rhino Greece. " 8,430.
Province, I'russia, situated oil the Alir 30 miles Altisidora (al'tis-i-do'rii). A character in the Altstrelitz (iilt'stra-lits). The former capi-
soiitli of t'ologue. Near it is the ruined castlo "Curious Impertinent," an episode in "Don tnl of Me<-kleiil>urg-Strelitz, situated south of
of Altenahr or Are, destroyed early in the 18th (Quixote": an attendant of tlio duchess. .She Xeiislv( litz.
centurj'. torments Don (Jni.xoto liy pretending to be in Altvater Mountains (illt'fil-ter moun'tanz),
Altenberg (iil'ten-bero). A town in the king- love with him. or Moravian Snow Mountains. A grouji of
doiM of Saxony, situated in the Erzgebirge 21 Altkirch (iilt'kerch). A small town in Upper mountains in the Sinlelic sysli-in. situated in
iiiiles south of Dresden: notedfor itsliii-mines. Alsace, Alsace-Lorraine, situated on the 111 18 northern Moravia on the frontier of Austrian
Altenburg (duchy). Sec tSdjc-Altriihin-j/. miles northwest of Basel: capital of theSnnd- Silesia. The higliest point. Gross Altvater, is
Altenburg liil'te'n-biiro). The capital' (since gau. .about 4.850 feet high.
1826) of .Saxe-Altenburg, Germany, near the Altmark (iilt'niiirk). The nucleus of Branden- Altwasser (iilt'yiis-ser). A town in the prov-
Pleisse 25 miles south of Leipsic. It contains a liiirg and (he Prussian nionarchy : known lirst iiii'r of Silesia, Prussia, on the Pcdsnitz 41
castle (founcleil in the 11th century), famous from the as the Nordmark, now in the jirovince of Sax- miles southwest of Breslaii, It has mines of brown
'•Kobbery of the Princess" in U.V.. Ancient .Saxon icsi- .,,.,. Prussia Sve y<ii(liii((il:- hi\i] Ilnniilnihiin/ coal, and was formerly a watering-place- l'opuIati..n
deuce. Population (181H)), 31,430. a ix ,-i./ - a \ t _ t t, ,* n.s'HH 0 "Sao
A 14. J i/-i'. 1 ,-, . i T-. Altmeyer (alt im-6r), Jean Jacaues. Born a a, j , ..,, % ri ;< i ti i
Altendorf (al'ten-dort). A town near Essen, y,,^., ,,,•;,„,,,„ ,.,„ .>, is04 • ,i:,.,l ^t T<v,i<,<.,.lv Aludra (al-o'dra). [Ar. rt/- m/)<(, the .singular
Rhine Province, Pmssia. Population (1890), Sept. 15, 1S77. A Belgian hislorian. Among hi ''f '''- '.'''^";'^ .»!»■ virgins, four st«t-s near each
l'-'*"-'- ^ ,, , woi'ks arc ■• llisloire des rcdationscommerciales et poll, other 111 Cains Ma.ior.] The Ihird-magnitudo
AlteneSCh (iilten-esh). A village in Olden- tiqucs des Pays Has," etc., "RcsuukS de Ihisloire mo- star// Caiiis .Ma.ions.
burg, Germany, near the mouth of the Ochtum derne "(isi'i), and various works on Dutch and Uelgian his- Alula (al'ii-ljit Borealis and Australia, [L.,
9 miles northwest of Bremen. Here in 1234 the •'^'7' ""vi i-tt' -n a ■ • r> -4.1 ■northern' ami •soulhern wing.'] The two
Stedinger were nearly exterminated bv the Altmuni (alt mul). A nver in Bavaria, t 10 f,„i,.t|,., Magnitude stars r and ; Ursie Majoris,
Cnisaders. " ancient Alcinioiia or Alcmoiia, which joins (he „.,,!,.,, ,„ai.k (he soul hem hind foot of the beast.
Altenessen (ill-ten-es'sen). A coal-mining I^'""'"' •'' Kelheim 14 miles southwest ol l(a- xi, which is a line binary star with a period of only tu
t.iwn near Essen, Rhine Province, Prussia, 'is''''''- I' crosses the Pianconian .Jura. Its length is years, is alsx. known as AV .W«
,, ,,, ,. /lodii, 1,1 .Ml.- about lil miles, and it IB comiccted with the Main system Alumbagh. See .l/"«/'""/n.
I opulatioii (ISJU), 1_,.J,). by the Ludwigs-Canal at Uiotfurl. Aluredus See UlirdoilUirrlril
Altenkirchen(iil-ten-ker'ehen). Asmalltovvn Alto-Douro (iil'to-do'ro),, A region in the Aluta (H-Ui'tii), or Alt '(iilt), or 'Olt (olt), A
'''"',"„',''"";■ 1 '-"vi'i'-i-. I^>'.8S"V situated on the sontlM-m pari of Tniz-os-Montes and the norlli- .-ivor which rises in eastern Trausvlvania. flows
\\ hhI .14 rnilos southeast ot Cologne. frn i.arl of l!,.ira, Portugal, near the Douro, soulli and west, and breaks thnnigh the Car-
Altenkirchen. An ancient countship in the ,„,(,.,! for ils (j.orl) wine. palhians at the Kotherlhiirm Pass, an.l then
iie,gldM,rl,oo,l of Altenkirchen. Altofronto, Giovanni, See ^fa^evolc. |i„ws south through Wallachia, and joins the
Alten-Otting. See .(/^.//ih». Alton (iil'ton), Johann Samuel Eduard d'. Danube opposite Nicopolis. llschieftrihnfary
Altenstein (iiricn-stin). Karl (Baron von Horn at St. Cioar, Prussia, .inly L, IsDli : ,li,.(l is the Oltetz. Length, about 300 miles. Also
Stein ZUmAltenstein). Bornat Anspach, Ua- at Halle, .inly 25, 1.854. .\ German aiialomist. ,ll,„ilii.
varia, (let. 7, 1770: died at Berlin, May 14, 1840. son of .1. W. 'lO. il'All (in, author of "Handbuch Alva(al'vii ; S|i.iil'vii),orAlba(nl'bii),Dukeof
A Prussian slatesman, ministerof liuaiice 1.808- der meiischlichen Aiiat<imie " (l.'<48-50). clc. (Femando AlvareZ de Toledol. iiiu'ii 1508:
18111, and minister of public worship 1817-38. Alton (iil'tou), Johann 'Wilhelm Eduard d', died al Thomar, Portugal. .Ian. 12, 1582. A fa-
Altenstein, A summer castle of the dukes of Horn al A(|Uileia, Austria-lluiigury, Aug. II. mous Spanish general. He foughl in the various
Saxe-Meiningen, in the Thuringian forest 10 1772: died at Bonn, Prussia, May 11, 1.S40. A campaigns of iho oniperorciiarles v. ami of Philip II.; de-
AlTft
cided the victory of Miihlberg, 1547 ; was commaDder
against Metz in 1^32 and later in Italy ; was sent as gov-
ernor to the Netherlands in li»(J7, and there became noto-
rious for his cmelty ; established the "Council of Blood"
(which see); put to death Epmont, Hoom, and many
others; and was gcnerall} successful against William of
Orange down to 1572. He returned to :ipain in 1573 and
conquered Portugal in 1580.
Alva de Liste, or Alva de Aliste, Count of.
Same as Alba de Liste. See Heiiriques de Guz-
man, Luis,
Alvarado (al-va-rii'THo). Alonso de. Bom at
Buifjos about 1490 : died iu Peni, 1j5G. A Span-
ish cavalier who in 1518 joined Cortez aud
serveil iu the couqiiest of Jle.xico. Of his early
life nothing is known. In 1534 he went to Peru w ith Pedro
de Alvanido (who was not related to him), remained with
Pizarro. ami was sent to conquer fhachapoyas, a region
OD the upper Marauon. Called back by the revolt of Inca
Manco, he was detached with 4t.)f> men to relieve Cuzco.
Alma;.'rt>, meanwhile, had seized that city, and Alvarado's
refusal to acknowledge him led to a battle at the river
Abancay, .July 12, l;'vJ7, where Alvarado was defeated and
captured with his whole force, lie escaped from Cuzco
at the end of the year, joined Pizarro, and commanded his
cavalry at the battle of Las Salin:is, April 2i.i, 150s, captur-
ing -\lmagro next day. He then returned to Chachapoyas
and Guried his conquests eastward to the Huallaga. He
joined Vaca de Castro in 1541, took part in the campaign
against the younger Almagrn, and was at the battle of
Chupas, Sept. 10. 1542. Soon after he went to Spain, re-
ceived the title of marshal, and returned with tJasca in
l.>iti. He was a judge in the military court which con.
demned Gonxalo Pizai-ro and Cai-bajal to death. Gasca
made him governor of Cuzco, and in 15,53 he was sent to
govern Charcas, where he put down a rebellion. On the
rebellion of Giron, Alvarado marched against him with
I.OUO men (Xi>v., 15.5:5), but was defeated at Chuquingua,
near the river Abancay, May 21, 1554. It is said that the
mortilication of this defeat caused his death,
Alvarado, Diego de. Died in Spain, 1540. A
Spanish suldior, either brother or uiiole of
Pedro de Alvarado, who went with him to Peru
iu 15:i4.
Alvarado, Pedro de. Boru iu Badajoz, 1485:
died at Guadalajara, Mexico, June 4. 1541, A
Spanish cavalier, famous as a companion of
Cortes in the conquest of Mexico. He went to
the West Indies in 1510, and in 1511 joined the expedition
of Velasquez to Cuh.a, where he received a grant of land.
In 1518 he contmanded a vessel in the expedition of Gri-
jalva to Yucatan, and in the following year f<.'llowed
Cortes in the Mexican conquest. He was present at the
seizure of Montezuma, and when Cortes went to meet
Karvaez, Alvarado was left in command of the force at
Mexico. During Cortes's absence the Mexicans rose and
besieged the Spaniards. In the disastrous nocturnal re-
treat (the iwche Mxte, .Inly 1, 1520). Alvarado commanded
the rear-guard and escaped with difficulty, saving his life,
according to the tradition, by leaping a great gap in the
causeway, at a spot still called "Alvarado's Leap." In
the subsequent operationsand the siege of Mexico he took
a prominent part. In Dec., 1523, he was sent with 420
Spaniards and a large force of Indians to conquer Guate-
mala ; after a desperate battle with the Quiche Indians
near Quezaltenango. he marched to Utitlan, burned that
town after conquering the inhabitants (April, 1624), de-
feated another army near Lake Atitlan, and founded the
old city of Guatemala, July 25, 1524. He returned to
Spain to meet charges of defrauding the royal treasury
and was acquitted, and returned to Guatemala in 1530
as governor, with a large number of colonists. In 1534
he headed an expeiiition of 400 men against Quito, claim-
ing that that region was not included in the grant made
to Pizarro, and was thus open to conquest. Landing
on the coast, he led his men over the mountains in a
terrible march, during which large numbers perished,
Kear Riobaniba he met the forces of Almagro and Benal-
cazar, and was induced to retire, receiving, it is said, a
large sum of gold from Pizarro: most of his men re-
mained. Returning to Guatemala, he took part in the
conquest of Honduras, which was added to his govern-
ment. In IMO he Went to .Mexico, was engaged in sub-
duing a revolt in Jalisco, and died there from wounds re.
ceived by a fall with his horse.
Alvarenga (iil-va-reng'ga), Manuel Ignacio
da Silva. Born in Sao Joao, dV-l Kei, Minas
tieraes, 1758: died at Rio de Janeiro, Nov. 1,
1812. A Brazilian poet. His songs and odes
are among the finest iu the Portuguese language.
Alvarenga Peixoto, Ignacio Jose de. Boru
iu Kio de Janeiro about the end of 1748: died
in Angola early in 1793. A Brazilian poet and
revolutionist. For taking part in the revolutionarv
conspiracy of 1789 he was condemned to death (17;t2), but
the sentence was commut«d to deportation to Angola.
Alvares (iil'vU-res). or Alvares Correa (ko-
ra'ya), DiOgO. Died near Bahia, Oct. 5, 1557.
A Portuguese (generally known by his Indian
name Oararaurii) who in 1510 was ship«Teckcd
on the coast of Brazil near Bahia. He succeeded
in gaining the friendship of the TupinambA Indians, and
subsequently brought about friendly relations between
them and the first Portuguese colonists.
Alvarez (iir vii-res). Francisco. Bom at
Coimbra, Portugal : died after 1540, A Portu-
guese traveler in Abyssinia, author of " Verda-
deira Informacam do Preste Joao das Indlas"
(1540, "True Information about Prester John
of the Indies").
Alvarez (iU'va-reth), Juan. BoraatConcepcion
de Atoyac (now Ciudad Alvarez), Jan. 27, 1780 :
46
died Aug. 21, 1867. A Mexican general. He
joined the revolt of Morelos in Nov., 1810, and was prom-
iuent in the civil wars and in the war with the United
States. In Feb., 1854, he began the revolt at Acapulco
which spread until Santa Ainia fled from the countrj- in
.\ug., 1855. Alvarez was made acting president at Cuer-
navaca, Oct. 4, 1855 ; but unable to reconcile the conflict-
ing cabals, he transferred the office to Comonfort, Dec. 8,
1855, and returned to his home at Acapulco. He aided
Juarez against the French, and was commander of the
5th army division when he died.
Alvarez, Don. In Dry den's tragedy "Don Se-
bastian," a former counselor to Don Sebastian,
at the period of the plaj'a slave.
Alvary (iil-vii'ri) (Achenbach), Max. A tenor
singer, son of the painter Andreas Achenbach,
bom at Diisseldorf in 1858. He first appeared in
Weimar, removing to Xew York in 1684. -\fter several
successful seasons, he returned to Hamburg in 1889.
Alvear (iil-ve-iir'), Carlos Maria. Born in
Buenos Ajtcs about 1785: died iu Montevideo
about 1850. He received a military education
in Spain, and in 1812 became a member of the
constitutional assembly of the Platine states.
He joined the party of Posadas ; was sent to command the
besieging anny at Montevideo, which capitulated in June.
1814 ; was worsted in a struggle with Artigas, and in Jan.,
1S15, succeeded Posadas as supreme director, liut was soon
deposed by a mutiny of the troops. He commanded the
Argentine forces against the Brazilians in Uruguay, 1826,
and won the indecisive victorj- of Ituzaingd, Feb. 20, 1827.
He was minister to the United States in 1823. During the
dictatorship of Rosas he was banished.
Alvensleben(arvens-la-ben),Albreclit, Count
von. Born at Halberstadt, Prussian Saxonv,
March 23, 1794: died at Berlin, May 2, 1858. A
Prussian politician and diplomatist. As min-
ister of finance, 1836-42, he developed the
Zollverein (which see).
Alvensleben, Gustav von. Born in Eichen-
barleben, Pnissian Saxony, Sept. 30. 1803:
died at Gemrode in the Harz, June 30, 1881.
A Prussian general of infantry, chief of staflE
in the military department of the Rhine prov-
inces and Westphalia. He served in the staff 1860,
and commanded an army corps 1870-71, distinguishing
himself at Sedan and elsewhere.
Alvensleben, Gustav Hermann von. Bom
at Rathenow, Brandenburg. Jan. 17, 1827. A
Prussian lieutenant-general. He participated in
the wars against Denmark and Austria, and commanded
an Ulllan regiment in the Franco- Prussian war, distinguish^
ing himself in the battles of Colombey-Nouilly, Vionville,
and Gravelotte.
Alvensleben, Konstantin von. Bom at Eich-
enbarleben, Prussian Saxonv, Aug. 26, 1809:
died at Berlin, March 27, 1892. A Prussian
general, brother of Gustav von Alvensleben,
commander of the 3d army corps in the war of
1870-71, at Vionville, Mars-la-Tour, Gravelotte,
the investment of Metz, on the Loire, and
elsewhere.
Alves Branco (al'ves brang'ko), Manoel.
Born at Bahia, June 7, 1797 : died at Xictheroy,
Rio de Janeiro, July 13, 1855. A Brazilian law-
yer and statesman. He entered political life as dep-
uty in 1830, aud soon became a leader of the liberal party.
He was chosen senator in 1837, was five times minister
(1835, 1837, 1S40, 1844, and 1846), and was premier May,
1847, to Jan., 1849. In Dec, 1854, he was created Visconde
de C'aravellas.
Alvinczy (al'vin-tse), or Alvlnzi, Joseph,
Baron von Barberek. Bom at ,\l\incz, Tran-
sylvania, Feb. 1, 1735: died at Budapest, Nov.
25, 1810. An Austrian field-marshal. He served
in the Seven Years' War, attaining the rank of colonel;
unsuccessfully attempted to storm Belgrad in 1789; dis-
tinguished himself at Neerwinden in 1793 ; was defeated at
Hondschooten 1793 ; commanded on the upper Rhine ; be-
came commander in Italy in 1796 ; and was defeated by
Bonaparte at Arcole 1796, and at Rivoli 1797.
Alvord (al'vord), Benjamin. Bom at Rutland,
Vt.. Aug. 18, 1813: died Oct. 16. 1884. An Amer-
ican general and military writer. He served in
the Mexican war, attaining the rank of brevet major (Aug.
15, 1847), and in the Civil AVur. He became brevet briga-
dier-general April 9, 1865, and brigadier-general and pay-
master-general Aug. 4, 1876.
Alwaid (al-wid'). [Ar. al 'awdid, the sucking
camel-colts (this star, with three others near
it, being so called by the Arabs).] The second-
magnitude star /? Draconis, in the monster's eye.
It is called Rastaitrnt on some star-maps.
Alwar (iU'wiir). orUlwar (ul'wiir). A state of
Rajputana, India, intersected bv lat. 27° 30' N.,
long. 76° 30' E. It is under British control.
.\rea, 3,051 square miles. Population (1891),
767,786.
Alwar. The capital of the state of Alwar, in
lat. 27° 34' N., long. 76° 35' E. Population
(1891). .52,398,
Alxlnger (iilk'sing-er), Johann Baptist von.
Born at Vienna, Jan. 24, 17.55: died at Vienna,
May 1, 1797. An Austrian poet, secretary of
the imperial court theater (1794). He published
"<}edichte"(17S0, 1784)i "Doolin tod Mainz" (1787), "BU-
Amadis of Qaul
omberis " (1791), His writings were coUected in ten vol-
umes in 1812.
Alyattes (a-li-at'ez). [Gr. 'A>.vaTrj)(.'\ A king
of Lydia who reigned about 617-560 B. c, the
father of Crcesus. He made various conquests in Asia
Minor, and carried on war against Cyaxares of Media. His
tomb north of Sardis, near Lake Gygsea, was one of the
most notable monuments of antiquity.
If the measurements of Herodotus are accurate, and
modern travellers appear to think that they do not greatly
overstep the truth, the tomb if Alyattes caimot have fallen
far short of the grandest of the Egyptian monuments. Its
deficiency as respects size must have been in height, for
the area of the base, which alone our authors statements
detenuine, is above one-third greater than that of the
Pvramid of Cheops. As, however, the construction w;is
of earth and not of stone, a barrow and not a pyramid, it
would undoubtedly have required a less amount of servile
labour than the great works of Egypt, and would indicate
a less degraded condition of the people who raised it than
that of the Egyptians in the time of the pyramid-builders.
Jiawlitisoii, Herod., I. 363.
Alypius (a-lip'i-us). The (unidentified) author
of a Greek treatise on the elements of music.
"The work consists wholly, with the exception of a short
introduction, of lists of tlie symbols used (both for voice
and instrument) to denote all the sounds in the forty-five
scales produced by takiiij; each of tlie fifteen modes in the
three genera (diatonic, chromatic, enharmonic)." Smiih^
Diet. Gr. and Rom. Biog.
Alz (iilts). A tributaiw of the Inn, in Upper
Bavaria, the outlet of the Chiemsee,
Alzei, or Alzey (alt'si). A town in the prov-
ince of Rhine Hesse, Hesse, situated on the
Selz 19 miles southwest of Mainz, it is an old
Roman town, and is noted in the Nibelungen cycle. It
was sacked by Spinola iu 1620, and by the French 1688-89.
Population (1890), .5,801.
Alzirdo (alt-ser'do). In "Oi'lando Fnrioso,"
the king of Tremizen, defeated by Orlando.
Alzire (iil-zer'). A tragedy by Voltaire, pro-
duced Jan. 27, 1736, in which he contrasted the
virtues of the noble natural man and those of
Christianized and civilized man. The heroine,
Alzire, is a noble Peruvian captive.
Alzog (alt'soG), Johannes. Born at Ohlau,
Silesia, June 29, 1808: died at Freiburg. Baden,
Feb. 28, 1878. A German Roman Catholic
church historian, professor at Poseu, Hildes-
heim, and Freiburg. He was the author of "Lehr-
buch der Universalkirchengeschichte" (1840, "Manual of
General Church History"), "GrundrissderPatrologie,"etc.
Alzubra (al'zu-bra). [Ar. ] The rarely used
name of a little star of the fifth magnitude, 72
Leonis, in the animal's hind quarters.
Amadah (a-ma'da). A place in Nubia on the
bend of the Nile near Derr, noted for the tem-
ple of Thothmes III.
Amadeo (a-ma-da'6). Giovanni Antonio.
Bora near Pavia about 1447: died Aug. 27, 1522.
The most remarkable of the Lombard sculptors.
He was associated early with the Mantegazze in the works
of the facade of the Certosa. With his brother Protasius
he also made the tomb of San Lanfranco iu the church of
that saint near Pavia. He made the monument to Medea
Colleone (or Coleoni) at Basella near Bei-gamo, and the
chapel and tomb of Colleone himself at Bergamo, 1509.
In 1490 he was appointed chief architect of the Certosa at
Pavia, and made a new design for the facade which was
subsequently carried out by his successors. He constructed
the cupola of the cathedral at Milan, ami two impcu-tant
monuments of the chapel of the Borromei at Isola Bella.
Amadeus (am-a-de'us). It. Amadeo (ii-mii-
da'6). Bom May 30, 1845 : died at Turin, Jan.
18, 1890. Duke of Aosta, the second son of
Victor Emmanuel II., elected king of Spain
Nov., 1870. He entered Madrid Jan. 2, 1871,
and abdicated Feb. 11, 1873.
Amadeus V. Born at Bourget. Savoy, 1249:
died 1323. A count of Savoy, surnamed " The
Great," who reigned from 1285 to 1323, and
was the ancestor of the house of Savoy (later
Italian dynasty). He increased the possessions
of Savoy by marriage and conquest, and was
made piince of the empire 1313.
Amadeus VT. Bom 1334 : died 1383. A count
of Savoy, surnamed " The Green Count," a
grandson of Amadeus V. He reigned 1343-83,
aud aciiuired various territories in Piedmont
and elsewhere.
Amadeus VTI. A count of Savoy, surnamed
•'The Red," a son of Amadeus XI. He reigned
1383-91, and acquired Nice.
Amadeus VIII. Bom at Chamb^ry, Savoy,
Sept. 4, 1383: died at Geneva, Jan. 7, 1451. A
count (later duke) of Savoy, son of Amadeus
Vn. He succeeded as count in 1391, was created duke
in 1416, and abdicated in 1434. He was elected pope in
14:i9, and reigned as Felix V. 1440-49.
Amadeus, Lake. A salt lake, about 150 miles
long, on the boundai-y of South Australia and
western Australia, about lat. 24° S.
Amadis of Gaul (am'a-dis ov gal). Tlie legen-
dary hero of a famous medieval romance of chiv-
alry, the center of a cycle of romances : the
I
Amadls of Qaul 47 Amathus
oldest of the heroes of chivalrv. He is represented fitana.] The oldest existing code of maritime Fletcher's " Spanish Curate," the wife of Bar-
M the iUegitlinote son of Perion. king of (iaul, and Eli- law, compiled about the time of the hrst Cru- tolus, "as cunning as she 'a sweet. '
•ena, princess of Brittany. He was exposed soon after g^j^ y^y {^^ authorities of Amalfi, which then Amarante (ii-ma-rau ta). A small town in
birth, by his mother to the sea in a cradle ;waspick^^^^^^ possessed considerable commerce and maritime Mortlurn Portugal, north of Oporto.
J^Stl^'a■r^^•dSh^:^■«'i.hllriardau1h\'^r lower. Amaranth (am'a-ran.h) La^ A character
olisuarte kii.t- of KuKK-inJ. whom he eventually married. Amalia (a-mii'le-ii). Anna. Bom at Wolfen- 111 O Kifte s farce " \\ lid Oats.
After being knighted he returned totiaul, and dm ing the iju^.i^ Germany, Oct. i;4, 1739: died at Wei- Amaraptira (am a-ra-po ra). A decayed town
rest of his life perfomied there and elsewhere a number n,ar, AprillO, 1807. Duchess of Saxe-Weimar- of Burma, on the Irawadi 6 miles northeast
of wonderful exploits. , ,.„„ji. Kise'nach wife of Duke Ernest, and mother of of Ava. It contains the foiiuer royiU palace. It was
It is to Herberay that the famous romance "' Ainadis Jl'f^.°'i^ ., V, „,,^^"°^"- „' "„' „, ,. ,"" „„,, .. built in ITS.!, and was for many years capital of Bumia.
of Gaul owes most of its fame. .According to the most Duke Karl August, she was regent l,.'i!>-,.\ and is ■■"■"" . •/,.., mi ^i t^i
probable story, the Amadis was originally translated by .ilebniteii as a patronessot literature and art, especially AjnaraSinha(am a-ra-Sin ha). Theauthorotthe
• the .Spaniard .Montalvo from a lost Portuguese original of as the friend of Wieland, Herder, and Goethe. .\liiar;il«)slia. His date is uncertain, but it is believed
the fourteenlh centui-y. Ihere is absolutely no trace of a AmaliC (ii-mii'le-e), or Amalla, Marie Fried- l.\ W.ber not to he earlier than the nth centui-y a. ii.
French original, the existence of which has been assumed gj^g Born Dec. 21. ISIS: diu.l Muv lid, 1S75. Ainaravati (a-ina-rii'va-te). In Hindu mvthol-
Xan"d^;eiVurV diXuli\.d*';;;dyVf,n" l^^Kr-^eS Princess of 01d..nburg, eldest .laughter . of ,,gv, ,h,. capital of Indra'siieaven, m the vicin-
companions and predecessors by a siunewhat higher strain Grand Duke Augustus, and wife of Otho, King ity ot Meru.
of romantic sentiment, and by a greater abundance of „f Greece (married Nov. '22. 1836). AmargOZa (a-mar-go' zii) River. A small
giants, dwarfs, witches, and other condiments, which, j^mj^lig (it-mii'le-e), Marie Frlederlke Au- liver in eastern California, which flows into
^^^S't^^f^l^^i:^'^^:^^:^ t[ gUSte. Duchess in Saxony :pse«.l„nyniAina- Death Valley. .
bad been continued in the Spanish by more than one au- Ue Hciter. Bom Aug. 10, 1794 : died Sept. IS. Amari (ii-mU're), EmenCO. Born at Palermo,
thor, and was a veiy voluminous work when, in 1540, Her- jj.;;,, ^ German dramatist, sister of King .May 9, 1810: died tliire. Sept. 20, 1870. An
beray undertook to give a JYcnch vcreion of It. He, in j^|^^^ ^^j. k.;^xo„y. author of "Dor Olicim,'' Italian publicist. Ue was appointed professor of
bis turn, had <:""t"»'a'of%^"V'"L"'i " ',',!:''h. ,,pn«Hlv '-Die Fiirstenbraut " "Vetter Heinrich,"' etc. criminal law in the Iniversity of Palermo in 1S41. Author
popularity or power. . . . the b.K,k became iinuienselj 1«0 1 uisrinoi.uic, *?""„,;,'!,'• ';,,„•,.- of "Critica di una scienza delle legislazioni comparate"
popular. It is siiid that it « lis the usual reading book for AmalingS (am a-hugz). AroyaKjothic tamiU >■ ^-'uca ui uii.i scieu^a ocu t, y
foreign stndenU of i-rench for a considerable period, and ^.,i,i to have ruled over the Goths till the di\-i- A„a~- Miehplp Born at Palermo July 7.
!i:i:^^^^;S^'S^.'Zi^l!^S^T^^l^ -on of the nation into Ostj^goths and V^^^^^^ A?^o"6?dieTafl^i'renc^e?yily\6'^ltrriti^iaA
dver aereat inrtuence on what came after it. To no single goths. when they ruled over the ( Jstiogoths till jiigtorian, statesman, and ( )rientalist,memberof
book can be so clearly traced the heroic romances of the the extinction of the male hue m I hoodonc the j,,g kalian senate. His chief works are " La guerre
early seventeenth century. SawUbunj, iv. Lit., p. -JO. Great, .'i26. Also Jiiials. del Vespro Siciliano " (1S41), "Storiadei Musulmanni di
Amadis of Greece. A continuation of the xhc kings (ot the Oothsl were chosen by the voice of =^i'ili'i:as.53-73). .,,..,„ ,, ,
seventh book of '• Amadis of Uaul," though it jj,^, „ss^.uibied people from certain great families, two of AmariUas (a-ma-rel yas). See Aliumaaa.
is the ninth not the eighth book of the series, which, the Amalings and the Balthings, .are known to us Amarlnna (a-mii-rin'na). See AmUuric.
It was in Span'ish, and said to be by Feliciano de Silva. It by name. The Amalings were said to be descended from Amar-Sln (a-mtir'sin). [' Sin (i. e. the moon-
relates the exploits of the son of Usuarte of Greece who a>'""l'''«f»"r"'in J'^«>-«'''f''™V'h\"'!.Vl.TJI,'[."b^^^^^^ god) sees.'] A Babylonian king of the old-
wan ihe son otl'sulandian the son of Amadis (of Gaul). ancestor of the Goths] whose deeds had earned for him ■f"".' ''^\='- -I ". , •' ... . «;.
was the son oi i-spianuian, uie sou oi ^n v the title of Amala, "the mighty ■■; the name of the Balth- Babylonian period, residing in L r. His name
(Jlr. Southeyl Inis mentioned that in Amadis of Greece ^^^^^ j^ derived from the same root as our English word is found on several archaic cuneiform inscriptions which,
may be found tile original of the Zelmane of .Sidneys ..i„,i,]" . , , The Amalings became the royal line of the however, do not give much information concerning bis
"Arcadia," the Horizel of Shakespeare's" Winter's Tale, (istrogoths, while the Visigoths chose their kings from the person or reign.
and M.as<iue of luiiid in tjie j^^'J'^^Jj ^,^'^3 " y |j.tio„ i 375 Balthings. Bradley, Story of the Goths, p. i:i. ,/^ani, Tupac. See Tupac Amaru.
,. ^ „ ^ "" "f ''°. T "^*T' ' ' ' AmalriC0fB6ne(ii-mal-rek'ovban),orAmau- Amaru'shataka(a-ma-ro-sha'ta-kii). Anerotic
Amadis de Gr6ce. An opera by Lamotte, pro- ^^ Chartres (ii-mo-re'ov shiirt'r). Born at poem in Sanskrit, mystically interpreted, m
duoed 111 1<04. „ „ , Bt-ne, near Chartres, France: died about 1206. a hundred stanzas, written by a king named
Amadu, Sultan, ^ee Bambara. A French theologian and mvstical philosopher, Amaru, but by some attributed to the philoso-
Amager (a'ma-ger), or Amafe (a mak). An accused by the ecclesiastical authorities of pan- pher Sankara. who assumed the dead form of
island of Denmark, in the sound, opposite Co- ^1^,,;^^ g^g imalriciaiis that king in order to converse with his widow,
penliagen. Area, 29 square miles. Population j^alricians (am-al-rish'ianz). The followers AjnaryBorbon (ii-mar' e bor-bon'), Antonio.
(1S90), 19,i00. ., . , -, of Auiah'ic (Amaury) of B^ne (in the diocese A Spanish general who, from 1803 to 1810, was
Amaimon (a-mi mon), or Amaymon (ii:"" - of Chartres), a pantheist who was condemned viceroy of New Granada. He was imprisoned at
moil), or Amoymon (a-moi moil). In medieval ^ University of Paris (in which he was a Hogota, .luly -20, isio, and in August was sent out of the
demouology, one of the four kings of ho 1, of • j^^^^^ „f j f^ ^„j exegesis), by the Pope, countiT by the levolut.omu-y junta.
whchhe governed the eastern portion. Asmo- ^ , , | . p • '^ Ten of them were Amaryllis, AmanlllS (am-a-ril is). [L. Jwia-
deus is his licutenantandflrstprinceol^hisrealm, shak- f" „f;^ i" ?^^ ,.f ^''"^- -Len ot tnemwere ,.„.'c;r.:v™,nv >.»;.] 1. A shepherdess or
spere alludes to him ill the "Mero' Wives of ^Mndsor, b u UK d as heretics _;l^ ^^.^,^^^ j_^ j,^^ ,.jj 1^„ „f Theocritus
i . I', and • 1 Hen. I^ ., 11.4. AmaiS. aee AnKdiiij/s. ■' „,„,„ ^f x'^i-n-il O In Snoiwor'R
AmalariU8(am-a-la'ri-us). Died 837. Adeacon Amalthsa (am-al-the'a), or Amalthea. [Gr ^^.^^^^ ,' ff/°^,"^ J^ j^o'^^f ^7^^ " °
^d pHest in Metz, who became abbot of Horn- •;/.<,/.&,«.] In Greek mrthology, the nurse of ,,f:"' '^^^°"* l'-X,a^foT tfteiulerfo^^^^^^
bach and was head of the church at Lyons Zeus, probably a goat. In Roman legend, the S " 7- ,t„ f T^ V,e wf vW.oIt fii^^^^^^
d^it^g the deposition of Agobard, 833-837. His Sibvl who sold to Tarciuin the Sibylline books. Spenser, Countess otDebj , " '^ " ''°rV*".t 1^
w»k%e ecxleliasticis offlciis^ describes the order of Amambara (a-mam-bil'ra). Atributary of the bponser claimeda 1 a lance lU^ •'- '" ''Xr^^
service observed in the Roman Church in the 9th century, xiger, so.itli of the Birni^. Milton WTOte his Arcades, -d. In J^ letthers
Amalasontha (ama-la-son'thii), or Amala- Amana(a-ma'nii),orAbana (ab'a-na). [Heb., F*"'*,"™^ b?f Jn' nvfi w4tli pV^^^^^^^^
suentha, •..' Amalasuntha, or Amalaswin- ■ faithful, steady.'] A river which rises in the lierdess who IS 111 love '"^thPeiigot and uses
tha. Boni4W: kilU'd 535 (.5:i4 O- Daughter of Anti-Lebanon and flows through Damascus (2 foul means *« Pf^ him trom Aanoret - 4^
Theo<loric, king of the East Goths, and regent Ki. v. 12) : the modern Nahr Barada. The name Buckingham s • Kchearsal, a female cl^at acter
of the East-Gothic kingdom 526-535 (.534?). i^ also applied to the district of the Anti-Leb- intended to cast '•''l;V"'f,„°"J^>^'^^°;. . J.f^ Pft?
Amalecite (a - mal ' e - sit). A tribe of North anon (Cant. iv. 81 ). was taken by Ann Keeye, whose intrigue with
American Indians, ehieUy of New Brunswick. Amanda (a-man'dii). In Gibber's comedy /'0''l''"7as "otieed in the pU>
See .Ihnaki. Move's Last Shift," and in its continuation Amasa (am'a-sa). [Heb •burden. ] A son
Amalek (am'a-lek). A grandson of Esau and i,y Vanbrugh "The Relapse," a virtuous and of Abigail, sister of DaMd, and -letber, an isn-
priiiceof an Arab tribe; also, the people de- eharming woman, deserted by Loveless, to ™'\<''\t„''- °fi°;ofiiis'rrl"jr\f""^^^
Bcended from him. In biblical history the Amalekites whom she was married very young, but whose paf,io,',"3'by David and ottered' the command of the army
are represented as a nomadic tribe. In the time of Abra- j^^^ g|,p ,.pgains. ill place of .Toab. Later J oab treacherously slew him.
IZ X'iZrS^^Z ^i';"'?;'r!5; ^ iS^ ^"h!d Amandola (iMniin'do^H). A town in the prov- Amksia, (a-u.a;se-ii). A city i" Jl- /jj'^yf |,,°f
they are spread out over the entire desert of et-Tili as Iw ill it Asciili, Italy, 45 miles south ot Aiicona. Sivas, Asiatic Turkey, ill hit. 40" 40 X\., long.
as the Egyptian boundary and the Sinaiiic peninsula (Ex. Amants magnifiquCS (a-mciii' miin-ye-fek'), 350 50' E., on the Yesliil-Inuak : tlie later resi-
xvii. «-l«; Num. xiii. 30); later they extended their t A sort of dramatic potpourri by Moli^re, dence of the kings of Pontus, and the birthplace
Ilidg^S iT m;a«:.rdfhe'i:raeUU.s"ilfeewr ^^-^'itien at the order of the king in 1670. . of Strabo Population, about 30.000.
deringlhioughthedesert,wcredriveiiolf by Joshua, and AmanUS(a-ma'nus). lOr. 'A/mvoc.J In ancient AmaSlS, AmOSlS. See J<i//mc.v.
were doomed to exierinination (F,x. xvii, s-18; Deut. xxv. ireograpliv, a mountain group, the modern Alma Amat (ii-niat'). Felix. Born at Sabadell, near
17-1'.)). Saul defeaU;d them but did nut annihilate them ^y . liVaiich of MountTaurus, on the borders Barcelona, Spain, Aug. 10. 1750: died near Sa-
ri Sam. XXX.), and the la.st of them were killed by 6011 ''h','. . 1 ^ „.■ , , t a „J na IK'U A STinnisli ecclesiastic
Simeonites ON the mountain of Selr(lChron.iT. 43), ,.t (ihcia and Syria. _ ^ lent, Sept. 28, 18-4. A ^pan sli eccie^^^^^^
Amalpkites (im'a-lek-its) See ^mrt(cA-. Amanvillers ii-mon-ve-yar'). A village north- and writer, archbishop of Palmjra inpaiMus
A^^lfif^LmHl'f^) A seaUrt^nX province ^vest of Metz of which tie name is sometimes hmelium. He became confessor to Charles IV. in 1806^
t S ,t ■ ,", ItaK ■ on t he Gul of SaCnT-- pivn to what is commonly called the battle of arid is the author of an occlesi,|stic,jl history, "TraUdo
ut Salerno, Ital), on ine uuii 01 isaieruo __ t- - de la Iglcsia de.lesu Cristo' (1 ■ !I3-180.!).
miles southeast of Naples. It has manufactures of •■raveiotte. Aina.t Manuel de. Born in Catalonia about
paper, macaroni, etc.. ani contains a cathedral (see be- Amapala(a-ma pa-la). A seaport on the ■^*^,i^,tarBai-ceiona about 178(1. A Spanish
oi) And a Capuchin monastery (now a hotel). It was island of Tigre, 111 the Gulf of Fonsoca, on the ' '"■' ■ ",' ' , „H,„ iiTtrMtm- ti,. .erved with dis-
foui'ided, according to tradition, in the 4th century, had p^.ifj, ,.oast of Honduras. It exports Central «*'''<^™ ,,\"' ,„^tt ra, 1 1 he Kidi iuTa v^^^^
at flrst a republican const lution under elective princes .,„„„•.„ „ ,,,,,,,i„,.ta tiiictiou in -Vfrica. Ital> and tin 1 1 »"i»ui» . V"f,' "I" ,'
and became an important connnerciaUenter in the middle Ameru-an pioducts. K™""'1 "' ^''''L'^ ''^^'■ '!"'' ^■"/7,V.^^^^ul; ,V f th^^
ages, Itcontaine,! the oldest MS. ot the Pandects (which Amarakantaka (am*a-ra-kan'ta-kk). [Skt., 17,17 he carried out the decree for the expulsion ot the
see), and was the birthplaceofOioja, inventor ot the com- ■ p,.ak of tlie immortals,'] A place of ])ilgnmago Jesuits. 4.„., T <.mV>o4-Vi
piuis. The cathedral is a picturcs<iue church in the Nor- j,', |,„|;.^ ;„ ,|,„ fable-land east of the Vindhvas, AmateUT CaSUal, Tne, or AmateUT IjamDem
man-Saracenic style, in masonry of alternate dark and A_„_.wnolia (am'a-ra-ko'shii) FSkt., 'the Casual. The iiseudon>Tn of James I'reeii-
light courses, essentially of ihc early 13th century. There AmaraKOSna (ain "^ '^^''o ?"»■•• l-V''^'-V^.f.|- won.l .m En.'lish reiiorler on the "Pall Mall
Is a three-aisled vestii.ule of two bays; the nave has immi.rtal vocabulary, or the vocabulary 01 "''<'''• ''',\ '^"!^''^'\3;^ ''""„'
mosaics, antique columns, ami a richly carved and gilded Araara.'] A celebrated vocabulary of the clas- Gazette," who, under this name, r«?counte<l ws
roof. The crypt contains the relics of St. Andrew. The ...j, Sanskrit, ascribed to Amarasinha. adventures in the casual waril in a i^onaon
bronze doors of the chief portal, which bear several .......x ,„,,,'„ rar,t\ A o-innt killed in the workhouse.
rb'rro.?5"="'^"''°"'""""""'"""^- '"'""""""• ^>fy LtdZOuvof-Wa^wfck" Amathus (am'a-thus). [Gr '!.«.%.] .In an-
A^alflUn Code or Tables. [ML. («»»?« .^«m/- Amiranta (km-a-ran'til). In Beaumont and cient geography, a city of Phenician ongin on
Amathus
the southern coast of Cyprus, near the site of
the modern Limasol. It contained a sanctuary
(if Aplirodite.
Amati (ii-ma'te). A celebrated Italian family
of violin-makers which flourished at Cremona
in the IGth and 17th centuries. Its most noted
menihers were Andrea, his sons Antonio and Oeronimo,
and Nicdlo, son of Geronimo.
Amatitlan (a-mii-te-tlan')- A town in Guate-
nuila. Central America, south of Guatemala.
Population (1S89), 7,500.
Amatitlan Lake. A lake. 9 miles long, in
southern (iiiatemala, near Amatitlan.
Amatongaland. See Tonfjalaml.
Amatus Lusitanus (a-mS'tus lu-si-ta'nus).
Born l.')l 1 : died l.idS. A Portutmese physician,
of llelirew descent. He is said to have been the
second autlior to describe the valves in tlie veins. He
wrote an account of seven Imndred remarkable cases in
medicine ami surgery (15.^1-^*).
Amaitry of Chartres. See AmniHc <•/ nine.
Amaury (a-ma'ri or ii-mo-re') I., or Amalric
(am-arrik). Born 1135: died 1173. King of
Jerusalem (Count of Joppa), a younger son
of Baldwin II.. and the successor of his brother
Baldwin III.. 1162. He invaded Egjpt in \\e», march-
ins; as far as Cairo, but was driven out by Saladin, by whom
he was put upon the defensive in 1170.
Amaury II., or Amalric (of Lusignan). Died
1205. King of C>-prus 1194, and titular king of
Jerusalem 1198 (through his marriage with Isa- Amazons, The. An earlier English form of the
bella, widow of Henry, count of Champagne). Portuguese name of the Amazon River, still in
He w.\s unable to maintain himself against the Mi>slems, occasitiual u^e
A^a!^' G^;^sf^;The grand master of the Amazons.Battle^of. J5ee_^?^of ^.«^^^^
48
But it is in the famous lepend of the Amazons that we
must look for the chief evidence preserved to us by classi-
cal antiiiuity of the iuHuence exercised by the llitlites in
Asia Minor. The Amazons were imagined to be a uatiim
of female warriors, whose primitive home lay in Kappa-
dokia, on the banlis of the Thermodon, n()t far from the
ruins of ItoKhaz Keui. From hence they had issued forth
to conquer tlic people of Asia Minor and to found an em-
pire wliich reached to the .l^rean Sea, The building of
many of the most famous cities on the .l^lean coast
was ascribed to them,— Myrina and Kyme, Smyrna and
Ephesos, where the worship of the great .Asiatic goddess
was carried on with barbaric ceremonies into the later age
of civilised Greece. Now these Amazons are nothing
more than the priestesses of the .\siatic goddess, whose
cult spread from Carchemish along with the advance of
the Hittite armies. She w;is sei-ved by a multitude of
armed priestesses and eunuch priests ; under her name
of Ma. for instance, no less than six thousand of them
waited on her at Komana in Kappadokia. Certain cities,
in fact, like Komana and Ephesos, were dedicated to her
service, and a large part of the population accordingly
became the armed ministers of the mighty goddess. Gen-
erally these were women, as at Ephesos in early days,
where they obeyed a higli-priestess. who called herself
the queen-bee. \\hen Ephesos passed into Greek hands,
the goddess worshipped there was identified with the
Greek Artemis, and a high-priest took the place of the
hlgh-priestess. Sayce, Hittites, p. 78.
2. A fabled tribe of female warriors said to
have existed in South America. The report origi-
nated in an Indian myth which was found from the West
Indies to Paraguay, and still exists among the Caribs and
others: it is interesting from its relation to the Old World
myth.
jje Ambala (Um-ba'la), or Umballa (um-bal'ji).
A division of the Panjab. British Imlia. Area,
4.014 square miles. Population (1881), 1,729.-
043.
Ambala. A district in the division of Ambala,
intersected by lat. 30° 30' N., long. 77° E.
Ai-ea. 2.7.>4 square miles. Population (1891),
1,033,427.
Ambala. The capital of the division and dis-
trict of Ambala, situated in lat. 30° 24' X..
long. 76° 49' E.. an important station on the
Sind. Panjab. and Delhi RaUwav. Population,
including cantonment (1891), 79,294.
Ambalema (iim-ba-la'ma). A town in the
state of Tolima, Colombia, situated on the
Magdalcna 55 miles west of Bogota. It is
the center of an extensive tobacco district.
Population. 973.
The Maraiion (Amazon) flows A ™ha<iQaHnra Tbp A naintint' bv Holbein
i of the Andes, turns east uear AmoaSSaQOrS, iae. A pamiing oy rioioein
the younger, in the national Gallery, L.ondon.
It is believed to represent DinteviUe, French ambassador
at St. .James's in l.iSS, and .Nicolas Bourbon, a poet. It
was formerly thought to portray Sir Thomas Wyatt with
Leland.
Templars in Scott's tale "The Talisman."
conspired against King Richard and was killed
liv Saladin.
Amaxiki, Amaxichi. See Lerlas.
Amaziahumi-a-zi'a). [Heb.] Thesonof Joash,
kiu._- of ,Iudah'797-792 B. r. (840? 811f B. C. >.
Amazirghs (ii'mii-zergz). The Berbers of
northern Morocco.
Amazon (am'a-zon). [Pg. Rio Amazonas, Sp.
Rio de las Ama:o»as, F. FIriive des Anmzoiies.
G. Amazoncnstrom ; formerly OrcUann ; in its
upper course ilarnTion or Tunguragmi. in its
midiUe course SolimSex.'] The principal river
of South America, and the largest in the world.
It has two chief head streams. One is the Marafton
(Tunguragua) which rises in Peru about lat. 10' 30 S. ;
the other is the Icayale (which has for its southern-
most head stream the Apurimac). The Ucayale rises in
Peru about lat. lo° S. T'
northwest between ranges
lat. :' S., enters Brazil about long. 70° W., and after dis-
charging water throiigh several narrow channels into the
Lower Tocantins or Pan\ River, thu^ cutting off the island
of Marajb, flows into the Atlantic near the equator. It is
connected on the north with the Orinoco by tlie Cassi-
deira, Tapajos, and Xingii. Its length, to the source of 1-1.000,
the Apurimac, is probably about :i,:iiib miles, though often Ambelakla (iim-be-la'ke-a). A small town in
glvenas4,000. It is navigable .about 2.3t)0, for steamships fUp vnlo of TenmP Thessalv 18 miles north-
almut 2,2110 miles. The width of the main mouth is ,'iO '^°^.^""i *''. J-^^Pei -inessaiy, xo mues noitn-
miles; and at the Peruvian frontier the river is 1 mile east of L,arissa.
wide. The month was discovered by Pinzon in 1500, and Amber (am'ber). A decayed town near Jev-
OreUana descended it in 1541. Steamers first pUed on it ^0,.^ India, the former capital of the State of
In IS.'.S.
tion^.
In 1867 it was made a free highway to all na-
pore,
Jeypore.
Amazonas (ii-ma-zo'niis). The largest state of Amberg (am'bero). A town in the Upper Pa-
" "' aos, occupvin" the north- latinate, Bavaria, situated on the \ lis 32 miles
Brazil, capital Manaos, occupyi
western part of the country and bordering on Ve
nezuela, Colombia. Ecuador, Peru, and Holi\ia
It is largclv occupied bv forests. Area (claimed),
7.'>3,439 square miles. Population (1S88;, 80.654.
Amazonas. A department of northern Peru,
west of Loreto. Area, 14,129 square miles.
Population, about 34,000.
Amazonas. A territory in southern Venezuela,
bordering on Brazil. Area (claimed, including
northwest of Ratisbon: the former capital of
the Upper Palatinate. It has manufactures of iron,
arms, beer. etc. A victory was gained here by the Aus-
trians under the archduke Charles over the French under
Jourdan, Aug. 2-1, 1796. Population (1S90X 18,9»3.
Amber Islands, or Electrides (e-lek'tri-dez).
[Ixr. ai 'll/f \Tp/<Sff .] A name given by the Greeks
in later times to the islands in the North Sea
off Denmark, Germany, and Holland. Elton,
, ,. ^ ,. -^ , r>„v,.io ~ Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 41.
a vast area of disputed territory y, 90,928 square Amber Witch, The. An opera bv W. V. Wal-
™''f *• .^.°'!'^_''!-''A'l''Hl*'..f 'i'l^LS:'.™/.!'f ^.'Ll*!" lace, words by Chorley. first prodieed in Lon-
don Feb. 28, 1861. it was founded on a popular Ger-
man romance of the same name by Meinhold, published
in 1843.
Ambert (oh-bar'). A town in the department
of Puy-de-D6me, France, situated near the
mate, as there are hardly any civilized inhabi-
tants).
Amazonia (am-a-zo'ni-a). A name sometimes
given to the valley of tlie Amazon.
Amazons (am'a-zonz). [L. Aina:on, Gr. 'Aua-
,'(ji', a foreign name of unknown meaning; ac-
cording to Greek writers, from ii- priv., without,
and uaCof, a breast : a popular etymology, accom-
panied by, and doubtless originating, the state-
ment that the right breast was removed in order
that it might not interfere with the use of the
Dore 37 miles southeast of Clermont-Ferrand
It has manufactures of cheese and paper.
Population (1891), commune, 7,907.
Ambiorix (am-bi'o-riks). A chief of the Ebu-
rones in iTaul. famous in the campaigns against
the Komaiis .">4-.')3 B. c.
bow and javelin.] 1. In Greek legend, a race of Ambitious Statesman, The, or The Loyal
women supposed to have dwelt on the coast of Favorite. .\ tragedy Ky Crowue, acted in Wi'J.
the Black Sea and in the Caucasus ilountains. Ambitions Stepmother, The. A tragedy by
The Amazons and their contests were a favorite theme in Nicholas Rowc, printed in 1700.
Grecian art and story. They were represcnt.-d as fomu^ Ambleside (am'bl-sid). A town in the Lake
District, Westmoreland. England, 1 mile north
a state from which men were excludeil. as devoting them-
selves to war and bunting, and as being often in conflict
with the Greeks in the heroic age.
of Lake Windermere, noted for its picturesque
Ambrones
scenery. Near it are Rydal Mount, Fox How, Grasmere^
etc. It 'contains Roman antiquities. Population (1891)^
2,:i60.
Ambleteuse (on-bl-tez'). A decayed seaport
in the department of Pas-de-Calais, France,
7 miles north of Boulogne.
Amboella(am-bwa'lii). A Bantu people living
in the interior of Africa, near the head streams
of the Zambesi, about lat. 15° S.. long. 19° E.
Amboim (!im-b\ving'). See Mbuiiji.
Ambois (oii-bwa'). Bussy d'. The pi-incipal
character in Chapman's play of that name: a.
selt-confident and arrogant adventurer, with
some real loftiness of character.
Ambois, Clermont d'. The brother of Bussy
d' Ambois, a scholar and philosopher. He is the
central figure in Chapman's play " The Revenge of Bussy
d'.\mbois." He commits suicide after the death of his
patron Guise.
Amboise (on-bwaz'). A town in the depart-
ment of Indi-e-et-Loire, France, situated on
the Loire 14 miles east of Tours, it is famous
for its castle, a favorite residence of the \'alois kings, oc-
cupying a high rock-platform from which rise its 3 cylin-
drical, cone-roofed towers- Two towers built at the base
of the rock. 42 feet in diameter and over luo feet high, con-
tain spiral passages by which horses and vehicles can mount
to the platform above. In the gardens is the Chapel of St.
Hubert, one of the richest existing examples of the florid
Pointed. Here Leonardo da Vinci is buried. It was the
scene of the Conspiracy of .-Amboise in l.',60. Later it be-
came a political prison. .\bd-el-Kader was confined in it
lS47-.'>2. It is now the property of the Comte de Paris-
Population (1S91), commune, 4,4SO.
Amboise, Conspiracy of. -An unsuccessful
conspiracy of Huguenots under La Reuaiidie
to seize the king (Francis II.), first at Blois
and afterward at Amboise in 1560, and remove
him from the influence of the Guises. Cond6
was the real chief of the conspirators.
Amboise, Edict of. An edict of pacification
between the French Catholics and Huguenots,
authorizing (1563) the Reformed worship in the
houses of the nobility, throughout all the do-
mains of the justiciary nobles, and in one city
of each bailiwick. It ended the first war be-
tween the two parties.
Amboise, Georges d'. Bom at Chaumont-sur-
Loire. France, 1460: died at Lyons, 1510. A
French statesman and cardinal, minister of
Louis Xn. 1498. and director of his foreign
policy.
Amboise, League of. See Amboise, Conspir-
IICI/ lif.
Amboyna (am-boi'na). [Malay J»i&MH.] One
of the chief islands of the Moluccas, situated in
lat. 3° 41' S.. long. 128° 10' E., consisting of
two parts connected by a narrow isthmus, its
chief product is cloves. It 'was settled by the Portuguese
in the 16th centurj', and was taken by the Dutch, to whom
it now bek>ngs, in 1605. Length, 32 miles. Area, 264 square
miles. Population, 31,510.
Amboyna, A residency of the Dutch East In-
dies, comprising Amboyna, Coram, Banda Isl-
ands, Timor-Lant. etc.
Amboyna. A seaport, capital of the island
and residency of Ajnboyna. Population, about
9,000.
Ambojrna, or The Cruelties of the Dutch to
the English Merchants. A tragedy by Drydeu.
produced in 1673. Part of the plot was taken from
one of the Italian novels of Cinthio, the 10th of the tilth
decade, and part has reference to occurrences of the time.
Ambracia (am-bra'shi-a). [Gr. 'Aftfipania, ear-
lier '.\u-paKitt.'\ The ancient name of Arta
(which see).
Ambracian Gulf (am-bra'shi-an gulf). See
Arta, tiiilfof.
Ambree (am'bre), Mary. A woman who is
said to have fought at the siege of Ghent in
1584 to revenge her lover's death, she is fre-
quently mentioned in old ballads, and is the subject of
one preserved by Percy. Ben .Tonson refers to her in the
'■ Epiciene "and "Tale of a Tub" and in "The Fortunate
Isles, " where he quotes the words of this ballad. Fletcher
also mentions her in "The Scornful Lady." The ballad in
Pen y's "Reliques " is often quoted by the writers of Jon-
son s time, and, like him, they frequently gave the name
of ilary Ambree to any remarkable virago who adopted
man's attire,
Ambriz (iim-brez'). A coast town of Portu-
guese Angola, West Africa, and capital of the
"concelho'' (county) of the same name, its
chief export is coffee, which is brought down from the
Mutemu and Encoge mountains. It was occupied by the
Portuguese in lS5.i. Population, about 2,500, of mixed
.African origin, mostly from Loanda.
Ambrones (am-bro'nez). [L. Ambrones (Livy),
Gr. ''Au ipcnn- (Str.aVio).] AGerman tribe men-
tioned by Livy and Strabo in connection with
the Teutones, whose near neighbors they seem
to have been on the North Sea. and with whom
they were allied in the Cimbrian wars. They
suffered a cnishing defeat by Marius at .Aquie Seltise, 103
B. 0. There is no certain record of their subsequent fate.
Ambros
49
Ambros (am'bros), August Wilhelm. Bom Amelot de la Houssaye (am-16 d6 \& a-sa'),
at Maiitli, Bohemia, Nov. 17. IslC: ilie<l at
Vienna, June 2">, 1S7G. An Austrian composer
and wTiter on music. His chief literary work
is a "Uesehiehte der Musik'' (1862-78), a very
high authority in its department.
Ambrose (am'broz), L. Ambrosius (am-bro'zi-
us), of Alexandria. Died about 250. A Ro-
man nolili-irian, u fi'iend of Origen.
Ambrose, l^. Ambrosius, Saint. Bom at
tiaul, probably 340: died at Milan.
One of the fathers of the Latin
Abraham Nicolas. Horn at Orleans, France,
Feb., 1034: dieii at Paris, Dec. 8, 1706. A
French publicist, author of "Ilistoire du gou-
vernemont de Venise" (1076), etc.
Amelotte (iim-lof). Denis. Bom at Saintes,
France, March 1,"), 1000: ilied at Paris, Oct. 7.
1678. A French theologian, autlior of a trans-
lation of the New Testament (1666-68).
Amen. See Amnn.
Amends for Ladies. A plav by Nathaniel
Field, published in 1018.
1. He was educated nt Rome, appoicted consular ATnpTiPTn>i!i+ C'l mon o>■^'I,:■•^^ T Cn l.,.4.~_ v
in t pper Italy al.out .%9, and elected (while a ci -t^enemliat (a-meu-em hat) I., Se-hotep-ab-
riJ unlmptized) bishop of Milan in 374. He was •»■». An i-Kvptiiin king, tlie founder of the V2lh
Treve
April, :W
Churdi
prefect in
Tillan and - , , ^ ^. — — - — ... - ^
the champion ul the Catholics against the Arians and dynasty, who roigiiedabout 2460B.C. (Brugsch).
pagans. For his cruelty in the massacre of Thcssalonica He was a successful ruler and ^'eneral, and founded the
the emperor Theodosius was excommunicated by Am- temple of Aumn in Thehes. There i& considi-ral)le docu-
brose and forced to do penance. Among his works arc meiitary evidence concerning his reign. Alao Aiiifitfiiifia
■■De olllciis mlni9trorum,""Hcxaenieron," hymns, etc. Amenemhat II., Nub-kaU-Ra. An Kg\i,tian
He is the reputed author o the Ambr>,s,an ntu.al. ,,;, t,,p fh;,.^, „j. „,p jof,, dvuastv, who reigned
He was elected, while still an uubaptizud catechumen ~i j. .^i^^ .. _ -. « , • ,.t.\ . , ^
and goveniur of the province, to the post of liishop of
about LMOO B. c, and of -whom little is known.
Milan, having entered the church with his troops to quell
Also .'tmrnrmhtt.
the fury of the partisjius of the two rival candidates. Amenemhat III., Maa-en-Ra. An Kgyiitian
lyuasty, who reigned
While he soothed the people with his wise words, a little
child, so the story runs, suddenly called t>ut " Ambrose is
Bishop '*; the words were caught up anil carried round the
church by the rapturous acclamation of the whole nnilti-
tude. Uodijkin, Italy and her Invaders, I. 187.
Ambrose, Isaac. Born at Ormskirk, Lanca-
shire, England, 1004 : died 16(54. An English
nonconformist divine and devotional writer,
author of " Looking unto Jesus " (10.58).
Ambrose and the Emperor Theodosius. A
painting by Kubcns, in the Imperial Gallery at
\ ienna. The archbishop, in full canonicals, stands with
his attendants before the door of the cathedral, and for-
bids the cmiieror to enter.
Ambrose's Tavern. An old tavern in Edin-
burgh, now destroyed, the scene of Wilson's
" Xoctes Ambrosiante."
Its location was the site of the new Register House, in
the rear of the old liegister House ; and it is approached
fn»ni West Register .street by the narrow alley running
now between the new Kegisler House and the new Oaf^
Royal. Hittton, Literary Landmarks of Edinburgh, p. 55.
Ambrosian Library (am-bro'zian li'bra-ri).
[Named for St. Ambrose.] A library at Mi-
lan, founded by Cardinal Borromeo in 1009.
It contains 1(54,000 printed volumes and 8.100
MSS.
Ambrosiaster (am-bro'zi-as-ter), or Pseudo-
Ambrosius (su"d6-am-bro'zius). ['The spu-
rious Ambrosius.'] Tlie name usually given to
the unknown autlior of "Commeutariaiu XIII.
Epistolas B. Pauli," which has found its way
into the Benedictine edition of the works of
Ambrose. The author is sometimes identified
with the Koraau deacon Hilary.
AmbrosiO, or the Monk. A romance by Mat-
thew (iregory Lewis, published in 179o. A sec-
ond editioti was issued in which many objectionable pas-
s-ages were omitted. He gained the sobriquet of " The
ilonk ■■ and " Monk Lewis " from this book.
Ambrosius. See Ambrost.
Ambrosius (am-bro'zius). or Ambrose, Father.
The last abbot of St. Mary's, Edward Glen-
dinning, in Scott's novel "The Abbot."
Ambrosius Aurelianus (am-bro'zius a-re-
li-a'nus), Welsh Emrys. Lived about 440.
A leader of the Romans and lioinanized Brit-
ons, said to have been a descendant of Con-
stantine, elected emperor in Britain, Gaul,
and Spain under II
king, the sixth of the 1-Jtl,,.,^..,,_,, „„„^^-,j;u„,. . . -_-...
about 2300 B. c. (Brugscfi). He constructed Lake -A-merica, British
Jlicris and the Labyrinth. (.See Maris, Labyrinth.) In- America, Central,
sciiptions of his time have been found on "the rooks in '
tile peninsula of .Sinai. There is also a mark (with nn in-
scription) oti the rocks of Semneh showing the height uf
the inundation of the Nile in the 14th year of his reign.
(.Sec S'ih\) .Also AvieH€iiiha.
Ames
Xorth America and South America, it was visited
by the Northmen about lOOd (?) and was discovered by
Columbus in 1492. The mainland was probably reached
by Cabot in 1497. (See Cnlumbiis, CaM.) The name Amer-
ica was proposed by WaldsecmUller (a teacher of "geog-
raphy in the college of Saint-Die among the Vosgesi in a
treatise called "Oosniographia," published in 1507. Length
about lo.r.rto miles; greatest breadth, over ;i,(J0O miles'
Area (estimated), about 1,5,70(1,000 square miles. Popula-
tion (estimated 1S91), 121,7l:i,OoO.
America. A wooden keel schooner-yaclit de-
signed and built by George Steers of New York,
for Commodore J. C. Stevens of the New York
1 aclit Club, in 18ol. Her original dimensions were :
length over all, liKl feet 0 inches: length on water-line,
9U feet 4 inches; beam, 22 feet 0 inches ; draught, U feet
0 inches. In 1S51, at the time of the World's Fair in
London, Commodore Stevens, having crossed the .\tlantic
in the America, entered her in the race of Aug. 22 open
to yachts of all nations for a tSlKJ cup. The course was
arounil the Isle of Wight, and the America beat thcwhole
licet of \n yachts by about 7 miles, Aug. 2S she sailed a
race with the English schooner Titania over a 4ii-inilo
coiusc, heating licr out of sight. The cup (£50(1) which
she won in IS51 was given (1S57) to the New York Yacht
Club and made a prize open to challenge by yachts of
all nations. There have been (1897) nine unsuccessful at-
tempts V' iwiver it.
See British America.
, See Central America.
America, North. See Xorth America.
America, Russian. -An old name for Alaska.
America, South. See South Jmrriea.
America, Spanish.
, Se(; Sjiiiiiish Ami rica.
Amenemhat IV., Maat-kheru-Ra. An Egyp- American Colonization Society, The. A so-
tian king, the seventh of the 1:2th dynasty, cicty organized at Washington, District of Co-
wlio reigned about 2266 B. c. (Bmgsch)". Also lumbia, Jan. 1, 1817, fortho purpose of coloniz-
Amenrmha. iiig free American negroes, it purchased in l^2l a
Amenhotep (a-men-hf>'tep) I., or Amenophis '''•ittoflandiiearCapeMesurado,Africa,wiieie it founded
(am-e-no'tis), Ser-ka-Ra. An Egyptian king, pubnc'hrig/? ^""'""' ^^''"^ ^'""^''' "" ""''^1'™'''="' «■
Ihni.Tifirfi „°Vm l^'^,'ly°«^f5^' ^^i^" ™ig"/i American Cousin, Our. A drama bv Tom
about 1606 B. c. (Bi-tigsch). He was successtul Tavlor, produced in IS.-iS. in this plavE A'sothem
1.1 caiupaigns in Ethiopia (Rush) and Libya, made a name by his clever ,levelop,uent .Jf the origiiiiuVy
Also Aiiieiihetp. small ^art of Lord Dundreary.
Amenhotep II., or Amenophis, Aa-kheperu- American Party, or Know-nothing Party.
Ra. An Eg^-jitian king, the seventh of the I" United States politics, a party which advo-
ISth dynasty, who reigned about ir)66 B. c.
(Brugsch). He made a successful campaign in Asia,
which is commemorated in an inscription in a temple at
Anindah in Nubia. There are also inscriptions bearing his
name in the temple of Aniuii at Karnak. .\lso Amciihct]).
Amenhotep III., or Amenophis, Maat-neb
Ra. ■ "
18th
(Bi .
builder.
are portrait-statues of him. See Mcmnon.
Amenophis III. was as great in peace as in war. In
his reign l^gypt lost none of her military prestige, and
cated the control of the government Ijy native
citizens. As it was at the outset a secret frateniity and
its members refused to give information coneeniing it,
they leceived the name of "Know-nothings." In 1S56 it
discarded its secret machinery. The party nominatetl
Fillmore for President in 1856, and was powerful for sev-
)
A scientific
uklin in
th the
Jesuits or Society for the Promotion of Useful
Knowledge in 1709, the date of its definite e.s-
• , -. , . , , ' ' "- - tablishment. Franklin was its first president.
from some large scaraba!! — one of which is in the Gizeh Amprieon Vnliin+oo»-o Tlia /,,(«„;.,1 t,tl<, •vy.^
Palace -we learn that under his rule Egypt stretched Tj^T.Vjr. _ _" "y^^®®^?' •'■."® l"™?.'".' ""'^' -^^^
Volunteers of America). -V religious organ-
ization founded in .March, 1890, by Mr. and iSlrs.
Balliugtou Booth, who sejiarated" fvom the Sal-
from .Mesopotamia to the country of Karo in Aliyssinia.
At the same time that he consolidated the empire left him
by j)iecf(liiig nionarchs, Amenophis raised along the banks
of the Nile inoniinieiits which for their grandeur and the „„f;^„"A „ i.' i ■" i .. i ^- n
peifeclin,, „f their workmanship aie unsurpassed. The ^'^*'"'? ^™y- ^' ^?'^ designed to be essentially
temple at Cebel-ltaikal, in the .srtdan, was erected by this American in consi itution and method,
king; so also was that at Scdeb, near the third catai'act— AmorigO VospUCCi. See Vespucci.
and souvenirs of him may be found at Assuan, Elcphan- Ampr<!fnnrt f-i ' mpr< f nrt "i .\ fr,n-.,
tiii.S(iebel-SiIsilch,EI-Kab,Tiirah, theSer.apc.iniatMem- ^merSIOOrL (a meis-torl). A town
phis, and Seibat-el-lladim. Ho added considerably to province ot Utrecht, Netherlands, on t
r'
Karnak, and built that portion of the temple at Lilxor
that bears his name. He also erected on the left bank of
the Nile -opposite to Luxor— a sacred edillcc which once
must have been one of the most important in Egypt. De-
stroyed completely by causes unknown to us, ail tliat is
nowleft of it arc the two enormous colossi — called bytlie
Arabs .Sanamat — which originally stood at the entrance.
Mariittr, (Outlines, p. 39.
, lononus. He dnjve back the . . ^ -rxr . ,--,,-,
Saion invaders and confined Ucuglst for some years to Amennotep IV., or AmenophlS, Khu-n-Aten
the Isle. .fThanct. ('splendor of the sun's disk'). An Egyptian
Ambundu (ara-b8n'd8). See Kimhundu. king, the tentli of the I8th d\-nasty, who reigned
Ameland (ii'me-liint). An island in the North " " ,.•'•'
Sea, north of the province of Friesland, NcHi-
erlatids, to wliicli it belongs. Length, K! miles.
Amelia (ii-mii'le-ii). A town in tlie provinei^
of Perugia, Italy, 4.5 miles north of Rome: the
ancient Ameria. It has a cathedral.
Amelia (ii-me'liil). Bom Aug. 7, 178.'i : died
Nov.2, Isio. An English princess, the fifteenth
and youngest child of George III.
about 1406 B. c. (Prugsch). He was an innovator
in religion, subatiluting the new worsiiip of Atcn (the
sun's disk) f.T that of Amnn and the other Egyptian
lie als 1 ii. ....... . ,„. .
that of .-Vinun
deities. He also moved the cajiitnl from Thebes to a plac
in middle Egypt, the moihrii Tel-cl-Aniarna.
Ameni (ii in.a'iK?), or Amenemhat. An T.gyv-
tian oflicial under Usertesen 1. An inscripimn
recording the events of his life has been found in a rock-
tomb at Heni-Hassan. It contains a reference to a famine
which has, by some, been Bup)>o8cd to be that which oc-
Amelia. The.heroine^ Fielding's novel of ^^^^i^i^^^of "Eii^^ll^er'S'^ork by Isaac
D'lsr.iili. coinpleted in 1841.
Amenophis. See Amenhotep.
Amentnes. Soo Amenli.
Amenti (a-men'to). In Egyptian m.vthology.
Hie under world; the world of the dead.
Ameria (a-me'ri-ii). The ancient name of
.Amelia in Italv.
tliat name (published 17.')1), a virtuous and de-
voted wife, said to be the portrait of Fielding's
own wil'e. She Is represented as having suffered an in-
jnr>- to her nose (like .Mrs. Fielding), which impaired her
popularity among Fielding's readers. Thackeray cmsid-
eiidher "the most charming character In F.nglish'nctlon."
Amelia. See Scdlri/, Amelia.
Amelia Island (a-me'liji i'land). A small
island olT llic nortlieasterii'coas't of Floriila.
Am61ie-les-BainS (ii-ma-16'la-bau'). [For-
merly .■lrlex-le^-/laiii.-,: the name was changed in
1840 in honorof the wife of Louis Philippe.] A
health-resort in (he department of Pyr6n6es-
Orientales. France, L'O miles southwest of Per-
pignau. It has sulphur springs.
the
the Eem
26 miles souUieast of Anisterdam. u was an Im-
portant scat of the .lansenists, and has a noted i hurch
of St. .Mary. It has nourishing manufactiues and trade.
I'lipulation (18S9). eoninnine, 15,449.
Ames (aniz), Adelbert. Bom at Rockland,
Maine, t)ct. ;il, l.s;!5. An American general in
the Civil War. II,. was giaduated fixmi West Point in
l.siil, aii.l t.iok part in the l.aKles of Mull linn, Caines's
Mill, .Malvern Hill, Fiedeiicksbnig, Chaneellorsvillc, An-
tietam, (Jettysburg. and others. He was brevetted major-
general of volunteeis March l:!, lstl.5, and niaJiM--general
of the regular army IstKI, and jiromoted to the full rank of
lieutenant-colonel .Inly 2.S, 18C(I. He was provisional gov-
ernor of .Missis8ij)jiilS(i8-70. Kepnblican Cniled States sen-
ator fnun tliat Stale 1870-74, and its governor lS74-7tl.
Ames, Fisher. Born at Dedham, Mass., April
9, 17.').H: (lied at Dedham, July 4, 1808. Anoted
Americ.'iii orator, sliitesman, and political
writer. IIo was graduated from Harvard C.dlege In
1774, began the practice of law at Dcdhain in I7SI. was
a member of the Massachiisctts ratifying committee in
17HS, an, I was a Federal ineniber of Congress from Massa-
chusetts 17.'^1l-97. lie declined the |ire8idency of Harvard
College in ls(M. He wrote the "I.aoeoiur'aiid other essays
to rouse the opposition ag.-iinst Fmnce,
Ames, Joseph. Horn at Yarmouth, England,
Jan. 23, 16S9: died at London, Oct. 7, 17')9.
An English aiili(piary and bibliograplier, pub-
lisher of "Tyjiographical Aniiipiities" (1749,
ed. by Herbert 178.')-90). This work is tho
foundalion of English bibliography.
America (a-mer'i-kii). [It. Sp. Pg. Amer- Aiaes, Joseph. Born 1816: died "1872. An
«■((, F. Aincriqite, G. .imcrika; from NL
America (11)07), after Americu.i I'espntiiis (It.
Amcrif/o Vespucci), an Italian explorer. See
Vespucci.'\ Tho western continent or grand
division of the world, inchiding Xorlli Amer-
ica, South America, and adjacent islands. See
American painter, chiefly noted for his por-
traits.
Ames, Mrs. (Mary Clemmer, hiter Mrs. Hud-
son). Born at Utica, X. Y., 1839: died at
Washington, P. ('., Aug. 18, 1884. An Ameri-
can writer, and the Washington correspondent
Ames
of the New York "Independent." She pub-
lished novels, i)oems, sketches, etc.
Ames, Oakes. Born at Easton, Mass., Jan. 10,
1S04: dieil May 8, 1873. An American luauu-
factiu'er. capitalist, and politician. He was inter-
ested in the building of the Union Pacific Railioad was
Republican member of Congress from Massachusetts !«>.!-
Ib73, and was censured by the Uouse for his connection
with tlie Credit Mobilier (which see).
Ames (Latinized Amesius). William. Bom
at Ipswich, England, 1.^76: died at Kotterdam.
Nov., 1633. An English Puritan theologian
and casuist residing in the Netherlands. He
wrote "Medulla Theologise," "De Conscientia
(1632), "Coronis," etc.
50
Amman, Jost
'The Arabian Nights' Entertainments.'
He
" The Craftsman." He was expelled from St. John's
ColleRe i)xf,,rd, for irrepulai- conduct, or according to his marries Amine. . . ■, ,
own accoiHit for the liberality of his opinions, and re ^^jujna (a-me'na). The principal character in
vciiged himself by satirizinv: the university in "Tcrne gpHiui's opera "La Sonnambula."
Filius," a prose work, and " Oculus IJritiiunia', a poem - -'
Amias (am'i-as). oi- Amyas. In Book IV
Spenser's "Faerie Queene," the captive lover
of Emilia, a squire of low degree.
Amici (ii-me'che), Giovanni Battista. Born
at Modena, Italv. March 25, 1784 (178tif): died
at Florence. April 10, 1863. An Italian optician
and astronomer. He produced a dioptric or
achromatic microscope which bears his name.
Amicis, De. See De Am ids.
Amida (ii-mi'dii). In ancient geography "
Amesburv (amz'ber'i). A town in Essex Komancity on the site of the modern Diarbekr.
(^imtv fiaiachusetts situated on the Merri- Amidas (am'i-das) and Bracidas (bras i-das).
mack -34 mles north ^f Boston. It was the Twin brothers whomArtegal reeoncdes in the
residence of Whittier. Populatiou{ls!)()),!),79S. tifth book of Spenser's " Faene Queene. '
A^esha Spentas mod. Peis. Amshaspands. Amidas, Philip. Born at Hull, England 1550-
■^cis,aramortal Holy Ones.'] The seven su- died about 1C18. An English navigator,
[Pc
He
uuiiiii iixij v^.i^o. J *«^ -^ _.,.! about 1C18.
proine spirits of Avostan theologv. At their head, explored, with Barlow, the North Carolina coast
-- their creator, stanils Ahnramazda. The others are in 1584. See BarUnr.
— '• ' •■ "' . _. .. , „ T gj^j^jg i<ga4 Shep-
in whose mouth
moral or physical abstractions. They are Vohu Manah, yy^j,, (a'mi). In Ben Jons
•good mind,' AshaVahishta, 'best righteousness, Khsha- , , „^ CTPiitle shenherdess
0?ra Vairya, ■the_wished.for.kmgdonV SpenU^^ Anna,,.,. ^^^^J^^t'i,";"^!,^^
■holy hiu-mony,' Haurvatat, 'wholeness, saving health,
Amcretat, 'immortality.' In the later religii>n they be-
came gnardiau geniuses respectively of the flocks, lire,
metals, the earth, waters, and trees. They are related to
Ahnrannuda as are the Adityas in Vcdic theology to
\'arnua. See Adityas.
Amestris (a-mes'tris). See the extract.
Amestris, the daughter of Otanes according to Herodo-
tus, of Onophas acconling to Ctesias, was the favourite
wife of Xer.\es, anil bore him at least five childreii. Her
crimes and cruelties are rela
and are glanced at by Herodt
of Esther, whose disgrace ^>il!, p<;ii...po "...j w.«j.— ••■.•• "-■-- — - .-- , „ » (^i,„4.:,„ „„a „f
She lived to a great age, dying, as it would seem, only a poet, appointed professor ot estlietics ana ot
little before her son Artaxertes. ,„ „„ French literature at the Academy of Geneva in
iiairfin«on, Herod., IV. 258. _
dated by Ctesias at some length, .-liol CiimpelM
odotus. She may be the Vashti Anuel (a-me-ei ;.
s was perhaps only temporary, (jeneva. 18^1 : tlie
AmetO (a-ma'to). A prose idyl of Boccaccio,
with poetical interludes. Seven nymphs over whom
Ameto, a young hunter, presides recount the story of their
loves, and each story concludes with eclogues, which were
the flrst in the Italian language.
Amga (iim'gii). A river of eastern Siberia,
about 500 miles in length, which joins the Al-
dan in about lat. 63° N., long. 134° E.
Amhara (iim-hii'iii). The central province
of Abyssinia, including Dembea, Begemeder,
Lasta,' Medja, (lojam. The capital is Gondar.
Amharic (iim-hiir'ik), or Amarinna (a-ma-
rin'a). Tlie language of the Abyssinian prov-
ince Amhara, and of Shoa: since the 14th
century the court and official language of Abys-
sinia. As long as the ancient Geez flouiished, Amharic
was only a provincial dialect of southern Abyssinia.
Within the last three centuries it has been sometimes
used in writing, with adapted Ethiopian characters. It
is a Semitic language with an intermixture of African
words.
Amherst (am'erst). A district in Tenasserim
division, British Burma, intersected by lat. 16°
N., long. 98° E. Area, 15,203 square miles.
Population (1891), 417,312.
Amherst. A seaport in the Amherst district,
founded by the British in 1826. It has been
superseded in importance by Maulmain.
In Book iv of Aminadab (a-min'a-dab). A name often used
by tlie older dramatists to designate a Quaker.
Aininadab Sleek. See sleek, Jminadab.
Amine (ii-men' ). 1. In the story of " Sidi Non-
man" in "The Ai'abian Nights' Entertain-
ments," the wife of Sidi Nouman. Her habit of
eating only a few grains of rice, at table, arouses his sus-
picions, and he discovers her feasting at night with a
ghoul.
2. In the story of " The Three Ladies of Bag-
dad" in "The Arabian Nights' Entertain-
ments," Zobeide's sister. Without knowing
his rank, she marries Amin, eldest son of Ha-
run-al-Rashid.
Aminta (U-min'ta). Apastoral drama by Tasso,
produced in 1573.
But an epoch in the history of the pastoral drama is
marked by the Aminta of Torquato Tasso, acted at Fer-
rara in 1573. This celebrated poem is simple in plot ; but
its design is allegorical, and the Arcadia presented is a
reflexion of the Feriara court, the poet himself appearing
as one ot the shepherds (Tirsi). Ward.
Aminte (U-mant'). 1. See Caihos.— 2. The
neighbor of Sganarellein Molifere's "L' Amour
Medecin."
Amintor (a-min'tor). One of the principal
male characters in Beaumont and Fletcher's
play "The Maid's Tragedy." His weakness and ir-
reso"lution in love are explained", but not compensated for,
by his fantastic loyalty to his king.
Amiot, or Amyot (ii-me-o'), Joseph. Bom at
Toulon, France, 1718: died at Peking, 1794. A
French Jesuit missionary (in China) and Ori-
entalist. He wrote "M^raoires conceniant I'histoire,
les sciences, et les arts des Cliinois" (1776-91), "Diction-
, , ., , .- ,o-o T. ^ naire tatar-mantchou-franijais " (17S9), etc.
1849, and of moral philosophy in 18o3. ^Parts ^^irante Islands (am'i-rant i'landz). A
group of small islands in the Indian Ocean, be-
longing to the British, situated southwest of
the Seychelles about lat. 5°-7°_S.
I grant the linnet, lark, and bullfinch sing.
But best the dear good angel of the Spring, ^
The nightingale. "■ -
Amiel (a'mi-el). In Dryden's "Absalom and
Acbitophel," a character intended for Edward
Seymour, speaker of the House of Commons,
who was an adherent of the Prince of Orange
and the head of the house of Seymour.
Henri Frederic. Born at
died 1881. A Swiss scholar and
of his " Journal intime" werepublishedafterhis
death (2 vols. 1882-84). He studied at Berlin
1844-48.
Amiens (ii-me-an'). The capital of the depart- Amirkot, Amerkote (iim-er-kof). A town in
ment of Somme, France, situated at the ]unc- gj^j^ British India, 94 miles east of Haidarabad.
tion of the Selle with the Somme in lat. 49° ^i^^ggt Amiles (a-mes' at ii-me'les). Achan-
55' N., long. 2° 18' E.: the ancient Samarobri- sonde geste,in3,500 lines, datingprobablyfrom
the 12th centurv. Its theme is the adventures of two
va. It was the capital of ancient Picardie and is now
one of the leading manufacturing and commercial cen-
ters of France. The cathedral of Amiens, begun in 1220,
is in purity and majesty of design perhaps the finest ex-
isting medieval structure. It is 469 feet long, 2i:i across
the transepts, and about l.iO in height of nave-vaulting.
The incomparable facade has 3 huge porches covered
with the richest sculpture, 2 galleries, the lower arcaded,
the upper filled with statues of kings, and a great rose
and gable between two low square towers. The transepts
have superb roses 40 feet in diameter above traceried ar-
cades filled with colored glass. The great portal of the
south transept is famous for its sculpture. The interior
is simple and most impressive. The 110 late-Pointed
choir-stalls are probably unexcelled, and the radiating
apsiilal chapels are of exceptional beauty. The slender
wooden central spire is 3G1 feet high. Population (1S91),
S:!,(;54.
Amiens, Battle of. A victory gained Nov. 27,
1S70. by the Germans under Manteuffel over
the French. It was followed by the taking of
Amiens Nov. 28, and the surrender of its cita-
del Nov. 30.
Amherst A town inHampshire County Ma^ssa- ^^j ^ " Co'imcil at. See Amiens, Mise of.
cluiset s, 20 miles nortli ot ^prmg >pUi, th<. seat ^^^l' jyiige of. The award pronounced Jan.
ot Amherst College and ot ^the^Massuchusetts ^Ifn^. ^^ J
question as to the obligation ot Henry lit. to
obsen'e the Provisions of Oxford had been re-
ferred at the Council of Amiens, Dee. 16, 1263.
Agricultural College. Population (1890), 4.512.
Amherst, Jeffrey (Baron Amherst). Bom at
Kiverhead, England, Jan. -'J, 1717: died at
Montreal, in Kent, Aug. 4, 1797. An English
field-marshal. As major-general he served in the
attack on Louisburg in July, Vbii, at Ticonderoga in
July, 1759, and at .Montreal in Sept., 1700. He was ap-
pointed governor-general of British North America in
1701. governor ot Virginia in 1703, governor ot Guernsey
In 177U, and lieutenant-general and acting commander-in-
chief of the army in 1772 (commander-in-chief in 17*J3).
He was created Haron Amherst in 1770 (recreated in 1787).
geiieral in 177^, and flild-niarsb.al in 17i)«.
Amherst, William Pitt (Earl Amherst). Born
Jan., 1773: died 1857. An English statesman
and di])lomatist, nephew of Jeffrey Amherst.
He was aml>assador to China 1816-17, governor-general
(,f India 1S23-28, and carried on the first Burmese war
1.^24-2l■|.
Amherst College. An institution of learning
situated at Amherst. Massachusetts. It was AmienS, Treaty of.
opened in 1821 and iuc(jri>orated in 182.'i, and is controlled - - - -- -
ebi-fly by CongregationalisU. It had 407 students lu 1696-
^^!^7. '
Amherstburg ( am'erst-bferg). A town in Es-
sex County. Ontario. Canada, situated at the
entrance of the Detroit Kiver into Lake Erie,
20 miles south of Detroit. Popidation, about
2,0110.
Ainhurst (am'erst), Nicholas. Bom at Mar-
den, in Kent, Oct. 16, 1697: died at Twicken
noble friends Amis and Amilcs. They escape the treachery
of the felon knight Haidrs? ; the niece of Charles, Lubias,
is bestowed on Amis, and his daughter, BeUicent, falls in
love with Aniiles; the latter is accused of treason by
Hardr^, and is saved by Amis who fights in his stead and
slays his accuser ; and Aniiles and BeUicent are married.
Amis, having forsworn himself in aiding Amiles. is pun-
ished by an attack of leprosy, of which he is cured by the
blood of the children of Amiles who are slain by their
father for this purpose : the children, however, are mirac-
ulously restored to life. Also known as Amys and Amy-
loun.
Amis et Amiles is the eailiest vernacular form of a story
which attained extraordinaiy popularity in the middle
ages, being found in every language and in most literaiy
forms, prose and verse, narrative and dramatic. This pop-
ularity may partly be assigned to the religious and mar-
vellous elements which it cont.iins, but is due also to the
intrinsic merits of the story. The chanson ... is writ-
ten, like Roland, in decasyllabic verse, but, unlike Koland,
has a shorter line of six syllables and not assonanced at
the end of each stanza. SainOibvry, Fr. Lit., p. 16.
Amis (a'niis) the Parson. A comic poem in
Middle High German, composed by an Austrian
(Der Strieker), probaldy about 1230.
Amistad (ii-mes-tiiTH' ) Case. The case of the
United States against the Spanish vessel Ami-
stad. This vessel, while coming from Africa in ls:i9
with a cargo of kidnapped negroes, was seized by the ne-
groes neiu- Cuba and taken to the coast of Connecticut,
and there captured by a I'nited States vessel. On a libel
for salvage the United States Supreme Court held on ap-
peal that the negroes were free and not pirates.
The ancient name of Sam-
By this award the King of France entirely annulled the
Provisions of Oxford, and all engagements which had
beeu made respecting them. Not content with doing this
in general terms, he forbade the middng of new statutes,
as proposed and carried out iu the Provisions of West- AmisUS (a-mi'sus)
minster, ordered the restoration of the royal castles to the ^^^^
~ " " " In Van-
brugh's comedy " The Confederacy," a game-
ster, the son of a garrulous old woman who
king, restored to him the power of nominating the ofticers ." " ,' . , „/i„i\ Tki/.V nr- Pipbard
ot state and the sherilfs, the nomination of whom had Amlet (am let), UICK oi Iticnara,
been withdrawn from him by the Provisions of Oxford
he annulled the order that natives of England alone should
govern the realm of F.ngland, and added that the king
should have full and free power in this kingdom as he
had had in time past. All this wasiu the king's favor. The
arbitrator, however, added that all charters issued before
the time of the Provisions should hold good, and that all
parties should condone enmities and injuries arising from
the late troubles. Stubbs, Early Plantagenets, p. 202.
Knights of St. John.
Amiens (ii'mi-enz). In Shakspere's "As you
Like it," a gentleman in attendance on the
duke.
ham, April 12. 1742. An English poet and Amin (ii-men'). The eldest son of Harun-al-
pamphleteer, editor of the political journal Rashid in "The Three Ladies o£ Bagdad" in
combines the trade of selling paint, powder,
and toilet luxuries to ladies with a less re-
spectable one. He attempts with her assistance to
pass himself off as a fine gentleman, but only produces the
impression of a footman raised from the ranks.
Amlet, Amleth. Same as Hamlet.
, A peace concluded at Amlet, Mrs. See AmM, Dicl:.
Amiens', March 27, 1802. between Great Britain Amlwch (ani'lok). A seaport in Anglesey,
on one side, and France, Spain, and the Ba- Wides. 56 miles west of Liverpool, noted for
tavian Republic on tlie other. England restored its (Parys) copper-mines. Population (18J1);
all roiKiuests except Ceylon and Trinidad, the Ionian Re- 5,567.
puljlic was acknowledged, the IVeuch were to abandon ATnma.Tl (Hrn'man) Jost Born at Zlirich,
Rome and Naples, and .Malta was to be restored to the g.j^ti,_prian(i about' 1539 : 'died at Nm-emberg,
March, 1591. A S%viss wood-engraver and
painter. He came to Kuremberg in 1560, where he prob-
ably worked until his death. He is chiefly known for hisen-
gravings, especially his wond-engrarings. and left no less
than 6i'0 prints, of which the most noted are a set of 115
wood-prints of arts and trades, printed at Frankfort in 1686.
Amman, Johann Eonrad
Amman, Johann Konrad. Born at Schaff-
hauseu, Switztilaud, lOGU: died at Warmoud,
near Leydeii, about 1725. A Swiss pliysician
and writer on instruction for deaf-mutes. His
chief works are ".Surdus loqueus" (1672),
"Uissertatio de loquola" (1700), etc.
Amman, or Ammann, Paul. Boru at Breslau,
Prussia. Au^t. :>0, l(!u4: died Feb. 4, 1G91. A
German pliysii'iaii and botanist. He was np-
pointtd professor uf bntaiiy at Leipsic in 1(;74, ami ot
physioloKV ill IBSi, and was the autllor of " I'raxis Vul-
neruni lethalium "(lWXl),"Cliaracter uaturalis I'lautarum "
(1UT6), etc.
Amman (iim-man'). A ruined to\\'n northeast
of the Dead Sea, the ancient Rabboth Ammon
or Philadelpliia. It contains a Roman theater about
S«o (eet in diameter, in part excavated from a hillside.
Ammanati (iim-inii-uii'te), Bartolommeo.
Born at Settis'iano, near Florence, Juno 1>>,
loll: died at Settignano. April L'2, 1592. An
Italian architect and sculptor. Ilis most noted
work is the "Ponte clclla Trinita" at Florence.
Ammen lam'enl. Daniel. Born Jlay 15, 1820.
An Anierii'an admiral. He entereil theiiavyas mid-
Bhipman July 7, ls;iO, was made executive ofllcer of the
North .Atlantic hloekadinK 8((iiadroii at the outbreak of
the Civil \V;u-, and eomiuanded the Seneca in the attack <m
Port Koyal .Nov. 7, IStJl, and the Patapsco in that on
Fort Maeallistcr .March 3, ISO.!. He was promoted cap-
tain July 2.'i, 186fi, and was retired with the rank of rear-
admiral June 4, IS78. He wrote "The Atlantic Coast"
("The Navy in the Civil War" series, ls8a).
Ammen, Jacob. Born Feb. 7, 180S: died Feb.
6. 1894. An .Vmerican general in the Civil
War. He was graduated from West Point in lS.fl. re-
signed from the army in l&i", became captain of volun-
teers April IS, 1861. took part in the West Vlrtriiiia enm-
paign umier McClellan, was promoted liriKadier-Keneralof
volunteers July ItJ, ls<i2, and was in command of the dis-
trict of East Tennessee April 10, 1864,- Jan. 14, 186.S, when
he resigned.
Ammer (iim'mcr). or Amper (iim'per). Ariver
in Upper Bavaria, which rises in the Alps,
traverses the Ammersee, and joins the Isar 30
miles northeast of Munich. It receives the
outlet of the Starubergersee. Length, about
125 miles.
Ammergau. See Obcr-Ammcrgau.
Ammerland (iim'mcr-liind). A small district in
the western part of tlie grand duchy of Olden-
burg, (iermatiy.
Ajnmersee (am'er-za). A lake in Upper Ba-
varia, 10 miles long, traversed by the Ammer.
It lies west of the Starnbergersee.
Ammianus(am-i-a'nus) Marcellinus. Born at
Antioch, Syria, about :!30 A. D. : died about 395.
AUreek historian, author of a history of Rome
(in Latin), covering the period 96 A. D.-37S.
The part for 9()-;i52 is lost. He ^vrote probably
between 380-390.
Ammon. See Amun.
Ammon (am'on). The eponymio ancestor of
a people, the children of Ammon, or Ammon-
ites, frequently mentioned in the Old Testa-
ment: according to the account in Genesis,
the son of Lot by his younger daughter was
Ben-Ami itieu. .\ix. 3K).
Ammon, or Amon, "r Amun, Saint. Born
about 2S5, ill lower Egypt: died 348. The
founder ot the settlement of hermits in Nitria.
See yitiia.
Ajnmon (iim'mon), Christoph Friedricli von.
Born at Bayreiith, Bavaria, .Ian. Hi, 17()li: died
at Orcsden; May 21, 1,h50, A tierman Protes-
tant preacher and rationalistic theologian. He
was appojnteil professor (1780) at Erlangcn, later (17114)
at t;nttim;eTi, ami again (IsiM) at Erlangeii.
Ammon, Friedrich August von. Bom at
Giittingen, Sejit. 10, 1799: died May 18, 1861.
A German oiihlhalmologist, son of ('. F. von
Ammon. lie beeame professor in the surgical and medi-
cal aiMd'-inv at Dresden in 1829, and royal jirivy medical
(■..iin.-i 1-riii 1S44.
Ammonias (a-mo'ni-as). [Gr. 'A/i/iui'ia^.l An
architect who, according to an epigram of
the Anthology, restored the Pharos ot Alex-
andria in the lime of the emperor Anastasius,
about llie end of the 5tli century A. I>. He is
also credited with the construction of an aque-
dii.t.
Ammonius (a-mo'ni-us). Bom about 170 a. d.:
died after 243. An Alexandrian philosopher,
the founder of the Neoplatonic sdiool, sur-
named '• Saccas" or "Saccophorus" ('the sack-
bearer'), from his occupation, in early life, as a
porter. Plotinus, Longinus. and (irigcn were his pupils.
Acconling to Porphyry he was b()rn a tMiristian, but this
la deuie<l by EuBcbius and Jerome.
Ammonius, -Vn Alexandrian philosopher, of
the second half of Ilie 5th century A. n., a com-
mentator on .\ristotlo.
Ammonoosuc (am-o-nb'suk), Lower. A river
51
in New Hampshire, about 100 miles long, which
rises near Mount Washington and joins the
Connecticut 7 miles north of Haverhill.
Amol (ii-mol'), or Amul (il-mol'). A city in
the pro\'iuce of Mazanderan, Persia, situated
on the Ilcraz in lat. 30° 20' N., long. !52° 23'
E. It was very important in the middle ages.
Population, 10,000.
Amometus (am-o-me'tus). A Greek writer of
uncertain date, author of a poetical descrip-
tion of a nation of "Attacori," dwelling be-
yond the Himalayan range, resembling the
ancient account <if the Hyperboreans.
Amon (a'mon). In Old Testament history: (n)
A governor of Samaria in the time of Ahab
(.■Vmos■^^i.). (/)) The son of Manasseh and king
of Judah (542-640 B. c. He was assassinatetl
through a court conspiracy, and was succeeded
by his son .Tosiah.
Amon. See Aiinot.
Amon, or Aimon, or Haymon. See Ai/mon.
Amoneburg (ii-men'e-borG). A small town in
the province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situated
on the Ohm 7 miles east of Marburg. It was
formerly a strong fortress.
Amontons (ii-mdu-t6n'), Guillaume. Bom at
Paris, Aug. aL 1663: died Oct. 11, 1705. A
French physicist. He was the inventor of a system
of telegraphy by means of signals from one station to an-
other through a series.
Amoo, See Anm-Duria.
Amoor. See Amur.
Amor (a'mor), [L.. 'love.'] Same as &os.
Amoraim(ii-m6'r!i-em). [Aram., 'expounders.']
Tlie rabbis who commented upon the Mishna,
and thus evolved the Gemara, which with the
Mishna constitutes the Talmud. The period of
the Amoraim begins after the death of the patriarch rabbi
Judah I. and extends to the close of the Talmud, ». e.,
about 200-500 A. D.
Amoret (am'o-ret). 1. In Spenser's " Faerie
yueenc," the twin sister of Belphoobe, the im-
personation of the grace and charm of female
beauty. Brought up by Venus in the Courts of Love,
she becomes the wife of Sir Scudamore, but is not in-
sensible to the passion of Cortiambo (sensual love). (See
Ilusirane.) -Also Ariwretta.
3. In Fletcher's "Faithful Shepherdess," a
shepherdess in love with and loved by Perigot.
and enduring many trials with sweetness and
constancy.
Amoretta (am-o-ret'il). See Amoret, 1.
AmorgOS (a-mor'gos). [Gr. 'Afiopydr.'] An isl-
and, 21 miles long, in the .iEgean Sea, one of
the Cycladcs, 16 miles southeast of Naxos. It
is mountainous and fruitful. Population, about
2,000.
Amorites (am'o-rits). [Probably from Heli.
amir, mountain-top, the mountaineers (Num.
xiii. 29). ] A name used in the Old Testament in
general for the Canaauites as well as for a sub-
division of the Canaauites. Biblical critics assert
that in the set of ciucunniiis known as J (J;divist) all the
pre-Israelitish inb;il'it;nils of Palestine arc mlkii ('aiiaan-
ites, while in the ilnctinicnts known as K (Eluhist) (by
others K = Ucil:iitor) tluy arc ("illc.l Aiiiorit.s, This gen-
eral use of the tcnii Aiin^rih' linds fnrtlicr cotillrnKition in
the recently ^n'.:g'->tcd it:idiiigof a gcograliliicid term in
the cuneiform jn^criptinns. inat Amitrii. country of the
Amorites, wliieh dcnoniinatcs in the inscriptions I'lio'iiicia
and Syria in general, liarticiiiaily Palestine; it was previ-
ously read Hitil Ah'tt-ri. Even in the restricted sense it is
obvious that llicy were one of the chief races of Canaan,
As early as Ilic l:ith century n. c. tliey seem to liave been
antagonists of the Hittites. They appearon the Egyptian
monuments as Aniarii; they lived east of the .Pordan
where .Sihon and Og, their kings, were defeated by Moses.
Tile land thus comiuered became the property of the tribes
of Reuben, (Sad, and half of Jlanasseli. Those west of the
Jordan were eom|ucrcd by Joshiui, and their territory was
given to tlic tiil.e of .Indah.
Amorous Bigot, The. A comedy by T. Shad-
well, produced in 1690.
Amorous Complaint Made at Windsor, An.
A ])oeiii nllriluited lo Chancer.
Amorous La Foole, Sir. See La Fnolc.
Amorous Prince, The. A play by Mrs. Aphra
Behn, adapted from Davenport's "City Night-
Cap," produced and printed in 1671.
AmorpuUS (a-mor'fns). In Ben .Tonson's com-
edy "Cynlliia's Revels." a traveler and affcdcd
talker, lie is a liar and braggart, and an arlii-
trator of (pian-els, but no lighter.
Amory (a'mo-ri), Blanche. In Thackeray's
novel "Pendcnnis," a worldly, frivolous, and
selfish girl, whose real name is Betsy, she en-
courages any man, eveti the French cook, and, while posing
as a temler ."delicate flower, makes every one about-her as
uncomfortable as possible.
For this young lady IRlanehe Amoryl was tiot able to
carry out any emotion to the full : Imt Inni a sham enthu-
Biasm, a sham hatred, a sham love, a sham taste, a Bham
grief, each of which flared and Bbone very vehemently for
Amphiaraus
an instant, but subsided and gave place to the next sham
emotion. Thackeray, Pendennis, II. xxxv.
Amory, Thomas. Bom 1691 (?): died Nov. 25,
1788. An English writer, author of "Memoirs
containing tlieljivesof several Ladies of Great
Britain, etc." (1755), "Life of John Bnncle,
E.sq." (17.56-06), etc. He has been called the
"English Rabelais."
"John Buncle" is virtually a continuation of the me-
moirs. The book is a literary curiosity, containing an ex-
traordinary medley of religious and senliinental rhapso-
dies, descriptions of scenery, and occasional fnigments of
apparently genuine autobiography. " The soul of Rabe-
lais," says Hazlitt [wlni never gets names right], " passed
into Jolni (Thomas) Amor)'."
Leslie Stephen, Diet. Nat. Biog.
Am03(a'mos). [Heb.] 1. A Hebrew prophet, a
contemporary of Isaiah and Hosea, and a native
of Tekoah, iiear Bethlehem. — 2. One of the
books of the Old Testament, the third of the
minor prophets.
The humble condition of a shepherd following his flock
on the bare mountains of Tekoa has tempted many com-
mentators, from .lerome downwiu-ds, to think of Amos as
an unlettered t-lown, ami to trace his "ruBticity" in the
language of his book. To the unprejudiced judgment,
however, the prophecy of Amos appears one of the best
examples of pure Hebrew style. The language, the Im-
ages, the groupingare alike admirable; and the simplicity
of the diction, obscured only in one or two passages by
the fault of transciibers (iv. 3; Ix. 1), is a token, not of
rusticity, but of perfect mastery over a language which,
though unfit for the expression of abstract ideas, is unsur-
passed as a vehicle for impassioned speech.
ir. 1!. Smith, Prophets of Israel, p. 125.
Amos, Sheldon. Born about 1835: died near
Alexandria, Egypt, Jan. 2, 1886. An English
jurist and publicist. He was professor ot jurispru-
dence at t'niverslty College, London, 1867-79, and author
of "Capital Punishment in England" (1864), "Codiflca-
tion in England and the State of New York " (1867). " Dif-
ference of Sex as a Topic of Jurisdiction and Legislation "
(1870), " Policy of the Contagious Diseases Acts Tested "
(1870), " A Systematic View of the .Science of Jurispru-
dence " (1872), etc.
Amosis. See Amanis.
Amoskeag (am-os-keg'). See Pennncool:
Amour M6decin (ii-miir' mad-sah'), L'. A
comedy liy Moliere, produced in 1665 at Ver-
sailles. In this play he ridicules pedantry and eharla.
tanism in the medical profession, against which he had
a spite.
Amoy (ii-moi'). A seaport in the province of
Fuhkien, China, situated on the island of Amoy
opposite Formosa, in lat. 24° 27' N., long. 118°
4' E. It is a free haven, and has one of the best harbors in
the country. It exports tea, sugar, opium, etc. It was
captured by the British in 1841, and beeame open to Brit-
ish commerce in 1842. Population (1888), 9(!,ii00.
Amoymon. See Amaimon.
Amper. See Ammer.
Ampere (ou-piir'), Andr6 Marie. Born at
Lyons, Jan. 22, 1775: died at Marseilles, June
10, 1836. A French physicist and mathemati-
cian, famous for his investigations in electro-
dynamics. He was professor at the Polytechnic School
ill Paris and later in the t'oUege de France, and a member
of the Academy of Sciences. His chief works are " Recuell
d'observations elcctro-dynamiqnes" (1822), and "Th(!orie
dcs phcnoincnes tHectro-dynainiciucs."
Ampfere, Jean Jacques Antoine. Born at
Lyons, Aug. 12, 18(10: ilied at Pan, France,
March 27, 1864. A French literary historian,
son of A. M. Ampere, professor in the College
de France, and a member of the French Acad-
emv. Ho was the author of "Histoirc litti'raire de la
Fraiice avant le 12"i" siccle " (1839-40), " lliatoire roinaine
J> Rome " (18.10-64), " llistoire de la formation de la langue
franvaise," "L'empire romain ilRome," " LalJrece, Rome,
ct Dante."
Ampersand (am'per-sand). A peak of the
Ailirondacks sittuitcd south of the Saranac
Lakes. It is 3,430 feet in height.
Ampezzaner (iini-pet-sii'ner) Alps. A gi'oup
of the Kolomile Alps on the borders of south-
ern Tyrol and Italy.
Ampezzo (iim-p<'l '.so). The upper valley of the
Boita, situated in Tyrol and the Italian border
26 miles soulheasl of Brixen. Its chief town is
Cortina di Amjiezzo (or Ampezzo di Calore).
Population (commune), about 3,000.
Ampezzo. A town in the province of Udine,
Italv, 32 miles northwest of Udine. Population,
about 2,0011,
Ampfin^ (iimp'fing). A village ii\ Upper Ba-
varia. .1 miles west of Miilildorf.
Ampfing, Battle of. 1. See Mnhl,t,>rf.—2.
A viclorv gained bv the Austrians under Arch-
duke John over tlie French. Pec. 1, 1800.
Amphialus (am-fi'a-lus). [From a Gr. name
'AiHpin'hn:.'] In Sidiit\v's "Arcadia," the valiant
aiid virtuous son of the wicked Cecropea, and
the lover of his cousin Philoclea.
Amphiaraus (am'fi-a-ra'us). [Gr. 'Ki4i&paot.}
Amphiaraus
In Greek mythology, a sicr ;ind hero of Argos,
who took part in iho Ar^cmiautie expedition,
the himt of tlie Calyiloniaii lioar, and the ex-
pedition of the Seven against Thebes.
Amphiareion (am' ti-a-n'ou). A sanctuary
ana oracle of Amphiaraus. near Oropus, in
Bojotia, Greece. Amphiaraus was one of the Seven
who marched against Theljcs, anil was heie swallowed up
by the earth at the will of Zeus, to sjive him in his llisrht.
The sanctuary occupies a narrow area on the bank of a
torrent; it includes a temple and altiu-, a larRe portico, a
lonp range of bases for votive statues, and a theater whose
plan and sta^'estrueturc are iutcrestinn. All the existing
ruins are of Hellenistic date. The oracle enjoyed (treat
renown, and the deiHed seer had a liit'h reputation for
healing sickness. Excavations have been made here since
I.SS4 liy the Archa;oloKical Society of Athens.
Amphictyony (am-(ik'ti-i;n-i), or Amphicty-
pnic League (am-fik-ti-oii'ik leg). [From Gr.
a/z^JiKTiofff, dwellers around, neighbors.] In
Greek history, a league of peoples inhabiting
neighboring territories or tirawn together by
community of origin or interests, for mutual
protection and the guardianship in common of a
central ,'^anetuaryand itsrites. There were several
8uch confe<lcrationsi but the name is specially appropri-
ated to tile most famous of them, that of Delphi. This
was conipiised of twelve tribes, and its deputies met tw ice
each year, alternately at Delphi and at Thermopyhc. Its
origin dates back to the iieuinninirs of Grecian histoiy,
and it survived the iudejicnd-in-r of Greece. It exercised
paramount authority ovei- 1 lie famous oracular sanctuary
of the Pythian Apollo and over the snrrotlnding region,
and eonducted the Pythian games ; and it constituted,
thouKh in an imperfect way, a national congress of tile
many comparatively small and often opposed states into
which iJreece was divided.
Amphilochus (am-fil'o-kus). [Gr. 'A/i(pi^oxot:.']
In tircek legend, a seer, son of Amphiaraus
and brother of Alcmseon: one of the Epigoni.
Amphion (am-fi'on). [Gr. 'A/i^d/ui'.] In Greek
mythology, a skilful musician, son of Zeus and
Antiope, twin brother of Zethus, and husband
of Niobe. The brothers slew Dirce, who had ill-treated
their mother, by causing her to he dragged to death by
a bult 'I'liey took possession of Thebes, and when tlie
walls were buihling, the stones moved of their own accord
to their places under the influence of .^mpliion's lyre.
AmpMpolis (am-fip'o-lis). [Gr. 'A/npirro'Ai^.'] In
ancient geography, a city in Macedonia, on
the Strjnnon, 3 miles from the yEgean, in lat.
40° 48' "N.. long. 23° ,'il' E. Originally a Thracian
town, it was colonized by Athens about 436 It. c, and was
captured by .sparta in i-ll B. c. Near it the Spartans
under Brasidas defeated the Athenians under Cleon 422
B. c. It later became a Macedonian and then a Roman
possession.
Ampllissa (am-fis'ii). [Gt. "A./itjitaaa.'} In an-
cient geography, a town of the Ozolian Lo-
erians, <Treece, 10 miles northwest of Delphi.
Amphitrite(am-fi-tri'te). [Gr.'Afi<p:7fi!T//.~\ 1. In
Greek mythology,the goddess of the sea, daugh-
ter of Nereus and Doris, and wife of Poseidon.
— 2. An asteroid (No. 29) discovered by Marth,
at London, March 1, 1854.
Amphitruo. See Amphitryon.
Amphitryon (am-fit'ri-pn), or Amphitruo (am-
lil'ru-o). [(ir. Aii(piT(n>uv.'] In Greek legend, a
son of Alcieus, king of Troezen, and husband
of Alctnene. To secure Alcmenc (who would not wed
him until the death of her brothers, who were slain by
the Taphians, was avenged) he undertook, for his uncle
Creon, to catch the Tanmessian fox, which I)y a decree of
fate could ln)t be captureil, by the help of an Athenian
dog which fate had decreed should catch every animal
It might pursue. Kate extricated itself from its peridex-
ity by turning both aidnnUs into stone. lie attacked the
Tapllians, hut could not overcome them so long as the
chief I'terelaus, who was rendered innnortal l>y one golden
hair, lived. Comaitho, daughter of Pterelaus, cut off this
hair for love of Amphitryon, and he perished. The appli-
catiini of the name Ampliitryou to a host is from that
part of the story where .lujiitiT assumes the former's shape
in order to visit Alcmene. He gives a feast and is inter-
rupted by the real Amphitryon. This gives rise (in Mo-
liv re's comedy) to a dispute which is settled l)y the phra.se
" I.e veritable Amphitn-ou est 1' Amphitryon ou I'on dine"
(he who gives the feast is the host).
Amphitryon, or Amphitruo. 1. A play of
Plant u.s •• with a iiiythological (eoraic-marvel-
ousj plot, treated with complete mastery over
the language and with sparkling humor. Its
original and the time of its composition are
unknown" (Triiffcl and ,Sfliwabe).
It is more of a burlesiiue than a comedy, and is full of
humour. It is founded on the well-worn fable of .lupiter
anil Alemena, and has Iieen imitated by Moliere and Dry-
den. Its source is uncertain ; but ir is probably froin
Ar-chippns, a writer of tlie old comi-dy (4ir> it. c.X Its
form suggests rather a development of llie Satyric drama.
Crutlu-M, Hist, of Roman Lit, p. 44.
2. A comedy by Moli^re, produced in 1068: a
version of Plautus's play. — 3. An opera bv
Sedaine, produced in 1781. — 4. A comedy by
Andrieux, produced in 1782.
Amphitryon, or The Two Socias. A comedy
by Dryden, performed in 1G90 : an altered ver-
sion of Moliere's play.
52
Amplepuis (on-ple-pwe'). A to'wn in the de-
jiartmeut of Rhone, France, 29 miles northwest
of Lyons. It has manufactures of cotton and
miisiin. Population (1891), commune. 7,113.
A^psivarii (amp-si-va'ri-i), or Amsivarii.
[L. Ampsivarii (Tacitus); cf. L. Amisia, the
Ems.] A German tribe described by Tacitus
as origiiuilly neighbors, in the region of the
Ems, of the Cliauci who hail driven them out.
In the year .^»S \. I>. they appeared on the Rhine whence
they were dislodged by the Romans, and were thought to
have been annihilated. They reappeared, however, in the
4th century in incursions into Roman territory. They were
ultimately merged in the Franks.
Ampthill (ampt'hil). A small town in Bed-
fordshire, England, 40 miles northwest of Lon-
don.
Ampthill, Baron. See KussiU, Odo WUUam.
Ampudia (ilm-po'de-ii), Pedro de. A Mexican
general, in command of the Mexican army on
the Eio Grande at the beginning of the Mexi-
can war, 1846. As commander at Monterey he
surrendered to General Taylor Sept. 24, 1846.
Ampurdan (iim-por-diiu'). A valley-plain in
the province of Gerona, Spain, in the vicinity
of Figueras.
Amraoti (iim-ra-6'te), or Amra'wati (iim-ra-
wil'te). A district in East Berar, Haidarabad
Assigned Districts, India, intersected by lat.
21° N., long. 78° E. Area, 2,759 square miles.
Population (1891), 655,645.
Amraoti. --V town in Amraoti district, lat. 20°
."i6' X.,long.77°44'E. Population (1891),33,655.
Amraphel (am'ra-fel). A king of Shinar
(southern Babylonia) who, allied with Chedor-
laomer, king of Elam, and two other kings,
marched, in the time of Abraham, against the
live kings of the Vale of Siddim (Gen. xiv.).
He is identified by some with Hammurabi who reigned
about 2200 B. c, by others with his father Sin-muballit,
whose name is sometimes read Amarpal : .all this is, how-
ever, very uncertain.
Amti (am'ri). In the second part of Dryden
and Tail's "Absalom and Aehitophel," a char-
acter intended to represent Heneage Finch.
Amrita (am-re'tii). [Sometimes ,4mrfcfa ; Skt.
amrita, prop, adj., immortal, = Gr. a/ifiporoc,
whence ult. E. aiiibrosia.l In Hindu my-
thology, a god (mase.); the water of life (neu-
ter) ; ambrosia, in the latter sense the term is vari-
ously applied in the Vedas, but especially to the soma
juice. In later legend it was the water of life produced
at the churning of the ocean by the gods and demons.
The Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and the Puranas give
the story with variations. The gods, worsted by the de-
mons, repaired to 'Vishnu, asking new strength and im-
mortality. He bade them churn the ocean for the Amrita
and other lost treasures. Collecting all plants and herbs,
they cast them into the sea of milk, which theyehui'iied,
using Mount Mandaraas achurning-stickand the serpent
Vasuki as a rope, while Vishnu himself was the pivot.
From the sea came the sacred cow, Sm'abhl. Varuni, god-
dess of wine, Parijata. the tree of paradise, the Apsarases,
the moon, poison, Sri, the goddess of beauty, and Dhan-
vantara, physician of the gods.
Amrit (am'ret) A ruined town on the coast of
Phoenicia, 30 miles north of Tripolis: the an-
cient Marathus. It contains important antiquities.
The Burdj el-Bezalk is an ancient Phenician tomb built
of huge blocks of stone. It is square, with a plain mas-
sive cornice, and terminated in a pyramid, now ruined.
The original height was .')2 feet. It contains two chambers,
one over the other, with nicites for corpses. Another
tomb at Amrit is one of the most elaborate of surviving
Phenician works. The base is square and on it rest tllree
superposed circular drums, each smallerthan that below.
The top drum terminates in domical form, and the two
upper drums have a cornice " of combined dentils and
serrations. A molding of concave curve connects the
lowest and middle drums. On the corners of the base
stand four rude 1 ions, issuing from the lowest drum. The
height is about ;t2 feet. "The so-called "monolithic"
house is a structure with walls for the most part hewn
from the solid rock. It is isolated by the cutting away of
the rock behind. The chief front is about 97 feet long
and 20 high. The interior shows holes for wooden ceiling-
beams. The Maabed is an old Phenician temple consist-
ing of a small eella, open on one side to exhibit the sacred
image, and raised on a square base or die. Tlie roof is a
great slab hewn to the form of a Hat arch on the under
side, the whole foi-ming a miniature and simplified Egyp-
tian temple. The total height is 2H feet. The eella was
originally surrounded by a colonnaded court. There are
also ruins of a stadium with ten tiers of seats, on one
side all rock-hewn, on the other partly built up of ma-
sonry. It now measures 90 by 411 feet, but has probably
lost some of its length.
Ajnritsar(am-rit'silr),or'Umritsir(um-rit'ser).
A division in the Pan.iab. British India. Area,
5,3.54 square miles. Population (1.881 ), 2,729,109.
Amritsar. A district in the division of Amrit-
sar, intersected by lat. 31° 30' N., long. 7.5° E.
Area. l.liOl square niib-s. Population (1891),
9!l'J.o!l7.
Amritsar, orUmritsir (um-rit'sfer). The capi-
tal of the Amritsar district and division, in
lat. 31° 40' N.. long. 74° 45' E. : one of the
most important commercial and manufacturing
Amun
cities in northern India. It is the religious center
of the Sikhs, and contains a Sikh temple attemied by fiOO
to 00<) priests. Population, including cantonment (1891),
130,7U6.
Amru ben-el- Ass (iim'ro ben-el-as'), or Amer.
Died about 663 a. d. An Arab general and
statesman. He conquered Syria during the reign of
the calif Abu-Bekr. and Egypt 639-641, in that of Omar.
By his statesmanlike reorganization of the conquered
provinces, and by the excellence of his administration, he
did much to reconcile the inhabitants to Islam. The
story that, at the taking of Alexandria, he gave the
order to destroy the celebrated Alexandrine library, is
probably unhistorical.
Amru-el-Kais (iim'ro-el-kis'). Lived at the
beginning of the 7th century. An Arabian poet,
hostile to Mohammed. His "Moallakat" was
translated by Sir W. Jones, 1782.
Amrum (iim'rom), or Amrom (am'rom). One
of the North Friesian Islands in the I^orth Sea,
west of Schleswig. Its length is 6 miles.
Amsancti, or Ampsancti, Vallis (tim-sauk't©
varies). A valley in the jirovince of Avellino,
Italy, near Frigento, in lat. 41° N., long. 15° 7'
E., noted for its Sulphurous lake and cave.
Amsdorf (ams'dorf), Nikolaus von. Born at
Torgau, Germany, Dec. 3, 1483: died May 14,
1565. A German Protestant reformer. He was
the intimate friend of Luther, whom he accompanied to
Leipsic in 1519 and to Worms in 1.^21. and w hom he aided
in tlie translation of the Bible. He was instrumental in
introducing the Reformation into Magdeburg in 1.^24, into-
Goslar ill 1.^28, and elsewhere ; was consecrated bishop of
Naumburg by Luther in 1.542, but was driven from his see
in 1.540 ill the Smalkaldic war, and was a prominent op-
ponent of Melanchthon in the .adiaphoristic controversy.
Amsler (iims'ler). Samuel. Born at Schinz-
nach, Aargau, Switzerland, Dee. 17, 1791: died
at Munich, May 18, 1849. A German engraver.
Among his noted works are the "Triumphal Alarch of
Alexander the Great " (after Thorwaldsen), the "Triumph
of Religion in the Arts " (after Overbeck), etc.
Amsteg, or Amstag (iiiu'stag). A village in the
canton of Uri, Switzerland, situated ou the St.
Gotthard route 27 miles sotitheast of Lucerne.
Amstel (iim'stel). A small river in the Neth-
erlands, which flows through Amsterdam and
empties into the Y.
Amstelland (am'stel-lant). Formerly, the
name given to the region which lies near the
Amstel.
Amsterdam (am'ster-dam). [Orig. Amsttlle-
damnic, dam of the Amstel.] A city in the
province of North Holland, Netherlands, built
on marshy ground (traversed by canals con-
nected by numerous bridges) at the junction
of the Amstel and Y, in lat. 52° 22' N., long.
4° 5' E. : the chief commercial city and the capi-
tal of the Netherlands, and one of the leading
seaports of Europe, it has communication by the
North Sea Canal and North Holland Canal with the North
Sea. It is a market for colonial products, iiu-lniiiiig sugar,
coffee, spices, rice, tobacco, etc., has ship-building indus-
tries and important manufactures of sugar, sails, tobacco,
beer, etc., and is especially famous for diamond. cuttiii|^
and -polishing. It was founded at the beginning of the
13th century, became of great importance on the decline
of Antwerp about l.'',8.5-!).'i, and was the first commercial
cityof Europe in the l"th century. It was entert-d by tlie
Erench in 1795, and bclimged to the French Empire lMU-13.
Il ,-('Utaitis vr.rioiis inip"rtant iuiildings, miiseuins, etc.
I'iqiilliitioii (1:9-1), 4",0,189.
Amsterdam, A city in Mont gomery County , New
York, situated on the Mohawk 30 miles north-
west of Albanv. It has important manufac-
tures of knit goods. Population (1890), 17,336.
Amsterdam. A small uninhabited island in the
Indian Ocean, in lat. 37° 51' S., long. 77° 32' E.
Amsterdam, New. An old name for New York
(I'ity).
Amstetten (iim'stet-ten). A small town in
Lower Austria, situated on the Ips 28 miles
east by south of Linz.
Amucti (ii-mo-ko'). Lake. A small lake in
British Guiana, about lat. 3° 40' N., connected
with the Essequibo and, through the Braneo,
with the Amazon. According to Sehoniburgk this
was the so-called Lake Pariiua comiected with the myth
of EI Dorado.
Amu Daria (ii-mO' diir'yii), Ar. Jihun ( je'htiu),
"rGihon. The principal river of Central Asia:
t he ancient Oxus. It rises as the Ak-Su in the east-
ern I'amir near the frontier of eastern Turkestan : (lows
generallv west to near long. (il',° E,. separating in part of
its course Bokhara from .Afghanistan: flows then north-
west, ami empties by a delta into the soutlicrn p:irt of
the Sea of Aral. It is generally thought to have enqilbd
into the Caspian Sea in ancient and even in nieiliev:d
times. Among its tributaries are, among those on the
right, the Wakash (or sm'ghab) and Kaflrnagan ; and on
the left, the I'andja. Koksha. and Kunduz. At Tehardjui
it is crossed by the Transcaspiaii Railway. Its length is
about 1,400 miles, and it is navigable by vessels about 300
miles.
Amun (ii'miin). [Egx^it., ' the hidden or veiled
one.'] An Egyptian deity. He is variously repre-
sented as a ram "with large curving horns, as a being
Amun
•with a ram's head and a human body, and as a man en-
thruncd or standing erect. In art his tlguie is colored
Wue. On his head lie wears the rojnl sjiuhol and two
long feathers, and in one hand he carries a scepter and in
the other the sign of life. His chief temple and oracle
were on an oaais in the Libyan desert near ileruphis. Also
Ameiiy Atnmon, Aiiwii, and Uammon. See the extract.
But after the rise of the Thelian dynasty the snpriiiiu
form under which Ra was worshipped was Amun, " the-
llidilen one." In course of time he alisorheil into hiiiisilf
almost M the other deities of Euypt, more especially Ka
anil Khnuni. lie reigns over this earth, as his represen-
tatives, the Pharaohs, over Egypt, and inspires mankind
with the sense of right. He is called Kliem as the self-
begel ling deity, " the li>1ng Osiris " as the animating prin-
ciple of the universe. On his head he wears a lofty crown
of feathers, sometimes replaced by the crowns of Tpper
and Lower Egypt or the ram's head of Khnum. and Slut
and Khunsu form with him the trinity of Thebes.
Sayce, Anc. Empires, p. *;:{.
Amunategui (U-mii-na'ta-gwe), Miguel Luis.
Born Jan. 11, 1828: died Jan. 2L>, ISSS. AOhileau
historian, associated, in the prodnction of most
of his works, with Ids brother, Gregorio Victor
AnitinAtegiii. Among these are "Memoria sobre lare-
conquista espailola " (1850). "Compendio de la historia po-
Utica y eclesiastica de Chile" (1856X " Descubrimiento y
coniinista de Chile" (1S62X "Los precursores de la Indc-
Demleucia de Chile" (1872-73).
Amur, 'ir Amoor (ii-mor'). A river in Silieria
formed by the .junction of tlie Shilka and Argiin,
about lat. r>:}°'N'., long. 121° E. It flows generally
■outheast, then northeast, and then east, and it enters the
Gulf of .Saghalin. In part of its course it forms the
boundai7 between Siberia and ilantchuria. Its chief
tributaries are, on the right, the Sungari and I'suri; on
the left, the Zeyn, Bureya, Kur, Oorin, and Im. Its length,
including the Argun, Is about 2,700 miles, and it is naviga-
ble for about 2,'4UO miles.
Amur. A province in eastern Siberia, situated
north of the river Amur, ceded by Cliina to
Russia in IS.'JS. Its capital is Kliabarovka.
Area, 172,848 S(iuare miles. Population (1891),
87.70r>.
Amurath (ii-mo-riif) I., or Murad. Born
1319: killed Aug. 27, 1389. Sultau of Tin-key
13.')9-.89, son of t )rkhan. He completed the organi-
sation of the janizaries, begun by his father, and was the
first uf the Ottoman sult;ins who made conquests in Eu-
rope. In l.'Wil he occupied Adrianople, which he made
the cajtital of his European dominions, t<:»ok Sotla in
1382, and ilefeateil the princes of Servia and Bosnia in the
battle of Kosovo i;ttJi>. lie was killed after the engage-
nient by a wounded Servian who. it is said, started from
among the dead and plunged a dagger into his breast as he
surveyed the Held of battle.
Amurath II., or Murad. Born about 1403:
died 14.")1. Sultan of Turkey 1421-.51, son of
Moliainnied I. He unsuccessfully besieged Con.stan-
tinciple in l-12:f, carried on war against the Hungarians
under llunyady and the Albanians under Scanderbeg, de-
feated the Hungarians at \ arna in 1444 and Kossova in
144^, and subdued the Morea in 1440.
Amurath III., or Murad. Born 154G: died
1595. Sultan of Turkey 157-l-9o, son of Selim
II. He continued the war against Austria with varying
success, anil took Lnristan. (Jcorgia, Shirvan, Tabriz, and
part of .Aztabaijan from Versia in 1.^90.
Amurath IV., or Murad. Born about IGll:
died nun. Sultan of Turkey 1(523-40. Ho cap-
tured Bagdad from the Persians in lfl.3S.
Amurath V., <«■ Murad. Bo™ 1S40. Stdfan
of Turkey M:iy to Aug., 1871), iiejihew (if Ab-
dul-Aziz. Ill' was dethroned Aug. 31, 187(1.
Amussat (il-mii-sii'), Jean Zul6ma. Born at
St. .Maixent. Deux-Se\Tes, France, Nov. 21,
1790: dieil May 14, 1850. A Frendi surgeon
and surgical writer, author of "Torsion des
art^ris" (1829), etc. He invented a probe
used in litlndrity.
Amyas Leigh, Sir. See Leit/h.
Amyclae (a-iui'kle). [Gt.'A/juk^m.'] In ancient
g((pgia]ihy, a town in Laconia, Greece, 3 miles
south of .Sparta, the legendary seat of Tyiida-
reus. It long retained its Achrcan population. Accord-
ing to a ti-adition the inhabitants id Amycln: had been so
often alarmed by false repot ts of the hostile approach
of the Spartans that all mention of the subject was for-
bidden : hence when they iliil conie no one daicil to an-
nounce the fact, and the town was captured. "Aniydffian
Bllence" thus passed into a proverb.
Amymone (am-i-mo'ne). [(tr. '.\"i'/i(ir;7.] In
(iri'eU legend, a daugliter of l)anaus.
Amynta (a-min'tii). A character in D'UrflS's
rimiaTioe "Aslrea."
Amyntas (a-min'tas) I. fGr. 'A/Jrvrar.'] Died
alioiil 498 li. c. King of Macedonia, son of Al-
cetas, and lifth in descent tVom Perdiccas, the
founder of the dytiasty. He presented earth and
water in subndssion to Slegabazus, whom Darius, on the
return from his Scythian expedition, had left at the head
of so.iMto nten in L.tirojie.
Amyntas II. King of Macedonia 394-370 B. c,
nephew of I'eriliccas IT. He succeeded his father
In I'jjpcr Macedonia : obtained the crown of Macedonia
pnijicr in :ii*4 by the murder of I'ausaidas, son of tlie
nsunier Aeriipus ; was driven fmni Macedoida by Arga'iis,
the Bon of Pausanias, supported by Itardylis, an Illyrian
53
chief ; and was restored by the Thessallanii, with whom
he had taken refuge.
Amyntas III. Died 336 b. c. King of Mace-
donia oiii)-3.')9, grandson of the preceding. He
was an infant at the death of his father 360 B. C, and was
excluded .'5.')9 II. C. from the throne by the regent, his
uncle I'hilip, at whose court he was brought up, and whose
(laughter he nntrried. He was executed by Alexander the
Orcat for a conspiracy against the king's life.
Amjmtas, or The Impossible Dowry. A pas-
toral drama of the Italian type by Thomas
Kandolpli, first printed in 1638. It has no con-
nection in i)lot witli Tasso's "Amiuta."
Amyntor, Gerhard von. A pseudonym of
T)agid]ert von (ierhardt, a German novelist.
Amyot (ii-me-o'), Jacques. Born at Mehm,
France, Oct. 30, 1513: died at AuxeiTe, France,
Feb. 6, 1593. A French \viiter. He was tutor to
Charles IX. and Henri of Anjou. grand almoner, bishop
of Auxerre, and commander in the Order of the Holy
rJhost. He Is known chieJly by his translations of "Thc-
agenes and Chariclea" (1.S47), of the works of l>iodorns
Siculus (l.'i,'i4), of " Daphnis and Chloc " and Plutarch's
"Lives" (l.'isa), and of Plutarch's "Morals" (l.'>72).
Amyot, Joseph. See Amiof.
Amyraut (ii-me-ro'), or Amyrault (L. Amy-
raldus),Moise. Born Sept., 1.596: died 1664.
A FreiK-h I'rotestant theologian, professor at
Saumur ]6;!3-(U. He was charged with Arminianism,
and although he was acquitted at the synods of Alcnijon
(1037) and Charenton (1044), the "Formula Consensus
Helvetica " (10.S7) was dnectcd chiefly against him.
An or On. See Helinpolis.
Anabaptists (an-a-bap'tists). [Prom Gr. ava-
;ia--ri:,ni\ reliapti'ze.] Those Christians -who
hold baptism in infancy to be invalid, and
require adults ■who have received it to be bap-
tized on .joining their communion. The name is
best known historically as applied to the followers of
Thomas Munzer, aleader of the peasants' war in Germany,
who was killed in battle in 1525. and to those of John
Matthias and John Bockold, or John of Leyden, who com-
mitted great excesses while attempting to establish a so-
ci:distic kingdom of New Zion or Mount Zion at Miinster
in Westphalia, and were defeated in 1535, their leaders
being killed and hung up in iron cages, which are still
preserved in that city. The name has also been applied
to bodies of very ditferent character in other respects,
probably always in an opprobrious sense, since believers
in the sole validity of adult baptism refuse to regard it as
rebaptism in the case of persons who had received the
rite in infancy. It is now most frequently used of the
Mennonites. See Mennnnites.
Anabara(ii-nii-ba-ril'). Ariverin Siberia ■which
tlows into the Arctic Ocean ■west of the Lena.
Anabasis (a-nab'a-sis). [Gr. aml^anic, a going
up, an exiieVlition inland.] A celebrated account
by Xenopliou, in seven books, of tho campaign
of Cyrus the Younger against Artaxerxes II.
of Pei-sia, and the retreat of the 10,000 Greeks,
401-399 B. c, after the death of Cyrus atCunaxa.
See Cj/rus.
The title means "a march up {from, tin' ci'ntil)" into the
interior, and i)roperly applies only to the llist part, as far
as the battle at Cunaxa. . . . Cyrus was killed (Sept., 401).
The remaining and larger part of the work ought rather
to be called catabains, the march down to the sea. Soon
after tho death of Cyrus, the Persian satrap Tisaphernes
treacherously seizetl five of the Greek generals. The
Greeks were now in teirible danger. That night Xeno-
phon — who had not hitherto been either an officer or a
private soldier, but simply an "unattached " volunteer,
. . . awoke the surviving leaders, and in a midnight coun-
cil of war gave them heart, by his plain earnest eloquence,
to take measures for the common safety. Next day,
formed in a hollow square with the baggage in the center,
they began the retreat. Moving along the Tigris, past
the site of the ancient Nineveh and the modern Mossnl,
tliey came into the country of the Carduchi, or Kurds, w ho,
like modern Kurds, rolled down stones on them from the
top of their mountain-passes ; then through Armenia and
Georgia. At last one (lay — in the fifth month — Feb., 4(H)
B. c. — Xenophon, who was with the rearguard, heai-d a
great shouting among the men who had readied the top
of a hill in front. He thought they saw an enemy. He
mounted his horse, and galloped forward with some cav-
alry. As they caine nearer, they could make out the
shout ; it was "Tfie ni'a ! the fcn ! " There, far oIT, was the
silver gleam of the Kuxine. After the long, intense strain
of toir and danger, tho men burst into tears: like ti-iie
Greek children of the sea they knew now that they were
in sight of home. Two days' march brought them to the
coast at Trapezus, a Greek city, the modern Trebiz(nnl ;
there they sacrificed to the gods, especially to Zens the Pre-
server and Heracles the Guide. Ji'hh, Greek Lit., p. 110.
Anabasis of Alexander the Great. An im-
portant historical wiu'k liy Arrian, in seven
books, all of which, with the e.xeeption of a few-
pages, has survived. It begins with the acces-
sion of Alexander, and describes his campaigns
and victories.
Anaciona fii-nii-kil'd-nii). [A Haitian name
nieaiiiiur 'gipldeii llower. '] An Indian ]irineess,
sister of Heliechio and wife of Caoiuibo, ca-
ciques of Haiti wlien it ■was discovered by Co-
lumbus (1492). Aftorthecuptureanddealbof Caonabo
she counseled submission to the .Spaniards, ami herself
received Bartholnmcw Colnnd)us with great hospit;illty
(14i)8). She succeeded her brother liehecbh) aa ruler of
his tribe, and friendly relations with the whites contlinicd
until 1503: In that year she entertained Ovando and his
Anakim
forces, but In the midst of a festival in their honor they
attacked her village, massacred a great number of Indians,
and cai^ried her to Santo Domingo, where she was hanged.
Anacapri (ii-uii-kii'pre). 1. The \Yesteru part
of tlie island of Capri, Italy. — 2. A small town
on the island of Capri.
Anacharsis (an-a-kiir'sis). [Gr. 'Ai'(i;yapmc-] A
Scythian prince, brother of Saulius, king of
Thrace, a contemporary of Solon. He visited
Athens where he obtained a great reputation for wisdom.
On returning to Thrace he was slain by his brother. By
some he was reckoned among the seven sages.
Anacharsis Clootz. See chiotz.
AnacletuS(an-a-kle'tus),or GletUS(?),I.,Saint.
Died 91 (f) a."d. Bisliop of Kome, said by
some to have been elected 83 A. D.
Anacletus II. Antipope in opposition to In-
nocent II., 1130-38.
Anaconda (an-a-kon'da). A city in Deerlodge
County, Montana. Population (1890), 3,975.
Anacreon (a-nak're-on). [Gr. \\.vaKpiuv.^ Born
in Teos about 563 B. c: died about 478 B. c. A
famous Greek lyric poet wlio sang chielly the
praises of love and wine. lie was diiven w ith his
townspeople, by Haipagns, from Teos to Abdera : thence
he went to the court of Polycrates in Samos. and later to
Athens. " He was the courtier and laureate of tyrants.
He won his first fame with Polycrates, at whose death
Hipparchus fetched him to Athens in a trireme of fifty
oars. Between Bacchus and Venus he spent his days in
palaces; and died at the ripe age of eighty-five at 'i'eos.
choked, it is reported, by a grape-stone — a hoary-headed
rou6." Sifinonds, Studies of the Greek Poets, 1. 318.
The great body of his fragments, and the numerous cop-
ies of his poems, speak of love as an engiossing amuse-
ment, of feasting as spoilt by earnest conversation, nay
even of oldage with a sortof jovialregret. . . . Hispoetry
is no longer the outburst of pent-up passion, but tlie ex-
ercise of a graceful talent, the ornament of a luxurious
leisure. Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 197.
Anacreon, An opera in two acts by Cheru-
bini, words by Mendouze, produced in Paris
Oct. 4, 1803.
Anacreon of the Guillotine. A nickname of
Barere de Vieuzac.
Anacreon Moore. A nickname of Thomas
Moore.
Anacreon of Persia. A surname given to Hafiz.
Anadarco, Anadarko. See Nadaaku.
Anadoli. See Aimtolia.
Anadyomene (an"a-di-om'e-ne). [Gr. 'kvadvo-
/((17/, rising (from the sea).] A surname of
Aphrodite, in allusion to her origin from the .sea.
Anadyr, or Anadir (an-ii-der'). A river in
eastern Siberia, ■which flows into the Gulf of
Anadyr about lat. 65° N. Its length is about
450 miles.
Anadyr, Gulf of. An arm of Bering Sea, east
of Siberia.
Anagni (ii-uan'je). A town in the pro^vince of
Kome, Italy, 36 miles southeast of Kome: tho
ancient Anagnia, capital of the Hernici. u
has a cathedral and has often been the residence of the
popes. Population, about 8,000.
Anahuac (ii-nii' wiik;. [Nahuatl, signifying
'within the water.'] A name originally used to
designate the low water-liorilered coastal lands
(tierras ailkiites) of Mexico, and now gener-
ally applied to the greater part of the ci'iitral
table-land, or to that portion pf it, in the region
of the City of Me.xico, which holds the valli'V
lakes (Texcoco, Chalco, etc.), and extends east-
ward to the mountain wall of Popocatepetl and
Ixtaccihnatl. Anahuac has been stated to be the name
for the supposed Indian "empire" of the Mexicans at the
time of the Spanish conquest. This is, however, an error,
as there was no empire, but ludy a confederacy of warlike
tribes. The name has, therefore, no political, liardly even
a definite geographical, significance.
Anaides (a-na'dez). [tir. ora/iV/r, shameless.]
In Ben Jonsoii's "Cynthia's Kevejs," a fashion-
able rufflerand impudent rullian. Thomas liekker
imagined that in this cbai^acter he was caricatured. Others,
however, think Marston was intended.
Anaitis (a-ni'tis), Anait (a-nif). A Syrian
goddess whose worshi]i was introduced into
(ireek mvthology. She was variously Identified with
Artemis, .Vphrodite,'('ybele, etc. In I",gn>tlan mythology
she appeared under the name Aitlay Atitha,
Anak (ii'nak). [Ilel)., 'long-necked.' i.e.
•giant.'] In tho Ohl Testament, tlie progenitor
of a tribe or race of giants, the Anakim (wliich
see), or a collective name for this tribe itself.
Anakim (an'a-kim). In the Old Teslaiuent,
the sons of Anak, a race of giants dwelling in
southern Palestine.
People saw survivors of the ancient indigenous popula-
tions, anterior to the Canaanites (Emim. Zomzonnnln,
Amiklm), In Indivlilnals of lofty stature whom they be-
lieved were to be found In certain partlcnlai- places. But
popular imagination revels in giants; II willingly creates
them. These Anakim were surrounded by legends ; they
Bometlmes called them rr.fnun (the dead, the giants, tho
phantoms, tho heroes); a plain to the southwest of Jem-
Anakim
salem bore their name, and they were confounded with
the Titanic races buried under the sea.
Henan, Hist, ol the People of Israel (trans.), I. 19L
Anam. See An nam.
Anambas Islands (a-nam'bas i'laudz). A
prou]> of small inlands east of the Malay Penin-
sula ami west of Borneo.
Anammelech ^a-nam'e-lek). [Babylonian Jnh-
niiilil:. Ami the counselor.] A divinity of the
Babylonian Sepharvites, whose worship they
continued to practise in Samaria 1 2 Ki. x^ii. 31).
Anu was the god of heaven, and stood at the head of the
Bulivlonian pantheon.
Anandagiri ^ ii-nan-da-ge're). A follower of San-
kara. lie lived about the loth centurj- and ivrote a
Sankara vijava (■ triumph of Sankara'l, in which are related
at length the polemics of the master against forty-eight
different sects. It is an aiiocrjphal romance of no historic
worth.
Anandalahari (a-nan-da-lii'ha-re).^ [Skt., 'the
wave of joy.'] A poem ascribed to Sankara. It
is a liymn of praise toPar\-ati, wife of Siva, min-
gled with mystical doctrine.
Ananias (an-a-ni'as). [Gr. 'Avavlac, Heb. Hana-
nidli.] A Jewish Christian of Jerusalem who
with his wife Sapphira was struck dead for fraud
and Iving. Acts v.
Ananias. A Jewish Christian of Damascus, a
friend of Paul.
Ananias. A Jewish high priest 48-59 A. D.,
before whom St. Paul was tried.
Ananias. In Ben Jonsou's comedy "The Al-
chemist,'' a hypocritical puritan deacon of
Amsterdam.
Ananieff (S-nan'yef). A town in the govern-
ment of Kherson, Russia, in lat. 47° 47' N.,
long. :.>9° 57' E. Population, 13,312.
Ananus (au'a-nus). High priest of the Jews,
the son of Seth. He was appointed by C)Tenius and
removed by Valerian, and is apparently the Annas men-
tioned in the gospels.
Ananus. High priest of the Jews, son of the
preceding. He held office for three months in 62
A. D.. and was removed by King Agrippa at the demand of
the Pharisees because of his attempt to revive Sadducee-
iam, and was put to death t)7 A. D. by the Zealots.
Anapa (ii-na'pii). A seaport and naval station
in the Black Sea district, Caucasus, Russia, on
the Black Sea in lat. 44° 55' N., long. 37° 20'
K. Poptdation (1889), 10,614.
Anaphi ia-na'fe). An island of the Cyelades,
Greece, lat. 36° 21' N., long. 25° 48' E., east
of Santorin: the ancient Anaphe. Length, 7
miles.
AnaquitO (a-na-ke'to). A plain about a mile
from Quito, Ecuador, where the army of Gon-
zalo Pizarro defeated that of the viceroy Vas-
co Nunez Vela aided by Benalcazar, Jan. 18,
1546. Vela was killed, and Benalcazar severely
wounded.
Anargha Baghava (a-nar'ghii ra'gha-va). A
(Iraina of the 13th or 14th century by Murari
Misra, of which Kaghava or Rama is the hero.
Anarkali (iin-ar'kii-li). An important suburb
of Lahore, British India.
Anasco (an-viis'ko), Pedro de. Bom at Lima,
IS.'iO : died at Tucuman, April 12, 1605. A Pe-
ruvian Jesuit. He left several works on the
language of the Indians among whom he had
labored.
Anasitch. (U-na-sich'). A tribe of the Kusan
stock of Xorth American Indians, it formerly
had a village on the south side of Coos Bay, Oregon. The
survivors are on the Siletz reservation, Oregon. See
Eufan.
Anastasia (an-as-ta'shi-ii). Saint. 1. A Chris-
tian mart.\T slain during the reign of Nero (54-
68 A. D.). She is said to have been a pupil of St. Peter and
St. Paul. Her martyrdom is commemorated on April 16.
2. A Christian martyr who perished in the
persecution by Diocletian 303 (I) A. D. The date
of her commemoration in the Latin Church is
Dec. 25, in the Greek Dec. 22.-3. Died 597.
A Greek saint who lived in Alexandria disguised
as a monk for 2S years.
Anastasian Law. A law of the emperor Anas-
tasius I. (506), diiected against usurers.
Anastasius (an-as-ta'shi-us) I Saint. [Gr.
'Aincraaior.^ Bishop of Rome 398-402. He con-
demned the writings of (tri;:en, and excommunicated Ru-
flnus, the antagonist of Jerome and advocate of Origen,
althuugh he is said to have acknowledged that he did not
understand the controversy.
Anastasius n. Pope 496-498. He endeavored to
put an end to the schism between the sees of Constanti-
nople and Rome arising from the dispute concerning
precedence, and wrote a letter of congratulation to Clovis,
kinj; of the Franks, on his conversion to Christianity.
Anastasius III. Pope 911-913.
Anastasius IV. (Conrad). Pope 1153-54. His
54
administration was distiu'bed by the movements
of Arnold of Brescia and his followers.
Anastasius I., sumamed Dicorus. Bom at
Dyrrachium about 430: died 51.S. Byzantine
emperor 491-518. He was raised to the throne by an in-
trigue with the empress .\riadne whom he married after
the death of the emperor Zeno, her husband, without
male issue. As a Eutychian he opposed the orthodox
who rose in arms under Vit<ilianus but were bought off by
the faithless promise of a general council.
Anastasius 11. (Artemius). Byzantine em-
peror 713-716. He was deposed by the fleet which he
had sent to the coast ol Syria to destroy the naval stores
of the Arabs, but which was repulsed, mutinied under its
commander John, and proclaimed Theodosius III. em-
peror. Ue was put to death in 721 (719 ?) by Leo III. for
conspiring against the throne.
Anastasius. Died 753. Patriarch of Constan-
tinople 703(728 f)-753. He was elected by the in-
fluence of the emperor Leo Isaurus, and favored the
Iconoclasts, for which he was excommunicated by Pope
Gregoiy III.
Anastasius, sumamed Bibliothecarius ('The
Librarian'). Died 886. Librarian of the Vati-
can and abbot of Sta. Maria Trans-Tiberim at
Rome. He was sent to Constantinople to arrange a
marriage between the daughter of Louis II. and a son of
Basil of Ifacedonia in wiy, and while there assisted the
papal ambassador in attendance at the eighth ecumenical
council by his knowledge of tireek. His fame rests upon
his numerous translations from the Greek and his sup-
posed connection with the "Liber Pontificalis" (which see).
Anastasius Griin. See Auersperg.
Anasuya (a-ua-s6'yii). [Skt., 'charity.'] In
Hindu mythology and drama: (o) The wife of the
Rishi Atri, very pious and austere, and pos-
sessed of miraculous powers. When Sita visited
Atri and herself at their hermitage in the forest south of
Chitrakuta, she gave Sita an ointment with which to keep
herself beautifulforever. (6) Afrieudof Shakuntala.
Anathoth (an'a-thoth). In biblical geography,
a city of Benjamin in Palestine, the birthplace
of Jeremiah. The traditional site is Kenyet el-'Enat,
about 10 miles northwest of Jerusalem ; but the true site
is probably '.\nata, about 3 miles northeast of that city.
Anatolia (an-a-to'li-S). [Turk. Anadoli, NGr.
'Ai'aro/.!/, eastern land.] A large region of Asi-
atic Turkey, nearly identical with Asia Minor.
There was a 'theme (province) of Anatolia in the Byzan-
tine empire situated in the interior of Asia Minor.
Anatomy of Abuses, The. A work by PhiUp
Stubbes, published in 1583 in two parts. It is
a curious account of the social customs of the
time.
Anatomy of Melanclioly,_ The. A famous
work by Robert Burton il5<7-l(>40). published
in 1621. under the psendoni.Tn "Democritus
Junior," and frequently republished and
abridged. The sixth edition is the last which contains
changes by the author: it was published shortly after his
death from an annotated copy. The work is the result
of many years of humorous study of men and of books,
and abounds in quotations from authors of all ages and
countries. It is divided into three parts which treat (1)
of the causes and symptoms of melancholy, (2) of its cure,
and (3) of erotic and religions melancholy.
Its literary history is rather curious. Eight editions of
it appeared in half a centurj- from the date of the first,
and then, with other books of its time, it dropped out of
notice except by the learned. Early in the present cen-
tury it was revived and reprinted with certain modern-
isations, and four or five editions succeeded each other
at no long interval. The copies thus circulated seem to
have satisfied the demand for many years, and have been
followed without alteration in a fin'elv-printed issue of re-
cent date. SainUburii, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 429.
Anazagoras (an-aks-ag'o-ras). [Gr. 'Ava^ayd-
par.] Born at Clazomense, Ionia, about 500
B. c. : died at Lampsacus, Mysia, about 428
B. c. A Greek philosopher, for "a long time resi-
dent in Athens where he became the friend and
teacher of Pericles, Thucydides, and Etuipides.
and whence he was banished on a charge of
impiety. He is reckoned as a disciple of Anaximander
and is famous as the flrstof the old Greek natural philoso-
phers to introduce intelligence or reason (loOs) as a met-
aphysical principle in the explanation of the world. He
regarded it not as creative but as regulative, as that » hich
brought order out of the original chaos. Fragments of
his wTitiii^'s have been preserved.
Anaxarchus (an-aks-ar'kus). [Gr. 'Ava^apxoi.'i
A Greek philosopher of Abdera. a disciple of
Democritus, who flourished about 350 B. c. He
attended Alexander in his Asiatic campaigns, and is said
to have consoled the king after the murder of Cleitus by
maintaining that a king can do no wrong.
Anazarete (an-aks-ar'e-te). [Gr. 'Aiafopir)?.]
In Greek legend, a maiden of C'j-prus whose
lover Iphis in despair hung himself at her door.
For her indilTerence Venus changed her into a stone
statue. The story is also told with changed names.
Anazilaus (an-aks-i-la'us). [Gr. 'Avait/.aoc.']
A Pythagorean philosopher and physician of
the 1st century B. c, banished as a" magician
from Italy by Auirustus 28 B. c.
Anaxilaus, or Anaxilas (an-aks'i-las). Died
476 B. c. Tyrant of Rhegium about 494 B. c.
Ancillon, David
Anaximander (an-aks-i-man'der). [Gr. 'Ava^i-
u«itl^)0(.] Born at Miletus about 611 B. c. :
died about 547 B. c. A Greek physical philoso-
pher (the second of the Ionian school) and
mathematician, a friend and pupil of Thales.
He taught that the principle (ap,x>j, a word which he first
used in this sense) of things is a substance of indetenni-
nate quality and limitless quantity (a,T€tpoi'X '"immortal
and imperishable," out of which all things arise and to
which all reliu-n. This substance, according to some ac-
counts, he regarded as having a nature intermediate be-
tween that of water and air. He was probably the author
of the first philosophical treatise in Greek prose.
Anaximenes (an-aks-im'e-nez). [Gr. 'Aiaiifii-
n/c.] Born at Miletus : lived in the 6th century
B. c. A Greek philosopher, the thii-d of the
Ionian school, a contemporary and friend of
Thales and Anaximander, and usually reckoned
as a disciple of the latter. He regarded air as
the principle (apx/l) of things.
Anaximenes. Bom at Lampsacus : lived in the
4tli eeiitury B. c. A Greek rhetorician, histo-
rian, and companion of Alexander the Great:
the probalile author of an extant treatise on
rhetoric (' P^yrop/jc;} -pof 'A'/.ifavipof), the only ex-
isting work on the subject prior to Aristotle.
Anaya (a-nii'ya), Pedro Maria. Bom at Hui-
chapan, 1795: died at Mexico, March 21, 1854. A
Mexican general. He joined the SpanUh army as a
cadet in Isll, followed thedefection of Iturbide in 1S21, and
was a captain under Filisola in Nicaragua, 1823. In 1S33 he
became brigadier-general. Adhering totbe federalist party,
he was forced to leave the country. He invaded Tabasco in
Nov., 1840, with federalist forces from Texas and Yucatan,
but was defeated at Cometan, May 15, 1S41, and fled to
Yucatan. Under Herrera (1845) he was minister of war. He
adhered to Santa Anna, and while the latter was resisting
the advance of Scott, was acting president .\prU 2 to May
20, 1847. He commanded the Mexican force of 800 men
which defended the convent of Churubusco. and only sur-
rendered after his ammunition was exhausted (Aug. 20.
1S47). In 1852 he was secretary of war under Arista, served
three days in the administration of Ceballos, and on Santa
Anna's restoration (1S.53) was made postmaster-general, a
position which he held until his death.
Ancachs (an-kachs'). A maritime department
of Peru, north of Lima, con-esponding to the
colonial iiitendencia of Huaylas.
Ancaeus (an-se'us). [Gr. !\}KO(of.] In Greek
classical legend : (a) A son of Poseidon. He was
told by a seer that he would not live to enjoy the wine
from a vineyard which he had planted. He, however,
lived to have wine of his own growth and, in scorn of the
prophet, raised a cup of it to his mouth. The seer re-
plied, "There is many a slip between the cup and the lip,"
and at the same instant a tumult arose over a wild boar
in the vineyard. Ancjens put down the cup, and was
killed in an attempt to destroy the animal (b) A son
of the Arcadian Lycurgus. and one of the Argo-
nauts. He was killed in the Calvdonian hunt.
Ancelot (oiis-16'), Jacques Ars^ne Francois
Polycarpe. Bom at Ha\Te, France, Feb. 9,
1794: died at Paris, Sept. 7, 1854. A French
dramatist, elected a member of the Academy
in 1841. He was the author of "Louis IX." (1S19X "Le
maire du palais" (18-23), •' Fiesque " (1824), '• Olga " (1828X
"Elizabeth d'Angleterre " (1829), "Marie de Brabant"
(1825), "Epitres familieres," etc.
Ancelot, Mme. (Marguerite Louise Vireinie
Chardon), Born at Dijon, France. March 15,
1792: died at Paris, March 21, 1875. A French
dramatist and novelist, wife of J. A. Ancelot.
Her "Th&itre complet" (1M8) contains twenty plays, of
which " Marie ou trois <^poques " is her chief work.
Among her novels the most popular were " Kenee de Var-
ville " (1853) and " La niece du banquier " (1853).
Ancsnis (on-se-ne'). A town in the depart-
ment of Loire-Iuferieure, France, situated on
the Loire 17 miles northeast of Nantes. Popu-
lation (1891), commune. 5,141.
Anchieta ,'iiu-shya'ta). or Anchietta, Jos6 de.
Born ill Teneriffe, Canary Inlands. 1533: died
at Beritigba. EspiritoSanto, JuueO. 1597. A Jes-
uit missionary, called the "'Apostle of Brazil."
He became a Jesuit in 1551, and in 1558 was sent as a mis-
sionary to Brazil, where he spent the remainder of his life
in arduous labors and travels, often among Siivage tribes
of Indians. From 1578 to 158.5 he was provincial of his
order in Brazil. Anchieta wrote an Indian grammar, and
various letters on Brazil which have been published in
modern times.
AnchisesCan-M'sez). [Gr.'Ayxi'^/C-l In Greek
legend, a prince of the royal house of Troy, son
of Capys and father (by Aphrodite) of .<Eneas.
Ancienne-Comedie, Rue de 1'. See Sue de
r Anricniit -(\>)ntdii.
Ancient Mariner, The. A poem by Coleridge,
published in the " LjTical Ballads" in 1798 as
his principal contribution to the book, 'Words-
worth writing most of the other poems.
Ancillon (on-sel-v6n'), Charles. Bom at
Metz, July 28. 1659: died at Berlin. July 5,
1715. A French historian and litterateur, a
Protestant refugee in Berlin : son of Da^"id An-
cillon.
Ancillon, David. Bom at Metz, March 17, 1617 :
Ancillon, David
died at BerUn, Sept. 3, 1692 A French Prot-
55
Andersonviile
Greek (Monnmentum. or Mannor, Ancyranum : discovered
ill ir»M), a transcript of tlie record of his deeds wliicli Au-
gustus ordered iu his will to be cut on bronze tablets for
is inattsoleuni. An ecclesiajstical council was held her
provisntoren " ("The Improvisator ') and "Kiin en Spllle-
mand" ("(Inly a Fiddler") followed. In ISail appeared
tlicHrstottho " Tales "("Eventyr") which, wilhthe "liil-
ledbuc uden Billeder'C picture-book without I'ielures"),
about :iH, which passed twenty-five canons relating chiefly has iirineiiially established his tauie abroad. U is auto-
to the treatment of those who had betrayed their faith or biography, '\>|'>Liy3 Eventyr, appewed after his death.
delivered up the sacred books during the Diocletioii per-
secution.
His collected works,
1854-76.
' Sanilede Ski'ifter," were published
cstaiit divine, a refugee in Germany after the
revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
Ancillon, Jean Pierre Frederic. Born at
Berlin April 30. 1707: died April 19, ISdi. A
Prussian statesman and historian, a desceii- „,,,.„„„. .. •. , , iw ^■
dint <if Charles Ancillon, minister of foreign Ancyrean (an-si-re'an) inscription. See An- Anderson (an der-soii). Ibe capital of M&di-
aft'airs is:ii!. fi/ni. son t'ounty, Indiana, situated on the West
AnckarstrSm (ang'kar-strem), Johan Jakob. Andagoya (an-da-go'ya), Pascual de. Born in I'ork of White liivcr 34 miles northeast of In-
UornMay 11, 17G-J: executedatStoekholm, April ,ij^, province of Ahtva about 149.'): died at
Manta, Peru, June 18, l.')48. A Spanish soldier.
He wt'ut w ith I'edrarias to Darieu (1;M4), and was engaged
in many explorations. In IS'-^ii lie was appointed inspec-
tor-general of the Indians, and about the same time made A .^ i or on-n "^
an expedition southward into a province called iiini, be- xUlQerson, •
tween the river Atrato and the Pacific. Here he had the
first tidings of the Iiica empire. In 1540 he went as gov-
iriuir to a province called New Oa.stile, on the Pacific side
nS New (irenadu, but became involved in a boundary quar-
rel « ith Sebastian de Benalcazar, was imprisoned, and lost
els, which is one of the most important historical author!,
ties for tliat period.
L'7, 1791.'." A Swede who assassinated Gustavus
III March 10, 1791.'. He was flr«t a court page, and then
a soldier leaving the army in 17S3 with the rank of captain.
In IT'iJ he WM lUTCsted and imprisoned for seditious
sneccli, but was finally set free. He moved to Stockholni
in that year, and f..rmed a conspiracy for the murder of
the king, which was cflected two years later. See Oue-
Anckarsward (iing'kar-svard), Karl Hen-
rik Count. Born at SweaborR, April lili, liM. :
dieA at Stockholm, Jan. 25, 180.5. A Swedish
soldier and statesman. He joined the revolutKinary
§arty
otte,
the
181
himself-,
Anclam. See A)ikl(im.
Ancona (an-ko'nii). A pro^•ince m the com __ ^_ , •,„ i
iiiriiiuento of the Marches, eastern Italy. Area, Cordova, Malaga, Seville, Cadiz, and Huelva.
TtV' snuare miles. Population (1891), 272,417. It is traversed by the Sierra xNevada and other mountain-
, I). Sfiuai " n"";"- f "i;., ,. , / . '' ■ '. - ranges, and belongs in large part to the basin of the Gua-
AnCOna. [L. Anconn, Gr. A,^w^, t^oma}^ul, a j,,,^,,;^;^ From the fertility of its soil it has been called
beud, angle: in allusion to its situation in a Dena j,j^ "garden" and -granary "of Spain; it is also rich in
of the coast 1 A seaport, capital of the pro^nnee minerals. It was a part of the Eomaii Ba-tica, was over-
nf Aneona Italy situated on the Adriatic Sea in run by the Vandals in the 5tli century and became the iiu-
?a\^3°37'N"l-long.l30 3i:E. it is the chief sea- rS,i'\,':'^,SS/— ^^ '''" '-' ^'^™^'""'^
?:rs?a^'ion!':nd^"i.'^e ?:i!?,unu"str''p''of?':r c^iro"rs;:^^i And_aman Islands (au'da-m^anj;^l3^nd.), or An-
steamship lines, and exports grain, hemp, lamb- and goat " ■• ' ' "-n..T,
dianapolis. Population (1890), 10,741.
Anderson. The capital of Anderson County,
SoulhCaroliiia,97milesnorthwest of Columbia.
Population ( 1.^90), 3,018.
Sir Edmund. Born at Pli.xborough
or l!roiightoii, Lincolnshire, l.i^O: died Aug.
1, l(ior>. All Knglish jurist, lord chief justice
of the Coniinou Plea.s 1582-100.5. He was a
bitter opponent of the Puritans.
r<'l « nil ^enasiian oe i>eNaiuaAiu, wito iiiil>ii=^'nt,., ..II,. 1..-.JV *, tu™- *^« .».,...
his government. Andagoya wrote an account of his trav- AnderSOn, JameS. Boru at Henniston, near
general in
Edinburgh, 17-'>'.): died Oct. 15. 1808. A Scot-
tish economist and agricultural writer. "He is
specially noticeable as having published in 177" a pam-
phlet called 'An Inquiry into the Nature of the Corn
Laws, with a view to the Corn Bill proposed for Scotland,'
which contains a complete statement of the theorj' of
rent generally called after Kicardo." Lejtlie Stephen, in
Ilict. of Nat. Biog.
skins, silk, etc. It contains a cathedral and Roman an-
tiiiuities (mole and arch of Trajan). It was colonized by
Syracusaiis about :i;MJ H. C beciuiie a Roman naval station
was destroyed by the (iotlis and restored by Niu'ses, and
was again desti-oyed by the Saracens. In the middle ages
It was a republic. It was annexed to the Papal States in
1532 ; taken from the French by the Allies in 17'.Hl ; taken by
the French in ISO.'', but restored to the Papal States on the
fall of Napiileoir, hcM by the French 1S32-3.S, and taken by
the Austrians from the revolutionists in 1S49. The l'ap:il
army under Ijinioriciere surrendered at Aneona to the
Sardinians in 1860. The cathedral is of the loth century e.\-
cept the facade, which is of the 13th, and has a ma'.'iiilleeiit
Pointed recessed doorway covered by a porch whose col-
umns rest on couched lions. The interior has in columns ■ - ,_ -
from the ancient temple of Venus, and several fine tombs, a- j-p- (ii„',lar
The ancient dome at the crossing is dodecagoual. Popu- -nJiucci i .w. i.*
latlon (1891), estimated, commune, 65,000.
Aneona. A medieval march (mark) of Italy,
extending from Tronto on the Adriatic north-
west to San Marino, and west to the Apennines.
It was afterw;ird part of the Papal States, and
passed ^vith them to the kingdom of Italy.
Ancre (on'kr). Marquis d". Baron de Lus-
Signy (^Concino Concini). Assassinated at
Paris, April 14, 1017. A Eloroutine adventurer,
marshal and chief minister of France at the
beginning of the reign of Louis XIII.
Ancren Riwle (angk'ren riil ; ME. pron. angk
modern provinces Almeria, Jaeu, Granada. Anderson, John. Born at Roseneath, Dura-
biirtonshire, Scotland, 1720: died Jan. 13, 1796.
A Scottish physicist. He was professor (1761!) of
Oriental languages and later (17(») of natural philosophy
at Glasgow, and the founder of .\ndersoirs Vniversity at
Glasgow (now comprising also a medical school).
Anderson, John. Born Oct. 4, 1833. A Scot-
tish zoologist. He was appointed superintendent of
the Indian Museum at Calcutta in 180.^, and scientific of-
ficer on expeditions to western China in 1808 anil 1574. In
1881 he was sent by the trustees of the Indian Museum to
investigate the marine zoology of the Mergui Archipel-
ago, and retired from the sei-vice of the Indian govern-
ment in 1887. Ills writings consist chiefly of scientific
papers and reports to the government.
Anderson, Joseph. Born near Philadelphia,
Nov. 5, 1737: died at Washington, April 17, 1837.
An American lawyer, politician, and officer iu
tlie Revolutionary War. He was United States sena-
tor from Tennessee 1797-1816, and first comptroller of the
treasury 181.5-:^0.
"' ■■ Brewer. Bom at Bnms-
1815 : died at Lake Helen,
damans (an'da-manz). A group of islands
belonging to Great Britain, and a penal colony
since 1858, situated in the eastern part of the
Bay of Bengal in lat. 10° 30'-14° N., long. 93=
E. It comprises the Great Andaman group and the Lit-
tle jVudanian group. Thechief islands are Ninth, Miildle.
and South Andaman, and Rutland. The natives niinibcr
3 (1(10 to .-,,000. Area, 1,700 square miles. Population (IS.tl),
of convicts, 11,738.
Andaste. See Concstoga.
Andechs (iin'deks). A villa;
varia, situated on the Ammer
TT -D.. treasury 181.5-30.
age in Upper Ba- ^^erson, Martin B
lersee southwest ol ^,;,., ^^^^ j,^,,,^ ;^o j
Munich, noted for its castle, later a monastery pia_^'peb_ oQ, 1890. ' An American educator, a
and place of pilgi'image. gi'ad'uate of Waterville College, and president
^deer (iin'dar). A village near the southern ^j. „^ .. u„jversitv of Rochester 1833-88.
end of the Via Mala, canton of Gnsons,Switzer- ^^jerson, Mary Antoinette (Mrs. Navarro).
l'"»^-, ..„-,. T A * ■ *% A Born at Sacramento, Cal., July 28, 1839. An
AndelyS (on-dle ), Les. A town m the de- American actress. She made her first appearance on
partment of Lm-e, Prance, situatea on tne j|,g American stage as Juliet, at Louisville, Kentucky,
Seine 19 miles southeast of Rouen, consisting Nov. '25, 187.5, and played with success in Great Britain
of Grand-Andelvs and Petit-Andelvs. It has and America untU the early pait of 188!i, when she retired
manufactures of cloth, etc., and contains Ihe Chiiteau from the stage t>--™ T! .,.„ nt An>inn
(iaillard (which see), buUt by Richard the Lion-Hearted. AnderSOn, RasmUS Bjorn. Born at Albion,
Population (IS'.il), commune, 6,040.
Andenne (oh-den'). A manufacturing town in
the province of Naniur, Belgium, situated on
the Mouse 10 miles east of Namur. Popula-
tion (1890), 7,075.
ren rii'le). The "Rule of Anchoresses," a work Anderab(iin-der-iib'), or Inderal) (in-der-iib').
on the rules and duties of monastic life. It waa
written, first in Mnglish and afterward in Latin, for a soci-
ety of anchoresses (three in number) at Tarente, or Tar-
rant-Knlnea(Kaineston or Kingston), ne:u-Crayf"nl Bridge
in Dorsetshire; and is ascribed to Siiinni nl' (ilieiit (ili< d
131."i), bishop of Salisliury in l'2il7. F'ive niaiiii.>ieripls are
extant. It was edited for the Camden Society by the Rev.
James Slorton in 185:1.
Ancrum Moor (.■m'krum miir). Battle of. A
victory gained 1.544, about 5 miles northwest
of Jedburgh, Si'otland, by the Scots under the
Earl of Angus and Scott of Buecleugh over the
English under Evers.
Ancud (iin-kiiTii'), or San Carlos (siin kiir'los).
A seaport, capital of tlie provinci^ of Cliilo(5,
Chile, situated on tlie island of Chilod' in lat.
41° .52' S., long. 73° 49' W. It is the seat of a
bishopric. Population (1885), 3,605.
AjicUS MarciUS (ang'kus miir'shius). The
fouith king of Uome ((UO-OIO B. c), a grand-
son of Nuniaand the reputed founder of Ostia,
fortifier of the Jaiiiculum, and builder of a
bridge over the Tiber.
Ancy-le-FranC (oii-se'h'-frou'). .\ town in the
depart iiieiit of Yonne, France, 29 miles east of
Auxerre. It has a noted chateau.
Ancyra (an-si'rii). [Gr. 'iijicupn, associated by
legend with liyiii'im. anchor.] An aiu'ient town
of Galatia (originally of Phrygia) in Asia Minor,
founded, accordingto the legends, by Midas, son
of Gordius : the modern Angora, orEngareh, or
Engiiri. it hecamo the chief town of the Tectosagcs, a
Oallic tribe which settled in Galatia about '277 B. c, and
passed Into the iiossession of Home '25 B. 0., whin it re-
ceived the name of Sebaste Tectosagum. It had an im-
fiortant trade. (.See .Hm;i/r<t.) The temple of Augustus
n Ancyra contained a famous inscription in Latin and
Wis., Jan'. 12, 1840. A Scandinavian scholar,
professor of Scandinavian languages in the
University of Wisconsin, and (1885-89) United
States minister to Denmark. He has written
"America not Discovered by Columbus,"
"Norse Mythologv," etc.
Anderson, Richard Henry. Bom in South Car-
olina, Oct. 7, 1821: died at Beaufort. S. ('., Juno
20, 1879. An American general in the Con-
federate service. Ue was graduated from West Point
in 1842, took part in the siege of Vera Cruz and the capture
of the city of Mexico, waa promoted captain in 18.'.5, re-
signed in 1801 to accept a brigadier's commission in the
Confederate service, and was promoted lieiitenant gen-
eral in 1804. He took part in the battles of Aiitietam,
Gettysburg, Spottsylvaiiia, etc.
Anderson, Robert. Born at Carnwath, in Lan-
arkshire, July 7, 1730: died at Edinburgh, I'eb.
20, 1830. AScoltish critic, editor of "A Com-
plete Edition of the Poets of Great Britain"
(14 vols. 1792-1K07). .
Anderson, Robert. Born nearLouisviUe, Ky.,
June 14, 1S03: died at Nice, Oct. 2/, 18(1.
An American general famous for his defense of
Eort Sumter, lie was gradnaled at West Point in 18'>5 ;
served in the Black Hawk, Seminole, and Mexican wars;
was anpidiiled major in 18r.7; became commander of the
troops in ilKiilesd.n Harbor in Nov., 18«W; removed hia
fone from Foi 1 Moultrie to Fort Sumter, Ilee. '20 ; »"» in-
vested there by the Confederates who bomliarderi the fort
April 12-l:i,1801; and evacuated the fort April 14, He
was aplioinled brigadier-general in 1801. and retired in 18tU
with llie rank of brevet major-general,
works on artillery from the F'lcneb.
A town in Afghan 'Turkestan, situated on tlu
river Anderab on the northern slope of tin
Hindu-Kush, 85 miles northeast of Kabul.
I'ojiulation, aliout 0,000.
Anderida (an-der'i-dii). A Roman encampment
in England, generally'ideutified with Pevensey.
In 491 it was destroyed by the South Saxons.
Andermatt (iiu'der-miit), or Ursern (or'sern).
[It. (trs<r<i.^ A village in the canton of Uri,
Switzerlanii, 32 miles southeast of Lucerne,
situated near the junction of the St. Gotthanl
route with the Furka Pass route (by the Ur-
sern valley) and the Oberalp route. It is an im-
portant tourist center. Population, about 700.
Andernach (iin'dcr-nilch). A town iu the
liliiiie Province. Prussia, situated on the left
bank of the Khino 12 miles northwest of Cci-
bleutz : the Roman Antunnacum, or Antoni-
acum. It has a trade in millstones and tufa. Charles
the Bald was defeated here in 870 by the son of Louis the
German, and here otto I. defeated the dukes of Francoiiia
and Lorraine in V.VH. It passed to the archbishopric of Co-
logne, ami bceaine an important eonimercial city. Popu-
lation (18SMI), 5,2IK1.
Andersen (iin'der-sen), Hans Christian. Born
at Odensc, Denmark, April 2, 1805: died at Co- , _
5ienhagen, Aug. 4, 1873. A Danish novelist and Anderson, RufuS. Boru at North Yarmouth,
poet, best known as a writer of fairy tales and jinine, Aug. 17, 1790: died at Boston, May 30,
of travels. He went to Copenhagen a poor boy, was first ]H,80. An American Congregational clergyman,
an actor, and then by the generosity of trienils was enabled j^p^retarv of the American Board of Commig-
to atten.l the university. The same year (1828) appcare. ' • jf p,„.,,ii;n Missions 1832-00, and the
his first important work, "Fodreisefrallolmenskanal 111 Sloliers lor J on 1^,11 •"'""'".. '
dstpyntenat.*mager"(VFootTourfr()mthcHolniCaiialto author ol several works on nussions.
the Kastern Point of Amager"). In lR'2i» appeared a collec- AnderSOUViUe (au'dtT-SOn-Vll). A Village m
tlon of poems, and the same year his first dramatic work, k^,.™.,,- r 'ouiitv, Georgia, 62 miles southwest of
"Kiaerlighed paa Nikolai Taiirn"( "Love on the Nikolai ^ ■' _, .f—' „ .„_,.|„.j ,. nonfcdcrate
Tower"), a vaudeville, was performed. The novels "Im- Maoon. During the Cl^ll War It contained a Lonicacrai
Ue translated
Andersonville
militarj' prison, opened in 1804. It was under the super-
inteudencyof Wirz. who was tried by a rnilcd Stated L-nm-
mission in IS'i'j, and executed fur cruelty and niisuiana;^'e.
ment. Over 12,U00 prisoners died (18W-«o) in tlic prison.
Anderssen {an'ders-scn), Adolf. Bom at
Breslau, July 6, 1818: died at Brcslau, Mareli
13. 1879. Anoted German chess-player.
Andersson (iiu'ders-son), Earl Johan. Boru
in Wermland, Sweden, 1827: died in the Ova-
kuambi region, southern Africa, July 5, 1867. A
Swedish explorer in South Africa. He accompa-
nied F. nalton in IKOfrom W:Uasch Bay through Jl>.uu;ira-
land to Ovanibo land. lu 18.^! and l&M he continued
alone and reached Udie .NgamL On his return to Europe
he published 'Lake >'gaiui, or Four Vears' Wanderings
in Southwest .\frica " US-V.). In 1S,V) he worked in the
.Swakop mines as inspector: then went on a new explora-
tion as Jar as the Okav.ingo Klver in !&■',•). This is described
in his " Okavaugo River " (.ISCl). For some time he settled
in Otyimblni.'ue as an ivorrtrader. In 18««'i he undertook
his last )>.urney to the Kunene River, but was obliged by
sicknesji to retrace his steps.
Andersson, Lars, see Amlrca, Laurentins.
Andersson, Nils Johan. Born in Sm&land.
Feb. -0, 1---1: died at Stockholm, March 27,
1880. A Swedish botanist, author of works on
the botanv of Scandinavia and Lapland.
Andes (au'dez). Sp. Los Andes, or Cordilleras
de los Andes (kor-del-ya'ras da 16s Uu'das).
[Sp., "the chains of the Andes*: said to be so
named from Peruv. atili. copper.] The principal
mountain svstem of South America, it extends
from Cape Horn to the vicinity of the Isthmus of Panama,
and comprises the Patagonian .\ndes, the Ihilean .\ndes
(which He partly in the .Argentine Republic), the Bolivian
and Peruvian .\ndes reach with two ranges nearly p.arallcl),
the Ecuadorian .\ndcs. and the Colombian .Andes (with
three main ranges) branching eastward into the Vene-
zuelan Andes. The rauge rises abruptly from the Pacillc
coast and contains many celebrated volcanoes. Among
the chief summits are .■Vconcagua, Sorata, Illimani, Chim-
Iwrazo, Cotopaxi, .\ntisana, Tolima, etc. (see these napjes i.
Its length is about 4,5'X) miles, its average width about
100 miles, and its average height about 12,.t00 feet. On
its eastern slope rise the head waters of the Amazon. It
Is rich in gold, silver, and other metals.
Andes. In ancient geography, a village near
.Mantua. Italy, famous as the birthplace of
Vevt'il.
Andesians (an-de'zi-anz), or Antesians (an-
te'zi-anz). A general name for a number of na-
tive tribes in the Andes region. Its significance
is geographical rather than ethnographical.
Andhaka (an'dha-kii). In Hindu mythology,
a demon, son of Kasyapa and Diti. having a
thousand arms and heads, two thousand eyes
and feet, and called Andhaka because he
walked like a blind man, though he saw well.
Siva slew him when he tried to carry off the
tree of paradise from heaven.
Andijan (an-di-jan'). A town in Ferghana,
Russian Central Asia, situated near the Syr-
Daria 75 miles northeast of Khokand. Popu-
lation, about 30,000.
Andkhui (and-ko'e), or Andkho (and-ko').
A town in Afghan Turkestan, 90 miles north-
west of BaUch, the seat of a small khanate de-
pendent on Afghanistan. Population (esti-
mated). l.i.lHiO.
Andlaw-Birseck (ant ' lav - bers ' ek), Franz
Xaver von. Bom at Freiburg, Baden, Oct.
0, 1799 : died Sept. 4, 1876. A German diplo-
matist. He was the author of " Eriuneningsblatter aus
den Papiercn cines Diplomaten " (1857), "ilein Tagebuch
1811-«il ■■ (1862), etc.
Ando ( iin'de). The northernmost of the Lofoten
Islands. 35 miles long, northwest of Norway.
Andocides (an-dos'i-dez). [Gr. 'Avi^oKidr/r.]
Boru at Athens, 467 (f) B. c: died about 391
B. c. An Athenian politician and orator. See
the extract.
Andocides . . . was banished from Athens in 415, on
suspicion of having been concerned in a wholesale sacri-
lege, — the mutilation, in one night, of the images of the
god Hermes, which stood before the doors of houses and
public buildings. He made unsuccessful application for
a pardon, first in 411 B. c, during the reign of the Four
Hundred, then, aft^r their fall, in 410, when he addressed
the Assembly in the extant speech On his lieturn. From
410 to 403 be lived a roving merchant's life in Sicily, Italy,
Greece, Ionia, and Cyprus. In 402 the general amnesty
aUowed him to return to Athens, lint in ;*;*;> the old
charges against him were revived. He defended himself
!n his extant speech On the MysterieJt (so called, because
it deals partly with a charge that he had violated the
Mysteries of Elensis) and was acqnittetl. During the
Corinthian war he w as one of an embassy sent to treat for
peace at .Sparta, and on his return made his extant speech
On the Peace with Lace4xvwn (;in*> B. Q.\ sensibly advis-
ing Athens to accept the terms offered by Sparta. The
speech Against Alcibiadei which itears his name is spu-
rious. Jeblf, Greek Lit., p. 117.
Andorra (iin-dor'ra), F. Andorre (on-dor').
A state in the Pvrenees surrounded by the de-
partment of Arilge (France) and the province
of L^rida (Spain). It is a semi. independent republic
under the Buserainty of.France and the itishop of Crgel in
Spain, goyerned by a council of 24 members and a syndic.
56
The language is Catalan; the religion Roman Catholic.
.\rca, l~c> square miles. Population (estimated), C,ooo.
Andover (au'do-ver). A town in Hamjjshire,
England, 13 miles northwest of Winchester.
Population (1891), 5,852.
Anaover. A town in Essex County, Massachu-
setts, 22 miles northwest of Boston, the seat of
Andover Theological Seminary (a Congrega-
tional seminary founded in 1807 ), Phillips Acad-
emv, and the Abbot Female Academv. Popu-
lation (1890), 6.142.
Andrada(:in-diji'd;i). Antonio de. Bom about
1.580; died at Goai' March 19. 1(J34. A Portu-
guese missionary in the East Indies and Tibet,
author of "Xovo descobrimento do Grao Ca-
tavo, ou dos Reynos de Tibet" (1626).
AndrSossi
made the arrangements near Stony Point, as the represen-
tative of Sir Hem-y Clinton, with Benedict Arnold for the
surrender of Mest Point (Sept. 21, 1780), but was ;iiTested
on his return at Tari-ytovu, Sept. 23, and condemned as
a spy.
Andr6 (on-di^a')- A novel by George Sand, pub-
lisheii in 1834, named from its chief character,
Andrea (an-dra'ya), Francisco Jose Soares
de. Born at Lisbon. Jan. 29, 1781 ; died at Kio
de Janeiro. Oct. 2,1858. A Portuguese-Brazilian
general, a supporter of Brazilian independence.
He went to Brazil in 1808 ; was adjutant-general in the Cis-
platine campaign of 1827; commandant of ParA 1831 ; pres-
ident and commandant of Pani 1835; and president of
Santa Catharina l&iti. of Eio Grande do Snl 1841, of Jlinas
Geraes 1843. of Bahia 1845, and again of Rio Grande do Sul
184S. He attained the rank of marshal in the army, and
was created baron of Catjapava.
Andrada Dioeo Pawa de. Bom 1528 : died Andrea, Girolamo. Bom at Naples, April 12,
1575. A Portuguese theologian, sent as a dele
gate bv Dom Sebastian to the Council of Trent.
He wrote "Orthodoxamm Quiestionum libri X, etc., con.
tr.i Kemnitii petulantem audaciam " (15G4), etc.
Andrada, Gomes Freire de. Bom in Portu- ^
gal, 1684: lUed at Kio de Janeiro, Jan. 1, 1763. Andrea Doria. See Doria.
A Portuguese administrator. From 1733 untfl his .^drea Pisano See Pisano.
death he was governor of Rio de Janeiro, then compris- a _ j^._ j„i .Qar+n Spb Unr'fn
ing most of southern Brazil, and the period of his admin- ^^f| ^.^L*?*,^!*?' ^^ti^S' '"•
istration was the most prosperous in the colonnal history oi xiiim e*
In 1758 he was made count of Bobadella.
1812 : died at Rome, May 14, 1868. An Italian
cardinal and diplomatist. Hisliberalismin religion
and politics (especi.^Uy his leaning towarti Italian unity)
led to his suspension (1866)from his dignities by the papal
Curia ; but he was reinstated after a bumble submission in
18o7
that country.
Andrada e Silva (an-dra'da e sel'v;i\ Jos6
Bonifacio de (generally known as Jos6 Boni-
facio>. Bom in Santos, Sao Paulo, June 13, 1765 :
died near Eio, April 6, 1838. A Brazilian states-
man and a noted mineralogist. He took a leading
part in the revolutionary movement in Brazil, and on
Jan. 16, 1822, was made minister of the interior and of for-
eign affairs. It was by his advice that Pedro I. decided to
throw off allegiance to Portugal. He was exiled to Europe
Nov. 12, 18-23, and returned in 18-29.
Andrada Machado e Silva, Antonio Carlos
Eibeiro de. Born in Santos, Xov. 1. 1773 ; died
in Rio de Janeiro. Dec. 5, 1845. A Brazilian
statesman, brother of Jos^ Bonifacio de An-
drada e Silva. He was involved in the rebellion of 1817
at Pemambuco, and was imprisoned until 1821. In the
Brazilian constituent assembly of 18-23 he led the radicals,
and in Nov., 1S23, was banished (with his two brothers)
to France. He returned in 18-28, was elected deputy- 1835
and during succeeding years, and was one of the liberal
leaders. He was one of the first ministers of Pedro II.,
and in 1S45 entered the senate. He was a brilliant orator,
and has been called " the Mirabeau of Brazil, "
uindra). Jakob, Bom at Wai-
mgeu, Wiii-temberg. March 25, 1528: died
at Tiibingen, Jan. 7, 1590. One of the chief
Protestant theologians of the 16th century, ap-
pointed professor of theology and chancellor
of the University of Tiibingen in 1562. He was
the principal author of the "Formula Concordiffi," and
w-role over one hundred and fifty works, chiefly polemicaL
Andrea, Johann Valentin. Bom at Herren-
berg, WUrtemberg. Aug. 17, 1586 : died at Stutt-
gart, June 24, 1654. A German Protestant
theologian and satirical -writer, grandson of
Jakob Andrea. He n as the author of " Menippus,"
a satire (1(V48), and works on the so-called Rosicrucians.
Ajidrea, Laurentius, or Andersson, Lars,
Bom 1480 : died 1552. A Swedish reformer,
chancellor of Gustavus Vasa. Together with
Olaus Petri he translated the Bible into Swedish (1526),
and was the principal agent in introducing the Lutheran
Reformation at the diet of Westeras. 15-27. In 1540 he was
charged w-ith having failed to disclose a conspiracy against
the king, and w-as sentenced to death, but bought a pardon.
Andreanov Islands (an-dra-a'nov i'landz). A
group of the Aleutian Archipelago.
Andrade Neves (Sn-dra'da na'ves), Jos6 Joa- Andreasberg (iin-dra'as-bera), or Sankt An-
qnim de. Bom at Rio Pardo, Rio Grande do dreasberg. A to-wn and summer resort in the
Sul, Jan. 22. 1807 : died at Asuncion, Paraguay, province of Hanover, Prussia, in the Harz 28
Jan. 6, 1869. A Brazilian general, distinguished miles northeast of Gottingen. It has important
in the war in Rio Grande do Sul (1835^5), and silver-mines.
especially as a cavalry commander in the Para- Andred's weald (an'dredz weld), or Andred's
guayan war (1867-69). In Oct., 1867, he was wold (an'dredz wold), modernized forms of
created baron of Triumpho
Andrissy (on'dra-she). Gyula (Julius), Count.
Bom at Zemplin, Hungary, March 8, 1823 : died
at Volosca, Istria, Feb. 18, 1890. A noted Hun.
garian statesman. He entered the Hungarian diet in
1847, was appointed governor of the county of Zemplin in
1848. took part in the Hungarian insurrection of 1848^9, re-
mained in exile till 1S57, reentered the Hungarian diet in
1861, was premier of the Hungarian ministry 1867-71, and
minister of foreign affairs of Austria-Hungary 1871-79,
framed the Andnissy Note to the Porte in 1876, was a lead-
ing member of the Congress of Berlin in 1878, and nego-
.tiated with Bismarck the German- Austrian alliance in 1879.
Andrassy Note, The. A declaration relating
to the disturbed state of Bosnia and Herze-
govina, tlrawn up by the governments of
Austria, Russia, and Germany with the ap-
AS. Andredes weald (an'dra-des weald). A
forest in England which formerly extended
through a large part of Kent, Surrey, Sussex,
and Hampshire, and is now represented by the
Weald. See the extract.
The .\ndred's-Wold comprised the Wealds of Kent, Sur-
rey, and Sussex, taking in at least a fourth part of Kent,
"the Seven Hundreds of the Weald," and all the interior
of Sussex as far as the edge of the South Dow-ns, and a
belt of atKiut twelve miles in breadth between tlie hills
and the sea Lambarde describes the Weald of Kent as
being "stuffed with heardes of deere and droves of
hogges," and adds that "it is manifest, by the Saxon
Chronicles and others, that beginning at Winchelsea it
reached at length an hundred and tw-enty- miles tow.irds
the west, and stretched thirty miles in braidth tow.ards
the north." Elton, Origins of Eng. Elist., p. 104, note.
proval of England and France, and presented Andree (iin'dra), Karl Theodor. Born at
to the Porte, Jan. 31, 1876. it demanded the es-
tablishment of religious liberty, the abolition of the farm-
ing of taxes, the application of the revenue derived from
direct taxation in Bosnia and Herzegovina to the needs of
these provinces, the institution of a commission composed
equally of Christians and Mohammedans to control the
execution of these reforms, and the improvement of the
agrarian population by the sale of waste lands belonging
to the state.
Andr6 (F.pron. on-<lra'), or Andreas, Bernard,
of Toulouse. A French poet and historian,
poet laureate in the reign of Henry VII. of
Bruus-wick. Oct. 20, 1S08 : died at VTildungen,
Aug. 10, 1875. A German geographer and
journalist. He wrote " Nord-America ' (18-50-SlJ, " Bue-
nos Ayres und die \rgentinische Republik' (18.50X
"Geographische Wandemngen"(1859), "Geographie des
Welthandels" (1867-72), etc.
Andree, Richard. Bom at Brunswick, Ger-
many, Feb. 26, 1835. A German geographer
and ethnographer, son of Karl Theodor Andree
( 1808-75). BUs writings embrace a wide range
of subjects.
England (the first laureate appointed by an Andreini (an-dra-e'ne), Frajicesco. Lived
English king), tutor of Arthur, prince of Wales,,
and royal historiographer. He was blind, but in
spite of this misfortune attained a high degree of scholar-
ship. He w-Tote a life of Henry VII.
Anar£, Johann. Bom at Offenbach. Hesse.
March 28, 1741: died June 18, 1799. A German
composer, musical director, and publisher, au-
thor of ojieras, instrumental pieces, etc.
AndrS, Johann Anton. Bora at Offenbach.
Hesse, Oct. 6, 1775 : died April 8, 1842. A noted
German composer, musical director, and pub-
lisher, son of Johann Andr^.
AndrS (iin'dra or an'dri), John, Bom at Lon-
don, 1751 : executed at Tappan, N. T., Oct. 2,
1780. A British officer (adjutant^general with
about 1616. An Italian comedian and author,
the leader of a troupe of actors which for some
years enjoyed considerable reputation in Italy
and France. He -wrote ''Le Bravuredel Capi-
tano Spavento" (1607), etc.
Andreini, Giovanni Battista. Bom at Flor-
ence, 1578: died at Paris about 1650. An
Italian comedian and poet, son of Francesco
Andreini. He was the author of "L'Adanio," a sacred
drama, from which Milton was said to have borrowed
several scenes in his " Paradise Lost."
Andreini, Isabella. Bora at Padua, 1.562: died
at Lyons, 16ii4. An Italian actress and writer,
wife' of Francesco Andreini: author of "'Mir-
tilla.'' a pastoral fable (1588).
rank of major) in the Revolutionary War. He AndrSossi, or Andr^ossy (on-dra-6-se'), An-
Andr^ossi
toine FranQois, Comte d'. Bom at Castel-
nauJary. Fruiioe, March 0, 1761: died at Mou-
taubaui Si'pt. 10. 1828. A French general and
diplomatist, author of various military and
scientific works. He ser\'ed in the wars of the Rev-
olution anti under Boruiparte, took part in the event of
the 18th itniniaire. and was ambassador in London, Vi-
cnna. and Constantinople.
Andres (iin-dres'). Juan. Bom at Planes.
Spain, Fel). 1.'). 1740: died at Rome, Jan. 17.
1817. A Spanish Jesuit and scholar. Ue wrote
" I>eir OriBine, dei I*rogres8i e dcllo state attuale d'ogni
Letteratura" (lT82-9i>, "Dn the Origin, I'rogress, and Pres-
ent (•v)ndition of all Literature "X etc.
Andrew (an'ih-o), Saint. [Formerly also Jn-
(Irow, Audio; ME. Andrew, OF. Aiidrcii, F.
Aiulrieii, Aiidrt', LL. Andreas, Gr. ^Avdpiai;, lit.
'manly.' from ar/jp («i'(5p-), a man.] Lived
in the" first half of the 1st century A. D. One
of the twelve disciples of Jesus, a brother of
Simon Peter and an apostle to the Gentiles.
He is honored by the Scotch as their patron saint, and by
the Russians as the founder of their cluireh. He suffered
martyrdom l)y crucittxion. His symbol is the so-called
.St. Andrew's ep'SS (X). He is commemorated in the Ro-
man. tireL-k, and .Vnglican churches on Nov. 30.
Andrew I. King of Hungary 1046-GO. He car-
ried on wars with tlie Oernians 104(>-.')2, and with his
brother Kela. In t!ie latter war he was killed.
Andrew n. King of Hungary 1205-35 (1236 ?).
He took part in the fifth Crusade in 1217, and "pave
his people a constitution which organized a state of
anarchy by decreeing in his Golden Bull (1222) that if
the kin}; should violate the privileges of the nobility they
should be permitted to resist him by force, and such re-
sistance should not be treated as rebellion " (^Durtty,
Middle Ages, |.. 491).
Andrew III. King of Hungary 1290-1301,
f^randson of Andrew II., and the last of the
Arpad dynasty, ilnthemiu-derof L.idislausIII. (IV.),
the Pope claimed Hungary as a tlef of the church, and
invested Charles .\tartel, son of the King of Naples, with
it, w Iio was, however, defeated by Atidrew at Agram, 1291.
Andrew, James Osgood. Born in Wilkes
County, Ga., May 3, 1794: died at Mobile, Ala.,
March 1, 1871. An American bishop of the
Methodist Episcopal Church. The fact that be was
a slave-owner led to a dispute in the church which re-
sulted in the formation of the Methodist Episcopal
Church South, 1840.
Andrew, John Albion. Boni at Windham,
Maine, May 31, 1818: tUed at Boston, Oct. 30,
1867. An American statesman. Republican gov-
ernor of ilassachtisetts 1861-66, ami one of the
most active of the " war governors." He was grad-
uated at Bowdoin College in 1837, practised law in Boston,
was a proniincnt antislavcry advocate, was elected a
member of the Massachusetts legislature, and was ap-
fiointed delegate to the Kepublican National Convention
n 1800.
Andrew of Crete (Andreas Cretensis). Born
at Damascus, (5(JU: died 732. An arclibishop of
Crete, and ti writer of religious poetry. He took
part in the Monothelite synod of 712, but aftenvard re-
turned to ortbodo,\y. He is regarded as the inventor of the
musieal canon.
Andrew of Wyntoun. Bom about the middle
of the 14th centiuy: date of death unknown.
A Scottish chronicler, canon regular of the pri-
ory of St . Andrew's .and prior of St. Serf's ( 139.5).
Uls "Oryginale Cronykil of Scotland," in rimed eight-syl-
labled verse, was finished between 1420 and 1424. See
Ori<jinal Chronicle o/ Scotland.
Andrewes (an'droz), Lancelot. Born at Bark-
ing, England, 1555 : ilied at London, Sept. 25,
1626. An English jirelate and author, dean of
Westminster, bishop of Chichester, Ely, and
Winchester, and ono of the translators of th<>
Bible (1607-11). He wrote "Tortura Torti"
(1609), manuals of devotiim, etc.
Andrews (an'driiz). Edward Gayer. Bom at
Ilew llartfoni, X. Y., Aug. 7, 1825. An Ameri-
can bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church.
Hewas graduated from Wesleyan I'niverfiity, Middletown,
Connecticut, in 1.S47, entiTcd the Methodist ministry in
1S18, :i]iil wan eUeled bishop in 1872.
Andrews, Ethan Allen. Born at Xew Britain,
Cimn., April 7, 1787: died at New Britain, March
24, 18.58. An American educator,editor of Latin
tt-xt-books and of a "Latin-English Lexicon"
(1.S.5J).
Andrews, Ja,mes Pettit. Born near Newbury,
Berksliirc, England, about 1737: died at Lon-
don, Aug. 6, 1797. An English anti(iuary anil
lustorian. Ho wrote a "History of Great Brit-
aii\, etc." (1794-95), "Henry's History of Brit-
ain. Ciintiiiued " (1796), etc.
Andrews, Joseph. Born at Hingham, Mass.,
Au^'. 17, ISOli: died at Hingham, May 9, 1873.
An American engraver.
Andrews, Joseph. See .hmeph Andrews.
Andrews, Lancelot. See Andrcu-cs.
Andrews, Stephen Pearl. Bom at Temple-
ton, Mass., March 22, 1812: died at New York,
57
May 21, 1886. An American miscellaneous
writer, author of works on language, law, pho-
nogra[)hy, and jiliilosophy.
Andria (Un'dre-ii). A citv in the province of
Bari, Italy, in lat. 41° 13' N., long. 16° 18' E. It
was a residence of the emperor Frederick 11.
Population, about 36,000.
Andria (an'dri-ii). A comedy by Terence (166
It. c). an adaptation of a play of the same
name liy Menander.
Andrieiix (oiidre-e'). Frangois Guillaume
Jean Stanislas. Bom at Strasburg, May (i,
1759: died at Paris, May 9, 1833. A nofeil
French di-amatist. He was "the author of "Lcsi-tour-
dis" (1787), '•Jloli^re avec ses amis" (1804X "La come-
dienne" (1810), "Brutus "(1830), etc.
AndrisCUS (an-dris'kus). A pretended son of
Perseus, king of Maecdou, and a claimant to
the throne, defeated and sent captive to Rome
148 B. c.
Androclus (an'dro-klus). Lived in the 1st cen-
tury a. D. A Roman slave noted for hisfriend-
sliip with a lion. According to the story, Androclus
was condemned to be slain by wild beasts, but the lion
which was let out against him refused to touch him, and
it was found that the animal was one which the slave,
while escaping from his master in Africa, had found suf-
fering from a thorn in his foot, and cured.
Andromache (au-drom'a-ke). [Gr. 'Avdpo/iaxi.]
In Greek legend, the wife of Hector and, after
his death, of Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, and
later of Helenus, brother of Hector, she was the
daughter of Eetion, king of Theba* in Cilicia, who. with his
seven sons, was slain t)y Achilles when he captured Thebaj.
Andromache. A play of Eiu-ipides. See the
e.xtract.
The .\ndromache ... is one of the worst constructed,
and least interesting, plays of Euripides. The date is un-
certain, as it was not brought out at Athens, perhaps not
till after the poet's death, and is only to be fixed doubt-
fully by the bitter allusions to Spailu, with which it teems.
It has indeed quite the air of a political ]i:uiii>hlet under
the guise of a tragedy. It must, therefore, have been
composed during the Pelopomiesian war, possibly about
419 B. c. Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 337.
Andromachus (an-drom'a-kus). [Gr. 'Avdpo-
/la V'".'. ] A pliy.sician of the emperor Nero (called
"the elder," to distinguish him from his son),
the first to bear the title of "Archiater," or
chief physician . He was the inventor of a celebrated
medicine and antidote (called from him "theriaca Andro-
niachi ").
Andromaque (on-dro-miik'). 1 . A tragedy by
Racine, pioduced in 1667. — 2. An opera by
Gr6try, produced at Paris 1780.
Andromeda (an-drom'e-dji). [Gr. 'Avipo/icS/i.}
In Greek legend, the daughter of Cepheus and
Cassiopeia. She was exposed to a sea-monster, was
rescued by Perseus, and was changed, after her death, to a
constellation.
Anotlier myth, seemingly so diverse — the story of tlic
slaying of the dragon by Perseus and the rescue of An-
dromeda— was localised by the Greeks on the Pluenician
coast. It proves to be a lunar eclipse myth, ultimately
IJabylonian, a Greek translation of the Phtenician version
of the combat of Bel -Merodach ^vith the dr.agon Tiamat.
and the rescue of the moon goddess Istar from the black
dragon who threatened to devour her.
Taylor, Aryans, p. 303.
Andromeda. A northern constellation sur-
rounded by Pegasus, Cassiopeia, Perseus, Pis-
ces, Aries, etc., supposed to represent the figure
of a woman chained. The constellation contains
three stars of the second magnitude, of which
tlio brightest is Alpheratz.
Androm^de (ou-dro-mad'). A play by Cor-
ncille, first acted in 1650.
Andronica (iin-dro-no'kii). One of the hand-
maids of Logistilla (Reason) in Ariosto's "Or-
lando Furioso." She represents fortitude.
Andronicus (an-dro-ni'kus) I. Comnenus.
[Mtir. 'At>i^p6viK(jg Ko/ifr/vdc.'] Born about 111(1:
died at Constantinople, Sept. 12, 1185. Byzan-
tine emperor 1183-85, grandson of Alexius I.
Comnenus. Having contrived to get himself appointed
regent during the minority of Alexius II., he i>ut the
prince and his mother, the emijress Marin, to death, and
ascended the throne; but his cruelty and debauchery
brought about a popular insurrection under Isaac Angelus,
who put him to death after subjecting him to every spe-
cies of indignity and torture.
Andronicus II. Palaeologus. Born about 1259:
died 1332. liyzantiiie eiiiiieror 1282-1328 (?),
son of Micluiel Palivologtis. During his reign the
empire was ravaged (l;l0(i-08) by the revolt of the Cata-
lan (irand Company, a body of Spanish mercemuies em-
ployed against the Ottoman Turks, and (1321-28) by a civil
war with his gramlson Andronicus 111., by whom hewas
dethroin'tl ami compelled t^i retire to a cloister.
Andronicus III. Palaeologus. Bom ainmt
I2!l(i: dieil Juiui 15, 1311. Byzantine emjieror
1328-41, grandson of Andronicus II. whose
throne he usurped. He carried on war with the Otto-
man Turks, whoh32ft-3N) detached nearly the whole of
Asia Minor from the empire.
Anelida and Arcite
Andronicus, Livius. Born at Tarentum about
2s4 B. c: died about 204. An early Roman
dramatic poet (Greek by birth) and actor, the
first writer who 'clothed Greek poetry in a
Latin dress." He was brought as a prisoner of war to
Rome 272 B. c, and sold as a slave to M. l.ivius Salinator.
He was muimmitted and eai'ued his living as a teacher of
Latin and Greek. For his pupils' use he translated the
Odyssey into Latin Satuniian verse. His plays, also, were
translateil from the Greek.
Andronicus, Marcus. In Shakspcre's '• Titus
iViulrduiciis," the brother of Titus and tribune
of tlie ]ii'oj)le.
Andronicus, Titus. See Titiit< Andranicus.
Andronicus, stirnamed Cyrrhestes (from his
birthplace). A Greek astronomer, born at
CyaThus, Syria, m the 1st century B. c, the
buililer of the "Tower of the Winds" (which
se(>) at Athens.
Andronicus of Rhodes. A peripatetic philoso-
pher and commentator on Aristotle, who flour-
ished during the 1st centui'y B. c. He was head
of the peripatetic school at Rome about .58 b. c.
Andros (an'dros). [Gr. '{Vw'poc.] The north-
ernmost island of the Cyclades, Greece, situ-
ated in the ^gean Sea 6 miles southeast of
Eubcea, anciently a possession successively of
Athens, Macedon, Pergamus, and Rome. Its
length is 25 miles, and its greatest width 10 miles, and
its .surface is mountainous. Its chief product is silk.
Population, about 22,000.
Andros. A small seaport, capital of the island
of Andros, on its eastern coast.
Andros. A group of islands in the Bahamas,
named from the chief island of the group, about
lat. 24° 45' N., long. 78° W.
Andros (an'drps). Sir Edmund. Bom at Lon-
don, Dec. 6, 1637: died at London, Feb. 27,
1714. An EngUsh colonial governor of New
York 1674-81, and of New England (including
New York) 1686-89. When the charters of the colo-
nies were revoked he was conspicuous in an attempt to
seize the charter of Connecticut (1GS7), which probably
succeeded. (See Charter Oak.) He offended the colonists
of New England by his tyranny and was seized April 18,
16S9, in Boston and sent to England for trial ; but the col-
onists' complaints were dismissed. He was governor of
Virginia (where he founded William and Mary College)
1002-'.»S, and governor of the island of Jersey 1704-06.
Androscoggin (an-dros-kog'in). A river whose
head streams rise in northern New Hampshire
and northern Maine, and which di-ains Lake
Umbagog and the Rangeley Lakes, and joins
the Kennebec 5 miles north of Bath. Its total
length is about 175 miles.
Androtion (an-di'6'ti-on). [Gr. 'AcVioWuc.] An
Athenian orator, a contemporary of Demosthe-
nes and a pupil of Isocrates. All of bis work has
perished with the exception of a fragment preserved hy
.Aristotle. He was attacked by Demosthenes in one of his
early orations.
Andrugio (iin-dro'jo). In Marston's "Antonio
and Mellichi," tile noble but turbulent Duke of
Genoa. He utters the famous speech beginning,
"Wh}', man, I never was a prince till now."
AndrussofF (iin'dros-sof ), or Andrussovo. A
village ill the government of Smolensk. Russia,
noted for the treaty of Andrussdff in U)67 be-
tween Russia an<l Pohuid, by whicli the latter
ceded Kieflf, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine.
Andujar(iin-do-Hiir'). A town in tlie province
of Jaen, Spain, situated'on the Guailal<iuivir44
miles northeast of Cordova. It was the scene of an
engagement between the Krcncli and Spanish.. Inly 18 20,
1808. The Convention of Bailen was signeil here in 1808,
ami hero in 182.3, by decree, the French assinneil superi-
ority over the Spanish authorities. Near it was the C'elti-
berlan Illitnrgis (V). Population (18S7), 16,214.
Andvari (iind'vii-re). [Old Norse.] In Old
Norse mythology, a dwarf who lived in the
Witter iu the form of a jiike. He was caught by
I.oki and forced to give up his treasure, ultimately called
from its possessors the Nibelnng Hoard, On the last
ring, the Andvaranaut, later the King of the Nibelungs,
lie laid the curse of destruction to lUl who should own it.
Anegada (ii-iu'-gii'dii). The northernmost of
the virgin Islands, British West Indies, in lat.
18° 45' N., long. 64° 20' W. Its length is 10
miles.
Anel (a-nel'), Dominique. Born 1679: died
about 1730. A Fi-eiicli surgeon. He introduced
im]irovi'mcnts in the operations for anem-ism
and lislula lacrymalis.
AnelidaandArcite(a-neri-daand iir'sit). An
unfinished iiocin liv Chaucer. It was among tliose
printeil by Caxton. anil is mentioned in Ixith I.yilgale's
and Thynne's lists of Chaucer's works, in the latter as "Of
l)necn Anelida and Knlse Arcite." There are passages in it
from lloecnccio's "Tcseidc," and the "Theliaid 'of.slatlUB
was also drawn upon. Cbamer tells us that lie took it
from the I.alin, and says at the close of the prologue :
"First follow I Stacc and after him (^irinne."
To Corlnnc or Corlncus, whoever he or she was, he owed
the inspiration of this poem. Miss Barrett (Mrs. Brown-
Anelida and Arcite
ing) modernized the pueiu ubout tlie middle of the Idth
centarj*. Anelida was the Queen of Armenia. In the
poem is included "'Ibe Cumplaint of Fair Anelida upon
Kalse Arcite," occasioned by the fact that the Thebau
knight (who Ift not the true Arcite of the ''Knights Tale")
deserted her for another. The poem breaks otf at the
end of her complaint.
Aneiio (ii-na're-6). Felice. Bom at Eome
about l.'jCO: Uiod aliotit 1G30. An Italian com-
poser of sacred music who succeeded Pales-
triiia, on the tatter's death, as composer for the
Iiapai chapel.
Anerio, Giovanni Francesco. Born at Rome
about l.'iGT : died after 1613. An Italian com-
poser, brother of Felice Anerio. maestro at
the Lateran 1600-13. He ■wrote sacred music
chiefly.
Anethan (an-ton'), Julius (Jules) Joseph,
Baron d'. Born at Bruiisels, April 24, 1.S03:
died there, Oct. 8, 1888. A Belgian Conserva-
tive politician, premier 1870-71.
Anethou, Pic d . See Xcthou.
Aneurin (au'u-rin). Flourished about 600
A. D. (f). A Welsh bard, sou of a chief of the
Otadiui or Gododin (a sea-coast tribe dwelling
south of the Firth of Forth), and author of the
epic "Gododin" (which see), the chief sotirce
of the very scanty information about him. He
hafi been thought to be identical with Gildas the histo-
rian, or to be the son of GUdas (who was sometimes called
Euryn y Cotd Aur).
Aneurin's great epic itself is wanting in all precision of
detail. It is the history of a long war of races, compressed
onder the similitude of a battle into a few days of ruin,
like the last tight in the Voluspa.
Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 346.
Anfossi(iin-fos'se), Pasquale. Bom at Naples,
1736 : died at Rome. 1.97 (1™5 ?)• An Italian
operatic composer, author of " L'Ineognita per-
seguitata" (1773). etc.
Angami-Naga (an-ga'me-na'gii). A savage
anil w.ulike tribe in northern Assam.
Angara (iin-gii-ril')- (Upper Angara and
Upper Tungusta.) The chief tributary of the
Yenisei, in southern Siberia. It rises northeast of
Lake Baik:d. traverses Lake Baikal, Hows northwest and
west, and joins the Yenisei al)ove Yeniseisk. Its length
is about 1.300 miles. It is navigalile throughout almost
its entire course.
Angel ( an'jcl), Benjamin Franklin. Bom at
Burlington, Otsego County, N. Y., Nov. 28, 1815 :
died at Geneseo, N. Y., Sept. 11, 1894. A lawyer
and diplomatist, commissioner to China (1855)
under President Pierce, and minister to Sweden
and Norway under President Buchanan.
Angelica (an-jel'i-lia). 1. In Boiardo's "Or-
lando Innaraorato" and Ariosto's "Orlando
Furioso," a beautiful but coquettish and faith-
less princess, daughter of Galaphron, king of
Cathay. His unrequited love for her -was the
cause of Orlando's madness. — 2. The principal
female character in Congreve's play "Love
for Love," a witty and piquant woman, and the
author's favorite character. — 3. A character
in Farquhar's comedy " The Constant Couple,"
and also in its sccpiel, "Sir Harry Wildair."
Angelic Brothers. A community of Dutch
Pietists, in the 16th century, who believed that
they had attained that state of augelic purity
in which there is "neither maiTving nor giving
in marriage": founded by George Gichtel.
Angelic Doctor, ML. Doctor Aagelicus. A
smiiame of Thomas Aquinas.
Angelico (iin-jel'e-ko), Fra. See Fiesok.
Angelina (an-je-li'nii). 1. In Dryden's tragi-
comedy "The Rival Ladies," a sister of Don
Rhodorigo, in love with Gonsalvo. She dis-
guises herself as a man and goes by the name
of Amideo. — 2. The heroine of Goldsmith's bal-
lad "Edwin and Angelina," sometimes called
"The Hermit," iu "The Vicar of Wakefield."
Angelina. ApseudoniiTnof Harriet Martineau.
Ang^lique (on-zlia-lek'). 1. One of the prin-
cipal iharacters in Jlolifere's " Le Malade Ima-
^inaire." She is the daughter of Argan, the tmaginar>-
invalid, who wishes to marry her to tlie son of his pliysi-
cian, SI. Diafoiius, but is finally induced to give her to
Cl^ante, the man she loves.
2. The wile of George Dandin, in Moli^re's
comedy of that nami-. S'-e lienryt- Dandin.
Angell (an'jel), James Burrill. Bom at Scitu-
ate. R. I.. Jan. 7, 1829. An American educator.
He was a graduate of Brown I'niversily and wa-s pnifessor
of modern laii'-'nages there 18:'>3-<iJ),edit-',r of tlieProvi.i. nee
"JouniHl" ISCiO-M, president of the liiivereity of Ver-
mont lse6-71, and president of the I'niversity i.f .Mieliik-an
utter 1871. He was fnited Slates minister to China 1880-
ISSl, and eornniissiont-r in necotiatiug treaties with tliat
eonnli-y; and was ;ipp*'iiiteil minister to Turkev in 1897.
Angell, Joseph Kinnicut. Born at Pro^-i-
dence, R. I., April 30, 1794: died at Boston,
May 1, 1857. An American legal writer. He
58
was a graduate of Brown University 1813, editor of the
"Law Intelligencer and Review" IsfJD-.'il. and reporter
of tlie Kh'»ie Island Supreme Court; author of "l"reatise
of the lli^'lil ..f Property in I'ide Waters ' (18-26), "In-
quiry Kelative to an incorporeal Hereditament " (1827),
"A Practical ^^uluma^yof the Law of Assignment" (1S35),
"tin Advei-se Enjoyment" (1S37X "Treatise on the Com-
mon Law in Relation to Water Courses " (1840), "Treatise
on tlie Limitations of Actions at Law and Suits in Equity
and iVdniiralty " (2d ed. 1*16), and with Samuel Ames
of 'Treatise on Corporations "(Sd ed. 1846).
Angeln (iing'eln). A small district in the prov-
ince of Schleswig-Holstein. Prussia, Iring be-
tween the Flensburg Fiord on the north, the
Baltic on the east, and the Schlei on the south.
It is noted for its fertility, and is supposed to
have been the original home of the Angles.
Angelo, Michel. See Michelamjelo.
Angelo (an'je-16). 1. In Shakspere's "Mea-
.sure for Measure," the duke's deputy.
The actor is here required to represent a man who is
too little for the great, bold, and dangerous projects of an
ambitious selfishness; too noble for the weak errors of a
vain self-love, who wavers negatively between the_ two,
who aspires after honour, who would be a master in Ijis
political vocation, a saint in his moral life, but who, in
the hour of temptation, is found as false and tyrannical
in the one as he is hypocritical and base in the other.
Gervinut, Shakespeare Commentarie8(tr. by F. E. Bunnett,
[ed. 1880), p. 500.
2. In Shakspere's " Comedy of Errors," a gold-
smith.
Angelo. A prose drama by Victor Hugo, first
represented at the Theatre Frau^ais, Paris,
.\pril 28, 1835. The scene is laid in Padua in the mid-
dle of the ICth century. It was translated into English
by G. H. Davidson, and produced iu Loudon as "Angelo
and the Actress of Padua. "
Angelo, Sant', Castle of. The remodeled
mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome. It is a huge
circular tower about 230 feet in diameter on a basement
about 300 feet square, with medieval chambers and ease-
ments excavated in its solid concrete, and three Renais-
sance stories added on its summit to serve the purposes
of a citadel. Originally the mausoleum possessed a super-
structure surrounded with columns and statues, and
crowned with a cone of masonry. It is connected with
the Vatican quarter by the Pont Sant' Angelo, built by
Hadrian in I;i6. which originally had seven arches : two
are now built up. Also Hadrian's Mole.
Angelus Silesius (an'je-lus si-le'shi-us) (Jo-
hannes Scheffler). Bom at Breslau, Prussia,
1624 : died at Breslau, July 9, 1677. A German
philosophical poet, author of " Cherubinischer
Wandersmann" (1657), etc.
Angelus, The. A celebrated painting by J. F.
Millet (1859). The time is evening; two peasants, a
man and a wontan, at the sound of the Angelus bell from
a distant church, stop their work and stand in the field
praying with bowed heads. In 1S89 it was bought at
auction Ijy the American Art Association for 680,650
francs, which included tax, auctioneer's fees, etc. It was
sold in 1890 to the agents of M. Chaucbard for $150,000.
He has signified his intention of presenting it to the
LouvTe at his death.
Angely (onzh-le'). Louis. Bom at Berlin about
1780 (1788?): died at Berlin, Nov. 16, 1835. A
German actor and dramatist. His works,
mainly adaptations of French plays, have been
collected in four volumes (Berlin". 1.^2).
Angerapp (iin'ge-rap). A head stream of the
Pregel, iu East Pmssia, which drains the
Mauersee.
Angerburg (ang'er-boro). A small town in the
province of East Prussia, situated on the An-
gerapp 60 miles southeast of Konigsberg.
Angermanelf (ang'er-man-elf). A river in
Sweden which flows into the Gulf of Bothnia
near Herutisand. it drains several lakes and forms
many waterfalls. Its length is over 200 miles, and it is
navigable in its lower coiu-se.
Angermanland (ang'er-man-land). A district
in northern Sweden, mainly included in the
modern Herndsand liin.
Angermann (auger-man). See Angermanelf.
Angermiinde (ang-er-mUn'de). A town in the
province of Brandenburg, Prussia, 42 miles
northeast of Berlin, on the Miindesee.
Angerona (an-je-ro'nS), or Angeronia (-ni-H).
In Roman mythology, a goildess whose attri-
butes and powers are not definitelv known.
She was, perhaps, the giHldess who releases from (or
causes) anguisli aTi.l secret grief. Her st.atuc stood in
the temple of Vulupia(sensu;d pleasureX and she was rep-
resented with her finger upon her bound and sealed lips.
Angers (oii-zha'). The capital of the depart-
ment of Maine-et-Loire, France, situated on
the Maine 5 miles from the Loire, in lat. 47°
28' N.. long, 0° 33' W. : the Roman Juliomagus
or Andeca\-ia (Andegavia or Andegavum). a
town of the Andeeavi or Andes, a Gallic tribe.
It has an extensive trade and varied manufactures. It
was formerly the capital of Anjon, an.l the seat of a uni-
versityand a military college. It sntfered severely in the
Huguenot and Veniiean wars. Tlie cathedral of Angers
is an interesting monument of the -Angevin Pointed style,
Anglo-Saxon
characterized particularly by the vaulting, which rises so
much in every bay as to approach a domical form. There
is a fine early sculptured west portal ; the nave is 54 feet
wide and 80 feet high ; and there are long transepts,
but no aisles. It contains splendid 13th-century glass,
a beautiful wall-arcade beneath the windows, and very
extensive and notable 14th-century tapestries bequeathed
by King Rent?. The castle, completed by St. I.ouis. is a
huge trapezoid about half a mile in circuit, with seven-
teen massive cylindrical towers bossing its walls. Within
the inclosure remain portions of the Renaissance palace
of the counts of Anjou as well as the dungeons and many
other interesting memorials of the medieval fortress.
Population (1S91), 72,669.
Angerstein (ang'er-stin), John Julius. Bora
at St. Petersburg, 1735: died at Blackheath,
Jan. 22, 1823. An English merchatit. philan-
thropist, and art amateiu'. The greater part of his
very valuable collection of pictures was acquired by the
British government in 1824, at an ex-pense of £60,000.
Angerville, Richard. See Biiii/. inchard <le.
Angevin Line or Dynasty. The early Plan-
tageiiet kings of England, from Henry H. to
John: so called from their origin in Anjou.
Anghiera (Un-ge-a'ra), Pietro Martire d', or
Peter Martyr. See Mniti/r. Peter.
Angilbert (ang'gil-bert). Saint. Bom about
7-10 A. D.: died Feb. 18, 814. A Frankish poet,
liistorian,anddiplomatist, a councilor of Charles
the Great, and abbot of Centula, or Saint-Ri-
quier in Picardie (794). He was sumamed "the
Homer of his age."
Angiras (an'gi-ras). In Vedic mythology, the
alleged ancestor of the Angirases, represented
as the author of the ninth Mandala of Rigveda,
of a law-book, and of an astronomical manual.
Angirases, The. [Deriv. uncertain.] In Hindu
mythology, a class of beings standing between
gods and men. They are called the sons of heaven,
sons of the gods. They appear in company with the gods,
with the Asvins, Yama. the gods of the sun and the light.
-Agni is called the first and highest -\ngiras. At the same
time the Angirases are called the fathers of men, and
many families trace their descent from them. The hymns
of the Ath.arvaveda are called Angirasas. and the .\ngi-
rases were especially chargetl with tlie protection of sac-
rifices perfoi-med in accordance with the Atharvaveda.
Angkor (ang-kor'). A ruined city near the fron-
tiers of Cambodia and Siam, near Lake Bienho.
Anglante's knight. The name given to Or-
lando, lord of Anglante, in Ariosto's "Orlando
Furioso."
Angles (ang'glz). [In mod. use only as a his-
torical term; L. Aiiyhis, usually in pi. Angli
(first in Tacitus), repr. the OTeiit. form foimd
in AS. Angle, Ongle, JEngle, reg. Engle, pi. (in
comp. Angel-, Ongel-). the people of Angel,
Angol, Angul, Ongul (= Icel. Ongiill), a district
of what is now. Schleswig-Holstein, said to be
so named from angel, angiil. ongul, a hook, in
ref. to its shjipe.] A Teutonic tribe wliieh
in the earliest period of its recorded history
dwelt in the neighborhood of the district
now called Angeln, in Schleswig-Holstein, and
which in the 5th century and later, accom-
panied by kindred tribes, the Saxons. Jutes,
and Friesians, crossed over to Britain, and col-
onized the greater part of it. The Angles were the
most numerous of these settlers, and founded the tliree
kingdoms of East Anglia, Mercia, and Xorthumbria.
From them the entire country derived its name England,
in Anglo-Saxon Enffta land, 'land of the Angles.'
Anglesea (ang'gl-se), or Anglesey (ang'gl-se).
[AS. Angles eg. 'Angle's island.'] An island
and county of North Wales, which lies north-
west of the mainland from which it is separated
by Menai Strait. Its surface is generally flat. It was
an ancient seat of the Druids, was conquered by the
Romans under Suetonius Paulinus in 61 A. p., and by
Agricola in 78, and later became a Welsh sti-onghold.
Its length is 22 miles, and its area 302 square miles. Pop-
ulation (1891), 50,079. See Jlona.
Anglesea, Earl of. See Anneslei/.
Anglesey, Marquis of. See Paget.
Angleterre (on-gle-tSr'). The French name of
England.
Anglia (ang'gli-a). A Latin name of England ;
specifically, that part of England which was
settled by the Angles. See £a.st Anglia.
Anglian (ang'gli-an). A name sometimes used
for the old English (Englisc) or Anglo-Saxon
of Anglia, the district of Britain first occupied
by the Angles.
Anglo-Latin (ang-gl6-lat'in). Middle or medi-
eval Latin as written iu England in the middle
ages: the ordinary language of the church and
the courts until the modern period. It is char-
acterizedby the liberal inclusion and free Latin-
izing of technical and vernacular English and
Norman or Anglo-French terms.
Anglo-Saxon (ang-gl6-sak'son). [< ML. An-
glo-.'<axones, more correctly written Anglosax-
I
Anglo-Saxon
ones pi., also Am/li S<ijn)ies ov Angliet Saxones,
TaTiAv Saxoiics AiinU. Tlie term hequently oc-
curs in the charters of Alfred and his successors
(cl.kliv in tlie Ken. pi. with rei) as the general
name of their people, all the Teutonic tribes m
Eiit'laud: but it is sometimes coiihned to the
people south of the Humber. The same term
IB used bv foreign chroniclers and writers in
Latin from the Hth to the 12th century, with
the general meaning.] 1. (a) Literally, one ot
the Angle or 'Engli.sh' Saxons The name is
wmetiincs rtstricted to the Saxons who .Iwelt chieH)
in the 9..utherii districts (Wessex, I.ssex, Sussex, Middle-
.ei- names which contain the (onn ot .Sajron-and
Kent) of tlie coilntr}- which came to be known from a
kindred tribe, as tlie land of tile Ann es hmila Ino'l,
now En.ila,ul. Imt usually extended to the wliole people
or nali.m formed by the asKregutiou of the AnEles, bax-
ons, and otlier early Teutonic settlei-s in lin am, or the
whole people of Kiiglaiul before the roni|Uest. (/,) ;;/.
The English race ; all persons in Great Britain
and Ireland, in the United States, and in their
dependencies, who belong, actually or noiui-
nallv, nearly or remotely, totheTeutomc stock
of England": in the widest use, all Euglisli-
8peakiug or English-appeanng people.— 2.
The language of the Anglo-Saxons; Saxon;
the earliest form of the English language, con-
stituting, with t)ld Saxon, Old Friesic, and
other tlialects, the Old Low (ierman group,
belonging to the so-called West Germanic di-
vision of the Teutonic speech.
Aneol (Un-gol'). The capital of Malleco,Chile,
in lat. 37° 4.y N., long. TS° W. It was the capi-
tal of the former territory of Angol. Population
(1885), 6,331.
Angola (au-go'lii). [Pg. AhooIo, repr. the na-
tive name AV/o'".] 1. The ^gola tnbe -2.
The native Angola nation, of which the >gola
tribe was the principal.— 3. The old Portu-
Kuese colouv of Angola, founded m the bouu-
Saries of the ancient native kingdom of Angola,
and called "Keino e Conquistas de Angola. —
4 The moilcru Portuguese province of An-
gola, comprising the old kingdoms of Kongo,
Angola, and BengueUa, the new district ot
Mossamedes, and the latest accessions between
the Kuangu and Kassai rivers. This province
eiteu.ls aloMB the west coast of Africa from 6° to li
gouth lalitu.le, and inland as far as the Kuangu, Kassai,
and Zambesi rivers. Its area is about 490,000 scjuare miles;
its population from three to live millions. The adminis-
tnition is in the hands of a Rovcrnorgeneral, residing a
Loanda, with ilistrict governors ot Kongo, Benguellu, and
Mossamedes. Kvery distiict is subdivided into concc -
hos •■ (counties) under militaiT " cbefes ; and the coneel-
bosarcBUlulividedintodivibionsundercommandants.Y ho
are eilher natives or white traders. Angola is ruled by
the same laws as P.utugal, and the natives have exact y
the same legal standing and right to vote as the white
Portuguese. Angola is the only central African posses-
sion which has alarge white population (about 0,00<i) and
In which agriculture is nourishing on a large scale, bee
Kim'.ututii, L'mbundu, .\()ola,Koniio.
Angolalla (ii.i-g6-lal'la). One of the chiof
ti)\vns in Shoa. Abyssinia, about lat. 9° d« ^.
Angora (an-go'rii). A vilayet in Asia Minor,
Turkev. Population (1887), 797,362.
Angora, Turk. EngTirl. [Gr. "AyKVim: see A)i-
ci/ni.] The cai>ital of the vilayet of Angora,
gitnjited on a head stream of the Sakaria, about
lat. 39° 50' N., long. 32° .50' E.: the ancient An-
evra (which see). It was an ancient Cialatian town.
tlie cai)ital of the Roman province of (iiUatia, and an ini-
oortant emn.>riuni on the route between Hyiantiuni ami
Syria, and It Is still one of the chief commercial places
in Asia .Minor. The district is especially celebrated for
its bree.1 i.t goats. A battle was fought at Angora, . Mine
Ifi 140-' between Bajazet with 4IK),000C.') Turks, and limur
(Tamerlane) with SOO.IKIOCO Mongols, in which Haja/.et
wa.« lUfeated. As a result Asia Minor fell into the hands
of Timur. I'oiiulation. about .se.ooo.
liayezid himself, with one of his sons, was taken pris-
oner and the unfortunate Sultan became a part of his vic-
torspageant, an<l was condemneil in fetters to follow- his
capb.r about in his pomi>s and campaigns. I he fact that
he was carried in a barred litter gave rise to the well-
known legcnil that he was kept in an iron cage.
/'„(,/,'. Story of turkey.
AngornU (iiii-g<>r'nii), or Angorno (iin-gor'
nci I. nr NgornU (n'gor'nii). A town in Bnruu,
Sudan, situated near Lake Chad, about Int. 12°
45' N.. long. 13°E., an imiiortant trading cen-
ter. Pojiulation (estimated), 50,(i(lll.
Angostura (iin-gos-to'riij. or Ciudad Bolivar
(Hc-ci-diid' bo-le'viir). A town in Vciicziicln.
situiiled on the Orinoco in Int. S° 10' N., long.
63° "((' W., near the narrow pass ot the river
at the head of ocean navigation. It is an im-
portant commercial town. Population, about
Angouieme (on-gii-lam'). The capital of the
d.i. art 111. ■Ill of Charente. France, situated on the
C'hareute in lat. 45° 40' N., long. 0° 10' E.: the
ancient Inculisma. it was the ancient capital of An.
59
goumois and fre(|uently an appanage of the royal house.
During the lluguenot wars it was several times sacked.
The cathedral of Angouieme is a highly interesting strue-
tiirc built in 1120, with wide nave and transepts domically
vaulted, and no aisles. The crossing is surmounled by a
beautiful ovoid dome on an octagonal drum. The west
front has several tiers of arcades between low, eomcally
cappeil towers, and bears much Romanesque flgure-seulp-
ture of great interest. The Une belfry, over the north
transept, rises in si.\ ai caded tiers, and resembles an Italian
campanile. Population (1S91), 30,090.
Angouieme, Due d" (Charles de Valois).
Born iVpril 2S, 1573: died Sept. 24, l&iO. A
French politician and general, an illegitimate
sou of (Jharles IX. and Marie Touchet, made
Due d' Angouieme in 1619. He was Imprisoned in the
Bastille,100!V-li:,for his intrigues with the Marquise deVer-
neuil. As a soldier he served with .listiiietion at Arques and
Ivrv and he directed the sieges of S.ufsons and La'Ko-
chelle He is the reputed author of " Memoires {hA»).
Angouieme, Due d' (Louis Antoine de Bour-
bon;. Boiii at Versailles, Aug. G, l</o: died
at Goritz, June 3, 1844. The eldest son of
Charles X. of France (Comte d'Artois) and
Maria Theresa of Savov, princess of Sardinia.
He opposed Napoleon in the south ot France on his return
from I'.lba. was a commander in the tVench invasion of
Spain in 18J.!, and was exiled in IMO. _ _, , ,
Angouieme, Duchesse d' (Mane Th6r6se
Charlotte). Boru at Versailles, Dec. 19, li i8:
died Oct. 19, 1851. Daughter of Louis XM.
and wife of the Due d' Angouieme, an active
adherent of the ultra-royalists.
Angoumois (on-go-mwii'). A former division
of western France, which, with Saintonge,
formed a government previous to the Kevo-
lution. (Compare Saintonge.) It corresponds
nearly to the department of Charente.
AJlgra (iing'gril). A seaport, capital of the
•V/.ores, situated on the southern coast of Ter-
ceira, in lat. 38° 38' X., long. 27° 13' W. It is
the seat of a bishopric. It was surnamed "do heroismo
for its patriotic oi)position to the pretender Dom Miguel,
18:!0-32. Population, about 11,000.
Angra Mainsru (iin'grii min'yo). See Ahura
Mxyla
Angra Pequena (ang'grii pa-ka na). [Pg.,
' Little Bay.'] A region in the protectorate ot
German southwestern Africa, extending from
Orange River northward to the Portuguese An-
gola north of Cape Frio (but excluding Walfisch
Bay). It was acquired by the German Liideritz in 1883,
and passed uiuler (ierman protection in 1884.
Angra Pequena. A harbor on the coast of the
l,ro1ectorate of Angra Pequena, in lat. 26° 28'
S., long. 14° 55' E.
Angri (an'gre). A town in the province of
SaliTiio, Italy, 19 miles southeast of Naples.
Population, a'bout 10,000.
Angstrom (ang'strem), Anders Jonas. Born
at Lodgo in WestemoiTlaud, Sweden, Aug. l.(,
1814: died June 21, 1874. A noted Swedish
physicist. He was appointed in 1858 professor of phy.s-
ics "at Upsal (where he had been connected with the astro-
nomical observatory from 1S43). Author ot " Rechcrches
Bur le spectre solaire" (1888), etc. , _, , ro
Anguiila (ang-gwirui), or Snake Island. L^""!'-
Anijiiila.'] An island' of the Lesser ^Vntilles, m
the British West Indies, which lies north of
St. Martin in lat. 18° 13' N., long. 63° 4' W.
;\rea, 35s(|iiare miles. Population (1891 ). ;!.(i99.
Anguiseiola (an-gwe'sho-lii), or Angussola
(iiii-giis-sO'lii), Sofonisha. Born at Cremona,
Italy, about 1530: died at Genoa 1626 (?). An
Italian portrait-painter.
Angus (ang'gus). The ancient name ot t ortar-
Angus, Earl of. See Douglas.
Angus. In Shakspere's "Macbeth," a thane
of Scotland.
Anhalt (itn'hiilt). A duchy of northern Ger-
manv and state of the (ierman Empire. It is
Burrounde.i by I'russia and consists of t«;o chief i.ortions
an ea-stern (Ilessau-Kolhen-lWrnbni-g), which is level, ami
a western lliallenstedtl, which is hilly and inountainoiis.
It has also several enclaves. Its caiiital is Dissau, ami ita
government a liereditm-y constitutional monarchy under
a duke and landtag. It sends one member t(> the Bun-
desrat and two members to the Reichstag. It became an
independent iirincipalily in the llrst part of the Wlh cen-
turv and was ..ften divided and reunited. The present
duehv was formed in 1k(\3 by the union of the duchies of
Anlia,l-I>es.au-Kfltben and Anhalt-Uornbul-g. Area, SlOO
square miles. Population (1895), 292,467.
Anhalt-Bernburg, Christian, Prince of. See
Anhalt-Dessau, Leopold, Prince of. See Lfo-
An'hoit (iin'lioU). An island lielongingto Den-
mark, situated in the Cattegat 47 miles north
of Zealanil. It is seven miles long.
Anholt A small town in the province of West-
i.li:ilia, Prussia, situated on the Yssel (on the
l)utch frontier) 16 miles northwest ot Wesel.
Anjou
Anhwel (an-hwa'e), or Nganhwei (n'giin-
liwa'e). A province of China, bounded by
Kiangsu on the northeast, by Kiaiigsu and
Chekiang on the east, by Kiangsi on the south,
by Hupeh and Hoiian on the west, and by
Honaii on the northwest. Its capital is Xganking.
It contains part ot the grccn-tea district. Area, 48,401
siinare miles. Population, 20,.',0«,2SS.
Ani. See Aniii. ^^
Aniagmut (ii'ne-iig-miit), or Kaviagmut (ka -
ve-iig-mot). [Sing. Aniagmu. or haiUigmn.]
A trfbe of Eskimo which occupies a part of the
Alaskan Peninsula and Kadiak Island.
Anian (ii-ni-iiu' ). An early name of Bering Sea
and Strait.
Anicet-Bourgeois (S-ne-sa' biir-zhwii ), Au-
guste. Born at Paris, Dec. 25, 1800: died at
I'au, .fan. 12, 1871. A French dramatist, author
of vaudevilles, melodramas, etc.
Anicetus (an-i-se'tus). Lived about 60 A. D.
A freediiiaii and tutor of Nero.
Anicetus. Bishop of Home about 154-166 A. D.
Aniche, or AnicheS (H-nesh'). A manufactur-
ing and inining town in the department of Nord,
France, 14 miles west of Valenciennes. Popu-
lation (1891), commune, 6,765.
Aniello, TommaSO. See Masaniello.
Animuccia (ii-iie-niii'eha), Giovanni. Bom at
Floreiicu about 1490 (?): died 1571. An Ital-
ian composer of sacred music. ■■ lie composed
the famous "Laudi," which were sung at the Oratorio of
S. I''ilii)iio after the conclusion of the regular office, and
out of the dramatic tone and tendency of which the 'Ora-
torio ■ is said to have been developed. Hence he has been
called the 'Father of the Oratorio."' Orove, Diet ol
Music.
Anio (ii'ne-o), or Aniene (ii-ne-a'ne), or Teve-
rone (ta-va-ro'ue). [L. Anio (Anien-) or Amen,
Gr. 'Aviuv or 'Avit/c.'] A river in central Italy,
the ancientAnio, which joins the Tiber Smiles
north of Kome. It forms a waterfall 3.1(1 feet high
near Tivoli, and its valley is noted for its beauty and an-
tiquities.
Aniruddha (au-i-rod'dha). [Skt., 'uncon-
trolled.'] In Hindu mythology, a son of Pra-
dyunina and grandson of Krishna, fsba, a Daiiya
plincess, daughter of Bana, (ailing in love with him, bad
him brought by magic to her apartments at >,imlnpiMa.
Bana sent guai'ds to seize them, but Aniruiblba slew i li.in
with an iron club. Bana then secured hini by magic.
Krishna, Balarama, and Pradyumna went to rescue him
and fought a great battle, in which Bana was anied by
Siva and Skanda, the god of war. liana was defeated,
but, spared at the intercession of Siva and Aniruddha, was
taken home to Dvaraka with fsha as his w ite.
Anjala. In Swedish history, an unsuccess-
ful league ot noblemen against Gustavus III.,
Anjar (iin-jiir'). A small town in Cutch. India,
I Mt. L^!° 6' N.. long. 70° 5' E. Pop. (1891 1. 14.433.
Anjeles. See Los AngeUs (Cliile).
Anjengo (iin-jeng'go), or Anjutenga (an-jo-
teng'gii). A seaport m Iravancore. India,
sitiiate'd on the western coast in lat. 8° 40' N.,
long. 76° 45' E. . , ^„
Anjer (iin'ver). A seaport in Java, m lat. 6"
4' S., long". 105° 53' E. It was overwhelmed
by a tidal wave following the eruption of
Krakatoa in 1SS3. tt . i
Anion (an' jo; F. pron. oii-zho ). [Ij. Andeean,
tudt'(i(ifi, a Gallic tribe; iirhs or civitus Ande-
cara or Andrearoiiim. their city.] An ancient
government of France, capital Angers. It was
bounded bv Maine on the north, \>y Touraine' on the east
by Poitou on Ihe south, and by Brittany on the west. It
comprised the department of Maine-et-Loire and sniall
portions of adjoining .lepartments. Anjou was lini ed
with Touraine in IcHl. ami with Maine m lUO- By the
mairiage of Geottrey Plantagenet with Matilda, heiress of
Henry I., Anjou. Kngland. and Nonnandy were unlte.1 in
ir.4 vvhe 1 Henry II. founded the Angevin house iPlan-
tagenet). Anjou was com,uered by I'liili,. Augustus of
l-Yance about 1204. and was unitcM subsequently »lth
Naples and Provence. It was annexed to the trench
crown in MS" by Louis .\I. . . „
Anjou, Counts and Dukes of. The origin of
the countship is referred to Ingelger. seneschal
of Gatiiiais, who in 870 received Irom ( liarles
the Bald that portion of the subsequent prov-
ince of Anjou which lies between the Maine
andlheMavenne. Among hisdescendants arc Kulko,
count of Aiiji'iu, a rrusader, who became king of .lernsa.
fen, 1131, and Vulke's son (ieo.lr..y le ''l^''-'^''-;-"';. ; "''°
miu-ricd Matil the daughter and heiress of llems I. of
England, and foun.lcd the |-.ngll8h royal 1'"""^',' , ?!
tagenct. (Sec Ilcnr.ill.t The secondliouse ,;( An ou was
a bramh .if the royal fandl.v of France King .Ion of
Kngland f.irfclti'd his Kreneli lets to IMi lip ^mt' ^,f"°
about 1201, and Anjou passed into the bands of l.siles,
the brother of L.mls l.x!. Charies estublished the bouse of
Anl 11 o the throne ot Naiiles in 120(1. Ills son Charles
n'o' Sanies gave Anjou and Maine t.' 1"' «."" " ;;.>i
Charies oi Valols. and from I'-IK. the counts of \ "^ -"^
the title of .iuke of Anjou and count of '''■'l'"^,,, J ' ?Y<»
of charies of Valois became king ot !■ ranee, as Phill|> * 1.,
ii'Is, uniting Anjou to Uio crown. King John bestowed
AsJOQ
60
it on his son Louis in 136(5. The second house of Anjon AlUials of the Parish
becsme extinct in the direct line on the deathof Chnrles, 'T^lished i "l!?n
brother of Ken(?, 148L Tlie title of duke of Anjou has
also been home without iniplving territorial sovereignty,
by Charles VIII. of France, by the four sous of Henry II.,
by the second son of Henr>* IV., by the two sons of Louis
XIV.. by l.ouis XV., and by Philip V. of Spain.
Ankarstrom. See .tiu-k-ainiroiii.
Anklam, <^>r Anclam (au'klam). A town in the
province of Pomerania. Prussia, situated on
the Peene 45 miles northwest of Stettin. It
contains a military school. It was an ancient Hauseatic
town, and was sevenU times besie^'ed in the 17th and 18th
centuries. Fopul<ition (ItiW), 12,ai7.
Ankober (an-ko'ber), or Ankobar (-hiir). The
CHpital of Shoa, .\bvssiiiia. in lat. 9° 34' N.,
loi]^'. :i9° 53' E. Popuhition. about 10.000.
A novel by John GJalt,
Annam, or Anam (a-nam' or an-niim'). A
French protectorate, capital Hu6, in the eastern
part of the Indo-Chinese peninsula. It lies be-
tween Tongkiog on the north, the China Sea on the east,
and French Cochin-China on the south. Its iKiundaries
Annnnciation, The
1476: died at Blois, 1514. The daughter and
heiress of Francis II., duke of Brittany, wife
of Charles Vni. of France (1492; and", after
his death, of his successor, Louis XII. (1499).
Through her the last of the great fiefs of France
was permanently united to the crown.
aiiu rreiicn locnin-l^nma on tne south. Its iKiundaries Anno nf Plotrnc n^,^ nf oi^.. 7^
towurd the west are undeHned. It is rich in asricultural •'*??® °* H^T?^*, ,"^-?- Aleves, Germany,
- — ■"' ■■ lol.5: died in England, l;jo/. A queen of Eng-
land, daughter of the DiLke of Cleves, and fourth
wife of Henry VIII. She was manied in Jan-
uary. 1540,and divorced in Julvof the same year.
Anne of Denmark. Born" at Skanderborg,
Denmark, Dec. 12, 1574: died JIarch 2. 1619.
A queen of England and Scotland, daughter of
Frederick II. of Denmark, and wife of James
resources. The government is a monarchy, with a French
resident. The inhabitants are Annamites ("in the towns and
along the coasts) and Mois (in the hill districts), and the
prevailing religions arc Buddhism. Confucianism, spirit-
worship, and Christianity. It w.is formerly a Chinese pos-
session, and became independent in 142S. French Cochin-
— ependent in 142S, F'rench Cochin-
China was ceded to France 18t;2 and 1867. It became a
French protectorate by a treaty signed in 18*4. Tongking
was ceded to France 18S4. Area of Annajn proper, about
■'7,020 sijuare miles. Population (estimated), 6,(XX),0(X).
Ajlkogel (an ko-gel) A peak of the Hohe Annamaboe, or Anamaboe (a-na-ma-bo'). .^I-of ^'^otland(JamesI.ofEngland).
rauoin, about 10, /GO feet high, on the borders ot Aseaport and British station on the Gold Coast, ^^^ °^ Cteierstein. A romance by Sir Walter
Salzburg and Carinthia, southeast of Gastein
Ankori (iin-kd'ri). An African highland, 6,000
West Africa, 10 miles east of Cape Coast Castle!
Population, about 5,000.
Ann, Mother. See Lee, Ann
Anna (an'ii). or Anne (an), Saint. [Of Heb.
origin : same as Mdiiiioh.l According to tradi-
tion, the mother of the Virgin Mary. Her life
and the birth of the Virgin are recorded in several of the
apncr5ph;U gospels. Her festival is kept in the Greek
Church July -lb. and in the Roman Church July 26.
Annan (an'an). A seaport and parliamentary
and royal burgh in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, sit-
uated at the entrance of the Annan into Sol-
way Firth, in lat. 54° 59' N., long. 3° 15' W.
It is the birthplace of Edward Irving. Popu-
lation (1891), 3,476.
.Scdtt, published in 1829. The scene is laid
mainly in Switzerland in the 1.5th centurv.
Anne Boleyn. A tragedy bv Dean Mi'lman,
produced in 1821. See also Anna Bolena.
Anne of Savoy. Bom 1320: died 1359. Em-
press-regent of the Eastern Empire, daughter
of Amadeus V.. duke of Savoy, she was married
to the emperor Andronicus III. in 1337, and, after his
death (1341X became regent during the minority of her
son John V. Palsologus.
Anne, Sister. The sister of Bluebeard's last
wife, Fatima. she watched for the cloud of dust
winch was to indicate the arrival of their brothers to res-
cue tliem. See Bluebeard.
Anna. In New Testament history, a prophetess Annan. A river, about 40 mUes long, in Dum- Anne Ivanovna. See Anna Icanovna.
of Jerusalem, noted for her piety." Luke ii. 36, 3 . .
Anna. One of the principal female characters
in Hume's play "Douglas."
Anna Bolena. An opera bv Donizetti, pro-
duoi-.l at Milan in 1830.
Anna Carlovna (iin'na kar'lov-na). See Anna
Lt ii[niliUn-}ta,
Anna Conmena (an'a kom-ne'na). Bom at
Constantinople, Dec. "l, 1083: died 1148. A
Bvzantine
Ann
Jan. 25, 1093: died Oct. 28, 1740. Empi
Russia 1730-40, daughter of Ivan V., brother Annapolis. A seaport in Nova Scotia, near
of Peter the Great. She was elected by the Secret t^iP iiay of Fundv, in lat. 44° 43' N lone 65°
High Council, consisting of eight of the chief nobles, in 30' W. it was founded hv the Prenrh in ifiru ^„\ „o=
preference to other claimants, after having promised im- ceded to the fc1t?sh i,, i-?-) t;»^= „^ ^ ,i ,
portant cowessions to the nobUity. She, however, foUed Port Emal ^ originally named
the attempt of the council to limit her power, eiiled or Annnn«U„n., i- . • . ,
executed its members, and surrounded herself with Ger- ■'*-"nap0US UOnventlOn. Aconvention of twelve
man favorites, of whom Biren or Biron, a Courlander of delegates from the States of New York New
low extniction, was the leader. Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia,
^^^ Karenina (an na kii-ra'nf-na). A novel which met at AnnapoUs, Sept. 11, 1786, to pro-
by Tolstoi, perhaps the most representative of mote commercial interests. It recommended
his works. It first appeared seriaUy, but with the caUing of another convention (the Consti-
long intervals, in a Moscow review, and was tutional Convention) in 1787
j.ul.li>_he.l in 1878. Ann^Arbor (anjir'bor). A city, the capital
fi-iesshire. Scotland, which flows into the Sol- Anne Page. See Paije.
way Firth at Annan. Anne Petrovna. See Anna Petrovna.
Annandale (an'an-dal). The valley of the Annecy (au-se'). The capital of the depart-
Annan, in Dumfriesshire, Scotland. ment of Haute-Savoie, France, situated on the
Annapolis (a-nap ' o-lis). [' City of Anna/ ^^^^ °^ Annecy in lat. 45° 53' N.. long. 6° 8'
Queen Anne.] A seaport, the capital of E.. the former seat of the counts of Geuevois.
Man-land (and of Anne Arundel Countv) sit- ^' 5''? manufactures of cotton, wool, silk, steel, etc It
uated on the Severn. 2 miles from Chesapeake PopZtlon o^i? n W7 ''"''"^' "'"* " ^''^°^'' "^^^
Bav. in lat. 38° .59' N lnn<r 76° 29' W the Ann«„J^T i i , i , « •, ,
!1, A „:V:I_ Ajinecy, Lake of. A lake. 9 miles long, in the
near An-
the Rhone.
Born April
engineer who
construction
Annenwullen(an'neu-v5l-len). Amanufactur-
ing town in the prorince of Westphalia, Prus-
sia, near Dortmtmd. Population, about 7.000.
Annesley (anz'li), Arthur. Bom at Dublin,
July 10, 1614: died April 26, 1686. An English
statesman, son of Sir Francis Annesley (Lord
MountnotTis and Viscount Valentia "in Ire-
land), created Earl of Anglesea in 1661. He sat
in Richard Cromwell's parliament of 1658 ; was president
of the council of state in imo. aiding in the restoration
of Charles II.; succeeded to his fathers titles in 1660;
and was lord pri>-y seal 1«T2-Si He supported the par-
liamentary attack on James in a paper addressed to Charles
11., entitled "The Account of Arthur. Earl of Anglesea,
to your Most Excellent ilajesty on the true state of your
Majesty's government and kingdom" (16S2).
Anna Leopoldovna (an'nii la-o-pol'dov-na), or of Washtenaw County, Michigan' situated
Carlovna ^kar'lov■nii; Elizabeth Catherine Hui^on River 38 miles west of Detroit: the Annesley (anz'li) Bav or Adulis fa-di,'lis^
Christine. Born Dee. 18, 1718: died March 18, seat of the ITniversitv of Michigan. PopuIp- Tof^ t^^'7,,u^ "Ln:-^'-.^L^'^^^..l^r^" i\^>
1^40. (rrand duchess, and regent of Russia tion (1890), 9,431. "
1740^1. daughter of Charles Leopold, duke of Annas (an'as). [Heb.,
Bay, or Zulla (zol'la) Bay. An arm of the
Red Sea on its western coast, southeast of
Mecklenburg, and wife ofA^ton Ubicrru^; "i^e^t^Y thrjew'-sr^aTledXtl^iith S i^t'lS^N' '"*'°'^^ '" """^ '"'^"''' '"'<'"*
SL.ww^.'J^^,-, 0"'^e •*«»"> of the czarina Anna Iva- by Josephus, according to whom he was ap- Anni (an'ne) orAnifa'nel A ruined mertin.
PJi^U^li^^^-S^J^^I;?^^-^,^ ^%^^ fit bfQuirinus, proconsul o'f "guity inTh'^ go-n4Utf Eriv^cL^atut
J*E"*■'.'V1.'''A^•*^*' H<'S;.!''l"*V ^'^^inspuTicywhich Si"„'„ , r„„..lf:_ ■%^" , "'^P*'^^? "^^ * ''''"""^ Russia, situated on the Arpachai about 28
. - , , - - KT ^, ......,,, a conspiracy ^i^\^u
deposed Ivan and placed Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the
Great, on the throne.
Anna Matilda (an'a ma-til'da). The name
adapted by Mrs. Hannah Cowley, dramatist
and [loet. in a poetical coiTespondence with
Robert Merry (who called himself " Delia Cms-
?.t'', I",!'"' "^'orid." With two others of her school
(the ■ Delia Cruscans ') she was held up to scorn by Gif-
w "'■I'V f"^ "Baviad and Mieviad, ' and the name "Anna
Matilda ■ h.15 piissed into a synonym of namby-pamby
verse and sentimental Action. .See Laura Matilda.
AnnaPetrovna(an'iiape-trov'na). Born 1708:
died 1728. Eldest daughter of Peter the Great
and Catherine I., wife of Charles Frederick, duke
of Holstein-Gottorp, and mother ot Peter HI.
Annabel (an'a-bel). [Anna bella, fair Anna.]
A chaia.ter in Dryden's " Absalom and Achito-
phcl" intend. -d for the Duchess of Monmouth.
Annabella, Queen. In Scott's novel "The
Fair .Maiil of Perth,"' the wife of King Robert
HI. and mother of Rothsay.
Annaber^ (iiu'nii-berG). "a to^vn in the king-
dom of Saxony, situated in the Erzgebirge 18
miles southeast of Chemnitz. It isoneof thechief
manuiacturing places in the kingdom, noted for its laces,
rittbons, etr ■* ■■■ »* • - * * . .
min
Annals
by George Maedonald, published in 1866,
Su^IohV' , , ^''^u *'^ Judea. in 14 A. D. He was miles southeast of Kars : the ancient capital of
followed by Ishmael, the son of Phabaeu3;Eleazax, the son Armenia '-ap"ai oi
of Annas ; and smion, the son of Camithus, when Joseph, a^JT;! T „«„•« a •.» v ttt„.
surnamedCaiaphas. the son-in-law of Annas was elevated -fiJUUe Liaone. A song written by Wdliam
to the oltice at). jut 27 .1. D. In the Xew Testament (Luke Douglas of Kirkcudbright.
WghDri'est"conioi„Ju w?,'f ,'''- '>' ^'""'s is mentioned as AjUliston (an'is-ton). A manufacturing town
5;!Ss''^i^;S°rna^,'',:'h^o1er,??^mS'un^^S;r' l?. f".'l'0'"> County, Alabama, 60 miles fast of
ned 1683). she was largely under the influence of the
Duke and Duchess of ilarlborough, and later of Mrs
Masham. She sided with the l>rinceof Oi-angeat theRevi>-
lution. .\mong the events in her reign were the Warof the
bpanish Succession and the union of England and Scotland.
Anne of Austria. Bom at Madrid, Sept. 22,
ItiOl : died Jan. 20, 1066. A queen of France.
He published a spurious collection of lost
classics.
Anniviers (a-ne-ve-a'), 'Val d", G. Einfisch-
thal lin'fish-tal). An Aliiiue valley 2(1 miles
long, in the canton of Valais. Switzerland,
which unites with the Rhone valley opposite
Sierre. It is noted for its picturesque scenery.
daughhY of I'lulii, HI. of Spain, and wife of Anno, SahitV See Banno.
AnnTnfTJnhZi^"''^^ She was regent lt>J3-Cl. Annonay (an-no-na'). A town in the depart-
■^v?ii T.?-r "^^ Bom at Prague, Bohemia, ment of Ardeche, France, 37 miles southwest
Fn,;i.^'i 1 d' Viu^ '■ ^^^- ^ 'l''*^" "* "^ Lyons, noted for its manufactures of paper
?, fe ^.fp^ . r^rT''''/^P';''"'".<^^'«« ^'" ""d Plove-leather. Population (1891), com-
beautiful pic
" ■" • Pitti
painting bv Luca Signorelli
(1491), in the San Carlo Chapel of the Duomo
'X^lisWc^'^'.op'iilt^o;;\T,,MVl4'm"'»■ ""'"''*"' '^' *^fi.?,'f^f" 'if " '1 ^-'^V?- ?"!? /^""J Annunciation, The. 1. A verv beautifu
inals of a Quiet Neighborhood. A novel regent 'oV'F.uK.e h"!:'/'' "' '"^^ '^^•' ^""^ FZreZt''T t"' ""-T- *•; '"f ''""^"''
: George Maedonald. nublished in 18fifi An^ie of Brittany (Breta^e). BomatNantes ^-'"-'?°'^'^-2' ^ P^'"""^ '^>- ^""'^ ^'^'
Annunciation, Tlie
at Volterra, Italy: one of the master's best
works. — 3. A picture by Titian, iu tlieSciiola
di San Kocco at Venice. — 4. A diaracteristic
Prerapbaelite painting by Daute (Jabriol Kos-
BOtti, in the National Gallery, Lomlon. The
Virgin was painted from Christina Kossetti. —
5. A painting by Kra Aiigelico, with & pndcllti
beneath it of five subjects from the life of the
Virgin. It was painted for San Doraenico at Fiesole,
and (a nnw in the Royal Museum .it Miulrid.
Annunzio (iin-niiii'tzi-o). Gabriele d'. Boni at
IVM-ara, Italy, in 18t>4. .\n Ilalian poet and
novelist. He has written " I'rinio Vere " (1S79). " Canto
Nuovo" (ISSiX "Terra Vercine" (1882), 'Intennezzo di
rline" (188:i). "11 libro delli Vertiini" (1884), " L'TsottfrcK
La Chimera" (18S5-88), "San Pantalcone" (1880), "Kleuie
rouiaue " (18S7-»1), "Giovanni Episcopo " (18!)1 : translateil
lis "EptscoiK) ami Company,"' 18IXi), "Poenia paradisiaco :
Oil! uavali llNi)l-!>3), " II Placere " (188!1), " L'Innoeente"
(1891), "Trlonfo della Morte" (ISM: transl.ited us "Tlic
Triumph of Deatli. " ISiXi). The last three tlu' nntlmr h:i8
Mamtd the "Romanecs of theRosc." He is writing acorn
imnlon series the " Konianees of the Lily," of which "Le
Veivini ,lelle Rocce" appeared in 18n<>.
Annus Mirabilis(an'nsrai-rab'i-lis). [L.,'The
Vear of 'Wonders ' (16(jG).] A poem by Dryden,
descriptive of the Dutch war and the London
fire of KiOG (published 1607).
Annweiler "r Anweiler (iin'vi-ler). A small
niaiiufaeturiiig town in the Rhine Palatinate,
Bavaria, on the yneieh 2- miles southwest of
Speyer. Near it is the Annweiler Thai (Pala-
tine SwitzerlandJ.
AnomceanS (au-o-me'anz). [Gr. avdiioinc, un-
like, dissimilar.] A sect of extreme Arians in
the 4th century. They held that the Son is of an
essence nt>t even similar to that of the Father (whence
their name), while the more moderate Arians held that
the essence of the Son is similar to that of the Father,
thouuh not identical with it. It was founded at .Antiucli.
and was led by Aetius, and after him by Eunomius, whence
its members were also called Aetians and Eunomiaiis. Its
tenets were linally condemned at the Council of Constan-
tinople (:wl). See Kwlnrians.
Anonymus Cuspinianiia-non'i-mns kus-jiin-i-
a'ui). L^L'v 't'"^ anonymous (manuscript) of
Cuspiniau.'] See the extract.
Anonymus Cuapintani is the uncouth designation of the
mysterious M.S. (also edited by IIoMtalli) whicii is our
nutst valuable author-ity for the last quarter-century f»f the
Western Empire. The M.S. of thisclironicU' is in the Impe-
rial I.ilu-ary at Vieiuia. It w.as first itulilii,hed by a certain
Joseph Cnspinianns, a scholar of the Renaissance (who
died In l:'t21)), and litnc-e the name by which it is techni-
cally know n. llmlijHn, Italy and lier Invaders, II. 211.
Anoobis. See Anubis.
Anoukis, or Anouk6, or Anaka. See Ankt.
Anquetil lohk-tel'), Louis Pierre. Bom at
Paris, .Ian. -\, Vli'i: died at Paris, Sept. 6,
180S. A French historian. He wrote "Histoire
de fVance" (iso.'0, "Esprit de la ligue" (1767), "Precis de
I'histoiiv \nilvir>elle"(I797), etc.
Anctuetil-Duperron (mik-tel'dii-per-rftii').
Abraham Hyacinthe. Bom at Paris, Dec. 7,
1731: liied at Paris, Jan. 17, ISO."). A French
Orientalist, brother of L. P. Anquetil. His
chief work is "Zend-Ave.fta."
Ans (oil or iins). A northwestern stiburb of
Liege, Belgium.
Ansarii (an-sa'ri-i), or Nossarii (uo-sii'ri-i).
An Ai'abian people in Syiia. (Iwidliiig in the
mountains Iietween the Orontes north and
Tripolis south. Number (estimated), 7.'5.000.
Ansoach (iins'bilch). An ancient principality
of (icrinany, ruled i)y margraves of the Ho-
henzollern house. It was united with Bayreuth in
VHVt\ acquired by lYussia in 17111-92, ceded to Itavaria by
I'russia in 1ho.'», occupied hy France in 1806, and ceded to
Ilavarin In 1810.
Ansbach (iins'liiich), or Anspach (iins'l)iLch).
The cajiital of Middle Franconia. Bavaria, situ-
ated on tlie Franconian Kezat 'l<i miles south-
west of Nuremberg: fonnerly the capital of
the ancient principality of Ansbach. Popula-
tion (IHilO), commime,"l4,2.')8.
Anscharius. See .(«.«/«)•.
AnsdelLaiiz'dcl), Richard. Born at Liverpool,
isl.'): died Ai)ril 21), ISSf). An English artist,
noted cliielly for paintings of aninuil life.
Anse (oils). A small town in the department of
Kh6no, France, situated on the Azerguo near
the Saoiie, 14 miles north-northwest of Lyons.
It was an important place in the miildle ages.
Ansedonia (iin-sa-do'no-ii). A small town in
Tuscany, Italy, on the coast near Oibcfello;
the ai'cient t'osa. It contains Etruscan fortillcalions
the most perfect in Italy, in plan approximately a scpiare
of about a mile in circuit. The lower part <if the walls is
of huge polygonal blocks so exactly ntled that a knife-
blade cannot be inserted in the joints ; the upjier ]iart is
of approximately squared blocks and horizontal courses.
The height reaches ;iO feet, the thickness is about ti feet.
There are a number of large towers luid three double
gates.
61
Anselm (an'selm). Saint. Bom at or near
-Vosta, Italy, 1033: died at Canterbury, April
21, llOi). A celebrated divine, founder of scho-
lastic theology. He studied under Lanfranc at Bee
where he assumed the monastic habit iu 1000; was pricpr
of Bee liH;;i-7s. aiui its abbot 107H-iW ; and was archbishop
of Canterbury loiii-Uoii. He stubbornly supported, iu a
dispute with William II. and Henry I. concerning the right
of investiture, the policy inaugurated by Gregory \II.
Chief works: " Monologioii," '• Proslogion," "Cur Heus
Homo? " His day is celebrated iu the KoDiau Church
April -'1.
Anselm of Laon. Born at Laon, France, about
1030 : .liid .July 15, 1117. A French theologian,
aullior id" an interlinear gloss on the Vulgate. ■
Anselme (oii-selm'), Jacques Bernard Mo-
deste d'. Born at Apt, July 22, 1740: died 1,S12.
A French general, commander of the army of
theVarin 1792. He was suspended from his command
and imprisoned 1793, on the charge of having permitted
the pillage of the coiKjuered county of Nice; but was set
at liberty l>y the revolution of July, 1794, and lived in re-
tirement till his death.
Anselme (oii-selm'). A character in the drama
"L'Avaro," by Moli^re.
Ansgar (ans'gjir), or Anscharius (ans-ka'ri-
us). Born near Amiens, France, Sept. 9 (?),
801 A. D. : died at Bremen, Feb. 3, 865. A
Frankish missionary to Denmark (827), .Swe-
den (828-831), and northern Germany: called
"The Apostle of the North." He was the first
bishop of llambiu-g (8:U), This bishopric was afterward
(840) united with that of Bremen.
Anshumant. In Hindu mythology, a son of
Asiiiiiai] jas and grandson of Sagara. He brought
back tile h'.iise carried off from Sagara "s Asvamedha sacri-
flce. and discovered the remains of Sagara's sixty thousand
sons who had been killed by the tire of KapUa's wrath.
Ansibarii. See Ampsivarii.
Anslo (iins'lo], Reinier. Born at Amsterdam,
l(J2l): died at Perugia, May 10, 1C69. A Dutch
poet. He wrote " The Martyr Crown of St. Stephen,"
"The Plague at Naples," and "The Paris Wedding" (f. e.,
the massacre of St. Bartholomew).
Anson (an'son), George (Lord Anson). Born
at Shugborough, Staffordshire, April 23, 1697:
died at Moor Park, Hertfordshire, June 6, 1762.
A celebrated English admiral. He entered the
navy in 1712, became a captain in 1724, and from 1724 to
1735 w:is generally cruising on the coast of Carolina. In
1740 he commanded a squadron of si,\ ships sent to the
Pacific. Two ships were dliven back by storms, one was
lost at Cape Horn, and two othei's wei-e destroyed as unsea-
worthy. In the remaining vessel, theCenturion, of (Joguus,
he nearly destroyed the commerce of the Spanish colonies
on the Pacific coast, blockaded ports, and even sacked and
burned towns. He then crossed the Pacific, captured
the Siiauish treasure-ship on its way from Manilla to
Acapulco (June 2n, 1743), obtained booty to the value of
£500,000, and reached England by the Capeof Good Hope
in June, 1744. He was made rear-admiral, and in 174t>
vice-admiral of the blue, with the command of the Chan-
nel fleet. On May 3, 1747, he intercepted a French convoy
off Cape Finisterre, and gained a brilliant victory. In re-
ward he was created Karon Anson. Thereafter he was
eng.aged in organizing the navy, and was first lord of the
admiralty from June, 1751, luitil Nov., 1750, and again
from Jiuie, 17.57, until his death. In .Ilnie, 1701, he at-
tained the highest naval rank as admiral of the fleet.
Ansonia (an-so'ni-ii). A city of New Haven
Coutdy, Connecticut, situated on the Nauga-
tuck Kiver 10 miles west by north of New
H,-iven. It has nuuiufactures of copper, brass,
and electrical goods, clocks, etc. Population
(I.SIIO), 10,342.
Anspach (iins'piich). Margravine of. See
llei-hlii/, Jiluahclh.
Ansted (an'stod), D^vid Thomas. Bom at
London, Feb. !>, 1814; <iied at Melton, May 20,
1880. An English geologist, jirofessor of geol-
ogy in King's College, London, 1840-53. He
was the author of "Geology" (1844), "Great
Stone Book of Nature" (1863), etc.
Anster (an'sler), John. Born at Charleville.
t'ounly Cork, Irelaiul, 1793: died at Dublin,
June 9, 1867. An Irish scliohir and poet, regitis
professor of civil law in Trinity College, Dub-
lin, 1H37-67. He translated Goethe's "Faust"
(1835. 1864).
Anstett (iin'stet), Johann Protasius von.
Born at Straslmrg, 1766: <iied at Frankfort -oii-
the-Main, May 14, 1835. A Russian dijjlomatist.
He concluded with I'russia the conveutiou of Kalish,
Feb. 28, 1813; assisted Nesselroile in arranging tlie sub-
sidy treaty of Enghiud with Russia and I'russia at Reicli-
enbach, June 15, 1813; represented Russia with ideiiiiry
■powei-8 at the congress of Prague, July 15-Ang. Ill, Isl;;;
and from 1S15 to his death was ambassador extmordiuary
and minister plenipotentiary to the German Confedera-
lii.ii.
Anstey (an'sti). Christopher. Bom at Brink-
ley, Cainl>ridgeshire, England, Oct. 3L 1724:
died at Chippenham, England, Aug. 3, 1805.
An Knirlish satirical i)oet, autliorof "New Bath
Guide" (1766), etc.
Anstey, F. A pseudonym of T. A. Guthrie.
Anthology, The
Anstruther (an'struTH-er). East and West.
Two loyal burghs in Fifeshire, Scotland, on
the coast 17 miles northeast of Edinburgh.
Anta, or Antha (an'tji). The Egyptian name
of the goddess Anaitis.
Antaeus (an- te' us). [Gr. 'Airaiof.] In Greek
mythology, a Libyan giant and wrestler, son
of Poseidon and Ge. He was invincible so long as
he remained in contact witli his mother the earth. He
compelled strangers in his country to wrestle with him,
and built a house to Poseidon of their skulls. Heracles
discovered the source of his strength, and lifting him into
the air crushed him.
Antalcidas(an-lal'si-d»s). ASpartan admiral
and politician who flourished in the tirst half
of the 4th century B. c. He concluded with
Persia the Peace of Antalcidas, 387 B. c.
Antananarivo. See Taiuniariro.
Antar (an'tiir) or Antara (iin'tii-ra). An Arab
warrior and poet who lived, pi'obably, a little
liefore the time of Moliammed. He is supposed
to have been the authorof one of the poems hnuK up in the
Kaaba at Mecca, and the hero of a celebrated romance
named from him, the author of which is unknown. (See
Asmai.) Part of it was translated into English by Terrick
Hamilton in Isiti.
Antarctic Ocean. That part of the ocean which
is included between the south pole and the -Ant-
arctic Circle. Amongthelands. or supposed lands, dis-
covered in this region, and by some assumed to be part of
a great Antarctic continent, are Victoria Laud, Wilkes
Land, King Oscar II. Land, and Alexander I. Land. Gra-
ham Land has recently been shown to be archipelagic.
Tracts of land and sea north of the Antarctic Circle, as the
South Shetlaiids, are sometimes included. No trace of
animal or vegetable life iieloiiging to the land surface
has yet been discovered in the Antarctic tract. .Mount
Erebus, active volcano, 12,307 feet; .Mount Melbourne,
about 15,0iiO feet. Visited by Cook 1772-73, Weddell (to
76'), D'Crville 1S30, AVilkes 1839, Ross 1841-12 (to lat. 78"
10', the farthest point reached), the Challenger expeditioa
1874, and Larsen 1S93.
Antares (an-ta'rez). [Gr. 'Avrapt^ (Ptolemy),
from (ii'-(, against, coiTespoiiding to, similar, and
"Ap'/r, Aves, Mars: so called because this star
resembles in color the planet Mars.] A led
star of the first magnitude, the middle one of
three in the body of the Scorpion ; a Scorpii.
Antelope Island, or Church Island. The lar-
gest island in Great Salt Lake, Utah. Length,
about 18 miles.
Antenor (an-te'nor). [Gr. 'Avr^rup.] In Greek
legend, a Trojan, according to Homer the wisest
of the elders. He was the host of Menelaus and Odys-
seus when they visited Troy, and strongly advised the
Trojans to surrender Helen. His friendliness toward the
(Jieeks iu the end amounted to treason.
Antenor. Lived about 509 B. c. An Athenian
sculptor who " made the first bronze statues of
Harniodius and Aristogeiton, which the Athe-
nians set up in the Cerameicus. (B.C. 509.)
These statues were carried off to .Susa by Xerxes, and
their place was supplied by others made either by Callias
or by Praxiteles. After the conquest of Persia, Alexander
the Great sent the statues back to Athens, where they
were again set up iu the Cerameicus. " Smitli, Diet, of
Gr. and Iloin. Uiog.
Antequera (iln-tii-ka'rti). A city in the prov-
ince of Malaga, Spain, situated on the Guailal-
iiorce 25 miles north of Malaga: the Koman
Antiipniria. It has manufactures of woolen goods and
silks, tanneries, etc. It was captured from the Moors la
14111. Population (1887), 27,070.
AnterOS (an'te-ros). [Gr. 'AiT/yiuc, from arrl,
against, and ipur, love.] In Greek mythology, a
son of Aphrodite and Ares and brother of Eros.
He was the god of unhappy love, the avenger
of unrciiuited alTection ; the opposite of Eros.
AnterOS. Bishop of Rome 235-236, siu-cessor of
St. I'lintianus. He was a Greek by birth. According
to Eusibins, he was elected in 238, dyhig one month later,
but most modern historians follow Biu'onius, as above.
AntesianS. See AiuhKians.
AnthemiUS (an-the'mi-us). [Gr. 'Aiikino^.J
Horn !it Ti'alles, l^yilia: died about .534. A
(ireek mathematician and architect. He was
one of the architects employed by the emperor Juslinian
iu linilcling the church of St. .Sophia at Constantinople.
AnthemiUS. Emperor of the West 467-473
(472 f), son of Proco)iiiis and son-in-law of the
eastern eni]ieror Marcian. He was nominated em-
peror of the West by the eastern empeior Leo. on Ihe ap-
plication of Iticimer for a successor to Majorlan, and
was conflrmcd at Kome. He became the fatlurin law
of Rlcimir In 407, and was killed In a civil war which
broke out between them.
Anthia (an-thi'ii). [Gr. 'JVi'ftvn]. The heroine
in the romance "Ephesiaca," by Xenophcm of
E|ihi'siis.
Anthology, The. [Gr. AvBoTtoyla, LGr. also or-
th'Au}nn\ a llower-gathering, hence a collec-
tion of small iioems. from (i)'flo?,(ij or, gathering
flowers, from oi'Cor, a flower, and >»;.f/r=L.
lei/i'ir. gather, read.] A collection of several
thousand short Greek poems by many authors,
Anthology, The
written for the most part in the elefriao meter.
In it every period nf Greek literature is represented, fr^'ln
the Persian w ar to the lieeadence of Byzantium. _ The Ilrst
Anthology wtis compiled by Meleaj^erof Uadara in the 1st
century B. C. : to this additions were made by Fhilippusof
Thessalonica nlwut 100 a. D. lu the colKction by Acathias
of .Myrina (Gth century) the poems are ^for the first time)
arranged by subjects. See the extract.
The Greek Anthology brines together episrams and
short pieces raiiginn; over about 1,000 years,— from Simon-
ides of Ceos(4lP0 B. c.)to the siith century of our era.
Maxinius Planudes, a monk of Constantinople (13:iOA. ^.),
put together a collection, founded on that of Agathi.is
(550 A. D.\ in seven hooks. This was the only one till, in
1606, the schular .'^aumaise, better known as Salmasms,
found a manuscript in the library of the Elector Palatine
at Heidelbcri.', containing another Greek Anthology, put
together liy Constantinus Cephalas about 920 A.v. This is
now known as the P:ilatine .\nthology ; and it is now seen
that Planudes had, in large measure, merely rearranged or
abridged it. Love, art, mourning for the dead, the whole
range of human interests and sjmpathies, lend leaves to
this garland of Greek song. Jebb, Greek Lit., p. lUO.
Anthon (an'thon). Charles. Born at New York,
Nuv. Itl, 1797: died at New York, Jidy 29. 1867.
An American classical teacher, professor of
Greek in Columbia College. He edited Lemprii're's
"Classical liiclionary "(1841). and compiled a "Dictionary
of Greek and Roman Antiquities "(1^3), and various clas-
sical text-books.
Anthony (au'to-ni), or Antony (an'to-ui).
Saint, "The Great'': L. AntoniUS. Born at
Coma, l'i)i)er Efr.^Tti about i")l a.d. : dieJ about
356. AnKfryptian abbot, called (by Athanasius)
the founder of asceticism. He early adopted an as-
cetic mode of life, and in 285 retired altogether from the so-
ciety of men, living first in a sepulcher, then for twenty
years in the ruinsof a castle, and tlnally on Mount Colzim.
His sanctityattracted numerous disciples, whom he gath-
ered into a fraternity near fayimi, which at his death
numbered l.'»,000 members. He was a friend and sup-
porter of .\thanasius. He was often (according to his own
belief) sorely tempted in bis solitude by the devil, who ap-
peared in a great variety of fonns. now as a friend, now
as a fascinating ^^oman, now as a dragon, and once broke
through the wall of his cave, filling the room witli roaring
lions, howling wolves, growling bears, fierce hyenas, and
crawling serpents and scorpions— scenes frequently de-
picted Ml Christian art. (See Temptation of St. Anthow/.)
His bones, discovered in 561 and brought first to Alexan-
dria, then to Constantinople, and finally to Vienne in
southern France, are said to have performed great won-
ders in the nth century, during an epidemic of "St. An-
thony s fire," an erysipelatous distemper, also called the
"sacred fire." His day is .Tan. 17 in the Roman Church.
Anthony (an'to-ni), Henry Bowen. Bom at
Coventry, R. I., April 1, 1815: died at Pro\'i-
dence, R. I., Sept. 2, 1884. An American jour-
nalist and statesman. He was a graduate of Brown
University 13:13, many years editor of the Providence
"Journal," Whig governor of Rhode Island 1S49-.'>1, Re-
publican I'nited States senator 1n.s9-S4, and several times
president pro tempi/re of the Senate.
Anthony, Susan Brownell. Born at South
Adams, Mass., Feb. 15, 1820. A social reformer,
and agitator in behalf of female suffrage, tem-
perance, and the ci\il rights of women.
Anthony of Padua, Saint. Bom at Lisbon, Aug.
15, 1195: died near Padua, June 13, 1231. A
Franciscan monk, theologian, and preacher in
France and Italy. He taught at Montpellier, Tou-
louse, and Padua. According to the legend, he one day
preached to a school of fishes and was heard with atten-
tion. In the Roman calendar bis day is June 13. There
is a noted painting of him by Murillo in the cathedral of
Seville. Ihe flinn-c of the saint was cut from the picture
by a thief in 1^74, but was recovered in New York, and
replaced ver>- skilftiUy. There is also a painting of An.
thony by .Murillo in the museum at Seville. The saint
kneels, with one arm about the infant Saviour, who is
seated litft)r"- liim «iii an open book.
Anthony Absolute, Sir. See Absolute.
Anthony's Nose. .\i'iomontory near the south-
em entrance of the Highlands, New York, pro-
jecting into the Hudson between West Point
and Peekskill.
Anti (iin'te). A province of the Inca empire
of Peru, at the base of the eastern mountains,
borderingthel'cayale valley: so called from the
Indians who inhabited it. By some it has been
supposed that the Andes took their name from
this province.
Antibes (on-teb'). A fortified seaport in the
departiiient of Alpes-Maritimes, France, situ-
ated on the Mediterranean 13 miles southwest
of Nice: the ancient Antipolis, it was a Greek
colony from M.arseilles. In 1746 it w-as bombarded liy the
Allies under Browne. Population (1S91X commune. 7,401.
Antibes Legion. A foreign battalion at Rome
during the French occupation of the city, sup-
ported by Pope Pius IX. It was formed "at An-
tibes and composed chiefly of Frenchmen.
Antiburghers (an'ti-b^r-gcrz). The members
of one of two sections into which the Scotch
Secession Clnn-ch was split in 1747, by a con-
troversy on the lawfulness of accepting a clause
in the oath retiuired to be taken by burgesses
declaratory of " their profession and allowance
of the true' religion professed within the realm
62
and authorized by the laws thereof." The Anti-
burgheni denied that 'this oath could be taken consistently
with the principles of the church, while the Burghers af-
fiinied its compatibility. The parties were reunited in 1820.
Anticant, Dr. Pessimist. A pseudonym of
Thomas Carlyle.
Anti-Com-Law League, An association
formed inl8o9,withheadquartersat Manchester,
to further the repeal of the British corn-laws.
Among the leaders were Cobden, Bright, Vil-
liers, Joseph Hume, and Roebuck.
Anticosti (an-ti-kos'ti). A thinly inhabited
island of British America, situated in the Gulf
of St. Lavvrence in lat. 49°-50° N., long. 61°
40 '-(k° 30' W. It is swampy, rocky, and un-
fruitful. Its length is 135 miles and" its great-
est width about 35 miles.
Anticyra (au-tis'i-ra). [Gr. 'ATTiKi'pa, 'AvriKv'p'pa,
earlier Wvrinip'pa.'] "l. In ancient geography,
a city in Phocis, Greece, situated on the Co-
rinthian Gulf in lat. 38° 23' N., long. 22° 38'
E. It is noted for the hellebore (the ancient
remedy for madness) obtained in its neighbor-
hood.—2. A city in Thessalv, Greece, situated
on the Sperchius in lat. 38° 51' N., long. 22°
22' E. It. also, was noted for its hellebore. —
3. A citv in Loeris, Greece, situated near Nau-
pactus in lat. 38° 24' N., long. 22° E.
Antietam (an-te'tam). A small river in south-
em Pennsylvania andwestern Maryland, which
joins the Potomac 6 miles north of Harper's
Ferry. On its banks near Sharpsburg, Sept 17, 1S62, a
battle (called by the Confederates the battle of Sharps-
burg) was fought between the FedenUs (87,164, of whom
about 60,Lio0bore the brunt of the battle) under McClellan,
and the Confederates (40,IXK3 according to Lee, 4.%00<.) to
70,000 according to Pollard, 97,000 according to llcCleUau)
under Lee. The total loss of the Union army was 12,469
(2,010 killed); of the Confederates, 2,1,899. Other esti-
mates of the Confederate loss are 9,000 to 12,000. Lee re-
treated across the Potomac on the 18th. The battle is va-
riously dtscribed as a Federal victoiy and as indecisive.
Anti-Federal Party. In United States history,
the party which opposed the adoption and rati-
fication of the Constitution of the United States,
and which, failing in this, strongly favored the
strict construction of the Constitution. Its fun-
damental principle was opposition to the strengthening of
the national government at the expense of the States.
Soon after the close of Washington's first administration
(1793) the name Anti.Federal went out of use. Republican,
and afterward Democratic-Republican (now usually Demo-
cratic alone), taking its place. Also called AiUl'Federati^
Partii.
Anti-Federalists. See Anti-Federal Party.
Antigone (an -tig' o-ne). [Gr. 'Aitijow?.] In
Greek legend, a daughter of (Edipus by his
mother Jocaste. she accompanied (Edipus, as a faith-
ful daughter, in his wanderings until his death at Colonus ;
she then returned to Thebes. According to Sophocles,
Ha;mon, the son of Creon (who in other accounts was
then dead), fell in love with her. Contrary to the edict
of Creon, she buried the body of her brother Polynices,
who had been slain in single combat with his brother
Eteocles, and (according to Sophocles) was shut op in a
subterraneous cave where she perished by her own hand.
Ha?mon also slew himself. Other accounts of her life and
death are given.
Antigone, l. A celebrated tragedy by Sopho-
cles, of uncertain date. — 2. A tragedy by AI-
fieri, a sequel to " Polynices," published in
1783.
Antigonidse (an-ti-gon'i-de). [Gr. iw/j ov/dai.]
The descendants of Antigonus, king of Asia,
one of the generals of Alexander the Great.
The principal members of the family were Demetrius I.
(Poliorcetes), king of Macedonia (died 283 B. c). son of
Antigonus. king of .\sia : Antigonus Gonatas, king of
Macedonia (died 239 B. c), sou of Demetrius I. ; Deme-
trius of Cyrene (died 250 B. c), son of Demetiius I.:
Demetrius 11., king of Macedonia (died 229 B. c.).'son of
Antigonus Gonatas; A-^'igonus Doson, king of Macedonia
(died 220 B. c), son of Demetrius of C>Tene ; Philip V.,
king of Macedonia (died 179 B. C), son of Demetrius II. ;
and Perseus, king of Macedonia, coniiuered by the ^Romans
168 B. c.
Antigonish (an-tig-o-nesh'). A seaport, capital
of .\ntigonish County, Nova Scotia, situated on
George Bay 38 miles" east of Pictou.
Antigonus (an-tig'o-nus). [Gr. 'Avrlyovo^.']
Boiu about 80 B. C. : executed at Antioch 37 B.C.
A king of Judea who reigned 40-37 B. c. : the
last llaccabean king. He was defeated by Herod,
the son of .\nlipater, and put to death by Antony as a
connnon malefactor.
Antigonus. Bom about 382 B. c. : killed at the
battle of Ipsus, 301 B. c. One of the generals
of Alexander the Great, suruamed '"The One-
Eyeil." After the death of Alexander he received the
provinces of Greater I'hrvgia, Lvria, and Pamphylia.
He carried on war against Perdiccas and F.umenes, made
extensive conquests in Asia, assumed the title of king in
306, and was overthrown at Ipsus by a coalition.
Antigonus. 1. In Shakspere's- Winter's Tale,"
a lord of Sicilia. — 2. In Fletcher's •' Humorous
Lieutenant," an old and licentious king.
Antin, Dae d'
Antigonus Carystius (ka-ris'ti-us). Bom in
Carystos. Eubcea (whence his surname): lived
about 251) B. c. A Greek writer, author of a work re.
lating to natural history, portions of which are extant,
valuable as containing quotations from lost writings.
Antigonus Doson (do'son), [Gr. a<jo(j>,' (joing-
to-Give': a surname said to have been applied
to Antigonus " because he was always about to
give, and never did."] Died 220 B. c. King of
Macedon 229-220 B, c, nephew of Antigonus
Gonatas, and son of Demetrius of Cyrene, the
grandson of Antigonus, Alexander's general.
He was appointed guardian of Philip, son of Demetrius II.,
and on the death of Demetrius (229 B. c.) he married his
widow, and ascended the throne. He supported success-
fully Aratus and the Achaean League against Cleomenes,
king of Sparta, and the -Etolians, and defeated the former
at Sellasia 221.
Antigonus G-onatas (gon'a-tas). Born about
319 B. c. : died 239 B. c. Son of Demetrius Po-
liorcetes, and king of Macedon 277-239. He
suppressed the Celtic invasion and was tempo-
raiTly driven from his land by Pyrrhus 273.
Antigua (an-te'gwa). 1. An" island in the col-
onv of the Leeward Islands. Lesser .Antilles,
British West Indies, in lat. (St. John) 17° 6'
N., long. 61° 50' W. It was discovered by Columbus
in 1493, and settled in 1632. It exports sugar, rum, mo-
lasses, etc. Thcchief town isSt. John. Length, 28 miles.
Area, 108 s<iuare miles. Population, with Barbuda and Re-
donda (1891), 36,819.
2. See (iimtcmaJii, Old.
Anti-Jacobin, or Weekly Examiner, The. A
paper originated Nov. 20. 1797, by George (i'an-
ning and contributed to by his friends, princi-
pally John Hookham Frere and George Ellis.
It was edited by William Gifford, and the last number ap-
peared July 9, 1798. Its avowed purpose was to ridicule
the doctrines of the French Revolution and their advocates
in England.
Anti-Jacobin Review, The. A monthly peri-
odical started in 179S by John Gifford: it
came to an end in 1821. it had no connection with
Canning's paper, and the names of the distinguished au.
thors of the latter do not appear in it.
Antihuen6(iin-te-wa-n6'),orAntigiienli(an-te-
gwa-no'). An Araucanian Indian of Chile who,
in 1.5.59, was made toqui orwar-chief of the tribe.
In 1563 he defeated and killed a son of the governor Villa-
gra at Mariguenu, attempted to take Concepcion but failed,
and drove the Spaniards from Cafiete and Arauco, but was
defeated and killed in an attack on Angol in 15tW.
Anti-Libanus (an'ti-lib'a-nus), or Anti-Leba-
non (an ti-leb'a-uou). [Gr. AiT('/i;iavo^.'\ A
mountain-range of Syria, parallel to and east
of the Lebanon range, and separated from it
by the valleys of the (Jrontes and Litany. Its
highest peak is Mount Hermon.
Antilles (an-til'lez or an-tel'). [Sp. Antillas,
F. Antdles, G. Antilleii.~\ A general name for
the West Indies, excluding the Bahamas. The
Greater .Antilles comprise Cuba. Jamaica, Haiti, and
Porto Rico ; the Lesser Antilles comprise the remainder,
to which the name was fonuerly restricted. See We^
Indies.
Antilochus (an-til'o-kus). [Gr. Wvri/.oxoc.'] In
Greek legend, a son of Nestor con.spieuous in
the Trojan war. He was a close friend of Achilles and
was chosen to break to him the news of Patroclus's death.
Memnon (or. in another account. Hector) slew him and
.Achilles avenged his death, as he did that of Patroclus.
The three friends were buried in the same mound, and
were seen by Odysseus walking together over the aspho-
del meadows of the under world.
Anti-Macchiavel (an^'ti-mak'i-a-vel). An es-
say by Frederick the Great, respecting the
duties of sovereigns, intended to confute the
"Principe" of Macchiavelli. It was written before
he became king, and was issued by Voltaire at The Hague
in 1740.
Antimachus (an-tim'a-kus). [Gr. lAiWuavof.]
In Greek legend, a Trojan warrior mentioned
iu tlie Iliad.
Antimachus, A Greek epic and elegiac poet
of Claros, a part of the dominion of C'olophon
(whence he was called "The Colophoiiian"),
who flourished about 410 B. C. His chief work
was the "Tliebais," a vohitninous epic poem. His elegy
on Lyde. his wife or mistress, was highly praised in an-
tiquity. He also published a special edition of Homer.
"The .Vlexandrian critics constantly quote him, and
greatly admired him, and he may fairly be regarded the
model or master of the Alexandrian epic poets." Mahaffy,
Hist, of Classical Creek Lit.. I. 14&
Anti-Masonic Party (an'ti-ma-son'ik piir'ti).
In American polities, a political party which
opposed the alleged influence of freemasonrv-
in civil affairs. It originated in western New York
after the kidnapping of William .Morgan in 1826. » ho had
threatened, it was said, to disclose the secrets of the
order. A national convention nominated Wirt for the
presidency in 18'U : but the organization was soon after
absorbed by the Whigs. Anti-Masonic inHuencecontiimed
for some time powerful in locai matters. An American
Party, organized in 187.->, revived the principles of the
Anti-Masons, but has had very few adherents.
Antin (on-tan'), Duo d" (Louis-Antoine
Antin, Due d'
de Pardaillan de Gondrin>. Bom 1665: died
at I';iiis, Dei'. -. 17:J0. A French courtier, le-
gitimate sou of Mailarae <ie Moutespau. He
eainnl the favor of Louis XIV. ami llic daupliiii, and was
a member of tlie rcpeiicy under tile Duke of Orleans.
Antinori (iin-te-uo're), JIarcliose Orazio. Boi-n
at l^eruijia, Oct. 28, 1811 : died at Marelia, Aug.
26, 1882. An African traveler and zoolofrist.
After II successful career as scientist and patriot, and .i
Jonniey tiirounh S.vria aini Asia Minor, lie went tt) Ejp'l't
In 18.'i9. He explored, with I'oggia. tile Ipper Nile regions
(IsUO-Ol) and returned to Italy with riili collections. He
was one of the foundei-s of the Italian (ieograpliical ."So-
ciety. In 1^*«9 he explored Bogo-land. north uf .\byssinia.
In ISTt; he ieii an important scientitic expedition into
Shon and establislied the station Marclla where he died.
'I'he thorough zoologic exploration of .Slioa is due to him.
AntinouS (an-tin'o-ns). [Gr. 'Vrrnoor.] Bom
in Bitlivnia, A.<;ia Minor: lived in the reign of
Hadrian 117-138 a. d. A page, attendant, and
favorite of tlie emperor Hadrian. lie drowned
himself in the Nile, proliably from melancholy, of the
many representations of Antinous in ancient art. the statue
from the villa "f Hadrian, in the I'apitolino Museum,
Borne, is considered the finest. It represents a well-
fonued nude youth whose bowed head and melancholy
loolc seem to iMjrtend his untimely fate. Tlierc isacolos-
nl statue of Uailrian's f.-ivorite in the Vatican, Koine, in
the cliaracter of Bacchus, ivy-crowned and holding a statf
or scepter. The head, somewhat stern in expression, is
among tlie finest of the type. The full paludainelitum is
modern, the ancient drapery having been in bronze.
AntiOCh (an'ti-ok). [L. Antiovliia, Turk. An-
takin ; Or. lAi-r/uvf'a, named from l-Vrr/o^of, Aji-
tioclius, father of Seleucus.] A city in the
vilayet of Aleppo, Sj-ria, Asiatic Turkey, sit-
uated on tlio Orontes aliout 15 miles from the
MediteiTiinean, in lat. 36° 11' N., long. 30° 10' E.
It was founded by Seleucus about 300 B. c, was the capital
of Syria until (o It. c.. and rose t« great splendor. It was
called *' the I'rown of the East," and " .4iitioch the Beauli-
fuL" Under the early Roman Empire it was a famr>ns
emporium, the most important after Rome and Alexan-
dria, and one of the earliest and most intluential seats of
Christianity, the center of a patriarchate. It was the
scene of a serious riot in A. D. ^87, suppressed by Theo-
dosius. It was often ravaged liy eartiiqualces {esjiecially
In A. D. li.'>. 341, 45^, .'.07-oOS, 625-520), was destroyed by
Choaroes in MO and by the Saracens in 63.S and was be-
eie^erl ami taken by theCrusaders in lui)8. From 10!)9 until
Its capture by the Egyptian sultan in 126S it was the seat
of a christian principality. It passed to the Turks in
151G. It is now an unimportant town (Antakia) with few
relics of antiquity. In 1S72 it was devastated by an
earthquaitn. Population, 12,0lK).
Antioch. In ancient geography, a city in Asia
Minor, situated on the borders of Pisidia and
I'amphylia in lat. 38° 16' N., long. 31° 17' E.,
founded by Seleucus. It received a Roman
colony and was called Ctesarea. It is noted
in St. Paul's history.
Antioch College. An institution of learning,
at Yellow Springs, Greene County, Ohio (incor-
porated in 18,')2). It is controlled by the Uisei-
iiles of Christ.
Antloclie. A chanson de geste of the group
entitled " Le Chevalier au Cygne." It narrates
the exploits of the Christian host in attacking
and then defending Antioch.
Antioche (on-te-6sh'), Pertuis d". An arm of
the Bay of Bisca}', west of the department of
Chariiite-Inferienre. France, between the isl-
ands of U(5 and Oleron.
AntiOchUS lan-ti'o-kus) I. [Gr. 'Avn'o;cof.]
Died about 30 B. c. King of Commageue, a
petty principality between the Euphrates and
Mount Taurus, capital Samosata, at one time
a part of the Syrian kingdom of the Seleucida>.
He conclndeil a p'eace with Poinpey (14 B. c, and later
(4l» n. c. ) supported him in the civil war with Ctesar.
Antiochus II. King of Commagene, successor
of Mithridates I. He was summoned to Rome and
executed. 2!i ij. c. . for having caused the murder of an ani-
bas.Hjidor sent to liome by his brother.
Antiochus IV., surnamed Epiphanes. A king
of Commagene, apparently a son of Antio-
chus III. He was a friend of Caligula, who in A. l>. 38
restored to him the kingdom of Cominagene, which had
been made a Uoinan province at the death of his father
A. P. IT. Subsequently, however, he was deposed by Cali-
gula, but was restored on the accession of Claudius, A. I>.
41. He was tinally deprived of his kingdom A. I). "2.
Antiochus I., surnamed Soter. [tir. nurr/p, do-
livcrer.l Born about 323 B. ('.: killed 2G1 B. C.
King of Syria 280 (281f )-201, son of Seleucus
Nicator. It Is said that when ho fell sick, through love
of Stratonice, the young wife of his father, the latter, mi
the advice of the physician F.mslstratus. resigned Strat-
onice to Ills son, and invested liiin with the government
of Cpper Asia, allowing liiiii tlie title of king. On the
death of his father, Antiochus succeeded to the whole of
his di'ini. lions, but relinquished his claims to Macedonia
on the marriage of Antigonus Oonatasto I'hila, the daugh-
ter of Seleucus and .Stratonice.
Antiochus II., surnamed TheOB. [Gr. 6r6c, di-
vine, = L. ilini.'', as an imperial title.] Killed 246
(247 f) B. c. King of S.\Tia, son of Antiochus I.
whom he succeeded in 261 b. c. ue became in-
63
Tolved in a ruinous war with Ptolemy Philadelphus, king
of Egypt, during which Syria was further weakened by the
revolt of the provinces of I'arthia and Bactria, Arsaces es-
tablishing tile Parthian emjiire about 2.'>0 a. c, and Theo-
dotus the inde]>eiideiit kingdom of Bactria aliout the same
time. Peace wa« concluded with Egypt 2.^0 B. C, Antio-
chus being obliged to reject bis wife Laodice, and to many
Berenice, the daughter of Ptidcmy, On the death of Ptol-
emy (247 11, c). he recalled Laoiiice. who sluu-tly caused
him to be murdered, and also Berenice and her siin. The
connection between Syria and Egypt is referred to in Dan-
iel xi. 6.
Antiochus III. Bom about 238 B.C. : died 187
B.C. King of Syria 223-187 B.C., surnamed "The
Great," the most famous of the Seleucida>. Ho
was the son of Seleucus II., and grandson of ,\ntiochus II.,
and succeeded his brother Seleucus Ceraunus at the age
of tifteen. His surname "The Great" was earned by tlie
magnitude of his enterprises ratlier than by what he ac-
complished. Me subdued hisrebellious brothers .Moloand
Alexander, satnips of Media and Persis, 220 B. c, and was
forced (.after having undertaken an aggressive war against
rtoleniy Philopator) by the battle of Uaphia, near t;aza, to
relinquisli his claims to Coele-Syria and Palestine 217 B.C.
He defeated and killed .\chicus, therchellinus gtivernor of
Asia .Minor, 214 B.C.; attempted toregaiii the former prov-
inces Parthia and Bactria 212-205 B. o. ; and was compelled
to recognize tlie independence of Parthia 205 B. c. The
victory of Par.eas, 19S B. C, gave him the Egyptian prov-
inces of CteieSyria and Palestine. He, however, made
peace with i*toIemy Eiuphancs, to whom he betrothed his
daughter Cleopatra, promising Cujle-Syria and Palestine
as a dowry. He conquered the Thi-acian Chersonese
from Macedonia 196 B. c. ; received Hannibal at his court
195 B. c. ; caiTied on a war with the Itomans 192-1S9 B. c.
who demanded the restoration of the Egyptian pio\'illces
and the Thracian ( liersonese ; was defeated at Tliermopy-
la; 191, and at Mau'nesia 190 ; and sustained naval losses
at Chios 101, and at Myonnesns I'M. He purchased peace
by consenting to the surrender of all his European posses-
sions, and his -Asiatic possessions as faras the Taurus, the
payment of 15,(.MX) I':ub<t;ui tideiits within twelve years,
and the sniTender of Haniiili:!!. who escaped, antl by giv-
ing up his elephants and sliijis of w:ir. Antiochus was
killed by his subjects in an attempt to plunder the rich
temple of Elyniais to pay the Komans, an event wiiich, as
also his defeat by the Rt>mans, is supposed liy some to be
referred to in Daniel xi. 18, 19.
Antiochus IV., surnamed Epiphanes. Died
1(54 B. c. King of Syria 175-164 B. c. : son of
Antiochus III. He reconquered Armenia, which had
been lost by bis father, and made war on Egypt ITl-ltis
B. c, recovering Coele-Syria and Palestine. Tlie policy of
Antiochus of rooting out the Jewish relii:ion, in pursuance
of which he took .Ferusalem by storm 170 B. c. (when he
desecrated the temple) and again in 108 B. c. led to the
successful revolt under Mattathias, the father of the Mac-
cabees, l(i7 B. 0.
Antiochus V., surnamed Eupator. [Gr. il-
-li-wp, of a noble sire.] Died 162 B. c. King
of Syria 164-162 B. c, son of Antiochtis IV.
whom he succeeded at the age of nine years,
under the guardianship of Lysias. He concluded
a peace with the Jews, who had revolted under his father,
and was defeated and killed by Demetrius Soter (the son
of Seleucus Philopator) who laid claim to tlie throne.
Antiochus VII., surnamed Sidetes. Died 121
B. c. King of SjTia 137-128 B.C., second son of
Demetrius Soter. He carried on war with the Jews,
taking .lernsalem in 133 B.C.. after which he concluded
peace with them on favorable terras and was killed in a
war with the Parthians.
Antiochus VIII., surnamed Grypus. [Gr.
ypvTTi'if, hook-nosed.] Died 96 B. c. King of
Syria 12.'5-y6 B. c, second son of Demetrius
Nicator.
Antiochus XIII., surnamed Asiaticus. King
of Syria, the son of Antioclius X. : the last
of the SeleucidiE. He took refuge in Rome during
the mastery of Tigrancs in Syria 83-69 B. c. ; was given pos-
session of the kingriom by LucuUus t>9 B. c. ; but was de-
priveti of it by Poniitey G.'t B. c.
Antiochus. 1. In SImkspere's "Pericles," the
king of .\ntioch. — 2. In Massingei-'s "Believe
as You List," the king of Lower Asia, a fugitive,
the son of a daughter of Charles V. of Portugal,
Antiochus of Ascalon. Bom at Ascalon, Pal-
estine: lived in the first half of the 1st century
B. c. An eclectic philosopher, founder of tlie
so-called fifth Academy. He studied under the
Stoic Mnesarchus and under Philo, and while Cicero was
stmiying at Athens (79 n. c.) acted as his instructor. Ho
attempted to revive the doctrines of the old Academy.
Antiope (an-ti'o-pe). [Gr. iVrniim/.] In Greek
legend: (<i) A daughter of the Boeotian river-
god Asopiis, anil mother by Zeus of Anipliion
and Zefhus. in other accounts she is the daughter of
Nyctens of Hyria. She was imprisoned and 111 treated by
Dirce ujion whom she took vengeance In a frightful way.
See y;i>cc. {/)) A sister or daughter of Ilipjiolyte,
(|ueen of the Ama/.ons, tmd wife of Theseus.
Antiociuia (iin-te-6'ke-ii). 1. A department,
caiiit;il .Medelliii. in the western part of tlie Ke-
puhlic of Colonibiii. The surface is generally
mountainous; the chief occupation is mining.
Area, 22,316 square miles. Population (18!)2).
560,000. — 2. A town in this deiiarlmenl, situ-
ated on the Cauca about lat. 6° 3.')' N., long.
76° 7' W. I'u])ulalion (ISUU). ID. 1)00.
AntiparOS (an-tip'a-ros), or Oliaros (o-li'a-ros).
Antls
An island of the Cyclades, 7 miles long, south-
west of Pares, celebrated for a stalactite grotto.
Antipas, Herod. See Herod Aniipas.
Antipater (an-tip'a-ter). [Gr. l-ViTiVarpof.]
Died dlil B. c. A Macedonian general. He was
a pupil of Aristotle, served as minister and general under
Philip of Macedon, and was appointed iiy Alexander regent
of Alacedonia .'W4 B. c. He suppressed the Thracian rebel-
lion under Memnon 331; gained a victor)" over the Spar-
tans near Megalopidls 331 ; was superseded as regent by
Craterns, and ordered to conduct an anuy of recruits to
Babylon in 323 ; received the regency of Macedonia at the
death of .Mexander in 322 ; defeated the revolted .\theiiians
and their allies at Craiion in 32.3; invaded .Etolia In 323;
and was appointed regent of the empire on the death of
Perdiccas in 321.
Antipater, surn.imed " The Idumean." Died 43
B. c. Procuratorof Judea, governor of Idumea,
and the father of Herod the Great. He secured,
by his pai-ticipation in the Alexandrine war (48 B. c.)
the contlrmation by CiESar of his political tool Ilyrcaiius
as high priest 47 B. c, and was himseli appointed proc-
urator of Judea about 46 B. C.
Antipater. Died 4 b. c. Son of Herod the
(ireat bj' his first wife Doris. He is described liy
Josephus as a "mystery of wickedness." and was put to
death for conspiring against the life of his father, after
having iireviously succeeded, by arousing his father's sus-
picions, in bringing about the death of .-Vlexander and
Aristobulos, Herod's sons by Mariamne, his second wife.
Antipater, L. Crelius. Lived about 123 b. c.
A Horaan .iui'ist and historian, a contemporary
of C. Gracchus, and the teacher of L. C'rassus
the orator. He wrote a history of the second Punio
war, "loaded with rhetorical ornament but important in
substance," fragments of which are extant.
Antiphanes (an-tif'a-nez). [Gr. 'AvTi<j}dvric.'] A
(ireek comic poet "U'lio lived lietween 404 and
330 b. C. He was the most distinguished writer of the
so-called middle comedy, a period in the development of
(Jreek comedy extending from about 39t) to 338 B. c.
Antiphellos(tin-ti-fel'os). [Gr. ^rr/^cA/of.] In
ancient geography, a town on the southwest-
ern coast of Lycia, Asia Minor, it contains a
I.ycian necropoUs of rock-cut tombs, which are architec-
turally important because the facades are in exact repro-
duction of a framed construction of square wooden beams,
with doors and windows of paneled work, and ceilings of
round poles laid closely together. These tombs evidently
represent ancient dwellings, and the imitation is carried
out in some of the interiors. There is also an ancient
theater, the cavea of which is well preserved, with 20
tiers of seats.
Antiphilus (an-tif 'i-lus). [Gr. IVvri^i/lof.]
Lived in the second half of the 4th century
B. c. An Egyptian painter.
Antipholus of Ephesus (an-tif 'o-lus ov ef'e-
sus), and Antipholus of Syracuse (sir'a-kOsj.
In .Shakspere's "Comedy of Errors," twin bro-
thers, the first of a ■violent and the latter of a
mild nature.
Antiphon (an'ti-fon). [(Jr. 'AiTupuv.'] Born at
Hhamnus, Attica, about 480 B. c. : executed at
Athens, 411 B.C. An Athenian orator and poli-
tician, the oldest of the "ten Attic orators."
He was a member of the aristocratic party, and was con-
demned for his sliare in estiiblishing the government by
the 400. Fifteen of his orations are extant.
Antiphon was the alilest debater and pleader of his day,
and in his person the new Rhetoric first appeal's as a i>o-
litical power at Athens. He took a chief pail in organis-
ing the Revolution of the Four Hundred, and wlieii they
fell was put to death by the people (411 B. c), after de-
fending himself in a masterjueee uf cbxtuence. Of bis 15
extant speeches, all relating to trials for homicide. 12 ai-o
mere sketches or studies, forming three groups of four
each, in which the case for ffie prosecution is argued al-
ternately with the case for the tlefence.
Jebb, Greek Ut., p. 111.
Antipodes Islands (an-tiji'o-dez i'landz). A
cluster of small urunhabitetl islands in tlie South
Pacific, in lat. 4!)° 42' S., long. 178° 43' E. : so
called from their neatly antipodal position to
Greenwich (near London).
Antipodes (an-tip'o-dez). The. A comedy by
Kichai'd Urome, printed in 1640.
Antipolis (iin-tip'o-lis). [Gr. 'Arri-oP./f.] Tho
ancient name of Antibes, in France.
Antipsara (an-tip'sa-rii). A small island near
Ipsai'a.
Antiquary (an'ti-kwii-ri). The. 1. A comedy
by Shakerley Marmion, printed in KHl . Part of
o Keefe's pfa.v'"^foderIl Antiques" was taken fi-om this.
also D'l rft 's " Jtadain Fickle," in which Sir Artfiur Cld.
love is a copy of Veterano file Anti<imu-y.
2. A novel by Sir Walter Scott, published in
1816: so named fi-om its ^irincipal character,
.Jonathan Oldbuek the Anti(|uary.
Anti-RentParty(»n-ti-reiit' niir'ti). In United
States polities, a party in the State of New
York which hail its origin in dissatisfaction
among the tenants under the patroon system
in the eastern part of the State. The tenants re-
fused to pay rent In f8.'i9, resisted force, and a few years
later carried their opposition into politics. Tho matter
was settled by compromise in Is.'iO.
Antls (an'tez), or Oampas (kam'paz). The
Antls
g4 Antwerp
Bom at Messina, Antonio and Mellida. A tragedy in two parts
'The Poetaster"
The second part is also known
Zt^L'^Xt^rJ^^^:Lf^'i^^^^r] "^"^^^"^fy^^^^^ 'E^^^a^t^L'^.^'^''-'''''^
tury Their few descendants wander in the forests about j^ Italiau paiuter, said to have introduced '" J'l'^^J^fj'T^e^,,^^^
the head waters of the Ucayale, and are closely related to jji„,iji„ jn oils from the Low Countries into ""h ^„fo "s RevenKe".
tV'^.C"^'''^'"^' ^"''^ ''"'"'"'""" ^' ^^^^^^^^ , ^ rrn T, ■. , A^to^Z «aint. ' See J««,o»,.
long cotton rooe. _ \ntonina (an-to-ni'na). [L.] The wife of _^tOnius_ Marcus. See A„to,n,. Murl:
Belisarlus. Antonius (an-to'ui-us), MarCUS. Born 143
B. c. : killed at Rome, 87 B. c. A Komaii orator,
_ . consul 99 b. c, and censor 97. He was put to
history, the period of the reigns of Antoninus jeath bj- the Marian party.
Pius and Marcus Aurelius. It was generally ^^tony (an'to-ni). A tragedy by Alexandre
characterized by domestic tranquillity. See Dumas, produced in 1831.
Ailoptife Emperors. Antony, Saint. See Anthony.
Antoninus (an-to-ni'nus). Itineraries of. Two Antony, Mark, L. Marcus Antonius. Bom
accounts of routes in the Roman Empire, said aij^ut 83 B. c. : died at Alexanth-ia in Aug., 30
Antisana. A village on the slope of Mount t^ have been edited in the time of (Antoninus) - . - . .
Auti.sana. one of the highest inhabited spots in CaracaUa. One related to routes in Europe,
the world. Height (Whymper), 13,306 (Reiss Asia, and Africa ; the other to maritime routes,
and Stiibel. 13,370) feet. See Itineraries.
Anti-Semitic Party. A political party whose Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius. See Marcus
chief aim is to hinder the spread of Hebrew j,„.(7,„jj.
(Semitic) inlluence in public affairs. Such par- Antoninus, Pillar of. See Column of Marcus
ties have representatives in the Austrian _j»,-,/,„.v.
Reichsrath and the German Reichstag. Antoninus Wall of. See Wall of Antoni-
Antistates (an-tis'ta-tez). [Gr. ;\.T<(7ra7T/f.] „„^.
A Gnnk architect, associated with Callreschrus. Ajltoninus Liberalis (an-to-ni'nus lib-e-ra'lis).
Antimachidcs, and Porinus in planning aud be- Ljyed about 150 A. D. A Greek grammarian, au-
thor of a collection of tales of metamorphoses
(ed. by Koch 1832).
Italy.
Antisana (iiu-te-sii'na). A volcano of the Ecua- Antonina (an-to-ni'na)
dorian Andes. 35 miles southeast of Quito. .K';l'«'\"''f- „«„ j„/„,„„,,.
It 1 Antisanal was formerly supposed to lie the only grc^t
mountain, anywhere in the world, immediately upon the
Equator, audit has become improbable that a loftier one
wUl ever be discovered exactly upon the Line.
Whvmper, Travels amongst the Great Andes of the
[Equator, p. 228.
ginning the great temple of Zeus at Athens
the time of Pisistrutus (about 500 b. c). This
work was interrupted by the downfall of I'isistratns.
resumed by the Roman architect Cossutius in the time of
Antiochus Epiphanes (17o-lC4 B. C), and finished by the
emperor Hadrian. The unfinished building was compared
by Aristotle with the pyramids of Egypt.
Antisthenes (an-tis'the-nez). [Gr. 'AvTiaeivri^.']
Born at Athens about 444 B. c. : died at Athens
af t er 37 1 B. c. An Athenian philosopher, founder
of the school of the Cynics. He was a pupil of
Socrates aud taught in a gymnasium at Athens.
Anti-suyu (an'te-so'yo). [Quichua, 'country of
the Amis."] A name given by the Incas to
B. c. A Roman trium-i-ii- and general, grand-
son of Marcus Antonius the orator. He served
in Palestine and Egypt ; was qmest^ir in 52 and tribune iu
50 ; became a prominent adherent of Ca'sar ; and was ex-
pelled from Rome aud fled to t'tesar, who thereupon com-
menced the civil war. He commanded the left wing at
the battle of Pharsalia ; was master of the horse in 47,
and became consul in 44. He engaged in intrigues after
Cffisar's death, and was denounced by (.'icero : tied from
Rome ; formed with Octavian and Lepidus the 2d trium-
virate in 43 : defeated Brutus and Cassius at Philippi in
42 : summoned Cleopatra to Asia, and later followed her
to Alexancli-ia ; and renewed the triumvirate in 40 and 37.
I-Yom about 40 he lived chiefly in Alexandria with Cleo-
patra; conducted an unsuccessful expedition against
Parthia; was defeated by Octavian at Actium 31; and
fled to Egypt, where he committed suicide.
Antoninus Pius (an-to-ni'nus pi'us) (Titus Antony and Cleopatra. A tragedy_by Shak-
Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arnus). Born
near Lauuvium, Italy, Sept. 19, 86 a.d. : died
at Lorium. Italy, March 7, 161 A. D. Emperor of
Rome 138-161 A. D. He was consul and proconsul in
Asia under Hadrian, and was adopted by Hadrian in l:i8.
His reigu was marked by general internal peace and pros-
peritv. (See Adoptivt Emperors.) It "was oue of those
periods which have been pronounced happy because they
are barren of events, and the placid temper of the prince
gave him the full enjoyment of the felicity of his people "
(Smith, Hist, of the World).
spere, written and produced in 1607. entered
on the Stationers' Register in 1608. and printed
in 1623. It was founded on North's " Plutarch,'* and in
it Shakspere h:\s followed history more miimtely than in
any other of his plays. The subject has been used by
Drydeu in "AH for Love," and by Fletcher and Massinger
in "The False One.' The character of Mark Antony is
incomparably stronger in Shakspere's play than in the
others. Dryden makes him a weak voluptu;uT entirely
given up to his passion for Cleopatra.
Cuzco. It included Anti, and many other prov-
inces inhabited by various tribes.
Antitactse (an-ti-tak'te). [Gr. airiTOKTiK (pi.
avvivaKrat), a heretic] A name given to the
Antiuomiau Gnostics.
Anti-Taurus (an'ti-ta'ms). [Gr. 'AvTiravpo;.']
A range of mountains in Asiatic Turkey, which
lies northeast of and parallel to the Taurus, lat.
38-39° N., long. 36° E., regarded as a contin-
uation of the Ala-Dagh.
Ajltium (an'shi-um). In ancient geography, a
city of Latium, Italy, situated on the Mediter-
ranean 32 miles south of Rome: the modem
Porto d'Anzio. It wasa Volscian stronghold, and be-
came a Roman colony in 338 B. c. Later it was a favorite
Roman residence.
Antivari ' iin-te'va-re), or Bar (biir). A town
in ^Iontenegro, situated near the Adriatic iu
lat. 4-2= 4' X., lon^. 19° T E
the middle ages, and later jMbanian. In 1878 it was con-
quered by Montenegro, and was ceded by Turkey in the
same year.
Antofagasta (an-to-fa-giis'tii). A province of
northern Chile, conquered from Bolivia in 1879.
Area. 00,968 square miles. Population, 35,851.
Antofagasta. A seaport situated on Morena
Bay in lat. 23° 41' S., long. 70° 25' W. In the
vicfiiity are rich saltpeter deposits. In 1S70 it was oc-
cupied" t)y Chile, and was ceded by Bolivia in 1883. A
riiilroad crosses the Andes fi-om this point to the plateau
ofBi.livia. Population, .about 8,000.
Antogast (an'to-gilst). A smaU watering-place
in Baden, on the slope of the Knlebis near
Oberkirch.
Antoine de Bourbon (on-twan' de bor-bon').
Bnrn April 22. 1518: died Nov. 17, 1562. A
son of Charles de Bourbon, duke of Vendome,
husband of .Jeanne d'Albret (1548), and king of
Navarre 1.5.55.
Antommarchi (an-tom-mar'kei, Francesco.
iiorii in Corsica about 1780 : died April S, 1838.
An Italiau surgeon, physician to Napoleon at
St. Helena. He wrote "Les derniers moments
do Napoleon" (1823).
Antongil Bay (an-ton-zhel' ba). A bay on the
eastern coast of the northern part of Mada-
gasi-ar.
Anton Ulrich (iin'ton Sl'rich). Bom at Hit-
zacker in Liuieburg, Oct. 4, 1633 : died March 27,
1714. Duke of B^uns^vick-Wolfenbuttel, and
a novelist and poet. He was the author of the ro-
mances "Die durchlauchtlge Syrerinn Aramena" (IWift-
1673). and "Octavia" (1677).
AntonelU (an-to-nel'le), Oiacomo. Born at
Sonnino, Latium. Italy, April 2. 1806: died at
Rome, Nov. 6, 1876. A noted Roman prelate
and statesman. He became cardinal in 1847, and was
president of the ministry 1847-18, and secretary of foreign
affairs for the Papal states after 1850.
ine Alius. J A name given uv lutj xueits lu ^- - — ., /,. , i? . Antony Love, Sir, or The Rambling Lady.
that portion of their empire wliich lav east of AntoniO (iin-to'ne-o), Sant , Cnurcn 01. A a comedy by Southeme, printed in 16^4. sir
- ^ - • ' ■'" remarkable church in Padua, Italy, built by Antony is the Rambling Lady herself, who in male attire
Niccola Pisano in the 13th century, and combin- swaggers, fights duels, hobnobs with the men, and fol-
7 T^ - ^ , J. „.;..i ,. ,. r>^*„„,,+;.^„ .^„„,^^ lows one whom she loves to i ranee,
mg Pointed forms with stn-en Byzantine domes ^^ ^j p^^ gee Anthon,/.
modeled after those of St. Mark's at Venice. AlJ+ra^r'ViiPs (ot, tiSo-'l A small nieturesaue
The aisles and chapels have groined vaults, and Pointed AntraigUCS (on-tiag ). A small picturesque
and round arches are used together. The church con- town m the department of Ardeche, J; rance,
tains fine pai-.tings and tombs, and several magniflcent west of Privas.
chapels, among them the CappeUa del Santo, whose mar- AntraieueS (oii-trag'), Comte d' (Emmanuel
ble reliefs are among the most notable of the Renaissance, y „„;„ TTo-.^i Aa T. -
and the Cappella San Felice, in the Venetian Pointed
style, with admirable 14th-century frescos.
AntoniOi Nicolao. [NL. Ncolans Antonius.']
Bom at Seville 1017 : died 1684. A Spanish bib-
liographer and critic . He was appointed by Philip IV.
his general agent at Rome in 1659, and was made flscsd of
the royal council at Madrid about 167'^ ii„ ...„o ti,.»„,.fi,.„.
He was the author
Louis Henri de Launay). Born at Ville-
Neuve, Aidcche, France, about 1755: assas-
sinated near London, July 22, 1812. A French
politician, author of "M^moires sur les Etats-
G^n^raux, etc." (1788). He was a deputy 1789,
emigrated in 1790, and was later employed in
various diplomatic missions.
of the "Bibliotheca Hispanica," aii index of Spaiiish au^ Antrim (an'trim). A county in Ulster, Ireland,
thors from the time of Augustus. It is in two |..arts, each -^ ,J i,„ »,.„ ',.»,„„+;„ • tl.o „«,tl. l,v- fl,o
thors from the time of AugU!
of two folio volumes. He also published "Bibliotheca
Hispanica Xova " (1672), and " Bibliotheca Vetus " (1696).
It was Venetian in AntoniO (an-to'ni-o). 1. In Shakspere's "Mer-
'^ ■"-" - chant of Venice," the princely merchant who
gives to the play its name. He is of a sensitive, sus-
bounded by the Atlantic on the north, by the
North Channel on the east, by Down on the
south, and by Londonderry and Lough Neagh
on the west. It is hilly on the coast. The chief city
is Belfast. Antrim was largely colonized from Scotland.
Area, 1,191 square miles. Population (1891), 427,968.
ceptible, melancho'ly nature, with a presentiment of evil " . .' , . _^„ . /-,„„„i,. A.,f,.;m n .r,;ioa
and danger. Being obliged to borrow money of Shylock Antrim. A town m County Antnm. 13 miles
to meet the needs of Bassanio, his friend, he is induced to northwest of Belfast. Near it are Antrim Castle,
sign a bond agreeing to forfeit a pound of flesh if he does Shane's Castle, and an ancient round tower, an unusual
not repay the money within a specifled time. Not being example of this characteristic type of medieval Irish stru<>
able to pay, he nearly loses his life to satisfy the demands
of the Jew. See Shylock.
2. In Shakspere's •' Tempest," the usurping
duke of MUan. — 3. In Shakspere's "Two Gen-
tlemen of Verona," the father of Proteus. — 4.
The brother of Leonato, govei-nor of Messina,
ture. It is 9.i feet high and IS in di.imeter at the base, and
tapers to the top, which is covered with a conical block
replacing the original one, which was destroyed by light-
ning. The small, low door is raised about 10 feet above
the ground, and has monolithic jambs and lintel. Antrim
was the scene of a royalist victory over the Irish insur-
gents, June 7, 1708. Population, about 2,000.
in Shakspere's "Much Ado about Nothing." — AntuCO (an-to'ko). A small place in Biobio,
5. A sea-captain devoted to Sebastian, in Shak- Chile, about lat. 37° 30' S. From it one of the
spore's "Twelfth Night."— 6. In Middleton's chief passes (6,890 feet high) over the Andes
play " The Changeling," a secondary character leads to the Argentine Republic,
wlio pretends for his own purjioses to be an idiot Ant'werp (ant'wei-p). [Flem. Antwerpen, G.
or a changeling: from him the play takes its Anticerpen. F. Anrns, Sp. Aniberes.J A proy-
name. — 7. In Webster's tragedy "The Duchess
of Malfi," the steward of the household of the
Duchess of Malfi. He is secretly married to her,
an offense for which he is murdered by her
brothers. — 8. In Otway's play "Venice Pre-
ince of Belgium, bounded by the Netherlands
on the north, by Limbm-g on the east, by-
Brabant on the south, and by East Flanders on
the west. The chief cities are Antwerp and Mechlin.
Area. 1,093 square miles. Population (1S93), 739,S«9, prin-
cip.ally Flemish.
served," a foolish speechniaker and senator -.-•— ^ — • t-o i : „n,i»i,<,«o.^ifoi
whose buffooneries 4ere intended to ridicule Antwerp. A seaport of Bdgium and the capital
the first Earl of Shaftesbury. The part is omit-
ted from the acting play on account of its in-
decency.— 9. One of the principal characters
in Mai-ston's "Antonio and Mellida" and " An-
tonio's Revenge," the son of Andrugio, in love
with Mellida. — 10. In Tomkis's comedy "Al-
bumazar," an old gentleman, supposed to be
drowned, who returns in time to frustrate the
schemes of the thievish Albumazar. — 11. In
Dryden's tragedy "Don Sebastian," a young
Portuguese nobleman, a slave at the time the
])lay begins. Dorax calls him "The amorous
airy spark, Antonio."
of the province of Antwerp, situated on the
Schelde 60 miles from the North Sea, in lat. 51"
13' N., long. 4° 24' E. It is the chief commercial city of
Belgium and one of the principal seaports of Europe, and
also a .strong fortress. It has extensive qn.iys and docks,
and is the terminus of the Red star Steamship Line to New
York, and of other steamship lines. The city was founded
by the 7th century, and its must flourishing period was
from the 14th to the 16th century. It suffered severely
from the Intiuisition, the "Spanish Furj" of 1576, and
the "French Fury "of 1583. It was besieged by the Uuke
of Parma in 1.^^84 and taken in 1585. The town was occu-
pied liy the French in 1794. and was recovered from France
in 1814. The citadel was t.iken, after a siege, by the French
under Gerard from the Dutch under Chasse in 1832. The
cathedral of Antwerp is the most important church in the
Antwerp
65
Aphthartodocetx
liow Countries. It was heKuii in 13.i2, and flnlBhed early
In the IBth ceutiirj-. 1 he exttrinr is iiiarliLil tiy llie praec-
lul nortli tower aii'a spire of the west front. Vr> feet liiRll.
Tllc south tower is iiicornplelc. Over tlie crossing is a
curious pyramidal stepiieil erection with a ptiiiiledliul bona
top • to expose this to view the roofs of nave, choir, and
transepts terminate at the quadranRle of tlie crossing,
which produces a strange elfect. The windows are very
Urge and richly tnceried, but the general impression is
bare. The simple interior is highly impressive, with ad
inlrable perspectives. Itcontains Kubens's famous paint-
ings, the "Descent from the Cross," the " Elevation of the
Cross" and the 'Assumption." The dimensions arc
384by'4Tl feet, length of transepts 2i>, height of vaulting
Vm. The MU5-e Plantin-Moretus Is a unique collection of
everything pertaining to the early days of printing and to
its later development in the house of the noted printer
Flautin, whoopened hisolVice in l.'.i.T. The house itself is ;i
highly interesting example of a Renaissance dwelling of
the better burgher class, with its old furniture, tapestries,
and ornaments, combined with business olBces. It is built
around a (luaint court. Tlie old printiug-offlce. the pro- ApacheS (ii-pti
Srietor's olBcc, and the salesroom are preserved complete. -«^
mong the ninety portraits in the house are fourteen by
Rnhens and two by Van Dyck. Topulation (1893), 240,343.
Ann (ii'in'i). In Hinilu mythology, a son of
King Ya vat i ami Sarmislitha. When the curse of
old age and Inflnnity was pronounced upon Yayati by Su-
kra, the father of his wife Devayani, .Sukra consented to
transfer it to .any one of Yayat I's live sons who would con-
■enl to bear it. .\nu was one of the four who refused, and
In consequence was cursed by his fatlier. the curse being
that his jiosterity sh.uild not iwssess dominion— a curse
apparentiv not fultllled.
Anu (a' no). The supronie god of the jVssyro-
Babylonian jiantheon. He was especially the god of
heaven, and his consort Antu the "mother of the gods."
His ancient seat of worship was in Uruk and later in Ur.
In the time of the Assyrian ascendancy his cult fell into
the background, though theoretically he maintained the
flrst place in the hierarchy of the Assyro-Babylonian di- Apalacha.
and became a Roman colony under AugusttiB. It has a Apelt (ii'pelt). Emst Friedrich. Born at
cathedral and important Roman antii|uities. The cathe- Kcichenau, Saxony, March 3, 1811.' : (lied at Jena,
dralisofthenthcentury.withlatermedievalandmodern Q^f o?, 1859. A German philosophical writer,
professor of philosophy at Jena. He was the
author of "Epocheu dcr Geschichte der Menschhelt**
(184,S 2d ed. lS.Vi), " Tbeorie der Induktion " (1854), "Re-
ligtonsphilosophie " (1S60), etc.
ApemantUS (ap-e-mau'tus). In Shakspere's
TiiiKiii of Athens," a cynical and churlish
restorations. There arc two imposing towers at the sides
of the apse, and several interesting tombs iti the plain in-
terior. The I'retorian Gate (porta della Trinitil) of the
ancient Roman walls survives in fair condition. There
are three arched passiiges : that in the niiiidle is 27 feet
wide, those on the sides 7J. The space Ijetweeu the two
faces is nearly 40 feet. The arches are sunuounted by a
frieze and a range of corbels. There is also a Roman tri-
umphal iU"ch. an interesting atul well-preserved momi-
ment. It is 84 feet wide and (i.'diigh, with asingle archies
feet high lietween coupled uufluled Corinthian colunms.
The areli has a Doric entablature, with triglyphs at the
angles. The attic is destroyed. Population, about 5,000,
Aosta, Duke of. A title of Amadous, king of
Sjiniii.
Aosta, Valley of. The upper valley of the
Dora Balti'ii in northwestern Italy.
haz). [From the Cuchan and
philosopher.
Diogenes, In Lily's " .Uexandcr and Campaspe," sat to
the iKjet for Timon's contrast, the cynic Apemantus ; the
quick striking epigrammatic answers to (inestions which
seem to be inserted here and there too much for the sake
of eliciting witty replies, are quite on this model. The
description of this antique fool is so perfect in its way
that it is supposed Shakespeare must have seen the short
sketch of a cynic which in Luclan's " fublic .Sale of Phi-
losophers" is put Into the mouth of Diogenes.
Gervinujt, Shakespeare Commentaries (tr. by F. E. Bun-
inett, ed. 1880), p. 781.
Maricopa e'jmtch, man, here applied in the
sense of 'enemy.'] A people of the southern Apennines (ap'e-ninz). [F. Apcnnim.lt. Aprn
division of the Athapascan stock of North
American Indians, in 1598 they occupied northwest-
ern New Mexico, and between that date and 1629 roamed
over the upper Gila draiuage-area in southwestern New
Mexico. In 179'.)theirrange wasfromccntralTe.xasncarly
to Colorado River, Ariy/ma, and they have subsequently ex-
tended their raids as far south as Duraugo, .Mexico. The
names by which the principal Apache tribes and subtribes
have been known to history are Arivaipa, 1 luricanui, >o- A_-„_aJ- ri'nen-rii r^e^
yotero, Karaone, Gilefio, .licarillo, Lipan, Llancro, Mesca- Apenraoe (.1 pen ra ut,;
nini, G. Jpcnninen, etc. ; L. Apenniniis or Appen-
niyuis.'] The central mountain system of Italy.
It forms the backbone of the peninsula and extends from
the Ligurian Alps in the neigliborho'Ml of Savnna south,
eastward to the extremity of tile peninsula. Its length is
about SfH) miles and its average height about 4.000 feet.
Tlie highest point is Monte Corno (9,.')85 feetX In the Gran
Sasso d'ltalia.
A seaport in the
iero, Mimbrcflo, Mogollon, Naisha, Viiial Coyotcro, Tchi-
kun, and Tehishi. The Apaches are nowon reservations
in Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma, and number about
6,200. See Athitpa»can.
See Ahajl.
See Apalachi.
See Apalachi,
Apafi.
AnublSta-nul.is). IGrAKyovMI .InEgyptmi ApalacM (ap-iUii'che), or Apalache (-ehe), Apepi (ii-pa'pe). In Egj^tian mythology,
mythology, the son of Gsins:oftenident.liedb „r Apalacha (-cha). Atriboof North American greatserpent^theembodiinentof o\il(Tvi.h
>1AR Tit. ifl r*inrp«pnr.p(i with -r ,. i ■•' . id/? j?,. i.. ] ii; -" ... .* , ■ . ... ..... •
the (Greeks with Hermes. He is represented with
a jackal's head, and was the ruler of graves and super-
visor of theburial of the dead.
Anokis (ii-no'kis). In Egyptian mythology, a
goddess personifying the lower hemisphere:
the same as Aiikt.
Anunaki (ii-uO-ua'ki). In Assyro-Babylonian
mvtliologv, the spirits of the earth. With the
Ig'igi, spirit's of heaven, they constitute the "host of hea-
ven and earth," subordinate to the higher gods, especially
t<> Anu, the supreme gixl of heaven.
province of Selileswig-Holstein, Prussia, on the
Apenrade Fjord 35 miles north of Schleswig.
Population (1890), commune, 5,301.
Apepa (a-pa'pii). A shepherd king of Egypt
who ruled at Avaris (Zoan) about 1700 B. c. :
probably the Aphobis of Manetho, and perhaps
a contemporary of Joseph.
■ " " " ■ ' the
on).
Indians, ktiown since 1526, formerly dwelling Aper (a'per), AperlU (ii-per-e'o), Apuirai
■ ' -- ' ^"- '"-•■'-'• '^^ T^i~..:.i" -..J (a-po-e'ri). A mime of an ancient people
mentioned in the Egyptian records, and sup-
posed by some to be the Helirews, but probably
an "Erythrajan people in the east of the nome
of Heliopolis, in what is known as the ' red
country' or the 'red moimtain'" (/Jr«</.sc/i).
geography," a city in Phrvgia, Asia Minor, in Apfelstedt (iip'fel-stet). A small river in Thu-
(about) lat. 38° 3' N., long. 29° 55' E. : the ringia which joins the Gera south of Erfurt,
modern Dinair or Donair. Aphobls. See Apepa.
- . - - Lived in the
in and around St. Mark's Eiver, Florida, and
northward to the Appalachian range. In less
the townsof the tribe or division were mentioned In a pe-
tition to Charles II. of Spain. About 1702 they were
broken up and scattered, and are now extinct or absorbed.
.\lso Appalachee. See Muskhoffean,
Apamea (ap-a-me'ii). [Gv. 'Aird/jeia.'i In ancient
Anupshuhar («-llo^,-sho'har). A t«wn in the ^ aj^ga In ancient geography, a city in Syria, Aphraates (af-rli'tez), Jacob. Lived in tl
L"^' "i't.:'™ ^?y.!"i?,?;^rM,'„„ J"„f nfih^^^ situate.l on the Oroutes 50 miles southeast of 4th century. One of the fathers of the Syrian
^^^^.^^j^_ ^^^ medieval Famieh, and the mod- Church, simiamed "The Persian Sage." After
em Oal'atelMudiq, originally called Pharnake. his conversion he lived in Edessa and later in Antioch.
Apappus (a-pap'pus). See the e.xtract. J'onSoro'Smes"' '^'""""'' '""' '" *' ''""'°' "' "
At Assuan, at El-Kab, at Kasr-es-Syed, at Sheik Said, at a nV,_„j;„i.„ (--if rn-ilis'i.ii<!l FGr 'AAnnt^ininr 1
iuwit.el-.\Ieitin, at Sakkarah, and at Siln the name of ApnrOttlSias (<lt-10-ais i-as). IW. Aippootma^.i
■ ■- ■ ■ An ancient town ot tana, situated on the
Menander: the modem Gliera. It contains the
remains of an ancient hippodrome which coincide on one
side with the city walls. Btitli ends are semicircular.
i'he length is 919 feet, the breadth 270 ; the arena is 747
on I lie (ianges 70 miles southeast of Delhi.
Anuradhpura (ii-nii-radh-pi'i'rii). A sacred
city of northern Ceylon, 60 miles' west of Trin-
comalee.
Anville (on-vel'), Jean Baptiste Bourgui-
gnon d'. Bom at Paris, July 11. 1097: died at
Paris, Jan. '28, 1 782. A French geographer and
chartographer. He was the author of " Atlas
gSn^ral" (1737-80), ''fitats formes en Europe"
(1771), etc.
Aiiwa.r-i-Snha.il (iin-war'e-su-hil'). [Pers.,
Zauv . ,
Apappus fn-qnently appciu-s : and it may also be seen
sculptured "11 the rocks at Wady Maghaiah, and at Ham-
maniat, a station on the road between Keneh and Kosseir.
The name Apappus signifies, in Egyptian, a giant, and this
may be the basis of a tradition which describes him as
bciiig nine cubits high, and also says that he reigned a
hundred years. Mariette, Outlines, p. 11.
'Lights of CaiKipus.'] The Persian version of Apastamba(ii-pas-tara'bha). The author of Su-
the so-called " Fables of Biilpai or Pilpay."made ti'as connected with the Black Yajurveda and oi
about 1494 A. D. by Husaiii Waiz al-Kashifi. a Dharmashastra
It is a simplitled recaat'of that by Nasr Allah of Ghazni,
made about ll:to from the Arabic Kalilali and Dimnali of
Abdallah ibn al-M«»garfa, wliich in turn was made from the
Pahiavi version by harzoi of the Indian original, from which
the Sanskrit I'anchatantra and Ilitopadcsha were derived.
"The star Cano]»tis is taken as representing wisdom.
Anything for a Quiet Life. A play by Thomas
Middl.lfiii, priiilod ill 1002.
Anzasca (aii-lsiLs'kil.),'Val d". A picturesque
by 9.S feet. There are 26 tiers of seats, divided into sec-
tions by flights of steps and bordered above by an ai'cadcd
gallery. There is also a Roman temple of Venus, which
is comparatively well preserved. It is Ionic, octastyle,
pseudodipteral, with 15 columns on tlu^ Hanks, in plan 60
by 119 feet. The peristyle colinniis are ."iSJ feet high.
cvibed two recensions of the Taittiriyasanihita. Aphrodite (af-rci-di'te). [Gv. JV^poAV;/, asso-
Apaturia (ap-a-tu'ri-ii). ' [Gr. 'ATruroi'^dj.] In -^ ■ >
Greek antiijuity, the solemn annual meeting
jurveda ana of
To him or his school are as-
of the ))hratries for the purpose of registering
the children of the preceding year whoso birth
entitled them to citizenship. It took place in the
month Pyaiiepsion (N'ovembor), .and lasted three days.
The registration took place on the tliinl day.
Alpine valley in the province of Novara, Italy, Apava (ii'pa-vii). In the Brahmapui'ana and
east of Monte Rosa.
Anzin (oii-zau'). A town in the department of
Nord, France, Smiles west of Valenciennes, the
center of a <-oal-niining region. Popidation
(IK!ll),coiniiiuiie, 11, .538.
Anzio, Porto d'. See Aniinm.
Aogemadaeca. A Parsi tract inculcating resig-
nation to ileal li: so called from its initial Avesta
word (loijemaiilc, ' we come.' It has tlie appetir-
tfie llarivansa, Apava performed the ollice of
the creator lirahma, and divided himself into
two parts, male and female. These |iro<luced
Vishnu, who crealed Viraj, who brought into
the world Die lirsl man.
Apeldoorn (il'pel-dom). A small town in the
province of (ielderland, Netherlands, situated
on I lie Grift and Dieren Canal 17 miles north
of Aniliem. Near it is the castle of Loo.
ance of an Avesta text with Pahiavi translation Apellas (a-pel'as). [Gr. 5Vn-e/Aaf.] Lived
and commentary. ijiout 400 n. c. A Greek sculptor.
Aomori Bay (ii-6-mo'ri ba'). A largo bay at the Apelles (a-pel'ez). [Gr. i\Tf//(;/c.]
irlliern e.xtremity of thomain island of Japan,
Aonia (ii-o'ni-ii). [Gr. !\oi'i'a.] In ancient geog-
ra]iliy, a district in Boootia, Greece, The name
is iificn used as synonymous with Breotia.
Aornus (a-or'nus). [Gr. 'iVo^irar.] In ancient
gi'ography, a rock stronghold, situated near the
Indus (near the river Kabiilf), taken by Alex-
ander the Great from native defenders 327 B. c.
Aosta (ii-os'tii). [P. Ansl)\'] A town in the
proWnce of Turin, Italy, situated on the Dora
Baltea in lat. 4.5° 45' N., long, 7° 20' E.,
at the terminus of the Great St. Bernard and
Little St. Bernard routes : the Roman Augusta
Prsetoria. It was the ancient capital of the SalassI,
6
A famous
o'reek painter of the time of Philip and Alex-
ander. Three cities claimed to be his bii-thplacc, (^olo-
ciated by popular etym. with "^/""."i foam, as
if 'foam-born' (cf. .tuddi/oiHnu).] In (ireek
mythology, the goddess of love and wedlock,
aecordingtoone legend daughterof Zeus (Jupi-
ter) and Dione, according to another risen from
the foam of the sea at Cyprus, whence she is
<'a.lled Kypris. Many scholars give her an .Asiatic ori-
gui and connect her witli the I'henician Astarte (Assyro-
liabylonian Ishtar) who iMrresponds to her. She was
originally cuiceived as a power of nature, ami later spe-
cillcnllvi'istliedeityof n-picnlnction ami love. She some-
times appears as the wife ot HcipIkcsIus (Vulcan), and in
her train are her son Eros (Ainoi) and the (Jraces. The
chief seats of her worship were Tajilios, .'\inathiis, and Ida-
lion on the island of Cyprus, t^iiidns in Asia Minor, Corinth,
anil Eryx in Sicily. Among plants the myrtle, mso, and
apple were especially sacred to her; aniting animals the
ram. he-goat, dove, and swan, ilf her rc]u-eseiitiif ions in
art the iinist famous are the replica of her statllcof Cnidns
by I'raxitclea in the Olyptothek of Munich, the original
statues of Mclos in the Louvre, of Capita at Najiles, the
Medicean in l-lorenee and the Capiloline in Rome. The
Konians identilled Aiihi-odite with Venus, who was origi-
nally a Latin goddess of spring.
Aphrodite, Temple of. See ,K;/i/m ((j^reeee).
phon, Ephesiis, and Cos. lie was a pupil first of an other- Aphroditopolis (af 'fo-di-tO|>'o-lis). [Gr. !A^/)0-
wlse unknown Ephoros, and later of the famous rampliilos
of Sikyone. In him there was that blending of Doric and
Imiii" elements to which the best results of Greek civili-
zation may generally be traced. His greatest work, and,
perhaps, the most perfect picture of antiituity. was tlie
Aphrodite Anadyomeno, originally painted for the temple
of .Eseulapiiia in <'o8. It was afterward bought by Augus-
tus for liHi talents and placed In the temple of Ca'sar in
Rome. In Nero's time the nearly ruined picture was
copied by Dorotheus. Apelles's model was sniiposcd to
have liei'ii raucastc, the mistress of Alexander, or Phryno,
From some expressions in an obscure text it lias been anp-
poBcd to have been a half-length llgure, and the subject was
painted by Titian in this way in the Hrtdgewatcr picture.
Vror7o/(c, ' eily of Aphrodite.' ] The name of sev-
eral cities in ancient Egypt.
Aphthartodocet8e(af-iliiir't6-do-se'ie). [MGr.
',\..y'ii(iroiiok;;rr», from Gr. iiorti^iriir, incorrujilible,
and AiKiif, teach.] A Monophysite sect which
existed from the Gth to the" 9th century or
later. They held that the body of Christ was incorrup.
tible even before the rosurrcetlon, and that he sulfered
death only in a phantasmal appearance. From this they
are sometimes called I'hanlamnKU, a name more properly
lielonging to the Ikicetro, who denied even the reality of
Clirisfs liody.
Aphthonius
Aphthonius (af-tho'ni-us), ^lius Festus.
Livfii iibout 300 A. D. A Greek Hietoiieiau.
He was the author of four books "dc metris," which
Maruis Victorinus, about the middle of the 4th century,
incorporated in his system of gi-nuiniar.
Apia (a'pi-a). Au old iiame of the Pelopon-
itesus.
Apia (ii'pe-a). A municipality ami seaport,
eliief town of Upolu, Sauuiaii Islands, situated
in lat. 13° 49' S.. long. 171° -IS' W. It is the center
of German commerce in the western Pacific, and is under
the supervision of the German, British, and American
consuls. On .March 15, laS!). a hurricane visited tlie harbor
of Apia, destroying the American men-o( war \ andalia
and I'renton, and the German men-of-war Adier and
Eher, with several merchant vessels. The American .N'ipsic
and the licmian Olga were beaciied. .Many lives were lost.
ApiacS.S (iip-e-ii-kiis'). The name of two Indian
tribes of Brazil. (1) A horde of the Tupf race which,
in hist<irical times, has lived on the Upper Tapajris and
Arinos ; they are au aKricultural people, and skilful canoe-
men ; now reduced to a few thousand. (2) A sniiill tribe
on the Tiicantins, which, by its language, appears to be
a11ic<l to the t'aribs.
ApianuS (ii-pe-ii'uiis), Petms: Latinized from
his tierman name, Peter Blenewitz (ti. biene,
h. ajiis, a bee). Born at Leysniok, 14il.'i : died
there, April 21,1552. A German matliematician
and eosmographer. Uewasprofessorofmatheraatics
at Ingolstadt, and was created by Charles V. a knight of the
German Empire. He wrote an astronomical work, but is
best known for his volumes on cosmography, which con-
tain some of the earliest maps of America.
Apicata (ap-i-ka'tii). In Ben Jonson's play
"The Fall of Sejanus," the wife of Sejauus,
who put her away for Livia.
Apicius wa-pish ' i u"s ) . Marcus Gabius. Af amous
Komau epicure who live<l diu'ing the reigns of
Augustus and Tiberius, naring, it was said, spent
one hundred million sesteree8(about .^,600, OOn) in procur-
ing and inventing rare dishes, he balanced his accounts
and found that he had oidy ten million sesterces (§3(10,(H)0)
left. I'nwillingto starve on such a pittance, he destroyed
himself.
Apinji (ii-pen'je). A small Bantu tribe of the
French Kongo, between the Ba-Kele and the
Ashango.
Apion (a'pi-ou) [Gr. 'A-iui'.] A Greek gram-
luarian and commentator on Homer, whoflour-
islied about the middle of the 1st century A. D.
Apis (a 'pis). [Gr. 'A^/f, Egypt. Bapi, the
hidden one.] The Bull of Memphis, worshiped
by the ancient Egyptians. He was supposed to
be the image of the soul of Osiris, and w.as the sacred em-
blem of that god. Sometimes he is figured as a man with
a bull's head. " There were many signs necessary for an
Apis; . . . for instance, spots in the shape of a triangle on
the forehead, and a half-moon on the breast. If such an
Apis was discovered, it was led with rejoicings into Mem-
phis, it was carefully teiuled, and after its death was buried
with great costliness. He was zealously worshipped and
gave oracles. He was looked on as the second life, or the
son of Pt.ah, the soul or iraai:e of Osiris, born of a virgin
cow. After his death he became Oslris-Apis or Serapis."
La Satttmye, Science of Religion (trans.), p. 405.
Apo (a'po). A volcano in the central part of
Mindanao. Philippines, over 10,000 feet high.
Apocalypse, The. See lienlatiim.
Apocrypna (a-pok'ri-fii). The. [LL. apocrn-
;)>!«, neut. pi. (sc. si'iiiitii) of (ipdcri/phus, from
Gr.aTOK/jt'i^of (ncut. ])1. am'iKpvipa, sc. yimfi/ia-a or
Bifi'/Ja), hidden, concealed, obscure, recondite,
hard to understand; in eceles. use, of writ-
ings, anonymous, of unknown or undetermined
authorship or authority, unrecognized, unca-
nonical, spurious, pscudo-; from aToKpnrtiv,
hide away, conceal, obscure, from an-o, away,
and KpvTr-av, hide, conceal.] A collection of
fourteen books subjoined to the canonical books
of the Old Testament in the authorized version
of the Bible, as originally issued, but now gen-
erally omitted. They do not exist in the Hebrew Bible,
but are found with others of the same character scattered
through the Septuagint and Vulgate versions of the Old
Testament. They are : Kirst and Second Ksdras (otherwise
Third and Fourth Esdras or Ezra, reckoning Nehemiah as
Second Ezra or Esdras), Tobit or Tobias, .Indith, the Rest
of Esther, Wisdom of Solomon. Ecclesiasticus, Baruch (as
Joined to .Teremiah), piu'ts of Daniel (namely. Song of the
Three Childieri, the Histoiy of Susanna, the llcstruction of
Bel and the Dragon), the Prayer of Mannsses, and Kirst and
Second Maccabees. Most of these are recognized by the
Roman fatholic Church as fully canonical, though theo-
logians of that church often distinguish them as deutero-
canoideal, on the ground that their place in the canon w.is
decided later than that (■! the other books, limiting the
name Apocrypha to the two (last) books of Esdras and
the Prayer of .Manassea. and other books not in the above
collection, namely, Ihird and Fourth Maccabees, a book
of Enoch, au additional i>r If.ltit I'salm of David, and eigh-
teen Psalms of Solomon. Wilh Ihese sometimes are in-
eluded certain pseudepigraphic books, sndi .as the Apoc
alypse of Baruch and the Assumplion of .Moses, The
name Apocrj^pha is also occasionally made to embrace
the Antilegomena of the New Testament. The Greek
Church makes no distinction among the books contained
in the Septuagint.
Apodaca(ii-p6-d!i'kii), Juan Ruiz de. Born at
Cadiz. Feb. 3, 1754: died at Madrid, .Tan. 11,
1835. A Spanish naval ofiicer and adminis-
66
trator, ambassador to England 1808, captain-
general of Cuba 1812-16, and ^^ceI■oy of New
Spain (Mexico), Aug., 1816, to Aug., 1822. By
energy combined with a spirit of conciliation, he in a great
measure repressed the revolutionists, defeating Min:i, who
was captured and executed (Nov., 1817), and driving Vi-
cente Guenero to the mountains. When Iturbide re-
belled (1821) the viceroy was obliged to temporize, and the
insurgents had gained important successes before he left.
For this reason he is suruamed "the i7nfortunate."
Apolda (ii-pol'da). A town in the grand duchy
of Saxe-Weimar-Ei.senach, 9 miles northeast
of Weimar. It has manufactures of hosiery, woolen
goods, machinery, dyes, bells, etc. Population (1S90X
20,s80.
Apollinare in Classe (a-pol-le-na're in clas'se),
San. [See Cldssis.^ A chui-ch at Ravenna,
Italy, begun in 534, the most important existing
earlv-Christian basilica in Italy. In plan it is 93
feet i)y 173, measuring inside, with nave and aisles sepa-
rated by 24 gray marble columns with round arches, and a
raised semicircular tribune. There is a clearstory of
double round-arched windows, and the wooden roofs are"
open. The narthex, now w.-Uled up, originally had open
arcades. Nave and aisles have painted medallion-friezes
of busts of the bishops .and archbishops of Ravenna. The
vault and walls of the tribune are covered with splendid
mosaics of the 6th and 7th centuries. The picturesque
circular campanile is of brick, 120 feet high, with many
round-arched windows.
Apollinare Nuovo {il-pol-le-nit're no-6'v6),
San. A cliureh at Ravenna, Italy, built by Theo-
doric in the Otli centur.v. In plan it is ll!i by SLI feet,
with a single raised apse (bema), and a handsome narthex
with a portico. The nave, .'>1 feet wide, with fine coflfered
ceiling, has 24 columns lirought from Constantinople ;
the Corinthian capitals are surmounted by heavy Byzan-
tine aliaci. Above the arcades of the nave the walls are
covered with very beautiful 6th-century mosaics.
Apollinarians{a-pol-i-na'ri-anz). A religious
sect deriving their name froioi Apollinaris the
Younger, bishop of Laodicea in the 4th century.
Apollinaris denied the proper humanity of Christ, at-
tributing to him a human body and a human soul, or
vital principle, but teaching that the Divine Reason or
Logos, took in him the place which in man is occupied by
the rational principle.
Apollinaris (a-pol-i-na'ris). Saint. See the
extract.
The mythical founder-bishop of the Church of Ravenna
was .Saint Apollinaris, a citizen of Antioch, well versed in
Greek and Latin literature, who, we are told, followed
Peter to Rome, was ordained there by that Apostle, and
eventually was commissioned by him to preach the Gos-
pel at Ravenna. Before his departure, however, he had
once passed a night in St. Peter's company at the monas-
tery known by the name of the Elm ('" ad Ulmum ").
They had slept upon the bare rock, and the indentations
made by their heads, their backs, and their legs were still
shown in the 0th century.
Bodffkin, Italy and her Invaders, I. 444.
Apollinaris, sm-named "The Younger." Died
about 390. Bishop of Laodicea, and founder of
the sect of the Apolliiiarians.
Apollinaris Fountain (a-pol-i-na'ris foun'-
tan). A mineral spring near Neuenahr, 25
miles northwest of Ooblentz, Prussia, discov-
ered in 1S53. Its waters are largely exported.
Apollinaris Sidonius. See Siclo>iii<s, ApoUi-
iiiirits.
ApoUino (ii-pol-le'no). A statue in the tribune
of the UfRzi, Florence, it is an antique copy from
a Greek original, probably of the 4th centui-y B. c, repre-
senting an effeminate type of the youthful Apollo stand-
ing easily and gracefully,
Apollinopolis Magna (a-pol-i-nop'o-lis mag'-
nii). Au ancient city of Egypt, near Edfu. See
liilfii.
Apollo (a-pol'o). [Gr. 'AtoVaui', Doric 'AttIa'/mv;
associated in popular etym. with aTzo'/./itmi, de-
stroy, to which notion some of his attributes
are due; jirob. of Eastern origin. See tiuota-
tions.] In Greek and later in Roman mythol-
ogy, one of the great OlvTiipian gods, the son
of Zeus (Jupiter) and Leto (Latona), represent-
ing tlie light- and life-giving influence, as well
as the deadly power, of the sun, and often
identified with the sun-god Helios. He was the
leader of the Muses, god of music, poetry, and healing, and
patron of these aits ; a mighty protector from evil, all-
seeing, and hence the master of prophecy; also the de-
stroyer of the unjust and insolent, and ruler of pestilence.
Ill art be was represented in the full majesty of youthful
manhood, in most of his attributions unclothed or hut
lightly draped, and usually characterized by th<- b.pw and
arrows, the laurel, the lyre, the oraculai- tripod, the ser-
pent, or the dolphin. He was the father of .Ssculapiiis,
to whom he granted his art of healing, Apollo was hon-
ored both locally and generally, under many special titles,
of which each hail its particular tvpe in art and literature :
as, .4;**) Cilharmlm (Apollo wlio sings to the accompa-
niment of the lyre), equivalent to Apntln Mumfjeles, the
conductor of the Muses; Aixillo Sa iiruktunng (the lizard-
killer), etc.
The oldest cpigraphic form of the name of Apollo is
Aplu, which corresponds to the Semitic Ablu. the '■ son "
of lieavcn.which was one of the titles of Tammuz the .Syrian
sun-god. Taylor, Aryans, p. 304.
Beyond the boundaries of the Allobroges. the Gaulish
Apollo appears to have been known all over the Celtic
Apollonia
world, and he bore several names, of which the most im
portant were Maponos, Grannos, and Toutiolix. Three
inscriptions in honour of Apollo Maponos have been dis-
covered in the north of Lngland, and in one of them,
found near Ainstable, in Cumberland, he is called Deus
Maponus, without any allusion to Apollo. Fortunately
the name ilaponos offers no ditticulty : it is the same
word as the old Welsh mapon, now mabon, *boy or male
child,' which occurs, for example, in a Welsh poem in the
book of Taliessin, a manuscript of the 13th century : it is
there applied to the infant Jesus, in a passage describing
the coming of the Magi to him at Bethlehem. Thus it
seems certain that some of the Celts worshipped an Apollo
whom they described as an infant, and this is borne out
by a group of inscriptions at the other extremity of the
Celtic world of antiquity : 1 allude to the ancient iirovince
of Dacia, and especially Carlsburg and its neiglibourhood,
in Transylvania, where we find him styled Deus Bonus
Puer Posphorus, Apollo Pythius, Bonus Puer Posphorus,
or Bonus Deus Puer Posphorus, Our Maponos is in all
probability the Bonus Puer attested by these inscriptions.
Mhys, Celtic Heathendom, p. 22.
Apollo Belvedere (a-pol'd bel-va-da're). A fa-
mous statue in the Vatican, Rome, it is a fine
antique copy of a Greek original in bronze — possibly an
ottering set up at Delphi (it may be in connection with
the Diana of Versailles, in the Louvre), in commemoration
of the divine nid which (by a natural convulsion) repelled
the (Jallic hordes from the Delphic sanctuary in 279 B. C.
The god stands as a vigorous youth, undraiied except for
a chlamys clasped round the neck and thrown over the
extended left arm, apparently having just discharged an
arrow whose flight he watches. The theory that the left
hand held an a?gis is not supported.
Apollo Chresterios (a-pol'6 kres-te'ri-os).
[Gr. 'Az-ii/?uv ■];i);/rj7t/pio^.j Apollo of oracles.
Apollo Citharoidus (a-pol'o sith-a-re'dus).
[Gr. KiHopufiur, one who plays on the cithara,
a harper.] 1. A statue in the Vatican, Rome.
The god, strongly feminine in type, advances laurel-
crowned and draped in long tunic and bimatioii, as he
touches the strings of his lyre. An attempt has been
made to connect this statue with Nero's musical successes
in Greece.
2. A notable antique marble statue in the Glyp-
tothek, Munich. The figure is shrouded in full dra-
peries of feminine type, including the long tunic with
diplois. The lyre is held high against the left shoulder.
The head is of late character.
Apollo Club. A famous club held in the 17th
century at the Devil Tavern near Temple Bar.
It was frequented by Ben Jonson, Randolph,
Herriek, and others.
Apollo of Tenea. An archaic Greek statue in
the Glyptothek at Munich, probably represent-
ing not Apollo but an athlete, it is important in
sculpture as representing a type in a class, unknown until
late years, of early Greek undraped statues characterized
by the awkwardness of artistic infancy.
Apollo of Thera (the'rii). A statue of Apollo
in the National Museum, Athens, a tj-pical ex-
ample of youthful manhood in Greek archaic
sculpture. The figure is undraped.
Apollo Sauroktonos (a-pol'6 sa-rok'to-nos).
[Gr. Srai'po/crorof, the lizard-slayer.] A statue
in the Vatican, Rome. The god is represented as a
beautiful youth, undraped, graceful, and feminine, about
to transfix with a dai't a lizard (a method of divination)
which ascends a tree-trunk on which he leans. It is a
reproduction of a work in bronze by Praxiteles.
Apollo Slaying the Python. A noted painting
by Turner, in the National Gallery, London.
Apollodorus (a-pol-o-do'ms). [(3r. ;\;ro/>.o(5(j-
piv.'] Born at Athens: flourished about 404 B.C.
The first of the great s(diool of Greek painters,
an elder contemporary of Zeuxis and Parrlia-
sius. Pliny mentions a priest in adoration and an Ajax
struck by lightning by this master. He seems to have
been the first important painter to abandon the old sche-
matic arrangements for the actual relations of nature.
This was undoubtedly due to the discovery of perspec-
tive associated with the scene-painter Agatharcus and
the philosophers Democritus and -Anaxagoras.
In a word, they [the Egyptians] discovered the laws of
chiiu*oscuro. and with them the art of foreshortening,
which is, in fact, perspective applied to the human figure.
1 Jreek tradititm ascrilies these great discoveries to an Athe-
nian named Apollodorus. who flourished about four hun-
dred and thirty years before our era.
Edu'ards, I'haraohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 94.
Apollodorus. BornatCarystos, Euboea: lived
about 300-260 B.C. A Greek comic poet of the
new Attic comedy. "He is remarkable as having
atfnrdcd Terence the'niodels of tw<i plays, the 'Hecyra'
and ' rhormio.'"
Apollodorus. Lived about 140 b.c. An Athe-
nian grammarian, author of an (extant) "Bib-
liotheca," an important work on Greek mythol-
"Ky-
Apollodorus. Bom at Damascus : died in the
reign of Hadrian (117-138). An architect, the
designer of the Forum ami Column of Tra-
jan at Rome, and of the .stone bridge over the
Danube about 105 A. D. He was banished and
put to death by Hadrian.
Apollonia (ap-o-lo'ni-a). [Or. 'ATTcAluvia , froia
'A-iV/>i,n\ Apollo.] In ancient geography, a
city of Illyria, situated near the mouth of the
Aous in lat. 40° 40' N., long. 19° 25' E.
ApoUonia
ApoUonia. In ancient geography, tlie port of
Cvnii. . Africa, in )at. 32° 56' N., long. 22° E. :
till- iiiocliTii Marsa Siisa.
ApoUonia. In ancient geograpby, a town in
Palestine, situatetl on the ile<literranean be-
tween .loppii anJ Ca'sarea: the modern Arsiif.
ApoUonia. In ancient geography, a city of
'riiniee, situated on the Bhiek Sea in lat. 42°
2(1' N., long, 27° 44' E. : the modern Sizeboli.
ApoUonia. A station on the British Gold Coast,
W'.st Africa.
ApoUonius (ap-o-lo'ni-us). [Gr. '\-o7Juviur.']
Livid ill ilie time of Augustus. A noted Alex-
aiidrlaii grammarian, author of a "Homeric
I-exi<-on" ^.'d. by Bekker 18:!:i).
ApoUonius, sumamed Dyscolus. [Gr. Siano/oc.
ifl-tempered.] Boru at Alexandria : flourished
during the reigus of Hadrian and Antoninus
Pius. A celpl)ratcd Alexandrian gi-amuiarian.
Only a few of his iiiinierous works are extant; that "On
Syntax " (eil. by liikker 1S17) is the most famous. He and
his son, .Kliiis Uerodian, are called by Priscian the great-
est of i^rammarians. He is said to have lived in extreme
poverty.
ApoUonius, surnamed Molon. Born at Ala-
bniida. C'aria: lived about 80 n. c. A Greek
rlieliirii'iaii, an instructor of Cicero and Cajsar.
ApoUonius, sumamed PergaeUS (from his birth-
place). Born at Perga, Pamphylia. Asia Minor:
lived in the second halt of the 3d eentur>- B. c.
A Greek geometrician educated at Alexandria,
sumamed "The Great Geometer." His chief work
in a tre.atisc on "Conic Seitions " (ed. by Ilalley 1710) in
eiclit liooks. of which the flrst four arc extent in Greek
and all but the eif^hth in Ai-abic.
ApoUonius, surnamed Rhodius ('of Rhodes').
Boru at Alexandria or at Nauoratis, about 2,3,5
B. c. A (Jreek epic jioet, author of the "Ar-
goiiautica." Bein(; unsuccessful in Abxandria. hewent
to Rhodes (whence his surname) where be lectured on
rhetoric, but later relumed to the former city.
ApoUonius. Born at Tralles, Caria: tlour-
isheil, probably, at the beginning of the 1st
century A. D. A Greek sculptor who. with his
brother, carved the so-called Farnese Bull
(which see).
ApoUonius,surnamedTyanaeus (from his birth-
place). I'.ciriiat Tyana,C:ipp:id(icia, Asia Minor,
about 4 B. c. : died aViout 97 (?) A. D. A Pytha-
gorean philosopher and reputed magician and
wonder-worker, whose life and supposed mira-
cles have often been compared with those of
Christ. *' He studied first in the Greek schools at Tarsus,
and was leil to the adoption of the i'ythaK()reaii philoso-
phy. This he combined with the legerdemain practised
In Bonn* of the Asclepeia, and a journey to the old seats
of ina^cie in Babylonia and Persia, and to the confines of
India, initiated him into the theurpic practices of the
East." His life by Philostratns, which is largely, if not
wholly, fabulous (and which was doubtless written for a
controversial puriiosc^ presents striking similarities with
that of .lesiis. Divine honors were paiii to him in the :(<!
centurj', and his bii.st was placed by Alexander Severus in
his laniriuiM with those of Abraham. Orpheus, andtJhrist.
ApoUonius of Tyre. l. A stoic Jihilosopher
living in the reign of Ptolemy Auletes, men-
tioned by Diogenes Laertius as the author of
a work on Zeno, and by Strabo as tlie author
of another work which seems to have lieeii a ro-
8um<5 of the ])hilosopheis anil their writings
from the time of Zeno. — 2. The king of Tyre,
in the romance named for him (which see).
ApoUonius of Tyre, History of. An old
Greek roiiiaii <f uiicerlaiii date and author-
ship. Antio<-hils, king of .Syria, to prevent his daneh-
ter'a niarriacre. demands of her suitors, as the price of her
hand, the cdlutioii of a riddle containing an allusion to
his incestuous jiassion frtr her. This is accomplished by
Apoltonins of Tyre, whom Antiochus then seeks to slay.
ApoUonius escapes, marries the daughter of another king,
and returns to take the sovereignty of Syria. The rest of
the tale is occupied with the adventures of his daughter
and wife.
Besides the Latin prose version already mentioned, the
romance, or history, of ApoUonius (of Tyre I was translated
Into Latin verse about Ihc end of the twdftii centuix hy
Goilfrey of Viterbo, w ho introduced it in his Pantheon, or
Universal L'hroniele, as part of the history of Antiochus
the Third of Syria. It w.as also inserted in the Gesta Ro-
manoniin which was written in the fourteenth century,
and became soon after the subject of a French prose
romance, which was the origin of the Rnglish Kynge
Apolync of Tyre, jirinted by Wynkiii de Worde in 1610.
It was fiom tht! metrical version, however, of Godfrey of
Vitcrlio that tlio story came to Oower, who has t^ild it
with little variation in his Confesslo Ainantls. Gower is
Introduced as speaking the prologue to each of the five
acts of Pericles. Prince of Tyre ; whence It may be pre-
Bumed that the author of that play derived his plot from
the English po<!t. The drama of Pericles, as is well known,
has been the subject of much discussion ; the composition
of the whole, or greater part, of it having been attribiiteil
to Hlmkspeare by some of his commentators, chiefly on
the authority of Oryden.
Duidtp, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 84.
ApoUoB (a-pol'os). [Gr. '\Tro7Jui:, a shortened
form of iVTo/Atuxof.] Flourished about the mid-
67
die of the 1st century A. D. An Alexandrian
Jew who came to Ephesus about 49 \. i)., where
he was converted by Aquila and lYiscilla. He
went to meet Paul at (.Corinth, and was with Paul at Ephe-
sus when the First Epistle to the L'orinthians was writ-
ten. He was a man of great ability and attainments, ami
the attachment of his immediate disciples to him was
such as almost to create a schism in the church.
ApoUyon (a-pol'ion). [Gr. 'Ato/./.i<ji>, render-
ing the Hei). Abaddon ; prop. adj. a-oAhot; de-
stfo>-ing.] The angel of the bottomless pit
mentioned in Kev. ix. 1 1. He is introduced by Ban-
yan in the "Pilgrim's Progress," and has a terrible com-
bat with the |iilgi ini Christian.
Apologia Socratis. See Apologn of f<ocrnfes.
Apologie for Poetrie. A work by Sir Philip
Sidney, written in 1580 or 1.581, puljlished in
l.')95 after his death. It is a plea for the poet's
art. Also Drfrircr of J'octrie.
Apology for Actors, An. A work in three
books liy Thomas Ileywood, published in 1612,
and reprinted in 1058 Ijy William (.'artwright,
with some alterations, under the title of "The
Actors' Vindication."
Apology of Socrates. Plato's version of the
defense of Socrates before his judges, (See
Socrates.) A similar work attributed to Xeno-
phon is spurious.
Apopi. See Ajnpi.
Apostate (a-pos'tat), The. A surname of the
Koinan emjieror .Julian.
Apostate, The. A tragedy by Richard Lalor
Sneil, produced in 1817. Junius Brutus Booth
was eelelirated as Pescara in this play.
Apostle Islands (a-pos'l i'landz). "a grouj)
of islands in the southwestern part of Lake
Superifir. iielonging to Wisconsin.
Apostle of Andalusia, The. Juan do Avila.
Apostle of Ardennes, The. St. Hubert.
Apostle of Brazil, The. The Jesuit Jos6 de
Auchieta.
Apostle of Free Trade, The. Richard Cob-
den.
Apostle of Germany, The. St. Boniface
Apostle of Infidelity, The. Voltaire.
Apostle of Ireland, The. St. Patrick.
Apostle of Peru, The. The Jesuit Alonso de
Bareeiia.
Apostle of Temperance, The. Theobald Ma-
thew.
Apostle of the English, The. Augustine the
missionurv to England.
Apostle of the French, The. St. Denis.
Apostle to the Friesians, The. St. Willibrod,
missionary to Frieshiinl.
Apostle of the Gauls, The. St. Iremeus.
Apostle of the Gentiles, The. St. Paul.
Apostle of the Highlanders, The. St. Co-
lumlja.
Apostle of the Indians, The. John Eliot.
Apostle of the Indies, The. St. Francis Xa-
vier.
Apostle of the Iroquois, The. F. Piquet.
Apostle of the North, The. 1. Ansgar.— 2.
Bernar<l tjilpin. an evangelist on the English
border.
Apostle of the Peak, The. William Bagshaw,
a preaclirr of Dirliyshire.
Apostle of the Picts, The. St. Ninian.
Apostle of the Scots, The. John Knox.
Apostle of the Slavs, The. St. CjtII.
Apostles' Creed, The, A primitive creed of
the (-'hristiaii church, not of apostolic origin,
but a product of tlie Western Church during the
first four centuries, not now assignable to any
individual author, it was originally abaptismal ctui-
fession, and was intended to l>e a popular summary of apos-
tolic teacliing.
Apostolic Canons. Certain ordinances and reg-
ulations, usually rei'ktmedaseighty-live innmii-
ber, belonging to the first centuries of the
Christian church, and incorrectly ascribed to
the apostles.
Apostolic Constitutions. A collection of dif-
fuse instruct ions, rehifiug to the duties of
clergy and laity, to ecclesiastical discipline, and
to ceremonies, divideil into eight Viooks. They
pr()fes8 to be the words of the apostles, written down by
Clement of Rome, but are considerably later than apostolic
times.
The first sixlMxiks, which have a strong .Tewish.Christian
tone, are the original basis, anil, according to recent inves-
tigations, were composeil. with the exception of sonic
later interpolations, at the end <if the tliiril century, in
Syria for Asia Minor). The seventh and eiglith books.
eacil of wliich, however, forms an inili-)icndcnt pieci-, are
later additions, and datefrom the beginning of tlie fourth
century, at all events from a period before the Council of
Nictea (32.',). The collection of the three parts int«> one
whole may be the work of the author of tht- eighth litxik.
Schaf, History o( the ChrlBtlan Church, II, 186.
AppenzeU Inner Rhodes
Apostolic Council, The. The first conference
or .-iynod of the Christian church. It was held at
Jerusalem .'iO (.''1?1 A. 1>. by the churches of .lemsaleni and
Aiitioch to settle the personal relation between the .lewiah
and gentile apostles, to divide the field of lalior between
them, to decide the ((uestion of circumcision, and to de-
fine the relation between the Jewish and gentile Christians.
Acts XV.
ApostoUc Fathers, The. Those Christian writ-
ers who were contemporary with any of the
apostles. They are Barnabas, Clement of
Rome, Ignatius, Polycarp, Hernias, and Papias.
ApostoUcS (ap-os-tol'iks), or ApOStoUcals (ap-
os-tol'i-kalz). In Spanish history, a political
party which supported the Catholic Church and
absolute government. It dated from the restoration
of the Boiu-bons, and lasted till about 1833, when it was
absorbed by the Carlists.
Apostolius (ap-os-to'li-us). Michael. t^IGr.
'A-oaro'/.ior.'l Died in Crete about 148U. A Greek
scholar of Constantinople, who fled to Italy in
1453.
Apostool (a-pos-tol'), Samuel. Bom 1638 : died
about the beginning of the 18th century. A
Dutch anabaptist preacher at Amsterdam. He
became involved in a dispute in 10*12 with his colleague
Hans Galenus, who maintained that Christianity is not so
much a body of dogma as a practical life. The'forniation
of two parties, Galenists and Apostooliansor Apostoolists,
resulted, which were reunited in 1801 under the name
Metinojtitcs.
Apotheosis of Augustus. The largest existing
cameo, in the ('abiiiet des Medailles, Paris.
It is of Roman workmanship, and is carved in a sardonyx
nearly a foot across. There are 26 figures, among them
Augustus, .Eneas, Julius Cffisar, Tiberius, and Caligula.
Apotheosis of Venice. Amasterpiece of Paolo
Veronese, in the middle of the ceiling of the
Sala del Maggior Consiglio of the ducal palace
at Venice.
Apoxyomenos (a-pok-si-om'e-nos). [Gr. a~(iiv6-
//n'of, scraping oneself (i. e. with the strigil).]
The athlete with the strigil. a notable statue
in the Vatican, Rome, it is an antique copy of a
celebrated bronze of Lysippus. embodying that master's
canon of the proportions of the human figtu'e.
Appalachee Bay (ap-a-lach'e ba). An arm of
the Gulf of Mexico, on the western coast of
Florida, about lat. :iO° N., long. 84° 15' W.
Appalachee Indians. SeeAjialachi.
Appalachia (ap-a-lach'i-a). A region of 4,500
sijuiire miles in area in the western part of Vir-
ginia, lying west of the valley of Virginia.
Appalachian Mountains (ap"-a-lach'i-an or ap-
a-lii'chi-an moun'tanz). [Named from the .Jy-
palaclice or Apalarlii Indians.] A great moun-
tain system in the eastern part of North America,
which extends from the Gulf of St. Lawrence
to northern .\labama: often, but less properly,
called the Alleghany Mountains, fnmi its chief
division. The system com prises the mountains of Gasp^
Peninsula (.St. Anne .Mountains, sbickshock MountainsX
the White ilountains, the (ireeii Mountains, the Uoosac
Range, the Taconic Range, the Adiroiulacks, the Helder.
berg Mountains, the Catsliills, the Shawangunk Moun-
tains, the Blue Ridge, the Allcghaiiies proper. South
Alountain, the Klue Mountains, the Laurel Hill and Chest-
nut Ridge ranges, the Plack Mountains, the St«>iie Moun-
tains, the Bald Minintains, the Cumberland ^lountainB,
the (Jrcat Smoky ilountains, the I'naka .Mouiitjiins, ana
some lesser groups. It contains large deposits of coal and
iron. It is cut by the Connecticut, Hudson, Delaware,
Susijuehanna, Potomac, Kanawha, Tennessee, and other
rivers. Its length is about 1,5(10 miles, and its greatest
width (in Pennsylvania) about 130 miles. Its highest point
is Mitchell's Peak, in North Carolina, which is tJ.710 feet
high.
Appalachicola (ap-a-lach-i-ko'lji). A river of
western Florida, formed by the union of the
Flint and Chattahoochee, which flows into St.
George's Sound. Gulf of Mexico, in lat. 29° 45'
N., long. 85° W. It is about 90 miles long and
is navigable.
Appalachicola Bay. An arm of St. George's
Sound, at the mouth of Apniilaciiicola River.
Appendini riip-peii-de'ne). Francesco Maria.
Born near Turin, Nov. 4, 17(i8: died Jan., 1837.
An Italian historian and critic.
AppenzeU (iip'pen-tsel). ['Thealibot's(Nort-
liert's) cell.'] A canton of (terman Switzer-
land, surrounded by the canton of St. (inll and
divided into two hnlf-cantons. AppenzeU Inner
Rhodes and Appenzen Outer Rhodes. It has
manufactures of niiisUn, silk, and cmbroiilcry. It passed
under the contrcd of the nbli.its of St. Gall; won its inde-
pendence in the beginning of thi' L'.th ceiitur}-; was allied
H ith the confederated eanttnis in I ir,2 : was admitted into
the confederation in 1,MH: and « as divided into the half-
cantons in LillT. Area, 1(12 square miles, ropnlatlon
1 !«>■), C.T.lmi.
AppenzeU. The cn|>ital of the half-canton of
.Vpiienzell Inner Rhodes, in lat. 47° 20' N., long.
!)° 24' E. It has two monasteries. Population
(1888), 4,477.
AppenzeU Inner Rhodes, c. AppenzeU In-
Appenzell Inner Rhodes
nerrhoden. A half-canton, capital Appenzell, Appleton, Samuel
68
Aquarius
Born at New Ipswich,
^^°^u:i:^:::^;:^^'^r!ci;e:^- -^T-h;: J^np^lr^i: .Hcdat Boston, Julv 12,
?', ,?rA'T>nP,i,pll. Ti,P ronton i, Roman Catholic 1S53. An Amenoan merchant and philanthro-
ton of Appenzell. The religion is Roman Catholic
aiirt the langaope German. It sends one member to the
National Council Population (18SS), V2.9M.
Appenzell Outer Rhodes, G. Appenzell Aus-
serrhoden. A half-canton, capital lr.>i,'in.
which occupies the northern and western parts
tant, and the language German. I?scnd^three;^rrbe« Appold (ap'old)^ Jolm_ GeOTge.^,
ApsethuB who in Libya traincl some pairote to say, " Ap
sethus is a god," and then let theui loose. They flew
abroad, all over Libya and as far as Greece. He obtained
divine worship. But a clever Greek found out the trick,
caught some of the parrots, and taught them to say, " Ap-
sethus shut us up, and taught us to say, 'Apsethus is a
god.'" He let them lly to Libya. Vpon which the Liby-
ans burned Apsethus as an impostor. This is an old story
told of Hauno the Carthaginian.
Miiman, Hist, of Christianity, IL 54, note.
pist. He established himself with his brother Nathan
as an importer in Bost<->n in 17i»4. and later enr^iged exten-
sively in cotton manufacture at Waltham and Lowell.
Appleton, Thomas Gold. Born at Boston,
March 31, 1812: diid at New York, April 17.
of the canton of Appenzell. ^^^^^^^ If^ltTs^PllI^To^te^irtZ^^^^^ Apsherpnlap-sha-;on'), A peni^snla Ib Trans-
Ion. AprU 14, 1800 : died at Clifton, Aug. 31,
1.S6.1. An English mechanician. He was the in-
ventor of a form of cintrifiiiral pump and of a break which
was used in layin-- thi lir>t \lkuitic LUble.
to the National Council. Population (1SS8), ."rt.aOO.
Apperley (ap'cr-li), Charles James. Born in
Denbighshire, Wales, 1777: died at London,
Slav 19. 1843. An English writer on sporting
matters (under the pseudonym '•Ximrod").
Appian(ap'>-an),L.Appianus. [Gr. AT-mwir.]
Boru at Alexandria: lived in Kome during the
reigns of Trajan. Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius.
A Roman historian, author of a history of
Rome (in Greek) in twenty-four books, of
which eleven, and parts of others, are e.xtant.
It is a compilation from earlier writers.
Appiani (ap-pe-ii'ne). Andrea. Born at Milan,
.May J3. 1754: died at Jlilan. Nov. 8, 1817. A
noted Italian fresco-painter.
Appian Way, L. Via Appia. The most fa-
mous of tiie ancient Roman highways. It ran from
Konic to Bruudisiuni (BrindisiX and is probalily tlie lirst
great Roman road which was forra-allj' undertdicn as a
pulilie work. It was besun in 312 B. c. by Appius Claudius
iKCus, the censor, who carried it as far as Capua. '^''»
Caucasia, Russia, which projects into the Cas-
pian Sea and terminates in Cape Apsheron, in
lat. 40° 20' N.. long. 50° 2J5' E. It is noted for ito
petroleum-wells (in the Ticinity of Baku) and its mod
volcanoes.
of L\Tichburg. Her«, April 9. 18«5, General Lee sur-
rendered the ('onfcder.it<-. irniy of Northeni Virginia (about
26,1)00) to lieneral Grant. i)ractic:Uly ending the Civil War.
Appomattox River. A river of Virginia, join
. purchased by the gov-
ernment in 1820, and presented to the Duke of Wellington
as part of the national reward for his services. It contains
a picture-gallery with sevei-al pictures by Velasqaez, a
Correggio. several Wouvemians, a Parmiglano, etc.
ins the James River 20 miles southeast of Rich- Apt (apt). A town in the department of Van-
mond. It is about 150 mUes Ion
gable for about 15 miles.
and is navi-
Apponyi (op'pon-ye), Count Antal Gvorgy.
Born Dec. 4. 1751: died March 17, 1817. AHun-
giirian statesman, founder of the Appouyi Li
brary at Presbm'g.
Apponyi, Count Antal. Bom Sept. 7, 1782:
ilied Oct. 17, 1852. A Hungarian diplomatist.
, „v..<., ...- --..—., . son of Antal Gyorg.v Apponyi.
uext'stageoFthe work eitcnded it to lieneventum, and it AppOUyl, Count Gyorgy. Bom Dee. 29,1808.
probably did not reach Brundisium nntil 244 B. c, when ^ Hungarian statesman, grandson of Antal
l;55Sr W^'*?o'rTlonrSnce '^ter it1ea^'^'™ome° Gvorgv Apponyi. He was court chancellor and con-
i^^Srine oVthe'm%lrn^ot1:blrSemoVTals^\ a^^^^ -Vvative le^r /efore the insurrection of 1S4^9, and
or near the Etern-al City, bordered as it is by tombs and later nationalist leadir
the ruinsof monumental buildings. Long stretches of the AppOUyi, Count Rudolph. Born Aug. 1, 1
"he width of the died at Venice, May 31. 1876. A Hunga
pavement remain perfect, and show that the
roadway proper w-as only 15 feet.
Appiano (Sp-pe-H'no). An Italian family, rulers
of Piombino from the 14th to the 17th cen-
turv. Its founder was Jacopo I., lord of Pisa
i:>92-9S.
Appii Forum (ap'i-i fo'rum). In ancient geog-
raphv, a station on the Appian Way 40 miles ""^- ^
southeast of Rome. Appuli
Appin (ap'in). A small district in Argyllshire,
S(M itlaud, lying along the eastern coast of Loch
Liiinhe.
diplomatist, son of Antal Apponyi _
pointed Austrian minister (1856) and ambassador (1860) at
the court of St. James, was relieved in 1871, and was
transferred to Paris in 1S72.
Appuleia gens. In ancient Rome, a plebeian
clan or house whose family names are Deeia-
Paiisa, and Saturninus.
eius. See Apiileiiis.
cluse, France, situated on the Calavon 28 miles
east by south of Avignon : the ancient Apta
Julia (a city of the Vulgientes). It contains im-
portant Roman antiquities and a cathedra]. Population
(1891X commune, 5,725.
Apuan (ap'u-an) Alps. A chain of the north-
ern Apennines, situated near Carrara, Italy. It
is separated from the main range of the Apennines by the
upper valleys of the Serchio ami Magra.
Apuleius, or Appuleius (ap-u-le'us), Lucius.
Born at Mcdaura, Numidia, about 125 A. D.
A Roman Platonic philosopher and rhetorician,
author of a famous romance, the "Metamor-
phoses, or The Golden Ass." He also wrote
an "Apology," philosophical works, etc. See
Golden Ass. Tlie.
anan ^p^yg_ (a-pu'li-ii), It. Puglia (po'lyii). In an-
ae was ap7 ^.j^nt gebgiaphy, a region in Italy between
the Apennines and the Adriatic, south of the
Frentani and east of Samnium, conquered by
Rome in the 4th century B. C. Later it included
the Messapian Peninsula. It was made a duchy under
the Normans in the middle of the 11th century. The
ancient inhabitants were the Dauni, Peucetii, and Salen*
1812:
Appius and Virginia (ap'i-us and ver-jln'i-a).
A tragedy by Webster, printed in 16.54. See Ap-
pius Cla'iidi'K.s (under Claudius), and Vinjinia.
The story, originally told by Livy, forms the first noVel of
the nineteenth day in the " Pecorone di Giovanni Fioren-
tino," publlsheil in 1S78, and was reproduced in Painter's
"Palace of Pleasure" (first ed. 15C6) two centuries Liter.
There is a version of it in the "Roman de la Rose."
Chaucer tells it in "The Doctor's Tale," and Gower em-
bodied it in his "Confessio Amantis." There was an ear-
-----^ . , , .- , Ti J T. ty^'-t T -1 tini or Messapians.
Apraxin(a-prak sm), Feodor. Bom 16/1: died Ap^Ua (a-po'le-a). A compartimento of the
Nov. 10, 1728. A Russian admiral, the chief modern kingdom of Italv. comprising the prov-
collaborator of Peter the Great in the founding jjjpes ^f Foggia. Bari, and Lecce. It is one of
of the Russian navy. He served with distinction in the least prosperous districts of Italy. Area, 7,376 square
the wars against Sweden, Turkey, and I'ersia. miles. Population (1891), 1,778,32.3.
Apraxin, Stefan. Died in pri-son, Aug. 31, Apure(a-po-ra'). A river in western Venezuela,
1758. A Russian general, conqueror of the one of the principal tributaries of the Orinoco,
Prussians at Gross-Jagerndorf, Aug. 30, 1757.
He was arrested for conspiracy.
Apricena (a-pre-cha'na). A town in the prov-
ince of Foggia, Italy. 25 miles north of Foggia.
Population, about 5,000.
lierplay, " I he Tragical Comedy of Apius and Virginia, "by AprieS (a'pri-ez). [Gr. 'A~pirK, in LXX Oiafip;/,
an unknown author whose initials were R. B. It was prob-
ably acted as early as 156.3, though not printed till 1.575.
John Iiennis also HTote a tragedy with this name in 1709.
Appius Claudius. See Claudius.
Appleby (ap'l-bi). The capital of Westmore-
land, England, situated on the Eden 28 miles
southeast of Carlisle. Population (1891), 1,776.
AppletoiL. The capital of Outagamie County,
Wisconsin, situated at the falls of Fox River
in lat. 44° 18' X., long. 88° 21' W. it has manu-
factures of paper, etc. It is the seat of Lawrence Vniver.
Bity (MethmlLst Episcopal). Population (1890), 11,869.
Appleton (ap'l-tou), Charles Edward Cutts
Birch. Born at Reading, England, JIarch Hi,
1841: died at Luxor, Upper Egypt, Feb. 1. 1879.
An English journalist and man of letters. He
was the f<iunder of the "Academy" (the first number of
which appciu-cd Oct, 9, 1869) and its editor 1869-79.
Appleton, Daniel. Born at Haverhill, Mass.,
Dei'. 10. 1785: died at New York, March 27,
1849. An American bookseller and publisher,
founder of the publishing house of D. Appleton
and Company, Jsew York.
Appleton, Jesse. Bom at New Ipswich, N. H..
Nov. 17, 1772: <lied at Brunswick, Maine, Nov.
12, 1819. An American clergyman and educa-
tor, president of Bowdoin College 1807-19. He
was fatlii'r-iu-law of President Franklin Pierce.
Appleton, John. Born at Beverly. Mass., Feb.
11, 1815: died at Portland, Maine, Aug. 22,
1864. An American politician and diplomatist.
He was graduated from Biiwdoin College in 18.34 ; com-
menced the practice of law at Portland. .Maine, 18.37 : was
Democratic member of Congress from Maine lS.')l-5.3 ; and
was appointed minister Ui Russia by President Buchanan
in 1SI4).
Appleton, Nathan. Bom at New Ipswich.
N. 11., (Jet. 0, 1779: died at Boston,. Tidy 14, 1861.
An American manufacturer and political econ-
omist, brother of Samuel Appleton, and one
of the three founders of the town of Lowell,
Massachusetts. He was member of Congress
from Massachusetts 1831-33 and 1842.
Heb. Soplira, Egypt. I ahabra.l A king of
which it joins in lat. 7° 35' N., long. 66° 50' W.
Its length is about 600 miles, and it is naviga-
ble in its lower part.
Apurimac (a-po-re-miik'). [Quichua apti,
chief, and rimac, oracle.] A department in
the interior of southern Peru. Population,
about 140,000.
Egypt, the Pharaoh Hophra of the Bible, who Apurimac. The southernmost head stream of
reigned about 590-570 B. c. .... , , .... . ^
Nebuchadnezzar was still king of Babylon, while Apries
had (in B. c. 588) succeeded his father, Fsamatik II., as
monarch of Egypt. The feud between the two powers
w-as still raging, and Apries, about B. c. 570, determined
on an invasion of Syria both by sea and laud, with the
the Ucayale, and hence of the Amazon, in Peru,
rising about 15° 10' S., and flowing north. From
the confluence of the Mantaro (12' S.) it is called the En^
to its junction with the Peren^ ; thence to the I'cayale it
is known as the Tambo. The entire length to the I'cayale
is about 501J miles.
object of aggr,uidiang his own country at the eipense of ApUS (a'pus). [NL., from 6r. 4:701^, without
n.-.j..... .„n„ ... .1... K.. .1.,.,. „„ feet.] One of the southern constellations
formed in the 16th century, probably by Petms
Theodori: the Bird of Paradise, it is situated
south of the TrianguUun Australe, and its brightest star
is of the fourth magnitude.
Aquffi Calidae (a'kwe kal'i-de). [L., 'hot
springs.'] In ancient geography : (n) The mod-
ern Vichy, (h) A place in Mauretania C»sari-
ensis, south of Cfesarea. (c) Same as Aquee
Solis.
Aquse Sextise (a'kwe seks'ti-e). [L., ' springs
of Sextius' (C. Sextius Calvinus, proconsul).]
The Roman name of Aix, France. Scene of the
great victory of Marius over the Teutones, Ambrones, and
some other Germanic tribes, B. C. 102.
the Babylonians. Herodotus tells us that his fleet en
paged that of Tyre, while his land array attacked Sidon.
Diodorus adds that he defeated the combined navies of
Phcenicia and Cyprus in a great sea-fight, after which he
t«iok Sidon, and made himself master of the entire Phte-
nician seaboard. Rawtinsony Phoenicia, p. 182.
April (a'pril). [ME. Aprilc, Aprilk, etc. (AS.
rarely Aprelis), also and earlier Avcril, Arerel,
Averj/lle, OF. Avrill, F. Avril = Pr. Sp. Pg. Abril
= It. Aprile = D. April = MHG. Aprillc, Ahrille,
Abrelle, Aprill, G. April = Dan. Sw. Ajiril. from
L. Aprilis (sc. mcnsis, month), April; usually,
but fancifully, regarded as if from "upirilis.
from apcrire, open, as the month when the earth
'opens' to produce new fruits.] The fourth
month of the year, containing thirty days. With Aquae Solis (a'kwe so'lis). [L., 'springs or
poets .-\pril is the type of inconst.ancy, from the change-
ableness of its weather.
Apsaras (ap'sa-ras), pi. Apsarases. In Hindu
mythology, one of a class of female spirits
which reside in the breezes. They are wives of the
Gandharvas, have the power of changing their forms,
are fond of dice, and give pood fortune in play. They
are seldom mentioned in the Rigveda. while in the Athar-
vaveda they are objects of fear, regarded as occasion-
ing madness, and incantations are, used against them.
l.ater works mention various classes witli distinctive
names. They are distinguished as daivika. 'divine,' or
lauki'ka, 'worldly,' the former ten, the latter thirty.four.
These, like Trvasi. fascinated heroes, and. like Menaka
baths of the sun.'] The Roman name of Bath,
England.
A city remarkable for its splendid edifices, its temples,
its buildings for public amusement, and still more so for
its medicinal baths. For this latter reason it was called
Aquse Solis, the Waters of the Sun, and for the same
cause its representative in modem times has received the
name of Bath. Remains of the Roman bathing-houses
have been discovered in the course of modern excava-
tions. Among its temples was a magnificent one dedi-
cated to Slinerva, who is supposed to have been the patron
goddess of the place.
Wright, Celt. Roman, and Saxon, p. 143.
and Ranibha, allured 8:iges from their devotions. The Aquambo fii-kwiim-bo'). A region on the Gold
Aps:irases are Indni's hand-maidens, and conduct to his Ooast \frica about lat 6°-7° N. , long. 1° E.
heaven warriors f.^llen in battle, where they become theu- ^quapiin (ii-kwii-pem'). A region on the Gold
Apsethus (ap-se'thus). See the extract. Coast, Africa, about lat. 6° N.. long. 0°
According to the Philosophumena, Simon of Oettim in Aquarius (a-kvra ri-us). [L. the Water-
Samarla called himself a God, in Imitation of a certain bearer.'] A zodiacal constellation supposed
Aquarius
to represent a man stamiiiig with Iiis left hand
extended upward, and with his rif^lit pom-iug
out of a vase a stream of water wliich Uows
into the mouth of the Southern Fish. It con-
tains nostar bris'iterthan the third niuguitude.
Aquaviva l ii-kwii-ve' vii), Claudio. Horn Sept.
14, 1543: died at Konie, Jan. HI. 101."). An
Italian ecclesiastic, general of the Jesiuts
1581-1615, noted for his administrative ability.
Aquednek (a-k«ed'nek), or Aquidneck
(a-k«id'nek). [Atner. Iiid.J The early name
uf I he ishind of K'lioile Island.
Aqueduct of Arcueil. See Arcuril.
Aqueduct of Valens. An acmeduct in Con-
stantinople, finished 878 .\. D., and still in use.
The main bridge is 2,oO*l feet loiiK ariJ 7.5 high, and con-
sists nf Iwu tiers of arches of about 'M feet span.
Aquila, Au early Christian who, with his ■vvife
hiseilla, was employed at Ephesus in instniet-
ing Apollos, who, though '• instructed in the
way of the Lord," needed to have it "more ac-
curately set forth."
Aquila.' Born in I^ontus: lived about 130 A. D.
A Jewish proselyte, stu-named "Ponticus"
from his birthplace. He was a disciple of K,ibl)i
Akib:i. and made a slavishly literal translation of the
llelircw ."Scriptures into Creel;, which .superseded the Sep-
tii;ii.'iiil among Crceli-speaicing .lews.
Aquila (H'kwe-iii), Johannes Kaspar. Born
at Augslnu-g, Bavaria, Aug. 7, 1488: died at
Saalfeld, Nov. 12, 15G0. A (ierman Protestant
theologian, an assistant of Luther in the trans-
lation of the t^ld Testaiiunt. He became pastor at
Si'alteld in l.ViT, ami was outlawed by Charles V., 154^,
for his violent opposition to the Interim, but saved him-
self by tlik'ht, returning after the treaty of Passau (16.S'2)
to his pastorate at Saalfeld.
Aquila (ii'la\'e-la). A province in the com-
partimento of Abnizzi and Molise, Italy : for-
merly called Abriizzo Ulleriore II. Area, 2,484
square miles. Population (1S<J1), 374.882.
Aauila, or Aquila degli Abruzzi. The capital
of the province of A(iuila, situated on the
Aterno in lat. 42° 21' N., long. 13° 25' E. it
Is the seat of a trade in satfron, alid the center of impor-
tant routes over the .\pennines. It was built by the em-
peror Frederick II. Here, June 2, 1424, the Aragoncse
under ftniccio da ilontone were defeated by the allied (pa-
pal, Milanese, and Neapulitan)arniy under Jacob t'aldoia ;
Bruccio was morUdly wounded. Population, aliout 20,500.
Aquila et Antinous (ak'wi-lil et au-tiu'o-us).
[L., Mho Eagle and Antinous.'] A northern
constellation situated in the Milky Way nearly
south of Lyni, and containing the bright star
Altair. it has for its outline the tlgure of a flying eagle
carrying in its talons the boy Antinous, the page of the
emperor Uadiiao.
Aquilant (ii-kwi-liinf). The brother of Gry-
pfioii, deseendetl from Olivero, a character
in Boiardo ami Ariosto. The brothers were
brought up by two fairies.
Their fame in arms o'er all the world was blown.
Aquileia (ii-kwe-la'yii), mod. also Aglar (sig-
liir'). A town in the crownland of (jiiiz and
(Irailiska, Austria-Hungai-y, situated near the
head of the Adriatic, 22 miles northwest of
Trieste, it eont;uns a cathedral (llth century). It was
one of the chief cities of tile ltx>man Empire, an empo-
rium, and the key of Italy on the northeast, colonized by
Rome alKPUt 181 B. 0. In 452 A. li. it was destroyed by
Attila's forces. It was the scene of various church coun-
cils, and became the seat of an important patriarchate in
the ttth century. Population, about 2,000.
The bishoprics which hav« most historical importance
are those whictiatonetimeor another stood out in rivalry
or opposition u» t^)me. Such was the patriarchal see of
Aiiuileia, whose metropolitan Jurisdiction tocjk in Coino
at one end and the Istrian Pola at the other. The pa-
triarchs of Arpiileia, standing as they did on the march
of the Italian, Teutordc. anil Slavonic lands, grew, un-
like most of the Italian prelates, into powerful temporal
p;'inc!cs, Frceinuii, Hist. Gcog., p. 171.
Aquilin (ak'wi-lin). The horse of Raymond,
in the "Jerusalem Delivered" by Tasso. His
sin^ was the wind.
Aquillia gens (a-kwil'i-ii ,ionz). In ancient
Itonie. a iiiilrician and jifebeian chin or house
of great aiitii|uily, whoso family names under
the Kepublic were Corvus, Crassus, Florus,
Gallns, and Tuscus.
AquilliU8(a-kwil'i-us), ManiUS. ARoman gen-
eral, consul 101 B. c, and eoiniiiander in the war
against the slaves in Sicily. He was accused of nial-
admiidstration os n. t\, hut acquitted, and was uefeated in
the waragaihat Mithridat«ssH u. e. , ami barbannisly slain.
Aquilo (ak'wi-lo). [L.] The iiorlli wind.
Aquinas (a-kwi'nas), Thomas, Saint, or
Thomas of Aquino. Born at Rocca Sicca,
near .\c|iiino, Itnly. 1225 or 1227: died at Eossa
Nuova, near Teiracina, Italy, March 7, 1274.
A famous Italian theologian and scholastic
philo80i)her, surnamed "Doctor Angelicus,"
''Father of Moral Philosophy," and (by his
69
companions at school) the "Dumb Ox." He
entered the Dominican order ; studied at Cologne under
Albertus Magnus; and taught at Cologne, Paris. Rome,
Itologna, and elsewhere. His followers were called '■ Tho-
mists." Hischietworkis the "Summa Theidogia;." His
complete works were published in 17s7, and, under the
auspices of Pope Leo XIII., in lSft3.
Aquino ta-kwe'no). A town in the province of
Caserta, Italy, 55 miles northwest of Naples :
the seat of a bishopric, it was the birthplace of
Juvenal, and Pescennius Niger, and gave his name to
Tlionias Aquinas.
Aquitaine (ak-\vi-tan'). [P., also in another
form Guicnnv or (rui/fiiiiv; from L. AquHaniii.^
An ancient diWsion of southwestern France, ly-
iiiglietwi'enthotlai'oiineaiidthe Loire. A West-
(iothic kingdom was founded there in the lirst part of the
Ml centuiy. It was eoniiuered by t'lovis ;'i07-.'»ll, becauiu
a ductiy about 7oo('.'), and was tlioroughly conciuered by
Charles' the tJreat, and made a kingdom (including all
southern Gaul and the Spanish .March) for his son Louis.
In 8.'J,S Neustria was uidted to it. ami It became soon after
a duchy and one nf the great llefs of the Kremdi crown.
Gascony was united toil in lor,2. In H;J7 it passed tempo-
rarily to tYance, by the marriage of Eleanor with Louis
VII. of France, but in li:i2 was united (by the marriage
of Eleanor with Henry) to Xormandy and Anjou, and in
ll.it to England, which retaineil it under Jolni. It be-
came nominally a French lief in 12.'iS (V), and was freed
from French vassalage ami pr-antcd to Edward 1 II. in L^GO.
Tart of it was recovered frr)m the English in the reign of
Charles V., but was won back by Henry V. It was ilnally
cornjucred by the French 14ril-.^>a. It included (as Gui-
eniie) properly IJordelais, Uouergne, Perigord, tiuercy,
Ag^nois, and liazadois, and cmnprised nearly the mod-
erti departments (lironde, Dordognc, Lot, Lot-et-Garoinio,
and Aveyron. t'ompare Guientie.
Aquitania (ak-wi-ta'ni-ii). [L., named from
the Aijuitaiii, a people of Gaul.] The south-
western division of Gaul, as described by Julius
Caisar, comprisingtlie region between the PjTe-
nees and Garonne. By Augustus it was extended to
the Loire northward, and made a Roman province. See
Aqlntaine.
Aquitanian Sea (ak-wi-ta'ni-an se). Au occa-
sional name of the Bay of Biscay.
Ara (a'ril). [L., ' an altar.'] One of the fifteen
ancient southern constellations; the Altar. It
is situated soutJKjf the Scorpion. Its two bright-
est stars are of the third magnitude.
Arabah (H'rii-bii). A valley or wady between
the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Akabah.
Arabat (ar-ii-biit'). A small place in the Crimea,
Russia, at the head of the peninsula of Arabat.
Arabat, Tongue of. A long and narrow penin-
sula which separates the Sea of Azov from the
Si\'ash.
Arabat Bay. An arm of the Sea of Azov.
Arabella (ar-ji-berii). 1. The romantic female
(Quixote in Mrs. Lenno.\'s novel of that name.
— 2. A character in Gamck's play "The Male
Coijuette."
Arabella Stuart. See Stuart, Araljella.
Arabella Zeal. See Zcnt.
Arabgir (ii-riib-ger'), or Arabkir (ii-riib-ker').
A town in Asiatic Turkey, about lat. 39° N.,
long. 38° 40' E. Populati'on, 25,000.
Arabi Pasha (jL-rii'bo pash'a), Ahmed. Born
about 1837. An Egyptian oHHe(u- and revolu-
tionary leader. He organized the national party of
Egypt in opposition to the ANglo-F'reticb control; to*»k
part in the dejjtfsiti'in uf the iiiiinstry in Issl ; and became
minister of war in 1.SS2. He withdrew the Innigets from
the English and French controllers, an act wliieli resulted
in the bombarduton t of Alexandria by thtr Engli.-.!!. .luly 11,
and the defeat of Arabi Pasha at Tel-el-Kebir, .Sept'. l;i,
lyS2. He was taken prisoner at Cairo, and exiled tot'eylon.
Arabia (a-ra'bi-ii,), Turk, and Pers. Arabistan
(il-riib-e-stiln'). [Also Aralii/, Arnlik; from F.
Arabic: probably 'the desert' (Heb. nr(?irf/i);
L. Araliia, Gr. 'Xpafiiu, Sp. Pg. It. Arabia, G.
Arahini, etc.] A peninsiihi with the shape of
an iiTegnlar triangle between I'ersia, Syria,
Pigypt, and Ethiopia, bounded on the west by
the Red Sea and the (iulf of Suez, on the south
by the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea, on
the east by the (iidf of Oman ami the Persian
(iulf, and on the north by si ])orti<>n of Syria.
The Greeks and Romans ilivided Arabia into A. I'etra'a
(the st^uiy), A. Descrta (the desert), and A. Felix (the liaj)-
py). Modern geitgraiihers recognize from 8 to 12 dis-
IrietB,— tlie sinaitic peninsula; the iledjaz, along the
coast of the Red Sea, ineludlngthe Harain(i'.c., the sacred
territory of ilccca ami Medimili) ; Yemen, on the southern
coast of the same sea (biblical Sheba) ; Hailraiuaut or
Hazarmaveth,tlie province next to V'emen.sitmited toward
the Indian Ocean; Oman and llajar, the northern and
Bouthem halves of the coast <in tiie Persian tiulf ; Nejd,
or Central Arabia; and the .Syrian desert. The area
of the cotintiy is aliout l,20n,oiM» siguarc miles; one
third of this is a sandy th-sert. It has few permanent
rivers, the rivulets tlntt How irum the hills losing theni-
Belves In the sand. It contairis palm-trees and mead-
ows, and is especially fiuned for its spices. The high pla-
teau of the Nejd. wlueh rises from n,iHWf to 4, 0(H) feet above
tho level of the sea, is the home of the swiftt!St horses and
camels. The priticipal seaports aio JIddah, In Hedjaz,
with about ;io,(Mio inhabitants; Muscat, tho key to the
Persian Oulf, In Oman, with 20,000 Inliabllaiits ; and Aden,
Arabic
the key to the lied Sea, in Yemen, with 42,000 inhabitants,
other important cities arc Mecca and Meilinah, with
45,000 and 20,000 iidiabitanta respectively. The popula-
tion is abtmt 6,000,000, of whom one tlfth are Bedouins or
dwellers in tents, the remaining four llftlis being seden-
tary. The races which have peopled the country are di-
vided into three sections : theold,"lost * Arabs (a/ .4 rat/u
t'lMiidah), who are supposed to have lived in the mythical
prehistoric period; the pure Arabs (at Araftu t-Ariliah),
who claim to lie descended from Qalitun (t. c, the Yoktan
of the t>hl Testament — Gen. x. 25); aiid the niLxed Arabs
(ai Arafm l-mularibah), who claim to be descended from
Ishmael. The period preceding the era of .Mohanmied is
characterized by the fornnttion of loc:il monarchies and
federal governments of a rude form. The religion of that
period had elemeuts of fetishistn, an<I animal and ances-
tor worship. The Koran enumci-ates ten idols of pre-
Islamitic times. But in the midst of the old idolatry
there had arisen some i>ercei(tion of a supreme god,
Allah, the other gods being termed his children. Mecca
with its Kajiba was the center of And» wnrship under the
ginu-dianship of the noble tribe of Koreish. ■ Out of -Mecca
and the Koreishites came ^loluimmcd (:»70-6;t2), who by
his new religion consolidated the Arabs into a theociacy,
so that oti his death the Arab peiunsula was, with a few
exceptions, umler one scepter and one creed. He was
succeeded (032) by Abu-Bekr, the father of his favorite
wife, Ayesha, his title being calif, or successor. Abu-
Bekr was followed by Onnu- (634-044), who coiuiuercd
.Syria, Persia, and Egypt. He was followed by Othmail
(«44-05(i), who in turn was succeeded by All. the prophet's
nephew and son-in-law. All of these except Abu-Bekr
died at the hands of assassins. JCext came the dynasty
of the Omayyails (001-7.10), with fourteen piinccs, having
their capital at Damascus. During the reiuoi of Yezid I.,
the second prince (()70-l>ii3), a rebellion took place which
split the Mohammedan world into two great sects, the
Sunnites and Shiites. The Oinayyads coiniuered other
portions of Asia and Africa, and even invailcd France
(732). Their most important achievement was the con-
quest of Spain in 711, under tho reign of Waliil I. (706-
715), the sixth of the dynasty. Spain socm became imle-
pendeut of the main Arab realm (latci- under llie Moors).
In the Orient the e)mayyads succumbed to Ibrahim and
his brother, Ahul Abbas, who founded the dynasty of the
Alibassidcs (750-125K). During this period the Arabian
power reached its highest point. - The most celebnited
rulers of this dynasty were Abu Jatfar, surnamed Al-
Mansur (754-77.1), founder of Bagdad, the capital of the
Ahbassides, ami Harun-al-Rjishid (7sG-S0:»). who is well
known in Arabic litcratin-e, and who had di]donKitic rela-
tions with Charlemagne. But it was under tlie Ahbas-
sides that the disintegration of the Arabic emjiire began.
In DOOthe Fatimites(i'. e., the descendants of All and Fati-
ma, the daughter of Mohammed) establishtd themselves
in northein Africa, and founded in 972 the califate of
Egypt, witli Cairo as its capital. The dynasty of the
Abbassi<les came to an cml with the cai)ture of Bagdad
by the Mongols in 12.'»8. Hedjaz in the west and Yemen
in the south are Turkish provinc-cs. Oman is an inde-
pendent sultanate. Nejd ami other districts ai*e under
the influence of the Wahhabees. a politico-rcligious faction
named after Mohammed hui-Abdul Waldnd). who arose
about 1740 as a reformer. Aden has been held by the
English since 1831).
Arabia Deserta(a-ra'bi-ade-z6r'ta). [L., 'un-
inhabif ed Arabia.*] In ancient geography, tho
nortliern and central portions of Arabia.
Arabia Felix (a-ra'Iii-a fe'liks). [L., ' nour-
ishing Ai'abia.'] In ancient geography, the re-
gion in the southeast and south of Arabia, or
perhaiis the peninsida proper.
Arabia Petraea (.a-ra'bi-ii pe-tre'ii). [L.,
'rocky Arabia.'] In ancient geography, the
noi'tliwestern part of .\r;ibia.
Arabian Gulf. The Ke.l Sea.
Arabian Nights' Entertainments, or A Thou-
sand and One Nights. A collection of Ori-
ental tales of which 1 he plan and name are very
ancient. The source of some of the stories has been
traced, tdhers are tl'aditional. Masnde in t)43 speaks of
a Persian work "A Tliousand Nights ami a Night. " .\lo-
hammcd-ibn-Ishaq in his Al l-'ihrist in ns7 alludes to it
as well known to liini. In the course of centuries it had
been added to and taken from to a great extent, ami in
U.'iO it was reduced to its present form in I'.gypt. probably
in Cairo. The talcs show their Persian, Indian, and Ara-
bian origin. The modern editions are Antitiru- Galbuid's,
from the oldest kiwwn .MS. (l.'.tS), pnlilislied in French,
in Paris, in 1704-17, in twelve volunus. an iinu'cnrate
translation; K W. Ijme'a English translali.m. which la
scholarly, published in 1.S40 ; I'ayie-'s English trau.slation,
1882-84 ; ami Sir Richard Burton's English translntion, In
ten volumes. i)rinted by the Kamashastra Society, for sub-
scribers onlv. at BenariB, in Is^:'. 8''.. Five volumes wero
ailded in I.s87-S8, Lady Burton issued an cvpurgati d edi-
tion for |.opnlar reading at Liimlon. l^*li-88, in six volumes.
Arabian Sea. A part of the Indian t)cean.
nearly corresponding to the ancient MareEryth-
ranini, which is bounded l>y Africa on tiu> west,
Arabia on the northwest, Persia and Baluchis-
tan on the north, and India on the east, and
is connected with the Rod Sea by the Strait of
Bab-el-Maiideb, niiil with the Persian (iulf by
the Strait of Oman. Its chief arms are tho
Gulfs of Aden, Oman, Cutch, and ('ambay; its
islands, Sokotra, and the Lakkadiv Islands.
Arabic (nr'ii-bik). Oneol' the Semi tic family of
languages, of which, with Ihe Ilimyaritic and
Ethioiiio languages, it constitutes the southern
briincli. It Is the language of the Koran, and has
largely contributed from its vocidndary to Persian, Hindu-
stani, ami Turkish, and in a less degree to Malay. Snaoish,
and other tongues. This Semitic languagi' invadeil Africa
long after Its aistcr language, the Puidc. had disappeared
Arabic
It came in by Suez, across the Red Sea, and over the In-
dian Ocean from Muscat. It has superseded the Hamitic
Egyptian, spread over the Sahara to Lake Chad and the
Senegal and in liast Africa it has strongly impregnated
the Suahili. In Morocco, Algeria. Tunis, and Tnp^''i ''
is the superior language, and from one end of the .Sudan
to the othi r it is the sacred language of Ihe Jlolmnimc-
dans Nowliere in Africa is the Arabic spoken m its clas-
sical form, but in a vaiiety of dialects, the principal "f
which are the Egyptian, the Maghreb, in NorthiyesI
Africa, the .Sudani in the Sudan, and the Muscat dialect
in East Africa.
ArabicUS Sinus (a-rab'i-kus si'nus). A Koman
name of the Hod Sea.
Arabs. See Arabia.
Araby (ar'a-bi). A poetical form of Arabia.
Aracaj4(a-ra-ka-zho').Tliefapitalofthestateof
Sergipe, Brazil, situatednearthe coast, ISKlmiles
northeast of Babia. Population, about 3,000.
Aracan. See Arakan.
70
Ararat
the affinity of the Celtic to other European tongues : he
also disputed the then almost universally accepted diiect
derivation of Latin from (Jreek. He has been highly ideal-
ized in a novel by Bulwer (pub. 1S32), and his arrest is the
theme of awell-known poem by Hood (■ Dream of Eugene
.\ram "). -A play. "Eugene Aram," by W. G. Wills, was
produced by Heuiy Irving in 1S73.
Aramea, or Aramaea. See Aram.
ini.,byNewCastile,OMCastile,and>^va:.eou Aramea^S ..r^^
tlie west, comprising the iirovinces ot Huesca. j^^^f ]^
writer, brother of Dominique Fran^oisArago:
author of "Voyage autour du monde" (1843),
etc.
Aragon (ar'a-gon). An ancient kingdom, now
a captaincy-general of Spain, capital Sara-
{;ossa, bouiidod by France on the north, by
Catalonia on the east, by Valencia on the south,
Saragossa. and Teruel. It is traversed by mountains
and intersected by the Ebro. During the middle ages it
was one of the two chief Christian powers in the penin-
sula. In 1035 it became a kingdom ; » as united to Catalo-
nia in ll.i? ; rose to great inlluence through its acquisitions
in the 13th and 14th centuries of Valencia, the lialearic
Islanils, Sardinia, and the Sicilies ; and was united with
Castile in 1179 through the marriage of Ferdinand of Ara-
gon with Isabella of Castile. .\rea, 17,s>73 square miles.
Population (1S87), !I10,83«. Formerly also Arragon.
Aia^tl or AracatV (U-rii-ka-te'). A seaport Aragon. A river, about 1:25 miles long, which
i^ t?^. sV«te of rS Brazi in lat 4° 35' S., rises in the P>Tenees, flows west and so.ithwest
l^n'i^^ 3?°i' W.^ pi.Jat?oiabout"6 000 ' ' through Aragon and Navarre, and joins the
Aracena(a-ra-the'na). Atowninthepro\-inoe I'-bro at Milagro. . .
ofSi, Spain, 53 liules northwest of Se^-ille.Ara«ona(a-ra-gp^^ A to«ni in the pro^^nce
Population (1887), 6,040. "f Girgent,, b.cUy, 8 miles north of (^irgentj.
Araclme (a-rak'ne). [Gr. \paxi'n. identified There are sulphtir-raines in its vicuiity,
with api.xy'l. a spider.] In Greek legend, a "lation, about 9,000
Lydian maiden who challenged Athene to a Aragua
contest in wearing, and was changed by her ^ enezu . c ■>- ,
into a spider ^ J name to a former piwnnce of \ enezuela.
Arachoaa (ar-a-ko'shi-a). In ancient geogra- i^aguarl(a-rii-gwa-re'). A river in northern Aran, or Arran, Islands (ar'an i'landz). 1
■ ■ - ■ ■■ Brazil which flows into the Atlantic north of islands at the entrance of Galway Bay, we;
Pop-
anguages, properly a general term for
ail the northern Semitic dialects, and so includ-
ing the so-caUed Chaldaic or Chaldean, and
Syriae or Syrian. Some portions of the "Hebrew"
Scriptures (Ezra, and Daniel, and parts of other books)
are in Aramaic. Also .^rtiMiean.
Araminta (ar-a-min'ta). 1. In Vanbrugh's^
comedy '-The Confederacy,"the wife of Money-
trap, an extravagant, luxurious woman with ar*
marked leaning toward "the quality.'' — 2. The
principal female character in Congreve's com-
edv "The Old Bachelor."
Aramis (a-ra-mes'). One of the ''Three Mus-
keteers," in Dumas's novel of that name. He is
the mildest and most gracious of the trio, and Anally en-
ters the church. The name is an assumed one, his real
name being known only to the cai)tain of the Musketeers.
ion, about 9,000. ,^ „ . ^, Aran (a-iiin'), Valle de or Valdc. A valley in
rua fii-ra'gwa). A noted vaUey in northern ^^^ Pvrenees, in the province of Lerida, Spain,
ezufla, east of Lake V aleneia. It gave northeast of the Maladetta group : the source
the Amazon.
is separated in its middle coui-se for a long dis
phy, a region in ancient Persia corresponding
to "part of the modern Afghanistan. ,.. . f„„„(..„iT!^
Ara Coeli, Church of. [L., • altar of heaven.'] Araguaya (a-ra-g«a a) A nver of central Bra-
See Sanu, Maria i„ Ara C<eli. i"-'! ^^^'^^ "ses aoout lat. 18° 30 S.. flows north,
Arad (or'od). New. A town in the county of
Temes, Uuugarv, across the river from Old
Arad. Population (1890), 5,555.
Arad, or Old Arad. A royal free city in the
countv of Arad, Hungarv. situated on the Ma-
ros in lat. 46^ 12' N.. long. 21° 16' E.: a rail-
way center, the chief emporium in southeastern
Hungary, and an important fortress. It has a
large trad'e in grain, wine, tobacco, spirits, and cattle. In
the revolution of 1843 it played an important part; it was
taken from the Austrians "after a Ions siege; was sur-
rendered by the Hungarians Aug., 1S49; and was the scene
of the military executions by Haynau, Oct. 6, 1849. Popu-
lation (IfcBO), 42,052.
Aradus (ar'a-d\is). See Atrud.
Araf (ii'raf), Al. [Said to be derived from Ar.
group :
of the Garonne.
Three
stern
coast of Ireland: Inishmore (length 8 miles),
Inishmain, Inisheer : about lat. 55° N.
Arana, Diego Barros. See Barros Arana,
Diei/o.
tance into two arms, and joins the Tocantins Arahda (a-rau'da) Count of (Pedro Pablo
about lat. 6° S. Its length is about 1,000 miles,
and it is navigable for about 7.50 miles.
Araish, See El-Arainh.
Arakan, or Aracan (ii-ra-kan'). A division
lu the northern part of British Burma, ceded
to the British in 1826. Population, 671,899.
Arakan. A decaved citvin the division of Ara-
kan, iu lat. 20= 42' N., long. 93° 24' E.
Araktcheyeff (a-rSk-cha'yef), Count Alezei.
Abarca y Bolea). Born at Saragossa. 1718:
tUed 1799 (1794?). A Spanish statesman and
diplomatist. As president of the Council of Castile
he effected the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767. Later ho
was ambassador to France.
Aranda de Duero (a-ran'dii da dwa'ro). A
town in the province of Burgos, Spain, situated
on the Duero 57 miles east of Valladolid.
Population (1887), 5,719.
Bora Oct. 4, 1769: died at Grusino, government ArangO y Parreno (a-rang'go e par-ra'no),
of Novgorod, Russia, May 3, 18.34. A Russian
general and minister of war (1806), the organ
izerof the militarv colonies iu Russia 1822-25.
arafa, part, divide.] The partition between Aral Sea (ar'al se), or Sea pf Khuwarizm,
Heaven and Hell described in the Koran (Surah
vii. 44). It is variously interpreted. " Some imagine it
to be a sort of limbo for the patriarchs and prophets, or
for the martyrs and those who have been most eminent
for &inctity. Othei-s place here those w hose good and evil
works ai"e so equal that they exactly counterpoise each
other, and therefore deserve neither reward nor punish-
ment ; andthese, say they, will on the last day be admitted
into Paradise, after they sb.all have perfonned an act of
adonition, which will be imputed to them as a merit, and
A brackish inland sea of Russian Central Asia
in lat. 43° 42'- 46° 44' X. . long. 58° 18'- 61° 46' E.
It receives the waters of the .A.mu-Daria and Sir-Daria,
but h;is no outlet and is thought to have been formerly
dry, the Amu-Daria and Sir-Daria then discharging into
the Caspian Sea. The Aral is generally sludlow ^maxi-
mum depth 37 fathoms), and is veiled by storms. Its
length is 225 miles, greatest width 185 miles, height above
sea-level about 160 feet, and area 24,500 square miles "
is decreasing in size.
will make the scale of their g.jod works to preponderate, ^j^^ (a'ram), or Axamea, or Aramaea (ar-a
Others suppose this intermediate space will be a recep-
tach' for those who have gone to war without their
parents" leave, and therein suffered martyrdom ; being ex-
cbhled from Paradise for their disobedience, and escaping
hell because they are martjTS." Ilwjheg, Diet, of Islam.
Arafat (ii-ra-taf). A sacred mountain of the
Mohammedans, situated about 15 miles south-
east of Mecca, Arabia.
Arafora Sea (ii-rii-fo'rii se). That part of the
ocean which lies north of Australia, east of Ti-
mor, and southwest of Papua.
Arafuras. See Alfurc.i.
AragO (iir'a-cro; F. pron. ii-ra-go'). DominiQUe
Francois. Born at Estagel. near Pei-pignan.
France, Feb. 26, 1786: died at Paris, Oct. 2,
1853. A French physicist and astronomer,
noted especially for his experiments and dis-
coveries in magnetism and optics, and for his
skill as a popular expounder of scientific facts
and theories. He was engaged with Biot in geodetic
measurements in the Pyrenees and Balearic Islands 1806-
1808; was imprisoned by the Spaniards and later by the Al-
gerines as a spy, and finally released in IS^Xt; became a
member of the .\cademyaud professor of analytical geom-
etry at the Polytechnic School in lSii9 ; lectured in Paris
on astronomy 1812-15; and was appointed chief director
of the obsen-atory and perpetual secretary of the Academy
in 18;«i. In the same year he became a member of the
Chamber of Deputies, and in 1^48 a membiyof the provi-
sional government. With Oay-Lussac he was the founder
(ISlt'o of the "Annales de Chimie et.de I'hysniue." He
is best known, popularly, from his "Eloges historiques"
upon deceased members of the Academy, which be deliv-
ered as secretary of that body.
AragO, Etienne. Born at Perpignan, France,
Feb. 9, 1802: died at Paris, March 6, 1892. A
French dramatist, journalist, politician, and
me'a). [IJ. Aram, Gr. ^A.puu, Heb. 'Arum: L.
" Aramsea (sc. regio). The common etymolog>-
'highland' is very doubtful.] The biblical
name of the countiy exteniling from the west-
ern frontiers of Babylonia to the highlands of
western Asia
called Arameans. The Septuagint and Vulgate render
the name by Syria. The Old Testament mentions six di-
visions of the country, among them being Aram Naharaim
(Gen. xxiv. 10), i. e., of the two rivers; Mesoi>olainia, prob-
ably the territory between the Euphrates and the Chabor
where the .Judean e.xiles were settled (2 Ki. xvii. 6) ; Pad-
danaram, probably the designation for the flat country in
northern Mesopotamia ; and Daina&'us. In the Assyrian
cuneifonn inscriptions the names Araniu, Arimu. and
Francisco de. Born at Havana, May 22, 1765 :
died at Cxuines, March 21, 1837. A Cuban law-
yer. He was twice the representative of Cuba in the
Spanish Cortes, was councilor of state, and held other pub-
lic offices ; but he is best known for his numerous works
on economical questions connected with Cuba.
Aranjuez (ii-ran-Hweth'). A town in the prov-
ince of Madrid, Spain, situated on the Tagtis
28 miles south of Madrid. It was a favorite royal
residence, and was the scene of the outbreak of the rev-
olution of March. 1S08, which overthrew Godoy and com-
pelled Charles IV. to abdicate. Population (1SS7). 9.649.
1' Aranjuez, Peace of. A treatyof alliance against
Ensrland concluded between France and Spain,
1772.
Aransas Bay (a-ran'zas ba). An arm of the
Gulf of Mexico, northeast of Corpus Christi
Bav.
Aransas Pass. Astrait, the entrance to Aran-
sas Bay.
The inhabitants of this country are Arany (or'ony), J4nos. Born at Xagy-Szalonta,
22. 1882. A Hungarian poet. He became profes-
st>r of the Hungarian language and litei-ature in the Re-
formed Gymnasium at Xagy-Koros in 18.54, director of the
Kisfalu.Iy Society in IStiO, and member of the Hungarian
.\c3denn in lS5s(secretarj" 184)4-78). He was the author of
the hunii irmi--! poem " Az elveszett alkolniiinv " ("The Lost
Constitiiti.in, 184:0, the epic trilogy "Toldi "(1817-80), etc
Aruinu are used, but only of Mesopotamia and the petiples Arany, LaSZlO. Born at >>agy-Szalonta, Slareh
poet, brother of Domiui(|ue Francois Arago: lv"^,"!!?,!*-" The test'
author of "Les Aristocrates" (1840. etc. through wlirmi Clark':
on the western bank of the Euphrates. The principal
river of Aram was the Orontes. Ihe Arameans were in
race, language, and religion Semitic As early as the
period of the Judges an Aramean king extended his con-
quests to P.ilestine (Judges iii. 8, 10). Daviil took Damas-
cus from them, but Solomon w.as obliged to restore it.
The hist king of Damascus, Rezin, allied himself with
Pekah, khig of Israel, against Judah, but succumbeil to
Tiglath-Piles.r <if Assyria (74.V727 B. r.). Aram Nahai-aim
appears on Egyptian inonnmeiitsand hi theTel-el-.\mania
tablets under the form Naharina. Thothmesl. and III.
and Amenophis III. conquered it several times ; but after
repealed attacks it finally f Lil to the Assyrians. The Ara-
means became an important factor in the Assyrian state ;
their langmige seems to have become the common speech
of trade and diplomacy, and gradujdly supplanted Assyrian
in Assyria and Hebrew in Palestine. See also Sipria,
Aram (a'ram), Eugene. Born at Ramsgill,
Yorkshire, 1704: dieil Aug. 6, 17.59. An English
scholar, executed for fraud and the murder of
Daniel Clark, committed in Knaresborough in
1745. He taught at Knaresborough and elsewhere, and
was arrested while acting as luher in a private school at
inuniy of an accomplice. Houseman,
through whom Clark's remains were discovered in a cave
24, 1844. A Hungarian poet, son of Jinos
Arany.
Aranyos (or'on-yosh). [Hung, araiiy, gold.]
A gold-bearing river in western Transylvania,
which flows easterly to join the Maros. Its
length is about 80-90 miles.
Aranza (a-ran'za), Duke. The principal ehar-
aitir in Tobin's comedy " The Honeymoon."
Arapaho, or Arapahoe (a-rap'a-hd). [Proper-
ly a plural form : but tlie plural Arapahoes is
used. The name is said by Schoolcraft to signi-
fy ' tattooed people.'] A tribe of North -Amer-
ican Indians living chiefly on the head waters
of the Platte and Arkansas rivers, but also rang-
ing from the Yellowstone to the Rio Grande.
There are r272 at the Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency. In-
dian Territop', and Sso at Shoshone Agency, Wyoming.
See Ahjotiquiaa.
Arapiles (ii-ra-pe'les). A village near Sala-
manca, the principal scene of the battle of Sal-
amanca, 1812.
Arar (a'rjir). [L., also Araris-I The ancient
name ot tiie river Saone.
A .» »» tf.^^.-,^t. T'4-in-n-wxf^'XTit^n-^ T*rt,.T, o f 1?..- ucar Kiiaresborough . sccured .Araui's couvictlon. On his
AragO, Jacques Etienne Victor. Born at fcs- j^,^, ,,^ ,,,,„„,„, ,,i,„,eif wi.h unusnai awuty. He »as a„^,+ ,..„., ,.„.x ti,o „„„i»«t r..™„ nf » di«
tag>,, near IVipignan. March 10, 1,90: died self-Uught, but attained a verj- considerable knowledge of Ararat (ar a-rat). The ancient name of a dis-
in Brazil, .Jan., 1855. A French traveler and languages, and has been credited with the discovery of tnct in eastern Armenia between the rivers
Ararat
Araxes and the lakes Van and Urumiah ; also
used for all Arnicuia, ami fur the luountaiii-
ridjic ill Mic south of that country. The usiml
atutc'iiiciit Iliut Noah's :irk rested on Mount Ararat has nu
fuuiKlatiun in tliu Il('l)ri'W text.ubich i-f;nig " on the nionn-
tains of Ararat." In the Assyrian euneiforin inseriptit)n9
the country is nientionetl under the name Urartn, and
many expeditions of the .As.'^yrian kintfS against it are
ennnierated. The Greeks called the Armenians Alaro-
diaiis (Herod. III. 94).
Ararat (ar'a-iat). [Heb. 'Jriirdt, Samaritan
Hiirdidt. Tlu' Ar. name is Miin.iin, Turk, .ii/liri-
Umjli, Pits. liiihi-Xiih (Noah's Mountain).] A
vok-aiiic mountain which rises in two summits
(Great Ararat ami Little Ararat) from the plain
of the Ara.\es. iu iat. 39° 40' N., long. 44° 20' E.:
the traditional resting-place of Noah's ark (see
above). I^ lies on the contines of Russian, Turkish.
and Persian Armenia, the summit beloncing to Kussia.
The nioimtain was partly altered by an earthquake in 184U.
It was ascended l>y I'arrot in 1829, and since tliat time
by Bryco and otliers. The lieight of Great Ararat is about
17,'KIO feet (17,3i;r>— I'lurot) ; that of Little Ararat, 12,840
feet.
Axarat. A town in Ripon County, Victoria,
Australia, situated on Hopkins River .').'5 miles
northwest of Ballarat. It contains gold-fields.
Population, about 4,000.
ArarOS (ar'a-ros). [dv. 'A/japuc.'} An Athenian
comic poet, till' son of Aristophanes. He brought
out his father's "Plutns" 388 B. c, and ap-
jpeareil as an original poet 375 b. c.
Aras (ii-riis'). A river, the ancient Ara.Kes,
which rises in Turkish Armenia, flows through
Transcaucasia, forms part of the boundary be-
tween Kussia and Persia, and .ioins the Kur
about Iat. 39° 55' N., long. 48° 25' E. Its length
is 400-500 miles.
Aratus (a-ra'tus). [Gr. '!\porof.] Lived about
270 B. c. A Greek poet, said to have resided
during the latter part of his life at the court of
Antigonus Gonatas, and to have devoted him-
self to the study of physic, grammar, and phi-
losophy, lie "was the author of an astronomical epic
which Cicero translated, entitle<l 'Prognostics of tlie
Weatlier' {IHoAsineia). It is from Aratus that St. Paul,
aildre-ssing the .\theniaiis, quotes the words *Forweare
also his otfspring ' (Acts xvii. 28)'' (Jebb, Greek Lit.).
Aratus. [Gr. ''\i>aro(:.'\ Born at Sicyon, Greece,
271 B. c. : died 213 B. c. A Greek statesman
and general. He liberated .Sicyon from the usurper
Nicoclea in 251 ; was elected strategus of the Achajiui
League in '245 for the llrst time ; took the citadel of Corinth
in 24:j ; was defeated in a succession of campaigns by the
Spartans under < 'leonienes ; formed an alliance with Anti-
gonus of Maeedon, who defeated cleomenes at the battle
of Sellasia 221 ». r. ; and carried on an uiisuccessfnl de-
fensive war against the .Etolians 221-219 B. c. He com-
posed commentaries in thirty Ijooks (all now lost) which
brought the hist^jry of Greece down to the year 220 B. c.
He is said to have been poisoned by Philip of Maeedon.
Araiica (a-rou'kii). A river iu Colombia and
wi'stiru Venezuela, a tributary of the Orinoco.
Araucana (il-rou-ka'nii). A heroic poem, in
t hirty-seven cantos, by the Spanish poet Alonso
de Ercilla. It is partly a geographical and statistical
luxount of the province of Araucania and partly the story
<<f the expedition for the conquest of Araucania in which
the author took part.
Araucania (ii-rou-kii'ne-ii). A region in soutli-
1 in Chile which included the territory south of
the Hiobio River to the Gulf of Ancu — that is,
nearly the modern proviiK'cs of Biobio, Arauco,
Malleco, Cautin, and Valdivia. See Araucaiii-
aiis.
Axaucanians (ar-&-ka'ni-anz). or Axaucanos
(ii-rou-kii'iios). [Said to be derived from a
verb of their language, uKCdiii, to be savage, un-
conquerable.] A tribe of Indians in southern
Chile. They were very numerous and warlike, and suc-
cessfully resisted the Incas iu the Ifith century. From
the time when theirterritory was llrstinvaded by Valdivia
(L'i44) they waged a continual war against the .Spaniards.
Valdivia himself was killed by them (l.^fitt), as was one of
his successors, Martin Giu-cia Loyola (1.''>9S), and twice the
whites were completely driven from their territory. Tlie
tribe still inimbersover 20,000. Originally they were rov-
ing and very savage, but they ncnv practise agriculture and
have consiilerable herds. Few of them are Catholics.
Arauco (il-rou'ko). A province (capital Lebu)
in southern Chile. Area, 4,248 square miles
(formerly larger). Population (1891), 8fi,236.
Arauco. A fort and town of Chile, south of
Conccpcioii, ami originally about 6 miles from
the sea: founded by Valdivia in l.')i)2. During
the early Araucaidan wars It was a post of great impor-
tance. Besieged by the Indians, It was abandoneil and
destroyed in 15.');i; rebuilt by Mendoza, lfi:>fl; again aban-
doned when attacked by Antiltneno, l.SlW ; rebuilt in l.''ifi(l
and withstood wliat might be called a continuous siege
from i:>it'A to 1,S90. when it was removed to the present site
on the coast. The motlern town is a port of some impor-
tance. Population, about 4,000.
Araujo Lima (ii-rou'zhi.i le'mii), Pedro de.
Hiirn lit .\iitas, Pernambueo. Dec. 22, 1793:
died at Rio de .Taneiro, June 7, 1870. A Bra-
71
zilian statesman, regent of Brazil during the
minority of the emperor E'edro II., April 22,
1838, to .July 23, 1,840. The emperor created liiin vis-
count of Olinda in 1811, ami maniuis of Olinda in IS.">4.
He was senator, and several times prime minister (1848-
1849, 18')7-,W, 18l!2-(i4, 18H'i-««).
Araujo de Azevedo (ii-rou'zho de il-za-va'do),
Antonio de. Born near Ponte de Lima, May
14, 1754: died at Rio de Jaueii'o, J une 21, 1817.
A Portuguese statesman and diplomatist. Ue
was made minister of war and foreign artairs, July, 1804,
and toward the end of 18U7 prime minister. It was by
his advice that the Portuguese court fled to Brazil (Nov.,
1807). An-ived at Rio deJaneiro(.Maicb, 1808), he resigned,
remaining a member of the Council of State, and in 181.^
was created conde de Barca. In 1814 ho was minister of
marine, and in 1817 was again called to be prime minister,
holding the position until his death.
Araujo Porto-Alegre (ii-rou'zhij por'tg-a-la'-
gre), Manoel de. Born at Rio Pardo, Rio
Grande do Sul, Brazil, Nov. 29, 1806: died at
Lisbon, Portugal, Deo. 30, 1879. A Brazilian
poet, painter, and architect : author of a col-
lection of poems entitled "Brazilianas."
Arausio (a-ra'shi-6). [Gr. 'A^hw/ui'.] A town
of the Cavari, the modern Orange, France.
Aravalli, or Aravali (ar-a-val'e), or AjaTulli
(ar-a-vul'i) Hills. A range of mouutains in
Rajputaua, India, about 300 miles in length,
extending from northeast to southwest. Its
highest point is Mount Abu (about 5,000 feet).
Ara'waks (ii'rii-wiiks). A tribe of Indians, now
reduced to a few thousand, living in a semi-
civilized state in British Guiana, near the coast.
Foi-merly they were very numerous, and they appear to
have occupied most of the West Indian islands with the
coasts of Guiana and part of Venezuela. At the time of
the comiuest they had been driven out of the LesserAntUles
by invasions of the Caribs, but were found by Columbus in
Haiti, and it is probable that the first Indians discovered
by him in the Bahamas were of the 8.anie race. The Ara-
waks were a gentle, well-disposed people, practising agri-
culture, but with little civilization. They were constantly
forced to defend themselves against the Caribs. Also
written Arrawacs, Arwakas, Arrua'jues.
Ara'wan (il-ra-wan'). An oasis and trading cen-
ter in the French Sahara, 140 miles northwest
of Timbuktu.
Araxes (a-rak'sez). [Gr. 'Apa^T/^.'] The an-
cient name of the Ai'as and perhaps of other
streams flowing into the Caspian Sea.
Araxes (.\ra3) seems to have been a name common in
the days of Herodotus to all the great streams flowing into
the Caspian, just as Don has been to all the great .Scythian
rivers {Taii-ai&, Dan-aper or Dniepr, ZJanaster or ,Drtiestr,
Zionau, /)o;i-aul) or Dan-uhe, Ac), and as Avon is to so
many English streams. Rawliiison, Herod,, III. 9, note.
Arbaces (iir'ba-sez or ar-ba'sez). [Gr. Ap-
iJai<7/^.'\ "The founder of the Median empire.
He reigned about 876-848 B. c.
Arbaces. 1 . In Beaumont and Fletcher's ' ' King
and No King," the King of Iberia, whose nature
is a compound of vainglory and violence. —
2. A character in Dr. Ai-ne's opera "Arta-
xer.xes." — 3. In Byron's " Sardanapalus," the
Governor of Media, who became, in place of
Sardanapalus, the king of Nineveh and As-
syria.
Arbailu (ar-bii-e'18). [Assyr., 'city of the four
gods.'] Same as ArhcUi.
Arbasto (iir-bas'to) the Anatomie of For-
tune. A novel by Robert Greene, printed in
15S4.
Arbate (iir-biif). 1. A character in Molifire's
comedy " La Princosse d'filide." — 2. A char-
acter in Racine's play " Mithridate."
Arbe (iir'ba), Slav. Rab (riib). An island,
about 14 miles long, in the Adriatic Sea 35 miles
southeast of Fiume, belonging to Dalmatia,
Austria-Hungary.
Arbedo (iir-ba'do). A village in the canton of
Ticino, Switzerland, 2 miles northeast of Bel-
linzona. Here, 1422, the Swiss defeated the
Milanese (" battle of St. Paul").
Arbela (iir-be'la). [See Arbailu.'] In ancient
geograjiliy, a town iu Assyria, Iat. 36° 8' N.,
long. 44° 4' E.,the modern Arbil,Erbil,orErvil.
It was an early seat of the worship of Istar, and a place
of considerable importance. Near here, at Gangameln,
the Macedonians (47,000) under Alexander the Great d<--
feated the Persian army (about 1,000,000'/) under Diu-ins,
in »;il II. c. This battle led to the flnal overthrow of the
Persian empire.
Arber (iir'ber). The highest group of the Boh-
inerwald, situated in Bavaria about .')0 miles
east of Ratisbon. The lieight of the (irosser
Arber is about 4,780 feet.
Arber's English Garner. A series of selec-
tions of EugTish prose and poetry in 10 volumes,
printed by I'Mward Arber from manuscript or
printed originals, ranging from 1402 to 1715.
'I'bey are mostly tracts, poems, and short ]deces. given
with modern spelling. Tile series of " F.nglish Reprints"
follows the original exactly.
Arcachon
Arber's English Reprints. A series of re-
Ijrints of English prose ami poetry in 30 num-
bers, in 14 volumes ( 1st ed. 1808), ranging from
1516 to 1712. These are somewhat longer tban
the jiieces printed in the "Garner.''
Arbil (iir-bel'). See Aiiiilti.
Arblay (iir'bla), Madame d' (Frances Bur-
ney). Born at Lynn Regis, England, Juue
13, 1752: died at Bath, England, Jan. 6, 1840.
A noted English novelist. She was the daughter
of Dr. Burney, the musician, and the wife (married
July ,il, 1793) of General d'Arblay. She wrote "Evelina,
or a Young Lady's Entrance into the World " (177SX " Ce-
cilia " (1782), " Edwy and Elvina," a tragedy (acted March
21, 179.3), "Camilla" (179(j), "Love and Fashion," a com-
edy (Isoo), "The Wanderer "(1814), ".Memoii-sof Dr, Bur-
ney "(i832),"Letters and Diaries "(.'i vols, l.s42; 2 vols, 1^4(i).
From 1786 to 1791 she occupied a subordinate position
at court.
Arboga (iir-bo'ga). A town in the Ian of Wes-
toras, Sweden, situatedon the Arboga near Lake
Malar, 76 miles northwest of Stockholm, it
was formerly of great importance, the seat of many coun-
cUs and diets. Population (1890), 4,.570.
Arbogast (iir'bo-gast), or Arbogastes (ar-bo-
gas'tez). Died 394 A. D. A Prankish general
in the Roman service. Valentinian II. was slain by
his order while paiticipating in the athletic sports of the
soldiers, and Eugenius, a client of Arbogast, was pro-
claimed emperor. He was defeated by Theodosius in 394,
on the Frigidns north of Aquileia, and after marching
about the mountains for two days fell upon his sword,
and so perished.
Arbois (ar-bwa'). A town in the department
of Jiu'a, France, in Iat. 46° 55' N., long. 5° 45' E.,
famous for its wines. It is the birthplace of
Pichegi'u. Population (1891), 4,355.
Arbois deJubainville(iir-bwii'dezlm-ban'vel),
Marie Henri d'. Bom at Nancy, Dee. 5, 1827.
A French archaeologist.
Arboleda (iir-bo-la'Tiiii), Julio. Bom in Bar-
bacoas, 1817: died Nov. 12, 1862. A Colom-
bian poet and revolutionist. He eai-ly took lank
among the flrst poets of Spanish America, but the manu-
script of his greatest work, "Gonzalo de Oyon," was de-
stroyed by a personal enemy, and only portions which
had been copied were published. In 1856 he joined the
revolt in Antioquia, became its leader, and in alliance
with Moreno, president of Ecuador, carried on a war
against Mosquera and the federalists. The states of west-
ern Colombia adhered to him, and he assumed the supreme
power; but in the midst of his success he was assassi-
nated.
Arbon (iir'bon). A town in the canton of Thur-
gau, Switzerland, situated on the Lake of Con-
stance 16 miles soutlieast of Constance.
Arbrissel or Arbrisselles (ar-bre-sel'), Robert
d". Born at Arbrissel or Ai-brises, Brittany,
1047 : died Feb. 25, 1117. A French ecclesias-
tic, the founder of the order of Foutevrault.
He was appointed vicar-general of the Bishop of Rennes
in 1085 ; became professor of theology at Angers in 1089 ;
and two years later retired to the forest of Craon. where
he founded the abbey of De Rota. Later he founded the
celebrated abbey of Foutevrault, near Poitiei s, after which
the order was named.
Arbroath(ar-br6'PH'),orAberbrothock(ab.er-
broth'ok), or Aberbroth-wick (nli-er-brotli'-
ik), A seaport in Forfarshire, Scotland,
situated on the North Sea 17 miles northeast
of Dundee. It has manufactures of Jute, fla.x, linen,
etc. Near it is a ruined abbey, founded in 1178, Popu-
lation (1891), 22,821.
Arbues (iir-bo-as'), Pedro. Bom at Epila, Ara-
gon, 1442: died Sept. 17, 1485. A Spanish Aii-
gustinian monk, appointed by Toriinemaila an
inouisitor of Aragon 1484. He was fatally wounded
in tlie night of Sei)t. 14-1.'), 1485, as the result of a conspir-
iicy of the relalives of his victims.
Arbuthnot(iir'buth-not;Sc.proii.iir-buth'not),
John. Born at Arbuthnot, Scotlaml, 1667: died
at London, Feb. 27, 1733. A British physician,
wit, ami man of letters. He studied at Aberdeen
and St. Andrews, and was appointed physician extraor-
dinary to (iueen Anne Oct. 30, 17o,''>, and physician in or-
dinary Nov. 11, 1709. The Tory initnstry employed him
as a political writer, and he joined with Swift, Pojie, tlay,
and Parnell to form the Scriblerus Club about 1714, Ills
chief works are "Law is a Bottomless Pit; or. History of
John Hull ' (1712), "Memoirs of Miu'tinus Scriblerus,"
mainly Aibuthnofs (1711).
Arbuthnot, Harriot. Bom 1711 : died at Lon-
don, .Ian. 31, 1794. An English admiral, com-
mander of the fleet in the siege and capture of
(Charleston in 1780. He became an admiral
of the blue in 1793.
Arc (iirk). A river in the department of Savoio,
i'rance, which joins the Isere at Clianiousset.
Its length is iibout 90 miles.
Arc, Joan of. See ,/o«h o/.lrc.
Arcachon (iir-kii-shoh'). A watering-place in
the deiiartment of Gironde, France, situated on
the Bassin d'Arcachon 35 miles southwest of
Bordeaux. It Is noted as a winter resort, and also
as a place for sea-bathing. Population (1891), coramuue,
7,910.
Arcades
Arcades (ar'ka-dez). [Gr. 'ApmiiSec, Arcadians.]
A ma sk, by Mil' tou, acted shortly after • ' Comus ''
iu 1034, and printed iu 1G45.
Arcadia (iir-ka'di-a). [Gr. 'Apuadia, from ipKiif ,
Ai-cadian.] Iu au'eieiit geography, a region iu
the heart of the Peloponnesus, bounded by
Achaia on the north, by Argolis on the east,
by Laconia and Messenia on the south, and by
Elis on the west. It is neiu-ly suiToumled ami la in-
tersected by mountains, ami was proverbial tot its rural
Bimplicity. Its cities Tegea, Mautinea, etc., formed a
confederation about 370-300 B. c.
The history of the rise in modern literature of an ideal
Arcadia — the home of piping shepherds and coy shep-
henlesses. where rustic simplicity and plenty satisfied
the amiiiticin of untutored hearts, and where ambition
and its Climes were unknown— is a very curious one, and
hasjl think, been Hi-st traced in the chapter on Arcadia in
my "Kamliles airvl Studies in Greece." Neither Theocri-
tus nor his early iinitatoi-s laid the scene of their jx)ems
in Arcadia ; tllis iinsiginaiy frame was tli-st adopted by
Sannazaio. ilahaffy. Hist. Classical Greek Lit., L 420.
Arcadia (ar-kii-de'a). A uomarchy of modern
Greece. .Aiea, 2.028 square miles. Popula-
tion (1889), 148,285.
Arcadia (iir-ka'di-ii). 1. A description of shep-
herd life, in prose and verse, by Saunazaro,
written toward the end of the 15th century.
Though itself not a pastoral romance, it appears to hare
first opened the Held to that species of composition.
2. A pastoral romance by Sir Philip Sidney,
piil)lished iu 1590, but written in 1580-81. its
whole title is "The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia."
Although the scenes are artiticial, the freshness of .Sid-
ney's style gives reality and interest Uj it.
3. A romance bj' Kobert Greene, jiublished in
1589. It is foruied on the model of Sidney's celebrated
pastoral, which, though it was not printed till some years
after the publication of Greene's Arcadia, had been writ-
ten a considerable time before it. DuiUup, Hist, of Prose
Fiction, U. 557.
4. A pastoral romance by Lope de Vega,
modeled ou Saunazaro, which, though written
long before, was not printed till 1598. — 5. A
pastoral play by Shirley, printed 1640, having
been acted some time previously. This is a
dramatization of Sir Philip Sidney's romance.
Arcadius (ar-ka'di-us). [Gr. ip/idcSiof.] Born
iu Spaiu 383 (377 f) A. D. : died May 1, 408. By-
zantine emperor 395-408, the elder of the two
sons of Theodosius aud Flaceilla. He succeeded,
under the guardianship of Kutinus, to the eastern half of
the empire on the death of his father aud the permanent
division of the Roman Empire. Rufinns claimed the ci\-il
government also of the W estern Empire, and was murdered
In 395 by Gairi:Ls, commander of the Gothic mercenaries at
Constantinople, who acted under the instructions of Stili-
cho, the guardian of Arcadius's brother Honorius, emperor
of the West. Arcadius now fell under the inlluence of the
eunuch Eutropius, supported by Gainas. After the death
of Eutropius (399) and of tiainas (401) he was governed en-
tirely by his dissolute wife Eudoxia. In this reign Alaric
settled with his West Goths in lUyria, and was appointed
dux in rUyricum orientale.
Arcady (iir'ka-di). An obsolete or poetical
form of Arcadia.
Arcagnolo. See Orcagna.
Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel (ark de tre-
onC dii kii-ro-sel'). [F., 'triumphal arch of
the tiltiug-vard.'] A triumphal arch built by
Napoleon t at Paris, in commemoration of his
victories of 1805-06, iu the square inclosed by
the Tuileries aud the Louvre, it imitates, on a
smaller scale, the Arch of Const^intine at Rome. It has
a large archway between two small ones, flanked by Corin-
thian coluuins, an entablature, and a high attic. Beliefs
over the sm-all archways represent incidents of the cam-
paigns ; over the columns are placed statues of soldiers of
the empire, and in the spandrels of the large archway are
sculptured Victories. Gn the stimmit is a group in bronze
reiiresenting a tour-horse chariot The height is 48 feet,
the width KU.
Arc de Tribmphe de I'Etoile (ark de tre-6nf'
do la-twiil'). [F., 'triumphal arch of the
star.'] A triumphal arch, the largest existing,
at the head of tlie Champs filysees, Paris, it
was begun in 1800 by Napoleon I., but not finished until
1836. The structure is 146 feet wide, li« high, and 72
deep. Its* chief fronts are pierced with a single archway
67 feet high and 4ti wide, and the ends have smaller arch-
ways. The spandrels of the large archway are adorned
with Victories by I'nidier, and Hanked by large rectangu-
lar panels rcpresenliugmilitjiry episodes, as do the reliefs
of the frieze. Above the heavy cornice there is an attic
with shields bearing titles of victories. Against the four
piers of the fronts are placed pedestals, upon which are
colossal high reliefs representing (east front) triumph of
Jiapoleon and Peace of Vietma ilSloX by Cortot ; depart-
ure of truups for the frontier in 1792, by Kude; (west
front) blessings of peace (181,'.), and resistimce of France
to invasion (1814), both by Etex. The vaults are inscribed
with the names of battles won by Fnmce, and of Republi-
can and Imperial officers.
Arcesilaus (iir-ses-i-la'us), or Arcesilas (iir-
scs'i-las5. [Gr. 'Apueai'/Mor, Doric 'ApKetn'/a^.']
Born at Pitaue, .Slolis, about 316 B. c. : died
about 241 B. c. A Greek skeptical philosopher,
founder of the second Academy.
Arch .(ai'ch), Joseph. Born at Barford, War-
72
■wickshire, England, Nov. 10, 1826. Au English
social reformer, founder of the National Agri-
cidtural Laborers' Union in 1872.
Arch of Augustus, or Porta Eomana. A fine
t^imple Kumau triumphal arch at Kimini, Italy,
built in 27 B. c. in honor of the restoration
of the Flaminian Way. it is of white travertine,
4r..9 feet high and 28.8 thick, with a single arch 29.5 feet
high and 20.9 wide. A Corinthian fluted colunm on each
side of the archway supports an entalilaliu"e, above which
tliere is a low pediment. In the spandrels are medallions
of divinities.
Arch of Constantine. An arch in Rome built
312 A. D. in houor of Constautine's triumph over
Maxentius. it has a large central archway between
two smaller ones, and four Corinthian colunnts on each
front. The attic bears a long inscription. Much of its
abundant sculpture was taken from the destroyed Arch
of rjajan ; that of Constantine's artists, associated with
it, is much inferior.
Arch of Drusus. An arch (wrongly uamed)
built by Caracalla to carry au aqueduct for the
supplyof his thermse over the Via Appia near
the gate of San Sebastiano. it is built of traver-
tine, incrusted with white marble, and decorated with
Composite columns, and origin:dly had on each side an
entablature and a peduncnt. The style is very poor.
Arch of Hadrian, A triiunphal gateway at
Athens, probably built by Hadrian, between
the old city and his new quarter. It is 09 feet
high, with a single arch 20 feet high, .^bove the arch
there is an attic with three large openings, originally
closed. Above the central opening there is a pediment.
The arch w:is decorated ou each side with Corinthian col-
umns.
Arch of Janus Quadrifrons. An arch in the
Velabrum, Rome, at the northeastern exti-em-
ity of the Forum Boarium. It is a four-way arch
of marble, largely built of older ai-chitectural fragments,
late in period and degraded in style. The interior is cov-
ered with a simple groined vault. The four fronts bear
32 niches for statues of divinities, and on tne massive piers
16 blind niches flanking the archways. The attic is de-
stroyed. The structure was used in antiquity as a kind
of financial exchange.
Arch of Septimius Severus. -Aji arch in the
Roman Forum, dedicated 203 A. D., in commem-
oration of victories over the Parthians. It is of
Pentelic marble, with a central arch and two z'Ac arches,
flanked by four Corinthian columns on each face. There
are panels over the side arches aud a frieze above all with
reliefs of Eomau triumphs. The attic bears inscriptions.
Arch of Titus. An arch in Rome, built iu com-
memoration of the taking of Jerusalem. It has
a single archway, the opening flanked on each face by
four (Composite columns. The spandrels bear Victories
in relief, and on the high attic is the dedicatory inscrip-
tion. The vault is richly coffered and sculptured, and
the interior faces of the piers display reliefs of Titus in
triumph, with the plunder of the temple at Jerusalem, in
which the seven-branched candlesticks are conspicuous.
Arch of Trajan. 1. An arch over the Appian
Way at Benevento, Italy, dedicated A. D. 114,
and one of the' finest of ancient arches, it is of
white marble, 48 feet high and 30J wide, with a single
arch measm-ing 27 by 16i feet. On' each face there are
four engaged Corinthian columns, with an entablature,
above which is a paneled attic. The arch is profusely
sculptured with reliefs illustrating Trajan's life and his
Dacian triumphs. There are Victories in the spandrels and
dedicatory inscriptions ou the central panels of the attic.
2. An arch erected at Ancona A. D. 112. it is of
white marble, and stands at the end of the breakwater
built by Trajan, and is perhaps the best -proportioned of
all Roman triumphal arches. It has a single opening 40
by 29i feet, two engaged Corinthian columns on the face
of each pier, and a high attic above the entablature.
Archangel (iirk-au'jei), or Archangelsk (iir-
chang'gelsk). The largest and northernmost
government of Russia, bounded by the Arctic
Ocean, the Wliite Sea, the Ural Mountains, Fin-
land, and the governments of Vologda and
Olouetz. The surface is generally level, sterile in the
north and covered with forests in the sout-h. Area, 3.'I1,.
505 square luiles. Population (1»87), 340,251.
Archangel, or Archangelsk. A seaport, the
capital of the government of Archangel, situ-
ated on the Dwiua near the White Sea in lat.
64° 32' N., long. 40° 33' E.: the chief commer-
cial town in the north of Russia, and long the
only Russian seaport. The harbor is open from May
to September. Archangel exports grain, flax, linseed,
pitch, skins, tar, etc. It was visited by the English in
IS.'j.'i, and au English factory was built. A Russian fort
was built in 1584. The town w;« blockaded by the British
in 18.'4 and in lS.'..i. Population, 17,802.
Archangel Bay, or Gulf of Archangel. An
arm of the White Sea near Archangel.
Archas. The person iu Fletcher's " The Loyal
Subject " who gives to the play its name : a
general of the Muscovites whose loyalty is of
that exaggerated description that bears all
kinds of outrage from an unworthy king.
Young Archas, the sou of the general, disguises himself
as a woman, and takes the name of .\lind.a.
Archdale (arch'dal), John. An English colo-
nial official, governor of North Carolina about
1695-96.
Archilochus
Archelaus (iir-ke-la'us). [Gr. "\/j,|//.aof.] One
of the Heraclida', the ti-aditional founder of the
Jlacedouian royal house.
Archelaus. Lived about 4.50 B. c. .A. Greek
philosopher of the Ionian school, said to have
been the instructor of Socrates and Eiuipides :
suruamed "Physicus" ('the physicist') from
his devotion to physical science. He regarded
heat and cold as the principles of generation.
Archelaus. Died 399 B.c. King of Macedon
413-399 B.C., the natm-al son of Perdiccas II.
He was a patron of Hellenic art and literature, and at-
tiueted to his court Zenxis, Euripides, and Agathon, and
invited Socrates, who declined.
Archelaus. A Cappadoeian general in the
service of Mithridates. He was defeated by Sulla
at Chseronea in 86 B. c, and at Orchomenus in 85, and de-
serted to the Romans in 81.
Archelaus. King of Egypt 56 or 55 B. c, a son
of Archelaus of Cappadocia. He became high
priest at Comana 63 B. c, and secured the hand of Bere-
nice, queen of Egypt, by representing himself to be the
son of ilithridates Eupator. He was defeated and slain
by the Romans after a reign of six months.
Archelaus. King of Cappadocia from about
34 B.C. to 17 A. D., a gi'andson of Archelaus
(about 56 B. c). He owed his elevation to Mark An-
tony, who was captivated by the charms of Archelaus's
mother, GlaphjTa. He sided with Antony in the war with
Octavian ; was sutl'ered, after the defeat of Antony, to
retain his kingdom, to which was subsequently added
part of Cilicia and Lesser Armenia ; and was summoned
to Rome by Tiberius, where he was detained till his death.
Archelaus. Died at Vienna, Gaul. Ethnarch
of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea about 3 B. c-
7 A. D., a sou of Herod the Great. He was de-
posed by Augustus.
Archelaus. Lived probably in the let centuiy
A. D. A Greek sculptor. A bas-relief, the
'"Apotheosis of Homer," carved by him, is in
the British Museum.
Archenholz (iir'ehen-holts). Baron Johann
Wilhelm 'VOn. Bom near Dantzic, Sept. 3,
1743: died near Hamburg. Feb. 28, 1812. A
German historian. He wrote " Geschichte des
siebeujahrigeu Kriegs" (1793, "History of the
Seven Years' War"), etc.
Archer (ar'cher), Branch T. Born 1790 : died
Sept. 22, 1856. A 'Texan revolutionist and poli-
tician. He removed to Texas in 1831, presided over the
"Consultation" Nov. 3, 1835, was a member of the first
Texan congress l&iO, was sent to Washington where he
became speaker of the House and was secretary of war,
1839-12.
Archer. In Farquhai''s comedy "TheBeau-x'
Stratagem,"' a friend of Aimwell who pretends
to be his servant in order to further the success
of the stratagem. He carries on various lively
adventures ou his own account. See Aimwell.
Archer, The. See Saijittanu.i.
Archer River. A river in Cape York Penin-
sula, Queensland, Australia, which flows into
the Gulf of Carpentaria.
Archias (iir'ki-.ns), Aulus Licinius. [Gr. 'Ap-
,V''af.] A Greekpoet, a native of ^Vntioch (from
about 120 B. C). Cicero defended him (61 B. c.) against
the charge of assuming Roman citizenship illegally, in an
oration (pro Arcbiapoetii) from which chiefly he isknown.
Archibald (iir'chi-bald), Sir Adams George.
Born at Trm'o, Nova Scotia, May li<, 1.S14: died
at Halifax, Dec. 14, 1892. A Canadian politician
and jurist, secretary of state for the Dominion
of Canada 1.S67-68, and lieuteuaul-govei-nor of
Manitoba aud the Northwest Territories 1870-
1873. He was knighted iu 1885.
Archidamus (Ur-ki-da'mus) n. [Gr. 'Apx'^n-
»or.] King of Sparta 469 to about 427 B. c.
He led the Pelopnnnesian army against Athens in the be-
ginning of the Peloponnesian war.
Archidamus III." King of Sparta from 361 to
338 B. C. He defeated the Arcadians and Argives in the
" Te.irless Rittle," 3C7. and was killed in battle in 33S.
Archidamus. A Bohemian lord in Shakspere's
• • \Viuter's Tale."
Archigenes (iir-kij'e-nez). [GT.'Ap,xi'i'''K.'i A
Greek physician, a native of Apamea in Syria,
who practised in Rome in the time of Trajan
(98-117 A. D.) : the most celebrated of the eclec-
tics. He ivas the author of a treatise on the
pulse, to which Galen added a commentary.
Archilochus (ar-kil'o-kus). [Gr. 'Am//o^oc.]
A Greek lyric poet of Paros who flourished
about 700 B. c. (the date is much disputed).
He was famous for his satiric iambic poetry. "The Em-
peror Hadriau judged that the Pluses had shown a special
mai'k of favor to Homer in leading Al'cbilochus into a dif-
ferent department of pocti-y." {Smith.) The invention of
elegiacs was attributed t*» him. .See Caliiiius.
He [Archilochus] was bom of a good f.amily at Pares,
but lived, owing to poverty, a life of roving adventure,
partly, it appears, as a mercenary soldier, partly as a col-
onist to Tliasos ; nor do his wanderings appear to have
been confined to easteni Hellas, for he speaks in praise of
the flch plains about tlie Slris in Italy (frag. 21). He waa
Archllochus
betrothed to Neobule, the yuuiigeat daughter of Lycam-
bes, hu townsman ; but wheu nhe ^vas refused hiui, prob-
ably OD account uf bitt poverty, ht? vented bis ni^e and dls-
ap|>ointiuent in those famous satires wtiich tlrst showed
the full power of tile iambic metre, and were the wonder
and the delif^htof all antiquity, lie ended bis life by the
death be doubtless desired, on the held of battle. In
coorsenesf.lersfnrs.s and bitterness be may justly be called
the .Swift uf (ireek literature. But even the scanty frag-
ments of .Ucbilochusshow a run^e of feeling and a wide-
Dess of sympathy far l>eyond the complete works uf Swift,
Mahagij. Hist, Classical Greek Lit, I. 15>J.
Archllochus, if not absolutely the inventor, was the cre-
ator of these two metres, the iambic and trochaic, as truly
M Homer was the creator of the heroic measure.
SyinuiuU, Studies of the Ureek Poets, I. 279.
Archimage (ar'ki-ma.j). or Archimago (Ur-ki-
ma'fiO). 1. 'I'lio impi'i'soiiatiou of llypourisy
iu bpiuser's "Faerie t^ueene," a mjigiciau aud
a compDiuid of deceit and crediriitv. He deceives
Uua by assuming the appearance of the Red Ooss Knight,
but his falsehood is exposed. The whole story is taken
from Arinsto's "Orlando Furio8o,"ii. 12.
2. Thi> |H-i-s()iiili<'Htiou o£ Indolence iu Thom-
son's "Castliiof Indolence."
Archimedes (iir-ki-me'dez). [Gr. 'Xpxifli/im-^
Bom at Syracuse about 287 B. c. : died at Syra-
cuse, 212 B. c. The most celebrated geometri-
cian of antiijuity. Ue is said to have been a relative
of King Iliero of Symcuse, to have traveled early in life
In I'Igypt, and to have beeu the ])upil of Conon the Samian
at Alexandria. His most important services were rendered
to pure geometry, hut his popular fame rests chietly ou
his applicadun lit mathematical theory to mechanics. He
Invented the water-screw, and discovered the principle of
the lever, t'oncerning the latter tlie famous saying is at-
tributed to him. "(iivo mo where I may stand aud I will
move the world " {i>o^ wou trtw »cot to*- koitmoi' Kit-rjcru).
Hy means uf ndlltary engines which he invented he pttst-
poned the fall of Syracuse when besieged by ilarcellus
21t-212, whose fleet he is incorrectly said to have destroyed
by mirrors rertecting the sun's rays. He detected tlie ad-
mixture of silver, and detei mined the proportions of the
two rnetabs, in a crown onlered by Iliero to be made of
Sure gold. The methiHl of detecting the alloy,, without
estroying the crown, occurred tv him as he stepped into
tile bath and observed the overJIow caused by the displace-
ment of the water. He run home througll the streets
naked crying heurfka, "I have found it. He was killed
at the capture uf Syracuse by Marcellus.
Archipelago i iir-ki-pel'a-go), Oreek. The vari-
ous islands and groups of islands in the yEgeau
Sea. Sec ^Kijiitn Srtt.
Archipelago, Indian or Malay. The various
islands in the eastern iiemisphere lyijig be-
tween Australia and tlie simtlieast coast of
Ajiia, including Sumatra, .lava, Borneo, Cele-
bes, the Molucca, Lesser Sunda, and Philippine
islands.
Archipelago, Duchy of.
AV/j'o.s.
Archon fiU-'kon). In Dryden's poem "Albion
and Alliaiiius," a character intended to repre-
sent Monk.
Archytas (iir-ki'tas) of Tarentum. [6r. 'Apxi>-
raf.] Lived about 400 B. c, A Greek Pythago-
rean philosopher, mathematician, and general,
who enjoyed in antiquity a great reputation for
his learning and virtues. He was drowned in
the Adrialie.
Arcis-SUr-Aube (iir-se'siir-6b'). A town in tlie
department of Aube, France, situated on tlie
Aube 17 miles north of Troyes. it was the birth-
place of Danton, Here a battle was fought, March 20 and
21. 1M14, between the French under Napoleon and the
Allies uiuler Schwarzeiiberg. Napoleon was nnsuccessfiil
In bis attempt to prevent the junctbm of .Schwarzenberg
and IJliiirbor, and retreated, leaving the route to I'aris
open, with the intention uf attacking the Allies in the
rear. I'opulation, about :t, Of K).
Arclte (iir'sit). A Theban knight. Foraccount
of him see ('haucer's "Knight's Tale," Dryden's
"PalanionaiKl Arcite." The Ari-ile of Chaucer's
"Anelida and Arcite" Is not tlie same knight.
Arco (iir'ko). A small town in TjtoI, Austria-
Hungary, situated on the Sarca, near Lake
Oarda, 10 tniles southwest of Trent: a noted
winter resort. It contains a castle ami the
town palace of the counts.
Arco aella Pace (iir'ko del'lii pji'che). [It,,
'ureh (if the peace.'] An arch in Milan, Italy,
begun in 1SU7 in honor of Napoleon, and com-
pleted in 18:18 in commemoration of the Peace
of 181:), There is a large central arch tiankcd bv smaller
ones, and each frmit is urnuinented by four I'orinlliian
columns and an entablature. Above the attic is a line
bnjiize group of tin guddess Peace in a six-horse chariot,
and at the four angles lu-u mounted Victories, The wall-
spaces are covered wllb sculptured reliels.
Arco del Leoni (iir'ko da'e lii-6'nc), [It,,
'arch of the lions.'] A Koman double-arclied
gateway in Verona, probably of the 3d century
A. D., one arch of which is destroyed. It is of
light and graceful pmportions. On each side of the unb
tllere is a Curintbian <-olumn : above tlioro is a st^iry with
thrceopenlngs lietween jiibistera. The top stoi-y had col-
umns with Bidral Ibitlng, one of which remains.
Areola (iir'ko-le), or Areola (iir'ko-lii). A
Same as ducky of
73
village in the province of Verona, Italy, situ-
ated on the jUpoue 15 miles southeast of Ve-
rona. Here a victory was gained by the French (about
13,UU0) under Na[>oleon (Ma.ssena and Augereau, division
commanders) over the Anstrians (about •10,000) under .\1-
vinczy, Nov. ll, lu, and 17, 17ii«, which prevented the re-
lief of llantua. It was fought largely iu the swamps near
.\rcule. Population, 2,o<JO to x,'«xt.
ArQon (iir-soii'), Jean Claude Eleonore Le
Michaud d'. Born at Pontuilier, France, 1733:
died July 1, 1800. A French military engi-
neer aud writer, author of "Considerations
militaires et politiques sur les fortifications"
(1795), etc. He devised the floating batteries
used at the siege of Gibraltar in 1782.
Arcos de la Frontera (iir'kos da la fron-ta'ra).
A town and strong fortress in the province of
Cadiz, Spain, situated on the Guadalete 30 miles
northeast of Cadiz, it was a Roman town, and was
long a frontier town of CastUe, toward Granada. Poiiu-
latiuu (ISS7), 16,199.
Arcot (iir-kot'). [Tamil Arkat, Arucati, si.\
forests.] A city in the district of North Arcot,
British India, situated on the Palar in lat. 12°
54' N., long. 79° 24' E., once the capital of the
Carnatic. it was taken by dive in 17S1 and defended
by him in 17r»l against the French and natives. Later it
was successively held by the French, British, and Hvder
All, and was ceded to tlie British in 1801. Population
(1801), 10,928.
Arcot, or Arkat, North. -\ district in Madras,
British India, ;il.<>ut lat. 1.3° N. Area, 7,616
sipmre miles. I'dinil.-itiou (1891), 2,180,487.
Arcot, or Arkat, South. A district in Madras,
British India, about lat, 12° N. Area, .'5,217
siiuare miles. I'opulation (1891), 2,162,iS.')l.
Arco- Valley (ar-ko-fii'li). Count Ludwig.
Born in Bavaria, 1843: died at Berlin, Oct.
15, 1891. A German diplomatist, secretary of
legation at Washington 1871-72, and minister
to the United States 1888-91. His marriage with
the actress Janisch (1S7-) caused his dismissal from the
impeiial service, to which he was restored on sepai-ating
from bis wife.
Arctic Ocean. A part of the ocean which lies
about tho North Pole, is partially inclosed by
Etirope, Asia, North America, and Greenlaml,
communicates with the Pacific Ocean by Be-
ring Strait, and is open to the Atlantic, it is
generally regarded as extending southward to the Arctic
Circle. Among the lands in it ai-e tireenland. Nova Zeni-
bla, Hpitzbergen, Franz Jusef Laud, -Tan Mayen, New Si-
beria, Wrangel Land. Banks Land, Prince Patrick Island,
Melville Island,Victoria Land. King William Island, Prince
of Wales Land, Bathnrst Island, North Somerset, Cock-
biu-n Island, tirinnell, North Devon, Batlln Land, Elles-
raere Land, etc. Among its armsor divisious ai'e Kotze-
bue Sound, Beaufort Sea, Melville Sound, McClintuck
Channel, Gulf uf Boothia, Lancaster Sound, Baffln Bay,
Smith Sound, White Sea, Kara Sea, Barentz Sea, Gulf of
Obi, Yenisei Gulf, Taimyr Bay, Limg Strait, Highest puini
reached, S3* 24' (Greelv's expedition).
Arctic Explorers. Sim- under Frobisher, Davis,
B(iri:iil:, Hudson, Baffut, Scorcsliy, Cook, Bur-
row, farrij, I'Vanklin, Banks, Boss, McClurc,
McClintofk, h'auc. Hall, Hayes, Payer, Mark-
ham, Nordenskjold, Schwatka, De Long, Greely,
Narcs, Nansen, Feury, Grinnell, Fox.
Arctic, The. A first-dass passenger steamship
belonging to the Collins Line (the first Ameri-
can line of steamships), which was sunk by col-
lision ill the Atlantic in 1854.
ArctinUS(iirk-ti'iius). [Gr. 'ApfcnVof.] A Greek
poet of Miletus (about 776 B. o.), author of tho
cyclic poem ".Etliiojiis": tho " oldest certainly
known epic poet." He was said to bo a pupil
of limner.
ArCturUS (iirk-tii'rus). [L., from Gr. 'A/jkto!-
pog, Arcturus, Ut. ' bear-ward,' from ipKToc, a
bear, the Great Bear, and oi'viof, ward, guard,
keeper.] A yellow star in the northern hemi-
sphere, the fourth in order of brightness in the
entire lieavens. It is situated between the thighs of
Bootes, behind the Great Bear, and is easily fuiinil liy fub
lowing out the curve of the beai-'s tail. In the suutliern
bemispbere it may bo recugnized by its forming a nearly
e<|uilatej al Iriangle with Spica and Uenebola. It is called
by astronomers a liovtiv.
Arcueil (iir-key '). A village in t lit^ department
of Seine, France, situated on the Bievri' 1 mile
south of tho fortifications of Paris : the ancient
Arcus .lulianiis. Near It are the ruins of an ancient
Roman a<|ueduct on the site of which another was built
in lili:i-2-l to convey water to the gardens of the Luxem-
bourg. On top of this aqueduct another was built in
18(58-72. i'opulation (ISlll), 0,088,
Arcy-SUr-Ouie (ilr-se'siii'-kiir'). A village in
the department of Yonne, France, situated near
Vermentoii: famous for its stalactite grottos.
Ardabil (ilr-da-bel'), or Ardebil (ar-de-bel'),
A town in the province of A/.erliaijan, Persia,
situated on the Kara-Su in lat. 38° 14' N., long.
48° 19' K. Population, 1.5,000 (f ).
Ardahan (iir-Uii-biiu'). A fortress iu Kussiau
Ardennes, Forest of
Armenia, situated on the Kur 41 miles north-
west of Kars : stormed by the Russians May,
1877, and ceded to Russia by Tiu-key 1878.
Ardashir(iir-<la-sher'). The real foilnderof the
Sassanian dynasty, stirnamed "iPapakan," the
son of Papak. lie reigned from 211 or 212 A. n. to 2tl
or 242. Beginning with Papak's khigdom about Istakkr.
be subdued Kerlnan and Susiaiia. In 224 he defeated and
killed .\rdavau, the last Parthian emperor, from which
time he called himself "kuig uf kings." While Istakkr
was in theory the capital, his real capital consistetl of
t'te.siphon and Veh-Ardasliir (Seleucia). on the opposite
bank lit the Tigris. The important fact in his career is
bis ellective j>atronage of the Zoruastriau religion.
Arda Viraf. See the following.
Arda Viraf Namak (iir'da ve-riif nii-mak').
['The Book of Arda Viraf.'] A favorite reli-
gious book among the Parsis, written in Pali-
lavi. In the reign of Shapur II., since doubts still ex-
isted as to the truth of the Zoroa^trian rebgion. the Das-
tui-s resolved to send one among them to the land of the
dead to bring back certainty. Seven were chosen, and
these chose three and these again one, .Arda Viiaf. Viraf
drank three cups tilled with a narcotiu (mang), and slept
until the seventh day, during which time he made a jour-
ney guided Ijy Siaosha, "the angel of obetlience,"' and
Ataro Yazail. "the angel of the lire," through heaven and
hell. The rewards of the one and the ]iujiishnients of the
other are minutely described. Neither autln>r nor date
is known, but the book belungs undunbtedly tu Sassanian
times.
Ardea (iir'de-ji). [L. ; Gr. 'Apiita.] In ancient
geography, a' town of Latium, Italy. 24 miles
south of Rome. It was the chief town of the
Rutulians, and later a Roman colony.
Ardebil. See Ardabil.
Ard6che (iir-dash'). A department of France,
capital Frivas, bounded by Loire on the north,
by Drome (separated by the Rhone) on the east,
by Gard on tho south, aud by Lozfere aud Haute-
Loire on the west : formed chiefly from the an-
cient Vivarais. Itismountjiinous, containing the cul-
minating point of the Cevennes, and is rich in iron, co,al,
and other minerals. Area, 2,l;i4 square miles. Population
(1891), 371,209.
Ard^Che. A small river in the department of
Ardfeclic, France, which joins the Rhone 26
miles northwest of AWgnon.
Ardei, or Ardai (iir'di). The western part of
the Haar, a range of hills in Westphalia north
of the Ruhr.
Ardekan (ar-de-kan'). A town in Persia, 135
miles east of Ispahan, Population, 8,000 to
9,000,
Ardelan (iir-de-liin'). A district iu the prov-
ince of Irak-Ajemi, Persia, about lat. 35° 30'
N., long. 47° E.
Ardelia (ar-de'lia). A pseudonym of Anne
Finch, countess of Winchelsea.
Arden, Enoch. See Fnoch .irdeu.
Arden (iir'den). An English forest which iu
former times extended through \\'arwi<'kshire
and other miilland counties of England, sialone
and other editors of Shakspere have held that the Forest
of Arden of " .-Vs you Like it " was the Forest tif Ardennes
in F'l'ench Flanders. Wherever the scene of the iilay was
laid, it is evident from the allusions to Kobiii Hood and
the bits of description tliat it is the English forest that
.'Shakspere meant, though the characters are Fi-cnch.
Arden of Feversham. 1. A tragedy first
jirinted (anonyiiioiisly) in 1592, audal one time
attributed to Shakspere, According to Fleay, who
dates it 1f)S5, there is some ground fur attrilmting it to
Kyd. Tieck translated it into German as Shakspere's work,
"It is a domestic tragedy uf a i>ecnliarly atmcious kinil,
Alice Arden, the wife, being led by her passion for a base
paramour, Mosliie, to plot, and at last carry out, the mur-
der of her husband. Here it is not tliat the versillcaliun
baa much resemblance to Sliakesiiere's. or that single
speeches smack of bini, but that tile dramatic gras]i of
character both in principals and in secundary characters
has a distinct touch of bis alnmst nnniistakable hand.
Yet both in the selection and in the treatment of the sub-
ject the play deOnltely transgresses tb.ise principles which
have been said to exhibit tbeinsehis su nnifurinlv and so
strongly in the whole great body uf bis nnduubted plays,"
Sainijtburil, Hist, of Idizabetllali Lit., p. 424.
2. A tragoily, rminded on the earlier one, by
George Lillo in 173(i, it was plnycHi first in I'.lfl.
It was practically nntlnished and was idtered ami reviseil
by l>r, ,1obn Uoadley in 1^2. It was produced in this
form in 1790. '
Ardennes (iir-den'). A department of France,
capital Mezit^res, bounded by Belgium on the
norlli anil norlheast, by Mouse on the east, by
Miiriie on the south, and by Aisne on the west :
formed largely from part of the ancient Cham-
pagne. It produces iron, marble, slate, etc
-Area, 2,020 square miles. Population (1891),
324,9'J3.
Ardennes, Forest of. [h.Ardnenna Silra.'] In
aucient times, a large forest in Gaul which
extended from the Rhine at Coblentz to the
Snmbre; now restricted to sontliern li<dgiiiin
and a part of northeastern Fro nee, the present
Ardennes, a plateau rich in minerals aud tim-
ber. Bee Arden.
Ardennes, Wild Boar of
74
Argall
Ardennes,Wild Boar of. A nieknan.e of the Axenberg (a;r<..W^, or A^^berg (a'^^ ^S^V ?!;S' i'ltl^O^.
tVio.-ious Williiiiii .Ir la Mavek (dwd 148")). He
li;,nirfs iu Scott's " Queutiu Durward."
ArdesMr. See .Irdnshir.
Ardhanari. [Skt., 'Hall-womaTi.'] In Hindu-
ism, a form in which Siva, halt male and half
female, typifies the male aud female energies.
Arditi (iir-de'te), Luigi. Born at Cresceutino,
in I'iedmout, July -J'^. 1822. An Italian violin-
ist and composer. He was director of opera at Ver-
celll 1843 ; traveled in America 184(W6 ; was couduetor
at Her Majesty's Theater, London, IS.'iS ; and conductor
of Italian opera at St, Petersburg and Vienna. He has
cunipoaed <iper.is("I HriKanti." •' La Spia," " 11 Uorsaro X
overturts, waltzes ("II Bacio "), etc.
Ardnamurchan (iiid-na-mer'chan). A penin-
sula in the northwestern part of Argyllshire,
Seiitlanci.
Ardnamurchan Point. A promontory at the
northwestern e.\U'emity of Argyllshire, Scot-
land.
Ardoch (ar'doch). A parish in southern Perth-
shire, Scotland, 12 miles north of Stirling. It
berii), I'liuce August Marie Raymond von
Born at Brussels, Aug. 80, 175:1: died there
Sept. 26, 1833. .Vn Austrian general, brother
of Kngelljert Ludwig von Areuberg. lie was
elected to the French States-General 1789, and was a friend
of Miraljeau, upon whose death he emigrated to Austria.
He obtained the rank of inajor-genei-al in tlie Austrian
ainiy, and was employed by the Austrian government in
negotiations with the French.
Arenberg, Engelbert Ludwig, Duke of. Born
.Tiilv 3, 17.'iO: died at Brussels. March 7, 1S20.
He lost his possession.s west of the Khine liy tlic Peace of
Luneville (IsOl), receiving Meppen and Recklinghausen iu
compensation (1S03).
Arenberg, Karl Leopold, Duke of. Born 1(21:
clieil 177.'>. A commander in the Austrian ser-
vice, son of Leopold Philipp Karl Arenberg. He
led the right wing of tlie Austrians at Hochkirchen in AretSSUS (ar-e-te us)
1758, and was defeated l)y Winisch in 1750. ' ' ' -■ •
Arenberg, Leopold Philipp Karl, Duke of.
Born KiltO: died 1754. A cominander in the
Austrian service. He fought under Prince Eugene
at Belgrad in 1717, and olitaiued the rank of field-marshal
in 1737, with the command of the army in Flanders,
has noted Roman military antiquities (the bestpreserved A^^l'^VoVg^MenDen {ii ' ren-berG-mep 'en). A
Roman camp in (ireat liritaiu), and is the probable site ATenueig nxcpiicii \a • ^^ ,:..„,„*;,...„:„
Oerman''duchj% forming tlie circle (kreis) of
Meppen, province of Hanover, Prussia.
A semi-active
Ic'ano of the Andes, 19,200 feet high, near the
citv of Areiiuipa. Ascended by Pickering.
Ares(a'rez). [Gr."Ai>K.'] In Greek mythology,
the god of war (son of Zeus and Hera), typical
particularly of the violence, brutality, confu-
sion, and destruction it calls forth. The cor-
responding Roman deity was Mars.
Ares, the warrior-god of the Greeks, has been identified
by Professor Sayce with t'ras, the warrior-god of the
Babylonians, whose title, "the lord of tlie pig," helps to
explain an obscure Greek myth which tells us that Ares
slew Adonis by taking the form of a wild boai-, the sun-
god being slain by the tusk of winter.
Jsaac Tai/lor, Aryans, p. 303.
Areson (ii're-son), Jon. Born 1484: died l.'i.^O.
An Icelandic poet and Roman Catholic lushop.
[Gr. ".Aptraroc] Born in
t'appadocia: lived in the 1st (2d?) century
A. I). A celebrated Greek physician and medi-
cal writer. He was the author of a treatise on the
causes, symptoms, and cure of acute and chronic diseases,
in eight books, of which only a few chapters ai'e lost.
Arete (a-re'te). [Gr. :\p//7-7.] In the Odyssey,
the wife of Alcinous, king of the Phieacians:
"a noble and active superintendent of the
household of her husband."
I
(Wright) of the victory of Agricola over the North Britons
Ardore (ar-do're). A small town in the prov- Arenber'g-Meppen, Prosper Ludwig, Duke of. J^^^""x companion of'cvuthia, in Ben Jon-
•'-■■•'••"" ■' north- Born April2S, li8,): diedl-eb. :--, isbl. A son son's"Cvnthia'sRevel.s,"a dignified grave lad v.
iuce of Keggio, Calabria, Italy, 32 miles north-
east of Reggio.
Ardoye (ilr-dwa')- A town in the province of
West Flanders, Belgium, 29 miles southwest
of Ghent. Population (1890), 0,144.
Ardres (ard'r). A town in the department
of Pas-de-Calais, France, 9 miles southeast of
Calais. Near here was the meeting on the " Field of
the doth of Gold "(which see) between Francis I. and
Henry VIII. in 1;.20. See Balinghem.
Ardrossan (iir-dros'an). A seaport and water-
ing-place in Ayrshire. Scotland, situated on the
Firth of Clyde 20 miles southwest of Glasgow.
It exports coal and iron. Population (1891),
5,209.
Ardshlr. See Arda^hir.
Arduin (iiid'win), or Ardoin, or Ardoino (ar-
do-e'no), or Ardwig (iird'vi(i). Died 1015.
King of Italy or Lombardy 1002-13, aud mar-
quis of Ivrea. He was proclaimed king of Italy in
Pavia on the death of Otho III., but was overthrown by
Henry II
of Engelbert Ludwig von Ai-enberg. He became
duke of Arenberg in 1803, was deprived of his soverei-uty
by Napoleon in 1810 (receiving in 1813, as an indemnitica-
tion, a rental of 240,800 francs), and was reinstated in 181,5.
Arendal (ii'ren-diil). A seaport in the stiff of
Christiansand, Norway, situated at the mouth
of the Nid-Elv 40 mile's northeast of Christian-
sand: sometimes called "Little Venice." It
exports woodenware and iron. Population
(1891), 4,447.
Arenenberg (a-ra'nen-bero). A castle of the
Bouapartes, situated in the canton of Thur-
personifying Virtue or Reasonableness.
Arethusa (ar-e-thii'sii). [Gr. ^Apitiovaa.'] A
name of various sjirings in ancient Greece, es-
pecially of one on the island of Ortygia iu the
harbor of Syracuse. With it was connected thelegend
that Arethusa. a nymph of Elis. while bathing iu the Al-
pheus was pursued by her lover, the river-god, and fled
from liim to Ortygia, whither he followed under sea and
overtook her.
Arethusa. In Beaumont aud Fletcher's play
"Philaster," a princess, a woman of the great-
est self-abnegation and wcnuauly devotion.
go\-ie, Switzerland, on the Unter See 6 miles Aretin (ii-re-ten'). Baron Christophvon. Born
west of Constance,
Arensburg (a'rens-boro). A seaport in the
island of Osel, Livonia, Russia, situated on the
southern coast. Population, about 3,000.
Arenys de Mar (ii-ra-ues' da mar). A seaport
in the province of Barcelona, Spain, situated
on the Mediterranean 29 miles northeast of
Barcelona
for tie Liberty of Unlicensed Printing. A Arptir'. a nido See Guido d'Are~^o
pamphlet bv .John Milton, published in 1644. 4^®!}°^' ??iS=V,1n See i^rl,f /^^^^^^
"The most splendid aigument, perhaps, the world had .A.retinO, Leonardo. See J» ii,n, J.co,,
Ardven (iird'veu). In the poems of Ossian, a Areopagite, The. See Dionysius.
name given to a region on the western coast of Areopagitica (are-o-pa-jifi-kil), or Speech
Scotland. " ' '^ ' "^ ^tt_i j t»
Ardys (iir'dis). Son of Gyges, king of Lydia.
A-url.anipal, king of Assyria (668-620 B. c). relates in his
annals tliat Gyges rebelled against him, Imt that his son
Ardy.s, in consecjuence of the invasion of Lydia by the
Cinnuerians, submitted to him and invoked his help.
Are (ii're). A ruined castle near Altenahr, in
the Rhine Pro\^nce, Prussia.
Are (ii're), or Ari (ii'ie), Thorghilsson. Bom
10()7 (1068?): died 1148. An Icelandic histo-
rian, surnamed ''Frothi." He wrote "Islendinga
bcik " (lost), " Konunga bok " (lost), and " Landnama
bok" C'liook of Settlements," extant).
Arecibo (ii-ra-se'ho). A seaport on the north-
ern coast of Porto Rico. Population (1889),
11,187.
Arecunas (ii-ra-ko'niis). A tribe, or rather
race, of South American Indians. They wsmder
in the region between the .\mazon. Orinoco, and Rio Ne-
gro, especially in southeastern Venezuela and on the Rio
Branco, and are savages of a low grade, tierce warriors,
and caimibals, l!y their language they appear to be re-
latcil to the Caribs.
Areius (a-ri'us). [Gr. "Apeioc.'\ A Stoic or
Pythagorean philosopher of Ale.vandria, the
at Ingolstadt, Dec. 2. 1773: died at Mimieh,
Dec. 24, 1824. A Bavarian political aud legal
WTiter. He was appointed librarian of the Centralbib-
liothek at Munich 1806, but was forced to resign on ac-
count of the sensation caused by his treatise "Die Plane
Napoleons und seinerGegner in Deutschland " (" The Flans
of Napoleon and his Opponents in Germany," 1809).
Aretin, Baron Karl Maria von. Born at
■\Vet/.lar, July 4, 1790: died at Berlin, April 29,
1S68. A Bavarian historical writer, son of
Cliristoph von Aretin.
then witnessed in behalf u( intellectual liberty." Pres-
cM, Hist. Ferd. and Isa., III. 191 (1856).
Areopagus (a-re-op'a-gus). [Gr. "Apeioc irdyof,
•Martial hill,' i. e. 'Hill of Mars (Ares).'] A
low rocky hill at Athens continuing westward Aretino, Spinello.
the line of the AcropoUs, from which it is sepa- Arezzo (ii-ret'so)
rated by a depression of ground. On the south
side near" the top there is a flight of fifteen rock-cut
steps, and portions of the summit are hewn smooth to
form platforms, doubtless for altars. I'pon this hill sat
the famous court of the same name, which originally ex-
ercised supreme authority in all matters, and under the
developwl Athenian constitution retahied jurisdiction in
cases of life and death and in religions concerns, and ex-
ercised a general censorship. From the slope of the Are-
opagus St, Paul delivered his address to the Athenians
(Acts xvii.X who were probably asseral>led on the border
of the Agora below. At the liase of the steep rock, on
the northeast side, there is a deep and gloomy cleft, at the
bottom of which lies a daVk pool of water. This was the
famed Shrine of the Furies (Euinenides). The Areopagus
was named from the ti-atii(ion that here Ares (Mars) was
put to trial for the slaying' of ll:dirrhotius ; here too Ores-
tes received absolution for killing (Uytemnestra.
friend and preceptor of .Vugust us Ca'sar. He is Arequipa(a-ra-ke'p!i). A department in south
said to have overcome the hitter's hesitation to put to
death Cicsarion, the reputed son of .lulius I'ajsar an<l Cleo-
patra, by a parody of Homer's famous praise of nioULU--
chy: " r is no good thing, a multitude of C'aisars" (lit.
' rulers'),
Arelate (ar-e-la'te). 1. A Roman colony and
military post near the modern Peehlarn, on
the Danube.— 2. Thi' Komau name of Ai'les.
Arena Chapel, The, It. Cappella Annunziata
deir Arena. A elia))el in Padua, Italy. It is
a plain vaulted buiblini: without ui-sles, stands in the
precincts of the ancient aniphilheater, and is famous for
Ite series of frescos by Giotto, which were begun in 1303,
and cover all the interior walls except those of the choir.
The frescos illustrate New Teslainent histoi-y, aud also
give allegiirieal reiuesentalions of the virtues and vices.
The main subjects are 38 in number.
Arenales (ii-ra-nii'les), Juan Antonio Alva-
rez de. Bom in 17.55: died aliont 1S25. An
Argentine general of the war for inde])endence.
He served under San Martin in the inv:ision of Chile and
Peru, and in the latt«r country led two expeditions to the
Interior (Dec, 1820, and -May. 1821). In the llrst of these
he defeated and captured the Spanish general O'Reilly
fDec. 6, 1S20). In 1822 lie commanded the garrison of
Lima.
rii Peru. Area, 39,330 square miles. Popula-
tion, aljout 180,000.
Arequipa. The capital of the department of
Arequipa, Peru, situated on a plain near the
foot of the Misti volcano 7,611 feet above the
sea, in lat. 10° 24' S., long. 71° 31' W. it is con-
nected by rail with the port of .MoUendo, 107 miles dist^int,
aud with Lake Titicaca, 218 miles, ami another ruadis
l)uilding to Cnzco, The plain, watered by irrigation, is
very fertile, and the city has a large trade. It is an epis-
copal town, and the seat of a university and two collegios
(schools). .\rc(iuipa was founded by IMzarro in l.'>40. It
has freiiuently sutfered from eartlitiuakes, aud was almost
entirely destroyed by that of Aug. 13, 1808. In IsfiB and
1857 the city was in rebellion au'ainst the governTm-iit of
President Castilla. The cathedral is a laigc buihling
which has replaced the original cathedral of 11121, burned Argall (iir'^al). Sir Samuel. Born ;
iu ISM. The very wide front is divided at intervals by p°„,„„,i 1K70 /?■,. ,u,.,\ iijoij An E
large Composile columns, between which there are two Luglanil, 10<_ (.). ami 10.0 jvii 1.
superposei! (Uders with their entablatures. The central venturer, deputy governor ot \ irgin;
superpose
part of the facade is crowned by a long, low pediment flUed
with sculptures. In the lower story there is no opening
but the great nuind-arched central portal. The facade is
flanked by two ex'-elleut towers, which rise above it in
two stages, with columns grouped at the angles, and each
with a single round al'Ch in every lace. The towers are
crowned by low Pointed spires. Population, about 30,000.
eoiiardo.
Aretino (a-rii-te'no), Pietro. Born at Arezzo,
Italy, April 20, 1492: died at Venice, Oct. 21,
1556. An Italian writei' of satirical sonnets and
oraedies, styled "The Scourge of Princes."
See Sjjiiiello.
A province in Tuscany,
Italy. Area, 1,273 square miles. Population
(1891), 242,922.
Arezzo. The capital of the province of Arezzo,
Italy, the ancient Arretium, near the junction
of tiie Arno and Chiana, 38 miles southeast of
Florence : the birthplace of many distinguished
men. including Ma-cenas, Guido Aretino, Pe-
trarch, Pietro Aretino, and Vasari. It was one
of the twelve ancient Etruscan cities, the terminus of
the Via F'laminia, and contains notable Etruscan and me-
dieval antiquities. It was colonized by adherents of Sulla.
During the middle ages it was Ghibelline and antago-
nistic to Klorence. The cathedral is a remarkable build-
ing, though inelfectiveoutside, and with uidinished facade.
The imposing interior, without transepts, is one of the
best of the Italian Pointed style. Population (1891), es-
timated, 43,000.
Arfak (iir'fiik). A mountain group in the
northwestern part of Papua.
Arfe y Villafane (iir'fa e vel-ya-fa'na), Juan
de. Born 1535: died about 1003. A Spanish
silversmith and sculptor.
Arga (iir'gil). A small river in Navarre, Spain,
a tributary of the Ai-agon,
Argaeus ("iir-je'us). Mount. [Gr. 'Apymog.']
The ancient name of the Ar.iish-Dagh.
ArgaUa (iir-gii-le'a). The brother of Angelica
in Boianlo's "Oiiando Innamorato." He was
killed by the Spanish knight Ferrau. and his ghost reap-
pears in Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso." He had an en-
chante<l lance which overthiew everyone whom il touched,
and which finally came into the possession of Astulpho.
Born at Bristol,
English ad-
ia 1017-19.
He went to Virginia as a trader in lOOi), and conducted
Lord Delaware thither in 1010, returning to F.ngland in
1611. He was at Jamestown again in 1612, and dming
this year abducted Pocahontas. (See Pocnhoiitax.) Vi^
reduced the French settlements on the coast of Acadia and
Maine in lOl.'t, ami in 1614 sailed for England, returning
later as deputy governor.
Argalus
Argalus (iii'fia-lus). In Siduey's romance "Ar-
finliii."tlieliusljaii<l<if I'arttienia. He was killed
In- Aiupliialii> in sintclc combat.
Argalus and Parthenia. A pastoral tragedy
by Henry lilaptliorne, iirintcd in 1639.
Argam ('iir-gam'). or Argaum (iir-gam'). A
village in Berar, British India, about lat. 21°
5' N., long. 76° 55' E. Here WVUesley (later
Duke of Welliugtou) defeated the Malirattas
N.iv. jg, 1803.
Argan (ar-gon'). The principal character in
Sloliere's " Malade Imaginaire," a hypochon-
driac whose mind is divided between his dis-
eases, his remedies, ami his desire to reduce
his aputhecavy's bill.
Argand (iir-gou'), Aun6. Born at Geneva
about the middle of the 18th century: died in
Switzerland, Oct. 24, 1803. A Swiss physician
and chemist, inventor of the " Argand lamp."
His lirst lamp was made in England about
17K2.
Argandab (iir-gan-dab'). A river in Afghan-
istan, about 35 miles long, which joins the
Hclnmnd west of Kandahar.
Argante (iir-gan'te). A giantess in Spenser's
•• Faerie yueene," the personification of licen-
li.iiij,ness.
Argante (ar-goiif). The father of Octavia
and Zerbinetla, iu Moliere's "Les Fourberies
de Scapin." lie is foiilcil into Rivins up his plans and
fallhi'^ into those of his son and daughter, by scapin.
Axgantes ', iir-gau'tes). In Tasso's ".lerusalem
Diliveii-d," the bravest of the iulidel knights.
Argantbonias (ar-gan-tho'ni-us). [Gr. 'Apyai-
Uuiiii'.] In ancient geography,amountaiu-ridge
in Bithyuia, .\sia Minor, near the Propontis.
Argel lar-llel'). The Spanish mime of Algiers.
Areelander (iir'ge-liin-der), Friedrich Wil-
helm August. Bom at Memel. I'ru.ssia. March
22. 17!)it: died at Bonn, Feb. 17, 1875. A noted
German astronomer, professor successively at
Abo, Helsingfors, and Bonn. He wrote various as-
tronomical works, inL-hi()ing "ITber dieeipene Bewepuiig
dea S'tnncnsvslenis" 01^'"). >i"d ' Intersuchungen nber
die ElKcnbevveiiun).' von 2.V) Slernen" (18fi9).
Argenis (ar'je-nisl. A romance by .Tohn Bar-
clay. p\iblislied in 1021 : said to have been writ-
ten in "rivalry of the Arcadia." Argenis is tlie
daughter of King .Meliander of Sicily, and the story con-
effit« in an account of the war wageil for her hand by Ly-
cogenes, a Sicilian rebel, and Foliarclnie, prince of Ciaul.
We arc informed ina Latin life cjf Barclay that it was a
favorite work of ( ardinal Kichelien, and susigesteil to him
many of his political expedients. Cowper, the jH>et. rec-
ommends .\rgenis to his correspondents, Mr. Kose and
LJidy liesketb, as "the most amushig romance that ever
waa written." " It is," says he in a letter to the former,
"interesting in a high degree — richer in incident than
can be imagined — full of surprises which the reader never
forestAlla, and yet free from all entanglement and confu-
sion. The style, too, appeai-s to me to be such as would
not dishonor Tacitus himself."
DurUop, Uist. I'rose Fiction. II. 347.
Argensola (iir-nen-so'la), Bartolomeo Leo-
Bardo de. Bom at Barbastro, Aragon, 1.562:
died Feb. 4. 1631. A Spanish i)(iet and histo-
rian, authorof "Conquistadelas IslasMolucas"
( 1 009 ), etc. He became rector of Villahermosa in l.'iSS.
waM for a time chaplain to the empress Maria, and about
1616 t^ticceeded his brother l.upercio I,con:a-do do Argen-
sola a.s hisIorioL'rapher <,f Anigi'ii.
Argensola, Lupercio Leonardo de. Born
Dec, 1559: died 1613, A Spanish tragic and
lyric ])oet, brother of Bartolomeo Leonardo do
Argensola. He became historiographer of Aragon in
1500. and secretary to the count of Lcmos, viceroy of
Naples, 1010.
Argenson (iii-zhoh-son'), Marc Ren6 Voyer
d'. Born I(i.')2: died .May 8, 1721. A French pol-
itician, prt'sident of the council of finance ami
keeper of the seals 1718-20. He became a
member of the Frineli Academy in Hl.'^.
Argenson, Ren6 Louis Voyef, Marquis d".
Born Ocl. IS, 1694: dieil .Ian. 26, 1757. A
French statesman and writer (sou of Marc
Uen^ Voyer d'Argenson), secretary of foreign
affairs 1744-47. He wrote '• Considi'rations snr
le gouvernement de la l-'raiiee" (]7(>4), etc,
Argenson, Marc Pierre de Voyer, Comte d".
Born Aug. 1(>, l()9(i: died at Paris, .Vug. 22, 17(i4,
A French statesman, brother of Rene Ijouis
^ oyer, lie became intendant of Paris 1740, and was
secretary of war 171'2-.'',7. He was a friend of Voltaire,
to whom Iu- furnished the material for the "Sii-clc de
l,..nTs \IV.'
Argenson, Marc Antoine Ren6 Voyer, Mar-
quis de Paulmy. Born Xov. 22, 1722: ilied
Aug, 13, 1787. A French diplomatist and man
of letters, son of Keiie Louis Voyer. He col-
lected the " Hiblioth^4|Ue de I'Arsenal," consisting (tf i:^\-
00<i volumes, which he sold to the Conite d'ArtoIs in ITS'- ;
and published " Mt^langes UHa d'une gramlu blbllo-
th6que" (1779-87), etc.
75
Argentan (ilr-zhon-ton'). Atown in the depart-
ment of I >rne, France, situated on the Orne 21
miles north by west of Alencon. it has manufac-
tures of gloves, etc, and has long been noteti for its hice.
It contains an ancient castle. Population (ItJM).connnune,
G,:;i7.
Argentario (iir-ien-tii're-o), or Argentaro. -V
promontory iu Tuscauy, Italy, wiiich projects
into the Mediterranean south of Grosseto.
Argentat (iir-zhoii-tii'). A town in the depart-
ment of Correze, France, situated on the Dor-
dogiie 14 miles southeast of Tulle. Population
(ISi)l), commune, 3,087.
Argenteuil (iir-zhoi'i-tey'). A town iu the
department of Seine-et-Oise, France, situated
on the Seine 6 miles northwest of Paris, it has
a ruined priory, foundeil 6,M'>, at one time a uuiuicry of
which H^loLse was abbess. Population (1891X commune,
13,:;,!9,
Argenti^re (ilr-zhon-te-Sr'). A -i-illage in the
dejiartment of Haute-Savoie, France, 6 miles
northeast of Cliamoni.x, noted for the glacier of
.Vrgeiitiere in tlie vicinity.
Argentifere, Glacier d'. One of the largest gla-
ciers in the Mont Blanc group, eastof Chamoni.x.
Argentina (Jir-jen-te'mi: Sp. pron. iir-Hen-te'-
n;i). Same as Ariji iiliur Refiublic.
Argentina de Guzman. The name commonly
used in (juoting the historical work "La Ar-
gentina: Historia do las Provincias del Kio de
la Plata," bv Ruy Diaz de Guzman.
Argentina, La. A historical poem written by
Barco Centenero.
Argentine (iir'jeu-ten), A city in Wyandotte
('ouuty, Kansas, on the Kansas River close to
Kansas t'itv: \noted for silver- and lead-smelt-
ing. Po]iii'lation (18!)U). 4.732.
Argentine (iir'jen-ten) Republic, formerly Ar-
gentine Confederation. [Sp. RcpubUm (or
Ciiiifi iliraridii) Aiiji iitiiia, the 'Silver Repub-
lic.'] A republic of South America, capital
Buenos AjTes, lying between Boliviii and Para-
guay on the north, Paraguay, Brazil, Uruguay
(separated by the Pilcomayo, Paraguay, Uru-
guay), and the ocean on the east, the ocean ajd
Cliiie ou the south, and Chile (separated from it
by the Amies) on the west. It is raountainnus in
tlie west, and contains the Pampas in the center, and the
Gran Chaco in the north. The chief river system is that
of the Rio de la I'lata. Its chief products are hides, wool,
tallow and other animal products, maize, wheat, llax, lin-
seed, sugar. Paraguay tea, and live stock. There are 14
provinces and 9 tenitories. The government is vested in
a president and a legislature comprising 3u senators and
S6 deputies. The prevailing religion is Roman t'atholic,
and the language .Spanish. The inhabitants are chielly
Argentines (of Spanish descent), with many innnigrants
(largely Itidian ; also .Spanish, French, etc.), Indians, and
(Jaiirlios. The country was colonized by Spain in the mid-
dle of the Ulth century. The revolutionary movement be-
uan in l>lo ; independence was proclaimed in IsKi under
theiKtnu; t'nited Provinces of La Plata (changed to Argen-
tine Confederation in 1825) ; dictatorship of Rosas l«;t.5-52 ;
lSuenos.\yres was sepai-ated from the confederation 18.'>2-
18."i9; Brazil and Argentina were allied in war with Para-
guay 1865-70. By a treaty in 1881 Patagoiua and Tierra del
Fnego were divided between it atul Chile. A financial
crash occurred in 1890. The peak of Aconcagua is now
within the .\rgentine liountlary. Area, about 1,100,0011
square miles. Population, estimated (1892), 4,257,000.
Argenton-Sur-Creuse (iir-zhon-ton'siir-krez').
A town in the department of Indre, France,
situated on the ('reuse 18 miles southwest of
Chateaurou.x. Population (1891), ,5,657.
Argentoratiun (iir-jeu-to-ra'tum). [L., also
Arijeiitiiiiilr, (Jr. 'ApytvTipaTov, an Old (Celtic
name, ' stone of Argantos.'] The Roman name
of Strasburg.
Arginusse (ilr-.ii-nfi'.se). [Gr. 'V/))7i'owa(.] A
group of small islands off the coast of Asia
Minor, southeast of Lesbos. Near hero the
Athenian fleet under Conon defeated the Spar-
tans under Callicratidas 406 B. c.
Argives (iir'jivz). [L. Argin, from Or. 'Apydui
('.\/i;i'F(»), from 'Ap)of, Argos.] The Greeks of
Argolis. From the important part i)layed by them under
their king .\ginnemiion in the Trojan war, their name is
extended l»y Homer to all the Greeks.
ArgO (iir'go). An island in the Nile, between
N'ew Dongola and the third cataract,
ArgO (iir'go). [Gr. 'A(j)iJ.] In Greek legend,
the ship which bore the Argonauts. See Anju-
llltll Is.
ArgO Navis( iir'go nii'Ws). [L.,'theship Argo.']
.All aiieienl southern constellation, the largest
in (.iji- lleavens. It contains Canopiis. after Sirina the
biiL'litest of the fixed stars. By moilcrn astrononiei-s it is
I'MiiiMioiily divided into four Jiarts by adding the (listinc.
live wonls nrtct/(. carinn, pupput, and iWum. or bull, keel,
stern, and sail.
Argolicus Sinus, E.Argolic Gulf. SeoA'(/«/)/i«,
dull' I'f.
Argolis (iir'gi)-lis). [(ir. 'Ajiyo^ir.'] In ancient
geography, u division of PelopouuesuB, Greece,
Argus
surrounded by Sicyonia, Corinthia. the .^Igean
(with the Saronic and Argolic gulfs i, Laconia,
and .Vicadia, contaitiitig the plain of Argos
and tlie cities of Argos aud Mycenie.
Argolis and Corinth. A uotnarchy of modern
(iieeie, in tlie northeastern part of the Morea.
.\rea, 1,442 square miles. Population (18SU),
144,s:!6.
Argonautica (ar-g9-n&'ti-ka). [L., from Gr.
'ApyomvTiKa, 'deeds of the Argonauts.'] An epic
poem by Apollonius of Rhodes. See the ex-
tract.
-Apollonius Rhodius (194 B. c.) wrote the Argonautica,
an epic in four books on Jason's ** Voyage in the Aigo"to
win the golden fleece. It is the work of a learned Ho-
meric scholar who has not the Homeric feeling for the
hendc age ; it is artificial, and somewhat cold ; hut there
is some hue dramatic painting ; the poem is full of literary
interest, and is the best of its class that the .Alexandrian
age h.as left. Jelib, (Jreek Lit., p. KU.
Ajrgonauts (iir'go-niltz), The. [(Jr. 'Ap}ovaiT<ii,
from '.\(r w, their ship-] In Greek legend, the
heroes who sailed to Colchis in the ship Argo
to caiTy olT the (Tolden Fleece. The expedition
took place not long after the Trojan war. .tason was its
leader, and it included demigods and heroes from all palts
of (ireece. See Golden FUca\ Janoii, Medea.
Argonne (iir-g6n'), or Forest of Argonne. A
rocky plateau on the borders of Lorraine aud
Champagne, France, containing several diffi-
cult defiles ^vhich lead from the basin of the
Mouse to that of the Seine famous in the
■' Argoune Campaign" of Dumonriez in 1792.
Argos (iir'gos). [Gr.To "Apyur.] Aeityin Argolis,
Greece, situated about 5 miles from the Argolic
Gulf, in lat. 37° 38' N., long. 22° 43' E.: the
leading Dorian city prior to the middle of the
8th century li- C. it remained an important town in
later times, was often at variance with Sparta, and flour-
ished under the Romans. It was ruled by the legendary
dynasties of Inaclius, banaus, and Pelops. It produced
many noted sculptors. It contains the remains of an
ancient theater. Tlie upjier tiers of seats of the cavea
ai-e rock-hewn ; below these ai-etiei-s of masonry. Twenty
tiers in all survive, the lowest consisting of thrones of
honor. There are remains of a Roman stage, and of several
modifications of the (Jreek stage-structure. An under-
ground passage ran from behind the proscenium t« the
middle of the orchestra, as at Eretria, etc. There are im-
portant remains of the Heraion. or sanctuary of Hera, the
national shrine of Argolis, which lay at some distance
from the city. The temple was rebuilt after a fire in the
5thceiitury B. c., a little below the old site, as a Doric hexa-
style peripteros about 05^ by 130 feet. The cult-statue
was an admirable chryselephantine work by Polycleifus.
The Heraion lias been in course of excavation since 1892
by the American School at Athens, to w hich is due nearly
all our knowledue of the architectural and sculptural re-
mains of both temples and their perilvdos, as well as a
very valuable collection of archaic terra-cot fas. Popu-
lation (l«8ll), 9,811.
Argostoli (iir-gos'lo-le). A seaport aud capital
of Ceplialonia, Ionian Islands, (ireece. situated
ou the western coast in lat. 38° 12' N., long. 20°
29' E. It has a flourishing trade, and is the seat
of a metropolitan. Popiilation (1.8,80), !1.0,8.5.
Argout (iir-gi)'), Antoine Maurice_ Apolli-
naire, Comte d'. Born Aug. 27, 1782: died
Jan. 15, 18.58. A French politician and financier.
He became a peer of France ISlii; acted as mediator be-
tween Charles X. and the popular leaders .Inly, IS.'iO;
ami was appointed governoi- of the fiank of France 1834,
and mini.stcr of finance 183i;. Later in the same year he
was reappointed governor i»f the bank, continuing to hold
the ptist under the republic of 1818.
ArgOVie (iir-go-ve'). The French fiame of
Aargati.
Arguelles (tlr-gwel'yes), Augustin. Born at
Ribadesella, .(Vsturias, Spain, Aug. 28, 1776:
died at Madrid, March 23, 1.S44. A Spanish hb-
eral statesman, n prominent member of the
Cortes, imprisoiu'd 1814-20, minister of the in-
terior 1820-21, and exiled 1823-32, He was the
guardian of (jueen Isabella.
Arguin (tir-go-en'). -A sfnall island west of
Africa, in lat. 20° 25' X., loug. 16° 37' W.,
claimed by France,
Argun (iir-gOti'). Cne of the two chief head
slreatns of the Amur. It rises as the Kcrulen In
Mongolia, traverses Lake Dalni-Nor, flows along the boun-
dary between Mongolia and Sifieria, and unites with the
.Shilka to form the .Amur about lat. .'i3' .N., long. 121" E.
Its length Is about 1,II0« miles.
Axgliri (iii-gii're). A former village in Russian
.Vrinenia, on the northern slo]ie of ,\nirat,
buried by an eurthqtmke and landslide from
Ararat iii 1840.
Argurion (iir-gti'ri-on), [Gr. apyvpiov, inoticy.]
A semi-allegorical personification of money, in
iton Jonson's "Cynlliia's Revels." The eliar-
acler is afti'rward expanded in "The Staple
of News" as Laily Pecfinia.
Argus (iir'gus), [iir. 'A/ijof, surnamed TlavdrrTiir,
'theAU-seeing.'l In (ireek legend, the guardian
of lo, slain by Hermes, fatned to have had one
hundred eyes.
Argyle
76
Arista
See Camp-
Arica (a-re'ka). A towu ami port of Peru, capi-
tal Kf tbe pro^■iuee of the same name. It is im-
portant, piinuipaUy, as the seaport of Tacna. with w hich
it is conmcted liy a railroad. The harbor is a roadstead
protected li.v a iwint and a small island. The town was
nearly destroyed by earthquakes in 1S<>S and lbT7. The
Chilean.* blockaded and bombarded .^riea April, ISSO, and
took it by assault June 7. Population, about 4,U0U.
Ariobarzanes III., surnamed Eusebes and
PMloromaeuS. [tir. cvae.ir/i;, pious ; (pi'/.upufiaiO(,
I'lieudly toward the Romaus.] Died 42 B. c.
A sou of Ariobarzanes II. whom he succeeded
about 51 B. 0. He aided Pompey against Ca:sar in the
civil wjir, but was pai-doned by Cwsar. He was put to
death by t';issius.
Ariccia (ii-re'cha). A towii in'tiie province of Ariobarzanes I Satrap of Pontiis in the 5th
Argyle. See Argyll.
Argyll (iir-gil'), Earl of, Duke of.
Ull.
Argyll, or Argyle, A county in western Scot-
land, the second in size, bounded by Inverness
ou the north, bv Perth, Dumbarton, aud the
Firth of Clyde on the east, aud by the Atlantic
and the NoVth Channel on the south and west.
It is much indented by lochs and Hrths, which form Kin-
tyre and other peninsulas, and includes the islands Mull,
lona, CoUinSiiy, Stalfa, Ilva, Rum, Coll. Tiree, Jura, Islay,
Gijtha, etc. The surface is stenendlv mountainous. « ithin
it are l.ochs Shiel, Snuart, Kil, Linnhe, .\we, Fyne, etc.
The leading industries are the rcarinj; o( cattle and sheep,
the uuaiTving of building-stone, lead-mining, aud flslung
(herring, salmon, and trout). Area, 3,213 square nules.
Population (1>:)1), 75,946.
Argyro-Castro (ar'ge-ro-kSs'tro). A town in
Albania, vilavet of Janina, Turkey, in lat. 40° t. , ■, ' -
19' N lone ''0° 1'^' E. Population (estimated). Arickarees. oee Ankara. able to force the pass only by stratagem.
S^Ono" Arided (ar'i-ded). [Ar.rt/-)7<f/, 'the hindmost,' ^iOCjl(ar'i-ok). [Probably Babylonian £WaA-M,
ArevrODOUlos (iir-^e-ro-po'los). Johannes, the star being in the tail of the coustellation.] servant of the moon-god.] 1. A kins; of Ella
Boru at Coustantiuople about 1411) : died at The second-magnitude star o Cygm, more tre- . - -
Bome about 14*6. A Greek scholar, professor queutly called JJeneb Cijijui.
Kome, Italy, nearly adjoining ^Ubano : the Latin
Aricia. Population, about 2,000.
Ariel (ii-re'ehe), Cesare. Bom at Brescia,
July 2, 1781.': died ther<', July 2, 1S;5(). An Ital-
ian didactic poet. He was appointed professor of
history and literature in the lyceuni at Brescia in ISIO,
and professor of the Latin language in 1S24,
century B. c, father of Mithridates I.
Ariobarzanes II. King of Poutus 3C3-337 b. c,
sou and successor of Mithridates I. He re-
volted from Artaxerxes 362 B. c and founded
the independent kingdom of Pontus.
Ariobarzanes III. King of Pontus 266-340 (t)
B.C., son of Mithridates III.
Arichat (ii-re-shaf). A small seaport on Ma- Ariobarzanes. A satrap of Persis who, after
dame Island, oil the southern coast of Cape the battle of Gaugamela, 331 B.C., secured the
Breton Island, Nova Scotia. pass of the Persian Gates. Alexander was
of the Peripatetic philosophy in Florence (1456) Arifege" (ii-re-azh'). A department in France,
and in Kouie (1471). Among his pupils were Itero
and Lorenzo de' Medici. Politian, aud Reuchlin. He trans-
latcil .Aristotle into Latin,
Argyropoulos, Perikles. Bom at Constanti-
nople, .Sept. 17. 1S09: died at Athens, Dec. 22,
1860. A Greek politician and publicist, pro-
fessor of law in the University of Athens.
Aria (a'ri-ii). [L. Arui, Gr. Va or 'Apcia.'] In
ancient geography, a region in Asia correspond-
ing nearly to western Afghanistan and eastern
Kliorasaii: often confounded with Ariana.
capital Foix, bounded by Haute-Garonne on
the west aud north, by Aude on the east, aud
by Pyr^n6es-0rientales, Andorra, and Spain on
the south: corresponding in general to the
ancient county of Foix. It is rich in iron, and has
various other mineral products. Area, 1,890 square miles.
Population (ISHl), ■227,-J91.
Ari^ge. A river in southern France which
sar, one of the four kings who at the time of
Abraham made an attack on the cities in the
valley of Siddim (Gen. .xiv.). In the book of Judith
(i. 6) he is cidled king of ELim ; identified by some with
Erim-agu, king of Larsa.
2. Captain of the guard of Nebuchadnezzar
(Dan. ii. 14 f . ).— 3. In Milton's "Paradise Lost"
(vi. 371), one of the rebellious angels over-
thrown by Abdiel.
Ariodantes. In Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso,"
the lover of Geneura, princess of Scotland.
rises in the PjTenees, flows past Tarascon aud ^jon (a-ri'on). [Gr. Wpiuv.^ A Greek poet of
Foix, and joins the Garonne near Toulouse : the
Latin Aurigera. Its length is about 100 miles
Ariadne (ar-i-ad'ne). [Gr. V"'''''?.] 1. In Ariel (a'ri-el). [Heb..-Lion of God':usedas an
■ - - - - "• ■■ epithet in the Old Testament: rendered • lion-
like 'in 2 Sam. xxiii. 20, 1 Chron. xi. 22.] 1. One
of the chief men sent by Ezra to procure minis-
ters for the sanctuary. Ezra viii. 16. — 2. Used
in Isa. xxix. as a name for Jerusalem. — 3. In
cabalistic angelology, one of the seven princes
of angels, or spirits who preside over the watei-s
imder Michael the arch-prince. — 4. "An ajTie
spirit" in Shakspere's " Tempest." — 5. One of
the rebel angels in Milton's "Paradise Lost."
— 6. A sylph, guardian of Belinda, in Pope's
"Rape of the Lock." This particular spirit was the
chief of those whose
Greek mythology, the datighter of Minos, king
of Crete. She gave Theseus the clue by means of which
he found his way out of tile labyrinth, and went with him
to the Island of Dia (>iaxos), where, according to the com-
mon account . she was abandoned by Theseus, and became
the w ife of Uiouysus.
2. An asteroid (No. 43) discovered by Pogson
at Oxford, April 15, 1857.
Ariadne. Died 515 a. d. A Byzantine em-
pnss, daughter of Leo I. She was married to Zeno,
who beiame emperor 474, aud after his death (491) became
the w ife v>i Anastasius I.
Ariadne, Sleeping. See Sleeping Anadne.
Arialdus(a-ri-al'dus). Died June 28, 1066. A
deacon and reformer in the church of Milan,
murdered by the emissaries of the Archbishop
of Milan whose excomraimication he had se-
em'ed from the Pope. He was canonized by
Pope .Mexander n.
Ariana (a-ri-a'na). [L. Ariana, Gr. 'Apmv;).]
In ancient geogi'aphy, a region in Asia, of vague
boundaries, extentiing from Media on the west
to the Indus on the east, aud from Hyrcania
and Bactriaua on the north to the Persian Gulf
aud Arabian Sea on the south.
Ariane (a-re-iin'). A tragedy by Comeille,
compiised in 1672.
Ariano (ii-ie-a'no), or Ariano di Fuglia (a-re-
il'no de pol'ya). A town in the province of
Avelliiio, Italy, situated among the Apennines
50 miles northeast of Naples. It is the seat of
a bishopric. Population, about 14,000.
Arians (a'ri-anz). The followers of Arius, a
deacon of Alexandria, who in the 4th century
maintained, in opposition to both Sabellianism
and Tritheism, that the Hon is of a nature sim
the same name, which is now occupied by the constella-
tion Pisces.
Ankara (a-re'ka-ra), or Bicara (re'ka-ra), or
Ree (re). A tribe of the Caddoau stock of
North Ajnerican Indians, lining on the Fort
Berthold reservation. North Dakota. They
numlwr 448. See Caddoau. Also Arickarce.
Ariinaspians(ar-i-mas'pi-anz). [Gr. 'Api/iacTvoi ,
according to Herodotus a Scythian word mean-
ing ' one-eyed.'] In classical mi,-thology, a one-
eyed people of Scythia. They were at war with
the Griffins whose gold they sought
ilar to (not the same as) the Father, and is Aximatliea (ar"i-ma-the'a)
subordinate to him. The tendency of these doc- ography, a town in Judea, Palestine, of luide-
trines was toward the denial of the diWnity of Christ- termined location : probably the Bamah of 1
The Ariau discussion raged fiercely ni the 4th century, and «„„ i 1 HI
though Arianism was coudemneil by the t'ouncil of Nic.Tea , . • '• ^' "■ t - t, t i ,.■ i -
(.S2.')). the heresy long retained great imporlance, theolo- Arijnatnea, JOSepb 01. bee Joseph oj An-
gicaJ anil iM>litical. The strongholds of the Ariiuis were in matin ft.
the East and :imong the (ioths and other barbarians who ArimitintTi (a-rim'i-num). The Latin name of
were converted by Ai-ian missionaries. Sec .vocinirt/i*. Uit iii
■^^^^/!, ^'^^^ ^^''"^'^' ^^ a've-la), Pedro, ^ri^azes (ar-i-ma'zez), or Oriomazes (6-ri-o-
aJ^'1: jI'o j.» /:: ™'Ho ,i„ „K_a_,..,'.i„::^ ma'/.ez). The commander of a fortress, caUed
the Rock (Kohiten ?), in Sogdiana, near the
pass of Kolugha or Dcrbend. He surrendered to
Arias de Saavedra (a-re'iis de sii-a-va'drii).
Hernando. Bi 'ru in Asuncion about 15,50 : died
in ^^:inta Fc de la Vera Cruz about 1625. A
Spanish statesman, three times governor of
Lesbos who flourished probably about 700 B.C.
(later dates are given), and was famous as a
plaver upon the cithara. He IiTe<i chiefly at the
court of Periander, tyrant of Corinth. According to the
legend Arioii, while rettuning from a musical contest in
Sicily in which he had been victor, was throw n into the
sea by the sailors, but was saved and carried to Tsenarus
by dolphins which had gathered about the ships to listen
to his lyre.
Arion, though a Lesbian by birth, belongs by art rather
to the Dorian school. His great work was to give the
dithjTamb, or choi-al hymn to Dionysus, a finished choral
form, by fixing the number (.">o) of the cyclic or circular
chonrs that was to sing it, gi'ouped round the altar, and
by dividing the singing and acting parts clearly from each
other. We have a fragment by him [also ascribed to an-
other poet), addressed to Poseidon, and telling of Posei-
don's sei-vauts, the dolphins, who had wafted the poet
safely to land, when he had lost his course at sea. A
fable grew up that certain wicked sailors had thrown
Arion overboiu-d, and that the dolphins, charmed by his
songs, had saved him. Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 62.
Arion. In Greek legend, a fabidons horse, the
ofl'spring of Poseidon by Demeter (or, in other
accounts, 6a>a or a harpy) who to escape him
had metamorphosed herself into a mare, it was
successively owned by Copreus, Oncns, Heracles, and Ad-
rastus. It possessed marvelous powers of speech, and its
right feet were those of a man.
steUation Aries has moved completely out of the sign of ^^Jon. A pseudonym of William Falconer.
AriostO (a-re-os'to or ar-i-os'to), Ludovico,
Bom at Reggio, northern Italy, Sept. 8, 1474:
died at Fen-ara, Italy, June 6, 1533. A celebrated
Italian poet, author of "Orlando Furioso." He
was forced by his father, who was commander of the cit-
adel of Reggio, to study law ; but at length, being allowed to
follow hisinchnations, studied the classics, having a strong
inclination toward poetry. As early as 149.i he wnite sev-
ei'al comedies. Two of them, the "Cassaria" and "Sup-
positi.'were acted alwut 1.M2. These attracted the at-
tention of Cardinal Ippolito of Este, who took him into
his service, where he remained till 1617, when he entered
that of the cardinal a brother, Alfonso, duke of Ferrara,
y ° . . , «i)y whom he was emploved as governor of the district
in scriptural ge- v ^j fjarfagnana 16-22-26. The province was distracted by
banditti, but his government was satisfactory to bis sov-
ereign and his people for three years. He then declined
an embassy to Pope Clement VII., and p.TSseil the last
years of his life at Ferrara writing comedies and eoirecting
his "Orlando Furioso " (which see), publishing the com-
pleted edition a year before his death, which was due to
consumption. His seven satii-es, in the Ilomtiaii style,
were published in 1.134, alter his death. Tliey are gay,
easy, and full of Epicurean philosophy. His comedies are
placed not to those of Jlaichiavelli by most Italian
critics.
Sir Walter Scott.
" Humble province is to tend the fair . . .
To save the powder fi-om too rude a gale,
Xor let the imprisou'd essences exhale . . .
... to curl their waving hairs.
Assist their blushes and inspii'e their airs."
Aries (a'li-ez). [L., 'aram.'] 1. One of the
zodiacal constellations. — 2. The first sign of
the zodiac (marked T), which the sun enters at
the vernal equinox, March 21, aud leaves April
20. Owing to the precession of the e<iuino.\es, the con-
Alexander S2S B. c, who found in the fortress Roxana, the
daughter of the Bactrian chief Oxyartes.
Paraguay, which then comprehended all the Arinos (ii-re'nos). A river in the state of Matto
Spanisli Mttlements of the Plata and ParauA
Arias Montanus (ii-ii'as mon-ta'uus), Bene-
dictus. Born in Estreinadura, Si)aiu, 1527:
Grosso, Brazil, about 400 miles long, it joins
the .Tumena, forming the Tapai<Ss, and is separated by
short iKirtagea from the head streams of the Paraguay.
Ariosto of the Norths
AriovistUS (;i-ri-o-vis'tus). Lived about 60 B.C.
A German chief who crossed the Rhine and
invaded Gaul, aiding the Sequani against the
.aidui, and was defeated by Julius ('M>sar near
Miilhausen 58 B. C.
Arisb. See El-Araish.
li. d at SevUle, 1.598. A Sijanish Orientalist. Ariobarzanes (a'n-o-biir-za'nez) I., surnamed Afishkerd a-rish'kerd). Plain of. A p ain m
. . ' . * . .„ T3v;in«.AvH »^«.. r/i- .i, . - .... .11— t- .\ c,„ti/i ^,,,.1..^^ T<.*ict i^f Al,ni,it Atmi'ii t mil north
editor of the Antwerp Polyglot Bible (1568-73).
Arica (a-re'ka). A former i>ro\'ince of Peru in
the depart meut of Moquegiia, on the coast be-
tween lat. 18° and 19° S. In I8sn it was seized by
the Chileans, and by the tixaty nililkil May 21, 1861,
Arica and Tacna were to be held by them for t*n years. AriobarzaneS II., surnamed Philopator. [Gr.
thoinhabitants.atthecndof thattime.Wdecidetow-hlch 0i/.o~nTup, loring one's fatlicr.! Kiuir of Can-
couutiT. they will belong, the^othercouiUry torcceive an p^^ocia, SOU of Ariobarzanes I. whom ho SUC-
FhiloromaeuS. [Gr. ipi'/opuuaior, friendly to-
ward the Romans.] A king of Cappadocia
who lived about the beginning of the 1st cen-
tury B.C. He was several times expelled by
Mitliridiites and restored bv tlie Romans.
indemnity. Area, about ll.oon square miles. Population
(1876), 8,012, now (1893) considerably increased.
ceeded about 63 b. c.
.-Vsiatic Turkey, west of Mount Ararat ami north
of the Ala-Dagh, about the head waters of the
East Euphrates.
Arista (ii-res'ta), Mariano. Bom in San I^uis
Potosi, July 26. 1802: died at sea near Lisbon,
Portusal. Aug. 7. 18.55. A Mexican general. He
commanded the ai-my of northern Mexico and Texas 1846,
and was defeated by Oeneral Taylor at Palo Alio (May 8)
and Resaca de la Palma(May 9). after which he was re-
called. He was minister ol war under Herrera (18*8X -ad
Arista
was elected president r>{ Mexico Jan. 8. 1851. To bvoM
a civil war he resigned in Jan., 1853, and suun after went
to Kurope.
AristSUS (ar-is-te'us). [Gr. 'Apurraioc.'] In
Greek mythology, a beneficent deity, protector
of husbaiulinou and shepherds.
AristXUS. A native of Cyprus, an official in
the court of Ptolemy Philadelphtis. According
to a letter ascribed to him (but a forifery). he was sent by
Ptolemy to Jerusalem to obtain from Elenzar, the high
priest, a copy of the Pentateuch and severity elders to
translate it iiito Greek. See Si-pluairiiil.
Aristagoras i ar-is-tag'o-ras ) of Miletus. [Gr.
'Aliirrra^iJixir.] Died 497 B. c. A Persian gover-
nor "f Miletus, and leader in the Ionian revolt
against Persia in 500 B. C.
Aristander (ar-is-tan'd6r). [Gr. 'ApiaTavi1poc.'\
A lel el ira ted soothsayer of Alexander the (;ro;it.
Aristarchus (ar-is-tar'kus), or Axistarchos
(-kos). [Gr. '\pl(7ritpx"C-'i Bom at Samcis:
lived between •.'SO-2G4 B. C. A noted Greek
astronomer of the Ale.\aiidrian sehool. nis only
extant work is a treatise on the magnitude and distance
of the sun and moon.
Aristarchus, or Aristarchos. Bom at Samo- . . .„^4.„„
thraee: tioiirished alioiil the middle of the 2d ATlStOglton,
77
Aristobulus n. Died about 48 b.c. Son of
Alexander Jaunfeus, designated by his mother,
the queen-regent Ale.xandra, liigh priest, while
to his elder brother Hvrcanns II. the throne
was bequeathed. After her death a contest took place
between the two brothers which brought Pompey for the
first time to Jerusalem (6a B. c); he defeated Aristobulus
and led him captive to Rome.
Aristobulus III. A Jow^ish prince, grandson
of HjTcanvis II.. brother of Mariamne, and thus
brother-in-law of Herod I. lie was made high
priest by Uerod, but, fearing his great popularity, Herod
had him assassinated (about 30 B. 0. 1. lie was the last
male repreaentative of the Hasmouean family.
Aristodemus (a-ris-to-de'mus). [Gr. 'AfiiarSt^-
//"f.] Lived in the 8tli centmy B. c. A Mes-
senian national hero in the first war against
Sparta. He offered his daughter's life, in response to
an oracle, for the jireservation of the Messenian state;
and when her lover, in order to save her, declared that
she was with child by him, killed her and opened her
womb torcfute tile lie. He was made king about 729 B. C;
but although he gained avicl<>ry over tlie Spartans 7-24 B. o.,
was unal>le to continue the war, and killed himself on his
daughter's tomb before 722 B. r.
or Aristogeiton (a-ris-to-ji'ton).
century B. c. : died in ('vj)ius. A noted Alex-
andrian grammarian and critic, the most cele-
brated of antiquity. His most notable work was a
recension of Homer. "The text he establislied and his di-
vision of the poems into ttooks are suitstantially those
which have come down to us.
Aristarchus, or Aristarchos. An associate of
the apostle Paul '>]-'u A. I>. He was a native of
TheSj^lonica, accompanied Paul In several of his mission-
ary journeys, and was his "fellow prisoner" in Rome.
(Acta xix. XX. xxvii.) He is represented by the_Greek
[Gr. '.\/»(T7o;,f/7«r.] See Hiirmiirlins.
Aristomenes (ar-is-tom'e-uez). [6r. 'Apiaro/ie-
i7/<;.] Liverlintho 7th century B.C. AMessenian
national hero in the second war against Sparta
(>4r>-<3.30 (GSH-CCS). He waa surprised in Eira, the last
stronghold of the Messenians, t»y the Spartans, and com-
pelled to siurender, but was allowed to depart with his
men. He died in Rhodes at the court of liis son-in-law
Damagetus, and is said to have twice sacrificed the heca-
tompbonia, prescribed for one who with his own hand
had killed one hundred of his enemies in battle.
fhim-h as bishop of Apamea in Phrygia, and by the Roman Ariston (a-ris'ton), or AristO (a-ris'to). [Gr.
as Idshop of Thcasalonica.
Ariste (ii-resf). The brother of Chrysale, in
"Les Femraes Savantes" by Molifere.
Aristeas (a-ris'te-as). [Gr. 'Apifrrfaf.] A Greek
poet, assigned to various periods, from the 6th
eentury B. c. to the time of Homer, and the re-
puted author of an epic poem, the "Arimaspea,"
m three books. The accounts of his life are fabulous ;
he is represented as a magician who rose after deatli, and
whofte S4>ul could occupy or abandon his body at will.
Aristides, or Aristeides (ar-is-ti'dez). [Gr.
'ApdTTf /((//<;.] A Greek writer of tho 2d centiu-y
B. C, author of a romance, the "Milesiaca"or
" Milesian Tales,'' a prose work in six or more
books. He was the founder of Greek romance and "the
title of his work Is supposed to have given rise to the term
' .Milesian ' as applii-d to works of fiction " (Smith),
Aristides, or Aristeides (ar-is-ti'dez). Died
pn.lialily at Athens about 4(58 B.C. A cele-
l>rated Athenian statesman and general, son of
Lysimaehus: sumamed "The Just." Ue was
one of the ten generals in the year of the battle of Mara-
thcMi (41IIIX and chief archon in 489; was constantly op-
posed to rhemlstocles; and was ostracized in 48;t. Ho
took part in the victory of Salamis (480), was Athenian
conunantlcr at the victory of Plataja (479). carried through
civic reforms (477), and was chief founder of the Delian
l.cague (about 477).
Aristides, or Aristeides, Quintilianus (kwin-
til-i-a'nus). The (Greek) author of a treatise
on music (printi-d in the collection of Mcibomius
1(5.'>2) who lived, probably, in the 1st century
A. I). His work is the most important ancient
book on the subject.
'ApidTuv.] Bom at Chios: died 250 b. c. A
Greek Stoic philosopher, a disciple of Zeno
and later, according to Diogenes Laertius, of
the Platonist Polemo. Ho was called the ".Su-en"
from his eloquence, and " Phalantus " from bis baldness.
Of the various branches of philosophy he recognized only
ethics as a legitimate study.
Aristonicns (a-ris-to-ni'kus), or Aristonikos
(-kos). [(rr. 'Apia-SviKor.l A natm-al son of
Eumencs II. of Pergamus. when Attains III., tlie
successor of Kumenes, died, bequeathing the kingdom of
Pergamus to the Romans, Aristonicus disputed the in-
heritance with the latter, defeating and taking prisoner
P. Licinius Crassus 131 B. c. He was himself defeated
ami taken prisoner 130 B. r. by M. Perperna ; was carried
to Rome to adorn the triumpli of M. Aquilius, the suc-
cessor of Perperna ; and was i>eheaded.
Aristophanes (ar-is-tof'a-nez). [Gr. ApWTotia-
v!?;:.] The greatest of the Greek comic poets.
He was born probably between 450 and 440 B. c, and died
not later than 380 b. c. He "was an aristocrat who ridi-
culed ra«licalism and the advanced democracy, but spared
the vices of liis associates and his party. ... In matters
of religion he was a great defender of orthodox>' against
the new physical school, and was never weary of attacking
Socrates and Euripides for their breaking up of the old
faith" {Mahafif). His first play, the "Revellers" or
" Banqueters," waa pr()duced in 427 B. c, and obtained
the second prize; the "Babylonians" in 426; the "Achar-
nians " in 42.^, with the first prize ; the " Knights " in 424,
with the first prize ; the " Clouds " in 42;j ; the " Wasps "
in 422, with the second prize; the " Peace" in 41D, with
the second prize ; " Ampliiaraus" in 414, with the second
prize; the "Birds" in 411. with the second prize; " Lysis-
trata " in 411 ; the "Thesm(»phoriazn8.'c " in 410 ; the first
edition of the " Plutus " in 408 ; the " Krogs " in 40.',, with
the first prize; the " Ecclesiazusro " about 303 ; and tlie sec-
ond edition of the " l'lntus"in 38S. of these tlio " Achar-
nians," " Knights," " Clouds," " Wasps," " Peace." " Birds, "
"I.ysistrata " "'n,n«„,,-ml,rtria»i,a«, •'
Aristides, or Aristeides, of Thebes. A Greek
painter, son or brother, and in either case the _ ^_
pupil, of Nicomaehos, and a contemporary ot anif '' Eccleslazusa: " are extant.
A pel les. He was preeminently the painter of the iffh) an^
wa",}, or the i-.xprcfwioii of tile mind an<t pjiftslona of man.
Aristides, or Aristeides, Publius iElius, sur-
named Tneodorus. Bom at Adriani in Alysia,
117 a. i>. : died at Smyrna about ISO A.I). A
celebrated Greek rhetorician, a friend and ad-
viser of Marcus Aurelius. His father F.udromon
was a priest of Jupiter, and he himself became a priest of
/V.>»ful;ipius at .Sniynia.
AristippUS(ar-is-tip'us). [Gr. 'Ap/ffTtTrirof.] Bom
at C\Tene, Africa : lived about 380 B. c. A Greek
philosopher, a piipi 1 of Socrates, and the founder
of tho Cyrenaic School. See (i/rnuiirx.
Aristippus, or The Jovial Philosopher. A
play liy Thomas Knndol|ili. printid in l(i30.
Aristo (a-res'to). The brol her of Sganarelle, in
Molii^ro's " ficole des Maris."
Aristobulus (a-ris-to-bu'lus). [Gr. 'Apiariflov-
>oi. ) Lived in the 4th century B. c. A general
of ,\le\;iMiler the Great, and tho historian of
liis Asi.ilic expedition.
Aristobulus. Lived about 160 b.c. An Ale.x-
anilritiM .lew and Peripatetic philosopher.
Aristobulus I. Sou of .lohn Hyreanus, and Aristophanes, The English. Samuel Poote.
king of .ludea io.')-l04 B. c. nis Hebrew name was Aristophanes, The French. Moliftre.
i'liesniophoriazusas, ' "Plutus," "Frogs,'
Aristoplianes was not only a great satirist but a great
poet. liis comedies unite elements which meet nowhere
in literature. There is a play of fancy as extravagant as
in a modern burlesque ; the whole world is turned t4»p.sy-
turvy ; gods and mortals alike are wliirled through the
motley riot of one great carnival. There Is a liuniour as
delicate, a literary satire as keen, as the most exquisite
wit could otter to the most subtle appreciation. Ancl there
are lyric strains of a vvild woodland sweetness hardly to
lie matched save in Shakspere. Aristophanes clung to the
old traditions of Atliens with a sort of jovial, unreasoning
torjlsm. Ilemagognes, phlloRophers, rhetoricians were
Ills abomination. Ills ideal was the plain, sturdy citizen
of the good old school who licat the Persian at Marathon.
He claims for himself, and Justly, that lie is outspoken on
the side of virtue against vice. Hut his persrnial Judg-
ments must lie taken with reserve.
JMi. Orcek Lit., p. 1(K).
<
Aristophanes of Byzantium. A celebrated
Alexandrian giainiuarian an(l erilic, pnpil and
successor of Zenodotus .'ind iiistrnelor of the
great critic .\ristarchus. duly fr.igments of lils
works have stn-vived. He edited Homer and other tJreek
poeta. and iiitnxluced the system of marking accents in
order to preserve tile true ]in>MUticiatloii of (ireek, which
was r:tpi'IIy lifcmiiig coii'upt.
Judah. He is said to have been the first ..f the llasmoi,.- Aristophaiies' ApologV. A poem bv Brown-
ans to assume the title of king. During his brief reign ■'V'""*'"""^ ' •'»F>',»y6J'. _ .1 . . .
he extended Judea in tlic regions of Ilurea and Tracho- "'}p< putuisnud lU
nitis, and forced Judaism on the coni|uered peoples. " Balaustion s Adventure.
It is the sequel to
Arjuna
Aristotle (ar'is-totl). [Gr. 'ApiaTorOiK-'] Bom
at .Stagira, in Chalcidice, 384 B. c. : died at
Chalcis, in Euboea, 322 B. c. The most famous
and influential of Greek philosophers, the
founder of the Peripatetic school. He was the
son of Nicomachus. physician and friend of .\myiitas, king
of Macedonia. In his eighteenth year he went to Atliens
and became a pupil of Plato, witll whom he remained for
twenty years. After the death of Plato he went to Atar-
neus, as a guest of Hermiaa (whose sister or niece, Pythias,
he afterward married), and remained there three years ;
then he went to Mytilene. In :143 (342 '0 he was sum-
moned to the court of Macedon to undertake the educa-
tion of .\lexander (afterward "the Great"), then thirteen
years old. In Xib (334?) he returned to Atliens where he
founded bis school (see I'eripaU-tic) and produced the
greater part of his scientific works. He taught In the
Lyceum. On the death of Alexander the uprising agiunst
the Macedonians forced Aristotle to Hee fnim Athens to
Chalcis in EulKi-'a, where he died. His numerous writ-
ings (the iiuinber of which is viUiously given, hut was cer-
tainly very large) dealt with all ttuB then known bninches of
science. They were partly in the form of dialogues, frag-
ments of which have survived (" Eudemus "). 'I'licse have
been called his exoteric ('public,' 'suited for tlie general
pulHIc"), and his other, more strictly scientific, works his
esoteric ('private,' 'suited for private instruction') writ-
ings. His extant works (which have been imperfectly
preserved) fiUl Into fnur groups: the logical, the meta-
physical and those relating to natural science, the etlii-
cal, and the " I'oitics " and " Rhetoric. " They include the
"Topics," "Analy t ics" (" Pnor "and "Posterior "X "Sophis-
tical Refutations," "Rhetoric," "Metaphysics," '■ Politics,"
"Poetics," "On Animals," "On Parts of Animals," "On
Generation of Animals," " On the Soul," "(>n Locmiotlon of
Animals," "Meteorologies," " Xicomacht'an Eiliics" etc.
Various works ascribed to lilm are spurious. A genuine
treatise by him on the c(,nstitution of Alliens was dis-
covered in 1891 at the British Museum in a heap of papyrus
rolls. The manuscript was proliably written later than the
14th year of Domitian (from 95-100 .4. 1).). It is an almost
complete text. The first Latin translation of his works,
witll notes, is that of the Anibian Averroea (UOO : Venice,
1489) ; the first edition in Greek is that of Aldus Manutius
(1495-98). Aristotle's infiuence upon the development of
Shilosophy and science has been very great, especially
uring the centuries which preceded the biith of nindt-rn
knowledge and scientilic niethotl. He was "the philoso-
pher" par e^reetlence. His works were the text-books of
the schools, ainl his opinions on all matters authoritative.
See Orffarwn, Nkomachean Ethics, Metaphi/srics.
AristOXenus (ar-is-tok'se-uus). [Gr. 'AptBT6ie-
iof.] Bom at Tarcntum, Italy: lived about
320 B. c. A Greek philosopher of the Peripa-
tetic school, and writer on music: the founder
of a school of musicians named, for him, the
Aristoxeneans.
Arius, or Areius (ar'i-us), or Areios (-os). [Gr.
"Apeioc.l Born in Libya (or Alexandria f ) about
2i)6 A. D. : died suddenly in Constantinople,
336 A. D. A celebrated presbyter of Alexan-
dria, the founder of Arianisin. See .iritiiin.
He was excomniunicated for heresy by a provincial synod
at Alexandria in 321, and defended his views (wiiieli were
condemned) before the Council of Nicaia in ;i2.'».
Arivaipa ( !i-re-\i'pa). A t rilie of North Ameri-
ean Indians li\-ing at the San Carlos agency.
White Mountain reservation, Arizona, identi-
fied with the Pinaleno, also called the Tchikim,
who have been classed as a subdirision of the
C'hiriciiliua. See Apaches.
Arizona (nr-i-zo'nji). [Said to be a corruption
of I'inia or I^apago orlisoii, little creeks.] A
Territory of the United States, capital Phoenix,
bounded by Utah on the north, New Mexico on
the east, Mexico on the south, and California and
Nevada (partly separated liy the Colorado Riv-
er) on tho west, ami extending from hit. 31*^ 20'
to 37° N., and from long. 100° to 1 14° 45' W. Its
surface consists of talile-lands traverse<i by nioitntain-
ranges, and it contains important mines of gold, silver,
copper, etc. Arizona was explored by the Spani:u-ds in
the Kith eentury, was accinired from Mexico in 1848, and an
aitdition:d part'by the Gadsden Purclia.se In \<<'.i, and wa«
organized as a Territory in l.^(i:t. It has often been dia-
turbcd by wars witll ApjKiies and other Indliuis. Artia,
113,020 si'iuaro miles. I'opulation iISiKI), .',9,620.
Arizpe (il-reth'pa). [From Opata arit, ant.]
A town in Sonora, Mexico, formerly tho capi-
tal of that state, situateil on the right bunk
of the Sonora River. It was prolmtdy the site of
an Opata village as early as li',40. The Jlission of Arizpo
dates from about 161M. and is one of the oWesI In Ihe
Sonora River valley. At present (1S83) the town has not
over 4,lX)'i inhabitants.
Arjish-Dagh (iir-jesh'diig'). An extinct vol-
cano, the nnident Argteus, the highest moun-
tain in Asia Minor, situated in the vilavet of
Angora in about hit. '.W 30' N., long. 35° ''JO' K.
lis liei>;ht is 13.100 feet.
Arjish Lake. The northeastem arm of l^ake
Van. .Vsiatic Turkey.
Arjuna (ar'jii-nii; Hind.pron.nr'jd-nii). InHin-
<lii inylhology:"(n) One of the chief heroes of
the Mahabliariita. the thiiil reputed son of Pan-
du. son of Indra :ind Kuiiti, bin ve, high-mindi'd,
generous, and handsome. One of his wives was the
sister of Krishna. After performing numerous marvel-
ous exploits he retired from the world to the Himalayas.
(Ii) See Kartariri/a.
Arkab
Arkab (^ar'kab). [jVr.] The third-magnitude
star ,< Sa^ittarii. Tlie name is uot much used.
Arkadelpllia (ar-ka-derfi-ii). The capital of
Chirk Couuty, Arkausas, situated on the Oua-
chita Kiver, 63 miles southwest of Little Rock.
Population (1890), 2,455.
Arkadia. Sec Arcadia.
Arkansas (iir'kan-sa or iir-kan'zas). One of
the .Sciuthorn States of the United States, cap-
ital Little Kock, bounded by Missouri on the
north, Tennessee and Mississippi (separated
by the Mississippi) on tlie east, Louisiana on
the south, and Indian Territory and Texas on
the west, and extending from hit. 33° to 36° 30'
N., anil from long. 89° 40' to 94° 42' W. Its sur-
face is in Reneral level or rollin?, and hilly in the west,
with tlie Ozark Jtountains in the northwest, ami is trav-
ersed liy the river AJ'kiiiisas. The leading occupation is
agriculture and the chief productions are cotton and In-
dian corn. Arkansas has 7.> counties, sends ti representa-
tives ami 2 senators to t'on^'rcss, and has S electoral votes.
It was tirst settled liy the French in It®:), formed part of
the Louisiana Pnrcha-se i)f I80;t, w;is orpanized as a Terri-
tory in 18H>. was admitted to the I'nion in 1830, secedeii
Hay (i, 181)1, and was reailniitted June. 1808. Area, 63,850
square miles. Population (18SW). 1,128.179.
Arkansas. The second largest tributary of the
Mississippi. It rises in the Rocky Mountains, flows
east throuKh Colorado and Kansas, and southeast through
Kansas, Indian Territory, and .Arkansas, and joins the
Mississippi at Napoleon. Its length is about 2,000 miles,
and its extreme width about 1 mile. It is navigable about
800 miles.
Arkansas City. A town in Cowley County,
sontlieru Kansas, on the Arkansas Kiver. Pop-
ulation (1890), 8,347.
Arkansas Post. A WUage in Aj'kansas County,
Arkansas, situated on the xVrkausas River 73
miles southeast of Little Rock. It was cap-
tured by the Federals .Ian. 11, 1863.
Arklow (ark'lo). A seaport in the county of
Wieklow, Ireland, situated at the mouth of the
Avoea 39 miles soutli of Dublin. The Irish in-
surgents, about 30,000. defeated the royal troops
near here June 10, 1798.
Ajrkona (ar-ko'nS), or Arkon (iir'kon), Cape.
The northernmost point of the island of Riigen.
Prussia, projecting into the Baltic Sea. It con-
tained a Wendish sanctuarv.
Arkwright (iirk'iit), sir feichard. Bom at
Preston, England, Dec. 23, 1732: died at Crom-
ford, Derbyshire, England, Aug. 3, 1792. An
English inventor and manufaetm'er, a barber
by trade. He invented the cotton-spinning frame (pat-
ented 1700), an>l established factories at Cromford and else-
where, being the tii^t U* employ machinery on a large
scale as a substitute for hand labor in textile manufactures.
His claim to the invention w.as disputed by Highs, or
Hayes, a reed-maker at Bolton, in 17S5, and a verdict was
rendered against him : Highs's claim is now, however,
generally conceded Uy he fraudulent. Arkwright was
knighted by ijcorge III. in 178«').
Arlanza viir-lan'tha). A small river in north-
ern Spain, a tributary of the Arlanzon.
Arlanzon (Ur-lan-thon'). A small river in
iiorlhern Spain, a tributary of the Pisuerga and
subtributarv of tlio Donro.
Arlberg (iiil'lieru). A pass on the border of
Tyrol anil Voviirlberg, 5,895 feet high.
Arlberg Tunnel. A tunnel under the Arlberg,
forming part of the railway which runs from
Bludenz in Vorarlberg via Landek to Innsbruck,
It is about 6'., miles long, and was opened in
1884.
Arlecchino and Arlequin. See Harlequin.
Aries ( iirlzi. Kingdom of. In medieval history,
a kingil)ini whicTi was formed by the union of
the kingdoms of Trausjurane "Burgundy and
Cisjuniue Burgundy in 933. In 1032 its terri-
tories were annexcil to the Holy Roman Em-
pire. (See Jiiiriiiiiiihi. I'i.ijiiraiir. and Traiixju-
rane.) Cisjurane Burgundy, formeil in 879, is
sometimes called the kingdom of .Aries.
Aries (arlz, F.pron.arl). A city in the depart-
ment of BoMches-du-Rhone, France, situated
on the left bank of the eastern arm of the
Bb6ne near its mouth, in hit. 43° 43' N., long.
4° 37' E. : the Roman Arelate or (under Con-
stantine the Great) Const ant ia. It is especially
noted for its antiquities, which include a Roman amphi-
theater (the largest iti France), a Kotnan theater (where
the Venus of Aries was found), a Rotnan obelisk, a Roman
cemeteiy (Aliscainps), a forum, and a palace of Constan-
tine, (.See below.) It was calle'l the "(iallic Rome"
from its importance, was a favorite resilience of t-"on-
fitantine, was the seat of several chuR'h councils, and be-
came the capital of the kiiig<lotn of .Vrb-s in 870. From
11.^)0 to 1251 it was a republic, and then t)ecaine subject to
Charles of Anjou, ami follow)-*! the f))rtnnes )if Provence,
llie amphitheater is l)nilt of excelh-nt masonry, and is
one of the Itest-pre.i^erved structures of the kinii. The ex-
terior shows 2 stories of tit) arches, the lower Doric, the
upper Corinthian. There were 4;i tiers of seats, and r, e))n-
centrfc corridors. The ancient podium of the arena is
almost entire. The axes of the ellipse are 450 and 341
78
feet. The three square towers are parts of the fortifica-
tion of the 8th century, erected either by the Moors ))r by
t^'harles .\lartel. The Roman theater is of unusual size
and richness of ornament. Two Corinthian columns of
the back wall of the stage remain standing, with the bases
of others, and the lower portion of the wall, w ith its doors
and niches. Some of the tiers of seats also remain, and
pai't of the exterior WiUl of the cavea,with arches, columns,
anil rich entablature. The cathedral (of St. Tiophinus)
h.as a plain eai-ly-Romanestiue nave and Flamboyant choir.
The remarkable western portal shows a great senticircular
arch whose tympanum tjeiu^ a figure of Christ an)i the
emblems of the Evangelists. Poimlatioii (1801). 24,288.
Arlincotirt (ar-lau-kor'), Charles Victor Pre-
VOt.Vicomte d". Bom at the Chateau de Mi'--
rantris. near Versailles, Sept. 28, 1789: ilied at
Paris, Jan. 22, 1856. A French poet and novel-
ist, author of "Le solitaire" (1821). etc.
Arline (iir'len). The Bohemian Girl, in Balfe's
opera of that name.
Arlington, Earl of. See Bcnnet, Henry.
Arlington (iir'ling-ton). A town in Middlesex
Countv, Massachusetts, 6 miles northwest of
Boston. Population (1890). 5,629.
Arlington. A village in Alexandria Couuty,
Virginia, opposite Washington. It contains a
national cemetery.
Arlington House. A mansion on the heights
opposite Washington. District of Columbia, in
the midst of the national cemetery, it was
once the pr)>perty of General Washington, and descended
through t'arke Custis to the Confederate general Robert
E. Lee who married his daughter in 1831. It was occu-
pied as headiiuarters by the I'nion army, the estate being
a camp of the troops. It became the property of the
United .States government.
Arlon (ar-16n'), Flem. Aarlen (ar'len). The
capital of the province of Luxemburg, Bel-
gium. 15 miles northwest t>f Luxemburg : the
Roman OrolaunumVicus. Near here the French
under Jourdan defeated the Austrians under
Beaulieu, April 16 and 17, 1794. Population,
(1890), 8,029.
Armada (ar-mii'dii). The Invincible or The
Spanish. A great fleet sent by Philip II. of
Spain against England in 1588. It consisted of
120 (or more) vessels. 10,20.') soldiers, and 8,400 sailors, and
was commanded by the Duke of Medina Sidonia. It was
met and defeated by the English fleet of about 80 vessels,
under Lord Howard of Ettingham, in the English Channel
and Strait of Dover, in Aug., ISSS.
Armadale (ar'ma-dal). A novel by WiUde
Collins, jjublished in 1866.
Armado (iir-ma'do), Don Adriano de. In
Shakspere's "Love's Labour's Lost," a verbose,
fantastical Spanish military braggart. His
prototi.i)e is found in olii Italian comedy'.
Armageddon (ai-ma-ged'om, or Har-Maged-
on (hiir-ma-ged'on). [Heb. See the delini-
tion.] A name used in Rev. xvi. 16, and signi-
fying ' the mountain of Megiddo.' The reference
in the passage in Revelation is probably to Megiddo, but
some refer it to the plain of Esdraelon in tJalilee and .Sa-
maria, famous as a battle-field. See Esdraelon.
Armagh (ar-mii' ). A county in Ulster, Ireland,
bounded by Lough Neagh on the north, Down
on the east, Louth on the south, and Tyrone
and Mouaghan on the west: sometimes called
the ' ' Orchard of Ireland." The surface is hilly and
undulating, and low in the north and south. Armagh has
manufactures of linen and cotton. -\rea, 512 stjuare miles.
Population (1891), 143,280.
Armagh. A city and parliamentary borough
in the county of Armagh, 34 miles southwest
of Belfast, the seat of an Anglican archbishop
(primate of Ireland) and a Roman Catholic
archbishop, it was the ancient metropolis of Ireland
and a seat of learning. The cathednd of Armagh, the met-
ropolitan church of the Primate of Ireland, is a late-
Pointed structure recently well restored. It was sacked
by O'Neill in l.=)64. Population (1891), 8.303.
Armagnac (iir-miin-yiik'). In medieval history,
a district in southern France cotTesponiling in
general to the ilepartment of tiers. It was made
a countship in the loth century, and was imited to the
crown in the Kith cetitury. The counts and their adherents
were i-oMspicu))U3 in the 15th century. See Annoi/nacs.
Armagnac, Bernard VII., Comte d'. Died
June 12, 1418. .\ Frencli partizan leader of the
Armagnacs (which see) in the civil war against
the Burgundians. He was made constalde and chief
minister of France in 141.5, and was murdered in prison
by the mob shortly after the capture of Paris by the Bur-
gundians.
Armagnac, Jean V., Comte d'. Born about
1420: dicil l-47:>. A iiolili.-al agitator, grandson
of Bernard \ II. lie formed an incestuous union with
his sister .leannc Isabelle, which brought upon him the
censure of the church and deprivation of his posses-
sions by Charles VII. He was reinstated aftei- the death
of Charles, joineil the League of the Pnt)lii: Weal against
Louis XI. in 140.',, and was pnt t)» death by the royalists
at the capture ))f the castle of Lectoure.
Armagnac War (in G. often eormpted to Ar-
megeckenkrieg). The contest between the
Armagnac mercenaries of the emperor Fred-
Armenia
erick III. and the Swiss in 1444, which ended in
the total defeat of the Armagnacs at St. Jakob
on the Birs, Aug. 26, 1444.
Armagnacs (iir-mau-yiiks'). The. 1. The party
of the house of Orleans, opponents of the house
of Biu-gundy during the reign of Charles VI. :
so named from Bernard of Armagnac, their
leader. — 2. Bands of lawless mercenaries, con-
sisting chiefly of natives of the county of Ar-
magnac, trained in the civil wars between the
Armagnac and Bnrgundian parties. To rid France
of them they were sent by Charles VII. to aid the em-
peror Frederick III. in enforcing his claims against the
Swiss in 1444.
Armangon (tir-moii-son'). A river in France,
about 100 miles long, whieh joins the Yonue
east of .Toigny.
Armand TeflSn. See limiaric, Marqiti.s (le la.
Armande (iir-mond'). One of the learned ladies
in Moliere's comedy "Les Femmes Savantes."
She loves Clitandre, but he loves her sister
Henriette who is not a femme savaute.
Armande Bejart. See B/jart.
Armansperg (ar'miinz-pero). Count Joseph
Ludwig von. Born at Kotzting. in Lower Ba-
varia, Feb. 2.S, 1787: died at Munich, April 3,
1853. A Bavarian statesman, presitlent of the
regency of Greece 18;H3-35, and chancellor of
state 1835-37.
Armatoles (ar'ma-tolz), or Armatoli (iir-ma-
to'li). A body of u-regidar Greek (Christian)
local militia, in the employ of the sultans from
the 15th century to the Greek revolution in
1821, The Armatoles had existed in the Byzantine em-
pire, and had served, in a measure, to protect the CJreek
population from the lYanks, Albanians, ami Sen-ians.
The institution was accepted by the sultans and incorpo-
rated in their administration. After the Peace of Itelgrad
(1739) the power of the Armatoles was attacked by tlie
Porte, and it steadily declined. Large numbers of them
joined the Greeks in the war of independence.
Armed Soldier of Democracy, The. Napo-
li_-on Bonaparte.
Armellina (ar-me-li'na). The shrewd maiil-
servant of Antonio, in Tomkis's comedy "'Al-
bumazar." She is loved and linally won by
Trincalo. See Trincahi.
Armendariz de Toledo, AlonsoHenriquez de.
Born in XavaiTe, 1543: tlietl in Mexico. Nov. 5,
1628. A Spanish Franciscan friar. He was suc-
cessively vicar-general of Peru, bishop of Sidonia (lOu.i),
bishop of Cuba from 1010 to ltj23, and bishop of ilichoacan
in -Mexico from ltJ24 until his death,
Armendariz(ar-men-d;i'reTH),Josede,Mariiuis
of CastcUfuerte. Born at Rivagtn-za, Xavarre,
about 1670 : died aljout 1740. A Spanish gen-
eral. He conim.anded at the battle of T.agudina in Estre-
madura, May, 1709, and led the charge which broke the
enemy's left .at the battle of Villaviciosa. Dec. 10, 1710;
commanded in Aragon and took part in the siege of Bar-
celona; was governor of Tarragona; thence passed to
Sicily where he commanded at the siege of Malazzo anil
bore the brunt of the battle of Francavilla at the head of
the royal guards; on his return to Spain was made gov-
ernor of Guipuzcoa; and shortly after was named viceroy
of Peru, reaching Lima in May, 1724. He returned to
Spain in 1736.
Armendaris, Lope Diaz de. See IHu: de Jr-
mriiddvis.
Armenia (iir-me'ui-ii). [F. .irmrnie, G. .irmc-
iiiot. The name Armenia (Armniiiija) first oc-
curs in a Persian cuneif oi'm inscription of Darius
Hystasnis (521-4.86 B. c). Its origin is in doubt.
The native name was Biuiiia, the original of
the modern r</«.] The classical name of the
Hebrew Ararat, Assyrian Urartu, the country
which extends from the shores of Lake Van
between the Upper Euphrates and Media, form-
ing the Juncture between the high plateau of
Iran and the table-laml of .-Vsia Minor. Itsgieat-
est extent w.as from 37'-49' F.. long, and 37*.tO -42' S. lat.,
or from the Taiu-us, the n))rtheastern parts of Mesopo-
tamia, and the Kurdish Jlountains to the Caucasus and
Geoi-gia. The territory east of the Euphrates was called
Great Armenia, and that to the west Little Armenia. The
country is characterize)! by gloomy m)>uittjiins, deep val-
leys, and a climate very hot in summer and extremely
cold in winter. Only two of its mountains are mentioned
by the ancients by name : the Taurus, an)l the Paiyadres
ill the north on tlie boundaries of Pontus. Several im-
I>ortant rivers have their source iti Armenia; the Euphra-
tes, the Tigris, the Kyros (modem Kuri. and the Aiaxes
(inotlern Ara.=;). rrartn appeals in the Assyrian euiiei-
f)>rm inscriptions as one of the countries of Nairi, which
snijsequently gained the supremacy over the rest. Its
kings carried )m almost incessant war with Assyria. Ex-
peditions against it with varying results are menti)med
by the Assyiian kings SlnUmanezer II (S60-824 B. r.),.shal-
nianezer Ii: (78-2-772 B. c), Assunlan III. (77'2-7.'6 B. C),
and Tighuh-Pileser II. (74.')-7-7 B. c). That it was not
permanently and thoroughly snltjugated by Assyria is
slntwn by the fact that the mur»Icrers of Sennacherib tied
(dSi 1I.C.) to that country (Isa. xxxvii. :iS, 2 Ki. xix. 37 (. the
t)bleRt inscriptions found in Armenia are in Assyrian script
and language. Later on, after Sarduris I. (in the Assyrian
text Setiuri), 835 B. c, the" cuneif orm script was employed
with the native language. The monuments in this Ian-
Armenia
ffuage, known aB "Vannic Inscriptions/' were deciphered
by l*rofessor A. U. Sayce. Accardiiip to ilim tile people
of rnuiu constituted one of tlie ilittite tribes. Tlie lan-
guage. liioUk'h inlloclioiial, iiad no connection witil eifiler
tile .'^eaiitic or the Indo-1-hiropcaii fiunilies of speecli. and
seems to liave l)ceii tlie ancestor of tile uiodern Georgian.
As that lAiiKUaffe wa» 8|K)ken in Armenia as late as G4i) it. c. ,
the invasion of the Aryans, who are the forefatliel-s of
the nimlorn Annenians, could not have tal;en place until
after this date. After tile Assyrian period Armenia be-
came a dependency of Persia and Media. Alexander the
Great coiMUlered it along with the Persian empire, and
aft<-r his death it became a province of the kingdom of
the .Seleuciihe. From 149 B. r. to 426 A. If. the dynasty of
the Arsjicidic govenicd it under the nominal supremacy of
Parthia and Konie. Then it was ruled by Persian, Byzan-
tine, and .\rabic Kovernore until in 859 the dynasty of the
Bairratide^j (descended from a noble Jewish family) :u*08e,
which came to an end in lin.'i. The last refuge of Ar-
menian independence was destroyed by the Mamelukes
in i:t7J>. Since then the .Vrnienians have been without an
independent state, their country being divided bctwicn
Persisi, Turkey, and Ru.ssla. They still have an indepen-
dent church, with the seat of government at Constantino-
ple. See Ararat.
Armenia Major, Armenia Minor. See Ar-
IHtHttl,
Armenian (iir-me'ni-an). 1. An inhabitant
of Armoniii. — 2. The langiiago prevalent in
Armenia, and beloufrinp to the Aryan family.
It was formerly classc-d with Persian as beiouging to tiie
Iranian group, but is now sep:irited as the sole extant
member of an independent Aryan liuiguagc. .See Artnenia.
Armenti^reS (iir-mon-te-ar'). A town in the
(lepurtmeiit of Nord, France, sitn.ited on tlie
Lys near the Belgian frontier, 9 miles north-
west of Lille. It has manufactures of table-
linen and cloth. Population (1891), commune,
2M.«:t.s.
Armfelt (iirm'felt), Baron (Count) Gnstav
MauritZ. Born at Abo, Finland. Ai>ril 1 . 1757 :
died at Zaiskoe-Selo, Russia, Auj;. lit, 1814. A
Swedish general and statesman, distinguished
in the war against Russia 1788-iX). Later he was
regent, was exiled .and restored, and held high cominauds
and ollices. He entered the Kussi.iii service" in 1811.
Armfelt, Karl Gustav. Bom in Ingerniann-
lund, Nov. U, llitUi: tlied in Finland, Oct. 24,
17:tfi. A Swedish general. Ue entered the French
service in KiS.**. returned to Sweden in 17im, was intrusted
by I'luu'les XII. with the defense of Finland in 17I;i, ".as
overpi>wered by Calit/jn at Storkyro in 1714, was sent on
a disiistrous expedition to the north of .\<jrway in 1718,
and was coinmander-in-chief in Finland at his death.
Armgart (iirm'giirt). A poem (named from its
chief chaiaeter, a woman of great sensibility
and imaginative power) by George Eliot, first
published in ''Macmillan"s J[agazine"forJulv,
1871.
Armlda (ilr-me'da), or Armide (ar-med')- 1.
An enchantress in Tasso's ".leriisalem Deliv-
ered." .She used her charms to seduce the Crnsaders from
their vows and duty. Her palace, surrounded by inagniti-
eent pleasure-grounds, wjuis^i luxurious and splendid tliat
"the gardens of Arml(ia"have become a synonym for gor-
geous luxury. She also {Hisaessed a magic girdle whicli sur-
pa.ssed even the cestns of Venus in its power. Her volup-
tuous witchcrj- was llnally dcslmycil by a t.ilisman brought
friiui the I'hnslian army, and Kinaldo. who had been en-
slaved by her, escapeil. She followed him, and he lllnilly
defeated her in battle, persuaded her to become aChristian,
and tK-came her knight.
2. The title of operas by Lull! (produced in
im<), Tnvetta (Vienna, 1760), JomraelU (Na-
ples, 1771). filuck (Paris, 1777). Cheriibini
(1"S2). and Rossini (Naples, 1817).
Armin (ilr'min), Robert. Lived about 1610.
An English actor and dramatist, author of
"Nest of Ninnies" (1608; reprinted by (he
Shaksperian Society 1842). Uc Wim famous as an
actcir of Shakspere's clowns and fools, and »iis in the first
cast of Ben .lonson's "Alchemist ' in inio.
Armine (iir-men'), Ferdinand. The lover of
ilonrietta Temple, in Disr.iill's romance of that
nninc.
Arminians (ilr-min M-anz). The followers of
Arniinins (.Jacobus Harmensen, l."i60-1600), a
Protestant divine of Leyilen. They presented their
doctrines In a "reinonstrancc " (Ifild: whence they are
alH.. i-dlicl AVmoiwtran/d). .Sec llarmeiuien and Hemmi-
Kirtiitl/i.
Arminius (ilr-min'i-us). [L. A nil i III 11.1 (Taci-
tus), su|)poseil to represent an early Teutonic
form of the mod. G. IIcriiKiiiii.] Born 18 B. c. :
died 21 A. n. A (jerman chieftain, jirince of the
Cherii.sci, and the liberator of Germany from
the Roman dominion. He entered the lionian mili-
taiTr service, and became a Roman citizen of the equestrian
order. ' in his retuni be organized a revolt of the < bcrusci,
and defeaU'd the governor tjuititiljus Varus in the Teufoi
burg forest 9 K. p. lie was defeated by Cemiaiiic us on
ihel auipus Idlstavlsns Hi .\. li., but succeeded in maintain-
ing the independence of the right bank of the Uhiue, He
overthrew Marboduus (Marboih. chief of the .Suevl. who
had made himself master of several neighlHiring tribes.
He w;is assassinated as the result of a conspiracy against
him among tbeCennan chiefs.
Arminius. See llarnienxru.
Arminiusquelle (iir-men'e-Ss-kverie). [G.,
79
'Arminius's, or Hermann's, Spring.'] A noted
warm soring at Lippspriuge, in the Teutobur-
gerwald, Germany.
Axmistead (iir'mis-ted), George. Bom at New-
market^ Va., April 10, 1780: died at Baltimore,
April 2.1, 1818. An Anieiican officer who served
with distinction at the capture of Fort George
from the British. May 27. I8i:3. He was bre-
vet ted liciileuanl -colonel for his gallant defense
of Fort Mellniry. Sopt. i:i, 1814.
Armistead, Lewis Addison. Bom at New-
bern, N. C, Feb. 18, 1817: died at Gettysburg,
Pa., July 3, 1863. A Confederate general, son
of General Walker Keith Armistead. He served
in the Mexican war 184t>-4", became brigadier-general in
the f onfedenite army in IStil. and was killed in the charge
of Pickett's division at the battle of Gettysburg.
Armistead, Walker Keith. Born about 178.5:
died at Uppcrville, Va.. Oct. 13, 184ri. An
American engineer and general, brother of
George Armistead. He w:us graduated from West
Point in 18o:l, superintended the defenses of Norfolk. Va.,
1808-11. was chief engineer to the army <A the Nia^rara in
the War i>f lsi-2, su]icrinteMili'd the defenses of Snrfolk
and the Chesapeake lsl::-18, was brcvetted brigadier-gen-
eral in 1828 for ten yeai-s' service in one grade, and served
in the Florida war 1^'iil ;{".
Armisticio (iir-mes-te'the-6). A former terri-
tory of Venezuela, now forming the western part
of the state of Bolivar. Its area was r.l.W scpiare
miles. It is almost uninhabited except by wild Indians.
Armorica (iir-mor'i-kii). [L. AniKiricii, Art-
iiioiim (of old Gaulish origin), land by the sea.]
In ancient geography, the northwestern part of
Franee,comprisiiig, in general, the region which
lies between the mouths of the Seine and Loire.
It wasrestricted in the middle ages to Brittany.
Armorican (iir-mor'i-kan). Same as lircto'n,
one of the Celtic tongues.
Armory of Germany. An epithet applied to
Suhl, Pnissiii.iiiL account of itsmannfactures of
firearins.
ArmStrong(arm'str6ng). Archibald (Archie).
Born at -\i'thuret in CumberUiiid. or at Lang-
holm in Roxburghshire: died 1672. The cele-
brated jester of King James I. He is introduced
in Scott's novel "The Fortunes of Nigel."
Armstrong, John. Born in Ireland, 1725 : died
at Carlisle. Pa., March 9, 1795. An Ameri-
can general. He served in the French and Indian war
17.''i5-56, conimamled the expedition against the Indian
vilbigeof Ivittanning in 17.'j.% became brigadier-general in
the Continental iuioy March 1, 177(i, resigned April 4. 1777,
and w.is a delegate from Pennsylvania to the Continental
Congress 1778-80 and 1787-88.
Armstrong, John. Born at Carlisle, Pa., 1758 :
died 1843. An American general, politician,
and di))lomntist, son of John Armstrong. Uc
served in the Revolutionary War, and was the author of
the " N'ewbuig Addresses" to the army in 178.'J. He was
I'nited States senator from -New York 1801-02 ami 180:!-O4,
minister to France 1804-10 (part of the time minister to
Spain), an<l secretary of war 18i:i-14. He was appointed
brigadier-general in 1812. Among his works is a history
of the War of 1812.
Armstrong, John or Johnnie. A Scottish free-
boot or. the cliicf of aband of over 1.10 men, and
the brotlier, apparently, of the Laid of Manger-
ton, the chief of his name. Ho levied blackmail al-
most as far as Xewc:uitle. and was a terror to the inliabi-
tants. Wiien, about 1629, .lames \'. uudi rlook to sujipiess
the turbulence of the Border marauders or March men,
.lolnmie Armstrong, one of the most notcn ions of them, ap-
peared before him » ith .'ie of his band, well eiinipiied and
mounted, and olfeieil his services. The king showed him
no favor, but had him and all his men hanged niiini trees
near Hawick. The injustice of this I real nient was 1 lie theme
of several pnpnlar ballads. " Arrest i..ng',c,.,„i.N i^-ht" was
saicltohavebi'cncomisisedliyoneof theband. This ballad,
with two enlille.l ".Icihnie Armstrang." is to be found in
" Child's Kriglish and Scottish Ballads." The.Scottish cham-
Slon swordsnnui wlmse story istold by Scott in " The Laird's
ock "seems t<i h.ave been the son of the above-nienti<med
LnlrdofMangerton. ^Mlliam Armslrong(alioutl.n9(l)known
as"Kinmont U illle. "and Willi Armstr<mg(lt)02'?, I(«i8?)
known as "Christies Will " were both noted freebooters,
anti belonged to the same family.
Armstrong, Samuel Chapman. Born in the
Hawaiian Islands, .l.an.. 1^311 idled at Hampton,
Va., May 11. 1S93. An Aiiicrican oOicer in (he
Civil War, foumlcr and principal of the Hamp-
ton Institute (Virginia) feu- negroes and Indians.
Armstrong, William George, Haron. Born
at Newcaslle-on-Tyne. lOiigl.-iiMl, Nov. 26, 1810.
An Fnglisli engineer and inventor of the Ann-
strong gun. a breech-loading cannon (lHr)4-r)8).
He was cre.'iti'd first Iniron Armstrong in 1SS7.
Army and Navy Club. 1. A dnh estainished
in Loihlon in 1S3S lor the association of com-
missioneil oOicers of all ranks in either branch
of the service, at .36 Pall Mall, S. W.— 2. A
similar idnb established in New York in 1871.
Arnaldus Villanovanus (iir-nal'dus vil'a-n6-
vii'nns). i'^i-c Aniolil nf rHldiiorii.
Arnason (ilr'na-son), J6n. Bom at Eeykjavik,
Ameth, Alfred von
Iceland, Nov. 13, 1819: died Aug. 17, 1888. An
Icelandic writer. He was for many years librarliin ol
the public library of Iceland, and published, with Crimson,
"Popular Legends of Iceland" (18t)2-«4).
Amau (ilr'nou). A town in Bohemia, situated
on the Elbe (m miles northeast of Prague: an
important center of linen and paper nianufae-
ture. Popidation (1890). commune, 4,124.
Arnaud (iir-no'), Henri. Bom at La Torre. Pied-
mont, 1641: died at .Schiinberg, 1721. A Wai
deusian clergyman and patriot. Ilewasthendlitaiy
leader in a campaign iigainst the F'rench and Savoyards
ItlBO-iKt, described in his " Histoire de la glorieuse rentrt^c
des Vaudois dans leurs vall*?es." He later conducted the
Waldensian exiles to (Jermany.
Arnaud, St., Leroy de. See Leroi/ de Sninl-
Anitntil,
Arnauld (iir-no'), Agnfes. Born 1.5<)4: died 1671.
.A French Jansenist nun, a sister of Antoine Ar-
nanld. She was the author of ' L'linagc d'une religienso
parfaite ct dune imparfaite" (l(i60Xand "Lc chapelet se-
cret du Saint Sacrernent" (16(13).
Ajnauld, Ang^lique, or Ang^licjue de Saint-
Jean. Born Nov. 28, li;24: died Jan. 29, 16.'<4.
A French Jansenist nun, niece of Jac<iuelino
Marie Arnauld, and daughter of Robert Ar-
nanld d'Aiidilly, made abbess of Port-Royal in
1678: author of "Memoires pour servir a'l'his-
toire do Port-Royal, etc." (1742), etc.
Arnauld, Antoine. Born at Paris, Feb. 6, 1560:
die.l at Paris, Dec. 29, 1619. A French advocate.
He aci|Uired great celebrity by his speech against the
.Tesuits in favor r.f the University of Paris in 1;')94.
Arnauld, Antoine, sumamed "The Great Ar-
Uiiiild." Born at Paris, Feb. 16, 1012: died at
LUttich, Aug. 8, 1094. A French philosopher
and Jansenist theologian, son of Antoine Ar-
nauld. He wrote " De la fr^quente communion " (1643)^
"La perpetuit<i de la foi" (11,60-72), etc.
Arnauld, Henri. Born at Paris, 1597: died at
Angers, June 8, 1694. A French Jansenist ec-
clesiastic, brother of Antoine Arnauld (1612-94).
He becimie bishop of Angers in 1649, and was one of the
four bishops who refused to sign the acceptance of tlio
Pope's Imll condenining the " Augustinns" of .lansenlus.
Arnauld, Jactiueline Marie, or Marie Ang^-
lique de Sainte-Madeleine. Born Sept. 8,
1591: died Aug. 6, 1661. A French Jansenist
nun, abbess of Port-Royal, sister of Antoine
Amanld (1012-94).
Arnauld d'Andilly (iir-no'don-de-ye'). Rob-
ert. Born at Paris about 1588: died at Port-
Royal, Sept. 27, 1674. A French advocate and
theological writer, brother of Antoine Arnauld.
Arnauld de Villeneuve. See AmoUi of i'it-
hniiini.
Arnault (iir-no'). Antoine Vincent. Born at
Paris, Jan. 1, 170(i: died near Havre. Sept. 16,
1834. A French dramati.st. fabulist, and mis-
cellaneous writer. He wrote " Marius a Min-
turnes" (1791), "Germanicus" (1817;, etc.
yVnianlt's short moral poems are not so much fables as
what used to be callctl in English '•emblems." The most
famous of these, w hich of itself deserves to keep Arnault's
memory green, is "lA Feuille."
Saintxhimi, l''rench Lit,, p. 401.
Arnauts (iir'ntlts). The Turkish name for the
Albanians.
Arndt (iirnt), Ernst Moritz. Born at Schoriti;,
Riigeu, Prussia, Dec 26. 17()9: died at Bonn,
Prussia, Jan. 29, 1860. A German poet and
general writer, professor at Greifswald and
later at Bonn. He wrote "Versuch einer Geschichte
der Leibeigenschaft in Pomniern und Riigeu" (1803),
"Der Geist der Zeit " (1807). etc. Among his songs are
"Was ist des lleutsclien Vaterland'.'" " Was blasen (lie
TroinpelcnT' etc. He was one of the leading jiatriots
in the Napoleonic ejioch.
Arne (iirn), Micnael. Born in 1741: died Jan.
14, 1786. Musician and composer, son of Dr.
Arne. He WTote the music for Garrick's "Cy-
inon" (1767), "The Belle's Stratagem" (1780),
and other jilavs, and some verv popular songs,
"The llighlaii.l Laddie." etc. "
Arne, Susanna Maria, See rihher.
Arne, Thomas Augustine. Born at London.
March 12, 1710: died at London, March 5. 1778.
An English composer. He wroteseveral operas, " ilrl-
tannia ' and "Eliza (1742-44), "Artaxerxes " (17(H); orato-
rios, "Abel' (l".'>fi)." I ndith "(1764); musical .set tings of sev-
eral of Hhakspere's songs; the song " Rule Britamiia " fii the
" MaSiine of Alfred " (1740) ; a musical farce," Thonuis and
Sidly.' etc. Hi' was also author as will as composer. He
was created doctor of music by the I'niversity of Oxford,
.Inly (1. 17.'.!l
Arneb (Jir'neb). fAr.«/ rtriKf/), the hare.] The
lliird-niagnitiide star n Leporis. .Somelimes
called Arsh.
Arneburg ( iir'ne-bSra). A town in the province
of Saxony. Prussia, situated on the Elbe 40
miles northeast of Magdeburg. Population,
about 2,000.
Arneth (ilr'net), Alfred von. Bom at Vienna,
Arneth, Alfted von
July 10, 1819. An Austrian historian, son of
Joseph Calasauza von Aiueth. His works in-
chide liistorios of Prince Eugene (1858-59),
Maria Thi-rosa (1803-79), etc.
Arneth, Joseph Calasanza von. Bom Aug.
11.', I'ill: dioil Oct. 31, 1863. An Austrian
archioolofiist and numismatist. He became di-
rectiir of the caliiiict of numismatics ami antiiiuities at
Vienna in IWo, ami w:is llie autlior of ".Synopsis numorum
aiitiiinornm" OS.'i" -*"->. etc.
Arnheim, Baroness of. See Geierstein, Anne of.
Arnhem (iirn'honi), or Arnheim (am him).
Tlie ."apital of the province of Golderland,
Netherlands, situated on tlie Rhine iu lat. 51°
58' N., long. 5" 52' K. : probably the Roman
Arenacum. It has important transit trade and varions
niamltactiires. It Wiis an ancient Haiiseatic town, and
was taken l>y the iJntch in laSiS. by the French in 1072
and lli:^ and by the Prussians in 181.3. Sir Philip .Sidney
die.l at ,\inheni in lr,.SB. Population (1889), commune,
Arnhem, Cape. A headland at the entrance
of llic (iiilf of Carpentaria.
Arnhem Bay. An indentation on the coast of
the Ncirllieru Territory, South Australia.
Arnhem Land. A district in tho Northern
'I'lrritorv. South Australia.
Arnim (lir'nim), Count Adolf Heinrich von.
Horn April 10, 1803: died Jan. 8, IStW. A
Prussian politician and historical writer. He
was theleading cabinet minister March 19-29, lS4S.and «as
appointed to a heieditiuy seat in tlie Herrenhaus in 1854,
nliere hcsnpi«nted the interests of the landed nobility.
Arnim, Elizabeth (or Bettina) von. Born at
Frankfort-on-tho-Main, April 4. 178;>: died at
Berlin. Jan. 20, !«.'>!•. A Gei-mau writer, wife
of hudwig Achira von Arnim and sister of
Clemens Brcutano, noted for lier correspon-
dence (Uirgply spjirious)_with Goethe, 1_807-11^
Arnim,
von.
Oct. 3, 1824 : died at Nice, France, May 19, 1881.
A (ierinan diplomatist, ambassador at Rome
18(>4-70, and at Paris 1872-74. He took a leading
part in the negotiations preliminary to the treaty of Frank-
fort May 1(1, 1871 ; was app' .iiited ambassador at Paris Jan.
9 1872 and recalled .March 2, 1874, on account ot diSer-
80
Among his numerous works are "The Maid of the Mill "
(171..,) ■The lure of Saul" (1767). " Abiiaelech " (1768),
abont460. A Semi-Pelagian "^>eKesi^r^ctmuJ1773,, and" The Pro^Ugal Son: ,1773,^
il,authorof a "Commentary ^^°lf:J^fi^fr
and Cliristian apologist. His chief work is entitled
"Adversits Gentes" (•' Against the Gentiles," ed. by
Rcitferscheid, 1875).
Arnobius. Lived
ecclesiastic of Gaul
on tho Psalms.
Arnold (ar'nold), (Robert) Arthur. Born May
28, 1833. An English journalist, miscellaneous
writer, and Liberal politician : brother of Sir
Edwin Arnold. He was editor of the " Echo," and is
the author of "From the Levant," "Tlirough Persia by
Caravan," " Social Politics," "Free Land," etc.
Arnold, Benedict. Bom 1615 : died 16.8. An
earlv colonial governor of Rhode Island.
Arnold, Benedict. Bom at Norwich Conn
Jan. 14, 1741 : died at London, June 14, 1801.
An American Revolutionary general and trai-
tor. He was commissioned colonel 177.'., and took part
in the capture of Ticondei-oga ; commanded the expedi-
tion through the Maine wilderness against Quebec; in li . o ;
was wounded at the siege of ()nebec : was made brigadier-
eeneral; commanded at a naval battle on LakeChamplam
in 1776 ; defeated the British at Ridgefleld, (■onnecticut,
1777- and was made major-general. In the Burgoyne cam-
paign he served with distinction at the (ii-st battle of Sara-
toga 1777 and decided the second battle of Saratoga (where
Arnould
and conductor of the Academy of Ancient Music In 1788.
Born at East Cowes, Isle of
795 : died at Rugby, .lune 12,
1842. A noted English educator and historian,
famous as head-master of Rugby (1828-42).
He was educated at Winchester and Oxford (Corpus
Cliristi College), and became fellow of Oriel in 1815. In
1810 lie settled at Laleham, near Staines, and occupied
himself with preparing jimng men for the universities.
He was appointed professor of modern history at Oxford
in 1841. Among his works area" Historj' of Rome "(3 vols,
1838-13). " Lectures on Modern History " (1842), " Ser-
mons" (1829-34X and an edition of Thucydides (1830-35).
Arnold, Thomas Kerchever. Born at Stam-
ford, England, 1800: died at LjTidon, Rutland-
shire, March 9, 1853. An English clergyman and
writer of classical te.xt^books. With Rev. J. E.
Riddle he issued an English-Latin lexicon (1847), baaed on
the German work of C. K. Georges.
Arnold, Thomas. Born 1823. An English
scholar, son of Thomas Arnold (179.")-1842).
He is tho author of a '.Manual of English Literature,"
and editor of Wyclif, Beowulf, Henry of Huntingdon,
Simeon of Durham, etc.
he w:is wounded). He was appointed commander of Phila- Axnold, William Delaficld. Born at Laleham,
delnhia 1778 ; was tried before a court martial on varioim — - - "•" ■■ ■• ■
chai-ges and reprimanded by Washington 1780. Appoint.
ed coninianderof West Point in 1780, he planned with An-
drt' the surreiiderofth.at place to the British. The plan was
discovered through the capture of Andre, and Arnold es-
caped to the British, receiving the rank of major-general
in'the British army and subsequently conducting expedi-
tions against Virginia and New London, Connecticut, 178L
The latter part of his life was spent chiefly in London.
near Staines. England. April 7, 1828: died at
Gibraltar, April 9, 1859. A son of Thomas Ar-
nold and brother of Matthew Arnold. He was
educated at Rugby, and was a student of Christ Church,
Oxford, in 1847. In 1848 he went to India as ensign, and
became assistant commissioner in the Panjab, and (18.'i6)
director of public instruction. He wrote the novel "Oak-
field " (IS-Wi, under the pseudonym "Punjabee."
Arnold (iir'nolt), Christoph. Born at Som- Arnold of Brescia. Bom at Brescia, Italy,
merfeld, near Leipsic, Dec. 17, 1650 : died April
15, 1695. A German astronomer, noted for ob-
servations of the comets of 1682 and 1686, and
of tie transit of Mercury in 1690.
(largely smirious) witn wetne, i5J"-ii- Arnold (iir'nold), Sir Edwin. Born June 10,
, Count Harry Karl Kurt tauara ^^.^o ^^ English poet, joui-nalist, and Orien-
P,orn at Moit/.elfitz, Poraerania. Prussia, .... „^ ^.^^ pHnr^teri at Kimr's College (London) and
about 1100: executed at Rome, 1155. An Ital-
ian religious reformer and political agitator.
During a popular insurrection at Rome. 1146, he preached
the deposition of the Pope and the restoration of the an-
cient republic. An interdict of the city by Adrian IV.
compelled him to seek refuge in Campania lis.''.. He was
delivered to the Pope by the emperor I'rederick Barba-
rossa and executed.
at Oxford, became principal of the Government Sanskrit Amold Of VillanOVa, F. Arnauld de Ville-
ences of opinion with I>rinee Wsmarck ; was assigned to Arnold, Gcorge.
Omstantinople March 19; and was dismissed from the
diplomatic service .May 15 for publishing his Roman de-
spatches. On Dec. 15 ho w:l3 sentenced to three months'
Imprisiinment, on the charge of having filched state docu-
ments from the archives of the German embassy at Paris,
but escaped punishment by having previously removed
himself beyond the jurisdiction ot the German courts ;
and on Oct. .5, 187(.. w:is sentenced to Ave years' penal ser-
vitude forlese-majestv in puljlishingan anonymous pam-
phlet against the charicellor, entitled "Pro niliilo, Vorge-
schichte des Arnim-1'r..zesses " (1875). He died in exile.
Arnim, Baron Heinrich Alexander von. Born
at Berlin, Feb. 13, 1798: died at Diisseldorf,
Jan. 5, 1861. A Prussian diplomatist and poli-
tician. He was ambiissador at Brussels 1840-40. and at
Paris 1846-*8, and was minister of foreign affaire March 21
to .lune 8, 1S48.
Arnim, or Arnheim, Baron Johann (or Hans)
Georg von. Born at Boitzenburg, Branden
College at Puna, India, and later served on the statf of
the "Daily Telegraph. ' Ixmdon. Among his poems are
" Light of Asia " (1878), " Light of the Worid " <18!10), " In-
dian Song of Songs "(1875), "Indian Poetry," "Pearls of
the Faith," "The .'5ongJ.'elesti.al, " "Lotus and Jewel.
lauv/iu, .^v,«*6»-. Born at New York city, June
24, 1834 : died at StrawbeiTy Farms, N. J., Nov.
3, 1865. An American poet and man of letters.
neuve. Born about 1240 : died 1313. A
sician, alchemist, and astrologer, whose nation-
ality is unknown. He taught at Paris, Barcelona, and
Montpellier, and has been incorrectly accredited with the
discovery of sulphuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acids,
whicli, according to Hoefer, were known before his time.
Arnold of Winkelried. See Wiidelried.
Arnold von Melchthal. See Mdchtlial.
He contributed to "Vanity Fair," "The Leader," and other rv. -.— --,,,- •fiT;i-u„i_, r!„,.„ Ton i
periodicals, and was the author of " Poems " (edited, with Arnoldl (ai;-nol de), Wllhelm. Born Jan. 4,
biographical sketch, by William Winter, 1870).
Arnold (iir'nolt), Gottfried. Born at Anna-
berg. Saxony. Sept. 5, 1666 : died at Perleberg.
Brandenburg, Prussia, May 30, 1714. A German
Pietist theologian and church historian. "He
was the first to use the German language instead of the
Latin in learned history : but his style is tasteless and in-
sipid." Schaf.
Arnold (iir'nold), Isaac Newton. Born at
Hartwick. N. "i'., Nov. 30, 1815 : died at Chicago,
April 24, 1884. An American politician. Repub-
lican member of Congress from Illinois 1861-65.
He wrote a life of Abraham Lincoln (1806, revised ed.
1885X a life of Benedict Arnold (1880). etc.
burg, Prussia, 1581: died at Dresden, April 18, Arnold (iir'nolt), Johann Georg Daniel. Born
1641. A Gennan diplomatist and general iu the
Thirty Years' War, in the sei-\-ice of the Impe-
rialists, and later of the Protestants.
Arnim, Karl Otto Ludwig von. Born at Ber-
lin. Aug. 1. 1779: die.l at Berlin, Feb. 9, 1861.
A (ierman writer of travels.
Arnim, Ludwig Joachim (commonly Achim)
von. Born at Berlin. June 26. 1781 : died at
Dalime, Prussia, .Ian. 31, 1831. A German nov-
elist and }>oet. From all parts of Germany he col-
lected folk-songs which were published, 1806-08, in con-
junction with Clemens Brentano, under the title "Des
Knaben Wunderhoni " (" The Boy's Wonder-Horn "). lie
was the author of several novels and tales, the most
celebrated among them the historical novel " Die Kronen-
wachter" ("The Guardians of the I'rown"). His col-
lected works were published by his wife, with an intro-
duction by William Grimm, 1839-48. in 20 volumes.
AmO (iir'no), or Axn (ilrn), or Aquila (ak'wi-
lii). [OIK i. (/ni, L. n//«i7a, eagle.] Born about
T'SO: died Jan. 24, 821. A German ecclesiastic
and diplomatist, the friend of Alcuin, appointed
archbishop of Salzburg in 798. He is said to have
converted many .\var8 ami Wends, to have presiried at
several synods," inchnling the Council of Mentz 81;i, and
to have enjoytnl the esteem of Charlemagne ami l.eo III.
He wTote, together with I'.enedict the Deacon, the"Con-
iit Strasbm-g, Feb. 18, 1780 : died there, Feb. 18.
1,S29. An Alsatian jtirist and poet, appointed
professor of Roman law in the University of
Stiasbui-g in 1811. He wrote the comedy " Der Arnolphe (ar-uolf')^
Plingstmontag" (1816), etc.
Arnold, Matthew. Born at Laleham, Middle-
sex, England, Doc. 24, 1822: died at Liverpool,
April 15, 1H,S8. A noted English critic and poet,
son of Thomas Arnold. He was educated at Win-
chester, Rugby, and Balliol College (O.xford), and became
a fellow of Oriel. He w;ifi made lay inspector of schools
in 1851, and was appointed professor of poetry in Oxford
in 1857. He visited the United States in 1883 and 1886.
His works include jK^ems (1818), "Empedocles on Etna"
(18.-)3), poems (1854, 18i>7X " F.ssays in Criticism " (180.'>),
".study of Celtic Literature "(18<i7), " Literature and Dog-
ma" (187;J), "Culture and Anarchy," "Last Essays on
Church and Religion " (1877), "Mixed Essays," "St. Paul
and Protestantism," "Friendship's Garland,'*
.Schofds and l^niversities in Germany."
Arnold, Richard. Born at Providence, R. I.,
April 12, 1.82.8 : died on Governor's Island, N. Y.
harbor, Nov. 8, 1882. An American general in
theCivilWar, son of Lemuel H.Amohi. He served
in the Peninsula campaign 18*5'2, commanded a cavalry
division in General Banks's Red River expedition 1864,
atid received brevet ranks for gallantry in the engage-
ments of Savage Station. Port Hudson, and Fort Morgan.
P^o^^dence,
ence, R. I.,
•ian and his-
-goveraor of
and empties into the Mediterranean 0 miles southwest Rhode Island, and United States senator 1862-
of IMsji. Florence and Pisa are situate.1 on it. 1,863: author of a " IlistoTV of Rhode Island."
Amo, Val d". The fruitful valley of the upper Arnold, Samuel. Born at London, Aug. 10,
Amo. 1740: died at London, Oct. 22, 1802. An Eng-
Arnobius(iir-n6'bi-u8), sumamedAfer. Bora lish composer of operas and oratorios. Hebe.
in Numidia : lived about 300. A rhetorician came organist and composer to the Chapel Royal in 1783,
1798 : died Jan. 7, 18(54. A German Ultramon-
tane ecclesiastic, installed as bishop of Treves
in 1842. He displayed at Treves au alleged "coat " of
Christ in 1844, which attracted a large number of pil-
grims to the city, and gave rise to the German Catholic
movement under Ronge.
Amolfo di CambiO (iir-nol'fo de kiim'be-6), or
Arnolfo di Lapo (lii'po). Bom at Colle, Tus-
cany, about 1232: died at Florence, 1300. A Tus-
can architect and sculptor, employed on the
chiu-ches of Santa Croce (1295) and Santa Ma-
ria del Fiore (1298) in Florence.
To comprehend what Arnolfo did for Florence we have
but to look down upon that fair city and note that all the
most striliing objects which greet the eye, the Duonio,
the Palazzo \ ecchio, Santa Croce, or San Michele, and the
walls which surround the city, are his work.
Perkittt, Tuscan Sculptors, I. 63.
,- A cynical and morose
man in Moliere's "ficole des Femmes." He is
imbued with the idea that a woman can only be good and
virtuous in proportion as she is ignorant He brings up a
young girl, Agnes, on these principles with the view of
marrying her; but this system results in making her so
ignorant that she says and does the most adventurous
things without a blush. His warnings teach her exactly
how to deceive him, and she marries her younger lover,
Horace.
Arnon (iir'non). In scriptural geography, a
small river (the modern Wady Mojib) flowing
into the Dead Sea. It formed the boundary between
the Moalutcs on the south and the Amorites (and later
the Israelites) on the north.
Higher Arnon (ar-noii'). A tributary of the Cher, ly-
ing chiefly in the department of Cher, France.
Arnot (iir'uot). William. Born at Soone,
Scotland, Nov, 6, 1808: died at Edinburgh,
June 3, 1875. X Scottish minister and theo-
logical writer. He was ordained minister of .St. Pe-
ter's Church in Glasgow in 18:i8, joined Dr. Chalmers's
Free Church movement in 1843, and became minister of
a Free Church congregation in Edinburgh in 1SG3.
Arnott (iii'not), Neil. Bom at Arbroath. Scot-
land, May 15. 1788: died at London, March 2,
1874. A British physician, physicist, and in-
ventor. He wrote "Elements of Physics "(Vol. I.,18'27:
Part L, Vol. II., 1829 : frequently reprinted), " Warming
and Ventilation," etc, and invented a form of stove and
the water-bod.
Arnould (iir-no'), Madeleine Sophie. Born
at Paris. Fob. 14, 1744: died 1.803. A French
actress and opera-singer (1757-78), "the most
admired artist of the Paris Opera" (Grove).
Arnsberg 81 Arroyo Molinos
Arnsberg (arnz'bero). A governmental district ArQUebusierS of St. Andrew. A fine painting 'or heing privj' to a conspiracy against Claudius : as h«
iiitlKi.ioviuocof Westphalia, Prussia. Popu- l>y Fraiis Hals (l(i:i3) iu the town hall at Haar- I'^sitaleJ to destroy liinmat in oliclience to tlie com-
1 .■ Mvidiu 1 ^lo fi77 lorn H„ii„,„i ,>•,,„ , , nuinil i.fllii; emperor, slii^ Stabbed lursilf and handed him
latiuM (IHStO), l,34J,fa//. lem, Hollami. It comprises 14 figures, colonel, cai)- tlie dareer with the words, "lu-tus, it does not pain me."
^°f^,f,'^VosUar i^;ri^ TtnZairZ ^"^^^^I'^^'^^T^- "■" '"^'^'^'^ "' ■" """""""" Amaga (ar-re-a-ga), Pablo Jos6 de. Bom at
K lr> la 5P25''n loin's"]' F the m Arquebusiers, Gild of. See Gild of Arque- Vergara, Spain, 156- perished in a shipwreck
Kuhr m lat 01 ^ iN., long. S 4 >.. . the an- ,,„;j, ■> "i nearHavana,Ciiba,lG22. A Spanish Jesuit and
cient I'aiiital ot Westphalia, and a seat ot the • . . o j- /• i«- ^ „ ,. o,,ti,^.. n . ..,■/•„ , ,
V,.lii,uJi-i,.htp It has n niiiipil eastle Pomi- ArquebuSierS, Syndics of the. See Syndics author. Ue spent most of lushfem IVru. where he was
Venmgeilcllte. it uas a rumen casiie. iropu- ,,,-^^.^, /,■,,,„ /,,,s.,,r< rector of the .lesuit Colkge of Are(lllip:^ and afterward
latioii (1S!)0), commune, (, 414. a,.„,„<„' / ■,.i.\ ' \ '..' n .„ ■ *> j i. .. first rector of the College of San .Martin at Lima. Ills
Arnstadt (iiru'stat). A nianufaeturing town ^/i^^^ ('"'v!; r^ "•'"•',' '"'^" "' V'<' department best-known and most valuable w,„k is his " !■ stirpacion
in Sc-hwarzburg-Son.lershaiisen. (iermany, situ- jf Seine-lnleneme !• raiiee, a tlie junetion of dc la Idolatria de los Indios del 1-eru."
ated on the Gera U miles southwest of Erfurt : '^^ Ai-<iues and B.thune. .4 im es from Dieppe Arrian (ar'i-an), L. Flavius Arrianus (flii'vi-
" ^" , , , . . • 'Ti • ■ T» 1 It contains a famous rtuned castle. A victory was gained iw nr-i n'mwi fiir 'V/i/i/ni^r 1 H,,ri, .it Vir.^
one of the oldest towns in Thuringia. It has here by Henry IV. over the Duke of Mayenne, Sept. ;;i """ i^ ^•!! ''■■ ^^t' V Co *^'-^ ," . .
an aneient eastle and a Kathaus. Popidation 1.W9. / . i- , media, BithjTiia, about 100 a. d. : died at an
(KSyit). iL'.rtlS. Arrah (iir'ni). A town in Bengal, British advanced age in the reign of Marcus Aurelius.
Arnswalde (iirns'vai-de). A manufacturing India, 3.5 miles west of Patna. In 1857 it was A noted Greek historian and i.hilosopher. Ho
t(.«Ti in the province of Brandenburg, Prussia, suceessfuU y defeii.led against the Sepoy rebels, ^l"''^'' .f J,? hii'^r h11'^L?L'^Si,1t'"''.i.""i,'!' 1'"'^'"
,,, ., .1. i f o. ii- T. I .' Yt 1..*.;.^.. / icoi \ in on^ abstract of his philosophy, and was the author of a his*
40 miles southeast of Stettin. Population I opul.atioii (IS.tl), 4b,Ulto. tory of the Asiatic expedition of Alexander the Creat
{1S90), commune, 7,.")07. Arrah na Pogue. A play by Dion Boucicault, (see .1 /mfcoms), of a treatise on India, of a " Voyage around
Arnulf (iir'nulf). Bornabout8.50: diedat Ratis- pn'dured in ISIm. " " the r.uxine.'etc. He was both a Roman and an Athenian
bun, Bavaria, Dec 8,899. Emperor .^ the Holy Arraignment of Paris The A play, some- ^gls'^rS:' "'^iS^^^^^^
Roman Empire, illegitimate son of Karlmann, thing between a i)ageaul and a mask, which dociaA. v. ise, and while holding this oltlce he defeated
king of Bavaria. He was elected king of the East was published anonymously in 1584, but was the invading Alani. He was raised to the consular rank
Franks in 887, was crowned emperor in SW, defeated the certaiiil V written b}' Peele. It was at one time ^^ Antoninus This in .\. n. 14(i. The remaindcrof his life
Normans near Louvain in SOI, fouglil with the Jloravians, ntti-iliiifl.,1 f <> Sli-iWinerB ^'"^ ''"•'"' '" ''K-'nilled retirement as priest of Ceres and
and invaded Italy and stormed R.ime in 895. auiiouu u lo oiuiKspeie. .... . .^. Proserpine in his native city.
Amulf. Archbish,,!) ot Kheims 989-991. Arrakis (ar ra-kis) [Al^ «»-n,5,y the trotting Arriaza(iii-re a'tli!i),orArriazaySuperviela,
Amway(arn'wa), John. Born in Shropshire, "-/"""u, .^^o J/«n(rf.] The fourth-magnitude Juan Bautista de. Born at liladiid, 1770:
1601: die.l in Virginia, probably in 1053. An 'louble-star/. Dracouis, in the Dragon's tongue died there in 1837. A Spanish poet, author
English rovalist clergvmau and writer, ar.di- ■«>fran (f .a"). [Gael AnjiK] An island of of "Emilia" (1803), "Poesias patridticas" (3d
deacon of Lichfield and Coventry. He was exiled ^^V'^V''"^' ,"', ^^^ ''O""*^ "^ Bute, west of the ed. 1815), and "Poesias lii-ieas" (Gth ed. 1829-
and took refuge at The Hague, and later accepted an invi- •'' 1"" *'f y^iy^: _ Its length is about 20 miles, its great- 1832). He wasastrenuous supporter of the absolutemon-
t«tion to preach in Virginia. He wrote the " Tablet " "St breadth about 12 mUes, anil its area 166 8(iuare uules. archy, and was made a councilor and chamberlain by
(IKA)). a reply to Sliltons " Eikonoklastes," and "Alarum I'opulation, over 6,ciOO. Ferdinand VII.
to the Subjects of England ■• (I860). Arran (islands ot Ireland). See JWH. Arrlgal (ar'i-gal). A mountain iu tho northern
Arod (a'rod). [Heb.'rffvW, perhaps 'wild ass.'] Arran, Earl of. See Hamilton, James. part of Donegal, Ireland, the highest in the
1. A son of Gad (Num. xx\i. 17), also called Arras (ar-riis'). The capital of the depart- county.
Jrode(Gen. xlvi. 16).— 2. InDrydeuandTate's ""'ut of Pa.s-de-Calais, France, situated on Arrivabene (ilr-re-va-ba'ne), Ferdinando.
"Absalom and Aehitophel." part ii., a character the Scarpe in lat. 50° 17' N., long. 2° 40' E. : the Born at Jlantua, Italy. 1770 : died there, June
inteiiiled for Sir William Waller. Roman Nemetoeenna, or Nemetaeum of the 29,1834. An Italiaii'jurist and miscellaneous
Arok-SzallclS (o'rok-sal'ash). A town in the Atrebates, later Atrabate. It is a strong fortress author. He was thrown into prison at Sebenico Dal-
county of Jiizygien, Hungary, 45 miles north- """ ''"= seat of a bishopric, has an active trade in grain, matia, in ISOO, by the Austrian government, for political
east Of Budapest. Population (1890). 11,189. wlkfSmerlvSdfm It^t^^esm"' A^^^^^^^^ reasons, and publishedaprotest, •'LatombadiSebenico,"
A.nloo (S ■.;^'lyu\ Ti,oii R.^,.., ..t W.,,.,.ol.^„„ was lormeily noted I"i Its tapestij Among its umldings which created a great sensation. Later he was made
ArolaS (a-ro las). Juan. Uorn at Barcelona, are a cathedral, a hotel de ville, and a museum, .\naswas president of a court of justice at Bresciiu
June 20, 1805: died at Valencia, Nov. 2.5, 1849. the capital of the Atrebates, and later of Artois; belonged ArTiTrnhono Cinnit fi-intraTiTii Rom ot Mnn
A Snaiiish nopt iiiitlior .if " Poeiiqs cnba leres "> the later middle ages to Burgundy, and passed with the •aJTlvaoene, "-ouiii uiovanm. corn a I Man-
A bpanish poet, au lior ot roesiaseaballeres- j,etherlands to Spain; was taken by the French in iino; '"a, Italy, June 24, li8( : died at Mantua, Jan.
cu;. .\ oiientaies (l!54U ou;, eic. was vainly besieged by the Spani.ards in ii'i.m ; and was 11,1881. An Italian patriot and political econo-
Arolsen (a rol-sen). The capital of the pnn- ceded to France in 1669. Birthplace of Robespierre, mist. He was arrested by the Austrian government in
cipahty of Waldcck, Germany, 22 miles west lopulation (18!11), 26,, Ol. 182o for having participated in the disturbances of the
by north of Cassel. It contains the princely castle Arras, Lines of . Fortifications extending from Carbonari, and fled the country. He returned to Italy in
with rich collections, and is the liirlhplace of Eauch and Aii-.ia to Bouchaiu on the Schelde, crossed by l*^"- wlier" he was created a senator and was for a long
Kaulbach. I'opulation (1890), 2,62ii. Marlborough 1711 time the president of the Italian Association of Political
Arona (iiro'nii). A town in the province of Arras, Treaties of. 1. A treaty concluded i^^r6e"''''Seo Ti-or
Novara, Italy, situated on Lago Maggiore 38 between the Armagnacs and the Burgimdiaus Arrnm r.irrom") 'fiprilia "Rnbl von Pahpr
miles northwest of Milan. It contains a noted in 1414.-2. A trefty between Charles VII. of Mad^mrde- i/s'eiS ui Feman Ca^^^^
colossjil br..ni:e .ind copper statue of Cardinal Carlo Bor- 1,>.,„pb nn.l Pliilin tbn lincu} nf Rin-c.nn.lv nnn ^■'•^■Qame Qe. l>seiul(m\ ui ieman UaDauerO.
romeo. I'opulation, about 3,0(J0. 1 r.inee ami 1 Uilip tuo L.ood Ot BuigiiiHl> , coii- Born at Merges. Switzerland, 1/90: died at
Arona Juan de Hee Pa- SoUlan u Cnamte •■™'edml43o.— 3 A treaty' between Lotus XI. Seville, Spain, Ai.ril 7, 1877. A Spanish nov-
^ona, JUanae. t,L>> l u.. bouiwi y L mnue, ot France and Ma-Kimihan I., concluded in 1482. elist, author of "La familia di Alvareda"
Arondight (a'ron-dit). In medieval legends, ^'ii'lfthrn !.Ht'"n^er '^'■'°*'' ^''^'"''''''''^^^^^^^ .. ,.
tlie sword of Lancelot of the Lake. Ar'U* t Znct? n. .Vf„ a - L. 'r•^ T. ^ 4"°*- ^'"^ ^'''""^' '" "E''.V"""I t^e Fox."
Aroostook (a-rds'tuk). A river in northern -T^-^^i? A^^f *Vn .o =f h! T \ra^-' '^?^^, Arroux (iir-ro'). Ahibutary of the Loire, about
and northeastern Maine, which joins the St. Kin ?^1- ^ n h«^ l,^tn ' ^\u, "' ■"''^'^^ '""«' '>'"'« '^"'^^' "' '^"^ department
John in western New Brunswick- leneth over , ^™ ',? " Ar^'^ ''^ historian He s udied „f Sadne-et-Loire. It flows past Autun.
V^„ •, "'^''''-^" ^^''" iJiuuBwicii. lenfeiu over ]„„ ,„ Havana and Mexico, and was regidor of Havana k--„—. rpv. q„„ e„„:,i„
100 miles. from 17.i4, .and alcalde in 176'2, In 1762 he assisted in de- -AJ^roW, ine. See .Sm/(««.
ArOUet. See Vtilhurc. fending the city .against the English. His 'Llave del ArrOW (ar o). Lake. A small lake in County
Arpachshad (Ur-pak-shad'), or Arphaxad (ar- .'^.".^■^■" '*'"'.':'': ^ Antemural de las Indias Occidentale8"(a Sligo, Irolaiid.
fak'sa.l). 1 Third son of Sheiu (Gen. x. 22 S"*' ' "'" ''"■"■"™'^'='' '" ^^^^- *■'* published in Arrow Lake, Upper and Lower. Expansions
24; xi. 10).-2. A Semitic tribe and country, Arrawaks. See ArawaVs. '''' ""' <'".'"'"l'''' •/•:'■'• in British Columbia.
usually considercl the same as Arrapachitis, on Arrebo (ar-e-bo'), Anders Christensen. Born Arrowpoint (ar o-poiiit), Catharine. In
the iioper Zab northeast of Nineveh. i,i ^Eroe, Jan. 2, 1.5.S7: ,lied at v7,?dingborg, ^"^"'"f^"' :■';"* V'"''*'' • ^'"'f ' ^'''•"•»';'.' \P^^
Arpad (iir-pSd'). A city in northern Syria. Doninark,Mareh 12,lt;37. A Danish poet, author accomi.lislicd to a point ot exasperating thor-
about 15 miles north of .Ueppo : the modern of "Hexaemeron" (lti41 and 1061), etc. He was o"f,'l",ess, but possessing much good sense.
Tel-ErfW. in the old Testament it is always mentioned styled " the father of Danish poetry ": he Intro- Arrowsmith aro-smith , Aaron. Born at
Klo?:?;: "/."-'^'"'i' 7 v"o'V";"'JnV ".;:;!''';' ?,"'";'"• "•" '•"' ^ticed into it the renaissance then spreading y'"''""'./'.';.';'":'";,,-'"'^ "• J'f i,'''^:' ,»* ^on-
Orontea (<•..;. Isa. X 9, Jer. xlix. -i.-i). In the Assyrian in- f.,„,., t^„i,. <;a» ot/iu<.>iiug don, Aliill 23, 182,i. A noted English geog-
•crlptloiifl It Is called .Ir-pad-f/n. It wa.s taken by Tiglath- . '?"'^'>-,>„ ^ „ . ranlicr ami cliarto.'riDher He .inhlisii.-d "A chart
PUeser II. in 740 n ,-.. after a siege of three yeaJs. i^r6e (itr-ra'), MontS d' A mountain gr.M.p in y/flle wS a^ on M^rca.^^a pn,j"e^
Arp4d (iir'pad). Died 907 A. I). The MagJ'ar the department ot Ijinist^re, !• ranee, culiniiiat- jjew Discoveries," etc. (179oi ".Maps of the World"
national licni. founder of the ArpAd dynasty in '"K '" Mo'd SI. -.Michel (about 1,275 feet high). (17»0, "Maps of North America '■ (17iHi), "Maps of Scot-
Hungarv about 890. Axrest (ar-resf), Helnrlch Ludwig d'. Born land '(1807), "Alias of Southern India' (18-22), etc.
Arp4d dynasty. A dynastv of Hungarian at Bertin, Aug. 13, 1822: died al Cipciihageii, Arrowsmith, John. Born 1790: died at Lon-
sovereigns. ruling as kings from 1000 to 1301. -Jii'io 14, 1875. A German astronomer, ap- don. May 1, 1873. An English geographer and
Arpasia (iir-|)a'shiil). A Grecian princess in pointed professor at Leipsic in 18.52 and at chartogniphcr. a nephew of .Varon Arrowsmith.
H..vve's tragcdv •"r'ameriane." Copenhagen iu 1857, noted for his discoveries "^^V"* ""^' "^'''^'''"'''',V" ''V''".'',">?,' "V'^'J'P''^^^^
• , J ^ .■ "i"'"'"''". !■ . , . I „i . , til Society. He pub shed a " London Atlas (Ist ed. 1S34X
ArphuZad. See ./r/i«i/i.v/i»(^ ot comets and observations of lu'buhe. e,^. ' ' v «
Arpi (iir'pi). or Argyrippa (iii-,jirip'ii). In Arretium (ar-re'shi-um). An ancient and Arroyo de China (iir-ro'vo de che'nH). [Sp.,
ancient geograohy. a city of Apulia, Italy, iu powerful city of Etruria: the luodern Arezzo •nobble goii;e.'| X foriner name of Concep-
lat. 41° 31' N., long. 15° 33' E. (which see), in an Italian coalition against Rome ,ion rlcl I'ruguav, in the Argentine Kepublic.
Arpino. See Ccsari, (ihtsrp,,,: l7?t ':?bI!\'!;V^'h''i''''J" "''''"ff. '"'"''," V'"''"",'' 'V'',!''" Arroyo Hondo (iir-io'yo h.m'do). [Sp., 'deep
Arpino (ii_r-pe'no). A tow^i in the province of ^'St.nl' of .lilt s'^^net ' L S^^^^^^^^^ «".-«-'J Tlie name ^of two deep' siuices ot
Caserta. Italy, situated near the Garigliano in to llie relict of the city, but was defeated and slain, with gorges ill New Mexico, one running west of
lat. 41° 40' N.. long. 13° 37' E.: the ancient "even Toilltary tribunes and i:t,ooo men, the rest of tho Taos a distance of about 12 miles, the other
Arpiniim, the birthplace ..r Marius and Cicero. «'"■>• .''J""-' 'na'le prisoncra. ,,,.„ , running 5 miles south of Santa Fi^ toward the
It waa originally a Volsdan town, and received the Roman ArrhldaeUS ar-i-de us). [Gr. 'A/.,.'r a/of ] Killed j^,j„,,^ ,,,,-, (...p^,,, on the sides of the latter there
franchise .102 B. <• , and the Bulfrage 188 B. c. Population, 31 / U. C. 1 lalf-l»othor of Alexander the Groat, ,„^ ,iie ruins of two ancient villages of the Tehuaa called
anout s.i»«i. ij,„l ,,„y f,c i,;,, fmeeegsoi-s, put to death by order Kuku.i.
Arqua (iii-kwii'). A village 13 miles southwest of Olynipias. ' ArroyoMolinos(iir-r6'v6 mo-le'nos). Avillage
of Padua, Italy: the place where Petrarch Arria (ar'i-il). Died 42 A. n. Tho wife of Caj- in Spain, 43 miles northeast of Badajoz, the
died (1374). cina Pietus. Her husband was condemned to death scene of a British victory over the French, 181 1.
8
Arm Islands
Arru Islands. .Soc Am Islands.
Arruda da Camara (ar-ro'da da ka mk-ra),
Manoel. Born iu Alagoas, 1752: died at Per-
nambuei). 1810. A Braziliau botani.st, author
of various works on the eeouomie botany of
Brazil. He studied medicine in France, imd during
the latter part of his life «a3 a practising pli.vsician m
Pernambuco. v t rT n
Arsaces (iir'sa-sez or ar-sa sez) I. Li-<. ; y'r.
•Ap<Td/c//c.] The founder of the Parthian king-
dom. He Is variously represented as the chief of a
nomad tribe of -Scythians, Bactrians, or Paithians who
about 250 B. 0. headed a revolt of the Parthians agaiMt
SjTia, and established the Independent kingdom of Parthia
(2.W B. 0.-226 A. !>.).
82
pdCK (Plutarch).] A son of Tigranes the Great
(king of Armenia), oo-niler with his father, and
his siieressor about 5.5-34 B. c.
Artabazes. See Artahnsdes.
ArtabazuS (iir-ta-ba'zus). [Gr. 'ApTaliai,oc.] A
Persian general distinguished in the campaigns
of 480 and 479 B. c. He retreated to Asia after
tlie defeat of Plataea.
ArtabaZUS. In Xenophon's " Cyropedeia," a
Median, a friend and ad\iser of Cyrus.
ArtabazUS. Lived about 362-328 B. c. A Per-
sian satrap of western Asia under Artaxerxes
HI., against whom he rebelled. He was par-
doned and fought at Arbela under Darius.
Arth^nice
ArctediUS. Bom in Sweden, Feb. 22,1705: died
at Leyden, Sept. 27, 1735. An eminent Swedish
naturalist, especially noted as an ichthyologist.
He became an intimate friend of Linneens at I'psal (1728-32),
and the two reciprocally bequeathed to each other their
manuscripts and books in the event of death. Artedi
was accidentally drowned at Leyden. and his manuscripts,
according to the agreement, came into the hands of Lin-
nffius, who published the " Bibliotheca Ichthyologia " and
" Philosophia Ichthyologica," together with a life of the
author, 1738.
Artegal (ar'te-gal). In Spenser's "Faerie
Queene," a knight errant, the impersonation of
justice, supposed to be intended to represent
Lord Grey, Spenser's patron. Sometimes spelled
ArfliegoL
ArsacldsB (iir-sas'i-de). 1. A dynasty of Par- ^tachsbast (ar-tak-shasf), or Artachshasta Artemas (iir'te-mas). [Gr. ^/>Tf/i5c.] A com-
tbian kings, established by Arsaces I. about
250 B. c. and overthrown by tlie Persians 226
A. D. The most noteworthy of the Arsacidre are Phra-
ates III. (died m (?) B. c), Orodes I. (died 37 C') B. c), Phra-
atea IV (died 4(?) a. v.), Artabanus II. (died 44 A. P.), vo-
losgeses I. (died IK! (?) A. D.),and Chosroes (died 122 (?) A. D.).
2. A dynasty of Armenian kings founded (prob-
ably) by Valarsaces, brother of Arsaces HI.,
king of I'arthia in 149 B. c. The history of the
dynasty is oliscure. See Armenia.
Afsames (iir'sa-mez). [Gr. l\/jca/iw.] 1. The
father of Hvstaspes and grandfather of Darius.
2. A sou of Darius and a commander in the
army of Xerxes. — 3. An illegitimate son of
Artaxerxes Mnemon. Smith.
Arschot. See Jcrsdiot.
Arsenius (ar-se'ni-us), sumamed '-The Great.
(iir-tak-shas'ta). [Old Pers. Art(tl.slnil-a (on panion of St. Paul and, according to tradition,
the Babvlonian monuments ArUikslintsn and i,ishop of Lystra.
Artal-shd.'i^u), from artn, great, and kshat:n, or Artemi(iorUS (ar"te-mi-d6'rus),surnamedDal-
hshdthra, kingdom.] In passages of the Gld dianus ("of Daldi's' in Lydia). [Gr. 'Aprt/u-
Testament (Ezra iv. 7, 8; vi. 14; vii. 1, 11, 21; ^u/mg, gift of Artemis.] Lived about 170 A. D.
Neh. ii. 1, v. 14, xiii. 6), a name referring to Ar- j^ Greek writer, author of a work " The Inter-
taxerxes I. Longimanus (46.5-425 B. c.) of the pi-ptation of Dreams" (ed. by Hercher 1864).
Persian Achffimenian dynasty, the son and sue- Artemidoms of Cnidos. In Shakspere's trag-
cessor of the Xerxes who undertook the memo- g,\y •'Julius Ciesar," a teacher of rhetoric,
rable expedition lor the subjugation of Greece. Artemidorus of Ephesus. Lived in the 2d
In the seventh year of the reign of Artaxerxes (459-468) ^.e„jji,.y ^ p (*). A Greek geographer.
Ezi-a came with a colony of exiles to Jerusalem authorized
by the king to reestablish the worship of the temple
(Ezra vii. 12 ff.). But when the Jews started to build walls
around the city, Artaxerxes was persuaded to suspend the
work. In 440-145 Nehemiah went to Jerusalem empow-
ered to rebuild the walls and gates of the city. Artaxerxes
continued the w.ar against the Greeks.
FGr '\p(7ivioc.'\ Born about 354: died 4.50 (449?). Artagnan (ar-tan-yon'), D'. One of the prin
A famous Egvptian monk. He was tutor to the
sons of the emperor Theodosius the Great, Arcadius and
Honorius, al)out :i83-394, and a hermit in the monastic
wilderness of Seetis in Egypt 394-134. Driven from Scetis
in 434 liy an irruption of Ijarbarians, he went to Troe, near
Memphis, and remained there till 444; then spent three
years in the island of Canopus; and fln:illy returned to
Troe where Ire died. He is honored by the Greek Church
on May 8, by the Latin on July 19.
Died 1267.
Arsenius, surnamed Autorianus.
Patriarch of Constantinople 1254-<
cipal characters in "The Three Musketeers"
by Dumas, and also in its sequels "Twenty
Years After" and " Bragelonne." He is a young
Gascon of an adventurous yet practical nature, with a
genius for intrigue, who goes up to Paris to seek his tor-
tune with an old horse, abox of miraculous salve given to
him by his mother, and his father's counsels. His career
is one of hairbreadth escapes (with death, in the end, on
the field of battle) in the society of "The Three Musket-
rs," Athos, Porthos, and Aramis.
4-61. Hewasap Artaguette (iir-ta-gef). Killedl736. A French
" "~ '"" " " military leader under Bienville, colonial French
pointed, witli George JIuzalon, by Theodore Lascaiis II
guardian of the hitter's son John IV. ; but was deposed and
banished to I'roconnesus by the emperor Michael VIII.
Pala;ologus, to whom he refused to grant absolution for
usurping the throne and putting out the eyes of John IV.
Arsb. See Anieb.
Arsinoe (iir-sin'6-e). [Gr. 'Apmvm/.'] 1. Born
316 B. c. Daughter of Ptolemy I. of Egypt, Artam^ne (iir-ta-man'), or The Grand CyrUS,
Artemire (iir-la-mer'). A tragedy by Voltaire,
produced in 1720. It was not successful, and
the author preserved the best of it in "Mari-
arane," which was produced in 1724.
Artemis (iir'tf-mis). [Gr. "Apre/Jig.'] In Greek
mythology, oiie of the great Olympian deities,
daughter "of Zeus (Jupiter) and Leto (Latona),
and twin sister of Apollo. She may be regarded as
a leminine form of Apollo. She chastised evil with her
keen shafts and with deadly sickness, and also protected
mortals from danger and pestilence. Unlike Apollo, she
was not connected with poetry or divination, but, like
him, she was a deity of light, and to her was attributed
authority over the moon, which belonged more particular-
ly to her kinswomen Hecate and Selene. In art Artemis
is represented as a virgin of noble and severe beauty, tall
and majestic, and generally bearing bow and quiver as the
huntress or mountain goddess. She was identified by the
Piomans with their Diana, an original ItiUian divinity.
Chez Indians, and was engaged in fighting the Chickasaws,
who, in connection with English traders from the faro-
Unas, defied French authority on the Mississippi, when he
was wounded and captured in an attack upon the Chicka-
saw strongholds. He was burned at the stake
wife of Lvsimachus and, afterward, of Ptol-
emy U.— 2. Lived about 2,80 B. C. The daugh-
ter"of Lvsimachus, and first wife of Ptolemy II.
—3. Lived about 220 B. c. The wife of Ptol-
emy IV. Philopator, bv whose order she was
put to death.— 4. Killed at Miletus, 41 B. c.
Queen of EgN-pt in 47 B. C. put to death by
Mark Antony" at the instigation of her sister
Cleopatra.— "5. In MoU^re's comedy "The Mi;
governor of Louisiana. He had subdued the Xat- Artemis. A court lady in Dryden's comedy
••Marriage A-la-Mode."
Artemis, Temple of. See Ephesus.
Artemisia ( ar-tf-mish'iii ). [Gr. ApTe/iiam.'i
Queen of Caria 352-350 B. C. In memory of her
husband Mausolus, she built at Halicarnassus the mau-
soleum which was reckoned one of the wonders of the
Tforld. (.See Mausolus.) To give further proof of her af-
fection she is said to have mixed her husband's ashes with
a precious liquid and to have drunk the potion so prepared.
Artemisia. Queen of Halicarnassus. and vas-
sal of Persia, distinguished in the battle of
Salamis, 480 B. c.
A romance by Mademoiselle Scud^ry, published
in 1650 in lO" volumes. Artamene is intended
for the great Cond<5.
Artaphernes (ar-ta-fer'nez). [Gr. 'ApTa(j>£pviK.~\
Lived about 500 B. c. A brother of Darius
Hystaspis by whom he was appointed satrap of
Sardis. He interfered ineilectually in behalf of Hippias, Artpmisiiun (ar-te-mish'ium). [Gr. 'Apreuiatov,
.1., -,.,11. .1 i . ^r t .1.....0 r...A t.^nir T,n,.t i,> fllOWdl" **.* Wirflll Ik,*"- ■■■ \ / ,. ,
the expelled tyrant of Athens, and took part in the war
against tlie revolted lonians
temple of Artemis.] A promontory in north-
ern Euboea, Greece, near which occurred an
indecisive naval battle between the Greeks un-
der Eurybiades and the Persians under Achee-
menes, 480 B. c.
Artemus Ward. See Ward, Artemus.
Artenay (iirt-na'). A village in the department
anthrope,'' a woman whose age and ugliness Artaphernes. Son of the preceding He com-
auimupi, ■'-"""'". „„ j.,,^ „,i,>,i.„tiAT, nf manded, with Datis, the Persian army which invaded
have forced lior to give up the admiration ot ^^^^^^ :^^ ^.^ ^ ^^ ^^^ j^j ^^^ Lydians in the expedition
men : she assumes a hypoentieal and prudish „{ Xerxes against Greece in 480.
species of piety. — 6. An opera by Thomas Artaxaminous (iir-taks-am'i-nus). The King
Clavton, produced in 1705. it was composed of a of Utopia, a charaeterin "BombastesFurioso,"
number of Italian songs which he brought with him from .^ imrlosque opera by W. B. Rhodes. ,
'a^;^' Sailed"' Arshr<^r?ueen":; "^"^l^S^Si Artaxata (ar-taks'a-ta). [Gr. Apriiara, Arm tte~scene'of German victories Oct. 10 and Dec;
it his own composition. According to Doran it was the ArUishat.] In ancient geogi^apby, the capital 3 ^^j ^_ ;^g--Q
first attempt to establish opera in England as it was pro- of Armenia in the 2d and 1st centmies B. C,
duced in Italy. situated in the plain of the Araxes, probably
Arsinoe. In ancient geography, a town near northeast of Ararat, it is said to have been built,
the head of the Gulf of Suez, in lat. 30° 3' N., in accordance with the plan of Hannibal, by Artaxias I.,
" ■ ■ Nero's general Corbulo in 68
of Loiret, France, 13 miles north of Orl4_ans,
30° 3
long. 32° 34' E.
Arsinoe. In ancient geography, a town in
Lower Egypt, situated near Lake Moaris 34
miles southwest of Memphis. Also called Cro-
cndilnpolis.
Ars-sur-Moselle (iir-siir-mo-zel'), G. Axs-an-
der-Mosel. A town in Lorraine. Alsace-Lor-
raine, situated on the Moselle 5 miles south-
west of Metz.
Arta (iir'tii). A river of Albania and Greece,
the ancient Arachthus, which forms (since
180 B. c. ; was destroyed by
A. D. ; and was restored by Tiridat«8 I.
Axtaxerxes (ar-taks-erks'ez) I. [Gr. 'ApTa-
i'pi'lC, ApTOjf/)f;/f. See Artachshast and Arda-
shir.'] King of Persia 405-425 (4'24 f) B. c, son
of Xer.xes: surnamed "Longimanus" ('the
Long-handed') from the excessive length of his
right hand. His forces were defeated on sea and land
in 449 B. c. in the double action of Salamis in Cyprus.
See Artachiiha'it.
Ajtevelde (iir'te-vel-de), Jacob van. Bom at
Ghent about 1285: died at Ghent, July 24,
1345. A Flemish popular leader, sumamed the
"Brewer of Ghent," who, about 1337, became
ruwart or president of Flanders, which was in
revolt against Count Louis of Flanders and
Nevers. He fonued an alliance with Edward III. ol
England against lYance in 1335 ; induced the Elemings
to recognize Edwai'd as king of France in 1340; and was
killed in a popular tumult, because, as it was said, he had
attempted to secure the succession in Flanders for the
lilack Prince. His surname was derived from the fact
that, although an aristocrat liy birth, he was enrolled in
the Gild of Brewers.
who sent Ezra and Nehemiah to Jerusalem, and sane.
1881) part of the boundary between Greece and tioned the restoration of the fortifications.
Turkey, and flows into the Gulf of Arta 8 miles Ra,di,u,on, Herod
below Arta.
Arta, or Narda (niir'da). A town in the nom-
archv of Arta, Greece, situated on the river
Arta" in lat. 39° 8' N., long. 20° 59' E.: the
ancient Ambracia. It was colonized by Corinthians
about 640 B. c. ; was taken by the Komans 189 B. c. ; and was
ceded to Greece by Turkey in 1881. Population (1889), 7,084.
Arta. A town in the eastern part of Majorca,
Balearic Islands. Population (1887), 5,893.
Arta, Gulf of. An inlet of the Ionian Sea, the
ancient Aiiil)racian Gulf, Ij-ingVietween Albania
on the iiortli and Greece on the south. Its length
is about a.'i miles, and its greatest breadth about !o miles.
Artabasdes (iir-ta-bas'dez), or Artabazes
There is every reason to believe that he was the king Axtevelde, Philip Van. Bom about 1340:
1. ^ ^ X. .,.__.:_,. .. , 1 .1 .„..„ ^;^.^j ^^ Roosebek. Belgium, Nov. 27, 1382. A
Flemish popular leader, son of Jacob van Arte-
velde. He was chosen ruwait or president of Flanders
in l:i81 in the course of a revolution against Louis IU.,
Count of Flanders, whom he defeated at Bruges. Jlay Z,
l.'S.*2. He was conquered and slain by Charles VI. at
Koosebek, Nov. 27, 1382. ^.
Artevelde, Philip van. A play by Sir Henry
Taylor (published 1834): an attempt to re\nve
the" traditions of the tragic school of Marlowe
and Sliakspcre.
Artaxerxes II. King of Persia 405-361 (359?)
B.C., son of Darius II.: surnamed "Mnemon"
(Gr. Mw)/juv) from the excellence of his mem-
ory. He was defeated by his younger brother Cyrus (who
was killed in the battle) at I'unaxa in 401, and concluded
the Peace of Antalcidas with Sparta in 387. During his
reign the worship of -Anaitiswas adopted from tlie Baby-
liuiians by the Persians.
Artaxerxes III. King
B.C., son of Artaxerxes
of Persia 361 (359?)-33S ^ ^ Dodgeri The. See Dateyins, John.
II.: surnamed "Ochus." Alit ,:;r;Y ^ > V * „ ;„ ti.p <>onton of Sch-wvz,
Hereeonq«eredEgyptandredncedPhcBnieia,andwaspoi-ArthU.t^^^^
Arth(iirt).
soned by the eunuch Bagoas. his chiff minister.
Artaxerxes. An opera bv Ame, produced in the Rigi. I^ 1 n *v,
17(52. The libretto was translated from Metas- Arth6nice (iir-ta-nes'). An anagram ot Latn-
tasio's "Artaserse." erine" (Marchioness de Rambouillet), inventea
(Or-ta-ba'zez). [Gr! 'A,«-a/i(i<i% (Strabo), Apra- Artedi (iir-ta'de), Peter, Latinized as Petrus by the poets Malherbe and Racine.
Arthur
Arthur (iir'thur). [ME. Arihur, Arthour, from
OF. Arthurv (ML. AitliHrua, Artiirux), from
W. Arthur, eurlifi- Artii.i, conjectured to be
from Old Critic (Old Ir.) art (artva-), stone.
The extant Ir. Artur is from E. or W.] A Brit-
ish chieftain who lived in the 6th century. He
fought many battles, and was llnally killed at the battle uf
Mount Badon, near Bath, o-JO A.l>. He was buried at Glas*
tunbur>'. In the time of Henry 11., according to Geruldus
Canibrensis and others, his remains were discovered there.
Nennlus. a Breton mt>iilt, left in the loth century a short
Latin chn»nicle which is the cirlicst authentic account we
have of him. lie is celebmtcil in Welsh, Breton, and old
French romance, but his actual existence and deeds have
very little to do with the origin of the cycle of romances to
which his name is given, as around him myths relating prob-
ably to some renu'te ancestor orancestors have crystallized.
Arthur, King. In Fieldiup's burlesque " Tom
Thumb," a "passionate sort of kins." husband
to DoUallolIa, of whom he is afraid, and in love
with Glumdalca.
Arthur, Count or Duke of Brittany. Born at
Nantes, France. March 29, 1187- killed at Kouen,
France, April 3, 1203. Son of Geoffrey Planta-
genet, murdered probably by order of his uncle,
King John.
Arthur, ^^ir George. Bom at Plymouth, June
21, 1784: died fSept. 19, 18,54. An English co-
lonial governor in British Hoiiduras, Van Die-
men's Lauil, Canada, and Boiubny.
Arthur William Patrick Albert, Prince,
Duke of C'onnaught. Boni May 1, 1850. Third
son of QufM'ii Victoria.
Arthur, Chester Alan. Bom at Fairfield, Vt. ,
Oct. ,'), 1830: (lied at New York, Nov. 18, 1886.
The twenty-first l^esident of the United States.
He was graduated at I'nion t'ollegein 1S4S ; taught school ;
pmctiaed law in New York city ; was appointed on the
atati of the governor of New York in Istil ; became in-
spector-general and (|uartcrma8ter-gcuer.il of New York
troops ill lis;2 ; and wjis collector of the port of New York
1S71-7S. In Ib-'Ji he was elected (Republican) Vice-Presi-
dent, and held thatiifllce from March, 1.4S1, to Sept. of the
Bame year, when he aucceedeil (Jarllehi (who died Sept. i;t,
l&jl), and served a£ President from Sept. 20, 18*1, to March
4, ISti.'). Ue was an uusnccessful candidate for the Ke-
publicjin nomination in 1&^.
Arthur's. -V London club established in 176.5.
It was named from the keeper of White's Chocolate
House who died in 1701.
Arthur's Seat. A hill, 822 feet in height, whicli
overlooks Edinburgh from the east.
Arthur's Show. A representation, principally
an exhibition of archery, by fifty-eight city
worthies who called thera.selves by the names
of the Knights of the Round Table, referred to
in Shakspere's Henry IV., II. iii. 2, 300. Aldis
Wright.
Arthurian Cycle of Romances, The. A series
of riiiiiaiR-cs relating to llie e.xjiloits of Arthur
and his knights. They were "Breton romances ampli-
fied in Wales and adopted at the court of the Plantagencts
as the foundation of the epic of chivalry." Geollrey of
Monmouth (al>out 1140) may perhap.s be considered as the
source of the legends. He collected or invented in such
a manner :is to give a chivalric interest to his material,
on which the great hliss of later romance was based or
grafteil. From alioiit lir»o poems were sung by wandering
minstrels on the adventures of Arthur and his knights.
The French prose ".Morte Arthur" was not compiled till
the latter halt of the l:jtli century, and had not oii^'iiially
this name. It was an abridgment and consoli.iation. by
RuBlighfUo (or KuBticien) of Pisa, of a number of the
finise romances which grew from these |>oems. The Kng-
Ish "Morte Arihur" of Sir Thomas Mah>ry is thought to
have been translated from some earlier compilation, per-
haps that of Ht^lie de Borron. The stories of Arthur,
OulncTere, .Merlin, The Round Table. Lancelot, The Holy
Grail, Tristan, Perceval, ^leliadus, Gniron, Y'saie le Triste,
and Arthus de Bretagne arc the [jrincipal romances both
British anrl Kreneh in this cycle. There is a large num)>er
of minor poems and prose romances which deal with
spet-ial epiwjdes.
Artichofsky (iir - te - slmv ' ske ), or Arciszew-
ski (iirt-se-shcv'ske), Crestofle d'Artischau.
Born ill Poland alioiit iriS.'i; date of dinlli not
recorded. A Polish soldier who entered the
service of the Dutch West India Comjiany in
1623. and distinguished himself in the wars with
thi- Portuguese in Brazil, 1631-39. lie returned
to Holland in 1*V(7. and in Dec, lti3H, %van sent back in
command of a reinforcement with a nmk ho liigh that It
coii(!icte<l with the p«iwer8 of the governor. Maurice of
Nassau, A quarrel ensued, and in IftJU Artichofsky was
ordered back to Holland.
Article 47, L". A drama by Adolphe Belot,
from a icniiaMco. pnidiiccil in 1871.
Articles of Confederation. Scc Confederation.
Articles of Smalkald. Sc- SmnikiiliUc.
Artifice, The. A comoily by Mrs. (Vntlivrc.
Artigas liir-te'giis), Jose. Bom near Moiile-
vidcM, I'rugmiy, 17ri.'): died in Paraguay, Sejit.
23, 1851. A South American revolutionary
gi'iicral, and dictator of rruguay, 181I-i;o.
Artoi8(iir-twii'). [From L. .//rf/(rt/ra(sing. Alrr-
bas), Atrchutcn.svs,a Celtic tribe who inhabited
the district in the time of Ccesar.] An ancient
83
province of northern France, capital Arras, cor-
responding nearly to the department of Pas-de-
Calais. It was a county under Flemish rule in the
middle ages: was annexed to FVance under Philip Au-
gustus in 1180 : was made a countship by St, Louis In
12;t7 for his brother Robert ; p^issed to Philip the Bold
of Burgundy in 1384 : on the death of t'harles the Bold was
temporarily taken by Louis .\1. ot France (1477); passed
by the marriage of .Mary ot Burgumly (1477) with Slaxi-
miliaii of Austria to the Hapsburgs ; and was ceded in part
to France in IBTiO, the cession being completed in the
treaties of Ninu-guen 1678-79.
Artois, Comte d'. The title of Charles X. of
France previous to his accession to the throne.
Artotyrites (^iir-to-ti'rits). [LL. Artotyritx,
pi., from Cir. apTO-rvpoc, bread and cheese, from
apToc, bread, and npor, cheese. ] A sect in
the primitive church which used bread and
cheese in the eucharist, alleging that the first
oblations of man were the fruits of the earth
and the prodtice of their flocks. They ad-
mitted women to the priesthood and to the
episcojiate.
Artsnulsh (iirts'milsh). A collective name for
several tribes of North American Indians living
ou Shoalwater Bay and Willopah River, Wash-
ington, including the Copalis, Marhoo, Nasal,
and tjiierqnelin : the}' have been classed with
the Lower Chinook. See Chinookan.
Artus. See Arihur.
Aru, "i- Arru (ii-rii'), or Aroe, or Arroe (ii-ro')
Islands. A group of islands, southwest of
Papua, intersected by lat. 6° S.,long. 134° 30'
E., nominally under Dutch control. Population
(estimated ). 2"), 000, of mixed Papuan races.
Aruba. See (Iniha.
Arundel (ar'un-del). A town of Sussex, Eng-
land, situated on the Ariin (whence the name)
19 miles west of Brighton, famous for its castle,
the seat of the Duke of Norfolk. Population
(1891). 2,644.
Arun(iel, Earl of. See Howard.
Arundel, Thomas. Born 13.53 : died 1414. An
English prelate, archbishop of Canterbury 1390-
1414, an active opponent of the Lollards. He
was impeached and banished in 1397, and re-
stored in 1399.
Arundel. The horse of Sir Bevis in the old
romances.
Arundel House. 1. A house belonging to
Lord Arundel, which formerly stood near High-
gate, Loudon. Lord Bacon died there in 1626.
— 2. A noted mansion, on the Strand, London,
where Arundel, Norfolk, Surrey, and Howard
streets now are. In its gardens were originally
placed the Arundelian JIarbles.
Arundel Society. An English society for the
]ii(imiition of art, founded at I;Ondon in 1849.
Arundelian (ar-un-<le'lyan), or Oxford, Mar-
bles. Part of a collection of ancient sculptures
and antiquities formed by Thomas Howard,
earl of Arundel, presented to the University
of Oxford in 1667. It includes the Parian
Chronicle, a marble slab detailing events in
Cireek history.
Aruns (a'run/.),Tombof. Astmcture so named,
just outside of the city of Albano, Italy. It con-
sists of a Large rectangular base of masonry, containing
a chamber, and snnnounted by a massive cone with four
smaller cones at the angles. The character of the dentil-
cornire and other ornament shows that it is Roman and
not very early.
Aruwimi i iir-o-wo'me"). A right aflluent of the
Kongo, 1,800 miles long, which joins the Kongo
in 2° N, lat. and 23° E. long. It runs through
a thick forest region. On its banks was Stan-
ley's liimous Yaiubuya camp.
Aruwimi. A station' in the Kongo Free State,
on till' Kongo bdowStanley Falls, at the mouth
of the river Artiwimi, founded in 1884.
Arvad(ar-vad'), orAradus (ar'a-dus). APhe-
nii-i;ui city, sitiutteil on a rocky island, 3 miles
from the coast, north of Sidoii : founded by
fugitives from that place (Strabo, XVI. 2, 13 f.).
It Is mentioned in Ezek. xxvil. 11 and 1 Mac. xv. 2:1.
After Tyre and SIdon it was the most important city in
Phomicia. Remains of its walls still exist. It Is repre-
sented bv the village of Kuad.
Arval Brothers (iir'val bruTii'erz). [L. fra-
lr(n iirnilcs, from arnim, a field.] In Koiuan
antiiiuities, a priesthood of 12 members, in-
cluding the emperor, who offered public sacri-
fices for the fertility of the fields.
Arve (iirv). A river in the department of
llaute-Savoie, France, which rises in the Col
de Balme. traverses the valley of (Jhamoiiix,
and joins the Rliflne 1 mile south of Geneva.
Its lentith is about .55 miles.
Arveyron (iir-va-rtin'). A tributary of the
Arve, the outlet of the Mer de (tIbcV, whicli
joins the Arve in the valley of C^hamonix.
Asbury Park
Arviragus (iir-vir'a-gus). 1. A knight, the
husband of Dorigen, in the "Franklin's Tale,"
by Chaucer. See Doriyen. — 2. A mythical son
of C^Tubeline. In shakspere's "Cymbeline ■ he is the
real son of Cymbeline, brought up as fadwal, tile son of
Belarius, who is disguised as Morgan.
Arwidsson (iir'veds-son), Adolf Ivar. Bom
at Padasjoki, Finland, Aug. 7, 1791: died at
Viborg, Finland, June 21, 1&58. A Swedish
poet. He published a collection of Swedish
folk-songs (1834-12).
Aryabhata (iir-ya-bha'ta). A Hindu astrono-
mer. Of his writings there are extant the Dasagilisutra
and the Aryashtasjita (dasagiti, ' ten poems,' Aryashtasata,
'eight hundred distichs of Arya*). According to his own
account he was Imni at Kusnmapura (I'alibothra) in 476
of iiur em. His fame spread to the ^\'e8t. He is believed
by Weber to be the Andubarius, or Ardubarius, who is rep-
resiiitcd in the "( hronicon Paschale " (A. n. 330 : rcedited
under lleraclius .K. I>. (iKMXl) as the earliest Hindu as-
tronomer. He is the Arabic Arjabahr. Ue teaches also
a quite peculiar numerical notjition by means of letters.
The larger work, " Aryasiddhanta," belongs to a later age,
perhaps to the 14th century.
Aryan (ar'yan or ar'ian). 1. A member of the
Eastern or Asiatic division of the Indo-Euro-
pean family, occupying the territories between
Mesopotamia and the Bay of Bengal, in the
two subdivisions of Persia', or Iran, and India.
(This is the older, more scientific, and still widely current
use of the word. More recent, but hicreasingly popular,
is the second use.)
2. An Indo-European or Indo-German or Ja-
phctite; a member of that section of the hu-
man race which includes the Hindus and Irani-
ans (Persians) as its Eastern or Asiatic division,
and the Greeks, Italians, Celts, Slavonians, and
Germans or Teutons as its Western or Euro-
pean di\-ision. The languages of all these branches
or groups of peoples arc akin ; that is to say, they are de-
scendants of one original tongue, once spoken in a limited
locality by a single community, but where or when it Is
impossible to say.
As (as), pi. .ffisir (a'ser). [ON. «.v.v,pl. sesir, with
a fem. asijnjii, pi. axi/iijur.'i In Ohl Norse my-
thology, a member of one of the principal races
of gods, the inhabitants of Asgard. There were
two races of gods, the Ases (-■F.sir), and the Vans (VanirX
who dwelt in Vanaheim (O.N. V'aimlieuiir). They were
originally at war with each other, but were subseciuently
reconciled, and several of the Vans (Heimdall, Njord,
Frey, and Freyja) were received into Asgard.
Asa (a'sii). King of .ludah about 929-873 B. C.
(Ihmcker), son of Abijam or Abijah. He en-
deavored to c.vtirpate idolatry from the land, and in the
thirteenth year of his reign defeated the Cushite king
Zerah. who had penetrated into the vale of Zephathali.
Asakasa (ii-sii-kii'sil) Pagoda. A picturesque
Buddhist tower in Tokio, .lapan. it consists of
five square red-lacquered stages with widely projecting
roofs upturned at the corners, fi-om which bells are sus-
pended, and is surmounted by a tall hooi>ed tlnial.
Asama-Yama (ii-sii'mii-yii'mii). A volcano,
iiliout 8,200 feet high, in the main island of
.IniKin, northwest of Tokio.
Asaph (a'saf). [Ileb. M.vn/iA.] 1. A Levite,
a son of Barachiah (I Chron. vi. 39, xv. 17), a
noted musician in the time of David, later
celebrated as a poet and prophet. F'rom him the
choristers of the temple wci'e called the " sons of Asaph."
Twelve of the psalms are ascribed to him.
2. Saint. Abbot and bishop of Llanelwy (later
St. Asaph), in North Wales, about .590." He is
conimemornted in the Roman Church on May
1. — 3. The name under which Tale wrote of
Dryden in the second part of "Absalom and
.\cliitophel."
Asben. See Air.
Asbjornsen (iis-byern'sen), Peter Christen.
Born at Christiania, Norway, Jan. 15, 1812:
died 1885. A Norwegian man of letters and
zoologist. He wrote "Norske Fidke Kvenlyr" (1842-4S,
"Norwegian Folk.'l'ales"), fairy tales relating to Norwe-
gian life, etc.
Asboth (as'i)oth; Hung, proii. osh'bot), Alex-
ander Sdndor. Born lit Keszthely, Hungary,
Dec. 18, 1811: died at Buenos Ayfes. .Ian. 21,
1808. A Hungariaii-.Vmerican general. He served
with Kossuth in the Hilngiirlan rebellion of lS4S-4!>: re-
moved with him to the I'nited States in 18.M : Joined the
volunteer service on the outbreak of the Civil War In 181il;
commanded divisions under Fremont and l^urtis; took
part in the battle of Pea Ridge and In the battle of Marf-
anna: and resigned In 18(l.'i, with the brevet rank of major-
general. He was I'liitetl States minister to the Argentine
lU|iul>llc from IMKi till bis death.
Asbury (az'be-ri), Francis. Bom at Hands-
worth. StatTordshirc. England, Aug. 20 (21 f),
1745: (lied lit Spnttsvlvania.Virginia. March 31,
1816. The first bishop of the MethoiHst Epis-
copal Church in the United States, llewasscntby
Wesley as a missionary to the American colonics In 1771-
AsburyPark. .\ watering-place ill Monmouth
Ciniiity. Ps'ew .lersey, situated on the Atlantic
Ocean 6 miles south of Long Branch and 35
miles south of New York.
Ascagne
Ascaene (as-eany'). The name given to the
daugliter of Alberto, in Moliere's eomedy " Le
Depit Amoui'CUX." She is substituted forlier brotlier
Ascagne, wlio is <leu(l, ami appears in his dress. Unfor-
tunatuly slie does not assume the heart of a man, but falls
in love witli Valere wlioui she contrives to mairy secretly.
Ascalaphus (as-kal'a-fiis). [Gr. liosu/lo^of.]
In Circek legend, a soil of Acheron, transformed
into an owl.
Ascalon (as'ka-lon). or Ashkelon, or Askelon.
[(ir. '.\nKti'/i.ii\ Heb. '.Lshiichin.] One of the five
cliief eities of Philistia, situated on the Mediter-
ranean 39 7uiles southwest of J erusalem. Its site
is marked liy the modern village of Asgalftn. Near it
were the temple and sacred lake of r)erketo. It is men-
tioned in Phenician an<l Assyiian iTiseriptions, in the lat-
ter under the form Isqnli'ina : the names of four of its
kiniis (Siilka, Sarludari, Kukibti, and Jlitenti) appear in
the annuls of Senmuherih (TO.'i-tiSl u. c.) and Esarhaildon
(080-tWlS u. c). Ilerod I., whose birtliplace it was, adorned
the city with many edilices. In the 11th century (Auk. 12,
109!)) il was tile scene of a victory of tlie Crusaders under
Godfrey of Bouillon over a superior army sent by the sul-
tan of F.p:.vpt to recapture .Terusaleni, was taken by the
Crusaders" (1153), and by 3aladiu in HS7, and destroyed
1270.
Ascalon. The sword of St. George, in the
"Seven Champions."
Ascania (as-ka'ni-ii). Lake. In ancient geog-
raphy, a lake, 11 miles long, in Bithjnua, Asia
Minor (the modern Lake Isnik), which dis-
charges into the Sea of Marmora. Nicjea was
situated at its eastern extremity.
Ascanio (as-kii'nio). 1. The son of Don Hen-
ri(iut'S, in Fletcher and Massinger's play "The
Spanish Curate": a modest, affectionate boy
of an almost feminiiie tenderness. — 2. A page
in Massinger's " Bashful Lover." See Maria.
— 3. A page in Dryden's play "The Assigna-
tion."
Ascanius (as-ka'ni-us), or lulus (i-ii'lus). In
classical legend, the son of yEnoas and the an-
cestor of the Koman Julii.
Ascapart (as'ka-part), or Ascabart (as'ka-
biirt). A giant in the romance of "Bevis of
Hampton." Bevis conquered hira. He is said to have
been 30 feet high. There are frequeut allusions to him in
the Rlizabethan writers.
Ascelon. See AscahDi.
Ascension (iis-then-se-6n'). [Sp.] A recent
settlement 12 miles south of the boundary line
of New Mexico, the scene of a bloody distur-
bance. Kuins of considerable interest exist in
the vicinity along the Casas Grandes River.
Ascension Bay. A small inlet on the eastern
coast of ^'ucatan.
Ascension Island. A volcanic island in the
Atlantic, belonging to Great Britain, situated
in lat. 7° 55' S., long. 14° L'5' W. It was discov-
ered by the I'ortucuese in 1501 and named Conception
Island, and rediscovered on Ascension day, l.'iOS, when
the present name was giveu to it. It was occupied by
tireat Britain in 1815. Its length is 7A miles and its area
.35 square miles. Population (1889), 140.
Asch (ilsh). A town in northwestern Bohemia,
near the German frontier, 15 miles northwest
of Kger. It has important manufactures of cotton
and wo»den goods, and silk. Population (1890), commune,
15,.W7.
Aschaffenburg (ii-shaf'fen-boro). A former
principality of Germany, ceded to Bavaria in
1814. It now forms with Lower Franconia a
governmental <listrict of Bavaria.
Aschaffenburg. A town in Lower Franconia,
Bavaria, situated on the Main 23 miles south-
east of Frankfort : an old Koman fortress. It has
a castle (with a library and picture-gallery), and contains
interesting Roman antiquities. It formerly belonged to
the electorate of Mainz, and was long one of the resi-
dences of the electors. A victory was gained near Aschaf-
fenburg l>y the Prussian army of the Main over allied
troops under Neipperg, ,Tuly 14, 1800. Population (1890),
connnune, 13.030.
Ascham ( as' kam), Roger. Born at Kirby Wiske,
near Northallerton, \orkshire, 1515: died at
London, Dec. 30, 1568. A noted English clas-
sical sdiolar and author. He was educated at St.
.John's College, Cambridge (B. A. Feb., 1534), where he
became an accomplished Greek scllolar; taught at the
university ; was tutor U> the l*rinee8s Elizabeth 1548--.'>0;
and served as Latin secretary to ilary and Elizabeth 1558-
1508. His chief works are "Toxophilus." a treatise on
archery (1545), and "The .Scholemaster" (lii70). See these
names.
Aschbach (ash'biich), Joseph von. Bom at
Hochst, Prussia, April 29, IsOl : died at Vienna.
April 25, 1,S82. A German historian, appointed
professor of history in the University of Bonn
in 1842. anil in the High School of Vienna 1853.
Besides a number of historical works relating chiefly to
Spain under the Moors, he published (1867) the treatise
"Koswithaund Conrad CeUes,"in which he attempted to
prove that the works ascribed to Koswithawere written
by Celtes. This assertion has been disproved by Kopke
and Waltz.
84
Aschersleben (ash-ers-la' ben). A town in the
province of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the
Eine near the Wipper, 28 miles southwest of
Magdeburg: the ancient capital of the count-
ship of Askanion. It has varied and important
manufactures. Population (1890), commune,
22,805.
Asclepiades (as-kle-pi'a-dez). [Gr. 'Am/t/;-m-
(S;/f.] Lived about 100 B. c. A Bithjmian phy-
sician. He iiractised in Rome ancl attained there a great
reputation, due chiell> to his avoidance of powerful renie-
dies,and attention t'uiiet, exercise, bathing, and the whims
of his patients.
Ascoli (iis'ko-le), or Ascoli Piceno(pe-cha'n6).
The capital of the jirovince of Ascoli Piceno,
Italy, situated on the Tronto in lat. 42° 51' N.,
long. 13° 35' E.: the ancient Asculum Picenum,
a stronghold of the Piceni. It is the seatof a bishop
and has important trade and various manufactures. It
gave tlie signal for the Marsic war in 90 B. c, and was
captured by the Romans in 89 B. c. Population (1891),
commune, 29,000.
Ascoli. Grraziadio Isaia. Bom at Gorz, July
16. 1S29. An Italian comparative philologist.
He is the originator and the chief representative in Italy
of tile Aiio-.Semitic theory, which supposes a close con-
nection between the Aryan and .Semitic families of lan-
guages. In the treatise "8tudij orientali e linguistiei"
he has endeavored to prove the presence of .Semitic ele-
ments in the Etruscan dialect. He is the editor of
"Aichivio glottologico italiano."
Ascoli Piceno. The southernmost pro\'ince of
the Marches, in eastern Italy. Area, 796 square
miles. Population (1891), 215,563.
Ascoli Satriano (sa-tre-a'no). A town in the
province of Foggia, Italy, 2 miles south of Fog-
gia : the ancient Asculum Apulum. It is the
seat of a bishopric. Population, about 6,000.
AsconiUS Pedianus (as-ko'ni-us ped-i-ii'nus),
Quintns. Born perhaps at Padua, Ital}', about
2 B. c. : died about 83 A. D. A noted Roman
commentator on Cicero's speeches.
Ascot Heath (as'kot heth). A race-course in
Berks, England, 6 miles southwest of Windsor.
Annual meetings are held here in June.
Ascraean Sage (as-kre'an saj). A name given
by Vergil to Hesiod, wHo was a native of Asera
in Boeotia, Greece.
Asculum (as'ku-lum). The Latin name of
Ascoli.
Ascutney Mountain (as-kut'ni moun'tan).
A mountain in Windsor County, Vermont, 30
miles southeast of Rutland. Height, 3,320 feet.
Asdrubal. See Hasih-uhal.
Aselli (a-sel'le), Asellio (ii-sel'le-o), or Asel-
lius (a-sel'i-us), Gaspare. Born at Cremona,
Italy, about 1581 (f): died at Pa^-ia, Italy, 1626.
An Italian anatomist, the discoverer of the
lacteal vessels: author of "De Laetibus, etc."
(1627), etc.
Aselli (a-sel'li). [L., 'the little asses,' which
stand on each side of Pra?sepe, the manger.]
The two fifth-magnitude stars j and 6 Cancri,
y being the northern one.
Asenappar (a-se-nap-par'). [Probably a cor-
ruption of Asiirba)iij>(il, Sardanapalus of the
(Jreeks, who reigned 668-626 b. c. See Asiir-
baiiijial.'] A ruler, mentioned in Ezra iv. 10,
who had transplanted certain tribes to the cities
of Samaria. Also Asnappa:
Asfi. Sec Sail.
Asgard (as'giird). [ON. Asgardhr: (lis, god,
and (jardhr, garth.] The realm of the gods
and goddesses in 01d_Norse mythology: also
called Asahcim (ON. Isahcimr), the world of
the gods. It was apparently located in the heavens
above the earth. Asgard contained ditterent regions as
well as separate abodes. The principal of these was \'a!-
holl (Valhall.a), the assemlding-iihice of the gods and
heroes, in the region calleil ijlndxluiiit (IIX. Gliidhslicimr).
Asgill (as'gil), John. Born 1659: died 173.S.
An English lawyer and pamphleteer, expelled,
on a charge of blasphemy, from the Ii-ish House
of Commons in 1703, and from the English
House of Commons in 1707.
Ash (a.sh). John. Bom at Dorsetshire, England,
about 1724: ilied at Pershore, England, 1779. An
English lexicographer, compiler of an English
dictionary (2 vols., London, 1775). He was a
Baptist minister.
Ashangi Lake (iish-iln'ge lak). A small lake
in eastern Abyssinia, near lat. 12° 30' N.
AshangO (ii-shiin'go). A Bantu tribe of the
Frenc-h Kongo (Gabun), half-way between the
coast and France%'ille. Their country is a plateau,
570 to 760 meters high, covered with forests in which the
Oliongo pygmies hide.
AshangO Land. A countrv in western Africa,
about lat. 2° S., long. 12°' 30' E. ^Vmong the
inhabitants is a race of dwarfs (visited bv Du
Chaillu).
Asher
Ashanti (il-shan'te), or Ashantee (a-shan'te),
or Sianti(se-iin-te'). Akiiigdom in western Af-
rica, capital Kumassi, which lies north of the
Gold Coast from about long. 1° to 2° W. The soil
is fertile and the country exports palm-oil_, gold-dust, etc.
The government is an aristocratic despotism : it has fre-
quently been involved in disputes with the British. Area,
about 10,000 square miles. Population (estimated), 1,000,-
0(10.
Ashanti. An important African nation north
of the British Gold Coast, West Africa. The
nation and the language of Ashanti have not the same
boundaries as the kingdom. Some tribes speaking an-
other language are subject to the King of Ashanti, while
some tribes of Ashanti stock and speech are independent
of him. The language belongs to the Kigritic group, and
is spoken between the Asiiii and Tanno rivers on the west,
the Volta River on the east, and the Kong Highland on
the north. The native name of the language is Otshi. Its
principal dialects are: Akan. the court dialect; Akwapim,
the literary dialect, intelligible to all ; Bron, northeast of
Akan ; Fanti, spoken around Cape Coast Castle. The chiefs
of villages constitute the nobility, from which the king
chooses his officers. The people have attained a certain
degree of civilization. Ashanti is famous tor its gold and
able goldsmiths. In 1874 England conquered Kumassi,
the capital, but failed to occupy the country.
Ashanti War. A war between Great Britain
and Ashanti, 1873-74. Ashanti was invaded by the
British army under Wolseley, who conquered and burned
Coomassie (Kumassi) Feb., 1874, and exacted a favorable
treaty.
Ashbel (ash'bel). A son of Benjamin. Gen.
xlvi. 21.
Ashbourne, or Ashbourn (ash'bera). A town
iu Derbyshire, England, 14 miles northwest of
Derby. Population (1891), 3,810.
Ashbourne, Baron. See Gibson, Edward.
Ashburton (ash'ber-ton). A town in Devon-
sliire, England, IB miles southwest of Exeter.
Population (1891), 5,516.
Ashburton, Baron. See Baring and Dunning.
Ashburton, Mary. The principal female char-
•acter in Longfellow's prose romance "Hy-
perion."
Ashburton River. A river in western Aus-
tralia which Hows into the Indian Ocean about
lat. 23° S.
Ashburton Treaty. A treaty concluded at
Washington, Aug. 9, 1842, between Great
Britain and the United States. The present boun-
dary between Maine and Canada was established, and pro-
vision was made for the suppression of the African slave-
trade and the mutual extradition of fugitives from justice
The commissioners were Lord Ashburton for Great Britain,
and Daniel Weltster for the United States.
Ashby (ash'bi). Turner. Born at Rose Hill,
Fauquier County, Va., 1824: died June 6, 1862.
A noted Confederate general in the Civil War.
He raised a regiment of cavalry at the beginning of the
Civil War, became a brigadier-general 1862, and was killed
in a skirmish prelimin.ary to the battle of Cross Keys, Va.
Ashby-de-la-Zouch (ash'bi-del-a-zoch'). A
town in Leicestershire, England, 16 miles north-
west of Leicester. It contains a ruined castle
in which Marv Stuart was confined. Popula-
tion (1891), 9,228.
Ashdod (ash'dod). [Heb., 'stronghold.'] One
of the five cities of the Philistine confederacy,
and a seat of the worship of Dagon the fish-god
(1 Sam. V. 5), between Gaza and Jaffa. It was
strategically important because of its location on the
highway to Egypt. It was assigned to the tribe of Judah
(Josh. XV. 47). but was never subdued by the Israelites.
It was conquered by the Assyrians under Sargon 722-705
B. c, and in the annals of Esarhaddon, 680-003 B. c, is
mentioned (under the form Asdttdn) as paying homage to
the Assyrian king. Psiunnietichns. king of Egypt 666-610
B. c, took it from the Assyrians (Herod. II. 157). It is,
however, mentioned as an iiuiependent power in alliance
with others against Jerusalem at the time of Nehemiah
(iv. 7). It was destroyed by the Maccabees (1 Mac. T. m, \.
84), and afterward restored byCabinius 55 B. c. fJosephus,
".-Vntiquities,"XIV. V. 3). Its site is marked by the modern
village of EsdOd.
Ashdown (ash'doun), AS. .Sscesdun (as'kes-
dijn). A locality in Berkshire, England (not
the modern Ashtlown), where Ethelred and
Alfred the Great defeated the Danes in 871.
Ashe (ash), John. Born 1720: died 1781. An
American officer in the Revolutionary War,
defeated by the British under General Prevost
at Brier Creek, 1779.
Ashe, Samuel. Born 1725: died 1813. An
American jurist and politician, a brother of
John Ashe, chief justice and governor of North
Carolina.
Ashehoh (a-zhe-ho'), or Ajeho (a-zhe-ho'), or
Alchoku (iil-ch6-k(i'). A city of Manchuria.
Cliiucse Empire, about lat. 46° N., long. 126°
30' E. Population (estimated), 40,000.
Asher (ash'^r). [Heb., 'blessed.'] 1. Son of
the patriarch Jacob and of Zilpah. — 2. A He-
brew tribe, of northwestern Palestine, which
occupied in general the sea-shore from Carmel
northward
Asherah
Asherah. See Ashtoreth.
Ashestiel (ash'es-tel). A house on the south-
ern bauk of the Tweed, a fi-w miles from Sel-
kirk, occupied by Sir Walter Scott 1S04-11,
before he removed to Abbotsford. His autohiog.
raphy to July, ITihJ, found in an ohl cabinet at Abhi»ttsfuril
uud known as "The AHhcstiel Memoir," introduced by
Loekluirt in his "Life," was dated 1SU8 and written here.
AsheTille (ash'vil). The capital of Buncombe
Couuty, ill the western part of North Carolina.
It is a well-known health-resort. Population
(IsyO), 10,23.').
Ashford (ash'fijrd). A town in the county of
Kent, England. 13 miles southwest of Canter-
bury. Population (1H91), 10,728.
Ashi (ash'i). Rabbi. Born at Babylon: lived
about 400. The lir.st and chief editor of the
Talmud.
Ashingdon (ash'ing-dou). A village in Essex.
England, 33 miles northeast of London. See
As.-itiniln)i.
Ashkelon. See Aaailon.
Ashkenaz (ash-ke-naz'). 1. A descendant of
Japhet. — 2. A Xorth Asiatic people mentioned
in Jer. li. 27 with Minni ami Araiat: probably
the name of the lUstrict south of Lake Uru-
miyeh and identical with Asgnza (for As<iun:u)
in the cuneiform inscriptions. — 3. Applied in
rabbinical literature and by the modem Jews
to Germany.
Ashland (ash'land). The capital of Ashland
County. < >liio, .'52 miles southwest of Cleveland.
Population (1890), 3,566.
Ashland. A town in Boyd County, northeast-
ern Kentucky, on the Ohio River. Population
(1H90). 4.195.
AsUand. A borough in Schuylkill County,
Pennsylvania, 40 miles northwest of Reading.
It has various manufactures, and is the center of an im-
portant anthracite coal region. Population (1890), 7,^7.
Ashland. The capital of Ashland County, Wis-
consin, situated on a bay of Lake Superior 62
miles southeast of Duluth. It is an important
port and railroad terminus of recent growth.
Population (18!M)), 9,9.i6.
Ashley Cooper. Sci- shififshury.
Ashley (ash'li). Chester. Born at Westfiekl,
Mass., June 1, 1790 : died at Washington, D. C,
April 27. 1H48. An American politician, Dem-
ocratic United States senator from Arkansas
1844-48.
Ashley. A borough in Luzerne County, Penn-
Bvlvania, south of Wilkesbarre. Population
(1890), 3.192.
Ashley River. A small river in South Caro-
lina, at wluise mouth Charleston is situated.
Ashmodai. See Asmoitcns.
Ashmole (ash'mol), Elias. Born at Lichlield,
Kiit;land, May 23, 1617: died at London, May
18, 1692. An English anti(iuary, founder of
the A-shmole.an Museum (which see) at Oxford:
author of "Institutions, Law and Ceremonies
of the Order of the Garter" (1672).
Ashmolean Museum. A museum at Oxford
Univirsii y, founded by Elias Ashmole in 11)79.
The buihiing was erecteil by Sir Christopher
Wnii in 1682.
Ashmun (ash'mun), George. Born at Bland-
ford, Mass., Dee. 2.5, 1804: died at Springfield,
Mass., July 17, 1870. .\n American politician.
He was Wliij? member of Congress from Massachusetts
1S4.%-51, and presidcntof the National Republican Conven-
tion in 18tiO.
Ashmun, Jehudi. Bom at Champlain, N. Y.,
April, 1794: died at New Haven, Conn., Aug.
25, 1828. A chief organizer of the colony of
Liberia, western Africa, 1822-28.
AShochimi (ash-6-che'mi), or Wappo (wa'po).
A tribe of North .iVmorican Indians whose fonner
range extended in California from the geysers
to the Calistoga hot springs and in Knight's
Valley. See Yiikiiiti.
Ashraf (iish-riif), or Eshref (esh-ref). A
town in .Mazanderan, Persia, situated near the
Caspian .Sea about lat. 36° 40' N., long. 53°
32' E. It was a favorite residence of Abbas
the Great. Population, 5,000.
Ashraf, Gulf of. Same as Astrahnd Baij.
Ashtabula (ash-tii-bu'lij). A manufacturing
village in Ashtabula County, Ohio, situated on
Ashtabula River, near Lake Erie, 50 miles
northeast of Cleveland. Population (1890),
8.33H.
Ashtaroth (ash'ta-roth). In biblical geogra-
phy, a cily of Bashan, Syria, east of the Sea
of Galilee: proliably tlic same as Ashterotli-
Karnaim, modern 'i'el-Ashcrah, 4 miles from
Ediei.
86
Ashtavakra (ash-ta-va'krii). In Hindu leg-
cml, the hero of a story in the .Maliabharata.
His fatlier Kalioda. devoted to study, neglected his wife.
Asblavakia. thou^-li still unlKini, rebuked him, and the
ango' father condemned the son to be born crooked
(hence the name, from aj<ht<tn, eight, luid vahra,
crooked). At the court of Janaka, king of Mithila,
Kahoda was defeated in argument by a ISuildhistsage and
was drowned in accordance with the conditions. In his
twelfth year Ashtavakra set out to avenge his father, and
worsted the sjige, who dechu-ed himself to be a son of
\'aruna sent to obtain linlunans to offlciate at a sacritlce.
Kahoda was restored to life, ami commanded his son to
bathe in the .Samanga River, whence the boy became per-
fectly stniight. In the Vishnu I'nrana some celestial
nymphs sec Ashtavakra performing penance in the water
and worship him. He promises them a boon and they
ask the best of husbamls. When he offers himself, they
laugh in derision at his crookedness. He cannot recall
his blessing, but coudeuius them to fall into the hands
of thieves.
Ashteroth. See Ashtoreth.
Ashton (ash'ton), Lady. The wife of Sir Wil-
liam and mother of Lucy, the "bride of Lam-
mermoor," in Scott's novel of that name.
Ashton, Lucy. The bride of Lammermoor in
Scott's novel of that name, the daughter of Sir
William and Lady Ashton. Betrothed to Edgar
Kavenswood, she is forced by her mother to marry an-
other, and dies, a maniac, on her wedding-night. (-See
Hamnfu'ood.) The leading characters of this novel also
appear in Donizetti's opera "Lucia di Lammermoor,"
and in sevenil dramas founded upon the incidents of the
story.
Ashton, Sir William. In Scott's "Bride of
Lammermoor," the Lord Keeper of Scotland,
father of Lucy.
Ashton - in - Makerfield (ash'ton - in - mak'er-
feld ). A coal-mining and manufacturing town
in Lancashire, England, 15 miles northeast of
Liverpool. Popidation (1891), 13,379.
Ashton-under-Lyne (ash'ton-uu'der-lin'). A
town in Lancashire, Englaijd, 6^ miles east of
Manchester, noted for its cotton manufactures.
Population (1891), 40,494.
Ashtoreth (ash'to-roth). The goddess of fe-
cundity and love of the Can aanites, equivalent
to Ishtar of the Assyro-Babylonians, the female
counter])art of Baal : the Greek Astarte. These
two deities held the llrst place in the Phenician pantheon.
Baal was iilentirted with the sun, and Ashtoreth with the
moon, and she is often represented under the symbol of
the crescent. The chief seat of her worship was Sidon.
The pomegrar)ate and the dove were sacred to her. Iti
Ascalon she was worshiped under the name of Derceto.
(.See Ascalon.) The favorite places of her worship were
sacred groves, and she herself was often adored under
the symbol of a tree, the ffsftiTCT/i (translated 'grove") often
denounced in the ( lid restament. Her cult in later times
v.'as combined with immorality.
Ashuapmouchouan River (ash - wiip ' moch-
li-an' riv'er). The middle course of the Sague-
nay River, in (Quebec, Canada, flowing into
Lake St. John.
Ashuelot (ash' we-lot). A river in southwestern
New Hampshire, a tributary of the Connecticut.
Ashui. See Assyria.
Ashur. See Asur and Asxi/ria.
Ash'wanipi (ash-wan-e'pi). Lake. A lake near
the source of 1h(t Ashwanipi River.
Ash'w^anipi River, or Grand River. A ri\er in
Labrad<U' lluwing into Hamilton lidet.
Asia (il'shiii or a'zhia). [F. .tsic, G. A.iivii.
Perha|is from the Semitic stem acii, to go out,
going out, rise of the sun: Q. iIor(iC)il(ind.'\ 1.
A continent of the eastern hemisphere, the
largest grand division of the world, it is bounded
by the Arctic on the north, Bering Strait(which scp;ii-ate3
it from North America) on the northeast, the I'acilic on
the east, aiid the Indian Ocean on the south. 'I'iic Red
Sea separates it from Africa, to which it is joined by the
Isthmus of Suez (now pierced by a canal), and the ^ledi-
tcrranean, Mlack, and t'a«piaa seas separate it in part from
Europe. The Rnropean boundary is vague, but is roughly
represented by the Iralsand Caucasus. Asia extends froiii
lat. 1' 16' N.-7T° W X., and long. 20° 3' E.-l(iu" 4U W.
The chief divisions of the mainland are Korea, Asiatic
Russia, the Chinese empire, the French possessions and
protectorates, Siain, British India, Afghanistan, Persia,
Turkey, and Arabia. With the ancients the name also
embraced the few parts of Africa known to them, and it
was only after the Nile began to be considered as adivitl-
ing river that the countries west of it were separated
fn»m Asia, while Egypt was still included in it, Moi-covet .
the knowledge of the luicicnts with regard to Asia did ntd
reach far beyond the boundaries of the Pei-so-Macedonian
empire. The parts south of the Uimalayas wore called
India, those to the north Scythia. The west was te-rmed
ri)per and Lower Asia, the Tigris being the divitling line
between both. In the books of the Maccabees "Asia"
designates the parts of the kingdom of the Seleuciiles ex-
cepting Syria, i, e., the greatest part of Asia Minor; in
the New Testament the Roinati province, namely, the
western part f)f the peninsula of Asia Minor, with Ephesus
ofi capitiil, which was bec|ueathed to the republic by Atta-
ins. ki[ig of Pcrgamon (133 li. c.). In Asia, it is assumed,
"stood tile cradle of mankind": aecoriling to legends of
the oldest Astatic nations, in the region of tlie Uindnkusb.
Western Asia was. and is still, occupied by Semites.
The Indo-tierntanie branch of the hun)an fan>ily occupied
in ancient time the hlglUjuid of Iran and the basins of
Ask
the Oxus and Ja.x»rtes, while Asia Minor was the meet-
ing-point of both Semites and Aryans. Asia was the
seat of many splendid ancient civilizations (the As-
syrian, Bal>ylonian, Persian, Indian, Chinese, etc.), and
In it originaled the great religions of the world,— Ju-
daism, Buildhisni, Christianity, and Mohammedanism
Parts of it have in all ages been the theater of
notable eomiuests. In modern times it has to a con-
siderable extent fallen under the conlnd of Hie Turks
Russians, British, and French. The principal physi*
graphic divUions of Asia are the Siberian and Turaninn
lowlands (steppes, in part), the desert re;;i(uis of Arabia,
Persia, and .Mongolia, the plateau of the Ilcccan, and the
vast mountain complex which centers about the I'ainir
and in various branches traverses the greater part of the
continent south and southeast of Turkestan and Siberia.
.Mount Everest, in the Uimalaya, -^9,002 feet, is the cul-
minating point of the globe. Rivei-s of the llrst magni-
tude are numerous, the longest being the Yangtse, Venisel,
and Obi. Area, with islands(estiniated), 17,255,81)0 square
miles. Population (estimated), 82.-.,a54,i)0().
2. See .laia Minor. — 3. A Roman province,
formed in 129 u. c, comprising Mysia, Lydia,
Caria, and Phrygia.
Asia, Russian. See Asiatic Hiissia.
Asia Minor (mi'nor). [L., 'lesser Asia'; P.
Asic JJiiiciiri , G. Kkinasivn.'i A peninsula of
western Asia which lies between the Black Sea
and the Sea of Marmora on the north, the jigean
Sea on the west, and the Mediterranean Sea on
the south. The eastern boundary is vague. The chief
divisions in ancient times were Mysia, Lydia, Caria, Lycia,
Paniphylia, Pisidia, Phrygia, Hilhynia, Paplilagonia, Gala-
tia, Lycaonia, Cilicia, Cappadoeia, and I'ontus. (See these
names.) It is a part of Asiatic Turkey, and corresponds
generally to Anatolia. The surface is in the main a pla-
teau, traversed by the Taurus and other ranges. The chief
rivers are the Sakaria, Kizil-Innak. Sihun,"Mendere, and
Sarabat. It was the seat of Troy, Lydia, and other ancient
powers, and of Ionian Greek civilization ; and its possession
has been disputed by Persia, Macedon, Syria, Rome, the
Byzantine empire, Parthia, the Saracens, the Seliuks, and
the Turks.
Asia illnor contained anciently, according to Herodotus,
fifteen races or nations. Of these four occupied the
southern region ; namely, the Cilicians. the Pamphylians,
the Lycians, and the Caunians; four lay to the west of the
great table-land, either upun or very near the coast, the
Carians, the Lydiaiis, tlie ilysians, and the Greeks; four
bordered on the Euxine, the 'i'hracians. Maiiandynians, Pa-
phlagonians, and Cappadocians ; and three, Iin:dly, dwelt in
the interior, the Plii-ygians, the Cludybes, and the Matieoi.
. . . Such were the political divisions of Asia Minor
recognized by Herodotus. A century later Ephorus made
an enumeration which differs from that of Herodotus but
in two or three pai'ticulars. "Asia Minor," he said, "is
inhabited by sixteen races, three of which are (ireek, and
the rest barbarian, not to mention certain mixed lacea
which are neithei' the one nor the other. The biu-barian
races are the following: — Upon the coast, the Cilicians,
the Lycians, the Pamphylians. the Bithynians, the Papllla-
goniaus, the Mariandynians, the Trojjins, and the Carians ;
in the interior, the Pisidiaus, the Mysians, the Chalybians,
the Phrygians, and the Milyans.
liawlimoH, Herod., I. 381-386.
AsiagO (a-se-a'go). Tlie chief place in the
Sette Communi, province of Vicenza, Italy, 38
miles northwest of Padua. Population, about
6,000.
Asiatic Russia. Those regions of Asia which
are under Russian rule. They include 'ftanscaucasia,
Siberia, and Russian Central Asia (Turkestan and the
Transcaspian Province).
Asinara (ii-se-nii'rii). An island, 11 miles long,
off the northwestcni coast of the Island of Sar-
dinia, belonging to the province of Sassari : the
ancient Insula Ilerculis (Island of Hercules).
Asinara, Gulf of. An arm of the Mediterra-
nean, olV the northwestern coast of the Island of
Sardinia.
Asinarus (as-i-na'rus). In ancient geography,
a snnill river in the province of Syracuse,
Sicily: the modem Piuine di Noto, or Falco-
niire. Near here the Sjn-acusans defeated the
.\tlieiiiaiis 413 n. c.
Asiniagens (a-sin'i-ii .jenz). In ancient Rome,
a iilel)eiaii clan or house, originally from Teate,
the principal town of the Marrucini, whosi' fam-
ily names were .\gri])pa, Celcr, Dento, Gallus,
PoUic), and Saloninus.
AsinluS. See /'()//)().
Asinius Gallus. See aallus, <'aii<.^ A.iiinus.
Asir, oi- A.syT (ii-ser'). A mountainous region
in western .\rnl)ia, between Hejaz on the
north and Yemen ou the south, inhabited by
Wahabis.
Asisi. Si>e .issisi.
Asius (a'slii-us). An early (^treek poet of Samos.
He is "iinoted by Duris as describing the luiury td the
lonians at Samos in terms not unlike Tliueydides' accoinit
of the old Athenians. Athcnicus cites a few comic lines
from an elegy of the same poet, and I'ansanias refers to
liim on obscure genealogical tinestions about local heroes "
(Uahiifii, Hist, of Classical (ireek Lit,, I. US)
Ask (iisk) and Embla (em'blii). [ON. Askr
and /■.'«;/)/((.] In Old Xorse mythology, the first
man and woman, created in Midgard bv the
three gods Odin, Hseuiv, and Lodur (Old Norse
Ask
86
Lodhurr), out of trees found on the sea-shore. AsopUS. In Greek mythology, the god of the
Odin gave them life, Htenir sense, and Lodur
blood and color.
Askabad (as-ka-biid')- A place in the Turko-
man Steppe, Eussian Central Asia, about lat.
37° 50' N., long. 58° 20' E. : an important sta-
tion on the Transcaspian Kailway. Popula-
tion, about 7.000.
Askanien (as-kii'ni-en). An ancient countship
of Germany, named from the castle of Askanien
near Aschersleben.
Aske (ask), Robert. Executed 1537. The
leader of the Yorkshii'e insurrection called the
" I'll <ri-i mage of Grace" (which see).
Askelon. See Ascalon.
Askew, or Ascue (as'kii), Anne. Bom at
Stallingborough, Lincolnshire, England, 1521:
burned at Smithfield, London, July 16, 1546.
An English w oman accused of heresy in regard
to the sacraments
Assemani, Stefano Evodio
mns of Panama, Colombia, in lat. 9° 22' N.,
long. 79° 55' W. : the terminus of the Panama
Railroad. It was founded in 1855 by W. H. Aspinwall,
and was burned by insurgents in 1S&5. Population, about
3,(00.
Asphaltites (as-fal-ti'tez), Lake. [L. Laeus
iisjilHiltitea,OT. Aiufi/ 'Ac(tia'/.TiTtic,]ake of asphalt
or bitumen.] An ancient name of the Dead
Sea.
ly'as^^^Te'we^'twuh Aspidiske (as-pi-dis'ke), or Asmidiske (as-
his father oji the expedition to Italy which overthrew the mi-dis'ke). [Gr. ac-idiCK/), a little shield.] The
usurper Joannes and established the young Valentinian on fourth-magnitude star ( Argus, situated in the
the throne of his uncle Honorius. lie was consul in isi. s)jiel(l -(vhich ornaments the vessel's poop. There
■■ Ue Wits caUed ■ First of the Patricians ' ; he stood on the j^ ^^^ confusion in the lettering of the stars of this con-
very steps of the throne and might have been i-mperor s(^ua,jon and some star-maps assign this name to f in-
hiiuself. but he was an Arian. Uod<ilnn, Italy and her ^^^j ^j ^
Asparagiis'Gardens, The. A low place of Aspramonte (as-pra-mon'te). Aji ItaUan epic
public Entertainment, not far from PimUco. It poem. by an unknown author, which appeared
is to this that Brome refers in his "Sparagus
river Asopus (in Sicyonia). He was struck by
a thunderbolt from Zeus.
AsotUS (a-s6'tus). [Gr. aauroc, profligate.] In
Ben Jonson's " Cynthia's Revels," a foolish and
prodigal co.xeomb, the parasite of Amorphus
whom he imitates in every way.
Aspar (as'par). Died 471.' A general of the
Eastern Empire, the son of Ardaburius. He
was an Alan by extraction. As ear' ■■'- • * ™:.u
Garden " (which see).
Aspasia (as-pa'shi-a).
[Gr. 'AffToff/a, lit. ' wel-
Askja (ask'yii). A volcano in the interior of come.'] Bomat Miletus, Ionia: flourished about
Iceland. It was in eruption in 1875. 440 b. c. A celebrated Milesian woman of great
Asklepios. _See JEscuUqnus. talents and beauty, who removed to Athens in
at Milan in 1516, a year after "Orlando Fu-
rioso." The subject is the defeat of the Saracens by the
French when the former came over in large numbers
under Garnier, king of Carthage, to sack Rome: this they
accomplished, and went across to France where Charle-
magne and all the great paladins defeated them near As-
pramonte (Aspremont).
Aslauga's Enigbt (a-slou'gaz nit). [6. As- her youth, and became the mistress of Pericles. Aspre (as'pr), Konstantin, Baron d'. Bom
" ■ ' • *■■■ , T ■.. ii. _ . "le center of literary and philosophical 1789: tUed 1850. An Austrian general, distin-
. and her ascendancy oyer Pericles was rushed in the Italian campaigns of 1848-49.
such that the war with SamosMnb^ehalf of Miletus, 440RC Aspromonte (iis-pro-mon'te). A mountain in
was frequently ascribed to her intluence. She was also "ftf^""^"""^/ i/> ,i.-> -i ii . r -d
said to have written part of Pericless famous funeral era- (-alabria. Italy, lO-.'O miles northeast of Keggio,
taiiiju'-i IiilUr.'\ A story by Barou dc La Motte
Fouque, published in German in the autumn
of 1814, and translated into English in Carlyle's
"German Romance." Aslauga is a spirit chosen by
the Knight in preference to any earthly lady-love. She
appears to him at important moments in his career, and
he dies fancying himself chisped inlierarms and shrouded
in her wonderful gnldcn hail".
Asmai (Abu Said Abd-el Melek ibn Koraib
El-Asmai). Bom at Basra about 740 A. D. :
died about 830. An Arabian litterateur and
preceptor to Harun-al-Rashid. He probably
wrote the romance '' Antar."
Asmodeus (as-mo-de'us or as-mo'de-us). [Heb.
Aahmodai : derived by some from Heb. ianiad,
to destrov: probablv" of Persian origin.] In . -^...x^ ^.-r. ni
later Jewish demonology, a destructive demon. AspasiUS(as-pa shius). Born atKavenna, Italy:
In the book of Tobit he is said to have loved Sara and to flourished about 225 A. D. A Roman rhetorician
have destroyed in succession her seven husbands, appear- and sophist.
ing as a succubus on their bridal nights Ue is hence ^ g (as'pa). A town in the province of Ali-
jocuhu- y _spoken of as the destroyer of domestic happi- ^_^y^_^ ^J'^.^ ^, ^^.,^_^ ^_^^^ ^^ ii;„o„f„ p„„„_
said to have written part
tion over the soldiers who fell in tlie campaign of 431 B. c.
She was accused by the comic poet Hermippus of irapu-
iity432B. c, but was saved by the intervention of Pericles,
whose eloquence and personal influence procured her ae- _-,.. _.
quittal. Afterthedeathof Pericles, 429 a c, she attached Aspropotamo (as-pro-pot a-mo)
herself to Lysicles, a democratic leader. The son of Peri- name of the liver Achelous.
cles by Aspasia was legitimated by a decree of the people, Aggab (as-sab'). A bay in the Red Sea, in lat
•■'■ his fathers name, and was executed, with Ave other ioo\- i„no' /•" ~ ' ' '
nearly 7.000 feet in height. Near it Garibaldi
was defeated and captured bv Italian troops
under Pallavicini, Aug. 29, 1862.
The modem
generals, after the victory of Arginusae.
Aspasia, or Aspatia. One of the principal
characters in Beaumont and Fletcher's '• Maid's
Tragedy." She is betrothed to Amiutor and
is deserted bv him.
Popu-
ness. Whin, however, Saia was married to the son of eante, Spain. 21 miles west of Alicante
Tobit. Asmodeus was driven away by the fumes from the lation (1887), 7,297.
burning heait and liver of a fish (hence the allusion in ^gpe (iisp), "Vallce d'. A. vallev, department
■•Paradise Lost," iv. 16S). King Solomon, in his seaiT;h j Basses-Pvrenees, France, near the Spanish
for the mysterious and miraculous fehamir, ordered As- V ... * ,1 £ ^u • *
modeus, who knew the secret, to be brought to him. frontier, traversed by oue of the main routes
He resisted the summons violently, upsetting trees and across the Pyi'enees. It formed a medieval re-
houses. A poor widow begging him not to injure her public under the protection of Beam,
little hut, he turned aside so sharply that he broke his rf __.„ /„«'„p„\ a oiU-pr miniTio- tnwri in Pit
leg and has been a "diable boiteux" (lame devil) ever ASPe? (as pen;. A SU\ er-miningjown in fit
since. Le Sage made him the hero of his romance "Le
Diable Boiteux,' from which Foote took his play 'The
kin Countv, Colorado, west of Leadville.
lation (1890), 5,108.
Popu-
Devil on Two Micks. He appears in the fornier as the ^pendOS (as-pen'dos^. AspenduS (-dus). [Gr.
companion of Don Cleofas, whom he takes with him in „. I_,,,j.,. -i^ ij, „„„;„.,» p-Som-inhv n citv of
his wonderful Bight over the roofs of Madrid, showing :>''''^'.'""-:.J Jn ancient geogiapn\ , a cin or
bis wonderful flight over the roofs of iladrid. showinj^
him by his diabolical power the Insides of the houses as
they tly over tlieiu. In the novel he is a witty, playful,
malicious creature. He is also introduced in Wielaiid's
"Olteron."
Asmoneans, Hasmoneans. [From Asmonai,
till- lirst ot the dynasty.] See Maccabees.
Asnapper (as-nap'er). See Asenappar.
Asnen (as'nen). Lake. A lake in southern
Sweden, south of Wexio.
Asni^res (a-ne-ar'). A suburb of Paris, situ-
ated oil the Seine 1 mile northwest of the for-
tifications. Population, about 15,000.
Asoka(a-s6'kii), orPiyadasi (pi'.va-da-si). A
king of the Mlaurya dynasty ot Magadha, son
of Bindusara, and grandson of Chandragupta,
B. C. 263-226. In conseiiuence of a quarrel with his
father, he went away to Kajputana and the Panjab. Re
Pamphvlia, Asia Minor, on the Eurymedon
about lat. 36= 58' X., long. 31° 16' E. It contains
a Roman theater, which is the best-preserved of all an-
cient structures of the kind. The cavea is quite intact.
There is also a Roman aqueduct which crosses the valley
by a long range of arches.
Asper (as'per). [L., 'rough, harsh.'] 1. In Ben
Jonson's "Every Man out of his Humour," a
character which he designed as a portrait of
himself.
He is of an ingenious and free spirit, eager and constant
in reproof, without fear controlling the world's abuses
One whom no servile hope of gain, or frosty apprehension
of danger, can make to be a parasite, either to time,
place, of opinion.
Jomon, in Dram. Pers. Every Man out of his Humour.
2. The pseudonym of Johnson in the "Ramb-
ler," and under which he abused Garrick.
turning at the moment of Ins father's death, he massacred Aonprtr fjiq'iiprr.'l r>r AoKot-ct f Sa'horr^ A tn«-ii
his brothers and obtained the throne. In time he ex- ASperg (as perGJ, orASDerg(as perG). Ato«u
tended his sway over Hindustan, tlie Panjab, and .Afghan
istan, while he claiiued to rule also over South India and
in the Neckar circle, Wurtemberg, 9 miles
north of Stuttgart. Population, about 2,000.
Ceylon. Converted by a miracle, be openly adopted liud- Aspem (as'pern). A village in Lower Austria,
dhism and became the Bntidhist ( onstantnie. hspecially -r^ ^*..i *i. ti. i. , i, xi. t\ i c
nSted :ire his edicts enjoini.ig the practic:U morality of ^^'tuated on the north bank of the Danube 5
Buddhism, which are engraved ir] ditlerent I-rakrit dia- miles northeast of N ienna.
lects on pillars or rocks in various parts of Iniiia. I'rin- Aspem, Battle of, or Battle of Essllng. A
Sep, their tlrst decipherer, and Lassen refer them to the victory gained at Aspem and Essling. Mav 21
time of Asoka,but Wilson thinks they were engraved "at
some period subsequent to B. c. 205."
Asola (ii-so'la). A small town in the prorince
(if .Mantua. Italy, 19 miles northwest of Mantua.
Asolando (as-o-lan'do;: Facts and Fancies.
A volume of poems bv Robert Browning, pub-
1 ■ " ■ ^ " ■ "
and 22, 1809. liy the Austrians under Archduke
13° X., long. 42° 50' E. Since 1881 it has be-
longed, with adjacent \illages, to Italy.
Assad (as'sad). In the story of "Prince Am-
giad and Prince Assad," in the "Arabian
Xights' Entertainments," the son of Camaral-
zaman and Haiatalnefous.
Assal (as-siil'). A salt lake in eastern Africa,
near the Gulf of Tajurrah, Gulf of Aden, 600
feet below the sea-level.
Assam (as-sam'). A chief eommissionship of
British India, situated in the Brahmaputra
valley : the chief seat of tea-culture in India.
It was ceded bv Burma in 1826. Area, 49,1.104 square
miles. Population (1891X 5,476,s3a
Assandun (as-san dun). A locality, identified
with Ashingdon. Essex, England, where in 1016
Edmund Ironsides was defeated by Canute.
Assassination Plot. A conspiracy against the
life of William III. of England, by Sir George
Barclav, Charaock, and Park^•IlS, detected in
16[H3.
Assassins, The. -^ military and religious order
in Sjnia. foimded in Persia by Hassan ben
Sabbah about 1090. a colony migrated from Pereia
to S>Tia, settled in various places, with their chief seat
on the mountains of Lebanon, and became remai'kable
for their secret murders in blind obedience to the will of
their chief. Their religion was a compound i>f Uagian-
isra. Judaism, Christianity, and Mtdiammedanism. One
article of their creed was that the Holy Spirit resided
in their chief and that his orders proceeded from God
himself. The chief of the sect is best known by the
denomination <Ad man of the itumntain (.\rabic sheikh ai-
jebal, chief of the mountains). These barbarous chief-
tains and their followers spread terror among nations far
and near for almost two centuries. In the time of the
Crusades they mustered to the number of Mi.OOO, and pre-
sented a formidable obstacle to the ai-ms of the Christians.
They were eventually subdued by the sultan Bibai's about
1272.
Assaye, or Assye (as-si'). A village of Hai-
darabad, British India, about lat. 20° 18' N.,
long. 75° 55' E. Here 9,600 British under Wellesley
(Duke of Wellington) defeated more than .tO,000 Mahrattaa
Sept 23, ISiB. I'he loss of the British was about l.aiKi.
Assche, or Asche{ as'che). A small town in Bra-
l»int, Belgium, 9 miles northwest of Brussels.
Asselyn (as'se-lin), Jan, sumamed B^rabbetje.
Born at Antwei-p (?) about 1610: died at Am-
sterdam, 1(360. A Dutch painter of landscapes,
animals, and battles.
shed in London Dec."l2, 1889, the day on Which Aspinwall (as'pin-wal) -Wimam. Born at
li<. poet died in Venice. H'Si''^'!"'' ?'"*^:' il»>- 23,1/43: died April 16.
Charles (80^000) oyer the French mider Xapo- Assemani (as-sa-ma'ne), Giuseppe AloysiO.
Born at Tripoli, Svna, about lilO: died at
Rome, Feb. 9, 1782. A Syrian Orientalist,
nephew of Giuseppe Simone Assemani, pro-
fessor of Oriental languages at Rome.
leon (40,000 and later 80,000). The loss" of
the Austrians was about 24,000; that of the
French considerably more, including Lannes.
the ln,ei UA^u lu 1 iruivir. -lOrto k \ - " i ■ -
Asolo (!i's6-16). A to«-n in the province of Tre- 1°^- ^ ,v,'"?"f,'*" .^^'■'^"'J'^"^ ^^ '''"^''' ^ "
^^11 1 oo -1 .1 t. t \T ■ iu volunteer m the battle of Lexington, became a surgeon
vis.i, Italy, 33 miles northwest of Venice: the i„ the Revolutionarvanuv, and is s,aid to have established
ancient Acelum. Population, about 5,000. the pmcticc of vaccinaiic.n in .\merica.
Asopus (a-s6'pus). [Gr. 'Aoutt^c.] In ancient Aspin'wall, William H. Born at Xew York,
geography: (rt) A small river in Itootia, Greece
lowing into the Euripus in northern Attica
Assemani, Giuseppe Simone. Bom at Tripoli,
S\Tia. 1687: died at Rome. Jan. 14. 1768. A
SjTian Orientalist, custodian in the Vatican li-
brary: author of "Bibliotheca orientaUs Cllem-
entino-Vaticana" (1719-28), etc.
Dec. 16, 1807: died there, Jan. 18, 1875. An Assemani, Simone. Bora at Tripoli, Syria,
American merchant, the chief promoter of the 1752: died 1821. A Syrian scholar, professor of
the modern Oropo. (6) A small river in Sicy- Panama Railroad, whose eastern terminus is Oriental languages at Padua: author of works
onia, Greece, flowing into the Corinthian Gulf named for him. on Oriental numismatics.
4 miles northeast of Sicyon: the modern Ha- Aspinwall, or Colon (ko-lon'). A seaport on Assemani, Stefano Evodio. Bom at Tripoli,
gios Georgios. the low island of Mauzanilla, close to the Isth- Syiia, 1707: died 1782. A Syrian Orientalist,
Assemani, Stefano Evodio
nephew of Giuseppe Simone Assemani, custo-
dian in the Vatican library. His works include
" Bibliothecw Mfdiceo-Laurt-nlianie ul I'atutintc cod.,
etc. ■ (1712), "Actii Siitictorum Martyrum " (1748), etc.
Assembly, National, In French history, the
tirst of tlie Kevolutionary assemblies, in ses-
sion 17s;)-i)l. The states-General, elected in 1789, were
opened -May 5, 17s9, and in .Imiu the thirti estate assumed
the title of National .\si;enilily, and abs*jrl)ed the two re-
maininf; estates. Its chief wi>rk was the formation of the
constitution (whence it is also called the ConstUuetU As-
temUy).
Assembly of Fowls. See ParUnmcntof Fowlcs.
Assembly of Ladies, The. A poem attributed
h> I'hiiiRcr, but now considered spurious: an
imitation of the ''Parliament of Fowles."
Assen (iis'sen). The capital of the province of
Drenthe, Netherlands, 16 miles south of Gro-
ningen. Near it are famous antiquities. Popu-
lation (1889), commune, 9,148.
Assens ( iis'sens). A town in the island of Fiinen,
Denmark, situated on the Little Belt 21 miles
southwest of Odeuse. Population, about ;J,000.
Asser (as'er). Died at Sherborne, England,
909(f) A. D. A Welsh monk, bishop of Sher-
borne and companion of .tVlfred the Great. He
wTote a " Life of Alfred" (ed. by Wise 1722).
Asshor. See Ashur.
Assideans (as-i-do'anz). See Chasidim.
Assignation, The, or Love in a Nunnery.
A eoini-dy by Drvdfti. performed in l(i72.
Assing (iis'sing). LudmiUa. Bom at Ham-
burg, Fob. 22, 1821: died at Florence, March '2,'),
1880. A German authoress, editor of various
works of Vamliagen von Ense (her uncle) and
of Alexander von Humboldt, she was sentenced,
1803-04. to iraprlfionment for libel by the PrussLan gov-
ernment.
Agniwi (as-se'ne). Asmall French protectorate
on the western coast of Africa, west of the
British Gold Coast, on a river of the same
nami-.
Assiniboia (as'in-i-boi'a). A provisional dis-
trict in the Northwest Territories, Canada,
formed in 1S82. it is bounded by Saskatchewan on
the north. Manitoba on the east, the I'nited States on
the south, and Allierta on the west. Its chief town is Re-
tina. Assiniboia sends two representatives to the Do-
minion Parliament. It is traversed by the Canadian Pa-
ciflc Kailroad. Area, 89,535 8<iuare miles. Population
(IS91,) 30,285.
Assiniboin (a-sin'i-boiu). [From the Ojibwa
axiinii, stone, and bica, the Ojibwa name for
the Dakota, the compound meaning ' Stone Da-
kotas.'] A tribe of North American Indians,
an offshoot of the Pabakse gens of the Ibaiik-
tonwanna: called Malw (ho'ha.) by the Dakota.
They number .S.U'i?, and live in the northwest territnry of
British North America and also in Montana. See Siouan
and Sitm:r.
Assiniboine, or Assiniboin. A river in the
southern part of British America, which joins
the Ked Kiver of the North at Winnipeg, Mani-
toba. Length, about oUO miles.
Assinie (iis-se-ne'). [F.] See A.-isini.
Assisi, or Asisi (ii-se'se). A town in the prov-
ince of Perugia, Italy, 12 miles southeast of
Perugia, famous as the birthplace of St. Fran-
cis: the Umbrian Assisium. It Is also the birthplace
of lYopertius and Metast.isio. Near it lire Roman ruins.
It contains a temple of Minerva, a line lionian liexastyle
Corintliian prostyle {lortico, with its low pediment com-
plete, now attached to the Church of Santa Mai-ia della
Minerva, of which the vaulted cella still forms the chief
part, 'i'lie temple dates from Augustus, and is good in
its proiK>rtions and the details of the ornament. The
Church of San Franceseo, be^fun 1*228. consists of two parts,
the I'pper Church and the l.ower Church. The former,
22.S feet long, consists of a single nave of Hve l)ays with
a rose-window of great beauty. The walls are covered
with frescos, chietly by Cimattue (story of the Old and
New Testaments) and Giotto (life of St. Francis). The
latter series is famous, and exhit>its in the highest degree
the painter's individuality, dnunatic quality, and direct-
ness of conception. The L«»wer Church is wider than the
other, low- and ci^pt-like; it contains interesting tombs,
Hne painted glass, and many frescos, among them some
of Gi»»tto's most admire<l works. The chief of these iu:e
the \'irtues and the Glorillcation of St. Francis, and a
beautiful .Madonna, on gold ground.
Assiut, or AssiOUt. See Siut.
Assize of Clarendon. .\n English ordinance,
issuiil ill llliii (12 Hen. II.), which introduced
cliauf^'is into the arliniiiistration of justice.
Assizes of Jerusalem. Two codes of laws.
drawn up umUr tin- authority of Godfrey do
Bouillon, the first crusading king of Jerusalem,
and in force under the Christian sovereignty in
Jerusalem and in Cyprus. One code had jurisdic-
tion over the nol>lllty, the second over the conmion peo-
pie. Both were conceived with a wisdom and cnligliten.
ment Iteyond tlu-ir age, ami were baaed on contemporary
Fremli law and customs.
Assize of Northampton. An English onll-
nance, n reissue and expansion of the Assize
87
of Clarendon, i.ssued at Northampton in 1176
(22 Hen. II.), drawn up in the form of instruc-
tions to the judges. The new articles relate
to tenure, reliefs, dower, etc.
Assmannshausen (iis'miins-hou-zen). A vil-
lage ill thf province of Hcssc-Nassau, Prussia,
situated on tlic Khiuc bi luiU-s west of Mainz,
ci'lcbrati'd for its rcil and white wines.
Associated Counties, The. In English his-
tory, a name given to the counties of Norfolk,
Suffolk, Essex, Hertford, Cambridge, Hunting-
don, anil Lincoln, because they combined,
1(542-40, to join the Parliamentary side in the
civil war, and to keep their territory free from
iuva.-iioii.
AssoUant, or Assolant (S-so-lon'), Jean Bap-
tiste Alfred. Born at Aubusson, March 20,
1827: died at Paris, March 4, 1886. A French
novelist and journalist. He brought a charge of
plagiarism against Vietorien Sardou, alleging that the
latter's play "Onclo..Sam" was taken from AssoUant's
"Scenes de la Vie desKtats-l'nis." The charge was re-
ferred to a coiumissiou of authors who gave a verdict in
favor of -M. S.ardou.
Assommoir (a-som-mwiir' ) , L". [P., ' the blud-
giH>ii.'] A novel by Zola, published in 1877.
ASSOS (as'os). [Gr. 'ktraof.] In ancient geog-
raphy, a city situated on the Gulf of Adramvt-
tium, Mysia, in lat. 39° 29' N., long. 26° 22' "E.
The site is now occupied by the Turkish village of Behn'im.
It was thoroughly explored and excavated by the Archceo-
logical Institute of America 1881-82, with the important
result of illustrating the architectural and topographical
development of a minor Greek city with a completeness
compar.ible with the liody of information supplied by Pom-
peii concerning Roman towns under somewhat similar
conditions. The rem;uns studied include very extensive
fortiflcatious of successive periods, temples ranging from
the archaic Doric to foundations dating withlu the Chris-
tian era. a theater, baths, porticos, a gymnasium, private
dwellings in great variety, a remarkable and highly
adorned street of tombs, and a Greek bridge.
Assouan. See Assuan.
Assuan, or Asswan, or Assouan (Ss-swiSn').
A town in Upper Egypt, situated on the Nile
near the first cataract, in lat. 24° 5' N., formerly
supposed to be on the tropic of Cancer: the an-
cient Syene. It is noted for its granite. It was
the place of banishment of Juvenal. *
Assuay. See Azuatj.
Assumption. See A^umion.
Assumption of the Virgin. 1 . A masterpiece
of Titian in the Accademia, Venice, one of the
most renowned of o.\isting paintings. The Vir-
gin ascends toward the throne, wafted on glowing clouds
and surrounded by ranks of rejoicing angels. The apos-
tles look up in amazement from the earth below.
2. A powerful painting by Titian, in the ca-
thedral of Verona, splendid and characteristic
in coloring. — 3. Frescos by Correggio in the
dome of tlie cathedral of Parma. Italy. They
occupy the entire ocLagon, ami are famous for their grace
and the beauty of their color and golden light. They are
now damaged by moisture.
4. A painting by Eubens, in Antwerp Cathe-
dral, Belgium. The 'Virgin, surrounded by angels, is
borue up to heaven in glory ; the apostles ami women are
gathered about the empty tomb below. The coloring is
less brilliant than is usual with Rubens.
5. A painting by Perngino, in the Accademia,
Florence. The "Virgin is in face and form one of Peru-
gino's most beautiful figures ; the four saints in the fore,
ground, too, are admirable.
6. A large and important painting by Guiilo
Ueiii, ill Bridgewater House, London. — 7. A
fine fresco by Gaudonzio Ferrari, in the Chuicli
of San Cristoforo at Vercelli, Italy. The figures
of the Father, the Virgin, the angel, and the apostles, es-
pecially, are of grand conception.
8. A painting by Murillo, in the Hermitage
Museum, St. Petersburg. The Virgin floats upwiird,
resting on clouds, with bands of cherubs above ami below
her. This picture excels in the i|ualities of grace and
inirityof expression which characterize many of Murillo's
works.
9. One of the most ailmired paintings of (iuer-
cino (102:!), in the Hermitage Museum, St.
Petersburg. The Virgin, with face uplifted, is borne
upward oi\ a cloud, surrounded by angels. The apostles
stand about her tomb below.
Assur(iis'or),or Ashur(a8h'6r). [See Assyria.]
1. The original name of Assyria and of its
earliest capital. — 2. See Asur.
Assye. See Assin/c.
AsS3nit (us'iiit). Loch. A lake, 7 miles long,
in the southwestern part of Sutherland, Scot-
land, noted for its picturesqueness.
Assyria (a-sir'i-ii). [OPers. Athura, Gr. 'kaavpla,
L. Assyria, F. Assijrie, G. Assiirirn ; in the cu-
neiform inscriptions Asinr ; in the Old Testa-
ment Asiir.} An ancient Asiatic state, which
at the period of its greatest power covirod a
territory of about 75,000 square miles, bounded
by Armenia on the north, the Lower Zab ou
Asterope
the south, the Zagros Mountains on the east, and
the Euphrates on the west, in Gen. x. 2 the name
is given to a small district about 26 by 17 miles on the
left bank of the Tigris. The name of tlie country was
derived ti-om that of the city Assur, situated about 50
miles south of the modem Mosul and marked by the
ruins of Kileh-.Shergat, This city is not mentioned in
the Old Testament, but it survived Nineveh, being still
in existence in the time of Cjrus. the conqueror of
Babylon. The name, besides being given to tlie city and
country, was also applied to the national god. being ;Uway8
spelled Aiur iu this connection. The I'ersians called
thi- city .\thura. The Greeks comprised in the name Ag-
Syria, or its shortened form Siiria, the entire territory be-
tween Babyloiua and the Mediterranean, sometimes ap-
plying it even to Babylonia. The northern and eastern
portions of the country were mountainous, but tlie greater
fart was Hat. being an extension of the Babylonian plains,
ts principal rivers were the Tigris, the I'liper and Lower
Zab, the Kurnib, the Khoser, and the western Khabui'.
It was a fertile country, and abounded in all j-orts of
animals : among others, the stag, roebuck, wild bull, and
lion. The hunting of the lion was the favorite sport of
the Assyrian kings. According to Genesis (x. 8-1'.', 22)
the Assyrians were descendants of Shem and emigrants
from Baliylon. Their Semitic-Babylonian origin is fully
attested by theii' sculptures and inscriptions. Their lan-
guage is, apart from a few dialectic:U and orthographical
variations, identical with Babylonian, and closely akin to
Hebrew. Assyria derived its civilization from Babylonia.
Its religion was the same as that of the mother-country,
with the exception of the national god Ashur, who was
placed at the head of the pantheon. Assyrian architec-
ture was a slavish copy of that of Babylonia. Although
stone abounded in the former, bricks contiimed to be used
in imitation of the practice in Babylonia, where no stone
existed. The Babylonian emigrants who established As-
syria probably set out about '2000 B. c. The first Assyrian
rulers of whom we hear were Belksilikapu, Isnii-Dagan,
and his son Samsi-Ramman (ISIG B. r.). For the next 300
years nothing is known of the condition of Assyria. In
the I'ltli century B. c. AssjTia was involved in a war with
Babylonia, then under the rule of the non-Semitic Kas-
sites. War continued between the two countries for a
long time with varying success. Finally, however, Assyria
became supreme and Babylonia the vassal state.j "The chief
maker of Assyria's glory was Tiglath-Pileser I. (1120-1100
B. c), who conquered the city of Babylon, other cities of
Babylonia, and penetrated as far as the Mediterranean.
His more important successors were Asur-dan II. (930-911
B. c); Asurnaziipal (sS4-S(i0 n. c.) : Shalmanescr II. (860-
8'24 B. c.y, who came in contact with Damascus and Israel ;
Tiglath-Pileser III. (Phut in the Old Testament), 745-727
B. c, whose power extended to the confines of Egypt and
who put the crown of Babylon on his head ; Sargon"(722-705
B. c), the conqueror of Samaria, who defeated the Egyptians
at Raphia ; Sennacherib (70:>-iiSl B. c.) ; and Rsarhaddon
(680-668 B. c). These hiat two kings mark the height of As-
syrian power, and Esarhaddon was enabled by his con-
quests to add to his name the title king of I'pper and
Lower Egypt and Ethiopia. Vnder Asurbanipal (the
Sardanapalus of Greek writers), 608-626 B. c, the decline
of the empire began. In some respects this reign was
most prosperous and tirilliant : it wjjs the golden age of
art and literature. Under this reign too Susa was con-
quered and destroyed. But signs of the apiu'oaching
break-up were seen in the constant uprisings of the oil-
pressed nations. The downward course was rapid. Once,
about 625, Assyria succeeded in repelling the attack of
the Medes and Persians under Phraortes, but when his
son Cyaxares in union with Nabopolassar of Babylon re-
peated the attack (6ti8B. c), Nineveh fell and the Assyrian
power entirely disappeared.
Assyrian Canon. See Epuniim Canon,
Ast (iist), Georg Anton Friedrich. Bom at
(iotha, (tormany, Dec. 29, 1778: died at Mu-
nich, Oct. ;il, 1841. A German philologist and
philosophical wTiter.
AstaCUS (as'ta-kus). [Gr. 'IVffrdrai'.] In ancient
geography, a Greek colony iu Bithynia, Asia
Minor, near Niconiedia.
Astacus, Gulf of. Same as Gulf of Nicomedia
or of Ism id.
Astarte (as-tiir'te). See A.'ihtordh.
Astarte. The woman guiltily beloved by Man-
fred (in Byron's "Manfred"), and for whom he
suffers an undying remorse.
Astell (iis'tel), Mary. Born at Newcastle-
upon-Tyne, fingland, 1008: died 17:J1. An Eng-
lish writer, she was the anthorof " .\ .Serious Pi-oposal
U> Ladies," published anonymously (1604-117). The "pro-
posal " was for the erection of a monastery or home of re-
ligit>us retirement, to be conducted under the rules of the
church of England : a scheme which later bnmght upon
its author considerable abuse, as in the "Tatler" (32),
where she appem's under the name of .Madonetla.
Aster (iis'ter), Ernst Lud'wig von. Born at
Dresden. Oct. .'), 1778: died at Berlin, Feb.
10, I80.5. A German military engineer. He
planned the fortresses of Coblentz and Ehren-
broitsteiu.
Asterabad. See Astrabad.
Asterius (as-te'ri-us). 1. Lived in the first
part of the 4th century A. D. An .-Xrian theo-
logian of Cappadocia. — 2. Lived about 400 A. D.
A bishop of Amasia, in Pontus, noted as a
writer of "Homilies."
Asterope (as-ter'6-pe). [Gr. 'Aorrporr^.l Quo
of the Pleiades, composed of two stars, each of
'i magnitude, and just too faint to be seen
bv most eyes without telescopii' assistance.
It Is sometimes regarded as the "lost Pleiad," though
more usually Plelono is so considered. Sco PMadet.
province of Alessan- Astor Library.
ta Pompeia, situated Voik, f ouuded bj
r'oore and Taiiaro 2S in 1>^.'>4. iiisarefe
Asti
Asti (as'te). A city iu the
dria, Italy, the ancient Asta
at the junction of the Borbor
miles southeast of Tui-ui. Daring the midJle ages
it was a powerful republic. It has imporlaut trade, and
Is noted for the wines produced in its vicinitj. It is tlie
birthplace of AlUeri. It has a cathedral chiefly of the
13th century. The fine facade hiis altcrniile courses of
white stone and red brick, with three trefoil-headed sculp-
tured doorways. There is a handsome lateral jwrch with
statues, an octagonal lantern, and a square, round-arched
campanile. The transepts have pentagonal ends, and
apses on the esist side. I'opulatiou, about 17,000.
Astie (
rac, Li
Freuch Protestant clergyman, and writer on
theological, philosophical, and historical sub-
jects. He was pastor of a French-Swiss church in New
York 1S4S-03. removed to Paris, an.l later (lS.^ti) became
professor of theolocy aud philosophy at Lausanne. AmoTig
his works is a"Histyiredelarepublique des Ktats-l'nis"
(186.=.).
Astier (as-te-a'), Paul. In Daudet's "Strug-
gle for Life." Jiu uiiseriipulous egoist.
Astle (as'l), Thomas. Bom Dec. 22, 1735 : died
88
Asura
A library in the city of New
by John Jacob Astor, and opened
reference liliraryonly, and contains (1?;97)
2&i,2U7 volumes an<l 30,000 pamphlets. It has been com-
bined with the Leno.v and the pr-'posed Tilden Library as
the Neu York Public Library.
Astor Place Biot. A serious riot in New York,
May 10, 1849, between the partizans of the ac-
tors Edwin Forrest and Macready. The latter
was acting at the time in the Astor Place Opera House.
It was suppressed by the mUitia. Twenty-two were kUled j^gtrolabe (as'tro-lab), The, or The Conclu-
M&demoiselle D Trfe. She confided it to Baro, the secre-
tary of her deceased relative, who published it two years
after the death of his master, with a dedication to ilary
of Medicis, and made up a fifth part from memoirs and
fragments also placed in his hands. The whole was
printed at Kouen, 1047, in five volumes. . . . For more
than foi'ty years it furnished the subject for nearly all
dramatic ci-impositious (Segraisiana, p. 144-5), while poets
confined their efforts to expressing in verse what WVrf^
had made the personages of his romance utter in prose.
Duiilop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, II. 378, 392, note.
and thirty-sis wounded.
Astoreth. See Ashtoreth.
(iis-te-a'). Jean Frederic. Bom at N^- Astorga (iis-tor'ga). Atown intheprorinceof
ot-et-Garoune. France, Sept. 21, ISLL. A l^qu Spain, the ancient Asturica Augusta, sit-
sions of the Astrolabe. An unfinished prose
treatise by Chaucer, written by him for the
instruction of his son Lewis, then ten years old.
It is inferred that it was wTitten in 1391. 'This is not
proved, however ; and of the child nothing more is known
than that in the introduction to this treatise Chaucer
mentions him by name ami gives his reasons for the "en-
diting;" of the work for him. It contains some very slight
autobiographical allusions, but is essentially a translation
of the work of the Arabian astronomer Messahala (8th
centuiy) from a Latin version.
nated on the Tuerto 29 miles southwest of Leon.
The Roman city walls are still in large part perfect, and
present a curious spectacle with their long series of pro-
jecting semicircuiai- towers which do not rise above the
curtains. Population (1SS7), 5,3o0.
Astorga (as-tor'gii). Baron Enunanuele d'.
Born at Naples, Dec. 11. 1681: died in Bohe- , , _ . « , t^ -.e -^
mia, Aug 21, 1736. An Italian musician, com- Astrolabe Bay. An arm ot the Pacific Ocean,
poser of a celebrated '• Stabat Mater" (1713), on the northeastern coast of Papua.
a pastoral opera, "Dafne," etc. Astroni (iis-tro'ne). The crater of an extmct
at Battersea Else, near London, Dec. 1, 1803. Astoria (as-to'ri-a). The capital of Clatsop volcano 5 miles west of Naples.
An English paleographer and antiquary, ap- (',„uity,Oregon,oii the Columbia Tomilesnorth- Astropalia (iis-tro-pa-le-a'). A modem Greek
pointed keeper of the records iu the Tower of „-,..st of Portland, it was founded as a fur-trading sta- .iia™e c^' Stampalia.
London in 1783. He wrote " The Origin and tion by John Jacob Astor(for whom it was named) in 1811. Astrophel (as tro-tel). 1. 1 he name assumed
by Sir Philip Sidney in the series of sonnets
entitled "Astrophel and Stella," which is his
greatest literary work. These sonnets, 110 in num-
ber, clu-onicle the growth of Sidney's love for Stella (Pe-
nelope Devereux, sister of Esse.x, literward Lady Rich)^
See Stella.
2. An elegy written by Spenser on the death of
Sir Philip Sidney.
Progress of Writing" (1784), etc. LeadingindustiT.salmon-canning. Popiilati"n(189"),6,184.
Astley (ast'li), Sir Jacob, afterward Baron Astoria. A former village of Long Island, New
Astley. Borul579: died at Maidstone. Eng- \.>ik. now a part of Long Island City.
land. Feb., 1652. An English rovaUst general Astrabacus (as-trab a-kus). [Gr. 'Aarpa3aKoc.]
in the lirst civil "war. He served at Edgehill,
Gloucester, Xaseby, and elsewhere, aud was defeated and
taken prisoner at Stow in 1&4G.
Astley, Philip, Boru at Neweastle-under-
lj,>nne, England, 1742: died at Paris, 181-i. A
well-^own horse-tamer. He began as a cabine^
maker ; joined Elliott's regiment of light horse in Holland
as a rough-rider in 17;'i;> ; and &naUy settled iu London, and
developed a prosperous business as the proprietor of cir-
cuses there and in other cities. The circus and hippo-
drome, well known as "Astley's," was situated on the
Surrey side of the Thames, not far from Westminster
Bridge: it is now known as "Sanger's Amphitheater.'
See the extract.
The hero-temple of Astrabacus is mentioned by Pausa-
uias in his description of Sparta (III. xvi. § 5). An ob-
scure tradition attaches to him. Astrabacus, we are told,
and
Alopecus his brother, sons of Irbus, grandsons of AstlUC (as-triik'), Jean. Bom March 19, 1684:
Amphisthenes. great-grandsons of Amphicles. and great
great-grandsons of Agis, found the wooden im;ige uf Diana
Ortliia which Orestes and Iphigeniahad conveyed secretly
from Tauris to Lacediemon, and on discovering it were
stricken with madness (ib. § 6). The worship of Astrab-
acus at Sparta is mentioned by Clemens (Cohort, ad Gen-
tes, p. 3o). It is conjectured from his name [literally
'ass keeper'] that he was "the protecting genius of the
stable." Hawliiison, Herod., III. 433, note.
Astolat (as'to-lat), Iu the Arthiu-ian romances, Astrabad (as-tra-bad'), or Asterabad (iis-ter-
a name of Guildford, Surrey, England, a-bild'^. A pro\-inee of northern Persia.
Astolfo, or Astolpho (as-toi'fo). 1. Animpor- adjoining Mazauderan on the Tvest. Popula-
tant character in the Charlemagne romances tion (estimated), 80,000, ^^ ^^
and iu the " Orlando Innamorato" aud **0r- Astrabad, or Asterabad. The capital of the j^tulDfius See Aii>tulf.
lando Furioso." The most notable of his knightly province of Astrabad, situated in lat. 36^50' N., ^g^^j.^ (as-to'ra) 1 A small river south of
long. 54° 25' E. It was formerly an important Rome, which rikes near VeUetri and flows into
town It was captured by Timiir in 1384. the Mediterranean.— 2. A smaU town near the
Population (estimated). 5, COO to lo.OOO. mouth of this river
Astrabad Bay, or Gulf of Ashraf (ash-raf)- Asturias (as-to'reis). [L. Asturia, from As-
The southeastemmost bay ot the Caspian Sea. ^^,,.^ j Mtuns, the name of the people.] An
Astraea, or Astrea (as-tre a), [br. Aarpaia, j^ncient i)roWnce of northwestern Spain, offi-
fem. of aoTpaio^^ starry.] 1. In classical my- - .i. . -^ . . -...,„
thology, the goddess of justice, daughter of the
Titan Astrteus and Eos, or of Zeus and Themis.
In the golden age she lived among men, and in the brazen
died at Paiis, March 5, 17()6, A French medical
writer and professor. His most celebrated work is
"Conjectures sur les memoires originaux, dont il paroit
que Sloyse s'est servi pour composer lelivrede la Geneae "
(Brussels, 1753), in which he divided the book of Genesis
into two parts on the basis of the use of Elohini or Yahveh
(Jehovah) as the nanie of God. holding that this difference
in usage pointed to the fact that Genesis was made up of
twopar;\llel, independent narratives. His memoii- formed
the starting-point uf mudern criticism of the Pentateuch.
Astudillo (as-to-THeryo). A small town in the
province of Palencia, Spain, 26 miles southwest
of Burgos.
for the sky where she shines as the constellation
2. An asteroid (the fifth) discovered by Heuke
at Driesen, Dee. 8. 1845. — 3. See Astree.
Astraea, The Divine. A nickname of Mrs.
Aphra Behu.
leats and adventui-es is his journey to the moon, where he
enters the Valley of L<»st Things, and among a mass of
broken resolutions, lovers' teai'S, days lost by idlers, etc.,
finds Orlando s lost wits in a vessel larger than all the
others. He was permitted to take them back to Orlando.
Pope, in the "Eape of the liock," speaking of the same
place, says :
*' Where the heroes' wits are kept in ponderous vases,
And beaux' in snuff boxes and tweezer cases."
He was also the possessor of a wonderful horn which
gpread universal terror when it was sounded.
2. The Kiug of Lombardy in an episode in
Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso." He is introduced
from the "Tale of Astolpho and Jocundo," two men who,
finding ttieir wives false, took a remarkable method to
procure a true cue.
AstolphUS. See Aistulf.
Aston (as'ton), Antony. Flourished about
1712-31. Ail English ac
dramatic writer.
Aston Hall. An old hall in the Elizabethan
style, near Birmingham, England, recently re- . ,, ..
paired and now a museum, having been sold AstraJtnan (as-tra-ehan )
by the owner, Mr. Charles Holt iJraceoriage,
to the town of Birmiugham. This is said to be
the original of Irving's " Bracebridge Hall."
Aston Manor. A luannfaeturing town imme-
diately north of Birmingham, England. Popu-
lation" (1891), GS.639.
Astor (as'tor), John Jacob. Bom at AValldorf,
near Heidelberg. .Tiily 17, 1763 : died at New
York, March 29, 1S4j^. A German-American
mercliant. He emigrated to the United States in 1783,
established himself shortly at New York in the fur trade,
became the first re;;ular dealer in musical instruments iu
the United States, and speculated in New York re;dty and,
during the war of 1S12, in government securities, lie con-
ceived the scheme of connecting the fur trade with the . r ^
Pacific by a line of trading-posts extending from the Great AStrCa. oee Asivxn.
Lakes along the Misstiuri and Columbia, at whose mouth Astr§6 (as-tra'). A pastoral
cially called Oviedo since 1833. See Ofierfo. it
was the nucleus of the Spanish kingdom. The Christian
kingdom of Asturias was founded about 718 by Pelayo, and
was merged in the kingdom of Leon in the 10th ceutury.
age was the last of the pods to leave them. She departed ^tUriaS PrUlCe Of. A title of the heir to the
for the sky where she shines as the consteUation Virgo. ^jiauish throne, first assumed in 1388.
Astyages (as-ti'a-,iez). [Gr. iVcn-i'd}i7f ; in the
inscriptions Ishtureiju according to Abj'denus,
tor, prompter, and Astrsea Redux (as-tre'a re'duks). [L., 'As-
tiwa brought back. ] A poem by Drydeu cele-
brating the restoi-ation of Charles H., first pub-
lished in 1660.
in Eusebius Asdahaijes, supposed to represent
Zend Aj-dahak, the" biting snake.] The son
and successor of Cyaxares, king of the Medes
5.S4-.549 B. C. In the latter year Cyrus the Great de-
throned him and united Media with Persia. According
to Herodotus, .\styages was the grandfather of Cyrus.
A government of Astyanax (as-ti'a-naks). In Greek legend, the
southeastern Russia, surrounded by the gov- g^^ ^f Hector aiid Andromache. Also called
erum(!nts of Saratoff aud Samara, the Kirghiz gcamaiidrius.
Steppe, the Caspian, Caucasia, and the province Astypalsea (as'ti-pa-le'ii). The ancient name
of the Don Cossacks. It is largely a barren ,,f g^mpaUa.
steppe. Area, 91,327 square miles. Population Asuncion (a-s6n-the-6n'), or Assumption
932,539. (a-surap'shon). [Sp. Asuncion, Assumption
Astraknan. The capital of the goverument of (go of the Vi'rgin).] The capital of Paraguay,
Astrakhan, situated on an island in the delta situated on the Paraguay in lat. 25° 16' 29" S.,
long. 57° 42' W., founded by Juan de Ayolas
Sept., 1536. It was taken bv tlie Brazilians Jan.
5, 1809. Population (1887"), 34,072.
Asur (as'er). The ancient national god of As-
syria. Also Assur.
of the Volga, about lat. 46° 25' N., long. 47°
55' E. It has extensive commerce by the A'olga and
Caspian, and is the chief port for the latter; it has also a
large transit trade with Persia and Transcaucasia, v.-u-ious
maimfactm-es, valuable fisheries, etc. It was formerly the
capital of ft Tataj- state, and was conquered by Kussia"lD54.
Population, 73,710.
he founded -Astoria in 1811. At his death his fortune was
estimated at J-a),000,OU(), He left *4lio,000 fur founding
the Astor Library,
Astor, 'William Backhouse. Born at New-
York, Sept. 19, 1792: ilicd .at New York, Nov.
24, 1875. An American capitalist, son of John
Jacob Astor. He gave $.i50,000 to the library
founded bv his father.
Astor. William Waldorf. Bom 1848. A
diplomatist and author, grandson of William
Backhouse Astor. He was United States min-
ister to Italv 1882-85, and is the author of " Va-
lentino" (1885), "Sforza" (1889).
romance by
Honor6 I^Urf^. See the extract.
In imitation of Moutemayor and Cervant^, whose ro-
mances had been so popular in the peninsula. Honors
D'l'rfe (1567-1625). a French nobleman, wrote his Astree.
a work which, under the disguise of pastoral incidents
and characters, exhibits the singular histoi-y of his owu
family, and the amours at the court of Uenry the Great.
The first volume, dedicated to that monarch, appeared,
probably iu its second edition (no copy of the first edition
is known), in 1610, the second part in the same year, and
the third, which is addressed to Lonis XIII.. was given to
the world four or five years subsequent to the publication
of the second. The Duke of .Savoy was depositaiy of the
fourth part, which remained in manuscript at the death
of the author, and was trausmitted on that eveut to
The form of religion prevalent iu Assyria is wholly
Babyloniau.with oue important exception. Supreme over
the old Babylonian Pantheon rises the figure of a new
god, the national deity of Assyria, its impersonation .\s8ar.
Assur is not merely primus inter pares, merely the presi-
dent of the divine assembly, like ilerodach : he is their
lord and master in another and more autocratic sense.
Like the Yahveh of Israel, he claims to be "king above
all gods," that "among all gods " there is none like unto
himself. Sayce, Anc. Babylonians, p. 122.
Asura (a'so-ra). [Skt., from am, spirit, and
so • spiritual.'] A word designating especially
the difference between celestial and mundane
existence, and then a spirit of life. God : later,
a demon, as if asura. a not-god, whence by
popular etymology sura, god.
Asurbanipal 89
Asurbanipal (a-soi-bii'ni-piil). [Assyrian Ai- li""* T" ."<"18ced really or flguratively. It was be-
^ /L,»-;'rUhe god Ashuriroates or makes the ]^f^ ,','?t.,f,,i'ri,Ki.^"™""^'"'"' '"'"^'^ "■"""" '"
?^"'l J^'}^..!i ^'^l!^^^:±.?-:,T.^l Asvatthaman. I.. Hindu mythology, a sou
of Diijiiii anil Kripa, uud a general of the
Kauravus. lie ami two others were the sole effective
survivors of the Kaurava host after the great battle of
the Mahubharata.
Asvin (jis'vin). In Vedic mythology, properly
an adjective meaning 'provided with horses,'
•consisting of horses,' in which sense it is
used in a number of Vedic passages. As a sub-
stantive siKiiifyiiig 'horse-tamer it is applieil to Ajrni
and to Aglii ami Indra, and as a masculine dual, Ajtcinati^
'the two charioteers," to two ^ods of li|;ht, who are the
first to appear in the eastern sky upon a golden chariot
drawn by wingetl steeds, or birds. They ai-e deliverers,
bcstowers of gifts. heuU-rs, and already in the Veda jire
the pbysieiiuis of the gods. Ijiter they :u-e tlie tM)nstaiit
attendants of Indra and paragons of beauty. 'I'hey also
appear as the Twins in the zodiac. They ai-e the i»i(>s-
curi. the r;i.stor and PoUu.x, of Greco-Roman mythology
Esarhaddon and grandson of Sennacherib, the
last of the great kings of the vigorous Surgon-
ide dvnastv. The Greeks called him Sardauapalus :
In the'oid Testament (Ezra iv. 10) he is mentioned under
the name .iKiiawnr (which see), 'the great and majestic.'
His reign was marked by great external prosperity and
splendor, and the nourishing of art and literature, but
also by frequent revolts and disturbances, which shook
the huge empire to its foundations, and forelx)dcd its
near fall, which took place a score of years after his death
(606 B. c). At the beginning of his reign he had to sup-
nren a revolt in Egypt instigated by the dethroned Ethi-
opian king Tarhaka or Tarqu (the Tirhakah mentioned
in the Old Testament —2 Ki. \ix. 9, Isa. xijivii. 9). But
tie most significant uprising was that of the coalition
of Babylonil^ Arabia, Ethiopia, I'litEnicia, and Palestine,
brought about bv his own brother Slianiash-shum-ukin
(the Greek .saosducliinos), the viceroy of Babylonia, which
wa» als.; quelled ''>' Af'-r'!^"';!'';'- . ''' ''j?,/'^^^^^^^^ "°^ cur., the rasu.r ana rouu.x, o. ureco-Koman mycnoiogy.
conuucsts may be espcfiiuly ineiitiuneu tlic cupiure ana . __ __. , xj. * ^ -u rt\ i t> i
destruction of Susa, after niany expeditions, between (MB As YoU Find It. A COraedy by Charles Boyle,
Ate
and so failed to win. Because Hipponienes failed to giye
thiuks to .\plirodite, the goddess changed the pair into
lions.
2. An asteroid (No. 36) discovered by Gold-
schmidt at Palis, Oct. 5, 1855,
Atalanta in Calydon (kal'i-don), A classical
tragedy liy Algernon Charles Swinburne, pub-
lished in 1804.
The truest and deepest imitation of the spirit of .f.g-
chylus in modern times is not to be sought in the stiff for-
malism of Racine or Alfieri, but in the splendid Atalanta
in Cidydou of Mr. Swinburne, whose anlitheisut brings
him to stand in an attitude between human freewill and
effort on the one side, and ruthless tyranny of l*rovidence
on the other, not approached in jMietry (so far as I know)
from .I-Uchylus' day down to our own.
MaliOffiJ, Hist, of classical Creek Lit., I. 277.
See Xcw
ny exp»
and (HO B. c. Asurbanipal hclil together the Assyrian era
{lire under his iron scepter with great rigiir, not shrink-
ng Irom the most atrocious cruelties, inllicting punish
ment on so-called "rebels." I'nder his protection and
pnimotion Assyrian art, especially architecture, attained
the height of its development, and literature celebrated
its golden age. Being of a literary turn of mind, or, as he
expresses himself, •'endt)wed with attentive ears" and in-
clined to the study of "all inscribed tablets," he caused
the collecting and reediting of the whole cuneiform lit-
erature tlien ill existence, and the tablets, well arranged
and marked, were deposited in the royal library of his
palace. A great p,irt of this liln-ary was discovered in
the ruins of that i)alace on the mound of Kuynnjik, and
transferred to the British .Museum, and to it is due
the liuver part i >f our present knowledge of Assyrian his-
tory and civiliz^ition.
Asur-bel-nisesu (a'sor-bel-ne-sa'so). [Assyr-
ian, 'the gild Ashur is the lord of his people.'] Ata. An ancient Egyptian king, the fourth of
King of Assyria about l-tHO B.C. He is the first the 1st dynasty.
Ass>'rian kingalwut whom some definite and certain Atacama (a-ta-kii'mii), Desert of. An exten-
knowletlge is preserved. He is mentioned in the cunci- ^ivp vnckv and rainless region in the northern
fiirni inscriptions as having entered into a treaty with , j f o" ;i„
Karaind;iBh, king of Babylonia. [Mri in i uul. . rn i
Atacama. A northern province ot Chile, capi-
Asur-dan (a'siir-dau) I. [A.ssyrian, 'the god
Ashur is judge.'] King of Ass_\Tia about 1208-
1 loO B. r. He conducted a victorious campaign against
the Babylonian king Zamina-shum-iddina. and coininereil
many cities. He had the temple of .Ann and K^imniaii in
the city of Assur, which was threatening to fall, tonnlo»ii,
without, however, rebuilding it. This was done by Tiglath-
Pileser I. (1I21V1100 B. C).
Asur-dan II, King of Assyria about 930-911
B. I'.. siiTi and successor of Tiglath-Pileser II.
Asur-dan III. King of Assyria 77'2-7.'i4 B. c.
The nin-Ht interesting event recorded of his reign is the
mention of an eclipse of the sun at Nineveh in 7(>,'J. As
this is eonrtruLed by the cidculations of astronomers, who
fix the date thereof on the Ifith of June, 7B:f, it has served
as a basis for the establisluuent of the whole chronology
of western Asia.
Asnr- etil-ilani-ukinni (ii's6r-a-tel-e-la'ne-6-
ke'ne). [.\ssyrian. ' Asur, the lord of gods, has
established me.'] KingofAssma from 6'2C B.C.,
son and successor of Asurbanipal. Under him
began tbe downfall of the Assyrian empire, inaugurated
by an invasion of the .Scythians. How long he reigned
is not known. His son and successor Sin-shar-ishkun
(' the moon-god has established the king '), the Sarakos of
the Oreekii, was the last king of Assyria.
Asur-nadin-sum (ii ' siir- nii ' den - s6m). [As-
svTian, • -Vsur is the giver of the name.'] Eldest
Bon of Sennacherib, king of Assyria 70.')-<j81
B. r. He was established by his father king of Babylonia,
but wa->i niaile captive by Hallus, king of Elara.
Asurnazirpal (ii'siir-nii'zer-piil). [Assyrian
Aiiiir-iKicir-iKil. Asur is the protector of the
Atalantis (at-a-lau'tis). The New.
.Ihihiiitifi.
Ataliba (at-a-le'ba). In Sheridan's transla-
tion of Kotzebue's"' Pizarro," the king of Quito
(Inca of Peru).
Atalide (iit-ii-led'). In Kacine's tragedy "Ba-
jnzit ." a princess in love with Hajazet. she kills
herself on hearing of his assassination, instigated by her
rivid Koxana, reproaching herself with being In some sort
the oanse.
Atali Tsalaki. See Cherokee.
Atall (at'al). Ill Cibber's comedy "The Double
(iallant," the son of Sir Uarry At.all. He courts
Clarinda under the disguise of Colonel Standfast, falls in
love with Silvia and makes love to her as Mr. Freeman,
aud finally discovei-s that she is the woman to whom he
.....,,„ - .. * ,1 * had been betrothed by his father years before.
"^■^••'''"^■'''''^'^^•"^"rlmoZst/r^a Atall, Sir Positive. In Thomas Shadwell's
comedy "The Sullen Lovers or '1 he Imperti-
nents," a foolish kiii<;lit who preteiuls to uuder-
staud everything, ami will not permit any one
in his company to understand anything. He
is a caricature of Sir Kobert Howard.
Atargatis (at-ar-gii'tis). [L., from (ir. \\.rtip-^a-
Tir, a Syrian goddess whose name appears also
in the form I)erato, iiv. MpKtroi.] A goddess
of the Hittites, worshiped in Carehemish, cor-
responrling to Aslitoreth (Astarte) of the Ca-
naanites (Assyro-Babylonian Ishtar). At As-
calon she was worshiped under the tinnie of Dert-eto i!»
the fuiin of a woman terminating in :i tlsli. She also had
a temple in Ephesus, and her numerous retinue of priest-
esses, which the Greeks found there, is supposed to have
pivcn rise to the niytli of the Amazons.
the fourth earl of Orrery, printed in 1703.
As You Like It. A comedy by Shakspere,
which existed in some shape in IGOO. Fnrna^s.
Mulone and others (Kleay, Hunter, etc.) think it was pro-
duced in l.'iOit. No copy (.»f it is known U^ exist earlier
than the folio of 1623. It was founded on Lod(;e's ri>
mance "llosalynde." In the comedy the characters of
Touchstone, Audrey, and Jaciiues are Shakspere 's, other-
wise he has followed Lodge quite closely.
There is on this Date of Composition a happy unanimity,
which centers about the close of the year 1509: if a few
months
to 1601,
parrot against rain over such trifles.
Furness, App. to As you Like it, p. 304.
tal CopiapO. It is ricli in copper, nitrates, silver, gold
salt, and vaiious minerals. Area, about 28,000 square
miles. Population (1891), 67,205. Atacama was formerly
a maritime department of Bolivia. It is largely a rocky
waste. It \v:i3 occupied by the Chileans in 1879.
Atahualpa (a-tu-w^al'pa), or Atahuallpa, or
(erroneously) Atabalipa(a-ta-ba'li-pa). Bon
probably atCuzco about 1495: executed at Caja- Ataulf, Ataulphus. See AtmvnJf.
marca.Aug.29,1533. An Inca sovereign of Peru, Ata wulf (at'a-wulf). Died 415 (417). King
' * " of the West Goths, brother-in-law of AJarie 1.
whomhe succeeded in 410. He evacuated Italy in
son of the Inea Huaina Capac. His mother was Tuta-
I'alla, a native of Quillaco, or according to others Paochas,
a princess of Quito. Hy the Inca laws he was illegitimate,
and his younger half-brother, Huascar, was heir to the
throne : but when Huaina Capac died (Nov., 1525) he left
the northern part of the kingdom, or Quito, to Atahualpa,
HuasciiT retaining the rest. A war broke out between the
two (1530), and resulted in tile defeat and capture of Huas-
car (spring of 1532), leaving Atahualpa master of the whole
empire. He was on his way from Quito to be crowned at
Cuzco when he met Pizarro and his soldiei-s at Cajamarca
(Nov. I'l. 1532). A friendly interview was arranged, and
Atahualpa entered the great square of Cajamai-ca with
many thousand unarmed attendants. Suddenly the Span-
iards fell on them, massacred a great number, and seized
Atahualpa (Nov. 16). The Inca offered to till a room half
full of gold as a ransom, and an amount equal in value
to §15.000,IHX) was actually collected. .Meanwhile Pizarro
attemptid to treat with Iluascar, but Atahualpa privately
sent orders to have him slain. Charged with this, and
with attempting to incite an insurrection against thi
Spaniards (a charge afterwanl shown to be false), he was Atcha. See Athu.
412 : conquered Aquitaine in Gaul ; formed a treaty with
the emperor Honorius, wliose sister I'hicidia he married
in 414 ; crossed into Spain to subdue a revolt of the Van-
dals and Suevi against the empire ; and was assassinated
at Barcelona. Xi&n \\\itlv:i\ A laylf, Athaid/,Adaidj', Ataul'
phuts, etc.
Under Alaric's successor, Athaulf. the tlrst foundations
were laid of that gi-eat Wcst-dothic kingdom which we
are apt to look on as specially Spanish, but wliich iu truth
had its first beginning in Caul, and which kept some
Gaulish territory aa long :ui it lasted.
Freeman, Hist. Geog.
Atbara (at-ba'ra). The largest tributary of
the Nile with the exception of the Blue Nile.
It rises near Lake Dembea in Abyssinia, flows in a north-
westerly direction, and joins the Nile south of lierber. Its
hit f affluent is the Takazze. Length, about 500 miles.
tried and executed by strangling.
Atakapa (ii-tji-kii'pii). or
A tribe of
North Araeri
son.] Kinguf A.ssyri:t KS4-S00 li. <\ Ue was one ^.taki (ii-ta'ke). A small town in the nortl
... .1... .._...»....> .....I ........ .......I i,. .. ../ A............. ,>!..»« .....1 — ^ ' ' " ' _ ' -._...
of the [(rcatesi an<l most warlike of Assyrian kings, and
Inangnratvd a period of prosperity and power of the As-
syrian emjiire. He made numen>U8 ana snecessfnl cam-
piiiens ospeeially to "the eonntries of Nairi" (see Ar-
Tnmin') and SjtIii, and extended the boundaries of Assyr-
ian ilominion we-^twai-d. His victorious expeditions were
nnirked. acrordiiiK to his own aiwntls. bv atroeious cruel-
ties and harbarotis devastations. He also <listi[iKnished
himself by works of peace. He rebuilt I'aluh, which he
made his I'apital. adoniiiiR It with a temple of Adar (the
(jiid of war), his favorite divinity, and a palace for himself,
and fonstrneted a eanal. The ruins of his buildinKs ex-
cavated show a Kreat advance in architecture and sculp-
ture over the pre^editiK period.
Asur-nirari (a'sfir-ne-rii're). [Assyrian Aiur-
niniri, the troii Asur is my helper.] King of
Assyria 7.">4-74."> B.C.
Asvalayana. A Sanskrit author, rppresented
as a pupil of .Sauuaka. He was the author of a
ritual treatise, tlie Asvalayanasutras.
Asvamedha. [Skt., 'tlie horse-saciiflce.'] A
I'crerniiriy tlie aiititjuity of which reaehos baok
into \eclic limes. It was then performed by kiuRS
desirous of offspring. As described in the Maliabhnrat.%
it implied that he who instituted it wiis a coiii|Ueror
and king of kit)f;s. A horse of a particular color was
comecrated ami let loose to wander for a year. If the
liberator of the horse subdued all the countries through
which the horse passed, he returned with the horse
in triumph, and a great festival was held, at which the
eru part of Bessarabia, Russia, situated on the
Dniester.
Atala (ii-ta-la'). A romance by Chateatibriaud
Atchafalaya (aeh-af-a-li'ii). An outlet of the
!• Tuckapa (tuk'a-pii). Kod aud Jlississipiii river's, iu southern Louisi-
cau ludiaus. See .1/- .ma, about IfiO miles long.
Atcheen, or Atchin. See Aehin.
AtchinsK (;l-iheusk'). A town iu the govern-
ment of Yeniseisk, Siberia, situated on the
Tchulym 100 miles west of Krasnoyarsk. Pop-
ulation, about 7,000.
which first appeared in the newspaper "Lo Atchison (ach'i-sou). David E. Born at Prog-
Mereure <le I^ranee in 1801. The scene is laid ii
North America. Atala, the daURhter of a North American
Indian chief, falls in love with l.'hacta8. the chief of another
tribe, who is a prisoner, delivers him from death, and tlies
into the desert with him. She has been brought up in the
rliristian faith and vowed to virginity by her mother, and
is faithful to this vow through increiiible tenii>tatlons, and
Anally poisons herself in despairing fanaticism.
Atalanta (at-a-hm'tii), ur Atalante (al-a-lan'-
te). [<ir. \\ra/.avrti.'\ 1. In Greek lef;eiid, a
maiden whose story appears in two versions :
(o) In the Arcadian version, a daughter of Zeus by t'ly.
mene, exposed by her father In infancy, suckled by a bear,
brought up by a party of hunters, and <ieveloped iwU* a
beautiful and »» itt huntress. She took part in the Caly-
doniiui boar hunt, was the first \jo strike the boar, an<l re-
ceived from Meleagerthe headntld skin as prize of victory.
.she was also connected with the Argonautic expetlition,
ami married Meilanion. (6) In the Uteolian version, a
daughter of Schcpneus, ft(m of Atlmmas, of great lajunly
and very swift of foot. She was warned by an oracle not
to marry, and riil herself of her suitors Ity challenging
them t«> a nice, overtaking them, ami smiting Ihem with
a spear in the back. Hippomencs, ht»wever, «>vereanic her
by tbrtiwilig liefore her in the race three golden apples
given to him by Apliroditu, which she stooped to pick up,
town. Ky., Aug. 11, lS07:died in Clinton County,
Mo., Jail. 2(1, ISWi. An .Ameriean politician,
lie was Democratic United States senator from Missouri
18l;i-.Vi, president pro U-m)Kire of the Senate, and pro-
slavery leader in the Kansas troubles of lSil5-67.
Atchison. The capital of Atchison County,
Kansas, situated on the Missouri 21 miles north-
west of Leaveinvortli. It is an important nulway
center, and has manufactures of IKuir, machinery, etc.
I'opulation (18SK)), l.S,l«13.
Ate (a' te). [lir. 'Ar;/, a personification of hrii,
strife.] 1. In (i reek m}-thoh>Ky, a daughter of
Zeus (Homer) or of Eris, strife (Hesiod); the
goddess of infatuation or reckless crime. For
entrapping Zens in il rash oath, at the birth of Heracles,
she was hurled fiimi tilympus to earth, where she contin-
ues to work inischief. walking over till' heads of nit'ii with-
out ever touching the grounil. Behind her go the Lital
(I'myers), ilaughters of Zeus, who are ready, if besiuighl,
to repair the evil she has d»uie. In Inter fi>rms of the
myth she became an avenger of unrighteousness like llice
and Nemesis.
2. In Spensei-'s " Faerie Queene," a hag, a liar
aud slanderer, friend of Duessa.
AteUa(a-tera). — „ ^-.-,.1 1
in Campania, Italy, 10 mUes north of Naples.
See Airrsd.
Atellan plays (a-tel'an plaz). Early Roman
comedies so named from Atella, a small town
in Campania, from which they were derived.
Ori^riuallv simple and coarse farces, they were
eraduallv raised to (burlesque) comedy.
Atellans fabula (at-e-la'ue fab'u-le). See
Ahlhiii iilnys.
Aten (a'ten). In Egyptian mythology, the sun s
disk. The worship of Aten was infroduced
by Ameuhotep IV.
The son and successor of Thothmes IV. fonnil it neces-
san- to support hiniseU by entering into niatrmiomal alli-
ance with the king of Naharina. The marriage h.ad
strange consequences for EgJ pt. The new queen brought
with her not only a foreign name and foreign customs.
but a foreign faith as well. She refused to worship Amuii
of Thebes and the other gods of Fgypt, and clung to the
religion of her fathers, whose supreme uliject of adora-
tion was the solar disk [.\tenl. The liiltite monuments
themselves bear witness to the jirevalencc of this worship
in Northern Syria. The winged solar disk appears above
the n^ure of a king which has been brought from Bin-jik
on the Euphrates to the British iluseum ; and even at
Boghaz Kcui, far away in Northern Asia Minor, the winged
si.lar disk has been carved by Hittite sculptors upon the
Kick Sayce, Hittites, p. 21.
Athene Polias
iar name. It is also called Brahmaveda, where brahma
means 'sacred utterance" In the sense of 'charm, in-
cantation.' It comprises nearly six thousand verses in
about seven hundred and thirty h>-mns. which ai-e divided
into twenty books. The first eighteen books are an-anged
upon a like system, of which the length of the hymn
is the principle. A sixth of the nniss is not metrical,
but consists of prose akin to the Brahmanas. Of the re-
mainder one sLxth is found also in the Rik, and five sixths
are peculiai' to the Atharvan. As compared with the first
nine btKjks of the Rik. the tenth book of the Rik and the
Atharvan ai'e the product of a later period. In the former
the gods are regarded with love and confidence: in the
latter with cringing fear. Tlie Atharvan knows a host of
imps and hobgoblins, and offers them homage to induce
them to abstain from harm. The most prominent char-
acteristic is the multitude of incantations spoken by the
person to be benefited or by the sorcerer for him. The
Atharvan seems in the main of popular rather than of
priestly origin, and forms an intermediate step to the su-
perstitions of the ignorant mass.
cededloTheemperorJustinian all the seaboard towns from ^.thaulf. See Atdiciilf.
Valencia to Gibraltar. Of his two daughters Brunehilde Axi,p:„+ rn, „ „^ Thg Second Part of The
and Galeswintha, the former was married to Sigebert, AXneiSt, ine, or Xfle oeoonu i-dri oi xue
k"ng of \^trasia, and the latter to ChUperic, king of Soldisr's Fortune. A comedy by Otway. first
Neustria. acted in 16s4.
Athanaric (a-than'a-rik). Died 381. A chief atheist's Tragedy, The, or The Honest
of a tribe of West (joths in Dacia. He was de- Man's Revenge. A plav bv C\Til Tourneur
feated bv the emperor Valens in .%9, and remained quiet , . -. • -. ■ .
six years, when the pressure of the Huns compelled him
to take up arms once more against the empire. He died
at Constantinople, whither he had gone to conclude a
treaty with Theodosius,
AteUa ^°
In ancient geography, a town Athamas (ath'a-mas). [Gr. 'A9n;.af] In Greek
"^.", .. e. f-. . f ,- », , _ legend, a sou of ^Eolus, kiug of Thessaly, and
Euarete, and king of the Minyte in the Bo'Otian
Ordiomenus. He was the father, by Xephele. the
cloud-goddess, of Phrixus and Helle. He united himself
with Ino daughter of Cadmus, and was thereupon aban-
doned by Nephele, who in revenge brought a drought upon
his Land and carried awav her children through the air on
a golden-fleeced ram. In the transit Helle fell into the
sea, thereafter named for her 'Hellespout." He was
later visited with madness by Hera, and slew his son
Le.archus and persecuted Ino who, with her other son
ilelicertes threw herself into the sea. Finally he settled
in a p.irt of Thessaly named for him the " Athamanian
plain," and wedded Themisto.
Athanagild (a-than'a-gild), L. Athanagildus
(a-thau-a-gil'dus). Died 567 A. D. A king of
the West Goths. He ascended the throne in 554 by
the aid of a Byzantine fleet, and in return for this service
oujeetured (by Fleav) "to have been acted
between 1601 and 16M, and printed in 1611.
It was founded on Boccaccio's '•Decameron,"
%ni. 6.
One of the three great Athelard of Bath. See Adelard.
Atena (.-trna), A small town in^thepro^^^^^^ ^S'of fhe^'^hlstiaT^chilrchT suppose=d. at Athelney (ath'el-ui). Isle of [AS. JEt,e,n,ga
one time to have been composed by Athanasius. ((/.isle of nobles.] A marsh near Taunton,
The name was prob.ably given to it during the Arian con- Somersetshire, England, the refuge of Alfred
troversy in the 6th century, Athanasius lieing the chief ^jjp Great in 878. He founded here a Bene-
upholder of the system of doctrine opposed to the Anan j;p*:„„ abbev in 888.
s\-stem It is included in the Greek, Koman. and English ,"!.' ,'!''" ,-\,, ,^' , _,., , . t>
PJvt"'= ",; irnnrretained in the American Bonk of Athelstan (ath'el-stan). or .ffithelstan. Bom
of Salerno, Italy,
lemo.
Aterno (ii-ter'no). The upper course of the
river Pescara, in central Italy.
Atessa (a-tes'sa) A town in the province of
Chioti. Abruzzi. Italy. 24 miles southeast of
Cliieti. Population, about 10,000.
Atfalati (at-fa'la-ti). A dirision of the Kala-
pooiaii stock of North American Indians, for-
merly living from about Wappatoo Lake to the
present site of Portland. Oregon, but now on
Grande Ronde reservation. They numbered 28 in
I&IO Atfalati is the name which they give themselves.
Also called Follati, Sualaline, Tualalim, Tuhicalati, Tica-
lati, Wappatoo.
Ath (iit ). or Aath (at), or Aeth (Jit). A town m
the province of Hainaut, Belgium, situated on
the bender 30 miles southwest of Brussels. It
has 8 flourishing trade and manufactures. Formerly it
w as a fortress, and has several times been besieged. Popu-
lation (I M«ii, 19,868.
Athabasca (ath-a-bas'kii). [N. Amer. Ind.,
'place of ha V and reeds': properly J f/mpajro.]
A provisional district in the Northwest Terri-
tories, Canada, lying north of Alberta and east
of British Columliia.
Athabasca, or Elk River. A river in British
North America which rises in the Kocky Moim-
tains, flows generally northeast, crosses the
services, but is not retained in the American
Common Prayer. It is also called " IJuicunque vult, ' from
its first words, .
Athanasius (ath-a-na'shi-us). Saint. Bom at
Alexandria about 296 A. D.: died there, 3(3.
One of the fathers of the Christian church, and
the chief defender of the orthodox faith against
Arianism: sumamed "The Father of Ortho- _
doxy." He was made a deacon by Alexander the patmrch Athelstane (ath'el-stan). In Sir Walter Scott'l
ofAle-xandria, in 319; accompanied Alexander to the Synod .£».u"c±o>;<»i»v, \^ _^ ^/ _^ „_„, , ,,
of Nice in 325 ; secured by his eloquence and zeiU the for
S9.5 : died 9-tO. King of the West Saxons and
Jlercia 925-940, a son of Edward the Elder:
sumamed "■ The Glorious." He defeated the Danes
and Celts at Brunanburgh in 937. Through the marri.age
of his sisters, he was brother-in-law to t^harles the Simple,
king of the West Franks ; Louis, king of Lower Bur-
gundy; Hugh, the Great Duke of the French; and the
emperor Otto the Great
_ „ . _ ...^
novel ••Ivanhoe," the Thane of Coningsburgh,
suitor of Rowena, called '■ The Unready," from
the slowness of his mind.
Athena. See Athene.
miUation on the part of the synod of the Nicene Creed
a"ainst the Arians : was made patriarch of Alexandria m
328 : was deposed by the Synod of TjTe in 33.i and e.xiled j,„r«t .
toTrevesbyConstantineL n 336; was reinstated by Con- •"■|^"«"'<- >3fc -a">r«t_.
s"antine II in 338; was deposed by Constantius in 340, Athenaeum (ath-e-ne'um). [Gr. 'Ae^^atov.] A
-- - ■■ - ■■• •" »' v famous school or university at Rome, founded
by the emperor Hadrian. It was named for
Athens, and was situated on the Capitoline
Hill.
taking refuge with Julius I., bishop of Rome, through
whose influence his doctrines were approved by the synods
of Rome (341) and S.ardica (343) ; returned to Alexandria
in ae ■ was condemned bv the Council of Milan in 355,
and again expelled by Constantius in 3.^6 ; returned in 362 .tj ,,,i.v,Tij
and was expelled by Julian in the same year, taking refuge Athenaeum, The. A London club established
in Upper Egypt ; returned to A'^sandria in 364^ and was j^ jgo^ jj ^^.^^^ designed for the "association of indi-
expelled by Valens in 36.i, returning in 366. His works
were edited by the Benedictines (1698X and by iligne
in the "Patrologia." His memory is celebrated in the
Eastern and Latin churches on May 2.
western end of Athabasca Lake, and unites Athapascan (ath-a-pas'kan), or Tinneh (ti- 107 Pall Mall, s. w
with Peace River to form Slave River. It is „;;') .^ linguistic stock'of N
viduals known for their scientific or literary attainments,
ai-tists of eminence in any class of the Fine Arts, and no-
blemen and gentlemen distinguished as liliend patrons of
Science, Literature, or the Arts." Its headquarters are at
properlv the upper course of the Mackenzie
L.n>;th", about 600 miles.
Athabasca Lake. A lake in British North
America, about lat. .59° N.. long. 110° W. It re-
ceives the Athabasca River, and its outlet is by the Slave
River tliroiigh the Mackenzie to the Arctic Ocean. Length,
2:iii miles. Breadth, 20-30 miles.
Athabasca Pass. A pass over the Rocky
Mountains, in British North America, between
Mounts Brown and Hooker.
Athabascans. See Atlmpnscnns.
Atha-ben-Hakem. See .1/oAv(«»».
Atha Melik (ii'thii ma'lik), Ala-ed-Din (S-la-
ed-den'). Born in Khorasan, Persia, about
1227: died at Bagdad, 1282. A Persian his-
torian, author of "Conquest of the World."
Athalaric (a-thal'a-rik). or Athalric (a-thal'-
rik). Born 517: died .534. A Gothic prince,
son of Euthelrie or Eutharic and Amalasuintha,
daiigliter of Theodoric I. On Theodoric's death in
52« he became king of the East Goths in Italy under Ama-
lasuintha's regency.
North American Athenaeus (ath-e-ne'us). [Gr. Jifl^/taioc.] A
Indians, in three primary divisions, the north- Greek grammarian, rhetorician, and philoso-
em, the Pacific, and the "southern. The northern pher of Naucratis. Egj-pt, who flourished about
division includes tribes of British North America and oqo ^ p . author of " Deipnosophistfe" (ed. by
Alaska, among which are the Ah-tena. Kaiyuh-khotana. ->r ; i.„ 10501 Spp DeilinosOBhistS
Knaia-khotana, Kovukukhotana, Kutchin. Montagnais, /l"'"^'^'^ ^'?'^^; .?t®„„„Vi^*^f rp, ua^,„,A
Montagnards,Takuni,andlnakhotana. The Pacific divi- AtheUagOraS (ath-e-nag 0-ras). iGl.'Ad,rva}6-
sioniscomposedoi tribes of Washington, Oregon, and Cali- par.] Born ilt Athens: flourished about 176
fomia, including the Chasta Costa, Chetco, Hiipa, Kalts'
ereatunne, Kenesti, Kwalhiokwa, Kwatami, Micikqwutme
tunne, Mikono tunne, Naltunne tunne, Owilapsh, Qwinc-
tnnnetun Saiaz, Tceme, Tcetlestcan tunne, Tl.atskanai,
Tolowa. Tutu, and Yukitce. The southern division con-
sists of the various Apache and N avajo tribes in Oklahoma.
New Mexico, Arizona, and Mexico. 'While some of the
Oregon tribes have fought the United States, its more
notable opponents have been the Apache, under such
famous leaders as Cochise, ilangus, Colorado, and Gero-
nimo. The present (1893) number of this stock is 32,899,
of whom about 8,595, constituting the northern division,
are in Alaska and British North America ; about 895, com-
prising the Pacific division, are in Washington, Oregon,
and California ; and .about 23.4ii9, belonging to the south-
em division, are in Oklahoma, Arizona, New .Mexico, and
Colorado. Besides there are the Upan and some refugee
Apache in Mexico. For the Athapasca proper, see Hon-
tafnmi^.
Athalia. 1. An opera by Handel, produced in atharvan (a-fhar'van-). In Vedic mnhologv,
1733.— 2. An opera bv Mendelssohn, produced . ^ . - ~ • , ., •
in 1844.
Athaliah (ath-a-li'a). [Heb., 'Yahveh is
might v.'] The daughter of Ahab. king of Israel,
and Jezebel, and wife of Jehoram, king of Ju-
dah. On the death of Jehoram and that of his son and
successor, Ahaziah. she usurped the throne of the khig-
dom of Judah about 843 H. c. rDuncker). In order to re-
move all rivals she put to death all the male members of Atharvaveda (a-t'h5
the roy:U house. Joash alone escaping. She w;is put to - , \fi,,,,.TTQ„^ n
death bv command of Jehoida alwut 837 B. c. (Dunckcr). '" '•" -Vtliai vans. J
Athali'e (ii-ta-le'). [F. for .(MoHo/i.] A trag-
edy composed by Racine for the scholars of
Saint-Cyr. but not performed there. The sub-
Ject was from sacred history, and it was his last dramatic
work. It was written at the instigation of Madame de
JIaintenon, was first performed in IftKi (printed in 1691)
at Versailles with choruses, and has since been pnxluced
from time to time with music by various great composers.
Athalie was one of Rachels greatest parts.
the priest of fire (Agni) and Soma, and then,
viewed as a definite person, the first priest
in primeval times who brings down fire from
heaven, offers soma, and prays, with miraculous
powers he subdues the demons, and he receives from
the gods heavenly gifts. As a singular or as a plural the
word also designates 'the spells of Atharvan," the Athar-
vaveda.
har-vii-va'da). [Skt., 'Veda
It never attained in India the high consideration of the
other Vedaa, or came to be universally acknowledged as
a Veda. To the student, however, its interest is only
second to that of the Rik. It is a historical, not a litur-
gical, collection. It goes by a variety of names, which
seem at least in part fabricated to give it a dignity to
A. D. A Greek Platonist philosopher and Chris-
tian, author of au apology or intercession in
behalf of the Christians, addressed to the em-
perors ilarcus Aurelius and Commodus. He
states and refutes the accusations of atheism, cannibalism,
and incest made .against the Christians in his day. A
treatise on the resurrection of the dead is also attributed
to him.
Athenais. See Eudocia.
Athene (a-the'ne), or Athena (-na). [Gr.'AftJw?,
'ACijia.] In Greek mythology, the goddess of
knowledge, arts, sciences, and righteous war;
particularly, the tutelary deity of Athens : iden-
tified by the Romans with Minerve.. she personi-
fied the "clear upper air as well as mental clearness and
acnteness, embodying the spirit of truth and divine wis-
dom, and was clothed with the icgis, symbolizing the dark
storm-cloud, and armed with the resistless spear— the
shaft of lightning.
Professor Max Miiller, for instance, had identified
Athena, the great deity of the Ionian Greeks, with the
Vedic dahana, the " dawn " creeping over the "sky. The
philological difficulty was considerable, and scholars are
now inclined to believe that Athena was not the dawn bat
the lightning. Taylor, Arjans, p. 306.
Athene ParthenOS (a-the'ne piir'the-nos).
[Gr. 'Aiiiiir/ -apOivor, Athene the virgin.] A
notable Roman reduced copy, in the National
Museum, Athens, of the great chryselephantine
statue of Athene by Phidias in the Parthenon.
Artistically the copy is" poor, but frcmi its evidently care-
ful reproduction of details it is historically highly impor-
tant.
which It had no fair claim. It was called the Veda of Athene PoliaS (a-the'ne pol 1-as). [Gr. 'Afl^'T?
the Atharvans and the Angirases to bring it into connec- __•,„„, Ati,t.r,B onianliiTi nf the citv (Athensl 1
tion with ancient and venerated Indian families, and ,o'"" -^thene. guarcUan or tne citj (Ainensj.j
"Vedaof the Atharvans" has come to be iu most famil- A notable ongmal Greek statue, in tne VUia
Athene Polias
Albani, Rome. The gmUless, in lier usual full dr^rery
and oegis^ has a lian-head druwii over tiur huiul in place uf
a helmut. The proportions are somewhat short, as iu the
older sculpture, and the statue is dated by experts in the
r.th century It. r.
Athene, Temple of. See Assos, JEginaj Atiwnsy
Sifi-aiiist .
Athenian Bee, The. Au epithet applied to
Pl:it4», a luitivr of Athens, iu allusiou to the
sw(M'tui*ss of ills Style.
Athenion (a-the'ui-ou). A leader iu the second
servilo iusurreftion in Sicily, 103-99 B. C. He is
said to have been the commander of banditti in Cilicia.
where he was captured and sold as a slave into Sicily. He
was chosen leader of the insurgents in the western part
of the ishind, made an unsuccessful attiick on Lilybreum,
Joined Tryplion (Salvius), kin(^ of the rebels, by whom he
was for a time thrown into prison, fought under Tryphon
in the battle with L. Uciuius Lurullus, and on the death
of Tryphtui became king. He was slain in battle by the
iKUid'-'f M. Atjuillius who put down the revolt
AthenodoniS (a-then-o-tl6'rus). [Gr. '\0mwJ(j-
/w<;.J Born at Tarsus, Asia Minor: lived in the
1st century B. c. A Stoic philosopher of Tarsus.
a friend of the emperor Augustus : surnamed
"Cananites," from Cana, in Cilicia, his father's
birthplace.
Athenodorns. A Greok statuary, one of the
rolhihoratnrs on the group of the "Laocoon,"
I le was a sou and pupil of Agesander of Rhodes.
Sep Laoi'ooH.
Athens (ath'enz). [Gr. 'A^^m^, Homer (Odys-
sey, vii . 80 ) %0//i-r/^ L. A thvnse, F. A thhtesj G. A then ,
It. Atene: origin uuknowu: traditionally from
'A^VTJ?, the goddess.] The capital and largest
city of Greece and the chief city of Attica, sit-
uated about 5 miles from its seaport Pineus(on
the Saronic Gulf), iu lat.370 58' N.. long. 23°
44' E. The ancient city grew up around the Aeropolis.
The other noted hills were the Areopagus and I'nyx. Long
walls Joined the city to its port. The modem city has ex-
tended northeastward towai'd Lycabettus, and contains,
besides the palace ;uid goverimient buildings, a university,
a museum, and foreign (American, French, Geiman. etc.)
ichools for classical studies. Athens was founded, ac-
cording to the old account, by an Egyptian colony led l)y
Cecropa. It became the chief place in Attic!^ with Pallas
Athene as its especial divinity, anil w:is ruled by kings,
among whom Erechtheus. Theseus, and Codrus were fa-
mous. It was then (from the legend:uy date B. c. Ii;i2)
ruled by the nobles (Bupatrids), and had archons as ma-
gistrates, who were successively perpetual, decennial, and
after 68s l*. c. annual. Tlie laws of Draco were enacted in
C24 B. c, and those of Solon in s>9i B.c. Pisistratus be-
came tyrant in r»<je, and his sons were expelled in 510. The
reforms of t'leisthenes (.'><X>) made Athens a pure demoe
racy : popular assemblies of all citizens made the laws.
The glorious period began with the Persian wars, in which
Athens t*K)k a leading part, as at llanithon 41W, and Sala-
mis 480. The citj- was temporarily held by the Persians
In 480. Under Them i stocks, inunediately after, the long
walls were built. Athens lucunie the head of the Con-
federacy of Delos in 477(0, ^"'^ ^'^^ ^^ short period had an
ext«nsive empire and wasthe first pciwer in (Jreece. The
"Age of Pericles " (about4til42!») w:i3 noted for the adorn-
ment of the city. The PeloiM)nnesian war, 431-104, re-
sulted in the displacement of Athens by Sparta in the
hegemony of Greece. Athens was taken by Sparta in 404
and an aristocratic faction wiis j)Ut in power ; l)ut moder-
ate democracy was restored by Thntsybnlusin 403. Athens
under iH-niosthenes resisted .\Ia<edon, but wasoverthrown
at the biittle of Chicronea 338, and was generally after
this under Macedonian influence. It was subjugated by
Rome in 14tl h c, and pilhiged by Sulla in S*i H. r. It
continued to form part of the Homan and later of the
Hyzantine empire. Conquered by the L;itin Ousaders iu
ViO->. it became a lordship and &X)n a duchy under French,
Hpardsh, and Italian rulers Huceessively till IU contiuest
by the Turks in 14."»0. It wjls devastated by a Venetian
Ixmibardmeiit in 1«;87, and also in the War of Liberation
in 1821-27. It became the capital of the new kingdom of
Greece in 1834. Population nSSO), 107.2r,l. (See (Jreece,
Pelopontienan War, Persian Want, Solon, Perichu, ete.)
The following are among the imitortaiit structures of the
ancient and tlie modem city : i>ion>/frinc Thfaler, a thea-
ter on the Boutheni slope of the Acmpolis, where all .the
famous (Jrcek dramas were protiuccd. It was originally
of wood, and was not coniiiletcd in stone until about 340
B.f. The exi-iting remains of orchestra ami stage-structure
are modittcattons of Roman date. The front wall of the
stage bears excellent relitds of Kacehic myths. The di-
aroet^T of the cavea is :ibout 300 feet : it hiis one precinc-
Uon. and is divided by radial stjiirways into 13 wedge-
shap*'d sections. The lowest tier c<»nHlBts of seats of honor
cut from marble in the form of chaira. (Jat/: of the (Hl-
Markft^oT yrw Agora. a gate built with gifts from Julius
Cre)*:tr imd Augustus. The west front is Doric, tetraatyle,
the columns, 2it feet high and 4 in bimc-diameter. still
supporting their entablature and pediment. The middle
intercrdumniation, for the pjisaage of vehicles. Is llj feet
wide, the others 4^. Lotvj woUji, two massive fortifica-
tion walls extending from the ramparts of tlie city to
those of the )'ira;ns, at;i <listance apart, except near their
diverging extremities, of ah(mt fiW feet. (See above.)
They made Iht- porta and the ntetrojiolis practically one
huge fortress, imd assured Athenian supplies by sea
widle rendering possible Athenian naval trlum)d)s at
limes when the Spartans held their land without the
walls. They were destroyed when Athena fell l)efore
Sparta toward the end of the fith century, Imt were re-
stortMl in 303 l*. o. by Conon. The hmg walla fcdlow the
crests of the group of hills southwest of the AcropolJH,
ami run southwest. The northern wall, which wius the
longer, meaHureil about r> miles. Tliere was at least one
oroift'Wall to guard against the forcing of the passage.
91
Atkinson, Thomas Witlam
On most m«ps there is shown a third wall, called the Athlete, The. A Greek statue, held to be a
Phalcric wall, siartiiiK (rum the south side of Athens, ^ jjj ,i,^. famous Dorvphorus (spear-bearer),
near the Illssuu, and extending to the east side ot the liay fi' -,„__„ nr tvnf. nf Prdvi-litn^ fnniul nt Pom-
of Phaleruui. No vestit-e of such a wall has. however, the eanon or tjpe ot roi\ tiiius. louiia at t-om-
been discovered, nor has any trace of an ancient port been pen, and now in the Miiseo Naziouale, Naples,
found at the so-called old Plialeruui, at the eastern end of Ihc nndraiicd Hgure is ratlier short and heavy, but is ad-
tlie bay. It is very inipi-obalile that such a widl ever ex- niirably pr^ficirtioned and In simple, unpret<'ndiug pose,
isted, and it is safe to assume that Ihalerum lay at the Athllt (iitti'let). A towu iu (ialilee (Palestine),
western end of the bay. <*fr,mj)ft-r/.1(Af/ia, between the „„ ,ijp Mediterranean south of Haifa. It con-
Ereehthcum and the Parthenon. Its foundations were
recognized and studied by IJorpfeld in ISSo. It was Do-
ric, peripteral, hex:istyle, with 12 columns on tlie tlanks,
and measured 7o l)y l:t7 feet. A number of the column-
drums, capitals, and otherarchitectural elements are built
into the north wall of the Acropolis. The temple had a
large cult-celhi tiiward the east, behind whieli tliere was
a treasury with two cliandiers openiag on a vestibule.
A notable authority (Penn'SiOcnuihats Oorpfeld's restora-
tion, and suggests that Ilie temple may have been lonii
" " but tlie liorpfi ■
as demonstrated. This temple remained standing cer-
tainly until 4u(i B.C., and probably until the reign of
Hadiian and later. It is of unusual historical and arclue-
ological importance. Paiiatbenaic Stadiinn, a stadium
still practically complete except for its sheathing of mar-
ble. Tlie arena measures 11)9 by 670 feet, and is bordered
on its long sides and its semicu'cular east end by the
slopes which supported the seats (alwut 60 tiers) fen- the
speetatoi-s. Tliere were at intervals 29 flights of steps to
give access to the seats. Acadi'my of Sciciiceg, a beau
tains the Castle of the Pilgrims, a splendid fortress estab-
lished by the Templars in the early part of the 13th cen-
tury. It occupies a promontory projecting into the sea,
whoso isthmus is cut by glacis, double ditch, and massive
walls with rectangular towers. Within the inclosure
there are vaulted magazines, ruins of a hexagonal church,
a tine hall of the Palaeo of the Templars, and other re-
mains.
„„ . , Athlone, Earl of. See Ghdd.
of 8 by 1« columns: but the liorpfeldthcoi-y may betaken Athlone (ath-loii'). A parliamentary borough
•— '-> ■<■< -I -■•1 -• - jj^ Westmeath and Roscommon, Ireland, situ-
ated ou the Shannon in lat. 53° 2.'')'N., long. 7°
51' W. It was taken from the Irish by Oeneral (iinkel
in June, 1691. Population of parliamentary borough (1881),
6,901.
Athol, or Athole, or AthoU (atli'ol). A hUly
district iu northern Perthshire, Scotland. Area,
about 450 square miles.
tiful building in Pentelic marble, lately completed in the Athol (ath'ol). A town in Worcester County,
Massachusetts, situated on Miller's River 33
miles west of Fitchburg. Population (1890),
0.319.
Athor, or Athyr. See Hathor.
Athos (ath'o.x). [Gr.»A#ur, %««!..] The east-
ernmost iieuinsula of Chalcidice in Macedonia.
It jirojeets into the .Egfati Sea and is connected with the
mainland by a narrow isthmus (pierced by a canal during
the invasion of Xerxes). On it were the ancient cities
Olophyxus, Charadrin;, ApoUonia, Acrothoum, and Cleonre.
Lengtii, 30 miles.
It is believed that, with the exception of the dwellings
of Pompeii, some buildings in Athos are the oldest speci-
mens of domestic architecture iu Europe.
Encijc. Brit, III. 14.
Athos, Mount. [Gr. "ABuc, "AOow, NGr. "A)(Oi'
opoi;, the holy mount. It. iloiitc Smtto.'] A
motmtain at the extremity of tlie peninstila of
Athos, famous since tlie early middle ages for
its communities of monks, which form a sort
of republic tributary to Turkey. Height, 6,350
feet.
Athos (a-thos'). One of the "Three Musketeers"
in Dumas's novel of that name. See Trois
MousqiwtaircK, Lcs.
\ town in the county of Kil-
39 miles southwest of Dublin.
Athens of Ireland, The. An epithet of the Atia, or Attia, gens (at'i-ii jenz). In ancient
city of Cork, and also of Belfast. Rome, a plebeian elan or house whose family
Athens of the North, The. Edinbiu'gh: so names were Balbus, Labieuus, Rufus, and
called from its resemblance, topographically Varus.
and intellectually, to Athens; also, an oc- Atilia, or Atillia, genS (a-tiri-ii ,ienz). In
casional epithet of Copenhagen. ancient Rome, a patrician and plebeian clan
Athens of Switzerland, The. An occasional or house whose family names under the^Repub-
classical Oreek style for the accommodation of a learned
body modeled after the French Institute. Convent of
Daphni, a convent founded by the French dukes of Athens
in the 13th i-entnry. (See also Archof liadrian : Di^xileoa,
Monument of ; Erechtkrum ; lleirego, Monument of ; Luni-
crate:!, Chora^fic Monument if; Nike ApteroF, or \Vinfjle-<s
Victory, Temple of; Odeum of Herodes; (tlympieum, or
Temple of Olympian Zeu.t; Parthenon ; Pmpylifft ; The-
scum; Tower of the WinAlx.) The topographical features
of ancient Athens are described under their names.
Athens. The capital of Athens County, Oliio,
situated on the Hocking River 35 miles west
of Marietta. It is the seat of Ohio University
(founded 1804). Population (1890). 2.620.
Athens. A city in Clarke County, Georgia, sit-
uated on the Oconee 62 miles northeast of
Atlanta. It has alarge trade in cotton and cotton man-
ufactures, and is the seat of the ITniversity of Georgia
(founded 18ol). Population (1890), 8,639.
Athens. The capital of McMinn County, Ten-
nessee, .50 miles northeast of Chattanooga.
Population (1890), 2,224.
Athens. A borough in Bradford County, north-
eastern Pennsylvarua, situated on the Susque-
hanna near the New York border. Population
(1890), 3,274.
Athens of America, The, or The Modern Athy(a-thi')
Athens. An cpitln-t of Boston, Massachusetts, dare, Ireland
epitliet of Ziirieh.
Athens of the West, The. Cordova, Spain,
which was au intellectual center from the 8th
to the 13th century.
Atherstone (ath^'r-ston). A town in Warwick-
shire. Kiigland. 17 miles northeast of BLrming-
liam. P<i]iulation, about 4,000.
Atherstone, Edwin. Born at Nottingham,
April 17, 17K8: died at Bath, England, .Jan. 29,
1872. An English poet and prose-writer. He
was the anlhor of "The Last Days of Hercu-
lanenm." etc.
Atherton (ath'er-ton ), Charles Gordon. Bom
at Amherst, N. fl., .Inly 4 (0. 1804: died at
Manchester, N. H., Nov. 15, 1853. An .\ineri-
can politician. Democratic member of Congre
lie were Bulbus, Calatiinis, Longus, Regulus,
and Serranus. The first member of this gens who be-
came consul was M. Atilius Kegulus, 33,'i u. C.
Atimuca. See Tiniut/uaiKin.
Atin (ii'tin). The personiticatiou of strife in
Sjienser's " Faerie Queeiie."
Atina (ii-te'nii). A town in the province of
Caserta, Italy, 70 miles southeast of Rome.
Population, about 4,000.
Atitlan (ii-te-tliin'). A volcano in Guatemala
nrar Lake .\titlan. Height, 11,849 feet.
Atitlan, Lake. A lake in Guatemala. Central
.\merica, 50 miles west of (iuateiuala, noted
for its great ileptli. It has no outlet.
Atka (at'kii). The largest of the Andreanov
Islands, Aleutian Archipelago,
froni New Hampshire 1837^3, and United Atkarsk (at-kiirsk'). A town in the govern-
States senator 1843-19 and 1853. Ho introduced ""'"t of Saratoll, eastern Knssia, .55 mijes iiorth-
tlie so-called " Atlicrton gag," a resolution which provided west of Saraloff. Population, about (,000.^
that all bills <ir petitions on the subject of slavery should AtkinS (at'kinz), John. Horn l(i85:died 1757,
be "laid on the table without being debated, printed, or ^„ English surgeon who. in 1721, accompanied
referred," and which remained in force 1838-15
Atherton, John. B<irn at Bawdripp. Somer-
setshire, 1.598; died at Dublin. Dec. 5, 1640.
Bishop of Waterford and Lismore, hung for
uiiriatiinil ci-iiiie.
Atherton, or Chowhent(ehou'bent). A man-
ufacturing and mining town in Lancashire,
England. 10 miles northwest of Manchesler.
Population (1891), 1.5,833.
Atherton Gag. See Atherton, Charles Gordon.
Atherton Moor, Battle of. A victory gained
mar Itiiiill'irii. lOnglaiid. I (143, by Ihi' Royalists
iiniliT the Earl of .Newcaslle o%Tr the Parlia-
ment aria ns under Eerdinando Fairfax.
Athesis (ath'e-sis). The Latin name of tlie
Adige.
Athias (ii-te'iis). Joseph. Died 1700. A Jcw-
isli |irinlerof ,\msterdam, publisherof editions
of the Hebrew Bible (1061-67).
tlio ships Swallow and Weymouth on a voyage
to West Africa and ,\nierica, returning in 1723.
He iiublished the " Navy Surgeon " (1732), and "A Voyage
to Ouiiiea, lirazil. and the West Indies " (173.')).
Atkins, Tommy. See Tmnniii .Ilk-inn.
Atkinson (at 'kin -son), Edward. Born nt
Hrooldine, Mass., Feb. 10, 1827. An .\mericaii
economist and statistician. Heislhcauthorof "Our
National Domain " (1.H79), "Cotton Manufacturers of the
riiitedStates"(l,<sO),"Kailroad8of thel nitedStatC8,"etc.
Atkinson, Henry. Born inNorthCarolina,1782:
died at .lefferson Barracks, Mo., June 14, 1842.
An American general. He ilefeate<l the Indians
nt Had .\xe River in Black Hawk's war, 1832.
Atkinson, Thomas Witlam. Born in York-
shire, England, .March 11, 1799: died at Lower
Walmer, Kent, Aug. 13. 1801. Au English
art ist and traveler. He was the author of "Oriental
and Western Siberia " (ls.'.81, "Travels In the Keglona of
the Upper and Lower Amoor " (1800), oto.
A mountain system m
Atkinson, Sergeant ®2
Atkinson, Sergeant A character in Fielding's Atlas. Witch of. See WHCJ. of Atlas
'' Auielia. With his devotion to Booth and Amelia,
and his self-saeiillcing generosity, he is an embodimeut
of goodness of heart.
Atkyns (at'kinz), Richard. Bor
1677. An Enj,'lisli writer on the In
iug: autlior of "The Original and
Mo-
Attic Muse, The
Attakapas (a-tak'a-pa). A popular name for
a district in southern Louisiana comprising the
With his devotion to Booth and Anje,^ ^^J^^S^ff^J 'r^u2::7:Zt^:iTeg^rae:Ci padshesoFst. Matrs, St. Martin's, Vermilion,
as limited to Morocco. Its highest summit, Iljena, and Lafayette. . , , ,•
rn 1615: died jlberAjashi! in Morocco, is 14,%)0 feet high. Attalia(at-a-h'a) The ancient name of Adal.a.
storv of print- Length about 1.500 miles. Attalus (at'a-lus) I or Attalos (-los). [Gr.
ud Growth of Atm" a m) Atmu ^at'mo), or Tmu (tmo). ■l\r™/.of.] Died 19/ B. c. King ot Pergamon
AtlU Vntu^^T .ixiuuii \ '> _....■.„ „„.. „ OJ.1_1Q7 n»„o,.,.l».1 „n n.«r >vifh til,. fJnIatiMns .Svria-
Printing, etc." (1661).
Atkyns, Sir Robert. Born in Gloucestershire.
1621 : died Feb. 18, 1709. An English jurist, and
chief baron of the exchequer: autlior of "Par-
liamentary and PoUtical Tracts" (1734), etc.
Atlanta (at-lau'tS). The capital of Georgm
and of Fulton County, situated in lat. 6S° 4o
In Egyptian mythology, the setting sun, a
double" of Ra, represented in human form, wor-
shiped at Northern On, or Heliopolis.
Atna. See Ahte)iit.
Atna (at'na) River, or Copper River. A nver
in Alaska which flows into the Pacific west of
Mount St. Elias.
N.,lono'. H4°25' W. it is .™ important railway center, Atnah (at'nii). [From a Takulli word meaning
and has' n exteiiBivo trade in cotton, tobacco, etc., and . g^ ,„„ep n j^ tri)ie of North American In-
maimlactures of cotton, iron, flour, etc. It is the seat of sLi-iUpCi. j _ . . „ .
Atlanta Tniversity (colored), founded about 1S45. At-
lant:i was talvcii by .Sherman .Sept. 2, 1864, and was partly _ ,, __ ^
burned previous to his departure on his " March to the jj^g Athapascan stock. Bee lialiShaH
Sea"(>'ov. 15, 18U4). It became the State capital in 1S6S. .x ^ See 7i (I wai
There was a artto.i exposition at Atlanta in 18S1. Popu- AtOOl. bee J^nuai.
lation (IS'.iO), i'..V>:a- . . ^ , "■«>"--
Atlanta, Battle of. A victory gamed east of
241-197. He carried on war with the Galatians, .Syria,
and Macedon, and was allied with Kome in the latter part
of his reign. Votive groups were set up by him on the
Acropolis at Athens, in honor of his victory over the
Gauls These groups, of figures ut about half life-size,
were ; (1) Battle of the Gods and Giants ; (-2) Combat be-
tween Athenians and Amazons ; (3) Victory of Marathon ;
(4) Destruction of the Gauls by Attalus. Fom- Bgurea
from these groups are in the Museo Nazionale at Naples:
a Fallen Giant, a Dead Amazon, a Fallen Persian, and a
Dying Bearded Gaul.
Atlanta, .July 22, 1864, by the Federals under
Sherman oyer the Confederates under Hood
(who had made a sortie from the city). Fed-
eral loss, about 3,600 (including (Jeneral
McPherson).
A,tlantes (at-lan'tez). [PI. of ';\7>.a,-.] In
Greek
instead
and Ariosto's " Orlando," who liyed on Momit
Carena in a castle surrounded with a wall of
glass where he educated the young Rogero.
Atlantic (at-Ian'tik). The capital of Cass
County, Iowa, situated on East Nishnabatone
Riyer"47 miles east of Omaha. Population
(1890), 4.:i51.
Atlantic City. A seaside resort in Atlantic
County, New Jersey, 60 miles southeast of
Philadelphia. Popiilation (1890). 13.055.
Atlantic Ocean. [F. Ma- AtUmtique, G.Atlan-
ti.fches Mcer, L. AUanticiim mare, Gr. to 'ArXaii-
riKov -f/^jof, /} 'Ar/MvriKTj BaAaaaa, the sea of
Atlas, originally applied to the sea beyond
Mount Atlas iu" northwest Africa, fi-om '!i-/af
(JAr'/.aiT-), Mount Atlas.] That part of _ the
ocean which is bounded by the Arctic Circle
on the north, Em'ope and Afi-ica on the east.
dians dwelling on Eraser River, British Colum- Attains H., or Attalos. Bom 220 B. c. : died
bia- to be distinguished from the Ahtena of 138 B. c. King of Pergamon lo9-138, son of
- • Attalus I. He was an ally of Kome.
Attains III., or Attalos. Died 133 b.C. King
of Pergamon 138-133 B. c, nephew of Attalus
n. By his wiU he left his kingdom to the Ro-
mans.
Attains, or Attalos. Died about 336 B.C. A
Macedonian general, assassinated by order of
Alexander the Great.
Atossa(a-tos'a). [Gr.'iV7o<T<!o.] 1. The daugh-
ter of CjTus, kuig of Persia, and wife suc-
cessively' of Cambyses, Smerdis, and Darius
Hystaspis.
Atossa, the daughter of Cyrus, and wife Buccessively
of her brother Cambyses, of the Pseudo-Smerdis, and of
D.arius, is known to us chiefly from Herodotus and .-Eschy-
lus. There is do mention of her in the Inscriptions, nor
Attains. Lived about 325 B. c. A Macedonian
officer in the sei-vice of Alexander the Great.
the
prefect
and
proclaimed emperor by Alaric in opposition to Hono-
2 A poetical name given to the first Duchess rius. He was deposed by Alaric in 410, and was banished
of Marlborough by Pope in his "Moral Essays." to Lipari by Honorius in 4m
Atrato (ii-tra'to). A riyer in Colombia which Attar .(at-Uir'j, or Athar_ (Mohammed ibn
flows into the Gulf of Darieu in lat. 8° N., long.
77° W. Its length is about 275 miles, and it is
navigable for oyer half its course.
Atrebates (a-treb'a-tez or at-re-ba'tez). In
Ibrahim Ferid-Eddin ). Born near Nishapur,
Persia, 1119: died 1202(1229 f). APersianpoet
and mystic. He wrote forty poetical works, admired
for elegance ot style and insight into the Sufl doctrines.
He is said to have been killed at a great age by a Mongol
ancient history, a tribe of Belgio Gaul, dweU- ggidjer.
ing chiefly in the later Artois. It joined the Attendom (at'ten-dom). A town in the prov-
confederation against Julius Cassar. One j„(.g ^f Westphalia, Prussia, situated on the
branch dwelt in Britain near the Thames. Bigge 43 miles northeast of Cologne. Popu-
Adventurers from Gaul probably led the way into Eng- latiou, about 2,000. -^i *^„
land; and the names Brigantes and Parisi in Durham Atterbom (at tei'rbom), iretCr Daniel rtllia-
and east Yorkshire, Cenoinauni in East Anglia, and Atre- ^gUS Bom at Asbo, Ostergotland, Sweden,
bates in Berkshu-e, belong equaUy to the continental dis- , • y.^^ . ^^ j^ oi I855. A Swedish
tricts of Bregenz, Paris, Maine, and Arras. Thereissome Jan. u. xi^o . uicu olu.> ,
reason, from local names and language, to (
Gaulish tribes with the Kymric rather than with the Erse
vaiiety of the Kelts. Pearson, Hist. Eng., I. 5.
tricts of Bregpz,.Paris,Maine^ and Aira.^.^^i^ue..,.»o,u^ poet, 'professor (first of philosophy and later
the Antarctic Ocean on the south, and America A„;^or;„
on the west. It is sometimes regarded as terminating Atrek(a-trek ).or AttrUCk(a-truk ). -'^ri^er"
at lit 40° s the part southward being reckoned as be- northern Persia, and on the boundary between
longing to the so-called Southern Ocean. Its chief currents Persia and the Transcaspian territory of Russia. Seers and Bards ), etc.
are the Gulf Stream, East Greenland Current, Labrador it flows into the Caspian Sea in lat. 37° 30' >'., long. 64nO' Attorbury (at er-Der-i
of esthetics) at Upsala. He was the leader of the
Phosphorists (which see), editor of the "Phosphoros,"
and later of the " Poetisk kalender." He wrote " Lycksa-
lighetens 6," a romantic drama (1824-27, " The Fortunate
Island"), "Svenskasiareochskalder" (1841-56, "Swedish
Current, Equatorial Current,
South Connecting Current,
Length. 10,000
E, Length, about 250 miles.
Guinea Current, and Brazilian Current. Length. 10, 0(X) Ai-.-..^, ;;/,._«„, rr,- 'i T,.r,',/- 1 Tn fireek legend
miles .average breadth, 3,000 mUes; average depth, about AtrCUS (a tros). [Gr. Arpfi^-J InUreeK legena
13,000 feet. a king of Myce , - . n,,
Atlantis (at-lan 'tis). [Jj. Atlantis,GT.T}'A.T>MVTk Agamemnon. He slew the sons of Ihy
j'^oof, the Atlantic Isle, from "Ary.ac, Moimt and was slain by iEgisthus.
Atlas.] A mythical island in the Atlantic Atri (ii'tre). A town in the pro Nance of Teramo,
Ocean, northwest of Africa, referred to by Abruzzi, Italy, 14 miles southeast of Teramo :
Plato and other ancient writers, which vrith its the ancient Adria or Hadria.
inhabitants was said to have disappeared in a Atri (a'tre). A riyer in Bengal, British India,
convulsion of nature. which joins the Ganges at Pubna.
Atlantis, The New. See Xeio Atlantis. Atri (ii'tre). In the Veda, one of the most
Atlas (at' las). [Gr.'ii7?.ac, lit. 'the supporter"
(of the sky), from d- euphonic and t'/ov (tXo-)
(= L. tollerc), bear up, support.] 1. In Greek
mythology, a Titan, brother of Prometheus and
Epimetheus, son of lapetus and Clymene (or
Asia), and father (by Pleione) of the Pleiades
and (by iEthra) of "the Hyades, and also (in Atridae (a-tri'de). The sons of Atreus, Aga
Homer) of Calvpso. According to Hesiod he was memnon and Menelaus.
condemned by Zeiis, lor his part in the battle of the Atrides(a-tri'dez). [Gr. lirpfM^f, a patronymic
Titans, to stand at the western extremity of the earth, . - . - . . ,, .
near the dwelling-place of the Uesperides, upholding the
heavens with his shoulders and hands. His station was
later said to be in the Atlas Mountains iu Africa. Ac-
cording to some accounts he was the father of the Hes-
Derides ; also a king to whom the garden of the Hesperides
belonged. The details of the myth vary greatly.
Ideler has shown (sec Humboldt's " Aspects of Nature, "
vol. i. pp. 144-14B, E. T ) that there was a confusion in
the Greek mind with respectto Atlas. The earlier writers
(Homer. Hesiod, Ac.) intended by that name the Peak of
Tenerilfe, of which they had some indistinct knowledge
derived from Phcenician sources. The later, unacquainted
with the great Western Ocean, placed Atlas in Africa,
first regarding it aa a single mountain, and then, as their
geographical knowledge Increased, and they found there
was no very remarkable mountain in North-western -\frica,
as a mountain chain. Herodotus is a writer of the tran-
sition period. His description is only applicable to the
Peak, while his locality is Africa — not, however, the
western coast, but an inland tract, probably south-eastern
Algeria. Thus his mountain, if it is to be considered as
having any foundation at all on fact, must represent the
eastern, not the western, extremity of the Atlas chain.
Rawlinson, Herod., HI. 15S>, note.
,„, ), Francis. Bom at
Milton, Buckinghamshire, March 6,1662: died
^^^ ^. ^ , ,_^ _ „ , at Paris, Feb. 15, 1732. A noted English divine,
a'kTno^ of Myc'enfe, son of Pelops and father of politician, and controversialist. He was appointed
Ao-ameTTinon. He slew the sons of Thyestes bishop of Rochester and d^i of Westminster 1713, and
banished as a Jacobite m 1723.
AtterclifFe (at'er-klif). A small town m York-
shire, England, northeast of Sheffield.
Attersee (at'er-za). or Kammersee (kiim'mer-
za). The largest lake of Upper Austria, situ-
ated in the Salzkammergut 20 miles east of
Salzburg. Its outlet is by the Ager into the
frequently named rishis of primeval times. Ai^"","^,;^?^ rw, nf tliH diilects of ancient
He enjoys the help of Indra, Agni, and the Asvins in all AttlC (at ik). One ot the •J?''\«^^* °^^^^"f .7°;
kinds of need. He frees the sun from the power of the Greek, spoken m Athens and the surrounding
asura Svarbhanu. He is one of the seven rishis (in the district (Attica). It was the most highly cultl-
sky the seven stars of the Great Be:ir) 'To him .are as- .^.ated of the Hellenic dialects,
cribed a number of hymns in the fifth Mandala of the ^^.^j^g^ (at'i-kii). [Gr. ;) 'Attiki/, earlier 'Am/rf/,
"'^^ '^ from uKrr), a headland, a promontory.] Inancient
geogi-aphy, a dirisiou of central Greece, bounded
by Bceotia (partly separated by Cithasron) on
the northwest, the Gulf of Egripos (separatmg
it from Euboea) on the northeast, the ^gean
on the east, the Saronic Gulf on the southwest,
and Megaris on the west, it contains several moun-
tains (Cithreron, Parnes, Pentelicns, and Hj-mettus) and
the plain of Attica watered by the Cephissus and Ilissua.
Its chief city was Athens, with whose history it is in gen-
eral identified.
from ^rpeif .] A son of Atreus, especially Aga-
nicniiion.
Atropatene (at'ro-pa-te'ne). In ancient geog-
raphy, a mountainous district of Media, cor-
responding in general to the modem pro%'ince
of Azerbaijan, Persia.
AtropOS (at'ro-pos). [Gr. "Arpo-oc. inflexible,
from u- priy. and rpc-eiv, turn.] In Greek my-
thology, that one of the three Moera; (Gr. Moi-
pat), or Fates, who severs the thread of human
life. See Fates.
AtSUg6 (at-s6-ga'). An almost extinct tribe
of North American Indians. Also called Hat
Ci-tel: Indians, Pakamali. See Palailinihaii.
The names of the Attic tribes were Erechtheis, -Sgeis,
Pandionis, Leontis, Acamantis. (Eneis. Cecropis, Hippo-
thoontis, .Eantis, and Antiochis ; the heroes being Erech-
theus Egeus. Pandion, Leos, Acamas, (Eneus, Cecrops,
Hippothobn, Aja.\, and Antiochus. The order given u
that observed upon the monuments.
i!a K'iiJWo", Herod., m. 266, note.
A city in Fountain County, Indiana,
.,,(,. ma^ans, zuMimmt. oee x muuyunu,.. Attica A city in Fountain County, Indiana,
Attacapan (a-tak a-pan). A Imguistic stock of ^-j^^jjjpj ^^ ^j^^ Wabash 70 miles northwest of
North American Indlaus, named from the Ata
kapa, its principal tribe, in 1885 but eight Individ
uals of the entire stock, all members of the Atakapa
tribe, were known to survive. Of these, three resided at
Lake Charles, Calasieti parish, Louisiana, the remainder
2. The fourth-magnitude star 27 Pleiadum.
at the eastern extremity of the "handle" of
the group.
Indianapolis. Population (1890). 2,320.
Attica and BlEOtia. A nomarchy of modem
Greece. Capital, Athens. Area. 2,472 square
..„ „, ,, , miles. Population (1889), 257.764.
western Texas. The other tribes of the stock were the A'ttic BeC The A surname of the Greek tragic
Coco and HeyeketL The Atakapa were accused of canni- ,,„„» Soiili'iu-li-s' and also of Plato,
balism, and their tribal name is derived from a Choctaw 1... •,' mi.'_ »„ „„iH,ot r,f tl.o ftrooV hia.
term signifying 'man-eater.' AttlC Muse, The. An epithet Ot the LrreeJt tUS-
Attacapas. [PL] See Attacapan. torian Xenophon.
Attlcus, Titus Pomponius
9S
Atticus (at 'i-kas). Titus PomponiUS. Born at
Kome, 109 B. C. : ditd .Marth. 'S2 is. c. A Komau
scholar and bookseller, an intimate friend of
Cicero, best known from the letters addressed
to him bv the great orator. HU chief work was
"a synclironistic Roman history in the noincwliat meagre
form of tables, probaljly with the addition o( the con-
temporary history of fnreJKn peojiles whiili had aciiuired
importance in connection with that of Rome, and, as a
supplement, the pediRrees of the chief Human families"
(Teuftl ami .**««*<■, Hist. Kom. Lit. (tr. by 0. C. W.
\Varr), I. 2(18).
Atticus Herodes, Tiberius Claudius. Born
at Manitlioii. Cnoii-. aliout 1(14 A. D. : died
about 1S(I. A celebrated Greek
and public benefactor. He erected at his own ex
have been called after his own name, and placed on an
equal footing with the Ranines, Titienscs, and Luceres.
Taniuin, in niockei-y of the augur's art. said : — *' Tell me
now l)y thy auguries whether the thing I have now- in my
mind may be done or not," "It may." replied Attius Na-
vius, after he had consulted the gods by augury. " Well,
then. " rejoined the king, '" it was in my mind that thou
shouldst cut ttiin whetstone in two with this razor." The
augur took the razor and severed the whetstone; Tarquin
desisted from llis scheme, antl leamt to respect the omens.
The whetstone and razor were buried under a sacred cov-
ing in the Comitium. and a veiled statue of Att{i]us Navius
was afterwards set up over the si>ot.
Smith, Uist. of the World, II. 190.
Attiwendarouk. See Xeuter.
ihetoriciaii Attleborough (at'1-bur-o). A town in Nor-
folk, England, H miles southwest of Norwich.
pense'^many public works at Athen-s Corinth, (ilympia. Population, .'),047.
and elsewhere, and restored several decayed towns in AttleborOUgh. A town in Bristol County,
various p.irts of Greece. . i. j M.issnthnsetts. 31 miles southwest of Boston.
Attigny lii-teu-ye')- A small town in the de- p„p,i,,.„ion (is90), 7.577.
partuient of Ardennes, France, situated on the j^^^'^^^ (at-tok' ). or Atak (a-tak'). A fort and
Aisne 22 miles south by west of Mezidrcs. tin- j,,rategie point in the Pauiab, British India,
portant in the Merovingian and Carolmgian git„ated on the Indus iji lat. 33° 54' N., long.
periods.
Attike. See Atlicn.
Attila(at'i-la). [LL. Attila.OnQ.J;:ilo,E~::ilo,
MHG. G. A'fic/, Icel. Atli, Hung. Ethek:] Died
453 A. D. A famous king of the Huns, son
of Muudzuk and brother of Bleda, together
with whom he ascended the throne in 433 :
Bumamed the "Scourge of God" by medieval
writers, on account of the ruthless and wide-
spread destruction wrought by his ai-ms. On
the death (.issassination?) of bis brother in 445 he be-
tame sole ruler and extended his sway over German as
well as .Slavonic nations, including the East (ioths,
Oepidw. Alani, Ileruli, Longobards. Thuringians, and Bur-
gundians, Helaid wiustethe provinces of the Eastern Em-
pire s.)Utli of the Danube 442-447, exacting from Theodo-
gius II. a trihut* of six thousand pounds of gold, and es-
tablishing the anrnial subsiily at two thousand pounds;
laid claim to one lialf of the Western Empire as the lie
72° 15' E., built by Akbar in 1581. It is at the
head of navigation. The Indus is crossed here by a rail-
way bridge.
Attnick. See Atrek.
AttUCks (at'ukz), Crispus. Died at Boston,
March 3, 1770. A half-breed Indian or mulatto,
the alleged loader of the mob at the " Boston
Aubrey, John
produces wine, etc.. and has manufactures of iron, wool,
cotton, and linen. It comprises 5 arrondissenients. Area,
2,:117 square miles, population (1S91), 255,548.
Aube. A river in France which rises in the
plateau of Langres, and joins the Seine 25
miles northwest of Troyes. Length, about 125
miles.
Aub6 (6-ba'). Jean Paul. Bom at Longwy,
Lorraine, July 4.1M>7. .\ iicited French seuli>t or.
In 1847 he came » iOi his father to Paris ; in 1*49 he
entered " La Petite Ecole ' at the age of twelve, w here
he was associated with Dalou, Barrias, Dclaplanche, and
others. In 18.^>0 he entered the atelier of Durct, profes-
sor at the 6cole dcs Beaux Arts, and later that of Uanton,
with whom he remained five years. He served in the
National Guard during the Franco-Prussian war.
Aubenas (6b-nii'). A town in the department
of Ard5cho, southern France, situated on the
iVrd^che 14 miles southwest of Privas: noted
for its silk trade and manufactures. Popula-
tion (1891), commune, 7,824.
Auber (o-bar'), Daniel Frangois Esprit. Bom
at t'aeii, Normandy, Jan. 29. 1(82: died in Paris,
May 13. 1871. AFrench operatic composer.
Among his works are " Le Ma^on " (1826), "La lluette
de Portici ■' (1828), " Fra Diavolo' (1830), '■ Le Uicu et la
Bayadere" (18:Jii), "Lestocq ' (1834), -Le Cheval do
Bronze" (ISSri), " Le Ilomino Noir" (1837). "Les Diatnanta
de la Couronne " (1841), " Haydee " (1847), '.Manon Lea-
caut," "La Fianc*^'e du Roi des Garbea," "Le Rfive
d' Amour" (1869), etc.
March 5, 1770, in which he was the Auberge Rouge (6'barzh-rozh'), L". [F., 'The
first to fall.
Attwood (at' wild ). Thomas. Born at London,
Nov. 23, 17()5: died at Chelsea, March 24, 1838.
An English musician, a pupil of Mozart, organ-
ist of St. Paul's Cathedral, and composer to the
Chapel Koval (179G). He was one of the founders
of the Philharmonic Society. His works comprise songs,
glees, anthems, music for the stage, etc. Ue was buried
beneath the organ of St Paul's.
Attys. _Se(> Atys.
trothedhusbaml of Hon..ri^ the sister of Valentmian, who ^^^aniih (ii-to-a'me), or Hamefkuttelli (ha-
Tears nrevousv had sent hnn her ring and the orter of her ^^"'^"t^^ ,\_, . ." . ..^■..■, ^ xt n.
years previously had sent him her ring
hand in marriage ; invaded Gaul in 4,'il, in alliance with
Genseric. king of the Vandals, and was ilefeated in the
same year l)y the Roman general .\etiu9 with the aid of
the West-Golhic king I'heodoric at C'halons-sur-Marne ;
invaded Italy in 452, destroying Aquileia, lint retired with-
out attacking Kome. being, according to the legend, dis-
suaded from sacking that city by Pope Leo I. ; and died,
prohalily from the rupture of a blood-vessel, on the night
of his marriage with a Gothic maiden named Ildico or
Hild.a. He appears in German legend, notably in the
Nibelungenlicd, as Etzel, who, in his turn, is the Atli of
the heroic lays of the elder Edda. Between Etzel and
Atli there :ire differences as well as correspondences. Ac-
cording to the Edda, Atli, who married Gudrun, the widow
of Sigurd (the Siegfried of the .Vibelungenlied), possessed
a kingdimi in the South. He is, however, nowhere called
a king of the Huns. Hi'inaland, located in the south
of Germany, is llere a possession of Sigurd's ancestors,
the Volsungs, and he himself is frequently called the
" Htuiidsh." In the .Nibelungenlied the land of the Huns
is located in the east, and belongs to Etzel as king. In the
later legeml, as in this case, the whole external circum-
stances of Attila have been transfeiTed t'l Etzel, and the
historical and legendary person are regarded as one. Atli,
on the other hand, has mithing in common with Attila,
although the Old Norse material apparently came origi-
nally fnjm German sources. There are other differences
between the Germanic Atli and Etzel that are not due to
the confusion i>f the latter with Attila the Hun, The
met-ko-tere). An almost e.vtiuet tribe of North
American Indians. See I'alaihmhaii.
Atum. See Attn.
Atures (ii-to'rez). A town in Venezuela, situ-
ated on the Orinoco at one of its principal cata-
racts, about lat. 5° 38' N
Atwater (at
Princeton, N. J., Feb. 17, 1883. An American
clergyman, educator, and editor of the "Prince-
ton Review." He was appointed professorof mental
and moral i>hilosophy at Princeton in 1864, and later (18t>9)
of logic and moral and political science.
Atwood (at ' wild), George.
at London. July 11, 1807.
mathematician. On leaving Cambridge (1784), after
having been fellow and tutor of Trinity College, he was
given a sinecure as patent-searclier of the customs by Wil-
liam Pitt as an indirect remuneration for executing the
calculations coiuiected with the revenue. He wrote "A
Treatise on the Rectilinear Motion and Rotation of Bodies,
etc. "(1784), "A Dissertation on the lonslrnclion ami I'rop-
crties of Arches "(1801), etc. In the tornier of these works
occurs the first description of the well-known "Atwooil's
xhibiting the action of gravity.
Kcd Inn. 'J .\ tale by Balzac, written in 1831.
Auber len (ou' ix-r-len), Karl August. Born at
Fellbach, Nov. 19, 1824: died at Basel, May 2,
1864. A German Protestant theologian, pro-
fessor of theology in the University of Basel
1851-1864.
Aubert, Alexander. Bora at London, May 11,
1 7311: died at Wygfair, St. Asaph, Oct. 19, 1805.
An English astronomer.
Aubertin (o-ber-tau'). Charles. Born at St.
Dizier, Doc. 24, 1825. A French scholar, ap-
pointed rector of the Academy of Poitiers in
1874. He has published "Elude critique sur les rap-
ports suppost^'S entre S(5netiue ct Saint-Paul " (185)),
" L' Esprit public an X VIII'- siecle " (1872), " Les origines do
la langue et de la po^sie francjaises " (187.S), and " Uistoire
de la langue et de la litt^^rature f ran^aises au moyen-age "
(1870-78), etc.
A suburb of
cations. Popu-
lation (1891), commune, 25,022.
Aubign6, Fran?oise d'. See Mamtcnon, Ma-
tin ine lie.
Aubign^, Merle d'. See MrrJc iVAnhujm-.
Born 1746: died Aubigne (o-be-nya'), Theodore Agrippa d'.
A noted English Born near Pons, Saiutonge, France. Feb. 8,
1552 : died at Geneva, April 29, 1630. A French
Huguenot historian, satirist, and soldier, in tho
administrative ser\-ice of Henry IV. He wrote
"Histoire universelle 1550-1601" (1616-20),
" Histoire secrete," satires, etc.
Aubin (6-ban'). A town in the department of
Avcvron, France, in lat. 44° 32' N., long. 2°
15' E. Population (1891), commune, 9.0.52.
(at'wa-ter), Lyman HotchkiSS. Born Anbprvilliera (6-ber-ve-lva')
at New Haven, Conn. Feb. 17, 1813 : died at ^p^fsTmi le LrUi o" tbe f^^^^^^^
machine'for e. --c - _ _ .« , . . ^i . ^ ^
the contusion oi me latter wun Atiiia ine nun, ine . At.t.i<5 fat'is) A mvthical personage Aublet (6-bla'), Jean BaptlSte ChriStophe
earliest material of the legend was probably from two AtyS, or AlllS ^ax is). r^ mjiuitai peisuu.ii^i •^,, x. Rnvn at Snloii Proveliee Nov 4 if'O-
■ '••■■ which were ulti- in the worship of the Phrygian goddess (y- ^.l^see- ,Koin a^t Saloii.^l^io\eiKe, iNin^. •*. ii-u.
bele (Khea), son of the Lydian supremo god ' '^ '' """"
Manes, or of Nana, daughter of the river-god
Sangarius, and beloved ofCybole. Homethisdeath
in early youth at a pine-tree, w'hich received his spirit,
while from his blood sprang violets. A tomb was raised
to him on Mount lUncfymum, in the sanctuary of Cyhele,
the priests of which had to be eunuchs. A festival of or-
giastic char
separate unirces, a Gennan and a Gothic,
fnately fused together. The crushing defeat of the Bur-
gundians by Attihi, i^A, by transference made what was
probably at bottom «mly a fetni between two families into
the fearful climax in the second part of the Nibelungen-
lied.
Attila. 1 . A tragedy by Comeille, produced in
1(567. — 2. .'\n opera In' Verdi, produced in Ven-
ice in l^Mt'i,
Attila, or The Triumph of Christianity. An
epic poem in twelve books, by W. Herbert
(London, 18.38), with a historical preface, on
the career of Attila from his defeat on the Cata-
lannian plains (451) till his death (453).
Preternatural machinery, both celestial and infernal, is
supplied on a liberal scale. The most useful part of the
iMMik to a historical student is the secoml half of it, "At-
tila anil Ids Predece8.S4jr8, an Historical Treatise." Here
all the materials for writing the life of Attila are collected
with great inilustry, but there is no suttlcient separation
between the precious and the vile,
U'ttliikin. Italy and her Invaders, 11. 4n.
Attinghausen (iit'ting-hou-zen). A small vil-
lage in the canton of Uri. Switzerlan<l, situated
on the keuss 20 miles southeast of Lucerne,
celebrated in the Williiim Tell legend.
Attiret (ii-te-ni'). Jean Denis. Born at Dole.
France, July 31, 1702: died at Peking, Dec. 8
(17 f), \76.8. A French painter, and Jesuit mis-
sionary in China.
Attis. See Alytt.
Attius. See .'icciH.v.
Attius ( at'i-us), or AttUS (at'us), NaviUS. An
augur under Taniuinius Priscus.
This augnr fort)ade the king to carry ont his intention of
creating three new centuries of horsemen, which were to
laracter, huitlng three days, was celebrated in his a,-,v_„„ /,-, i.rnU "i \
the spring. A pine-tree covered with violets was -'lui'i'*'' ^o-i.iniv/.
Mhcshrineof Cvbele as a symtiol of the departed departments ot Aveyi
honor in tht
carried toll. _ . ,
Atys. Then, amidst tumnltmnis music and the wildest ex-
hibition of grief, the mourners sought for Atys on the
mountains. On the third day he was found, and the re-
joicing which followed was as extravagant as the mourn.
Ing which preceded. The myth may be considered as the
counterpart of the Greek legend of Aphrodite and Adonis,
which itself is borrowed from the Semitic legend of Tam-
muz and Islitar. According to Rawlinsonthe name means
'under the inlluenco of Ate,' t. c, 'judicially blind.'
An. See All.
Aubagne (6-bilny'). A town in the depart-
ment of Bouches-<lu-Rh6ue, France, situati'd
on the Iluveanne 10 miles cast of Marseilles,
population (1891). 8,1^54
Aubanel
tiste
March 2(i. 1S29: died there, Oct. 31, 18,86. A
French pulilislur and writer in the Provencal
language, author of the poem "The Pome-
granate tlpr'iied," in Provencal (I860), etc.
Aube (ob). A department of France, capital
Troyes, boundeii by Mame on the north, Haiite-
Marne on the east, Ci'He-d'Or on the south,
Yonne on the sotithwest, and Seino-et-Marne
on the we.st, foiTued from parts of the old Cham-
pagne and Burgundy, it U fertile In the southeast.
lied at Paris, May (i, 1778. A French botanist.
In 1752 he went to 'Mauritius, where he spent several
years. From 1762 to 1764 he traveled in FYeneh Guiana,
and in the latter year was in Santo Domingo. The results
of his voyages were published in 1775, in his " Histoire
des plantes ile la Guyane francaise " (4to, 2 vols, text, 2
of plates), containing also descriptions of species from
Mauritius, and many notes of generid interest
mountain-group in the
lation (1891). 8,1.54. friended Iht.
leHo-bii-nel'). Joseph Marie Jean-Bap- Aubrey Augusta. Tho principal
Theodore. Born at Avignon, Fiance, ^ptpp •;„ Cumlicriand's "Fashion;
ion and Ijozere, France,
connected with the "system of the Ct^venues.
Its highest point is nearly 4,800 feet.
Aubrey (a'bri), Mr. 1. The principal character
in Samuel Warren's novel "Ten 'I'hou.sand a
Year,'' afterward succeeding to the title of
Lord Drelincourt. A reserveil and elegant country
gentleman with an income of ten thousand a year, the
loss and subsequent recovery of which form the main
interest of the book.
2. In Cumberland's iilay "The Fashionable
Lover," the father of Augusta Aubrey. He re-
turns in time to reward those who have be-
friended hiT. _
" female char-
able Lover,"
persecuted by Lord Abberville, but finally mar-
ried to Francis Tyrrel.
Aubrey, John. Born at Easton Pierse, Wilt-
shire, March 12 (Nov. 3 ?), 1626: died in June,
1(>97. An English antiquary, author of "Mis-
cellanies," a collection of ghost-stories and
(illiev tales of the sni)ernntural. He materially
aided Anthony ii Wood in preparing Ids " Antii|nitles of
Oxford '(11)74). I'lu-ts of the valuable manuscript mate-
rial left by him have been edited.
Anbry 5* Auerbach, Berthold
Aubry (6-bre'), Claude Charles, Comte d'. Auchterarder (ach-t^r-iir'dfer). A town in Audley (&d'li), Hugh. Died 1662. An English
Burn at Boiir<'-eii-Bn's<o Oct "5 1773: died I'rrtlishire, Scotland, 13 miles southwest of luonoy-lender and miser who amassed a large
Oct. 19, 1813. °A French general. He f.mRht with l^■l■tll. fortune largely at the expense of improvident
distinction in tlic- campaigns of 1812-13, was i ewiirdcl Auckland. See Bishop-Auckland. young gallants.
withthe title of count iind promoted to general "f a .livi- Auckland (ak'land). A fonuer province in the Audley, or Audelsy, James de. Born about
Bion for his services in restoring the bridse over the Bel e- ,„„.,|ie,.,i part of North Island, New Zealand. 131G: died at Fontenav-le-Comte, 1369. An
sma, and w^ fatiUly wounded at the battle of Leipsiu ^ ^ j^j ^^ ^ seaport, capital of the county English commander in the wars of Edward III.,
Aubry deMontdldier(o-bre dem<m-de-dya ). -^j. ^^^ ^^^ Zealand, situated on Hauraki noted for his bravery.
A iMvnch gentleman of the coiu-t of tharlts V. ^,^^jj, .^ j^^ 3go go' S., long. 174° 49' E. : the Audley, Thomas (Baron Audley of Walden).
who was murdered in 13(1 m the 'o'est « former capital of New Zealand. It has one of the Born in Essex, England, 1488: died at London,
Montargis by another courtier, Kiehai (l Qe Ma- ^^^^ harbors lii New Zealand, and contains a college and ca- April 30, 1544. An English politician, speaker
caire. ," i^said that the murderer w-ould have^e^^^^ thedral. Population(ls;n), 2S,013 or 51,127 with suburbs, q, (j^g H^^gg ^f Commons 1529-3.3, and lord
but for the fidelity of Aul>r>' sdoij, wnion follow CM iiiin ton- An/»lriari(1 Karl nf Sep hiien i n c t' ^ ^ i-oo 44
tinually until. tlK?atienti™ of the king bavin,- been called Anrkland wlnd^ A ^rouD of uninhabited ^^^'^^-^Hor of England 1:,33^
to it, he onlered that Macaire should tight with his ac- AUCklana iSlanas. A gloup or uninnaDItea ^udOUin (o-do-an'), Jean Victor. Born at
cuserthedog. Macaire was armed with a club, but was islands in the houth Pacihc Ocean, south ot Paris, April 27, 1797: died at Paris, Nov. 9, 1841.
pulled down by the dog and confessed his crime. The New Zealand, in lat. 50° 30 8., long. 166° 13 A noted French entomoloijist He wrote «
subject has been dramatized and sung in ballads in trench, y ,]^i„e,i ^ prea t Britain . They were discovered ^i^^l^L des insectes nSles ^la vi^ne"
German, and English. by the British in 1800 xiisioue lies in&eeies, uuisiuies a la vigne
Auburn a'bem). The hamlet described by Audseus (a-de'us), Audius (a'di-us), or Udo f^j*"'- "'I- .,,-,,, „ . t. .
Goldsmith in his "Deserted Village," com- (u'do). Born in Mesopotamia: died in Seythia Audran (o-dron ), Charles. Bom at Pans,
monly identified with Lissoy, County West- about 370 a. d. The founder, about 330, of a ^■^^'^- died at Pans, 16(4. A noted French eu-
meath, Ireland. rigid monastic sect in Seythia, which subsisted ?'■»""■• ^ His^ f ^'s,'. ^T'!,!'^'' ^re numerous, are
Auburn. The capital of De Kalb County, about a hundred years. He was an anthropomor- '"arked 'C, later 'K.
Indiana, situated on Cedar Creek 22 miles phist, and observed Easter on the Uth of Nisaii, accord- AUOran, Olaude. Born at Pans, 159/ : died at
north of Fort Wavne. Population (1890), 2.415. ing to the Jewish fashion. Lyons, 1677. A French engraver, brother of
Auburn A citv and the capital of Androscog- Aude (od). A department of France, capital Charles Audran.
gin Count V Maine situated on the Androscog- Carcassimne, bounded by Tarn and HCrault Audran, Claude. Bom at Lvons, 1639: died
lin 34 miles north of Portland, opposite Lewis- on the north, the Mediten-anean on the east, at Paris, 1684. A French painter, second son
ton It has maniilactures of cotton, boots and Pyr6n6es-Orientales on the south, Haute-Ga- of the engr.aver Claude Audran.
shoes etc Population (1890), 11,250. ronne ou the northwest, and Ariege on the west. Audran, Claude. Born at Lvons, 1658; died
A«Wn 'a Pitv .1.1,1 the en nital of Caviiffa " '"'"''d P!>rt of ancient Languedoc. There aie outli- i7;j4. A French painter, eldest son of Germain
AUDUrn. A city and me capital oi v^ayuga ers of the J'yrenees m the south and of the Cfl-vennes in i„i„,., . „„;.,„*,„,,♦„„„« ti „;„*„ wt t-t
County, New York, situated at the outlet of the north. It comprises 4 arrondissements. Area, 2,4:i6 Audran : an instructor of the painter Watteau
Owasco Lake in lat 42° 55' N., long. 76° 40' square miles. Population (isiu), 817,372. AUQran, trerard. Born at Lyons, 1640: died
W., tlie seat of a State prison, conducted on the Aude. A river in southern France which rises at P«i\is, 1 703 An engraver, third sou of the
"silent" (or "Auburn") svstem, and of a Pres- in the Pyi-enees and flows into the Mediterra- elder Claude Audran, celebrated especially for
bvteriaii theolo<ncal semiuarv, chartered 1820 neaii Sea 11 miles east of Narbonne. Carcassonne his engravings of Lebrun's historical paintings.
n;,.lni>,.ii..,l in IS"l' Ponnlntion (■1890) 'A5 8.58 is situated on it. Length, about 125 miles. He wi'ote "Proportions du corps humain"
Aubusson (6^i-s,-,h'). A town in the depart- Kochetort, France 1(59: died at Pans, 1800. Audran, Germain. Bom at Lyons, 1631 : died
ment of Creuse, France, situated at the Creuse / ^ '■^"''"' T'i i', J^ . -''J f o ' i» i 6c f..'N V^?" ^ * ''^"'■'' '^"^'^^«'-' "^'P'^*^^ °f ^'''^'-les
in lat. 4.5° 56' N., h.ng. 2° 10' E., noted for its Audefroy le Bastard (od-frwa le bas-tar ). Audran.
carpets. Population (1891), commune, 6.672. >5ee the extract. Audran, Jean. Born at Lyons, 1667 : died at
A„iv,,=c«,. -Di^^,^ A- R,^,-^ ;,i Prn.i^o l^oq. By far the best of them [romances] are those Of Aude- Pans, 1756. A French engraver, thii'd son of
AjUbuSSOn, Pierre d. Born m France, 14 3^ troy le Bastard of whom nothing is known, but who, ac- Germain Audran. His best-knowTi work is
died at Kbodes, Julv hi. loOd. Grand master cording to the late M. Paul in Pans, may be fixed at the nm, „ tj „„ f ti „ a i,; ,„„ » ft„ t>
of the Knights oi St." John 1476-1503. He sue- beginning of the thirteenth century.' . ' The Rape of the Sabmes, after Poussin.
cessfuUv conducted the heroic defense of . ^ ^ „ 5«m(,,i,>,r3/, French Lit., p. 63. Audrey (a dn). [Also 4«^^^^^^^^^^
Rhodesagainst the Turks in 1480. Audenarde. See OudemmU. reduced fonu of Ab J^tl,chn/ht (ML. Lthel-
AucassinltNicolette(o-ka-san'ane-k6-let'). Audh. SeeO((rf/(. , , , ^, . rf['«'"). ^t. Audrey from whose name comes
1 A French romance of the Kith centurv, Audhumla (ou-DHum'lii). [Icel.] The cow, m also th(} word tawdr!//] 1. In Shakspere's
named from the hero and heroine. Seethe the Old Norse cosmogony, from whose udders comedy "As you Like it," an awkward country
pxtract flowed the milk which nourished the first ere- gin.— 2 (or Awdrey). A bnde, m Jonson's
ated being, the giant Ymir, and his race. She '" Tale of a Tub," a bright and perverse little
The finest prose tale of the French middle ages, Aucas- jj^^gj ^yt „( „,^ g^lty ice a being, Buri, whose son, Btirr, person.
sin et Xicoletle. In this exquisite story Ancassiii, the son was the father of Odin. AllHnlinti r"i'clfi-boii1 TnVin Tatnpo Rnrii xienr
^^Z::.^ "i^f^vl^sS, i-i^irwreifiirrgTe^ Audlans (a'di-an^) a monastic sect founded "^Nl^'c^.felns! Maj 1', '^"^0:'!^il\ ITyoI^,
verse and prose. The theme is for the most part nothing by Audius or AudiBUS, a Syrian, in the 4th Jan. 27, 1851. A noted American ornitholo-
but the desperate love of Aucassin, which is careless of century. Audius, after unsuccessful attempts to im- gist, of French descent, chiefly celebrated for
religion, whii-h makes him indilTerenttothc joy of liattle, prove the morals of the clergy, separated from the church !;:„ ,i,.awl„(ri; nf li;,..la ii„ „,„. I.i„„„.„,i ■ u
and to everything except ■' Nicolettc ma tresdonce mie," Jnd waa irregularly appointed bishop. Various heretical „.ll„ Sri"!^ ,, -i ^f .i,„ ^f «'\«'^'>.'?'' ■"France,
and which ii of curse, at last rewarde.l. But the extreme opinions were attributed to the sect "^""^^ ^^ ""^ f. ?"?'' °/ ,""= P"',"''^' V'"'"!. =""1 "" '"?
beauty of the separate scenes makes it a masterpiece. Audience fSn J («?((•«<■((/ 1 Oriirinallv a su- ""■•n to the I nied States made various unsuccessful
Saintsburu French Lit p 117 •'^"I'.icute. ^op. .j«o((«((u.j v/ii^iiiaii.v , a »u attempts to estabUsh himself m business m >ew \ork,
"' ■> ■ • perior court of Spain. The audience as established Louisville, and New Orleans. His time was chiefly (le-
2 An opera bv Gr^trv, first produced in 17.80. iu the Spanish colonies of America had very extensive -voted to his favorite study, in the pursuit of which he
Auch (osh). The capital of the department of !«""«• ''equently in legislative and administrative mat- made long excursions ciii foot through the United States.
^ V / > f 1 rt fl r' .a i 1. f A'io ters as well as in judicial ones. In the latter respect His chief work, the "Birds of America, was published,
Uers, r raiice, situaiea on ine uers lu lai. ^o ^ ^^.j^g ^j^^ superior of crown governors, but inferior to 1827-30, by subscription, the price of each copy being
38' N., long. 0° 36' E. : the ancient Eliinber- the viceroys. In criminal suits its decisions admitted S1,0<I0. In 1831-39 he published "Ornithological Biogra-
mm or Eliberris, later Augusta Auscorum, a of no appeal ; in civil cases an appeal lay to the Council pliy "(.i volumes). His "yuadrupeds of America "(chiefly
flourishiiiff town capital of the Ausci It was °^ tbe Indies only where the amount involved was large, by John Bachman and Audubon's sons) appeared 1846-64.
the chief town of iJa^cony and Ai-magnac, and tlie seat of ™? ^21"^"" P^.P'T'J' <:°"sisted of four oidoro (auditors ^ g (ou'e). The name of various small rivers
an archbishop. It has a farge trade in wine, bran,l5^ etc., ?eT 'in reg^ns govTnVd b"^^^^^^^^^ in Germanv. See Aa.
^deTXrle^T-f rrtLL^°idTo?n,'?d'Lylr■fso'nf'S ^'^^^^^''^^^^y^l^^i^^^'i^X^^ Arie. A manufacturing town in the kingdom
tZmothtest igciu!;'hesotso"iTher^^ mease of a temporai-y vacancy. Elsewhere, as in Charcas, of Sa.xony, situated on the Mulde 14 miles
classical poiti.o w.« add.-d by Louis .XIV. The imposing 'l*^'"'",''r, J;''^'='""'"?;,»' " province, subject to a vice- southeast of Zwickau. Population (1885), 4,364.
j„* .,! .. vi7f....t I 1 t7 i,i«i. .iii^.,io..Q «,.,. ii^„.,;T roy 111 another iilace. The audiences could appoint tern- . -r, . ,. ■ rr . j
la '« K ass -ind 1 : iV Iccidu t^ c^^ve f ilh Po^'y Bovcrnors and remove them ; in the case of crown AuC, Hartmaun VOU See Hartmann vmAue.
SLne,frrich nil-lies and caSes'wliid'"^^^^ governors and captains-general their powers were often AuenbrUgger VOn AuenbrUg (ou-en-brog'er
handsomest in Kraiicc. Population (1891), 14,782. so nearly balanced by tW of the audience as to pve rise fon ou'cn-brog), Leopold. Bom atGratZ,
. >.• -1 i_^-i 11 / c a 1 1^ A -1 to constant disputes. The first audience established in Qi,._.:„ vr^tr 1Q i7oo.fK,.,i nt Vioymo Moir 17
Auchinleck (aeh-m-lek' or af-flek'). A Vil- America was that of Santo Domingo ; later there were an- f*>^"'' .^^J- 1^' ''-V ''.".'' "' > lenna. May U,
lage in Ayrshire, Scotland, 28 miles south of dienccs of Panama, Los Reyes (LimaX Confines (central 1809. A German physician, inventor of the
Glasgow America), New Spain, Charcas, Chile, BogotA, etc. See method of stud^-ing internal diseases bv per-
Auchmuty (ok'mfi-ti), Samuel. Born at Bos- ^^''l^";™^'-,^.,^^-,. A seanort in the de "'«>^!"n: authorof "Inventuni Noviim e.x Per-
ton, Mass., Jau. 10, 1722: died at New York, ^.w,.,^,* if w^-^i^' ^ seaport in the ae- eussione, etc." 1761).
Ma-ch 6, 1777. A rov.alist Episcopal clergv- '"'o Zlr t^™ f'.twlqm ^ A small town in the
man. recJor of Trinitv'Church,'New York citv. * UiffrpSty". n ds? J-f'TJ^i PinlL.1 B,ftict, Franconiau Jura, Upper Palatinate, Bavaria,
Auchmuty, Sir Samiiel. Bom at New York, T^."'?1ji"" ''t*- Giovanni Battista. m ,„iu,s northeast of Nuremberg.
1756 (1^5S f ) : died at Dublin, Ireland, Aug. 1 1 {^i ? a.A'^"^?'";":'''" ^"•"- ^ ' \\-^\^'^ ''"'/ ^' Auerbach. A mannfaetm-ing town in the gov-
1822. A British general, son of Samuel Auch- a 'nlff^Ji^lf i^f^'r m"o,'„",^^^^ eninieiital district of Zwickau. Saxony, situated
~.,f,. r. ■ .. . ■ „ , .. u J- AUdlHret (o-ile-fra ), MarqUlS d Charles on tlip Uaitysch 1 5 miles southwest of Zwickau.
mutv. During the American Revolution he served in T n«5o rtfao+^^r.^ Ti.,-.. ot T>„-; , r>„f in itqt. on irie mouzsi n ij niiu s souiuwesi oi /jniccau.
the English army, atUiining the rank of lieutenant. Later LOUlS GastOU). Biiru at T ans Oct. 10. l'8i. PopnUition (1890), 6,004.
he served with distinction ill India (1784-97), at the Cape oied at 1 ans. April 28, 18(8. A 1 rench hnan- ^^g^ljg^gjj jerthold Born at Nordstetten,
and in Egypt (IMHiito, and in the latter year was made a cier and government official, author of "Sys- Wiii.t..T„liii.,r Vr.^•. os isio. j;„,i „( rnnnes
Knight of the Halb, In IHCKUie was promoted to brigadier. t{.me financier de la France" (1840), etc. ^Wo Fob's 1880 A not;;] GemianninXst
general and coiiiinanclcd a force sent to aid licreaford at A ,,j;ir_<,f p,„_,,:„_ /,; ,ia c -/ ■• i!--'\ Tk«« r lance, r el). «, 1P»_'. A noTefl uerman nov eiisi,
Buenos Ayres. onarriving there he found thai thecity bad •'^uanirei-r-asquier (o-oe-rra pas-Ke-a ), L»UC popt_ „„,] author, of Hebrew liirth. He studied
been recovered by the Spaniards and Beresfcird had snrreii- U (XiCUne ATmana GaStOU). Bom at Pans, at Tubingen, Munich, and Heidelberg, and was impris-
dered. I'nable with his force to retake f.iuni>s Ayres, heat- Oct. 2;!, 1.S23. A French statesman, president oned in 183(1 in the fortress of Hohcnasperg for participa-
tacked Montevideo and took it In- st'Tiii, after a bloody of the Senate 1876-79 tion in the Burschenschaft. Among his works area trans-
fight (Feb. 3, 1807). Auchmuty was shortly after super- A jjo. ■,.-■•,-,. , a Inrcro ImibliTio' '»""" "' Spinoza, '.Schwarzwalder Dorfgeschichten "
seded by Oeneral Whitelock. under whom he served iu .a.UailOnum (.l-(ll-t0 n-um). A large DUUdmg (jg^g .. village Tales of the Black Forest"), "Die Fran
the disastrous campaign against Buenos .\yres. In isivs 111 Chicago, combining a hotel and a tlieater. Profes8oriir'(i847), "Barfiissete"(18.'.fi, " Little Barefoot").
he became major-general, and from ISIO to 1S13 he served It is sitiiateil at the corner of Miclii^'an Avenue and Con- "Joseph im Schnee " (1860), " F.delweiss " (1861), " Auf der
with distinction in India and .lava. In 1821 he was ap- grcss street, and has a front of 3«u feet on the latter street. Hbhe" (1871, "On the Heights"). "Das Landhaus am
pointed commander-in-chief in Ireland. It was erected 1887-89. Rhein" (1869), "Waldfried" (1874), "Brigitta " (1880), etc.
Auerbach, Heinrich
Auerbach, Heinrich (oriKinally Stromer).
B.ini at Aiifibacli, Bavaria, UH'2: (iieii 1542.
A (jermau lueilii-al professor, famous as the
builder of "Auerbach's Keller."
Auerbach's Keller (Cellar). A wine-cellar in
Auerbach's Hof ('tavern') in Leipsie (No. 1
Griramaiseho Strasse). famous from its con-
nection with the Faust legends, with Goethe's
"Faust," and with the academic years of the
youthful (ioethe. There are two mural paintings of
the 16th centui-y under the arches, one of which repre-
Bents Faust seatt-il with otliers at a table with a (r((l)k-t in
hU hand : a Idack doR watches him. The other shows
Faust, astride of a wine-cask, beinu whisked by the ak'ency
of the dinion through the open door. The pictures aud
Inscriptions have been several times restored.
Auersberg (ou'ers-bero). One of the chief
mountains of the Erzgebirge, Saxony. 20 miles
southeast of Zwickau.
Auersperg (ou'ers-perc), Count Anton Alex-
ander von: ])seudon>-m Anastasius Griin.
Born at Laibach. Carniola, Api-il 11. ISOti: died
at Gratz, Styria, Sept. 12, 1876. A note<l Aus-
trian poet and statesman, member of the Frank-
fort Parliament of 1848, and later of the Aus-
trian Reiehsrat. Among his works .are " Der Letzte
Eltter " (1830, "The Last Knight "X •Spaziergange eines
Wiener Poeten "(1831." Promenades of a Viennese Poet "),
".Schutt" (1SS5, -Ruins "), "Gcdichte" (1837), " Vi.lks-
lleder aus Kroin " (1850), "Robin Hood " (1864), and (pos-
thumously) "In der Veranda: einc dichterische Nachlese "
(187C). His collected works were published in 1877.
Auersperg, E*i-ince Adolf Wilhelm Daniel.
Bum riiily 21, 1S21 : died at liis castle Cioldegg
iu Lower Austria, Jan. 5, ISS.'). Au Austrian
statesman, brother of Prince Karl Wilhelm
Auerspcrtr, premier of the Cisleithan ministry
187I-7!*.
Auersperg, Prince Karlos. Bom May 1, 1814 :
died Jitn. 4, ISSH). An Au.strian statesman, sev-
eral times from 18G1 president of the upper
chamber of the Reiehsrat.
Auerstadt, or Auerstedt (ou'er-stet). A vil-
lage in the province nf Saxony, Prussia, 14 miles
northeast of Weimar, a famous victory was gained
here Oct. U, 1806, by the French (3.'p,0lX)) under Davout
over the Prussians (50,000) under tlie Duke of Brunswick
(Frederick William III. present). The hiss of the French
was 7,.500 : of the Prussians, over 10,000 (includinu the
Duke of Brunswick). On the same day Napoleon defeated
another i'ru!*sian army at Jena. .See Jena.
Auerstadt, Due d'. See Ikimiit.
Auerswald (i>ii'ers-valt), Alfred von. Born
at M;irienwerder. Dec. 1(5. 1797: died at Berlin,
July 3, 1870. A Prussian oflicial and politician,
minister of the interior in Camphausen's cabi-
net, March 29-June 14, 1848.
Auerswald, Hans Adolf Erdmann von. Born
Oct. 19, 1792: didl Sept. is. 1S4S. A Prussian
feneral, brother of A. von Auerswald. He was
illed, with Prince Lichnowski, by rioters at
Frankfort.
Auerswald, Rudolf von. Bom Sept. 1, 1795:
died at Berlin, .Ian. l.i, 1806. A Pnissian offi-
cial and politician. He was intrusted with the for-
mation of a cabinet, June 10, l&iS, on the resignation of
Camphausen. remaining in office till Sept. 10.
Auf der Hohe (ouf der Iie'e). A novel by
Berthold Auerbach, published in 1871 (trans-
lated into English as " On the Heights"). The
scene is laid in southern Germany.
Auffenberg (ouf 'en-bero), Joseph, Baron
von. Burn at Freiburg in Breisgau, Aug. 2.'>,
1798: ilied there, Dec. 25, 1857. A German sol-
dier (in the service of Austria and then of
Baden) and dramatic poet. On a Journey to Spain,
1832, he was severely wounded by robliers near Valencia,
was nursed in the C'otiveiit del ("id at Valencia throuiih a
long convalescence, and in his will made the convent liis
heir. He became senc.tchal of Baden in 18.39. Chief
works: "Alhambra" (182IK10) and "Das N'ordlicht von
Kasan."
Aufidia gens (a-fid'i-ii jenz). In ancient Rome,
a plebeian clan or house whose family names
were Lurco and Orestes. The first member of
this gens who oV>tained the consulship was Cn.
Anlidius Orestes, 71 B. c.
Aufidius (a-tid'i-ns), Tullius. In Shakspore's
"Coriolanus," the general of the Volscians.
Aufidus (&'fi-dus). The Latin name of the
Ofanto.
Aufrecht (ouf ' recht), Theodor. Bom at
Ijcsclinitz, r^per Silesia, Jan. 7, 1822. A Ger-
man philologist, noted especially as a Sanskrit-
ist. He collaborated with Kirchbod In the publication
of the " (Tmlu-isclie Sprachdcnkmah'r"(l!il9-51). founded,
with A. Kuhn. the "/eit.'tchrift furvergleichemie Spnu-h-
forschung (18.Vi), and aided Max .Muller In editing the
Kigveda. In 1862 he became profes8i>r of Sanskrit and
comparative philology at Edinburgh, and was professor at
Bonn 1875-811.
Augarten (ou'giir-ten). A public garden in
Vienna, situated in the Leopoldstadt suburb
96
between the Panube and the Donau Canal.
It is not«d as the place where many musical masterpieces
were first performed. It was opened in 1775, at first only
a garden : then a concert-rcHmi was built, and In 1782
morning concerts were started by Marten, an entrepre-
neur, in asstjciation with -Mowirt. From this time until
1830 the place was a resort for music-lovers, but interest
dwindled and the place is now, as at first, a garden for
walking and lounging. Orort\
Auge (a'je), or Augeia (a-ji'a). [Gr. Ar)7,
.\r;f('a.] In Greek mythology, a priestess of
Athene, mother by Heraeles of Telephus.
Auge (ozh), or Valine d'Auge. A district in
the eastern part of the department of Calvados,
Normandy.
Augeas (a'je-as or a-je'as), or Angelas (a-.ii'-
as). [Gr. 'Avytar or 'Avyiiag.'] In Greek my-
thology, a son of Helios (or of Phorbas) and
Hermione, king of the Epeians in Elis, and one
of the Argonauts. He was the owner of an enormous
herd of cattle, including twelve white bulls sacred to the
gun. Tlie cleaning of his stable or farm-yard was one of
the labors of Hercules (Ueracles). He was slain by Her-
cules.
Augean stable. See Augeas.
Auger (o-zhii'), Athanase. Bom at Paris,
Dec. 12, 1734: died there, Feb. 7, 1792. A
French classical scholar and ecclesiastic. He
translated, among other classics, Demosthenes, ^schines,
and Isocrates. His principal work is a treatise " De la
constitution romaine."
Augereau (o/.h-ro'), Pierre Frantjois Charles,
Due de Castiglione. Born Nov. 11, 1757: died
near Melun, France, June 12, 1816. A French
marshal, distinguished in the Italian campaigns
of 1796-97, particularly at Lodi, Castiglione,
and Arcole. He played an important part in the coup
d'etat of 18th Fructidor, 1797 ; was a member of the Coun-
cil of .500 in I71I9; became commander of the army in
Holland in 1800 ; was appointed marshal in 1801 ; forced
an .Austrian corps to surrender 1805 ; served with distinc-
tion at Jena (1800) and Eyiau (1807) : commanded in Cata-
lonia in 1809 ; and fought at Leipsie 1813. He was made
a peer by Louis XVIII,
Aughrim. See Aghrim.
Augier (6-zhe-a'), Guillaiune Victor Emile.
Born at Valence, France, Sept. 17, 1820 : died at
Croissy (SeLne-et-Oise), Oct. 25, 1889. A French
dramatist, member of the Academy in 1857.
His most important works are "L'Aventuri^re," in verse
(1818); "Gabrielle," in verse (1849); "Legendrede JI. Poi-
rier " (4 acts, 1854 ; in collaboration with Jules .Sandeau),
the best modern French comedy; "Les effront^s"(5 acts,
1861) ; " Le flls de Giboyer " (5 acts. 1862) ; " Maltre Ga-i-
rin (5 acts, 18(M); "Paul Forestier" (in verse; 4 act^,
1888) ; " Les Fnurcliambault " (3 acts, 1878).
Auglaize (a'glaz). A river in western Ohio, a
tributary of the Maumee.
Augsburg (agz' berg; G. pron. ougs'borG). The
capital or the governmental district of Swabia
and Neuburg, Bavaria, situated at the junction
of the Wertach with the Lech, iu lat. 48° 22'
N.,long. 10° 54' E. : an important commercial
and railway center for South Germany, it has
manufactures of cotton, woolens, machinery, etc., and an
important book-trade. It was built by the emperor Augus-
tus as Augusta (whence the modern name) Vindelicorum
about 15 B. c. and was the chief city of Rhictia. It fell
under tYankish, and later under Swabian rule, and became
a free imperial city (127C), the leading member of the .Swa-
bian League, the seat of several diets, and an important
center of German commerce and art. It sutfered severely
In the Smalcaldic war, Thirty Years' War, and War of
the Spanish Succession. In 1800 it passed Ui Bavaria. The
cathedi-al of Augsburg is of early-Romanestiue foundation,
but was altered in the 14th and 15th centuries. It has a
choir at each end. The eastern choir has on each side
a splendid sctllptured portal of the 14th century. It con-
tains much interesting church furniture, lltli centtuy
bronze cloors with Old Testament and myt]inlot,'ie:il reliefs,
beautiful glass, and line paintings. The liile I'uinted clois-
ter is nolewdi (by. Popul.ati.m (1890), 76,629.
Augsburg, Bishopric of, A former "imme-
diate " bishopric of the German Roman Empire,
secularized in ]SO:i. It passed to Bavaria.
Augsburg Confession. [T>. Coh/c.s-.sio Augus-
UtiKi.'i The chief Lutheran creed, prepared
by Melanchthon and read before the Diet of
Augsburg in 1530.
Augsburg, Diet of. Convened April 8, 1.5.30,
opened June 20, and closed in Nov. It was
summoned by Charles V., in an in\ntation dated
at Bologna, Jan. 21, 1.530, for the puriwse of
settling the religious dispute in (termany, and
to prejiare for war against the Turks.
Augsburg Interim. A provisional anange-
menl I'orllii' settleirient of religiotis dilTereiices
between Protestants and Roman Catholics in
Germany during the Reformation epoch, pend-
ing a definite settlement by a church cotincil.
It was proclaimed by Charles V.. May 15. 1548,
but not carried out by many Protestants.
Augsburg, League of, Jul.V O, 1680. ,\ treaty
belu'i'i'ii llollinid. tlie emperor, llie kings of
Sweilen and Spain, and the electors of Bavaria,
Saxony, and ttie Palatinate, for the purpose of
Augusta Emerita
maintaining, as against Fiance, the treaties o£
Miinster and Nimeguen.
Augsburg, Religious Peace of, Sept. 25. 1555.
A treaty between the Lutheran and Catholic
estates of Germany, concluded at a diet held in
Augsburg in coiifonnily with the Convention of
Passau. It secured the triumph of the Refonnation by
providing that the individual states of tlte empire should
be permitted to prescribe the form of worship within their
limits. The benefits lA this peace, however, were not ex-
tended to the CiUvinists.
Augur (a'g^r), Christopher Colon. Bom at
New York, 1821. An American general. Hewas
graduated at W^est Point in 1843; led a division under
Banks at Cedar Mountain ; commanded the loft wing of
the army in the siege of Port Hudson ; was promoted
lirigadier general in 1869; and was retired in 1885.
Augur, Hezekiah. Born at New Haven, Conn.,
Feb. 21, 1791: died at New Haven, Jan. 10, 1858.
An American sculptor, and the inventor of a
woiid-carving machine.
Augurs, The Mask of. A mask by Ben Jonson,
aeti-d iu 1622.
August (a'gust). [From ME. August, Augst,
also Aii.it, after OF. Anust, mod. F. .•loM? = Sp.
Pg. It. Agosto = T). Augustus zsG.D&u. August
= Sw. Augusti = U\iss. Avgustii = OT. Avymn-n^,
from L. .iiigiistus (sc. mcnsis, month), August:
so named by the emperor Augustus Ca>sar in
his own honor, following the example of Julius
Ca?sar, who gave his name to the preceding
month, July. The earlier name of August was
Scxtilis (from .<<extiis = E. sixth, it being the sixth
month in the old calendar).] The eighth month
of theyear,eontainingthirty-one days, reckoned
the first month of autumn in Great Britain, but
the last of summer in the United States.
August, Elector of Saxony. See Augustus.
August (ou'gijst). Emil Leopold. Bom 1772:
died 1822. Duke of Sa.xe-Gothaand Altenburg
1804-22, a patron of art and literature, and
author of the idyllic work "Kyllenion."
August, Ernst Ferdinand. Born at Prenzlau,
Feb. IS. 1795: died at BerUn, March 25, 1870.
A German scientist, the inventor of the psy-
chrometer.
August, Friedrich Eberhard, Prince of Wiir-
temberg. Born at Stuttgart, Wiirtemberg, Jan.
24, 1813 : died Jan. 12, 1885. Uncle of Charles
I. of Wiirtemberg, and general in the Prussian
service. He served with distinction at the bat-
tles of Konigeriitz, Gr.-ivelotte, and Sedan.
August, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich, Prince
of Prussia. Born Sept. 19 1779 : died July 19,
1843. A nephew of Frederick the Great, antl
a distinguished officer in the Napoleonic wars.
August, Paul Friedrich. Born July 13, 1783:
died Feb. 27. 1853. Grand duke of Oldenbm-g,
1829-53.
August, Wilhelm, Prince of Prussia. Bom
Aug. 9, 1722 : died June 12, 1758. A Prussian
general, brother of Frederick the Great.
Augusta (a-gus'tii). [L., fem. of Augustus,
which see.] A title conferred as a supreme
honor upon women of the Roman imperial
house. It was first borne by Livia, thenby A ntonia. grand-
mother of Caligula, and first as consort of the emperor by
Agrippina. wife of Claudius. Later it was bestowe^i, with
the consentof the emperor, upon others besides the consort
of the reigning Crcsar.
Augusta (ou-gos'tii). Marie Luise Eathar-
ina. Born at Weimar, Gernianv, Sejit. 30,
1811: died at Berlin, Jan. 7, 1890." The secoiul
ilaughter of Karl Friedrich. grand duke of
Sa.xe-Weimar. and Princess Maria Paulovna,
andwife( 1829) of William I., afterward emperor
of Germanv.
Augusta (a-gus'tii). The Roman town on the
site of London.
Augusta. See Agosta.
AugUS'ta (a-gus'tii). The capital of Richmond
Count v. Georgia, situated on the Savannah, at
the head of navigation, in lat. 33° 28' N.. long.
81° .54' W. It has a large cotton trade, and Importjint
manufactures, especially of cotton, and is the scat of the
Medical College of (icorgla. It was besieged and taken
by the American lroo|is in 1781. Population (1890), 33,300.
Augusta. A village in Hancock County, Illi-
nois. 34 miles northeast of (^uincy.
Augusta. The capital of Maine and of Kenne-
bec Coiintv, situated on Hie Kennebec, at the
head of navigation, in hit. 44° 19' N., long. ()9°
50' W. It has manufactures of cotton, etc., and
a United States arsenal. Population (1890),
10..-.27.
Augusta Ausconun (A-gus'tii As-ko'ram).
The niicieni name of Anch in France, the capi-
tal of the .\iisci (whence the name).
Augusta Emerita (e-mer'i-tii). The ancient
name of Merida, in Spain, "it was buUt Id b. c. 23
Augusta Emerita
by Publius Causius, the leRale of Augustus, who colonized
it with the vetei-aiis of the 5th aud 10th leginus whose term
of service had expired {evuriii (whence tile namej) at the
close of the (.'aiitaln-ian war." Smith.
Augusta Praetoria (pre-to'ri-a). The Roman
Tiiniie (>( Aosta.
Augusta Rauracorum (la-rji-ko'nim). The
li'niiiau iiaiiit' of Angst, Switzerland.
Augusta Suessionum (swes-i-6'uum), or Sues-
SOnum (swo-s6'nnm). The Roman name of
Soissons.
Augusta Taurinorum (ta-ri-no'rum). The
Kiiinan name of Tnriu, the capital of the Tau-
rini (whcnc-i> flie iiarao).
Augusta Trevirorum (trev-i-ro'nim). The
Homau name of Treves, capital of the Treviri
(wluMice the name).
Augusta Trinobantum. See Londinium.
Augusta Ubiorum in-bi-6'rum). A Roman
name of Colc'irne. iiinnod from the Ubii.
Augusta Veromanduorum (ver-o-man-du-o'-
nim). The Koiuan name of St. Quentin, in
France, tlie capital of the Veromandui (whence
the nameV
Augusta Vindelicorum (vin-del-i-ko'mm).
Tlio Horaan name of Angsbnrg, the capital of
Viudclicia or Rhffitia Seennda.
Augusta Victoria. Born Oct. 22, 1858. Daugh-
ter of Dnke Fric<lrich of Schleswig-Holstein-
Sonderbnrg-Augustenbiu'g, and empress of
(icriuany.
Augustan History, The. A collection (date
and authorship nnknomi) of lives of the Roman
cmpiiors from Hadrian to Xumerianus. The lives
bear the names of .Elius Spartianus. Julius Capitoliims,
Vulcacius Oidlicanus. Trehellius Pollio{allof whom wrote
as early as the time of Diocletian), .Elius Lampridius, and
riavius VMpiscns (early in the 4th century).
Augustenburg (ou-gds'ten-borG). A castle in
the island of Alsen. Schleswig-Holstein,Tvhenee
the house of Augiistenburg was named.
Augustenburg Line. A branch of the royal
house of Denmark and Oldenburg foimded by
Ernst Giinther (1009-89), son of Duke Alexan-
der (died 1027). To this line belong Caroline Amiilie,
queen of Christian VIII. of Denmark, and the German
empress .\ugusta Victoria.
Augustin. See AiKiustine.
Augustina. See .Uinsthia.
Augustine la-gus'tin or a'gus-tin), Saint, L.
Aurelius Augustinus. Born at Tagaste, Nu-
midia, Nov. 13, 3.'>4 a. d. : died at Hippo, Nu-
midia, Aug. 28, 430. The most celebrated
father of the Latin Church. He was educated at
Madaura and Carthage; taught rhetoric at Tagaste and
Carthage ; and removed to Rome in 383, and to Milan in
384, where he became a friend of Ambrose. Originally
a Maniehean, he was converted to Christianity, largely
through tile intluence of his mother Monica, and was
baptized by Ambrose in ;187 : in 395 he was made bishop
of Uippt). lie w;is the champion of orthodoxy against
the Donatists antl Pelagians. His most famous works are
his autobiography entitled *' Confessiones" (397), and "De
Civit.ate Dei," "Of the City of God" (426).
Augustine, or Austin (as'tin), Saint. Died at
Canterbury, England, itay 20, 004 A. D. A
Benedictine monk sent by Pope Gregory I. as
missionary to Kent in 597: surnamed " The
Apostle of the Anglo-Saxons.'' He became the
first arclibisho]) of Canterbury about 600.
Augustine, Life of St. A series of seventeen
frescos by Beno/.zo (Jozzoli (1465), in the choir
of San Agogtino, in San (Timignano, Italy. The
finest are the "Death of Santa Monica" and
tlio " Burial of St. Augustine."
Augustodunum (a-gus-to-dfi'mmi). [L., 'hill
of Augustus.'] The capital of the ancient
iEdui, on the site of the modern Autun.
Augustonemetum. The Roman name of the
iTiiiilern Cloriiionl, in France.
Augustoritum (a-gus-tor'i-tum). [Ij., 'ford of
Augustus.'] The Roman name of the mod-
ern Limoges, the capital of the Lemorices, a
• iallic tribe.
Augustowo (ou-gSs-to'vo), or Augustow (oii-
gos'tov). A town in the governmt'ut of Su-
walki, Russian Poland, situated on a small
lake and on the Netta about lat. 53° 50' N.,
long. 22° .58' E. Population, 9,470.
AugUStulus (a-gtis'tu-lus), Romulus. [L., 'lit-
tle Augustus.'] The last Roman emperor of the
West, 475-476 A. D., son of Orestes who deposed
the emperor .Julius Nepos, and seized the gov-
ernment of the empire, while he had the title of
emperor confen-ed on his sou. Angustulus was com-
{jelled by Odoacer to abdicate after the defeat and death nf
lis father at Pavia. " He was called Koinnlus from his ma-
ternal grandfather, a Count Komnlns of Noricum, while
Augustus is known to have been a surname at .Aquileia."
(Smith, Hist, of the World.) Augustus was popularly
changed to the diminutive Augustulus in derision of the
emperor's youth.
96
Augustus (ft-gus'tus). [L., 'reverend,' 'ven-
erable,' orig.,prob., 'consecrated by augury.']
A title confeiTed by the senate in 27 B. c. upon
Octavianus, the first Roman emperor, it was
assumed by succeeding emperors, at first on the sugges-
tion of the senate, but later as an official title. I'ntil
the time of .Marcus Aurelius, who bestowed it upon Lucius
Verus, and later upon Commodus, it was held oidy by
the reigning emperor. Vnder Diocletian the title was
held both by the emperor of the West and the emperor
of the East, their colleagues jiasuniing the title of Cffisar.
Augustus I Caius Octavius, called later Cains
Julius Caesar Octavianus). Bom at Veli-
tite (?), Latinm (or at Rome?). Sept. 23, 03
B. c: died at Nola, Campania, Aug. 19, 14
A. D. The first Roman emperor, son of C. Octa-
vius by Attia, daughter of Julia, the sister
of Julius C»sar, made by Julius Ctesar his
chief heir. After Caesar's death he went from Epi-
rus to Rome (spring of 44 B. c); gained the influence of
Cicero, the senate, and the people against Antony ; was
reconciled with Antony, andfornied with him andLepidus
the second triumvirate in 43; took part in the proscrip-
tion of 43, and in the victory over Brutus and Cassius at
Philippi in 42 ; carried on the Perusian war 41-4(1 ; be-
came more closely lUlied with Antony (40), and ruler over
the West ; renewed the triumvirate in 37 ; subdued Sex-
tus Pompey in 36 ; and defeated Antony and Cleopatra at
Actium in 31, remaining sole ruler of the Roman domin-
ion. In 28 he was made Princeps Senatus, and received
the title of " Augustus " in 27. Augustus preserved the
republican forms, but united in his own person the coii-
sular, tribunician, proconsular, and other powers. His
generals carried on v.arious wars in Spain, Africa, Germany,
etc., but the Roman advance in the last-named country re-
ceived a definite set-back through the defeat of Varus by
Arminius in 9 A. D. Under Augustus Roman literature
reached its highest point, and the temple of .Tanus was
closed. The birth of Jesus Christ also occurred in his reign.
Augustus, (t. August (on' gost). Born July
31, 1520: died Feb. 12, 1586. Elector of Sax-
ony 1553-86, brother of Maurice whom he suc-
ceeded. Originally a Calvinist, he was induced by his
wife Anna of Deinnark to embrace Lutheranism, and was
one of the chief instruments in securing the adoption of
the " Formula Concordise " 15S0.
Augustus II., <>. August^rederick, G. Fried-
rich (as Saxon elector, Frederick Augustus
I., G. Friedrich August). Born at Dresden,
May 12, 1070 : died at "rt^arsaw, Feb. 1, 1733.
Elector of Saxony 1094-1733, surnamed "The
Strong." He was elected king of Poland 1697 ; joined
Peter the Great and Denmark against Charles XII. 1700 ;
invaded Livonia in the same year ; was defeated by the
Swedes at Riga 1701 and at Klissow 1702 ; was deposed
from the Polish throne through the influence of Charles
XII. in 17(4 ; and was reinstated in 17(iO, after the defeat
of Charles at Pultowa.
Augustus III.,U. August,Frederick,G. Fried-
rich (as Saxon elector, Frederick Augustus
II., G. Friedrich August). Born at Dresden,
Oct. 17, 1690: died at Dresden, Oct. 5, 1703.
Elector of Saxony, son of Augustus H. whom
he succeeded as elector in 1733: he was elected
king of Poland the same year. He supported
Prussia in the first .Silesian war. In the second Silesian
war he sided with Austria, being comjielled at its close
(Peace of Dresden, Dec. 25, 174.5) to pay to Prussia a war
indemnity of one million rix-doUars. He became involved
in the third .Silesian (or Seven Years') war 1756-63 through
a secret treaty with .\ustria. The electorate during the
whole of the war was occupied by the Prussians.
Augustus Frederick. Bom in London, Jan.
27, 1773 : died at Kensington, London, England,
April 21, 1843. Prince of Great Britain and
Ireland and Duke of Sussex, the sixth son of
George IH. He was a patron of literature and art, and
president of the Koyal Society 1830-39.
Augustus, Arch of. See Arch of Atigustm.
Augustus and Li'via, Temple of. A Roman
(.'orinthian temple in Viennc, France. It is hexa-
style, pscudoperipteral, and placed on a raised basement
measuring 49\ by 88i feet, with a flight of steps in front.
The height is 57 feet. Tlie building was transformed into
a church in the middle ages, and injured, but is well re-
stored.
Aujila (a-je'la or ou-je'lii). An oasis in the
Libyan desert, Africa, about lat. 29° N., on the
route between Egypt and Murzuk, noted for
its dates.
Auk (ak). A tribe of North American Indians
living in Stephens Passage and on Admiralty
and Douglas islands, Alaska. They number
040. See Kdliiaihan.
Auld Lang Syne. A song by Bums, written
about 17S9.
Auld Reekie (aid re'ki). Edinburgh: so named
because of its smokiness, or from the unclean-
liness of its streets.
Auld Robin Gray. A ballad by Lady Anne
Barnard, piiblislu-il in 1772. It was written to an
old .Scottish tune, " The Bridegroom grat," which has been
superseded by a modern I-^nglish air. (Grove.) She after-
ward wrote a second part in which lU^bin considerately
dies and .Teanie marries Jamie,
Aulia gens (a'li-ii .ienz). In ancient Rome, a
clan, probably plebeian, whose only family
name was Cerretanus. Q. Aulius Cerretanus
Aunis
held the consulship twice in the Samnite war,
323 and 319 B.C.
Aulic Council. In the old German Empire, the
personal council of the emperor, and one of
the two supreme courts of the empire which
decided without appeal, it was instituted about
1501, and organized under a definite constitution in 1569,
modified in 1654. It finally consisted of a president^ a
vice-president, and eighteen councilors, six of whom were
Protestants : the unanimous vote of the latter could not
be set aside by the others- The Aulic Council ceased to
exist on the extinction of the German Empire in 1806.
'The title is now given to the council of state of the em-
peror of Austria.
Aulich (ou'lich), Ludwig. Born at Presburg,
1795: died at Arad, Oct. 6, 1849. A Hungarian
general in the revolution of 1848-49. He was
surrendered to the Austrians after the capitulation of
Vilagos Aug. 13. 1849, and was hung as a rebel.
Aulick (a'lik), John H. Born at Winchester,
Va., 1789 : died at Washington, D. C, April 27,
1873. An American naval officer. He entered the
navy as a midshipman 1809, commanded the Vincennes
1847 : was for a time commander of the East India squad-
ron ; and was retired April 4, 1867, with the rank of com-
modore.
Aulintac (a-lin'tak). A tribe of North Amer-
ican Indians formerly inhabiting a \-illage of
the same name under Santa Cruz Mission, Cali-
fornia. See Gostaiioan.
Aulis (a'lis). [Gr. Aiv/f.] In ancient geog-
raphy, a town on the eastern coast of Boeotia,
Greece, in lat. 38° 24' N. It was the rendez-
vous of the Greek fleet in the expedition against
Troy.
Aulne. See Anne.
Aulnoy, d'. See Aunny, (V.
Aumale (o-miir), in the middle ages Albamar-
la, E. Albemarle (iil-be-marl'). A coimtship
of France, formed by William the Conqueror in
1070. It passed to various families, finally to that of Lor-
raine, and was created a duchy in 1.547. By marriage it
passed to the house of .Savoj'. from whom it was purchased
by Louis XIV. in 1676 for his illegitimate son the Due du
Maine.
Aumale. A small tom-n in the department of
Seine-Inferieure, on the Bresle, France. 37 miles
northeast of Rouen : the Roman Alba Maria,
Albamarla, or Aumalcum. Population (1891),
2,219.
Aumale, A town in the province of Algiers,
/Ugeria, 58 miles southeast of Algiers. Popu-
lation (1891), commune, 5.700.
Aumale, Due d' (Claude de Lorraine). Bom
1521) : died 1573. A French Roman Catholic
partizan leader in the civil wars.
Aumale, Due d' (Charles de Lorraine). Bom
1550: died 1031. One of the French Leaguers,
commander at the battles of Arques and Ivry,
son of Claude de Lorraine.
Aumale, Due d' (Henri Eugene Philippe Louis
d'0rl6ans). Born at Pans, Jan. 16. 1S22: died
at Zucco, Sicily, May 7, 1897. The fourth son of
Louis Philippe. He served with distinction in the army
in Algeria 1840-47; was governor-general of Algeria 1847-48;
became a member of the Assembly 1871, and of the French
Academy; and was appointed general of division in 1872,
In 1873 he was president of the B.azaine trilnnial. In 18S6
he was expelled from France. He pnbhshed " Histoires
des Princes de Cond6" (1869), "Institutions militaires de
la France" (1867), etc.
Aumont (6-m6u'), Jean d'. Bom 1522: died
Aug. 19, 1595. A French general, appointed
' marshal of France in 1579. He was one of the
first to recognize Henry rv'., on the death of Henry ITT.,
in 1589, and was made governor of Champagne and later
of Bretagne. He fought in the battles of Arques and
Ivry.
Aungervyle, Richard. See Burn. Ficlmnl dc.
Aunoy lo-iiwii'), or Aulnoyto-nwa'), Comtesse
d' (Marie Catherine Jumelle de Berne-
'Ville). Born about 1050: died 1705. A French
writer of tales, romances, and memoirs, best
known from her fairy stories, she wrote "Hl»-
toire d' Hippolyte, Comte ' de Douglas" (1690), "Contes
des ties" (171i(), "Contes nouveaux" (1715), etc. Host of
her fairytales are borrowed from the "Nights" of Stra-
parola.
.\mong her works are the *' Vellow Dwarf" and the
" White Cat." stories which no doubt she did not invent,
but to which she has given their permanent and well-
known form. She wrote much else, memoirs and novels
which were bad imitations of the style of Madame de la
P'ayette, but her fairy tales alone are of value.
Saintsbunjy French Lit,, p. 326.
Aune, or Aulne (on). A river in Brittany,
France, which flows into the Roads of Brest.
Length, about 70 miles.
Aunis (6-nes'). The smallest of the ancient
governments of France, lying between Poitou
on the north and Saintonge on the south, and
principally comprised in the department of Cha-
rente-Inferieure. It was conquered bv Louis
VIII. 1223-26. In generaJ it shared the for-
tunes of Aquitaine-
Aurai 87
Aorai (6-ra'), or Ahurei (a-S-rS'). A seaport Aurigny (o-re-nye'). The French name of Al-
oii thi' island of liapa (or Oparo). Austral ilfrni v.
Iglaiuls, South Pacilic. a ooaling-station of tlio Aurillac (6-rel-yak'). The capital of the de-
Pauama New Zealand, and Sydney Line. It partmeiit of Cantal, France, situated on the
' • ■ Jordauno in lat. 44° 56' N., long. 2° 25' E.
It hnfi diversifted manufactures and an active trade.
Annual hurse-races occiu* here iu May. Popnlation (1891),
15,824.
Aurinia (a-rin'i-a). The Roman name of Al-
dernev.
is a tViwii'li possession.
Anrangabad. [Hind. Anrangdb&d, city of Au-
rung-Zcbe.J A eitv in the Nizam's dominions,
in lat. 19° fil' N., long. 7o° 21' E., the former
Mogul eapital and the favorite residcnee of „^^..^ ,.
Aurung-Zebe, now partly in ruins. Population Aurivillius (a-ri-vil'i-us, in G. proi
(1S91). 33,SS7.
Aurangabad (lui-iinig-ga-liiid'), or Aurenga-
bad, "V Aunmgabad. A distriel in the Nj-
zam s iloiiiinions, British India. Area, C,17(i
sqnare miles. Population (1891), 828,975.
Anray (6-ra'). A seaport in the department
1717:
vel'le-iis), Karl. Bom at Stockliolm,
died 178(). A Swedish Orientalist.
Auronzo (ou-ron'dz6). A commune in the
province of Belluno, Italy, near the Austrian
frontier 31 miles northeast of BeUuno. Its
hief town is ViUagraude.
Austin, Stephen Fuller
in Latin verse addressed by him to Count Ar-
bogastes is extant.
AuspitZ (ou'spits). A town ij] Moravia, Aus-
tria-Hiuigary, 54 miles northeast of Vienna.
Population (1890), commune, 3,654.
Aussa (ou'sa). A place in Adal, eastern Africa,
about lat. 11° 30' N.
Aussee (ou'sa). A small town iu StjTia, Aus-
tria-Hungary, on the head streams of the Trauii
38 miles southeast of Salzburg. It has noted
salt-works, and is a watering-place.
Aussig (ou'sio), or Labem (lii-bem'). A town
in Bohemia, situated at the juuetion of the
Biela an<l Elbe 44 miles north of Prague. It has
an hnportant trade in coal, and manufacturt-H nf chemi-
cals, woolens, etc. Here, .lune l."*. 1420, the Hussites de-
feated the .Saxons. Population (1891X 23,&16.
of Morbihan, France, situated on the Auray 10 ^^jQj.g^ (.j.r^'rii). [Ij., the dawn, the goddess Austen (as'ten), Jane. Born at Steventon,
miles west of Vanues. Near it is St. Anne, a place
of ptlifrimiiirc. It is an imp*)rtant center of oyster-cul-
ture. Population (l^ni), commune, 6,2:S0.
Anray, Battle of. A victory gained 1364 by
Jean v.. duke of Brittany.anil Sir John Chandos
over the French under Charles de Blois and
Dugiieselin.
Aurelia (li-re'lyii). 1. In Marston's '.' Malcon-
tent," the duehess. a dissolute, proud woman,
whose character is depicted in Marston's high
of the dawn, earlier 'Auaosa, Gr. liof (Doric),
ijuf (Ionic), fuf (Attic), the dawn, goddess of
dawn. Skt. iislias, *u.<ihd.sd, dawn, fi-om the root
H,<;/i,burn.] In Roman mythology.the goddess of
the dawn : called Eos by tlie (ireeks. The poets
represented her as rising out of the ocean in a
chariot, her rosy lingers dropping gentle dew.
Aurora. 1. A fresco by Gtiido Reni, in the
Palazzo RoSY)igliosi, Rome. Am'ora, scattering
Hants, England, Dec. 16, 1775: died at Win-
chester, Jidy 18, 1817. A famous English nov-
elist, daughter of George Austen, rector of
Deane and Steventon. she lived in Bath (1801),
Southampton (1805), rhawton near Alton (180!)), and Win-
chester (May, 1817), and was buried in Winchester Cathe-
dral. Iler works are *' Sense and SenBii>ility'* (published
1811). "Pride and Prejudice" (1813), " .Manstlehl Park"
(1814), "Emma "(1816), "Northanger Abbey (1818), "Per-
suasion " (1818). Her letters were edited by Lord Bra-
bourne in 18S4.
. . '^. , . • .• 4 - 1 flowers, advances before the chariot of Phtebus, who is . V ,. ,. . , rr t mi »i ■ i
est strain.— 2. A pretty but impertiuout and attended by the Hours. Auster_(as ter). [L.J The south wind.
affected coquette in Dryden's comedy "An
Evening's Love, or The Mock Astrologer."
Anrelia gens (i»-re'lya jenz). In ancient Rome,
a ]ilelieian i-lan or house whose family names
were Cotta, Orestes, and Scaunis. irhe first
member of this gens who obtained the oonsul-
shiji was C. Aurelius Cotta (252 B. C).
Aurelian (a -re 'Ivan) (Claudius Lucius Va-
lerius Domi tins Aurelianus). Bcirn probably
2. A fresco by Guerciuo, on the ceiling of a Austerlitz (ous'ter-lits). A town in Moravia,
Austria-Hungary, situated on the Litfawa 12
miles ea.st of Briiiiu. Here, Dec. 2, 1805, the French
(about 60,000) under Napoleon (SouJt, Lannes, Murat,
Bemadotte) overthrew the llusso-Austrian army (over
80,000) under Kutusott : called the "Battle of Tlu-ee Em-
perors," from the presence of the emperors Alexander I.,
Francis, and Napoleon. The loss of the French wafi about
12,000; that of the Allies over :iO,000. Tile battle was fol-
lowed by the Peace of Presburg between France and Aus-
^ ^,. „ . .,„„, oio , ,; . l,ill„,l iiurora. Ji maiiuiaciiiiii.f,' i,u«u 1.1 i'ljiMuuii. tria. Population (1890), commune, :i, 475.
at SirmnimPannmua. about 212 ('oiintv, Indi.ana, situated on the Ohio River Austerlitz, Sun of. The bright sun which dis-
near Byzantium. .'-.). Emperoi of Kome2(0-2(O. ,,„ • ' j^west of Cincinnati. Population porsed the clouds and mist on tlie morning of
Hewasof..lweurebirth, androsefromtherankof apri- 77™, ?,,",o "^inomuau. ri.puiai.iou 1,,„ ,„*,,„ .^ A,,^f„_K,„ m-overbial as a svm-
vite to the liii!he.<t i«)8t in the army ; was desiRnateil by (1890), 3,929. tue oattie or Au.srertit/,, pioveiuiai as a sym-
ciaudiuB as bis successor : and defeated the Alanianni Aurora Leigh (a-ro'rii le). A narrative poem bol of good fortune.
casino of the Villa Liidovisi, Rome. The dawn
goddess advances through the air in a chariot, pursuing
the tleeing N ight. The Hours scatter dew before her, and
genii llowers.
Aurora. A city in Kane County, Illinois, situ-
ated on the Fox River 39miles west of Chicago.
It has railroad shops, and manufactures of ma-
chinery, flour, etc. Population (1890^, 19,688
killed Aurora. A manufacturing town in Dearborn
or Aurang-Zebe,
or Aureng-Zebe. [Hind., 'ornament of the
throne.'] Horn Oct. 20, 1619: died at Ahmed-
nuggur, Feb. 21, 1707. Emperor of Hindustan
16.')8-1707, suruamed "Alum-Geer" or "Alara-
Gir" ('conqueror of the world'): third son of
the emperor Shah Jehan. He became governor of
hap;"in Xmnidia: lived in the 2.1 century A. D AS^|^Ze%^\a'Tung-zeV)
A Roman physician, author of a treatise in 8 ^^ Aurene-Zebe. [Hind.
books on chronic and acute diseases, i o the
former 3 books were devoted, and to the latter 5.
Aurelius, Marcus. See Marcus Aurelim.
Aurelius (a-re'lyus). An amorous squire in
Chaucer's '-Franklin's Tale." See DoHycn.
Aurelius Victor ( vik'tor). A Roman historian
of the 4tli century A. D. lie was the author of a
brief historj of the emi>erors (the " ( icsar.s ') to near the
end of the reign of Coustantins, and, perhaps, of a sci-
oalled " Epitome ' in which the history is brought down t<i
the dcatli of Theodosiiis I. A later, unknown hand added
to the "Cffisjires" the "Origo gentis Roman.'e" and the
" De viris illustrittns " which have been ascribed to him.
Aurelle de Paladines (o-rol' de pii-lii-den'),
Claude Michel Louis. Born at Malzicu, Lo-
zf-re. France, Jan. 9, 1804: died at Versailles,
Dec. 17. 1H77. A French general. He served in
Algeria and the Crimean war; defeated the Oennans
under Von tier Tanii near rouimiera. Nov. y, 1.S70; and
was defeated at Beaunela-Rolande Nov. 28. and before
Orliiins I lee. 2-1.
Aurengabad. See Aiirnn<inl,a,l. . o^,
Aureng-Zebe, or The Great Mogul. A rimed ^y- ^^P',°
tragedv by Dryilen. produced in 1675, read by
Cliarles 11. in manuscript, and partly revised
by him.
Aiirich (ou'ridh). A governmental district of
the province of Hanover, Prussia. Population
(1890), 218,004.
Aurich. A town in the proiance of Hanover ^^g^j^^t^ („u'shvits), Pol. Oswiecim (os-v>-e-
l^issia, in lat. .53° 28 N., long. ,° 27 E. :^the ^^»'^,,„, ^{ t„wii in (talicia. Austria-Hungary,
situated on the Sohi 31 miles west of Cracow,
graduated at the t'niversity of London in 18;'i;f ; was called
to the bar at the Inner Temple in 18.')7 ; W'as correspondent
at Rome of the London "Standard " during the ecumenical
council of the Vatican in 1870. and at the headquarters of
the King of Prussia during the Franco-tJerman war ; and
became editor of the "National Review " on its establish-
ment in isa). Among his works are "The Human Tra-
gedy" C1862), "Savonarola" (l.-^l), "At the Gate of tbo
Convent," etc. Aitpointed laureate Itec, IS95.
Deccan in 1638, and usurped the throne in lli.'^.S, after Austin, Mrs. (jane Goodwin). Born 1831
India as one of their greatest monarchs, although hia reli- (1869), "A Nameless
gious intolerance impaired the resouices of the country. scraps (1882). . n ■,■ -.r-n a a ^^
Aurva (our' wii). In Hindu mythology, a rishi, Austin, John. Born at Creeling Mill, Suffolk
son of Urva, grandson of Blirigu. In a persecu-
tion of his race, which did not spare even tlie unborn child,
Aurva Bhargava was miraculously preserved and brought
to birth, 'the lire of his wnitb threatened to destroy the
world, when at the intercession of the manes of his an-
cestor he sent this fire into the ocean, where it haa since
remained.
Au Sable (o sii'bl). A river in Michigan vrhich
March 3, 1790: died at Weybridge, in SuiTey,
Dec, 1859. A noted English lawyer and writer
on jurisprudence, professor of .jurisprudence at
the University of London (University College)
1826-32. He wrote " Province of Jurisprudence
Determined" (1832), "Lectures on Jurispru-
ienco" (1861-63).
flows into Lake Huron north of Saginaw Bay. Austin, Jonathan Loring. Born at Boston,
A small river in northeastern New
York which flows from the Adirondacks and
empties into Lake Chiimplain.
Au Sable Chasm. A deep, narrow, and pictur-
esque cliiisin foniied by the Au Sable River
near Keesoville. New York.
Auscha (ou'shii). A small town in northern
Bohemia, east of Leitmeritz,
chief town of East Friesland. Population
(1890), 5,(>40.
Aurifaber (as Tj. &-ri-fa'b6r, as G. ou-re-fii'-
h,'.r) (Lntinize.l from Goldschmied), Johann. A"l'fV'.''''c',\"
Boni at Breslnu. Prussia, Jan. 30, 1517: died ■'V^^.^Lv.i.f.. <
at Breshiu, Oct. 19. l.')68. A (iermaii Lutheran
divine, aiipointed professor of theology at
Rostock ill 1.550, on the recommendation of
Mehinchlhoii.
Aurifaber (Latinized from Goldschmied),
Johann. Horn 1519: died at Erfurt. Prussia,
Nov. 18, 1575. A (iennaii Lutheran divine, a
friend and assistant of Luther, anil editor of
his works.
Auriga (a-ri'gii). [L., a charioteer; as con-
stellation, the ^V'agoner.] A northern constella-
tion, the Charioteer or Wagoner, containing the
spleiulid star ( 'apella. It is supposed to represent a
charioteer kneelingin hisvehicle. lie is often represented
with a kid on his left shoulder, this being doubtless an
ancient conslellation llgure coincident in position with
the Charioteer.
Jan. 2, 1748: died at Boston, May 10, 1826. An
American Revolulioiiarypatriot. lie was sent to
Paris, 1777, with despatches to Hr. Franklin announcing
the surrender of (ieneral Buigoyne, and remained two
years with Franklin as his private secretary.
Austin. Moses. Bom at Durham. Conn., about
17(>4 (f): died June 10, 1821. An American
pioneer in Texas. He obtained about 1820 pemiission
from the Mexican government to establish in Texas an
American colony of .soo families, but dieil before the pro-
ject could be aocomplishcil. The colony was, however,
founded by his son Stephen F. Austin.
Austin, Samuel. Bom at New Haven, Conn.,
Oct. 7, 1760: (liednttTlastonbury. Conn.,Dec.4,
1830. An American Congregational clergyman.
.,j , ^, P. Cirassus in president of the Ihiiversity of Vennoiit 1815-21.
."io'ii.c. 'i'hevgave nanie to Augusta Auscorum, Austin, Mrs. (Sarah Taylor). Born at Nor-
the moderii"Auch. wich, England. 1793: died at Weybridge. Surrey,
Ausonia (a-so'ni-ii). In ancient geography, Aug. 8, 1867. An English writer, wife of John
the c.mntry of the'Ausones, Italv, restricted in Austin, best known as a tran.slator from the
liist.iriciil times toa teiTiloryon" thobordersof French and German (of Raiike, Guizot, Nic-
the seat (if the Polish duchies of Auschwitz
and Zator until 1773. Population (1890), .5,414.
or Auscenses (il-.sen'soz). An
(\(|uitanian tribe coniiuered by
Campania and Latium; poetically, the Italian
peninsula.
Ausonius ( n-so'ni-us), Declmus Magnus. Bom
at I'.unlignhi (Uiu'dcnii.y, France) about 310
A. D.: ilied abdiit 394. A Latin Christian poet
and man of letters. He was appointeil tutor to tJra-
tianus, and later to political otllces. including the consul-
ate (:i70).
AuspiciUS (a-spish'ius). Saint. Died about 474.
Bishop of Toul, said to have been one of the
most learned prelates of his time. An epistle
biihr. etc.).
Austin, Stephen Fuller. Born at Austinville,
\'a., Nov. 3, ]7!»3: died at Columbia. Tex.. Dec.
25, 18.36. The feuuder of the State of Texas,
son of Moses Austin. He established in 1821, on the
site of the present city of Austin, the i (ilony contenipliited
liybis father; was sent a» a commissioner to Mexiro, 18:13,
to urge the admission of Texas into the Mexican Inlon na
a separate State, and was imprisoned there frt>ni February
to .tune, 18;« ; and w.as aliliointed in 18:1,'. a commlBsioner
in the linited States to secure the ree.ignition of Texas as
an Independent State.
98
Austrian Succession, War of the
customs, rules of marriage, and etiquette are of a com
plexitj- apparently more ancient than even the similar
rules among North American Indians, Kattiis, anil I'oly-
I/tiny, Myth., etc., II. 1
A mouutaiii-rango in the
mans about one fifteenth. There are .also .lews, Bnl-
earians Armenians. Italians, Gipsies. Ladins. The reli-
gion of the majority is Roman Catholic : there are several
millions of Protestants, and about an equal nnmher be-
long to the Greek Church. The countrj' produces gram
of all kinds (especially wheat), wine, beets, potatoes,
fruits, timber, hemp, flax, tobacco; has manufactures of
linen, wool, and silk ;' and is very rich
Austin, William
Austin, William. Bom 1587: died Jan. 16,
UY.U. An Englisli lawyer and writer ou reli-
gious and miscellaneous subjects. His works, nesians,
published posthumously, are -DevotionisAugustiniana; Australian Alps
Flamma, or Certavne Devout, Godly, and Lerned .Medita- •^'*='."*"*'i, tTf °
tions, etc." (1636), "Ua;c Homo, wherein the Licellcncy of
the Creation of Woman is described by way of an Essay ^^ ,. ,, „ . ,
(IMT), and a translation of Cicero's "Cato Major. highest point in Australia, Mount Kosciusico,
Austin William. Born at Charlestown, Mass.. 7,3;!() feet,
March '2, 177.S: died there, June 27, 1841. An Australian Pjnrenees. See Pyrenees, Austra-
American lawyer and writer, author of the tale /,„„.
"Peter Rugg, "the Missing Man," etc. Austrasia(as-tra'siaor-zia). [ML. , f rem 0H6. „,.„,,,., ^ „„^ ^
Austin The capital of Mower County, Minne- o^ittir eastern. See Aiistrin.'] The eastern i,y hciu^- the Fowler, and constituted a duchy in ll.w.
sot 1 si'tuated oil Cedar River 97 miles south of kinedom of the Merovingian Franks from the To this styria was united in lltf-'. The Babenber;.' dynasty
St. P.:;il Population (1890), 3,901 Zt the 8tli century A^D. It embodied an S'^,;.t,^r:l.ers\TS.;;Sn^\iK^^«^''«^^^^^^^
Austin. The capital of Lander County, Ne- extensive region on both sides of the Rhine, '-■■ ;>=-'■.■■•- ^- = -
vada, l'46 miles northeast of Carson City. Pop- .^yith Metz as its capital.
Illation (1890). 1,215. ^ . Austria (as' tri-ii). [G. Usferreicl,, F Au-
Austin. The capital of Texas and of Travis triche, ML. Austhii : from OHU. Ostarnli, (j.
situated on the Colorado River in lat. Oestcrrrirh, eastern kingdom.] 1. An arch-
jnamma, or Certay,,..J>evout, Godly, and_i,er^u-..^.ueuua^ __-.._..^^^^ -^. ^~^^^^^.^^ ^^^^ New South Wales
- ■ nearly paraUel^witl. the coast,_coutai.ungJl^ SnS re^l^^Iie^ including gold^ sUver, quicksilve,,
iron, coal, lead, copper, salt, zmc, and coal. It is on the
whole unfavorably situated for commerce. The south
and west of Austria belonged to the Koman Empire. The
country was at various times oveiTun by the Goths, Huns.
Lombards. Avars, etc. The nucleus was the March of
Austria, which was erected by Charles the Great, remade
County,
dolf of Hapsburgfthernlerof various districts in Switzer-
land Alsace, Swabia, and Breisga\i) was elected emperor
of Germany in 1273. In 12S2 he conferred Austriii, Styria,
and Carniola (having wrested them from Ottocar II. of
Bohemia in I'iTti) upon his sons. Carinthia wns acquired
in l:«S Tyrol in 1363, .and Trieste in 1382. The continuous
30° 18' N loii". 97° 40' W. It is a railroad center Juchv in the western part of Austria-Hungary, Une of' Hapsburg emperors of Germany began in 14.;«.
....:».. «„.! .^fVtu,. tnctifiTtinita * . , __ ii. „ 1 — .^ .. ^f IT, .,aa,. o ,i fl T .mxroT Austrla wss uiadc au archduchy in 1453. Bohemia, witll
and the seat of a State university and other institutions.
It was founded by Stephen F. Austin, pioneer (1793-1836).
Population (1890), 14,475.
Austin Friars. The monastery of the Friars
Eremite of the order of St. Augustine, on the
north side of Broad street, Old London, founded
by Humphrey Boliun, earl of Hereford and
Essex, iu 1253. The ground was considered especially
sacred, and the tombs were eiiual in beauty to those of
Westminster Abbey. Here were buried Hubert de I'.urgh ;
Edmund Plantagenet, half-lirother of Kichard II.; those
who fell in the battle of Barnet; Richard Fitz Alan, earl
of Arundel beheaded 1307 ; the Earl of O.xford, beheaded
1463; and Edward Stalford, duke of Buckingham, be-
headed 1521. At the dissolution the spire was liestroyed
and the monuments sold by the Marquis of \Vinchester.
The nave was walled up, and is now used as a church by
the Dutch residents of London. It was damaged by Are
in 1862, Little of the old church remains in the present
building. The order is also ciUled Augvstiniant.
Austral Islands (as'tral i'landz). See Thihuai
Ishinils.
Australasia (as-tra-la'sha or -zhii). [NL.,
'southern Asia,' from L. australis, southern,
and .lsi<i.'\ A division of Oceaniea, compris-
comp'rising the erownlands of Upper and Lower
Austria (which see) : the nucleus of the Haps-
burg dominions. The emperor is its hereditary arch-
duke It was originally the Ostmark formed by Charles
the Great 799, destroyed by the Magyars, reerected by
Henry I. in 928, and made a duchy in 1156. Until 1246 it
was under the Babenberg dynasty (which see), and came
under the rule of the Hapsburgs in 1282. Salzburg was
united with it administratively from 1814 until 1849.
2. The eastern division of the ancient Caro-
lingian kingdom of Italy, corresponding to the
later Venetia.— 3. The Cisleithan division of
Austria-Hungary, comprising Upper Austria,
Lower Austria. "Salzburg, Tyrol and Vorarl-
berg. Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Gbrz and
Gradiska", Istria. Trieste, Bohemia, Moravia,
Silesia, Galieia, Bukowina, and Dalmatia.— 4.
The dominions of the house of Hapsburg,
called officially the Austro-Hungarian mon-
archy. See Austria-HiDHiary. — 5. Same as
Au.ttrasia.
Austria, Lower. [G. Nieder-Osterreich or
OMcrreich-unter-der-Enns.'] A erownlaud
„ .jrreich-untcr-d€r-Enns.\ A erownlaua in
■ AT V r .q the Cisleithan division of Austria-Hungary,
ing Austraha, Papua, Tasmania, New Zealand ^^^^ ^^^ eastern portion of the archduchy
New Caledonia, Bismarck Archipelago, and ^f ^^gfria, u is bounded by Bohemia and Moravia
some lesser islands : often regardea as corapns- ^^ ^j^ ^^^^^^ Hungary on the east, Styria on the south,
inc only the Australian colonies of Great Bnt- and Upper Austria on the west. It is mountainous in
ain including New Zealand, Tasmania, and the south, and is traversed by the Danube The chief
aiii, iin '""'.'»„„ o.,„;,-nl,..it to Orpnmon city is Vienna. The prevailing l.an^-uage is German, and
Fiji: sometimes equnalent to f<ea«ita. the prevailing religion Roman Catholic. Ai-ea, 7,6!i4
Australasian Federation. A proposed federal
union of the British Australian colonies. A de-
liberative body, the Keilcral Council, met in 1886. A na-
tional convention at .Sydney in 1891, under the presidency
of Sir Henry Parkes, adopted resolutions and drafted a
" Kill to constitute a Commonwealth of Australia." This
bill is (1893) under consideration by various colonial par-
liaments.
Australia (as-tra'liiO, formerly New Holland.
[F. Aiistralie. G. AustmJien, NL. Australui,
'Southland,' fromL. (iu.<<tralis, south, southern.]
An island-continent and possession of Great
Britain, south of -Vsia, extending from lat. 10°
41' to 39° 8' S., and from long. 113° to 133° 30' E
the prevailing religi
square miles. Population (1890), 2,661,799.
Austria, Upper. [I^. Ohcr-Osien-rich or Os
tcrreicli-ob-der-Enns.] A crownland in
the
_ Bohemia,
jloravia, Silesia, and Lusatia, was added to the Hapsburg
dominions in l,i26. In the same year began the rule of
the Hapsburgs in Hungary, at that time mainly in the
possession of the Turks, who were not completely dispos-
sessed until 1718. Austria took the leading part in the
Thirty Years' War, and at its close (164b) had to cede her
possessions in Alsace to France ; she also took part in the
War of the Spanish Succession, and acquired in 1714 the
Spanish (Austrian) Netherlands. Milan. Mantua, Naples,
and Sardinia (the latter was exchanged for Sicily in 1720).
By the treaties of 1735 and 17;f8 Naples and Sicily were
ceded to the Bourbons, part of northwestern Italy was
ceded to Sardinia, and Austria received Parma and Pia-
cenza. The accession of Maria Theresa in 1740 led to the
War of the Austrian Sntcession. The greater part of
Silesia was ceded to Prussia in 1742 ; and by the treaty of
1748 Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla were ceded to Don
Philip. Austria also took a leading part in the Seven
Years' \Var. By the first partition of Poland, 1772, she
acquired G.alicia and Lodomeria. Bukowina was acquired
in 1777, and Bavaria ceded the Innviertel in 1779. War
was waged with France 1793-97. By the treaty of Campo-
I'onnio, 1797, Austria lost the Austrian Netherlands and
Lomb,ardy, but received Venice, Venetia, Istria, and Dal-
matin. New Oalicia (afterward lost) was obtained in the
third partition of Poland, 179.=.. War with France was
can-ied on 179;>-1801, resulting in the treaty of Luncvillc
(1801), by which the previous treaty was confirmed. Mem-
bers of the Hapsburg family received cessions in the ar-
rangements of 1803. The emperor Francis took the title
of "Emperor of Austria" in 1804. A disastrous war with
France luoke out in 1805, and Austria was forced to cede
(1805) Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Breisgau, various territories in
Swabia, etc, Venetia, Dalmatia, etc, to France and French
allies, and received Salzburg and Berehtesgaden. The
dissoluti(ui of the German Empire took place in 1806. War
with France again occurred in 1*09, and Austria ceded
in the same year Carniola, l"rieste, Croatia, part of C;irin-
thia, etc., Salzburg, the Innviertel, etc., and part of Galieia,
to Napoleon. Austria joined the Allies against Napoleon in
Cisleithan division of Austria-Huugary, capi- JJ,-3"*'B;.-{ii,: co„gVess' of Vienna (1815) she reg.airied many
tal Linz, forming the western portion Ot tUe ^^ ^^^ former dominions, including lyrol, the Illyrian
archduchy of Austria, bounded by Bavaria and
Bohemia "on the north. Lower Austria on the
east, Styria and Salzburg on the south, and
Bavaria "and Salzburg on the west. It is moun-
tainous, especially in the'south, and is traversed by the
Danube. The inhabitants are Germans, and the prevail-
ing religion is Roman Catholic. Area, 4,631 square miles.
I'lipnlntion (1890), 785.831.
41- to.«<-n ;5.,an(iiiomioug.iio-.ui.jo oo ^. . ■+ j House of fiee HapsbKri/, HoK.s-e of.
It is bordered by the Pacillc on the east, by the Indian Ocean AUStrid, riouhe ui. •^cc jj j .,, _ . .„
on the northwest, west, and southwest, and is separated AUStna-nUngary ( as
territories, Venetia, and Lombardy. She became the head
of the German Confederation (1815-<16), a member of the
Holy Alliance, and a leader in the European reactionary
movement. Revolutionary movements in Austrian and
Italian dominions 1818-19 were repressed, and a rebellion
in Hungary which took place at the same lime was sub-
dued with the aid of Russia. The Republic of Cracow-
was annttved in 1816, By the war of 1859 against France
and Sardinia, Austria lost Lomliardy and her influence in
Italy. She joined with Prussia in a war against Denmark
in 1864. In 1866 Prussia, in alliance with Italy, made war
upon Austria, and completely defeated her at Koniggratz.
She was obliged to retire friun the Germanic Confedera-
tion and to cede ^ enetia to Italy. The formation of the
dual monarchy took place in 1867. In 1878 the adminis-
tration of Bosnia and Herzegovina was given to Austria-
Hungarv, In 1*83 Austria entered into theTriple Alliance
with Gerinnnv and Italy. Area, 240,942 square mUes. Pop-
ulation (ISOO), 41,:;5!1.2ll4.
Austrian Hyena, The. A nickname given to
;-e,. .-...., .„.,,„....„ ..... ^r- --r - ^^'^^ JuHus Jakob vou Haviiau, fi'om his cruclties lU
(with Northern'Tcrritory), and Western Australia; audits „„ (ije north, Russia and Rumania on the Italy and Hungary. His flogging of women at the
chief cities, Melbourne and .Sydney. In 1606 it was vis- ^ Rumania fsenarated from it by the Car- captiire of Brescia, ami his severity to the difeated Hun-
«".! wna PYtilnred ctt. u, x . V r , , , r. -, , ._ „„,.!„. , a i„ IB.IO .-nutsPil nuch illdignatic
Visit to the brewery of
from Papua liy Tones Strait on the nortli, and from Tas
mania by Bass Strait on the south. Its principal natural
features are mountains along the eastern and southern
coasts (Australian Alps, Blue .Mountains, Liverpool Range,
etc.). the MniTay River system in the southeast, the lake
district in the south, and extensive desert regions in the
-.^,,.^s"*j — tri-ii-hung'ga-ri) (offi-
ciallv, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy;
loosely and popularly, Austria). [G. O.-iltr-
reich-'Umjarii, or Osterrcivhiricli-Vmiitnsche Mon-
archic.'] ' An empire of Europe, capital Vienna,
one of the " Great Powers," bounded by Ger-
ited by Spanish ami Dutch explorers and was explored W- ^ Serviq fmrt-lv senarated from it bv garians in 1819, roused such indignatkm that he barely es-
■ - • The first settlement was at Port Jack- P''tUMns),^fter\ ia^(pamy sepaiai^eu ■juiu^^i'^^^^^^ caped with his life when on ----"--•■- — -'
bv Cook 1770-77. I ne iirsL seiiieiiiciiv wiw at. roii Da^^- i /, ""i^'«V i * ^l *^1'
son in 1788 Gold was discovered in 1851. Among the the Danube), and Montenegro on the soutli,
Bass, Flinders, Oxiey, jjjg Adriatic Sea and Italy (mainly separated
explorers of Australia h.ive been Bass,
Sturt, Eyre, Leichardt, Burke, Wills, St
Forrest, Giles, etc. Area, 2,944,
tion, chiefly of British descent (1891). 3,118,125
gines, about .56,000.
The natives of Australia were all, when discovered, and
still (when uninlluenced by the teaching of missionaries)
remain, on much the same low level of civilisation. The
men, like the animals of this continent, appear in some
respects to belong to an older world than ours. They are
not only in an extremely rudimentary stage of material
culture, bnt they show few if any signs of ever having
been in a much higher condition. No people have less
settled homes ; destitute of the forms of agriculture prac-
ti8<-d by the natives ot the other South Sea Islands, the
tribes wamler over kn-gc expanses of country, urged by
the necessities of tlii^ chase, and attracted, now here, now
there, by the ripening ot wild berries or by the presence
of edible roots. Houses they have none, and their tem-
porary shelters or gunyehs are of the rudest and most
fragile character. Nothing can more clearly demonstrate
their baibarons condition than the entire absence of
native pottery and of traces of ancient pottery in the soil.
■They have scarcely made any progress in domesticating
ainmnis. Their government is a democracy of the fight-
ing men, tempered by the dictates of Birr:uirk or sorcer-
ers, and by the experience of the aged. Yet their social
Wills, Stuart Warburton, ^ j^ -^ ^j^ ^j n ^^^ southwest, and
;wiffi"3mi25;'Xri: S.eiland and Germany (partly separated
from it by the Inn and the Bohmerwald) on
the west. It extends from lat. 42° to 61° N., and frc.m
long. 9° 30' to 26" 20' E. Politically the monarchy is di-
vided into the Cisleithan division, comprising I pper
Austria. Lower Austria, Tyrol and Vorarlbei-g. Salzburg,
Styria, Carinthia, Carniola", Kustenland, Dalmatia, Bohe-
mia, Moravia, Silesia, Gali. ia, and Bukowina, which are
represented in the Keichsral, which meets at Vienna,
and is composed of an Upper House, and a Lower House
of 36:i members; and the Tmnsleithan division, compris-
ing Hungary (including Transylvania), CroatiaSlavonia,
and Fiume, represented at Budapest by the Diet, com-
posed of a House of Magnates, and a House of 453 Repre-
sentatives. Legislation for the monarchy as a whole 18
vested in the Delegations ((io members from each of the
two parliaments). Bosrjia and Herzegovina are admin-
istered by Austria- Hungary. The government is a
constitutional hereditary monaichy. The inhabitants
belong to various races whose relations are exceedingly
complicated. 'lhe91avs(Czechs,Poles.Rnth.'nians,Slovaks,
Slovens. Servians, and Croatians) lead, numerically fonn-
ing about one half of the whole ; the Germans constitute
one fourth, the Magyars less than one sLxth, and the Ru-
Barclay and Perkins, London.
Austrian Rigi. A name sometimes given to
tlie Schnfbeig in Austria.
Austrian Succession, "War of the. The -war
between Austria and Kngland on th(> one side,
anil France, Bavaria, Prussia, Spain, Sar-
dinia, etc., on the other, which broke out on
the succession of Maria Theresa (daughter of
the emperor Charles VI. ) to the Austrian lands
in 1740. The states whose adhesion to the l-ragmatic
Simction (which see) Charles VI. had secured took up
arms to despoil Maria Theresa of her dominions. The
conflict with Prussia which was terminated in 1742 is
known as the lii-st Silesian war (which see). England bo-
came allied with Austria 1741, and King George II. de-
feated the French at Dcttiiigen 1743. The second Silcsian
war in whicli Saxoiiv, oiiginally the ally of Prussia,
joined Austriii, follow'ed in 1741^5. French victories
were gained :it Fontenoy 17J.5, Raucoux 1746, and I.awfeld
1747. The American phase of the war between England
and France is known as King George's war. The ex-
pedition of the Young Pretender in Scotland and Eng-
land 1746 46 was a diversion in the French favor. Russia
joined Austria in 1747. The war was ended by the Peace
of .^ix-la Chapelle 1748, and a mutual restitution of con-
Austrian Succession, War of the
quests, except in regard tu Austria, which camp out of
the BtruKKlc with the luss of Silesia, as well as of Parma
and Fiaccnza.
Austrian Switzerland. A name sometimes
tjivfii to till' Sulzkaiiimertcut in Austria, on ac-
(•iitiiit of its pictun.'sinic srt-in-i-y.
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. [G. Usterreich-
i.-:cli-rii(iiirisrln' M(ni<iichi(.'\ i'hc official name
{since iK(i7) of Aiistriu-lluugary.
Austro-Pnissian War. See Senn JVecks' VTar.
Austro-Sardinian War. See Italian U ar oj
Is.'lll.
Auteuil (o-tV-y'). A former village, now a
p.iitiou of Paris, situated ou the right bank of
the .Seine east of Boulogne, noted as the place
of residence of Boileau, Moliere. Helvetius,
Talleynind, TliiiT
pcoj.l.'.
Authentic Doctor, The. A title given to the
schoolman Grcgorv of Kimini (died 1358).
Author (a'thor), l^e. A comedy by Foote,
lirodiiced aiid'printcil in 17.57. See VadwaUmlcr .
Author's Farce, The. A play by Fielding,
produced in 1730, and revived in 1734, with
amusing ridicule of the Gibbers.
Autire (ou-ti-rii'), or Hoteday (ho-te-da'). A
tribe or division of North jVmerican Indians
which lived in the valley of the Shasta Kiver,
99
Avedik
ing; its irreat stone pyramid is hollow from base to apex. Avallon (a-vsil-lon'). A town in the depart-
Among the Roman reniain.s are the I'orte d'Arroujt, a ,„,.„, ^,i; Yonue, France, on the Cousin 27 miles
Koman gateway of tlEic masonry, with two large arches ., .„^+„p v,,x...„„«. *i,.^Urt.««.. \l...ll,. t'i^
Hanked by small ones, and sumiounted by an arcade of southeast ol Auxerre : the Koman Aballo. Gives
biKh, narrow arches between ('orinthian pilasters; the
Porte SI. Andr^, a Roman gateway ci similar character to
the Porte d*Airi>ux, hut mure massiv
two small ai-ches below, and an
displaying Ionic pilasters; and the temple of Janus,
called, a massive 8(iiiare Roman tower, in reality a defen-
sive outwork of the ancient fortitications. It has two
tiers of openings. Population (,1SS>1), commune, 15,1S7.
But the special glory of which Autun was specially to
boast itself, the possession of the Flavian name, has ut-
terly passed away ; but for the witness of Eumenins itself,
the world might have wholly forgotten that Autun ha<l
ever borne it. Autun has been for ages as little used U»
the name Flavia as Trier has been used to the name of
Augusta. Frceinan, Hist. Essays, 4th ser., p. 07.
and other distinguished ^^t^^^ig (o-tu-nwii'). A former division of
Burguiiily, conospomlingin general to the mod-
ern department of Saoue-et-Loire and part of
Cote-d't)r.
Auvergne (6-varny'). [From Arrer>ii.'\ An
ancient government of France. It was bounded
by Bourbonnais on the north, Lyoiniais on the east, Lan-
guedoc on the southeast, Guienne on the southwest, and
Limousin and Marche on the west ; corresponding to the
depiU-tments of I'uy-de-Dome and Cantal, and part of
Haute-Loire. Tapital, Clermont. It was a county and
then a duchy, and was finally united to the French crown
in 1532.
name to a red Burgundy wine. Population
(1891), commune, 6,076.
lassivc, with two large and Avalokitcshvara ( a ' va - 16 - ki - tash ' wa - ra)
upper arcade ol ten arches "'.r. Tti i i i i „1.- J«..™ f_„„ „« l,- i; > i
I the temple of Janus, so L^^t. , the Lord who looks down from on high.'J
California. In isfil it had 19 villages with an Auvergne, CounteSS of. A minor character in
stimatcd population of 1.140. See Saskan.
Autocrat of the Breakfast-table, The. A
series of papers by Oliver Wendell Holmes,
published serially in the fu-st twelve numbers
oi the '-.Vtlantic Monthly," and together in
1H.58. The autocrat (Holmes himself) discourses on mat-
ters in general with a geiiiiU philosophy from his position
at a iHiarding house hreakfast^table. He used this signa-
ture als<j in other works. „ _. . „ „
Autodidactus (atd-di-<lak'tus), The, or the Aux Cayes.' See (Viycs.
Natural Man. [Ar. /r(/i-/6«-//0(?.;<;«; L. rt«ro- ^^xentius(aks-en'shius). Died 374. An Arian
tliil/ictii.i, • self-taught.'] A psychological ro-
mance by the .Vrabian philosopher Ibn-Tofail
(died 1188). In it the author " supposes a child thrown
upon adesert island at its buth, and there growing to man-
hood, who comes liy himself to the knowledge of nature,
not only in its physical but also ir. its metaphysical aspect,
and even of tiod." A Latin translation was published in
Europe by the Knglish l>rient;ilist Edward I'ococke under
the title "I'hilosophus Autodidactus" (11)71). It was trans-
lated into F.nglish by 8. Ockley (1711), and into German
by .1. (1. I', ll'rilius), 1726.
AutolycUS(a-tol'i-kus). [Gr. 'AiTo>.i«of.] Born
at Pitaiie, in /Eolis: lived about 350 b. C. A
Greek astronomer, author of treatises "On the
Motion of the Sphere" and "On Fixed Stars."
Autolycus. I" I iriek legend, a son of Hermes
(or D;e(lalion) and Chioue, and father of Anti-
cleia, the mother of Odysseus. He was a famous
thief, and possessed the power of making himself and the
things that he stole invisible, or of giving them new forms.
Autolycus. In Shakspere's "Winter's Tale,"
a witty thieving peddler, a "snapper up of uu-
consiiicred trilles." He indulges in gi-otesque
self-raillery and droll solilonuizing on his own
sins.
Automedon (&-tom'e-don). [Gr. Avrofieiuv.l
In (iret'k legend, the son of Diores, and, ac-
cording to Ilonier, the comrade and charioteer
of .Achilles. In another account, he had an indepen-
dent command of ten ships in the Trojan war. Vergil
makes him the comp-Tuion in arms of I'yrrhus, son of - - ^ ..' t.-- * i *•♦•«' i ».. -tr . .,
Achilles southeast of Dijou, strongly fortilied by V an
Autran (6-tron'), Joseph Antoine. Born at ban. Population (1891), eoinmune, 6,695.
Marseilles, June, 1813: died tliiM-e, March 6, AuXOnnoiS (o-sou-wii'). A foiTuer smalliUstrict
1877. A French ])oet, author of "La Fillo of France, whose cai)ital was Aiu\onne.
d'Eschylo," a tragedy which gained him a seat Auzout (o-zo'), Adrien. Died 1691. A French
in the Academy
One of the two Bodhisattvas (see that word), the
other being Manjushri, who had become objects
of worship among the followers of the Great Ve-
hicle at least as early as 400 A.D. They are not
mentioned in the Pitiikas* or in the Lalita Vist:u-a, or in
the older Nepalese and Tibetan books, and are the inven-
tion of Buddhists seeking gods to replace those of the
Hi[idu Pantheon. Avalokiteshvara is the personification
of power, the merciful protector of the world and of men.
.Somewhat later his power was separated from his pro.
tectiug care, and the former more specially pei-sonitted as
the Bodhisattva Vajradhara, 'the bearer of the thunder-
bolt," or Vajrapaui, ■ he who has the thunderbolt in hia
hand," both fonnei-ly epithets of Indra. This new being,
with the other two liodhisattvas, forms the earliest triad
of northern Buddhism, Vajrapani being the Jupiter 'I'o-
nans, Manjushri the deitled teacher, and Avalokiteshvara
the spii-it of the Bnddhas present in the church. These be-
ings and one or two other less conspicuous Bodhisattvas
had become practically gods, tliough the original teach-
ing of Gautama knew nothing of God, taught that Amliats
were better than gods, and acknowledged no foi-m of
prayer.
Avalon (av'a-lon). or Avallon, or Avelion
(a-vel'ion), or Avilion (a-vil'ioii). [W. i'nys
yr AfiiUoii, island of apples.] In Celtic my-
thology, the Land of the Blessed, or Isle of
Souls, an earthly paradise in the western seas.
The great heroes, such as Arthur and Ogierle Dane, were
carried there at death, and the fairy Morgana or .Morgan
le Kay holds her court there. It is often called the Vale
of Avalon or Avilion.
Of all the qualities of Tir Tairngire abundance of apples,
the only important fruit known to the northern nations,
seems to have been the only one which conveyed the high-
est notion of enjoyment. Hence the soul-kingdom was
called by the Welsh the island of apples. Ynys yr A ration,
and sometimes YnysHtrin or Ynysytitrin, Glass Island,
a name which identifies it with the Teutonic (jlasherg.
When these names passed into other languages untrans-
lated, so that their meaning became obscured or forgot-
ten, the kingdom of the. dead was localized at Glastonbury,
the Anglo-Saxon Glaestinya burh. There, according to
legend, Arthur lies buried; but another popular tradition
has it that he was carried away to the island of Avallon by
his sister the fairy Morgana, the Moigue la Fae of i'rench
Bomance. ... In the romance of Ogier le Danois, when
Ogier, who Morgue la Fae determines shall be her lover,
arrives at the palace of Avallon, he finds there besides
Morgana her brother King Arthur, and her brother Aube-
ron, the Oberon of fairy romance, and Mallabron, a sprite
of the sea- Encyc. Brit, V. 326.
Avalon Peninsula (av'a-lon pf-nin'su-lii).
The jieninsula at the southeastern extremity of
Newfoundland, on which St. John's is situated,
connected with the rest of the island by a nar-
row isthmus.
See Pes-
Autriche (o-tresh'). The French name of
Austria.
Autricum ta'tri-kum). The Roman name of
a town of the Celtic Carnutes: the modern
Chart res.
Autronia gens (3,-tr6'ni-a jenz). In ancient
Home, a clan or house whoso only known
family name is Pietus. The first memb.r of this
K,-ns who obtained the consulate was P. Autronius Pfetus,
(!.". M. r.
Autun (o-tuii'). A city in the department of
.Saorie-et-Loire, France, situated on the Ar-
roux 42 mill's southwest of Dijon: the ancient
Augustodunum (whence the name). It contains
many Koman authpiities, the medieval Cathednil of St.
Ijizare. theological seminaries, and collections, antl has
varied manufactures ami some trade. The Koman town,
which was the seat of a noted schotil of rhetoric, was de-
jttroyed by Tetricus in 270, and rebuilt by Constantius
rhiorus and (''nstantine ; later it was sucked by northern
invaders, Sai-aecns. Normans, etc. The cathednil in in
great part early K4>manesque, with line western pyramid-
capped towers flanking a beautiful imrch itf two l)ays. in
which opens the rouii«l-arched portal, with an impressive
lAst .Tndgmeut in its tympainim. I'he omameutal det;iils
of the interior are largely copied from the local Roman
remains. There is a lofty iftth-centuiy spire at the oross-
Shakspere's "Henry VI.."i)art 1,
Auvergne, Mountains of. A branch of the
Cevennes Mountains, situated chiefly in the de-
partments of Cantal and Puy-de-D6me, France.
They are volcanic ir structure, 'fhe chief peaks are Puy-
de-.Sancy (0,185 feet high), Plomb du Cantal, and Puy-de-
DOme. _ .
Auverney (6-ver-ne'), Victor d'. A pseudo-
nym used by Victor Hugo about 1829.
'es. See Viii/is.
llS(aks-en'shius). Died 374. J
bishop of Milan 355-374, who was condemned by
the synod held at Rome 370, although he en-
joyed the favor of the imperial court. He sus-
t.aincd himself in his see till his death.
Auxerre (6-siir'). The capital of the depart-
ment of Yonne, France, situated on the Yonne
in lat. 47°48'N., long. 3°32'E.: the Roman
Autissiodurum (whence the name), a town of
the Senones; later the capital of the ancient
Auxen'ois. It is noted tor its wines, and has varied
manufactures. The cathedral ol .\uxerre is a beautiful
13th-century building with some later moditieations.
The transepts have magnitlcent portals and great traceried
windows. The piers of the portals of the fai;ade are cov-
ered with panels bearing reliefs of Old Testament sub-
jects, and the interior is beautifully proportioned and or-
namented. It possesses splendid medieval glass. The
length is 330 feet, the height of vaulting 92 feet. Popu-
lation (1891), 18,036.
Auxerrois (6-sar-wa'). An ancient county of Avalos, Ferdinando Francesco d'.
France, capital Auxerre, formerly part of the c mi, Mariiiiis i;/'.
duchy of Burgundy. It was incorporated in Avalos, Gil Bainirez de. See Jkirahs.
Franco under Louis XI. Avare, L'. [F.. "tlie miser.'] A comedy by
Auxois (6-swii'). A medieval countship in Jloliere. jiroduced in 1()6S. The plot was borrowed
Burgundy, coiTesponding to the aiTondissement from the " Aululaiia " of Plautus. Fielding founded his
of Avallon in the deiiartiuent of Yonne and the " Miser" upon it.
arrondissement of Semur in the department of Avaricum (a-var'i-kum). The Roman name of
Cote-d'Or. ""' chief city of the Biluriges. a (Jallic tribe:
Auxonne {6-son'). A town in the doi>artmeut Hie modei'u Bourges, capital of the department
of Cote-d'Or, France, on the Saone 20 miles of Cher. , xt , .,. ■
Avars (ii'viirz). 1. A people of Ural-Altaic
stock, allied to fhe Huns, who appeared on the
Danube about .555 A. I>., and settled in Dacia.
They aided .lustinian, and later assisted the Lombards
against the Gepidre ; occupied Painiimia, and later Dallua-
tia, and invadcil Germany. Italy, and the Balkan Penin-
sula. Their i)owcrwas bii>ken by Charles the Great about
79C, and they disappeared with the establishment of tha
Moravians and Magyars.
2. A people, probably allied to the Lesghians,
who ilwell in Daghestan.
Avasaxa (ii-vii-siik'sii). A mountain in Fin-
land, near Torneil, resorted to by tourists in
summer on account of the view obtained there
of the midnight sun.
Avatcha (U-vii'ehii). or Avatchinskaya (ii-vii-
chen'skii-vii). A volcano in Kanitchalka, in
lat. 53° 15' N., long. 158° 50' E., about 8,000
feet high.
Avatcha Bay. A bay on the eastern coast of
Kniiifehalka. on which Petropaulovsk is sita-
:ite(l.
Avebury (a'ber-i), or Abury (a'ber-i). A small
village in Wiltshire, England, 6 miles west of
Marlborough, noted for its niegalithic antiqui-
ties. Near by is the barrow called Silbury
Hill.
Avedik (av'e-dik). Lived about 1700. A pa-
triarch of Armenia who, at the instance of the
French ambassador, was deposed by the Porte
and exiled to Chios. See the extract.
mathematician, astronomer, aiul maker of tel-
escopes, invi'utor oi the lilar micrometer.
AUZOUX, Theodore Louis. Born at Saint All-
bin d'Kscroville in 1797: died at Paris, May 7.
1880. A French physician, inventor of a met liod
of making paste models of anatomical prepara-
tions.
Ava (ii' vii). The former capital of Burma, sit-
uated on the Irawadi in lat. 21° 52' N., long.
96° I'K. : now largely in ruins.
Avallenau, The. [Poem 'of the apple-trees.'
See (luolatioii under -Irrttow.] A poem ascribed
to tlio ancient .Merlin, "lliepoem is ccuisldercd by
Mr. Stephens to he fotuided OTi a tradition of seven scoie
chiefs who were changed to sprites in the Wood ol Celyd-
don, to have been written in the latter part of the reign
of Owain liwynedd, and to contain distinct historical allu-
sion to affairs of tile years 1185-1170. It includes also a
notion of the return of Cailwallader, which was luie of the
inventions of Geollrey of Monmouth, set afloat by the
Miile popularity of his llctitious history. Apnii-trees were
chosen by the poet because, after OeofVrey 8 history ap-
peared. Fairy-land was known among the bards as Ynys
yr Avallon, the Island of the Apple trees, which English
ronianclsls, not knowbig the meaning of Avallon, or not
being so much impressed as the Welsh by the be^Jiuty
of a blossoming apple orchard, called 'the woody isle of
Avalon."' Morh-ii, Kng. Writers, III. 250.
Avedik
Hammer mentions the banishment of the Armenian pa-
triarch toOhios, for opposing the influence of * ranee ami
asserts that he«as kidnapped by order of the trenl. am-
baasador, and carried t« the isle of St. il=^8"f"f'^' ".^ "^
Antibes where he died. But it appears that this patu-
arcll whose name was Avedik was not m^"/." J' 'f '.J^"
St MarKuerite. but was secretly transported fioni 51ar-
seiliesTthe abbey of Mont St. Michel, where he was in-
?ru ted to the safe keepi.>B and.zealous teacluns o the
monks, in whose custody he remained conipletelj secluded
ton, tVe world for three years. He was tjien re.noved to
the Bastille The terror .if imprisonment for life in that
ceUbrat" place overcame his fortitude, and he declaj-ed
h mself a convert to Catholicism, ^'t ^' ""^/f.^'-^^^t^^
France until his death. The complaints of 'If sultan
acainst this outrage on the law of nations caused the
»?e 1 ambassador at fonstautinople to deny the ran^e^
tioii, and he even attempted to persuade the I'orte that
the Spaniards were the inan-stealers who had kidnapped
t le uifortunato Avedik. At last, to avoid a nipture ,wth
Turkev lx)uis XIV. formally announced that Avedik was
dead thoURh lie was still languishing In a French prison,
oeaa, luout, r„Uay, Hist. Greece, V. 23ii, note.
Aveiro (a-va'rg). A district in the noTthwest-
em part of the province of Beira, Portugal.
Aveiro A seaport, capital of the district of
Aveiio' situated at the mouth of the Vouga 35
miles south of Oporto: the seat of a bishopric.
Population, about 7,000.
Aveiro. Duke of (Jose Mascarenhas). Bom
1708: executed Jan. Ki. 17.5'.). A Portuguese
nobleman, condemned to death for alleged par-
ticipation in the attempted murder of the king
in 1758. Ti V -x
Ave-Lallemant (ii-vii'lal-mon ), Robert
Christian Berthold. Born at Lubeck, July
25, 1.S12: died there, Oct. 10, 1884. A tierman
traveler in South America.
Aveline Uiv-len'), Le Sieur. A pseudonym ot
Avelianeda (a-va^lyii-na'THa), Alonso Fer-
nandes de The name assumed by the writer
of a si.urious "second volume of the Ingenious
Knight Don Quixote de la Mancha," which ap-
peared in 1614 before the genuine "second
nart" bv Cervantes was published. Its author-
ihip has been assigned to Luis de Aliaga, the kiui; s con-
fessor, and also to Juan Blanco de Paz, a Dommican
friar The book contains vulgar abuse of tervantes and
is in' turn ridiculed by him in the later chapters of Don
Quixote." ....
Avelianeda y Arteaga (a-va-lyii-na THa e ar-
ta-a'ga), Gertrudis Gomez de. Bomin Puerto)
Principe, Cuba, March 23, 1814: diedm Madrid,
Feb 2 1873. A Cuban authoress. Most of hei-
me was passed in Spain, where she was twice married.
Her lyrics are greatly admired. She wrote several suc-
cessful dramas. Of her novels the best-known are Dos
Mujeres '■ "Espatolino," and " El Mulato Sab, a kind of
Cuban " rncleToms c abin." Some of her works are pub-
lished over the pseudonym "La Peregrina."
Avelianeda, Nicolas. Bom in Tucuman, Oct.
1, 18;i(i: died Di'c. 26, 1885. An Argentine
statesman, journalist, and author of several
historical and economical works. He was profes-
sor of political economy in the University of Buenos Ayres,
minister of pulilie instruction during the administration
of Sarmiento, 1868-74, and succeeded that statesman as
president of Argentina, 1874-8n.
Avellino(ii-vcl-le'n6),formerlyPrincipatoUl-
teriore (prin-che-pa'to 61-ta-re-o're). A prov-
ince in Campania, Italy. Area, 1,172 square
miles. Population (1891), 410,457.
Avellino. The capital of the province of Avel-
liuo, 29 mUes northeast of Naples, celebrated
for its hazel-nuts and chestnuts: the seat of a
bishopric. It retains the name, but is noton the exact
site, of the ancient Abellinum, a city of the HuTuni de-
stroyed in the wars of the Greeks and Tombards. It has
several times been damaged by earthtiuakes. Population
(IBM), 26,000.
Avellino, Francesco Maria. Bom at Naples,
Aug. 14, 1788: died .Ian. 10, 1850. An Italian
arclueologist and numismatist. He became pro-
fessor of Greek in the Inivcrsity of Naples in ISl.";, direc-
tor of the Museo Borbonico in 1839, and was editor of
" Bollettino arcbeologico iNapolitano" 1843-48.
Avenare. See Ahrnham ben Meir ibn Ezra.
Avenbrugger. ^co Aucnbrupger.
Avenches (ii-vohsli'), G. Wifflisbiu:g (vif hs-
lior(i). A town in the canton of Vaud. Swit-
zerland. 7 miles northwest of Friliourg: the
Koman Aventiciiin, the ancient capital of the
Helvetii. It has remains of an amphitheater, various
other Roman relics (including a Corinthian column), and
a castle.
Avenel (av'nel), Mary. One of the principal
characters in Sir Walter Scott's novel "The
Monastery," the wife of Halbert Glendinning.
She reappears in "The Abbot."
Avenel, Julian. The usurper of Avenel Cas-
tle and the uncle of Mary Avenel in Scott s
novel "The Monastery."
Avenel, Knight of. See Glmidinning, fftil-
bcrt.
IPO
Avenio (a-ve'nio). The Roman name of a town
iif the Cavares, in (iaUia Xarboiiensis: the mod-
ern Avignon.
Aventine (av'en-tin). [L. Mons AvcnUnus, it.
Montv Aieiitmo.] The farthest south of the
seven hills of ancient Rome, rising on the left
bank of the Tiber, south of the Palatine.
Below it to the northeast lay the Circus Maximus, and to
the east the thenuse of Caracidla.
Aventinus (av-en-ti'nus) (originally Thur-
mayr, Johannes). Born at Abensberg, Ba-
varia, 1477 (0 : died at Kiitisbon, Bavana, Jan.
9, 1534. A Bavarian historian, author ot "An-
nalium Boiorum libri VII.," etc.
Averell (a've-rel), William Woods. Bom at
Cnnieron, Steuben County. N. Y., Nov. 5, 1832.
All American general and inventor. He was
graduated at West Point in 1866 ; distinguished himself
during the Civil War as a leader of cavalry raids in % ir-
ginia 1863 and 18W : and resigned May IS, 18ti6, with the
brevet rank of major-gener.il. Among his inyeiitions lu-e
a process of manufacturing cast-steel du-ectly from the
ore, an asphalt pavement, and various electrical appli-
ances. ^
Averno (a-ver'n6),.L. lacus Avernus (a-ver -
nus). [tir. 'fVopi'of ?.iin;/, lit. ' the birdless lake :
it being said that its exhalations killed the
birds flying over it. But this is prob. a popular
etym. due to the accidental resemblance of the
name to the Gr. aopvng. birdless.] A small lake
in Campania, Italy, 9 miles west, of Naples,
anciently believed to be the entrance to the
infernal regions. Its circumference is nearly
2 miles, and it is abont 200 feet deep.__
Averroes (a-ver'6-pz), or Averrhoes (Abul
Walid Mohammed ben Ahmed ibn Koshd).
Born at Cordova about 1126 (1120 ?): died at
Morocco,Dec.l2,1198. A distinguished Spanish-
Arabian philosopher, physician, and commen-
tator on Aristotle. He belonged to a noted family of
iiunsts, and himself held judicial positions. His works
are numerous, and cover the fields of medicine, phUoso-
phy, natural history, astronomy, ethics, mathematics, and
jurisprudence. Many of them were translated into Latin
and Hebrew. ,,.., ...in
Avers (a'vers),or Averser Thai (a ver-sertal).
An alpine vallev in the southern part of the
canton of Grisons, Switzerland, west of the Up-
per Engadine : a tributary to the valley of the
Hinter-Rhein.
Aversa (ii-ver'sa). A town in the province of
Caserta, Italy, 9 miles north of Naples, noted
for its white" wine and fruits. It was founded by
the Normans, about 1029, near the site of the ancient
Atella. Population, about 20,000.
Averulino, Antonio. Sec FiUirch.
Averysboro, or Averysborough (a ver-iz-
bur"6). A village in Hamett County, North
Carolina, 32 miles south of Raleigh. Here, March
16, 1806, the Federals under Sherman repulsed the Confed-
erates under Hardee. Loss of Federals, 654 ; of Confeder-
ates, SIM<.
Aves (ii'ves). ['Bird' islands.] A group of
small islands in the Carilibean Sea, belonging
to Venezuela, southeast of Buen Ayre.
Avesnes (a-vau'). A town in the department
of Nord, France, sitnated on the Helpe 26 miles
southeast of Valenciennes. It was fortified by
Vauban. Population C1891), 6,495.
Avesta (a-ves'ta). The Bible of Zoroastnamsm
and tlie'Parsis'. The name comes from the Pahlavi
avMak, which possibly means 'knowledge.' The name
" Zendavesta " arose by mistake from inverting the Pah-
lavi phrase Avistak va Zand, 'Avesta and /.end, or tne
Law and Commentary,' Zend, 'knowledge, explanation,
referring to the later version and commentary in 1 ahlavi.
The present Avesta is but a remnant of a great litera-
ture. It includes (1) the Yasna, a collection of liturgical
fragments and of hymns or Gathas ; (2) the \ ispered, a h-
tuivMcal collection ; (3) the Vendidad, a collection of re-
ligious laws; (4) the Yashts, mythical fragments devoted
to various Mazdavasnian divinities; and (.6) different
prayers known under the names Xyayish, Afrmgan, Gah,
Sirozah, and six v.irious other fragments The Yasna,
'sacrifice, worship.' is the chief liturgical work. In it
are inserted the (Jatlias, ■ hymns,' verses from the sermons
of Zoroaster. These arc written in an older dialect.
They form the oldest and most sacred part of the Avesta.
The Vispered contains invocations to "all the loras
(vispe ratavo!. The Yaslits (from yashti, 'worship by
praise 'I are twenty-one hymns to the divmities, ' Y aza-
tas or Izads." The Vendidad, or 'law against the daeyas
or demons' (vidaeva datal, is a priestly code like trie
Pentateuch. The present form of the Avesta beloiigs to
the Sassanian period. According to the record of Khusro
Anoshirvan (A. D. 6;il-679), King Valkhash, one of the List
of the Arsacidre, ordered a search for all surviving writ-
ings, and required the priests to aid with their oral tradi-
tion. The texts were rcedited under successive Sassanian
rulers, until under Shapur II. (A. I). :io9-379) the final
redaction was made by liis prime minister Atur-pat Jla-
raspend.
Avesta (ii-ves'tii). A mining town i" Koppar-
berg liin, Sweden, situated on the Dal-elf 3s
miles southeast of Falun.
Avestan. See Zend.
Aveyron (a-va-r6n'). -^ department of soutn-
Avila
em France, bounded bv Cantal on the north,
Lozf-re and Card on the east, Herault and Tarn
on the south, and Lot, Tarn-et-Garonne, and
Tam on the west, formed from the ancient
Rouergue (in Guienne). Its capital is Rodez. Area,
3 376 sciuare miles. Population (1891), 400,407.
Aveyron. A river in southern France which
loins the Tarn 9 miles northwest of Montauban.
Length, about 150 miles. On it are Rodez and
Villefranche.
Avezac (iiv-zak'), Auguste Gene-vieve valen-
tind'. Boru in Santo Domingo, 17i7: died tob.
15, 1851. An American lawyer and diplomatist
of French descent. He was charge d'affaires at The
Hague 1831 and 1845-49. and member of the New York
legislature 1841-46 ; author of " Reminiscences of Edward
Livingstone." .
Avezzano (ii-vet-sa'no). A town mthe prov-
ince of Aqiiila, Italy, on the border of Lago
di Fucino (now nearly drained) 53 miles east o£
Rome. Population, 6,000.
Aviano (a-ve-ii'no). A smaU town in the prov-
ince of Udine, Italy, 46 miles northeast of
Venice. . , ■ ^
Avianus (a-vi-a'nus), or AvianiUS (-ni-us),
Flavins. A Latin fabulist, probably of the
4th century A. D. He wrote forty-two fables in the
manner of .£sop, in elegiac meter. The collection was
used as a school-book, and was augmented, paraphrased,
and imitated.
Avicebron. See f>cihi»nm ibn Gebirol.
Avicenna (av-i-sen'ii) (a coi-mpt form of Ibn
Sina). Born at Afshena, Bokhara, Aug.. 980:
died at Hamadan, Persia, 1037. The most cele-
brated Arabian physician and philosopher, au-
thor of commentaries on the works of Aristotle,
and of treatises on medicine based chiefly on
Galen: surnamed the "Prince of Physicians."
His works, most of which are brief, number over 100.
His writings upon Aristotle were held in great esteem,
and his "Canon of Medicine" (C«H«« ilediaiur, in Ar.
Eilab d-qAnfini fi-tiiiM, 1693 ; L. trans, by Gerardus Cre_
mouensis, 1696) was long regarded in Eui-ope as one of
lUOUeilbia, lOHttf nao lyiiif^ ...f...... -.-
the highest authorities in medical science.
Avicenna (Ebn Sina) was at once the Hippocrates and
the Aristotle of the Arabians ; and certainly the most ex-
traordinary man that the nation produced. In the course
of an unfortunate and stormy life, occupied by politics
and by iileasures, he produced works which were long
revered as a sort of code of science. In particular his
writings on medicine, though they contain little besides
a compilation of Hippocrates and Galen, took the place
of both even in the universities of Europe; and were
studied as models at Paris and Montpellier till the end ot
the 17th eentuiy, at which period they fell into an almost
complete oblivion. Whmell, Ind. Sciences, I. 279.
Avidius Cassius. General under M. Aureliiis.
Avienus (S-vi-e'nus), Rufus Festus. Lived
probalily about 370 A. D. A Roman poet. He
wrote " Descriptio orbistcrrffi" (based on the " Periegesis
of Dionysios), " Ora maritima " (a description of the west-
ern and southern coasts of Europe), "Aratea phiciumi-
ena"(a poetical translation of the "Phenomena (Gr.
<(>ai.oiiti'n) of AratusX "Aratea prognostica," eto. _
Avigliana (a-vel-va'na). A small town m the
province of Turin, Italy, 14 miles west of
Turin.
A-yngliano (a-vel-ya'no). A town in the prov-
ince of Potenza, Italy, situated on the Bianco
northwest of Potenza. Population, 13,000.
Avignon (ii-ven-voii'). [In E. formerly Arin-
iou: F. Aiif/Hon, It. Avi;inoiic, L. Avenio{n-),
Av(nnio(n-),'GT. AtVwui'.] The capital of the
department of Vaiicluse, France, situated on
the east bank of the Rlione, in lat. 43° 57' N.,
Ions 4° 50' E. : the Roman Avenio: called
the "Windy Citv" and the "City of Bells."
It has a large "trade in madder and grain, and niaiiufac_-
tines of silk, etc., and is the seat of an arehlushopric and
formerly ot a university. It was a flourishing Roman
town and is celebrated as the residence of the popes
13(i9-'76, to whom it belonged until its annexation by
the French in 17!il. At that time it was the scene of
revolutionary outbreaks, and of royalist atrocities in
181-. It is associated with the lives of Petrarch, I,aura_
andRienzi. Population (1891), 43,453. The cathedral
of Avignon is in great jiart of the 11th century. There
is an octagonal lantern with a dome of Byzantine appear-
ance, and Pointed barrel-vaulting. The sculptured tombs
of Popes .John XXII. and Benedict XII. and the papal
tlirone remain in the church, which is mnch modernized.
The palace of the popes is an enormous eastellatert pile,
built during tlie 14th century, with battlemented towers
160 feet high and walls rising to a height of 100 feet.
Much remains in the interior, though now difficult ot
access owing to the use of the palace as barracks, me
Pope's Chapel and that of the Inquisition are both fres-
coed, the latter by Simonc Martini. , , , -.t ,
Avila A province of Spain, bounded by Val-
ladoiid on the north, Segovia and Madrid on
the east, Toledo and C^ceres on the south, and
Salamanca on the west. It is a part of Old
Castile. Area, 2,981 square miles. Population
(1887), 193,093. . ^ - .,
Avila The capital of the province of Avila,
situated on the Adaja 58 miles northwest of
Madrid It has a cathedral and university.
Avlla 101 Ayas
The cathedral is of carly-l'ointcj work, in part castellated 456. As master of the armies in Caul he distiiiBuished of Tokio, Japan, fomierlv a Japanese penal
for defense. The elfect of both exterior and interior himself against the Huns and Vandals. He obtained the settlement
is plain and s<,mewhat heavy : the good tracery of win- purple Auk. l.l, 4:..S hy the aid of Theodoric II., kiuil of a., .yu„^ .. a„„„ /sn,\ a „_,„ii ^,_.„ j„ ^. „
,l,ms and cloister is much blocked up to exclude the ,|,e West i:,.ihs, but was dep.«ed liy Kicimer after a reign ^ '-'^T'' f "^ H ^' ''-o^ ?i J •,
liuht in the prevailing Spanish fashion. There are some uf fourteen ni.>nths. department ot Anege, i ranee, on the Anege
l)cautiful sculptured tombs, and remarkable ciu-ved j^yj^ys, Alcimus Ecdicius or Ecdidius. Saint, at the foot of the Pyrenees, 21 miles southeast
f^p'racu"dIy L'mpirt'rwitiriti'Vlt^":'™ l>ied5:;3C525f). Aix.hbishopofVieuue4U0-52S, of Foix: celebrated for its hot sulphur baths.
»cmicircul.ir towers, and its crowning of pointed battle- probably a nephew (grandson aeoordiiig to it was a Koman town.
ments, it is one of the most picturesque of existing Wetzer and Welte) of the emperor Avitus. He Axayacatl (ii-teha-ya-ka'tl), or Axavacatzlin
eiamplesof the kind. Population (1887). 10,835. was the cliief spokesman of the orthixlox in a relicious (ii-teha-vii-katz-len'), also Axajacatl. [Kiter-
Avila(a've-la),Alonzode(ofteu writtenAlon- disputation with the Arians 499; converted Sigismuud, ally, ' Faee-iu-the-Water.'] A war-chief or "em-
ZoDdvila) Born about 14«5: died after 1.537. ^:;^J,rfX^Sj^'i;r^:"'^^:^^^i^^ l-^»r" of the Az.e_e_s of Me.xieo from 1464
A Spnnish soldier and adventurer m America, letters, honiUies, and poems. until his death in 14/ (. He was a nephew of Acam-
He went to America, where his name first appeara as A.viz (ii-vez') A small town in the nrovinee of pichtli, and a. celebrated warrior, lie made raids in
commander of one of Orijalva's ships in the expedition . i„,,,V„:„ Portn.rnl sitnitp.l m. a triliof ».■., ,^f I'ehuantepec and on the I'acillc coast, and brought liack
of 1518 to the Mexican co-asL In 1519 he jonied Cortes, Alcmtl JO, lortugal, slluateU OH a Iributaiy 01 g^eat uumljers of victims for the altars. Tochtcpec and
was one of his most trusted captains, marched with him tlie Zatas /:) miles iiortlicast Oi Liisbon. Hucxotzinco were made tributiu-ies of Mexico, and Tlate-
to Mexico and against Narvaez, and in 1.'.21 was his agent AviZ, Order Of St. Benedict Of. A Porta- lolco was con(|Uered. He was the fatlK-ri.f Montezuma U.
to the Audience of Santo Domingo, where heolitaincd ini- [,n(,so order of kni'dithood oritriiiatiiif in a mil- '"''" ""cigned at the beginning of the Spanish conquest,
portjujt concessions. In June, LVi-i, he was sent to Spain ? * , ^ i '^i i ^^^ t' iti^> ,i«- . AypI S('r> \h<inlmi
£^thtr.^sure and despatches:' near the A«,res his ships itary order founded by Alfonso I., 1143-114,, to Ailnber? r^iks^en berr) A mountain in the
were captured by French corsairs, and the treasure was suppress the Moors. It received the papal conBrm.1- ■O-J'enDerg (.iks en-DerGj. A moumam in me
lost Avila managed to have his despatches sent to Spain, tion in 1102 as a religious order under the rules of .St. eantOii ot Lri, Switzerland, near the eastern
but was himself kept a prisoner fi)r several years. Finally Benedict. Aviz became the seat of the order in 1187. In shore of Urner Bay, Lake Lueeme, 18 miles
ransomed, he returned to Spain, was appointed eontrt<f"r 1789 it was transformed into an honorary order for the re- southeast of Jjueeriie. At the foot is " TelPs
of Yucatan, and set i>ut for that region as second in com- ward of military merit. Chanel "
DiandoftheexpeditionofMontejo (1527). Arrived there, AvizS (ii-ve//). A small town in the depart- AyonQtrnsBA riilt<i'pn «tra'«o^ A ,mtB,l ronrl
he was apijolnted to lead an expedition t^> a region on **'*''^ ,• at 1:1 00 -i *t j.- -n-XeilStraSSe l.aKS en-Stra 86). A noteu roaa
the west coast, in search of gold. He provoked conflicts mpiit ot Alarne, ITance, JU miles soutli ot leading along the eastern side of Urner Bay, in
with the Indians, was unable t.i return, and, utter terrible Hheims. It IS a dejiot tor champagne. Switzerland from Bruiinen to Fliielen
!SV'be^ks"™i^geil%r^noyherunyucei^iu^^ ■^^^°'l*. (av-16'na), It Valona (va-lo'na). A Axholme, ov Axholm (aks'olm). An island
JfyilcatLn ' - unsuceesaful expedition ^ Albania, Turkey, s. uated on the ;„ the northwestern partof Lincolnshire, Eug-
fvila Oil Gonzalez de See Go;, -«(<■- i»«r,7» ''^^'^^ °Lol}S'^' ^'}"'^^^''- X'\ :.^^\^\' ''^'"l' t°""«^ ^y the rivers Trent, Don, and
Sp«in,l.l^K»: died.Mav lO.lobS). A Spanish pulpit Avoca (ii-v6'ka), or Ovoca (6-v6'ka), Vale Of. A^ (a-sh/n™ iil-
tor who preached forty years in Andalusia, a valley in Ooimty Wieklow, Ireland, about TrTfiiefiold Coast
>nce his surname -Apostle of Audalusia." 12 „jiies southwest of Wieklow. traversed by m Ion? ■» 1^' w'
cfwork- •'Eiustolano espintiml" (1.5,8). ti-p ,.;voi- Avn.-n. ^fnrmofl bv ths AvnT.Tiinr„ » ■;._ ?;,",.■ ^
Spain.l.l^Kl: died.Mav 10.156!). A Spanish pulpit Avoca (ii-vo'ka), or Ovoca (6-v6'ka), Vale of. Air(a-shen "' or iiks'im) A British station
orator who preached forty years in Andalusia, A vallev in ftmiitv Wieklow Ire ind about '^^T 7. 1 1 rJ ^ -m ^ a «_■•>,. .in .rV,/
whenee his suniame •'Aiiostle of Andalusia >' lo ., ^ ^° l^oimty vvicKiow, ireiana, auom qq the Gold Coast, West Africa, in lat. 4° 52'
wnence iiis surname Aposiie 01 iuiaaiusia. jo jmies southwest ot Wieklow. traversed by m i„,,„ 00 ik' w
Chi.-fNVf.rk- -Ei.istolanoespintual"(15,8^ tijg river Avoca (formed by the Avonmore A-rina faks'i us) TGr 'iiwor 1 The ancient
Avila, Pedro Anas de, genera y ca led Pe- ft„H Avnnbp^rl- f.plphvnted for it<4 nietnrpsrmp -^^"^ Vf, ^r '■, ^ A,,of.j ine ancient
drarias(pa-drii'.-6-as). feon, at Ai^as, Segovia, ^nd An onbeg) . celebiated for its picturesque ^me of the Vardar. ^^^ ^^^ ,
Spain. 144J.- -lied- at Leon, Nicaragua, March A^ogadro(ii-v6-ea'dr6) Count Amadeo Born ^fm^ister (aks min-stkv) [AS. Axan imjnster,
r. ivtl \ Sn.irii,;!. «,.l,li,.r ..ml -Hhiii.,istvitni- ,^* • " > ,,^, ,t^^\V j ]1 -"^t , ,,' f!,-" -Ictsau 1)1 i/iisteT, mmsU'r of the Axe (river).]
tj, l.)dl. A J^'PaniMi sokliir ami a Iministiatoi. at Turin, Aug. 9, 1776: died there, July 9, 18.)G. a town in Devonshire En.'l-ind "4 miles east
After serving with distinction in the Mooruh wars of Spam . ,,„to.i Tf .,i?„., ,.1,, «,; .f n„ri t^i>„'; 4^f .,-„f„<. lowu in i^evonsnue, jLugi.inu, -t miles easi
and Africa, lie was sent (1514) with a large fleet and over ^ ""t^'' Italian chemist and physicist, profes- of Exeter, famous formerly for its earpet-man-
l.fKiOnien to Darien asgovernorof ("astiliadel Oro.super- sor at the University ot t urin. He was the discov- ufactures Population (1891) 4 985
seding Balboa, whom ho imprisoiud and tried on various erer of the law (named for him) that equal volumes of a_,,_, faV t:l\m'\ An oiw.l.a.iV tr>w>, nf Tinr-i
charges. A reconciliation was clfect.d, but later (1517) gas or vapor at the same temperature and pressure con- .aJtum l.<iK.-s<jm ;. jiii aiu^icui lowii or llgre,
BallKia was accused (probably falsely) of planning a re- tain the same number of molecules. Abyssinia, in lat. 14 8 JN., long, do 45 L.,
bellion, tried, and executed in the governor's presence. Avola (a'vo-la) A seaport in the prorince of noted for its antiquities. It was formerly the
Pedrariass governnient was marked by rapacity and .Syracuse Sicilv. 12 miles southwest of Svra- capital of Abvssinia, and a religious center,
cruelty. In 1519 he founded Panama and ma.le it his '^,) ' -t"^ "se, oicii.v , i- miies suiuuvicsu oi oyra . f^ .^. ^j-. - , ' , , -^ i?:,,,,/,.,,,,,-, .„
capital. He aided, or at all events encounmed, the enter- cuse. Population, 12,000. AXUmite Kingdom (aks um-it king clum). An
prise ot Pizarro and Almagio in search of Peru; but on Avon (a' von), or East AvOH. [A common ancient iianic ot the hthiopiaii kingdom,
the failure of the llrst expedition relinquished his share, river-name in other British forms Ji'en Evan Ay, or AI (ii'e ori). A town in the department
forcing the partnei-s to pay hini an indemnity. In con- j j June,, Iniieii etc • from W afon of Maine, France, situated on the Manie 18 miles
aeuuenee of numerous complaints, Pedrarias was trans- f"""'. -jn"t-, -i«"c^ j""ci/, ctu., num ri . u/o.i, . , „ '. 4^, ■', -., t 1 <• •*
fen-ed to the governorship of .Nicaragua in 15-26. Manx avn, Gael, ahhuinn, water, cognate with northwest of Chalons-sur-Marne : noted for its
Avila y Zlifiiga (ii've-Iil e thfi'iive-gii) Luis -A^S. ea, Goth, ahwa, L. aqnci, water. L. amnis, wines. Population (1891), commune, 6,701.
de. Born at Placencia, Spain, "about 1490 : river. Of. .!«.] A river iu WUts and Hants, Ayacucho (i-ii-ko'cho). [Quichna, 'corner of
died after 1550. A Spanish historian He England, which flows into the English Channel death': so called from an Indian battle which
WTote"CommentariosdelaguerradeAIemaiia, at I'hristchui-ch lu-ar the mouth of the Stour. took place therein the 14th century.] Asmall
hecha por Carlos V., 1546-47" (1.547) It passes Salisbnrv. Length, about 65 miles. P'ain m toe valley of the \ enda-Mayu stream-
Avil68 (ii-ve-las'). A seaport in the province Avon, or Lower Avon, or Bristol Avon. A let, near the village of Quinua, about midway
ot Oviedo, Spain, in lat. 4:i° 38' N long 5° river in Wilts and Somerset, England, and on between Lima and Cuzco, Peru. It was the scene
56' W. Population (18S7), 10 235 the boundary between Somerset and Glouces- °/ '^e most memorable b.attle in the history, .f South
» -li ,.. ",- ; W J 'l.i , 1 ,- t a ■ -tTj-iini 1-7 -1 .1 America, m which a veteran force of ii.nniispani.'irds, under
Avil^S (a-ve-las' ). PedlO Menendez de. See ter, flowing into Bristol Channel 7 miles north- the viceroy La Serna, was defeated by 5,T,-o patriots under
Mruriiih: ill Aiilis. west of Bristol, tin it are B.ath and Bristol. Length, General Sucre, Dec. 9, lS-24. The battle lasteil about an
Avil^S V del Fierro (il ve'lath e del fe er'ro) atwut 80 miles : navigable tor large vessels to Bristol. hour: the viceroy himself was taken prisoner, his army
Gabriel Marquis Of Avil68. Bom about 1745 • Avon, or Upper Avon. A river which rises :;-3'ee'ol^pa;!£ill{hi:.^i;j.;;Tv'iffltil^^
di,-d at \al|.arais,,, Chile, 1810. A Spanish sol- near Naseby, Northampton, England, forms Avaeiielin A deimrtment of Pern- eorn-snonds
di,-ra,nla,l,niiiistr;.tor. He was colonel and after- part of the boundary between Northampton to X^colomtl in em^^^^^
ward general in the Spanish army in Peru ; took p.ii-t in and Leicester, traverses Warwickshire, flows J^ til, tolomal inttmlenciaott.iiamanga.Aiea,
suppressing the rebellion ot Tupac Amaru (178.V-81): in Worcestershire, and joins the Severn at -^-'.'S'J^qoare miles. P.y.ulation, about 100,000.
cr.mnianded the forces against inego Tupac Amaru (1783); rr,.rot„oli.,v,- i„ , ■U.,nr.otp,.\,l,;,.n i. t, v AyaCUCnO. A City ot Peru, capital of the de-
and was one of the Judges who condemned the rebels ^^ ^J^^k'^^ ,>, L^'rdl:vc^J^,'^''\,„Ii^rrarW^ partment of the same name, situated in a val-
tot/.rture and death. He w.is successively president of "-jrwicK, Biraiioru, ana jvvesnam. i,engtn, nearly luu j- „!,„„„ n,n =„„ t. ■ .1 „:„„,
Chile (17a5 to 1799), viceroy ot Buenos AyresC 799 to 1801), ""'^•"•j, ., ,.,, . , , „ ^. . Jey 7,900 ieet above the sea It is the ancient
ami viceroy of Pern (18,J1 to 1800), atUiining the military AvOUdale a'von-dal). A suburb of Cmein- Guamanga founded by Plz.irro in l:.:i9; the name was
grade of lieutenant-general. He died while on his way nati, in Hamilton Countv, Ohio. changed 1,1 honor of the battle of .\yacucho. I h. city is
fro... Ivm to snnin A i.v / - / ".ix 1 ii -i the seat of a bishopric and has a University. Population,
from 1 era to Spain. AvoiUnOUth (a'von-mouth). A small seaport „bout ■22,(Kio.
A^o"?' ^.^f-.^""!"'"--, f K f . '" •"""'•^''^f^''^,''''''- ^"«''M"'' .''^ the mouth of Ayala (a-ya'lit), Adelardo Lopez de. Born
Avlsa (a-vi sa). A volume of short poems by the Avon northwest of Bristol. Inarch, 1829: died Dec. 30, 1879. A Spanish
Henry Wilh.bie or Willoiighlly. It was first printed Avont (ii'vont), Pieter van den. Born at dramatist and uolitician nresident of the
lnI.594,ar,dnretlxedtothesc-c,.ndediti.,ninir,«iaresome Mechlin, 1600: died at Deurne, near Antwerp, Sbei nude • A Its, XJl'^ Am^^^^^^^^
verses which allude to .shaksi.ere 8 " Rape of Lucrece. xt , i,--.-, * r, , i i ■ * - i i. . *^ (uamoii unuci ^viions,) ..-v^ii. Among his uramns
Thepoenisexemplifv the character of a chaste woman re- •'^"^- 1. "'•'•^- A Dutch historical an,l landscape are "Kl tanto por ciento " (1801), "El nuevo Don Juan"
sisting all the temptations to which her lite exposes her. painter, niiister of Antwerp Gild 1622-23. (1863), "Consuelo" (1878), etc.
Tlie singularhook knownasWIlI.jughby'sAvisa, which, AvrancheS (iiv-ronsh'). A town in the depart- Ayala, PedrO LopeZ de. Bom in Murcia,
IU having a supposed bearing on Shakoapere, and as con- ment of Man,-he, France, situated near the Spain, 1332: ,li,-,l 1407. A Sj.auish poet, prose-
talnlng much of that persoiuO pnuzlement which rejoices <i,(.^, 30 ,n■^\^.^ ^,.^^^^ „f (St. Malo: the ancient In- writer, and statesman. He w.is taken prisoner at
T:^^iZ:^:^:Ti:i::t\^'^:::;i^ ^u.A^^M^n.^.,.u>y...t^.M.,..^, f^-i-ii^t'^^s'^.S'^i^iir^^iic^o'ini.iY'
dilfering stanza.,, a Gallic tribe It was fonnerly a bishops seat and a '„" ^^^J f.rdl pr L.erTt^^^^^^
SavntOnirn, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 111. fortress, an,l had a m.ted school umler Lanfranc. The „ ^^ ,^„*i„ g„„„. ,,,.!,p„et8 the first Spanlar.l of his age."
AvisiO (ii-ve'se-o). An alpine vaU,-v in s,.uth- J^T," LI, nH,nrLm>,mMl^^^ {Tickn^r.^ His principal works arc a history •■Crrtnicas
.-ni Tvrol east ,,f tli,. A.li,',. -i.„l ,.,.«V .i.„l ,.„„tl, . "P"'""'" (l**"'- ommuno. ,,78o. v^ , j„ fastlllaa, etc.," and a poem "El Himado
.f tr.,\7 .ifiJ-.h-iVv ^1 f H^^^^/^^ Avranchin (iiv-ron-shan'). An aneiont divi- de palacio."
of Bol /.,-ii. t s subdivi,l,.d int,) the Cembra. ^i„„ „,- N,„-„,andv, France, forming part of tlu- Ayamonte (ii-yii-mon'ta). A town in the prov-
A^^aT'• f iT-"- H";*-'*''', "",'?'!«?•• ,,. modern ,l,-i,aitm.--nt of Manche. '' i.iee of Huelva. Spain, situated at the mouth
AT,?*„„rthTf Trent ^ Which joins the _^^a^gi (U.\vii,l'ze), or Awaji (ii-wa'je). An of the Guadiana in lat. 37° 13' N., long. 7° 26'
A^»,^JJ J'i rL\ oi,;,i-.» n .XT .1 islan-ic.r.lapan, lying between the main island W. Population (1887), «..585.
Ayi8on/avi-so ,0harle8. Bornat^Newcas_tIe- and .Sikoku. Ayan (ii-van'). A small seaport iu the mari-
A.', V V"!' * 1 -7"' ^*' •- Awe lii), Loch. A lake in Argyllshire, Scot- time province of Sibei-ia, sitiiat,-d on theSeaof
u hc^f ?i ,w'„T.','"i;i'."!: r-»s V Vm'',.''.i"°i p """'•, "*; la"<i. » """«» "-'■«' of luverarv, bordered by Ben Okhotsk abo,it250 miles southwest of Okhotsk,
IS nest kn'.wn from his " i-.ssay on Musical Expression *, u .. „,. t/ .. ^ • i/ *. - 1.* .^.-oit'xt 1.... i-iwo i,.' 1.^
(175-2), in which he placed fiennan music below that of the Cniaehan on the north. Its outlet IS by thi' in lat. ,)()" I, rM., long. Id8 10 E.
French anil Italiims. Awe into Loch Etive. Its lefigth is about 23 Ayas, or Ayass (ii'yiis). A small seaport m the
Avitus (a-vi'tus), Marcus Maecilius. Ui(-,1 al miles. vilayet ,.f.\<lana, .\siaticTiirki»y.30milessouth-
Auvergne, 450 A. u. Emperor of the West 455- Awo-Sima (ii'wo-se'mii). A small island south east of Adana: the ancient .^-Ega; (Gr. .\()ri,).
Ayasaluk
Ayasaluk, or Ayasalouk ^ii-ya-sa-l6k'). A vil-
lage whieh occupies the site of the aneieut
E|iliesus, Asia Minor.
Ayenbite of Inwyt, The. [' The again-bitinj? of
the inner wit,' or 'tlie remorse of conscionee.']
A translation into the Kentish dialect in IMO,
by Dan Michel of Northgate. Kent, a brother
of the Cloister of St. Austin at Canterbury, from
the French of Frere Loreus (calleel in Latin
Launmlius Gallup), of a treatise composed by
the latter in 1279 for the use of Philip III. o"f
Prance, called "Lc .Somme des Vices et des
Vertus." There are other vereioiis both prose and
inetric.ll. It is thon^ht that Chaucer's "Parsons Tale"
was partly taken from the French treatise, and that he was
not i>;riorant of Dan ilichcl's version. Morris.
Ayesha (ii-ye'shii). Born at Medina, Arabia,
about 611: died about 678. The daughter of
Abu-Bekr, and the favorite wife of Mohammed.
She was nian-ied to the prophet as his third wife when
only nine yeare old, and snrvived him hy forty-six years,
dying at the ape of sixty-seven- Her father, who derived
his name { Aba-Bekr, 'fatlier of the virgin *) from her, he-
came the ttrst calif (successor of )Lohainmed>, and she
herself was preatly revered by the Moslems, heing called
"the mother of the heMevms" (Ciiiinu-t-Mu' iiiinin), and
eseroi:^fd a cmisiderable inttuence on the politics of Mo-
haiuuiedanism after the prophet's death.
Ayhuttisaht. Si'c Eliatisaht.
Aylesbtiry (fUz'ber-i). A town in Buckinghaiu-
shire, England, 3§ miles northwest of London,
noted for its laces and manufactures of straw.
Population (1891), 8,674.
Aylesford (alz'ford). A town in Kent, Eng-
land, situated ou the Modway 27 miles south-
east of Loudon. It is the birthplace of Sedley. There
are British antiquities in the neighborhood. Here the
Jutes under Horsa defeated the Britons in 4.')5 A. D.
Ayliffe (a' lit), Jolm. Born at Pember, Hamp-
shire, 1676: died Nov. 5, 1732. An English
jurist. He wrote "The Ancient and the Present State
of the l^niversity of Oxford" (in4X "Parei-gon Juris Ca-
nonici An^licani : or a Commentary by way of .Supplement
to the Canons ami Constitutions of the Church of England"
(1V26X ■Sew P.andect of Roman Civil Law" {1734X etc.
He was a graduate of Oxford (New College), and was ex-
pelled and deprived of his degrees in 1714 for slandering
the university.
Ayllon, cr Aillon (il-yon'), Lucas Vasquez
Oe. Born about 147.5: died in Virginia, Oct.
18, 1526. A Spanish lawyer, judge of the Audi-
ence of Santo Domingo from 1.5(K). in I5i9hewas
sent by the Audience to Cuba to prevent Velasquez, gov-
ernor of that island, from interfering with the expedition
of Cortes in Mexico, but was unsuccessful. In 1520 he re-
ceived a license to explore the coast of Florida, and sent
a caravel there under Gordilla. Satisfied by his reports,
Ayllon went to Spain, received a royal cedula to explore
and settle 8<Xl leagues of coast, and after sending a pre-
Uminaiy expedition under Pedro deQuexos (1525) he sailed
from Hispaidola in June. 1526, with three ships and people
for a colony. After running along the coast he fixed his
settlement, called San Miguel, at the p«3int where the
English afterwai-d founded Jamestown, Virginia. There
he died of a fever, and quarrels in the colony led to its
abandonment.
Aylmer (al'mer), John. Born at Tivetshall
St. Mary. Norfolk, England, 1.521: died at Ful-
ham, near London, June 3, 1594. An English
prelate, made bishop of London March. 1577.
He was installed archdeacon of Stow in June, 1553, but
on account of his heretical opinions was obliged to take
refuge at Strasburg and Zurich until the accession of
Elizabeth. He was an opponent of Puritanism, and was
bitterly attacked in the Martin Marprelate tracts. His
administration of his office made him exceedingly unpop-
ular. He is supposed to be the "Morreir'("theprondeand
ambitions pastour ") of Spenser's " Shepherd's Calendar."
Aylmer, Lake. A lake in British America.
northeast of Great Slave Lake.
Aymaras (i-mii-raz'). [Originally applied to a
small branch of the Quiehuas, but by mistake
transferred to this tribe.] A race of Indians,
anciently and properly called CoUas. who, in
the earliest recorded times, occupied the region
about Lake Titicaca and the neighboring val-
leys of the Andes. They had attained a considera-
ble degree of civilization before they were subdued by the
Incas in the l:ith and 14th centuries. They dwelt in stone
huts, had flocks of llamas, and practised agriculture.
Their most formidable arms were slings and bolas or
weighted lassos. Their language is related to the Quichn:i,
and it has been supposed that this was the original stock
from which the Quichna.s anil Incas were derived. The
Aymards are still very numenms, forming three fourths of
the population of Bolivia, with a few in southern Peru,
'i'hey speak their own language and cherish their ancient
traditions, but are nominally Catholics.
Aymar-Vernay fa-miir'var-na'), Jacques.
Born 1662: died after 1692. .-V French peasant,
famous as a successful impostor in divinatimi.
Aymer (a'mer), or .ffithelmaer, de Valence,
or de Lusignan. Died 1260. A younger son
of Isabella, widow of King John "of England,
and Hugh, count of La Marche, her second
husband: elected bi.shop of Winchester Nov.,
12,50.
Aymer de Valence. Died 1324. The third son
102
of William of Valence, half-brother of Henry
III. He succeeded to the earldom of Pembroke in 1296 ;
leti, as '■ Guardian of Scotland, ' the van in the attack on
Robert Bruce in i:tiXi: defeated the Scots at .Methven ;
and was defeated by Bruce at Loudon Hill (1307). Under
Edward II. he was one of the chief opponents of the fa-
vorite Gaveston : but he joined the king's party when
Gaveston, after his capture in Scarborough Castle, was
put to death, notwithstanding the fact that Pembroke
had promised him his life.
Ajrmer, Prior. In Scott's " Ivanhoe," the prior
of JorvauU Abbey, a fat and cautious voluptu-
ary who is captured by Locksley.
Ayinestrey, or Aymestry (am'stri). A small
place in Herefordshire. England, northwest of
Leominster, noted for its limestone.
Aymon, or Aimon (a'mon), or Haymon (ha'-
mon). A partly imaginary character who ap-
pears in the old French romances, a prince of
Ai'dennes, of Saxon origin, who took the ti-
tle of Duke of Dordogne, He was the father of
Renaud (RinaldoX Guiscard (<Juicciardo>, Alard (.\lardo).
and Richarti (Richardetto), the "four sons of Aymon"
whose adventures were written in a chanson de geste of
the 13th century (first printed in 14331. supposed io be by
Huon de Villencuve. under the title of "Les Quatre Fils
d'.\ymon" (which see). The brothers appear in Tasso's
"Jerus;Uem Delivered," Pulci's "ilorgante Maggiore,"
Boiardos "Orlando Inuamorato," Ariosto's "Orlando
Furioso." and other French and Italian romances.
Ayora (a-yo'rii). A small town in the prov-
ince of Valencia, Spain, 50 miles southwest of
Valencia.
Ayotla (ii-yot'lii), or Ayutla (ii-yot'la). Plan
of. The annotmcement of principles made by
Mexican revolutionists at Ayotla in southern
Mexico, March 1, 1854; hence, the name given
to the revolution which resulted in the down-
fall of Santa Anna in 1855.
Ayr (ar). A seaport in Ayrshire, Scotland,
situated at the mouth of the Avr in the Firth
of Clyde, in lat. 5.5° 27' N., long. 4° 37' W.
Ayr and its vicinitv are noted from their con-
nection with Burns". Population ( 1891), 23,835.
Ayr. A river in Ayrshire, Scotland, which flows
into the Firth of Clyde at Ayr. Length, 33
miles.
Ayr, or Ayrshire (ar'sher). A county of Scot-
laud, lying between lienfrew on the north,
Lanark and Dumfries on the east, Kirkcud-
bright and Wigtown on the south, and the Firth
of Clyde on the west, it is divided into Carrick,
Kyle, and Cunnlnghame ; is hilly and mountainous in the
south and east ; and has flourishing agriculture and manu-
factures of iron, cotton, and wool. Area, 1,128 square
miles. Population (1891). 224,222.
Ayrer (i'rer). Jakob. Died at Nuremberg.
March 26, 1605. A German dramatic poet. His
"Opus Theatricum" was published in 1618.
Ayres (arz), Romeyn Beck. Born at East
Creek, X. Y., Dec. 20, 182.5 : died at Fort Hamil-
ton, N. Y., Dee. 4, 1888. An officer in the Mexi-
can and C'ivil wars. He wasgraduated from West Point
in 1847 ; remained in garrison at Fort Preble during the
ilexican war; took part in the battles of Gettysburg, the
"Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Five Forks, and
the battle on the Weldon Railroad; and obtained the brevet
rank of major-general U. S. Army March 13, 1865. He was
promoted colonel in the regular army Jan. 18, 1879.
Ayres de Cazal (i'rez de ka-zal'), Manuel.
Born in 17,54: died at Lisbon about 1823. A
Portuguese historian. He took orders, and about iTSo
went to Brazil where he was a prior of Crato in Goyaz:
subsequently he lived in Rio de Janeiro, returning to Por-
tugal in 1821. He wrote the "Corografia Brasilica" (Rio
de Janeiro, 1817 and 1845). a work on the geography and
historj' of Brazil, of great merit.
Ayrshire Bard or Plo'wman, The. Robert
Burns.
Ayrton (ar'tou), W. £. Born in London, 1847.
An English electrician and inventor, professor
of natural philosophy and telegraphy at the
Imperial College of Engineering, Tokio, Japan,
1872-79. He was appointed professor of applied physics
at the City and Gilds of London Technical College, Fins-
bury, in 1879. and chief professor of physics at the Central
Institution, South Kensington, of the City and Gilds of
London Institute in 1884. With lYofessor Perrj- he con-
structed ammeters, voltmeters, etc., and with Professor
F. Jenkin and Professor Perrj' devised the system of auto-
matic electric transport called "telpherage." His works
include "On the Economical I'se of t.as-engines for the
Production of Electricity "(1882), ■' Electricity as a Motive
Power" (1879X -Practical Electricity ' (1887), and, with
Professor J. Perry, "Contact Theory of Voltaic Action '
(1880), etc.
Ays (iz), or Hais (hiz). An extinct Indian tribe
of eastern and southeastern Texas. They weremet
with, in the first half of the 16th century, in what is now
the eastern part of Indian Territor>'.
Ayscue (as'ku), Sir George. Died about
1672. An English admiral, distinguished in the
wars against the Dutch, of his early life nothing
Is known. In 1(U« he was a captain in the English
fleet, and was one of those wh<i adhered to the Par.
liament. In 1649 he was engaged on the Irish coast as
admiral, and in 1651 was sent by Cromwell to .America,
Azazel
in command of a squadron : be reduced Barbadoes and
other islands which had remained faithl'ul to the royidists.
visited the coast of Virginia, and returned to England in
1652. On July 3, 1652. he had a fight with a large Dutch
fleet in the Downs, and on Aug. 16 he encountered lie Ruy-
ter's fleet off Plymouth, both sides claiming the victory.
Fixim 1668 until the Restoration he was in Swe«ien, and
on his return was made commissioner of the navy. He
subse(|Uently serveil against the Dutch, was captured in
the engagement off the north F'oreland, June. 1666, and
only released when peace was declared, Oct., 1667.
Ayton (a'ton), or Aytoun, Sir Robert. Bom
at the castle of Kinaldie. near St. Andrew's,
Scotland, 1570 : died at London, Feb.. 1638. A
Scottish lyric poet.
Aytoun (a'ton). William Edmonstoune. Born
at Edinburgh, June 21. 1813: died near Elgin.
Scotland, Aug. 4, 1865. A Scottish lawyer,
poet, and man of letters. He was one of the editors
of "Blackwood's Magazine." professor of rhetoric and
belles-lettres in the University of Edinburgh, ai'd sheritt
of Orkney. He manied (April, 1S49) Jane Emily Wilson,
a daughterof John Wilson (Christopher North). His chiei
works are "Lavs of the Cavaliers" (1848>, "Firmilian"
(1854), "Bothwell" (1856). "Btdlads of Scotland '' (l.?68).
He was associated with Theodore Martin in the produc-
tion of the "Bon Gaultier Ballads" and the "Poems and
Balladsof Goethe. •
Ayub, or Ayoub, Ehan (ii-yob' khan'). A
younger son of Shere Ali, claimant to the Af-
ghan throne after the death of his father (1879).
He opposed the British and Abdurrahman Khan, was gov-
ernor of Herat, and was overthrown by .Abdurrahman
Khan in 1881.
Ayutan, See f'omaiiche.
Ayuthia (a-yo'the-ii). The former capital of
Siam, situated on the Menam 45 miles north
of Bangkok. It was sacked by the Burmese in
1767. Also Tuthia, Jiithia.
Asrwaille (i-\al'le). A town in the pro\anee of
Liege, Belgium, situated on the Ambl^ve 14
miles southeast of Li^ge. Population (1890),
4.128.
Azamgarh. See J-iiii</ar)i.
Azangaro, or Asangafo (as-an'ga-rd). A vil-
lage of the department of Pimo, Peru, in the
basin of Lake Titicaca. In the time of the Incas
it was an important place, and there are ti-aditions that it
was the hiding-place of a vast amount of their treasures.
It was the center of operations of the revolutionist Tupac
Amaru (178U), and he also is reported to have bm-ied trea-
sure in the tillage. To archaeologists .\zangaro is espe-
cially interesting for an ancient building, the Sondor-huasi,
which was the residence of an Inca officer. It presents
the only instance which has come down to us of the
thatched roofs used by the Incas: this, far from being a
rough covering, is an elaboi-ate work of art and very ser-
viceable.
Azani (a-za'ni), or Azanion (a-za'ni-on), or
Aizani. [Or. l\Caro/.] In ancient geography,
a city of Phrygia, Asia Minor, situated in lat.
39° 16' X. Its ruins are near the modern CTiav-
dur-Hissar.
Azanza (ii-than'tha), Miguel Jose de. Born
at Aviz, Navarre, 1746: died at Bordeaux,
France, June 20, 1826. A Spanish statesman
and soldier. When a young man he traveled exten*
sively in Spanish .America. In 179.i he was minister of
war. From May, 1798, to May, 1800, he was viceroy of New
Spain (Mexico). He was minister of finance under Ferdi-
nand VII., afterwai'd member of the supreme junta, and
presided over the junta at Bayonne in favor of Joseph
Bonaparte. Under Joseph he was successively minister
of justice, of the Indies, and of ecclesiastical .affairs, -\fter
the fall of the Bonapartes he lived in retirement at Bor-
deaux. Mexicans call him ''the Bonapartist viceroy."
Azara (ii-tha'rii), Felix de, Boru at Barbu-
nales, Aragon, May 18, 1746: died in Aragon,
1811. A Spanish naturalist and traveler,
brother of Don Josi? Nicolo de Azara. He en-
tered the army and attained the rank of brigadier-general,
taking part in the Algiers expedition, in which he was
wounded (1775X From 1781 to 1801 he was in I'aragu.ay
as one of the commisfeioiiere to settle the twundaries be-
tween the Spanish and Portuguese possessions, and he de-
voted muchof his time to studying the geography, liistory,
and zoology' of this region. "The results were published
in French, in a work on the quadrupeds of Paraguay and
the Rio de la Plata, and it) his "Voyage dans I'Amerique
meridionale " (Paris, 18i.l9. 4 vols. 8vo, with atlas).
Azara, Jos6 Nicolo de. Born 1731 : died 1804.
A Spanish diplomatist and art connoisseur,
brother of Felix de Azara.
Azariah, See r..v/«/i.
Azay-le-Rideau (a -za' 16 -re -do'). A small
town in the department of Indre-et-Loire,
France, near Tours, it contains a chMeau, a very
fine example of the Renaissance manor.house of the 16th
century, with cylindrical flanking towers, high roofs, and
dormer-windows.
Azazeel, See .i~a:icl.
Azazel (a-zii-zer). A name which occurs in the
ritual of the day of atonement. Lev. xvi. 8, 10-26.
The high priest had among other ceremonies to cast lots
upon two goats. One lot was inscribed "for Yahveh "
(Jehovah), the other " for Azazel." The goat upon which
the lot " for Yahveh " fell was offered as a saciirice, while
on the goat upon which the lot "for .Azazel" had fallen
the high priest laid his hands and confessed all the sins
of the people. The goat was then led by a man into the
Azazel
desert, "unto a land not inlial))ted,"and was there let loose.
The authorized version renders Aza/el on the ni:u-t;iii by
"seajie goat"; the revised version has Azazel in the text
and " or dismissal " on the margin. Various explanations
of the word liave been ottered, sui-li us, for instance, that it
meant tlie goat sent away or let loose (taking it as a eoui-
pouiid of cz f>zc[), or the place to which tlie Koat was sent.
The probaide and plansil)lc explatiation, adopted l>y neai-ly
all modem critics, is that which takes it as tiie proper name
of an evil spirit popularly supposed to have its dwellinK in
the wilderness. This view is supported liy the antithesis in
whlcll .Azazel is put to Yahveli. The rite may be considered
a survival of an older sta^e of reliKioua belief, perhaps
E^ptian, Azazel bein^ a substitute for Typhon, who was
also conceived as living in the desert. In Arabic writers
ftjazwini, Hariz, etc.) Azazil is describeil as one of the jiims
(genii) who f<»r their transgression were taken prisoners by
the angels. Azjizil grew up among them and became their
chief, until lie refused to prostrate himself before Adam,
wlien he l>eeame Iblis (despair), the father of the Ahaitans
(evil spirits, .sabins). This is reechoed in .Milton's " Para-
dise Lost," where .\zazel is represented as the standard-
be.irer of the infernal hosts, cast out from heaven anil be-
coming llie embodiment of despair. The identification
of Azazel with Satan is also met in some of the church
fathers. The etymology of the name is obscure.
Azaziel (a-za'zi-cl). 1. In Faust's "Miracu-
lous Art and Book of Marvels, or The Black
Kaven," the uaiue of one of the chief priuees
of the infernal kingdom, of which Lucifer is
the kiuK. — 2. A seraph in Byron's "Heaven
and Karth." He loves Anah, a mortal, whom
he carries away from earth.
Azcaputzalco (iiz-kii-pot-ziil'ko), or Azcapo-
zalco, or Atzcapozalco. f Nahuatl, from e:catl,
the ant.] \ vilhii^e of Mexico about 5 miles
northwest of the capital, with which it is con-
nected by horse-cars. It was an old Aztec town,
founded by the Tecpanecs on the western side of the lake
of Tezeuco in 11C8. At the time of the comiuest it was the
great market of Mexico, where there was a regular sale of
produce and slaves, fortes and his army took refuge there
after the flight of the tvtche triste. It was the scene of a
battle between the Spanish forces and those of Iturbide,
Aug. 11>, 1S21 : both sides claimetl the victory.
Azeglio liid-zal'yo), Marchese d' (Massimo
Taparelli). Born at Turin, Oct. 'li. 179S : died
at Turin, Jan. 15, 1866. An Italian statesman
and author. He served in the Italian revolution of
1&48; was premier of Sardinia 1849 52 ; and was Sardinian
envoy to K^unagna in 1859. He wrote the novels " Ettore
Fieramosca ■ (ISrU), "Nicolft de' Lapi"(1841), "Degli ul-
timi casi tli R^jmagna," and an autobiogniphy (1867).
Azeniilchus(a-ze-mil'kiis). ['Mightyking'(f).]
King of Tyro and Pheuieia. During his reign
Tyre, after a long siege, was conquered by
Alexander the Great.
Azerbaijan (a/.-er-bi-jan'), or Aderbaijan.
A province of northwestern Persia, lying be-
tween liussia on the north, Turkey on the
west, and Irak-Ajemi on the southeast: sur-
face mountainous, it corresponds in general to the
ancient Media Atropatone. The chief city is Tabriz.
Area (t-stimated), 30,000 to 40,ooo squ.are miles. Popula-
tion, I,IIOO.II<IO.
Azevedo Coutinho (il-za-va'dij ko-te'nyg), Jos6
Joaquim da Cunha. Born at Campos, iSept. 8,
1742: diid in I'ortugal, Sept. VI. 1821. A Por-
tuguese-Brazilian prelate, in 1794 he was made
biBnop of Pemambuco, and in 1818 inquisitor-general of
Portugal and Brazil, the last wtio held this otilee. He
was a noted clefender of the interests of Brazil in Portu-
gal, and was the author of several historical and economi-
cal Works relating to tliat country.
Azevedo y Zuniga, Gaspar de. See Ziifliya y
103
Azhi Dahaka (il'zhi da-hil'kji). ['Destroying
serpent.'] « Irigiually, the cloud-serpeut of Ar-
yan mytliology, the destroying serpent of the
Avosta; later, in the heroic myths of the Irani-
ans, an old king of Iran. In Firdausi, as Dahak,
I>ahhak, or Tohhak, he is the S4)n of an Arab chief Mir-
das and dwells in Mesopotamia. He nnikes a league
with Ahriman, wlio prompts him to compass the death
of his own father and succeed him. Ahriman feeds Da-
hak with flesh, though man had before lived on fruits.
In return he wishes to kiss Dahak upon the shoulders,
whence there grow in consequence two serpents. Each
day two men are killed that the serpents may be fed with
their brains. Attacking Iran, Dahak puts .lem to flight,
slays him in China, and seizes the kingdom, which he
holds during a thousand years of oppression and misrule.
Overthrown by Kavc and Feridun, he was chained by the
latter in Mount Demavend, whence it is believed that he
will at the end of time escape to spread destruction and
be slain by Keresaspa.
Azibaal (a-ze-ba'al). [' My strength is the god
Ba'al' (?)•] 'King of Ai'adus (Arvad), Pheui-
eia, appointed by Asurbanipal, the Assyrian
king (t>G8-626B. c).
Azim (ii'zim). A lover of Zelica in the " Veiled
Prophet." He kills her by mistake for the
latter.
Azimech (az'i-mekl. [Ar. as-ximal-: mean-
ing uncertain.] A name applied both to aVir-
ginis (Spica) and to Arcturus, btit rarely to the
latter.
Azimgarh, or Azamgarh (a-zim-, a-zam-gur').
A district ill Benares division. Northwestern
Provinces, British India, intersected by lat. 26°
N., long. 83° E. Area, 2,147 square miles.
Azimgarh, The chief town of the district of
iVzimgarh, situated on the Tons 55 miles north-
east of Benares. Population, about 15,000.
Azincourt. See Arjhicnurl.
AZO (iid'zo), or AZZO (iid'zo), Porcius. Died
1230(1200 f). An eminent Bologui'se jurist, au-
thor of "Summa codicis," and "Apparatus ad
codicem." He was a pupil of John Bassianus, and
taught at the I'niversity of Bologna.
Azoff, or Azof. See Azor.
Azor (ii'zor). The name of the Beast in Mar-
montel's " Beauty and the Beast."
Azores (a-z6rz'), or Western Islands. [Pg.
.l(;orrs, F. Ai-nrcs, G. A^oren : so called fi-cuu
the hawks {ii^orcs) found there.] A group of
islands situated in the Atlantic 800 miles west
of Portugal, in lat. 37°^0ON., long. 25°-31° 10'
W. They belong to Portugal, and form the province
Ai;ores, capital .Xngra, with three districts —Angra, Horta,
and Ponta Delgada. There are nine islands : Sao Miguel,
.Santa Maria, Terceira, .Sao Jorge, Pico, Fayal, Graziosa,
Flores, and t'orvo. The surface is volcanic and moun-
tainous, and the soil fertile, producing oranges, wine, etc.
The islands are a noted health-resort. They were occu-
pied by Portugal in 1432, and colonized by Portuguese and
Flemings in the l.sth century. Area, 1,005 square miles.
I'opnhltioi] (1890), 2.')6,511.
Azotus (a-z6'tus). [Gr. "A.^urof.'] See Ashdod.
Azov, or Azof, or Azoflf (.a'zof). A town in
the province ot the Don Cossack.s, Russia, situ-
ated on the Don near its mouth, in lat. 47° 10'
N., long. 30° 25' E. It was taken from the Turks by
Peter the Great in 1690, and annexed to Russia in 1774.
Population, 16,5sl.
Azov, or Azof, or Azoff, Sea of. A sea soutli of
Russia, communicating with the Black Sea by
Azuni
the Strait of Yenikale : the ancient Pains Moeo-
tis. Ita largest arrn is the Gulf of Taganrog, and ita
chief tribmary the Don. It is very shallow. Ix-ngth, 220
miles. Width, abotit 8n miles. Areji, 14,000 square milea.
Azpeitia (ath-priy'ir-lii. A town in the prov-
ince of tiuii)uzcoa, .'^pain, on the Urola 15 miles
southwest of Sau Sebastian. Population (1887),
6,616.
Azrael (az'rS-el). In Jewish and Mohamme-
dan angelology, the angel who separates the
soul from the body at the moment of death, for
wliich he watches.
Aztec Calendar Stone. See stone of the Sun.
Aztecas (az'tek-az). [Said to be derived from
Nahuatl a:tlan, place of the heron ; but with
equal piobability from the name of a clan (the
• Heron' clan) which left its name to the place.]
A suniame of the Mexican branch of Nahuatl
Indians of central Mexico. The name "Aztecs"
has been much misused, every sedentary tribe having
been conceived to be descendants of tlie people so named.
In fact, they were a band of Indians who had gradually
drifted intothe valley of .Mexico, from the north (probably),
and who, harassed by tribes of their own linguistic stock
which had preceded them in the occupation of the shores
of the lagoon of Mexico, flnally fled to some islands in the
midst of its waters for security. Improving upon this al-
ready secure position, tliey held their own, and in the end
turned upon their neighljors. From these petty tribal
wars resulted, in the course of the 15th century, the con-
federacy between the Aztecs, the Tezcuciins, and the Tec-
panecans, which became at last formidable to all the ab-
origines of central Mexico up to the year 1519, when Cor-
tes put an end to the power of the confederates of the
valley plateau of Mexico. The word .4?f«ca was only a
surname, not the original designation of the tribe; and
the supposed connection of the ilexicans with the New
Mexican Pueblos can only be admitted when it is proved
that the Pueblo languages are of one stock, and that that
stock is radically coiniected with the Nahuatl of central
Mexico.
Aztecs. See Astecas.
Aztlan (iizt-lan'). [Nahuatl, 'place of the
Heron.'] A mythical site where the Aztecas
are said to have dwelt, or whence they are rep-
resented as having started on their journey to
the southward. Its location is not yet de-
fined.
Azuaga (ii-tho-ii'ga). A town in the province
of Badajoz, Spain, 57 miles northeast of Seville
Population (1887), 8.2.53.
Azuay (a-tho-i'), or Assuay (iis-so-i'). A prov-
ince in southern Ecuador. Capital, Cuenca.
Area, 3,875 square miles. Population (1889),
132,400.
Azucena(ad-zo-cha'nii). A character inVerdi's
"II Trovatore," the old gipsy who stole Man-
rico.
Azulai (ii-zb-li'), Hayim David. Bom in Jeru-
salem: lived and died in Leghorn, Italy. A
Jewish scholar of the 18th century. He wrote
numerous works, the most celelirated being his bibliog-
raphy, "Shem-ha-GedOlim" (" The Names of the Great "\
which enumerates more than 1,300 Jewish authors, and
over 2,200 of their works.
Azuni (iid-zo'ne), Domenico Alberto. Bom
at Sassari. Sardinia, .\ug. 3. 174!): died at
Cagliari, Sardinia, Jan. 23, 1.S27. .'\n Italian
jurist and legal and historical writer. He pub-
lished " Sistema universale dei piincipj del diritto marit-
tinio dell' Europa" (1795). " Dizionario della giurispru-
denza mercantile" (1786-88), "llisfoire de Sardaigne"
(1802), etc.
iTnpiTijip.TapTrrnyrT.......^.,,y.j.|^|.yyy,llli.^
4i.=r£^-r?^
froii!
aader (ba ' der), Franz
Xaver von. Bom at ilu-
uiL-h. MaioL -~, 1765: dieil
at Munich, May 23, 1841.
\ CTt-rman scholar, ap-
pointed honorary profes-
sur of philosophy and
speculative theology at
tlie Uuiversity of Munich
in 1826: chief! j' known
)iis jiLilosophical writings. He devoted him-
self at first to the study of medicine and the natur^il sci-
ences, held the position of superintendent of mines in
Munich (1797X and published various scientific and tech-
nical works. His philosophy was conceived under Roman
Catholic influences, and was thcosophical in character.
His philosophical works have been collected, under the
editorship of Franz Hotfman, in 16 volumes (1850-4jO).
Baal (ba'al). [Phen. and Heb. ba'al, lord,
master.] The supreme god of the Canaanites.
The Assyro- Babylonian form of the name is B^Ui^ Bel. He
was conceived as the productive power of generation and
fertility, his female counterpart .\shtoreth (Astarte, Ish-
tar) being the receptive. His statue was placed on a
bull, the s>'mbol of generative juiwer, and he was repre-
sented with bunches of grapes and pomegranates in his
hands. He was als<3 woi'shiped as the sun-god, and was
represented with a crown of l-ays. Offerings made to him
were incense, bulls, and on certain occasions human sac-
rifices, especially children (jer. six. .s). The favorite places
of his altars were heights and roofs of houses (Jer. xxsii.
29). His cult, like that of Ashloreth, was attended by
wild and licentious orgies. The various names and epi-
thets of Baal occurring in the Old Testament and else-
where were derived from his various aspects and the
localities in which he was worshiped. So Baal Zcbvb (in
the New Testament Beelzebub, ' loi"d of flies *) in Ekron ;
Baal Gad ('loi-d of good luck') in Baal Gad (Josh. xi. 17,
riL 7), the modern Banias at the foot of Mount Hermon;
Baal Pear, from the mountain in Moab. His general
name among the Moabites was Chemnsk (which see).
Moloch ('king') was his name especially among the Am-
monites. In Tyre he was worshiped as Meli^arth ('king of
the city "). identified by the Greeks with Hercules. He was
Baai Berith ('lord of the covenant") in the confederacy
of Shechem. Like the Hebrew JaA and El and the Assyro-
Babyloniun ^f7», Baal entered largely into the com position
of proper names. So, among numerous others, the names
of the two celebrated Carthaginian generals in the Punic
wars, Hannibal ('Baal is gracious ") and Hasdrubat ('Baal
is helpful '). The worship of Baal was introduced into
Israel under Ahab and his wife, who was a Phenician
princess.
Baal. A king of Tyre. He is mentioned in the As-
syrian cuneiform inscriptions as having been made king
of Tyre by Esarhaddon (king of Assyria 680-^68 B. C.X but
rebelled against him and joined Tirhakah, the Ethiopian
king of Eg>'pt. On his expedition against Egypt, Esar-
haddon forced Baal to submit to the Assyrian sovereignty.
Under Asurbanipal (6t>8-626) Baal renewed his rebellion
against .\ss>Tia, but was again obliged to submit.
Baalath (ba'al-ath). A town of Dan, situated
probably on the site of the modem Bel'ain,
about 2 miles north of Beth-horon.
Baalbec, or Baalbek (bal'bek), or Baalbak
(bal'bak). ['The city of Baal' or of 'the sun';
Old Syriae Ba'aldak : the modem Al-Bukati
(the valley).] An ancient city of Syria, sit-
uated on the slope of Anti-Libanus 34 miles
northwest of Damascus : the Greek Heliopolis
('city of the sun'), famous for its ruins. It was
a center of the worship of Baal as sun-god, whence both
the original and the Greek names. The city was a Roman
colony (Colonia Julia .\ugusta Felix) under .\ugustus, and
was adorned (great temple) by Antoninus Pius. Its fall
began with its capture by the Arabs, and it was totally
destroyed by an earthquake in 1759. The site is famous
for the ruins of the two great temples on its acropolis.
The older portions of the acropolis wall, made of huge
stones, are of Phenician or kindred origin, and date from
the time when the worship of Baal was still supreme. All
the structures, except the parts of the wall mentioned,
are late Roman in time, and ai-e very effective from their
grouping, their great size, and the heauty of the mate-
rials. Baalbec has !)een known to Europeans since the
16th centnrj', and its monuments have been studied and
drawn by many explorers.
Baal Peor (ba'al pe'6r). See JIaal.
Baan (iiiin), or Baen, Jan van der. Bom at
Haarlem. Feb. 20, 1633: died at Amsterdam,
1702. A Dutch portrait-painter. His son Jacob
der Baan (bom at The Hague, March, 1672:
died at Vienna, April, 1700) also practised the
same art.
Baanites (ba'an-its). The followers of Baanes,
a Paulic-ian of the 8th and early part of the
9th century.
Baar (bar). A town in the canton of Zug.
.Switzerland, 15 miles northeast of Lucerne.
Baar (bar). The. An elevated and broken re-
gion in southwestern Wiirtemberg and south-
eastern Baden, lying about the head waters of
the Neckar and Danube.
Bab (babi. Lady. A character in the Rev.
James Townleys farce-comedy "High Life
Below Stairs," taken by Kitty, the maid of
Lady Bab, who impersonates her mistress and
is so called by her fellow-servants.
Bab (biib). or Bab-ed-Din (bab'ed-den'). A
title first assumed bv Mohammed Ali (put to
death in 1850), founder about 1843 of the Per-
sian sect named Babi, which revolted against
the government in 1848. See Babi.
Bab Ballads, The. A volume of amusing verse
by W. S. Gilbert, published in Loudon 1868.
These poems appeared originally in "Fun."
Baba (ba'ba). All. A character in the story of
" The Forty Thieves " in " The Arabian Nights'
Entertainments," who makes his way into the
secret cave of the forty thieves by the use of
the magic words "open sesame" (the name of
a kind of grain).
Baba (ba'ba). Cape. A promontory at the
western extremity of Asia Minor, at the en-
trance of the Gulf of Adi'amyttium.
Baba, Hajji. The principal personage ifl a
novel b}' James Morier. "The Adventures of
Hajji Baba of Ispahan," published in 1824.
Baba Abdalla (bii'ba ab-dal'la). A blind
man, in a story in " The Arabian Nights' En-
tertaiimients," who becomes rich through the
kindness of a dervish. His covetousness makes him
demand also a box of magic ointment which, when ap-
plied to the left eye, reveals all hidden treasures, but
when used on the right produces total blindness. Doubt-
ing this, he applies it to both, and loses sight smd riches.
Bababalouk. The chief eunuch in Beekford's
"Vathek," a most "royal and disgusting per-
sonage." The name is not original with him.
Babadag (ba-bii-dag'). A town in the Do-
brudja, Kumania, in lat. 44° 55' N., long. 28°
40' E. Population. 3,101.
Babar. See Buhcr.
Babbage (bab'aj), Charles. Bom near Teign-
mouth, Devonshire, Dec. 26. 1792: died at Lon-
don, Oct. 18, 1871. A noted English mathe-
matician, one of the founders, secretaries, and
vice-presidents of the Astronomical Society,
and professor of mathematics at Cambridge
(1828-39). He is chiefly known as the inventor of a
calculating machine which, after many years of toil and
a large expenditure of money, he failed to perfect. He
published a treatise "On the Economy of Machinery and
Manufactures" (1st ed. 1832), a table of logarithms, and
many minor works.
Babbitt (bab'it). Isaac. Bom at Tatmton,
Mass., July 26, 1799 : died at Somerville, Mass.,
May 26, 1862. An American inventor and
manufacturer, a goldsmith by trade, noted for
the discovery of the anti-friction metal (an
alloy of tin with copper and antimony) which
bears his name.
Babcock (bab'kok\ Orville E. Bom at Frank-
lin, Vt.. Dec. 25. 1835: died June 2, 1884. An
American general. He served as aide-de-camp to
General Grant in the Civil War, and when Grant became
President acted for a time as his private secretiiry. He
was indicted in 187*j by the grand jury of St, Louis for com-
plicity in revenue frauds, but was acquitted with the aid
of a deposition by President Grant. He was promoted
colonel July 25, 1866.
Babcock, Rofus. Bom at North Colebrook,
Conn., Sept. 18, 1798: died at Salem, Mass.,
May 4, 1875. An American Baptist clergyman.
He was graduated from Brown University 1821 ; was pres-
ident of Waterville College (Colby Tniversity). Maine,
1833-37 ; served as pastor of several Baptist congrega-
tions; and was the founder and editor of the " Baptist
Memorial."'
Babek (bii'bek). Died 837. A Persian rebel and
religious leader, surnamed "Khoremi" ('the
sensualist') on account of the libertine prin-
ciples which he inculcated. He was taken prisoner
and put to death after having defied for a time the entire
forces of the calif Motassem.
1(M
Babel (ba'bel). Same as Babylon (which see).
Bab-el-Man'(ieb(bab-el-man'deb). [Ar., 'gate
of tears,' from its daugerousness.] A strait,
20 miles wide, connecting the Ked Sea \vith
the Indian Ocean, and separating Arabia from
eastern Africa. In it is the island of Perim,
occupied by the British.
Bab-el-Mandeb, Ras (Cape). The southwest-
ern headland of Arabia, which projects into
the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb.
Babenberg (ba'ben-bero). A princely familv
of Franconia, prominent in the 9th and lOtt
centuries, whose castle stood on the site of the
modern Bamberg. The Austrian dynasty of
Babenberg, which ruled from about 976 to 1246,
was formerly supposed to have been descended
from this Fiancouian house.
Babenhausen (ba'ben-hou-zen). A small town
in Bavaria, situated on the Giinz 22 miles south-
southeast of Ulm : the seat of a former imperial
lordship.
Babenhausen. A small town in the province of
Starkenbm-g. Hesse, on the Gersprenz 15 miles
southeast of Frankfort-on-the-Main.
Baber (bil'ber*. or Babar (ba'biir), or Babur
(ba'bor) (Zehir-Eddin (or Zahir al din) Mo-
hammed). Born Feb. 4, 1483: died Dec. 28.
1530. A great-gi'andson of Timur : the founder
of the so-called Mogul empire in India. He suc-
ceeded his father in Ferghana in 14^, conquered Kashgar,
Kunduz, Kandahar, and Kabul, and in lii25 and 1526 India.
He wrote in the Tatar language memoirs afterward trans-
lated into Persian and from that into various Western
languages.
This dynasty is commonly known as Mogul, both in and
out of India ; but Baber was for all practical purposes a
Turk. His memoirs were written in Turkish ; his army
was chiefly Turkish ; and he alw.iys speaks of the real
MogiJs with extreme dislike. The'eauseof the misnomer
is that the name Mogul is in India loosely applied to all
strangei-s from the North, much in the same way as that
of Frank is, throughout the eastern world, to all strangers
from the West. It is even applied to the Persians, with
hardly more reason than the Pei-sians themselves have
for calling the Ottoman Turks Romans.
Freeman, Hist. Saracens, p. 192.
Babes in the Wood. See Cldldmi in the JTimd
Babevif (bii-bef). or Baboeuf, Francois Noel:
pscudonjTn Caius Gracchus. Born at St.
Quentin, France. 1760(17G2f): died at Paris,
May 28, 1797. A French agitator and commu-
nist. He founded a journal called " La Tribune du Peu-
ple " (171MX in which he advocated absolute equality and
community of property. In 1796 he organized a conspir-
acy against the Directory for the purpose of putting his
theories into practice, but was betrayed, anci executed,
together ^vith his principal accomplice, Daj-the. His sys-
tem of communism, known as Babouvi^me, is set forth in
his principal works, " Cadastre perp^tuel " (1789) and " Du
syst^me de population " (17iH).
Babi (bab'e), or Babists (bilb'ists). A Persian
sect of Mohammedans, so called from bab, ' a
gate,' the name assumed by the founder of the
sect, who claimed that no one could come to
know God except thtoujih him. it was founded
about 1843 by Seyd Mohammed XVi. a native of Shiraz. On
the accession of the shah Nasr-ed-I>in 1848, the sect broke
out into revolt, proclaiming the Bab as universal sover-
eign, and was put down only after several Persian armies
had been routed. The Bab was executed 1850. An at-
tempt on the life of the shah in 1852 by three Babists oc-
casioned a terrible persecution, in spite of which the sect
survives. The Babi form a pantheistic offshoot of Mo-
hammedanism, tinctured with Gnostic, Buddhistic, and
Jewish ideas, inculcate a high morality, discountenance
polygamy, forbid concubinage, asceticism, and mendi-
cancy, recognize the equality of the sexes, and encourage
the practice of charity, hospitality, and abstinence from
intoxicants of all kinds.
Babia-Gura (ba'byji-gci'ra). A group of the
Carpathians, near the borders of Hungary and
Galicia, southwest of Cracow.
Babieoa. The name of the Cid's horse.
Babinet (ba-be-na'), Jacques. Bom at Lusi-
gnan. France, March 5, 1794 : died at Paris, Oct.
21, 1872. A French physicist, meteorologist,
and astronomer.
Babington (bab'ing-ton), Anthony. Bom
at Dethick, Derbvshire, Oct., 1561: executed
Sept. 20. 1586. An English Koman Catholic
conspirator. He was page for a time to Mary Queen
Babington
of Scote during her taprisoiinient at Shefflcli and later
U.^ (under the u-uidanee ot vnriou. CatlmUe ,,r es^
Diuaicularly ot .l"hii lialhird) of a eonspiracj (ur the mill-
s' it Eli/iheth, the release of ilary. and a general rising
of the Catholics.
Babism (l>iib'i/.m). The rebgiou of the Babi
(Wliic'll S.MVl. , . , „
Babley, Richard. Sp.- />«*, Mr.
Babo (bi'bO). Josef Marius von. Boru at
Khrtnbi-eitstciii, .1:111. U. l'.>'': Jied at Muuieh,
Feb 5 1822 A Uermaudraiuatic poet. Ue bc-
Mlne p^fe9Sor of line arts at Munieh 1778 and at hU death
was a theatrical manager in tlie same city. He was the
wThor of the his,u,icaJ tragedy "Ott« von Wittelsbach
(1781). etc. . , ^ ,
Bab6csa (bo'bo-eho). A town m the county ol
Siiiiii-f:, Hiiut;ary, situated near the Drave.
Baboeuf. «ee liahoif- . , T,. .,. ,,i
Baboon (ba-bon'). ]:.ewis »nd Philip. I'V}''.;
a,t.rs in Arbuthnot's '•History ot John Bidl,
representing, respectively, Louis XIV. and
Philip of Bourbon, due d'jVu.ion.
BabriUS (ba'bi-i-us\ or Babrias (ba'bri-as), or
Oabrias ( ga'bvi-as). [(ir. Ud.ipjor l!«,<p,«f , or
VaZ,'-.] A (^reck «Titer of the 1st century
B. C, who put into eholiambic verse the fables
attributed to .Tilsop. .,..„.. v .
Babua (bii'bwii), or A-babua (a-ba bwa). An
African tribe of the Kongo State, south of tlie
Ba-Bumantsu (bii-bo-man'tso). See BMhmen.
Babui. ^^'i- ^'"'"•'■. , „ , , ,
Babnyan Islands (bii-bo-yiin'i landz). A group
of small islands in the I'hihppines, north ot
Babyias (bab'i-las), or Babyllus (-lus), or
BabUa(-lii). Saint. Died 2.50. Bishop of Antioeh
from about 2:!7 to 250, in which latter year he
suffered inart>Tdoui. lu the Catholic Church
his dav is .Ian. 24 ; in the Greek Sept. 4.
Babylon (bab'i-lon). In ancient geogi-aphy, tlie
capital of Babylonia, situated on tlie t-'M''"-^;-
tes in lat. 32° liO' N., long. 44° 30' K.: Babel.
The etymoloBj-of tlie name is, as ascertained hy many
BMs^es 1^1 the cuneiform inscriptions, bab-tlt. gate of
F;od The explanation of Oen. xi. 9, 'contusion,' froni
the Hel.rew '«;«/, is, as in many other instances, based
on a ™ pular etymology. Its Persian name was Ualnru^.
n wa^ situated' in the south on the Euphrates, and its
niiiis are sprea.! out on both sides of the river. ISabylun
w.^ one of the oldest cilie., ,.f .Mesopotamia (compare Oen
Ho) and was the undisputed capital of Babylonia at
Uie time of the lilamite cn.iuest (2300 B. c.), I'cmau.ing
this til the end. As capital of tlie country it sl.ared
105
In all its vicissitu.les and w:is the principal ami o
the Assyrian invasions. It was first conquered by the
AMyfian king rnkulti-Adar about i:iOO B c. ; then by
Tigath 1-ileser 1. about 1110 B. c. Of Shalmaneser IL
(8TO-824 B. c.) and his son anil grandson it is recorded that
Seyvictoriously entered Babylon and sacntlced theie o
the gods. It was customaiT with the Assyrian kinp, m
order to be recognized as fully legitimate tangs, to go
to Babylon and there perform the ray|terious ceremony
Srmedby them " seizing the hands of Bel ' "ennachenb
Sked ilffiK) B. <:, and completely razed it to the ground.
His son and successor ICsarhaddon undertook, elcYU
rears la er the restoration of the city. But it was under
ilabopolasiar, the founder of the new B^'">1«".™> ••■"'I'.'',','
<)25-«W B. c, and especially under his s"^« , i„^ i,..
iSdnexiar, 80.W.02 B. r., that it becanae •'Babylon tl e
groat." The ruins, now covering both banks of the Eu-
BhniUN are those of the llabyloii of these kings and t,h.- l
Jucces^rs. and convey some idea ..f its'fonner magnl ude
and splendor. .NebuchadiR/./ar, who t..ok more pride in
the buildings constructed und.r his auspices than in his
victorious campaigns, concentrated al his care upon the
adorning and fieautifying of his residence, lo this end
he completed the foi'tillcation of the city hcgun by bls
father .Nal)op.>la8Sar. consisting in a double incosnre ot
S ghty walls, the inner called Im-,ur-Ild ('Be is gra-
clous ). the outer Ne„ultilSoi (■ foundation of Bel ). fhe
circumference of the latter is given by Herodotus (178 I .)
.8 having been about .V. miles (tso stade^s), its Height
.bout 840 f.et, and its thickness about sr, feet. I'tcslas
<ln Dlod. Slcul. 1 1. 7 If.) gives somewhat smaller numbeiT,
Accordingto lM)lh these wiitersthe wall wasstrengthencrt
hy 2.'* towers and pierced by KK) gates of bra.ss (compare
afco .ler 1 l.V, li. .'>:i, ■'•«). The city itself was adorned jyith
numerons temples, chief am.>ng them Ksagila ( the hlgh-
Uweriiig house), temple of the city and o( the nati.n.al
god Mcrodach (Babvhinian ■l/«r,(.-Ar) with his spouse Zir-
SanlU In the neighborhood ot it wa.s the r.iyal palace,
the sile of whi.h was identified with the ruins of Al-
Kasr Sloping lowar<l the river were the Hanging Oar-
dens one of the seven wonders, the location of which is in
the northern mound of rnlns, Ilahil The temple described
by HePMlolMs is that ..t Nebo in Boraippa, not farfnmi
BBbyb>n, which Herodotus included under Babylon and
which also in the cunelfomi inscriptions is called •' Baby-
lon till' second." This temple, which in the mound of
Blrs Mmrlld represents the most imposing ruin of liaby-
lonUL Is termeif in the inscriptions Kmla ('the eternal
house ■), an ancient sanctuary of Nebo (Assyrian A. rfci<),
and WDS restored with great splon.lor by N.liuchadneMar.
It repicsents in its construction a s..rt of i.yriuiiid biiiM in
MVCll stages, whence It is sometimes calleil- temple .,r
the seven Bphere8..f heaven and earth, and it is assumed
that the narrative of the "tower of Babel In <;™. xl.
was coiinecUd with this temple. Concerning llaliylon
proper Herodotus mentions that It had wide streets lined
wild liouses ot throe and four stories. In the conqlli^st
ot i^ynis. t.:iS b. C, the city of Babylon was spared.
DariiiB Hystaapls raxed Its walls and towers. Xerxes
(486-166 R c.) despoiled the temples of their go den stat-
ues and treasures. Alexander the Great wished to restore
the city, but was prevented by his early death, the de-
cay of Batiylou was hastened by the foundation ill its
neighborhood of Seleucia.soo B. c, which was bu It from
the ruins of Babylon. The last who calls himself in an
inscription "king of Baliylon, restorer of Ksagila and
Ezida, ■ was Antiochus the Great (2-2»-187 B. c). In the
time ot Pliny (-23-79 A. D.) Babylon Wiis a deserted and
dismal place. In the flgurative language of the Apoca-
lypse liaOylon is used for the city of the Antichrist.
Babylon. In ancient geography, a town in
Kgypl. on the Nile opposite the Pyramids.
Babylon A town on the south shore of Long
Island, in Suffolk Countv, New York. 30 miles
east of Brooklyn. Population (1890), 6.03;).
Babylon, Modern. A name frequently given
Babyio'nia'(bnb-i-16'ni-a). See Babylon.
Babylonian Captivity. 1- Tlie period of the
exile of the .lews in Babvlon: usually reck-
oned as 70 years, though flie actual period
from the destruction of the temple and Jeru-
salem to the return was not more than oO years.
In 606 B. c. Nebuehadnezzai- attacked .Ternsalem and car-
Tied oft many prisoners. lu S97 the city was again attacked
and he kU^Sehoiachin, his household and 10,000 of the
flower of the nation, were carried away. In 6S<i the city
was captured after a siege, the city and temple were
bimied, and the inhabitants massacred Tlie survivors were
carried off to Babylonia. This -was the beginning of the
Babylonian captivity proper. In .'i36,<;'yrus, after capturing
Babvlon, granted the exiles permission to return : and a
colony of 42,:ioo persons avaUed itself of the privdegc.
2 That period in the history of the papacy in
tlie 14th century when the popes, exiled from
Italy, lived at Avignon under French influences.
Their stay in France lasted about 70 years.
Babylonica (bab-i-lon'i-kii). An ancient ro-
mance in thirtv-nine books, by lamblichus, a
Syrian rhetorician of the time of Trajan. It ex-
isted in manuscript until near the end of the 17th century,
when it was destroyed by Are. An epitome of it is given
bv I'hotius It narrates the adventures of two lovers,
Khodanes and Sinonis, in their flight from Kmg Garmus
of Babylon, and then- attempt to evade his two eunuchs,
Damas and Saca, sent in pursuit of them.
Baca (ba'kii), Valley of. [Heb.,^valle5- of bal-
sam-trees'J. A valley, refen-ed to in the Old
Testament (Ps. Ixxxiv. 6), probably El-Bakei a,
between Jerusalem and Bethlehem.
Bacairls, or Bakairls, or Bacabiris (bii-kii-e-
rez'),orBacuris(ba-ko-iez'). An Indian tribe
of central Brazil, li\ing about thehead waters ot
the Xingu and Juvuena. A lew hundred have submit-
ted to the whites and serve as herdsmen and laborers. They
have no intercourse with the wild Bacains.who are much
more numerous. The latter, who were flf^* "^''«]„^f
Von den Steinen in 1886, go naked, live Pjirt.'y ^y fK''"
culture, and have permanent villages. By their language
they aie classed with the Carib stock. .
Bacapa, Saint Ludovicus. [Pma, from vatki,
ruined building or house.] An abandoned mis-
sion in southeastern Ai-izona, foimded m tlie
latter part of the 17th centm'y, and often con-
founded with Vaeapa (now Matape) in central
Souora.
Bacau. See Bakau. , „ , ,
Bacbuc (l)iik-biik'). The priestess of the temple
in Kabelais's "Pantagruel."
Baccarat (bak-ka-rii'). A town m the depart-
ment of Meurthe-et-Moselle, France, sitiiatinl
on the Meurthe l.'i miles southeast of Lunfi-
ville: celebrated for its glass-works. Popula-
tion (1891), commime, .5,723. ,, ,, ,
Bacchffi (bak'6),The. [Gv. BaKxai,the Baccha-
nals.] A play of Euripides, assigned to a late
periixl in the life of the dramatist. It was composed
for the court of Archelaus, and is founded on the punish,
meiit of I'entheus, "who, with his family, jeers at the
worship of Dionysus, and endeavors to put it down by
force. Uis mother Agave, and her sisters, are driven
mad into the mountains, where they celebrate the wild
onries of Bacclms with many attendant muacles. 1 en-
thcus wlio at first attempts to imprison the god, aiid
then to put ilown the Bacchanals by force of arms, is de-
nrivwl of his senses, is made ridiculous by being dressed
n female costume, and led out by the god to the wilds of
fitharon, where he is torn in pieces by Agave and other
princesses'^(.Wn/m/i/, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit.,! .to!).
Bacchiadae (ba-ki'a-de). [Gr. Ba/v,r'a<'«'-] A
ruling family of Corinth, a branch of the
Heracliila': so named from Bacchis, king ol
Corinth y26-891 B. C. They ruled Corinth first un-
der a monarchical form of government, tlit-u as a close
oligarchy from 920 B. c. till their deposition by Cypselus,
about C,:i7 11. C. , , . . •
Baccbiglione (biik-ke-lyo'ne). A river in
nortlieiistcrn Italy which flows past \ iceuza
and Pildun and empties into the Gulf of Venice.
Loii"lli, about 80 miles.
Bacchus (baU'us). [L., Gr. Bikjof, another
name of Dionysus, ttie god of wine; also one
of his followers or priests. Also called '\aKX"<:,
prob. related to idxciv, shout, with ailusion to
the uoisv manner in which the festival of Dio-
nysus was celebrated.] In classical mythology,
Bach, Johann Sebastian
a name of Di(Uivsus, the son of Zeus (Jupiter)
and Semelo, and the god of wine, personifying
both its good and itsba<l (|ualities. It was the cur-
rLml name ot this god among the Uomans. The orgiastic
rishlp of Bacchus was '^V^'^'fy'^'^TTT^^Sti
tia where his festivals were celebrated on be slopes ot
Moun l-ithieron, and extended to those ot the neighbor-
ing 1' rnissus. In Attica the rural and somewliia savage
cult of liacchus underwent a metauK.rphosis, and reached
itsh L-liest expression in the chorag.c literary contests, in
whkh origimae.1 both tnigedy and comedy -"l »;■ -"<*
wi-re written most of the masterpieces of Greek 1 teraturc-
Zchus w^ held to have taught the cultivation ._^ the
irrane and the preparation of wme. In early ait, and less
Snu. "i ly after the age ot Phidias, Bacchus is represented
•IS a Ju^did man of full age, usually completely draped.
After U\^ time of Praxiteles he appears a.mos ""j-^^^^ly^
except in luchaistic examples, in the tyjie of a l'i^«r"'^f
youth of graceful and r,.unded form, ..ften entirely un-
toped or very lightly draped. Among his usual attri-
Slites are the vine' the ivy, the thyisus, the wme-cup, and
the panther. . .
Bacchus and Ariadne. A noted painting by
Titian (1523), in the National Gallery, London.
Bacchus descends from his leopard-chai'iot, attended by
satyrs and nnenads, while Aria.lne turns away stiu-tled
The background is of woodlan.l, meadow, and sea, glowing
with odor and light, harmonious, and beautiful In foim.
BacchyUdes (ba-kii'i-.ie/.). [Gr. Bn^ri'^'/'w-J
A Greek lyric poet of the second rank, living
in the Stheentury B. c, a native of lulis in the
island of Ceos, a nephew and pupil of Simon-
ides and a contemporary and rival of I indar.
He lived for a time at the court of Hiero in Syracuse.
A manuscript .,f his poems has recently been discovered.
Bacciocchi, Elisa. See Bonaparte.
Bacciocchi (bil-ehok'ke), Felice Pasquale,
Prince of Lucca, Piombiuo, etc. Born at Ajac-
cio, Corsica, May 18, 1762: died at Bologna,
April 27, 1841. The husband of Llisa Bona-
parte anil brother-in-law of Napoleon I.
Baccio della Porta. See BnrtoUwnnfo.l'ra.
Bach (biieh). Baron Alexander von. Born at
Loosdorf, Lower Austria, Jan. 4, 1813. ad
Austrian Ultramontane statesman.^minister ot
justice 1848 (July 19, Oct. 8, and Nov. 21),
and of the interior 1849-59, and later ambas-
sador at Rome.
The Concordat negotiated by Bach with the Papacy in
IS.'JS marked the definite submission of -^"f'"* '<' ',?i!,'^;
elesiasti<al pretensions which in these years of political
l„i"unr an.i discouragement gained increasing recogni-
tion tlironu'liout Centra! Europe.
JTy/c, Hist, of Mod. Europe, III. 160.
Bach. Heinrich. Bom Sept. 16, 1615: died at
Ai^nstadt, July 10. 1691. A member of tlit' fa-
mous Bach family of musicians, organist at
Arnstadt (1681), and father of the musicians
Johann Christoph and Jolianu Michael Bach.
Bach, Johann Christian. Bom at Eriurt,
1640: died at Erfurt, 1682. A member of the
Bach family of musicians, son of Johannes
Bach of Erfurt, who was a great-uncle ot Jo-
hann Sebastian Bach. , ., . .
Bach, Johann Christian. Bom at Leipsie,
1735! died at London, 17.S^2, A son of Johann
Sebastian Bach, surnamed "tlie Milanese
and •'the English" from his residence >n Milan
(where he was organist of the catliedral 1(.>4-
IT.TO) and in London (17.'i9-82). He composed
operas, masses, Te Deums, etc.
Bach, Johann Christoph. The name of sev-
eral members of the noted family ol musicians.
(n) Horn 10l:i : die.l at Arnstadt. 1(1(11. A German musl-
cian g n dfatlier of .lohann Sebastian Bach. (M 1 om a
1 rfilri, \ml, : died at Arnsta.lt, 1(»« A", "'',^'V'' : ' '^";'
Sebastian Bach, court musician to the ( oil ' ^^^ ^ ""'-
Imrg. (c) Itorn 1(U:! : died 17(W. A son of llenn "-I' ''•«^''
o Arastadt and uncle of the tlrst "l ;■",•'.; '^""^.^i'^i
tian Bach. He was ourt organist at '•'""■'.'''■•" ''""^ "'
11 "most noted members ot the; Bach ^'"\\'>; . <' ' ' f"
lf.71 : died 17'21. The brother of .lohaim ^ebastlan Bach,
organist at Ohrdrntf. . t>
Bach, Johann Christoph rriedrich B..rn at
Leipsie, 17:i'J: died al B.ukebiug, 1.9,). A sou
of Johann Sebastian Bacli, kapellmeister to
Count Schaumburg at Biickebiirg.
Bach, Johann Michael. Born lfvl.8: died at
VrnsVidt VM. A son ol Hemrich Bach,
and' the 'father-in-law of Johann Sebaslian
Bach: a composer ot note, and an luslrumeut-
BachrJohann Sebastian. .Bo,',. «t K;sena.d.,
M'lreli '.'1. I(i8.>: (h.'.l at Leipsi.', Jnl.\ -«. I'-'O.
An or.'nnist, an.l <uie of the greatest ot coni-
pos.'i-s'.if clnir.di music. At the age .if ten (then an
Irohan) he went t., live with his brother .lohanii ( 'hrlsopi,
i", Lmist at Ohr,lnllf, an.l at tlflcen ^•"';:;':',1 ,« j^', ;' , '^
Bcluad at Liineburg. lie became a vl.>hiustn 'l"^ ' "
band of Prince .I.diann Ernst at W eimarin l.ii.. , oig;in>8t
at Arlislal in 1701; ..rganist at Mnblhansen >n 1'^/ :
cm.rt oralis "Weiniar in 1708; kap.llmelster to ho
Ke f Anhalt-K.itben at K..tlien In 1717; cantor at the
K as-Schule, and ..rganist and .lirector »' m"' '• " «°
churches at l.elpslc (17i-i-Mn; lon.uary "»"•« "'"'P''^;'^
U) the Elector of Saxony (17361; an.l honorary kapell-
Bach, Johaim Sebastian
meister to the Duke of Weissenfels. His works — chiefly
church and piauo music — are numerous. He w:is twice
married, and had seven children by his tirst w ifc aud tliir-
teen by the second.
Bach, Karl Philipp Emanuel. Bom at Wei-
mar, Maich 14, 1/1-i: died at Hamburg, Dec. 14.
1788. A distinguished composer, son of Johaiin
Sebastian Bach. He went to Berlin in 1737, and in 1740
entered the senice of Frederick the Great as court musi-
cian, remaining in this position until 17ti7; he then went
to Haniburv:- Uc was a ^■ulunlinous composer of piano-
music, oratorios, etc. ; he also wrote on the theory of piano-
playing.
Bach.Wilhelm Friedemann. Born at Weimar,
1710 : died at Berlin, July 1, 1T.S4. The eldest
sou of Johaun Sebastian Bach, organist of the
Church of St. Sophia in Dresden (I'SS) and of
St. Mary's at Halle (1747-1767;. Hewasanorgan-
ist and composer of great ability, but was of dissolute
habits. He <lied in want and degradation.
Bacharach(bii'chU-riich). A town in the Rhine
Province, Prussia, on the Ehine 24 miles above
Coblentz: famous for its wines. Near it is the
oastle Stahleck. an ancient residence of the
palatines.
Bache (bach), Alexander Dallas. Born at
Philadelphia, July 19, 1806: died at Newport,
R. I., Feb. 17, 18(37. An American physicist,
son of Richard Bache and grandson of Benja-
min Franklin. He waa a graduate of West Point
1825; professor of natural philosophy and chemistry in
the I'niversity of Pennsylvania 1828-11 ; the organizer of
Qirard College lS:ltt, and its fll'st pi-esident ; and superin-
tendent of the Coast .■survey 18»S-«7. He wrote "Obser-
vations at the Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory
at the Girard College," and various scienlitic papei-s.
Bache, Francis Edward. Bom at Birming-
ham, England. Sept. 14. 1833: died there.
Aug. L'4, 1858. An English composer, author
of music for the pianoforte, operas, songs,
etc.
Bache, Franklin. Born at Philadelphia, Oct.
25. 17;i2: died there. March 19, 1864. An Am-
erican physician and chemist, a cousin of Alex-
ander Dallas Bache. He was professor of chem-
istry in the Franklin Institute 1826-32, in the Philadelphia
College of Pharmacy 1831-11, and in Jetterson Medical Col-
lege 1S41-61. With Dr. Wood he prepared a "Phanuaco-
peeia,"' (1S30), which was the foumlation of the '* I'nited
States Pharmacopoeia " and " United States Dispensatory."
He was editor, with Dr. Wood, of the "Dispensatory"
183;! IM.
Bache, Richard. Bom at Settle, Yorkshire,
Euglami, Sept. 12. 1737: died in Berks Count.v,
Pa., July 29, 1811. Son-in-law of Benjamin
Franklin, postmaster-general of the United
States 1776-82.
Bache, Sarah. Bom at Philadelphia, Sept. 11,
1744: died Oct. 5, 1808. Daughter of Benjamin
Franklin, aud wife of Richard Bache.
Bachelor of Salamanca, The (F. "Le bache-
lier de Salamanque, on les memoires de Don
Ch^rubin de la Rouda "). A romance by Le
Sage. According to a statement of the author in the
first edition ^1736) it w.as taken from a Spanish manuscript ;
but this w:i3 not really the case. It was his last novel.
(Bachd'iT here means a 'bachelor of arts.')
Bachergebirge (bii'cher-ge-ber'ge). A moun-
tain group in southern Styria, south of the
Drave, an eastern continuation of the Kara-
wankeii.
Bachian. See Batjnu.
Bachman (bak'man), John. Bornin Dutchess
County. N. Y., Peb. 4, 1790: died at Charles-
ton, S. C, Feb. 25. 1874. An American clergy-
man and naturalist, an associate of Audubon
in his "Quadrupeds of North America."
Bachmann (biich'man), Grottlob Ludwig
Ernst. Born at Leipsic, Jan. 1, 1792: ilied
April 15, 1881. A German classical philologist,
professor of classical philology in the Univer-
sity of Rostock 1833-65.
Bacis (ba'sis), or Bakis (ba'kis). [Gr. Ba«f.]
In Greek legend, a name given to several seers
or prophets, the most celebrated of whom was
the BtEotiaii Bacis. whose oracles were delivered
at Heleon in Boeotia. Specimens of these (spu-
rious) oracles, in hexameter verse, have been
preserved.
Back (bak). Sir George. Bom at Stockport,
Cheshire, Nov. 6. 179G: died at London. June
23, 1878. An English admiral and Arctic e.\-
plorer. He accompanied Franklin to the Spitzbergen
Seas in the Trent (1S18X to the ("oppermine River (by
land) and the .\rctic coasts of America (181!»-22). and to
the Mackenzie Kiver (182a-27). He conducted an expedi-
tion overland, and discovered the Great Fish or Back
Kiver (1833-35); and commanded the Terror in an Arctic
expedition (1336-37). Ue was made admiral in 1857. His
chief works are " Narrative of the .\rctic Land Ex_pedi-
tion to the Mouth of the Great Fish River," and "Isarra-
tive of an Expedition in H. M. S. Terror."
Back Bay, The. kn expansion of the Charles
106
River, now largely filled in and forming a
wealthy quarter of Bostmi. Massachusetts.
Backbite (bak'bit), Sir Benjamin. A. slau-
(lerer in Sheridan's comedy "The School for
Scandal."
Backergunge (bak'er-gunj), or Bakerganj, or
Bakarganj (bak'ar-ganj). A district in the
Dacca division. Bengal. British India, in the
Ganges delta. Area. 3.649 square miles. Popu-
lation (1891), 2,153.965.
Backhuysen (bak'hoi-zen), or Bakhuyzen,
Ludolf. Born at Emden, in East Friesland.
Dec. 18, 1631: died at Amsterdam. Nov. 17,
1708 (1709 ?). A Dutch marine painter.
Backnang (bak'niing). A town in the Neckar
circle, Wiirtemberg, on the Muit 15 mUes
northeast ofStuttgart. Population (1890), com-
mune, 6.767.
Backstrom (bak'strem). Per Johan Edvard.
Born at Stockholm, Oct. 27, 1841 : died there,
Feb. 12, 18S6. A Swedish poet and dramatist.
He was editor of "Teater och Musik ' (1876). of "Nu"
(1877), and of "Post och Inrikes Tidningar " (f rom 1878 to
his death), and author of the tragedy "Dagvard Frey "
(1877). etc.
Backtischwah. See lialhtishua.
Backus (bak'us). Isaac. [ME. bakhous, AS.
bxchiis, bake-house.] Born at Norwich, Conn.,
Jan. 9. 1724 : died Nov. 20, 1806. An American
Baptist minister, author of a '" History of New
England, with Special Reference to the Bap-
tists" (1777-96), etc.
Backwell (bak'wel). Edward. Died 1683. A
London goldsmith and alderman who played
an important part in financial affairs under
Cromwell and Charles H. He is regarded as
the chief founder of the banking system in
England.
Bacler d'Albe (bak-lar dMb'), Louis Albert
Ghislam, Baron, Born at Saint-Pol, Pas-de-
Calais, France, Oct. 21, 1762: died at Sevres,
Sept. 12, 1824. A French painter, chartographer,
and soldier. He served with distinction under Napo-
leon 1796-181-1, especially as director of the topograph-
ical bureau, and attained (1813) the rank of brigadier-
general. His best-known work is a picture of the battle
of Arcole, in which he took part.
Bac-ninh (bak-ueny')- -*^ town in Tonkin, in
the delta of the Red River northeast of Hanoi.
Near it several engagements in the French war in Tonkin
took place in ISSl.
Bacolor (ba-k6-16r'). A town in Ltizon, Philip-
pine Islands, northwest of Manila. Population
(ia87), 12.978.
Bacon (ba'kon), Anthony. Bom 15.58: died
May. 1601. An English diplomatist, son of Sir
Nicholas Bacon by his second wife, and bro-
ther of Francis Bacon. He attached himself (1593)
to the Earl of Essex, and followed his fortunes until his
death, acting for seven years as bis private foreign sec-
retary.
Bacon, Delia. Born at Tallmadge. Ohio. Feb.
2, 1811: died at Hartford, Conn., Sept. 2. l.S.i9.
An American writer, sister of Leonard Bacon.
Her best-known work is the " Philosophy of the Plays
of Shakespeare Unfolded " (1857), in which she attempted
to prove that the plays attributed to Sh.-ikspere are the
work of Francis Bacon and others.
Bacon, Ezekiel. Born at Boston. Mass.. Sept. 1.
1776: died at Utica. N. Y.. Oct. 18. 1870. An
American jurist and politician. He was member
of Congress from Massachusetts 1807-13, and first comp-
troller of the Inited States Treasury 1813-15.
Bacon, Francis. Born at York House, Lon-
don. Jan. 22, 1561 : died at Highgate, April
9, 1626. A celebrated English philosopher, ju-
rist, and statesman, son of Sir Nicholas Ba-
con, created Baron Vernlam July 12, 1618. and
Viscount St. Albans Jan. 27. 1621: commonly,
but incorrectly, called Lord Bucoii. He studied
at Trinity College', Cambridge. April, 1573. to March, 1575,
and at Gray's Inn 1575 ; became attached to the embassy
of Sir Ami:is Paulet in France in 1578 ; was admitted to
the bar in 1562 ; entered Parliament in 1584 ; was knighted
in 1603 ; became solicitor-general in 1607, and attorney-
general in 1013: was made a privy councilor in 1616,
lord keeper in 1617, and lord chancellor in 1618 ; and was
tried in 1621 for brit>ery, condemned, fined, and removed
from office. A notable incident of his career was his
connection with the Earl of Essex, which began in July,
1591, remained an intimate friendship until the fall of
Essex (161J0-01). and ended in Bacon's active efforts to
secure the conviction of the earl for treason. (See Essex.)
His great fame rests upon his services as a reformer of
the methods of scientific investigation; and though his
relation to the progress of knowledge has been exag-
gerated and misunderstood, his reputation as one of
the chief founders of modern inductive science is well
grounded. His chief works are the ".Advancement of
Learning." published in English as "The Two books of
JYancis Bacon of the Proficience and Advancement of
Learning Divine and Human," in 1605; the "Novum
orgaimm sive indicia vera de interpretatione natune,"
published in Latin, 1620, as a "seci>nd part" of the (in-
complete) "Instauratio magna"; the "De dignitate et
augmentis scientiarura," published in Latin in 1623 ;
Bacup
"Historia Ventorum " (1622), " Historia Vita; et Mortis
(1623). " Historia Bensi et Kaii (posthumously, 1658),
"Sylva Sylvarum" (posthumously, 1627). "New Atlantis,'
"Essays (15'J7, 1612, 16'25), " l>e Sapieniia Vetcrum "
(1601P), ".Apothegms New and old," "History of Henry
VIL" (1622). Works e<lited by Ellis, Spedding, and Heath
(7 vols. 18i7) ; Life by SpeUding (7 vols. 1861, 2 vols.
1878). See Shtttittperf.
Bacon, John. Bom at London, Nov. 24, 1740:
died there, Aug. 4, 1799. -An English scul)itoi-.
Among his works are monuments to I'itt ((UiiMball and
Westminster Abbey), Dr. Johnson and Howard (St. I'aulsX
and lilackstone (All Souls. Oxford).
Bacon, Leonard. Born at Detroit, Mich. , Feb.
19, 1802: died at New Haven, Conn., Dec. 34,
1881. An American Congregational clergy-
man, editor, and author. He was pastor in New
Haven (1st chuich 1825-81), professor and lecturer (1871)
in New Haven Theological Seminaiy (1866-81), one of the
founders of the "New Englander," and one of the foun-
dei-s and editors of the New York "Independent."
Bacon, Nathaniel. Bom 1593 : died 16()0. An
English Puritan lawyer, member of Parliament
1645-60, and master of requests under Crom-
well and Richard Cromwell. He was the author
of a "Historic;il Discourse of the Uniformity of the Gov-
ernment of England ' (1647-51).
Bacon, Nathaniel. Bom in England about
1642: died Oct., 1676. An Anglo-American
lawyer, son of Thomas Bacon of Friston
Hall, Suffolk, England. He emigrated to Virginia,
settled on the upper James, and became a memtier of the
governor's council. He was chosen by the Virginians,
who were dissatisQed with Governor Berkeley's Indian
policy, to lead an expedition against the Indians, but was
refused a commission by the governor. He nevertheless
invaded the Indian territory in 1676, but was proclaimed
a rebel by Governor Berkeley, was captured, tried before
the governor aud council, and acquitted. The enthusiasm
which Bacon's cause awakened was taken advantage of
to demand the abolition of exorbitant taxes, the recently
imposed restrictions on the sutfrage, and other evils.
Having been proclaimed a rebel a second time by the
governor. Bacon captured and destroyed Jamestown, but
died before he could accomplish his projects of reform.
Bacon, Sir Nicholas. Born at Chiselhurst,
Kent, 1509 : died at London, Feb. 20, 1579. An
English statesman, father of Francis Bacon.
He was graduated B. A. at Corpus Christi College, Cam-
bridge in 1527 ; was called to the bar in 1533 ; became
solicitor of the Court of Augmentations in 1537 ; attorney
of the Coxui of Wards and Liveries in 1546; and was lord
keeper of the great seal from Dec. 22, 1558, to his death,
exercising after April 14, 1559, the jurisdiction of lord
chancellor.
Bacon, Roger. Bom at or near Hchester, Som-
ersetshire, about 1214: died probably at Oxford
in 1294. A celebrated English philosopher. He
was educated at Oxford and Paris (whence be appears to
have returned to England about r250)^ and joined the
FYanciscan order. In 1257 he was sent by his superiors to
Paris where he was kept in close confinement for several
years. .About 1265 he was invited by Pope Clement IV.
to write a general treatise on the sciences, in answer to
which he composed his chief work, the " Opus Majus. " He
was in England in 126S. In 1278 his writings were con-
demned as heretical by a council of his order, in conse-
quence of which he was again plai-ed in confinement. He
was at liberty in 1292. Besides the "Opus Majus," his
roost not,able works are "Opus Minus," "Opus Tertium,"
and "Compendium Philosophi.'e. " See Siebert, "Roger
Bacon," 1861 ; Held, "Roger Bacon's Praktische Philoso-
phic," 1S81 . and L. Schneider, "Roger Bacon," 1873.
Bacon's Rebellion. See Bacon. Satlianiel.
Baconthorpe (ba'kon-thoi'p), or Bacon, or
Bacho, John. Died 1346. An English Car-
melite monk and schoolman, surnamed "the
Resolute Doctor."
Bacos. See Cacos.
Bacsanyi (bo'chiin-ye), J4nos. Bom at Ta-
polcza, western Hungary, May 1 1, 1763 : died at
Linz, May 12, 1845. A Hungarian poet, prose-
writer, and jom-nalist. He founded, with Bar6ti
and Kaziuczy , a journal, the ' ' Magyar Museum, "
in 1788.
Bacrtra. See Balkh.
Bactria (bak' tri-a), or Bactriana (bak-tri-a'-
na). [From Buctra.'\ In ancient geography,
a country in Asia, north of the Paropamisus
Motmtains on the upper O.vus, nearly cor-
responding to the modem district of Balkh in
Afghatiistan. The population was .\ryan in race ; the
capital Zariaspa or Bactra, now Balkh. Bactria was the
cradle of the Persian religion which Zarathushtra (Zoroas-
ter) refonned al>out 600 B. C. CO. At a very early period it
was the center of a powerful kingdom which was con-
quered by the Medes. and together with these by the Per.
sians, anil then by Alexander. It w.as a part of the kingdom
of the Selencida;. and from '256 B. C. for about 100 years an
independent Creco-Bactrian kingdom which extended to
the Kabul River and the Indus. Bactria belonged to the
Sasanida; mitil about L'40 A. D., and has since been under
Mohammedan rule.
Bacrtrian Sage, The. Zoroaster, who was a na-
tive of Bactria.
Bacup (bak'up). A manufacturing and min-
ing town in Lancashire, England, situated 16
miles north of Manchester. Population (1891),
23,498.
Baczko
Baczko ( bats'ko), Ludwig von. Boru at Lick,
Kast l-'russia. June S. 1750: died Mavcdi 27, 1823.
A (jfiinan liistoiical writer and novelist.
Badagry (bii-dii-gre'). A town in West Afriea.
near Lafi;os. It was formerly the capitiU of a n:itive
kiiiK'loin and a ^real slave-port.
BadajOZ (biid-;i-h6s'; .Sp. ba-l)ii-ll6th'). A prov-
ince of Estremadtira, western Spain, popularly
called Lower Estremadura. Area. 8,687 square
miles. Population (1887), 480,418.
BadajOZ. The capital of the province of Hada-
joz, situated on the Ouadiana near the I'orlu-
guese frontier, in lat. 38° 4<J' N.. long. 6° 56' W. :
the Konian l'a.\ Augusta, or Batalliuni. It is
strongly foititlt-d and has" a cathedral and castle. It has
belouKeil at variuus times tn the Moors, Castile, and I'ortn-
gal. It is the linthplaee of Morales. Bailajoz has often
been licsiened. Ihe most notable of these events being (I)
the iinsnceesatui siej;e by the .\llies ii\ 170.i, when it was
defernled by the Kreneh and Spanish ; CJ) its siege by the
French nnd'er S.mlt.who cuptnred it .March, Isll ; (3) three
sieuea liv the British, April M;iy, IMl, .May June. 1811. and
March-April, 1812. It was sionmd and taken by them
April «, 18li Population (l.vsT), 27,271).
Badakshan ( bad-ak-shiin' ). A territory in cen-
tral A.^ia, about lat. 36°-38° N.,long. 69^-72° E.,
bounded by the Amu-Daria on the north, the
Hindukush on the south, and Kunduz on the
west, especially noted for its rubies. It is in-
habited largely by" Tajiks. Capital, Falzabad. Population
(estimated), Icio.ooO.
Badalocchio (bii-dii-lok'ke-6). SistO, surnamed
Bosa. Born at I'ariua. 1581 : died at Bologna,
1(>47. \n Italian painter and engraver, a pupil
and assistant of AnniV)ale Carracci.
Badalona (bii-oii-lo'nii). A seaport in the prov-
ince of Barcelona, Spain, northeast of Barce-
lona. Population (1H,S7), l,j,974.
Badcock (bad'kok), John. A writer on pugi-
listic and sporting subjects, who wrote between
1816 and 1830 under tlie pseudonyms of "Jon
Bee" and "John Hinds." In 18:>o he edited the
. "Works of Samuel Foote," with remarks, notes, and a
memoir (under the name of Jon Bee).
Baddeley (bail'li), Robert. Bom probably in
173.'): died in 1704. An English actor. He was
originally the cook of .Samuel Foote, and went on the stage
before niil. He was Ihe original .Moses in the "School
for .Scandal." In his wUl he left the reveimeof his house
in Surrey for tlie support of an asylum for decayed actuis,
and also the interest of one hundred poun<ls to pn)vide
wine and cake for the act^irs of Drury Lane Theater on
Twelfth Night This is still done.
Since 1843, then, the term of " Their," or " Her Majesty s
Servants," is a mere formality, as there is no especial com-
pany now privileged to serve or solace royalty, ilr.
Webster, who occupies GaiTick's chair in the manage-
ment of the Theatrical Fund, tells me. that Baddeley was
the last act^jr who wore the uniform of scarlet and gold
prescribeil for the "gentlemen of the household" who
were patented actors ; and that he used t(» appear in it at
rehearsal. He was proud of being one of their " Majes-
ties' servants";— a title once coveted by all nobly-aspir-
ing actors. Doran, Eng. Stage, II. 41(i.
Baddeley, Sophia. Born at London in 1745:
died at Eilinburgli in 1786. The wife of Rob-
ert Ba<ldeley, and an actress and singer.
Badeau (ba-d5'), Adam. Bom Dee. 29, 1831:
died March 19. 1895. An Araoriean officer (cap-
tainand brevet brigadier-general, United States
army) and writer, military secretary to Gen-
oral Grant 1864-69, and later in the consular
service. He has written " Military History of Ulysses
.S. Grant •' (18(57-81), "f;nint In Peace '' (1SS«), "The Vaga-
b(»nd Papers ' (a volume of literary sketches and dramatic
criticism, 1S.V.I), etc.
Badebec (biid-bek'). The wife of Garganlua
in the romance of " Pantagi'uel" by Kal)elais.
She was Ihe mother of Pantagrtiel, at whoso birth she
dietl, owing to the surprising number of mules, camels,
dromedaries, wagons, and provisions of every kind which
she brought fortli at the same time.
Bad-Elster. See /ilshr.
Baden (bii'den). [P. Iladc.'] A granri duchy
of southern Germany, and a state of the (ier-
man Empire, the fourth in area and fifth in
nopulalion: ■•apital Carlsruhe. It is hounded by
II esse and Bavaria on the north, Bavaria on the northeast,
Wnrtenilierg on the east, Switzerland (separated ntaiidy
by L:ike Constance and the Rhine) on the south, and .-Vlaace
and the Rhiru- l*alatit]ate (separated by the Rtiine) on the
west- It proiluces gmin, wine, tobaeci), hemp, jtotatoes,
hops, and ehiciiry ; manufactures clocks, woodenware, cot-
ton and silk goods, chemicals, cigars, machinery, straw
hats, brushes, paper, etc.; ami abounds in )nineral spri)igs.
It comprises Ihe four districts of Constance, Freiburg,
Carlsruhe, ami Manidieim. The govenrmont is a consti.
tutional heredilary moniu-chy under a gl-and duke, and a
Landtag with an upper house and a cliantberof tf3 repre-
senlatives. Iladen sends 3 representatives to the l!u)i
dcsrat and M to Ihe Reichstjtg. About two thirds of the
population arc Koinan Catholic, one third ProtesUoil. Its
ancient inhabitants wore the Alann^nni, and it fonniMl a
part i>f the duchy of Alainaimla. Its rtilers liave been de.
seendants of the house of Zahringei] (a place near Frei-
burg). They ruled as margraves, with a separation in
the Idlh century into the lines Baden-Baden and Baden*
Diirlach, which were reuidted in 1771. Baden entered
the Fiirstenbund in 178r,, rec<dved aeeessi.Mi of territory in
18U3, and became an electorate. It was allied with Napo-
107
leon ; received further accessions in 1S05; joined the Con-
federation of the Rhine in 1800. became a grand duchy, and
again received increase of tciTitory : joined the Allies in
1813; entered the (iermanic Confederation in Islfi ; and
received a constitution in 1818, It was Ihe scene of revo.
Intionary proceedings in 1K48, and of the outbreak of revo
lution in May, 1849, which was suppressed by the aid of
lYusslan troops in .Inly. It sided with Austria in l&M,
and became a mendier of the German Empire in ls71.
Area, '>,821 stinare miles. l',ipnlatioi] (ISO.',). 1,718,844,
Baden, or Baden-Baden. [G., -baths.'] A
town anil watering-place in Baden, in the val-
ley of the Oosbach 18 miles southwest of Carls-
ruhe. famous for its hot medicinal springs: the
Roman Civitas .-Vurelia Aquensis. It is a place of
a)inual resort of about OO.OOt) jteople, and was formerly
noted for its gambling establishments (closed 1872). It
w:ls long the capital <if the niargravate of Baden. Popu-
lalion (ls!)iO, iiiiune, r;,,ss4.
Baden, or Baden bei Wien (bii'den bi ven).
A town and watering-place of Lower Austria,
situated in a valley of the Wienerwald 14 miles
southwest of Vienna, noted for its hot sulphur
springs, known to tlie Romans. Population
(1,890), commune, 11,263.
Baden, or Oberbaden (o'ber-bii'den). [G.,
'Upper Baden. 'J A town and vcatering-place
in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland, situated
on the Limmat 14 miles northwest of Zurich,
noted for its hot sulphur baths, known to the
Romans: the Roman Aquse Helvetic*. It was
the meeting-place of the Swiss diet for three
centuries. Population, about 4,000.
Baden, Jacob. Born at Vordingborg, May 4,
1735: died at Copenhagen, July 5, 1804. A Dan-
ish philologist and critic, appointed professor
of eloiiuence .ind the Latin language at Copen-
hagen in 1780. He fonixled the "Kritisk Jo)ir-
nal" in 1768, and published " Grammatica La-
tina" (1782), etc.
Baden, Margrave of. See Louis William I.,
Margrave of Baden.
Baden, Treaty of. A treaty between the Ger-
man Empire and France, concluded at Baden,
Switzerland, Sept. 7. 1714, which, with the
treaties of Utrecht and Rastadt, ended the War
of the Spanish Succession. The Peace of Ryswick
was ratified, the electors of Bavaria and Cologne were re-
instated in their lands and dignities, and Landau was left
in the possession of France.
Baden-Baden. See Baden.
Baden-Powell (ba'den-pou'l), Sir George
Smyth. Horn at Oxford, Dec. 24, 1847. An
English politiciaii and publicist. Uewasappointeil
joint coiumissioni-i' with Cf.ilonel Sir \V. Croseman, in 188*2,
to inqjtire into tlie ailiiiinistiation, revenues, and expendi-
tuie of the British West India colonies ; assisted Sir Charles
Warren in Iiis diplomatic relations with the native chiefs
of Bechuanaland in 1885; spent the winter of 1880-87 in
Canada and the I'nited States, investigating the fishery
dispute ; and was made joint commissioner with SirGeorge
Bowcn, in 1887, to arrange the details of the new Malta
constitution. Tlewas Biitish commissioner in the Bering
Sea inquiry, ISlll ; and Biitish member of the Joint Coui-
mission, Washington, 1,S!I2. Author of "New Homes for
the Old Country" (1872), *' Pi-otection and Bad Times"
(187!)), " State Aid and State Interference " (1882), etc.
Badenweiler (bil'den-vi-Ier). A village and
watering-place in Baden, near MuUheiiu, south-
west of Freiburg. It contains ruins of Koman baths,
one of the most interesting e.visting examples. There aie
two parts, corresponding in their subdivisions, one for
]iien and one for women. Each part has a large atriinn
or outer court, whence there is access to the apodyterium
or di-essing-i'ooni ; the caldariun), or hot-air bath; thefrigi-
darium, or cold bath ; ami the tepidarium, or warm bath.
The entire structure measures 318 by 99 feet ; the walls,
pavements, and steps remain in position. The date as.
signed is the 2d centui-y A. P.
Bader (bii'der), Joseph. Born Feb. 24, 1S(I5:
died 1883. A German writer on the history,
etc., of Baden. He was editor of the perioili-
eal "Badenia"18.S9-64. •
Badger (bii.j'er). Squire. A character in Field-
ing's "Don (Quixote in England."
Badger, George Edmund. Born at Newbem,
N. C., Ai)ril 13, 1795: died at Raleigh, N. C,
Mavll,186(i. An American politician. Hewas
seer'elaiy of the navy 1841, and Whig United Stales sen-
ator frian Nnrth Caiolimi 1846-66.
Badger, George Percy. Born 1815 : died Feb.
21, lK,s.s. An English Orii'iitalist, compiler of
an lOnglish-Arabic hwicou (1881).
Badghis (biid-ghez'). A di.strict in Afghan-
istan, north of Herat. By the recent de-
liiiiilation il is included in the Russian
doDiiuioiis.
Badham (bad'am), Charles. Born at Ludlow,
Sl)roiishii'e, .luly 18. 1813: died at Sydney,
Australia, Feb. 26, 1884. An English classical
scholar and teacher, appointeil professor of
classics and logic in the I'niversity of Syiln(>v
in 1867. He jiublished editions of various Gi'eelv
classics, "Critieism applied to Shakspere"
(1846), etc.
Baer
Badia (ba-de'ii). A small town in the province
of Rovigo, Italy, situated on the Adige 29 miles
southwest of Padua.
Badia Calavena (bii-de'ii kii-Ui-va'nii). A
small town in ihe province of Verona, Italy, 13
miles northeast of Verona, the chief place iu
the "Tredici Communi."
Badiali (bii-de-ii'le). Cesare. Born at Imola,
Italy: died there, Nov. 17,1865. A celebrated
Italian bass singer.
BadiayLeblich(ba-Tiie'!l 6 lab-lech'). Domin-
go. Horn 1766: ilied 1818. A Spanish traveler
in mutliern Africa and the Orient: belter
known by his Mussulman nanu' of Ali Bey.
Badikshis (bii-dek-shez'), [I'l.] An Afghan
trilir of Aryan origin.
Badinguet (bii-daii-ga'), afterward Radot
(rii-do'). Died 1883. AMoor in whose disguise
Xa|iolo(m 111. escaped from the fortress of Ham
l>i4(i: hence, a nickname of Napoleon III.
Badius (bii'de-6s), Jodocus or Josse, sur-
named Ascensius (from liis birthplace). Bom
at Asche, near Brussels, 1462: died 153.5. A
Flemish printei' and writer. He established at
Paris a printing-house, the "Pra^lum Ascen-
sianum," abfiut 1499.
Bad Lands. Certain lands of the northwestern
United States characterized by an almost en-
tire absence of natural vegettition, and by the
varied and fantastic forms into which the soft
strata have been eroded. At a little distance they
appear like fields of desolate ruins. The name was first
applied, iu its French form mauvaucs terrex, to a Tertiary
area (Miocene) in the legion of the Black Hills in South
Dakota, along the White Rivei', a tributary of the Fi)per
-Missouri.
Badman (bad'mau). The Life and Death of
Mr. A work by John Bunvan, published iu
1680.
Badminton (bad'min-ton). The residence of
the dukes of Beaufort, iu Gloucestershire, Eng-
land, 15 miles northeast of Bristol.
Badminton. A cup made of special and sweet-
ened claret, named for the Duke of Beaufort
(of Badminton), who was a patron of pngilis-
tics; hence, in the prize-ring, blood, the slang
name for which is "claret."
Badminton, The. A coaching and sporting
club of 1,000 members, established in Lo))don
in 1S76.
Badon (ba'don). Mount, L. Mons Badonicus
(monz ba-don'i-kus). The scene of a battle
said to have been gained by King Arthur over
the Sa.xon inva<lers in 5'20 (?) : variously iden-
tified with Badburv Rings (Dorset), a hill near
Bath, and Bouden "Hill (near Linlithgow).
Badoura (ba-do'ra). The principal character
in the storj' of the "Amours of Prince Cam-
aralzamau and the Princess Badoura," in ''The
Arabian Nights' Entertainments." Their story
is ,1 proverbial oni' of love at first sight .
Badrinath. See Jlliiidrinath.
Badroulboudour (ba-ilriifbo-diir'). The wife
of Aladdin d) the story of "Aladdin or the Won-
derful Lamp," in "The Arabian Nights' Enter-
tainments."
Bsebia gens (be'bi-a. jenz). In ancient Rome,
a plebeian elan or house whose family names
were Dives, Herennius, .Sulca, ami Tamphilus.
The first member of this gens who obtained
the consulship was Cn. Ba^biiis Tamphilus
(182 B.C.).
Bseda (be'dii). See licdr.
Baedeker (iiad'e-ker), Karl. Born 1801: died-
18.59. A German publisher, noted as the
founder of a series of guide-books.
Baegna Elv (bag'nil eh). The chief head
slreau) of the Drainmen (or Drams) Elv, in
soul hern Norway.
Baele (bii-il'U'). A Nigritie tribe, northeast
of Lake Chad. It is pastoral and nomadic, owning
camels, sheep, and goats. It is half heathen and half JIo-
hajujuedan.
Baena (bil-a'nii). A town in the proTOice of
t'ordova, Spain, "25 miles southeast of Cordova:
the Latin Baniana or Biniana. Population
(1887), 12,036.
Baena (bii-yil'iiii ). Antonio Ladislau Montei-
ro. Born in Portugal about 1790: died i)) I'ard.
Mai'ch28. 1850. A Portuguese-Brazilian author.
He was an ollicer in the Portuguese and subseipicntly in
the Brazilian army, altainiiig the ninkof cohmel ; his later
years were spent in Pari'i, where he took part iu several
military expeditions against Ihe t^abamies rebels, 18;i6-.'i«.
Snbseiiiiently he studied Ihe geography ami history of the
AmaZiin valley. His ■' F.nts ilo i'ani " ami " I-'.nsalo eoro-
graflco sobre ii provinela do Parri ' are still standard works
on that region,
Baer ( bar ), Karl Ernst von. Born in Esthonia ,
Russia, Feb. 28, 1792: died at Dorpat, Nov. 28.
Baer
1876. A celebrated Kiissiau naturalist, espe-
cially noted for his researches iu embryology.
He was nppninted extraordinaiy professor of zoologj' at
Konigsbergiii ISlOOirul two years later ordiiiaiy professor),
anil succeeded l'.md:iell as director of the Anatoluiciil In-
stitute. In lS:;il lie went to St. I'etersburg as loember of
the Academy, returned to Koliigshei-s in 1830, and atiaiu
went to St. I'etersliur!,' in 1S:)4 as librarian of the .\cadeniy.
His chief works are the "Entwickelungsjjeschichte der
Tiere" (1828-37), and " Untersuchungen liber die Ent-
wickeluni; der Kische " (183r>).
Baerle (liar'le), Cornelius van. The tulip-fan-
cier ill Dumas's story '• La Tidipe Noire."
Baerle, Gaspard van. See liarla-us.
Baert (bii-ar'). Alexandre Balthazar Fran-
gois de Paule, Baron de. Bciru at Dunkirk
about 1750: ilied at I'aris. March 23, 1825. A
French politician and gef>grapher. Hewaselected
to the Legislative Assembly in 1791, in which he vainly
e.tcrted himself to save Louis XVI. He wrote " Tableau
de la (irande-hretagne, etc." (1800), etc.
Bsetica (be'ti-kji). In aucient geography, the
southernmost division of Hispania (Spain).
BaetiS (be'tis), or Bsetes (be'tez). The Roman
name of the (luadalquivir.
Baeyer (ba'yer), Adolf. Bom at Berlin, Oct.
31, 1835. A German chemist, son of Johann
Jakob Baeyer. He became professor of chemistry at
.Stiasburg in 1872. and succeeded Liebig at Alunich in
ls7.^t. He is the discoverer of cerulein, eosin, and indol.
Baeyer, Johann Jakob. Born at Mtiggelsheim,
near Kopenick, Nov. 5, 1794: died at Berlin,
Sept. 10, 18S5. A Prussian soldier and geome-
ter. He fought as a volunteer in the campaigns of 1813
and 1814 ; joined the army in 1815 ; and attained the rank
of lieutenant-general in ISfiS. He conducted several im-
portant geodetic surveys, and in 1870 became president
of the Geodetic Institute at Berlin. He published various
geodetical works.
Baez (ba'ath), Buenaventtira. Born at Azua,
Hayti, about lS10:died in Porto Rico, March
21,1884. A statesman of Santo Domingo. He
cooperated with Santa Anna in the establishment of the
Dominican Republic, and was president from 1849 to 1853,
when he was overturned and expelled by Santa Anna. He
retired to New York, but Santa Anna being driven out in
1856, he was called back and again elected president. In
June, 1858, he was again supplanted by Santa Anna.
Elected a third time in lS(i,% he was supplanted in 186U
by a triumvirate headed by Cabral. Baez was recalled
and made president a fourth time in 1808. After various
negotiations he sighed with President (irant two treaties
(Nov. 29, 1869), one for the annexation of Santo Domingo
to the United States, and the other for the cession of the
bay of Samana. The annexation scheiue was, ostensibly
at least, approved by the people of Santo Domingo, but
the United States Senate refused to ratify it. The failure
of this resulted in renewed disorders, and the fall of Baez.
Baeza (bii-a'thii). A tovrn in the province of
Jaen, southern Spain, 22 miles northeast of
Jaen: the Roman Beatia. It has a cathedral, and
was formerly the seat of a university. It was a nourish-
ing Moorish city, and was sacked by St. Ferdinand in the
13tli century. Population (1887X 13,911.
Bafin (baf'in), William. Died Jan. 23, 1622.
An English navagator and ex]ilorer. He was pilot
of the Discovery, Captain Robert Bylot, which in 1616
was despatched by the Muscovy Company to Jiorth Amer-
ica in search of the northwest passage. The expedition
resulted in the discovery of the bay between Greenland
and British America which has since received the name
of Baffin Bay. An account of the expedition, written by
BafUn, was printed by Purchas, who, however, took great
liberties with the text. The original manuscript, with
map, is in the British Museum, and was edited for the
Hakluyt Society in l>yi« (liundall, " Narratives of Voyages
towards the North-west '). Baffin was killed while serv-
ing in the allied F.nglish and Persian armies against the
Portuguese in the island of Kishm in the Persian Gulf.
Baffin Bay (liaf'in btX). A sea passage com-
municating witli the Atlantic Ocean by Davis
Strait, and with the Arctic Ocean by Smith
Sound, and lying west of Greenland: explored
by Baffin IGliS. Also /iaffin's liaij.
Baffin Land (baf'in land). An extensive terri-
tory in the jVi'ctic regions, lying west of Baffin
Bay. Also Baffin's Lund.
Batfo (biSf 'fo), "surnamed "The Pure." Lived
about 1580-1000. A Venetian lady, sultana and
counselor of the sultan Amurath III.
Bafing(b;i'feng). Oneol the chief head streams
of the river Senegal.
Bagamoyo (Ijii-gii-mo'yo). A port, town, and
the greatest commercial center of German East
Africa, south of the Kingani Kiver opposite
Zanzibar. It is a nu-eting-place of inland roads and
caravans. A railroail is lpuilding(1893) totlle neighboring
liar es Salaam. Population, 20,000 to 30,000, consisting of
Arabs, TTinilus, and .Africans.
Ba-ganda (bii-gan'dii). See Ganda.
Bagaudse (ba-ga'dej. A body of Gallic peas-
ants in rebellion against the Romans at inter-
vals from about 270 A. D. to the 5th centuiy.
Bagby (bag'bi). Arthur Pendleton. Born in
Virginia, 1794: died at Mobile, .\labama. Sept.
21,18.58. An American politician. He was gov
ernor of Alabama 1837-41, United States senator from
Alabama 1841-48, and United States minister to Russia
1848-49.
108
Bagby, George William. Born in Virginia,
.Vng. 13, 1828: died at Richmond, Va., Nov. 29,
1.S83. A physician, journalist (became editor
of the L)Tichbui-g "E.xpress" in 1853, and of
the "Southern Literary Messenger" in 18.59),
and humorist. He wrote under the pseudonym
"Mozis Addums."
Bagdad, or Baghdad (bag-dad', commonly
bag'dad). [Pers., 'gift of God.' Tlie name
liiKj-da-dn is found in the Assyrian cuneiform
inscriptions, and appears to be of Aramean
origin.] A vilayet of Asiatic Turkey, in tlie
lower valleys of the Eu|>}irates and Tigris,
between Persia and .Arabia.
Bagdad, or Baghdad. The capital of the vila-
yet of Bagdad, situated on the Tigris in lat.
33° 20' N., formerly a city of great importance
and still the seat of considerable commerce. It
has manuf act ures of leather, silk, cotton and woolen goods.
It was founded in 762 by Abu Jatfar, surnamed '" Al-
Mansur" ('the Victorious'), second calif of the dynasty I'f
the Abb.assides, and it was the capital of the Abbassides for
five hundred years, bearing the name of Mansurijeh, also
Dar-es-Selam ('Dwelling of Peace'), which latter name it
still has in official documents of the Ottoman government.
Under the Abbassides it became a celebrated center of
.Arabic learning and civilization, and the gloi-y and splen-
dor of the eiisteru world. During the height of its pros-
perity it harbored a million and a half people within its
walls. It declined with the decay of the Abbassidian ca-
lifate, and came at the fall of this dyn.asty, in 1258, into
the hands of the Jlongols. It is still the capital of the
Turkish province ilesopotamia. Population, 180,000.
Bage (baj), Robert. Born at Darley, Derby-
shire, England, Feb. 29, 1728: diedatTamworth,
England, Sept. 1, 1801. An English novelist.
He was a paper-manufacturer by trade, and did not begin
to write before the age of fifty-three. He wrote "Mount
Henneth"(1781), "Barham Downs" (1784), "Hennsprong,
or Man as he is not " (1796), etc.
Bagehot (liaj'ot), Wal'ter. Born at Langport.
Somersetshire" Feb. 3, 182G: died there, March
24, 1877. A noted English economist, publicist,
and journalist. He was gradutited at the University
of London 1846, was called to the bar in 18.52, and was
editor of the "Economist" 1860-77. He wrote "The
English Constitution" (la67), "Physics and Politics, etc."
(1869), "Lombard Street, etc." (1873), "Literary Studies"
(1879), "Economic Studies " (1880), "Biographical Studies"
(1881), etc.
Baggara (bilg'ga-ra). A Hamitic but Arabic-
speaking tribe of the upper Nile valley. They
are nomads, hmiters, Egyptian soldiers, and
slave-raiders. See SliUluk.
Baggesen (bag'e-sen), Jens (Emmanuel).
Born at Korsor, Denmark, Feb. 15,17(34: died at
Hamburg, Oct. 3, 1826. A Danish poet, author
of" Comic Tales"(1785),"Labyrinthen"(1792),
"Parthenais" (1804), etc.
Baghdad. See Bdijdad.
Baghelkhand (bii-gel-kund'). The collective
name of several native states in central India,
the most important of which is Rewah.
Bagheria (ba-ge-re'ii), or Bagaria (bii-ga-re'a).
A town on the northern coast of Sicily, Smiles
east of Palermo. Population, 12,000.
Baghirmi (bil-ger'rae). An important African
kingdom, soutlieast of Lake Chad on the Shari
River, between Bornu and Wadai, and subject
to the latter. The country is a fertile plain. The
population is mixed: the mass is Nigritic; the liigher
class are pastonal t'ulahs and trading Arabs. Islam was
introduced in the Itith century, but many are still pagan.
Capital, Massenya, The language is called Bwjrima ; it
isrtlatidto Kuka and distinct from Kanuri. Population,
about 1,0011,0011.
Baghistan (biig-is-tiin'). The ancient name of
Beliistun.
Bagida (ba-ge'dii). A town in German Togo-
land, West Afiica. Here Naohtigal hoisted the
German flag in 1.SS4.
Bagimont's Roll (baj'i-monts rol). A list of
the ecclesiastical benefices of Scotland and
their valuation in tlie latter part of the middle
ages. "It took its name from an ItaJian churchman,
Boiamond (or Bajimont) of Vicei, a canon of the cathedral
of Asti in Piedmont, who was sent by the Pope to Scot-
land in 1274 t« collect the tithe or tenth pai-t of all the
church livings, for a Crusade." Cfiainbers's Encye.^ I. 657.
Bagirmi. See Bai/hirmi.
Bagley ( bag' li ), John Judson. Born at Medi na,
N. Y.. .luly 24,1832: died at San Francisco,
July 27, 1881. An American politici-in. Repub-
lican governor of Michigan 1873-77.
Baglivl (biil-ve've), Giorgio. Born at Ragnsa,
Sicily, 1(569: died at Rome. 1707. ^Vn Italian
physician, professor of anatomy and medicine
in the College de Sapienza at Rome. He was
the founder of the system of "solidism" in medicine, as
opposed to Galenisni or hnmoiisni. His medical writings
wei-c held in hi[.'h t steiiii. and were frequently reprinted.
Bagnacavallo, Bartolommeo. See Jiameiti/hi.
Bagne ( biiny), orBagnes ( biiny),Val de. An al-
pine valley in the canton of Valais, Switzerland,
southeast of Martigny, traversed by the Dranse.
Bagrima
Bagn6res-de-Bigorre (biiu-yar'de-be-gor'), or
Bagnferes-d'Adour (biin-yar' da-dor'). A
town iu the department of Hautes-Pyr^n^es,
France, situated on the Ailour 13 nules south
of Tarbos : the Roman Aqiue Bigerriouiun Bal-
nearia\ It is one of the chief Pyrenean watering-places
on account of its hot springs (sulphate of lime, etc.). Pop-
ulation (1891), commune, 8,638.
Bagn6res-de-Luchon (biiu-yar'de-lii-ehon'),
or Luchon. A town iu the department of
Haute-Garonne, France, 71 miles southwest of
Toulouse, nearthe Spanish frontier : the Roman
BalneariiP Lixovienses. it is one of the chief
watering-places in the Pyi-enees, and is celebrated for its
warm salt and sulphur springs. Population (1891), com-
mune, 3,528.
Bagnet (bag'net), Mr. and Mrs. Joseph. Char-
actersinCharlesDiekens'snovel"l>ieakHouse."
Bagnet is an ex-artilleryman, devoted to the bassoon.
Tlieir children Malta, Quebec, and Woolwich are named
from the stations where they were born.
Bagni di Lucca (l)au 'ye de liik'kii). [It., 'baths
of Lucca.'] A watering-place in Italy. 13 miles
northeast of Lucca, noted for hot springs.
Population, 9.000.
Bagni di San Giuliano (ban' ye de sanj6-le-ii'-
no). A town and watering-place in Italy, north-
east of Pisa.
Bagnigge Wells. A place of amusement in
London which foi-merly (time of George II.) lay
at the east of Gray's Inn Road, nearly opposite
what is now Mecklenburg Square and northeast
of St. Andi-ew's burying ground, it "included a
great room for concerts and entertainments, a garden
planted with trees, shrubs, and flowers, and provided with
walks, a fish-pond, fountain, rustic bridge, rural cottages
and seats. The admission was threepence."
Bagno a Ripoli (biin'yo a re'p6-le). An east-
em suburb of Florence.
Bagno in (or di; Romagna (ban'yo en (or de)
ro-man'ya). A town and watering-place in
the Apennines, Italy, 37 miles northeast of
Florence.
Bagnoles (biin-yol'). A small watering-place
iu the department of Orue, France, northwest
of Alen^on.
Bagnoli (ban-yo'le). A small town in the
province of Avellino, Italy, 45 miles east of
Naples.
Bagnols-Ies-Bains (ban-yol'la ban'). A wa-
tering-place in the department of Loz^re,
France, on the Lot east of Mende. It has sul-
phur springs.
Bagnols-SUr-Ceze (ban-yol'siir-saz'). A town
in the department of Gard, France, on the Cfeze
25 miles northeast of Nimes. Population (1891),
4.4.54.
Bagnuolo (biin-yo-o'lo). Count (Giovanni Vi-
cenzo Sanfelice). Born about 1590 : died about
1(350. A Neapolitan soldier. In 1624 (Naples be-
ing then under Philip IV. of Spain) he commanded a con-
tingent of troops from his country sent with others to
the relief of Bahia, Brazil, then threatened by the Dutch.
He distinguished himself greatly in the following cam-
paigns, ultimately commanded at Bahia, and iu 1638 re-
pelled an attack upon that city. For this service he was
made a prince in .Vaples.
Bagoas Uia-go'as). [Gr. Bajuni-.] Died about
336 B. c. An Egj'ptian eunuch, iu the service
of Artaxerxes Ochus of Persia, wlio for a short
time usui-ped the virtual sovereignty of the
empire. He put to death Artaxerxes Ochus (338) and
Arses (:i:i6), but was himself compelled to drink a poison
which lie had iut^-uded for Arses's successor CodomannuB.
Bagoas, A favorite eunuch of Alexander the
Great.
Bagot (bag'ot), Sir Charles. Born at Blith-
field, Staffordshire, England, Sept. 23, 1781:
died at Kingston, Canada, May 18, 1843. A
British diplomatist. He became under-secretary of
state for foreign affairs in 1807. minister to France in 1814,
aml)a8sailor to St. Petersburg in l-i20, ambassador to Hol-
land in 1.S24, and governor-general of the Canadas in 1842.
Bagot, Sir William. Lived about the end of
the 14tli centiu'y. An English statesman, min-
ister of Richard II. He was one of the council (with
Bussy, (irecn, aiul Scrope) left in charge of the kingdom
when Uichard departed for Ireland in l;i99.
Bagradas (,b"g'i'a-ilas). The aucient name of
tlie river Medjcrda (which see).
Bagratians. See HiKjratidx.
Bagratidae (ba-grat'i-de). A dynasty of Ar-
menian inonarchs which lasted from the 9tli to
the lull century, ^ee Armenia.
Bagration (lia-gra-tse-on'). Prince Peter. Born
1765: died 1812. ARussian general, descended
from a Georgian princely family. He served with
distinction against the Turks and Poles, and iu 1799 in
Italy (t-'a-ssano) and Switzerland: opposed Murat at Hol-
labrun, Nov. 16, 1805 ; served at Austerlitz, Eylau. Fried-
land, and in Finland; was commander-in chief in Turkey
in 1809; was defeateii near Mohileff, .luly 23, 1812; and
was mortally wounded at Borodino, Sept. 7, 1S12.
Bagrima. See lUnjIiirmi.
Bagshaw
Bagshaw fbag' sh a ) , Edward. Died 1662. An
Kiiiilish KDvalist poUticiaii and author. OrlRi-
n;illy a Puritan, he sat in tlie Farliument cuiivencd by
Ctiarles I. at Oxford ltW4, was taken prisout-T in the same
year by tlie Parliamentary army, and limRuished in the
Kings Bench prison at Soutliwark till ItMfi. While in
prison he wrote, among other works, "De monarchia
absoluta " (1659).
Bagshot (ba^'shot) A \illage in Surrey, Eng-
land, l(t links southwest of Windsor.
Bagshot Heath. A tract of land on the border
of Sum y and Berkshire, Enf;laiid.
Bagstock (bag'stok). Major Joe. "A wooden-
featured, blue-faced" officer, a friend of Mr.
Dombey, in Dickens's novel " Dombej" and
Son." He calls himseK " J. B.,""OId.I. B.," "toughold
Joe," and says "Joe is rough and tough, sir! blunt, sir,
blunt is Joe. '
Bahalul {ba-hii-lol'). The court fool of Ha-
riiu-al-Kashid: surnamed " Al-Megniim " ('the
t'razy ' i.
Bahama Bank (ba-ha'iuji bangk). Great. A
bank or area of shoal water between Cuba an<l
the Bahama Islands.
Bahama Bank, Little. A bank north of Great
Bahama Island.
Bahama Channel, Old. The part of the ocean
bi-tween Cuba aud the southern part of the
Bahamas. Also called (riilf of Fluriita.
Bahamas (ba-ha'maz), formerly Lucayos (lo-
ki'os). A group of islands in the British West
Indies, southeast of Florida. The principal islands
are Great Atiaco, Great Baiiama. Andros Island, New
Providence, Eleuthera, l:it lal:ind. \V;itliiit:'8 Island. Ixjug
Island, (Jreat Exuina, L'riMiked Islarnl. Acklin Island,
Mariguana, and (-ireut Inacna The k'rniip cnnt.-iins al&i
many keys and reef.-*. Tlie capital is Nas.sjiu. 'I'he Bahii-
mas were discovered by t'olumbus in 1492; were occupied
by the British in 1629 ; and were finally secured to them
in 1783. Area, 5,-150 square miles. Population (1801),
47,565.
Bahar. See Bchar.
Baharites (ba-har'its), or Baharides (ba-liar'-
idz). A Mameluke dynasty which reigned over
Egypt from the middh; of the 13th to the end
of the 14th century.
Bahawalpur (bii-ha-wiil-por') or Bhawalpnr
, bha'wiil-por or bhal-piir'). A feudatory state
ill the Panjab, British India, under British
supervision, extending from lat. 28° to 30° N.,
and from long. 70° to 74° E. Area, 17,285
si|uare miles. Population, 6.')0,042.
Bahawalpur, The capital of the state of Ba-
hawalpur, near the Sutlej. Population (1891),
IH.TKi.
Bahia (bii-e'a). A state of Brazil, bounded by
Piauhy. Pernambuco, and Sergipe on the north,
the Atlantic on the east, Espirito Santo and
Minas Geraes on the south, and Goyaz on the
west. It is noted for its tobacco, coffoe, and
sugar. Area, 164.(549 square miles. Popula-
tion (1893), about 2,000,000.
BaUa, or Sao Salvador da Bahia (soun siil-
vii-dor' da bii-o'ii). A seaport, capital of the
state of Bahia, situated on All Saints' Bay in
lat. 13° 1' S., long. 38° 32' W. It is the second city
of the country ; has a large harbor: comprises an upper and
alower town ; and is the seat of an arrhbishopric. Ithas
regular steamship connnunication with various European
and American ports ; exports sugar, tobacco, etc.; and has
tlourisbini; manufactures. It wiui peopled in l.'»:J6, I)ut
abnn<loiu-<t ; wii.h refoundi'd in 1549 ; and was the colonial
capital of Brazil until 176:!. Population (1892), estimated,
with snburlis, 2(X),n0O.
Bahia de Todos os Santos <>r Bay of All
Saints. The harbor of Baliia, Brazil. In
old works the name is frequently applied to
the eitv.
Bahia Sonda (ba-e'ii on'dii). [Sp.,' deep bay.']
A small harbor in northwestern Cuba, west of
Havana.
Bahlapi (bach-la'pe). See Chuana.
Bahlingen. See Baliniim.
Bahman (bii' man). Prince. The eldest son of
the Sultan of Persia, a character in the story
of "The Two Envious Sisters "in "The Arabiaii
Nights' Entertainments." He left with his sister
when starting out on his adventures a magical knife : if it
kept bright she would know that he was safe, if a drop of
blood appi-ared on it, that he was dead.
Bahn (bilu). A town in the province of Poino-
rauia, Pnissia, situated on the Thiie Gfi miles
ii.irtheast of Berlin. Population, about 3,000.
Bahr (bar), Johann Christian Felix. Born
at Darmstadt, .lune 13, 1798: died at Heidel-
berg. .\ov. 29, 1872. A Gorman philologist and
historian, ll,. wrote "Ceschichto der romischen Lit-
eratnr" (1828: supplements ls:i6-37, l&lo), etc., and
edited the fragments of rtesias (1825).
Bahraich Cbii-ri<-h'). A district in the Fvzabad
division, in Oudli, British India. .Area. 2.680
square miles. Population (1891), 1,000.432.
109
Bahraich, or Bharech. A town in Oudh, Brit-
ish liiili:(. (i.> miles northeast of Kucknow.
Bahrdt 0'a''t). Karl Friedrich. Bom at Bis-
ehofswerda, in Saxony, Aug. 25, 1741 : died near
Halle, April 23, 1792. A German theologian,
noted for his extreme rationalism. He was pro-
fessor of biblical philology at I,eipsic 1766-68, of biblical
antiquities at Erfurt 176S-71, of theology (and pastor) at
Oicssen 1771-75, and became director of Von .Saliss Phi-
lanthrojjin at Marschlinz in 177.S a post which he held
fourteen mouths, lie was superintendent-general and
pastor at liiu'kheim when (1778) he was declared by the
imperial aniic council incapalile of holding an ecclesias-
tical office and forbidden to ]>ublish any writing. Taking
refuge in l*i-n.s8ia, he lectured on philosophy and philology
at Halle 1779-89. lie was condenUR-d to one year's im-
prisonment (1781)) for having publi.'iluMl the pastininade
"Das Keligionsediet, ein Lustspiel" (1788). His remain-
ing years were devoted to the management of a tavern of
questionable repute.
Bahrein (bii-ran'), or Aval (S-viir), Islands.
A grou|) of islands in tlie Persian Gulf, near the
coast of Arabia, about lat. 26° N., long. .50° E.
The chief island is Samak (length almut 30 miles) ; the
capital Manama. The islands are celebrated for their
pearl tlsherifs.
Bahr-el-Abiad (biihr-el-ii-be-ad'). The White
Nile.
Bahr-el-Azrak (bahr-el-az'rak). The Blue
Nile.
Bahr-el-Grhazal (bahr-el-gha-zal'). One of
the chief western tributaries of the White
Nile. Also a dry emissary of Lake Chad.
Bahya hen Joseph ben "Pakoda. Lived in
Saragossa, Spain, in the 11th century. A Jew-
ish religious author and poet. He is best known by
his work *' Duties of the Heart," which he wrote in Arabic
(tnanslated into Hebrew under the title "Hobath ha Leba-
t>oth"X containing meditations and exhortations on the
spiritu;d side of religion. It holds a place among the
Jews similar to that of the "Imitation of Christ " among
Christians. It was translated into Spanish (1610), and an
English translation is now (1893) in coiu-se of preparation.
Baiae (ba'ye). [Gr. Baiai.'] See Baja.
Baiburt (bi-borf). A town in the vilayet of
Erzrum, Asiatic Turkey, 66 miles northwest
of Erzrum, on the Masset. It has an impor-
tant sti-ategie and commercial position. Popu-
lation, 6.000.
Baidar (bi-diir'). A village aud valley near
the southern extremity of the Crimea, Russia.
Baif ( bii-ef). Jean Antoine de. Bom at Ven-
ice, 1532: died at Paris, Sept. 9, 1589. A French
poet, natural son of Lazaro de Baif, a friend of
Ronsavd and a member of the "Pleiade."
Baikal (bl'kiil), Tatar Bai-kul. ['Rich sea.']
The largest fresh-water hike of Asia, situated
in southern Siberia on the border of Irkutsk
iind Transbaikalia. Its chief tributaries are the up-
per Angara, -Selenga, and Hargusin, and its outlet is the
lower Angara to the Yenisei, jyenglh. 397 miles. Average
widtli, 45 miles. Area, 12,500 stjuai-e miles.
Baikal Mountains. A range of mountains
west and northwest of Baikal.
Baikie (ba'ki), William Balfour. Bom at
Kirkwall, Orkney, Aug. 27, 1825: died at Sierra
Leone, Dec. 12. ]SG4. A surgeon (assistant
surgeon in the royal navy 1848-51), exploiter
and pioneer in tlie valley of the Niger, Africa.
He was ni>pointed sin-geon and naturalist of the Niger ex-
ploring expt'ditifui (18.^-1), and succeeded to the command
of th<^ vcrt.sel (tile I'leiad) on the death of its captain. The
expedition ascended the river 250 miles beyond the high-
est point before reached.
Bailan (in SyriaV See Beilan.
Bailey (ba'li), Gamaliel. Bom at Mount Holly,
N. J., Doc. 3, 1807: died at sea, Juno 5, 1859.
An American abolitionist, editor of the " Na-
tional Era" at Washington.
Bailey, James Montgomery. Bom in Albany,
N.Y., Sept. 25, 1841: died at Danbury, Conn.,
March 4, 1894. An American humorist, editor
of the " Danbury News."
Bailey, Joseph. Bom at Salem, Ohio, April 28,
1827 : killed in Newton County, Mo., March 21,
1867. An American general in the Civil War.
While lieutenant-cohtnel in the Ked River expedition,
181M, ho constructed a dam (Bailey's dam) aliove Alexan-
dria to insure the passage of the fleet, for which service
he w:is made brigadier-general and received the thanks of
Congress. Ho settled in Newton County, Missouri, was
appointed sherltf, aud waa aasaaainated iji the discharge
of his duty.
Bailey, Nathan or Nathaniel. Died at Step-
ney, .June 27, 1742. An English lexicographer
and schoolmaster, author of ''An Universal
Etvmological English Dictionary," first pub-
lisheil ill 172!. A supplement appeared in 1727, and
a folio edition in 17.'tO, with tlic title " Ilictionariiim Bii-
tnnnicuni, collected by several hanils, . . . revis'd and
improv'd witti miiny thousaml additions by N. Bailey."
The dictioimry, based on the works i»f Kersey, Coles,
I'hillips, Blount, and others, has often been republished,
anri It li:i.'* served as the foundation of other works of the
kind, inclndinK .lobnson'fl.
Bailey, Philip James. Born at Basford, Not-
Baily, Francis
tingharashire, April 22, 1810. An English poet.
He has written " Fe.stus (1839), "Angel World " (18!iO),
'■ Mystic ■' (1865), "The Age, I niversal Hymn (KOi), etc.
Bailey, Samuel. Bom at ShetJield, 1791: died
Jan. 18, 1870. An English writer on philosophy
and political economy.
Bailey, Theodorus. Bom at Chatoaugay,
N. Y., April 12. 1805: died at Washington,
D. C, Feb. 10, 1877. An American rear-admiral.
He entered tlie navy in 1818, and became lieutenant in
1827, commander in 1849, and captain in 1855. He was
second in command in the naval atUick on the defenses
of New Orleans in 1862, and was sent by Admiral Far-
ragut, April 25, to demand the suiTender of the city. He
was made commodore in l.s(i2, and in the same yeai' was
appointed commander of the Eastern Gulf blockading
squadron, in which post he is said to have taken over 150
blockade-runners in eighteen months. He w;is made rear-
admiral July 2.5, 186<'., and placed on the retired list Oct.
Ill, is™.
Bailiff's Daughter of Islington, The. An
old ballad preserved in Percy's "Reliiiues"
and Ritson's "Ancient Songs." It is a tale of
the true love of a squire's son and a bailiff's
daughter.
Bailleul (ba-y6'). A manufacturing town in
the department of Nord, France, 17 miles
northwest of Lille, l-opulation (1891 ), 13,276.
Baillie (ba'li). Lady Grizel (Grizel Hume).
Bom at Redbraes Castle, Berwickshire, Dec.
25, 1665: died Deo. 6. 1746. A Scottish poet,
daughter of Sir Patrick Hume, first earl of
Marehmont.
Baillie, or Bailly, Harry. The host of the
Tabard Inn in Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales."
"He is a shrewd, bold, manly, well-informed fellow with
a blabbing shrew for a wife." Shakspere 8 "Mine Host
of the (Vai-ter " in the " Meriy Wives of Windsor " is said
to have been taken from him. He is sometimes called
"Henry Bailif."
Baillie, Joanna. Bom at Bothwell, Lanark-
shire, Scotland, Sept. 11, 1762: died at Hamp-
stead, England, Feb. 23, 1851. A Scotch dram-
atist and poet. She wrote "Plays on the Passions"
(1802-36), in which she delineates the principal passions
of the mind, each passion being made the subject of a
tragedy and a comedy ; and was the author of the poems
"Lines to Agnes Baillie on her Birthday," "The Kitten,"
and "To a Child."
Baillie Nicol Jarvie. See Jarrie.
Baillie, Robert. Born at Glasgow, 1599: died
July, 1662. A Scotch Presbyterian divine and
controversialist, author of "Letters and .Jour-
nals, 1637-62," etc. This work is " for Scotland much
what Pepys and Evelyn are for Kngland. They are es-
pecially valuable in relation to the assembly of 1638 and
the assembly of Westminster " {Diet, Nat. liio(j.),
Baillie, Robert, of Jerviswood. Executed
at Edinbiu'gh, Dee. 24, 1084. A Scottish pa-
triot, condemned for alleged complicity iu the
"Rye House Plot" (w'liich see).
Baillon (ba-you'), Ernest Henri. Bom at
Calais, Nov. 30, 1827; died .luly 19, 1895. A
noted French botanist.
Baillot (ba-yo'), Pierre Marie Fran<;ois de
Sales. Born at Passy.iiear Paris, Oct. 1, 1771 :
died at Paris, Sept. 15, 1.S42. A French violinist.
He was a pupil of Viotti, became professor of the violin
in the (Conservatory of Music at Paris 1795, and per-
formed in Russia, Holland, and England. He wrote " .\rt
dii Violin " (1835).
Baillou (ba-v6') (L. Ballonius), Guillaume
de. Born 1538: died KiUi. A French physi-
cian. He was appointed by Henry IV. first physician
to the Dauphin in Uiol, and is reputed to have lieeli the
first to make known the nature of croup. He wrote
" Adversaria meilicinalia, ' etc.
Bailly (bii-ye'), Antoine Nicolas. Bom June
(i, 1810: died Jan. 1. ISili;. A French architect.
He was appointed to a position in the administration of the
city of Paris in 1834, and liccame architect to the French
government in 1814. He has built the .Moli. re fountain
at Paris, reconstructed the cathedral iit I'igiic, and erected
the new 'rribunal de Commerce at Paris.
Bailly, Jean Sylvain. Bom at Paris, Sept.
1.5, 1/36: executed at Paris, Nov. 12, 1793. A
noted French astronomer and politician. He
was a niember of the Academy of Sciences, of the Acad-
emy of Inscriptions, and of the French Academy, presi-
dent of the Third Instate and of the Nationid Assemldy in
I7S9. and mayor of Paris 1789-91. Hewrote "llistoire de
rastr<inomie' (177.'> 87), " Kssai siir I'origine des fables ct
des religions am-ieiiiies " (1799), "Meinoires," etc.
Bailundo (bi-liiirdo). 'I'lio Portuguese name
of Ombalundu, a country and kingdom on the
Jiigh plateau northeast of Beiiguella, Angola.
The natives of Bailundo are taller than their neighbors
of Bilie (ilviye), ami not very friendly to them, but the
two trilies speak dialects of the same language, and arc
known by the generic name of oviinbiindii. They are
the great traders and carriers who liriiig the produce of
central Africa to Bengiiella. See Vmtmndu.
Baily (ini'li). Edward Hodges. Born at Bris-
tol, Kngland, 17SH: .lied at London, May 22,
1867. .\ noted English sculptor.
Baily, Francis. Bom at Newlmrv, Berkshire,
April 28, 1774: died at Loudon, Aug. .30, 1844.
110
termination of the fast of the month of Ramadan. It is
a seiisoii of great rejoicing at which presents and visits
are exchanged.
a "Journal of a Tour in Inset- Baird (bard), Absalom. Born at Washington.
!!:^L'.'.^1!^ o'.V)...V?Jili''?'.',f''JZ Pa.. Aug. 20, 1824. All American general. He
was graduated from West Point in 184D; became captain
in the regular army in 1861, and brigadier-general of vol-
unteers in 1S62 ; served as division commander at t'liat-
tanooga in 18C3, and in the Atlanta campaign of 1S64 ; and
became brevet brigadier-general and brevet major-general
in 180.=>.
Baird, Charles Washington. Born at Prince-
ton, New Jersey, Aug. _>>, 1S28. A Presby-
terian clergjinan. son of Kobert Baii'd. Ue has
written works* on the Presi)yteriau liturgies, local his-
tories, and a "History of the lluguenot Emigration to
America " (18S5). _
t Nevvbyth, Dec,
A British general.
He seiTcd in British India 17MV-89, where he was wounded
and imprisoned by Hyder .41i for nearly four years ; re-
turned to India as lieutenant-colonel in 1791 ; tool( Pon-
dicheiTy in 1793; was made major-general (at the t'ape)
in 1798: led the storming column at the capture of Serin-
gapatam May 4, 17tt9; commanded an expedition to Egypt
in 1801 ; led (then lieutenant-general) an army to recap-
ture the Cape of Good Hope in 1S06; served in the siege
of Copenhagen in 1S07 ; was sent to Spain to reinforce
Moore in 1808 ; and was wounded at Coruuna in ISnO.
Bairdj Henry Carey. Bom at Bridesbnrg,
Pa., Sept. 10, 1825. An American (protection-
ist) political economist and publisher, nephew
of Henrv C. Carev.
Baily, Francis
A distinguished English astronomer, reformer
of the Nautical -Almanac, and reviser of star
catalogues. He wrote
tied Parts of North .America
De Morgan, 185t>), "Tables for the Purchasing and Re-
newing of Leases" (1802), "Doctrine of Interest and .An-
nuities ■' (1808), etc.
Baimenas. -An Indian tribe of Sinaloa. Their
language has lieen lost.
Bain (ban). Alexander. Bom'at Watten,
Caithness, 1810: died 1877. A Scottish mech-
anician, inventor of the automatic chemical
telegraph (1S43).
Bain, Alexander. Born at Aberdeen, Scotland,
1818. A Scottish philosophical writer. He was
educated " ' ' ^
fessor
Bity ol , — -„- - - - , -
losophy for the Iniversity of Lonilon (lS57-(>2, lSti-l-<)9),
professor of logic in the University of .Aberdeen (1860-80),
and lord rector there (1S81). His chief worlis are "The
Senses and the Intellect" (Is.i:.), "The Emotions and the
Will"(l!si!l), "Mcnt.ol and Moral .Science '(18«S), "Logic"
(1870), "Mind and Body," "Manual of English Composi-
tion and Rlietoric" (1886), "Education as a Science,"
essays on J. s. Mill, etc.
Bainbridge (ban'brij), Christopher. Born at
Hilton. Westmoreland, 14(54 (f): died at Rome,
July 14, 1514. A noted English prelate. He
was'made bishop of Durham in 1507, archbishop of Yorli
in l.'iOS, ambassador to the Pope in 1609, cardinal (St.
Praxedis) in 1511 by Julius 11.. and legate and commander
IH. A Scoinsn pniioso|jmciu >iiiici. ne was America (18S5).
icated at Marisclial College, .\berdeen, and became pro- Baird Sir David. Born a
ior of natural philosophy in the Andersonian I niver- ..--..•,., , .,„ .^„„
' of Glasgow in 1846, examiner in logic and moral phi- \''" ■ "''^.'^' ^..r: - :. ,.", ' .„
";.. l^-H^ i'.:,^;^;.:.,- „f t.,,,,!,,,, nxsTji-) ikiuJ^mi He seiTcd m British India l,sO-),9,
of a papal lu-my. He was poisoned by one of his own Baird, Henry Martyn. Born at Philadelphia.
chaplains, probably at the instigation of a rival, the Bishop
of Worcester.
Bainbridge, John. Born at -\shby-de-la-Zouch,
England, l.")S2: died at Oxford, 1643. .An Eng-
lish pliysician and astronomer.
Bainbridge.William. Born atPrinceton,N. J.,
May 7, 1774: died at Philadelphia, July 28,
1833. An American naval officer, appointed
commodore in 1812. He served as lieutenant-com-
mandant in the quasi-war with France in 1798, and was
captured liy the French ; commanded the Philadelphia
in the Tripolitan war, and was obliged to suixender her,
Nov. 1, 1803, after she had become fast on a rocli in a
position such that she could not use her guns; was
given command (1812) of a squadron composed of the
Constitution, Essex, and Hornet; and as commander of
the Constitution captured the llritish frigate Java Dec.
29, 1812. (1n his return lie tool; charge of the Charles-
town navy-yard. In lsl5 he commanded a squadron
in the .Mediterranean ; and in 1819, in the Columbus,
took command of the squadron in that sea, returning
in 1&21. He later was stationed at Philadelphia, Boston,
and elsewhere.
Bain-de-Bretagne (ban'de-bre-tilny'). [F.,
•bath of Brittany.'] X town and watering-
place in the department of Ille-etA'ilaine,
France, south of Eennes. Population (1891),
commune, 4,907.
Baines (banz). Edward. Bom at Waltou-le-
Dale, Lancashire, Feb. 5, 1774: died Aug. 3,
1848. An English journalist and politician,
proprietor and editor of the " Leeds Mercury."
and author of histories of Yorkshire and Lan-
cashire, etc.
Baines, sir Edward. Born at Leeds, 1800:
died theie, Marcli 2. 1890. An English journal-
ist, statesman, and philanthropist, son of Ed-
ward Baines.
Baines, Matthew Talbot. Born Feb. 17, 1799 :
died Jan. 22, 1800. An English politician,
eldest sou of Edward Baines, appointed chan-
cellor of the duchy of Lancaster, with a seat
in the cabinet, in 1855.
Baines, Thomas. Bom at King's-Lynu, Norfolk,
England, 1822: died at Durban, Port Natal, May
8, 1875. An English artist and .\frican explorer.
He arrived at Cape Colony in 1842 ; accompanied the British
array throughout the Kafir w:ir 1>48-61 ; explored north-
west Australia under .Augustus Gregory 1865-50 ; was artist
and storekeeper to the Livingstone Zambesi expedition
in 18.5s; went with chapman from the southwest coast to
the Victoria Falls in 1881; and lectured in England 1804-
lsii8. He wn)te "Explorations in Southwestern Africa"
(1864), and "Tlie Gold Regions of Southeastern Africa"
(1877).
Baini (ba-e'ne), Giuseppe. Born at Rome,
Oct. 21, 1775: died ^May 10. 1844. -Vu Italian
priest, musical critic, and composer: author of
a life of Palestrina.
Bains-en- Vosges( ban
Bains (bafi'la-baii')
Jan. 17, 1832. A son of Kobert Baird, pro-
fessor of Greek in the University of the City of
New York: author of a "History of the Rise
of the Huguenots" (1879). etc.
Baird, Robert. Born in Favette Coimty, Pa.,
Oct. 6, 1798: died at Yonkcrs, N. Y., March
15, 1863. An American clergyman and histori-
cal WTlter. He wTote "A View of Religion in Amer-
ica "(1842), "Historj-of the Temperance Societies "(1830).
a " History of the Albigenses, Waldenses, and Vaudois,"
etc.
Baird, Spencer FuUerton. Born at Reading.
Pa.. Feb. 3, 1823: died at Wood's HoU, Mass..
-A.ug. 19, 1887. A noted American natm-alist. He
was appointed professor of natural sciences at Dickinson
College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in ls45; assistant secretai-y
of tlie Smithsonian Institution in 1850, secretarj- in 1878;
and Lnittii states commissioner of fish and fisheries in 1871.
His works (including sciwitific papers)are ^ery numerous
(over 1,000 titles); .among them are a "Catalogue of Nortli
American Reptiles " (Is'ili), "Birds of North .America"
(with Cassin and Lawrence, ISfiO), "Mammals of Nortii
America," "History of Nortli American Lirds" (with
Brewer and Kidgeway, 1874-^), etc.
Baireuth. See BayrcntU.
Baise, or Bayse (baz). A river in southern
France which joins the Garonne west of Agen.
Length, about 100 miles.
Baiter(bi'ter), JohannGeorg. Born at Ziirich,
May 31, 1801: died there, Oct. 10, 1877. A Swiss
classical philologist. He was professor in the Cni-
versity of Zurich 183:i-49, and prorector of the gymnasium
of Ziirich 184;i-65, He pulilished, with Sauppe, an edi-
tion of the "Oratores Attici' (1839-50), and, with Orelll,
the " FabeUa; iambicie " of Babrius (1S45).
Baitul (ba-tol'). \ district of the Central Prov-
inces, India: also, its capital.
Baja (ba'ya). A seaport in Campania, Italy,
near Cape Misenum on the Gulf of Pozzuoli,
west of Naples: the ancient Baise. It was for-
merly a great seaport and the leading Roman watering-
place, especially in the times of Horace, Nero, and Ha-
drian. It was famous for its luxury, and contained the
villas of many celebrated Romans. It was plundered liy
the Saracens. Among the antiquities of B.aja are : (1)
A temple of Diana, so called, in reality part of a Roman
bath. It is octagonal without, circular within, with a
pointed dome 97 feet in diameter. The walls have four
ornamental niches. Tlie structure is in opus incerlum
cased in masonry of brick and stone. (2) A temple o/
Mercuru, so called, in reality part of aKonian bath, three
subdivisions of which survive. The chief of these is tlie
frigidariuni, or cold bath, a circular domed structure 144
feet in diameter, with a circular opening at the apex, as
in the Pantheon at Rome. The two others are rectangu-
lar and vaulted, the vault of one having excellent orna-
ment in relief. (3) A t^njtle of Veiiui, so called, in fact
part of a Roman bath, an octagonal buttresseil structure
of opiiji iiwertum cased in bricli. and opirs reticulalJim , cir-
cular within, 94 feet in diameter, and domed. It has eight
windows above, four doors beltiw. and had lateral chain-
bers containing stairs.
oii-v6zh'),orBains-les- Baja (bo'yo). A town in the county of Bacs,
A town and watering- Hungary, situated near the Danube 93 miles
place in the department of Vosges, France, 16 south of Budapest. Population (1890), 19,485.
miles southwest of fipinal. It has hot baths. Bajada del Parana. Sec raraiid.
Population (1891), commune, 2,591. Bajazet 'baj-a-zct' 1 1., or Bayazid, or Bajasid
— " •■ ' - " ■ ■ (bii-yii-zed')- [Turk, i'lc/"-^ ''('■] Born 1347:
died* 1403. Sultan of the Turks 1389-1403. son
of Amurath I.: surnamed "Ilderim" ('light-
ning') on account of liis ra]iid movements. He
conquered Bnlsraria and a great part of Asia Minor, Mace-
donia, Servia, and Thessaly ; defeateil the allied llunga-
rians, I'oles, and French at Nicopolis l;i90; and was de-
feated l)y Timur at .Angoi-i 140a, anil lielil prisoner by liini
until his death. He is said to have been carried aliout in
an iron cage : but this is a mere invention of later writera.
Bairaktar (bi-iiik-tar'). A title of Mustapha
1 17.'i5-]s(l8i. grand vizir i>l' Mahmud II.
Bairam, orBeirani(bi-riiin'). The name of two
Mohammedan feasts. The great Bau-am (' Idu'l-kiibir)
forms tlie concluding ceremony of the ]iilg]'iiuage to
Mecca, and is celebrated on the tenth day of the twelftli
month. Each houseboldei wlio is able to do so sac-
ridces a sheep, the tlesh of which is divided into three
portions, one for the family, one for relatives, and one
lor the poor. The lesser Bairam is celebrated at the
Baker, Sir Richard
Bajazet's (alleged) treatment liy Timur forms the most
powerful portion of Marlowe's " Taniburlane " and also
of Kowes "Tamerlane." He is shown in an iron cage
and fed with broken scraps like a dog.
Bajazet II. Bom 1447: died 1512. Turkish
sultan 1481-1512, son of Mohammed II. He was
engaged in almost uninterrupted warfare with Hungary,
Poland, Venice, Egypt, and Persia ; was deposed by his son
Seliui ; and died soon lifter by poison.
Bajazet. A tragedy by Racine, produced Jan. 4,
1672. Bajiizet in tllis play is the brother of the sultan
-Aniurath, and the necessity of choosing between the throne
with Roxane and deatli with Atalide whom he loves forms
the most striking part of the play.
Bajazet, Mosque of. A mosque in Constanti-
nople, finished in l.'iO."), one of the finest exam-
ples of Moslem architecture. The fore court has
elegant Pointed arcades of marble, with capitals of jasper
and verde antieo. There arc four doorways of Persian type,
and a graceful octagonal fountain in t!ie middle of the
court. The interior displays excellent proportions and
details.
Bajmok (boi'mok). A town in tho county of
Bacs, Hungarv, southwest of Theresieustadt.
Population (1,890), 7,151.
Bajura. The standard of Mohammed.
Bajza (boi'zo). Joseph, Bom at Sziicsi,
Hungary, Jan. 31, 1804: died March 3, 1858. A
Hungarian poet, critic, and historian. He was
appointed director of the National Theater at Pesth in
1837. and became editor of tlie "Ellenor" in 1847, and of
Kossuth's "Hirlap" in 1848.
Bakacs (bo' koch). Tamas. Died 1521. A Hun-
garian prelate and statesman. By ^ladislaus n.
he was made chancellor and archbishop of Graii and later
(1.50o) became cardinal primate of Hungary and papal le-
gate. He received permission from the Pope (15l:i) to un-
dertake a crusade against the 'lurks, but the army which
he raised was, under the leadership of George llosa, di-
verted to an attack on the nobility. It was subdued 1614
by .John Zapolya.
Bakalahari (bii-ka-lii-hii're). A tribe of the
Beehuanas dwelling in the Kalahari desert of
South Africa.
Bakankala (ba-kan-ka'la). See Bushmen.
Bakarganj. See Bailcrijunfic
Bakasekele (bii-kiis-se-ka'le). See Bushmcv.
Bakau (ba-kou' i, or Bacau, or Bakeu. A town
in Moldavia, Rumania, situated on the Bistritza
55 miles southwest of Jassy. It is a railway
center. Population, 12,675.
Bake (ba'ke), Jan. Born at Leyden, Sept. 1,
1787: died March 26, 1864. A Dutch classical
philologist and critic. He was professor of Rreek
and Rouian literature in the Iniversity of Leyden 1817-67.
and published, with Ceel, Hamaker, and Peerlkamp, the
" Bibliotheca critica nova " (1825-31).
Bakel (ba-kel'). -4. fortified town and trading
station in Senegal, French West Africa, situ-
ated on the Senegal about lat. 15° N.
Baker (ba'ker). Edward Dickinson. Born at
London, England, P\'l). 24, 1811: killed Oct. 21,
1861, at the battle of Ball's Bluff. An Ameri-
can politician and soldier. He was Whig member
of Congress from Illinois 1845-46; colonel in the -Mexican
war and brigade commander ; member of Congress from
Illinois 1S49-51 ; and Republican I'nited States senator
from (iregoii ISCtMiL He coinmandetl, as colonel, a bri-
gade at Ball's BluR.
Baker, George Augustus. Bom in New York
city, 1821: died tli.ic. -\).ril2. 1880. An Ameri-
can portrait-i'iiintir.
Baker, Mrs. (Harriette Newall Woods): pseu-
donym Mrs. Madeline Leslie. Born at Au-
dover, Mass., 1815. An American Avriter of
juvenile stories, wife of Rev. S. R. Baker and
daughter of Rev. Leonard Woods.
Baker, Henry. Born at London, May 8, 1698 :
ilied at London, Nov. 25, 1774. An English
natiu'alist and poet, son-in-law of Defoe. He
is best known as tne author of "The Microscope M.ide
Easy" (174:i), and "Employment for the Microscope"
(1753).
Baker, John Gilbert. Born at Guisborough,
Yorkshire, Jan. 13, 1834, An English botanist.
He became assistant curator of the herbarium of the Royal
("laideiis. Kcw, in ISOO, and in 1882 lecturer and dcinon-
stnittir in botany to the Apotbecaiies' Company.
Baker Lafayette C. Bom at Stafford, (ienesee
County. N. Y., Oct. 13, 1,826: died at Philadel-
phia, ^a., July 2, 1868. An American brigadier-
general, head of the bureau of secret serWce in
the Civil War. Ho organized the pursuit of Wilkes
Booth, and was present at his death. He wrote a " His-
t<u-y of the 1 iiilt d states Secret Service in the Late War"
(18(58).
Baker, Sir Richard. Born at Sissinglnrrst. in
Kent, about 1568: died at London, iulhc Fleet
Prison, Feb. 18, 1645. An English writer,
author of " Chronicle of the Kings of England "
(1641), and of various ilevotional and other
works. He died in destitution due to his becoming
surety for detds owed by relatives of Jiis wife. His literary
work was all done in the Fleet. See Chronicle nf the KittfS
of England,
BaKer, sir Samuel White
Baker, Sir Samuel White. Born at London
111
<li.
Ba-Kume (I'a-ko'mo). Sco n»«?fn.
1 :it .\'>wton Abbot, England. Bakunin (lia-kiiii' ven). Michael. Born at
Toiv-liok, Kussia, ISU: ilitd at Bern, .July 1,
1876. A Russian socialist and iiolitical agita-
tor, regarded as the founder of Nihilism, llo
took part in the revuliitiotiary movenielit In <;erinan>,
especially at Dresden, 1S48-I9 ; was exiled to Siberia ni
18i>l ; escaped to Japan, and aiTived in KntJ;lantl in 18lJl ;
and founded the Allianee of the Social Democracy in 1800,
which was ahsorbed the same year by the InteniatioTuil
June 8, 1S21
Dee. 30, 18!j:i. An English traveler. He founded
s settlement and sanatorium at Ceylon in 1847 : was in
(he Turliish railway service ; left Cairo for the sources of
the Nile in 1*4)1 ; explored the Blue Nile ret;ion 1801-02 ;
started from Khartum in 180;i : discovered Lake Alberi
Syanza March 14. 1604; commanded an Egyptian expcdi
tion in central Africa. 1869-73, for the suiipressi.iii of the
slave-trade and annexation of tenitory to Egypt ; and
traveled in Cyprus, Svi in, Iiuiia, etc. He has written "The
Bjfle and the Ilound in Ceylon " (IS.'M), " Eight Years'
Wanderings in Ceylon " (18.%). "The Alliert Nyanza, etc. "
(ls«H), -Tho Nile Tributaries of Abyseinia, etc." (1807).
" I.smadii. etc. "(1874), "Cyprus as I saw it in 1871)," "Wild
Beasts and their Ways ' (isOo).
Baker, Thomas. Born at Lanchester, Dtuhani,
Sept. 14, IC'ifi: died at Cambridge, July 2, 1740.
An eminent ?'.iiglish antiquary. Heleftavalnable
collection of materials in forty-two inatiuscript volumes
relating to the history of Camliridgo : twenty-three vol-
umes are in theUarleian collection (I'.ritish .Museum) and
the remaining nineteen in the library of Cambridge Uni-
versity.
Baker, Valentine (Baker I'asha ). Born 182.') :
died at Tel-el-Kebir. Nov. 17. 1887. An English ^^ Himtiu" don
officer, brother of Sir Samuel White Bilker. He Balaclava! See Jialaklara
was a cohmel in the British army ; was m the Turkish ser- "'^'■"'^^"- ' "•
vice during the war of 1877-78 ; was Egyptian commander
in the Sudan after the defeat of Hicks ra.«lia lSK:i ; and
was defeated liy Osmau Digna in the battle of Tokar, Feb.
4, 1884.
Baker, Sir William Erskine. Born at Leith,
Scotland. ISOS: dic.l in Somer.setshire, Dee. 16,
1881. A British military and ci%-il engineer in
India. He was promoted major-general In 186.5,
and general in 1887.
Baker, William Mumford. Born at Wash-
ington, June 27. ]82.'i : ilied at Boston, Aug. 20.
18S3. A Pr<sb\-tpriau clergyman and novelist.
son of Daniel Baker. He wrote " Inside : a Chroni
cle of Secession
Timothy" (1870), , . .
Saint Certainty '(18^1), etc. He sometimes used the pscu
donynl Oeorge F. Harrington.
Balboa, Miguel Cabello de
English as "The Sowdaii of Bal>yloM." Balan is
the Sowdan and the (alher of the knight Fierabrfts or
Ferumbras. He was conquered by Charlemagne.
2. In jVithuriau legend, the brother of Baliu.
See Bdliii and lialun.
Balance, The. See Uhra.
Balance, Justice. The father of Sylvia in Far-
quhar's comedy " The Recruiting Officer," one
if the j)riucipal characters.
icn was aosoroeo me same year oy iiie iiiieriiaiioiiui. _ , i* , , -'i-. /^ \ a I .4U..« ««.:v.. ^t *'U^
account of his extreme views he was expelled from BalanteS (ba-lan tes). A heathen tnbe. Of the
the latter at Tlie Hague congress in 1872.
Bala (bii'lji ). A town in Merionethshire, Wales,
20 miles southwest of Denbigh.
Bala (bii'lil), Lake. A small lake in Merion-
ethshire.Wales, near Bala. Its outlet is the Dee.
Balaam (ba'lam). [Heb., 'the destroyer.']
.\ prophet of Pethor, in Mesopotamia, men-
tioned in the Book of Numbers. The Moabitc king
Balak sent for him to curse the Israelites, who had already
comiuered Bashan ami the land of King Sijion, and were
tlireatening Moab. See the story in Num. xxii.. xxiii.
Balaam. A character in Dryden's satire "Ab
Nigritic branch, in Portuguese Guinea, West
Aii-ica.
Balarama (ba-la-ra'ma). In Hindu mythology,
the elder brother of Krishna. In the Mahabhanita
he teaches Durjodhana and Bhima the use of the mace.
Though inclining to the I'andavas, he refuses to side with
them or the Kauravas; but, upon witnessing the foul blow
struck by Bhinra in the contest with Duryodhana, he is
scarcely restrained by Krishna from falling upon the I'an-
davas. He died just before Krishna, as he sat under a
baTiian in the vicinity of Dvaraka. The Puranas add
many incidents. Balarama is, according to the Vaishnavas,
an incarnation of Vishnu.
salotu and Achitophel," intended for the Earl Balard (ba-lar'). Antoine J6r6me. Born at
Monli)ellier._Sept. 30, 1802; died at Paris.
Baladan (bii-la-diin'). Mentioned in 2 Ki. xx.
12, Isa. xxxix. 1, as father of Merodach-baladan
(AssjTian Mardnk-aliul-iddina, the goil Mero-
dach gave the son). The latter was king of Baby-
lonia 721-710 B. c, a contemporary of Sennacherib, king
March 31, 187(i. A French chemist. He became
professor of chemistry in the College of France in 185L
He discovered bromine in 1820.
Balaruc (ba-Ui-riik'). A small watering-place
in the d<partment of H^rault, France, on the
Etaug dc Thau.
of Assyria, and Hezekiah, king of Judah, to the latter of Balashoff ( bii-Ui-shof ')• A town in the govern-
whom he sent presents and congratulations upon his re- m^ut of SaratotJ, Russia, on the Khoper 120
tatadan '''"'"'■■'" '" I"*"'''*' ^•""•'*'"='* '™"' i'""''--"^'^- ^iles west of Saratoff. Population (1889),
Balafre(ba-la-fra'),Le. [F.,'thescarred.T 1. 11,030.
The name given to Henri and rran90is, the Balasore. See miasm.
second and third dukes of Guise, from sword- Balassa (bol osh-sho)
cuts which scarred their faces. — 2. See Leshj,
'rL;%'-.^lyseU^'?il^o;"«.es;;ed Btlagansk (ba-la-giinsk') A small town in
' " ■• ■ '«^ the government ot Irkutsk, on tho Angara
northwest of Irkutsk. Near it is a noted eave.
Baker Mount. A volcanic peak in the Cascade Balaghat (ba-la-gaf), or Balaghaut. A dis
>b>niit.uiis. ill northern Washington, near the
Canadi:in frontier. Height, about 11,000 feet.
Baker, The, and the Baker's Wife. Nick-
names given to Louis XVI. and Marie Antoi-
nette because thev gave bread to the hungry
mob at Versailles," Oct. 6, 1789.
Bakerganj. See Backergunge.
Bakeu. See Bakuu.
Bakewell (bak'wel). A town in Derbyshire,
Enghiiid, on the Wye '22 miles northwest of
Dirliv. Chatsworth" House and Iladdon Hall
are in the vicinity. Population (1891), 11,266.
Bakhmut (biich-mot')- A town in the govera-
trict in the Central Provinces. Britisli India, sit
uated in lat. 21°-23^ N., long. 80°-Slo E. Area,
3, 139 square miles. Population (1891), 383,331.
Balaguer (ba-la-gar'), Vittorio. Born at Bar-
celona, Dec. 11, 1824. A Catalan poet, histo-
rian, and novelist. He became keeper of the archives
at Barcelona in 18W, and soon after professor of historj'.
Author of " Trovador de Montsenat ' (IS.'i*), " Don Juan
do Serravalle" (5th ed. 187.o), and 'llistoria poUtica y
litcraria de los trovadores " (1878-80).
Balaguer (ba-la-gar'). A town in the prov-
ince of Lerida, Spain, situated on the Segre
2;") miles northeast of Lerida. Population, about
, , „ _ 4,000.
meut of YekaterinoslafT, southern Kussia, 135 Balahissar (bii-lii-his'sar). A ruined town in
miles east of Yekaterinoslaff. Population, Asia Minor, near the Sangarius, 8;") miles south-
15.477. west of Angora, on the supposed site of the
Bakhtchisarai (bUch-che-sa-ri' ). A town in the ancient Pessinus.
Crimea, government of Taurida, Kussia, 16 Balak (ba'lak). [Heb., 'destroyer.'] In Old
miles southwest of Simferopol. It was the Testament liistory, a king of the Moabites. See
Balint (Valentine).
Born 1.551: died 1594. A Hungarian poet.
Balassa-Gyarmath (bol 'osh-sho-dyor'mot).
The capital of the county of N6griid. Hungary,
42 miles north of Budapest. Population (1890),
7.738.
Balasur (bal-a-sSr'). A seaport, capital of the
district of Balasur. in (Jrissa, British India,
near the coast. Population, about 20,000.
Balaton (bol'ot-on). Lake, G. Plattensee
(pliit ' ten-za). The largest lake in Hun-
gary, situated 50 miles southwest of Buda-
pest. Its outlet is by the Sio and Sar\-iz to
the Danube. Length, 45 miles. Breadth, 6
to 10 miles.
Balaustion's Adventure (ba-las'chonz ad-
ven'tiir). A poem by Robert Browning, pub-
lished 1871. BalaustionisaOreekgirlof Rhodes. Her
story is continued in "Aristophanes' Apology."
Balawat (bii-lii-wat'). A mound of ruins about
15 miles east of Mosul and 9 miles from Nimrud.
It attained some importance in tho history of Assyriology
through the discovery made there by the excavator Hor-
muzd Kassam, in 1877, of bronze plates which served as
covers of gates to the court of the royal palace of Shal-
maneser II., king of Assyria 8(10-824 B. c. The plates are
decorated in repouss6 work with bas-reliefs representing
capital of the Tatar khans, and contains their
resiiiciHo-. Population, 15.644.
Bakhtishwa(bach-tish'wa), GiabrilbenGiur-
gis ben. Died about 828. ,\ (ireek Nestoriaii,
a member of a family of noted physicians, vyhji
becami' phvsician to Harun-al-Rashid in 805.
He was the liVst to present to the Arabians translations
of the Creek works on medicine. Also Bnkhlirhuiut, Hoc-
tintina, Bitc.ht Jexu.
Bakhtiyari (bjich-te-yii're) Mountains. A
range of mountains in western Persia, west of
Ispalian.
Bakhtiyari. .\ nomadic, semi-independent peo-
ple in Liiristaii :ind Khuzistan. western Persia,
allied t'. the Kurds.
Bakhuyzen, iir Bakhuizen. Seo BurkhiiHsni.
Bakke-Bakke. See l'i/<imirs.
Bakony i I'ok'ony) Forest, <i. Bakonyerwald.
A hilly volcanic region in Hungary, south and
west of the Danube, southwest of Budapest,
and north of Lake Balaton. It had formerly ex-
tensive forest*, and was noted as a resort for robbers. Its
highest ptdnt is aliont 2,;tOO feet.
Baku ( bii-ko' ). A government inTranscaucasia,
Russia, west of the Caspian Sea. Area, 15,095
siiuari' miles. Population (1892), 768,;536.
BaKU. A seaport, capital of the government
of Baku, situated on the Caspian Sea. on the
southern coast of the Apsheron Peninsula, in
lat. 40° 23' N.. long. 49° .52' E., famous as a
center of petroleum ]n'odiiction. It has an exten-
sive tiinn- ill petroleilin. grain, etc. ; is one of the leading
Kussian naval stations; and is coniiecled with Caspian
ports and by rail with the Black Sea. From ancient times
it has been a place of the llri'-worshipers. It beIoii;;ed to
the Persians ami Turks, and was taken by the Russians
in 18!M,. l'o|,ulation (1S«I), 92,001,
Ba-Kuandu (bii-kwiin'do). See Bnnhmcn.
Ba-Kuise (bii-kw-e'se). See Bushmen.
scenes of war, games, sacrifices, and with inscriptions con-
taining a concise record of the tlrst nine years ot the reign
of that king. They are now in the British Museum.
[tiildinii.
Balak. A character in Drydenand Tate's sat
ii-c •■.\bsalom and Achitophel," intended for Balbek. See Baalhcc.
Dr. Burnet. Balbi (biil'be), Adriano
Bom at Venice,
iVpril 25, 1782: dir.l at I'adua. March 14, 1S48.
An Italian geogrnjilier and statistician, author
of "Atlas ethnographique du globe" (1826),
"Abr(5g6 de gi^ographio" (1832), etc.
Balbi, Gaspare. A Venetian traveler. He spent
the years I.'h!) 88 in India. On his return to Venice
he iiiiblished '■ Viaggio nelle Indie Orientali '(1690), which
was inserted by the brothers De Bry in their collection
of voyages (lOoO).
Balakhany > ba-lii-chiiny'). A small town north
(if Baku, Caucasia, noted for its petroleum
springs.
Balakhna (ba-liieli'na), sometimes Balatchna
(bii-lach'nii), A small town in the government
of Nizhni-Novgorod, Kussia, situated on the
Volga northwest of Nizhni-Novgorod, noted
for shoeiiiaking.
Balaclava (bal-ii-klii'va). A
small seaport in the Ciimea
8 miles southeast of Sebastopol : the ancient
Svmlioliin Portus, and the nuvlicval Cembalo.
A I Meek colony was settled liere by Catherine II. It was the
headiiuarteis of the Allies in the Crimean war. A series
of engagements between the Russians and the Allies took
place near Balakiava. Oct. 2S, 18.S4. (Jeueral Liprandi,
with about 12.000 Russians, took stniie redoubts, com-
mitted to about 2.'i() I'lirks. which commanded the cause-
way to the (English) port of Balakiava, and Ihreatcncd the
ptirt itself. The attack was diverted by a brilliant charge - . rr, •
of the Heavy Brigade, led by Ocneral Scajlell. Through Balbo (barb(5), Count Cesare. Born at 1 urin,
a misconception of the general-in-chjef's (Lord Raglan s_) Xiiv. 21, 1789 : died there, June 3, 18.53. An Ital-
Balaklava, or CaiilClclVct (iiai-a-m» va.;. .n - - ,,,,., , -. .„„_ n~.M„a
- • - ,^^, Ciimea, Kussia, about BalbinUS (bal-bi'nus), DeCimUS C»llUS.
Killeil 238. A lionian orator. )ioet. and states-
man, of noble birth, appoii;tid by the senate
joint emiieror (.\ugustus)of Rome with Pupie-
nus Maximus, 23,8, in opposition to Maximin,
who was shortly after killed by his own soldiers
at the siege of Aquileia, Balliimis and his colleague
were murdered by the prctorians at Rome before the be-
ginning of August in the sjune year, after having reigned
since about the end of April.
order, Lord" l.ncan, commander of the cavalry, ordered
Ixird Cardigan, witli tile Light Brigade, to charge the
Kussian artillery at the extremity of the in ir( hem valley
in the plain of Balaclava. With a battery in front and one
on each side the Light Brigade hewed its way past the
guns in front and routed the enemy's cavalry, of 070
liorsenieu 108 returned. This charge has been made the
HMbJect of a well-known poem by Tennyson.
Ba-Lala (bil-liil'ii). See Bushmen.
Balami (biilii'me). A learned vizir of the
Sanianide. ,\liii Siilili Maiisur ben Null. He col-
h-eled old Iranian traditions, and in 00:{ wrote a Persian
aliriilgnieiit of the great Arabic history of Tabari.
Balan i bii-loi'i'). 1. An early French version of
tho romance of "Fierabras," which appears in
ianstatesmiinaiid writer, premier of Sardinia in
1848. Hewrote "Storia ditalia" (1830), "Vita
di Dante" (1839), "Dclle speranze d'ltalia"
1 1844^. etc.
Balboa (biil-bo'ii). or Balvoa, Miguel Cabello
de. Born in Archidona tiliout 1525; died, prob-
ablv in Pent, after 1.58(). A Siianish historian.
lie served as a soldier in the French wars, but subsec|Ueiilly
took orders, and went to America aboiil l.'>(3«, residing
for a lime at Bogotil, and later in Lima and Cuzco He
wr.itf 'Miscelanea Aniirlica y orlgeii d,' his Incas del
I'eni, " which remaineil in maiius, ript iinlil 1840, when a
French ti-anslallon was published in the Terimux-Com-
pans collection, as " LHlstoire du P6rou."
Balboa, Vasco Kunez
Balboa, Vasco Nunez. Born at Xeres de los
Ciiballeros, ]475: died at Ada, near Darieu,
1517 or 1518. A Spanish soldier, the discoverer
of the Pacific Ocean, in 1500 he went to America
with the expetlitiou of Ruilnuo Bastidas, and was left by
him at Espafiola. In l.'jio lie went to Dai ien where he
was later elected alcalde in a new settlement fornud by
his advice. In 1512 he received from Pa^aiuonte. king's
treasurer at Santo Doiniiij.'<>, a commission to act as gov-
ernor. Balboa made iiunieidus e.\pIoratioiis,pcnerally con-
ciliating tlic Indians; ami from them he learned tliattbcre
was a great sea to the south (the Paciflc),and f:ir southward
a country rich in gold, where the people were civilized
(Peru). Determined to discover these, he set out from
Darien with part of liis force Sept. 1, 1613, and after an
adventurous journey reached, on Sept. 25, a mountain
from which he first saw the Pacillc. The shore itself was
attained on .Sept. 29, and Dallxxa. entering the water, took
Sossession for the kings of (':istile. He returned to Darien
an. 29, l.'il4. In the same year (June 30) Pedro Arias de
Avila (called Pednu'ias) arrived .as governor of the colony.
The relations of the two nieii were unfriendly, but Balboa
obtained permission to explore the South Sea. Cutting
the timbers for his ships on the Caribbean side, he trans-
ported them w ith immense labor across the isthmus, and
had launched two vessels when he was .arrested by Pedra-
rias, on a charge of contemplated revolt, and beheaded.
Balbriggan (bal-brij;'an). A watering-phi ce
in Comity Dublin, Ireland, 20 miles nortlieast
of Dublin. It has manufactures of stockings,
etc. Population, about 2.000.
Balbuena (biil-bwii'na), Bernardo de. Bom
iu Val de Peiias, 15GS: diediul'orto Kieo, 1027.
A Spanish prelate and poet. Most of his life was
passed iu Mexico, .Tamaica, and Porto Rico, and he became
bishop of the latter island in 1620. Ue is best known for
his epics " El Bernardo " and *' LaGrandezaMexicana,"and
his principal poem " El siglo de Oro " (■ The Age of Gold ").
Balbus (bal' bus). Lucius Cornelius. Born in
trades : floui'ished in tlie 1st century B. c. A
Roman politician, surnained "Major"' todistin-
giiish him from his nephew Lucius Cornelius
albus. He served in Spain in the war against Serto-
rius, and was made a Koinan citizen in 72 B. c. His right
to the citizenship w.as successfully defended by Cicero in
55 B. c. He sided with Cajsar against Pompey, being in-
trusted with the management of the former's affairs at
Rome : and, on the death of C^sar, attached himself to
Octavius, under whom he obtained the consulship 40 B. c.
Balbus, Lucius Cornelius. A Roman politi-
cian, sumamed ' • il iiior'' I o distinguish him fi-om
his uncle Lucius Cornelius Balbus. He was ques-
tor to the propretor Asinius PoUio in Further Spain
44-43 B. c, where he acquired a large fortune through op-
pression and exaction ; became subsequently governor of
Africa; and enjoyed a triumph 19 B. c, inconsequence of
a victory over the Garamantes.
Balcarce (bal-kar'sa), Antonio Gk>nzalez.
Boru at Buenos AjTes iu 1774 : died there, Aug.
5, 1819. A Spanish-American soldier. He served
in the defense of Buenos Ayres (1807), and was captured
by the British ; joineii the revolutionary movement of
May, 1810 ; and was sent with an army to aid the patriots
of Upper Pern (1811). He was disastrously defeated by
Goyeneche at the battle of Huaqui (June 20, 1811).
Balcarce, Juan Ramon. Bom at Buenos
Avres. 1773 : died at Entre Eios about 1833. An
.(Vrgentine general, brother of A. G. Balcarce.
In 1818, and again in 1820, he was for a short time gover-
nor of Buenos .Vyres ; in 1824 was a member of the con-
stituent assembly ; in 1827 minister of war and marine,
and in Dec, 1832, was elected governor of Buenos A>Tes,
but in Nov.,lS33, was driven out by Rosas.
Balcben (barchen). Sir John. Said to have
been born Feb. 4, 1670, at Godalming in Sur-
rey: died 1744. An English naval officer, com-
mander of various vessels 1697-1728, promoted
admiral of the white in 1743. He perished io the
wreck of the Victory in the Channel on the night of Oct. 4,
1744.
Bald Heads. See Comanche.
Bald Mountain (bald monn'tSn). Apeak in
tlie Front Range, Colorado. Height, about
12,500 feet.
Baldassare (bal-das-sa're). In Donizetti's op-
era " La Favorita," the head of the monastery
of St. Jaciipo di Conipostella.
Baldegger See ( biild'eg-er za). A small lake in
the canton of Lucerne, Switzerland, 11 miles
north of Lucerne.
Baldenburg (biirden-borG). A small town in
the )irovince of West Prussia, Prussia, 80 miles
southwest of Dantzic.
Balder (bal'der). 1. See BnWwr.— 2. A poem
liy Sydney Dobell. published in 1854.
Balder Dead. A poem by Mattliew Arnold.
Johannes Fwabl, the Danish poet, also published a dni-
niatic poem with this title in 1773.
Balderstone (biii'der-ston), Caleb. In ScotiV
novel "The Bride of Laniincrraoor," the old
servant of the Master of Ravenswood. He sup-
plies the comic note in this tragic tale, with his faithful
but ludicrous elTorts to uiihold the honor of the family
Balderstone, Thomas (called Uncle Tom). In
Charles Dickens's tale "Mrs. Joseph Porter, "
the uiiele of Mrs. (iattleton.
Baldi (biil'de), Bernardino. Bom at ITrbino,
June 6, 1553: died at frbino, Oct. 10, 1617. A
112
noted Italian scholar, mathematician, poet,
and general writer.
Baldinucci (bal-de-no'che), Filippo. Born at
Florence. 1624: died Jan. 1, 1696. A Floren-
tine art critic. He wrote "Notizie de'profes-
sori del disegno da Cimabue 1260-1670''^ (1681-
1688).
Baldock (bill'dok), Ralph de. Died 1313.
Bishop of London (1304) and lord chancellor
(April, 1307). He was removed on the acces-
sion of Edward II.
Baldock, Robert de. Died 1327. An English
lord chancellor (1323) imder Edward II. Hewas
overthrown with the De Spencers, and died in London as
the result of ill treatment by a mob.
BaldO'vinetti (bal-do-ve-net'te), AlessiO. Born
at Florence, Oct. 14, 1427: died there, Aug. 29,
1499. A noted Florentine painter and worker
in mosaics.
Baldo'vini (bal-do-ve'ne), Francesco. Bom at
Florence, Feb. 27, 16.35: died Nov. 18, 1716.
An Italian poet, author of "Lamento di Ceeco
da Varhmgo, etc." (1694), etc.
Balducci (bai-do'che), Francesco. Born at
Palermo : died at Rome, 1(342. One of the best
of the Anacreontic poets of Italy. He ■wi'ote
"Canzoni Siciliani."in the Sicilian dialect, etc.
Balduin. See lUilOirin.
Baldung (bal'dong), Hans. Bom at Gmiind,
Swabia, 1476 (?): died at Strasburg, 1545. A
(jierman painter, sumamed "Griin" ('green'),
from his use of that color in his draperies.
Baldur (bal'dor), or Balder (bal'der). [ON.
Buhir ; AS. heuldor, OHG. huJdir, prince, lord,]
In Old Norse mj-thology, a sou of Odin, and one
of the principal gods. Baldur's characteristics are
those of a sun-god. He is the " whitest " of the gods, and
so beautiful and bright that a light emanates from him.
He is the wisest, most eloquent, and mildest of the Ases.
His dwelling is Breidablik (ON. Breidhabtik). His wife is
Nanna. He is finally slain, at the instigation of Loki, by
a twig of mistletoe in the hands of the blind god Hodur
(ON. EOdhr). Baldur is specifically a Northern god ;
among the other Germanic races there is no existing
record of him whatsoever.
Bald'Win(bardwin) I., sumamed "Bras deFer"
('Iron Arm'). [OFl. Baldwin, Bnlduin, bold
friend: L. Balduinus, F. Baldwin oTBaudonin,
It. Balduino,G. Balduin. '\ Died 879 (877 ?). The
first count of Flanders, son-in-law of Charles
the Bold of France.
Bald-win II. Died 918. Count of Flanders, son
of Baldwin I. He maiTied Alfrith, daughter
of Alfred the Great of England.
Baldwin V., sumamed Le Debonnaire. Died
1067. Count of Flanders, sou of Baldwin TV..
father-in-law of WiUiam of Normandy whom
he accompanied in the invasion of England,
and regent of France 1060-67.
Baldwin I. Bom 1058: died in Egypt, March,
1118. King of Jerusalem. He was a brother of
Godfrey of Bouillon whom he accompanied on the first
Crusade (1096-99), and whom he succeeded as king of Jeru-
salem. He conquered Acre in 1104, BeirOt in 1109, and
Sidon in 1110.
Bald-win II. Died Aug. 21, 1131. Count of
Edessa, king of Jerusalem 1118-31. in his reign
the military orders of St. .John and the Templars were es-
tablished for the defense of the Holy Land.
Bald-win III. Born 1129: died atTripoUs, Feb.
10. 1 162. King of Jerasalem 1143-62. He lost
Edessa to Eraadeddin Zenki (Zenglii), emir of Mossul, in
1144, an event which gave rise to the second Crusade
(1147-49).
Bald-win FV., siu-named " The Leper." King of
Jerusalem 1173-83, son of Amaury. He gained
a signal victory over Saladin in the plain of Ramah, Nov.
2.^. 1177, and again near Tiberias in the early summer of
1182. He was succeeded by his nephew Baldwin V., who
died in 1185.
Baldwin I. Bom at Valenciennes, 1171: died
1206, Emperor of Constantinople; as Count of
Flanders. Baldwin IX, He joined thefourth Crnsade
in 1201. The Crusaders, supported by the Venetian fleet,
at the request of Alexins, son of the Byzantine emperor
Isaac Angelas, who had been dethroned by his brother,
captured Constantinople, and replaced Alexius and his
father in 120;^. As the emperor was unable to fulfil his
ct>mpact with the Crusaders, which called for a union of
the Greek with the Roman Church and the payment of
large sums of money, hostilities broke out, in consequence
of which the l.atin empire w.as erected, with Baldwin as
emperor, in 1204. He was defeated and made prisoner by
the Bulgarians in 1205,
Baldwin II. Bom 1217: died 1273. Emperor
of Constantinople 1228-61, son of Pierre de
Courtenay. and a nephew of Baldwin I. Hewas
deposed by" Michael Palffiologus, an event which marked
the fall of the Latin empire.
Bald-win. Died at Acre, Syria, Nov. 19. 1190.
Archbishop of Canterbury. He become bishop of
Worcester in 1180, was translated to the see of Canterbury
in 11*4, crowned Richard I. in llsii, and set out upon the
third Crusade in 1190.
Balfour, Alexander
Bald-win, Count. The father of Biron and Car-
los in Southerno's "Fatal Marriage," an im-
>-ielding, self-willed man.
Bald'Wlh, Abraham. Born at Guilford, Conn. ,
Nov. 6. 1754: dietl tit Washington, D, C, March
4, 1807. Au American politician. He was a dele-
gate to the Continental Congress ; member of the Con-
stitutional Convention 17&7 ; member of Congress from
Georgia 1789-99; Inited States senator 1799-1S07; and
president pro tempore of the Senate 1801 and 1802.
Bald'wtn, Charles H. Bom in New York citv,
Sept. 3, 1822: died there, Nov. 17, 1888. An
American naval officer, appointed rear-ad-
miral in 1883. He served in the Mexican war on the
Congress, and was commander of the Clifton of the mor-
tar-tieet at New Orleans, under Farragut, and at Vicks-
burg, in 1862. He was later ordnance inspector at the
Mare Island nai^-yard. He retireii Sept. 3, 18»4.
Bald-win, Henry. Born at New Haven, Conn.,
J.in. 14, 1780: died at Philadeli.hia, April 21,
1844. An American .jurist and politician. He
was member of Congress from Pennsylvania 1S17-22, and
associate justice of the United .States Supreme Court
1S30-44.
Bald-win, Matthias "William. Bom at Eliza-
bethtown, N. J,, Dec. 10, 1795: filed at Phila-
delphia, Sept, 7. 1866. Aji American inventor,
noted as au improver and manufacturer of
locomotive engines.
Bald-win, Roger Sherman. Bom at New
Haven, Conn., Jan. 4, 1793: died there, Feb.
19, 18(53. An American politician ami jurist.
He was governor of Connecticut 1844-4.5, rnited States
senator 1847-51, and member of the "Peace Congress" in
1861.
Baldy (bal'di) Peak. 1. A peak 12.660 feet
high, northeast of Santa F6, New Mexico,
forming a part of the sofithernmost spur of the
Rocky Mountains called the Santa F6 range.
The same name is also given to a peak of the mountains
north of Jemez, properly called Sierra de la Jara (Reed
Mountains).
2. A peak in the Sangre de Cristo range,
Colorado.
Bale (bal). John. Born at Cove, near Dunwich,
in Suffolk, Nov. 21. 1495: died at Canterbury,
1563. An English Protestant (originally Catho-
lic) prelate, bishop of Ossory (1552). He was the
author of moralities (religions plays) and the compiler of
a chronological catalogue of British w liters, •* lUustrium
Majoris Britannia; ScriptornmSummarium "(1548). Hewas
nicknamed " Bilious Bale "on account of his bad temper,
B3.1e. See Basel.
Balearic Islands (bal-e-ar'ili i'landz). [L.
Baliariciis, adj., from Baliures, less prop. Bale-
ares, Gr. Ba/ZiapffV, Ba/.fap/(Sff, etc.. G. Baharen,
F. Baleares.'i A group of islands in the Medi-
terranean, belonging to Spain, situated east of
Valencia. It comprises Majorca, Minorca, Cabrera,
Iviza, and Fomientera (the ancient Pityusre), and some
smaller islands. *lhe group forms a province, with Palma
as capital. It was long a possession of Carthage : was
acquired by Rome in 123 B. c. and formed the kingdom
of Mallorca from 1276 till its union with Aragon in 1343.
The chief products are oil, wine, and fruit. The inhabi-
tants were famous in ancient times as slingers. Area,
1,860 square miles. Population (ISST), 312,64&
Balechou (bii-la-sho'). Jean Joseph Nicolas.
Bcim at Aries, 1715 (?): died at Avignon. .4ug.
18, 1765. A noted French eugi'aver. His best
work is a full-length portrait of Augustus HI.,
king of Poland,
Balen (ba'len), Hendrik 'van. Bom at Ant-
werp, 1575: died there, July 17, 1632. A Flem-
ish historical painter.
Balestier (bal-es-ter' ), Charles Wolcott. Born
at Rochester, N. Y., Dec. 13, 1861 : died at Dres-
den, Germany, Dec. 6, 1891. Au American jour-
nalist, novelist, and publisher. He was the author
of "A Patent Philtre ■'(1884), "The Naulahka," with Rud-
yard Kipling (1MI2), "Benefits Forgot " (189.'i, in "The Cen-
tury Magazine "), and other works.
Balestra (iiii-les'trii), Antonio. Bom at Ve-
roiui. Italy,]660: died there. April 21, 1740. An
Italian painter of the Venetian school.
Balfe ( balf ), Michael William. Bom at Dub-
lin, May 15, 1808: died at Rowney .'Vbl)ey, Oct.
20, 1870. An operatic composer, violinist, and
singer. His works include '■ I Eivali di se stessi "(1830),
"Siege of Rochelle " (ls.3.i), "The Maid of Artois ' (1S.36),
"Catherine Grey" (1837), "Joan of Arc" (1S37), " Dia-
dcste" 0838), " Falstall " (1S.'4S), "Keolanthc'' (1841), "Le
Puits d'Amour " (Im::), ■ Bohemian Girl" (l.'^.'i). " Les
Quatre Fils d'Aymon "(ISH), "LK.toilc de S<-vilIe"(1846),
"Maid of Honour " (1847), " .Sicilian Bride " (IS-IS), " Rose
of Castile " (18;.7), " Sntanella " (W-S), "II Talismano," the
Italian version of his last opera, "The Knight of the Leo-
pard "(1S74).
Balfour (bal'fiir or bal'fer), Alexander. Bom
at Monilcie. Forfarshire. Scotland. March 1,
1767: died Sept. 12, 1829. A Scotch poet and
novelist. He wrote "Campbell, or the Scottish Proba-
tioner" (1819), " Contemplation and other J'oenis " (1820),
"Farmer's Three Daughters " (18'22), "The Foundling of
Glenthorn, or the Smuggler's Cave" (1823), "Highland
ilnTj" (1827).
Balfour, Arthur James
Balfour, Arthur James. Born July 25, 1848.
A British (_'()iist'rv:i(ivf politician, nephew of
thi' Manjuis of Salisbury. Uc waa iirtaidtnt of the
Local Cuveniiitent Board ISS-V-gG ; secretju-y fnr Scotland
188ti-87 : chief secretary fur Ireland 1887-91 : and first lonl
of the treasury and leader of the House of t'oninions 181U-
18!>-and l«l).^-. Ho ha:^ written a " Defence of I'hilosophlc
lk,utit"(lsT!l), etc.
Balfour, Clara Lucas (Clara Liddell). Born
in the -New Forest, Hampshire, Dev. 21, 1S08:
died at Croydon, .July 3, 1878. An Kutrlish
writer. She lectured on temperance and other topics,
and was the author of numerous works designed chiedy to
promote the temperance cause.
Balfour, Francis Maitland. Bom at Edin-
burgh, Nov. 10, 18;")! : died in the Alps, July
1!) ^f), 1882. A British biologist (brother of
Arthiu- .Tames Balfour), lecturer (1876) on aiul
professor (1882) of animal morphology at
Carabriiige. He wrote "Development of Elasmobranch
Fishes ■ (1878) and " t'oniparative EmliryoloKy " (1880-81).
Uii »r>rks were edited tiy Foster and SedRwick (4 vols.)
in 188S. He wa.s killed with his guide during an ascent of
ttie .Aik'Uille Itlaiu'he tie Pontoret.
Balfour, sir James. Died 1583. A Scotch
judge and political intriguer. He was implicated
In the plot to a.s5assinate Heaton, and waa imprisoned
after tlie surrender of the castle of St, Andrew's (June,
1M7) in the French galleys, where he had John Knox as
a companion. He was also commonly reputed to have
drawni up the Iwnd for Darnley's murder, and to have
pn>vided the Inuise, which belonged to his brother, in the
kirk o' Field, where the murder was accomplished. In
the same year (1.'>*m) he was appointed by t)ucen Mary
Kovenior of F.dinbnrgh Castle, which he shortly after
betrayed t*> Murray, He accomplished the destruction of
the regent Mortoii. who w.as executed, l,^iSl, for the mur-
der of Darnley. He was one of the authors, if not the
chief author, of "Biilfours Practicks," the earliest text-
lKM)k on Scottish law.
Balfour, Sir James. Bom 1600: died 1657.
A Seotcli anti<(«ary and historian, author of
"Annals of the History of Scotland from Mal-
colm III. to Charles II."
Balfour, James. Bom at Pilrig, near Edin-
burgh, 1705: died 1795. A Scottish philosoph-
ical Avriter. (irolessor of moral philosophy (1754)
and of law (17()4) at Edinburgh,
Balfour, John (Lord Balfour of Burleigh).
Died 1688. A Scotch nobleman of little note,
mistaken by Sir Walter Scott (in "Old Mor-
tality") for another man of the same name.
See Udlfiiiir nf' Itinlri/.
Balfour, John Hutton. Bom at Edinburgh,
Sept. lo, 1808: died there, Feb. 11, 1884. An
eminent Scottish botanist and physician. He
was appointed professor of botany at Glasgow ITniversity
in 1841, and at Ivlinburgh in 1845, and emeritus professor
in 1879. .\ullior of a manual of botany (1848), a class-book
(18.V2), •'I'hyto. Theology "(littl), etc.
Balfour, Nisbet. Bom at Dunbog. county of
Fife, Scotlaii.l, 174:): died there, Oct., 1823. A
British soldier, appointed lieutenant-general
in 1798 and general in 1803, conspicuous for
his services during the Revolutionary War.
He waa at the battle of Bunker Hill, the battle on Long
Island, the capture of New York, and the battles of Eliza-
beth^^wn, Brandywine, and Qermantown, and was ap-
pointeil c<unmandant of Charleston 1779,
Balfour, Robert. Born about 1550: <lied about
162.5. A Scoti'h pliilologist and philosophical
writer, professor of Greek in the College of
Guienne, and princip.al (about 1586) of that in-
stitution. He wrote '•Commentaries on the
Logic and Ethics of .Xristotle" (1018-20), etc,
Balfour of Burley, John. A Covenanter, a
character in Scott's novel "Old Mortality,"
historically taken from a real .Jolin Balfour of
Kiuloch, but bv Scott confused with .Tohn Bal-
foui' of Burloigli (died 1688). The latter was not
a Covenanter.
Balftiish (tiiil-frosh '). or Barfrush (biir-
frosh'). .\ town in Mazaiideran, Persia, on
the Bawal. near the Caspian .Sea, 89 miles
northeast of Teheran. It is an important em-
porium for commerce between Russia and Per-
sia,
Balgowrie (bal-gou'ri). Brig o'. A very pic-
ture,s(|ue structure at Aberdeen, Scotland, con-
sisting of a single high and ^vide-pointed arch
spanning the Uon. It dates from l.'!20,
Balguy (biirge). John. Bom at ShefTield,
England, .\ug. 12, 1686: died at Harrowgate,
Sept. 21, 174S. An English divine and con-
troversialist. Ho wrote " Letter to a Deist,"
" Fouudiitioii of Moral tioodness," etc.
Bali (l)ali; Hinil. pron. bul'i). In Hindu
mythology, a Daitya who had attained sover-
eignty over the tliri'e worlds, lint lost it wlien
he promised Vishnu, in his dwarf incarnation,
as much land as he couUl measure with three
strides, Vishnu tnet the condition, and l)an-
ished Bali to the under world, where he reigned.
113
Bali (bii'le). A mountainous and volcanic isl-
and of the Sunda group, east of Java. It is in part
annexed tt> Dutch possessions and in part under Dutch
inlluence(7 minor slates). The religion is Hinduism ; the
language allied to .lavanese. Length, 7.'> miles ; breadth,
50 miles ; area, 2,100 square miles. Population, ,'iOO,000.
Bali Strait. A strait which separates .lava
fiom Bali.
Balikesri (bii-le-kes're), A town in the vila-
yet of Khudavendikyar, Asiatic Tiu-key, 112
miles southwest of Constantinople. Popula-
tion, about 12,000.
Balin (bil'len). In Hindu mythology, the
monkey king of Kishkindhya, who was slain
by Rama, ami whose kingdom was given to
his brother Sugriva, the ally of Kama.
Balin (bil'lin) and Balan (ba'lan). In the
" Morte d'Arthur," two brothers, bom in North-
umberland, each renowned for valor, Balin was
called " Le .Sauvage," They llnnlly slew each other "by
mishap," and were buried in one tomb. Tennyson has a
poem with the title "Balin and Balan," giving the story
in a modified form,
Balingen (bii'ling-en), sometimes Bahlingen.
A town in the Black Forest circle, Wiirtcm-
berg, sittiated ou the Eyach 38 miles south-
west of Stuttgart. Popiilation (1890), 3.355,
Balinghem (bii-lan-gan'). A small place in
the department of Pas-de-Calais, France, near
Calais, noted as the place of the "Field of the
Cloth of Gold" (1.520).
Baliol (ba'li-ol or bal' yol), or Balliol (bari-ol),
Edward de." Died 1363. Eldest son of .John
de Baliol and Isabel, daughter of John de Wa-
renne, earl of Surrey, and claimant to the
throne of Scotland, Ue landed in .Scotland in 1332,
and after a brilliant campaign of seven weeks was crowned
at Scone Sept. 24, but three months later was surprised
at Annan by Archibald Douglas, and driven across the
border. He was restored by IMward III. of England,
through whose assistance he gained the battle of Halidon
Hill, July 19, 1333. After 1338, Edw.ird being occupied
in the French war, Baliol maintained a nominal footing
in Scotland till the return of l>avid Bruce in 1341,
Baliol, or Balliol, John de. Died about 1269.
The founder of Balliol College, Oxford. He was
a regent of Scotland during the minority of Alexander
III,, until deprived of the post, on a charge of treason,
in 1255, through the influence of Henry III., with whom
he sided in the barons' war 1263-65. He gave, about 1263,
the first lands for the endowment of the college which
bears his name, an endowment which was increased by
his will, and also by the gifts of his widow. Devorguilla.
" He died in 1269, and although his widow Devorguilla
continued to pay the weekly allowances, she did not until
1282 take steps for giving a permanent character to the
House of Balliol." LyU; Oxford, p, 71.
Baliol, John de. Born 1249 : died 1315, King
of Scotland, son of John de Baliol (died 1269).
With Bruce and Hastings he became one of the principal
claimants of the Scottish crown on the death of Margaret,
the Maid of Norway, 1290, basing his claim upon the right
of his maternal grandmother, Margaret, eldest daughter
of David, earl of Huntingdon, brother of William the Lion
and grandson of David I, (See Bruce, Robert.) He was
recognized ns the proper heir by Edward I, of England, to
whom the claims of the ilisputants were referred for arbi-
tration ; was crowned at Scone, Nov, 30, 1292, and ren-
dered homage to Edward as feudal superior; made an
alliance with Philip the Fair of France 1295; ravaged Cum-
berland 1296. and renounced his allegiance to Edward;
was compelled to renounce his crown to Edward during
the hitter's invasion of Scotland the same year; was im-
prisoned, with his son Edward, in England till 1299 ; and
died in exile.
Baliol, Mrs. Martha Bethune. A refined and
cultivated old lady who is supposed to relate
some of the " Chronicles of the Canongate " to
Mr. Chrystal Croftangi-y in Scott's "Chronicles
of the (Jandiigato."
Baliol College. See Balliol College.
Balisarda (bil-le-silr'djl). In Ariosto's "Or-
lando Furioso," the sword stolen frmn t)rlandci
Vjy Brnni.dlo and given to Kogero. It could cut
through even enchanleil objects.
Balize (ba-lez'), or Belize (be-lez'). 1. See
Britisli Il()ii(liini>:. — 2. A seaport and capital
of British Honduras, situateil on the finlf of
Honduras, It was first settled by the English
about 16()7. i'oiiulation, about .5,000.
Balkan Peninsula (biU-kiin' or Ijal'kan pe-
nin'sii-lii). In its widest sense, the southeasi-
ernmost peninsula of Europe, including the re-
gions south of tlui Save and Danube. It eom-
prises Dalmatia, parts of Croatia and Kiiatenlanil, Bosnia,
Herzegovina, Montenegro, Servia, Bulgaria, part of Ruma-
nia, Euntpean Turkey, and (Jreece, The name is often
used in a narrower sense, including Servia, Bulgaria, Euro-
pean Tin'key, Montenegro, an<l sometimes Rumania and
(Ireece (often without the Morea). In this second sense
it is coextensive with the Balkan States,
Balkan, or the Balkans. A tnountain system
in southt'iislern Europe, the ancient llieinnsoi"
yEmus (<ir, o Ai//oi;), which extends from the
sources of the Timok (near the fronliors of
Servia an<l Hulgaria) generally eastward to
Cape Emineh on the Black Sea. it forma the main
Ballantjme, James
botindary between Bulgaria proper and Eastern Rumelia,
and is subdivided into the Etropol-Balkan, the Kotcha-
Balkan, etc. The chief passes are the Natiil-Derbend,
Karnabad, Iron (iale, Shipka, and Trajan. Tli..- Balkan
was the scene of severe fighting in the Russo-Turkish
Wiirs of 182S-29 and 1877-78. Its highest point is about
7,siK) feet.
Balkan States. See Buibm roiiiLsnin.
Balkash (biil-kiish'), or Balkhash, or Dengis.
A salt lake in Russian Central Asia, about lat.
45°-47° N., long. 74°-79° E. Its chief tributary is
the Hi, Height above sea-level, about 780 feet ; length,
:i40 miles; greatest width, 55 miles; area, about 7,800
square miles. It has no outlet.
Balkh (biilkh). A for the most part desert re-
gion in central Asia, belonging to Afghanistan,
smith of the Amu-Daria and north of the Hindu-
Kusli. It correspouds nearly to the ancient
Bactria. Its inhabitants are of Uzbeg stock.
Balkh. The chief city of Balkh, situated on
the river Balkh in lat." 36° 40' N., long. 66° 40'
E,: the ancient Bactria : called the " Mother of
Cities, It is associated with the history of Zoroaster.
It was destroyed by Jenghiz Khan in 1220, later byTiralU'.
Popwlution, 1.^,000 CO.
Baikhan (bill-khan') Bay. A bay on the eastern
coast of the Caspian Sea, about lat. 40° N.
Baikhan Mountains. A group of mountains
east of Baikhan Bay, near the Transcaspian
Railway.
Balkis (bal'kis). The Arabian name of the
Queen of Sheba who came to see the glory of
Solomon.
Ball (bal), Ephraim. Bom at Greentown.Ohio,
.\ug. 12, 1812: died at Canton, Ohio. Jan. 1,
1872. An American inventor and manufac-
turer of plows, mowers (the Buckeye machine),
and harvesters.
Ball, John. Died at St. Albans, England, July
15, 1381. An English priest who took a promi-
nent part in Wat Tyler's rebellion in 1381. ho
accepted, in the main, the doctrines of Wyclif, modified
by views of his own, and made himself popular, especially
by preaching the etinality of genti-y anil villeins. He was
several times committed to the Archbishop of Canter*
bury's prison, and was excommunicated by Archbishop
Islip. He was committed, probaidy about the end of
April, 1:^81, to the archbishop's prison at ilaidstone, and
one of the first acts of the insurgents was to set him at
liberty. He preached at Blackheath on the text
" When Adam dalf, and Eve span.
Who was thanne a gentilman?"
After the death of Tyler at Smithfleld, he fled to the mid-
land counties, but was taken at Coventry, and executed at
St. Albans in the presence of the king. He was called the
"Mad Priest."
Ball, Sir Robert Sta'well. Bom at Dublin,
July 1, 1840. A British astronomer. He became
professor of applied mathematics and mechanism in the
Royal College of Science for Ireland 1867, and professor
of astronomy in the University of Dublin, and royal as-
tronomer of Ireland 1874, He has written "Story of the
Heavens " (1885), "Starland," etc.
Ball, Thomas. Born at Charlestown, Mass.,
Jinie 3, 1819. An American sculptor. Among his
works are a statue of Webster (New York), "Emancipa-
tion " (Washington), statue and ousts of Everett, Choate,
Bail, 'Valentine. Born at Dublin, July 14, 1843 :
died Jun<' 16, 1895, A British geologist and ex-
plorer. He was appointed to the staff of the Geological
Survey of India in 18(^4 ; was professor of geology and
mineralogy in the University of Dublin 1881 -83 ; and be-
came director of the Science and Art Museum in 1883.
Ball, The. A comedy by Shirley and Chapman,
licensed in l(i32 and published in 1639.
Ballachulish (bii-lii-cho'lish), or Ballahulish.
A village in Arg\-llshir(>, Scotland, sitnaled on
Loch Levin 23 miles northeast of Oban. Near
it are slate-quarries.
Balladino (liiil-lii-de'no), Antonio. In Ben
.lonson's comedy " The Case is Altered." a " pa-
geant poet" intended to ridicule Anthony
,\Iunday.
Ballagi" (bol'log-e), Maurice (originally Moritz
Bloch). Born March 18, 1815: died .Sept. 1,
1891. A Hungarian philologist and Protestant
theologian, best known from liis grammars and
dictionaries of the Hungarian language, lie
was professor of theology at Szarvas 1844-48,
1851-,55, and at Pesth 18.55-78.
Ballantine (bal'an-tin), James. Bom at Edin-
burgh, 1808 : died there. Dec, 1877, A Scottish
poet, painter on glass, and manufacturer of
.staineii glass. He wrote "The Oaberlunile's Wallet"
(1813), " The Miller of Deanbaugh " (1845), " Essay on Or-
namental Art " (1847), " Poems " (IS.'iO), etc,
Ballantrae (bal-an-tril'). A iishing town in
Ayisliiie, Scotland, at the mouth of llio Stin-
(•h:ir 30 miles southwest of ,\_\t,
Ballantyne (bal'an-tin ). James. Born at Kelso,
Si-otlnnd, 1772: died Jan, 17,1833. A Scotch
printer and publisher, the friend ami business
associate of Sir Walter Scott. See Ahlibnronte-
phoscophorniii.
Ballantyne, James Robert
Ballantyne, James Robert. Bom at Kelso,
Seotlaud, Dee. 13, ISK!: died Feb. 16, 1864. A
British Orientalist. Ue was superintendent of the
governnieut Sanskrit College at Benares 184&-61. libra-
rian of the East India otfice 1861-t>4, and author of gram-
mars of Uindnstaiii, Hindi, Mahratta, and Sanskrit, and
numerous other works.
Ballantyne, John. Bom at Kelso. Scotland,
1774: died at Ediul)iirgh, June 16, 1821. A
Scotch m-iter and publisher, brother of James
Ballantyne. See IHndiimfiiiiiiidos.
Ballantyne, Robert Michael. Born at Edin-
burgh, April 24, ISJ."); died 1894. A British writer
of juveniles. He was in the service of the Hud-
sou Bay Company 1841— 17.
Ballarat (bal-a-raf). A city in the pro\-inee
of Vietoria. Australia, 66 miles northwest of
Melbourne. In its vicinity :u"e celebrated gold-mines,
discovered in 1851. Next to Slell>oui-ne it is the leading
city in the colony. It consists of Ballarat E.ast and Bal-
larat West. Population (ISill), 46,033.
Ballare (bal-lii're). A district in Madras.
British India, between the Nizam's dominions
on the north, and Mysore on the south. Area,
11.007 square miles, ' Population (1881), 1,336,-
690.
Ballari, The capital of the district of Ballari.
in hit. 1.5° 10' X., long. 76° 55' E. Population,
including cantonment (1891), 59,467.
Ballenstedt (biil'len-stet). A town in Auhalt.
Germany, at the foot of the Lower Harz, 36
miles southwest of JIagdebiirg. it has a castle,
the former resideuce of the dukes of Anhalt-Bemburg.
Population, about 4,000.
Ballesteros (biil-yes-ta'ros), Francisco, Born
at Saragossa, 1770: died at Paris. June 29. 1832.
A Spanish general and patriot. He was minister
of war for a short time in 1815, and vice-president of the
provisional ministrj' 1820. He was exiled after the French
invasion of 1823.
Ballia (bal'li-ii). A district in the Benares
di\ision. Northwestern Provinces, British India.
Ballina (biil-i-nii'). A port in the county of
Mayo, northwestern Ireland, situated on the
river Moy, near its mouth, 29 miles southwest
of Sligo." It was taken bv the French Aug.,
1798. Population (1891), 4,846.
Ballinasloe (bal-i-na-sl6'). A town in coun-
ties Koscommon and Galway, Ireland, on the
Suck 3.1 miles east of Galwav. Population,
(1881), 4,772.
Balling (biil'leng). BLarl Joseph Napoleon.
Bom at Gabrielshiitte, Saaz, Bohemia, April 21,
1805 : died at Prague, March 17, 1868. A Bo-
hemian chemist.
Ballinrobe (bal-in-rob'). A small town in
County Mayo, Ireland, situated on the Robe
27 miles north of Galway.
Balliol. See Baliol.
Balliol College. A college of Oxford Univer-
sity, England, reputed to have been founded
by Sir John Baliol and his wife Devorgnilla,
parents of John Baliol, king of Scotland, be-
tween 1263 and 1268. Tlie oldest of the existing
buildings dates from the 15th centur>'- The south front
has recently been rebuilt, in the main in the style of the
13th century.
Between the original foundation and the beginning of
the sixteenth century, BixUiol College had received no less
than tltree codes of statutes, those issueil by the Lady De-
vorgnilla de Balliol in 1282, tliose issued by Sir Pliilip de
Somerville in 1340, and those issued by Simon Sudbury,
Bishop of London, in 1364. l^vo other Bishops of London
had moreover intervened in the course of the Hfteenth
century to redress particular grievances. Inasmuch, how-
ever, as some of the enactments of the third cotle were
ambiguous, and others inconvenient, the society sought
and ol)tained from Pope .Julius II. a commission empower-
ing the Bishops of Winchester and Carlisle, or either of
them, to revise the statutes throughout. 1^16 work was
accomplished by Bishop Fox, in 1507. L;tte, Oxford, p. 414.
Ballivian (biil-ve-ve-iin'), Adolfo. Born at
La Paz, Nov. 17, 1831: died Feb., 1874. A
Bolivian statesman, son of General Jos6 Bal-
livian. He w.as a colonel in the army, but headed the
party of opjxisition to the military rulers who for a long
time govenieil Bolivia, and was kept in exile until his
party elected him president (1873). He died soon after
his itiauguration.
Ballivian, Jose. Bom at La Paz, May, 1804:
died at Rio de Janeiro in 1852. A Bolivian
soldier and statesman, in 1841 he headed the army
which defended Bolivia against the invasion of Gamarra,
gaining the battle of ^'ngavi (Sov. 20, 1*41), in which Ga-
manu was killed ; ami soon after was elected president
of Bolivia, holding the office until the end of 1847, when
he was deposed by the revolutionist Belzu, and exiled.
Ballo in Maschera ibiirio en miis'ke-rii), Un,
[It., 'A Masked Ball.'] An opera by Verdi,
first produced in Rome, Feb. 17. 1,S59'. It was
originally called Gustavo III., but during its rehearsals
Orsini made his attempt to kill Napoleon III., and the title
was tbouclit too suggestive.
Ballon d' Alsace {bii-hm' dal-ziis'), or Wel-
scher Belchen (vel'sher bel'chen). One of the
114
principal summits of the Vosges, near the bor-
der of France and Alsace, 25 miles northwest of
Miilhausen. Height, 4,080 feet.
Ballon de Guebwiller (bii-lori' de geb-vel-lSr'),
or Ballon de Soultz, G. Gebweiler (geb'vi-
ler) (or Sulzer) Belchen. The highest summit
of the Vosges. in U)>pcr Alsace, west of Gueb-
willer and north of Thaun. Height. 4,677 feet.
Ballon (ba-l6'), Hosea. Bom at Richmond,
N. H., April 30, 1771: died at Boston, Mass..
June 7, 1852. An American Universalist cler-
gyman, one of the founders of American Uni-
versalism, pastor of the Second Universalist
Society in Boston 1817-.52.
Ballon", Hosea. Born at Halifax, Vt., Oct. IS,
1796: died at Somerville, Mass., May 27, 1861.
An American Universalist clergyman, first
president of Tufts College: a grandnephew of
Hosea Ballon (1771-18.52).
Ballon, Maturin Murray. Bora April 14, 1820 :
died March 27, lS!t.5. An American journalist
and writer, son of Hosea Ballou the younger.
He has been the editor and proprietor of " Ballo'u's Month-
ly," part proprietor and, after 1872, edit^^r for several
years of the "Boston Daily Globe" and other journals.
Author of " Due West," " Due South." " The New Eldora-
do." " Biography of Rev. Hosea Ballou," etc.
Ball's Bluff (balz bluf). A bluff in Virginia,
on the Potomac River 33 miles nort'uwest of
Washington. Here, Oct. 21, 1861, 1.900 Federals under
Colonel Baker were defeated by the Confederates under
General N. G. Evans. Federal loss, 894. Confederate loss,
.S02. Colonel Baker was killed.
Ballston Spa (bal'ston spa). A watering-
place in Saratoga Coimty. New York, 6 miles
southwest of Saratoga Springs. It has several
noted mineral springs. Population (1890),
3.327.
Bally-. [Ir. 6ni7f, a town, place.] An element
in many Irish place-names, meaning ' town.'
Ballycastle (bal-i-kas'l). A small seaport in
County Antrim, Ii'elaud, 43 miles northwest of
Belfast.
Ballymena (bal-i-me'na). A town in County
Antrim, Ireland, 23 miles northwest of Belfast,
on the Braid, tioted for its linen manufactures.
Population (1891), 8,&55.
Ballymoney (bal-i-mo'ni). A town in County
Antrim, Ireland, situated on a tributary of the
Bann 40 miles northwest of Belfast. Popula-
tion (1891). 2,97.5.
Ballyshannon (bal-i-shan'on). A seaport in
County Donegal, Ireland, situated on the Eme,
near its mouth, 20 miles northeast of Sligo.
Population (1891), 2,840.
Balmaceda (bal-ma-tha'THa). Jos6 Manuel.
Born at Santiago in 1838: ilied there. Sept. 19,
1891. A Chilean statesman. He was a pronounced
liberal, and acquired great popularity as a leader of the
Reform Club, and after 1870 as a deputy to the Chilean
Congress, In 1878 he was minister to Argentina, and in
1881 was made foreign minister by Santa Maria. He was
elected president by a great majority in 1886, at once in-
stituted numerous reforms, and began an elaborate sys-
tem of railroads and other public works. Dissensions in
his own party culminated in a war between the president
and Congress. -After numerous engagements he was de-
feated and, unable to escape from Santiago, remained con-
cealed in the Argentine legation luitil in a fit of despera-
tion he shot himself.
Balmawhapple (bal-ma-hwap'l). In Scott's
novel " Waverley," an obstinate Scottish laird,
a Jacobite : his name is Falconer of Balma-
whapple.
Balme, Col de. See Col <1e Balmc.
Balmez (bal'meth), or Balmes (biil'mes),
Jaime Luciano. Born at Vich in Catalonia,
Aug. 28, 1810: died there, July 9, 184S. A
Spanish publicist and philosophical writer. He
founded a political journal, "El Pensamiento de la Naciou "
(an organ of the clerical and moniu^hical partyX at Ma-
drid in 1844.
Balmoral Castle (bal-mor'al kas'l). A resi-
dence of Queen Victoria in Aberdeenshire,
Scotland, situated on the Dee about 45 miles
west oi Aber<leen. The property was purchased in
1862, and the castle was erected 1853-65, in Scottish baro-
nial style.
Balmung (biH'mong). Siegfried's sword, in
the "Nibelungenlied."
Balnaves (bal-nav'es), Henry. Bom at Kirk-
caldy, Fifeshire (date tmknown): died 1579.
A Scotch Protestant reformer. He wrote " The
Confession of Faith : Conteining how the Troubled .Man
Should Seeke Refuge at his God, etc.," which was revised
and prefaced by John Knox.
Balnibarbi (bal-ni-biir'bi). A landvisited by
Gulliver in his travels, as related by Swift. It
was "occupied by projectors."
Balsamo, Joseph. See (^aqliostro, Count de.
Balsham (bal'sham). Hugh de. Died 1286.
.\n Englisli prelate, bishop of Ely, and founder
of Peterhouse, Cambridge.
Baltimore
Balta (bal'ta). Jos6. Born at Lima, Peru. 1816:
killed at Lima, July 26, 1872. A Peruvian soldier
and statesman. He retired from the army with the
rank of colonel in 1855 ; was minister of war for a short time
in 1865 ; was one of the leaders of the insurrection which
drove out the unconstitutional president l*i-ado in 186S ;
was regularly elected president of Peru Aug. 2, 1868, and
served for four years; and was murdered in a military
mutiny.
Balta. A city in the government of Podolia,
Russia, situated on the Kodyma in lat, 47° 55'
N., long. 29° 35' E. It has a flourishing trade.
Population, 27,419.
Balta-Limani (biirtii-le-mii'nii. Convention
of. -V treaty concluded in 1849 at Balta-Liuiani
ton the Bosporus), between Turkey and Russia,
granting to the latter cei-tain rights in the
Dannbiau {)rincipalities for seven years.
Baltard (bal-tiir'), Louis Pierre. Bom at
Paris, July 9, 1765: died Jan. 22, 1846. A
French architect and engraver of architectural
and other subjects.
Baltard (bal-tar'), Victor. Bom at Paris, June
19, 1805: died Jan. 14, 1874. A French archi-
tect, son of Louis Pierre Ballard. He was gov-
ernment architect of the city of Pai'is, and author of
"Monographic de la Villa M^dicis" (1847), etc.
Baltazarini (biil-tiid-za-re'ne). or Baltagerini
(biil-ta-je-re'ne). Flom-ished about themiddle
of the 16th century. An Italian musician, the
first \-iolinist of his time. He berame intendant of
music and first valet de chambre to Catherine de" Medici,
who gave him the name Beaujoyeulx. He apparently first
introduced the Italian dances into Paris, and founded the
modem ballet.
Balthazar, or Balthasar (bal-tha'zar). [The
Greek form of /?r/.s7(«--(jr (which see).] The
name of various personages, (a) One of the three
Magi who came from the East to worship the infant Jesus.
See Coloffiie. (6) Chaucer's name for Belshazzar in " The
Monk's Tale." (c) A merchant in Shakspere's ''Comedy
of Errors. " (d) The name assumed by Portia as a doctor
of law in the trial scene in Shakspere's " Merchant of
Venice." (e) A servant of Portia in Shakspere's "Mer-
chant of Venice," (/) A servant of Don Pedro in Shak-
spere's "Much Ado alKiut Nothing." (|/) A servant of
Romeo in Shakspere's " Romeo and .luliet. " (ft) The proud
and hot-tempereil father of Juliana in Tobin's " lloney-
moou. " (0 One of the principal characters in Julius Eicii-
berg's opera "The Doctor of Alcantiu^"
BalthingS (bal'tingz). See AmaJiiigs.
Balti. See Baltistaii.
Baltia (bal'shi-ii). An (unidentified) island off
the coast of Scythia, mentioned by ancient
writers (Pliny and others). It gave name to
the Baltic Sea. P\-thias calls it liu.iilia.
Baltic (bal'tik). See Bullic Sea.
Baltic, Battle of the. See Vopeuhmjcn.
Baltic Port, G. Baltischport. A small sea-
port in Esthouia, Russia, on the Gulf of Finland
west of Reval.
Baltic Pro'vinces. The collective name for
Esthonia. Livonia, and Coiu'land, three govern-
ments of Russia bordering on the Baltic, They
conUiin an important Gemian'element, but the hu-ger
part of the population consists of Esthonians and Letts.
Thev have been largely Russianized in recent years.
Baltic Sea. [F. iler Bultique, It. Mure Balticn.
NL. Mare Baltieiim, prob. from Lith. baltas,
white, balti, be white. Other names are G.
Ostsee, east sea, Dan. Oster.'ioen. Sw. Ogtersjoii,
L. Mare Siiericum, Swedish sea, PelaflKs Sci/tlii-
ciiin, Scythian sea, or Sinus <'odanu.i, Gothic (?)
gulf.] An arm of the Atlantic, inclosed by
Sweden, Russia, Germany, and Denmark. It
communicates with the North Sea by the Skager Rack, Cat-
tegat, S<jund, Great Bell, and Little Belt, Its chief islands
are Zealand. Fiinen, Langeland, L,'ialand, Falster, Moen,
Alsen, Fehmam, Bomholm, Rugen, l'sedom,Wollin,01and,
Gothland, Osel, Dago, Stockholm Archipelago, and Aland
Archipelago. Its chief arms are the gulfs of Bothnia, Fin-
land, and Riga, Kurisches Half. Frisches Half, t^ulf of
Ehmtzic. Pomeranijui Haff. Liibeck Bay, and Kiel Bay. Its
chief tributaries are the Finland lake system, the Neva
(with Lake Ladoga). Naixiva (with Lake Peipus), Oiina,
Niemen, Vistula, Oder, Dal Elf. Ljusnan, Angerman Elf,
Iniei Elf. liteil Elf, Stoia LuleS Elf, and Torneft Elf.
Length, about 90(1 miles. Greatest width, about 200 miles.
.^c!^ ab.iut 184.000 squ.are miles.
Baltimore (bal'ti-mor). Lord. See Calvert.
Baltimore. A small seaport in Coimty Cork,
Ireland, near Cape Clear, at the southern ex-
tremity of the island,
Baltimore. A seaport, the principal city of
Maryland, situated on Patapsco River near its
entrance into Chesapeake Bay, in lat, 39° 18'
N,, long, 76° 37' W. : one of the chief Atlantic
seaports: surnamed "the Monument City." It
has a large export trade in bread-stuffs, tobacco, cotton,
provisions, oysters, coal, etc. : large manufactures of
flour, woolen and cotton goods, cigars and tobacco, iiwn
and steel, clothing, etc. ; and important oyster fisheries.
It is an important railroad center and the terminus of
steamboat lines. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic arch-
bishopric, and contains the Johns Hopkins University
and the Peabody Institute. The city was laid out about
1730, and was incorporated as a city in 1796. It was un-
Baltimore 116 Bancroft, George
enccesrfolly attacked by the British 1814, and was the Vienna, Geneva, and St. PetersburR. Ho died in Paris, Trith a thousand arms, who was a friend of
Bceiic of a c..nliicl, April ll», lS(il, ^etweai the BaUimore just utter his return from tl.e weJ.linK-trip. BaUac is [^j^.^ ^^,1 i^„ ouemy of Vishnu. His daughter
. ra,,b and Kederaltro..i>8(Bth Massachusetts and 7th I'enli- considered the chief of the realistic school of trench „,, , ^ Aniruddh^ Krishna's grandson, had him
sjlvania). Population (1890), 4i4,4au^ no>elists . . „ j x, ^ r, , brought to her by magic. In the rescue the anus of
Baltistan (l>al-te-stan ), or Baltl (bal te), or Balzac, Jean LOUIS Guez de. Bora at Balzac, gana were cut oS by Krishna's weapons. Upon Siva's
Little Tibet. A proviueo of Ciishmerc, capi- near Augouleme, 1597 ; died there, Feb. 18, 1654. intercession Bana was spared,
tal Iskardo, sittiated on the upper Indus north A noted French writer. He published "I.ettern" Banack. See Bannock.
of Cashmere proper. The inhabitants are Mo- (1624), "LePrince;ao3i),"Di8cour8 '(1644), "l.eBarbon" Banagher (ban'a-uer). A town in King's
hammedans, of Tibetan and Aryan stock, and ''t* il^Hter of 'his\'irae " "^ "' ^"""'y- Irelan.i. It is on the Shannon River. It is
..•ii.tKoK ohoitt f»n nOO T* /I, ■ \ \ * -c- ii ti • t<J the superiority of this town that the phrase "That
R,Tti t rMU i6k') A seaport of Buliraria on %?^ ^^i""'' ^\ ° V'"" •^•^'"'' """"' """«' "''"^s""' »"'' "^""e'^'^-- "'""'^ »»"= '™">' ' ''""*'«^-
BaltJlK (oalt-jeK ;. A seaport oi rsuinaria, on u.o miles southeast of Kirman. ■D.,„„i xi-^^tia^ a ...>rf ^.c «i,„ f.,™,,.„ " \r;i;
tlie-'Black S«a 22 miles northeast of Varna. Ba-Mangwato(ba-milng-gwii't6). SeeCA«ana. ^,^?f ^.^oX, " of ttj Aushiln em^re
Population (1888), 4.2(2. Bamba (bitm'ba). See Mam6a and /umj,o JSr^. J,'^,i '7,^,^/, 'i^'^Vh^^IitL^^^^^^
Baltzer (bull 'x.er), Johann Baptista. Born at "* „ ^ ■■' J Banana (ba-na na). The seaport ot the Kongo
A,..l.M-njwlU-.'.u.si,Uul,lt^l^|^cae^ Bambara (biim-ba'ra). A country of western '^^ti^.J^'^^^^l^ 1^^^^ ^Z^^t.
Oct. 1, 18(1. A (..erman K<iman Catiiolie the- ACriea, iii the upper valley of the Niger, about ocean5teaTnerabegantog„8traiKhtnpt..Matadi,the8tart.
ologiau, noted tor his opposition to the dogma j.^^^ I0°-lo'= N. The chief town is Scgu. The country ins-point of the railroad, Banana lias lost most of its eoiu-
of papal infallibilitv, wliich led to his suspen- has been opened lately t<> French influence. Population niercial importance. The headciuarters of the great
sion from his ecclesiastical office in 1870. He (chiefly Mandingo), estimated, 2,000,000. Put^h Ann have been removed to Cabinda and Kisanga,
r;?.^p!::;tr;nit'.'-™'"^'' "' "'^^'^"'■" '^"■"■"^ ^tr^'i^^-iticVt^n^h^'sftXf IriX't:! Ban^Tial^r^ a group of small islands
Baltzer, Wiihebn Eduard Born at Hohen- :,^t JjsTthe N^g^r Kh^r. It bet":l «>: Mlnde t^^:^^^''^ ^'""''' ^"■''' ^'"""S-
leine, circle of Merseburg, (..ermany, Oct. 24, nation. Once a greSt negro kingdom, it broke up, in 18M, '"^ *" "I'^^f* ™ '*•'!'• _ ^ .
1814: died at Diirlaeh, Baden, June 24, 1887. A into three divisions, Kasebi, Massina, and Beledugu. In Banana! (ba-iia-iial ), or banta Anna (sail ta
German clen'vman and writer on theologv and 1890 their sultan, Amadu, and his capital, Segu Sikoro, ii'nii). An ishmd in the river Araguava, Brazil,
rhilosonhv noted as a vegetarian. " were conquered by the tYench, and the eounti7 was an- Length, 220 miles. Greatest width, 50 miles.
Baluchistan (bal-o-chis-tL'), or Beluchistan, S^jfado^pl':^ 'kl^^^^^l^^sS^^^^^lJl^- Ba-Nano (ba-na'n6). A generic name, mean-
or Biluchistan. [Pers., 'country of the Balu- lent cotton cloth. 'ug Highlanders,' given to the natives ot the
chis.'J A territory of .tVsia, bounded by Af- Bamberg (biim'berQ). A city of Upper Fran- C^eouda and Bihe plateau, east of Benguella,
ghauistan on the north, India on the east, conia, Bavaria, situated on the Regnitz, near _" ^^* Africa.
the Arabian Sea on the south, and Persia on its entrance into the Main, 33 miles northwest Banaras. See Benares.
the west. It is largely a desert, and is traversed by of Nuremberg. It has important trade and manu- Banas (ba-nas'). A river of Rajputana, India,
mountRin-ranges. its chief divisions include Khelat, factures, the castle of the former prince-bishops, the which flows generally northeast, and joins tho
Jalawan, Sarawan, Mekrau, Lus, and Kachh-tiundava. oij and new palaces, the Church of St. .Michael, and an Chambal. Length, about 300 miles
ItlB subject to the Khan of Khelat, receives a British art gallery, and was formerly the seat ot a university. -RaTina A river of Tn,Hn ■a,\\\l.\^ flr,wo c„„tT,
subsidy, and is iin.ler British control in its foreign atfairs. The eathedr^d of Bamberg, one of the most interesting «anas. A rn er ot India Wbich flows south-
There is a British garrison atQuettah. The Indo- Afghan of German Romanesque structures, was founded by the west into tlie Kan or Ji.aetin.
Railway estenilst<niuettah (since 1887) and beyond. The emperor Henry II. in 1004, but modifled in the 12th cen- Banat (ba-niif). [Hung. ft(7H, lord, chief.] A
leading tribes are tlie Brahoes and lialuchis; the prevail- tury. There are four towers, each of eight stages and region in southern Hungary situated between
Ing religion, Siinnite Molian,me<ianisin B:iluchistan has .,s5 feet high ; the two at the west end display line open- ^j^^ Maros OU the north the Theiss on the wp<jf-
several times been invaded by British forces in connec- work. There are five admirably sculptured portals ; t"« M'l-r"^ O" t"e nortu, tne 1. neiss on tUe west,
tlon with the Afghan wars. Area (estimated^ 130,000 the sculptures of the splendid chief portal represent the ^"^^ t"^ Danube on the south. It comprises the
square miles. Population (estimated), 400,000. Last Judgment, with the apostles and prophets, and the counties ot Temes, TorontSl, Krassci, and part of the for-
Baluchistan British "Avu BrU'mk Balm-histan. church and synagogue. The effective interior possesses mer " Military Frontier." Its chief town is TemesvAr. It
-D'.l..^ ,1.:^ \;\'\ TooTi '>1a 1-1 Tt..rn at Pnitiova a richly carved choir-screen and highly interesting me- formed an Austrian crownland (the Servian waywodeship
BalUe ( b.i-lu ). Jean de la. Bom at POItleis, ^j^^^ f^^^,^^ .^^_^^^ l^ ^^^ impressive early.Romanesque and Temeser Banat) 1849-60.
1422: died at .Viicoua, t)ct., 1491. A f reneli ^rypt, and a western choir with transepts, which date Banattee See Bannock
cardinal and politician, imprisoned for lus mis- from 1274. 11iec,«l,edral Is 31-2 feet long, 92 wide, and BanbridgC (ban'brij). A town in County Down,
deeds by Louis XI in an iron cage (1469-80) of 86 high, Pop^ilahon (1890), 3.,8l,. , . , . Irelaml, 22 miles southwest of Belfast, noted
Balue's own invention. He was liberated iJter eleven Bamberg, BlshopriC of. A former bishopric for its linen manufactures. Population (1891),
yearn through the influence ol Pope Surtus IV,, went t« and state ot tho German Empire, now com- 4. nni " i" •"»"" v^^^i/,
Rome, was sent back to France as legate n latere and prised in northern Bavaria. It was founded by -p '"ii:' „„ ^k„.,'i,a„ :^ * * • r. * i . ■
nnally, on the death o the Pope ag,.,,, retired to Rome, '^^ ^„^ jj „ ^„ ^^^ secularized in 1801, and ^,?''l'^"^ (''.'»" ^^^-'>- l\ ^""V?^ ™ OxfolHlshire,
where ho was made bishop of OrKans and of Praneste. annexed to Bavaria in 1803. England, situated on the Cherwell 22 miles
Baluze (bil-lUz'), Btienne. Born at Tulle, Bamberg Conference. A conference of the mid- north of Oxford. Its ancient cross, noted in nniBery
France, Dec. 24, l(i:!0: dicil at Paris, July 28, die German states at Bamberg May 25, 1854. '™e', ^'js destroyed in the latter part of the reign of
1718 A French historian. He wrote "Francorum Its object was to determine the policy of these states in E'-^^beth. It was famous for its ale and cakes, and for
„ ,,' , , .. .. V,„ViI .Vc. • . , "™"' rraicoium , ,. ' , ,. . . p_„„:,, .,„i if,.,rii with refereni-i. tr, ''' cheese which was proverbially regarded as consisting
??/'.';','»> ",■;?'""„ <''"'>■ Epist.to Innocen til papa> r?'"'J™tera Ouestion reference to ^j ^^ ^^^ „ i^,, j^^^J^ ^^^ allusions in Shak-
III. (I(i82), "foncillorum nova Collecti.> (1683), " T.es the tastern tjuestioii. > _ , . .^ snere and other writers to nersons tbin ns ,1 Raobnrv
Vi., de. rapes d'Avignon"(l«93),"IIist.,riaTutelensis" Bamberger ( bam'berg-er), Ludwig. Born at Teese InsurgeiTts were dSell here by troops S
(1717i,etc. Mainz, July 22, 1823. A German politician Edward IV. in 1469. It was twice besieged in the civil war.
BalWhldder (bal hwi'PH-er), Kev. MlCah. A and economist. He took part in the revolutionary Population Q891), r2,767.
kind-hearted, sincere, but prejudiced Scottish movement 1848-49; was a member of the Kational Liberal Banbury Man. A Puritan. From the fre(iuent
minister in Gait's " Annals of tho Parish." party in the German Reichstag 187:J-S0 : and, with other allusions in the writers of the 16th and 17tli centuries, the
Ralv See Bali disart'ected National Liberals, seceded from the party in town would seem to have been chiefly inhabited by them.
S~i_-» 7u"\ _"i '\ -a^^^^A A^ n„™ ot T„,.,.„ 1880 to form the Later Liberal Union. Swiftspeaksof al!anburysaint,mcaningapaiticularlyrigid
Balzac (bal-zak ). Honors de. Born at Tours, BambOCCio (biim-boch'o). See Laar, Peter van. feven hypocritical PuAtan. The name 'or epithet?' Ban-
!■ ranee. May 16, 1(99: tiled at Pans, Aug. 18, Ti„_,T,._n,,-i, /inm'hiiv o) A villiw on the I'ury "was applied m a depreciatory sense before the Purl-
1850. A celebrated French novelist. After at- BamborOUgH (bam bm-o). A village on t^lie ,„„ times. Thus Latimer, in a letter to Henry VIII, about
tending school in Tours and Paris ho became a lawyer's <"0»st of Nortliumberlaml, Lngland, 10 miles 1628, speaks of "laws, customs, ceremonies and Banbury
clerk. His inclination to write wxs strongly opposed by southeast ot Berwick, celebrated tor its castle, glosses, ' .apparently meaning 'silly,' 'useless,
his family, but, "in order to get his hand in," he composed founded by Ida about 547, and often noted Banca (baug'kii). An island east of Sumatra,
a do7.en novels. -Ihese appeared either anonymously or ; medieval wars. belonging to the Dutch, famous for tin-mines.
under a nom de plume, and when republished often re- ,> 1-1 t» i i /i •• v.--i /\ * • ^ -i , -^y ^ , t V, ,or •, » . ..A
ceivcd an entirely d liferent title. Some of them were ex- Bambuk, or Bambouk (bam-bok ). A region Capital, Muutok. Length, 135 miles. Area, 4,44G
eluded by Balzac from the c(Hnpleto collection of his in Seiiegainbia, Africa, between the upper square miles. Population, about 58,000.
works; others be absolutely <li3owned. After a disas- Senegal and the Faleiuc, about lat. 12° 30'- Banca, Strait of. A strait between Sumatra
troiis venture in publishing, printing, and type-casting, he j^o j^ !(,„ , ] Qo 30'- 1^° 15' W. It contains iron and Banca.
sold out his entire stock and fell back on his pen to pay , ,, '^„„ . 1 1 ■* * ivr i- t» ,, -■ /i -\ ^t - j. * ,t . t^
onhiadebta. His Hrst novel .if real merit, " Le dernier and gold. 1 ho inhabitants are Mandliigoes. BauCO (ban ko). Nam d AntomO. Bornm
Cbonan on la Bretagne en 1800," was published in 1820 ; Bamian (bii-me-iiu'). A valley in Afghanistan, Sicua about 1374 : died about 1420. A Floren-
then followed '• Lii physiologic du mariiige " and the hrst northwest of Kabul, ill lat. 34° 50' N., long, tiiui sculptor, a pupil of Doiiatcllo. About 1402-
2ri^"^ii!irt''•'^^, lemmc'lif trLMl?f'ir'''ns«n 67° 40' E. It Is an ancient seat of Buddhist worship, Hos he completed the Porta delta Mandola on the soutli
?r y?^'.:. l-"^,l''"''- ',''= 'f'-''»'="''8,. (1831) F.ug(!nie famous for Its mlossal idols carved in the rot'k side.it the Duomo. commenced by Nicc.dad'Arezzo. The
^"^tS ''/'i'J.','.,'>''';^»' 1«= eamimgne,' and '' 1 1 is one "i^'i,;^',,''';'!'^';^.;^''^, ",^^ ".'a\\„ angels of this door are very characteristic. There are
des Trelze (1833) .Seraphita, 'La recherche de 1 a- „^'"«";;'' • ^ ' ,t lipmmakm 'i nvi 'kii) Once ■»■'">■ "' '"' works about Or San llichelc.
solu, and " Le I'irc (joriot (IS^iX Lo lys dans la UammaKU, "1 JSammaKOU (oa-ma ko). IJnce -j. /u /i c i o ^^\ a
va1li'o"(l8;«)), "Illusions nerdues" (18'37), "Histoire do an important native town on the upper Niger, Bancroft (bang krott or ban krott), Aaron.
la grandeur et de la dicaJence de Ciisar Birotteau " and -^y ^ Africa. It is now headquarters of tho French '|"rn at Reading, Mass., N()V 10, 175.5 : died at
" Le cabinet des antiques (18^), etc. ior he stage domination on the upper Niger. The natives have with- Worcester, Mass., Aug. 19, 1839. An American
^;l?cesre.^;'[n:i?.'".-^:\™ir.5??au;^rn;r.^y;;{^^)t^.r" ■''-- ^ ^, clergyman,t;atherof(U.orgeBancroft^Hewr.,to
had very short runs ; but " Le Faiseur," or " Mercadet," BamO. See lllmiHO. a " Lile ot doorgo Washinglon ( 180( ), etc.
a c.inuily flnlshed and put up(m tho stage by d'F.nnery Bampton (bamp'ton), John. Born about 1689 : Bancroft, Edward. Born 1744 : diedl,S21. An
after KalMc's death, has been included since 1869 in tho died 1751. All English divine, and the founder En^'lish chemist, naturalist, traveler, and nov-
fi"''p;b;i:hi;;i "i:;.' I'^'P bee;^S;i, rj^cisfui' l' "u ^t oxford of the •< Bampton Lectures;' on di- olist,. m early life he several times visited North ami
chroni.iue de Paris" (1835) lived but one year and "La vinity. The nrst lecturer was chosen m 1((9. South America. Later he made some important discov-
RevueParisieniie " (1840) ended with the third' number, Bampur (biira-por'). A town and region in '"'•^'» '» <lycing and calico-printing, lie imblished an
Returning undaunted to acdleetive edition of " La com<^ southern Persia ,^'""'' ""■"?" ^"l'"'"' ,'I'J''<"T '''""'""n C'""). '• 'V""'^
die bnnviine " Kalzjle nnbllsbed " Ilrsllle Mirniiet" Rti,l """"'"^ '"'"- '/"''• ... . Wentwcirth (a novel. 1 1 70). and a work on colors and cal-
•'M'n!oi;e,,ie.kux)e:;ne"mari,!es''^^ Bamra (bitm'ra). A feu, atory stato III con- ico-prin.ing (1704 and 1813).
breuse aflairc " in 1843, "Alliert .Savarus," "On dcjbut uectioii with the Saiiibalpur district of the Bancroft, George. Horn at Worcester, Mass.,
dans la vie," "La muse du di^partcmont, " and "Modesto Central Provinces, British India. Area, 1,988 Oct 3 1800- died at Washington Jan 17 1891
Mignon "in 1844- but he did not complete the task ho square miles. Population (1.891), 104,3(i7. \n American historian statesman and dinlo-
had undertaken. " Les Chouana" and " line passion dans .p * n,., „ \ 1„ tl... A,.tl,,.,.l,.„ ..,.„1.\ „f . .^.„,..,^„ -vuniunn-ivu luswiiaii, suin sujaii, iiuu uiinu
lo desert" are the only I>iu-|8 extant of the ".Scenes de Ban (Dan), in tlie Aitliuiian c>cle ot lomance, matlst. Ho was graduated at Harvard (\>llegc in 1S17;
la Tie militalre." His latest pnMluctlons, "Lea parents a king ot Brittany, the father ol Lancelot du studied at Hottingen ; was tutor of Oreek in Harviu-d ;
pauvres" ("La c(msine Bette," " Le cousin Pons," and Luc, and the brother of Bors, king of Gaul, opened with rogswell the Round Hill Sch.Kd at North-
" Les paysans "), are among his best. On March 14, li^O, ri„ „„„ fl,,, f,.i,,nil of Arthur iimlwitli Rnrs ampton in 18'23 ; was collector of the port of Boston
h« married a wl(h(w, Madame Hansk.., member of a m.blo "" ^f n A , ?, ■,"'., 1\ ° * 1838-11 ; was nemocratlc candidate for g.ivernor of Mas-
Polish fanUly, with whom he had opened a correspon- came trom Hi ittany to aid liim in battle. sachusetts In 1844; was secretary of the navy 1845-16
dence In 1833, and whom be had subsequently met in Bana (bii'nil). In Hindu mythology, a Daitya (established the Naval Academy at Annapolis), and was
11Q Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss
^U^^rJ11^^^^^^f^i^"f ru,l^''S'of I^retang"',o'' HeTal" ^oHd.'; He f ^^dtL drist had not dele
ten^ eStion. 6 vols., 1876) ; « '■ History of , the Fonnatjon ^oum Dt ^r^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^_^, J^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ .ludicml and disciplinary powers to the
of the Constitution of the Vmted States (-v^s^isK., p^^azzo Vecchio. ., . t, . Christian ministry. . „,...,•
revised edition of the ennrehistoo^ 6 >ol8. 1883^). etc. ggjjjjjjii (biin-de'ne), Angelo Mana. Bom at Bangor-iscoed. A small town in Flintshire,
Bancroft, Hubert Howe. Born at ^ra>iville, "pj^,j.p„pe g^ j. 05, 1726: died 1800. An Ital- -Wales, situated on the Dee 14 miles south of
Ohio, May 5, 1832. An 4-™^"X,ini?s in Ian ian scholar, antiquary, and librarian of the Chester, formerly famous for its monastery.
I„1852heesUhlishedane^^^^^^^^^ Laurentine Library. He wn>te a life of Amerigo Ves- Bangweolo (bang-we-6'16), or Bemba (hem'-
?^Hnf. to ihe Pacfttc States acqnWng 60,000 volun,es, p„cci (174.',), a catalogueof (ireek, Latin._and I ? '»" "-anu. ^.^f ^ ,^^6 in central Africa, about lat. 11° S.,
Si and raa,ruscriptsOnch.din'g the^pnrchased coUec- rcripts in the Laurentine Lihru.7 (1764-78). a • • U.ssertat. o ' ^ ^^ receives the Chamhesi on the east. It
ti'on of Mr Squier, an^ a large part of that of the emperor de saltationibus veterum, etc. ■ j„„ ,i.„„',1r^„ was formerly supposed to give origin to the Luapula, the
MaximUMn of Meltico) Tpo" 'Ws librarj-, ^-hid. was fiandon (ban'don),orBandonbndge(ban don- ^»^'°™^^ o,?g^Kongo%ut the researches of Delcom-
elaborately indexed, he founded his "History of the Pa- ^^.. ^ ^^.^^ j^ bounty Cork. Ireland, lb „';'„e and Franqui show that that stream Hows around U
on^h^'?n^S:S?ibes.lcS'arrme?ic;^:4rpexi^"are g^^^^^^. A smaU river in County Cork, Ire- Banholo or Banhuolo Cojmt. See |«^«^^^^^
^etshT"ESfatSVp,^o44:<UedatLambet^^^ ]l^^^-;^f^^'^-^V^! '^T^^'^^^^^^
Nov 2,1610. An English prelate, a vigorous died at Warsaw, 1846. A Polish jurist, brother 'g^Xi^dere/ by numerous rectangular and semicireular
opponent of Puritanism. He became bishop of of jprzv Samuel Bandtke, professor of law at towers connected by thick curtain-widls The eastern ex-
lindon in K»-. was a leader in the Hampton Court Con- -rrr ^^ ^nd author of a history of Pohsh law treraity constituted the donjon, and st.ld splays a hall
ference 1604, and was archbishop of Canterbury 16M-10. "^J.^f "iV^"" ^ 30 by 100 feet, complete except in its vaulting^
Banda (ban'da). A district in the Allahabad -o^^^T^" ^r Bandtkie, JerzT Samuel. Bom Banim (ba'nim), John.. Born at Kilkenny,
^v"ion,Northwestern Provinces.British India ^*°^Xlhi Poland Nov. 2" 1768 : died at Cra- Ireland, April 3, 1798 : died near K, kenny Aug.
St lat. 25°-26° N., long. 81° E. Area. 3.060 ' ,ir jj^e 11 183.5 A Polish historian and 13,1842: A^a Irish novelist, dratnatist.andpoet.
s„uare miles. ^^^Vf^^onO^^^^ ^.^ '^rimarian^Ubifr^an and professor a. Cracow f -ot^the tr^edies ■■ I>amon^a^^^^^^^^^^^
Banda. The capital of the Banda '^>strct. sit- ^^3^^,35^ ^ author of a history of the Polish J^jl) and The rromg^ ^^^ ^__^^ .Nowlans," etc.
uated on the Ken River 9 < niil<;S west of Alia- ( ^' ^^^, rau^ Michael Bom at Kilkenny, Ireland,
habad. Popalation 0891). ^^-O' I- Ban6r(bii-nar'), or Banier, or Banner, Johan. ^^;^'g™i'5^Tdied at Bootersto«-n, Dublin
Banda Islands. A group of t""'^^^f™f Jdfo Born at Djm-sholm, near Stockholm, June 23, Au ^. Ire and Aug. 30, 1874. An Irish nov-
ands in the Molucca Archipe ago, situated /O J_^^ Halberstadt, Germany. June 20 ^-i^^'^^Xr of Johf, Banim. and his collabo-
miles south of Oram : a Dutch POJ^sess>on It ^ g^^^j^^ ^„p,^j j^ the Thirty \ ears' «!'«*. f^ the w^i""^ °^ ^^^ " *^'^"'' '^''^'"'•"
chief products are nijtniegs and mace. The seat of gov commanded the right wing at Breitenfeld J^°4{^^*' ot Banialuka (ban-ya-16'ka). A
eminent IS Banda Neira. Sent 17 1631; was maile field-marshal after the death of iSBJljaiUKa, or j5a,uiAiiui.a
Banda Oriental (biin'da o-re-en-tal ). The |«„P'^Ji,'^'oip„„s; and gained the victories of Wittstock, town in Bosnia, situated oil the \erDasm^iar.
common name in the Platine region for the Q^^ ^ ^^^ and Chemnitz, April 14, 1639. 440 40' N. It has been the ,s^<^°? P' J*"°"^
trrriTorv now comprehended in Umguay( which Banff (banf). A county of Scotland, bounded tattlesbetween the Turks and Austnans. Pop-
IJ;^ ■ by Moray Firth on the north, Aberdeenshire uUation (188.5), 11,357. ^^ -o •„,
Tianda Sea A sea in the East Indies, east of on the east and south, and Elginshire and In- Banjermassin (ban-yer-mas in), or IJanjar-
ttfiSundaSea north of Timur-Laut, and south veraess-shire on the west, its surface is mountain- massin. A Dutch residency m soutneastern
i>f reram ' ous except near the coast. Area, 641 square miles. Popu- Borneo, formerly a sultanate.
wi^ss^H^s mE~^m m^ssSB
July lo. 1888 ^ n„„„,1„ A_„p« Rom mentary burgh includes the neighboring seaport of Mac- F^J'^f %> % s " one 109° 17' E.
Bandarra (ban-dar'ra). GongalO Annes. Born jua. Population USSl), 3^71. „'° '?*• '^ • /^' Ik wHna'UsI A<.eaport in
early in the 16th century : died at Lisbon, 15o6. 3 ^^^^ ,_ Peder Georg. Born at Copen- Banjuwangis (^.^°-y°7.t"f„Pii 13' S "one
A Portuguese cobbler and rimer, sumamed, on hagin Oct! 7, 1797 : died April 2, 1861, A noted eastern Java, situated m lat. H Id &., long,
account of his prophecies and thaumaturgica Danish jurist and statesman, professor of law U4° 23' E Hunfi^arian drama
character, "The Portuguese Nostradamus." at Copenhagen, secretary of the interior 1848- Bankb5.n (bonk'ban). ^ Hungarian arama
He was condemned by the Inquisition in 1541, ?^4^9/and pfemier 18.54-56. ''/ ^^^'^^V'^'^'^aTLj^nor-lnd Ve "e^^st^r
but escaped with his life. . . Bangala(ban-ga'la). i^ee XgalannA MbaugaU. 'he her.^ a Hungarian g„>^^^
Banded Peak (han'ded PfV A summit m itSfllur (bang-ga-lor'), or Bangalore (bang- B\"^^-.^^^'^f^t^Asumameof Samuel Ro-
southem Colorado. Height, 12,860 feet. Also g^.g^' ). A district in Maisur, India. Area, iianKe^r^roei^ xiie.^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ g^^^^^^^^
called Mount Hesperus. „ ^ „ 2,901 square miles. „ ,, . t j- 'fiaTilrniDt The A comedy by Foote. produced
Bandel (ban'del). Joseph Ernst von. Bom Bangalnr. The chief city of Maisur, India, ^anfcrupt, ine. . .
at Ansbach, May 17, 1800: died at Neudegg, situated in lat. 12° 58' N long. //°38 E It has -^^^V.' (^ancrks). Mrs. George Linnaeus (Var-
noar Donauworth, Sept. 25, 1876. A German considerable trade, and manufactures o'j''^. ™"°"'i^''^„ it^Rnrn at Manchestei March 25, 1S21: died
Tc^tor, designer' of/ihe statue of Hermann It - f tmed byHyder^Ali, a^nd^^^^^^ if ^-alftZ Matri897." An English novelist
near Detmold (comp eteil 1»*.)). Papulation (1S»1), '180,366. . , , o- and poet. Her works include the novels " Gods Prori-
Ban-de-la-Roche. Same as .Vfi«jAaZ. Bangkok (bang-kok'). The capital of Siam, aenceV™se-(i865). 'Stung to the Quick" (1867), and
Bandelier (ban-de-ler'), Adolph Francis Al- ■°,Ytulted on thl river Menam, about 20 miles "TheMancheste. Man' (1876); alsothecoUcctu.nofpoems
phonse. Bom at Bern, Switzerland Aug. 6, ^f^^^^^^ ^^ -^ j^t. 13° 44' N. long. 100° ,„'R*PP'--y' Breakers' (.878). jjed after 1696
1840 A Swiss-American archa>ologist. He has ""'^ . ., ^ief commercial city of the conn- Banks, John. Bom about lb.)0 . 'f'^^J" ^"^•
i^n employed by the Arch^ologlcal In^tituteof America 31 E" ' ^^^ "^^^^'/^^ ,^. j^ ,1 ^ver. On the An English dramatist of the penod of the Res-
in explorations in New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico, Central ^7- Jhe houses ^re J-mU larg_^^> ^^^ l^^.^^ toration. He wrote "The Rival Kings: (1677) "The
America, and .South America. S^ Its trade is largely in Chinese hands. The chief Destruction of Troy ' (acted 1678, printed 16,9^ IheFn-
Bandelkhand. See BmidelHand. ?iportsLe rice, sugar, hides, cotton, silk, ivory, pepper, happy Favorite" (1682X" The Innocent I surper (1^3^
BandellO (ban-del'16), MatteO. Bom at Cas- ^^e, ^ardamims, etc. It became the capital after the p„r,Kihed 16!M), •; The I^'^iV' ,'Jr:'^t^?fd"(l4^Van^
tehniovo Piedmont, 14S0 : died at Agen, France, destruction of Ayuthia. The Great Pagoda of W at-ching ^3 ., xhe Albion Queens ^ \ u-tue Betrajed (16K-), ana
lolii? ^ Katn pr'elate (bishc^p of Agen 1550) at ^^l'^^^^^^^^^,'-'^::^^ _->- '^^Xepr Bom at London. Feb. 13,
and novelist. His tales (1.5.^4-^3) furnished ^°^'''^i,f»[,Xl1,5^so?5amental with the most elaborate Banks, Sir Jose^n. Bo ^^^^ ^^
subiects for Shakspere, Massinger, and others, ™^,erance in both color and carving. Instead of ter- 1/44. died at [.^^^"Ye'iiillv distineuished as
French service in the 16th century.— 2. In Xrnment of flame-tongued pinnacles. Population, 400,- ^^S^f-eS-Tl, visited Iceland 17T2, and was president of
France, speculators who, especially during the ooo(?). „. ^ , • n„Hl, 'he Royal Society 1778-1820. His herbanum and hbra^
ilorte di Adonille. • ■; II Polidoro,'; " La Rosmunda. etc. V^l^'^^y^^^t Lough, 12 miles northeast of Belfast. »?,=! ^l\"";;"°'^"?V"'la was^epuM^^^^^^^^ Mas-
^•?s=iiHJ*i;'r^rs SHSHit:r5:^.^ iS'SsSaSfSli
ment at Cosenza, July Jo, 1^44, tor an »» th, world and has a considerable trade and ship-building commanded the Bed River expedition in ISW was de
tempted rising on the coast ot Calabria. They ^e world ana n^ a ^ ,^ ^_^ ^ „j ^^^^ ^^ ^^^.__^ ^^^^ 5°'"'? i.\";? Sfemher of ConS-esl
hid nreviouslv ioined a conspiracy for an at- Iconcregational) theological semin.ar}-, which was incor- Pleasant Hill. He was Republican meniber of tongr^s
Banks, Thomas
Banks, Thomas. Bom at Lambetb, England,
l)<-f. JO, I";!.'): died at London, Feb. 2, 1805. A
iiiilfd ?^iif;lisli si'ulptor.
Banks, Thomas Christopher. Boru 1 765 : died
at (Ireeiiwieli, England, Scjit. 30, 18.54. An
Knglish lawyer and genealoRist. Ue pulilishcd a
" Manual uf the Nobility ""' (1807), "Dormant and Kxtinct
BaroiiaKt! of EnKland '' (1807-09: vol. 4 in 1837), and numer-
ous minor workii.
Banks, The. See Grand Huiik.t.
Bankside (baugk'sid). That portion of the
Thames bank which lies on the south side be-
tween Blackfriars and Waterloo bridges. In the
time of theTudora it "consisted of a single row of honses,
built on a dike, or levee. hiKiier lM>th than the river at hik'h
tide and the ground behind the hank. .\t one end of Itank
Side stood tile Clink Prison. Winchester House, and St
Mary Overies t'hureh. At the other end was the Falcon
Tavein willi its stairs, and hehiinl it were tlie Piiris (iar-
deuB. . . . A little to the west of tile Clink and behind the
housesstiKMl the <:lolie Theatre, and close beside it the liull-
baitlng." lif.ianf, London, p. 35ti.
Banks Islands. A group of small islands in
the South I'aeihe, northeast of the New Heb-
rides: named (as were the following four) for
Sir Jo9e[)h Hanks.
Banks Land. A hirge island in the Arctic
Oi'caii northwest of Prince Albert Land and
southwest of Melville Island.
Banks Peninsula. A peninsula on the eastern
<'iiast of the South Ishtnd of New Zealand.
Banks Strait. A sea passage in the Arctic
Ocean, separating Banks Land from Mehnlle
Island.
Banks Strait. A strait separating Tasmania
from the Furneaux Group to the northeast.
Banks's horse. A celebrated triok-horse named
Morocco, the property of a man named Banks
who lived about the beginning of the 17th cen-
tury. He could perform tricks with cards and dice and
dance at his master's command. In lOUO or IfiOl Banks
U said to have made him "overritic the vane of St. Piuil's
Cathedral " in the presence of an enomums crowd. The
first mention of him occurs about 1590. lie is alluded to by
RaleiKh, Armiii, Uayton, and many others, and there are
references to him in the plays of the period.
Sir Kenelni Digby says, — " He would restore a glove
to the due owner, after the master hud whispered the
man's muue in his eiu*; would tell the just number of
pence in any piece of silver coin newly showed him by
his mafiter. " Hankes showed his horse upon thecoritinent,
and in Frarice had a n.arrow escape from the Capuchins,
who suspected him of being in league with the devil.
There was a report that he fell a victim to a similar sus-
picion at Home. Ben .lonson, in his epigram, speaks of
"Old Hunks the juggler, our Pythagoras,
Gnive tut4,r to the learned horee ; . . ."
HwUfm, Note to Love's Labour '8 Lost.
Bankura (biing-ko-ra'). A district of the Bar-
dhwan division, Bengal, British India, in hit. 23°
N., long. H7° K. Area, 2,621 square miles. Pop-
ulation (1891), 1,06!I,6C8.
Banklira. The cajiital of the Bankura di.strict,
Hiliialcil on flic Dhalkisor Kiver 101) miles iiortli-
wcsl of Calcutta. Population (1801), 18,743.
Bann (ban). A river of nortlieastern Ireland
which Hows through Lough Neagh, and empties
into tlie Atlantic Ocean nearColoraine. Length,
about 00 miles.
Bannacks. See Jiannncl:.
Bannatyne (ban'a-tin), George. Bom in Scot-
laii.l, l.'i45: died'about 1608. A collector of
early Scottish poetry. His manuscript collection is
f (reserved in the Advocates' Libniry, Edinburgh. It has
leen printed in part by .VUun Knmsay and lK)rd lluiles,
and loniplelely Ijy the lluntcrian Club.
Bannatyne Club. .V Scottish literary dub,
named from George Bannatyne, founded under
the presiilency of Sir Walter Scott in 1823, and
dissolved in 18.50. It was devoted to tlie pub-
lication of works on Scottish history and lit-
erature.
Bannister (ban'is-ter), Charles. Born in
(■lo\icest(T.shire, England, about 1738(f): died
at London, Oct. 26, 1804. An English actor
and bass singer.
Bannister, John. Born at Deptford, England,
.May 12, 17110: ,licd at London, Nov. 7, 1836.
A noted Knglish I'omeilian, the son of Charles
liannister.
Bannock (ban 'ok). [Pi., also Hannockx; a
corruption of I'lin-i'li, the tribal designation
used by the peojile themselves.] A tribe of
North American Inilians, also called "Kobbcr
Indians," It waji divided Int^j two geographically dis-
tinct divisiona, the first of which claimed the territoi-y l,e-
tween lut, 4:i* and 4ft\ and from long. \VA' to the main
chain of the Itocky .Mountains: while the second divi-
sion, or northern Bannock, claimed all of the southwestern
portions (if Montana, into wliicb they Innl been forced
by the Blackfeet. The southern lu-anch was by far the
more iiopnlons. In 18(Bl thi' llaTinoek of Salmon Itiver
miml)ered t)ut :150, in .'lO lodges, liaving Iteen largely re-
duced by smallpox and the inroads of the Blackfeet.
Upon the establishment of Wind Kiver reservation in
ISiSt, about 600 >outbern BiiDnock were placed ou It, and
117
in the same year 600 others were assigned to Fort Hall
reservation. .Most of the latter subseijuently wandered
away, but in 1874 returned with the Shoshoni and scat-
tered Bann(»ck of southeast Idaho. There are now (1893)
514 ou Fort Hall reservation, and 75 on Lemhi reservation,
Idaho. (See i)i.'/./pr and Shuslumean.) Also Ba/iacA-. Ran-
atlei', HciKick-, Hmiuivk, Paimck, I'anmht, Paunatjue, Po
iitU'k, Pumt.tltt'i, Ptninttk:
Bannockburn (ban'ok-b6rn), .-V village in
Stirlingsliire, Scotland, 3 miles south of Stir-
ling. Here, June 24, 1314, the Scots (about :io,ono) under
Robert Bruce totally defeated the English (about 100,000)
under Edward II- The loss of the English was about
:«),<)00. .-Vt Sauehieburn, in the vicinity, .tames III, of Scot-
laud was defeated and slain Iiy rebellious noliles In 1488.
BannU(b;i-no'). orBanu. A district in the Pan-
.jab, British India, about lat. 33° N., long. 71°
E. Area, 3,847 square miles. Population (1891 ),
372,276.
Banolas (biin-yo'liis). A town in the i>rov-
ince of Gerona, Spain, 8 miles north of Gerona.
Population (1887), .5,021.
Banos de Bejar (imn'yos da ba-niir'), [Sp.,
• baths of Bejar,'] A watering-place in Spain,
situated on the borders of Salamanca and
Caceres, 50 miles south of Salamanca.
Banquo (bang'kwo). The thane of Loohaber
in Shaksi)ere's tragedy '• Macbeth." He is a
general in the king's army, with the same rank as Mac-
beth, and with the same ambitions, but is of a quieter
nature and more discretion. He is killed by order of ftlac-
beth on account of the future promised to him by the
Weird .Sisters, namely that Banquo's posterity should
reign. In one of the most powerful scenes of the play his
ghost appears to the guilty Macbeth while unseen by the
other banqueters.
Banquo and Fleance, though named by Holinshed, fol-
lowed by Shakspere, are now considered by the best au-
thors to be altogetlier Het it ions personages. Chalmers say.s,
"History knows notliing of Banijuo, the thane of Lochaber,
nor of Florence his son." .Sir \\altcr Scott observes that
" early authorities show us no such persons as Bantjuoand
his son Fleance ; nor have we reason to think that the latter
ever fled further from Macbeth thjui across the tiat scene
according to stage direction. Neither were Ban((UO and his
sou ancestors of the house of Stuart. " Yet " Peerages "and
"Genealogical Charts" still retain the names of Banquo
and Fleance in the pedigree of the Royal Houses of Scot-
land and England. Furness, Shak. Var.
BanS'Wara (biin-swii'rii). A small tributary
state in Rajputana, British India, about lat. 23°
30' N., long. 74° 30' E.
Bantam (biin-tiim' or ban'tam). [Malay and
Javanese Bantaii.] A decayed seaport of Java,
61 miles west of Batavia, formerly of great
commercial importance.
Bantia (ban'shi-a). In ancient geography, a
town in southern Italy, southeast of Venusia
and noi'thoast of the modern Potenza.
Banting (ban'ting), William. Born 1797: died
at Kensington, March 16, 1878. A London tm-
dertaker who, in 1863, in a pamphlet entitled
"A Letter on Corpulence," recommended a
course of diet for the reduction of corpulence,
which has been named from him "banting."
The <lict recommended was originally prescribed for Bant-
ing Iiy William Harvey, and consists of the use of lean
meats principally, and abstinence from fats, starch, and
sugar.
Bantry (ban'tri). A seaport in County Cork,
Ireland, situated near the head of Bantry Bay,
39 miles west-southwest of Cork. Population,
about 2,000.
Bantry Bay. ^Vn inlet of the Atlantic on the
southwestern coast of Ireland, in County Cork.
Length, 25 miles.
Bantu (biin'to). The homogeneous family of
languages spoken, with the exception of the
Hottentot, Bushmen, and Pygmy enclaves,
throughout the vast triangle between Kamerun,
Zanzibar, and Uw Capo of Good Hope, isa-ntu
(or ova-iulit, ba~tu, a-tu) signifies in almost all these lan-
guages ' the people,' and has therefore been ado])ted to
denote the whole family. All the Bantu languages are
clcm-ly derived from cnie mothcr-tongno. Though they
differ in the vocatmlary, their gramnnir is practiejilly one.
Although snljdividcd into humlrcds of dialects, the Bantu
family contains relatively few great mitional languages.
Such languages are. In .South Africa, the Kafir and Zulu,
the Se-chnana, the Shi-gwamba; ou the north and south
of the Kuiicnc River, » large cluster of dialects charac-
terized by the prcllx Ova- m- (hri-; the Angola language,
from Loanda to the Kuangu River: the Kongo l.uignage,
from the I.ifune Kiver to .Sette Kama, and fiom the Allan
tic to Stanley Pool ; the Lunda language: the Kitxikue <M*
Kioko language, fiom the eonlluence of (he Kassai to its
source anil licytunl ; the great Lnl)a(and LaTige) language,
from the contluenee of the t,uel)0 and Kjiasai rivers to
Lake Bangweolo: the Ki-lolo, in the horseshoe I)end of
the Kongo River ; the Kl-teke, from the eijuator over
Stanley Pool to lat. T S. ; the Fan, in northern French
Oabun and southern (lermau Kamenni : the Lu-ganda, on
Victoria Nyanza; the Kinyanja, on Lake Nyaasa: theKua
language, in Mozauibi(]ue ; and Ki-ainihill. fi-om Zanzibar
to the far west, northwest, and southwest. The term
liantu is also \ised to denote 'a race.' 'the negroes ,il'
both the Bantu stock and the Nigrltle branch are physi-
cally one race, and the dilference is almost pin-ely lin-
guistic. Sec Ni(/ritir, Nuba-Fulah, Uaviitict Khaikhoin.
nnd4/ncanlanffwigei,A/rieanelhnoi;raphy(a.udatA/riea).
Barabas
Banville (bon-veP), Theodore FauUain de.
Bcn-n March 14, 1823: dieil March 13, 1S91. A
French poet, dramatist, and novelist. He was the
son of an oftlcer in the navy, and early devoted himself to
literature, imtjlishing in 1S4'2 a volume of verse, entitled
"LesCariatides," which attracted attention. He published
"Odes Funambulesiiues" (1S57), etc,, and also wrote ex-
tensively for the stage. His most successful play, "Grin-
goire," was published in 18t!6. lu I8S'2 appeared "Mes
Souvetnrs," in which he portrayed some of his contem-
poraries.
Banyuls-SUr-Mer (biiu-yiil'siir-mar'). A sea-
port in the department of Pyren6es-0rientales,
France, situati'd on the Mediten'anean, near
the Spanish frontier, 20 tniles southeast of Per-
l)ignan. It produces tine Koussillon wine.
Po|iulation (1801), commune, 3,119.
Banyiimas. See lidiijumdx.
Banz (biints). A Benedictine abbey, now a
castle, near Lichlenfels, Upper Frauconia, Ba-
varia, founded about 10.58.
Bapaume (bii-pom'), A town in the depart-
ment of Pas-de-('alais, France, 14 miles south
of Arras. Here, ,Ian. 2 and 3, 1871, the Germans under
Von Ooeben gained a victory over the French under Faid-
herbe. Population (1891), 3,001.
Baphomet (baf'o-met). The imaginary idol or
symbcd wliich the Templars were accused of
worshi]nng. p,y some modern writers the Templars
are ehaigeit with a depraved Gnosticism, and the word
Baphomet lias had given to it the signitteation of baptism
of wisdom (as if from Gr. ^a<i,'(, baptism, and m»)tk, wis-
dom), baptism of tire; in other words, the Gnostic bap-
tism, a species of spiritual illumination. But this and
the other guesses arc of no value. The word may be a
manipulated form of Mahoniet, a name which took strange
shapes in the middle ages.
Baps (baps), Mr. In Charles Dickens's novel
"Dombey and Son," a dancing-master, "a
very grave gentleman."
Baptist, The. See .Mm.
Baptista (bap-tis'tii). In Shakspere's "Tam-
ing of the Shrew," a rich gentleman of Padua,
the father of Katharine.
Baptistery of San Giovanni. A baptistery at
Florence, Italy, remodeled by Aruolfo di Cam-
bio in the 13th century. It is octagonal Iti plan
(108 feet in diameter): the exterior is in white and black
marljle, with arcades and inlaid panels ; and the interior
is domed, with a small lantern, it is famous for its three
magnificent double gates in bronze, of which that ou the
south is by Andrea Pisano (1330). and those on the north
and east by Ghiberti (1403^:^4). Andrea's gate has a beau-
ful wreathed framing of leaves, Ilowers, and birds, and
twenty-eight panel-reliefs of the story of .lohn the Baptist.
The north Ghiberti gate has also twenty-eight reliefs,
mostly of the life of Christ : and the chief gate, that toward
the east, has in richly ornamented framing ten reliefs
fiom the Old Testament.
Baquedano (bii-ka-THii'nd), Manuel. Bom in
Santiago, 1826. A Chilean soldier. He began the
Peruvian campaign of 1879 as a brigadier-general under
Escala, and in 1880 succeeded that genera] in eomniand
of the army of invasion, conducting the Tacna and Lima
campaigns with an almost uninterrupted series of victi)-
ries, the Peruvian forces being inferior. For his services
he was made generalissimo of the Chilean army.
Bar, Karl Ernst von. See Jiaer.
Bar (biir). An ancient territory in eastern
France, whose capital was Bar-le-Duc. it was
a county and later a duchy, was united with the duchy
of Lorraine in 147:t. was annexed by France in 1059, and
was restored in 1601 to Lorraine, whose fortunes it fol-
lowed.
Bar. A town in the government of Podolia,
Russia, situated on the BoB' in lat. 49° 5' N.,
long. 27° 40' E. Population, 13,434.
Bar. See AnUvari.
Bar, Confederation of. A union of Polish
patriots, led by members of the nobility,
formed at Bai', 1768, against the Russian iu-
tluonce and the dissidents. It carried on war
against the Russians, deposed the king (Stjildslaus), was
suppressed by the Russians, arul dissolved in 1772.
Bara (bil'rii), Jules. Born at Tournay, Bel-
gium, Aug. 31, 1835. A Belgian liberal politi-
cian, minister of justice 1.8()5-70and 1878—84.
Baraba (bii-rii-bii'), or Barabinska (bii-riU
ben'skil). A stejipe in western Siberia, situated
between the rivers Obi and Irt ish, in the govern-
ments of Tobolsk, Tomsk, aiul .\kmolinsk.
Bara Banki (b-l/rii biin'ke). .\ district in the
Lueknow division, Oudh, Britisli Iiulia, about
lat. 27° N.. long. 81° 30' F. Area. 1,740 square
miles. Populati(m (1891), 1,130,006.
Barabas, Barabbas (ba-rab'as). [Aram., 'son
of the lather' (teacher or master).] A robber
and insurrectionary leader whose release from
prison instead of that of Jesus was demanded
of Pilate by tlie Jews.
Barabas. The Jew of Malta in Marlowe's
play of that name, lie Is not only the incarnation
of popular hatreil of the .lew, but also of the Jew's recip-
rocal hatred and revenge. He ilies in the end a defiant
death in a caldron of boiling oil prepared for another,
rhls character waa originally played by Alleyne.
Baraboo
Baraboo (bar'a-bo). The capital of Sauk
County, Wisconsin, situated on the Baraboo
Kiver 35 miles northwest of Madison. Popula-
tion (1890), 4.605.
Barabra (bii-rii'bra), or Berabra. [.iVi'.] The
collective name of the Nubians who inhabit the
Nile valley from Assuan to Wadi Haifa.
Baracoa (bii-ra-ko'a). A decayed seaport near
the eastern extremity of Cuba.
Barada (bii-ra'dii). A river of Syria which
rises in Anti-Libanus, flows through Damascus,
and is lost in the desert : the aneifut Abaua.
Baradas (bii-ra-dii'), Count. A conspirator
against Cardinal Eichelieu in Bulwei-'s play
" Kiilielieu."
Baradla. See AgteJek.
Baraguay d'Hilliers (ba-ra-ga' de-ya').
Achllle. Born at Paris, Sept. 6, 1795; died
at Am61ie-les-Bains, France, June C, 1878.
A French marshal, son of Louis Baraguay
d'Hilliers. Ue became governor of the military school
of Saint-Cyr 1S33; was governor of Coijstautine, Algeria,
1843-^4 ; conimandeil the tVench forces in Kome in 1849 ;
became marshal in 1864 ; commanded an army corps in the
It.llian war of 1859; and became commaTidant of Paris at
the outbreak of the Franco-German war, but was removed
Aug. 12, 1870.
Baraguay d'Hilliers, Louis. Bom at Paris,
Aug. 13, 17G4: died at Berlin, Jan. 6, 1813. A
French soldier, made general of brigade in 1793,
and general of division in 1797. He served as chief
of statf to General Custine; fought in Italy under Napo-
leon 1796-97 ; was made commandant of Venice ; served
under Macdonald in 1799; commanded in Tyrol in 1809;
and led a division in the Russian campaign of 1812.
Barak (bii-rak'). A river in British India which
joins the Brahmaputra from the east near its
mouth.
Baralt (ba-ralf). Rafael Maria. Born at
Marae.aybo, July 2, 1814: died at Madrid, Jan.
2, 18(i0. A Venezuelan historian and soldier,
resident in Spain after 1843. He wrote "Resumen
de la Historia antigua y moderna de Venezuela " (Paris,
1841 fl seq. ; the last two volumes with the collaboration
of Ramon Diaz), ete.
Baramula (bii-ra-mo'lii). A locality in the
western part of Cashmere, on the Jhelum west
of Sriuagar. Near it is the famous gorge of
the Jhelum.
Baranoff (ba-ra'nof), Alexander Andrevitch.
Born 1746 : died 1819. A Russian trader, tirst
governor of Russian America. Ue fonnded a trad-
ing colony on Bering Strait in 1796, and took possession
of the island in the Sitka group which afterward bore his
name in 1799, founding there a factory and fortress. He
was ennobled by the emperor Alexander,
Baranoff. See Sithi Island.
Barante (bii-ront'), Aimable Guillaume Pros-
per Brugi^re, Baron de. Bom at Riom,
France, June 10, 1782 : lUed Nov. 22, 1866. A
French statesman, historian, and general wri-
ter, son of Claude Ignace Brugifere, Baron de
Barante. He held various offices under the Empire and
Restoration, jind was ambassador to Turin and .St, Peters
burg under Louis Philippe. Among liis works are " Ta-
bleau de la litt^rature h'anijaise an dix-huitieme si&cle"
(181)8), translations of Schiller's dramatic works and of
"Hamlet," " Histoire des dues de Bourgogne de la maison
de Valois " (1824-26), " Histoire de la convention natio-
nale " (1851-53), and "Histoire du Directoire " (185.S).
Barante, Claude Ignace Brugi^re, Baron de.
Born at Kiom, Dec. 10, 1745: died May 20, 1814,
A French -m-iter, father of the preceding, au-
thor of an "Examen du principe fondamental
des Maximes," prefixed to an edition of La
Rochefoucauld's "Maxims" (1798), etc.
Barante, Prosper Claude Ignace Brugi^re,
Baron de. Born at Paris, Aug, 27, 1816: died
there. May 10, 1889. A French senator, grand-
son of the preceding.
Barataria (ba-ra-ta-re'a). The island city over
which Saucho Pauza, in " Don Quixote," was
made governor. At his inauguration feast every dish
was snatched away untasted, so that he starved in the
midst of altundance. Disgusted with the joys of govern-
ment, after a sliort trial, he abjured his ephemeral royalty,
preferring liis litierty,
Barataria Bay (bar-a-ta'ri-ii ba). An inlet of
the (tuU' of Jiexico, on the southeastern coast
of Louisiana, west of the Mississippi. Length,
aliout 15 miles.
Barathron (bar'a-thron). [Gr. pApaOpov, a pit.]
A steep ravine on the western slope of the Hill
of the Nymphs, at Athens, outside of the an-
cient walls, rendered more precipitous by an-
cient use of it as a (juarry. Tliis was the " pit" into
which the bodies of cnmlnals were tlirown in antiquity
after execution, or in some cases while still living.
Baratier (ba-rii-ter'), Johann Philipp. Bom
at Schwabaeh in Anspach, 1721: died 1740. A
German scholar noted for his extraordiuary
precociousness. He is said to have read and written
ueiman and French at tour years of age, Latin at Ave, and
118
Greek and Hebrew at seven. He compiled a Hebrew dic-
tionary' at twelve, and published a French translation of
the Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela at thirteen.
Baraya (ba-ra'.yil). Antonio. Born at San Juan
de Jerdn in 1791: executed at Bogota, Jidy 20,
1816. A New Grauadan general. He joined the
revolutionists in 1810, and was one of the members of the
first independent Junta. He was captured by Morilla and
shot as a rebel.
Baraza (bii-rii'tha), or Barax (bii-r.a'), Cypri-
ano. Born in France, 1642: died in Mojos, Bo-
livia, Sept, 16, 1702. A Jesuit missionary who,
in 1674, was the first to visit the Mainor6 region,
in what is now northern Bolivia, He founded the
celebrated missions of Loreto and Trinidad ; and was
murdered by the Baures Indians in the forests east of
the Mamor6,
Barbacena (bar-ba-sa'na). A small town in
the state of Minas Geraes, Brazil, northwest of
Rio de Janeiro.
Barbacena, Marciuis of. See Cahlcira Brant
Von t(t>. Fclisberti).
Barbacoas (bar-bii-ko'as). A small town in
the state of Cauca, Colombia, near the south-
western corner.
Barbadillo (bar-ba-del'vo), Alfonso Salas.
Born at Madrid about 1580: died 1030. A
Spanish writer of note, author of tales, poems,
and numerous comedies.
Barbados, or Barbadoes (bar-ba'doz). An
islandof the British West Indies, near the Wind-
ward gi-oup, situated east of St. Vincent, in
lat. 13° 4' N., long. 59° 37' W. Its chief exports
are sugar, rum, and molasses. The capital is Bi'idgetown,
It is governed by governor, executive committee, legisla-
tive council, and House of Assembly, It was colonized in
1625. Lcn',;fh, 21 miles; width, IBmiles. Area, 166 square
miles, i'dpulatiun (1S91), 182,306.
Barbalho Bezerra (bar-bal'yobe-zer'rii), Luiz.
Born at Pernambueo, 1601; died at Rio de
Janeiro, 1644. A leader of the Portuguese in
the war with the Dutch at Pernambueo and
Bahia, 1630-40, For illegal acts he was called to Por-
tugal in lt>40 and for a time imprisoned, but was subse-
quently pardoned and employed in the war with Spain,
In 1643 he returned to Brazil as governor of the capitania
of Rio de ,laneiro.
Barbara (biir'ba-rji). Saint. [L. Barbara, Gr.
Bapiiapii, It. and Sp. Barbara, F. Barhe.'\ A
virgin martyr and saint of the Greek and Roman
Catholic churches, martrred at Nicomedia (?),
Bithynia, about 235 A. D."(or 306 f). She is com-
memorated in the Greek and Roman churches
on Dee, 4,
Barbara. In Charles Dickens's tale " The Old
Curiosity Shop," "a little servant girl, very
tidy, modest, and demure, but very pretty
too " : afterward Mrs. Kit Nubljles.
Barbara Allen's Cruelty. An old ballad, given
in Percy's " Reliques," relating the cruelty to
her lover, and subsequent remorse, of Barbara
Allen. There is another version called " Bonny
Barbara Allan," which is not so popular.
Barbarelli. See (liorgione.
Barbarossa (biir-ba-ros'a). [It., 'Red-beard.']
See Frederick /., ""Barbarossa," Emperor of
Germany.
Barbarossa, Horuk. Died 1518. A Moham-
medan corsair, a native of Mytilene, who con-
quered and became tlie ruler of Algiers about
1.517. He was defeated and slain by an army sent against
him by the (later) emperor Charles Y., 1518. Also written
(TruJ, Aruvh. Anmj, Ilorush, and Uoruc.
Barbarossa, Knair-ed-Din, or Khejrr-ed-Din.
Died at Constantinople, 1546. Brother of Horuk
whom he succeeded 1518 as Bey of Algiers.
Having surrendered the sovereignty of Algiers to the
Turkish sultan Selim I., in order to gain support against
tlie Spaniards, he was appointed governor-general, and re-
ceived 1519 a reinforcement of 2,000 janizaries. He made
himself master of Tunis, but in 1535 the emperor Charles
V. besieged and captured the city and liberated a vast
number of Cluistian slaves. He was appointed high ad-
miral of the ttttoman fleets 1.S37, aiul in conjunction witli
l-Yancis I. captured Nice 1543.
Barbaroux (bUr-ba-rii'), Charles Jean Marie.
Born at Marseilles. March 6, 1767 : guillotined at
Bordeaux, June 2.5, 1794, A noted Girondist
orator and politician, a lawyer by profession.
Ho led the Marseilles battalion in the attack on the Tni-
leries Aug, Id, 1792, and wiis a Girondist deputy to the
National Convention, He was proscribed May 31, 1793,
as a royalist and enemy of tlie republic,
Barbary, Roan. The favorite horse of Rich-
ard II, See Shakspere's "Richard II.," v. 5.
Barbary (biir'ba-ri). [Formerly Barbarie, F,
Barbaric, ML, Li Barbaria, MGr. Bapjiapla, land
of barbarians, or foreigners, applied in L. to
Italy (as distinguished from Greece), Persia,
Phrygia, Scythia, Gaul, etc.] A general name
for the regions along or near the northern coast
of iVfriea, west of Eg.Npt, comjirisiiig Morocco,
Algeria, 'Tunis, Trijioli, Barca, and Fezzan.
Barbason (bar'ba-son). A fiend referred to in
Barbey d'Aurevilly
Shakspere's "Henry V.," act ii., scene 1, and
"Merry Wives of Windsor," act ii., scene 2,
I am not Barbason; you cannot conjure me. Hen. V.
Barbastro (biir-biis'tro), A town in the prov-
ince of Huesca, northeastern Spain, situated on
the Vero 60 miles east-northeast of Saragossa.
It has a eathedi-al. Population (1887), 8,280.
Barbauld (bar 'bald), Mrs. (Anna Letitia
Aikin). Born at Kibworth-Harcoiu't, Leices-
tershire, June 20, 1743 : died at Stoke-Newing-
ton, March 9, 1825, An English poet and essay-
ist, daughter of Rev. John Aiken and the wife
of Rev. Rochemont Barbauld, .she wrote "Poems "
(1773X "Hymns in Prose for Children," "TheFemale Spec-
tator" (1811), a poem "Eighteen Hundred and Eleven"
(1812), etc,
Barbazan (biir-bii-zoii'), Arnauld Guilbelm
de. Died 1432. A French general in the service
of Charles VII., sumamed the "Knight with-
out Reproach." He defeated the combined English and
Burgundian army at La Croisette 1430, in conseijuence of
which he was made governor of Champagne and IJrie, with
the title of Restorer of the Kingdom and Crown of Fiance,
Barbazon. See Barbison.
Barbe-Bleue (biirb'ble'). [F,, 'Bluebeard.']
1 . A comedy by Sedaine, with music by Gr6try,
produced in Paris in 1789. — 2. An opera bouffe,
words by Meilhac and Halevy, music by Offen-
bach, jirodueed in 1866. — 3. See Bluebeard.
Barbe-Marbois. See Marboia.
Barber (biir'ljer), Francis. Born at Prince-
ton, N. J., 1751 : died at Newburg, N.Y., Feb. 11,
1783. An American officer (Heutenant-colonel)
in the Revolutionary War. He taught at Elizabeth-
town 1769-76, having among his pupils Alexander Hamil-
ton, In 1781 he was selected by Washington to quell the
mutiny of the New .lersey and Pennsylvania troops.
Barber, John Warner. Bom at Windsor,
Conn., 1798 : died 1885. An American historical
writer, author of "History and Antiquities of
New England, New York", and New Jersey,"
1841, etc.
Barber, Mary. Bom in Ireland (?) about 1690 :
died 1757. An English poet, best known as a
friend of Swift,
Barber of Seville, The. See Barbier and Bar-
biirc.
Barber Poet. -An epithet of Jacques Jasmin.
Barberini (biir-be-re'ne). A Roman princely
family named from Barberino di Val d'Elsa,
near Florence, in Tuscany. Its power and weiilth
were established by Carlo Matfeo Barberini, Pope l^rban
VIII., who made his brother, Antonio, and two nephews,
Francesco and Antonio, cardinals, and gave to a third
nephew, Taddeo, the principality of Palestrina. The fam-
ily has a magnificent palace and libraiy at Rome,
Barberini, Francesco. Born at Barberino,
Tuscany, 1264: died 1348. An It.alian poet and
,iurist, aut hor of "Documentid'Amore" (printed
1640).
Barberini, Maffeo. See Vrban nil.
Barberini faun. An ancient statue now in the
Glyptothek, Munich, Bavaria. It formerly be-
longed to the Barberini family at Rome.
Barberini Palace. A palace in Rome, near the
(Juirinal, begun by Urban VIH., and finished
in Hi40. It is noted for its ai't treasui-es.
Barberini vase. Sec I'<irtUind rase.
Barberino (biir-be-re'no). A small town in Tus-
cany. Italy, 18 miles south of Florence.
Barberino" di Mugello (biir-be-re'no de mo-
jel'lo). A small to^'^^l in Tuscany, Italy, 17
miles north of Florence,
Barberton (bilr'ber-ton). The largest tow^l in
the Transvaiil, Soutli Africa, about 150 miles
west of Delagoa Bav. Population (1887), about
15,000.
Barb^S (biir-ba"), Armand. Born at Pointe-
a-Pitre, Guadeloupe, Sept. 18, 1809: died at
The Hague, June 26, 1870. A French revolu-
tionist. He was sentenced to death (commuted to per-
petual imprisonment) for complicity in the attack on the
Conciergerie ilay 12, 1839; was released by the Felirniu-y
Revolution 1848 ; was condemned to perpetual imprison-
ment for participation in the attempt to overtlirow the
National Assembly May 15, 1848; and was restored to lib-
erty in 1854, Autlior of " Deux jours de condanination h
niort ■■ (1848),
Barbeu-Dubourg (biir-be'dii-bor'), Jacques.
Born at Mayenue, Feb. 12. 1709; died at Paris,
Dec. 14, 1779. A French physician, naturalist,
and philosophical writer. He wrote botanical and
medical works, "Petit code de la raison humaine" (1774),
"Chronogiaphie"(17.^i:i), " Lc calendrier de Philadelphie"
(1778), etc.
Barbey d'Aurevilly (Imr-ba'do-re-ve-j'e'),
Jules Am^dee. Born at Saint-.Sauveur-le-
Vicomtc. Manclie, France, Nov. 2, 1808; died
at Paris, .-^iiril 23, 1889, He came to P.-u-is in 1861,
and founded, with Escudier and Granier de Cassagnac,
" Le reveil." He wrote "Une vieille maitresse" (1851),
" L'EnsorceWe " (1874), " Le prStre maiii " (1866X
Barbeyrac 119 Barclay Sound
Barbeyrac(bar-ba-rak'),Jean. BomatB^ziers, 1842. An American statesman. He was admitted ^Xfsi"J/r'ut''a'lt;noS«"S o^t^^^^^^^^^
Fraiu^ March 15. 1U74 :cUed March 3, 1744. A to the bar 1794 : became United states senator from \ ir- ? '^,^^3^':^ ^.^t^'^'^.'^J roi 2Tw^^
Fr'ch writer oit law, translator of Puffeu- «^'^, .'^e'sS't'h f oCcylSr a^^^^^ The cathedral of Barcelona isoftheHth century The in-
,,orfsV Law of Natnre and of Nations." |>ar..^i.es,a.. John Qumc, Adan,., and «aam„„st r teriorishi.h.y pietnres,^^^
BarbeZieUX (bar-bo-zo-e ). a town in tne ae- BarboUr, John. Bom about 1316: died March beautiful octaRonal lantern. Krora here extends the nave,
partment of t'harente, France, '20 miles south- 13^ y,i'J5. A Scottish poet, archdeacon of Aber- from the capitals of whose lofty piers the vaulting-ribs
west of Angouleme. Population (1891), com- deeu, and an auditor of the exchequer. Mischief spring directly. The eleaisiory consists merely of a row of
.. , ^ KU T.„o,„ i= ■• -ih,. R,n,-,. ■• nt--, • ,.dit..,l l.v Sltpat for thi. Small roses. The aisles are almost as hlilh as the nave, and
■ Mime, 4,104 A11,ar,>n Ponnt F TtS IStItT See iV ««. TV the church is lighted by windows in tlie deep galleries over
Barbiano (bar-be- a no), AlbenCO, Count. L. l-. l. ■■'. lb.>>-,,). see in/a. JAf the side-chapels. There are two beautiful Romanesque
Died 14Uy. An Italian general. He formed, about iiarDOUr, Jonn &. iSoni in LlUpcper L.oiinty, jyufj belonging to an older cathedral, and a light and spa-
137!i, the ftrst regular company of Itidian as opposed to \a., Aug. 8, 1(!)0: died there, Jan. 12, 185o. cious Gothic cloister, with fountains. Population (1887),
foreign menenaries in Italy, In this company, called the An American politician, Democratic member '272,481.
"fompaiiy of St. Ucorgc, " were traine.l some of the best ^f Coii"ress from Vir<»iiiia 18'^3-33 Barcelona. A town in Venezuela, situated near
generals of thetime. Barbiano became grand constable ^^^^^^^ OUver LorenZO. Born at Cambridge, the ( 'aribbeau Sea 100 miles east of Caracas.
BarbTc^ (bar'bi-kan). A locality in London, Washington Cotmty, New York, July 12, 1811 : Population, about 11,000.
""cSa-s the name indicates, f^om a former died at Saratoga, N. Y., Deo. 17, 1889. An Barceloneta (bar-tha-lo-na'ta). A mantime
watch tower of which nothing now remains. American legal writer. suburb ot Barcelona, bpaiu. ^
Milton Uved here in 1W»-17, and here he wrote some of his Barbour, Philip Pendleton. Born in Orange Barcclonnette (bar-se-lon-net ). A town m
shorter poems. tTA-Wfr, Familiar Allusions. C'ounty. Va., May 25. 1783 : died at Washington, the di']iartiiient of Basses-Alpes, situated on
Barbie du Bocage (biir-be-a' dii bo-kiizh'), D. C., Feb. 24, 1841. An American politician the Ubaye 32 miles east-southeast of Gap. It
Jean Denis. Bom at Paris, April 28, 17tiO: and jurist, brother of James Barbour. He was has s„«ered severely in the wars of the frontier. I'opu.
died tl.we. Dec. 28, 1825. A French geographer member of Congress from Virginia 18U--25- speaker of t>'^™" JJ""^;^""""''^^^^ Alonso de
on.l nIilbilninQt the House 1821-23; member of Omgress 1827-30 ; one of JSarCSna, or ijarzena (.oar-rna nai, AiOUbO ae.
anu pniioioKisi._ . . a 1^.,, or. /!,•/. n^r„ the candidates for the Democratic nomination for vice- Born at Bacza, 1;)28: died at Cuzco, Jan.. b)98.
BarDier(bar-t)e-a ),Ant;omeAiexanare. corn president in 18:i2; and associate justice of the United A Spanish Jesuit, called the " Apostle of Peru."
at Coulommiers, heine-et-Marue, t rauce, J an. states Supreme Court 1836-41. He was sent to Peru in 1.170, and was one of those em-
11. 1765: died at Paris, Dec. 6, 1825. Arrench Barbox Brothers (biir'boks bruTH'ferz), and ployed to instruct the young Inea Tupac Amaru before
bibliographer, author of a '• Dictionnaire des Barbox Brothers and Co. A story and its his execution. Theremainder of Barcena's life was spent
ouvra|esLonyniesetpseudonymes"(180(M)8). ,,,j„el by Charies Dickens, included iil "Mugby ijJ.i^'^-nhrG^. 'c'h^cr te\lK^^^
etc. Junction," an e.xtra Christmas number 01 All their languages, which is supposed to be lost.
Barbier, Henri Auguste. Born at Pans, April the War Round," 1866. Barcia (bai-the'a), Andres Gonzalez. Bom
29, 1805: died at Nice, Feb. 13, 1882. A French Barboza, DomingOS Caldas. See CaldasBar- at Madrid, 1670: died there, Nov. 4, 1743. A
poet. Hi8best-knownworkis"Lesl.anibes"(18:il),a8enes /,o_-„. Spanish historian. He was one of the founders of
of satires, iwlitical and social, occasioned by the revolu- BarbOZa FranCiSCO Villela. See VillelaBar- the Spanish Academy, and held various honorary oftices.
tionoflS:*!. The most famous IS "La Curee, a Siitire on ^aiy^j^", '^ •■'' »-• He wrote "Ensayo cronoWgico para la historia general de
the scramble (or place under the Orleanist government. ""-"■ , .., ,.-n a Vlo,, l „f H,o ■n,.u;=I, la Florida " (Madrid, 1723), and edited an extensive series
Barbier Paul Jules. Born at Paris, March 8, Barbuda (bar-bo da). An island ot the BntisU of historical works relating to America, with the general
l«->o A Frpn,-ii dr-imatic noet and librettist West Indies, belonging to the Leeward group, title "Historiadoresprimitivosdelndias" This includes
lle'^ubliVhil fhe dramrCpS^e^^,!^^ situated 30miles north of Autigua.in lat. 17° 35' reprints of Herrera, Oviedo, Oomara, Zarate, Gareilaso.
1850 has worked much in collaboration with Michel CaiT^, N., long. 61° 45' W. It is a political dependency lorquemada, etc. . • * „ tn
Bsin "Cora.iuresclava«e"(18(l«), etc. of Antigua. Length, 10 mUes. Population, about 80<l. BarCinO (bar Sl-no). 1 he ancient name ot Bar-
Barbier de Seville (blir-be-a' desa-vel'). Le. Barby (bar'be). A town in the province of celona. Spain.
[F.,- Barber of Seville.'] 1. A comedy by Beau- Saxony, Prussia, situated on the Elbe, near the Barclay (biir'kla), Alexander. Bom probably
marchais, first composed in 1772 as a comic mouth of the Saale, 17 miles southeast of Mag- in Scotland about 1475 : died at Croydon, Eng-
opera. it wiia refused, and in 177i), after various vicls- deburg. It was the seat of a former countship. land, 1552. A British poet, author of "The Ship
slludea, appeared in its present form as a comedy. It is Population (1890), commune, 5,471. of Fools," " Eclogues," etc. Sec .S7((> of Fooh.
In this play tliat Figaro makes his first appearance. ■R^rr.a ^^oT■'VU^ nv 'Rarpaa (hiir'kiis^ A aur- He was a monk ot Ely and Cauterbur), priest in the
2 (It // Barbierc di Sifiolia). An opera ■'**'^'^* ^ "'^ .-''' -"^Frix \i-i ^"- > * Ti College of Otterv St. Mary, vicar of Much Badew in Essex,
^n, ffA «ft«fRean Lr< hais4 eomedv the music °''™<'' '"e«'""'K (probably) lightning,' of sev- ^^^ rector ot All Hallows, Lombard street, London.
brPaistX fiiTXved irst m^^^ eral Carthaginian generals. The most noted Barclay (bar-kla'), John. Born at Pont-a-
fjJr .,? V.?'p„ri, b. -1780 ^ ht Tl nnlLZ ^»^ Hamilcar. Mousson, France, Jan. 28, 1582: tUed Aug. 15,
il^/ZLT ^1 o era bo7fff after fiffi^ar! ^arca, Conde de. See Araujo de Azevedo, An- 1021. A Scottish poet, a son of William Barclay.
di Siiuilm). An opera Ijoutte, alter Beaumar ^^^^^ ._^ ^,^, ^^ ^^^^^^^ ., .^.^^ i^.„„'„ ^^^.^ . ^g^„nd part 1607), "SylvK "
chais s play, wonls by Sterbiiii, music by Kos- g^rca (bar'ka). A vilayet of the Turkish em- (Latin poems, looii), "Apologia" (imi), "Icon Animo-
8ini, presented in Rome 111 1816 and m Pans m ^; jg^g, j^ northern Africa, bounded ™m •; (1G14) and the ■• Argenis" (which see) _
1819. It was hissed on the first night, but grew in favor V ^^ Mfiditcn'Tiiean on the north Effvnt on Barclay ( bar'kla), John. Born at Muthill, m
and became one of the most popular operas ever written. »> ««> . , 5? Poif Tf '^frlva o,,' tlm wo.t Perthshire, 1734 : died at Edinburgh, July 29,
Other operas of this name founded on the same play have the east and the Gulf of !5id.^ °" * .T-f ' 1798. A clergVTnan of the church of Scotland,
been pmdmed. a part of ancient Cyi'euaica. A small part of it is ' , V A „„* i>r!„^„i„^t„= » ^- i.Ho-o
Barbieri Giovanni Francesco. See«Hm-,HO. vef-y fertUe ; the remainder is largely a desert. Capit.al. f.mnder of the sect ' Barclayltes, or Bere-
B.,.l»i<.,-i'/l.:;v ).o .j'>f.\ Panin Anfnnin Rnrii Bengazi. Area, about 60,000 square miles. Population, ans."
,^F.c ^- ^ ,r,n A « 1 • ^ f ■ about 300,000. BarclavJohu. Bom in Perthshire, Dec. 10,
1596: died 1640. A Bolognese painter of am- g^^^^ -^^ ^^^-^^^ geography, a city of Cyrc- "1^58 X,i Aug 21, 1826. A Scotch anatomist
mals, fmits, and flowers brother otGuerc,^ naic , Africa, situated near the coast : one of jeeturer on anatomy at Edinburgh. He wrote
Harbison (bar-bi-sou ). A small vnllage near tlio ^,^^, ^;j.^,^ ^^ ^^^ Pentapolis. •■ a New Anatomical Nomenclature " (1803^, ••The Museu-
forest ot I" ontainebleau. It is noted as Dc'ing Barca A river in eastern Africa which flows lar Motions of the Human Body ' (1808), " A Description
one of the favorite haunts of what is kuown as i|,„..,,.j jjjp \lg^\ yga south of Suakim ">' "'^ Arteries of the Human Body ' (1812), etc.
the Poutainebleau group of painters. See 7'b«- g^ A district north of Abyssinia, about lat. Barclay, Robert. Born at (?,oi-donstown
Unnchlrau „~„ -^ 16° n!, near the upper co.irse of the river Barca. Moraj-shirc, Scotland, Dec 2.^6^^
Barbon (bar'bon) or Barebone (bar bon) ..r Barceliona (bar-chel-16'nii). A town in the Ury, Kincardineshire, Scotland Oct. 3, 1690
Barebones (bar'bonz), Praisegod. Bom ,,,.„,.:,,..„ of Messina Sicily 22 miles west by A Scotti.sh winter, a member of the Society ot
about l.')96: died 1679. An English Baptist ''''^i, '.'f m' rr,",-? 'T^miVntioiT aIk^ Friends. He wrote the "Apology for the True Christian
preacher, leather-dealer, and ....litiein,, i... _sf"itb_<.t Messm.i. _1 opulation, alxnit 14,IJU0.^ Divinity " (1078). a standard expositi.m of the doctrines
became a lueraber of t^omwell's *'li
1053, named, by its enemies, for liim.
Treacher, leather-dealer, and politician. He ,,,,„,„„, ,,,;,,._ ,,-,-„a . c.„ „,.on biir tlia 16'- "'"""^J' (iu<oi, a sianoaiu exposui.Mi 01 lu.- m.L,...,>,
=came a member of Ih-omwell's "litlle parliament ■' of Barcel(^na <''.'" ■"^-'"''S'f'I'-.f^f-.'f^;^,'^,". of the sect. He »;;.» one of the proprietors, and nomimd
1053, named, liy its enemies, for him, " Barebone's IMrlia- na). A province in Cataloni I, Spain, Ijoimded governor, of East New .Jersey.
roenf He is saiil (probably errimeously) to have hail by (ierona on the northeast, the MedlteiTanean Barclay, ThomaS. Born at Unst. in hlietland,
two brothers named respectively "Christ-came-into-the- y"(.a on the southeast, and Lerida and Tana- June, 1792: died at (ilasgow. Scotland, Feb. 23,
world-t.)-8iiTe,;; aiid "If-christ-had-notdiedthon badst- ^^l j \ 2,985 sfiuare miles. 1873. A Scottish divine, principal of the Unl-
bcc,.da„„,ed (familiarly abbreviated^, ••Damned). ^„'^,,,„io„ (is87), 899,>2f>4. versify of Glasgow 1S58-73.
Barbosa (bar-bo sa), Duarte. Born at Lisbon : Barcelona. A seaport and capital of the prov- Barcliy (biir-kla' ), William. Born in Scotland
died May 1 lo21 A Portuguese navigator. -^^^Hf Barcelona, situated on the Mc.liteira- about 1546; ,liedaiAng..rs.Julv3. 1608. AScotch
He visited India and the Moluccas, and prepared a man- "" '^ "' 'J->'^>' "■■> ',„.,,,, , 1 • • . 1; e 1 1 ., .V u .„t i AI.^„co«,.
nscript account of his jonmey. which was printed bv neaii between the mouths of the Llobregat and jurist , prote.ssor of civil law at Pont-i-Mousson
RamuBlo in Italian as 'Sommario di tutti li regiii dell' Besos. in lat. 41° 22' N., long. 2° 11' E. : the and ^Vngers : author of "De regno et regali po-
Indieorieniale,' Unoriginal Portuguese being printed l,y ancient Barcino or Barcelo (Roman ColonUi testate"(1600),'-De potestafe papie"(1609),etc.
r8i3.'-'1r:'„:^r,;;;S:i' tg;n;;n'in1he".oyage'aro,ind y<'v<nua J,d,u U^n.u, ria linrnno), said .0 Barday-Allardice, Robert, see Allardice,
the world, anil was killed soon after the death of his chief have been founded or rebuilt liy llamilear liarca. Lolint /xiirhii/.
in the islanil of Cehii. and named for him: called in the middle ages Barclay de XOlly (biir'kla de to le). Prince
Barbosa Machado, DiOgO. Born at Lisbon, Barciiiona or Barehiiioiia (.\r. /.'ror/dWHidO. It Michael Andreas. Horn at Luhde-Cirosshofr.
March 31, 168:;: died 1770. A Portuguese bib- is the second city in Spain, and one of the principal com- IJvonia, Dec. 27 (N. S.), 1761: died May 26
liogiaiiher. He wrote a iMographical and critical notice niercial places ii. the peniiisula, and a strong fortress It ^jj j^^ jg,,>^ ^ Russian field-marshal, of
of J.rt,',gucse writers, •• Bib.iothJ'ca Lusitana, etc.- (1741- ^XGrt?Sinrand t,;^ihTm:Hca!''\Mf .'^ Scotch descent. He served in the wars with Turkeys
B^0tan(bar-b6-ton'). A watering-place in « -^ Z^l^ "ia^ttillirSie Jl;^S^i '{111;';^"- l^l^^^^'^fT^^^^pp-^^
the department of Gers, France, situated near lah March ; was governed by counts of Barcelona and was tinction in tlie war witli Sweden lS08-0i) ; led an expiilition
the Douze 38 miles west-southwest of Agen. annexed (12th century) to Aragon. It was a great com- across ^.'Yl!,'}! ^L?"IZcn«im»^^^^^^
Tt bno bnl mioopnl snriiiiri. mercial and literary center In the middle ages ; came for minister of war 18111 , and commanileil against ^"P"l<•"n
It has hot mineral springs. , , ■, , a short time under French rule in IIMO; returned to Spain in 1.S12. AftjT Ids defeat at Smoensk he was replaced by
Barbou (Imr-bn'). A noted French family of . ., „.„j occupied by Fiance in 1007, and was re- KntusolT. He served with distinction at Borodino and
iirinters wliieli flourished from about 1540 to stored lo Spain by the Peace of Uyswick ; was tidten by at Bautzen : eoiiiinored'niorn in 1813; became i-oinmander
tQf.ii „.. .. I .1 . ■ ..1 I,.;.... . ,,„„,l, I,. 1711', ■ wimHl,,rmed bv the imke of Bcr- of the Kuss an cimt ngent in 1813; and served at llresden,
1808. The most famous were .lean, the fouiuler of the Peterbojougli In 1,0. , wiisalornuil ii> lie liUKc 01 iicr ' , , . i- , ."
family ; Ungues, his son ; and Joseph Giiraid (abimt the wick in 1714 ; was taken by the hrencli in 18ns. and held ',>il'»^' "'^' "' ^^ '^P/ ,,.,- „„,,_,^^ fFrom its dis-
middle of the Isih century) until 1814 ; and has been the scene of various insurrec- Barclay bOUnd ( bar kla sound), il' rom Its Q18-
■Rarhnnr (b-ir'b.-.ri Tampa f \ii archaic finin """» (ls-<6-™. 1S40-4-2, Progressist outlueakis.w Federal- eoverer. (Captain Barclay, an Enghshman.J An
JJarbOUr (bai 1)11), dames. l.\n an nan loim jg^jjj^, It was the seat of an international exhibition in jnipt of the Pacific on the southwestern coast
ot Uiirhir.^ Born in tlraiige County, \ a., June jgg^ .^i^ c.dumn of Columbus, at the junction of the "i'9J "^ "'" riu in on lub buuiu«o=uciu
10, 1775 : died near Gordonsville, Va., June 8, nambla and marine Pasco, is a line Corinthian column of 01 V anoouver isiana.
Barco Centenera
Barco Centenera (bar'ko then-ta-na'ra), Mar-
tin del. Boru at Logrosan, Spain. 153.5 : died at
Lisbon, lli04. A Spanish ecclesiastic. He went
to the Plata iu 1572, witnessed the founding of Buenos
Ayres (15S0), traveled extensively, visiting Peru in losJ,
aud became archdeacon of Paraguay. After 1590 he re-
sided ill Lisbon. Portugal, where his poem " La Argen-
tina '■ was published in 1602. It is a chronicle in verse
of the I'latiiie con<jUests, of great historical value in parts,
but with little poetical merit.
Bar-Cocheba (biir-kok'e-ba). or Bar-Cochba
(bar-kok'ba), or Barcochebas (liUr-kok'e-bas).
[Aram., 'son of the star': cf. Num. xxiv. 17.]
A Hebrew whose real name was Bar Coziba
(from the town Coziba), the heroic leader of
the Jewish insurrection against the Romans,
132-135 A. D. He was believed I)y many Jews to be
the Messiah, was proclaimed king, and maintained his
cause against Hadrian for two yeai"s, but was overthrown
amid the slaughter of over half a million Jews, and the
destruction of 9S5 villages and 50 fortresses. Jerusalem
was destroyed and J^ia Capitolina founded on its ruins.
After his failuie his name was interpreted to mean ' son
of lies."
Bard (biird), Samuel. Born at Philadelphia,
April 1. 1742: died at Hyde Park, X. Y.. May
24. 1821. An American physician and medical
writer, president of the College of Physicians
and Surgeons at New York 1813-21.
Bard, The. A poem by Gray, published in 175S.
It begins with the familiar phrase '"Ruin seize
thee, ruthless King."
Bard, It. Bardo (bar 'do). A village in the
pro\iuee of Turin, Italy, situated on the Dora
Baltea 38 miles north of Turin, itsfort commands
the St. Bernard passes, and resisted 2<apoleou'spassage of
the Alps in 1800.
Bardas (biir'das). [MGr. BapSac-l Died at
Kepos. in Caria. Asia Minor. April 21. 866. A
Byzantine politician. He was the brother of the em-
press Theodora, and, on the death of her husband, the em-
peror Theophilus, was appointed one of the tutore of her
sou, Michael III. He killed his colleague Theoctistes,
confined Theodora iu the monastery of Oastria, and per-
suaded Michael to confer on him the title of Cfesar : but was
superseded in the favor uf the emperor by Basil the Mace-
donian and was assassinated.
Bardell (bar-del' ), Mrs. Martha. An accom-
modating landlady who let lodgings to Mr. Pick-
wick, in Dickens's "Pickwick Papers," and
brought a suit for breach of promise against
him.
Barderah (bar'de-ra). A town in Somali Land,
East Africa, situated on the river Juba about
lat. 2° 30' X.
Bardesanes (bar-de-sa'nez), or Bardaisan
(bar-di-san'). Born at Edessa, Mesopotamia,
about 155 a. d.: died 223. A Syrian scholar.
He was the author of mystic hymns of a Gnostic character,
which were employed by the Syrian Christians for more
than two centuries, when they were driven out of use by
the more orthodox work of Ephraem the Syrian. Of his
numerous works only a dialogue on fate survives.
Bardhwan. See Bxnlwaii.
Bardi (biir'de), Bardo di. In George Eliot's
novel "Romola," a Idind Florentine scholar,
the father of Romola.
Bardi. A small town in the pro\-ince of Pia-
cenza. Italy, 32 miles west-southwest of Parma.
Bardili ( baV-de'le i. Christoph Gottfried. Born
at Blaubeuren, in Wiirtemberg. May 28, 1761 :
died at Stuttgart, June 5, 1808. A German
philosopher. He was professor of philosophy in the
gymnasium at .Stuttgart, and the expouTider of a system
of rational realism which exerted considerable intlueuce
upon later nietaphysical speculation (Schelliug. Hegel).
His "tirundriss der ersteu Logik " (18iX)) is notable for its
criticism of Kant.
Bardo (bar'do). A castle near Tunis, the seat
of the government of Tunis.
Bardolph (bar'dolf ). 1. A character in Shak-
sjjerc's plays "Heiuy r\'.," parts I. and II.,
" Henry V.," and "Merry Wives of Windsor."
He is a stiai'per and hanger-on, one of Falstatl's dissolute
and anmsiug companions, called "The Kuight of the
Burning I,an)p" by Kalstatf on account of his red nose : a
creature, like Nym and Pistol, without honor or principle.
2 (Bardolph, Lord). A character in Shak-
speie's "Henry TV.," part H.
Bardonnechia (bar-don-nek'ke-a), F. Bardon-
n^Che (biir-don-nash'). A i>lace in the prov-
ince of Turin. Italy, situated at the Italian en-
trance to the Mont Cenis tunnel.
Bardoux (bar-do' ). Ag6nor. Bom at Bourges,
Jan. 15, 1829. A French politician and writer.
He was minister of ijublic instruction, ecclesiastical
affairs, and tine arts from Dec. 14, 1877, till the resignation
of I*resident MacMahon, and in IS«2 w;ifi appointed sena-
torfor life. He is the author of "Les legistes et leur in-
fluence sur la soci6te fran<,-aise " (ls7sX etc.
Bardowlek (bar'ilo-vek). A small town in
the province of Hanover, Prussia, situated on
the Ilmenau 24 miles southeast of Hamburg.
It has a ruined cathedral. It was iniportaiit in the cany
middle ages, was destroyed by Henry the Lion in 1189, and
became later the chief trading town iu northern Germany.
120
Bardsey (bard'zi). A small island of Wales,
off the southwestern point of Carnarvonshire.
Bardwan. See liurdwan.
Barea (bii're-a). A heathen tribe, pressed in
between Egypt and Abyssinia, and between the
Kunama and Bishari tribes. It has occupied its pres-
ent h:it)itation from the earliest period. The language is
genenilly held to be Hamitic, but mixed.
Barebones, Praisegod. Sec lUubim, Pmifigod.
Bardges (biir-azh'), orBar6ges-les-Bains(bar-
azh'la-baii'). A watering-place in the depart-
ment of Hautes-Pyr^uees, France, 23 miles
south of Tarbes. It is a summer resort noted
for its mineral (sulphate of soda) baths.
Bareilly (bar-a'le), or BareU. A district in
the Kohilkhand division. Northwest Provinces,
British India, about lat. 28° 30' N^ long. 79°
30' E. Area, 1,593 square miles. Population
(1891). 1.040,691.
Bareilly. The capital of the Bareilly district,
near the Ramganga, 135 miles east of Delhi.
It was held by the mutineers 1857-58. Popu-
lation (1891), including cantonment. 121,039.
Barentin (ba-rou-tah'). A town in the depart-
ment of Seine-Inferieure. France, 11 miles
northwest of Rouen. Population (1891), com-
mune, 4.418.
Barentz (bii'rents). Willem. Died in the Are-
tic regions, June 20, 1597. A Dutch Arctic
navigator, commander of several exploring ex-
peditions to Nova Zembla and Spitzbergen,
159-4— 97. In his first voyage, which was an attempt to
discover a passage to China through the Ai'ctic Ocean, he
reached lat. 77" or 78°; on his last (lo9t>-97), in which
Spitzbergen was discovered, he reached lat 80° 11'.
Barentz Sea. [From Willem Barentz.] That
part of the Arctic Ocean which lies between
Nova Zembla. Spitzbergen. aud the mainland.
Barfere de Vieuzac (bii-rSr' de ve-e-ziik'), Ber-
trand. Born at Tarbes, France, Sept. 10,
1755: died Jan. 13, 1841. A French lawyer,
politician, and agitator. He was deputy to the Con-
stitutional Assembly in 1789, and to the Convention in
1792 ; president of the Convention during the trial of
Louis \W. : member of the Committee of Public Safety ;
and deputy in the Hundred Days of 1815.
Bar6s, or Barr6s (ba-ras'). A tribe of Indians
now located in northern Brazil and Venezuela,
on the upper Rio Negro and Cassiquiare. It
appears that they formerly occupied much of the region
bordering the Negro, and that they were very numerous.
They are an agricultural and unwarlike people, living in
fixed villages. By their language they are related to the
Arawak stock. The remnants are imperfectly civilized
and some of them are nominally Catholics.
Baretti (ba-ret'te). Giuseppe Marc' Antonio.
Born at Turin, April 2."), 1719: died at London,
May 6, 1789. An Italian writer and lexicog-
rapher. He wrote " Lettere famigliari ' (1762), and com-
piled an English-Italian and Italian-English dictionary
(1760), a Spanish-English dictionary (1778), etc.
Barfieur (biir-fler'). A small seaport in the de-
partment of Manche, France, 15 miles east of
Cherbourg. It was an important port in the
midiUe ages.
Barfrush, or Barfurush. See Balfnish.
Barfod (bar' tot). Paul Frederik. Bom at
LjTigby. iu Jutland, April 7. 1811. A Danish
historian. He was a member of the Rigsdag 1849-69,
and was afterw.ard appointed assistant in the Royal Li-
brary at Copenhagen. Authorof " Fort<ellitiger af f tedre-
landets Historic " (4th ed. 1874), etc.
Barfuss (bar'fos).Hans Albrecht, Count von.
Born 1635: died near Beeskow, Prussia, Dec.
27, 1704. A p^-ussian field-marshal. He fought
with distinction in the imperial army against the Turks
at Salankamen, .\ng,, 1691.
Barga (biir'ga). A town in the province of
Lucca, Italv, 26 mUes north of Pisa. Popula-
tion. about"3,000.
Bargiel (biir'gel), Woldemar. Bora at Ber-
lin. Oct. 3. 1828. A (ierman composer. He was
appointed professor at the Conservatory of Cologne in
1859, kapellmeister and director of the School of Music
at Rotterdam in 1865, and teacher at the Royal High School
of Music in Berlin in 1874.
Bargrave (biir'grav), Mrs. The woman to
whom the ghost (Mrs. Veal) appears in Defoe's
narrative of •■ Jlrs. Veal's Ghost."
Bargylus. See Casiits.
Bargylus is a mouutain tract of no very great elevation,
intervening between the Orontes valley to the east and
the low plain of Northern Phojnicia to the west. It is
mainly of chalk fonnation, but contains some trap and
serpentine in places. Its general outline is tame and com-
monplace, but it encloses many beautiful valleys and ra-
vines, gradually worn in its side by the numerous streams
which flow eastwai-d and westward, to the Orontes or to
the Mediterranean. Jiatdiii^oti, Phoenicia, p. 16.
Barham (bar'am), Richard Harris. Born at
Canterbury, England, Dec. 6, 1788: died at
London, June 17. 1845. An English clergy-
man and poet. He wrote the •■ Ingoldsby Legends "
Barker, George Frederic
(1840), a collection of burlesque poems, "a cross be
tween Hood's whimsicality and that of Peter Pindar"
[Stedinan). A second series was published in 1S47, and a
third, edited by his son, in the same year.
Bar Harbor (bar har'bor). A noted summer-
resort in the island of "Mount Desert, Maine.
Population (1890), 1,355.
Bar-Hebrseus. See Abulfaraj.
Bari (ba'ri). A Nigritic tribe of the eastern
Sudan, near Lado and Gondokoro on the White
Nile. They are agricultural and pastciral, living in
round gi-ass huts. The men go naked. The language
seems to be related to Dinka. and has a gi-ammatic gen-
der. The Nyangbara Is said to be a dialectal variation of
Bari, with Madi admixtures.
Bari (bii're), formerly Terra di Bari (ter'rii
de bii're). A province in Apulia, Italy, on
the Adriatic, noted for its fertilitv. Area,
2.300 square miles. Population (1891), 764,573.
Bari. A seaport, the capital of the pro\ince
of Bari, situated on the Adi-iatic in lat. 41° 8'
N., long. 16° 51' E. : the ancient Barium, it has a
good hai'bor aud important trade. It was held iu the 9th
century by the Saracens ; was taken from the Greeks
by the Normans under Robert Guiscard iu 1071 ; aud Wiis
destroyed in the 12th century. Later a duchy, and an-
nexed to the kingdom of Naples in 15;iS. The cathedral of
Bari was founded 1034, and h;is heeu remodeled. It is three-
aisled, with a handsome dome at the crossing and a loltv
Norman campanile. The facade has .ircades and rich bands
of sculpture. Tliere is an early aud lofty circular baptis-
tery. The Church of San Nic dii, f. .unded iu 1IJ87, is a most
interestini; pilgrimage church, thiee-aisled, with round
arcades springing from cylindrical shafts, aud very rich in
sculptured toml« and other works of art. The remarkable
crypt, with several ranges of round arches supported on
columns of varied style, resembles a section of the mosque
of Cordova. Population (1891), commune. 72,000.
Bariatinski (bar-ya-ten'ske). or Barjatinskij,
Prince Alexander. Born 1815: died at Ge-
neva, March 9. 1879. A Russian field-marshal.
He served in the Caucasus and the Crimean war, distin-
guishing himself as commander in the Caucasus by the
final defeat of Shamyl in 1859. Also Barintiitifki.
Baring (ba'ring or bar'ing), Alexander, first
Baron Ashburton. Born at London, Oct. 27,
1774: died at Longleat, Wilts, England, May 13,
1848. An English merchant and statesman, sec-
ond son of Sir Francis Baring. He was president of
the Board of Trade 1834-3.% antl as special commissioner to
the United States negotiated the Ashburton treaty in 1S42.
Baring, Sir Evelyn. Bom Feb. 26, 1841. An
English financier and diplomatist. He was ap-
pointed one of the comptrollers-general representing
England and France in Egypt in 1879. and bec;uue finance
minister of India in IS-^O, and minister at Cairo in 1883.
He was created Baron Cromer in 1892.
Baring, Sir Francis. Born at Larkbear, near
E.xeter, England, April 18, 1740: died at Lee,
in Kent, Sept. 11, 1810. An English financier,
founder of the house of Baring Brothers and Co.
He wTote "Observations on the Establishment of the
Bank of Enghmd ' (1797X etc.
Baring, Sir Francis Thomhill. Bom at Cal-
cutta. April 20. 1796: died at Stratton Park.
Sept. 6. 1866. An English statesman, eldest
son of Sir Thomas Baring, created Baron
Northbrook Jan. 4, 1866. He was a lord of the
treasury Nov., 1830,-June, 1834 ; chancellor of the ex-
chequer Aug., 1839,-Sept., 1841; aud fli-st lord of the ad-
mii-alty 1849-62.
Baring-Gould (bar'ing-gold'), Sabine, Bom
at Exeter. England, 1834. An English clergy-
man and wiiter. His works include "Iceland, etc"
(1861). " The Book of Werewolves " (1865X "Pi'st-SIedieval
Preachere " (1805), "Curious Myths of the Middle Ages"
(1866-07X "The Oiigui and Development of Religious
Belief" (1869-70). "Lives of the Saints " (1872-77), "Some
Modern Difficulties, etc." (1874), "Mehalah, "John
Herring," and other novels, etc.
BaringO (ba-riug'go). Lake. A small lake in
central Africa, northeast of Lake Victoria
Nyanza, discovered by J. Thomson in 1883. It
has no outlet.
Barisal (ba-re-sal'). The capital of the dis-
trict of Backergunge, British India, situated
125 miles east of Calcutta.
Bar-Jesus, See Elymas.
Baijols (bar-zhol'). A town in the department,
of Var, France, 30 miles north of Toulon, called
the "Tivoli of Provence" on account of its pic-
turesque suiToundings. Poi)ulation(1891 ), 2,378.
Barka. See Barca (river and district).
Barkal (bar'kiil). A hill with noted inscrip-
tions, situated on the Nile, below the fourth
cataract, near the ancient Meroe or Napata.
Barker (bar'ker), Fordyce. Born at Wilton,
Franklin County. Maine, May 2, 1818 : died in
New York city. May 29, l.'<91. An American
physician and medical wiiter. He became pro-
fessor of midwifei-y in the New York Medical College in
1850. anil pn'fess«>r of clinical midwifery in the Bellevue
Hospital Medical College in 1860.
Barker, George Frederic. Born at Charles-
town, Mass.. July 14, 1835. An American phy-
sician and chemist. He became professor of natural
sciences in the Western University of Pennsylvania in
Barker, George Frederic
18<M, prutL-ssur of physiciloffical chiiiiistry anJ toxicology
In the Yale Medicul Schoul in 18«7, and professor of cbeui-
iBtry and physics in the Luiversity of Pennsylvania in
Barker, Jacob. Born on Swan Isluml, Maine,
UiH-. 7, 17TU: ilied at Philaiielpliia, Dec. 26,
1H71. Au Amerieau financier and politician
121
Boccaccio's "Decameron," the "Golden Legend," and the
" Gesta Kunianurum." An Knplish translation of this was
printed by Wynkyn de Worde about 1510-1.'), which con-
tained tile "Story of the Three Caskets." It is considered
probable that Shakspere read one of Richard Robinson's
reissues (there were six between lii?? and ItkH). Rudolf
von F.ms wrcite a poem of the same name and subject in
the 13tb century, probably based on Uaniiisct-nus,
Barnard, Edward Emerson
(1597Xa work on niivination IrcatinK larKcly of compasses,
''.'science is indebted to Barlow for some marked im-
provements in tile hanging of compasses at sea, for the
discovery of the ditterence between iron and steel for
magnetic purposes, and for the proper way of touching
magnetic needles, and of cementing loadstones." Did. y
yat. liio'j.
Barmbeck (liiirm'bek). A suburb of Hamburg.
Ue was employed by the government, on the outbreak of Barlseus (biir-le'us) (Gaspard van Baerle I. Barmecides (biir'me-sidz). A Persian family
the»;u-of isii ioruisealoanof«5,ooo,ooo jj„,.„ ^^^ Antwerp, Feb. 12, 1584: died at Am- so named from its founder, Barmak or Barniek,
Jarker, James Nelson Born at 1 hiladeli>liia, gt,,,.ja,u, Ja„. 14, 1648. A Dutch historian, probably a native of Khorasan, who acquired
Barker, « ,
Pii., .June 17, 17S4: died at Washington, D. C.
March U, 18.^8. An American politician, poet,
and playwright. He was comptroller of the
I'liitiMl States treasury 1838-58.
Barker, John. Bom at .SmjTua, March 9, 1771 :
died I )ct. 5, 1849. A British consul in Syria,
and consul-general in Egypt. He is best known, Barlavmont (biir-
aside from his political services, from his attempts, as a Charles, Count of.
ht.Kiculu.i.t.topro.uot.thecuUivatio^ man ill tiie service of Philip iiui tue ..eLuer- heuce, any tuutalizin^ illusion : in allusion to the
'^"' ^"*'*^- - - - • lauds. He was a member of the conmlta ol story of "The B:u-l>ur'9 Sixth Hrother"in "The Arabian
Ue was :i professor of logic at the Univei-sity of Leyileii
(1617), ami of jjhilosophy and rhetoric at the Atheneeum
in Amsterdam (1031). Mis "Kerum per octeunium in
Biiisilia et alibi nuper jrestarum - (Amsterdam, 1047; 2d
ed., with additions by Piso, fleves, 1660) is one of the stan-
dard authorities uu the wars between the Dutch and Por-
tuguese in Unizil.
probably a uative ot JiJiorasan, wuo ae(iii
power under the ealif Abd-ul-Malik, Uis grand-
son, Yaliya, became vizir to the calif El-Mahdy, and
tutor of Harun-al-Kashid. Yahya's son Jalfar was vizir
to Ilarun, and by his eminent senices cuntriluitud to
the glory of his masters reign, but fell under di.'^pleiisure,
and was put to death 802, together with nearly all of the
Barmecide family.
1- ^ - • '\ „ T>«-.i„;-„„— 4. Harnieciue lunniy.
'tv ?V^^o \ Barlaimont, Barmecide's Feast. A feast where the dishes
■ ^I'l'l^v ij'^ l\ '^'t!""' were empty and everything was imaginary;
3 ot Philip II. in the Nether- ,,„„„„ „„\.;..„t„i;,;„„ i-ii„.,i„„ . !„.„,..,„„ ,„ ,i,„
, member of the
-et of Parma,
r-ngiana, -uay ii, loou; uieu ai, ^Jma^a, iivu., _ i--rj„„ (Iviv-le-diik' ) or Bar-
.Se,„. 1.. 187'5. An Anglo-American preacher ^^^^^^^^ The'ea;\t.a o'
'^L}:il!^^<^::^::i.^.::^\X^^^X --* of ^I^u^^ France si^ated
Barker, Joseph. Born at Bramley, near Leeds,
England, May 11, 1806: died at Omaha, Neb.,
and estiiblished a sect known as '* Barkerites." Later he
tdonted deistical opinions, but Anally returned to the or-
thodox point of view. In 1S47 he visited America, on his
return supported the Chartist agitiition, was arrested at
Manchester (1848), and at the same time was elected t»i
Parliament. In 1S.M he emigrated to the I'nited States,
where he identilled himself with the Abolition movement
He was a lecturer and a voluminous writer.
Barker, Matthew Henry. Born at Deptford,
;eut Margaret of Parma.
or Bar-sur-Ornain
the depart-
on the Or-
nain iu lat. 48° 46' N., long. 5° 10' E. It has
manufactures of cotton, etc. It is the birthplace of thi
great Duke of (iuise and of Oudinot '
commune, IS, "til.
Barletta (biir-let'tii), Gabriello. Liyed in the
second half of the 15th century. A Dominican
monk of Naples, noted as a preacher. He preached
in the manner of Abraham a Sancta Claia, endeavoring to
coiTect by ridicule which degenerated into vulgarity.
England, 1790: died June 29, 1846. Au English Barletta. A seaport in the proNlnce of Bari,
journalist and noyelist, best known from his sea Italy, :!5 miles northwest of Bari : the ancient
tales. He wrote "Laud and Sea Tales" (1836), "Top- Bariloli, and the Barolum of the middle ages.
sail-sheet Blocks " (1838), " Life of Nelson " (183B), " The - - ' ^. ■ • '
Victory, or the Wardnxmi Mess " (1S44), etc.
Barker, Thomas. Born near Foutypool, in
Monniouthshii-e, 1769: died at Hath, England,
Dee. 11, 1847. An English painterof landscapes
aoil liistorical subjects. Uis son, Thomas Jones
Barker (1815-82), was also a noted painter. His best-
known picture is "The Woodman."
Barking (t>ar'kiug). [ME. Berkyug, AS. Bcor-
Nights," iu which a rich BiUinecide gives a dinner of
this description to Shucabac, a starving wretch, and
obliges him to pretend that he eats what is not before him.
When it comes to pretending to drink wine, Shacabac
feigns drunkenness iiiid knocks the Barmecide down, and
the latter, with a pleasiiifr sense of humor, not only for-
gives him but heaps benetits ui>on him.
Population (1891), Barmen (bilr'meu). A city in the Rhine Prov-
ince, Prussia, situated on the Wiipper 24 miles
northeast of Cologne. It is divided into Ober-Mit-
tel and Unter-Bamien. It is an important manufactur-
ing center, and is closely connected with Elberfeld. See
Elber/eld. Population (ISM), commune, I1«,U4.
Barmouth (bar'muth). A watering-place in
Merionethshire, Wales, situated at the mouth
of the Maw 31 miles southeast of Carnarvon.
Population (1891), 2,045.
It has a cathedral and castle. It was besiege<i Barmstedt (barm'stet). A small town in the
by the French iu 1503. Population, about province of Sehleswig-Holstein, Prussia, sit-
32.000. uated on the Kriiekau 21 miles northwest of
Barley (bar'li), Clara. In Dickens's novel Hambiu'g.
"Great E.\pectatious," a pretty gii'l who mar- Barn (barn). A town in Moravia, 16 miles
ries Herbert Pocket. north-northeast of Olmiitz. Population (1890);
Barley, Old Bill. A drunken and gouty old 3,585.
„ „, man, the father of Clara Barley.
ctuijux, orig. a tribe name, 'descendants of Barleycorn (Iiar'li-korn), John or Sir John.
Beorc.'] A town in the county of Essex, Eng- The personification of malt liquor, as being
land, situated on the Roding 7 miles east of made from barley. There is a ballad iu which
London. It was celebrated in the midiUe ages for its he ajipears as a person.
abbey for Benedictine nuns, founded about (170. Popula- BarlO'W (bar'16), or Barlowe, Arthur. Born
_tion_(i89l), 14,301. __ Tn Dj^kens's " David about 1550: died about 1620. Au English navi-
gator.
Barkis (bar'kis), Mr. m incKenss ••x.ay.u ^^ ^ ij j conducted^^ Raleigh's
Copperheld," a bashful carrier who marnes =^ losing expedition to America in 1584,
l:^'^':i^i^^::Z::^'^^^^TX^'''"^^ Ba^ow. Francis Channing. Born at 1
Barksdale (barks 'da 1), 'William. Born in Ruth-
erford County, Tenn., Aug. 21, 1821: died at
Gettysburg, Pa., July 2, 1803. An American
politii'iull. Ue was Democratic member of Congress
from Mis.'.issippi 18.'i.!-<il ; joined the Confederate army at
the iiulbnak of the Civil War ; and rose to the rank of
brigailier-geuci~al. Ue fell while leading an assault of hi;
Barlow, Francis Channing. Born at Brook-
lyn, N. Y., Oct. 19, 1834: died Jan. 11, 1896.
An American lawyer and soldier. He joined the
Federal volunteer sei'v'ice at the outbreak of the Civil War,
and became brigadiei-general in lSfi2 and major-general
in 18B5. He participated (as colonel) in the battles of Fair
Oaks and Antietam, and eoninianiled a division in the bat-
tles of the Wilderness and Spottsylvania Court House and
n the assault on the defenses of Petersburg,
brigade on the Federal |)osilion at the Peach Orchard in BarlO'W .loei Born at Reatliug, Conu., 1754:
the second day s tight at Oettysburg,
Barksteed i bUrk'sted). or Barksted (biirk'-
slcd I. 'William. Flom-ished alioiit 1611. An
Eltglisli actor and poet. Uis name appears instead
of Marston'son "The Insatiate Countess' in some copies.
and for this reason, and on account of "lliren" (which
■eeX he is noticed.
We know little of Barksteed, but it is probable that he
to to be identitled with the William Barksted, or Backsted,
died near Cracow, Poland, Dee. 24, 1812. An
American poet and politician, one of the "'Hart-
ford Wits." He resided abroad, chiefly in J'rance. 1788-
180.'), where he identitled himself with the Gnondist party ;
was consul to Algiers 1795-97; and was United .States
minister to France 1811-12. Author of "The Vision of
Columbus" (1787: enlarged as "The Columbiiid," 1807),
'• Hasty Pudding," and " Advice to the Privileged Orders "
„ „ _ _ (Part I, 1791, Part II, 179.0).
ho was .me of Prince Henry's players in' August l«li BarloW, Henry Clark. Bom at Newiugtou
(Colliers "Memoirs of Edward Alleyn. " p. 89), and be- Butts Surrey, Jlav 12, 1806: died at Salzliurg.
longed to the company of the l-rince Palatine's players in A„uti.iii N,,v 8 1876 An EuL'lish nhvsiciaii
March 1U15-1« (ibl.l., p. 126). Ue is the author of two Austua, lNo\. o, J»(u. i\n r.uf,uMi pu.vsRi.ui
poems, which display some graceful fancy (though the and scholar, noted as a student ot Daute. Ue
subject of tlle lll-st is ill-chosenX— "Myrrha the .Mother wrote "Critical, liistorical, and Philosophical Contribu-
of Adonis," 1607, and "Uiren and the Fair Greek, " 1811. tions to the study of the ' Uivina Commedia'" ^1804), etc.
Bullcii. Barlow, Peter. B(U'u at Norwich, England
Barlaam (biir'lii-iim), Bernard. Died about
134S. .\ ('alabriau monk, of (ireek descent, a
scholar of high i'e|)Ute in his liay, noted for the
part he took in various theological disputes,
especially for his attack u|ion the Hesychasts
of Mount Athos. In 1339 he was sent by the emperor
Amlronicus 111. on a mission to the Pope in connection
with the deaireil reunion of the Latin and Greek churches.
He became associat^-'d with Petrarch and other scholars,
and was instrumental in the restoration of Greek learning
in Ihi- West.
Barlaam, Saint. An Eremite of Sinai, coun-
selor of .Josajihat, in the romance "Barlaam
and .Iipsajihat."
Barlaam and Josaphat. A romance, written
probably by St. Johu of Damascus (Damasce-
uus), a Syrian monk, iu the 8th century, trans-
lated ii'to Latin before the 13th century. It
recounts the adventures of Barlaam, a monk of the wilder-
ness of Sinai, in attempting (successfully) toconvert Josa-
phat (or .loasa])h),the son of a king of India, to Christianity
anil asceticism. The incidents of the story were prob-
ably U'lken from an Indian source. 'I'liat part <if the pb)l
of Shakspere's " Mcrrhant of Venice" which relatesto the
choosing i,f the casket came originally from this romance,
thnaigh the "Speculum Uistorinle" of Vincent of Beauvals
(about 1280), the ' ' Cento Novelle Antiche," slxty-tlftb tale.
Barnabas (bar'na-bas). Saint. [Aram., 'son
of prophecy.'] The'sui'name of the Cyprian
Levite Joses, or Joseph, au apostle of the
Christian church. He was one of the first to sell his
land for the benefit of the common fund : introduced Paul
after the latter's conversion ; taught, with Paul, at An-
tioch ; undertook, with him, a missionary journey to (^'y-
prus and various cities in .\sia Minor; was sent, with
him, to Jerus.Tlem by the church at Autioch to consult
the apostles and elders on the question of circumcision ;
and, when about to undertake a second missionary jour-
ney with Paul, separated from liiui, ti«ing to a dirtcrence
arising out of Bainabas's deteriniuution ti' take his sister's
son, Mark, with him. He was, according to the legend,
martyred at Cyprus, Bl A, D. His day is celebrated by the
Greek, Roman, and Anglican churches on the 11th of
June, and bis symbol is a rake, as his day comes in the
time of tile liaj'liarvest. It was formerly a great feast
among the Knglisb people.
Barnabas, The Epistle of. An anonymous
epistle, containing no mention of the readers
for whom it was intended, datiugfrom an early
period of the church, it was intended for persons
iu danger of Judaizing, and enipliasizes the separaliiui of
(^hristiaiiitv from ,liidaisni. Its aiillmrship was ascrilied
to P.ariiaba's (the apostle) in tlie early ehuieh ; but some
modern i lilies assign it to a post-apostolic writer, perhaps
a converted Jew of Alexandria.
Barnaby (bilr'na-bi). [Formerly Baniabic,
Haniabcr, from F'.' Banuihi'; fromLL. Bdniiibd.s,
etc.] A form of Baniiilnis.
Barnaby Budge (bar'uii-bi ruj). A novel by
Charles Dickens which came out in parts, and
was published in book form iu 1841. It is based
on. the Gordon riots. Barnaby, a half-witted fellow, tlie
friend of Grip the raven, becomes igiiorantly involved in
, „ the riot, and is condemned to death but pardoned,
Oct., 1776: died March 1. 1862. An English Barnacle (biir'na-kl). Lord Decimus Tite. A
mathematician, ojiticiau, and physicist. He ,„„up,,usaiid wiii'dv peei'.willi n liii;li jiosition iu
Si^^'^lSlir^'tS^w'Jh^lKane^l^'^ri^hSid;;' the (■'ircun.locution Office, in Charles Dickens's
calDiclionary "(1814),"NcwMalbei,i:ili.ari'aliles"(lsl4), " Elttle Dorrit.' Clarence, an empty-lieadeil, and ler-
" An F.ssay on the Strength of Tiinlier and other .Mate- dinaml, a w.ll-dressed and agreeable young man, his sons,
rials" (1817), "Essay on Magnetic Attractions" (1820), are also eiii]iloyed in the office. . oi i
etc. He was the inventor of the lens which bears his BamadinC (biir'lia-din). A character in Shak-
name. , - ^, ,,..,. , ,, t> . siiere's "Measure for Measure": a prisoner,
Barlow, Samuel Latham Mitchell. Born at g^^]^^„^ ^iid savage, careless of past, present,
(.iruiivillc', llaiupdeii County, .Mass., June 5, ^^,j,j f„t„re.
1826: died at tileu Cove, Long Island, N. Y., Barnard (biir'iiiird), Ladv Anne. Born Dee.
July 10, 18,S9. An American lawyer. He col- ^ i7,-,(). ,ij,,,i jfj^y (3_ jKi"). A Scottish poet,
lected an iinportant library.of AmV!'i'=''''V*-'''.'^'' ".^f.'V''' daughter of the ftarl of Balcarres. She pub-
- ■ - •• (177-2),
atauclionin 1890. and edited, with Henry liarrisso, "Notes
on Coluinliiis," IStMJ (privately printed).
Barlow, William. Died 1.568. An English
ProtcstunI prelate and controversialist, bishop
successively of St. A.sajih, St. David's. Bath
and Wells, and Chichester. He was at one time a
violent opponent of Cardinal Wolsey. and also attacked
the < hnrili in a scries of pamphlets which he afterward
repn.liiilid.
Barlow, William. Born at St. David's, Wales:
died 16'25. Au Eugli.Hli ecclesiastic, archdeacon
of Salisbury, son of William Barlow, bishop
of St. David's. Uo wrote " The Navigators' Supply "
lislied the Imlind "Auld Robin Gray'
and a sei|iirl to it.
Barnard, Daniel Dewey. Born in Berkshire
Couiily, .Mass,, .Inly 16, 1797: died at Albany,
N. Y., April 24, 1801. An American politician
and dijiloimitist. He was member of Congress from
New Vork 1827 29 and 18,'ai 4,'., and rnltcd Stjites minister
lo I'lussia lS,'.o ,'■:!.
Barnard, Edward Emerson. Born at Nash-
ville, Tenn., Dec 16. 1857. .\ii.\merican astron-
omer. Ue was graduateil from Vanderbilt t'niverslty in
188(1, and has made a number of astronomical discoveries
Barnard, Edward Emerson
122
iithenophe.' . t,. ■, ,„i„i,:„ T„i„ Bamstaplc (bSrn'sta-Til). A seaport in Devon-
5S, Joseph K. Born at Philade ph;a July ^t^lTo gEgland, situatid on the Taw 3S miles
1, : died at^\ ashinfrton, D. C, April .>, 1883 ^^^^^^^^^f „f 5;^^^^^. It lias some trade, and
Popula-
Bom
Barr
u- , u , -t^^ i„ .h» ■• sM^rpni Mfi«eneer •• known byhiB '■Notes"on the NewTestanient, Job, Psalms, Dearne 13 miles north of Sheffield. Ithasvaried
^l;;tr'X,,'''"S°.?e'oWrv^^^^ 1 """ '<- He >vas tried for heresy and acquitted manufactures. Population (1891), 35 427.
Nachrichten; His most notable discoverj- is that of the Bames, Bamabe. Born in \ orkshire, l.ibt) ( . ) : Bamstablc. A seaport in eastern Massaehu-
flfth satellite of Jupiter, made at the Lick Observatory ,]ip,j 1009 Xn English poet, son of tlie Bishop getts, situated on Cape Cod Bay 69 miles south-
sept. 9, 1892. , . . , . T> 4. R«,.n of Durham. In 1,^93 he published a collection of love- past of Boston. It has tisherios and coasting-
Barnard, Frederick AugUStUS forter. ^orn ..oenis, sonnets, and madrigals, entitled '■ I'aithenophil j j Population (1890), 4,023.
at ShetHeld, Mass., May 0. 1809: died at New and I'arthenophe." - -' •
York, April 27, 1889. An American educator. Barnes, "
scientist, and author. He was professor in the Uni- Jl,181
versity of Alabama 1837-M ; president of the I'niyersity ^„ American surgeon. He became surgeon-general „„„ ,!..^„-,^ .<! o_p„tPv inmortance
of Mississippi 1866-61 ; and president of ('ohunbia . ollege ,, ^ .^^^^ ;„ ,5^3 . received the brevet rank of brigadier- was formerly ot greater important e
18tH-89. He was United .States commissioner at the Fans „j,„^,.,, j,; ;.,b5. a,,,) „as ,,iaced on the retired list in 1882. tion (1891), 13,0.58.
Exposition of 1867, and assistant commissioner-general £g_j.^gg Joshua Bom at London, Jan. 10, Bamum (bar'num). PhineaS Taylor,
atthatofi87s T, ,„, „, r,„,t„„ Mass Nov 6 16.-.4: died Aug.'3, 1712. An English classical at Bethel, Conn., July .'i. ISIO; died at Bridge-
^]^8?fdied Jan.lZT70. in Ame^^ scholar and antiquarian, appointed professor port. Conn., April 7, 1891. A famous American
gregat
171(1-"
of th,
Barnard
May
eraC brother"o"f Frederick Augustus Porter London " Times" 1817-41.
Barnard. He served in the Mexican war (brevetted BameS, William. Bo™ '
major May. 1848) ; surveyed the isthmus of Tehuantepec 22, 1800 : died at Winterbourne Came, Uct.
in 18.111, ami the mouths of the Mississippi in 1852 ; was jg.sg, ^q English poet, philologist, and elergy-
superintende.it of the United States Military Aeademy ^ ^i^ ^^^^^ 3^^j^g „, .. j,^^^ „,
18r,6-S6; was chief engmeer of the Army of the Potomac ^| >^ Porsetshire Dialect" (1&14, 1847, and
1862 and 1864 ; and was brevetted major-general atjhe J"^™ He Z>, "also various philological works,
close of the w;ir. He wrote numerous scientific and mill- '°"-'- "c »iu,c a.<.u j-
tary papers.
Barnard Castle. A town in tlie county of
Uurham. England, situated on the Tees 21 miles
southwest of Durhaiu. It is named from its castle,
which was built in the 12th century, and is the chief scene
of Scott's poem "Rokeby."
Barnard College. A college for the higher
education of women, founded in
(1869), etc.
Born in Dorsetshire, Feb. Bamum.WiUiam H. Born at Boston Corners,
"■ ■ ' " ""'■ N. Y.. Sept. 17, 1818: died at Lime Rock, Conn.,
April 30, 1889. An American politician. He was
Democratic member of Congress from Connecticut 1^67-
1876; United States senator from Connecticut 1S76-79;
and chairman of the Democratic National Committee
1880 and 1884.
^t^^''l:Z^^:^^^:'i^^ B=;raeprge. see 6^^i^..e^
laud, 11 mi/es north of Lonclon, . A victo^ry was BarnweU ^ (barn wel), Robert Woodward.
A victory was
ffaineij here, April 14, 1471, by the Yorkists under Edward
IV. over the Lancastrians under Warwick. Warwick and
many Lancastrians were slain, and Edward IV. was re-
established on the throne. Population (1891), 5,410.
M.,„Vv^,"w.';tv Barnett (biir'net). John. Bom at Bedford,
. ,^,,„ , Nr^^"'''''*> England. July 1.5, 1802: died April 17, 1890. A
III 1889. Its ex.aminations and courses of study are con- I- .i;„o„tnr aiiio-inir master and comnoser
ducted by Columbia University. During 1896-97 it had music lUrector, singing-master, ana fomposer^
204 students.
Barnard's Inn.
Barnwell (barn'wel), Robert
Born at Beaufort, S. C. Aug. 10,
Columbia, S. C, Nov. 25, 1882. An American
politician. He was a member of Congress from .South
Carolina 1829-33 ; a United states senator 1860-61 ; a com-
missioner from South Carolina to confer with the Feileral
Government regarding the secession of the state, 1-stiO ; a
member of the Provisional Congress of the Confederate
States 1S61-62 ; and a senator from South Carolina in the
Confederate Congress 1862-<i6.
author of numerous songs and ojierettas, best
known from his operas "The Mountain Sylph" Baroacb. See Bnnirh.
(1834) and "Farinelli" (1838). In 1841 he retired BarocchiO, Giacomo. Hee ri(itiola.
to Cheltenham and devoted himself to vocal training. BarOCCi (bii-roch'e), or BarOCCio, FederigO.
His father was a Prussian who changed his name from ^^^.^ .^^ Urbino, Italy, 1528; died there, Sei.t.,
began to' be used as an inn of Chan- ^^ 'john VTands"' " B^rnTt 16, 1837. 1612. ^An Itali_an painter of the Roman school
: 1^54. In 1893 it was announced to XE.glYs&Jo^-?^^^^^^^^^ John Baniett. Barocbe, (ba-rpsh'). Pierre Jnles. Born at
Born in 1800 : died in 1856.
An English comedian and musical critic. He
One of the inns of Chancery
ill llulborn, London. The society is of very
great antiquity: the hall itself was certainlj'
in existence in 1451, and probably much earlier.
The house '
cerv about
Francis.
.^„ „„_ composer, nephew of John Bamett
be destroyed. Bamett Morris " — ;.. icon. .i:„.i ;„ ioi^r
Barnato (biir-nii'to), Bamett Isaacs. Bom j^ Eng'iish comi
in London July 5 (f). 1852: died June 14.1897. acquired'some reputation as a writer of plays, particularly a^ir'^VsTl^Ve'sident'of "tlie ('ouncil of State 1852
An English speculator and capitalist. He was "Tlie serious Family," which he adapted from " Le llari ijt,,;^ of justice and public worship 1863-69.
the soil of poor Jewish parents, and, according d la campagiie,
to report, supported himself as peddler, billiard- Bameveld (bar'ne-velt). A town in the prov-
marker. etc. In 1872 or 1873 he left London for South ince of Gelderland, Netheriands, 17 miles north-
Africa, where he maile a large fortune in the Kiinberley west of Arnhem. Population, 7,09().
diamond-mines and the g.dd-raiues around .loliannesbnrg. BameveldCinfiillJanvan Olden-BameVCld).
]S'^^'^::S:^'Zt!'^r^^:^i:r':i;":^^^ Bo™ at Amersfoort. Netheriands..l547 (1549f ):
the legislative assembly at the Cape as member for Kim-
berhy, and was reelected in 1894. In 1895 he returned
to London, and was the center of the speculation in South
African mining stocks knomi as the "Kafir Circus"; he
wa.s poimlarlv known as the "Kafir King." The failure
of the so-called "Barnato Banking Company" in October,
1895, subsequent losses, and great mental strain are sup-
posed to have affected liis reason. He committed suicide
by jumping into the sea from the steamship Scot near
Fiinchal.
A town in the
Paris, Nov. 18. 1802: died in Jersey, Oct. 29,
1870. A French advocate and statesman. He
was minister of the interior IS.iO : minister of foreign
miu-
justice i
Baroda (ba-rd'da). A district in Gujarat, Brit
ish India. Area, 1,910 sijuarc miles. Popula-
tion (1891), 817,023.
Baroda. A native state of India under Brit-
ish supervision, ruled by a Mahratta Gaikwar.
..o ,^,n ;v T^ * 1 Area, 8,226 square miles. Population (1891),
beheaded at The Hague, May 13. 1619. A Dutch 2,415,396.
statesm.iu. Hebecamegrandpensionary of Holland in Bornda The capital of the state of Baroda.
1.S86 ; negotiated the treaty with Spain in 1609 ; sided with -, . ;, the Viswamitri in lat 22° 16' N..
the Remonstrants, and was arrested by Maurice of Nassau situated near the \\^^f'f '""'.";• r^ \" V'
f„rtreas.miiiltil8,andcoiidemned. A tragedy was written long. 73° 14 L. It has consuleiatlle trade.
on this subject and acted in Aug., 1819, which was first Population (1891), including cantonment, 110,-
printcd from manuscript by BuUen and announced by him Ai,n
i a play of Chapman's, but afterward as by Fletcher and
Massinger.
^ , , , . , Barney (biir'ni), Joshua. Born at Baltimore,
Barnaul (bar noul). A town m the govern- Md., .luly 6, 1759: died at Pittsburg, Pa., Dec.
iiieiit of Tomsk, Siberia, situated on the Bar- ^ jgj^g ^n American naval officer in the
nuulka and Obi 240 miles southwest of Tomsk. KevolutionaryWar. He became a lieutenant in 1776;
It is the cliief mining center in western Siberia, captured, while in command of the Hyder All, the British
Piipuhition. 17,4.84. sloop of 'war Oeneral Monk, April 8, 17s2 ; was sent to
■R^irn-nrnl T.niiio A iisoiidouvm of Charles De France with despatches for FYankliu in 1782 ; was a cap- _
Barnavai, iioms. a psi uaon> m on-.naries ue ^^.^^ .^^ ^^^ j^.^^i;,!^ ^^^.^.^^ 1795-1800; commanded in Baron, The Old English
''>-''.^- , . i . T». X 1. Chesapeake Bay 1814, and was taken prisoner at Bladens- Huron. The
Barnave (bar-niiv ). AntOine Pierre J OSepn bmg in the same year.
Marie. Born at Grenoble, France, Oct. 22, ga,rney. In Charles Dickens's novel "Oliver
Ba-Bolong. See C'kuana.
Baron (bii-ion') (originally Bovron), Michel.
Born at Paris, Oct. 8, 1653: died at Paris, Dec.
3, 1729. A celebrated French actor, a leading
star of the French stage, which he abandoned
from 1691 to 1720. He wrote, it is said with the aid
of others, seven comedies, among them " LAudrienne "
and " L'Hoiume ii bonnes fortunes," his best.
See Old English
1761: guillotined at Paris, Nov. 29, 1793. A Twist," a villainous-looking Jew waiter, with
French revolutionist and orator. He was deputy a coM in his head, at the " Three Oipples."
to the Third Estate in 1789, and president of the National _„, J /i,K,™'fSl,l\ 'P,'/.1,oi-i1 Rnni nt
Assembly in 1790; conducted the king on his return from Bamfield (bam f eld), KlChard. JBo™ at
Varennes in 1791 ; and was aiTested for alleged treason in biirv, m Shropshire, 1:)(4: died lo.-/. All
1792. " " ■ — . - .
Barnay (bar'ni), Ludwig.
garv, Feb. 11, 1842. A Ge
Nor-
Enc
Baronius (ba-ro'ni-us). or Baronio (ba-ro'-
ue-6), Cesare. Born at Sora, Campania, Oct.
30, 1538: died June 30, 1607. A Roman Catho-
lic church historian. He became cardinal in 1596,
and was librarian of the Vatican. His chief work is his
".Annates ecclesiastici a Christo nato ad annum 1198 '
(1688-93).
Born at Pesth, Hun-
mors"(1598). In the last are tlie poems "If Music and
Sweet Poetry Agree " and " As it Fell Upon a Day," » hich
appeai-ed 111 "The Passionate Pilgrim," and were long
attributed to .Shakspere.
Barni (biir'ne), Jules Romain. Born at
Lille. June 1. 1818: died 1878. A French
appe:u"ed on the stage at Trautenau in 1800, and has since
played chielly in Herman cities. He visited the t'nited
States in 1882. His principal rOles are Essex, Egniont,
Tell, and Acosta.
Bamby (biirn'bi), Sir Joseph. Born Aug. 12,
1.S38 : died Jan. 28. 1896. An English organist,
composer, and conductor. He was made director of ■ ,'... •" 1 -i „i,:i«i,^,ii,^ i.„.i»r it« „r.>s;nf title
musical instruction at Eton College in 1875, and in 1886 was rcimblican politician and ^^^^te^ on phi osopliy. "''^^' ''^ '•^^^Xr '«a See Borrow
made conductor at the Royal Acilemy of Music. Among His chief works are a " Histoire des idees morales et poh- BarOSSa, > BarOSa. bee J^"^rOSa.
his w.,rks are son^-s, anthems, the oratorio "Rehekah,"etc^ ti,,ues en France an XVIII^ sii;cle " (1866), and transla- Barotse (ba-rot'se). A kingdom of the upper
Bamegat Bay (biir'ne-gat ba). Abaveastof tions from Kant, Zambesi. South Africa, in lat. 15° S., long. 23 Ji.
New .Jersey, communicating with the Atlantic Barnim (biir'nem). The ancient name of a g^^^gzi (bii-rot'se), Giacomo. See Vignola.
Ocean by Barnegat Inlet. Length, about 25 region in the Mittelmark of Brandenburg, Barquisimeto (biir-ka-sc'ma-to). A city m
miles. iiortli and northeast of Berlin. Venezuela, 155 miles west of Caracas. It was
Bamegat Inlet (biir'ne-gat iu'let). A strait Barnivelt (bilr'ui-velt), Esdras, Apothecary, destroyed by an earthquake in 1812. Popula-
coiiuecting Barnegat Bay vnth the Atlantic. Under tliis pseudon.\Tn a key to the " Kape of ^Jq,, (iggi), oggig (^.jth the district).
Barnes (bamz). Albert. Born at Rome. N. Y., the Lock" was published shortly after the poem ^^^ (^,51^) jj^s. (Amelia Edith Huddleston).
Dec. 1, 1798 : died at Philadelphia. Dec 24, 1870. itself. It was attributed to Pope, and also to B^rn at Ulverston, Lancashire, Engh.iid, March
An American Presbyterian cleigvman and bib- Arbuthnot. Cuxhing. 29,1831. An Anglo-American novelist, .she is
Ileal commentator, pastor of the First Presbvte- Bamsley (Imrnz'li). A town in the West Rid- the author of " Romance and Reality," " Bow of Orange
rian Church in Philadelphia (1830-67). He is'best ing of Yorkshire, England, situated on the Ribbon,"
1265. Its chief incidents were the victory of Montfort
at Lewes in 1264 and the capture of the king, and the de-
feat and death nf Montfort at Evesham in 1265,
Barons' Wars, The. A po.m liy Dra.non. it
was first published in 1.^96 under the title of ■' Mortimeri-
ados." and republished with many alterations in 160S
' Friend Olivia " (1889), etc
Barr
Barr. A town iu Lower Alsace, Alsace-Lor-
raiue, situated 18 miles soutliwest of Strasburg,
Hi the foot of the Vosges. It has considerablo
iiianufacturea. Population (1890), commune,
-),(;78.
BaiTa(bar'a). Au island of the Outer Hebrides,
Irivi-iiiess-sliiro, Scotland, in lat. r>7° N. The
inliiibltanls are cliiefly Gaelic Iloman Cathulics. Length,
s iiiileB. Width, .') miles. I'lipulatioii, about 1,800.
Barra (biii'rii). A small eastern suburb of
Napli-s.
Barra, or Barr. A petty kingdom of West
.Xfrica, near the luouth of the (lambia. The
ruling raee is llaudingo: tiie cliief town, Bar-
riiidiiif,'. Population, about 200,000.
Barrackpur (bar-ak-piir'). A town and mili-
tary station in Bengal. British India, situated
on the Hooghly Ifi miles north of Calcutta.
Population, about 21,000.
Barradas (bar-rJi'diis). Isidro. Born in the
Canary Islands about 177.t: died at New Or-
leans about 1S41. A Spanisli general. In 1824
he conmiandeil the land forces assembled at Havana with
the object of reconcinorinc Mexico. In .Inly, 18-29, the
Beet under Laborde landed Barradas and S.oixi men on
the coast of Tanipico. They were attacked liy Santa
Anna, anti after several engagements were forced to capit-
ulate, Sept. 11, 1829.
Barrafranca (biir-rii-friin'kii). A small town
in the province of Caltanissotta, Sicily, Italy,
47 miles west of Catania.
Barragan (Imr-rii-giin'), Miguel. Born in
Valle del Mais. San Luis Potosi, 1789: died at
Mexico, March 1, l.H3f>. A Mexican general. In
1821 he was one of the ofhcers who supported the defec-
tion of Iturbide. As commandant of Vera Cruz he forced
the capitulatit>n of .San .luan de I'lini, the last Spanish
fort in Mexico (Nov. 18, 1825). He was vice-president
under Santa Anna. 183.'i, and, during his absence, acted
as president until his death.
Barra Islands. The gi-oup of small islands in
the soutlieru part of the Outer Hebrides, chief
of which is Harra.
Barrande (bii-roiul'), Joachim. Bom at
Saugues, Haute-Loirc, France, 1799: died at
Frohsdorf, Oct. 5, 1K8.1. A French Austrian
paleontologist, author of "Syst6me silurien du
centre de la Boh^rae" (1852)", etc.
BarrancLUilla ( biir-riin-keryii), or Baranquila.
A seaport iu the noi-tliern part of tl>e Kepublic
of (lolombia, situated on the Magdalena near
its mouth. Population (1892), l.'),000.
Barra8(bii-riis'),PaulJean Francois Nicolas,
Comte de. Born at Kciieniponx in Provence,
June 30, 1755: died at Chaillot, near Paris,
Jan. 29, 1K29. A French revolutionist. He was
deputy to the Third R.state in 1789, and to the Convention
in 1792 : commanded a division at the capture of Toulon
In 1793 ; took a leading part in the overthrow of Robes-
pierre In 1791 ■. was a memlier of the Committee of Public
Safety, anil commander-in-chief on the l;ith Vendi^niiaire,
179:'> ; became a memtier of the Directory in 1796 and dic-
tnUtT in 17'.»7 ; ami retired from olttce in 17i«t. His mem-
oirs were publislied ill Isii',.
Barre (i>iir), Antoine le Ffevre de la. Born
about 160.'>: <lied at Paris, May 4, 1(588. A
French general and author, in i«n7 he was ap-
pointed lieutenant-general and sent against the English
in the West Indies, where he was generally successful.
From 1(182 to HW.% lie was governor of Canada. Ue wrote
a "Description de la l-Vance ^quinoxiale," etc.
Barr6 (bll-ra'), Isaac. Born at Dublin, Ire-
land, 172(1: died at London, July 20, 1802. A
British officer and politician of French descent.
He served with distinction at the liattle of tiuellec 17.'>9.
In Parliament, wliich he entered in 1761, he gained a
considerable reputation as an orat<jr, especially in invec-
tive. He has been suggested as the possible author of the
letters of .luniu.i. His name forms a part of the name of
Wilken-Uarr^, now WUhx-Harre, in rennsylvania.
Barre (bar'i). A town in Worcester County,
Massachusetts, 22 miles northwest of Worces-
ter. Pojiulation (1890), 2,2:i9.
Barre. A town in Washington County, Ver-
mont. 5 miles southeast of Montpelier. Popu-
lation (1890), village, 4,14f).
Barrelier (biir're-le-a'), Jacques. Born at
Paris, lUOli: died Sejit. 17, l(i7:). A French bot-
anist. He wrote " Pliinta' per Galliam, His-
paniam et Italiam obscrvatie, etc." (1714), etc.
Barren River, or Big Barren River. A river
in Kentucky wliicli joins (ircen Kivcr north-
west of Bowling tireen. Length, about 120
miles.
Barr^re (bii-rar'). Pierre. Bom at Peqiignan
about 1090: died (liere, Nov. 1, H.W. A French
naturalist and traveler. He studied medicine and
botany, and from 1722 to 172:, traveled in Krencli (luiaiia;
and after his return was professor of liotany at I'erpignan.
He wrote several works on the natural history and geog-
raphy of Kreiicb Ciiiaiia.
Barreto de Menezes (biir-ra'tg d6 me-na'zezh),
Francisco. Born about 1600: died after 16GH.
123
A Portuguese soldier, in 1647 he was appointed
chief of the I'orluguese forces at Pernambuco, with the
rank of ilestre de Canipo. He gained brilliant victories
in 1648 and ll>49. and tlnally forced the capitulation of
Recife (Pernambueo), .Fan. 27, 16.S4. From ,\pril, lti4S, to
Aug., 10r>6, he was governor of I'ernambuco, and from tlie
latter date to June 24, Itky.i, captain-general of Brazil.
Barrett (bar'et). Lawrence. Born at Pater-
son, X. J., April 4, 1838: died at New York.
March 21, 1891. An American actor of Irish pa-
rentage. He first appeared on the stjige at Detroit in
185;l as Murad in "Tlie Krencli Spy"; aiipeared iu New
York Jan. 19, 1S57. as Clilford in "Tile Hunchlmck' ;
was leading actor in the Boston Museum in 1S5S ; en-
listed in 1^^61 and served for a time as captain of Com-
pany B, 28tli Massachusetts Volunteers ; was a partner of
Lewis Baker in the management of the Varieties Theater,
New Orleans, 18f»;i-64 ; and from that time continued as a
star act*)r and manager. From 188r> until liis deatli lie
was closely associated with Edwin Booth. He produced
a number of new plays. He published a Life of Edwin
Forrest in 1881, and a Life of Edwin Booth iu "Actors and
Actresses of the Time."
Barrett, Wilson. Born in Essex, Feb. 18, 1846.
An Englisli actor. lie first appeared on the stage at
Halifax. He has been manager of various theaters at
Leeds, £Ingland, and London (Court Theater, Princess's).
Barrhead (biir-hed' ). A town in Keufrewshiro,
Scotland, 7 miles soutliwest of Glasgow.
Barri (bar'i), Giraldus de. See Girahltm Cam-
bmisis.
Barrias (ba-re-a'). F61ix Joseph. Born at
Paris, Sept. 13, 1822. A French painter, espe-
cially of historical subjects.
Barricades, Days of the. [P. Joumfesi des
Iliirriradis.] In French history, a name given
to sevei'al insurrections iu Paris (May 12, 1.588,
Aug. 26-27, 1648, also to the insurrections in
1830, 1848, etc.).
Barrie (bar'i), James Matthew. Bora at Kir-
riemuir, Forfarshire, May 9, 1860. A Scottish
writer. He was for some time a journalist in London.
He has written "Better Uead"(1887). "AuldLicht Idylls"
and "When a Man 's Single" (188S), "A Window in
Tiirums" (1889), "My Lady Nicotine" (1890), "The Little
Minister "(1890), "Sentimental Tommy '(1899), "Margaret
Ogilvy" (18116), etc.
Barrier Reef, Great. A coral reef extending
about 1,000 miles parallel with the northeast-
ern coast of Australia, at a maximum distance
of 100 miles : chief passage, Raines Inlet.
Barrier Treaty. A treaty fixing the frontier
of a country ; especially, the treaty signed at
Antwerp, Nov. 15, 17i5, by Austria, Great
Britain, and the Netherlands, determining the
relations of the Dutch and the Austrians iu the
strategic towns of the Low Countries.
Barri^re (bil-re-iir' ), Theodore. Born at Paris,
1S23: died there, t)ct. 16, 1877. A French drama-
tist, a prolific writer.
Barriers, Battle of the. A victory gained by
tho Allies over the French under the walls of
Paris, March, 1814.
Barrili (biir-re'16), Antonio Giulio. Bom at
Savona, 1836. An Italian novelist and pulilicist.
He accompanied (iaribaldi to Tyrol in 1S(;6, ijarticijiated in
the Roman campaign of 1867, and became editor of "II
Movimento" in ISBO, and of "II t^atf.aro " ((ienoa) In 1872.
Author of the novel "I Rossi e i Neri" (1871), etc.
Barrington (bar'ing-ton), Daines. Born 1727:
died March 14, 1800. An English lawyer, natu-
ralist, and antiiiuary, fourth son of the first Vis-
count Barrington. He wrote "Obsei-vations on
the Statutes" (17()0), "The Naturalist's Calen-
dar" (17(i7), etc.
Barrington, George. Born at Maynooth, Ire-
land, May 14, 17.55: died about 1840. A writer
on Australian topics, transported to that <'olony
as a pickpocket in 1790, and emancipated in
1792. His most notable exploit as a thief was the robbing
of Prince (Irjoff, in Coveiit Carden Theater, of a snutt'-box
said to be worth atioiit .*ir>(l,iKKl, When "The Revenge"
by Young was prcHented in Sydney liy actors most of whom
were convicts. Barrington wrote the prologue containing
tlie famous lines:
"True patriots we, for he It understood
We left our countiy for our country.'s good."
He also wrote "A Voyage to Botany Ray, ctc."(18<llX "The
History of New South Wales, etc." (1802), "The History
of New Holland " (ISOS), and other works.
Barrington, John Shute, first Viscount Bar-
rington. Born at Theobalds in Hertfordshire,
1(178: died at Becket in Berkshire, Dee. 14,1734.
An Englisli lawyer nml pcileTnical writer. He was
the son of iiciijaiiiiii Sbutr, ii Lmidoii niercliant ; but, on
ililleritillg tile cstateof Francis l;;uringtoii of Tofts, Essex,
he, in eom]iliance Aith tlie reqiiirenients of the will, as-
sumed his name. He was created baron BaiTington of
Newcastle in tho county of Dublin, and viscount Barring-
ton of Ariigliiss in tlie county of Down (Irish peerage), in
1720. He wrote "The Rights of Protestant Dissenters"
(170-1: second part 17iir»), "A Dissuasive to Jacobltiam "
(17l:0, " Miscellanea Sacra" (ITi^i), etc.
Barrington, Sir Jonah. Born in Queen's
County, Ireland, 1760 : died at Versailles,
Barrow, Mrs.
France, April 8, 1834, An Irish judge. He was
the author of • Person lU sketches " (1827 : ad vol. 1832),
" Historic Memoirs of Ireland " (1832), "The Rise and Fall
of the Irish Nation " (1833).
Barrington, Samuel. Born 1729: died 1800.
An English admiral, fifth son of the first Vis-
count Barrington. He served with distinction
in the West Indies.
Barrington, Shute. Born at Becket, Berk-
shire, Alay 2(i, 1734: died March 25, 1826. An
English prelate, sixth son of the first Viscoimt
Barrington, bishop of Llandaff, and later of
Salisbury and of Durham.
Barrington, William Wildman, second Vis-
count Barrington. Born Jan. 15, 1717: died
Feb. 1, 1793, An English statesman, eldest son
of the first Viscount Barrington. He was secre-
tary at war 17ui>-til, chancellor of the exchequer 1761-62,
and secretary at war 176.^-78.
Barrios (biir'ie-os), Gerardo. Bom at San Sal-
vador about ISIO: diedthere, Aug. 29, 186.5. A
Central American general. lie was an adherent of
Morazaii, and took part in the war In Nicaragua in 1844.
In 18.'i7 he coinmaiided the Salvadorlan troops sent to
Nicaragua against Wallser. The same year he returned
and fomented an unsuccessful revolution against Presi-
dent Campos. In 186IJ he became president of Salvador by
regular election, hut was deposed in 18«:i by Carrera, presi-
dent of Guatemala. In 186.'') he attempted a war against
Duei^as, the 8ucces.sor whom Carrera had imposed, but
was captured and shot.
Barrios, Justo Rufino. Bom at San Marcos,
t^uezaltenango, Guatemala, about 1834: died
near Chalchnapa, Salvador, April 2, 1885. A
statesman of Guatemala. After 1867 be opposed
President Cerna, and hi 1871 took a prominent part in his
overthrow. From June 4, 1873, until his dealh Barrios
was, by successive elections, president of Cuateniala. He
secured order and prosperity, initiated railroads, tele-
graphs, and other improvements, and secured religious
freedom. In 1882-83 he visited the United States and
Europe. His scheme of forcing a confederation of the
Central American states led to a war with Salvador. Bar-
rios invaded that country, and was killed in an assault on
Chalcliuapa,
Barron (liar'on), James. Bom in Virginia
about 1768: died at Norfolk. Va., April 21, 1851.
An American commodore. When in coniniand of
the Chesapeake (1807) he refused to surrender three al-
leged British deserters demanded by Captain l]iini]ihrey8
of the British ship Leopard, and was attacked (in time of
peace) and captund (.rune 22). The Chesapeake was taken
unprepared, and llrcd only one gun during the action. Bar-
ron was court-martialed, and deprived of his rank and pay
for five years. On his return to duty he was refused an
active command, with tlie result that a duel was fought be-
tween him and Commodore Decatur (who had opposed
him) in 1820, and the latter was killed.
Barron, Samuel. Born in Virginia, 1765: died
Oct. 29,1810. An American commodore, brother
of James Barron. He commanded a squadron
in the Tripolitan war in 1805.
Barros (bltr'ros), Joao de. Born at Vizeu,
Portugal, 149(3: died near Ponibal, 1570. A
noted Portuguese historian. He wrote "o Impe-
rador Clarimundo," a romance of chivalry ; "Asia" (1552-
1615), a history of Portuguese conquests In the Orient ; and
other works.
The Asia is the first great work which contains autheu.
tic Information relating to the rich and extensive couii*
tries separated fnun Europe by such an iinnn-iise expanse
of watere, and of which, previous to the inquiries of our
author, we possessed such very vague and contradictory
accounts. He is still considered as the chief authority
and foundation for siibscqueiit writers, not only in their
history of all Portu^Mu-se disi-ovciies and of the earliest
conimuiiications of Europe willi the East, but in all geo-
graphical and statistical knowledge relative to the Indies.
De Si»tiwndi, Lit, of South of Europe, U. 562.
Barros Arana, Diego. Born at Santiago in
1830. A Chileanliistorian. His first treatise, " Es-
tudios historicos sobre Vicente Benavides y las Campaflas
del Sur," appeared in 1860, and since then he has published
a succession of important works. Among bis best-known
works are the " Historia de la indepeiideiicia de Chile"
(Santiago, KM to 1868, 4 vols.), "El Oeneral Freire,"
" VIda y viages de Hernamlo dc Magallanes, " and " HIb-
toria general de Chile " (S vols, , 18.S4 i/ ««/.), He has edited
the "Coleccion de Ilistoriadores Primitivos de Chile,"
and tho " I'nren indi'miito," a historical poem of the Aran-
canlan war.
Barrosa (bilr-ro'sii), or Barossa, or Barosa. A
small ]ilaee near Cadiz, Spain, wheie, March 5,
1811, the British under Gralnim defeated the
French under Victor.
Barrot fba-ro'), Camille Hyacinthe Odilon.
Born at Villefort, de]iartment of Lo/.cre. .luly
19, 1791 : died at Bougival, France, Aug, 6, 1873.
A French advocate and statesman, lie was a
leader of the opposition under Louis Philippe, and premier
and iiiiiiister of justice 1818 49,
Barrot, Victorin Ferdinand. Bom at Paris,
.Ian, 10, 180(i: died Ihei-e, Nov. 12. 1883. A
Fi-ench Bonapartist politician, brother of Ca-
mille Hvacinthe Odilon Barrot. elected life
senator "in 1877.
Barrow (bar'6), Mrs. (Frances Elizabeth
Mease) : pseudonym Aunt Fanny. Bom at
Barrow, Mrs.
Charleston, S. C, Feb. 22, 1822 : died at New
York, May 7, 1894. An American writer. 8lic-
marrieil .lames BaiTOw, junior, in 1S41. She wrote the
series: "Little i'et Boolis" (1860), "Good Little Hearts,
ete. (ISM), •• Kiglitcap Series," "The Pop-Cun Stories,
and "The Six Mitten Boolis."
Barrow, or Barrowe, Henry. Died April o.
124
Barry fbii-re'), Comtesse du (Jeanne Becu,
wrongly Marie Jeanne Gomard de Vauber-
nier). " Born in Chiiiapa.nne, 174(i (or 174;!):
guillotined at Paris, Dec. 6, 1793. The mistress
of Louis XV. after 1768, notorious for her
))rodigality.
" " '■ ' ' Bom at Tacumshane,
!:-)<«. AnEnglishreligiousveforiner.re-arded Barry (bar' i), John t pi ;i.,
of CougregatiouaUsm. County We.xford, Ireland, 1/45: died at Phila-
- ■ delphia, Sept. 13, 1803. An American naval
commander, distinguished in the Revolutionary
War. He settled in Philadelphia about 1760, and on the
outbreak of the war was given command of the Lexington,
and captured the British tender Edward in 1776. In 1778
he took command of the Raleigh, which w;i8 captured,
a few d.iys after sailing, liy the British ship Experiment.
Barry escaped and entered the .■u-my. In couiinanil of the
Alliance (1781) he captured the British ships Atalanta and
Trepassy, and later in the same yeai' conveyed Lafayette
and Xoailles to France. He was appointed commodore
in 1794,
as one of the founders „ „
He was imprisoned in 1586, and executed on a
charge of sedition.
Barrow, Isaac. Born at London, 1630 : died at
London, April, 1677. A noted Knglish theolo-
gian, classical scholar, and mathematician. He
was educated at Cambridge (scholai- of Trinity 1647, and
fellow 1649) traveled on the Continent (1655-69), was ap-
pointed professor of geometi-y atOreshara College, and in
l«6:i llrst Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cambridge
(resigned 1669 in favor of Newton) ; w.ts chaplain to Charles
II.- and became master of Trinity College in 1672. Among _ ^ ^^^^
his works are "Lectiones Opticie et lieometric^- ■ (IM- garry, John Stotson. Born at Boston, Mass.,
1670-74), "Treatise on the Popes Supremacy (1(«0). The "w".',' ,,,7 ,«iq . ,ii^o,l .,f St r.mii« Mo Dec 11
" his theological works is that of Rev. A. March 2b, 1819 . died at bt. Liouis, mo., uec. ii,
best edition of his theologi*
Napier (1869).
Barrow, Sir John. Born near Ul verston in Lan-
cashire, June 19, 1764 : died at Camden Town,
near London, Nov. 23, 1848. An English writer,
secretary of the admiralty, and a traveler in the
service of the government in China and the
Cape. He was a promoter of Arctic exploration (Barrow
Straits, Cape Barrow, and Point Barrow were named for
him), and chief founder of the RoyaUJeographical Society.
Among his works are " Travels in South Af jica " (lSill-04),
"Travels in China" (1804), "Voyage to Cchin-cliina "
(1806), "History of Arctic Voyages " (1818), "Voyages of
Discovery and Rese;»rch within the Arctic Regions " (1846),
autobiography, etc.
Barrow. AriverinLein.ster, Ireland, which Hows
int 11 WaterfordHarbor. Length, about 100 miles.
Barrow, Cape. A headland on the northern
coast of British North America, projecting into
Coronation Gulf, about lat. 68° N., long. 111° W.
It was named for Sir John BaiTow.
Barrow, Point. A headland on the northern
coast of Alaska, projecting into the Arctic
Ocean, in lat. 71° 23' 31" N., long. 156° 21' 40" W.
It was named for Sir John Barrow.
Barrow-in-Furness (bar'o-in-fer'nes). A sea-
port in Furness, Lancashire, England, 50 miles
northwest of Liverpool. It has had a rapid recent
development, due to the iron mines in the vicinity, and
the development of iron and steel manufactures, etc.
1872. An American Universalist clergyman
and historical writer, brother of William Bairy
Barth61emy-Saint-Hilaire
Aube 30 miles east of Troyes. Population
(1891), commune, 4,342.
Bar-SUr-Aube, Battle of. A victory gained by
the Allies under Schvvarzenberg over the French
under Macdonald and Oudinot, Feb. 27, 1814.
Bar-SUr-Seine (biir-sur-sau'). A town in the
department of Aube, France, situated on the
Seine 18 miles southeast of Troyes. It was
the scene of conflicts between the French and
Allies in 1814. Population (1891), commune,
3,237.
Bart (biirt; F. pron. bar), or Barth, or Baert,
Jean. Born at Dunkirk. 1651 : died there, April
27,1702. A French naval hero. He served first under
De Ruyter, but entered the French service at the begin-
ning of the war with Holland. As his ignoble birth pre-
vented promotion in the regular navy, he became captain
of a privateer, but so distinguished himself against the
Dutch and English that Louis XIV. appointeil him suc-
cessively lieutenant, captain, and (1697) commander of a
squadron.
Bartan (biir-tan'). A small town in Asia Mi-
nor, situated on the Black Sea 48 miles north-
east of Erekli.
He wrote a "History of Massachusetts" (1855- Bartas (biir-ta'), Guillaume de Salluste du.
1857). ' '' - ■ -- -
Barry, John Wolfe. Born 1836. An English
civil engineer, son of Sir Charles Bany. He
was appointed by t.lie government on the Royal Com-
mission on Irish Public Works (1886) and on the Western
(Scottish) Highlands and Islands Commission (1889). Au-
thor of "Railway Appliances: Details of Railway Con-
struction " (1876), etc.
Barry, Martin. Born at Fratton, Hants, Eng-
land, March 29, 1802 : died at Beccles, Suffolk,
April 27, 1855. An English physician, noted
as an embryologist.
Born at Montfort, near Audi, 1544: died 1590.
A French poet. He served under Henry of Navaire
in wai' and diplomacy, and died from W(mnds received at
the battle of Ivry. His most noted work is " La premifere
semaine" or "La creation." It passed tlirougl) thirty
editions in a few years, and was translated into English
by Sylvester. He also wrote "Judith," "Urauie," "La
seconde semaine," etc.
All that was wanting to make Du Bartas a poet of the
fll-st rank was some faculty of self-criticism ; of natural
verve and Imagination as well as of erudition he had no
lack, but in critical faculty he seems to have been totally
deficient. His beauties, rare in kind and not small in
amount, are alloyed with vast quantities of dull absur-dity.
SaiiiUburi/, French Lit., p. 211.
A region in the
south of
Barrow Strait.
gions of North America, conimunieatmg with
He made (1843) the discovery
of the presence of spermatozoa within the ovum.
Barry, Patrick. Born in Iieland, 1816: tiled
at Kocliester, N. Y., June 23, 1890. An Ameri- Bartenland (biir'ten-land)
ean horticulturist and pomologist. Hewasedi- j,roviuee of East Prussia, Prussia,
tor of the "Genesee Farmer ' 1844-52, .and of the "Horti- Kouifsbere
culturist" 1852-54 ; prepared the catalogue of the Ameri- •Ra_i.„° „4.piVi" niHr'tpn-stin) A town in the Drov-
can Pomological Society, and published "A Treatise on isartenstein ( l^r ten-snn). Atownmmeprov
the Fruit Cirden ■ (1851). mce of East Prussia, Prussia, situated on the
Barry, Spranger. Born at Dublin, Ireland,
1719: died at London, Jan. 10, 1777. An Irish
actor, a rival of Garrick.
stage Feb. 15, 1744, in Dublin.
actors of his time, and excelled in tragedy, though he oc-
casionally played in comedy. He was buried in the clois-
ters of Westminster Abbey.
Born at Bath, En
AUer 34 miles southeast of Konigsbcrg.
latiou (1890), eommune_, 6,442.
Popu-
Popula.io,,l891),,l,7^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^_ ^'^:^t^^:% IHOl. An English
Melville Strait on the west, Lancaster Sound
on the east. Regent Inlet on the southeast, and
Peel Sound on the south : discovered by Parry
inl819, and named for Sir John Barrow. Width,
about 50 miles.
Barrows (bav'oz), Elijah Porter. Born at
Marshtield, Conn., Jan. 5, 1817. An American
religious m'iter. He was professor of Hebrew at An-
dover Seminar}', 1853-66, and accepted a similai- appoint-
ment at oberlin TheologicalSeminary in 1872.
Barrundia (bii-ron'de-ii), Jos6 Francisco.
Born in (juatemala, 1779 : died at New York,
Aug. 4, 1854. A Central American statesman.
He took an early and prominent part in the movement
against Spain, and in 1813 was condemned to death, but
escaped and concealed himself for six years. He was a
member of the Constitutional Convention of Central Amer-
ica 1823-24, and introduced the decree by whicll slavery
was abolished. From June 25, 1829, U) Sept. 16, 1830. he
was president of Central America. In 18.M, wlicn Hon-
duras, Salvador, and Nicaragua attempted to form a con-
federation, Barrundia was chosen president ; but the union
was dissolved next year. In 18.'i4 Banundia came to the
United States as envoy from Honduras, with the avowed
object of offering the annexation of that country to the
authorities at Washington ; but he died suddenly before
anything was done. He was greatly respected.
Barry (bar'i). Sir Charles. Bom at Westmin-
ster, May 23, 1795 : died at Clapham, May 12,
1860. An English architect, designer of the
Houses of Parliament, London.
Barry. Edward Middleton. Born at London,
June 7, 1830 : died there, Jan. 27, 1880. An Eng-
lish architect, son of Sir Charles Barry, designer
of the Oovent (iardeu Theater, etc.
Barry, Elizabeth. Bom in 1658 : died Nov. 7,
1713. .Vri English actress. She went on the stage
under tlie patronage of the Earl of Rochester, and was the
creator of more than one hundred roles, mostly those of
actress, wife of Spranger Barry. When very
young she married an actor named Dancer, and first ap-
peared on the stage about 1766 under that name. She
married Barry in 1768. After his death she remained ou
the stage, marrying in 1778 a Mr. Crawford. She was con-
sidered "the equal of Slrs.WoBlngton and Mrs. Cibber in
tragedy, and to have surpassed both in comedy." She was
buried near Barry in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey.
Barry ,William Farquhar. BominNewYork
city, Aug. 8, 1818: died at Fort McHenry, Bal-
timore, Md., July 18, 1879. An American briga-
dier-general of volunteers. He was chief of artil-
lery in the Army of the Potomac 1861-62, participating in
the siege of Yorktown and in the engagements at Gaines's
Jlill, Mechanicsville, Charles City Cross-Roads, Malvern
Hill, luid Harrison's Landing ; and held a similar post under
General Sherman 1864-66, taking part in the siege of At-
lanta and in the northern Georgia, Alabama, and Carolina
campaigns.
Barry, William Taylor. Born at Lunenburg,
Va., Feb. 5. 1785: ilied at Liverpool, England,
Aug. 30, 1835. An American politician and
jurist. He was member of Congress 1810-11 ; served in
the war of 1812 ; was United States senator 1816-10 ; be-
came judge of the Kentucky Supreme Court in 1816 ; was
postmaster-general 1829-33, and was the first incuml)ent
of that office invited to sit in the cabinet ; and was ap-
pointed minister to Spain in 1835.
Barry. A small island of Glamorganshire,
Wales, in the Bristol Channel southwest of
Cardiff.
Barry. A famous St. Bernard dog which saved
forty lives on Mount St. Bernard. His stuffed
skin is exhibited in the museum at Bern.
Barry Lyndon (bar'i lin'don). Memoirs of.
A novel by Thackeray, first published in " Fra-
sei''s Magazine," beginning in 1844, as "The
Luck of Ban-y Lyndon." It is an exhibition of
a scoundrel of the most finished rascality.
He first appeared on the Bartenstein, Johann Christoph, Baron von.
He was one of the best Born at Strasburg, 1689: died at Vienna, Aug.
6, 1767. An Austrian statesman. He was the chief
instrument in securing the consent of Europe to the prag-
matic sanction of Charles VI., and was appointeil by Maria
Theresa (1761) tutor to her sou who ascended the throne
as Joseph II.
Bartfeld (biirt'feld). Hung. Birtfa (biirt'fo).
A town in the county of Saros, northern Hun-
gary, situated on the Topla 40 miles north of
Kaschau. Population (1890), 5,069.
Barth (bart), Heinrich. Born at Hamburg,
Feb. 16, 1821: died at Berlin, Nov. 25, 1865.
A noted German traveler. He was educated in Ber-
lin; traveled (1846-4S) through Algeria, Tunis, Tripoli,
Egypt, Syria. Asia Minor, lireece, etc. ; st.'U'ted with Rich-
ardson and (Iverweg from Tripoli in 1850; visited (1850-55)
the Sahara, Bornu, Adamawa. Kanem, Baghirrai, Sokoto,
Timbuktu, etc. ; discovered the Binue June 18, 1851 ; and
traveled later in Asia Minor, Turkey, etc. His works
include: "Wanderungen durch die Kiistenlander des
Jlittelmeers" (1849, "Journeys through the Border Lands
of the Mediterranean"), "Reisen und Entdeckungeu in
Nord- und Centralaf rika " (1855-58, ".lonineys and Dis-
coveries in Northern and Central Africa "), works on the
dialects of central Africa (1862-64), and travels in Asia
Minor and European Turkey.
Barth, Jean. See Barf.
Barth, Easpar von. Born at Kiistrin, Bran-
denburg, June 21, 1587: died at Leipsic, Sept.
17, 1658. A German classical philologist. He
is said to have read and elucidated nearly :dl the Greek
and Roman authors. He published "Adversaiia," in 60
hooks.
Barth. A seaport in the pro\'ince of Pomerania,
Prussia, 15 miles west of Stralsund. Population
( 1890), commune, 5,578.
Barth61emy (biir-tal-me'), Auguste Mar-
seille. Born at Marseilles, 1796: died there,
Aug. 23, 1867. A French satirical poi't and
prose-writer. He wrote many works, chiefly
in collaboration with Mery.
creator OI more man oue iuniviie,i ii,i,;9, iiivjovij m>.av v.. _ _ /^ » i . ii 1 V t
tragedy. Her Monimia and Belvidera made her highest BarsaC (bar-sak ). A town in the department
reput:Uion. She retired from the stage in 1708, anil was
buried at Acton. She (not Mrs. Spranger BaiTy) was
known !is " the great Mrs. Barry."
Barry, Gerald. See irh(ii(ti<.i Cambrcnsut.
Barry, James. Born at Cork, Ireland, Oct. 11,
1741 : died at Loudon. Feb. 22, 1806. An Irish
painter of historical and iiiythol(igi(';il suVijccts.
Be was notorious for his violent temper (which led to his
being deprived of his i)rofesBurshiii of pointing U:t the
Royal Academy and his cxpulsiiui from that liody) and
erratic views, and carried his theory of the classical in art
so far as to represent all the figures in his " Death of Gen-
eral WoUe"nude.
of Gironde, France, situated on the Garonne
21 miles southeast of BordeaiLX. It is noted for
its wine. Population (1891), commime, 2,998.
Barsad, John. See I'ross, Solomon.
Bar sine. See Statira, 3.
Barsumas (bar-sii'mas), or Barsuma (-mil).
A bishop of Nisibis in Mesopota.niia and met-
ropolitan (435^89), the chief founder of the
Nestorian Church in eastern Asia.
Bar-SUr-Aube (bar-siir-6b' ). A town in the
department of Aube, France, situated on the
Barthdlemy, Francois, Marquis de. Born at
Aubagne, France, Oct. 20, 1747 : died at Paris,
April 3, 1830. A French diplomatist and poli-
tician. He was minister to Switzerland in the beginning
of the Revolution ; member of the Directoi'y (deposed
1797) ; and later senator.
Barth61emy, Jean Jacques. Born at Cassis,
near Marseilles, Jan. 20, 1716: died at Paris,
April 30, 1795. A French antiiiuarian and man
of letters. He was the author of " Voyage du jeune
Anacharsis en Grkce" (1788), "R(!flexions sur I'alphabet
et la langue de Palmyre "(1764), " Essai d'une pateogra-
phie numismatique," "Amours de Caryte et de Polydore,"
a romance (1760), etc.
Barth61emy-Saint-Hilaire(san-te-lar'), Jules.
Born Aug. 19, 1805: died Nov. 24, 1895. A
French statesman and Orientalist, professor in
Bartram, William
the third rcTuM.y has l"^oputy^an«s°" ^ ^__ ^ Vincrican iihvsiciau. He was professor of mnU^rm .,-^1^, Spanish Curate " a gieed\, uupiimiineu
ter of foreign i«Xtll^9^) " Ses V6das " (18M), ;\S ,V J ^'n.'e iVal jurisprudence in the College of Physi- ' ,,^ hi.s1.and of Amaranta.
''Tr'^'n uilme' OsM " J^honiet et le loran • (1865X ^ J^J^^d S.rn!eons in New York ISOl-f.r.. BartOIl (l-afton), Andrew. DK-d Attg. 1^. loH-
vn^e e Marc Aurele" (1876), " Phih.-P .,.,<-; dj'-'^^^ Bkrtlett, John. Born at I'>>7«" l^' ,^[^?f •' A not^d Seottish naval commander ... the ser-
Bii-/;:^::^t^rtffl^p^»-i ^;:r„itnehtn:rr=r^^"r tL:^d^^^^^fi^'^ ¥F?S?
of " Nouveaujc '^■'»;" f,f ^ 'fn^oSvements de Ihomme et des c„„,''mon Use " (18SB ; a nmth r.v.se I «d.t.on appLared m ^^ ^^^^ Barton." „„„o«t^r
"NouvellemecanKjuodesmomeTi a cnneordance to ShaksjiLre (K^W). ti„_+„„ •Roninmin Smith. Born at Lancaster,
aniumux"(i7s.-Xe.c ^-..^cli-WiUielm. Born T^'frtlett John Russell. Born at ProYidence, Barton Benjamin oimj^^ Philadelpbia, Dec.
^^'^^^i^f.^Se^ 4 i7T"'Kja!. 14. IS-^S. A ^it'^^fS^'t'^T *^= Ji-l ^^^''"'''"nnd 1 ^' ' iM^ ' n ilc-ican physician naturalist
?-* l^ h^^^torian Ue heeame professor of history .^g I'ggG. An American antiqnar.an and Ins- l;^^^/^^^^^!^^;^^. He wrote "New V.e^;s on the
liSS*';::;r:;i ifglSinsaiss t,^^^!^^^^^
^°J^.4.ar,Alsaee.April^l8^ . Ano^ .^i— '^^ "T'Cn at Plymouth, Ma... B^<S Clara., Born at Oxfo^^Mass.^0.
mil-
War.
t the
iginning of
' Haden
^-aiih^-f ''I^-KriegderTiroler i^rn.^^u»u^. ^-■;^^,^,„ patriot ami ^^ IS^^&u^irS ^t J^ £lSu,|in 1.™
€=EisBSiw..Bi?s ss^isiSiii lil!ilsllip#
HelKXM»nepn.fe8Sor orotm^^^^^ Rartlett SamUCl ColcOrd. Boru at Sabs- tothe ntle.ersfl^mth.o^^^^^^^
hagen ... IbU, '''/'"''', ,;^o,Vanatim>• which was highly ",*^^t WPT Nov ".'> l.><17. All American edu- B.ppi r veis .n 18«. "»;' '^,^°; ty^^ cyclone ou the South
;r™ urti:iT;h'';n;.^r>-'"Iastitu?io„esanaton.ica," W, N^I^'^^^^^Ve^ational elergyman. He was « ^ ^ reo'st,'"As'pr:sSe;rt of the^i.eriean Natio,,a
S--K..KSMSS! mism^mi sss?ssssi!«
^^f k-,,iT,:.r Bartliolin. He was professor of college 1877. He^v^ote 'BromEgyptto Palestme ("" '• IH'.>6). Rom 1506 ft): died April
son of .^^»P"'^,°.!',„ ',,„,,. Copenhagen in IWii, and and several religious works. BartOn, Elizabeth. . Born i J"o t,y • "^ ^,
s^jssas^cpss^ ?=ss=%5ts^s sgiiiisssss
£ii=»5^£iis«K=^ si&i2as?-fn:''t rl^ssssss?
.'""■ig:-' '."•'. iessi'npollant ehar'i^ter. BaJtley^biirt'li), Mordecai. Bor.i .n FayeU^ ^iS^'ueVtonralTto de„ou,?^e the'opponents of the
«iomew, sain. Massage af.^^n .- S^iil?;f ^.^ 1 el^JtHl^c^J^a-^ -S-:,s^:;,n;^»-a:;i^ir^'-'^- --
ri^ll^'itSvu^e^inS^e^f^lie.^ ^i~i5.£%|S\ilSo^:^ ■•^i^^5^ ^rt^Villiam. Born at ^.en B . Ma.
g^^^..n .0,000 .30,000.^0^^^^!^^^^^^^
BartholomewBayou(.ar^l^9^^^^^ ij-^^ ^".«n:^e = "^^^-7^nKi:t;il;S BaXn, William Paul Crmor.^!^--;^^^^
;;;:ri:l;s U::':u.ZnU. in nonhem Louisiana. f^^^f^S'i^:!^:::'^^, ...ellhcnsioneepressLe," •U.ph.a. N,n . 1 ,, 1 -Mk^.I. d U ^^,_._^^_ .^^
:;l*Xilf o^|b'l^"-tw::«::[l.^i?Tr rital;r <^rav^ a.^ pamte. a pnpil of J-^^:^-i^l^;^W;^n.on-...'welO^ A town
& shmWd fro... 14 U. 4 days; i.. 1;^\ "-'"^ '° ."^« Nicolas Pouss..,. if T °m-ashire^?:..t:lH..d, •sit..ated on the Irwell
ch^-^e 1,. the calcdar. ■' -'' ''.f,'; ,',' iV8^5 t ea m;. 1,. Bartoli. See J!artoh>S. >^' .'^ " ;:^'; j,^ .u-hestcr. ,
S'iriS\lV.r'-&arVi;S^^^ ^';'S'l'l;nr UrFlorent^ Hewas Popnlation (ISiH), f-.-^a
SSSk^^^"''^"''""'"'"^:": .r ^:i;>.zi(...t0.1ot'B.,,Francesco. Bor... ^^^''WuilT'^:;; ^^kI^^^s^X^
Bartholomew's Hospital. A hospital in Smith- X°n, ,%i.t.21,1727:diedatLisbon Marcl .^ Bertram WlUia^^^ ^^^^ ^^ j__,^. ^ ,, ^^
1*" London. fouMdclinU^:!. fg^a aJ. Itali'i" engraver. ."« ^'-died "...igrav ng *.';";;,,„ botanist and ornithologist, son of
Bartholomew the Great Saint A church - ]«'^tarsiVv..,ice -^^-J-^l^ra " .plSnl'I.UTave; .iZ. Bal^ran.. He spe... about flve yea- 1.. investl.
the city of London, founded in 112.5, and chiefly went t*.l/ind.m.n 17M. where .e«.^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^.^^ __^^_^_.^, products of "'« < "'V ' '%'Sa";
i,, the N'<.n.ian style . The exist ing church consists to the k...g • ' «."^„<-j "r"„ " c o ish".. i.. 18..-2. to t^.ke « „, Ao,ida ; prepared the n.ost '^.r^''' '^ J'th "Uh N^i?
Bartsch, Earl
Bartsch, Karl. Born at Sprottau, Silesia, Bascom, JohlL
126
Basil n.
Ftb. iV, 183:;: died Feb. 19. 1888. A distin-
guished German philologist, appointed pro-
fessor of Gennan and Romance philosophy at
Rostock in 1858, and professor at Heidelberg
in 1871. He was the author of works on the I'rovenijal
langnajere and literature, of the " Chrestomathie de lancien
franfais." of editions of the "Nibelungenlied,"
Bom at London,
1794: died at Ely, Oct. 16, 1845. An English
architect. His chief work, the Fitz«illiam Museum at
Caniljridge, was begun by him in 1837, continued by R. C.
(\>ckerell, and completed by E. M. Barry in 1874. Hewaa
accidentally killed while inspecting the western bell-
tuwer of Ely CathediaL
' Wolfram
...iF.schenbach,' and other medieval German works, etc Basedow (im'ze-do), Johann Berend (Bern
Bartsch. A river in Prussia which joins the "*'"' " ' - "
Oder near Gross-Glogau in Silesia. Length,
about 100 miles.
Ba-Rua (bii-ro'a). See Garenganze and Luba.
Baruch (ba'ruk). [Heb., -blessed': the equiv-
alent of 'Benedict.'] 1. A Jew who repaired
a part of the wall of Jerusalem, about 446
B. c. (Neh. iii. 20). — 2. The amanuensis and
faitliful friend of the prophet Jeremiah
Bom at Genoa, N. Y., May 1, Basevi (ba-sa've). Gteorge.
18:27. An American educator and philosophical
writer, president of the University of Wiscon-
sin 1874-87. He has written " Political Economy "
(18o9X "Esthetics' (1862), -Philosophy of Rhetoric'
(1865), "Principles of Psychology " (1869X "Science. Phi-
losophy, and Religion (1871), 'Philosophy of English Lit- , , ,, ,,_ ,, . , f „h,-; *„„«;«
eratSre • (1874), "SatunU Theology," -Problems in Phi- Basford (bas'ford). A manufacturing town m
losophy.'etc. _ . , .„ j t> Nottinghamshire, England, situated on the
"" " em- Lene 3 miles north-northwest of Nottingham,
hard). Born at Hambui-g, Sept. 11. VS-i : died Population (1891), 30,383.
at Magdeburg, July -'5, 1790. A German gasnan (ba'shan). [Gr. Baadv, Heb. lUushdn,
teacher and educational reformer. He became soft or rich soil.] A district of Palestine east
teacher in an academy at Soroe, in Denmark, in 17.i:j. and
in the gymnasium at Altona in 1761; published the
"Elementarwerk ■ (1774) (with 100 copperplates, mostly
by Chodowiecki), containing the exposition of a new sys-
tem of primari- education ; and opened a model school,
calleil the Philauthropin, at Dessau in 1774, from the man-
agement of which he retired in 1778.
Baruch, Book of. An apocryphal book of the Basel (ba'zel), F. Bale (biiU. The eleventh
Old Testameut bearing the name of the friend canton of Switzerland, divided into the two
of Jeremiah, assigned by most critics to the half-cantons of Basel-Stadt and Basel-Land,
later part of the Maccabean period. Area, 177 square miles. Population (1888),
Barath(bii'rot). A small town in the province of 13.5,690.
Biiunlenburg, Prussia, 33 miles south of Berlin. Basel, F. B3,le (bal). and formerly Basle. [LL.
Barwalde-in-der-Neumark (bar'val-de-in- Ba.iilia.'] The chief citv of the half-canton
der-noi'miirk). A small town in the pro^Hnce
uf Brandenburg, Pi-ussia, 50 miles east-north-
■ t-ast uf Berlin.
Barwalde-in-Ponimem (-pom'mem). A small
town in the province of Pomerania, Prussia, 32
miles south of Koslin.
Barwalde (Brandenburg). Treaty of. A treaty
made Jan. 13, 1631. between France and Gusta-
xiis Adolphus of Sweden. Gustavus was to receive
an annual subsidy of 1,200,000 livres from France, in re-
turn for which he was to maintain, at his own expense
and under his own direction, an army of 30,000 infantry
and 6,0(10 horse in the war against the emperor. He also
received an advance of 300,000 Uitcs, exclusive of the
annuul subsidy, as compensation for past expenses. The
treaty was to stand for five years.
Bary (bii're), Heinrich Anton de. Bom at
Frankfort-on-the-Main, Jan. 26, 1831: died at
Strasbm-g. Jan. 19, 1888. A German physician
and botanist, noted especially for his researches
in crTOtogamie botanv. He became professor of
botany at Freiburg in 1855, at Halle iu 1867, and at Stras-
hurg in 187-2. .
Barye (ba-re' ), Antoine Lotus. Bora at Pans,
Sept. 24, 1795: tlied there, June 25, 1875. A
famous French sculptor, especially of animals.
of the Jordan, reaching fi-om the river Ai-non
in the south to Mount Hermon on the north,
and bounded on the west by the Hauran. At
the time of the entrance of the "Israelites into Canaan
the whole of this region was inhabited by the Amorites.
It was conquered by the Israelites and allotted to the
tribe of Manasseh (Num. xxxii. 33, Deut. ili. 13, Josh,
liii. 299), :uid afterward its inhabitants were deported
to .\ssyria (2 KL xv. 30). During the Roman period the
country was divided into five provinces : Iturea and Gaul-
onitis (modem Jaulan), and to the east of these Batanea,
to the northeast Trachonitis (modern Lajah) and Hauran-
itis. The fertility of the countr)- is proverbially mentioned
in the Old Testament (Deut. xxxii. 14, Ps. xiiL 12, Jer.
1. 19, Micah vii. 14).
Bashful Lover, The. A play by Massinger
(licensed iu 1636). In some old catalogues it is as-
cribed to B. J,, or Ben Jonson ; in Heay s opinion, through
some confusion with the "City Madam."
of Basel-Stadt, the third in size in Switzer-
land. It is situated on the Rhine at its bend north-
ward, in lat 4T Sf S., long. T SS E., and comprises
Great Basel on the left and Little Basel on the right
bank of the river. It contains a university, and U the ^ ,. .,.. ^i-p', TolanHR A oTonn of small isl-
chief commercial and banking city of the country, and iSaSlU (ba-she )lSianas. A group 01 small ISI
has also important manufactures, especially of sUk rib- ands between Formosa and Luzon in the Phil-
bons. It is the ancient Roman Basilia: became a part of ippines.
the German Empire in lOS'^.'. i°''i';d^«;\f„S;^i?f,^°'^^^- BasM-BaZOUk (bash'i-ba-z6k'). [Turk, bashi-
bo:uq, one who is in no particular dress or
eration in 1501 ; and early sided with the Reformation
It has long been noted as a literary and art center. Its
many contests with the land of Basel ended in war in 1831,
the interference of the Federal troops, and the separation
of the two half-cantons in 1833. The cathedral of Basel,
an interesting building of red sandstone, with twin open-
work spires, was founded in 1010 and rebuilt in the middle
of the 14th century. The north portal, with statues and
reliefs, belongs to the original structure. The west front
is of the 14th century. The spacious interior contains a
noteworthy rood-loft, medieval church furniture, and some
historic tombs. The cloister is Large and picturesque.
The Rathaus, or town hall, is a picturesque battle-
mented building erected in 1508, in a late-Pointed style.
It has an interior court, with a belfry, and a quaint little
spire on the ridge of the roof. It is arcaded below, and
unifoi-m, an irregular soldier or civilian, from
biislii. head, head-dress, dress and appearance,
and bo:uq, spoilt, disorderly, bad, from boz,
spoil, damage, destroy.] A volunteer and ir-
regular auxiliary serving in connection with
the Turkish army for maintenance, but with-
out pay or uniform. Bashi-bazouks are generally
mounted, and because unpaid frequently resort to pillage.
They are also at the command of municipal governors,
and when detailed to accompany travelers or expeditions
through the country they expect not only to be " found,"
but to be suitably rewarded with bakshish.
facade bears curious munU paintings. The council-cham
ber is well decorated. Population (1»93), 75.114.
1. A Reformed confes-
jpior, especiauy oi auiuiai». .p i ri *• "rtTi r\f
His father was a master silversmith from Lyons. At first he isaseLUonieSSlOn 01. „^„„j u,.
wOTked with an engraver named Fourrier and a goldsmith sion, drafted by CEcolampadius, and revised by
named Biennais. Conscripted in 1S12, he sened .as a top- Mvconius, published in 1534. — 2. The first
ographical engineer, and is said to have modeled several JJeJvetic (Confession (which see),
relief maps now in the French War Office In ISlb he .p , Onunril of A council held at Basel
studied sculnture with Bos o and drawing with the painter ISasei, UOUncxi OI. a tuixut-u iuriu ni 7,
gVS In 1S19 he presented himself at a concJurs of July 23. I431.-May 7, 1449, the last of the tliree
the Beaux Arts, with a " Milo di Crotona," which won
the secon.l prize. In 1820 he lost the second prize. In
1823-31 he worked for Fauconnier, jeweler to the Duch-
esse dAngoulerae. At this time he began to devote him-
self more particularly to animals. In the exhibition of
1831 Barye exhibited the now celebrated "Tiger Devour-
ing a Crocodile. " M. Lefuel, who succeeded Visconti as
architect of the Louvre, employed Barye to make four
groups for the pavilion on the Place du CarrouseL Barye
was an officer of the Legion of Honor, member of the In-
stitute, and professor at the Jardin des Plantes.
Barygaza (ba-ri-ga'za). In ancient geography,
a city of India, situated at the mouth of the
Nerliudda, on the site of the modem Baroach.
Barzillai (bar-zil'a-i or biir'zi-la). [Heb.,
- smith, iron-worker.'] 1 . In Old Testament his-
tory, a wealthv Gileadite who aided David when
he fled from Absalom (2 Sam. x\\\. 27). Hence
—2. The name given to the character repre-
senting the Duke of Ormond, the friend of
Charles 11., in Dryden's '-Absalom and Aehit-
opliel." . T. •
Barzu-Nameh (bar'zo-na'me). APersian epic
in"the^"second"story has a series of rectangular windows BashklTS (bash'kerz). A tribe of mixed Fin-
in groups of three, the central lights the highest. The jjjj^jj ^u,j Tatar race, inhabiting the govern-
ments of Orenburg. Perm, Samara, Ufa, and
Vyatka, in Russia. Subjugated by Russia in
the 18th century. Numbers (estimated), 75,000
Sunuite Mohammedans,
Bashkirtseff (biish-kert'sef ^. Maria Constan-
tino-Tna. Born at Gavrontsi, government of
Pultowa, Russia, Nov. 23 (N. S.), 1860: died
Oct. 31, 1884. A Russian artist and author.
She left many studies and some finished pictures influ-
enced by Bastien-Lepage. Parts of her diary were pub-
lished in 18S7.
Basiasch. See Bazias.
Basil (ba'zil or baz'il), L. Basilius(ba-siri-us).
[ Gr. Baff(/.f('of or Baoi/.iof, kingly, royal ; L. Ba-
siliiis, It. Sp. Pg. Basilio, F. Basih.] Bom at
Ciesarea, in Cappadocia, 329 a. d. : died there,
Jan. 1, 379. One of the fathers of the Greek
„ _.^ _3. I431.-May .
great reforming councils of the 15th century.
It was called by Pope Martin V. and by his successor Eu-
genius IV. ; liad as its main objects the union of the Greek
and Latin churches, the reconciliation of the Bohemians,
and the reformation of the church ; deposed (June 25,
1439) Eugenius IV. who refused to acknowledge its au-
thority ; and elected (Oct. 30, 1439) Amadeus, duke of Sa-
voy, pope, who took the name of Felix V. (resigned 1449X
The ultramontanes reject this council altogether, while
the Galilean Church acknowledges the first twenty-five of
its forty-five sessions.
Basel Treaty of 1 . A treaty concluded April Church, bishop of Cjesarea and metropolitan of
- --"'- - ■" ^^ ' — -i, and Cappadocia 370-379: surnamed --The Great."
He studied at Constantinople under Libanius, and at
.\theus in the schools of phihwcpphy and rhetoric, in the
company of liis friend Gregor>- Nazianzen, and then re-
tume«l to Ciesarea as a rhetorician. About 361 he retired
to Pontus antl entered upon the monastic life. In 364 he
was made presh>-ter, and in 37" bishop. He was a power-
5. 179.5, between France on the one hand,
Prussia on the other. Prussia agreetl to with-
draw from the coalition against France, which was to
continue in possession of the Prussian territory west of
the Rhine until peace should be concluded with the em-
pire, while a line of demarcation fixed the neutrality of
nortliern Germany. In a secret article it was stipulated
that, on conclusion of a general peace, if the empire should
cede to France the principalities west of the Rhine, Prus-
sia should cede its teiritory in that district, and receive
compensation elsewhere. ,
2. A treaty concluded July 22. 1795, by which
Spain ceded Santo Domingo to France.
poem, modeled on the Shahnamah : author un- gj^ggj^g^jj^ (ba'zel-land). A half-canton of
Switzerland, bounded by -Alsace on the north-
west, Baden (separated by the Rhine) on the
north, Aargau on the east, and Solothum and
Bern on the south. It sends three members to the
known.
Bas. See Bat:.
Ba-sa (bii-sa'). See Ditalla.
Basa-Komi (ba-sa-ko'mi). See Xiipe.
Basantello (bii-san-tel'lo), or Basentello (bii-
sen-tcl'lo). A small place near Taranto. Italy.
It gives name to the battle in which Otto II. was over-
thrown by the Greeks and Saracens July 1:'., 982, although
recent investigations show that the battle-field lay in
some unidentified locality south of Ck)trone.
Basarjik. See Bazardjik.
Baschi (biis'ke), Matteo. Bora at Urbino:
died at Venice, 1552. An Italian monk and vis-
ionarv, fotmder of the order of the Capuchins.
BasCo'(bas'k6). The largest island of the Ad-
miraltv group.
Bascom (bas'komi. Henry Bidleman. Born
at Hancock. N. ■? .. May 27. 1796 : died at Louis-
ville, Ky., Sept. 8, 1850. An American bishop
(1850) of the Methodist Episcopal Church
(South), and president of Transylvania Univer-
sity, Kentucl^, 1842-50.
ful supporter "f the orthodox faith iu the struggle with
Arianism, and a distinguished preacher. His works in-
clude commentaries on the Scriptures, five books against
Eunomius, homilies, etc. The stiuidard edition is that of
Gamier (1721-30X reprinted by Mlgne (1857). His festival
is celebrated in the Roman and .Anglican churches on
June 14, and in the Greek Church Jan. L
Basil, L. Basilius. -A. native of Ancyra, and
bishop of that city 336-360: one of the leaders
of the Semi-Arians. He was deposed in 360 by the
Synod of Constantinople, and exiled to Illyricum, where
„ __ _ he probably died.
National CounciL The langiia«e"is German, and the pre- Basil I., L. BasiUuS. Bom 813 (8-26 f ) : died
vailing religion Protestant. It was separated from Basel
Stadt iu 1833. -Area, 163 square mUes. Population (ISSSX
61.941.
Basel-Stadt (bii'zel-stat). A half-canton of
Switzerland, composed of the city of Basel and
three villages on the right bank of the Rhine.
The language is German. Population (1888),
73,749.
BasentO (bii-sen'to), or Basiento (ba-se-en'to).
A river in southem Italy which flows into the
Gulf of Taranto 27 miles'southwest of Taranto :
the ancient Casuentus. Length, about 90 miles.
Baserac (ba-se-rak'). A \-illage of Opata In-
dians situated on the upper Yaqui River in east-
em Sonora, south of Babispe. It contains the
ruins of a once important Jesuit mission, founded about
1642.
886. Byzantine emperor 867-886, the fotmder
of the Macedonian dj-nasty: surnamed "The
Macedonian." He was of obscure origin, but succeeded
in winning the favor of JUchael m. by whom he was
raised to the dignity of Augustus in 866, and intrusted
with the administration of the empire. Having in the
mean time incurred the enmity of Michael, he assassinated
the emperor and usurped the throne 867. He improved
the administration of the empire, drove the Saracens out
of Itiily in 68.5, and began the collection of laws called
"Constitutiones Basilicse." or simply "Basilica," which
was completed by his son Leo.
Basil II., L. Basilius. Bora about 958: died
1025. Byzantine emperor 97(>-10'25: surnamed
"The Slayer of the Bulgarians." He was the
elder son of Romanns II. of tne Macedonian dynasty,
succeeded, with his brother Constantine, the usurper Jo-
annes Zimisces, and is notable as one of the greatest gen-
Basil II.
erals of the time. He hegnn a war with BulRaria In 987,
l-WKh resulted in 1"18 in tlie incorporation of that kingdom
127
Willi the Byz-uitliie empire , • ■ ,i
Basil, !'■ BasiliUS. A Bul-anau pliysioian and
monk tho leader of the heretical sect of the
Bogomiles. Ho was put to death by burning
Basilan (bii-se'lan). An island of the Sulu Ar-
.•hipcla"o. west of Mindanao. Length, 41 miles.
Basile Oni-y-i^)- A slanderer who figures in
Heituiuareliais's comedies "Le Barbior de b6-
ville" and "LeMariagede Figaro." His name - -, v . , ,
his become proverbial for this typo of charac- Basques (Ijaskz).
. ; liabitmg the Has
Basilicata (bii-so-le-kii'tii). A compartimento
of southern Italy, containing one provinee, Fo-
tenza. See /'<»?<■«--«.
BasiUcon Doron (ba-sil'i-kon do rou). [irr.
,1„m/Mar ,W..i,m: tho royal gift.] A work on the
divine right of kings, %vritten by James 1. of
Knglaud and VI. of Scotland. , . , , ,
Basilides (bas-i-li'de/.). [«r. B«<T(And«.] A
noted (inostie of the 2d century (died about
13S A. u.), probably a Sjn-ian, the founder of a
heretical sect. See Jiiigilididiis. About his life
little is known. He appears to have tauRht in Alexan-
dria and elsewhere in Egjpt, and perliaps in Persia Hi._
claimed to he a disciple .)f Glaucias, an interpreter of
Peter and to he in possession of the secret traditions of
that apostle. He wrote eommentariea on the gospel in
twenty-four books, extracU from which have been pre-
served.
Basilidians (bas-i-lid'i-auz). The foUowers of
liasiliiles. a teacher ot Gnostic doctrines at
Alexandria. Egypt, in the 2d century. They dis-
eouraced martyrdom, kept their doctrines as secret as ,,.,•■
TOSS^fle wire inuch iivel. to magical practices, and soon Basra (bas'ril
declined fi-om the asceticism of their founder into gross v / u..,. ..
Imm.)i-ality. "The Unnstieism of Basilides appears to
h ive been a fusion .if the ancient sacerdotal religion of
Kgypt with the angelic and demoniac theory of ^jroaster.
.Wi/M<i-i. Hist of Christ., II. 68.
Basilisco (bas-i-lis'ko). A character in the old
'Solinian and Perseda," referred
torian, pastor at Rotterdam and The Hague,
and diplomatist. His chief historical works are "His
toire de 1 ej "
Ui8t>
Bassim
Venice, 1623. An Italian portrait-painter, third
present" Bassantin (bas'au-tin),
. „ _.- , .. , ."!,'"" "Ilf A Scotch a:
toriiiue sur les duels et les ordres de chevalene (1720), .,,»),,,_ „f „n .
" Uistoire de la religion des Oglisea r«orm(5es ■• (ItaX)). antnor oi an
I'eglise depuis Jesus-Christ jusqu'ii .
(1699). •• Uistoire des Juifs, etc." (1706), "l)issertatioii_his- ^ Scotch astronomer and
f .lai-oiK) Bassano.
James. Died 1568.
mathematician :
;Vstronomi(iue Discours" (15.')7),
etc. , ,
Basse (bas), or Bas, William. Died about
16.'>3. An English poet, best known from his
" Epitaph on Shakespeare," a sonnet first at-
c Dui. ..>; ...o".^ - - r tribute(l to Donne.
ment^'*^)T'Bayonn'ra"nd" MauiL^on, in the depaitmeiit of BaSS^e {liii-sa' ), La. A town in the department
Basses-PyrtaL^es. Sec Basquex. ,,,■ x,,i.(l France, 14 miles west-southwest of
■ ). A race of unknown origin 111- |i|,,, p„,,„latiou (181)1), commune, 3,'J07.
is(iue Provinces and other parts B^ssein (biis-san'). A small island on the
of Spain in tho neighborhood of the Pyrenees, „.,.^,,.,.^ ^.„.^^i of India, north of Bombay,
and part of the department of Basses-Pyr6- Bassein. A decayed city on the island of Bas-
nees. Prance. scin.
district in
ted
Basque Provinces. The provinces of Vizcaya,
Guipuzcoa, and jUava. in Spain, united to Cas-
tile in the 13th and 14th centuries. Part of \a-
vaiTe is also comprised in the district of the Hasiiues
The Basque district ill France comprises the arrondisse
848
people whom we call Auvergnais or i-iguiiauo. jiui.i.w- square mues. ropuiaiioii (inui^), tf:\j\i~,.
pology throws some light <m this iiuestion. It is now g-gggijj or BaSSim. The chief town of the dis-
knowii that the B.asques are not all of one type, as was r*:,'! of B-isscin situated on Bassein River in
supposed by Retzius and the early an liropologists, who tl"-t ?I ^^'i^^' "h "''"'[^Vo L' V ,t k
,„»rpnniv nciuaiiited with the skulls of the French hit. 16° 4o N., long. 94° 50 E. It has an inipor-
peopl
P'"
k
ipposed by Retz.--- -, ,,
were only acquainted with the skulls
Basques Broca has now shown that the Spanish Basques
are largely dolichocephalic. The mean inde.\ of the peo-
ple of Zarous in Guipuzcoa is 77.62. Of the French B;is.]Mes
a considerable proportion (S7 per cent.) are liiailiyceplia-
lic, with indices from 80 to S3. The mean index "btanuil
from the measurements of tlfty-seven skulls ol
Basciuesfrom an old graveyard at St. Jean de Lnz is S0.2B.
The skull shape of the French Basques is therefore inter-
mediate between that of the Auvergnats on the north, and
that of the Spauish Basques on the south.
Taylor, Aryans, p. 217.
), or BaSSOra (biis'so-rii), or Bus-
por-
taiit trade in rice. It "was stormed by the British May
11), 1852. Population (1S91), :«I.177.
Bassein River. One of the mouths of the Ira-
wadi.
,f "i-renci; Basseliu {bils-lau' ), Olivier. Born in the Val-
(le-Vire, Normandy: died about 1418. A
French poet, a fuller by trade. He was the author
of a large number of gay songs "which show his talent
and his ignorance of the rules of art." Only a few have
come down to us. They were called Vaux-dc- fire (whence
udevilles), from their place of origin.
sorah (bus'so-rii). [Pers. and Ar. Basrah.] Bassenthwaite (bas'en-thwat , Lake. A lake
A tovvn in Asiatic Turkey, situated on the in Cumberland, England 3 miles northwest of
Shat-el-Arab 55 miles from the Persian Gulf. Keswick. Lengtb, 4 miles.
It was founded in 632, was a considerable medieval em- BaSSeS (bas'ez). Great. A ledge Ot roCKS Slt-
porium and Arabic literaiT center, and has increased iii „ated south of Ceylon, in lat. b° 11 JN., long.
importance recently, owing to the development of steam ^jq .jjj, j,
navigation. Population, about 50,000. ^ ^ liaococ T.'it.t.le A ledge of rocks South of Cey-
Great Basses.
A department of
ital Digne, bounded
He was the brotlicV-in-law of Leo I. by whom he was ap- Tasmania. .
pointed commander of the expedition to Carthage against gossa (biis'sii), or Basa. A tribe of Liberia,
Oenseric, king of the Vandals, in 468. He was defeated, ■°*"'? \ , • '^j ^^ Nigl'itic branch, dwelling
S^trrz-erteii'l^i-e'ss^orhirw^s TiTelf d?;;ost o'^teies: River and th^seaboard. They belong
by Zeuo and died ill prison. In his reign tho great library to the same ethnic and Unguistic cluster as theu- eastern
of I'oustantiuiqde was destroyed by fire. neighbors, the Kru-meiu
by Drome on the northwest, Hautes-Alpes on
the north, Italv and the Alpes-Maritimes on
the east, Var and Bouehes-du-Khone on the
southwest, and Vauelnse on the west. It formed
part of Provence. Area, 2,685 sijuare miles.
Population (1891), 124,285.
BasiUakos(bas-i-lis'kos). Ptolemv's name for Bassadore (bas-sa-dor . A British station at Basses -Pyr6n6es (bas-pe-ra-na ). A depjirt
the tirst-magnitude white star a Leonis, now
ordinarily known as Regnlus, a Latin transla-
tion of liasiliskos.
BasiliUS. Hee nnxil. ^^ , ^. ^ ^ ,
Basilius (ba-sil'i-us), Valentinus. A noted
Goriiiaii alchemist, who lived about the begin-
ning of the 15th century. He made important dis-
coveries in chemistry, notably those of antimony and niuri.
8tic acid. Author of " Currus triumphalis Antlmonii.
BasiliUS. The lover of Quiteria in Cervantes's
'• Don Quixote." He gets her away from Ca^
macho by a stratagem. See Camacho.
BasiliUS. The Prince of ^Vrcadia, in \oye with
Zelmane, in Sidney's romance "Arcadia."
Basing, Baron. S'ee Srlalcr-Bimih, llcorijc.
Basing House (l>a'/.iiig Imus). A former resi-
deiici' of the .Maniiiis of Winchester, situated
east of Basingstoke. It is famous for its long de-
fense by the Royalists against the Parliamentarians, in
the Knglisb civil wiu-. It was taken by Cromwell Oct.,
164.'.. and dcslroyed.
Basingstoke ( ba'zing-stok). A town in Hamp
shire, Euglaiiil, 47 miles west-southwest
London. Population (1891), 7,960.
Baskerville(i>as'ker-vil), John. Born at Wu. „„,:,„„„„ ^ -;.--- , .
verlev Worcestershire, .Ian. 28, 1700: died at lOiant of Venice," a Venetian nobleman. 111..
Birmingham, .Ian. H, 1775. A famous English friend of Antonio, and Portia's successtul
printer and type-founder. In early life he followed suitor. t> t_ *
various pursuits footman, stone cutter, calligraplier. BaSSaUO (bas-sa no), Duke 01.
the western end of the island of Kishm, at the
entrance to the Persian Gulf.
Bassse (bas'e). [Gr. li-iraa;.] A place in Ar-
cadia, Greece, near Phigalia. It is noted for its
ruined temple of Apollo Epicurius, built in the second
half of the 6th century B. c. by Ictinns, the architect of
the Parthenon. It is a Doric peripteros of 6 by 15 columns,
in plan 41 by 125 feet, the cella with pronaos and opis-
thodomos ol two columns in aiitis. In the interior of the
cella six piers project from each side wall, their faces
formed by Ionic three-quarter columns. A portion t<i-
ward the back of the cella has no piers, and has a door in
the side wall facing the east : it is probable that this was
the cella proper, and that the main part of the cella was
merely a inouuinental court, open to the sky — a unic|Ue
arrangement. The famous frieze, about two feet high
(now in the British Museum), surrounded tho interior of
the cella, above the architrave : it is in high relief, and
represents combats of Greeks with Amazons and with Cen-
taurs.
ment of 'southwestern France, capital Pan,
bounded by Landes on the north, Gers on the
northeast, Hautes-Pyr6n6es on the east. Spam
on the south and southwest, and the Bay of Bis-
cay on the west. It was formed from Bi'arn and part
of the Basque region. Area, 2,943 square mUea. Popula-
tion (1891), 425,027.
Basset (bas'et). A swindlerin Cibber's "Pro-
voked Husband."
Basse-Terre (bas'tar'). [F.,' low land.'] The
capital of the island of Guadeloupe, French
West Indies, situated on the western coast.
The name is given also to the westernmost of
the island portions of Guadeloupe. Popula-
tion (1890), 8,790.
Basse-Terre. The capital of St. Christopher,
British West Indies. Population, 7,000.
Bassam(bils-S!im'; F. pron. biis-soii ), or Great Bassett (bas'et), Richard. Born in Delaware:
Bassam. A place on the Ivory Coast, Upper jj,,,j i,si5. Aii American politician, lie was a
(tuiiiea, Africa, in French territory. member of the Constitutional Convention 1787; United
Bassanes (bas'a-uez). A jealous nobleman in states scnat.u- from Delaware 1789-93; "" "" "
Ford's lrfi"edv" The Broken Heart." Ue exhibits Delaware 17l)8 18iil.
and governor of
1 l,'or(l's ti'.'if'edv ine isroKennean. ue exiiioits ,^v......... ...— — - „„j,,
of toces of oHgi'ml strength and shrewdness through a BasSet-TablC (bas'et-ta'bl), The. A comedy
cloudof impure and weak ravings. by Mrs. tV'iitlivre, first acted in l(Ua, ana
ol- Bassanio (ba-sii'ni-o). InShaksperes ' Mer- ,,;,blislied the next year. It is a clever hit at
teacher, ami maker of japioiiud ware. Abiait 17.50 he //,„,,„,^- Hcniartl.
See Marrf,
tunied his attention to tyi,. -founding and printing, an.l T>a„„ano A town in the province of Vicenza,
was elected printer to the I nivcrsity of Cambndge for isaSSano.^ jv lovvii .ii mo pi
10 years In l75S. His llrst work was a famous edition ot
Vergil (17.57) ; other noted specimens of his art are editions
of Milton (17.W and 17.'.«), the Prayer-Book (1760: four
eds., and others in siibse<|ilent years), Juvenal (1761),
llonice (1762), the Bible (1763), and a series ot Latin au-
thors (1772-7:i).
Basle. See Ilastl.
Basnage de Beauval (bii-niizh' d6 bo-viil'),
Henri. Horn iil Ivoucn, Aug. 7, 1656: died in
Holland, March 19, 1710. A French jurist, a
brothiT of .laciiues Basnage. He was an advocate
in Rouen, and took refuge in Holland after the revocation
of the Kdict of Nantes. Authorol " Hlstoiro des ouvrages
des savants " (1('>87), etc.
pul.... ,, • • I 1
tlie fashionable gamliling habit ol the .lay,
Bassi (hiis'se), Laura Maria Catenna. Born
at Bologna, Oct. '29, 1711 : died Feb. 20, 1(78.
A learned Italian lady, noted forh(>rattainmcnts
in experimental philosophy .■md languages.
Bassi FraUgO (originally Giovanni). Born in
1801 •' died in 1.849. A noted Italian preacher,
lie entered the order of St. Barnabas in 1818, and began
Italy, situated on the Brenta 28 miles north
of Padua. It has a cathedral. It is the birthplace of
the Da Ponte family. A victory was gained here Sept. 8,
1796, by the French under Bonaparte over the Austnans
under Wnrmser. Population, 6,000.
Bassano, Francesco (originally Francesco da
Ponte). Hiirn at Bassano, Italy, 1550: du^d at
Venice, .Inly 4, 1.591. An Italian paint(>r of the
Venetian scdio.il, eldest soji of .lac-oiio Bassano.
Bassano, Jacopo (originally Jacopo da Ponte >.
?ri^n^.'' A"'l-li^-'^.i"ter :!r;\ie'w;u't;a;; Bassigny,(ha-s^->V). A sm.ll I^^er divi
«ehool, noted as .me .If the earliest of Italian -,;\,f— l^^g^ ^ "ill^ighl^roni
^^^^!i^'^^d'^^\S:1^r'^- l^^rp^n^o (originally Le^dro da J^^gt...
1723. A French Protestant theologian and his- Ponte). Born at Bassano, Italy, loos :
his public ministry in 1833. His sermons pnulueed a great
ertect, people throwing down their garmenis for him to
walk oil In 1818 be Joine.I Oav.lzzi and a i.arty of l ro-
ci-iti and later Joined Oaribaldi at Rieti, where he con-
tli'med preaching until he was taken prls.uier by the
Austrians and shot. He was burled where he tell.
Bassianus (luis-i-ii'mis). In Shakspero's "Ti-
tus Andronic.us," a brother of Saturnmns and
son of the late Emperor of Rome.
(Ued at Bassim. See Bassein.
Bassino
Bassino (ba-se'no). The perjured husband in
Mrs. Centlivre's comedy of that name.
Bassiolo (bas-i-o'16). The gentleman usher, a
character in Chapman's play of that name,
a foolish, conceited busybody.
Bassompierre (bii-s6n-pyar'), Francois, Bar-
on de. Born at the Chateau d'Haroucl, in
Lorraine. April 12. 1579: died Oct. 12, 1040. A
French diplomatist and soldier, made marshal
of France in 1622. He served iu the imperial army
against the Turks in VSirs, at the siege of Chate.au-Poreieu
in 1U17, was wounded at Rethel, and took part in the
sieges of Saint .lean d'.\ngely, .Montpellier, and La Ro-
chelle. Tluough the enmity of Richelieu he was thrown
into the Bastille, where he remained until 1643. He was
noted for his amours, and, on his arrest, is said to have
destroyed 6,00(1 love-letters. He wrote "M^moires du
Mari5chal de Bassompierre, etc. " (1666).
Bassora. See Ba^ra.
Bass Rock (has rok). An islet, one mile in
circumference, at tlie entrance of the Firth of
Forth, Scotland, near North Berwick. It was
held by the Jacobites against William III.,
1691-94.
Bass Strait. A channel between Australia
and Tasmania, named for George Bass. Length,
about 200 miles. Breadth, about 140 miles.
Bassuto. See Basutoland.
128
physician and biologist, professor of patholog-
ical anatomy and clinical medicine in Univer-
sity College, London: noted as a pathologist
(neiTOus system) and as a defender of the doc-
trine of spontaneous generation. He has written
"Origin of Lowest Organisms" (1871), "Beginnings of
Lite ■■ (1872), " Evolution and the Origin of Life " (1874),
"The Brain as an Organ of Mind " (ISSii), etc.
Bastiat (bas-tya'), Frederic. Born at Bayonne,
France, June 29, LSOl: died at Kome, Dec. 24,
IS.'iO. A noted French political economist,
deputy to the Constituent and Legislative as-
semblies 1848. He was an influential opponent of the
protective system and of socialism. Among his works
are "De Tinfluence des tarifs francais et anglais sur
I'avenir des deu.x peuple8"(in the ".Tournal des Econo- ^^^ ...,„. ...^« ^..^v...
mistes"), "Sophismesiconomiques" (184ii), " Propriete et ■R"J'i'rVi"'Ql TTa'ia r
loi." "Justice et fraternitt'" (1*48), " I'rotuctionnisme et ^d-ttm-ei-ndjcll,
communisme" (1S49), "Capital et rente" (1849), " Uar- Batang (ba,-tanf
monies ^conomiques " (1849).
Bastide (bas-ted'), Jules. Born at Paris, Nov.
22, 1800: died there, March 3, 1879. A French
journalist and politician, a leader in the unsuc-
cessful insurrection of 1832. He was condemned to
Baten Eaitos
his " Letanie of Dr. John Bastwicke " in which he roundly
denounced episcopacy. He was released in 1640 and his
fine returned to him.
Batalha (bii-tarya). A town in the district
of Leiria, Portugal, situated on the Liz north-
northeast of Lisbon. It is famous for its Dominican
monastery, which was begun in 1388 and finished in ir>15.
It is the great exemplar of the Portuguese florid Pointed
style, and though not the architectural marvel that it has
been called, is beautiful and interesting. The church, in
proportions a cathedial, has a lofty and dignifled inte-
rior, not over-ornate. Thereis no triforium. To the south
opens the Founder's Chapel, with a rich octagonal lantern
and the royal tombs. The unfinished chapel of Dom Man-
uel, behind the choir, is massive in design and marked by
exuberance of surface-ornament. The same style charac-
terizes the cloister, the intricate tracery of whose arches is
unparalleled elsewhere. Population, about 3,000.
See Butn-d-H(ijtir.
). A small island in the Strait
of Singapore, south of Singapore.
Batanga (bii-tiing'ga). A region on the west-
ern coast of AJrica, bordering on the Bight of
partly under German and partly
Bassville (bas-vel'), or Basseville, Nicolas Bastien-Lepage (biis-tyau'le^pazh'), Jules
Jean Hugon, or Husson, de. Lied at Rome,
Jan. 13, 1793. A French journalist and diplo-
matist. He was editor of the "Mercure National"
when he became secretary of legation at Naples (1792).
Summoned to Rome soon after, he was killed by the
populace for attempting, under orders from the French
government, to display the republican cockade.
Bast (bast). In Egyptian mythology, a lion-
ess-heade<l or cat-headed goddess. In her especial
city, Bubastis (Egypt. Pa-Iiast), she appears to have held a
supreme place like that of Xeith at Sais. Seven hundred
thousand Egyptians visited her shrine yearly. "Bronze
images of Bast were sold in immense numbers at Bubastis,
as silver shrines of Diana were at Ephesus " (Marietie).
Bastan. See Ba:tan. _ ^.,, , .,, _, ^^ „. ,
Bastar (bus'tar). A feudatory state connected BastlUe (bas-tel ), The. [In speUingandpron.
Biafra. It i .
under French control
death for taking part in the ^meute on the occasion otthe BatangaS ( bii-tan'gas). A seaport in the south-
funend of General Lamarque, June fi, but escaped to Lon- ,.^,.t r,f T „.,r<,i Pliilirvninps Pnnulatinn
don. In 1S34 he returned, and in the revolution of 1848 eiu part ot Luzon, Philippines, fopuiauon
■- --:^--.-- -' «-— ! -■■■■- o ».. "T., .... (188 (), 3o,.>8/.
iatan Islands (ba-tan' i'landz). A group of
small islands between Formosa and Luzon in
the Philippines.
Batava Castra (ba-ta'va kas'tra). [L. : so
named because it was the station (camp) of the
ninth Bata\iaD cohort.] A Roman fort on the
site of the modem Passau.
was made minister of foreign affairs. He wrote "Lartj^
publique franfaise et ITtalie en 1848" (1S58), "Guerres de Batan Islands (ba-tan' i'landz)
religion en lYance " (1859), etc.
Born at Lamvillers, Meuse, France, Nov. 1
1848: died at Paris, Dec. 10, 1884. A noted
French painter. At sixteen years of age he went to
Paris where he partly supported himself by entering the
postal service. He entered the atelier of Cabanel, witli _..,, ^.,.,._ ,., , ,.
whom he remained until 1870. During the war he enlisted BataVl (ba-ta'vi). A German tribe, a branch of
in a company of francs-tireurs. After the war was^ver the Chatti. They inhabited the Insula Batavorum iu
he returned to Damvillers to paint. On returning to Paris
he supported himself by working for the illustrated papers.
Returning to Damvillers in the summer of 1873, he painted
his grandfather's portrait, which was one of the suc-
cesses of the Salon of 1874. He received a third-class
medal in 1874. In the Salon of 1875 his " First Commu-
nion " gained a second-class medal. In 1880 he exhibited
the great picture of Joan of Arc, now in the Metropolitan
Museum of New York.
Roman times, were sulg'ugated, probably by Drusus, and
became the allies of the Romans (serving in the Roman
armies, especially as cavalry). Later they took part in the
rising under their own countryman, Civilis. They were
ultimately merged in the Salic Franks.
Bata'via (ba-ta'vi-a). Originally, the island of
the Bata\-i (Insula Batavorum). then the entire
region inhabited by the Bata\-i ; later, Holland,
and then the kingdom of the Netherlands.
with the Chauda district of the Central Prov-
inces, British India, in lat. 18°-20° N., long.
80° 30'-82° 1.5' E. Area, 13,062 square miles.
Population (1891). 310,884.
Bastard of Orleans. [F. Bdtard ceorUans.']
Comte Jean de Dunois (1402-68), an illegiti-
mate son of Louis, brother of Charles VI.
Bastards. See Khoikhoin, G-riqua.
Bastarnse (bas-tar'ne), or Basternse (bas-ter'-
ue). [L. (Livy) Bastarnee, Gr. (Strabo) Maa-
Tapvat.'\ A Germanic tribe. They appear in his-
tory, in the 2d century B. c. as auxiliaries of Perseus
against the Romans in the third Macedonian war. in the
region about the Black Sea north of the Danube, whither
they had come from their original seat, apparently on
the upper VistuLa. During the succeeding centuries they
were iu frequent conflict with the Romans, but disappear
in the 3d century. They appear to have been the first
Germanic people to leave their old homes in the north,
and were the forerunners, accordingly, of the movement
southward that afterward became general.
Bastei (bas-ti'). A rocky height in the Saxon
Switzerland, situated on the Elbe 6 miles east
of Pirna. Height, 875 feet.
Basternse. See Bastanise.
Bastetani (bas-te-ta'ni), or Bastitani (bas-ti-
tii'iii). A Spanish people, possibly Iberian,
conformed to mod. F. ; from ME. bastile, has- Bata'via. A seaport and the capital of the
tiUc, hastcle, bastei, etc., from OF. (aud mod. F.)
bastille, from ML. bastile, pi. bastiUa, a tower,
fortress, from bastire (whence OF. bastir, F.
bdtir = Pr. OSp. bastir = It. bastire), build, of
unknown origin; referred by Diez to Gr. jiaard-
ictv, raise, support.] A celebrated state prison
in Paris. The first stone was laid April 22, 1370. There
were at first only two round towers 75 feet high, flanking
the city gate. Af terw.ard two more were added to the north
and south and a parallel line was buUt to the west ; four
others were afterward added to these. These towers were
united by walls of the same height and a moat dug around
Dutch East Indies, situated on the northern
coast of Java in lat. 6° 8' S., long. 106° 49' E. :
the chief commercial city in the East Indies, it
comprises the old city, long notorious lor its unheiUthful-
ness, and the suburbs (Weltevreden, the seat of govern-
ment, etc.). It exports coffee, rice, sugru-, spice, and other
E,ast Indian products. It was settled in the beginning
of the 17th century, and was held by the British from
1811 to 1814. Population (1891), old and new city, 104. .'i9o.
Bata'via. A town in Kane County, Illinois,
situated on Fox River 32 miles west of Chicago.
Population (1890), 3,543.
hardly Phenician, who occupied the coast of Baston (bas'ton), Robert. ^Vn English poet,
Hispaiiia Baitica
Basti (biis'te). A district in the Benares divi-
sion, Northwest Provinces, British India, about
lat. 27° N., long. .83° E. Area, 2,767 square
miles. Population (1S91). 1.78.1,844.
Bastia (biis-te'a). A seaport on the northeast-
ern coast of Corsica, in lat. 42° 41' N., long. 9°
27' E. It is the chief commercial place in the island,
and was formerly its capital. It was taken by the British
in 1745. Population (1891), 23,397.
Bastian (l)!is'tyan), Adolf. Bom at Bremen,
June 26. 1826. A Prussian ethnologist, lie
studied law, medicine, and the natural sciences at various
German universities, became a surgeon, and (1851-6<)) trav-
eled in Austi-:ilia, New Zealand, Peru, Colombia, Central
America, remote parts of China, India and Persia, Syria,
Egypt, Arabia (penetrating to Mecca), the Cape of Good
Hope and West Africa, Norway, India (a second time), the
Malay Islands. China, northern Asia, the Caspian aud
Black sciis, and the Caucasus. In 1866 he was appointed
professor of ethiuilogy at Berlin, and administrator of the
Ethnological .Museum. He succeeded Virchow as presi-
dent of the Berlin Anthropctlogical Society, and was the
principal organizer and president of the African Society,
which gave a great impetus to (ierman explorations in
Africa. Among his important published works are " Der
Mensch in der (Jeschichte " (:i vols, isoo), "Sprachver-
gleichende Studicn " (187o), " Die Culturbinder des Alien
the whole, forming a quadrangle, theiniiercourtof which Bata'via. A town in western New York, sit-
" uated on Tonawanda Creek 36 miles east of
Buffalo. Population (1890), 7,221.
Batavian Republic. A republic formed by
France out of the Netherlands in 1795. It ex-
isted until 1806.
Batavorum Insula (bat-a-v6'rum in'gu-lji).
[L., ' Island of the Batavians.'] In the time of
Tacitus, a name given to an island in the Low
Countries, formed by the Rhine, Waal, and
Meuse.
Batbie (bii-be'), Anselme Polycarpe. Born
at Seissan, France, May 31, 1828: died at Paris,
June 30, 1887. A French politician and legal
and economical writer. He became professor of ad-
ministrative law in the University of Paris in 1862, and
senator for the department of Gers in 1871, voting with
the Right Center. Author of " Doctrine et jurisprudence
en matifre d'appel comme abus" (1852). "Precis du cours
de droit public et adrainistratif "(4th ed. 1876), aud"Nou-
veau cours d'^conomie politique " (18t>i-65).
was 162 feet long and 72 feet wide. The terrors of the Bas-
tille as a state prison reached their culmination during the
ministry of Richelieu (1624^2), when Leclerc du Trem-
blay was commandant. In the reign of Louis XI. cages of
iron had been constructed, and the vaults beneath the
towers, being on a level with the water in the moat, were
especially dreaded. From the beginning of the revolu-
tion the BastiUe was an especial mark for the vindictive-
ness of the populace. On July 14, 1789, it was attacked by
a mob which, after sever,al unsuccessful attempts, forced it
to surrender. De Launey, the commandant, was disarmed
and conducted toward the Hotel de Ville ; at the Place de
Greve he was killed and his head mounted on a pike.
After the first anniversary of the fall of the Bastille (July
14. 1790) the old building was razed. See Place de la Bas-
tille.
born near Nottingham toward the end of the
13th century. He was a Carmelite monk, and prior of
the abbey of Scarborough.
He [Baston] is said to have been taken to Scotland by
King Edward II. to celebrate the English triumphs, but
he was captured by the Scotch, and they required of him , , ■ t. ' ^ m-L i i i < i
as ransom a panegyric upon Robert Bruce. His"Metra Batchclor S Banquet, The. A paniplilet by
de lUustri Bello de Bannockburn" were appended by Dekker, lirst JjubUshed in 1603. and four or five
Heame to his edition of Fordoun's "Scotichronicon
Itorley, Efiglish Writers, 'VI. 159.
Bastuli (bas-tu'li). An ancient people in south-
ern Spain, identified by Strabo 'with the Bas-
tetani.
Basutoland (ba-so'to-laud). A native colony
in South Africa, capital Maseru, imder the di-
rect administration of the Britisli imperial gov-
ernment. It is bounded by the Orange Free State on
the west and north. Natal on the east, and Cape Colony Bateman
on the south. Its surface is mounUiinous, and it is trav-
ersed by the Orange River. Its inhabitants are Basutos
(allied to the Kafirs). It is governed by a British resident
commissioner and the high commissioner for .South Africa.
In 1868 it was taken under British protection ; was an-
nexed to Cape Colony in 1871 ; was at war with the Brit-
ish 1880-82 ; and was tjiken under direct British control
in 1884. Area. 10,293 square miles. Population (1891), 218,-
902.
gieicnenue i^Luuien ^lo/oj, ■ uiK cuiiuriimaer ues Alien ~ . . i .-l x/ •, \ t i. -r, i. tit ^^.^■^
Americas "(187.S), and numerous papers in the proceedings Bast'WlCK (bast wik), Jonn. Horn at Wnttle,
of scientific societies. With Hartmann he founded the
"Zeitschrift fur Ethnologic ' in 1869.
Bastian (bas'tyan). Henry Charlton. Bom at
Truro, Cornw'all, April 26, 1837. An English
in Essex. 1.593 : died 16.54. An English physi-
cian and Protesta tit theological controversialist.
He was imprisoned and fined by the Star Chamber in 1634
on account of his " Flagellum Pontiflcis," and in 1637 for
times reprinted, it is based on an old French satire
of the 15th century, " Les Quinze Joycs de Maiiage," but
is so treated as to he almost an original work.
Batchian. See Batjan.
Bateman (bat' man), Hezekiah Linthicum.
Born at Baltimore, Md., Dec. 6, 1812: died at
London, March 22, 1875. An actor and theatri-
cal manager. He was the lessee of the Lyceum
Theater in London from 1871 till his death.
Kate Josephine. Born at Balti-
more. Md., Oct. 7, 1842. An actress, daughter
of Hezekiah Liuthicum Bateman. She appeared
with her youTiger sister as "the Bateman Sisters" alxiut
1851. In 1863 she began to play Leah at the Adelphi in
London ; iu 1866 married Mr. George Crowe ; in 18(i8
returned to the stage imder her maiden name, playnig
Lady Macbeth, Medea, Juliet, and Queen Mary in Tenny-
son's drama (in 1876), and has since taken the direction of
one of the Ixjndon theaters.
Baten KaitOS (bii'ten ki'tos). [Ar. bnt'n kaitos,
the belly of the whale, kaitos being an Ai-abic
transliteration of the Gr. K7/rof.] The third-
magnitude star C Ceti.
Sat«s
Bates (bats). A soldier in the king's array, in
Shakspere's "Henry V."
Bates, Arlo. Born at East Maehias, Maine,
Deo. 16, 1850. An American author ami jour-
nalist. Hid wife Harriet L. (Vose) wrote under tlic pseu-
duiiym "Eleanor Putnam." Jle becjinie eilit^jruf the "Bos-
ton Sunday Courier" in 1880, and is the author of ''The
Pa);ans"<lSS4X "Old .Salem " (18*<i), etc.
Bates, Charlotte Fiske. Born in New York
city. Nov. :io, ISliS. An American poet. She
aufsted Longfellow in c(»mpilinp his ** Poems of Places,"
edited the "I'unibridKe lit«>k of Poetry and .Song" (1882),
and is the author of " Risk, and Other Poems " (1879), ete.
Bates, Charley. -V younK thief in the employ
of l-"afriii, in (Jharles Dickens's story "Oliver
Twist."
Bates, David. Bom about 1810 : died at Phila-
delphia. I'a.. Jan. 2."i, 1870. An American poet.
He wrote the familiar poem " Speak Gently." His poems
wercpuldished in book form under the title '"The Eolian "
(18tS).
Bates, Edward. Born at Belmont, Goochland
County, Va., .Sept. 4, 1793: died at St. Louis.
March 25, 18G9. An American statesman and
jurist. He was member of Congress from Missouri 1827-
ISSO ; nnsncee^sfnl cantlidate for the Republican nomina-
tion for I'ltsi.Unt in Ib'io ; and attorney-general 1801-4i4.
Bates, Henry Walter. Born at Leicester,
England, Feb. 18, 1825: died at London, Feb. 16.
1892. An English naturalist and traveler, in
1848 he went to the Amazon in company with Mr. A. R
Wallace ; at first with him. and afterward alone, he trav-
eled over all parts of the Brazilian Amazon. Returning
to England in 1H611. he published his " Naturalist on the
River Amazons ' (1863). He also wrote a handbook of
Central and South America, etc.
Bates, Joshua. Bom at Weymouth, Mass.,
I7S.S; ilicd at London. Sept. 24, 18C4. A banker
of tlie house of Baring Brothers and Co., chief
founder of the Boston Public Library, 1852-58.
Bates College, a coeducational institution of
learning at Lewiston, Maine, controlled by the
Freewill Baptists. It originated in the Maine state
Seminary, chartered in 18.').^>, which was rechartered in
1864 as a college, and named after one of its patrons, Ben-
jamin E. Bates, of Boston, )Iassachusetts. It has (18i)2-9:i)
8 professors and 165 studeuta. (Connected with it are the
Nichols Latin School and the Cobb Divinity .School.
Bath (bith). [ME. lidtli. Bathe, AS. Batlirtti.
Bathum, prop. dat. pi. of ha;th, bath, xt thiein
bathiim, or a?( tliiem lidtiim bdlhioii, 'at tlie hot
baths' or springs.] A town in Somersetsliire,
England, situated on the Avon in lat. 51° 24' N.,
long. 2° 22' W. : the Roman Acpias Solis ( 'baths
of the sun '). It is one of the leading watering-places of
England, noted for its s;iline and chalybeate hot springs.
It contains Roman baths and other Roman antiquities.
(See below.) In the Roman period it was an important
watering-place, was destroyed l)y the Saxons, and w;is devel-
oped in the 17tb and especially in the 18th century through
the intlucnce of Bean Niuib. The ai)l)ey church of Bath, an
excellent example of the Perpendicular style, was iiegun
about l.'ioo. Itlias been called "the Lantern of England,"
from the number and size of its traceried windows. The
plan presents a square chevet and naiTow transepts. The
west window is good, as is the restored fan-vaulting of
the interior. The church is 22.'» feet long, the centril
tower 162 feet high. Of the Roman thcrmte five large
balls remain, one of them 68 by lib feet, and several smaller
ones, with the arrangements for heating beneatli the
floors. One of the piscina) retains its aucient lining of
lend. Population (1S9I), 51,b43.
Bath. .V city and port of entry, the capital of
Sfigailahoc County, in Maine, situated on tlie
west bank of the Kennebec, in lat. 43° .55' N.,
long. G9° 49' W. : one of the principal ship-
building centers in the country, it has important
cijuimerce and a fine harbor. It was incorporated in
ITS'!. Population (1890). 8,723.
Bath. The capital of Steuben County, New
York, situated on the Cohocton River 50 miles
southeast of Rochester. Population (1890),
3,261.
Bath (balhi, Colonel. An infle.\ibly punctil-
ious but kiud-hi-artcd character in Fielding's
" .\mi'lia.''
Bath, Earl of. See rultenei/, WiUiaiii.
Bat-ha (bii'tii). The chief river of Wadai, Su-
dan. It flows westwanl into Lake Fittri.
Bathinyl. See iintiliiidni/i.
Bathgate (Ijath'gat). A town of Linlithgow-
sliiic, .Scolland, 19 miles west of Edinburgh.
I'oi.iilation (1H91), X'.VM.
Bithori (bii'to-re), Elizabeth. Died in 1614.
A Hungarian j>rincess, niece of Stei>hen Ba-
thori. kinc of T'ohiml, wife of a Hungarian
count Nachisdy, notorious for her crimes. With
the aid of her attendants she killed fr<un time t^) time
young girls (said in ditterent accounts to number from
eighty to several hundred) in order to use their blood a.s
a bath to improve her comitlexion. She was imprikont-d
for life, anil hi-r aiconiipliees were maimed an<l burned.
Bithori, Sigismund. Died Kilji at Prague. .\
nephew of Steplien Bdthori, prince of Traii-
svlvania 1.5H1-9K.
Bathori, Stephen. Bom 1522: died 1586. A
9
129
Hungarian noble, prince of Transylvania (1571-
1576) and king of Poland (1575-86). He was
crowned in 1576.
Baths of Caracalla. Baths in ancient Rome.
begun by Sivcrus 206 A. D. The thermio proper
occupied a space of 720 by :t7o feet, in a large square in-
closure, bordered by porticos and coiuiected founda-
tions. The remains include walls, arches, and! vaults,
which are among the most imposing ruins of ancient
Rome, and portions of the figured mosaic pavement.
Baths of Diocletian. Roman baths begun by
Dicic-lctiau, situated in Rome near tlie Viiniual".
Baths of Titus. Baths constructed by the em-
peror Titus in Rome, northeast of the Colos-
seum.
Bathsheba (bath-she'ba or bath 'she-bii). ^.^^^^S^IUS (bat'ra-kus) or Batrac
[Hob.. 'daughter of an oath.'] 1. The wifeof I-"'- ''"'('"Voc, ffog.J A <_Treek aivhitect and
Batthyanyi, Count Louis
Baton Rouge (bat'on rozh). [F., Ted staff':
so named, it is said, from a red boundary mark
whicli separated the lauds of the Indians from
those of the whites.] The capital of the State
of Louisiana, sit uatedon the Mississippi River 75
miles northwest of New Orleans, it was captured by
the Federals May 12, 1SB2 : and on Aug. 5 following the
Union brig.adiergeneral I'homas Williams, « ilh less than
2,5ix) men, repulsed an attack by the Confederate major-
general John C. Breckinridge, with about 2,6wj men, the
I'nion loss in killed, wounded, and missing being 38.'*, the
Confederate, 4.'JB. It was the capital from 1817 to 1862, and
again became the capital in 18811. Population (InOii), 10,478.
Batory. See Biithori.
Batoum. See JSritiim.
Batrachos i-kos).
Uriah the Hittite. sinfully loved by David: after
ward the wife of Da\id and the mother of Solo-
mon. 2 Sam. xi. Hence — 2. The Duchess of
Portsmouth, in Dryden's ''Absalom and Achito-
phel," the favorite of Charles H.
Bathurst (bath'erst). A town of New South
Wales, 100 miles west-northwest of Sydney:
the central point of a gold district. Population
(1891), 9.162.
Bathurst. A seaport and chief town of Glou-
cester County, New Brunswick, situated on
the Bay of Chaleur.
Bathurst. The capital of British Gambia, West
.\frica, liuilt on the Island St. Mary near the
mouth of the Gambia River. Its commerce
is mostly in the hands of French firms. Popu-
lation, 6,000.
Bathurst, Allen, first Earl Bathurst. Born
at Wi'stininster, Nov. 10, 1684: died at Ciren-
cester, Sept. 16, 1775. An English statesman,
a friend of Pope, Swift, Prior, Congreve, and
Sterne. To him Pope addressed the third of
his "Moral Essays."
sculptor at Rome in the time of .Vugustus.
Batrachomyomachia (bat ra-ko nii-6-ma'-
l^i-a)- ['Ji'- l!ar^)o,vo/;i'o//o,^/a, the battle of the
frogs and mice.] An ancient Greek mock epic,
in hexameters, of which 316 lines are extant.
It was formerly attributed to Homer, and by some modem
critics to Pigres, brother of Artemisia, queen of Caria.
The plot is witty, and not badly constrncled. A mouse,
after escaping from the pursuit of a cat, is slaking its thirst
at a pond, when it is accosted by a frog, King Putf-clieck,
the son of Peleus (in the sense of mudilyi, who asks it to
come and see his home and habit.s. The mouse consents,
but the sudden appearance of an otter terrifies the frog,
and makes bini dive, leaving the mouse to perish, after
sundry epic exclamations and soliloquies. A h>standing
mouse brings the tidings to the trilie, who forthwith pre-
pare for war, and arm themselves, sending a formal decla-
ration to the frogs. The deliberations of Zeus aciil Athena,
as to what part they will take in the wai-. are really comic,
and a very clever parody on Homer. Then follows i|Uite
an epic battle, with deliberate inconsistencies, such as the
reappearance of several heroes already killed. The frogs
are worsted, and the victorious mice are not even deterred
by the thunder of Zeus, but are presently put to flight by
the appearance of an army of crabs to assist the defeated
frogs. The German destructive critics think the extant
poem was put together from fragments of earlier mock
epics of the same kind. But of this we have no evidence.
ilahaffti, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 80.
Bathurst, Henry, second Earl Bathurst. Born
May 2, 1714: died Aug. 6, 1794. An English Bats, Parliament of. i>ee Parlidmciil.
politician, son of the first Earl Bathurst. He Batta (liiit'tii). See Masa and Koiuja.
was lord chancellor of England (1771-78) and Battasz6k (biit'to-shek). A town in "the county
lord president of the council (1779-82). of Tolna, Hungary, 50 miles west of There-
Bathurst, Henry, third Earl Bathurst. Born sienstadt. Population (1890), 8,153.
May '22, 1762: died 1834. An English states- Battenberg (biit'ten-berG). A small town in
man, sou of the second Earl Bathurst. He was ""^ province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situated
on the E<ler 44 miles west-southwest of Cassel.
It gives name to the Battenberg family.
See Alexander,
president of the Board of Trade 1809-12 ; secretaiy for war
and the colonies 1812-27; and president of the council
1828-30. The following were named for him.
io-.as-3u. xne loiiowmg were named lor mm. •Ro+.+oTiUn..^ A !»«.»« j _* ..
Bathurst Inlet. An inlet extending south battenberg, Alexander of. f-
from Coronation Gulf into British America, in Battenberg, Hen^y, Prince of,
lat. 07° N., long. 108° W.
Bathurst Island. A large island in the Ai-ctic
( )cean, intersected by lat. 76° N., long. 100° W.
Bathurst Island. An island north of Aus-
tralia, and west of Melville Island, It belongs
to file northern territory of South Australia.
Bathycles (bath'i-klez)", or Bathykles. [6r.
]^(.dlvK/S|(.\ Born at JIagnesia: lived about 560
B. c. A Greek sculptor. He constructed a
throne for the ctdossal statue of the Amyctean
Apollo in Laeonia.
Bathyllus (ba-thil'us) of Alexandria. Lived
about 20 B. c. A freedman of Miecenas, noted Battersea Park. One of the more recent Lon-
as a comic dancer in the "pantomimi." don jLuiks. it faces Chelsea Hospital, and is on the
Batignolles (bit -ten -vol'). A northwestern Suney si'le of the Thames. It contains a tine snblropi-
,. ,,Tt, f D„„;o * '^^^ garden, and cricket-grounds, and is encircled by a
11,11 ti. 1 or t-ai IS. p„t|j (g^ eciuestrians.
Born Oct. 5,
1858 : died Jan. 21, 1896. Younger brother ot
Alexander of Battenberg. He married Princess
Heatriee of Great Britain in 1885.
Battersea (bat'er-se). A suburb of London,
situated on the south side of the Thames,4 miles
southwest of St. Paul's. Population (1891),
150,458.
The name of Peter's Eye or Island still lingers in that of
Battersea on the opposite side of the river, which was
part of the ancient patrimony of St. Peter's -\bbey at West-
minster. It was formerly famous for its asparagus beds.
Hare, Walks in London. II. 448.
(|ll
Batjan (bat-yan ), or Batchian (bach-yiin'). Battery (bat'er-i). The. A park of about 20
One of the Molucca Islands, situated southwest acres at the southern extremity of New York
ot GUolo, in lat. 0° 45' S., long. 127° 40' E. eity, on or near the site of an ;>ld Dutch fort.
It IS iin<ier Dutch suzerainty. Area (esti- Itwasat one time a fashionable quiu-ter, and is now fre-
mated), 800 to 900 square miles. quented by the poor of the lower jiart of the city. See
BatUe (biit'lye). Lorenzo. Born at Monte- J^«ff ^'"'■f"'.- ..,, _, , „ ...
video, 1812. An Cruguavan general and states- BatteuX (ba-tc ). Charles. Born near\ ""ziers,
man. During the nine years' siege of Montevideo by •™"<"''', ^^^^ ^\ \'. ;'/ '^'^ "\ .P""^' l' " ^ ^*'
Oribe, Batllc belonged to the " Dcfensa," or Montevideaii ''**"• -*■ I' I'eiich litterateur clneflv noted as a
party, commanding one of the bodies of infantry in the writer on cstlietics. Author of '■ I'arallLlede la Hen
garrison, and leading viu'ious raids into the interior. He riadcctdn Lntrin " (1746), "Beaux Arts rcduits ii un mime
was niiidster of war under Flores, provisional president principe " (1746), " Cours dc belles-lettres" (1750 : his prin-
lsu«-«8 ; and was elected president Feb. 28, 1868. Uni ing cipal work), " La construction orutoire " (17C4), " Histoire
his term there were frequent revolts and a great financial des causes premieres, etc. " (1769), etc.
crisis. He gave up the office in 1872 and resumed his BatteV (bat'i), Robert. Born at Augusta. Ga..
duties as general. ., ,,. ,.i.,., ,. , . ,, ,-, xt o t.ir,-
Batley (bat'li). A town in the West Riding of ^ i;'; ,-'';...! *::^.'.,','.'.'.:'!.:;.'. '**""-''' ^'"" ^"'■- '^^ ^'^^■'-
Yorkshire, England,8 miles southwest of Leeds.
It has manufactures of woolens and slioddv.
I'opulati.ui (1S91), 28,719.
Batn-el-Hajar (hiit-n-el-hii'jiir). A region in
Nubia, on l>oth sides of the Nile above the sec-
ond cataract, about lat. 21°-22°N.
Batonapa (l>ii-to-n!i'pii). [0|iata Iniignage.
'place wlicre the water boils,' from the hot
springs at the foot of the hill.] \ hill a few
miles south of Banamiehi on the Sonora River,
overgrown with dense thickets, but covereil Batthyanyi, Count Louis. Born at Presburg.
'with tlie remains of ancient Indian fortificii- .\]iril 9. 18(19: died at Bmhiiiest. Oct. 6, 1849.
tioiis consisting of rude parapds of stone. ,\ Hungarian statesman. He was premier of Ilun-
They were reared In ancient times by the Opata* of the garv March-Sept, 1848. After his resignation he took
valley of Banamiehi, as a place of refuge in ca«eot attack, part in iitiblic affairs, chfefiy as a member of the Diet,
\n .\mericaii physician and surgeon. He was pro-
fessor "f obstetrics in the Atlanta Slidical College (187:1-
1875), and editor of the "Atlanta .Medical and Snrgi<al
.lournal"(ls73-76). Ho perftuiued in 1872 what has since
been kiu>wn as Battey 8 operation for the removal of the
ovaries.
Batthyanyi (bot'yiin-ye). Prince Karl VOn.
I'.oiu 1(;97: die<l April 15,1772. A Huminrian
(icld-niarshal. Heplayed a prondnent part intlicWsr
of the Austrian Succession, and distingniHlied biin^clf )<y
the victory over the French and Bavarians at PfBlfen-
lioten, April 15, 1745.
BatthyAnyi, Count Louis
with great moderation ; but on tlie entrance of the Aus-
trians into Pesth he was arrested and at the end ol the
war executed.
Battiadae (lia-ti'a-de). [Gr. BarrMai, from Bir-
To<; Battus.] A'dyiiastv of rulers in Cyrene,
which reigned from the 7th to the oth century
B. C. They were as follows, according to Rawlinson :
Battus 1. (founder of the city), (al-Ml ; Arcesilaus I.
(his son), 591-575 ; Battus II. (the Happy, his son), 6/5-
655; Arcesilaus II (the Ill-tempered, his son), 655(y)-640C.') ;
Battus III, (the Lame, his son). 540 (V)'630C'); Arcesilaus
III. (his son), 530 (/>-615 (?), Pheretima, regent. 516 (■)-
— ■ "' '" " - « ' ^.-t^,.,, TTT \ "1 J (V^
nearly 431. ,
Battle (bat'l), Mrs. A character m Lamb's
"Essays of Elia.''
'■ A cliar fire, a clean he.irth, and the rigor of the game,"
this was the celebrated wish of old Sarah Battle (now with
Ooil), who next to her devotions loved a good game of
whist, Charlei Lamb, lire. Battle's Opinions on Wliist.
Battle (bat'l). [Orig. Bataille : "thast m\iister
tet tha>re Bataille." ' the minster at the Battle'
(AS. Chrou. au. 10941, Battle Abbey.] A town
in the county of Sussex, England, 7 miles
northwest of Hastings. It contains an abbey (Battle
Abbey), founded by William I. (1067) in gratitude for his
130
Battle of the EegS. A mock-heroic poem by
Francis Hopkinson, occasioned by an episode
ill tlic Uevrilutionary War.
Battle of the Nations. See Xations.
Battle of Prague, The. A piece of music com-
posed by Kotzwara. It was published in 1792, and is
what is known as program music, describing the battle
between tlie Prussians and Austrians before league in
1767.
Battle of the Spurs. See Sjnus.
Battle of the Standard. See Standard, Bat-
tle iif the.
Battle of the Thirty. See Thirtii.
Battleford ibat'l-tord). A townin Saskatche-
wan, Canada, situated at the junction of Battle
River with the Saskatchewan. It was formerly
the capital of the Northwest Territories,
Battus (bat'us), or Battos (bat'os).
7«f.] A Greek of Thera. the leader
ony to Cyrene about 630 B. c, and its first
king. There were later kings of the same
name. See Battiadie.
Batu (bii-to' ). A group of small islands west of
Sumatra, near the equator, inhabited by Malays.
The largest is 45 miles in length. They belong
to the Netlierlands.
victory at Hastings, The remains include considerable BatUCOS (ba-to'koz). [A southern Pima name.]
portions of the monastic buildings (in part fitted as a res-
idence of the Duke of Cleveland), fragments of the cloisters
and refectory, and the ruins of the large church. The
entrance is by a splendid fortified medieval gate. See
Senlac. Population (1891), 3,153.
Battle above the Clouds. A popular name of
the Battle of Lookout Mountain (which see),
Nov. -24. 1S()3.
Battle at Sea. A painting by Tintoret in the
An extinct tribe of the southern Pimas or Ni5-
homes of central Sonora. They were sedentary,
their dwellings were of a better class (of adobe), and they
dressed more substantially than their southern neighbors
of Yaqui stock. The pueblo of Batuco still exists, but
the population has become Mexicanized, and the language
is mostly lost.
Batuearis (ba-t6-a-a'rez). An Indian tribe of
Sinaloa, now extinct.
Museum at Madrid, representing an attack on g^j.^ ghan (bii-tokh'an'). Died about 1255. A
Christian ships by Moslem corsairs. In the fore
ground a strenuous hand-to-hand combat r.ages around a
beautiful female Bgure. The coloring is rich and strong.
Battle Bridge, King's Cross. In old London, a
grandson of Jenghiz Khan, and Mogul ruler oE
Kipehak. He defeated Henry, duke of Lower .Silesia,
at Wahlstadt in 1241, and Kla IV., king of Hungary, on
the Saj6 in 1242, and held Kussia in subjection ten years.
Sea in lat. 41° 39' N., long. 41° 36' E. It has the
best harbor on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, and is
the chief commercial place in Transcaucasia, exporting
timber, hides, wax, etc. It is connected by railway with
Tillis, The modern town stands near the site of the an-
cient Petra, earlier Bathys, It was ceded to Russia in
1878. Population (1891), 10,167.
Batuta, Ibn. See Ibn Batuta.
Batz (biits), or Bas (bas). A small island in
the English Channel, belonging to the depart
locality .iKu-ked by a bridge across the Upper (ba-tom'), or Batoum. A seaport in
Fleet or Holborn, supposed to have derived Its ^Trai^eaucasia, Russia, situated on the Black
name from a battle between Suetonius and
Boadicea, or, more probably, between Alfred
and the Danes.
Battle Creek. A city in Calhoun County,
southern Michigan, 108 miles west of Detroit
on tlie Kalamazoo River. Population (1890),
13,197.
Battle Hill. A height in Greenwood Ceme-
tery, Brooklyn, the scene of a part of the Bat-
tle of Long island.
Battle Monument. A memorial structure in
Baltimore, Maryland, built in 1815 to com-
memorate the soldiers who were engaged in
the defense of the city against the British
troops in September, 1814. The total height
of the monument is 72 feet. TVheekr, Familiar
Allusions.
Battle of Alcazar, The. A play by Peele,
acted in 158S-S9 and printed in 1594. Under this
name Peele writes of a battle fought in Barbary between
Sebastian, king of Portugal, and Abdelmelek, king of Mo-
rocco, which really took place in 1578 at Alcacer Quibir or
Al-Kasr al-Kebir.
Battle of Amazons. A painting by Rubens, in
the old Pinakothek at Munich. The subject is the
victory of Theseus over the Amazons on the Thermodon.
The chief struggle is on a bridge, upon which the Greeks
are charging, while the Amazons begin to flee at the oppo-
site end. Horses and riders, dead and wounded, are fall-
ing in confusion into the stream.
Battle of Dorking, The. See Dorking.
Battle of the Baltic, The. A lyric by Thomas
(;aiii)iVifll.
Battle of the Books. A satirical work by
.lonathan Swift, written in 1697. It is his contri-
bution to the famous Bentley and Boyle controversy, and
his hist prose composition.
Battle of the Frogs and Mice. See Batra-
cltonti/'niuiclti't.
Battle of the Giants. -An epithet applied to
the battle of Marignano or Melegnano, Sept.
13 and 14. 1515, in which Francis I. of France
defeated the Duke of Milan and the Swiss: so
called from the obstinacy with which it was
fought, and the superior character of the troops
on liiith sides.
Battle of Hastings, The. 1 . See Hastings and
Seiiliu: — 2. A poem by Cliatterton, written about
Bauer, Bruno
' ■ Th^ophile Gautier " (1869), " Les paradis artiflciels, opium
et haschich" (1861). translations of Poe's works, etc. His
complete works were published in four vuluiiies in 1869.
Baudelocque ( bOd-lok' ), Jean Louis. Born at
Hcilly, Picardy, 1746: died at Paris, 1810. A
French surgeon. He studied under Solayres, and he-
came accoucheur of the Hospital de la Maternity, Author
of " L'Art des Accouchements " (1781),
Baudens (bo-doii'), Jean Baptiste Lucien.
Born at Aire, Pas-de-Calais, April 3. 1804:
died at Paris. Dee. 3, ISSi. A French surgeon.
He became surgeon in the French army in Algeria in 1830,
where he founded a hospital in which he taught surgei-y
and anatomy for nine years. He returned to Fiance in 1S41,
becoming director of the military hospital of Val-de-Grace,
and serving as member of the sanitary commission of the
army in the Crimean war. He wrote "Kouvelle m6thode
des amputations" (1842), and "La guerre de Crim^e, etc."
(1857X
[Gr. B(ir- Baudin des Ardennes (bo-dan' da ziir-den'),
of a col- Charles. Bom at Sedan, 1792 : died at Ischia,
June 7, 1854. A French naval officer. He served
with distinction against the English 1808-12. After the
Hundred Days he engaged in trade, but returned to the
navy on account of reverses in 1830. In 1838 he was sent
to Santo Domingo with the commissioners who were to
demand indemnity for losses sustained by French subjects;
and, shortly after, with the grade of rear-admiral, he was
empowered to secure a similar indemnity from Mexico.
His demands being refused, he bombarded the fort of San
Juan de Uliia, Vera Cruz (Nov. 27, 183.'*), forced its aban-
donment next day. and on Dec. 5 occupied Vera Cruz after
a hot tight, but soon withdrew; he then blockaded the
port until the French demands were settled by a treaty.
On his return to France he was made vice-admiral; com-
manded on South American coasts 1840 ; was prefect of
Toulon 1840-47, and president of the Bureau of Longi-
tude after 1848. Shortly before his death he became full
admiral.
Baudin, Nicolas. Born at lie de R6, 1750:
died in Mauritius, Sept. 16, 1803. A captain in
the French navy, and naturalist. He conducted
an exploring expedition to Australia, an account of which
was pulilished by Piron in "Voyage aux tenes Australes
par les corvettes G^ographe et le Naturaliste " (1807).
Baudissin (bou'tlis-sen),Wolf Heinrich Fried-
rich Karl, Count von. Born at Kantzau, Jan.
30, 1789: died at Dresden, April 4, 1878. A
German littiJrateur, contributor to the German
translation of Shakspere edited by Schlegel and
Tieck. The plays translated by him are '■ Heniy VIII.,"
"Much Ado about Nothing," "Taming of the Shrew,"
" Comedy of Errors," " Measm'e for Measure," " All 's well
that Ends well," "Antony and Cleopatra," "Troilus and
Cressida," "Merry Wives of Windsor," " Love's Labour 's
Lost," "Titus Andronicus," " Othello," and "Lear." He
also published "Ben Jonson and seine .Schule " (1836),
translations of a number of old English dramas.
ment of Finist^re, France, 14 miles northwest Baudour (bo-dor'). A small town in the prov-
of Morlaix. It contains three villages, with ince of Hainaut, Belgium, near Mons, noted
about 1200 inhabitants, and has a gooti harbor, for its pottery.
Batz, Bourg de. A small town in the depart- Baudricourt (b6-dre-kbr')^Jean de. Died at
ment of Loire-Infi5rieure, France, situated on
the coast 14 miles west of St. Nazaire. It has
important salt-works.
Baubo (ba'bo). [Gr. Baii,3uorBa/3(j.] In Greek
mythology, a personage connected with the Eleu-
sinian myth of Demeter, developed chiefly un-
der the influence of Orphism. According to the
myth the goddess (see Deintter), in search of her daughter,
came to Baubo, who offered her something to drink which
was refused. Thereupon Baubo, indignant, made an in-
decent gesture which caused Demeter to smile and accept
the gift. In a fragment of an Grphic hymn the same act
is attributed to a servant Iambus. Baubo came Ui have
a place in the nocturnal mysteries of Eleusis. Goethe
makes her symbolize gross sensuality in the second part
of "Faust."
Baucher (bo-sha'), Frangois. Bom at Ver-
sailles, 1796: died at Paris, March 14, 1873. A
Blois, May 11, 1499. A French mar.shal. He
served successively under Charles the Bold, Louis XI., and
Charles VIII,, was sent as ambassador to the Swiss cantons
in 1477, was made governor of Burgundy and Besan^on in
1481, and became a miu-shal of France in 1486,
Baudrier (bod-re-a'), Sieur de. A pseudonym
of Jonathan Swift.
Baudrillart (bod-re-yiir'), Henri Joseph
L6on. Born at Paris, Nov. 28, 1821 : died there,
Jan. 24, 1892. A French political economist.
He became editor of the " Constitutionnel," and later of
the ".louriial des Economistes." Among his works are
" Manuel d'economie politique " (1867), "Des rapports de
la morale et de I'economie politique" (1860), "Publicistes
modernes" (1862), "Histoire du luxe" (1878-80), etc.
Baudrillart, Jacques Joseph. Bom at Gi-
vron, Ardennes, France, May 20, 1774: died at
Paris, March 24, 1832. A noted French writer
on forestry.
Boni
French hippologist. He invented a new method of
training saddle-horses, of which the chief feature is a „-.,.,._ , - n-^t. x
method of suppling the horse's neck and jaw by a pro- Baudry (bo-dre ), PaUl JaCQUeS AUne. 1
gressive series of flexions of the muscles, so that^the ani- gf L^ Roche-sur- You, Vendee, France, Nov. 7,
......,.- ]^828: died at Paris, Jan, 17, 1886. A French
painter of historical subjects and portraits, and
also of decorative works, of the last the best-known
are in the foyer of the Grand Opi?ra at Paris (180(>-74). He
became a member of the Institute in 1S70.
Bauer (bou'er), Anton. Born at Marbm'g,
Aug. 13, 1772: died at Gottingen, June 1, 1843.
A German jurist. He became professor at Gottingen
in 1813, and privy judiciary councilor in 1840. Among
his works is "Grundsatzo des Krimiiialprozes.ses" (1806),
a revised edition of which was published under the title
— , - , . of " Lehrbuch des .strafprozesses " (18;i.5).
Erinna and a disciple of Sajipho. An epitajih 3a,uer Bruno. Born at Eisenberg, in Saxe-
mal ceases to bear t/r pull on the bit. He wrote " Methode
d'^quitation " (1842).
Baucis (ba'sis). [Gr. BavKi'f.] In Greek legend,
a Phn'gian woman who, with her husband
Phileinon, showed hospitality to Zeus and
Hermes when every one else had refused them
admission. They were saved from an inundation with
which the country was visited by the gods, and were made
priests in the temple of Zeus. Wishing to die together,
they were changed at the same moment into trees. G6e-
the wrote a poem on this subject.
Baucis. A Greek poetess of Tenos, a friend of
upon
her bv Erinna is extant.
1768. He wrote two poems of this name, the first of which Baucis and^Philemon. A poem by Swjf t, pub-
he acknowledged, but iiisistetl that the second and very
much longer one was by Rowley from the Saxon ofTurgot.
3. The first tragedy written by Richard Cum-
berland, proiluced in 1778.
Battle of IsSUS. 1 . See Issus. — 2. A celebrated
ancient mosaic from the House of the Faun at
Pompeii, now in the Museo Nazionale, Naples.
It is about 17 by 8 feet, formed of small cubes of marble,
and represents with much life and vigor kings .\lexander
and Darius in active combat, with both horse and foot.
lished in 1707.
Baudelaire (bod-iar'), Pierre Charles. Bom
at Paris, .Vpril 9, 1821 : died there, Aug. 31, 1867.
A French critic and ])oet of the Romantic
school. He was graduated from the Lyc^e Louis-le-
Grand, Paris, in 1839. In l*4r> and lS4i> he published vol-
umes entitled "The Salon," in which he criticized tlie
annual art exhibitions of Paris, and which established his
reputation as a critic. He also wrote "Fleurs du Mai "
(1857 : prosecuted as immoral j expurgated edition 1861X
Altenbiirg. Sept. 6, 1809: died at Rixdorf, near
Berlin. April 13, 1882. A German pliilosophi-
cal, theological, and historical writer of the
Hegelian school, noted as an exponent of ex
treme rationalism. He was the author of "Religion
des Alten Testaments" (183.S), "Kritik der evangelischen
Oeschichtc des Johannes" (1840), "Das entdcckte Chris-
tenthum " (184;1), " Geschichte der Kranzosischen Revolu.
tion" (1847), "Geschichte der Polilik, Kultur und Aut-
klarung des 18. Jahrhunderts" (1843-46), " Die Apostelge-
schichte " (1860), " Kritik der Paulinischen Brief e " (1850),
"Christus und die C&saren " (1877), etc.
Bauer, Edgar
Bauer, Edgar. Bom at Chailottenburg, Oct.
7, ISL'U: Jied at Hannover, Aug. 18, 1886. A
German publicist, brother of Bruno Bauer:
author of numerous historical and polemieal
131
Bavimgarten, Sigmund Jakob. Bom at Wol-
niirsteclt, near .Mas'leburf.'. March 14, 1706: died
at Halle, .Tuly 4, 17.57. A tierman Protestant
theologian, professor at Halle 1730-57.
works of radical tendency. He was imprisoned Batun^arten-Crusius (-krii^' ze-os), Lud'wlg
(1843-48) on account of his "Streit der Kritik " ' ' '"' ''"'
mit Kircbe und Staat."
Bauer Karoline. Born at Heidelberg, March
21), 18ii7 : died at Zurich, Oct. 18, 1877. A noted
German actress, morganatic wife (1829) of Leo-
pold (later King of the Belgians) under the
name of Countess Montgomery, she returiifd to
the staci' when Leopulil became king, anil fliKilly iibiui-
done.1 it in 1W4 : in tliis year also she nuirriea a I'ulish
count. She was famous both in comedy aud tragedy.
Batierle (boi'er-le), Adolf. Born at Vienna,
Ajuil y, 1786: died at Basel, Sept. 20, 1859.
An -Vustrian ilramatist and novelist. He founded
■ (18ix'>), and was the author
Friedricll Otto. Born at Merseburg, July 31,
1788: died at Jena, May 31, 1843. A German
Protestant theologian, professor at Jena from
1812. He was the author of " Lehrbueh dor Dogmen-
geschichte " (18;il-32), "Kompendium der Dognienge-
schichte"(lS4lM0), etc.
Baumgartner (bourn 'gart-ner), Andreas,
Baron von. Born at Friedberg, Bohemia,
Nov. 23, 1793: died near Vienna, July 30, 1865.
An Austrian sidiolar and politician. He became
professor of physics at the University of Vienna in 1823 ;
was minister of commerce, trade, and public works, 18.51-
185.^1 ; and became president of the Academy of Sciences
at Vieruia in 1851.
the ■' Wiener Theaterzeitung ^lo-^.;, .ii,.» ^.w .nv ««...... /.| n t i -u T> -.,4- AU
of tlie comedies " Die falsche ITimadonna" (1818), " Der Baumgartner, GallUS JakOD. Bojn at Alt-
hYeuiid in der :Noth," etc., and of various novels, including stiitten, Switzerland, Oct. 18, 1797: died at
"Therese Krones" (1S50, ••l'''s';l'"n»J Ra>m""J"(18S6). (..j^j^t q^II, Switzerland, July 12, 1869. A
bothol which appeared ""'Jf'- 'h-'^^^donymmto U^^ Swiss historian and politician. He wrote "Die
Bauernfemd(bou em-fiml) Karl Maximilian ^ ^ i, Kiimpfen undUmgestaltungen
von. Born at Arzberg, Ba^ aria. Nov .In 1S18. „ ^^^^^^ ^,^^
A ( erman geodesist and engineer. He became t}„„„„k_4.„„^/k.^„,„ '„.•,„! „„-\ xTq,-! TToiTi
professor of gfodesy and engineering in the School of F.n. BatUngartner Owum gart^-ner), Karl^Hein-
fineeringat Munich in 1840, and is the inventor of a prism
_ ■_ _■ _ j;„. ...1.:..,. I >.;^ «..»!.,...
For measuring distances which Ijears his name. Author
of "Elemente der Vermessungskunde "(1800-68), etc.
Bauernfeld (bou'ern-feld), Eduard von. Bom
at Vienna, Jan. 13. 1802: died there, Aug. 9,
1890. An Austrian dramatist. Among his works are
Baug6 (bo-zha'). At owni i n t h e depi
Maine-et-Loire, France, situated on the Coues-
non 22 miles northeast of Angers. It was the
scene of a French victory by Marshal de la Fayette over
the English iu 1421. Population (1891X commune, .■!,623.
Bauges (bozh), Les. a plateau in the depart-
ments of Savoio and Haute-Savoie. France,
between Chambi''ry and the Lake of Annecy.
Bauhin (bo-aii'), Gaspard. Born at Basel,
Jan. 17, 1560: died tliere, Dec. 5, 1624. A noted
botanist and anatomist of French descent, pro-
rich. Born at Pforzheim, Baden, Oct. 21, 1798:
died at Baden-Baden, Dec. 11, 1886. A noted
German physiologist, professor of clinical med-
icine at Freiburg 1824-62. He was the author of
" Beobachtungen Uber die Nerven und das Blut " (1830),
" Lehrbueh der Physiologie " (1853), etc.
Anton, Born at
ISOO : died March 28,
_ hilologist, professor
of philologv in the University of Freiburg
1836-71.
Baumstark, Eduard. Bom at Sinzheim, Ba-
den, Mareh 28, 1807: died April 8, 1889. A
German political economist and politician, a
brother of Anton Baumstark.
Baur (boiu-). Albert. Born at Aix-la-Chapelle,
July 13, 1835. A German historical painter of
the Dusseldorf school, professor of history-
painting at Weimar 1872-76.
fessor of anatomy and botany, and later of Baur,FerdinandCliristian. BomatSchmiden,
medicine, at the University of Basel.
Bauhin, Jean. Horn at Basel, 1541 : died at
Montlieliand, 1613. A physician and natural-
ist, brother of Gaspard Bauhin.
Baom (boum), Friedrich. Died at Benning-
ton, Vt., Aug. 18, 1777. A German officer in
tlip British service iu the Revolutionary War.
II,- w:ts defeated by Colonel Stark and fatally wounded in
the hattK <'f IJeiii[i[igton, Aug. 10, 1777.
Baumannshohle (l)ou'mans-liel-e). Astalactite
cave iu the Lower Harz, in Brunswick, 5 miles
southeast of Blaukenburg, near the Bode.
Baain6 (bo-ma'), Antoine. Born at Senlis,
France, Feb. 26, 1728: died Uct. 15, 1804. A
noted French chemist and pharmacist. He was
the discoverer of many improvements in the arts and in
chemicn] science, and author of '* Elements de pharraa-
cte"(17t)2), "C'himie exp^rimentale et raisonnt/e " (1T73),
etc.
Baumeister (bou'mis-ter), Johann Wilhelm.
Born at Augsburg, April 27, 1804: died at Stutt-
gart, Feb. 3, 1846. A noted German veterinary
surgeon, animal-painter, and writer on the care
and training of domestic animals. He was pro
near Canstatt, June 21, 1792: died at Tubingen,
Dec. 2, 1860. A distinguished German Protes-
tant theologian and biblical critic, the founder
of the "Tubingen School," professor at Blaii-
beuren, and, after 1826, professor of theology
at Tiibingen. He was noted forprofound scholarship,
strength in constructive criticism, and boldness in innova-
tion. His theories of apostolic and post-apostolic Chris-
tianity were revolutionai-y, resolving its history into a
speculative process of contlictiiig tendencies (Petrinism
and Paulinism) from which the supernatural and miracu-
lous is eliminated. Among his works are '• Das mani-
chaischeEeligionssystem "(1831)," Die christliche Gnosis,
etc." (183.5), '* Die christliche Lehre von der Versbhnung "
(1838), "Die chnstliche Lehre von der Dreieinigkeit "
(1841-43), " Der Oegensatz des Katholizismus und Protes-
tantismus," " Paulus " (1845), " Lehrbueh derchristliclien
Dogmengeschichte " (1847), "Kritische rntersuchuiigen
iiber die kanonischen Evangelien " (1847), " Das ilarkus-
Evangelium " (1851), " Das Christenthum und die christ-
liche Kirclie der drei ersten Jaluiiunderte " (IS.'iS).
Baur, Gustav Adolf Ludwig. Born at Ham-
melbach, June 14, 1816 : died at Loipsic, May 22,
1889. A German Protestant theologian. He
became professor of theology in the University
of Leipsic in 1870,
feasor at the Veterinary School iu Stuttgart Baur6s (bou-ras ' ). A tribe of Indians in
18.!!)-4<). ,..„,., , northern Bolivia, occupying the forest region
Baumgarten (boum 'gar-ten), Alexander -.»•'.",-,.
Gottlieb. Born at Berlin, July 17, 1714: died at
Frankfort-on-the-Oder, Mav 26, 1762. A noted
German philosopher of the Wollian school, ap-
pointed professor of philosophy at Frank-
fort-on-the-Oder in 1740. He was the founder of
the science of esthetics, and exerted a lasting influence
up^in the terminology of metaphysics, especially in the
German language, kailt held him in great esteem as a
metapiiysician,an,lfor along time employed Ilaumgarten's
work-H as the foundation of his lectures. He wrote "De BaUSe (bou'z(*]
nonnulliH ad poema pertineritlbus" (1735), " /Esthetica TT.,11,:, Tm n ^)
Acn.amatica"(17.'.o 68), ■■Metaphy8ica"(1739), etc. iiane, utvu. .j.
Baumgarten, Hermann. Bom April 28, 1825 :
died .Tune 19, 1H93. A German historian and
pulilicist, )>rofessorof history in the University
of Strasburg 1872-89. He ha8writtena"(:eschlchte
Spanieiis zur Zeit der Franzosisclien Revolution " (1801),
"(ieschichte Spaniens voin Ausbruch der Franzosisclien
Kevolution bis anf unsere Tage " (1806-71), "Karl V. und
die deutsche Keformation " (1&89), etc.
Baumgarten, Eonrad. One of the Unter-
walden patriots, famous in the William Tell
legend.
Baumgarten, Michael. Born at Hasoldoi-f,
Holstein, March 25, 1812: died at liostock,
Mecklenburg-Schwehn, July 21, 1889. A Ger-
man Protestant theologian, professor of theol-
ogy at Rostock 1850-58. He was elected to the
Reichstag in 1874, 1877, and 1878.
about the rivers Mamor6 and Baures, ranging
eastward to the Guajior^!. Formerly very numerous
and powerful, they now number a few thousand, most of
them gathered into mission villages and mixed with other
tribes. By their language they resemble their neighbors
the Moxds, and in a broader sense they belong to tlic
great Arawak stock. They are agricultural and have tlxcd
villages.
Baur^S (bou-ras'). A river in eastern Boli\'ia,
a tributary of the Guajiore.
Johann Friedrich. Bom at
1738: dieil at Weimar, Jan. 3,
1814. A noted (ieriiian engraver on cojiper.
Ho was for a time jirofessor of this art at the
.\cadomy of Art in Leipsic.
Bausk (bousk). A town in the government of
Courland, Russia, situated at the junction of
the Musse and Memel 40 miles south of Riga.
I^opulation, 7,085.
Bausset (bo-sa'), Louis Francois de. Bom at
Pondichen'y, India, Dec. 14, 1 148 : died at Paris,
June 21, 1824. ..V French ecclesiastic and man
of letters. He became bishop of Alais in 1784, and car-
dinal in 1817; and was the author of a " Histolre de Fenc-
lon " (I808-<X)), " Histolre de Bossuet ' (1814), etc.
Bautzen (liout'son). A governmental district
in the kingdom of Saxony, corresponding
nearly to Upper Lusatia. Area, 953 square
miles. Population (1890), 370,739.
Bavay
Bautzen, Wendish Budissin (the official name
until 18b8). The eaiiital of the governmi'ntal
district of Bautzen aud of Upper Lusatia, situ-
ated on the Spree 32 miles east of Dresden : one
of the chief towns of ancient Lusatia. It has
various manufactures and is the seat of a Roman
Catholic bishopric. Population (1890), 21,516.
Bautzen, Battle of. A victorv gained bv Na-
poleon, May 20 and 21, 1813, with about 140,000
troops (under Ney. Oudinot, Soult, and others:
Ney with his 40,000 men was not present on the
20th) over the allied Russians and Prussians —
about 90,000. The loss of the French was about
20,000 ; that of the Allies, about 13,000.
Baux (bo), Les. A small town near Aries,
France, remarkable for its castle and stone
builiUngs. It was the capital of a powerful
medieval countship.
Bavaria (ba-va'ri-ii), G. Bayern or Baiern
(bi'ern), F.Bavi^re (biiv-yar'). [ML. iVfCWjvo,
from Boarii, a trilie connected in name with
the Boii. See Bohemia.'] A kingdom of south-
ern Germany, the second in area and popula-
tion of the states of the German Empire. It
consists of two unequal and disconnected piu-ts, the larger
eastern and the smaller western. The former or main
portion is bounded by Prussia on the northwest, the Thu-
ringian states on the north, the kingdom of .Saxony on
the northeast, Bohemia (separated by the Bohmerwald)
on the east, t'pper Austria and Salzburg on the east,
Tyrol (separated by the Alps) on the south. Lake Con-
stance on the southwest, and Wurtemberg, Baden, and
Hesse on the west. It extends from lat, 47' 16' to 50' 33'
N., and from long. 9° to 13° 48' E, The western portion
is the Palatinate, west of the Rhine, bordering on Hesse,
Prussia, and Alsace-Lorraine, The country produces
wheat, rye, oats, and other cereals, hops, potatoes, tobac-
co, wine, flax, et^. ; has mines of coal, iron, and salt ; and
has important and varied manufactures. It exports tim.
ber, wine, hops, grain, beer, etc. Bavaria contains 8
government districts {Reijierimfjs-Bezirke) : viz., t'pper
Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, Palatinate, Upper Palatinate and
Ratisbon, Swabia and Neuburg, Upper Franconia, Aliddle
Franconia, and Lower Franconia. The capital is Munich.
The government is a constitutional hereditary monarchy,
with a king, an upper house, and a chamber of 1.59 depu-
ties. Bavaria sends 6 representatives to the Bundesrat
and 48 to the Reichstag, and furnishes 2 army corps to
the imperial army. Over seven tenths of the population
are Roman Catholic. The early inhabitants were formerly
identified with the Boii, The southern part belonged to
the Roman Empire. The League of the Boarii was fonned
from various German tribes. Bavaria was ruled by its
dukes, the Agilolflnger, from about 560-788. It came un-
der the supremacy of Austrasia, and in 788 its duke, Tassilo
III,, was deposed, and it was incorporated with the Fi-ank-
ish empire. Later it was one of the four great (Jennan
duchies (and extended farther to the east and south — e. g.,
to Italy — than at present). The duchy of Bavaria passed
to Welf IV, (I.) in 1070. In 1180, after the tall of Henry
the Lion, it w:i8 granted by Frederick Barbarossa to the
(present) Wittelsbach dynasty. It was one of the circles
of the empire, Duke Maximilian I. received the electoral
dignity in 1023. The Upper Palatinate was annexed in
1628, The Rhine Palatinate was nniteil with Bavaria In
1777. In 1800 Bavaria became a kingdom and joined the
Confederation of the Rhine, It was obliged to cede terri-
tory by the imperial delegations enactment of 1S1I3, but
received Wurzburg, Bamberg, Augsburg, etc., and in 1805
Tyrol and other territories. It received Salzburg, etc, in
1809, but was obliged to cede TjTol and Salzburg in 1815.
In 1813 it joined the Allies, It received a constitution in
1818, It sided with Austria in 1860, was the scene of
several contlicts, and was obliged to pay an indemnity
and make a small cession of territory tci Prussia. It made
a treaty with the North (icrnian C.infrdcration in IS70,
and entered the German Empire in 1>-71. Area, 29,282
s,|uare miles. Population (18;),^.), 5,773,830.
Bavaria. A bronze statue, 67 feet high, in
the Theresienwiese, near Munich, designed by
Schwauthaler. It was built by order of Lud-
wig I., and was finished in 1850. It stands before
the Ruhmeshallo (Hall of Fame)and holdsawreath above
its head. There is an interior ascent by a spiral iron stair-
case of sixty stejis to the head, through apertures in which
fiiero is a tine view.
Bavaria, Lower, and Bavaria, Upper. See
l.tivrr liiirnrid ami I'jipcr Biiriiriii.
Bavarian Alps. That part of the Alps which
lies in southern Bavaria and in the adjoining
lands of the Austrian empire.
Bavarian Circle. One of the ancient ten circles
of the old Geriiian Kmpire, now included in
Bavaria and neighboring parls of Austria.
Bavarian Forest. A mountainous region in
the eastern part of Bavaria, north of the
Danube, noted for its forests. It is a part of
the Boliemiaii Forest.
Bavarian Rigi. See Itiiii.
Bavarian Succession, War of the. A war
between .Austria on one side, and Prussia, Sax-
ony, aud Mecklenburg on the otlier, 1778-79,
due to the extinction of the Bavarian electoral
house. It was ended (without flgliting) by
the Peace of Teschen, 1779.
Bavay, or Bavai (ba-va'). A town in the
department of Nord. Fiance, 14 miles east of
Valenciennes. It is built on tlie site of Ba-
gacum, the ancient capital of the Norvii.
Baveno
13C
Bayly, Ada Ellen
Baveno (bil-va'no). A small town in the prov-
ince of Novara, Italy, situated on the western
shore of Lago Maggiore, opposite the Borro-
mean Islands. ^, , t-> ii„
Baviad (ba'vi-ad), The. A satire on the -Delia
(•rTisT-ans" (wliich see), by William Gifford, pub-
lished in 1794, and republished with • Ihe
M»\nad " (which was first published in l/9o) on
the same subject in 1797. The latter also attacked
Zie of the mtaor dramatists of the ti.ae The names
Baviad and Msviad are taken from "'"f.V; 'T.es^!'^?i''S':
poets (see Bariiw) mentioned m \ ergil s Eclogues, m. a .
• He may with foses plough and milk he-goats,
Who praises Bavius or on Mb;vius dotes.
Bavian (ba-ve-iin'). A place to the northeast
of KlKirsabad. in Mesopotamia. Xear it was dis-
covered a rock with an inscription containing a record of
Sennacherib-s battle against the Elamite-Babylonian coa-
lition at HiUule, a city on the lower Tigris B91 B. 0.
Bavieca (ba-ve-a'ka). The favorite horse of
Bavier (G. bii-ver' ; F, biiv-ya' ), Simon. Bom
at Chur, Graubiinden, Sept. 16, 1825. A Swiss
statesman. He was federal president iiilS82 and be-
came minister toKome in 1883. Author of " Die Strassen
der Schweiz" (1878).
Bavius (ba'vi-us). Died in Cappadocia, 35 B. c.
An inferior Roman poet, an enemy of N ergil
and Horace. His name is always associated with that
of lIiEvius, who shared his feelings tow^ird those greater
poets and his lack of poetical ability. See Bamad.
Bawian (ba-we'au), or Bawean. A small isl-
and in the Java Sea, between Java and Borneo,
belonging to the Dutch.
Bawr ibour). Baroness de (Alexandrine bo-
phie Goury de Champgrand.b.vh.r lust mai-
ria^'e uiissolvcd bv divorce,) Comtesse de
Saint-Simon). Born (of French parents) at
Stuttgart, 1776: died at Pans, 1861. A French
noveltst and dramatist. She wrote "Argent et
Adresse'(1802), "Le Eival obligeanf (1806), "L Argent
dnvoyLe' (1809), ■'Le double stratagfeme" (1813), ■■ Au-
gusto et Fr^d^ric'' (1817), "Histoire de la musique
(1823), etc. „,
Baxter (baks't&r), Andrew. [The surname
B'lxter is fi-om haxkr. ME. hakster. AS. bsecestre,
baker ] Born at Aberdeen, Scotland. 1686
(1687 ?)•• ili*"'! at ^Vhittingham, near Edinburgh,
April 23, 1750. A Scottish metaphysician. His
chief work is an " Enquiry into the Nature of the Human
.Soul •• (1733).
Baxter, Richard. Born at Rowton Shrop-
shire England, Xov. 12, 1615: died at London,
bee. 8, 1691. A noted English nonconfornust
divine. He was ordained in 1638, was chosen lecturer
at Kidderminster in 1640, and about 1(M5 became a chap-
lain in Cromwells army. He subsequently favored the
Restoration, and on the accession of Charles II. in 1660
was appointed chaplain to the king, but left the Chmch
of England on the passage of the Act of Uniformity in
166' when he retired to Acton. In Hay, 1686, he was
tried by Jeffries on the charge of libeling the established
church, and was fined five hundred marks, for non-pay-
ment of which he was detained in prison until >oy.,
1686 His chief works are "The Saint s Everlasting Best
(ir,5u) "A Call to the Unconverted" (1667). "Methodus
Theol'.giffi" (1671), and "Reliquiaj Ba.xterianie ' (1696).
Baxter, Robert Dudley. Born at poncaster
Feb. 3, 1827: died May 20, ISio. An English
statistician. He became a solicitor in 1842, andapart-
ner in the law firm of Baxter, Kose, and Norton at West-
minster in 1860. He wrote "The National Ii'come
(18ii8) "The Ta.xalion of the United Kingdom (l=o9).,
•The National Tltfbts of the Various States of the World
(1871) " Local lluvenimeiit and Taxation" (1874), etc.
Baxter, William Edward. Born at Dundee,
1825: died at London, Aug. 10, 1890. A Brit-
ish politician, traveler, and author. He became
secretary to the admiralty under Mr. Gladstone in 1868,
and was secretary to the treasury 1871-73. Author of
" America and the Americans ' (18d6).
Bay City. A city, the capital of Bay County,
eastern Michigan, situated on the Saginaw
River near its mouth, 110 miles northwest of
Detroit. Population (1890), 27.839.
Bay Islands. A group of islands m the (5ulf
of Honduras, belonging to Honduras. Ihe
largest is Ruatan.
Bay of Islands. A bay on the northern coast
of till- Nortli Island. New Zealand.
Bay Psalm Book, The. The earliest NewEng-
lanil version of the Psalms. Its title is "The
\Vh..le Booke of Psalmes Kaithfully Translated into Eng-
lish Metre." It was printed in 1640. and was the first
book published in tlie British American colonies, though
not as has been said, "in the New Worid, for there had
existed a printing-press in the city of Mexico one hun-
dred years before. " It was the joint production of Richard
Mather, Thomas Welde, and John Eliot. Eight copies
are known to be extant.
Bayamo (bii-yii'ino). A town in the interior
of eastern Cuba, 25 miles east of Mauzanilla.
Population (1887t, 17.676.
Bayard (ba'ard ; F. pron. ba-yar'). The name of
the legendary horse given by Charlemagne to
the four sons of Aymon. He possessed magical
cowers, and the remaikilile faculty of lengthening him-
self to accommodate all his lour masters at one e, and
many wonders are told of him. He is sanl to be still alive
ill tli"e forest of .\rdeiines where he can be heard luiglnng
on midsummer day. Boiardo introduces hini in '■Orlando
Innamorato," Aiiosto in "Orlando Furioso,' and Tassn in
"Rinaldo'who is Renaud or Regnault. one of the tour
sons The name became a coinmcni one for any horse, and
is alluded to in many proverbial sayings the onfin ol
which seems to be forgotten. "As bold as blind Bay-
ard ■ is a proverb as old as the 14th century, applied to
those who do not look before they leap. .
Bayard (bii'ard; F. pron. bii-yiir ), Chevalier
de (Pierre du Terrail). Born near eirenoble
about 1475: killed at the river Sesia. Italy, AprU
30 l.'i'M \ French national hero, called the
kn'iglit without fear and without reproac'h," dis-
tinguished in the Italian campaigns of Charles
^^fI Louis Xn., and Francis L He was espe-
cially'renowned for his bravely at the battles of Guine-
gate (isl.l) and Marignano (1616) and the defense of Mi-
zieres (1621). . , . -r> ^
Bayard (bi'ard), James Asheton. Born at
Philadelphia, Julv 28, 1767 : died at Wilming-
ton \u" 6, 1815. An American statesman.
He was Federal member of Congress from Delaware 1797-
1803 ; United States senator 1805-13 ; and commissioner
to negotiate the treaty of Ohent, 1814.
Bayard, James Asheton. Born at Wilming-
ton, Dil., Nov. 15, 1799: tUed there, June 13,
1881). An American politician, son of James
Asheton Bayard. He was Democratic United
States senator from Delaware 1851-64 and 186(-
Bayard, Jean Frangois Alfred. Bom at Cha-
roUes, Sadue-et-Loire, Marcli 17, 1-90: died at
Paris, Feb. 19, 1853. A French dramatic writer.
He is 'said to have written, partly in conjunction with
others 226 pieces. Among them are " La reine de seize
ans " (1828), •• Le gamin de Paris " (1836), etc.
Bayard, Nicholas. Born at Alphen, Holland,
about 1644: died in New York city, 170*. An
American colonial officer, secretary of New
York province in 1673 (under the Dutch), and
mayor of New York city (under Governor Don-
gaii). He was a member of the governor's council,
and drew up the Dongan charter (which see).
Bayard, Richard Henry. Bom at Wilming-
ton. Del., 1796: died at PhUadelphia, March 4,
1868. An American 'SYhig politician, a son of
James Asheton Bavard, United States senator
from Delaware 1836-39 and 1839-45, charg§ d af-
faires at Brussels 1850-53. ,
Bayard, Thomas Francis. Bom at Wilming-
ton, Del.. Oct. 29, 1828. An American states-
man, a son of James Asheton Bayard. He was
Democratic United States senator from Delaware 1869-«6 ;
•president pro tempirre of the Senate 1881; member of the
Electoral Commission 1877: unsuccessful in obtaining
the nomination as Democratic candidate for the Presi-
dency 1880 and 1884 ; and secretaiy of state 188a-b9 He
was appointed ambassador to England in 1893, and was
the first to hold that diplomatic rank.
Bayazid. ^ee Bajazet.
Bayazid (bi-ii-zed'), or Bayezid (bi-e-zed ). A
small town in the northeastern corner of Asiatic
Turkey, south of Mount Ararat. It was taken by
the Russians in the wars of 1828, 1864, and 1877.
Bayer (bi'er), August von. Born at Rorschach
on Lake Constance, May 3, 1803 : died at Carls-
ruhe, Feb. 2, 1875. A German painter of histori-
cal and architectural subjects.
Bayer, Gottlieb Siegfried. Bom 1694 : died
at St! Petersburg, Feb. 21, 1738. A German
Orientalist. He became professor of Greek and
Roman antiquities at St. Petersburg in 1726.
Bayer Johann. Born at Rain.inBavana. about
15(2 : died at Augsburg, 1600. AGerman astron-
omer and Protestant preacher, surnamed fi-om
his eloquence "os protestantiuin" Cthe Prot-
estants' mouth[piece] '). He was the author of
"Uraiiometria"(1603), enlarged and reprinted under the
title "Coelnm stellatum christianura (1620- This »-ork
was the first complete and convenient chart of the tiea-
veus representing the then existing state of astronomical
knowledge. Bayer was the first to adopt the method of
designating the stars by the Greek letters, etc., in the
order of their magnitude.
Bayer, Karl Robert Emmerich : pseudonym
Robert Byr. I''"m at Biegenz. Austria. April
15,1835. An Austrian novelist. He entered the
military academy at Neustadt in 184.i, became lieutenant
in a regiment of hussars at Milan in 18.62, and retired from
military service in 18B2. Among his works are ' Kan-
tonierungsbilder ' (1860), "Osterreichischc Gamisonen
(18ti.s), "Anno Neun nnd Dreizehn " (1806), a number cd
social-political novels, as " Uer Kampf uiiis Uaseiii (1869).
and the dramas " Lady Gloster " (1869), and "Derwunde
Heck" (1876).
Bayern. The German name of Bavaria.
Bayerwald. See Bu>iris<her Wahl.
Bayes (baz). A character in Bucknngham s
farce "The Rehearsal." a dramatic co.xcomb.
He was at first called Bilhoa, and was intended to ridicule
Sir Robert Howard ; but the piece having been laid aside
for several years, and Sir Robert having meanwhile be-
come a veiy good friend of Buckingham, the character
was altered to fit Drvden, who at this time appe.ired a fit
object for satire. The name Bayes refers to the laureate-
Bayes no Poetaster. See Tu-o Kings of Brent-
fnnl
Bayes's Troops, Like. A phrase referring to
the foot-soldiers and hobby-horses who hght a.
battle in Buckingham's "Rehearsal.'' WhenaU
are killed it is a question how they are to go off the stage._
Baves replies ; "As they came on, upon their legs.
Wliereiipon they are obliged to revive and walk o«.
Bayeux (ba-ve'). [F. Bai/eux. LL. Baiocas,
Baiocus-tes, Bagocasses,!.. Badiocasses. Gr. Omih-
mmot, orig. a Celtic tribe name, explained as
'great conquerors,'otherwise as 'blond-haired. J
A town in the department of Calvados. Xorman-
dv, France, situated on the Aure 17 miles north-
west of Caen : the Roman Augustodimis. It was
the chief town of Gallic Baiocasses, was called Baiocuni or
Baiocasses (whence the modern name) m the early midille
a<'es and was the capital of the Fraiikish Baiocassinus, later
B'essin. It is famous for the Bayeux Tapestry (which
see) The cathedral of Bayeux is a very handsome struc-
ture of tlie 12th and 13th centuries. The west front has
lofty twin spires, graceful arcades, and fine gabled and
sculptured portals. There is a beautiful vaulted porch on
the south side, besides the rich portal and great traceried
window of the transept. The lower part of the nave is of
richly ornamented Romanesque round arches. Population
(1891), 8,102.
Bayeux Tapestry. A strip of linen 231 feet
long and 20 inches wide, preserved in the Li-
brarv at Baveux, France, embroidered with epi-
sode's of the Noi-man conquest of England from
the visit of Harold to the Noi-man court until
his death at Senlac, each with its title in Latin,
The work is of great archseological interest from its de-
taUs of costume and arms. It is beUeved to have been
made by JIatilda, queen of William the Conqueror.
Bayle (bal), Gaspard Laurent. B.u-n at A er-
net, Provence. Aug. 8. 1774 : died at Pans. May
11, 1816. A French physician and medical
wi-iter. . .,, . T-.
Bayle Pierre. Born at Carlat,inFoix. France,
Nov 'is. 1647: died at Rotterdam. Dee. 28,
1706. A noted French skeptical philosopher
and critic. He was appointed professor of philosophy
at Sedan in 1675, and at the Protestant academy of Rot-
terdam in 16^1, and was removed (on account of his skep-
tical opinions) from his professorship in 169:!. He was
an influential leader of the modern skeptical movement,
and is chiefly known as the compiler of the lainoiis ■ Die-
tionnaire historique et critique '■(1696), in wliicli tliat ten-
dency found clear expression. Among his other w,.rks are
"Cogitationes rationales de Deo, anima, et nialo, ■ Pen_
s6es sur la comfete, ecrites k un docteur de la :^ol■bollne
(168") "Commentaire philosophique sur ces paroles de
rfivangile " (1686). In 1684 he established a sort of jour-
nal of literary criticism, " Nouvelles de la ripublique
deslettres," which was maintained for several ye.ai-s.
Baylen (bi-len'), or Bailen. A town in the
province of Jaen, southern Spam. _2;) miles-
north of Jaen. Population (1887), 8..>80.
Baylen, Capitulation of. A capitulation (July
22, 1808) bv which the French general Dupont
and Ids army surrendered to the Spaniards un-
der Castanos, and the French forces were to be
allowed to leave Spain. The Junta of Seville refused
to ratify the capitulation, and all the French except the
superior officeiswere sent to the galleys at Cadiz.
Baylen, Duke of. See Castauos.
Bavlev (bS'lD. James Roosevelt. Born m
New York citv. Aug. 23, 1814: died at Newark,
N. J.. Oct. 3, 1877. An American Roman Cath-
olic prelate. He was made first bishop of New^k
in 1863, and was archbishop of Baltimore l!>72-,7. He
,Trote a" History of the CathoUc Church m New\ork
B^ayleyr'Sir John. Bom at Elton. Hunting-
donshire, -A.ug. 3, 1763: lUed near Heveuoaks,
Kent, Oct. 10, 1841. An English jurist and legal
and relioious wiiter. He became judge of the King's
Bench in 1808, was removed to the Court of Exchequer in
S and resigned from the bench in IgM. He »TOt«
"\ Short Treatise on the Law of Bills of Exchange, Cash
Bi'lls, and IVomissory Notes" (1789), etc.
Bayley, Richard, Bom at Fairfield Conn^,
1745: died on Staten Island, N, 1.. Aug. 1-,
1801 An American physician, appointed pro-
fessor of anatomy in Columbia College in 1(9'.,
and of surgerv in 1793.
Baylies (ba'iiz). Francis. Bom at Tiiunton,
Mass., Oct. 16, 1783: died there, Oct. 28. 185J.
An American politician, member of Congress
from Massachusetts 1821-27. He wrote a
"Memoir of the Colonv of New Plymouth.
Baylor (ba'lor). Frances Courtenay (Mrs.
George Sherman Barnum >. Born at i ayette-
ville. Ark.. Jan. 20. l'-4s. An American nov-
elist. Slie has written " The Perfect Treasure " and "Ou
This Si.le," two short magazine stories, which ».ere p"i>-
li'^hed in book form as one narrative under the title on
BothSi.l.s ■ (18*0) and. ;tlier works.
Bayly (ba'li). Ada Ellen: pseudonym Edna
Lyall. Born at Brighton, England. An Lng-
f
Bayly, Ada Ellen
lish novelist. Among her works are "Won by Waiting"
(1»79), ■' Donovan "(ISSJ), " Autobiograpliy "f a Marnier"
nts7), "Kulght Errant" (ls>"), "A Uaidy Xorsoman "
(1S8»). „ „ „ ,
Bayly (ija'li). Thomas Haynes. Bora at Bath,
EuglaiKl. Oct. 13, 1797: (lied at Cheltenham,
April -2. 1839. An Ensli-sh song-writer, <lrama-
tist, an<l novelist, lie wrot«*' Perfection." and otiier
plays, many popular sonjts (among them "The Soldier's
Tear," '1 dhea Huttertly, ""Wemet— t wasinnl'rowd "),
and the tales "The Aylmers," "A Legend of Killarney,"
eU:
Bayne ( t'An >. Peter. Born in Ross-shire, Sect-
land. Oet. 19, 1830: died Feb. W, 1896. A Scotch
litterateur and journalist.
Baynard's (ba'niirdz) Castle. A strong forti-
fication on the Thames just below Blai'kfriars,
foundeil by Baynard, a follower of William the
Conqueror, and forfeited to the crown by one
of his successors. It was burned in the Great
Fire, 1660.
Baynes (bauz), Thomas Spencer. Born at
Wellinsrt on, Somersetshire, JIarch'J4.18'_'3: died
at Loiidon, May 30. 1887. A British philo-
sophical writer, appointed professor of logic,
rhetoric, and metaphysics at St. Andrew's in
1864, He was assistant editor of the London "Daily
Sews "and editor of the 9th edition of the " Eucyclopicdia
Britannica."
Bayonne (ba-yon'; F. pron. ba-yon'). A sea-
port in the department of Basses-Pyr^n^es,
France, situated at the junction of the Nive
and .\diiur. near the Bay of Biscay, iu lat. 43°
29' X.. lonj;. 1° 29' W. 'it is a fortress, and its cita-
del was furtilled by Vauban. The bayonet is said to have
been invented here. The population is largely Spanish
and Basque. It is noted for its hams. A celebrated in-
terview was held here in l.i(JS between Charles IX., Eliza-
beth of .-^pain, Alva, and Catherine de' Medici, at which (it
is alleged) the .St. liarthulontew massacre was planned.
The cathedral of Bayoiine is of the l.Sth and Hth centu-
ries, with modern spires. There is beautiful medieval
glass, and two fine sculptured portals. The l;ith-century
cloister has been in part inclosed and transformed into
an additional aisle in the church. Population (1891),
27,102.
Bayonne f ba-yon'). A port and eity in Hud-
son County. New .Jersey, situated between New
York and Newark bays 6 miles southwest of
New York. It has chemical works, etc. Popu-
lation (1890), 19.033.
Bayonne, Convention of. A convention con-
cluded .May 10, ISDS. between France and the
grand dueliy (if Warsaw.
Bayonne, Treaty of. A treaty concluded at
Baydiiiie, May, 1808, between Napoleon and
Charles IV. of Spain. The latter renounced his
right to the Spanish throne.
Bayonne Decree. A decree issued by Napoleon
1. at Hayoune. April 17, 1808, directing the
seizure of all American vessels then in the
port~ (jf France.
Bayou State (bi'o stat). The. An epithet
sometimes applied to Mississippi.
Bayreuth (lu'roit), or Baireuth. A former
German burgraviate and principality, now in
the n(jrthern part of Bavaria. It was united to
Ansbaeh in 17G9 ; was ac(tuircd by Prussia 1791-J)2 ; was
lost by Prussia in 18or> ; and was ceded to Bavaria in 1809.
Bayreuth, (U' Baireuth. Tho capital of the
province of Upper Fianconia, Bavaria, situated
on the Ked .Main in lat. 49° 56' N., long. 11°
35' K. It contains the Wagner Theater, the old and
new palaces, and the residences of Riehter and Richard
Wagner. It is now noted tor its nmsical festivals. Kor-
nierlv it was the residence of the margraves of Branden-
buig'culmliacb. Population (ISOO), 24,!)5«.
Bayreuth Festival. A musical festival held
at Bayreuth, for tho representation of Wag-
ner's Works, in the National Theater (opened
by Warner in 1876).
Bayrhoffer (bir'hof-fiT). Karl Theodor. Horn
at .Mai-l.urg, 1812: died at .bditan. Wis., Feb.
3, 1888. A Gennan philosophical writer, pub-
licist, and revolutionary politician. He was pro-
fessor of philosophy at MiU-luirg 18;i8-l*S ; nienjber of the
Landtag of Hesse in 1818; and president of the chamber
In ISr-ii; and later removed to the United States (Wis-
consin).
Bayrischer Wald (bi're-sher viild), or Bayer-
wald I l.i'i i-viild). An extension of the Boh-
nicr Wald in eastern Bavaria.
Bayswater i bilz' wil-ter). [From Baynard's Wa-
tering Place.] A part of London lying north
of Kensington Gardens. The original Bays-
water was a hamlet near what is now Gloucester
Terrace. Ln/tif.
Baza (bii'thii). A town in the province of
Granada. Spain, 57 miles northeast of (jranada:
the ancient Hasli and the medieval Bastiana.
It was an important Moorish city, and was captured by
Isabella in M8V>. It was the scene (,f a victory of the French
umlir Sonlt over the Spaniards Aug. ID, 1810. There
are hot springs in its vicinity. Population (1887), 11,998.
133
Bazaine (bii-zan'), Francois Achille. Bom
at Versailles, Feb. 13. Isll: ,li,..l at Madrid,
Sept. 2'i, 1888. A French marshal. Ue served
in .Mgeiia, and in Spain .agaitist theCarlisls ; commanded
the foreign Legion in the Crimean war ; connuanded a
division in the Italian war of 18.'>9, and distinguished
himself at Solferino ; took part in the Mexican expedi-
tion, ami became commander-in-chief in ilexico in 18ti3 ;
was made nuu'shal in 18t>t ; withdrew from Mexico in
1867, and was made connnander of the Imperial Guard in
18t)9. Ue commanded a corps at the beu'liming of the
Franco-German war. was made cotumander of the Army
of the Rhine .A,ug., 1870, and was defeated before iletz, at
Gravelotte, etc., and besieged in Metz, which he surren-
dered.with 173,000men, Oct. 27,1870. For this siu-render he
was tried before a tribunal under the presidency of tlie
Due d'Aumale, and condemned to degradation and death.
The sentence was commuted to 2b years' imprisonment,
and he was incarcerated near Cannes Dec, 187:J, whence
lie escaped Aug, 9-10. 1874. He resided later in iladrid,
and wrote several works on tlie Metz episode.
Bazalgette, Sir Joseph William. Born 1819:
died March 15, 1891. An English engineer.
.As chief engineer to the Metropolitan Hoard of Works
he designed and executed (ISoS-ti."!) the system of drain-
age now in operation in London, as alscp (1SG3-74) the Vic-
toria, the Albert, and the Chelsea embankments.
Bazan, Don Caesar de. See l><iii Cesar de
Bazard (bii-ziir'), Saint- Amand. Born at
Paris, Sept. 19, 1791: died at Coiu'try, near
Moutfermeil, July 29, 1832. A French social-
ist, organizer of (IJarbouarist societies, and ad-
herent of Saint-Simon.
Bazardjik. A town in Bulgaria, 27 miles north
of Varna. It was captured by the Russians in
1774 and 1810.
Bazarof (biiz-ii'rof). A brutal but original
medical student in Turgenief's "Fathers and
Sons." He is the representative of young Russia with
aspirations toward progress. In him is first formulated the
original theory of ,Nihilism. He takes pride in absolute
negation.
Bazas dni-zas'). A town in the department of
Gironde, France, 33 miles southeast of Bor-
deaux. It figured in the Huguenot wars. Pop-
ulation (1891), 4,948.
Bazeilles (bii-zay'). A village near Sedan, de-
partment of Ardennes, France, near the Meuse.
It was ilestroved by the Bavarians Sept. 1,
1870.
Bazids (bo'zi-iish). A small town iu Hungary,
situated on the Danube 45 miles east of Bel-
gi-ad.
Bazigars (bii-ze-garz' ). A nomadic race widely
diffused in Hindustan, allied, perhaps, to the
gipsies of Em'ope.
Bazin (bii-zan'). The lackey of Aramis iu "The
Three Musketeers" by Dumas.
Bazin (bii-zan' ), Antdine Pierre Louis. Bom
1799: died 1803. A French Orientalist. He
published "ThtSatre chinois," "Grammaire mandarine,"
etc,
Bazin, Jacques Rigomer. Born at Mans, 1771 :
died Jan. 20, 1820. A French publicist, man of
letters, and democratic politician. He was the
author of pamphlets published under the title " Le Lynx "
(1814) and "Suite du Lynx" (1817), ".laciineline d'Olys-
bourg" (181):^), a melodrama, " Charlemagne "(1817), a tra-
gedy, "Seide " (181(J), a novel, etc.
Bazoche (bii-zosh'), or Basoche, La. An asso-
ciation of clerks connected with tho parliament
of Paris. It watched over the interests of its
members, and performed farces satirizing tho
parliament. It arose at the beginning of the
14th century, and was suppressed in 1791, but
has recently been re\'ived.
Baztan, or Bastan (biis-tiiu'). A valley in the
Pyrenees, iu tho northern part of the prov-
ince of Navarre, Spain. It is traversed by the
Bidassoa.
Bazzard (Iwz'iird). Mr. In Charles Dickens's
" Mystery of Kdwin Drood," a clerk to Mr.
Gi'ewgious, and aiillior of a tragedv which
gives him a baict'ul irilluence over liis master.
Bazzi, Giovanni Antonio. See Hoduma.
Beach, Hicks. See iiii-ks-iSi'<ich.
Beach ( iiedi), Moses Yale. Born at Walling-
ford, (Jonn., Jan. 7, 1801): died at Wallingford,
July 19, 18(')8, An .Xnu'i'ican inventor ainl
journalist, ijroprietor of tho New York ".Sun,"
BeachyHead (iMTchi lied). A chalk headland
on (he coast of Sussex, England, projecting
into the English Channel, in lat. .50° 44' N.,
long. 0° 13' E. Its height is 575 feet.
Beachy Head, Battle of. .\ naval victory
gained inar Hca'-hy Head bythe French under
Toiirville over the allied English and Dutcli
under'roD'ington, June30 (N. S. July 10), HllMl.
Beacon Hill (b("<'k(7n hil). An elevation north
of Hoslon Common. It was named from tho beacou
llres which were formerly lighted upon it.
Beacon Street. -V street in Boston, Mass.,
Beardsley, Samuel
which extends from Tremont street along the
north side of the Common and Public Gardens
westward, it is noted as a street of residences, and
its name is a synonym for the wealth and culture of the
city,
Beaconsfield (be ' konz - feld or bek ' onz -feld).
A town in Buckinghamshire, England, sittiated
25 miles west-northwest of London. It was
the home and burial-place of Waller and of
Edmund Burke, Population (1891), 1,773.
Beaconsfield, Earl of. See Disraeli.
Beadle, Harriet. See Tattijcoram.
Beagle (be'gl). Sir Harry. -A. fox-hunting
English s(iuire in (.'olman's comedy "The Jeal-
ous Wife,"
Beagle Channel, -V strait in the archipelago
of Tierra del Fuego, which extends east and
west in lat. 55° S.
Beagle, The. The ship in which Darwin made
his voyage as naturalist. She was a 10-gun brig of
235 tons, commanded by Captain Kitzroy. She sailed Oec.
27, 18,S1, and returned 'Oct, 2, ls:«i. She had previously
been used in surveying-work on the South American coast.
See Darwin^ C/tarks.
Beale (bel), Lionel Smith. Born at London,
1828. An English physiologist and niicro-
scopist, professor of medicine at King's Col-
lege, Loudon, also of physiology and morbid
anatomy, and later of pathological anatomy.
He is the author of " How to Work with the Microscope,"
"Protoplasm, or Life, Matter, and ilind," "On Life and
on V'ital .Action in Health and Disease," etc.
Beale, Mary. Born in Suffolk, England, 1632-
died at London, Dec. 28, 1697. An English
artist, noted as a portrait-painter.
Beall (l)el), John Young. Born in Virginia,
Jan. 1, 1835: died on Governor's Island, New
York Harbor, Feb. 24, 1865. A Confederate
spy and guerrilla. He commanded a body of men who,
disguised as psissengers, seized the Lake Erie steamer
Philo Parsons .Sept, 19, 18G4, and subse(iuently captured
and sank another boat, the Island Queen, He was ar-
rested at Suspension Bridge, J^ew York, Dec. IC. 1864,
was tried at Fort Lafayette by a military commission,
and, in spite of a proclamation by Jefferson Davis, dated
Dec. 24, 1864, in which the Confederate government as-
sumed the responsibility for Beall's action, was convicted
and hanged.
Bear Flag Battalion. An American corps, in
the early history of California, which was ac-
tive in expelling the Mexicans.
Bear Island. A small island in the Ai'ctic
Ocean, south of Spitzbergen.
Bear Islands. A group of islaiuls in the Arctic
Ocean, north of Siberia, about long. 161° E.
Bear Lake. A lake about 20 miles long, situ-
ated on the border of southeastern Idaho and
northeastern Utah.
Bear Lake, Great. See Great Hear Lake.
Bear Mountain. A hill, about 750 feet in
height, situated in the northeastern part of
Dauphin County, eastern central Peuusylvauia.
There are coal deposits iu its vicinity.
Bear River. A river in northern Utah and
southern Idaho, which falls into Great Salt
Lake, iu lat. 41° 28' N., long. 112° 17' W.
Length, about 400 miles.
Beard (berd), George Miller. Born at Mont-
ville. May 8, 1839: died in New York cit.v. Jan.
23, 1883. An American physician, author of
"Stimulants and Narcotics," "Eating and
Drinking," ''Hay Fever," etc.
Beard, James Henry. Born at Buffalo, N. Y.,
May 20, 1812: died at Flushing, N. Y., April 4,
1893. An American artist, brother of W. H.
Beard, best known as a painter of animals.
Beard, William H. Born at PainesviUe, Ohio,
-\l>iil 13, 1S25. An American painter, chiefly
of humorous animal pictui'es.
Beardstown (berdz'touu). The capital of Cass
('((unty, Illinois, situate(l on the Illinois Hiver
iu lat." 40° N. Population (1890), 4,226.
B6arn (bii-iir'). [^jL. Jitiitlianium.'] An ancient
province of southern France, capital Pan, cor-
rosi)Onding nearly to the department of Basses-
PvrC'nC'OS. in the middle ages it was a viscounty. It
pa"sac(l to tho Albret (Navarre) family in 14ti,'>, and came
witli Henry of NavaiTc to France. It was fornndly incor-
porated with France in Ui20,
Beardsley (berdz'li), Eben Edwards. B(u-n
at Stepney, Conn.. 1807: died al New Haven,
Conn., Dec. 22, 1891. An American Protestant
Episcojial cleig.vman and historical writer. Ho
became rector of .s't. Thonnxs's Church. New Haven, Con-
necticut, in 1848, and w.as the author of "History of the
Kpiscopal Chincli in i.'onnecticut " (IStJO).
Beardsley, Samuel. Bom at lloosic, N. Y.,
I'cl). 9. 17911: died at Ulica, N. Y., May 6, 1860.
An American politician and jurist. He was
Democratic member of Congress from -New York, I83I-
183(1 and 1843-44; associate Judge of the Supreme Court
of Now York 1844-17 ; and chief justice In 1847.
B^arnais, Le
B6arnais (ba-ar-na'), Le. A surname given to
Hfury rV. of France, who was a native of
Beam.
Beas (be'as), or Bias (be'as), or Beypasha
(ba-pash'a), Gr. Hyphasis (hif'a-sis). [Gi-.
■Tijni7(f.] A river iu tlie Paujab. British India,
wliich joins the Satlaj 50 miles southeast of
Lahore. Length, over 300 miles.
Beasley (bez'li), Frederick. Bom near Eden-
ton, N. C, 1777: died at Elizabethto\vn. N. J.,
Nov. 2, 1845. An American clergyman and
philosophical wi-iter, professor of mental and
moral philosophy in the University of Penn-
sylvania 1813-28.
Beata Beatrix. A painting by Dante Gabriel
Kossetti. iu the National GaUery, London, it
is a portrait of the painter's wife, painted after her death,
with a quotation given by Dante from .Jeremiah, sliowinj^
the grief in l-loreuce at the death of Beatrice in VZ'M.
Beaton (bo'ton; Sc. pron. ba'ton), orBethune,
David. Born 1494 : murdered at the castle of
St. Andrew's, May 29, 1546. A Scottish prelate
and statesman. He was several times ambassador to
France : was made bishop of ilirepoix by Francis I. in
1537 ; became a cardinal in 1538 ; and was appointed arch-
bisliopof St. Andrew's and primate of Scotland in 1639, Itird
privy seal in 1528, and chancellor in 1543. He negotiated the
marriage of James V. of Scotland with Magdalen, daugh-
ter of Francis I., and also his second marriage with Mury
of Guise. After the death of James he was arrested, but
later regained his liberty and power, especially opposing
the proposed English marriage of Mary. He was a man
of loose life and a violent persecutor of the Reformers. It
was by his order that Wishart was arrested, tried, and
burned at the stake.
Beaton, or Bethune, James. Died 1539. A
Srcitch prelate, uncle of DaWd Beaton. He be-
came arcilbishop of Glasgow in 1509, and of St. Andrew's
in 1522, and was lord treasurer from 1505, and chancellor
1513-26. He played a conspicuous part in Scotch politics
during t!ie minority of James V., and, lilie his nephew, was
a persecutor-
Beaton, or Bethune, James. Bom 1517: died
April 30, 1603. A Scotcii Koman Catholic prel-
ate, a nephew of Da\-id Beaton. He became arch-
bishop of Glasgow in 1552. and was Scottish ambassador
to France for many years previous to his death. He was
a man of high character and attainments.
Beatrice (be'a-tris or -tres; It. prou. ba-ii-tre'-
ch('). [L. Beatrix, making happy; F. Beatrice,
Beatrix, It. Beatrice, Sp. Pg. Beatri;:.~\ 1. See
Portinari, Beatrice. — 2. In llarston's play
'"The Dutch Courtezan," an innocent, modest
girl, the antithesis of her gay sister Crispi-
nella. — 3. The gay and wayward niece of
Leonato, and rebellions lover of Benedick, in
Shakspere's comedy "Much Ado about No-
thing " : a character of intrigue, gaiety, vnt, and
diversity of humor. — 4. The principal char-
acter in Hawthorne's story " Rappaccini's
Daughter." Her poison-fed beauty fills her lover with
passion, horror, and finally despair when he sees that he
himself has imbibed some of her fatal charm. See Tiap-
Beatrice. The capital of Gage County, south-
eastern Nebraska. It is situated on the Big
Blue River. Population (1890), 13,836.
Beatrice Cenci (ba-a-tre'che chea'che). See
r, iii-i. Ileatrice.
Beatrice Cenci. A celebrated porti'ait by Guido
Reni, in the Palazzo Barberiui, Rome. It is a
three-iiuarter face seen over the slioulder, with golden
hair confined by a white turban ; the expression is of giief
and gentle re.sigiiatiun.
Beatrice-Joanna (be'a-tris-j6-an'ii). Iu Mid-
dletou's play " The Changeling," a headstrong,
unsci-upulous, unobservant girl, intent on put-
ting au unwelcome lover out of the way. she
induces De Flores, wliom she loathes, to murder him, and
is astounded when her iionor is demanded as a reward in-
stead of money. Unable to escape him, she yields, t)Ut is
finally killed by De Flores when discoveiy of the double
crime is made. He also kills himself.
Beatrix (be'a-triks). ISee Beatrice.] The maid
anil contidante of the two sisters Theodosia and
Jacintha iu Dryden's comedy "'An Evening's
Love, or The Mock Astrologer."
Beatrix. -V uovel by Balzac, begun in 1839
iinil tiiiislied in 1844.
Beatrix Esmond. See Esmond, Beatrix.
Beattie (be'ti; Se. pron. ba'ti), James. Born
at Laurencekirk, Kincardine, Scotland, Oct.
25, 1735: died at Aberdeen. Aug. IS, 1803. A
Scotch poet, essayist, and philosopliical writer.
He was professor of moral philosophy and logic in Mari-
schal College. Aljerdeen. He wrote " Original Poems and
Translations" (1761). "Judgment of Paris " (1765). "The
Minstrel ' (1771-74). ' F.ssay on Truth ' (1770), " Disserta-
tions " (1783), ''Elements of Moral Science," etc.
Beatty (be'ti), John. Born near Sandusky,
Ohio. Sept. 16, 1828. An .\merican general in
the Ci^nl War. He served in tlie Union army as a
volunteer throughout the war, commanding, as colonel,
a brigade in the three days' fight at Stone River, Dec. 31,
134
1862, -Jan. 2. 1863, and rising to the rank of brigadier-gen-
eral. He was Republican member of Congress from Ohio
1868-73. Author of "The Citizen Soldier, or Memoirs
of a Volunteer " (1879). etc.
Beau Brummel. See BrummeL
Beau Brummel (bo brum'el), the King of
Calais. A play by William Blanchanl Jcr-
rcild. brought out at the Lyceum Theater Aj)ril
11, 18.59. A play called "Beau Brummel" was atso pro-
duced in New Vork in 1891 by Richard M«n3Beld.
Beau Didapper. See Didaxnter.
Beau Feilding. See Feihliiit/.
Beau Hewit. See Flutter, liir Fopting.
Beau Nash. See Nash.
Beau Nash (bo nash). A three-act comedy in
prose by Douglas Jerrold. produced at the Hay-
market and published in 1825.
Beau Sabreur, Le. See Hamlscimc Swordsman.
Beau's Duel, The, or A Soldier for the La-
dies. A comedy by Mrs. Centlivre, produced
and printed in 1702. It was iu part taken from
Jasper Mayne's " City Match."
Beaucaire (bo-kar'). A town in the depart-
ment of (iard, France, situated on the Rhone,
opposite Tarascon, 14 miles east of Nimes : the
ancient Ilgernum. it is noted for its fair, and for-
merly had an extensive commerce. Population (lb91),
commune, 8,947.
Beauce (bos). A district of France, included
within the departments of Enre-et-Loir and
Loir-et-Cher, famous for its production of
wheat. Its chief town is Chartres.
Beauchamp (bo-shon'), Alphonse de. Born
at Monaco, 1767 : died at Paris, June 1, 1832.
A French historian and litterateur, charged
with the supervision of the press uuder the
Directory. He wrote a •• Histoire des guerres de la
Vendee" (1S06). "Le Faux Dauphin" (1803), "Histoire
de la conquete et des revolutions du P^rou" (1808), "His-
tou-e du Bresil depuis sa conquete en 1500 jusqu'au 1810"
(1815), "Vie de Louis XVIII." (1821), etc.
Beauchamp (be'cham). Philip. [The surname
Beaucliamp exists also in the more correct
spelling Beecham, which represents the mod.
pronunciation. Beauchamp follows the mod.
F. spelling; OF. Beucliamp, Beauchamp, fail'
field.] A pseudonym of George Grote.
Beauchamp, Richard de, Earl of Warwick.
Born at Salwarji, Worcestershire, Jan. 28, 1382:
died at Rouen, France, April 30, 1439. A noted
English soldier and statesman, prominent in
att'airs of state during the reign of Henry V.
Beauchamp, Viscount. The title givenby the
Jacobites to Sir Frederick Vernon in Sir Wal-
ter Scott's novel "Rob Roy."
Beauclerc (bo-klark'). [F. beau clerc, fine
scholar.] A surname given to Henry I. of
England, on account of his attainments as a
scholar.
Beauclerk (bo'klark), Topham. Born Dec. 17,
1739 : died at London, March 11, 1780. An Eng-
lish gentleman of refined tastes and charming
convei'sation, notable chiefly as the intimate
friend of Dr. Johnson, and for his library of
30,000 volumes (sold at auction in 1781), which
was rich in works relating to the English stage
and English history.
Beaufort (i)6-for'), or Beaufort-en- Vallee(bo-
for'toii-viil-la'). [F., 'fair fort' or 'castle.'
Cf. Bctfurt.'] A town iu the department of
Maine-et-Loire, France. 18 miles east of Angers.
Its castle gave their title to the English Beau-
forts. Population (1891), commune, 4,492.
Beaufort (bo'fort). A seaport, capital of Car-
teret Countv, North Carolina, situated on au
inlet of the" Atlantic in lat. 34° 43' N., long.
76° 40' W. It has a good harbor. Population
(1890). 2,007.
Beaufort (bii'fort). A seaport and watering-
place, the capital of Beaufort County, South
Carolina, situated on Port Roval Island in lat.
32° 26' N., long. 80° 40' W. it has a good harbor.
A settlement here was attempted by the French in 1562,
and was made by the English about 1680. It was captured
by the Federals Dec. 6. 1S6L Population (IsM), 3,5b7.
Beaufort, Due de. See Venddme, Fran<;ois de.
Beaufort (bii'fort), Sir Francis. [The Eng.
sui'name is from OF. Beaufort, the town, lit.
'fair fort.'] Born in Ireland. 1774: died at
Brighton, Dec. 17, 1857. An English rear-ad-
miial and man of science, hydrographer to the
navy 1829-55. He wrote " Karamania. or a Brief De-
scrii)tion of the South Coast of Asia Minor " (1817), etc.
Beaufort, Henry. Born at Beaufort Castle,
An,iou: died at Winchester. England, April 11.
1447. An English jirelate and statesman, nat-
ural son of John of Gaunt by Catlicrine Swjni-
ford, ami half-brother of King Henrv IV. He
became l)ishop of Winchester (1405) and cardinal (1427). and
was chancellor 1403-05, 1413-17, 1424--26. He was, during
Beauly Basin
the minority of Henry VI., involved in a long contest for
the ascendancy with his nephew, the Duke of Gloucester.
He was president of the court which sentenced Joan of
Arc to the stidie.
Beaufort, Margaret, Countess of Richmond
and of Derby. Born 1441: died 1509. The
daughter of the first Duke of Somerset, wife
successively of the Earl of Richmond, half-
brother of Henry VI., of Henry Stafford, son to
the Duke of Buckingham, and of Lord Stanley,
Earl of Derby, and mother, by her first marriage,
of Henry VII. she endowed Christ's and St. John's
Colleges. Cambridge, and founded divinity professorships
at buth Oxford and Cambridge.
Beaugard (bO'giird), Captain. The principal
character in Otway's "Soldier's Fortune" and
its sequel "The Atheist."
Beaugard, Old. The wild, extravagant father
of Captain Beaugard in "The Atheist."
Beaugency (bo-zhon-se' ). A town iu the de-
partment of Loiret, France, situated on the
Loire 16 miles southwest of Orleans, It suf-
fered severely in the Huguenot wars. Popula-
tion (1891), commune, 4,313.
Beauharnais (bo-ar-na'), Alexandre, Vi-
comte de. Born in Martinique. May 28. 1760:
guillotined at Pai'is, July 23. 1794. A French
politician and general, husband of Josephine
(later empress). He was a member of the Constit-
uent Assembly and general in the .\rmy of tlie North,
and was condemned by the revolutionary tribunal for trea-
son.
Beauharnais, Eugene de, Duke of Leuchten-
berg and Prince of Eichstiidt. Born at Paris,
Sept. 3. 1781: died at Munich, Feb. 21, 1824.
A French soldier and statesman, sou of Alex-
anth'e de Beauharnais and Josephine, after-
ward empress of France. He served with Napo-
leon in Egypt in 1798 ; was appointed viceroy of Italy in
1805 ; married the Princess Augusta Amelia of Bavaria iu
1806; was adopted by Napoleon, and made heir apparent
to the crown of Italy in 1806 ; gained the battle of Raab
1809 ; commanded an army corps in the Russian cam-
paign in 1812. taking charge of the broken forces after
the depiu-ture of N'apoleon and the flight of Murat ; de-
cided the victory of Lutzen in 1813. and, when deprived
of his viceroyalty by the campaigns of 1813 and 1S14, re-
tired to Bavaria, where he obtained, with tlie principality
of Eichst^tdt, the title of Duke of Leuchtenbeig.
Beauharnais, Eugenie Hortense de. Born
li83: died 1837. Daughter of Alexandre de
Beauharnais, wife (1802) of Lotus Bonaparte,
king of Holland, and mother of Napoleon III.
Beauharnais, Frangois, Marquis de. Born
at La Kochelle, Aug. 12, 17.56 : died at Paris.
1823. A French royalist politician, brother of
Alexandre de Beauharnais.
Beauharnais, Josephine de. See Josephine.
Beaujeu, Anne de. See Anne de Beavjeu.
Beaujeu (bb-zhe'). A town in the department
of Rhone, France, situated on the Ardiere 31
miles north-northwest of Lyons. Population
(1891), commune, 3,290.
Beaujeu, Hyacinthe Marie L, de. Bom at
Montreal, Canada, Aug. 9, 1711 : died July 9,
1755. A French officer in America. He suc-
ceeded Contrecour as commander of Fort Duquesne in
1755, planned the ambuscade which resulted in the defeat
of Braddock, July 9, 1755, and fell .at the first file of the
British.
Beaujolais (bo-zho-la'). An ancient temtory
of Frauce, iu the government of Lyonnais,
now comprised in the departments of Rhone
and Loire, its chief towns were Beaujeu and Ville-
franche. It was a barony and county, and was united to
the crown by l-Yancis I., and was later in tlie possession of
the Orleans family. It is noted for its mines.
Beaujoyeulx. See Baita:arini.
Beaulea, or Beauleah. See Bampur Beauleah.
Beaulieu ibo-le-e'). [F.. 'beautiful place.']
A town in the department of Coii'eze, Frauce,
situated on the Dordogne 20 miles south of
Tulle. Population (1891), commune, 2.359.
Beavilieu (bii'li). A village and abbey in
Hampshire, England, 6 miles southwest of
Southampton.
Beaulieu (bo-le-e'), Jean Pierre, Baron de.
Born at Namur, Oct. 26. 1725 : died near Linz.
Dee. 22, 1819. An Austrian general. He served
in the Seven Years' War : commanded at ,' eniappes in 1702,
and as commander-in-chief in Italy was defeated by Napo-
leon(1796)at Montenotte, Millesimo, iIoritesano,Mondovi,
and I.mli. He was succeeded liy W uniiser.
Beaulieu-Marconnay ( bo - le - e ' miir - ko - na ' )>
Karl Oli'vier, Baron von. Born at Minden,
Sept. 5. 1811: died at Dresden, April 8, 1889. A
German official and historical writer.
Beauly (bii'li). A village and ruined priory
in Inverness-shire, Scotland, 9 miles west of
Inverness.
Beauly Basin. The upper part of Inverness
Firth, connected with Moray Firth, northwest
of Inverness. Length, 9 miles.
Beaumains
Beaumains. See Gurcik.
Beaumanoir (bo-ma-mvar'), Jean de. Lived
iu till' lukldle of the 14th ceutiiry. A French
kliifjht of Brittany. Ue is celebrated as the fYench
comiuiiiuler in the "Battle ut the Tliiity " (which see),
13:.l. between rlot-riuel and Josselin, Brittany.
Beaumanoir, Sir Lucas de. in Sir Walter
Scott's novel •' Ivanhoe," the grauJ master of
the Knifjlits Templar. He seizes Rebecca and
tries her as a witch.
Beaumanoir, Philippe de. Bora about 1250:
dieil .Ian. 7. TJldi. A Fionch jurist. He was baitlC
at Senlis in 127;i, and at Clermont in 1280, and presided
at assizes held in various towns. His chief work, liif^hly
esteemed in the study of old French law, is "Coutumes
de Beauvoisis * (edited by De la 'I'haumassi^re ICDO, and
by Beu^ot 184'2).
Beaumarchais (bo-miir-sha'), Pierre Augus-
tin Caron de. Born at Paris, Jan. 24, 1732:
died tliert', -May 18, 1799. A French polemic
and dramatic m-iter. He was tlie seventh child of
Charles Caron, master clock-nialcer. After an elementary
schoolinK, lie Joined his father in the trade. .Subsequently
he assumed the name of Ik'aumarchais, in accordance
with a usage prevalent in ttnit century. Ills claim to the
iDTention of a new escapement in clock-work being dis-
puted, young Caron appealed to the Academy of Sciences
and to public opinion, thereby attntcting also the atten-
tion of the court. On the death in 1770 of the celebrated
financier Duverney, who had taken Beaumarchais into
partnership, a question of itdieritance occasioned litiga-
tion. Beaumarchais conducted his own case, and to vin-
dicate himself published four "Memoires" (1774-75) re-
plete with wit and eloquence, which made him famous.
His earlier attempts to write for the stage, "Eugi^nie"
and "Les Deux Amis, ou le Xi^goclant de Lyc)n," were
failures. "Lo Barbier de Seville" waited two years to
be presented to the public, and the first performance,
Feb. 2:t, 177.'"', was not very successful. Subsequently
he altered and greatly improved the comedy. " Le Ma-
riage lie Figaro," begun in 1775 and completed in 1778,
was suppressed for four years by the censure of Louis
XVI. It was given for the first time April 27, 17S4, and
was immediately successful. It is the ULi-sterpiece of
French comedy in the isth century. His later plays,
"Tarare " and " La M6re Coupable," l)arely deserve men-
tion. During the War of American Independence Beau-
marchais sent to the ITnited States a fleet of his own,
carrying a cargo of weapons and ammunition for the
American colonists. His poverty during the latter part
of his life was largely due to the difficulty he experienceil
in recovering payment from the I'nited Stjites. Beau-
marchais is the hero of one of Goethe's plays, "Clavigo"
(which see).
Beaumaris (bo -mar 'is). [OF. beau marais,
fair marsh. Formerly called Bornover.] A
seaport and watering-place in Anglesea, Wales,
situated on Boautr,aris Bay 47 miles west by
south of Liverpool, it has a castle, a large Wth-cen-
tury fortress, built by Edward I. The long, low line of
the interior walls is impressive, with their many towers,
BUTTOounted by the huge cylindrical towers of the main
structure. The central court is extremely picturesque,
surrounded by niins of the chapel and the great hall, with
finely tracerit-d window.s, and of the interesting residential
buildings profusely draped with ivy. I'opulation (1891),
2,2l>i.
Beaumaris Bay. An inlet of the Irish Sea, be-
twccn ,\ngli-sc'a and Carnarvon, Wales.
Beaumelle (bo-mtd'). A female character
in .Mussingor and Field's play "The Fatal
Howry."
Beaumelle, Laurent Angliviel de la. Bom
at Valleraugue, Gard, France, Jan. 28, 1726:
died at Paris, Nov. 17, 1773. A French man of
letti'rs, professor of French literature at Copen-
hagen 1 749-.")l . In the latter year he went to Berlin,
and in 17.'>2 to Paris. His works brought him two periods
of imprisonment iu the Bastillo and the active enmity of
Voltaire.
Beaumont (b6-m6n'). [F.,'fairmount'; h.Iiclliis
Miiii.1, or Btlmnntium.'] A town in the depart-
ment of Ardennes, France, situated on the
Meuse 14 miles southeast of Sedan. Here, Aug. 30,
1870, the (iemians under the Crown Prince of Saxony de-
feated a rljvjsioii of MacMahon's army.
Beaumont (bo'mont, formerly bu'mont). Basil
Born 1609: died Nov. 27, 1703. An Knglish
rear-admiral. He perisbed in the Downs in a terrible
atomi which destroyed i:i vessels, with 1,6IJ() seamen.
Beaumont (b6-m6ii'), filie de. See Elic dc
/>/ II It mini t.
Beaumont (bo'mont, formerlv bu'mont), Fran-
cis. Born at Graee-Dieu, Leicestershire, in
1584: died March 6, 1616, and was buried in
Westminster Abbey. An English dramatist
and poet. He entered Oxford Feb. 4, \tm. at the age
of twelve. In KHH] he entered the Inner Temple, but ap-
pareidly di<l not pursue his legal studies. In l(Si)2 he
Suhllshed ■' Sidniacis and llermaphroditua," a poem after
vid (his authorship of this poem is doubted by Bullen).
His trii'iii'sbiii for Ben .lonson probably began shortly
after this, and from 16l)7 t« 1611 his commendatory poems
were prefixed to several of Jonson's plays. In 1613 Beau-
mont produced "A Masque for the Inner Terjiple," and
about that time ho married fraula, daughter of Henry
Isley of Sundridge in Kent. Ills close personal and lit-
erary intimacy with .luhn Fletcher dated from about l«i7.
They lived together not far from the (ilobe Theatre on the
Bankslde, sharing everything in common. Till 1610 (1014,
135
Bullen) they wrote together. The discussion of the sepa-
rate authorship of the plays will be found under Fiflcher,
John. The Induction and the first two Triumphs in " Four
I'lays or Mond Kepresentations in ("tne'"are usually as-
cribed entirely to Beaumont.
Beaumont, sir George Howland. Born at
Dunmow, Essex, England, Nov. 6, 1753: died
Feb. 7, 1827. An English patron of art, con-
noisseur, and landscape-painter, one of the
founders of the National Gallery at London.
Beaumont, Sir John. Bom, probablyat Grace-
Dieu, Li-icestcrshire, 1583: died April 19, 1627.
-\n English poet, brother of Francis Beaumont.
He wTote " Bosworth Field," sacred poems,
"Cro^vn of Thorns" (now lost), etc.
Beaumont de la Bonni^re (bo-mou' d6 lii bon-
yar' ), Gustave Augusta. Born at Beaumont-
la-Chiilre, Sarthe, France, Feb. 16, 1802: died
at Tours, Feb. 6, 1866. A French politician
and man of letters. He was the author of "Du sys-
time p^ni,tentiaire aux litats-Unis" (1832), "Dc I'escla-
vage aux EtatsCnis ' (1840), " L'Irlande, politique, sociale,
ct relii^ieusc " (ls39), etc.
Beaumont-de-Lomagne(b6-m6ii'de-lo-many').
A town in tlie department of Tarn-et-Garonne,
France, situated on the Gimone 22 miles west-
southwest of Montauban. Population (1891),
commune. 4,040.
Beaumont-sur-Oise (bo-mon'siir-waz'). A
town in the department of SeLne-et-Oise, situ-
ated on the Oise 18 miles north of Paris. It has
a noted church. Population (1891), commune,
3,099.
Beaune (bon). A town in the department of
Cote-d'Or, eastern France, 24 miles southwest
of Dijon. It has an extensive trade in Burgundy wines.
The hospital of Beaune remains almost precisely as when
completed in 1443. It has a picturesque doorway covered
with a penthouse, a (|uaint court with two tiers of giiUeries,
and a remarkably high, steep roof. The grande salle has
a superb archeil timber roof. Population (1891), 12,470.
Beaune-la-Eolande (bon'lii-ro-lond'). A vil-
lage in the department of Loiret, France, 19
miles northeast of Orl(5ans. Here, Nov. 28, 1870,
the Prussians under General von Voigts-Rhetz defeated
the French under Aurelle de Paladines. The French loss
was about 6,700. Population (1&91), 1,792.
Beaupr6au (b6-pra-6'). [F., 'fair meadow.']
A town in the department of Maine-et-Loire,
France, situated on the Evre 29 miles south-
west of Angers. It was the scene of a Vendean
\nctory 1793. Population (1891), commune,
3,8.57.
Beauregard (bo're-gard; F. pron bo-re-gar' or
bor-giir'), Pierre Gustave Toutant. [F. beau
regard, fair view.] Born near New Orleans,
May 28, 1818 : died there, Feb. 20, 1893. An
American general. He graduated at West Point 1838 :
served with distinction in the Mexican war, being brevet-
ted captain for gallant and meritorious conduct at Contre-
ras and Churubusco, and major for similar conduct at
Chapult«pec: was appointed superintendent at West Point
in 1860, with the rank of colonel; resigned in 1861, on the
secession of Louisiana from the Union, to accept an ap-
pointment as l)rigadier-general in the Confederate army ;
bombarded and captured Fort Sumter, April 12-13, 1861 ;
commandetl at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, being
raised in consequence of his services in this battle to the
rank of general ; assumed command of the army at Shiloh,
on the fall of (ieneral A, S. Johnston, April 6, 1862 ; com-
manded at chaileston 1862-64 ; defeated Butler at Drui-y's
I'.lutf, May Ifi, 18(54; and surrentiered with .lohnston in
186.'i. He was president of the New Orleans aTid Jackson
Kailroati Company 1865-70, and became adjutant general
of Louisiana in 1878.
Beaurepaire (bo-r6-par'). A castle celebrated
in Arthurian legend. Blanehefleur was be-
sieged hero and freed by Sir Perceval.
Beaurepaire-Rohan (bo-re-piir'ro-on'), Hen-
rique de. Born IslS: died July, 1894. A
French general and geographer. He wrote a" De-
8cript;iiode uma viagem deCnyabjiao Rio de Janeiro, etc."
(184(1), a topography of Slatto Grosso, etc., and he was
chief of the cnmmission wliicb prepared the map of Brazil
pnbli.ihod in 1S7S. In 1864 lie was minister of war.
Beausobre (bo-sobr' ), Isaac de. Born at Niovt ,
France, March 8, 10.59: died at Berlin, .Inno 6,
1738. A French Protestant theologian, pasl(u-
of a French church in Berlin. He was the author
of an " Essai critique de I'liistoiro do Manichiio et du Ma-
nichOismc " (1739 : vol. 2, 1744) a translation of the New
Testament into FYench from tne original (ireek, etc.
Beautemps-Beaupr6 (bo - toi'i ' h<> - prf/ ),
Charles Frantjois. Born at Neuville-au-l'ont,
Miiiiie, France, 1706: died 1854. A noted French
hydrographer.
Beauty and the Beast. [F. f.n Belle et la
Ileli:'\ A story in which a daughter (Beauty),
Zemire, to save her father's life, becomes the
guest of a monster (Azor), who, by his kind-
ness and intelligence, wins her love, whereupon
he regains his natural form, that of ahandsorao
young prince. The French version by Madame le Prince
do Beaumont was published In 17&7. She probably de-
Bebel
rived the plot from ."itraparola's " Piacevoli Notti," a col-
lection of Italian stories published in 1550. There have
been many English versions, of which the most notewor-
thy is .Miss Thackeray's. The story gave GriStry the sub-
ject for his very successful opera "Zemire and .\zor."
Beauvais (bo-va'). The capital of the depart-
ment of Oise, France, situated on the Thifaain 43
miles north-northwest of Paris, it is the ancient
Csesaromagns, the capital of the Bellovaci, a llelgic tribe,
whence its later name BtUovacu)ii or liili-annn (modern
Beauvain). In the middle ages it was a countsliip. heau-
vais was defended against the English in 1433 ; and against
Charles the Bold of Burgundy by the citizens under Jeanne
llachette in 1472. Many clmrch couitcils have been held
there. It is an important industrial and commercial cen-
ter, and has mamifactures of Gobelin tapestries, carpets,
cotton, woolens, lace, buttons, brushes, etc. The cathe-
dral of Beauvais is a fragment consisting mei-ely of choir
andtran8epts,begun in 1225 with the intention of surpass-
ing all other existing churclies. The plan failed owing
to stinted expenditiu'e on the foundations, which proved
too weak for the stupendous superstructure. The choir,
presenting the most beautiful 13th-century vaulting and
tracery, is 104 feet long and l.'»7 from vaulting to pave-
ment. It possesses superb medieval glass. The great
transepts arp Flandjoyant. Population (1891), 19,:J82.
Beauvais, Charles Theodore. Born at Or-
leans, France, Nov. 8, 1772: died at Paris, 1830.
A French general and writer. He compiled " Vic-
toires et conqu6tes des fran^ais," and edited '•Correspon-
dance de Napoleon avec les cours i^trang^res," etc.
Beauvallet (bo-vii-la'), L6on. Born at Paris,
1829 : died there, March 22, 18S5. A French lit-
t(5rateur, son of Pierre Francois Beauvallet.
Beauvallet, Pierre Francois. Bom at Pithi-
viers, France, Oct. 13, 1801: died at Paris, Dee.
21, 1873. A French actor and dramatic writer.
Beauvau (bo-vo'), Charles Juste de. Bom
at Liin^ville, France, Seiit. 10, 1720 : died May
2, 1793. A marshal of France, distinguished
in the Seven Years' War.
Beauvau, Rend Frangois de. Born 1664: died
Aug. 4, 1739. A French prelate, bishop of Ba-
yonno, and later (1707) of Tournay, where he
distinguished himself during the siege of 1709.
Beaux (bo), Cecilia. Born at Philadelphia. A
contemporary American painter, a pupil (in
America) of Van der Weilen and William Sar-
tain, and (in Paris) of Henry, Bouguereau, Con-
stant, and others.
Beaux Arts, Acaddmie des. See Jeademy.
Beaux' Stratagem, The. A comedy by Far-
quhar, produced March H, 1707: his best play.
Beauz6e (bo-za'), Nicolas. Boi-n at Verdun,
May 9, 1717: died at Paris, Jan. 23, 1789. A
French grammarian and litttf-rateur.
Beaver (be'ver), James Adams. Born at Mil-
lerstoTSTi, Pa., Oct. 21, 1837. An Ameiican poli-
tician and general. He was colonel and brigade-com-
mander in the Army of the Potomac in the Civil War; was
the (unsuccessful) Republican candidate for governor of
Pennsylvania in 1882 ; and was Republican governor of
Pennsylvania 1887-91.
Beaver, Philip. Born at Lewknor, Oxfordshire,
England. Feb. 28, 1766: died at Table Bay,
South Africa, April 5, 1813. A captain of the
English navy. He attempted unsuccessfully
to colonize the island of Bulama, West .iVfrica,
1792-93.
Beaver City. The chief town in Beaver County,
Oklalionia.
Beaver Creek. A river in northwestern Kan-
sas ami southern Nebraska, a tributaiy of the
Kepnblicau Kiver. Length, about 200 miles.
Beaver Dam. A city in Dodge County, Wis-
consin, 59 miles northwest of Milwaukee. Pop-
ulation (1891), 4,222.
Beaver Dam Creek. See Meclianicirille.
Beaver Falls. A borough in Beaver County,
Pennsylvania, situated near the junction of the
Beaver and Ohio rivers, 26 miles northwest of
Pittsburgh. It has various manufactures, and is largely
controlled by the Harmony Society of Economy. Popu-
lation (1890), 9,"35.
Beaver Islands. A group of islands in the
northern iKirt of Lake .Michigan, belonging to
Manilou County, Michigan. The length of the
largest (IBig Beaver) is 24 miles.
Beaver River. A river in western Pennsyl-
vania, formed by the union of the Mahoning
and Shenango rivers. It joins the Ohio near
Beaver Falls.
Beazley (bez'li), Samuel. Born at London,
1780: died at Tnnbri<lge Castle, Kent, Oct. 12,
1851. An English architect aiul dramatist,
noted as a designer of theaters.
Bebek (beb'ek). A place in European Turkey,
on the Bosporus 6 miles northeast of Con-
slantinople.
Bebel (ba'bel), Ferdinand August. Bom at
Cologne, Feb. 22, 1840. One of the leaders of
the social-democratic party in Germany. In
1802 ho Joined the fierman labor inovement which began
In that year under the leadership of Lassalle, and which
Bebel
resulted in the fonnation of the social-democratic party.
In istj7 he was chosen deputy from the district of Glau-
chau-Meerane, in Saxony, to the constituent assembly of
North Germany, and in 1871 was elected to the tlrst Reiclis-
tag of the German Empire. In 1872 he was sentenced to
two years' inipiisonment on the charge of liigh treason
against the German Empire, and to nine montlis' imprison-
ment on the charge of lese-majesty against tlie German
emperor, in addition to wliich he was depiived of his seat
in the Reichstag. He was reelected in 1S73 to the Reichs-
tag, in which with interruptions he has since represented
various constituencies. Autliorof " I'nsereZiele." " Chris-
ten thum nndSozialismus,"" Die Frauundder Socialisms,"
" Der deutsclie Bauernkrieg," etc.
Bebenhausen (ba'ben-hou-zeu). A Roman-
esque au<l Gothic Cistercian abbey, 3 miles
north of Tiibingen, Wiirtemberg, foimded about
1185.
Bebra (ba'bra). A village and important rail-
way junction iu the pro\'ince of Hesse-Nassau,
Prussia, near the Fulda, 26 miles south-south-
east of Cassel.
Bebutoff (ba-bo'tof), Prince Vasili Osipo-
vitch. Born 1792: died at Tiflis.^Trauseau-
casus, Russia, March 22, 1858. A Kiissiau geu-
eral, of Armenian descent. He defeated the
Turks at Kadiklar, Dec. 1, 1853, and at Kuruk-
Dere, Aug. 5, 1854.
Bee (bek). A ruined abbey at Bec-Helloiu,
near Bi-ionue, department of Eure, France, fa-
mous as a seat of learning in the 11th eentmy
under the rule of Laufranc and Auselm.
Beccafumi (bek-ka-fo'me) (Domenico de
Pace). Born near Siena, Italy, 148G: died at
Siena, May 18, 1551. An Italian painter, sui'-
named "Meceherino" from his insignificant
appearance. His best-known works are his de-
signs for the decorations of the cathedral of
Sieua.
Beccari (bek'kii-re), Odoardo. Born at Flor-
ence, Nov. 19, 1843. .Aji Italian botanist, ex-
plorer in New Guinea, the East Indies, and
East Africa. He founded the " Nuovo giornale botan-
ico Italiana "(1869), which, together with the "BoUettino
della Societii geograflca italiana," contains most of his de-
scriptions of travel and botanical discoveries.
Beccaria (bek-ka-re'a), Cesare Bonesano,
Marchese di. Born at MUan, March 15, 1738:
died at Milan, Nov. 28, 1794. An Italian econo-
mist, jurist, and philanthropist, professor in
Milan. He was one of the earliest opponents of the death
penalty. His most famous work is " l)ei delitti e delle
pene " (*' On Crimes and Punishments," 1764 : revised 1781),
which was written from a humanitarian point of view and
was very intluential.
Beccaria, Giovanni Battista. Born at Mon-
dovi. Piedmont, Oct. 3, 1716: died at Turin,
May 27, 1781. An Italian mathematician and
physicist, professor of physics at Turin, espe-
cially noted for his researches in electricity.
Beccles (bek'lz). A municipal borough in Suf-
folk, England, situated on the Waveney 17
miles southeast of Norwich. Population (1891),
6,669.
B^che, De la. See De la Beclic.
Becher (bech'er), Johann Joachim. Born at
Speyer, 1635: died at London (?), Oct., 1682.
A noted German chemist, economist, and phy-
sician. He was the author of numerous treatises, the
most noted of which is the "Actorum laboratorii chymici
Monacensis, sen physicse aubterranert; libri duo " (1669).
Of the three elements recogTiized by him in the composi-
tion of metals, and in general of mincrafs. a vitriflable
earth, a volatile earth, and an igneous principle, the last
served as the f<.>undation of the theory of Stahl.
Becber, Siegfried. Born at Plan, Bohemia,
Feb. 28, 1806 : died March 4, 1873. An Austrian
economist and statistician. He became professor
of history and geography in the Polytechnical Institute
at Vienna, 183.'i.
Bechstein (bceh'stin), Johann Matthaus.
Born at Waltershausen, in Gotha, Germaiiv,
July 11, 1757: died at Meiningen, Feb. 23, 1822.
A ftermiin naturalist and forester, author of
'■ Forst- unil .Jagdwissenschaft," etc.
Bechstein, Ludwig. Born at Weimar, Ger-
many. Nov. 24, 1801: died at Meiningen, May
14, i860. A Thuringian poet, folklorist, and
novelist, ■ ephew of Johann Matthaus Bech-
stein.
Bechuanaland (beeh-b-a'nii-land). [Bechuana
or Beclitraiiii, the name oif tlie people. See
Chuanii.'] \ region in South Africa, between
Transvaal (South jVfrican Republic) and Ger-
man Southwest jVfrica. It is partly a colony and
partly a protectorate. The climate is good, but the soil
is arid, and more suitable for pasture than foragriculture.
Vryl)urg is the capital. The military occupation and an-
nexation by England took place in 1885. Area, 170,0fllJ
square miles (71,000 for the colony). Population (1891),
60, 376 in the colony.
Beck (bek). Christian Daniel. Born at Leip-
sie, Jan. 22, 1757: died Dec. 13. 1832. A Ger-
man classical philologist. He was professor of
136
Greek and Roman literature in the University of Leipsic
(1825-32), .and editor of the ''Allgemeine Repert^irium der
nenesten in- und auslandischen Literatur" (1819-32). He
published editions of Pindar, Aristophanes, Euripides,
ApoUonins Rhodius, Plato, Cicero, and Calpurnius, "Com-
raentarii historici decretorum religionis christia?iie," etc.
Beck (bek), James Burnie. Born in Dum-
friesshire. Scotland, Feb. 13, 1822: died at
AVashington, D. C, May 3, 1890. Au American
statesman. Democratic member of Congress
from Kentucky 1867-75, and United States
senator 1877-90.
Beck, Johann Ludwig Wilhelm. Born at
Leipsic, October 27, 1786: died there, Feb. 14,
1869. A German jurist, son of Christian Daniel
Beck. He became professor of law at Kdnigsberg in
1812, and president of the Court of Appeals at Leipsic
in 1837.
Beck, Johann Tobias von. Born at Balingen,
Wiirtemberg, Feb. 22. 1804: died Dec. 28, 1878.
A (icrman Protestant tlieologiau, appointed
]irofe.ssor of theology at Tiibingen in 1843.
Beck, Karl. Bomat Baja, Hungary, May 1,
1817: died at Wiihriug, near Vienna, April 10,
1879. An Austrian jioet. He was the author of
" Nachte. Gepanzerte lieder" (1S38), "Der Fahrende
Poet" (1838), •'.Stille Lieder" (1839), "Saul" (1841: a
drama), "Janko" (1842), "Lieder vom armen Manne"
(1846), "Aus der Heimath ' (1852), "ilater Dolorosa"
(1853), ".ladwiga" (186.3), etc.
Beck, Madame. One of the principal char-
acters in Charlotte Bronte's novel "Villette."
Becker (bek'er), August. Born at Kliugen-
miinster, April 27, 1828: died at Eisenach,
March 23, 1891. A German poet and novelist.
He was editor of the "Isar-Zeitung" (1859-64). and is the
authorof " Des Rabbi Vermachtniss ' (1866-<)7), " Hedwig "
(1868), "Jleine Schwester " (1876), etc.
Becker, August. Born at Darmstadt, Jan. 27,
1821: died at Dusseldorf, Dec. 19, 1887. A
noted German landscape-painter.
Becker, Jakob. Born at Dittelsheim, near
Worms, March 15, 1810: died at Fraukfort-on-
the-Main, Dec. 22, 1872. A German genre
painter.
Becker, Jean. Bom at Mannheim, May 11,
1833 : died there, Oct. 10, 1884. A noted Ger-
man violinist, member, with the Italians Masi
and Chiostri and the Swiss Hilpert, of the
Florentine Quartet.
Becker, Johann Philipp. Born March 19,
1809 : died at Geneva, Dec. 9, 1886. A German
political agitator and socialist.
Becker, Karl Ferdinand. Born at Liser, near
Trier, Germany, April 14, 1775: died at Offen-
bach, Sept. 5, i849. A noted German philolo-
gist and physician. He wrote "Ausfiihrliche
deutsche Grammatik," "Handbuch der deut-
schen Spraehe,'' etc.
Becker, Karl Ferdinand. Bom at Leipsic,
July 17, 1804 : died at Leipsic, Oct. 26, 1877. A
German organist and writer on music, son of
Gottfried Wilhelm Becker. His chief works are
"Systematisch-chronologische Darstellung der musikal-
isehen Literatur " (1836-39), "Die Hausmusik in Deutsch-
land " (18111).
Becker, Karl Friedrich. Born at Berlin, 1777:
diedatBerUn, March 15, 1806. A German his-
torian. He wrote " Weltgeschichte fiir Kinder und
Kinderlehrer" (1801-65), "Erzahlungen aus der Alton
Welt " (1801-03), etc.
Becker, Mmc. (Christiane Luise Amalie
Neumann). Born at Krosseu in Neumark,
Dee. 15, 1778: died at Weimar, Sept. 27, 1797.
A famous German actress, daughter of the
actor Johann Christian Neumann, and wife of
the actor Heinrich Becker. She acted in both com-
edy and tragedy, and was much admired by Goethe who,
after her death, sang of her in the elegy " Euphrosine."
Becker, Nikolaus. Born at Bonn, Jan. 8. 1809:
died Aug. 28, 1845. A German poet, author of
the popular Rheinlied '' Sie solleu ihn iiicht
haben" (1840), etc.
Becker, Oskar. Born at Odessa, June 18, 1839 :
died at Alexandria, July 16, 1868. A German
medical student in the University of Leipsic
who attempted to assassuiate William I. of
Prussia at Baden-Baden, Jidy 14, 1861. He gave
at the subsequent trial as the reason fur his act that the
king was unequal to the task of uniting Germany. He
was sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment, but, at the
intercession of the King of Prussia, was released in 1866,
on condition of leaving Oerntany.
Becker, Rudolf Zacharias. Born at Erfurt.
Germany, April 9, 17.')2: died March 28, 1822.
A (lotiular (jerman writer. He was the author of
".Notli- und Hilfsbiichlein" (1787-98). " Mildheimisches
Liederbuch," " Ilolzschintte alter dentscher ,Mei8ter,"etc.
Becker, Wilhelm Adolf. Bom at Dresden,
1796: died at Meissen, Sc|,t. 30, 1846. A Ger-
man classical archieologist, son of Wilhelm
Gottlieb Becker, professor in the University of
Leipsic . He was the author of " Callus " (1838). " Char-
Beddoes, Thomas
ikies" (1840; both on ancient Greek and Roman life),
" Handljuch der romischen Altertlunner" ("Manual of
Roman Antiquities," 1843-46, contiiuied 1849-64), etc.
Becker, Wilhelm Gottlieb. Born at Ober-
kallenberg. Saxony, Nov. 4, 1753 : died at Dres-
den, June 3, 1813. A German archreologist and
man of letters. His chief work is "Augus-
teum , Dresden's antike Denkmiiler enthaltend "
(1805-09).
Beckerath (bek'er-iit), Hermann von. Bom
at Crefeld, Dec. 13, 1801: died there. May 12,
1870. A Prussian politician, a member of the
Frankfort Parliament, and minister of finance
1.S48-49.
Beckers (bek'erz), Hubert. Born at Munich,
Nov. 4, 1806: died at Munich, March 11, 1889.
A German philosophical writer, appointed pro-
fessor of philosophy in the University of Mu-
nich in 1847. He has written extensively upon
the philosophy of Schelling.
Becket, Thomas. See Thomas of London.
Beckford (bek'ford). William. Born in Ja-
maica, 1709: died at London, June 21, 1770.
An English politician. He became lord mayor of
London in 1762, and again in 1769. He was a friend and
supporter of Wilkes. During his second mayoralty he
acquired celebrity by a fearless impromptu speech made
before George III., May 23, 1770, on the occasion of pre-
senting an address to the king.
Beckford, William. Bom at FonthiU, Wilt-
shire, Sept. 29, 1759: died May 2, 1844. An
EnglLsh man of letters, connoisseur, and collec-
tor, sou of William Beckford, lord mayor of
London . He was for many years member of Parliament,
but is best known as the author of " Vathek " (which see).
He wrote also "Letters "(1834), and two burlesques, "The
Elegant Enthusiast " (1796) and ■' Amezia " (1797). His
villa at FonthiU, upon which he expended over a million
dollars, was famous as an instance of reckless extrava-
gance and fanciful splendor.
Beck'With (bek'with). Sir George. Born 1753:
died at London, March 20, 1823. An English
lieutenant-general. He entered the army in 1771, and
served in the North American war 1776-82. From 1787
to 1791 he was diplomatic agent of England in the I'nited
States, and was successively governor of Bermuda (April,
1797), and of St. Vincent (Oct., 1804). I'rom Oct., 181-8, to
.Tune, 1814, he was governor of Barbadoes, with command
of the British forces in the Windward and Leeward isl-
ands ; and during this time he reduced the French islands
of Martinique (Jan. 30 to Feb. 24, 18il9) and Guadeloupe
(Jan. 28 to Feb. 5, 1810). He subsequently conmianded
in Ireland.
Beck'With, (James)Carroll. Born atHannibal,
Mo., Se])t. 23, 1852. An American portrait and
genre painter, a pupil of Carolus Duran. He be-
came a member of the National Academy in 1894.
Beckx (beks), Pierre Jean. Born at Sichem,
near Louvain, Belgium, Feb. 8, 1795: died at
Rome, March 4, 1887. A Roman Catholic eccle-
siastic, general of the order of Jesuits 1853-84.
Becky Sharp. See Sharp, Bccl-rj.
Becon (lie'kon), Thomas. Born in Norfolk,
1511 (1512?)':' died at London, 1567. An English
ecclesiastic and writer. He was for a time a sup-
porter of the Reformers in books written under the name
of Theodore Basilic, the doctrines of which, however, he
was obliged to recant. He was chaplain to Lady Jane
Seymour and to Cranmer under Edward ^^., and rector
of St. Stephen's. Walbrook. His best-known work is " The
Governaunce of Vertue."
Becquerel (bek-rel'), Alexandre Edmond.
Born at Paris, March 24, 1820: died there, May
13, 1891. A French physicist, son of Autoiue
C6sar Becquerel, noted for researches on the
electric light, photography, etc.
Becquerel, Antoine C^sair. Born at Chitillon-
sur-Loiug, Loiret. France, March 7. 1788: died
at Paris, Jan. 18, 1878. A French physicist,
noted for his discoveries in electricity and in
electro-chemistry. His chief works are "Trait6 ex-
perimental de I'^lectricitti ct du nnign^tisnie " (1834-40),
" 'Trait^ d'electro-chimie "(1843)," Traits de physique." He
served with the army in Spain I.SIO-12. abandoned hismili-
tary career in 1815, and thereafter devoted himself exclu-
sively to science.
Beczwa, or Betch'wa (bech'wii). A river in
eastern Moravia, a tributary of the March.
Beda. See Bede.
Bedamar (bed-a-mar'). A Spanish statesman
iu Saint-K6al's " Conjuration des Espagnols
contre la r^publiquo de Venise," from which Ot-
way took his ■ ' Venice Preserved." The character
is a noble one, but is reduced to small proportions in
Otway's play.
BedarieuX (ba-dar-ye'). A town in the depart-
ment of Herault, southern France, situated on
the Orb 36 miles west of Montpellier. It has
diversified manufactures. Population (1891),
commune, 6,578.
Beddoes (bcd'oz), Thomas. Born at Shiffnal,
in Slirop.shire, April 13, 1760: died Dec. 24, 1808.
An English physician and scientist. He was
reader in chemistry 'to the University of Oxford (1788-92),
and established at Bristol in 1793 a Pneumatic Institute for
Beddoes, Thomas
137
Beefsteak Club
the trtatraent of discust liy inlmlatioii, in which he em- Bedford, Duke Of. See /
nloye.laBhisaasiBtaiitllumpliryUiivy. Auth..r ot ■Isaac Bedford, Kails and Dukes
Jciikins ■ (1793), ••llygeii^ ..r Kssays Moral and Medical Bg^oj^ , l„.a'ford), Gunni
Beddoes^ Thomas Lovell. Boru at Clifton,
EnKliiiul. J<il\' -'J' "''^•^^ "^'"'^ '^* Basel, Jan. ib,
1*49. All Knglish poet aud physiologist, sou
of Tliomas Beddoes. He was the author of "The
Pln»tnni>«i>f Tnhll o' Vitellius, under Cecma and \ ;Uens, iK-teated the forces
riaiitageiiei. Jonn. ^^ ^^^^^_^ . ,^^j^_. .^^ ^^ ^ j^ ^^^ ,„,.^.^j „, y espa«ian, under
of. feee Huxxell. Antonius, defeated the forces of Viteliius.
Gunning S. Boru at Balti- geds ( liedz). An abbreviatiou of Bedfoidsliire.
more. .M<i., 1806 : died in New York city, Sept. gedwin (bed'winl. Mrs. "A motherly old
5, 1870. An Amerieau physician. He was pi-o-
fessor of obstetrics in the I niversity of New York 1840-
1882. He wrote "Diseases of Women and Children,"
prol.al.lv in G73 : died at Jarrow, May 26. 735
A ci lel.rated English monk aud ecclesiastical
He was educated at the monastery of St. Peters i>pjf„_j Level
n..nth and at that of St. l-aul's at Jarrow, in which ^^JH^.^^^tftlvn
He was
writi'r
at Wearm. - . , ■ , .i
latter ioslilntion he remained mitil his death,
ordaini-.l a .Kacon in his nineteenth year, and became a
Driest in his thirtieth. He devoted his life to teachiin?
and wrilinK. an.l is said to have been master of all the
learninK of his time, including Oreelc and Hebrew. Ills
chief w..rk is '■ llisloria ecclesiastica geiitis Angloruni.
Tlic first c.illective edition of his writings aiipearcd at
Paris r.in.'i which edition was reprinted in LiM. lioth
the ..ri(:inid edition and the reprint are extremely rare.
Bede, Adam. The principal character in treorge
Eliot's novel of that name, a youug carpenter,
a keen and clever workman, somewhat sharp-
tempered and with a knowledge of some good
hooks. He has an alert conscience, good common sense,
and • well-balanced shares of susceptibility and self-con-
trol ■■ He loves Hettv Sorrel, but finally marries Dinah
Morris. (See.Worri», WnaA.) He is said to be in part a por-
trait of George Eliot 8 father. ^_ ^___
Bede, Cuthbert. The pseudonym of the Rev gedlam (bed'h
K.hvaid Bradlev who wrote "Verdant Green /,/„„,.] The ho:
Principles and I*ractice of Obstetrics," etc.
A noted house for-
Garden, London, the
elding, aud others.
Bedford House. A fine mansion formerly
standing in Belgrave Square, London, the res-
idence of the Duke of Bedford.
A llat tract of land situated
on the eastern coast of England. It is about «o
miles in length and 40 miles in breadth, extending from
Milton in Cambridgeshire to Toynton in Lincolnshire,
and from Peterborough in Xorthamptonshire to Bran-
don in Sulfolk. It comprises nearly all the mai-shy district
called tlie Fens and the Isle of Ely. It gets its name
from Francis, earl of Bedford, who in 1634 undertook to
drain it Kxtensivc drainage works have since been es-
tablislied, and the district atforda rich grain and pasture
lands. Area, 45o,0(X) acres.
Bedford Square. A square in London, situ-
lady, " -Mr. lirownlow's housekeeper, who is
kind to Oliver, in Charles Dickens's novel
"Oliver Twist."
Bee (bel, Bernard E. Born about 1823: died
at Bull Kuii, .liily 21. 1861. ACoufederate
brigadier-general iu the C'iWl War. He com-
manded a brigade of South Carolina troops at Bull Kun,
where he fell.
Bee, Jon. The pseudonym of John Badcock.
Bee, The. -■^ periodical which appeared Oct.
U, IToU. eight weekly numbers only being pub-
lished. Oliver Goldsmith was the author of
nearlv all the essays.
Beecher (be'chtr), Catherine Esther. Bom
at East Uampton, L. 1., Sept. 6. 18U0: died at
Elmira, N. Y., May 12, 1878. An American edu-
cator and writer, daughter of Lyman Beecher.
She conducted a fennile seminary in Hartford, Conn.,
1822-32, and was tlie author of "An Appeal to the People,"
"Common Sense applied to Religion," "Domestic Ser-
vice," '• Physiology and Callisthenics," etc.
in London, _ _ _„
1247, but afterward used as an asylum for lu-
natics.
Bedlam beggar. Same as Abraham-man.
Bedlington ibed'ling-ton). A town in Nor-
thumberland, England, situated on the Blyth 11
miles north of Newcastle. Population (1891),
Ki.ono.
'"''^••'"'"•;:,l'Tc?.V"e^;;iSfrhc. Bedmar (bed-niar'), Alfonso de la Cueva
Marquis de. Born l.o/2: diedAug. 2, lb.w. A
Spanish lUplomatist and prelate who, while
ambassador of Philip III. to Venice, planned
an tuisuccessful conspiracy to destroy the re-
public, 1618. He became a caidinal 1622. His con-
spiracy is said to have suggested the plot of Otway's
"Venice Preserved." See Bedamar.
Bednur (bed-nor'), or Bednore (bed-nor'). A
town in vpestern Mysore, Hindustan, iu lat.
13° .50' N., long. 7.5° 5' E. It was taken by Hyder
Ali in no-S, and by Tippu Saib in 1783. Formerly it was
the seat of a nijah.
Bedott (be-dof), Widow, or Widow Priscilla
P. Bedott. The pseudonym of Mrs. Frances
Miriam (BeiTy) Whitelier in the " Widow Be-
dott I'apers.""
,;n'i .■til. r liiiinorous works.
Bede. Lisbeth. The mother of Adam and Seth
in (;i-..rL'.- Eliot's novel "Adam Bede."
Bede, Seth. The tender-hearted mystical bro-
ther ..l .\dam Bede.
Bedean (be-do'), Marie Alphonse. Born at
Virt.iii. near Nantes. France. .\ug. 10. 1804:
dieil at Xantes, Oct. 30, 1863. A French general.
He serve.l in Algeria
rising in Paris of Feb., 1848 : became vice-pre
Constituent and Legislative assemblies; and was impris-
oned at the coup d i-tal of IrSl.
Bedelibe'del), Timothy. Bom atSalem.N.H.,
about 1740: died at Haverhill. N. H.. 1787. An
American oflieer in the Revolutionary War. He
was in command of the force which was attacked by Uranfs
Indians at the Cedars, near Montreal, and which was sur-
rendereil without resistance by Captain Butteifleld, the
»ul)orilinatc otHcer in command. The blame for this affair
was thrown by lieneral Arnold on Bedel, who at the time
of the attack lay ill at Lachine.
Bedell (be-del'), Gregory Townsend. Bom
on Staten Islan.i, X. V., Oct. 28, 1793: died at
Baltimore. Md., .\ug. 30, 1834. An American
Protestant Episcopal clergyman aud hymn-
writer.
Bedell, Gregory Thurston. Born at Hudson,
New Y(.rk. .\iig. 27, 1817: died at New York,
March 11, 1892. An American bishop of the
Protestant Episcopal Church, .son of tJregory
Townsend Bedell. He was rector of the Church of
the Ascension in New \\)rk city 1843-59, and was con-
lecrate.l assistant bishop of Ohio Oct. 13, 18.i9, ami lie-
came bishop ..f that diocese in 1873 ; he resigned the
otltce in 1889 on account of illness. Author of "Canter-
bury Pilgrimage to the Ijimbeth Conference," etc. (1878),
-ThePa-lor ' etc. (188fl), and " Centenary of the Ameri-
can Kpiscliate " (1884).
Bedell, William. Born in Essex, England,
1571 : dieil Feb. 7, 1642. An English prelate.
He became provost of Trinity College, Dublin, in 1627,
and bishop of the united sees of Kilmore and Ardagll ill
IrelamI in 1«20 ; resigned the see of Ardagh in 1(B3, in dis-
approval of pluralities; and, being impris.>ned by the
rebels in li«l. died In consequence of the treatment
which he received.
Beder. See lirdr.
Bedford ( bed'fqr.l), or Bedfordshire {bod'ford-
«hir). abbreviated Beds. •\ iiii'lhind county of
Engla lid, bouniled by Nc.rtliai[ii.t(.n on the north-
west. Huntiiigilnii on the norttieast, Cambridge
on the east, Hertford on the southeast, and Buck-
iugliam on the west. The surface is generally level,
but is blllv In the south. Area, 461 8<iuarc miles. Popu-
lation (isill). 160,729.
Bedford. [-MK. ISeddeford, AS. lieilitiiford, Be-
d
Th
on.
It was the scene <.f a battle between the Britons and
Saxons in ri71. It had a castle in the middle ages. In
Be.lf..r.l jail Bunyan was imprisoned (1660-72 and 167.'>-76),
an.l wp.l." Pilgrim's Progress." Population (1861), 2.h,023,
Bedford. The capital of Lawrence County,
Iii.liiiiiii, li.T miles soiitli-soutliwest of Indian-
ap..lis. I'.ipiilatiiin ( 1890), 3,3.51 ,
Bedford. The capital of Bedford County,
Poiiusylvania, situated on the Raystown branch
of the Juniata River, 34 miles south of Altooua.
Population (1890), 2,242.
which it is divided by Gower street
Bedivere (bed'i-ver)", Sir. In the Arthurian
cycle of romance, a knight of the Round Ta-
ble. It was he vi-ho brought the dying Arthur to the
barge in which the three queens bore him to the Vale
of Aval. in.
am). [A corruption of Beth
] ~ "'
ated on the west of the British Museum, from geecher, Charles. Born at Litchfield, Conn.,
" ' ' Oct. 7, 1813. An American clergyman aud
writiT. son of Ljnnan Beecher.
Beecher, Edward. Bom at East Hampton,
L. I., Aug. 27. 1803: died July 28, 189.5. An
American Congregational elergjTuan and theo-
logical writer, sou of Lyman Beecher.
;■ -.- , -. ^ ,, - <.«^, 1, Beecher, Harriet. See .Sft-ice.
lospital ot St. Mary of Bethlehem ggecher Henry Ward. Bom at Litchfield,
riginally a priory, f ouiided ^about q^^j^_^ Juug .^-l, 1813: cUed at Brooklyn, N. Y.,
„.. „ „, „_ ^xarch 8,1887. Anoted American Congregation-
al clergyman, lecturer, reformer, aud author,
son of Lvman Beecher. He was graduated at Amherst
College in 1834 ; studied theology at Lane theological Sem-
inai-y ; and was pastor in Lawrcuceburg. Indiana(ls37-39).
of a Presbyterian church in Indianapolis (ls3:i-17), and of
the Plymouth Congregationalehurch in Bro.iklyn (l»47-*7).
He was one of the founders and early editors of the " In-
dependent," the founder of the " Christian Union" and
its editor 1870-sl ; and one ot the most prominent of anti-
slavery orators. He delivered Union addresses in Great
Britain on subjects relating to the Civil War in the I'nited
States in 1863. He published "Lectures to Young -Men "
(1844), "Star Papers" (1855), " Fi-eedom and War " (1863^
" Eyes and Ears " (1864), " Aids to Prayer " (18W), " .Nor-
wood "(1867), "Earlier .Scenes," "Lecture Room Talks,
" Yale Lectures on Preaching," " ASummer Parish," " Ev-
olution and Preaching" (1SS5), etc.
Beecher, Lyman. Born at New Haven, Conn.,
Oct. 12, 1775: tiled at Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 10,
1863. An American Congregational clergyman
ami theologian. He was pastor in East Hampton,
Long Island (171)!l-lslu), Litchfield, Connecticut (l.slo-26),
and Boston (1826-32), aud president of Lane Theological
Seminary (1832-51). He was noted as a temperance and
antislavery reformer and controversialist. He wrote
•• Views in Theology," " Six Sermons on Temperance," etc.
Bedouins (bed'o-ins!), or Bedawi (bed-ii-wo'). Beecher, Thomas Kinnicut. Bom at Liteh-
Tlu. nomadic Arabs, in distinction from the liel.l, Conn., Feb. 10. 1.S24. An American (.on-
fcllaliin, or peasants, and the dweUers in to^vns, gregational clergyman, son of Lymaii Beecher,
Who usuallv call themselves "sonsof the^Vi'abs" pastor at Elmira, New lork, ^ce 18o4.
Ul»i-el Jriih). They are subdivided in tribes called Beechey (bo'chi), Frederick William. Bom
Kabach. Two principal groups may be distinguishijd : jjf London, Feb. 17. 1796: died at London. >ov.
(1) Beduuiiis in the narrower sense — t- «., Arabic-speaking
tribes who occupy the deserts adjoining central and
northern Egypt, or who are to be found in various regions
of southern ><ubia as a pastoral people ; (2) Bejan, or Be-
gan, who range over the regions of I'pper Egypt and Nul.ia
situated between the Nile and the Red .Sea, e.xtcn.ling to
the frontiers of the Abyssinian highland. This second
group consists of three dilf eront tribes, the Hadendoa, the
Bisharin, and the Ababdeh. On the left bank of the Nile
they are spread out as far as the boundaries of the Niger
(lat, 9"N.). The territory occupied by them is called "'■'■'
29, 18,56. An Eu.glisli rear-admiral ami geog-
rapher, son of SirWiliam Beechey. He was dis-
tinguislie.l in Arctic exploration with Franklin, and as
commaii.li-r .>f an expe.liti..n in isif.-lil. He wrote " \ oy-
age of lliscovery toward the Nt.rth Pole" (1843), etc.
Beechey, Sir William. Born at Burford. O.x-
fonlsliire. England, Dec. 12, 17.53: died at
Ilampst.'ad, England, Jan. 28, 1839. A noted
Knglisli ]iortrait-painter.
l.ai," and they number about 600,000 souls. The penin- Bccf-eaterS (bef'e'terz). [Originally humor-
sula of M.junt Sinai is also occupied by three Bedonii
tribes, the Terabiyin, the Tihnya, and the Sawarkeh or El-
Araish. The Bedouins live in tents. Their chief occupa-
tion is breeding cattle. Their figures are symmetrical and
slender, their fonn and limbs delicate and graceful, an.l
their complexion bronze-colored. They are courageous
and warlike. They all profess Islam, but are lax iu fol-
lowing its precepts, and are tolerant in their intercourse
with non-Mohamme.lans.
Bedr (bed'r), or Beder (bed'er). A village in
ous.] A iianu' .given to the Yeomen of the
Guard, wli.ise function it has been, ever since
148.5. wlieii they first a|.peared in the coronation
procession of llenry VII., to attend the sover-
eign at baniiuets and other state occasions.
The Tower VVanlers are also callo.l Beefeaters. Iltteen
having been sworn in as Yeomen Extraordinary of the
tluard .luring tlic reign of Edwiml VI. The unif..rin dif-
fers slightly, the Tower War.lers having no cross-belU
Araliia, between .Me.lina and Mecca. It was the Beefington (be'fing-ton), Milor
scene ..t the first vlct..ry ' "•■ ' ..... u-„,v,i..l,. .P .. ■\ <i
ites, ali.mt tl: "
^?f?:,r<l ■ ^;;/^;r^;w;;. a ;;o ;e^ naii;::] Sedreddln Hassan (bed-red-den - has' sa.
'he capital of Bedfordshire, England, situated The son of N.im-e.l.hn All in tht f "';• °'
nthe(')use43milesnorth.northwestofLondon. name in "The Arabiaii Nights Ln erta
f Mohammed over the Koraish-
bcginning of 624 A. 1».
den' has'san).
lat
meilts." Having been carried olf by a genie and adoi.tcl
by a pastry-c.K.k. he is discovered by the superior <inality
of the cheese-cakes he makes, arrested on a false .barge
..f putting no pepper in them, and rest. .red to his family.
BedrettO (ba-dret'tO), Val di. .\n alpine
valley ill the canton of Ticiiio. Switzerland,
soutliwest of the St. (Jotthar.l.
Bedriacum (be-dn'a-kum), or Behriacum (be-
bri'ii-kum). In ancient geography, a village
of liiirtherii Italy, east of Cremona. The exact
location is undcternilned. Here, April, 09 A. D., the forces
A fictitious
Eiiglisli nobleman exileil by royal tyranny bi-
f.ire the gi-anting of the Magna Charta. He Is in-
tn.diice.l in "The Hovers" In the AntI .lac.ibin p.ietry l)y
Krcr.-, Canning, and Ellis.
Beefsteak Cluh. A dub founded ill the reign
,,t' Oil. ..■11 Anne (it was called a "new society
ill 17l)!l). believed to be the earliest club with
this nam.'. Eatcourt, the actor, was made provl.loro.
It was c.uniwse.l of the "chief wits and great men of the
nali.in " and its badge was a gri.lir..n. lb.' Socle y ol
Beefsteaks," establishe.l some years later, which has been
confused with this, scorned being called a
ignated themselves "the Steaks."
Inb: theyd.'
,^„ ...^ ..,., The Sublime .s.iciety
,f the Steaks" was f.iundeil at Covent (larilen Theatic
in 17sr. It la sai.l to have had its origin in an accidental
.iimier tj.ken by l..«d Peterbor..iigh with Kich.tbe mana-
ger, In his private room at the theater. "■ " ""■
The latter cooked
Beefsteak Club
a beefsteak bo appetizinRly that Lord Peterborough pro-
posed repeating the entertainment the next 5»t'"^l">- «'
the same hour. After the lire at Covent Uarden ;n 18(«
he Sublime Society met at the Bedford Coffee House
whence they removed U> the Old Lyceum ^ 1809. « hen
it was burtied in 1830, they returned to the Bedford.
When the Lyceum Theatre was rebuilt in 1838. a mfgn"i-
cent and appropriate room was provided (or them a™ «).
wherethey met until IStiT, when the dwiudling societ}" as
dissolved .\ Beefsteak Club was established at the rhea-
tre Royal. Dublin, by .Sheridan, about 1749, of "''"^n Peg
Wofflngton was president. There >«V'=J>^^<' ""i" v^^Ji
of the kind. The present Beefsteak Club m Toole s Thea-
tre, London, w.is established in IS. 6.
Beelzebub (be-el' ze-bub ). IfoTmevly also, and
still in popular speech, Bel.-ebub : ME. BeUebub,
h. Beet-ebitb, Gr. hteKe3ov,3, Heb. Ba ahehiih,
a cod of the Philistines, the averter of insects,
from ba'aU lord (Baal), and .-efciift, -bub a. fly.]
1 A god of the Philistines, who had a famous
temple at Ekroii. He was worshiped as the
destroyer of flies. See Baal— 2. In demouol-
o<'y, one of the Guberuatores of the Infernal
Kin'o-dom, under Lucifer. Faust's Book oj Mar-
reCsa-lGO).— 3. A name of the ili/cctes ursmus,
a howling monkey of South America.
Beemster (bam'ster). A large polder m the
proyince of North Holland, Netherlands, li
miles north of Amsterdam. Population, about
Beer (bar), Adolf. Bom at Prossnitz. Mora-
— '>" 1831, An Austrian historian.
Olives '
(1S02),
(18W),
phony "
phony "
(1S14),
138
positions are the three trios (1795X three piano sonatas
(1796) "Adelaide " (179.^), "Prometheus" and "Mount of
■■ •• (180-2) "1st Symphony" (1800), "2d Symphony
'Kreutzer Sonata" (1803), "Eroica Symphony'
"Fidelio" (1805-06: rewritten 1814), "4th Sym-
(1806), "Symphonies 5 and 6"(180S), "7th .sym-
(1812X"Battle Symphony "(1813), "SthSymphony
" MeeiesstiUe " (1815), '9th Symphony" (1824),
Mass in D" (1824), etc.
Beets (bats), Nikolaas. Bom at Haarlem,
Holland, Sept. 13, 1814. A Putch poet. Uis works
include the poems " Kuser" (1835), "Guy de Vhmiing "
(1857), " Ada van Holland ' (1840), " Korenbloemen (1853),
etc • and the prose writings "Camera Obscura" (1839),
" Verscheidenheden, etc." (1858), " Sticht<jlijke Iren
(1848-00), etc. , , -
Befana (ba-fa'na), The. [It., corrupted from
ej)ifaiiia, LL. eiiiplutnin, Epiphany.] An old
woman in Italian folk-lore who is a sort of
Wandering Jew and Santa Claus combined.
She is the good fairy who fills the children's stockings
with presents on Twelfth Night, or the feast of the Epiph-
aud" professor at the Berlin Academy.
Jegas, Oskar. Born at Berlin, July 31, 1828:
tUed there, Noy. 10, 1883. A German historical
lap of the moon (18db). and portrait painter, son of Karl Begas.
'berG). The highest mountain of g^^^as Reintold. Born at Berlin, July 15, 1831.
■rwald, Germany, 15 males east- ^^eas,^emnoiQ.^^^^^ ^^ ^
Beggar's Bush, The. A comedy by Fletcher
and others (Rowley and Massinger), performed of its discovery. In 1495 he join
at--tJ?„l*'22,^P!?"t*l!-I«iL,,"„:-.% &iS,nfte"r1h°e'^eLt'<?r\i;:
Beer, Wilhelm. Born at Berlin,
died at Berlin, March 27, 1850. A German banker
and astronomer, brother of Meyerbeer. He
published a map of the moon (1836)
Beerberg (bar'bei-G) "'^-^=-'— *~
the Thui'ingerwald, .
norlheast of Meiningen. Height, about 3,lbU
feet. „,.
Beers (berz), Mrs, (Ethelinda Eliot: pseudo-
n\Ta Ethel Lynn'). Born at Goshen, Orange
County, X. Y., Jan, 13. 1827: died at Orange,
N. Y,," Oct, 10, 1879. An American poet, she
is best known as the author of the poem " AU Quiet Along
the Potomac," which originally appeared in 'Harper s
Weekly ' for Sov. 30. 1861, under the title "The Picket
Gu;ird.' Ti a, , -KT TT
Beers, Henry Augustin. Bom at Buffalo, ^ . Y .,
July 2, 1847. An American man of letters,
appointed professor of English in the Sheflield
Scientific School of Y'ale University in 1880,
He edited " A Century of American Literature " (1878), and
is the author of a "Sketch of English Literature " (1886),
" Nathaniel Parker Willis" ("American Men of Letters,
18851, etc. , - , , , .U..V
Beersheba (be'er-she'ba or be-er she-ba).
[Heb., well of swearing' or • of seven.' Cf.
Gen. xxi. 31 and xxvi. 23-33.] In ancient geog-
raphy, a town at the southern extremity of
Palestine, 44 miles southwest of Jerusalem.
Behr
nities of women. They were condemned by Pope John
XXII. in the early part of the 14th century. The faithful
Beguins joined themselves in numbers with the different
orders of friai-s. The sect, generally obnoxious and the
object of severe measures, had greatly diminished by the
following century, but continued to exist till about the
middle of the 16th. Also called Bcjhard.
Beguinage (bsi-ge-nazh'). Grand. [F.] .\ nun-
nery (of Beguins) in Ghent, Belgium, removed
recently from its medieval site to a new one
outside of the citv. It forms a town by itself, walled
and moated, with 18 convents, picturesque streets of
small houses built in highly diversified medieval designs,
and a handsome central church. The Petit B^j/mnage
is similar,
Behaim (ba'Mm), or Behem (ba'hem), Mar-
tin. Born at Nuremberg about the middle of
the'loth century: died at Lisbon, July 29, 1506,
A celebrated na\-igator and cosmograjAer. From
about 1484 he was in the service of Portugal, taking part
in the expedition of Diogo Cam (1484) and others on the
,...., M.v=^....-.. »■• - -,, African coast. He was a friend of Columbus. The cele-
any .Fan 6. If the children have been naughty she grated Nuremberg globe, still preserved in that city, was
fllis'the stockings with ashes ; but she is compassionate, constructed by him in 1492, during a visit to his family ;
and will sometimes relent and return to comfort the little ^^d is interesting as showing the idea of the world enter-
penitents with gifts. Tradition says that she was too busy tained by the fli-st cosmographers, just previous to the
sweeping to come to the window to see the Three Wise discovery of America. Behaim was one of the inventors
Men of the East when they passed by on their way to offer ^j the astrolabe.
homage to the new-born Saviour, but said she could see gghaim Michael. Bom at Sulzbach.in Weins-
them when they came back. For this lack of reverence she lilfi- died there, 1474. A German meis-
was duly punished, as they went back another way and oerg, mo. uieu lueie, .l,
she h.is been watching ever since. At one time her effigy tersanger. , ,„ _^, , -a » x- ™,
was carried about the streets on the eve of the Epiphany, Bcham (ba ham), Barthel. Born at -Nm'em-
biit the custom is mostly disused. She is used as a bug- y^^^^, ^jqo . dipj gj Venice, 1540. A German
bear by Italian mothers. _ ^ ,,_:.. a:, engraver and painter
- • ~ '^ ' ■■ -1 Born at Nui-emberg
■aukf ort-on-the-Maiu ,
1550. A Gei-man painter and engraver, brother
of Barthel Beham.
Behar (be-har'), Bahar (ba-har'), or Bihar
A province of Bengal, British India,
basin of the Ganges in lat. 24°-2S° N.,
89*^ E. It produces opium, indigo, rice.
, etc., and has various manufactures. It has
two divisions, Bhagalpur and Patna. Area, 44,139 square
miles. Population (1891), 24,284,370.
Behar. A town in Behar, in lat. 25° 10' N., long.
85° 35' E. Formerly the residence of a governor.
Population, about 48,000.
Behechio (ba-e-che'o). An Indian cacique of
Xaragiia. in the island of Hispaniola, at the time
joined his brother-in-
in war against the
Spaniards. After the defeat of the Indians at the battle
via Feb 27. 1831, An Austrian mstorian, oeai o) i..u.»u.......^.<.. ■„„„ „i,„,.„„»„. ;„ ojr engraver ami painter,
St'works incuiie "Geschichte des weithandeis ' (I860, Beg (beg), Calluin .f^''i°^/^H?™^^*" 'l^^'^ Be^am, Haus Sebald.
1864), " Holland und der osterreichische Erbfolgekneg W^klter hcott's novel' Waverley, the toot-page ^^ + '1500- died at Fr
(1871), " Die erste Teilung Polens" (1873-74X and various ^f pejgus Mac-Ivor, in the Service of Waverley, ^^^^^^
works on Austrian history. 'Rpira. (ba'ffo), A river and canal in southern
Beer, Jacob Meyer. See J/cr'-'f ^ ^:'"''Zt Hungary, a h-ibutar.- of the Theiss.
Beer, Michael. R— " =+ Tterbn Ane-. 19. 1800: _n'"S.._'. .. , „ ^ „ .tt„:„
popular. Three alterations have appeared : one, fhe
Eoy.al Merchant," an opera, in 1767 ; the last in 1815 under
the title of " The Merchant of Bruges." Mr. Lewes says
the plot is taken from a novel by Cervantes, the " Fuerza
dela .Sangre."
Beggar's Daughter. See Bess or Bessee, and
B< i/i/a '■ " '' jBf tbiKil a rcen .
Beggar's" Opera, The. An opera by John Gay,
produced at Lincoln's Inn Fields Jan. 29, 1728.
It is said to have been suggested by a remark of Dean
Swift to Gay "that a Newgate pastoral might make a
pretty sort of thing." Gay was also said to have been in-
duced to produce this opera from spite at having been
offered an unacceptable appointment at court. It was
intended as a satire on the effeminate style then recently
imported from Italy, and was very successful. ITie songs
were wtitten for popular English and Scottish tunes, and
were arranged and scored by Dr. Pepusch who composed
the overture. The characters are highwaymen, pick-
l)"ckets, etc., satirizing the con'upt political conditions of
the day
It became a seat of idolatry (Amos v. 5 ; viii. 14). It was Beggar of Bethnal Green, The. A comedy by
reinhabited after the return from the captivity (N eh. XI. j gjjeridan Kuowles, produced in 1834. It was
27). In the period of the Eoman Empire it was the seat ,' .. ^ , f„„ ,. xhe Beggar's Daughter of Bethnal Green "
of a garrison, and later of a bishop. It was mentioned ^"'^f^Vfh was based on the well-known ballad. See
in the middle ages, and is identified with the rums sur- ^^ff^>{ ^'^'^^.^ and Be^.
rounding 1,00) large wells called by the Arabs Btr-es- """" " --mv, □„„ n„^„r
sX 'Well of the Lions.' It wA one of the oldest BeggarS. The. See Gl/fHJ.
places in Palestine, and is familiar in the phrase 'From BeghardS. See BeflliiiiS.
Dan to Beersheba "—that is, 'from one end of the land to -Ooann ('
ban to Beersheba "—that is, ' from (
the other,'
BeeskOW (ba'sko). A town in the pro\nnce
of Brandenburg, Pi-ussia, situated on the Spree
43 miles southeast of Berlin. Population, about
4,000.
Beethoven (bii'to-ven), Ludwig van. Born
at Bonn, Prussia, probably Dec, 16. 17i0: died
at Vienna, March 26, 1827. A celebrated Ger-
man composer, of Dutch descent. He began his
musical education at the age of four years under his father,
a musician in the court band of the Elector of Cologne.
In 1779 he was taught by Pfeiffer, a tenor singer who lodged
with bis piu-ents ; and from 17S3 till 1792 tilled various po-
sitions as court organist, conductor of the opera band or
orchestra, etc. In this year the elector sent him to \ leniia
to study music at his expense. He was now about twenty-
two, and began his lessons with Haydn, principally in
strict counterpidnt. In 1794 Beethoven, dissatisfied with
the lack of attention given him by Haydn, who was much
occupied, and who went to England in that year, took les-
sons of .\lbrechtsherKer and from Schuppanzigh on the
violin. He pulilislied his three trios, known as Opus 1, in
1795 and from this time published his compositions with
regularity. In 1802 his deafness, which had previously
troubled him, began to be serious. In 1814 lawsuits and
other anxieties and worries commenced, which, with his
now total deafness, clouded all his later years. On April
20, 1816, he made his last appearance in public. In 1824
he moved into Schwarzspanierhaus in Vienna, where, on
December 2, 1826, his last illness began. Among his com-
B;gor(M:g6n'), Michel. Bom at BloisFratice, iSenm (oatn ..rns. oo i ..^.o.
^f^^ ^'^-^^•^^':^I'^'^^>^'''^: i^a^'a^d'-statisHcia,;. Hew
of the Vega Keal (April '25, 1495) he retired to his own prov-
ince where he ruled conjointly with his sister, the cele-
brated AnacAona. Influenced by her, he made peace with
Bartholomew Columbus (149S). He died about 1502.
Behem. See Behaim.
Behistun (be-his-t6n'),orBisutun (be-so-ton').
[Pers. B(liii<tri».'\ A rock in western Persia on
the road from Hamadau (ancient Agbatana) to
Bagdad, near the city of Kii-manshah. The rock,
whfch rises nearly pei-pendicular to a height of 1,700 feel,
has been noticed from ancient times as having on its
surface mysterious figures and signs. Major-General Sir
Henry Rawlinson, under great hardships and dangers,
copied and afterward deciphered one of the greatest in-
scriptions in cuneifonn characters. Three hundred feet
above the base, on a polished surface, is sculptured a bas-
relief picturing Darius with a long row of fettered prison-
ers, representatives of the subjugated nations. The bas-
relief is sunounded by numerous columns of inscriptions,
making in all over one thousand lines of cuneiform writing.
The long account of Daiius's reign is repeated three times
in the different langusges of the empire : in Persian, Assyr-
ian, and the language of Susiana (Elam). The decipher-
ment of this long trilingual inscription, executed by Sir
Henry Rawlinson during the yeai-s 183.5-37, formed an epoch
in the histon- of Assyriology, as it put it on the basis of
a science. By the Greeks this gigantic monument was
attributed to Semirarais.
Behm (bam). Ernst. Bom in Gotha. Jan. 4,
... . ^ German
A French magistrate and administrator. He
was a naval officer and successively intendan t of the French
West Indies, of Canada, and of Rochefort and La Kochelle.
He was noted for his love of science, and the great genus
of plants Bcwiiia was named in his lii)nor.
Beg"" '
sh
geographer and statistician. He was editor of
Petermanns " Mitteilungen ' (from 1856; editor-in-chief
after 1S78), of the statistical parts of the "Almanac de
Gotha," and of the "Geographisches Jahrbuch ' (1866-78).
Behmen. See Bdhme, Jakob.
Asiatic Turkey, situated near the eastern shore
of Lake Besr-Shehr.
Beguins, or Beguines (beg'inz). 1. A name
given to the members of various rebgious com-
munities of women who, professing a life of pov-
erty and self-denial, went about in coarse gray
clothing (of undyed wool), reading the Scrip-
tures and exhorting the people. They originated in
the 12th or 13th centurj-, and formeriy tl.uirisheil in Ger- TJ"■•;,■7;'f;,^_^"'■mi1l,p"im''JoseDh Born at Sulz-
many, the Netherlands, France, and Italy ; and commum- Behr (bar), WUneUn .•^0°^P'lA,,,,f°™ a,,^: 1
"iea of the name still eiist in Belgium. [Now generally heim, Aug. 2b, 1/ ,.t: died,''t Bambeig, Aug. 1,
1851. A Bavarian publicist and liberal politi-
le was professor of public law in the I'niversily
urg 17i)9-lS21, and was twice elected to the B:i-
Dutch gentleman name , „- . , n
her youth she spent several years in the W est Indies,
where she made the acciuaintance of the Indian who served
as the model of her famous " Oroonoko " (which see). She
wrote much, and "was the first female writer who lived
by her pen in England.' Among her dramatic works are
"The Forced Marringe" (1671), "The Amorous Prince
WiW "rhe Dutch Lover " (lO^^'X " Abdelaz.w (16'').
"The Rover" (1677), "The Debauchee' (1677), "The
Town Fop- (1677), " The False Count " (U82). She also
published ' Poems " (1684), etc.
ties i
written Beguim.]
wriiieii uvijuiit^.i ^ , , At,.,jA. -1
2 [Only i'ff/Mm*.] A community of men tountiea ^^.^.^ He was professor of public law in the Iniversily
on the same general principle of life as that ot „, wiirzburg l7i)9-lS21, and was twice elected to the B:i-
* ■ '- - .... varian Diet. He suffered imprisonment (1833-4:i) for al
the Beguines (see dcf, 1). They became infected
with various heresies, especially with systems of iUumin-
ism which were afterward propagated among the commu-
leged lese-majesty, and became a member of the Frank-
fort Parliament in 1848.
Behring 139 Belfort
Behring. ^*>*^ Bering, receiveil (n 1S46 a pold medal for his travels in Abyssinia, his revels " : and that though " not Sir Jolin, nor a
'IJoliTir.S Tclanrf Sop Rprinn Ttlnnd From l»4;-«) lie piililialu d a scries of woiks on the Ian- fainter sketch of him, yet he has an odd sort of a fauiilv
Bennng ^SldUU. oce^rrwi^ jjhuh... guagcs of Ahyssinia an<l the sources of the Nile. He made likeness to him." Uudmn, lut. to T^vcUth Night
Benring bea. hee ISenmj l>ea. a second exi.,dition to Wble lands, and wrote several -Rai-i-o- rhsl',H,o,l^ A ro,^,,« , ^ t
Behring Strait, ^ee Bering strait. books on uiMeBcography. iieicnen (bel cUoji). A (xeraian name for
Beid ^bd'idj. [At. bid, the egg: this star and B6k6s (ba'kash). The chief town in the county ;"";"'-:* summits of the Vosges, better known
a few othere around it form 'the ostrich's of Bekes. Hungary, situated at the junction of l\v tlioir 1-renrli name ballon,
nest' of the ^Vrabs.] The fourth-magnitude the Black and White Ktiros, in lat. 46° 46' N., ^elchen, Gebweiler. bee Ballon de G ueb-
ycry white star" Eridani. long. 21° 10' E. I'opulat ion (1890), 2.5,087. -d", /' w i i, o t>„ „ ,,
Beierland, or Beyerland (bi'er-lant). An isl- Bekier (bek'er), Balthazar. Born at Mets- §^}<=?«'i> ,*^?l?cher. See Balkm d'Alsace
and in the nroyiuee of South Holland, Nether- laiiier, in Frieslan.l, March 30, 1634: died July 2^?l<=4er O','! >^^''':''); Sir Edward. Born in Jsova
lands, Ijnng between the Ou.ie Maas and the H, 1698. A Dutch theologian. He was pastoV *";"t.ia. 1'99 = '"ed March 18, 18<(. A British
Hollanilsch Dien and Harinsr Vlict o' " Reformed congrepation in Amsterdam 1679-92. He admiral ana explorer. He commanded an unsuccess-
i>-.-i.- /i,^ i;;„'\ A ti^ir.. i„ Ai^JnfJn T.i,.lrn^ wrote a book, '• De bctovcrdu weereld," in which he ad- ful expedition in search of .sir John Franklin 1852-M.
Jieiian (oa-ian ;. a lovrii in Asiaiic iurKtj, yances views of demoniacal pos.session substantially the He wrote "Narrativcof a VoyaK'e round the World'(184S),
situated near the summit of tlie Beilan fass, same as those held by modern rationalists. " Last of the Arctic Voyages " a85,'.).
in lat. 36° 30' N., long. 36° 10' E. Here, July 29. gekker Elizabeth. Boin at Vlissiugen, Hoi- belcher, Jonathan. Born at Cambridge,
1832, the Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha defeated the j.j,j,j jj,]^ ^^ \7:iH: died at The Hague. Noy. *''i**- •'«n- 8, 16SI : died at Elizabethtowu,
ReTla^n PaQR nf Hp(^ Surian Gatex i 1804. " a' Dutch' noyelist, wife of Adrian N. J., Aug. 31, 1757. An American merchant
Smesfbiln-gres) A small town in Middle '^^''-'ff- Shcwrote(conjointly with Agatha Deken) ".Sara and politician, goyernor of Massachusetts and
l»eimgries (, oil gres;.^. mail io«uiu.^^^^^ BurKeiharf(i79(i). "Willeml.eevand"(1786), "Cornelia >>ew Hampshire 1730-41, and appointed goy-
!• raiicouia, Bayana, situated on the Ludwigs- wildschuf (i793-'w), etc. ^ ernor of New Jersey in 1747.
canal, near the Altmuhl, 2J miles west ot gekker, Immanuel. Born at Berlin, May 21, Belchite (bel-che'ta). A town in the proyince
KatislJon. .r> i- 11 11 178.5: died at Berlin, June 7, 1871. A distin- of Saragossa, Spain, situated on the Aguas-
Bcira(bara) A pro^^llce of Portugal, boun.led g^ugUed German philologist, professor of philol- Viyas 25 miles south-southeast of Saram.ssa.
by Traz-os-Montes and Minho on the north, ^ -^ j^^^.^-^^ ^^ ^^.^^^ ^^.,|;^j ^^j,.^,^^ ^', Here. June 16-18. 1809^ the I-rcnch under Suchet difeated
fepain on the east, Alemtejo and Estremaduia the Attic orators, Aristotle, Se.xtus Empiricus, Thucydi: the Spaniards under Blake.
on the south, and the Atlantic on the west. des. Theoguis, Aristophanes. Herodotus. Pausauias, Po- xSelcreoi (bel-kra de), Richard, Count TOn.
The surfr.ce is pai-tly a plateau and partly mountainous, lybius, Livy, T.icitus, etc.; .ilso of Byzantine, Provencal, Born Feb. 12, 1823. An Austrian politician.
The i>opuIar divisions are Beira-Mar. Beira-.\lta,andBclra- and old French autiuus; and wrote "Anecdutagneca,' etc. premier 1865-67
^;^X::^^'S:ii'^^i^''^S^^:^:^'^^. Bek Pak. Bed Pak, or Hungry Desert A Beled-el-Jerid (bel'ed-el-je-red'). A region in
9,248 3<iuare miles. Population, 1.377.432. desert in Asiatic Kussia, about lat. 46° N., Tunis and Algeria, lying south of the Atlas
Beimt, or Beyrout, or Bainit (ba-rof). [F. 'o?g:6,^°-;f.E- „,.,.,,,,,. . range, and north of the Sahara.
Beyrouth.^ A seaport in Syria, Asiatic Turkey, Bekri (bek ri) A1-, Obeid Abd-AUah. An Belem. See Para.
situated on the Mediterranean near the foot of Arabian trayeler and geogiapli<r. born m An- Belem (ba-laug'). A suburb lying to the west
Lebanon, in lat. 33° 54' N., long. 35° 31' E. : ihilusia, Spain, where he died iii 109o. of Lisbon, Portugal. It contains a monastery founded
the iiiicient Berytus It is the chief sennort nf Bel (bel). ['Lord.'] One of the most impor- in 1600, in commemoration of the voyage of Vasco da
Srria and has a ionsUerable commerce^ tant of the Babylonian gods of Semitic origin. Gama, and now used as an orphan-asylum. It is one of
iXi,. Jvanc^ l"g5pt, cut It was aTSenrmnlL, In the enumeration of the twtlve great gods he holds^the 'Ijf "J"! ,"""f,i.^f "'P !? f;,^!'??,,°H^ the Pointed style.
town, and later a K.>\uan colony (Augusta Felix), a noted second place in the first triad. His importance in Assyria- ^i'?.^'"^'^''' «'"'^'' ™nteins the tombs of I amoens, ^ asco
scat of learning under the latef empire, twice devastated Babylonia was about the same as that of-BMl among the JaGama, and many Portuguese sovereigns, is divided into
by eartlniuakes The Crusaders held it for many years; Canaanites, but he had no solar character. To hun is as- "'f<=e aisles of equal height by very slender and lofty
later It was occupied by Druses. It was c..n<iucrcd from cribed the creation of the world, and especially of man- columns , it has a ijised cho^ at the west end, as m the
the Turks by a Russian licet in 1772, was held by the k"'''. whence the AssjTian kings call themselves "gover- i^sconai ano otner spanisn cnurcnes.
Egyptians in 1S40. and was bombarded by the British fleet nors of Bel," "rulers over Bel's subjects." He is als.. JJel-epUS. hee lielwiis.
(Sept. 1IV14) and occupied by the Allies. The American often entitled "father of the gods," and his spouse, Belit Belerium (be-le'ri-um). See the extract. Also
Preslpyleriau mission in Syria has its headquarters at ('lady ), "the mother ot the great gods. ' It is Bel who said to be named from a Cornish eiant Bellerus
Beirut. Eiports madder, silk, wool, olive-oil, gums, etc. brings about the deluge and destroys mankind. Hisnarae ,„.,., . .. ^ „ .^ , ".
Population (ls«9) 10'.,400 occurs in Isa. xlvi. 1, Jer. 1, 2. The principal scat of his (Posidonius s] visit to Cornwall, which he called
It.^i SHiaTir >^„„ K^,, vl.^h,- worship was Nippur (modern Niffer), while the tutelar " Belerium," a name afterwards appropriateii by Ptolemy
om-oaeai. ^Pe tirii-^iirni. deity ot the city of Babylon was Merodach(Maiduk), who to the particulai- cliff now called Land's End.
UeiSSel (Ins sell, Jonann Oonrad. Born at isoftencalleclP.el-Merodach, or simply Bel, and is alluded Htoii, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. S4.
Ebcrliach, Palatinate, Germany, liiUO: died at to in the passages of the Old Testament cited above. Bel Belesta (be-les-tii'). A town in the department
Ephrata. Pa., 1768. A Germairmystic. He emi- heing known as the supreme god of Babylonia, Ilerodolus ^f Ariege, France, IS miles east of Foi\. It is
gmted to Pennsylvania in 1720 and founded the German gjf "'l^f^'j'^J S""" ^'^"'^ "='"P"= °' '^"■''^"'P* »^ "'»' "^ noted for the intermittent spring of Pontes-
Seveiith-Dny Baptists at Tphrata m 1728. ** ^t^*^ ^""'- j.u t*i c t. c ^ ■»
Beit-el-Fakih (bat'ef-fa'keii). [Ar.,'house B61 (bal),Ka.rl Andreas. .Born at Presburg, ^°^^,^ie , ^^ I.^es'""'' "^ '''° '"' """^
of the learned.'] A town in Yemen, southwest- July 13, 1,1,: died at Leipsie April 5 1/82. -o^fi'''®;^" ei'"± . ,-Nr«„on, Ai •Ro1fo„„,^
em Arabia, near the Red Sea, situated 80 miles A Hungarian his onan, son of M. Bi^l, pro- Belfegor Story of^^^^^^^^^
north of Mocha: noted for its coffee trade, ffssor ot poetry at Leipsic. He was the author of ;V|"|'' .<^;\';-V, , V,^ J'"; "; ^^^^^^^
P , i.lot;r,n oK.r,iit B nnn " De vera origine et epocha Hunnorum, Avaroruni, etc., 10411)01 tno UCMlnno takes rcluge m liell to
t oimiaiion, aooui n,uw. c. xi i and editor of the "Acta Eruditorum," and of the "Leip- avoid a scold. It has frequently been trans-
Beith (beth) A town in Ayrshire, Scotland, ziger gelelirte Zeitung " (1763-81). !ated,and was remodeled by La Fontaine. See
II. MMles southwest of Glasgow B61, or Belius (be'li-us), Matthias. Born at Brlphyor.
Beitzke(bitske),HeinrichLu_dwig Born at Ocsoya, March 24, 16f^: .lied at Presburg. Belfast (bel-fasf or bel'fast). Acitv, thecap-
Mu ttrin. in l'omera.i,a, K'b.^ lo, 1,98: died at Aug. 29, 1749. A noted Hungarian historian, ital of Comity Antrim, Ireland, situated at the
Berlin, May 10, 18()7. A German historian. His works Iir hide "Hungariic prodromus," "Adparatus p„t,..„i,.,, of tiie viypvl •lo-nii into ReH':ist I nii,rl,
HU works include '•lieschichtederdeutsehen Kreiheits- ad Iiistoriam llungarire,' ".\otitia Hungaria;," etc. • i : -.o o-' xr , '•'•'Kg'iJ;'"''"'^""*'' l^oilj,tl,
kriege" (18.'.!.), "Geschichte des russischen Kriegs im B61a (ba'lo) I. King of Hungary 1061-63. '"H"-,^ ■]'■ ^ •' r.'l"- ^' ,•',' >>■ .It. 's ' he second
Jahre 1S12" (185«), "Oeschichte des Jahros lsl5 " (180.'.), He strengthened the royal authority, suppressed the last "^^ "\ ^'^^""'^ '" Population and the first in imporlai.ce of
•=«•■■ pagan uprising, and introduced financial and commercial '""•"■f-i'^ "■''■s aiul trade : the center of the InM linen
Beia (ba'zhu). A town in the province of reforms manufae me and tirade. It contains Queen s College
AT 1 • .1 I) i 1 o- '■. "'^^ Y^ •Oil- TT -c-- ,. „t TT,.., ii'ii (1 -a (opened 1S49). the Belfast Acadeniv, Academical Instltu-
Aleratejo, southern Portugal, 80 miles south- Bela II. King of Hungary 1131-41. Ho ac- tl.'n, Preabvterian college, and otlicr institutions. Pop-
east of Lisbon : the Roman Pax Julia. It has quired Bosnia. nlation (iso'l), 2,v.,896.
a cathedral and Roman antiquities. Population, about B61a III. King of Hungary 1174-96. He mar- Belfast (bel'fiist). A seaport, the capital of
■d"'^'' « II- ried a sister of Philip Augustus of France. Waldo County, Maine, situated on the west
gejapur. ftee «,j(//,Kr. B61a IV. King of Hungary 1235-70. Son of side of Penobscot Bay, in lat. 44° 25' N., long.
Bejar (ba-nar ). A own in the province of Andreas II. In his reign Hungary was in- 69° W. It has ship-bnilding industries fisheries, and
Salamanca, Spain, situated 4, miles south ot vadcd by the Mongols under Batu Khan. considerable comnuMce and manufactures. It was settled
Salamanca on the C.ieiyo .Ic Hoinbro. It has gela, or Bella (l.a'lii). A town in \M^\^^^lr■^.l^^Am^<~'y\^n■.,i<:Am^^^
nianufactures of cloth. Population (1887), soutlieaslcrn Habnliistan, in lat. 26° 10' N., Belfast Lough (be -last' locli) An inlet of
12,120. \mv' 0(>^ "">' F *"" Irish Sea, northeast of Belfast, between
B6jart (ba-zhiir') The name of a fainily of Bel and the Dragon. One of the books of
cornelians who played Mohjre's cometUes and ,|„. a rvpha (which see).
f ..'/"mIi Vi "'■",''"'■ J''"" «■"«,''""■• ■'."'^'l'"^.'' Belarius(be-la'ii-us). A banished lord dis- ., • • , , • • , ,■ „
L..ui», .\la.leleine, and Armamle. Armande was born m ,„,;„„,i „„,i,„. ti,„ „.,,„„ r,f Af„,.„n„ ;„ «b,,i- the ' animated, ingenious, and eccentric Per-
ItHS. and died in 1700. She was a charming actress, par- g'osc 1 undei the name ot Morgan lu Shuk- ,.:,,.,, s,„„i.,,.,i„' » *=
ticularly in such parts as "Ccllmene" in "The .Misan- sjlere's play " ( yinliehne. ' He steals Arviragus „',,"',",,,;, ' ,. . „„„„x„„„„ „„^j »„„
thn.pe.' Molltre maiTied her in KWi. She was the sister and Ouiderius, Cynilieline's .ions, out of revenge; but when isellOna (Ueltond). A courteous, gooa-tein-
aiid not the daughter of Madeleine B,^'jart, as was scan- Cymbeline is made [.risoner by the Koman general, P.ela- pered, and accomplished gentleman in Shad-
dalously asserted, the latter having been his mistress, rius comes lo his rescue and Is reconciled and restores w'ell's comedv ''The Sipiire of Alsatia," ex-
^dTfVyhf.l^fhfwim' ""'■■"'"''"'' ""'^''"^''''''''''^ Tj IV. /Ki,-M , . • tiemelydissipated and nearly ruined by women,
and left the stage in tow. BelbeiS, or BelbeyS (bel-bas' . A town in His eh'ler brother is a vicious obstinate and
Bek (bek). An architect of .Vmenhotep IV., Lower Fg.vpt. situated 30 miles northeast of j^'.tvnisli boor. » vicious, obstinati, and
king of Egypt. He supervised the building of the city Cairo, n was besieged by Crusaders under Amnlric •Rolfnrii (horfi'iivll The intimnto fi-ien.l nf
of Khnaten, modem TeleVAmarnn. The inscription oil (H(»-(H), and taken byhim in H«8. Population, estimated, -DeUOra C?*^ ' H!',"'- I Ue intimate tl lend 01
his tombstone has been presented and cleelphcre.l. r.,iKK). Li.vchice, in Richardson's " Clarissa Harlowe."
Bek (bek), Anthony. I)iedl311. .\n English Belbek (bel'bek). A small riyer in the Crimea, Belfort (bel-for'), orB6fort(bii-f6r'). Lt'-i'tair
prehit.-and.Miiiiriaiidcr. He was consecrated bishop northc-ast of Sebastopol. fort.' Ci. Kian)\)ri.\ The capital of the ter-
of Durham liso. and J..iried F.dwaril I. in his expeditions Belbella See l[(iill:nl:. ritory of Belfort, France, situated on the Sa-
a«aln«t .seolhind 1J«1 and 129i. He reduced, in the laller gelch (l.cli'h) Sir Tobv The uncle of Olivia yoiirelise in lal. 47° 38' N., long. 6° 51' E. It
f]!r""'.'l"i ''" ',"f,"%:'' •"^:'":'; ■"?-' ™"""?;'"!^'' '1>'= if, Shaksi . ■ 's em^dv •• Twe?ftrN,VI t " has great strategic importance,com,nanding thcTroudede
sec..n,l division of the Kn.-lish in the battle of Kalklrk. "» bhakspt u s , oniulj 1 wclltll Night. y^,, s^, ,,_,,, |,^s^ n.J meellng-placeof the various routes
Beke (bekl, Charles Tilstone. Horn at step- Of sir Toby himself,— that most whimsical, madcap, I.etween France, (J crmany, and Swilnerland. It is doml-
ney, England, ( )ct. lo IHOO: died at London frolicsome old toper, so fnll of antics and fond of sprees, nated by the citatlel, near which is the I. ion of Belfort (by
TiiK' '11 l«7d ' \»' l.'i>.f1i.,l. i,...- I .. 1 ' with a j.U-Mliful st<.ck of wit and an ei[Ual lack of nn.nev Bartholdi). It was united to France In IIMS, ami was forti-
uuiwi, loii. .vn i.ngiisn ir.i\( Ki ami geog- |„ keep il in motion,- it is enough lo say, with one of Ih'e fied by Vauban. It resisted the Allies 1814-1.'. ; was bc-
lapner. After traveling through Palestine, he exph.red best of Shakespearian critics, that "he certainly comes sieged by the (iermans Nov. 3, 1870, and was bombarded
Shoa and Qojani, Abyssinia, reliindng via ^lassowa, and out of the same atsoclatlons whore the Poet Falstalf holds from Dec. 3, 1870, the garrison surrendering (by order ot
counties Antrim and Down. Length. 13 miles.
Belfleld (bel'feld). A character in Jliss Bur-
iiey's "Cecilia," said to liayo been drawn from
Belfort
140
has been the scene of many battles and sieges, as in the
wars of the 17th centurj-, the Spanish Succession, the
Austrian Succession, the t'rencli Kevoiutiou, and the
>"apoleouio wars. The Kongo Free state was mortgaged
to Beiginni in 1S90. The constitution was reformed in a
democratic diiection in 1893. Area, 11,373 square miles.
, , _ I'..|]ulation (IS93), 6,195,365.
were besieging Belfort, to take up a favor- BelgOrod. !^ee Bith/orod.
:dong the Lisaine, without raising the siege •Dpi_-„j (bel-oTacl')" or BelCTade (bel-orad').
uccessfully defended h.s posmon, .and com- ^^lg^*|/Ji^'„f„^; \k.lKf^cSy.'f\h^
the French govemment) with honors of war Feb. 16, 1871.
It was retroceded to France by the treaty of 1871. Popula-
tion (1»91). 25,456.
Belfort, Battle of. A battle between the
Kicnrli and (lermans, Jan. l.")-!", 1871. The
French, under Bourbaki, forced tl;e Prussians, under Von
Wer<ier. who
able position
Von Werder successfully . .
pelleil Bourbaki tu retreat. .S..niitimes called the battle
of Heriii.nrt. Ironi the town of that name, between Bel-
fi.rt :ind >I nt^eliard, near which the lialtle occurred.
Belfort, Territory of, or Haut-Rhin. A ter-
ritory or ilepartmeDt of easteru France, border-
ing on Alsace, and formed after the war of
1870-71. Capital. Belfort. Area, 235 square
miles. Population (1891), 83,670.
Belfort, Trouee de. A depression near Bel-
fort. between the southern limit of the Vosges
ami the northern slope of the Jura. It is of
great strategie importance.
Belfour (bel'for). The name under which Lady
Bradsliaigh carried on a correspondence with
Kicharilsou.
Belfry of Bruges, The. A poem by Long-
fellow.
Belgse tbel'je). In ancient history, a people
ill northern Gaul, mainly of Celtic origin, oe
cupying what is modern Belgium, Luxembiu'g.
northeastern France, southern Holland, and
part of western Germany.
Belgse. A personification of Holland in Spen-
sers •• Faerie Queene." She has 17 sons, the
17 provinces of Holland.
Belgam ibel-gam')- A district in the southern
division of the governoi^ship of Bombay.
British India, about" lat. 16° X.,long. 74°-76° E.
Area. 4.657 square miles. Population (1891),
1,013,261.
Belgam. The chief town of the district of
Belgam. 50 miles northeast of Goa. Popula-
tion, about 32.000.
Belgard (bel'gaid). A town in the province of
Pomt-rania. Prussia, in lat. 54° X., long. 16°
E.. on the Persante. Population (1890), com-
mune. 7.046.
Belgarde (bel-gard'). A poor and proud cap-
tain, in Massinger's play "The Unnatm'al Com-
bat," who. when told not to appear at the gov-
ernor's table in his shabby clothes, arrives in
full armor — all that he haii beside.
Belgica, or Gallia Belgica (gal'i-a bel'ji-ka )
capital of Servia. situated at the junction of the
Save and Danube, in lat. 44° 47' N.. long. 20°
25' E.: the ancient Siugiduiium. It is a center of
trade between Austria-Hungary- and the Balkan Peninsula,
and an important strategic point. It belonged at various
times to the Roman and Byziuitine empires, .-Vvars, Bul-
garians, and Servians ; passed to Hungary about 1433 ; was
taken by the Turks and held for short periods by Christians
(by Austria 1718-1739); and became the capital of Servia
in the beginning of the IKtli centurj-. The citadel was re-
tained by the Turks (who bombaided the city in 1862)
until 1S67. Population (1891), 54,249.
Belgrad, Battles of. 1. A victory of the
Hungarians under Hunyadi over the Tiu-ks,
1456.— 2. Prince Eugene, who was besieging
Belgrad. gained a decisive \-ictory over a re-
lie\-ing army of 200.000 Turks. Aug. 16. 1717.
In consequence, Belgrad surrendered Aug. 18, 1T17, and
the peace of Passarovitz was concluded July 21, 1718.
I Belgrad, Sieges of. The city has been be-
sieged at various times: (a) By the Turkish sultan
Amurath 1442 (?). (ft) By the Turkish sultan Malioniet
1456. (c) Bv the Turkish sultan Soliman II. 1521 : cai>-
tur<d and annexed. (</) By the Imperialists under the
Elector of Bavaria 1688 : taken from the Turks. (<•) By
the Turks 1690: taken from the Imperialists. C) By
Prince Eugene 1717; stormed and taken. (») By the
.\astrians under Laudon 1789 : taken, but restored to
the Turks 1791.
Belgrad, Treaty of. A treaty concluded at
Belgrad, Sept., 1739, between Turkey, Austria.
Bell, Adam
Philip of Spain. Massiuger altered Sebastian into Antio-
chus, .-^pain into Rome, etc.. wrote an ironical prologue,
and toid his hearers to interpret as they liked ' Believe
as you List ' " (/7e«i/).
Bel Inconnu (bel an-ko-nii'), Le. [OF., -The
FairL'nkuowu.'] One of the secondary romances
of the Round Table. It is by Renauld de Beaujeu.
The hero is a young knight who appears before the Round
Table and, on being questioned, says he has no name, his
mother having always called him Beau-fils, whereupon
Arthur commands that he be called Le Bel Inconnu. The
romance was printed for the first time in Paris in 1860.
Belinda (be-lin'diii. 1. One of the principal
characters in Etlierege's comedy "The Man
of Mode." — 2. A gay, witty, and sensible girl
in Vanbnigh's comedy "The Provoked Wife."
She loves Heartfree. and marries him ostensibly to get
her aunt. Lady Brute, out of a scrape.
3. A rich woman in Charles Shadwell's play
"The Fair Quaker of Deal." — 4. An affected
fine lady in love with Bellmour. in Congreve's
comedy "The Old Bachelor." — 5. The princi-
pal character in Pope's serio-comic poem "The
Kape of the Lock." Belinda's curl, stolen by her
lover, flew to the skies, and became a meteor which
"Shot through liquid air.
And drew behind a radiant trail of hair."
Belinda was intended for Arabella Fermor, and the inci-
dent of the " Rape of the Lock " is founded on fact.
6. A proud but tender-hearted girl in love with
Beverley, in Murphy's play "All in the Wrong."
Belinda. A novel by Miss Edgeworth, published
in 1801.
Byline (ba-len'). The mercenary second wife
of Argan in Moliere's comedy "Le Malade
Imaginaire." She pretends to love him, but her
falsehood is discovered by his ruse of pretending to be
dead, when she bursts into exclamations of joy.
Belinski. See Bielinski.
[From the Belga;.] A pro\-iuce of the Roman Belgrave Square. A square in Belgravia
Empire in eastern and northeastern Gaul, ex
tending northeastward of the proWnce of Lug-
dunensis. The frontier here was the lower Seine, and fol-
lowed nearly the line of the ilame.
Belgien (bel'gyen). The German name of
Belirium.
Belgiojoso (bel-jo-yo'so). A small town in the
province of Pavia, Italy, situated near the Po
8 miles east by south of Pa\'ia.
Belgiojoso, Princess of ( Christina di Trivul
zio'. Born at Milan, June 28. 1808: died at Belial (be'lial). [Early mod. E. also Belyall,
Milan. July 5. 1871. An Italian author and
patriot, exiled for participation in the revolu-
tion of 1818.
Belgitiue (bel-zhek'), La. The French name
of Belgium.
Belgium (bel'ji-um, commonly bel' jum). [From
L. Bcltjirii ; F. Ln Bclgique, G. Belijien.'] A king-
dom of Europe, bounded by the North Sea on the
northwest, the Xetherlands on the north, the Ne-
therlands (separated by the Meuse). Prussia,
and Luxemburg on the east, and France on the
southwest and west. It is divided into 9 provinces;
East Flanders, West flanders. Brabant, Antwerp, Lim-
and Russia. Russia renounced naval rights in the Belisaire(ba-le-zar'). 1. A tragedy by Rotrou,
" produced in 1643. — 2. A political romance by
Marmontel, published in 1767.
Belisario (ba-le-sa're-6). An opera by Doni-
zetti, in three acts, produced at Venice Feb. 7,
1836, at London Apidl 1, 1837, and at Paris
Oct. 24. 1843.
[Slav. Be?i-f-ar. i. e.
White Prince.] Bom in Illyria, orDardania (f),
about 505: died March 13, 565. The greatest
general of the Byzantine empire. He wasgeneral
of the eastern armi'es 529-532 ; rescued Justinian by the
suppression of the " Green " faction at Constantinople in
632; overthrew the Vandal kingdom in Africa 633-534; won
famous victories over the Goths in Italy 534-540; con-
quered Sicily in 636, and southern Italy 536-537 ; conquei ed
Ravenna in 540 ; conducted the war against the Persians
541-542 ; again took command against the Goths in Italy
in 544 ; was superseded by Xarses in 548 ; rescued Constan-
tinople from northern (Bulgalian) invaders in 569 ; and
was imprisoned a short time by Justinian about 563. The
tale that in old age he was blind and obliged to beg his
bread from door to door is false.
The exploits of Belisarius. looked at in themselves are
enough to place him in the very first rank of military
commanders ; when we consider the circumstances under
which they were achieved, he may fairly claim the first
place of alL Hannibal is his only rival, as Heraclius had
no Justinian to thwart him at home.
FreemaHy Hist. Essays.
B§lise (ba-lez'). The sister of Philamiute in
Moliere's comedv "Les Femmes Savantes."
Black Sea, and restored to Tiukey conquests in Moldavia
and Bessarabia ; Austria yielded territory in Wallachia,
Bt-'Siiia, and Servia, including Belgrad.
Belgrano (bel-giii'u6), Manuel. Bom at
Buenos Ayres, June 3, 1770 : died there, Jime
20, 1820. " An Argentine general. Joining the
movement of independence in 1810, he was sent witha.p... . /ii- -/• \
small army to free Paraguay, but was unsuccessful. In XSellsariUS (Del-l-sa ri-US)
1S12 he led an army against Ipper Peru (the present Bo-
livia), defeating the Spaniards at Tucuman (Sept. 24, 1812)
and Salta (Feb. 20, lsl3), and advancing to Potosl, but
was defeated at VUcapujio (Oct. 1, 1813) and Ayouma
(Oct. 26), and soon after was superseded by San Martin.
He was restored to his command in 1815, but owing to
sickness took little part in the subsequent movements.
Belgrave (bel'grav). A parish in Leicester-
shire. England, immediatelv north of Leicester.
London, designed by George Basevi. it is 684
feet long by 637 feet wide, and is named from Belgrave in
Leicestershire, w hich belongs to the Duke of Westminster.
Belgravia (bel-gra'vi-a). A fashionable district
in the West End of London, it is bounded by Hyde
Park, Green Park, Sloane street, and Pimlico. It was ori-
ginally marshy ground, andoccupies in great part what was
known as the Ebury Farm. In 1825 it w.is tilled up with
earth obtained in excavating St. Katharine's Docks, and
residences were built. It derives its name from Belgrave
Sriuare, which, with Eaton Square, Grosvenor Place, etc.,
is included in it
ME. Belial, LL. (in Vulgate) Belial, Gr. Bf- she isgifted with remarkableself-appreciation, and thinks
/.ia'/., Heb. blya'al, used in the Old Testament every man is in love with her.
usually in phrases translated, in the English Belit (be-lif). [Babylonian. • lady.'J One of the
version, "man of Belial." "son of Belial," as prominent female deities of the Assyro-Baby-
louian pantheon, wife of Bel. She is called " lady
of the nations," '' mother of the great gods." As goddess
of the nether world her name is Allat. She is. however,
sometimes identified with Ishtar. the .4shtoreth (.\starte)
of the Canaanites, the goddess of love and war. Belit seems
to have also been used as an honorary title of any gixldess.
burg, Liege. Luxemburg, Nauuir, and Hainaut. The Belianis ( ba-le-ii'ues) of Greece, One of the
if Belial were a proper name equiv. to .Satan :
hence once in New Testament (Gr. Tie).iap) as
an appellative of Satan (2 Cor. vi. 15). But the
Heb. bli/a'al is a common noun, meaning worth-
lessness or wickedness.] The spirit of evil per-
sonified : the devH ; Satan : in Milton, one of the Beliza (be-le'zii). The waiting-woman of Dor-
fallen angels, distinct from Satan. In "Fausfs aliceinDryden'scomedy "MarriageilaMode."
Book of Marvels "(1469) he is called the Viceroy of the BeUze. See Bali:e^
Infernal Kingdom under Lucifer or Satan.
capital is Brussels. The government is a hereditary con
stitutioiial monarchy, with king, senate, and chamber of
representatives. The prevailing religion is Roman Cath-
olic ; the languages, I'rench and Flemish. The surface
is genendly level, but hilly in the southeast (the .Ardennes
rise to a h'eiuht of about 2,200 feet). It has flourishing
agriculture ; is very rich in coal and iron ; has mines of
lead, copper, zinc, calamine, manganese, etc.; and has im-
portant manufactures of linen, lace, woolen and cotton
gootts, firearms, gloves, beet-sugar, glass, etc. It is the
most thickly settled country In Europe. Belgium was a
part of the Roman and Frankish tlominions, and was
divided in the middle ages into various counties, duchies,
etc Its cities, Ghent, Bruges, Brussels, -Antwerp, etc.,
were great commercial and manufacturing centers in the
continuations of the romance "Amadis of
Gaul." It first appeared, in Spanish, in 1547. and was
written by Jeronimo Fernandez. In 15S6 an Italian ver-
sion appeared ; in 1598 it was ti-anslated into English,
and in 1025 into French.
Bel-Ibni (bel-ib'ni). [Ass.>T., ' the god Bel has
created.'] Governor of Babylonia under Asur-
banipal. king of Assyria (668-626 B. C).
Belibus ibe'li-bus). [Perhaps contracted from
Baliylonian Bel-epiti, Bel has made.] King
of Babylonia, appointed bv Sennacherib, king
of Assvria (70.5-681 B. c.)
were great commercial and mauulactunng centers m me —» ■- , • ., 1 ,_ , - 7, 4, j -n a. j
lSth-16th centuries. It fonned part of the later duchy of BellQOr (ba-le-dor )._ Bernard fOreSt 06
Burgundy; passed to the house of Hapsbiirg; as the
Spanish Netherlands, did not unite with the northern
provinces in the revolt of the Itith century ; p.assed to
Austria as the Austrian Netherlands in 1713; was con-
quered by France in 1794. and annexed to France; and
was nnit'ed with the Netherlands in a kingdom in 1815. Tjl^VHwii '«"o' Vftii T ic+
Belgium revolted against Holland in 18:i" : the resistance ■'*°t,.®*^ *° *"** -"JSl.
of Holland was sulidued by the aid of France and Great
Britain 1831-33. Limburg and Luxemburg were divided
between Belgium and the Netherlands in 1839. Belgium
Born in Catalonia, 1697 (1693?): died at Paris
Sept. 8, 1761. A noted French engineer. His
works include "Architecture hydraiilique" (1737-51X
"Le bombardier fran^ais " (1731), "Traits des fortifica-
tions " (1736), _ete.
~" ' A play licensed May 7,
lti31. It is "unquestionably an idteration of the play of
Massinger's which Herbert refused to license for its dan-
gerous matter, the deposing of Sebastian of Portugal by
Belkin (bel-ken'). Ivan. A nom de plume of
Pushkin, the Kussian poet.
Belknap (bel'nap), Jeremy. Bom at Boston,
Mass.. June 4. 1744: died there, June 20. 1798.
An American historian and Congregational cler-
gyman. He wrote a "History of New Hampshire " (1784-
lf92). "American Biographies "(1794-98). " The Foresters,
an .\nierican Tale " (17W1). etc. He was the founder of the
Ma.-sachusetts Historical Society.
Belknap, 'William 'WortH. Born at Newburg,
N. Y., Sept. 22. 1829 : died at Washington. D.C..
Oct, 11 (13?), 1890. An American politician and
general. He served in the volunteer army throughout
the Civil War. participating in the Shiloh, Vicksburg, and
Georgia campaigns, and obtaining the rank of majoi-gen-
eral in 1805. He wascollector of internal revenue in Iowa
18a5-69, and Republican secretary of war 1869-76. resigning
in consequence of charges of official corruption.
Bell (bel). Acton. Pseudonym of Anne Bronte.
Bell, Adam. -\n English outlaw, celebrated for
his skill in archery, said to have lived in the
time of Eobin Hood's father. About him nothing
certain is known. He is the hero of several old ballads,
notably "Adam Bell, CTym of the Cloughe, and Wyllyam
Bell, Adam
of (ioudesle, • printeJ witliout .late by William Copland
^hout 15" There iire several allusioi.s to hi.n 11. dni-
mme i erature. shakspere alludes to l„m ii. •; Mial.
X ul mt NothinK ■ and i» ■Romeo and Juliet and
I)a<eimnt in a poem culled "A Long Vacation m LonJo".
5? , Jo ^s^in speaks of clyn, o' the flouKh .. ' The Alchem-
ill Percy an,l Kitso,, both adhere ma.nly to fopland s
tSt and Child reprints ttom Rltson with some im-
nrovements The real person or persons of the name
Jre th™ «M ')>• LhUd to have no connection with the hero
of the ballads. .. t.j-
Bell Alexander Graham. _Boru at Edin-
bui-'li. SeutUiu.l, Miiivli 3, 1.^4, . All Amci-K-au
Dhv^Kist, son of AUxjuuUt Melville Boll- Ue
SuAe to the tnit«d States in 1872. and became " P>;"f«f "'■
of v,«al physiohw in the Boston I niversity. He flret ex-
hibittM his apparatus for the transmission of sound by
Srieity the telephone, in 1876. Ue invente.1 the photo-
ph^n" ami h,« developed his fathers system of -Msible
Be'ir Alexander Melville. Born at E.Unburgh.
18111 A Se'uttisli-AiiK-rioiUi educator, inventor
of a method of plionetie notation called by hi in
"visible speech." because the characters indi-
cate bv their form and position the physiolof;ical
forraiitioii of the sounds. He has written "Visible
Speech,- " Principles of Phonetics," works on elocution and
sfiorthind, and " World- English," an adap ation of the
Roman alphabet to the phonetic spcUing of LngUsh.
Bell, Andrew. Born at St . Andrew s, bcot and,
March 1:7 1753: died at Cheltenham. England,
,1-111 "7 lt<3-. A clergvnian of the Church ot
Ennh'ind, noted as the "founder of the so-called
rjiiui.*!!.*, "".^ " — — ~ .
•• Madras svstem ' of popular educatii
lTT4till 1781 he lived in Virginia, and from 1,
ion. From
1774 lUl 1,01 lie ii.eu M. . irgfnia, and from 1787 till 171HJ
in In.lia, where as superintendent of the Madras Male Oi-
phan Asylum he developed his educational system, in which
tlie pupils were le<l to teach one another under the direction
of a master. His ,.ri«inality was disputed by Joseph Lan-
ca.ster(.'ee/.a/.<-ax(,-r)and the contest between their systems
.issumed coiiMderable public imjwtance. Ue wn.te - All
Fxperiment in Kducation made m the Asylum of Madras.
Bell Sir Charles. Bom at Edinburgh, Nov.,
1774- died at Hallow Park, near Worcester,
April 2.S, 1H42. A distinguished British physi-
ologist and anatomist, noted as the discoverer
of the distinct functions of the sensory and
motor nerves, lie was the author of "Anatomy of
Expression • (1806), " Anatomy of the Brain " (Isll), " Sys-
tem of Comparative Surgen" (1807X etc.
Bell, Currer. A pseudonym of Charlotte
Bell Ellis. .Vpseudonvm of Emily Bronte.
Bell! George Joseph. Born at Fountain Brulgc,
near Kdiiiburgli. Mar.-h 26. 1770: jlied 1^43. A
Scotch advocate, brother of Charles Bell. He
published various works on the laws of Scot-
Bell Henry. Bom at Torphichen Mill, near
Linlithgow, Scotland, 1767: died at Helens-
burgh, Scotland. 1H30. A Scotch engineer. He
IB famous an the builder of the steamship Comet which
began to ply on the Clyde Jan., 1812, and thus as the
originat..r of steam navigation in Europe. It has been
asserted that Fulton derived his ideasof steam navigation
'r"ni Hill ,. , ^ ,. , ..
Bell Henry H. Born in North Carolina about
I.HI1S: drowned in the Osaka Kiver, .Japan, Jan.
11, 1H6H. An American rear-admiral. He became
Beet-captain to Karragut in 18B2, commanded a division of
the Meet in the attack on the defenses of New Orleans, April
18 ■'•. hauled down, in the midst of an angry mob. the
State ilag from the Cniteil States custom-house on the oc-
enpalionof the city ; commanded the Western Gulf Block-
ading Si|uadron for a time in 18«» ; and obtained the rank
of rear-ailmlral In IslWi.
Bell, Sir Isaac Lowthian. Born at Newcastle-
on-Tyne. England. IsKJ. An English nianii-
factnrer and politician. He founded, with his bro-
thers I honias ami John Bell, the Clarence Iron Winks on
the Teea In 1852, and wiui member of Parliament for Hartle-
pool 187.'V-»o. Author of "The Chcinical Phenomena of
Inui Smelting "(1872), and "Report cju the Iron Manu-
facture of the I'nlteil States, and a Compiuison of it with
that of I Ireat Britain ' (1877).
Bell, James. Born IH'J.'). a British chemist.
H,- be. aiiie principal of the Somerset House Ijiboratory,
Inland Kevcnue Dcparlinent, in 1875, and is the author of
"I licnilstrv of Foods '(ISSI-S:!).
Bell John. Bom at .\iilirmony. Scotland. 16'J1 :
died there, .Inly 1. 17Hn. A Scotch traveler in
European and Asiatic Russia. China, and Tur-
key. His "Travels" wore pulilished in 1703.
Bell, John. Born at Edinburgh. May rJ. 17(13 :
di.'.l at K.. me, April l.'i, IH'JO. A Scotdi surgeon
aixl anatoiiiist, brother of Charles Bell.
Bell, John. Born IRll: died in March, 189.").
All English sculptor. His works include " F.agle
Slayer," "Andromeda," "(Jualds' Memorial " (at Waterloo
I'lii'ce, Londiili). " Cnited Slates dlici ting tile Progress of
.\inerica ■ (.opv at Wa.sblngton\ elc.
Bell, John. Bom near Nashville, Tenn., Feb.
I'l, 1797: died atCuniberland Iron Works, Tenn.,
Sept. 10, 1S69. .\ iiidcd American ])oliliciaii.
He was member of Congress from Tennessee 1827 41,
speaker 1834-3.'-., Whig secretary of war 1841, Inlled
Stales senator 1847-r.n, and candidate of the Constitu-
tional fnlon I'ariv for President in 1800. Hc received
SB electoral and f*ll,f>81 popular votes.
141
Bell, Peter. See Peter Bell.
Bell, Robert. Bora at Cork, Ireland, Jan, 16,
IH(H): died at London, April 12, 1867. A Brit-
ish journalist, compiler, and general writer.
His chief work is an "Annotated Edition of the
British Poets" (1854-57).
Bell Samuel. Born at Londonderry, N. H.,
Feb. 9, 1770: died at Chester, N. H.. Dec. 23.
1850. ^Vn American politician, governor of New
Hamjishire 1819-23, and United States senator
lS2:i-3.'i.
Bell Thomas. Born at Poole, Dorsetshire,
Eng'land, Oct. 11, 1792: died at Selborne, Hants.
March 13, 1880. An English dental surgeon and
zoologist. Ue was professor of zoSlogy in King's Col-
lege, London, 18;i(>-S0 ; a secretary of the Koyal Society
WlS-S.'i ■ president of the Linnean Society 1853-61 ; and
president of the Ray Society 1843-59. His works include
a "Monograph of Testudinata" (18;i2-3«), "History of
British Quadrupeds " (1837), "History of British Reptiles
(183'i) and "History ot British Stalk-Eyed Crustacea
(18:-.;))', an edition of the ••Natural History of Selborne
(1877),' etc. „ , . 1 • ii
Bell Rock, or Inchcape Rock. A rock m the
North Sea oil' the Firth of Tav. Scotland, m lat,
.W"2G' N., long. 2° 23' W.
Bell The. A noted old inn in Warwick Lane,
London. Archbishop Leighton died suddenly
her,, ill 1684.
Bell, The. A noted inn at Edmonton, not tar
froiii London. It was to this spot that John
Gilpin pursued his mad career in Cowper's
ballad.
Bella (hel'lii), Stefano della. Bora at Flor-
ence. May 18. 1610: died there, July 12, 1()(>4.
An Italian engi-aver. He was commissioned by Car-
dinal Richelieu to execute designs of and engrave the
principal military events of the minority of Louis Xlll.
His works number more than fourteen hundred pieces.
Bella. A town in the pro\'ince of Potenza,
Italy". 18 miles northwest of Potenza. Popu-
lation, about 5,000.
Bella Wilfer. See JTilfcr, Bella.
Bellac (lie-lak'). A town in the department ot
Haute-Vieune, France, situated on the Vincou
23 miles northwest of Limoges. Population
(1891), commune, 4,903.
Bellacoola. See BUqula. ■ ■ , .
Bellafront (bel'a-frunt). 1. The principal fe-
male character in Middleton and Dekker s
" Honest Whore." She gives its name to the play,
but turns out a true penitent, resisting the temptations
of Hippolito, who at first reclaimed her from vice. She
is a true wile to an unsatisfactory husband, JIatheo.
3. The false mistress in N. Field's comedy of
that name.
Bellaggio (bel-la'jo). A town in the produce
of Como. Italy, situated at the separation ot
the Lake of Como into two arms, 15 miles north-
east of Como. Population, about 3.000.
Bellair (bel-ar'), Count. A character in Far-
ipihar's "Beaux' Stratagem," a French officer,
a prisoner at Lichfield. Tliis part was cut out by
the author afU>r the first night's representation, and the
words added to the part of Foigard.
Bellair, Old. An amorous old man who ima-
gines li'e disguises his love for women, in Ether-
edge's comedy "The Man of Mode, or Sir Fop-
ling Flutter." , .
Bellair, Young. The son of Old Bellair, a well-
bred, polite youth of the period : a character in
wliii-ii Etheredge is said to have drawn his own
iiorlrait.
Bellaire (bel-ar'). A manufacturing city in
Belmont County, Ohio, situated on Ihe Ohio
Kiver 5 miles south of Wheeling. Population
(1S90). 9.!);i4.
Bellamira iinl-lii-ine'rii), her Dream, or the
Love of Shadows. A tragicomedy m two
parts by Thomas Killigrew. It is 111 the folio
I'ditioii'of his works published in 1664.
Bellamira, or The Mistress., A comedy b>
Ch:irles Scdlev. |,riiduced iu 1678. This play was
partly founded oil the " Kunuchus " of Terence, and in it
Sedley exhibited the frailty of Lady Castlemaine and the
aildacltv of Churchill.
Bellamont, Earl of. See Coote, liichnnl.
Bellamy (liel'a-mi). 1. The lover of .lacintha
ill Uoadlv's "Suspicious Husband."— 2. In
Drvden's 'plav "An Evening's Love, or the
Mock Astrologer." a voung lively gallant, a
friend of Wildblood. He disguises himself as
an astrologer, and gives the second name to
tlie plav. . ,
Bellamy, Ed-ward. Born 1850. An American
ecoiioinisi and journalist, the leading advocate
of "nationalism." He has written "Looking
Backward" (1888), etc. .
Bellamy, George Anne. Born at Finga . m
Ireland, in 1731 (?): died at London (f). I'eb.
16, 1788. jVn Irish-English actress. She was the
Belle H61^ne, La
daughter of a Mrs. Bellamy and Lord TyrawK->, who ac-
knowledged her and supported her. She first appeai-ed
on the stage (Nov. ■2-2,1744) as Monimiain "The iirphan,''
and she rose rapidly m her profession, hut never reached
the Hrst rank. In 1785 her "Apology " was broualit out
in five volumes, to which a sixth was added. Alexander
liicknell is believed to have written it from her material.
The name George Anne was given her, in mistake for
tieorgiana appaiently, in her certificate of birth
Bellamy (D- p'-ou. bel'ii-mi). Jacobus. Born
at Klusliing. Holland, Nov. 12. 1757 : ilied March
11 1786. A Dutch poet. He wrote patriotic and
anacreontic poems, and is the author of the popular bal-
lad "Roosje. '
Bellamy (l>el'a-mi), Joseph. Bora at North
(-li.sliire, Coiiii., 1719: died at Betlilehem,
Conn., March 6, 1790. An .American Congrega-
tional clergvman and theologian, author of
"True Religion Delineated" (1750), etc.
Bellamy, Lord. A character in Thomas Shad-
well's coniedv "Bui-y-Fair."
Bellano (bel-lil'no). A town in northern Italy,
situated on the eastern shore of the Lake of
Como, 18 miles northeast of Como.
Bellaria (bel-lii'ri-ii). The wife of Pandosto in
Greene's "Pandosto, or the Triumph of Time."
She is the original of Hermione iu Shakspere's
"Winter's Tale."
Bellario (bel-lii'ri-o). In Beaumont and
Fletcher's plav "Philaster." a page. She is Eu-
phrasia in disguis'e, who follows the fortunes of Philaster
with romantic tendenicss and fidelity. It is a character
which suggests Shakspere's Viola.
Bellario, Doctor. The ei-udite la-wyer of Padua,
as wliose substitute Portia appears in the trial
scene in Shakspere's "Merchant of Venice."
Bellarmine (bel-lar-men'). An impertinent
tine gentleman in Fielding's "Joseph An-
drews." the mercenarv lover of Leonora.
Bellarmine (bel'iir-min). A drinking-jugxvith
the face of Cardinal Bellarmino on it. and the
shape of which was supposed to resemble liim:
originated by the Protestants of Holland to
ridicule him.
Bellarmino (bel-lar-me'no), E. Bellarmine
(bel'iir-min), Roberto. Born at Montepul-
ciand; Tuscany, Oct. 4, 1542: died at Kiuue,
Sept. 17, 1621. A noted Italian cardinal, and
Jesuit theologian and controversialist. He was
professor in Louvain and in the Roman College, and arch-
bishop of Capua. His works include " Disputatn.iies de
Controversiis, fldei, etc." (1581), "Traetatus de p,.testate
summi pontirtcis in rebus temporalibus " ('•On the i'ope s
Temporal Sovereignty"), "Christiana) doctrinse applica-
tio ■' (1603).
Bellary. See BnMri. . ^ , . , ,
Bellaston (bel'as-ton). Lady. A fashionable
aeniircpin Fielding's "Tom Jones," a sensual,
prolligate, and imperious woman.
Bellatrix (bel'a-triks). [L.. the ' warrioress.']
A very white glittering star of the second mag-
nitude, in the left shoulder of Orion. It is y
Orionis. , .
Bellay, Guillaume du. See Luuyeij, i>ei-
fiellay (bc-la'), Jean du. Born 1492: died at
Koine, Feb. 16, 1.560. A French cardinal and
iliiijoniatist, brother of Guillaume du Bellay.
He became liisbup of Bayonne in 15-26, bishop of Paris in
ir.;i3. and lai dinal in l.'i35. He was a friend of letters, and
is noted as the jialron of Rabelais.
Bellay, Joachim du. Born at the Chateau de
Lire-, near Angers, about 1524: died at Pans,
Jaii.'l, 1560. A French poet and prose-writer,
surnamed "the French Ovid," and "Prince of
the Sonnet," one of the most noted members
of tlie famous "Plt^iade." He was a cousin of Car-
dinal du Bellay, and for a time served as his secretiu-y.
He wrote' l.'dlive" (sonnets to his mistress, Mademoiselle
de Viole. of whose name "Olive " is an anagram), 4, sonnets
np.ui the antiquities of Home (^..^iS), translated into tug-
lish by Spenser as" The Kuins of R.mie (11.11), 'Regrets
(Honncts), "liiscoursde la Poil-sie," "Defense et illustra-
tion de la langue fraiii;oise" (a notable work In proseX
etc. The " Visions ' of Bellay arc sonneU translated and
adapted by Spenser.
Belle (bel), Jean Frantjois Joseph d_e._ Horn
lit Voreiipe, Isere, France, May 2(, Mn : ilied
.Iiine 1802. A French general. He served In the
Italian campaign of 1709, and subsequently under Le
Clcrc in Santo liomingo, where lie fell In battle.
Belle Dame Sans Merci, La. [F . -the fair
bidv with. oil iiieri'v.'l 1. A I'reiich poem by
M'iiii Cliartier. It was translated into F.ngllsli by Sir
Ricbard Ros. and not by Chaucer, though the translation
has been allrlbuted to him.
2 A iini'iii bv Keats. . , , ,-,
Belle Fourche (bel forsh). , [P.. '"'7' ',T' J
A name givi^n to the North Fork ot the t hey-
eiiiie Kiver in Wvomiiig and S.nilli Dakota.
Belle H61fene (bel a-lan'). La. An opt»ra
boull'e. words bv Meilhae and HaUvy, musio
by Offenbach, produced iu 18G4,
Belle Jardiniere, La
Belle Jardinifere (bel zhar-elcu-ySr'), La. [F..
• the pvettv gardener.'] A Madonna and Child
with St. John, by Raphael (1507), iu his early
manner, in the Lou\Te. Paris. A Jair-liaired Ma-
donna is seated amid a beautiful conventionalized land-
scape, and the cliildren stand and kneel at her linee. It
is familiar in reproductions, and is one of Raphael's most
pleasing works. ~ ,, t ri:' *l BellSme (bel-am';.
Belle Laiti^re (bel let-yar ), La. L*- tne partment of Ome, France, 22 mUes east of
bv Wouver- '- - ' '
142
1761. A French marshal and politician. He
shared with Broglie the command of the French forces ir
the War of the Austrian Succession, and captured Prague
Nov. 26, 1741, but was forced by the treaty of peace be-
tween Austria and Prussia at Breslau to retreat to Eger,
Dec. 17, 1742. He became commander-in-chief of the
French army in Italy in 1746, and was minister of war
from 1757 to his death.
A small town in the de-
prettv iiiilkiuaid.'] A painting ,
man," in the National ^''^^''''y-l'^^'}''^^^ ^^^ Bellenden (bel'en-den), or Ballenden (bal'en
Alen^on.
composition is strong, the llgure;
against the bright landscipe, and the coloring delicate.
Belle Mignonne, La. [F.,- the pretty darling.']
A name dven iu France in the 18th century to a
skull illuminated with tapers and highly dee-
orated, which was an accepted furnishing of a
devout ladv's boudoir. The queen was said to pray
before the skull of Sinon de L'Enclos. Lecky.
Belle Plaine (bel plan). A city in Benton
Countv. Iowa, 42 miles northwest of Iowa City.
Population (1890), 2.623.
1(11), or Ballentyne (bal'en-tin). Born at
Haddington, in Berwick, about the beginning
of the 16th century: died at Rome. 15.50
according to some, and as late as 1587 accord-
ing to others. A Scottish poet and prose-
writer, chiefly known as the translator of
Hector Boece's "Historia Scotoruin" (trans.
1533).
Bellenden, Edith. The heiress of Tillietudlem
in Sir Walter Scott's novel "Old Mortality."
BelIe-Alliance(belal-yons'),La. Afarm about Bellenden, William. Died probably about
13 miles from Brussels, between Waterloo and 1033. A Scotch classical scholar.
Genappe. in Belgium, it was occupied by the center Bellenz (bel'lents). The German name of
of the French infantry at the battle of Waterloo (.Tune IS, Bellinzona,
marquis d'Elbeuf, and of his son Charles, due d'Elbeuf,
whose tutor he was. He wrote "Petites Inventions"
(short descriptive poems), "Bergeries" (1665; a mixture
of prose and poetry), "Amours et Xouveaux eschanges
de pieiTes pr^cieuses ' (1576), and various translations.
Bellefontaine (berfon''tan). The capital of
Losjan Coimtv. Ohio. 52 miles northwest of
Columbus. Population (1890). 4.245.
Bellefontaine (bel-fon-tan'). Benedict. In
Longfellow's poem "Evangeline." a wealthy
farmer of Grand Pre. the father of Evangeline.
od>-r//f.] In Greek legend, a son of Glaucus,
king of Corinth (or, in some accounts, of
Poseidon), and grandson of Sisyphus. He was
the rider of Pegasus, the slayer of the monster Chimjera,
and conqueror of the Solymi and Amazons. His exploits
gained for him the daughter and one half the kingdom of
lobates, king of Lycia ; but he later fell under the dis-
pleasure of the gods. According to Pindar his pride
so increased with his good fortune that he attempted to
mount to heaven on Pegasus ; but Zeus maddened the
horse with a gadfly, and Belleiophon fell and perished.
He was woi-shiped as a hero at Corinth,
He died of a broken heart when starting on his exile, and Bellerophon. 1 • -■V British line-of -battle ship
was buried on the seashore.
Bellefonte (bel-fonf). The capital of Centre
Countv. Pennsvlvauia, situated on Spring
Creek" in lat. 40° 54' N., long. 77° 49' W.
Population (1890). 3,946.
Bellegarde. A fortress on the Spanish fron-
tier, iu the department of Pyr^n^es-Orientales,
France. 18 mUes south of Perpignan on the
Col de Pertuis.
Bellegarde. A small town in the department
of Gard, France, 10 miles southeast of Nimes.
Bellegarde. A small town in the department
of Ain. France, situated at the junction of the
of 74 guns and 1,613 tons. She served in the Channel
squadron of 1793 and 1794, was disabled at the battle of
the Nile, Aug. 1, 1798, and fought in the battle of Tra-
falgar, Oct. 21, 1SJ5.
2. One of the first armored war-ships, buUt ac-
cording to the designs of Sir E. Reed, chief
constructor of the British navv, and launched
in 1866. Length, 300 feet ; breadth. 56 feet ;
draught. 26.7 feet, she has an armored belt at the
water-line 10 feet wide, and a high-decked central citadel
with armored bulkheads at each end, mounting ten 12-ton
guns. She has two 6J-ton guns behind armor in the bows,
and one6\-ton gun behind armor in the stern. The armor
is 6 inches of iron on 16 inches of wood backing.
Valserine and Rhone, 16 miles southwest of Bellerophon. -'^n opera by Thomas Coi-neille,
Fontenelle, and Boileau, the music by Lulli,
produced in 1679.
BellerUS (be-le'rus). A Cornish giant in old
English legend. Bellerium was the name given
to the Laud's End. supposed to be his home.
Bellegarde, Henri, Comtede. BomatDresdeu, Bell Savage, or Belle Sauvage. A noted
Aug.29, 1756: died at Vienna, Julv 22, 1845. An Loudon tavern which formerly stood on Lud
(ycneva. near the famous Perte du Rhone.
Bellegarde (bel-gard'). Gabriel du Bac de.
Boru at the Chateau de Bdlegarile. diocese
of Carcassonne, Oct, 17, 1717: died at Utrecht.
Dec. 13. 1789. A French Jansenist theologian
Austrian general. He served in the campaigns of
1793-95 ; concluded with Napoleon the armistice of Leo-
ben, April 18. 1797 ; was commander-in-chief in the Vene-
tian states in 1805: and was made tield-marshal and gov-
ernor of l.nlicia in ISiMJ.
Bellegarde, Jean Baptiste Morvan de.
Boru at Piriac, near Xautes, Aug. 30, 1648 :
died at Paris, April 26. 1734. A French man
of letters and member of the community of
priests of St. Francis de Sales. To him is at-
tributed the authorship of the "Histoireuniver-
selle des voyages " (1707).
Belle-ile- (or Belle-Isle-) en-Mer (bel-el'-
oh-mar'). [F., 'fair island iu the sea.' The
gate Hill. Its inn yard was one of those used in the 16th
century as a theater and for bear-baiting and other spec-
tacles. A printing-house now occupies the site.
Belle's Stratagem, The. A comedy by Mrs.
Cowley, produced in 1780. It is still played.
See Hardii, Lietitia.
Belleval (bel-val'), Pierre Richer de. Bom
at Chiilons-sur-Marne, 155S : died at Montpel-
lier, 1623 (1625?). A Freuch physician and
botanist, the inventor of an unsuccessful sys-
tem of Greek botanical nomenclatui-e. The
genus Ilichiria was named for him bv Villars.
BellCTillecbel-vel'). [F., -fair city.'] A north-
fasteni suburb of Paris.
Breton name is Gi/crcewc] An island in the Belle'vilie. A town in the department of
Bay of Biscay, belonging to the department of
Morbihan, France, 8 miles south of Quiberon.
Capital, Le Palais. It was taken bythe British under
Keppel in 1761, and restored to France in 1763. It was
a political prison 1849-57. Length, 11 miles. Population,
about n.iKMi.
Belle-Isle ibel'il'). A small island in Concep-
tion Hiiy, Xe^vfouIldland.
Belle-Isle, North. .\n island at the eastern
entrance of the Strait of Belle-Isle, lat. 52° N.,
long. 55" 25' W. It belongs to Great Britain.
Belle-Isle, South. --Vn island situated north-
east of Newfciuiidland, lat. 51° N., long. 55°
3."i' W. Length, S miles.
Belle-Isle, Strait of. A sea passage sepa-
rating Newfoundland from Labrador, and con-
necting the Gulf of St. Lawrence with the
Atlantic Ocean. Width, 12-20 miles.
Rhone, France, situated on the Rh6ne 26 miles
north of Lyons. Population (1891), commune,
2.892.
Belleville (bel'-vil). A port of entry, capital
of Hastings County, Ontario, Canada, situated
on the Bav of Quinte, Lake Ontario, in lat.
44° 10' N.."long. 77° 30' W. It is the seat of
Albert I'nivcrsitv. Population (1891), 9,914.
Belleville. The" capital of St. Clair County,
Illinois. 15miles southeast of St. Louis. Popu-
lation (1890), 15,361.
Belle'vue (bel-vii'). [F.. 'beautiful view.'] A
noted castle near Cassel in Germany. It contains
a flue picture-gallery ; among its chefs-d'oeuvre are speci-
mens of Holbein. Kembrandt, Vandyck, Rubens, Durer,
Teniers, Wouverman, Titian, Ouido' Reni, Carlo Dolce,
JlurlUo, and many others. Most of these were not ac-
cessible to the general public till 1866.
Belle-Isle ibel-el'), Charles Louis Auguste Bellevue. A former royal castle, southwest of
Fcuquet, Duke of. Bom at A'illeframhe. Paris, near Sevres, built by Madame de Pompa-
Aveyron, France, Sept. 22, 1684: died Jan. 26, dom-, and destroyed in the French Revolution.
Bellius
Belle'vue (bel-vii') A \-illage in Sandusky and
Huron counties, Ohio, 14 miles south-southwest
of Sandusky. Population (1890), 3.0.52.
Belle'vue Hospital. A hospital situated at the
foot of East 26th street in New York. It ac-
commodates about 1,200 patients,
Belley (bel-la'). A town in the department of
Ain, France, 40 miles east of Lyons, It con-
tains a cathedral and has Roman antiquities. There are
noted cascades and quarries of lithographic stones in
its vicinity. Population (1891), commune, 6,295.
Bellfounder (bel'foun-der). A Norfolk trotting
horse brought to New York about 1831. Through
his daughter, the Charles Kent mare, he became the grand-
sire of Hambletonian (10), and transmitted to him and bis
descendants the partially developed trotting tendency and
action. He was a brown horse 15 j hands high. He trotted
a mile in three minutes, and 17 miles in an hour.
Belliard (iiel-yar'). Count Augustin Daniel.
Born at Fonteuav-le-Comte. % endee. France,
March 25, 1769: dfed at Brussels, Jan. 28, 1832.
A French lieutenant-general, distinguished in
the Napoleonic campaigns, particularly at Bo-
rodino, 1812. He took part in the Egyptian campaign,
and, aa governor of Cairo, surrendered that place to the
English June 27, 18U1.
Bellicent (bel'i-sent). The half-sister of King
Arthur, in the Arthurian romances. Tennyson
alters her story somewhat in "Gareth and
Lvnette."
Bellin (bel-lan'). Jacques Nicolas. Bom at
Paris. 1(03: died at Versailles. March 21. 1772.
A French geographer and chartographer. Bewaa
officially charged with the preparation of maps of the
coasts of the known seas. His work appeared in the *' Nep-
tune Fran<^ai8 " (1753 : the French coasts), " Hydrographie
francaise " (1756 : maps of all known coasts), " Petit Atlas
Maritime," " M^moires sur les cartes des cotes de I'Ame-
rique septentrionale " (1755), " Essais g^ographiques sur
les lies Britanniques " (1763X and similar works on Guiana,
the Antilles, Santo Domingo, etc.
Belling (bel'ling), Wilhelm Sebastian von.
Bora at Paulsdorf, East Pi-ussia, Feb. 15. 1719:
died at Stolp, Pomerania. Nov. 28, 1779. A
Prussian cavalry general, distinguished in the
Seven Years' War.
BelUngham (bel'ing-am), Richard. Born in
England. 1592 (f): djed iu Massachusetts, Dec.
7. 1672. A colonial governor of Massachusetts.
He emigrated to America in 1634, and was governor of
Massachusetts Colony in 1641, 1654, and 1665-?2. In 16J1 he
contracted a second marriage, performing the man'iage
ceremony himself, without proclamation of banns. He
was presented by the great inquest forl)reach of the order
of court ; but, as he refused to vacate the bench, the other
magistrates were at a loss how to proceed, and he escaped
censure.
Bellini (bel-le'ne). Gentile. Born about 1427:
died Feb. 22. 1.507. A painter of the Venetian
school, son of .Jacopo Bellini.
Bellini, Giovanni. Born after 1427 : died Nov.
29, 1516. A noted painter of the Venetian
school, son of Jacopo Bellini. His works are in
all the principal art galleries. Among his scholars were
Titian and Giorgione. His portrait, by himself, in the
Capitol, Rome, ranks among the great portraits, and is a
fine example of the Venetian school, older than the por-
trait in the I'tfizi.
Bellini, Jacopo or Giacomo. Died about 1464.
An Italian painter.
Bellini, Lorenzo. Bom at Florence, Sept. 3,
1643: died Jan. 8, 1704. A distinguished
Italian physician and anatomist, professor of
philosophy and afterward of anatomy at Pisa.
His collected works were published in 1708.
Bellini, Vincenzo. Bom at Catania. Sicilv,
Nov. 3, 1802: died near Paris, Sept. 23, 183"5.
A famous Italian operatic composer. His works
include "Bianca e Fernando" (18-26X "11 Pirata '■ (1827),
"LaStraniera" (1829), "Zaira" (1829), "I Capuletti ed i
Montecchi" (1830), "La Sonnambula " (1831), "Norma"
(1831), " Beatrice di Tenda " (1833), " I Puritani " (1S35).
Bellinzona (bel-lin-z6'na), G. Bellenz (bel'-
leuts). The capital of the canton of Ticino,
Switzerland, situated on the Ticino in lat.
46° 11' N., long. 9° 1' E. it occupies an important
position on the St. Gotthard route near the commence-
ment of the San Bernardino route. It is commanded by
three castles, and was once strongly fortified. Popula-
tion, about 3,000.
Bellisant (bel'i-sant). 1. The mother of Val-
entine and Orson. She was banished by her husband
Alexander, empertir of Constantinople, for supposed in-
fidelity, and her sons were born in a wild forest.
2. One of the principal female characters in
Massinger's " The Parliament of Love."
Bellius (bel'i-us). Martinus. The pseudo-
nym under which was published a book en-
titled "De hwreticis, an sint persequendi,
etc.," in "Magdeburg" (false for Basel), in
1554. It was published soon after Calvin's defense of
the execution of Servetus, and was a plea for religious
toleration. The authorship was ascribed to Castellio,
who in fact wrote a part of the book under the pseudo-
nym "Basilius Montfortius."
I
Bellman, Karl Mikael
Bellman (bel'miiu). Karl Mikael. Born at
St.icldjoliu, Feb. 4, 1740: died Feb. 11. 1795.
A noted Swedish Ij-rieal Jjoet. His works include
"Kreilmana Epistlar" ('Epistles," 1790), "Fredinan's
Sanger" (■'Sons.'s," 1791), etc.
Bellman of London, The. A satii-ieal work
liv IlekkiT. )iulpli?.lied iu 1008. It is founded on
tlie MirounJ Wirrk uf I'oncj Catching," which Fleay and
others believe to have been also written by Uekker. The
latter was taken largely from Harnian's '■ I'aveat for C'ur-
sitors." In the same year Uekker published a second
part called 'Lanthorne and Candlelight, or The liell-
inan's Second Night's Walke." In 1012 a fourth or tlfth
edition of the second part appeared, called "O per se O.
or a new cryer of Lanthorne and Candlelight, Being an
addition or lengthening of the Bellman's Second Night's
Walke." X innnber of editions of the second part were
published before 1(M8, all with differences. They are
amusing descriptions of London rogues. Daborue wrote
a |)lay called "The Bellman of London" in 1613.
Bellman of Paris, The. A play by Dekkor
aiid.lobii Uav, licensed in 1G23, but not printed.
Bellmour (bel'mor). 1. The faithful friend
if Jane Sliore, in Eowe's tragedy of that name.
— 2 The lover of Belinda, in Congreve's eom-
edv -'The Old Bachelor."
Belio (bel'yo). Andres. Bom at Caracas, Vene-
zuela. Nov. ;iO. 17,S0: died at Santiago, Chile,
Oct. 1"), 18t>5. A Siianish-Aineriean seholaraud
author. In ISln he was sent to London with Bolivar
aa agent of the revolutionary government, and he re-
mained there nearly twenty years. In 1834 he accepted
a position in the foreign department of Chile, lie edited
the i'hilian civil code ; wrote a treatise on international
law which was tninslated into several languagea, and was
aevenil times chosen to arbitrate in international disputes.
Including one between the I'nited States and Ecuador.
In 1&J3 he became rector of the t'niversity of Chile.
Bellona (be-16'nji). [L. liclldmi, from bcUum,
war.] 1. In Roman mythology, the goddess
of war, regarded sometimes as the wife and
sometimes as the sister of Mars. She was. prob-
ably, originally a Sabine divinity, and her worship ap-
pears to have been introduced at K*mie by a Sabine family.
the Claudii. She is represented as armed with shield
and liuice.
2. An asteroid (No. 28) discovered by Luther
at Bilk, March 1, 1854.
Bellot (bel-6'), Joseph Ren6. Born at Paris,
1H1'(5: died LS-iij. A Freud] naval officer, a vol-
unteer in Knglish c.Kpeditious to Arctic regions.
Bellot strait. A strait in the Arctic regions
of North .Xinerica, between Boothia-Felix and
the island of North Somerset.
BeUovaci (be-lov'a-si). An imjiortant tribe of
the Belgian (lauls, occupying a territory cor-
responding to the modern dioceses of Beauvais
iiml Senlis, France; subdued by Julius C®sar57
B. c. Their chief town was Ciesaromagus (Beau-
vais).
Bellcws (bel'oz), Henry Whitney. Born at
Walpole, X. H., June 11. 1814: died Jan. 30,
188'2. An American Unitarian divine and wri-
ter, pastor of All Souls Churcli, New York. He
was president of tlie United States Sanitary
Commission in the Civil War.
Bellcws Falls. A village in Windham County,
Venuoiit, situateil at the falls of tim Connec-
ticut 41 miles southeast of Kutland. Popula-
tion (1S90), 3,092.
Belloy (bei-wii'), Pierre Laurent Buyrette
de (Pierre Buyrette, or Buirette, or Bu-
rette. I'-oi'M at St. Flour, t'aiita!, France,
Nov. 17, 1727: died at Paris, March 5, 1775. A
French dramatist. His works include "Titus" (1739),
"Zelmire" (1702), "Le .Si(ge de Calais ' (1705 : his most
notable work), "Gaston et Bayard" (1771), "Pierre le
Cruel • (177 J), etc.
Bells, The. 1. A poem by Edgar Allan Poe.
— 2. \ dramatization from Erckmann-Chat-
rian's "Le Juif Polonais"by Leopold Lewis,
produced in 1871. Henry Irving is successful
in it as Mathias.
Bell-the-Cat. A popular surname of Archibald
Douglas, earl of Ansus (died about 1514). At
a delibenitiun tjf the nobles for the pur]>ose of ctfecting
the removal of Cochrane, James IV'.'s obnoxious favorite,
their predit-ament was compared to that of the mice which
determined to hang a bell around the cat's neck, and the
(|uestion was itsked who would bo brave enough to per-
form the act. To this Douglas replied : "I will bell the
cat."
Belluno (bel-lo'no). [L. /Jdi/HMWi.] The capi-
tal of the jirovince of Belluno, Italv, situated
on the E'iave in lat. 411° 9' N., long." 12° 13' E.
It has a cathedral. Population(1891), commune,
18,000.
Belluno, ancient Belunum (be-lii'num). A
province in the conipartiineuto of Venetia,
Italv. Area, 1,293 square miles. Population
(1891), 175,919.
Belluno, Duke of. See nctnr-rrrrin.
Bel-Merodach. See Mnodach, Ilel, Baal.
Belmez (bel-math'). A town in the province of
143
Cordova, Spain, situated on the Guadiato 35
miles northwest of Cordova. Population (1887),
12,040.
Belmont (bel'mont). A village in Mississippi
Coiuity, southeastern Missoun, situated on the
Mississipi)i Kiver 17 miles south of Cairo, Illi-
nois. Ucre, Nov. 7, 1801, occurred an indecisive battle
between the I-'cderals under (Irant and the Confederates
under Pillow. The loss of the Federals was 4S5 ; that of
the Confederates, 04'2.
Belmont, August. Born at Alzev, Germanv,
1810: died at New York, 1890. 'A German-
American banker and politician. He was Austrian
consul at New York. I'niteu States minister to the Nether-
lands 1864-58. and cbaii-nmn of the Democratic National
Committee I80O-7'2. lie was a patron of the turf and an
art-collector.
Belmont, Charles. A rakish young fellow in
Moore's play " The Foundling." The part was
played with great success by Garrick.
Belmont, Perry, Bom at New Y'ork, Dec. 28.
1851. An American politician, son of August
Belmont. He was Democratic member of
Congress from New Y'ork 1881-87.
Belmontet (bel-m6n-ta'), Louis. BomatMon-
tauban, France, March 26, 1799: died at Paris,
Oct. 14, 1879. A French poet, an<i Bonapartist
partizau. His works include " Les Tristes " (1824), " Le
souper d'.\ugU8te ' (18'i8), " Une fete de N^ron " (tragedy,
written with Soumel, 1829), etc.
Bel-Nirari (bel-ne-rii're). [Ass\t., ' the god
Bel is my helper.'] King of As.syria about
1380 B. C. He conquered part of Babylonia.
Beloe (be'16), William. Born at Norwich, Eng-
land, 17,56: died at London, April 11, 1817. An
English clergyman and writer, founder, with
Archdeacon Nares, of the "British Critic " iu
1793. He became rector of .\11 Hallows, London Wall, in
1796, and was keeper of printed books in the British Mu-
seum 1803-00. He wrote " The Sexagenarian, or Kecollec-
ticuis of a Literary Life "(1817), etc.
Beloeil (be-lely'). A town in the province of
Haiuaut, Belgium, 11 miles west-northwest of
Mous. It contains the castle of the princes
of Ligne. Population (1890), 2,682.
Beloit (be-loif). A city in Kock County, Wis-
consin, situated on Rock River 68 miles south-
west of Milwaukee. Population (1890), 6,315.
Beloit. The capital of Mitchell County, north-
ern Kansas, situated on the Solomon River.
Population (1890), 2,455.
Beloit College. An institution of learning at
Beloit, Wisconsin, founded 1847, controlled by
Congi-egationalists.
Belon (be-16n' or blon), Pierre. Born at Soulle-
tiere, near Mans, Sarthe, 1517 : died April,
1564. A noted French naturalist and traveler
in the Orient 1546-49. He wrote " Histoire natu-
relle des estranges poissons marines " (1551), " L'Histoirc
dela nature des oyseaux, etc." (1555), travels, etc.
Beloochistan. See liaiiicliintun.
Belot (be-lo'), Adolphe. Born at Pointe-a-
Pitre, Guadeloupe, Nov. (3, 1829: died at Paris,
Dec. 17, 1890. A French novelist and dramatist.
Anumg his works are the novel "Mademoiselle Giraud,
ma femme " (1870), the play (in collaboration with Ville-
tard) '■ Le testament de Cesar fJirodot " (1859), '* Miss
Multon," with Eugene Nus (1807), " L' Article 47" (1871)
(from a nnvel), and many others.
Belo'var (l>er6-var). A royal free city in Croa-
tia, 42 miles oast of Agram.
Beloved Disciple, The. The Apostle John.
Beloved Physician, The. St. Luke.
Belpasso (bel-p'as's6). A town in the proWnce
of Catania, Sicily, 8 miles northwest of Catsmia.
It was destroyed by an eruption of Etna in 1669.
Population, 7,000.
Belper (bel'per). A town in Derbyshire, Eng-
land, situated on the Derwent 7 miles north of
Dcrliv. It has cotton, silk, and hosierv manu-
factures. Population (1,891). 10,420.
Belphegor (bel'fe-gor). or Belfagor (bel'fa-
gor). 1. Baal Peor (which see). — 2. An arch-
demon who unilertook an earthly marriage, but
who lied, daunted, from the liorrors of female
companionship. See the extract.
Pluto flumm(uied an infernal council to consult on the
best mode of iwccrtaining the truth or falsehood of such
Btatcments (that wives brought their husbands to hell).
After some deliberation it was determined that one of
their number should be sent into the world endowed with
a human form, ami subjected to earthly passions ; that he
should be ordered to choose a wife as early as possible, and
after remaining above ground for ten years, should report
to his infernal nuister the benetlts and burdens of matri-
mony. Though this plan was unanimously approved, none
of the fiends were disposed voluntarily to niulcrtake the
commission, but the lot at length fell on the arclidemon
Belfagor- - . . This stoi-y, with merely a dilferencc of
names, was originally told in an old Latin MS., which is
now lost, but wiiich, till the i)erii.id of the civil wars in
France, rcnudned in the library of Saint Martin de Tours.
But whether Brevio or Mftchiavel first cxhibite<l the tab-
in an Italian garb, has been a nmtter of tlispute among
the critics of their country. It was printed t)y Brevio
Belus
during his life, and under his own name, in 1545 ; and with
the name of Machiavel in 1549, which was al>out eighteen
yeai-s after that historian's death. Both writers probably
borrowed the incidents from the Latin MS., for they could
scarcely have copied from each other.
Du7)lop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, IL ISO.
[La Fontaine treated this subject in one of his "Contes,"
and Wilson printed an English tragicomedy called "Bel-
phegor, or the Marriage of the Devil "in 1091. Legrand
brought out a French comedy called "Belphtigor" in 1721.]
3. A translation and adaptation of "Palliasse,"
a French play by Dennery and Marc Fournier,
by Charles Webb (1856). The principal character,
B'elphegor, is a mountebank, and though he earns his liv-
ing by the most ludicrous shams, his distress and despair
at the apparent desertion of his wife are very pathetic.
Belphcelae (bel-fe'be). [F. bcl, belle, fair, and L.
I'habe, Gr. ^onii/, Artemis (Diana).] A hun-
tress, in Spenser's "Faerie Queene," intended
to represent Queen Elizabeth as a woman, as
Gloriana represented her as a queen.
Belsham (bel'.sham), Thomas. Bom at Bed-
ford, England, Ajiril 26, 1750: died at Hamp-
stead, Nov. 11, 1829. An English Unitarian di-
vine.
Belsham, William. Born at Bedford, England,
1752 : died near Hammersmith, Nov. 17, 1827.
An English historian and political essayist,
brother of Thomas Belsham.
Belshazzar (bel-shaz'ar), or Bel-shar-uzur.
['Bel protect the king.'] Aceonling to the
book of Daniel (v.), the son of Nebuchadnezzar,
and the last king of Babylonia. According to the
cuneiform inscriptions this was Kabonidus, while Bel-
shazzar was his eldest son. He was governor of South
Babylonia and chief of the army in the last struggle, and
co-regent with his father. When the latter fleil to Bor-
sippa, after being defeated by Cyrus, he assumed the com-
mand in Babylonia, and was killed in the sack of the city
by Cyrus, 538 B. c. According to the scriptimil narrative
he was warned during a feast of his coming doom by a
handwriting on the wall, w hich was intei-preted by Daniel
(Dan. v., vii. 1, viii. 1; Bar. i. 11, 12).
Belshazzar. A tragedy bv Dean Milman. pub-
lished in 1822.
Belsunce de Castel Moron (bel-ztms' de kiis-
tel' mo-roil'), Henri Frantjois Xavier de.
Born at the Chateau de la Force, in Perigord,
France, Deo. 4, 1671: died at Marseilles, June
4, 1755. A French Jesuit, bishop of Marseilles,
noted for his heroism during a pestilence
in Marseilles, 1720-21. He was a voluminous
writer.
Belt, Great. The middle sea passage between
the Cattegat and the Baltic, separating Zea-
land from FUnen. Width, 9-20 miles.
Belt, Little. The western sea passage between
the Cattegat ami the Baltic, separating Fiinen
from the mainland of Denmark and Scnleswig.
Width, 7-10 miles.
Beltane (bel'tau). [Also written Bcltein and
Jieltoi; Gael. Bealltahiii, Biiltciiic =lr. Bealteine,
Bealltainc, Olr. Belltuinc, Belteitc; usually ex-
plained as ' Bel's or Beal's fire,' from "Bral, *Bial,
an alleged Celtic deity (by some writers patrioti-
cally identified with the Oriental Biliis or Baal),
and teiiie, fire. But the origin is quite unknown.]
1. The first day of May (O. S.); old May-day,
one of the four quarter-days (the others being
Lammas, Hallowmas, and Candlemas) an-
ciently observed in Scotland. — 2. An ancient
Celtic festival or anniversary fonuerly observed
on Beltane or May-day in Scotland, and in Ire-
land on June 21. Bonfires were kindled on the hills,
all domestic fires having been pi-eviously extinguished,
only to be relighted from the embers of the Beltane fires.
This custom is supjiosed to derive its origin from the wor.
ship of the sun. or lire in general, which was formerly in
vogue among the Celts as well as among many other heft,
then nations. The practice still survives in some remote
localities.
Belted Will. A nickname of Lord William
Howard (1.563-1640), an English border noble-
man, warilen of the western marches.
Belteshazzar (bel-fe-shaz'iir). [Babvlonian
lkl-batat!<it-u<;ur, Bcl protect his life.] The
Babylonian name of Daniel (Dan. i. 7, ii. 26,
iv. 5).
Beltis (bel'tis). See Belit.
Belton (bel'ton). The capital of Bell Countv,
Texas, situated on Leon River 57 miles north-
northeast of .\ustin. Population (1.8!l(i), 3,000.
Beltrame (bel-trii'me), Giovanni. Born at
Valeggio, Italy, Nov. 11, 1824. An Africanist,
a missionary to Khartum, Fazogl, (iondokoro,
and Sobat , 1859-t)2. He published in 18«2 a gi-animai
of Dinka. in 1S71) " II Senmiar e lo Sciangallah," and in
1SS2 " II Fiumc Bianco e i Deuka."
Beluchees. See Baluchistan.
Beluchistan. See Baluchistan.
Belus (be'lus), or BelOS (be'los). [Gr. B7/?-of.]
1. In classical mythology, a son of Poseidon
and Libya (or Eurynome), regarded as the an-
Belus
eestral hero and divinity of various earlier
nations. — 2. In classical legend, the father of
Dido, and conqueror of Cyprus.
Belus (be'liis). [Gr. Br/'/nr.'] In ancient geog-
raphy, a river of Palestine ivhich Hows into the
Mediterranean at Acre : the modern Naman.
It is the reputed place of the discovery of glass
bv the Phenicians.
Belvidera (bel-ve-da'rii). The daughter of
Priiili. the senator, and the wife of Jaffier. the
conspirator, in Otway's tragedy "Venice Pre-
served." JafBer conspires to murder all the senators, and
is persuaded by his wife to divulge the plot to her father,
ou condition that all the conspirators .ire forsiven. The
promise is not kept, and Jaffler, his friend PieiTe, and all
the other conspirators are condemned to death on the
wheel. Belvidera, on learning the result of her interfer-
ence, goes mad and dies. The part was a favorite one
with the actresses of the 18th century.
Belvedere (bel-ve-der': It. pron. bel-ve-da're).
[It., 'fair view.'] A portion of the Vatican
Palace at Rome.
Belvedere. A palace in Vienna which con-
tained until 1891 the Imperial Picture Gallery.
Belvedere, Torso. See Lijsiiipux and Torso.
Belvidere (bel-vi-der')' ^ eity in Boone
County, Illinois, situated on the Kishwaukee
Uiver (54 miles west-northwest of Chicago.
Population (1890), 3,867.
Belville (bel'vilV The lover of Peggy in Gar-
rick's "Country Gii'l."
Belvoir (be' ver) Castle. The seat of the Duke
of Rutland, in Leicestershire, England. It con-
tains a fine collection of pictures.
Belz (belts), A town in Galieia, Austria-Huu-
garv, 41 miles north of Lemberg. Population
(1890), commune, 4,960.
Belzig (belt'sich). A town in the province of
Brandenburg, Prussia, 43 miles southwest of
Berlin. Near it was fought the battle of Ha^
gelberg, Aug. 27, 1813.
Belzom ( bel-tso'ne i, Giovanni Battista. Born
at Padua, 1778: died at Gato. in Benin, West
Africa, Dec. 3, 1823. A noted Italian traveler
and explorer, the son of a barber of Padua.
He was endowed with great physical strength, and earned
a living for a time in London (at .\stley's) and elsewhere
as a theatrie.ll athlete. As a hydraulic engineer he visited
Egypt in 1S15, and devoted himself until 1819 to the study
of Eg.vptiau antiquities. He opened the temple at Abu-
Simbel, the sepulcher of Seti I, (ISIV), and the second
pyramid of Gizeh, and made various other important dis-
coveries. The bust of the so-called "Young Memnon,"
now in the British Museum, was transferred from Thebes
by him. He published in English, in 1820, "A Narrative
of the Operations and Recent Discoveries within the Pyra-
mids, etc,'" In 1823 he started for central Africa, but died
on the way.
Belzoni's Tomb. The tomb of Seti I. : so
named from Belzoni %vho opened it.
Belzu (bal'tho), Manuel Isodoro. Bom at
La Paz. 1808: killed March, 1866. A Bolivian
revolutionist. In 1817 he headed a revolution which
overturned Ballivian and put General Velasco in his
place ; next year he rebelled against Velasco, usurped the
presidency, and retained the postuntil 1855. After spend-
ing some years in Europe he returned and headed the re-
volt against Melgarejo, The latter attacked him in La
Paz and, after a bloody street battle, killed him with his
own hand,
Bern (bem),J6zef. Bom at Cracow, 1791 : died
at Aleppo. Dec. 10, 1850. A Polish general.
He served in the Polish insurrection of \ii3ii ; conquered
Transylvania for the Hungarian insurgents and drove the
Austrians and Russian allies into Wallachia in 1S49 ; con-
quered the Banat : was defeated by the Russians at Schass-
burg, July 31; took part in the battle of Teniesvar, Aug, 9;
and escaped to Turkey and took service in t he Turkish army.
Beman (be'man). Nathaniel Sydney Smith.
Born at New' Lebanon. N. Y., Nov. 26, 1785 :
died at Carbondale, 111., Aug. 8, 1871. An
American Presbyterian clergyman. He was pas-
tor of a Presbyterian church at Troy, New York, 1822-«3,
and was a leader of the new school in the discussion which
led to the division of the Presbyterian Church in 1S37,
Bemba, Lake. See BaninrroUt.
Bembatoka (bem-ba-to'kii ), Bay of. A large
inlet ou the northwestern coast of Madagascar,
Bembo (bcm'bo), Pietro. Born at Venice,
May 20, 1470 : died at Rome, Jan. 18, 1547. A
celebrated Italian cardinal and man of letters.
He was the author of poems, epistles, a histoi-y of Venice,
and "Gli Asolani" (dialogues on the nature of love),
"Connected in friendship with all the men of letters and
first poets of bis age, he was a lover of the celebrated Lu-
cretia Borgia, daughter of Alexander \T., and wife of Al-
fonzo, Duke of Ferrara ; and was a favorite with the Popes
Leo X, and Clement VIL, who loaded him with honors,
pensions, and beneflces. He enjoyed, from the year 1529,
the title of Historiographer to the Republic of Venice ;
and Paul III. finally created him a Cardinal in 1539,
Wealth, fame, and the most honorable emjiloys seemed
to pursue him, and snatched him, in spite of himself, from
a life of epicurean pleasure, which he did not renounce
when he took the ecclesiastical habit. His death was
occasioned by a fall from his horse, on the eighteentii
day of January, 1547, in his seventy-seventh year." Sii-
vumdi, Lit. of the South of Europe, I. 426.
144
Ben (ben). A gay, simple, but somewhat in-
credible sailor in Congreve's comedy "Love for
Love." He is designed to marry Miss Prue.
BenacUS (be-na'kus), Lacus. The Roman
name of the Lake of Garda. See Garda.
Benaiah (be-na'yii). [Heb..' built by Jehovah.']
1. The name of several persons mentioned in
the Old Testament, of whom the most notable
was the son of Jehoida, the chief priest. He slew
Adonijah and Joab, and succeeded the latter, under Solo-
mon, as commander-in-chief of the ju-my.
2. A character in Dryden and Tate's "Absa-
lom and Aehitophel." intended for George
Edward Sackville, who was called General Saek-
ville and was devoted to the Duke of York.
See 1 Ki. ii. 35.
Benalcazar (ba-niil-kS'thSrV or Velalcazar
(va-lal-kii'th.^ir). or Belalcazar (lia-lJil-kii'-
thar), Sebastian de (Sebastian Moyano).
Bom at Beualcaz, Estremadura, about 1499:
died at Popayan, 1550. A Spanish conqueror
of Quito aiul Popayan. He joined the expedition of
Pedrarias to Darien, and in March, 1532, joined Pizarro
on the coast at Puerto Viejo with 30 men. Incited by
the Cafiaris Indians, who promised to join him, he under-
took the conquest of Quito, Mai-ching over the moun-
tains, he defeated the Inca general Rumi-i^aui on the
plains of Riobamba, and entered Quito, Joined soon
after by .-Vlmagro, their united forces met those of Pedro
de Alvara<lo, governor of Guatemala, who had attempted
an independent conquest of Quito. (See Alvaradv, Pedro
de.) .\lvarado was induced to retire, and many of his
men joined Benalcaziu-, who continued his northern con-
quests. He invaded Popayan in 1533, and next year car-
ried his conquests still farther north, to the country of
the Chinchas Indians, After founding many Spanish
towns, Benalcazar went to Spain in 1537, and in 1538 he
wiis appointed governor of Popayan, a district which
comprised what is now southwestern Colombiju
Benares (be-na'rez), or Banaras (ba-nii'ras).
[Hind. Banaras.'] The capital of the di\-isiou
of Benares, Northwest Provinces, India, situ-
ated on the north side of the Ganges, in lat. 25°
15' N., long. 83° E. It is one of the largest cities in
northern India, the principal Hindu holy city, famous as
a resort for pilgrims. It has manufactures of brass wares,
etc,, and an important trade. The Ganges is crossed here
by the Duff erin Bridge, Benares was founded about 1200 (!)
B. c. ; was for many years a Buddhistic center; was con-
quered by the Mohammedans about 1193 ; and was ceded
to the East India Company in 1775, It is called Lashi
in Sanskrit literature. It was the scene of an outbreak
in the Indian mutiny of 1857. Population, with canton-
ment (1891), 219,467,
Benares. A division of the Northwest Prov-
inces. British India. Area. 18, 338 square miles.
Population (1891), 10,632,190.
Benares. A district in the division of Benares,
lat. 25° 30' N., long. 83° E. Area, 998 square
miles. Population, about 900,000.
BenasCLUe (ba-uiis'ke). A small town in the
P\Tenees, province of Huesca, Spain, near the
foot of Mount Maladetta.
Benauly (ben-a'li). A pseudonym adopted by
the three brothers Benjamin Vaughan, Austin,
and LjTnan Abbott,' in two novels, "Conecut
Corners " and "Matthew Camaby." " The pseu-
donym is composed of the first syllable of the names of
the three brothers," Cushing,
Benavente (ba-nii-ven'ta). A small town in
the province of Zamora, Spain, situated on the
Orbigo 52 miles northwest of Valladolid.
Benavente. A small town in the district of
Santarem. Portugal, situated on the Zatas 28
miles northeast of Lisbon.
Benavides y de la Cueva (ba-nii-ve'des e da
lii kwa'vii), Diego de, Count of Santistevan.
Born about 1600: died at Lima, Peru, March
17, 1666. A Spanish soldier and administrator.
He was appointed viceroy of Peru in 1659, reaching Lima
July 31, liXl. He held the office until his death.
Benbecula (ben-be-ko'lii). An island of the
Hebrides, belonging to Inverness-shire, Scot-
land, between North L^ist and South L^ist.
Length, 7* miles.
Benbecula Sound. A sea passage between
Benbecula and South Uist.
Benbow (ben'bo ). John. Bom at Shrewsbury.
March 10, 1653: died at Port Royal, Jamaica,
Nov. 4, 1702. A noted British admiral. He early
ran away to sea, served in various merchant and govern-
ment vessels, and after 1689 was continuously in the royal
navy. He became captaiu in 1689, rear-admiral in 1696,
and vice-admiral in 1701. In 1692 and 1693 he was en-
gaged in various unsuccessful attacks on the French
coast; in 1699 and again in 1701 he commantled squad-
rons in the West Indies, From Aug. 19 to Aug, 24, 1702,
he had a running light with the French fleet of Du Casse.
On the last day his leg was shattered by a ball, but he
continued to dii-ect the battle, Benbow claimed that his
failure to capture Du Casse was owing to the conduct of
his officers.
Benbow. In the British navy, a two-turret,
central-citadel, heavy-armed battle-ship of the
admiral class : sister ship to the Camperdown.
Benedict I.
Bencoolen (ben-ko'len). [D. Benkoelen.] The
capital of the residency of Bencoolen. Sumatra,
situated on the southwestern coast, about lat.
3° 50' S. It was settled by the English about 1685, and
ceded to the Dutch in 1825, and had formerly a consid-
erable trade. Population, about 6,(J00.
Ben Cruachan (ben ki'o'chan). A mountain
in Argyllshire, Scotland, near the head of
Loch Awe, 13 miles north of Inverary. Height,
3.610 feet.
Benda (ben'da), Franz. Born at Altbenatek,
Bohemia, Nov. 25. 1709: died at Potsdam,
Prussia, March 7, 1786. A German violinist,
the founder of a school of ■s-iolin-playing.
Benda, Georg. Born 1721: died at Kostritz,
Thuriugia. Nov. 6, 1795. A German composer
and violinist, brother of Franz Benda. He
wrote the operas "Ariadne auf Naxos" (1774),
"Medea," etc.
Bendavid (ben -da 'fid). Lazarus. Born at
Berlin, Oct. 18, 1762: died at Berlin, March 28,
1S32. A German philosophical writer and
mathematician. He was the author of " Versuch iiber
das Vergnugen," " Vorlesungen liber die Kritik der reincn
Vernunft," "Zur Berechnung des jiidischen Kalenders,"
etc.
Bendemann (ben'de-miin). Eduard. Born at
Berlin. Dec. 3, 1811: died at Dusseldorf, Dec.
27, 1889. A German painter. Among his works
are " Die trauernden Juden "(1832, at Cologne), " Jeremias
auf den Trnmmern von Jerusalem " (1837, at Berlin). "Die
WegfiUirnng der Juden in die Babyloniscbe Gefangeu-
schaf t " (1872, at BerUn).
Bendemeer. A river in Moore's poem "Lalla
Rookli."
Bender (ben'der). [Turk. Bender, harbor;
Russ. Bcnderi/.'] A town and fortress in the
province of Bessarabia, Russia, situated on the
Dniester 61 miles northwest of Odessa, it is a
trading center. Near it was the residence of Charles XI 1.
of Sweden 1709-13. It was stormed by the Russians under
Panin in 1770, and under Potemkin in 1789, and was again
taken by the Russians in 1806 and 1811. It was finally
annexed to Russia in 1812. Population, 31.006.
Bender-Abbasi (ben'der-iib-ba-se'), or -Abbas
(ab'bas). [Pers.,' harbor of Abbas.'] Aseaport
in the pro\'ince of Kirman. Persia, situated on
the Strait of Ormus. opposite Ormus. in lat.
27° 12' N., long. 56° 20' E. It has communication
by steamer with Bombay, Bassora, etc. It was an impor-
tant commercial point in the 17th centurj'. Population,
about 8,(KX). Also called Gombronn.
BendigO (ben'di-go). A former name of the
city of Sandhurst, in Victoria, Australia.
Beridis (ben'dis). [Gr. Bnri/f.] A Thracian
lunar goddess, worshiped also in Lemnos and
Bithynia.
Bendish (ben'dish), Bridget. Born about
1050: died 1726. The daughter of General
Henry Ireton, and granddaughter of Oliver
CromweU, famous for her resemblance to the
latter.
Bendo (ben'do). Alexander. A pseudon\Tn
of Robert Carr, Viscount Rochester, Earl of
Somerset.
Bendorf (ben'dorf). A town in the Rhine
Province. Pnissia, situated on the right bank
of the Rhine. 5 miles north of Coblentz. Popu-
lation (1890), commune, 5.016.
Bend-the-Bow (bend'Tne-bo). An English ar-
cher in .Scott's "Castle Dangerous."
Bendzin (bend-zen'). A town in the govem-
ment of Piotrkov, Russian Poland, situated
near the Prussian and Austrian frontiers 38
miles northwest of Cracow. Population (1890),
9 222.
Benedek (be'ne-dek), Ludwig von. Bora at
Odenburg, Hungary, July 14. 18U4 : died at
Gratz, Austria, Apnl 27, 1881. An Austrian
general. He served with distinction in the Italian and
Hungarian campaigns 1848-49. and at Solferino in 1869;
was commander of the .\ustrian .^rmy of the North in
1866 ; and was defeated at Koniggratz, July 3. 1866.
Benedetti (ba-na-det'te). Count Vincent.
Bora at Bastia, Corsica, April 29. 1817. A
French diplomatist. He was envoy at Turin in 18<io,
and minister at Berlin, 18(H-7o. His interviews with
William I. of Prussia at Ems July 9-13, 187o, precipitated
the Franco-German war.
Benedick (ben'e-dik). A character in Shak-
spere's comedy "Much Ado about Nothing."
He is a yoimg gentleman of Padua, of inexhaustible
humor, wit, and raillerj-, a ridiculer of love (but finally
loving Beatrice), who when he spoke of dying a liachelor,
only said so because he did not think he should live to
be married. His name has become a byword for a newly
married man, and is frequently vi-ritten Benedict.
Benedict (ben'e-dikt) I., sumamed BonOSUS.
[L, y(<H<(?ic/H,s-, 'blessed: It. Bencdcttv. Beltino,
Sp. Iknrdirto, Benito, Pg. Benedirtii, Bento. F.
Benoit. G. Benidikt.] Bishop of Rome 574-578.
In his pontificate the Longobards extended their con-
quests in Italy, and threatened Bome.
Benedict II.
Benedict II. BisUop of Komc (W-MiS.i. He 19
-:iid tu liiive prevftUed uix>n the eiupemr runstaiitine IV'.
t" M-iiumiL-e the ripht of ci^ntlniiing papal elections. He
i- . ..ii,iiieiiK.rate»i in the lU'inan Church ou May 7.
Benedict III. l'i>]ic sri.VS.jS. in his pontificate
Jithclivulf, kinK "t the West Saxons and Kenlishnien,
visited lionie (wiiither lie had previously sent his son
.Hfred). and rebuilt the school or hospital for English
Benedict IV. Pope 900-903. He crowned
Louis, kin;; of Provence, emperor in 901.
Benedict V., suruamed Grammaticus. Died
i)(io. Ill' was elected pope by tin* Kumaus in
964, iu opposition to Leo VIII., the choice of
the emperor Otto I. The emperor reduced Kome,
and secured the person of Benedict, who was kept till his
death in confinement under the charge of Bishop Adaldag
at Uiiniburc.
Benedict VI. He wa.s elected pope in 972. un-
der the iiilliience of the emperor Otto I., ou
whose dcatli in 973 he was deposed and put to
■Icatli bv till- Romans.
Benedict VII. Pope 975-984 (983 f). He ex-
eoMuunnicated the antipope Bonifacius VII. in a council
held at Kome in &7o.
Benedict VIII. Pope 1012-24. He ousted the
antipope Oregory by the aid of Henry II. whom he
crowned emperor in 1014. He sigually defeated the Sani-
cens in Tuscany in 1010.
Benedict IX. Died 10.56. He obtained his
elevation to the papacy by simony in 1033, and,
on account of the opposition aroused by his
protligaey, resigned in 11)44.
Benedict X. (Giovanni di Velletri). An
antipope elected in 10.^8. He reigned nine
months, when he was compelled to give way
to Xi.-holas If.
Benedict XI. (Nicolo Boccasini). Pope 1303-
1304. He annulled the bulls of Boniface VIII. against
Philip the Kair of FYance. He is commemorated in the
Boman fhurch on July 7.
Benedict XII. ( Jacgues de Nouveau). Pope
l.'i34-42. Hi- was the third of the A-ingnon
pontiffs, a frii-nd of Petrarch, and a severe
ecclesiastical rcfonner.
Benedict XIII. (Pedro de Luna). An anti-
pope elected by the French canUnals on the
death of Clement VII. in 1394. The Italian car-
dinals had chosen Boniface X. in 138y. Benedict was de-
posed by the Councils of Pisa (1409) and Constance (1417),
IQ spite of which he retained the support of Aragon,
Castile, and Scotland till his death at Peiliscola, Valencia,
In 1424.
Benedict Xm. (Vincenzo Marco Orsini).
Pope 1724-30. He made an ineffectual attempt
to reconcile the Homan, Greek, Lutheran, and
Calvinist churches.
Benedict XIV. (Prospero Lambertini). Born
at Bologna, March 31, 107.5: died May 3, 1758.
Pope 1740-58. He prohibited in two bulls, "Ex quo
singularis " (1742) and *' Omnium solicitudinem " (1744),
the practice, extensively adopted by the Jesuits in their
Indian and Chinese missions, of accommodating Chris-
tian language and usage to heatheu ceremouics and super-
ylitic'Il.
Benedict, Saint. Bom at Nursia, iu Umbria,
about 480 A. D. : died March 21, 543. Ab Italian
monk wlio founded the order of the Benedic-
tines, at Monte Cassino, about 5!!9. He is com-
memorated in the Komau and Anglican calendars on
March 1. and in the (Jreek calend.ir on March 14.
St. Benedict drew up for the monks of Monte Cassino
statutes which were promptly adopted throughout (Jaul.
These wise regulations threw aside useless ntacei'ation,
and diviiled the time of the monks into peritjds of prayer,
mental and manual labor; they were obligt;d to cultivate
the land, but also to read and cojiy maiuiscripts. Some
little literary life was thus preserved in the retirement of
the monasteries, anil its ilepcTulcncics formed what are
now called model farms ; they presented examples of ac-
tivity and Industry for the laborer, the mechanic, and the
landowner. Duruy, Hist. France, p. !A.
Benedict, Saint, of Aniane. Born in Langne-
doc about 750: died 821. A Koman fJatholic
saint, noted as a reformer of monastic disci-
pline. Being intrusted by Louis the Pious with the
superintendence of the convents of western France, lie
attempted to bring them all under one rule by joining to
the rule <)f St. ISenedict of Nursiit, so far as practicable.
all other rules, with the result that the "Concordia Regu-
lanini " of St. Benedict of Aniane became hardly less cele-
bnited than the original rule of .St. Benedict of Nursia.
Benedict. Died in 1193. Abbot of Peterborough
1177-93. He wrote a history of the passion, and another
of the miracles of Thoniiu) Becket ; but is not, as has been
coinr ly supiiosetl, the author of the "Gesta Ilenrici
Seeniiili."
Benedict, Sir Julius. Born at Stuttgart, Nov.
27, 1H()4: died at Mancliester Square, London.
June 5, 1885. A musical composer, conductor,
and performer, resident in England after 1835.
He accompanieil Jenny Lind to America in 18.^0. His
works include the operas "The Gipsy's Warning " (1838),
"The Bride of Venice" (1813), "The Crusaders " (1811)).
"The l.ily of KlUarney" (1802); the cantatas "Undine"
(ISBO), " Richard Cieur de Lion " (18ii:)) ; and the oratorios
'•St CecUla ■ (I860;. "St. Peter "(1870), etc.
146
Benedict and Bettris (Benedick and Bea-
trice), ^ce Mui'li Ailii uhintt yiilUiiiii.
Benedict Biscop. Born in ti28 (f ) : died at Wear-
mouth, Jan. 12, t)90. An English ecclesiastic,
the founder of the monasteries of Wearmouth
(074) and of Jarrow (682). He was an Angle lA no-
ble birth, thegn of King Gswiu of Northunibria. He en-
tered the church, and in GO!) was made alibot of St. i'eter's
in Canterbury, and is noteworthy as the guardian of Bede,
who when only seven years old was placeii \inder his
charge. "He was the first person who introduced in
England constructors of stone edifices as well as makers
of glass windows." {WiUinm o/ ^fahnfgb1m^.) He was
canonized, and his festival is celebrated in the Koman and
Anglican churches on .Tan. 12,
Benediktbeuern (be'ne-dikt-boi'ern). A small
village anil former famous Benedictine abbey
in Upper Bavaria, 30 miles south-southwest of
Munich. Near it is the mountain Benedikteu-
wand.
Benedix (be'ne-diks), Roderich Julius. Born
at Leipsic, Jan. 21, ISll: died at Leipsic, Sept.
2G, 1873. A German dramatist and miscellaue-
ous writer, author of numerous comedies.
Beneke (be'ne-ke), Friedrich Eduard. Born
at Berlin, Feb. 17, 1798 : died 1854. A German
psychologist. His chief works are "Psychological
Sket<-hes," "New Psychology," "Pragmatic Psychology,"
etc.
Benengeli (ben-en-ge'le ; Sp. pron. ba-nen-
Ha'le), Cid Hamet. The imaginary chroni-
cler from whom Cervantes said he received his
account of Don (Quixote.
Beneschau (ba'ne-shou). A town in Bohemia,
24 miles south-southeast of Prague. Popula-
tion (1S90), 5,589.
Benetnasch (be-net'nash). [Ar. al-kdyid-al
lieiidt-al-na'sh, the governor of the mourners,
in allusion to the fancied tigiu-e of a bier.] The
bright second-magnitude star '/ Ursee Majoris.
at the extremity of the tail of the animal. Also
called Alkiiid.
Benevento (ben-e-ven'to). A province in the
eompartimeuto of Campania, Italv. Area, 818
square miles. Population (1891), "245,135.
Benevento (ben-e-ven'to). [L. Beiuventum,ta.iv
wind; orig. Mukrcntum, meaning (appar.) 'ill
wind.'] The capital of the pro\ince of Bene-
vento, Italy, situated between the rivers Sabato
and Galore 34 miles northeast of Naples, it con-
tains a cathedral and various antiquities, especially a fa-
mous arch in honor of Trajan, built 114 A. D. It has various
manufactures (plated ware, leather, etc.). Originally it was
a Sanmite town, called Maleventum, and was conquered
by the Romans in the first part of the 3d century B. c. In
the middle ages it was the seat of a Lombard duchy. It
was given by Napideon to Talleyrand, who took the title of
Prince of Benevento (1806-15). The cathedral (begun 1114)
is in the Norman style. The facade displays semicircular
arches with curious sculpture, and has fine 12th-century
bronze doors with 79 relief-panels of Byzantine character.
The five-aisled interior has round arches anil .^4 antiiiue
columns, and two beautiful sculptured and inlaid ambones.
Population, 17,0iMi.
Benevento, Battles of. 1. A victory gained
by the Romans over Pyrrhus, 275 B. c. — 2. A
victory gained by Charles of Anjou over Man-
fred, king of Sicily, Feb., 1266. Manfred was
killed, and the kingdom of Sicily passed to
("harles-
Benevento, Duchy of. A Lombard duchy in
soulhei-ii Ituly, in and near Beneventum, estab-
lished iu 571, It was divided in 840, ])assed to
Leo IX. in 1049, came under the power of the
Normans in 1053, and was acquired by Gregory
Vll. in 1077.
Beneventum. See Benevento.
Benevolus (be-nev'o-lus). [L., 'benevolent.']
\ character in (.'owper's "Task," meant for
John Courtney Throckmorton of Weston Un-
derwood.
Benezet (ben-e-zef), Anthony. Born at St.
t^uentiu, France, Jan. 31, 1713: dii^d at Phila-
del])hia. May 3, 1784. A French-American
philanthropist anil teacher. His family removed
to London where they joined the Society of Friends,
and t4» I'biladelphia in 17;J1. He wrote several pam-
jiblets against the slave-trade, 1762-71, and in behalf of
the Indians.
Benfeld (ben'feld ; F. pron. ban-feld'). A small
town in Lower Alsace. Alsace-Lorraine, situ-
ated ou the III 17 miles south-southwest of
Strasburg.
Benfey (ben'fl). Theodor. Born at NSrten,
iR'ar Giittingen. Oermaiiv, .Ian. 28, 1809: died
atGiittingen, .Iiine2(). 1S81. A celebrated Ger-
man (Orientalist, professor at (jiittingen 1.H4H-81.
His works include " Vollstjindigetlrammatik der Sanskrit-
sprache " (18.''>2), ''Sanskrit- English Dictioniuy " (London,
isrii), " Geschlchte der Sprachwlssenschaft una orient.
Philol. In Deutschlaud '(1860), etc.
Benga (beng'gii). A Bantu tribe of Gabun,
West Africa, on the Spanish island Corisco,
Ben-hadad
and on the mainland opposite, extending into
French territory to the northeast. They have
moved from the interior to the coast within a few genera-
tions. The Benga language closely resembles the l)ualla
of Kamerun ; and the Naka, between them, seems to
be a transition language, tiwing to the labors of the
American Presbyterian mission, uiany Bengas are liiria-
tians, and several books have been printed iu their lan-
guage,
Bengal (ben-gal')- [F. Bcngale, G. Benijalen,
etc- ; Hind. BdiiyOla, from Skt. Btinrja, one of
the five outlying kingdoms of -\ryan India.]
A lieutenant-governorship of British India,
capital Calcutta, bounded by Nepal. Sikhim,
and Bhutan on the north, Assam and Burma
on the east, the Bay of Bengal and Madras ou
the south, and theCentral Provinces and North-
west Provinces on the west. It comprises Bengal
proper, Behar, Chota-Nagpur, and Orissa. Its surface is
chiefly the alluvial plains of the Ganges. Brahmaputra,
Mahanadi, etc.; but it contains part of the Himalayas,
Its chief products are rice, opium, jute, indigo, tea, and oil-
seeds. There are also extensive coal-fields. The leading
religions are Hinduism and Mohammedanism, and the
chief languages are Bengali and Hindustani. It was con-
quered by Mohammedans about 11 9i). became independent
of Delhi in 1336. and was under the Moguls 1.176-1785.
The early settlements of the East India Company were
made in the first part of the 17th century. It became a
lieutenant-governorship in 1864. Sometimes popularly
c^WqA Lower Benfjal. Area, 151,543 square miles. Popu-
lation (1891), 71,346,987 ; feudatory states, 3,296,379.
Bengal, Bay of or Gulf of. That part of
the Indian Ocean which lies between Hindu-
stan and Farther India, from the Ganges
delta to about lat. 16° N. : the ancient Gan-
getieus Sinus. It receives the waters of the Krishna,
Godaveri, Mahanadi, Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Irawadi.
The name is sometimes extended to include the Sea of
Bengal.
Bengal, Sea of. A name sometimes given to
that part of the Indian Ocean which extends
from the Bay of Bengal southward to about
lat. 8° N.
Bengal Presidency. One of the three former
presidencies or chief di\isions of British India,
comprising nearly all the northern portion.
The name is still useii popularly, but is obsolete as ap-
plied to an administrative division, though it is still
retained in the Army List as a military conunaml. The
presidency consisted of Bengal (Lower Bengal), the
Northwest Provinces, Oudh, the Central Provinces, As-
sam, etc.
Bengal Proper, or Bengal. A name given to
the southern yiart of the lieutenant-governor-
ship of Bengal.
Bengali (ben-ga-le'). [Also Bengalee; from
Beng. Hind. BangiVi, from Ban/idUl, Bengal.]
One of the principal languages spoken in
Bengal, an offshoot of the Sanskrit.
Bengazi (ben-gii'ze), or Ben-Grhazi (ben-
ghti'ze). A seaport and the capital of Barca,
situated on the Gulf of Sidra in 1st. 32° 10' N.,
long. 20° 5' E. : the ancient He-sperides or
Berenice. Population, 7.000.
Bengel (beng'el), Johann Albrecht. Born at
Winnenden, in Wiirtembei'g, June '24, 1687:
died Nov. 2, 1752. A German Protestant theo-
logian and biblical scholar, the founder of the
so-called "biblical realism.'' Uc was the author of
a critical edition of the New Testament (1734), "Gnomon
Novi Testamenti " (1742), etc,
Benger (beng'ger), Elizabeth Ogilvy. Bom
at Wells, Somersetshire, England, 1778: died
at London, .Ian. 9, 1827. An English author.
.She wrote novels (" Marian," " The Heart and the
Fancy"), poems, and dramas: but is chiefiy known as
the compiler of memoirs, among which are memoirs of
Elizabeth Hamilton, of John Tobin, of Anne Holcyn, of
.Mary l^ueen of Scots, and of Elizabeth of Bohemia.
Benguella (beng-ga'lii). A district of the Portu-
guese province of .iVngola,West Africa, between
the districts of Loanda and Mossamedes. in-
cluding 6 concelhos (counties) and the po.sts of
Hailuiido and Bihe.
Benguella, or Sao Filipe de Benguella (siin
fe-le'pa dii beng-gii'lil). .-V seaport, the capital
of the disti-ici of Henguella. in lat. 12° 34' S. It
was formerly an iniportaut station of the slave-
trade. I'op'iilation, about 3,000.
Ben-hadad (ben -ha 'dad), or Ben-Haddad.
The name of tliiee kings of Syria : (u) A conteni-
porary of Asa, king of Judah (il29-873 a, e.), 1 Ki. xv.
18 If. ((') Son of the preceding, antagonist ami ally in
turn of Aluib, king of Israel (1 Ki. xx. 22, 34). Shnl-
maneser II., king of As-iyria iSOO-824, relates in his an-
nals that in the 6th ye.ir of his reign (s:i4) he defeated at
Karkar (near the river Grontes) 12 allied kings of Haiti
and the sea-coast, among them the king Dadda-idri of
Damascus, and Ahab of Israel. Two olber victories over
Dailda-idri are recorded in the annals of S4!) and S46.
Iladdaidri is, no doubt, the same as Benhada.l . for in both
the Inscriptions and the eld Testament (1 Ki. xx. 34 ff.)
ho figures as an ally of Abab and as the father and i>re
dccessor of Uazael (Assyrian Haza-ilu). Ills full name
was probably Bin-addu-idri, the son of the storm-god
Ben-hadad
(called in Assyrian Rainman), and was shortened by the
Hebrews as well as by the Assyrians, (c) Sou of Hazael,
and a fontemporarj' of Jehoahaz, king of Israel (S5tJ-*39).
2 Ki. xiii. 3.
Ben-Hur (ben'her'). A novel by Lew (Lewis)
146
Bentheim
12, 1864.
was associated ^
can Monthly J
"New World" in connection with E. Sai-gent and R. W.
Griswold, and was connected with various other journals.
An American journalist and poet. He Bennigsen, Rudolf VOn.
ited with C. i;- Hoffman aseditor of the •'Ameri- Hauuover, July 10, 1824.
ly Magazine (183,-38 , established m 1840 the „ l„„,|<.,. J' tl^oX' Ji„„„l T
Wallace, published in 1880, named from the Benjamin of Tudela. Died after 1173. A
Born at LiinebuTg,
A German statesman,
a leader of the National Liberal party. He was a
member of the Hanoverian chamber 1857-66, of the Prus-
sian Landtag 1867-83 and the North German Reichstag
1867-70, and of the German Reichstag 1871-83, 1887-
principal character, a young Jew. The scene bpstnish-Hebrew traveler in the East. He was Bennington (ben'iug-ton). A town in south-
is laid in the time of Chnst. tt,.^ „„tU^^ ..f ^ e ..;♦;.,. -:**„ ;..; ,,..:.. xi. ,, ,..".,„...
Beni (Ba-ne'). A department in northeastern
Bolivia. Area, 100,551 square miles (claimed,
295,0-20). Population, 22,000, besides wild lu-
diaus.
Beni (Bii-ne'), or Veni (va-ne'). A river in Bo-
livia which rises near La Paz, and unites with
the Mamor^, in lat. 10° 22' 30" S., long. 6,'i° 22' W.,
to form the Madeira. Length, about 900 miles
the author of a famous itinerary written originally in Hi
brew under the title "Masaoth " (excursions), and trans-
lated into Latin (1S75) by llontanus, into i'reiich (1734) by
Baratier, into English (1784) by Gerrans, Asher (1841), etc.
Ben Jochanan (ben j6-ka'nan). In Dryden and
eastern Vermont, situated 3-1 miles northeast
of Albany. Near here, Aug. 16, 1777, the Americans
under Stark defeated the British forces under Eaum and
Breyman. The loss of the British was aliout 85U ; of the
Americans, about 70. Population (1890), 6,31)1.
Tate's "Absalom and Aehitophol," a character Benno(ben'6), Saint. Boru at Hilde'sheim, 1010:
intended for the Rev. Samuel Johnson, who up-
held the right of private judgment and was
persecuted therefor.
Beni Amer or Amir (be-nel'^er). A pastoral ^®^°^S^y (ben-yof 'ski), Count Moritz Au-
-,e in e.-istern Africa. gRStVon. Boru at \erbo, Hungary, 1,41:
nomadic Mohammedan triVie in eastern Afi-ica,
dwelling in Barka, north of Abyssinia, and to
the northeast of Barka near the Bed Sea coast.
It numbers about 200,000.
Benicarl6 (ba-ne-kilr-lo'). A seaport in the
province of Castellon, eastern Spain, situated
on the Mediterranean 80 miles northeast of
Valencia. It produces wines. Population
(1SS7), 7,916.
Benicia (be-nish'i-ji). A seaport, capital of
Solano County, California, situated on the
Strait of Carquinez 25 miles northeast of
San Francisco. It contains a United States
arsenal, and was formerly the capital of the
State. Population (1890), 2,361.
Benicia Boy. A nickname of John C. Heenan,
an American pugilist, from his residence in
California.
Beni-Hassan (ba'ne-has'siin). A village in
Middle Eg}-pt, situated on the east bank of
the Nile, opposite the ancient Hermopolis, in
lat. 27° 54' N. it is famous for its rock-tombs, and for
its grottoes (the o-Treos "ApTtMiSos, cave of Artemis). The
chief groups of rock-cut sepulchers occupy a terrace in the
killed in Madagascar, May 23, 178§. "A Hun
garian adventurer, noted for intrigues in Kam-
chatka and Madagascar.
Ben Lawers (ben la'erz). [Ben, in Scottish
names of mountains, means 'mount,' from Gael.
beiiin, mount, mountain, hill, peak, lit. 'head.']
A moimtain in western Perthshire, Scotland,
near the northwestern shore of Loch Tay.
Height, 3,985 feet.
Ben Leai (ben led'i). A mountain in western
Perthshire, Scotland, 20 miles northwest of
Stirling, between Lochs Lubnaig, Vennachar,
and Katrine. Height, 2,875 feet.
Ben Lomond (ben 16'moud). A mountain in
northwestern Stirlingshire, Scotland, 26 miles
northwest of Glasgow, east of Loch Lomond.
It is noted for its extended view. Height, 3,192
feet.
Ben Macdhui (ben mak-do'e). A mountain in
Aberdeenshire, Scotland, situated on the border
of Banffshire, in lat. 57° 4' N., long. 3° 40' W. :
the second highest mountain in Great Britain.
Height, 4,296 feet.
limestone cliff bordering at a little distance the east bank Ben Moie (ben mor). QGael. heiitn mor, high
f"'^■''^'^■•„^'!? '?'"'' ^'^'''t'''°"■'?''l'^®'"';"'*'?'"'f■P','' peak.] The highest summit in the island of
dynasty (300U-2DOO B.C.), and consist of a rock-cut vestibule if ii w n i rr • i,t o Ton t t
preceding a chamber in which is sunk a shaft at the M"U, bcotland. Height, d,lbO teet.
bottom of which lies the tomb itself. The walls of the Bennaskar (ben-nas'kar). A magician in Rid-
chambers are covered with very remarkable paintings of ley's "Tales of the Genii."
name
om OF,
scenes of ancient life, but the tombs are especially notable Bgnnct (ben'et), Henry. [The Eng. surr
for the celebrated so-called proto-Donc columns of many ■">;""»'" \ ''.''~^' -tw 7. ? x-
of their vestibules. These are set, usually two in antis, Bennet or Bennett IS from ME. Lenct, trom
Beiieit , Benoit,lj. Benedictus, Benedict (St. Bene-
dict).] Born atArlington, Middlesex, 1618: died Bensington (ben'sing-ton).
July 28, 1685. An EugUsh politician and diplo- shire, England, 12 miles s<
matist, created earl of Arlington in 1672. "- "^ — ""= ■ '^ '^'*- i.:__
, usually
in the rectangular rock-openings, and support an archi-
trave on their thin square abaci : there is no echinus. Some
of the rock-cut shafts are shaped in prismatic forms;
others have shallow channels with sharp arrises.
Beni-Israel (ba'ne-iz'ra-el). [' Sons of Israel.']
Colonies of Jewish descent found in western
India. Their language is Marathi, and their
number is estimated at about 5,000.
Benin (be-nen'). A former name of the eastern
part of LTpper Guinea.
Benin. A negro kingdom in western Africa,
extending from the western part of the Niger
delta to Yoruba on ' " *
settled
Benin. The capital of the state of Benin,
situated on the river Benin (a western mouth
of the Niger). It is now small.
Benin, Bight of. That part of the Gulf of Bennet, Jane. The sister of Elizabeth Beunet.
Guinea which lies west of the Niger delta Bennett (ben'et), James Gordon. Born at New
He
was a member of the famous Cabal (which see) ; secretary
of state 1662-74 ; and lord chamberlain 1674-fio. He was
impeached in the House of Commons, Jan. 15, 1674, as the
chief instrument or " couduit-pipe " of the evil-doing of
the king, as a papist, and for breach of trust ; but the pro-
ceedings were dropped.
Bennet, Elizabeth. A girl of unusual strength
of character, high sense of individual integrity,
ie western pa.a. 01 me .yger ^^^^ audacious vivacity, in Miss Austen's iovel Tjirrl^ Tw ".r; n,^!
: the northwest. Itisthickly ..p,.;,]„ „„ri i>,.o;„.i;„i » o, , », u j . Benson (ben son), Carl
J PnUe and Prejudice. She refuses the hand of (M.n,,ip„ Asfnv BHsted
died June 16, 1107. A German ecclesiastic,
bishop of Meissen 1066. Hf is noted as a supporter
of Pope Gregory VII. in his struggle with tlie emperor
Henry IV., and for his missionary labors among the Slavs-
He was canonized in 1523 (an event which occasioned
Luther's "Wider den neuen Abgott und Alten Teuflel"),
and in 1576 his remains were deposited in Munich : since
then he has been regarded as the patron saint of tiiat city.
BenoitdeSainte-More(be-nwii' de sant mor')
or Sainte-Maure. Born at Sainte-Maure, in
Toui'aine. A French trouvere of the 12th cen-
tury. Little is known of his life beyond the brief auto-
biographical notices contained in his works. His royal
patron, the King of England, Henry II. (11.^4-89), charged
him to write the histoiy of the Normans. Benoit accord-
ingly composed "La chroni<iue des dues de Normandie,"
a poem of 45,000 lines, ivritten about 1180. Benoit de
Saint-Maure is also known by his "Roman de Troie," a
poem of over 30,000 lines, written about 1160 and dedi-
cated to Alienor de Poitiers, queen of England. Two otlier
works .are ascribed to this trouvere : ".Eneas," a poem of
some 10,000 verses, and " Le roiuan de Thebes " ill 16,000
lines.
Benoiton (be-nwa-ton'). La Famille. A com-
edy by Sardou, produced in 1865. Madame Benoi-
ton is conspicuous by her absence, and has been the bane
of her family by reason of her neglect. She is constantly
inquired for, and has always gone out. Hence the saying
"to play the part of Madame Benoiton."
Benrath (ben'riit). A small town in the Rhine
Province, Prussia, situated near the Rhine 17
miles northwest of Cologne.
Benserade (boiis-rad'), Isaac de. Bom at
Lyons-la-Foret, 1612 : died at Paris. Oct. 17,
1691. A French dramatic and lyric poet. He
was the author of a famous sonnet on Job which accom-
panied a paraphrase of several chapters of Job, " Cl^o-
patre " (1635), and other tragedies, masks, and ballets.
Bensbeim (bens'him). A town in the province
of Starkenburg, Hesse, on the Lauter 13 miles
)utli of Darmstadt. Pop. (1890), commune, 6.41 4.
-A town in Oxford-
southeast of Oxford.
Here, 775 A. D., Offa, king of Mercia, defeated
Cynewulf, king of Wessex.
Bensley (benz'li), Robert. Born 1738 (?) : died
1817 (?). An English actor.
Of all theactors who nourished in my time — a melancholj
phrase if taken aright, reader — Bensley had most of the
swell of soul, was greatest in the delivery of heroic con-
ceptions, tlie emotions consequent upon the presentment
of a great idea to the fancy. Lamb.
A pseudonym of
Mr. Darcy, to whom she is attached, because he appears .^ .„, j -im- -a. t, t->. ■ ,
too conlident a suitor. Her prule refuses to allow herself iienSOn, fidward Wnite. Born at Birmingham,
to be so easily won. His perseverance Anally changes her
prejudice into complacence, and she marries him.
to about long. 1°_E.
Beni-Suef (bii'ne-swef'). The capital of the
jirovinee of Beni-Suef, Egypt, situated on the
west bank of the Nile, 63 miles south of Cairo.
Poj)ulation, 10,085.
Benjamin (beu'ja-min). [Heb., commonly in-
terpreted to mean 'son of the right hand,'
i. e. 'fortunate,' felij: : but other explana-
tions are given.] The youngest son of Jacob.
He was named Beiwni (' son of my sorrow ') by his mother,
Kachel,who died in giving liim birth ; but this was changed
to Benjamin by Jacob. The tribe of Benjamin occupied
a territory about 20 miles long and 12 wide between Kph-
raim (on the north) and Judab, containing Jerusalem and
Mill, Baull'shire, Scotland, Sept. 1, 1795: died at
New York, June 1, 1872. An American journal-
ist, founder of the " New York Herald" in 1835.
He sent Stanley as an explorer to Africa 1871-
1872.
Bennett, John Hughes. Born at London,
Aug. 31, 1812: died at Norwich, Sept. 25, 1875.
A British phvsiciau and physiologist.
Bennett, Sir "William Sterndale. Bornat Shef-
field, England, April 13, 1810: died at London,
Feb. 1, 1875. A distinguished English com-
poser. His works include a cantata, "The May Queen"
(1858), "The Woman of Samaria "(1867 : an oratorio), " Pai'a-
dise and the Peri," "Parisina," "The Naiad3"and "The
Wood-Nymphs," overtui-es, etc.
.^!.^^f,:'''^?.?. °5.!?.^.^^i^''„.°^,?f.",^''.'!:;," :;''lf/.i'!.^ Bennett Law The. A law passed in Wiscon.
sm, 1889, forth - - -
peculiar. Its territory was small and alnmst entirely oc'
cupied l>y theCauaanites, either allies like the Gibeonites
or enemies like the Jebusites. The Benjaiuites were lit-
tle else than a special military corps, of a liigh caste as
regards the use of the sling, their young men being ac-
customed to use the left hand instead of the right. Their
strong place was (.iibeali, to the north of Jerusalem. They
were not liked, and their morality was said to be very
low. Itenan, Hist, of the People of Israel, I. 289.
Benjamin, Judah Philip. Bom at St. Croix,
West Indies, Aug. 11,1811: died at Paris, May 8,
1884. An American lawj-er and politician of Eng-
lish-Hebrew descent. He was United States senator
1853-^1, attorney-general of the Confederacy 1861, Confed-
erate secretaryof war 1861-62, and secretary of state 1802-66.
In 1865 he went to England, and after IsVui practised law
there with great success. He wrote a "Treatiseon the Law
of -Sale of Personal Property " (1868), etc.
Benjamin, Park. Bom at Demerara, British
Guiana, Aug. 14, 1809 : died at New York, Sept.
e regulation of schools. Repealed
in 1801. Its most noteworthy provision was the require-
ment of teaching in the English language.
Ben Nevis (ben nev'is). The highest mountain
in Great Britain, situated in Inverness-shire,
Scotland, lat. 56° 48' N., long. 5° W. There is
a meteorological observatory on its summit.
Height, 4,406 feet.
Bennigsen (ben'nig-sen). Count Alexander
Levin. Born at Zakret, near Wilna, Russia, J u 1 y
21,1809: diedatBanteln,Feb. 27,1893. AHanove-
rian statesman, son of Count L. A. T. Bennigsen.
England, Julv 14, 1829: died at Hawarden, Flint-
shire, Oct. 10 1896. An English prelate. He
became bishop of Truro in 1877, and was consecrated arch-
bishop of Canterbury in 1883. His works include " Bov-
Life " (1874), " Singleheart " (1877>, " The Cathedral " (1879),
sevenil volumes ttf sermons, etc.
Benson, Egbert. Born at New York city, June
21, 1746: died at Jamaica, L. I., Aug. 24, 1833.
An American jurist and poUticiau. He wrote a
"Vindication of the Captors of Major Andr6" (1817),
" Memoir on Dutch Names of Places ** (1835), etc.
Benson, Eugene. Born at Hyde Park, N. Y.,
1839. An American genre and figure painter.
Benson, Joseph. Born at Kirk-Oswald, Cum-
beriand, England, Jan. 26, 1749: died Feb. 16,
1821. A noted English Methodist clergyman
and controversialist.
Bentham (ben'tham), Jeremy. Born at Lon-
don, Feb. 15, 1748: died there, June 6, 1832.
An English jurist and utilitarian philosopher.
He took the degree of B. A. at Queen's College, Oxford,
in 1763, and of A. M. in 1766, and was subsequently ad-
mitted to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, but he shortly gave up
the practice of law in order to devote himself wholly to
literary pursuits. On the death of his father in 17LV2 he in-
herited a considerable fortune, which enabled liim fully to
indulge his literary tastes. His chief works are " Intro-
duction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation" (17fr9},
"Fragment on Government" (1776), "The Constitu-
tional Code " (1830), and "Rationale of Judicial Evi-
dence" (1S27),
Bentham, Thomas. Bom at Sherbum, York-
shire. 1513: died at Eccleshall, Staffordshire,
Feb. 21, 1578. An English Protestant bishop,
one of the translators of the "Bishops' Bible."
Bennigsen, Count Levin August Theophil. J'"*' "' !'>« translators ,,.-.,..
Born at Brunswick, Feb. 10, 1745: died near Bentheim (bent'him). A copitship included
in the present province of Hanover, Prussia,
bordering on the Netherlands.
oiuu o^j»,iv,.. a.v was u leauer in me muruer oi ine ti xi. -4 ,i ^ • ii_ • i? tt
c?,ar Paul in 1801 ; and served with distinction at Pultusk Bentheim. A small town m the province of Han-
(1806) and Eylau (1807), and in the campaigns of 1812-14. over, Prussia, 30 miles northwest of Miinster.
Hannover, Oct. 3, 1826. A general in the Rus-
sian service. He was a leader in the murder of the
Bentinck, William
Bentinck (ben'tiugk). William. Born 1649 (!) :
di.a at Bulstrode. near Jjeaeoiisfield. Buckiiig-
ham.sliire, Nov. 23, 1709. A compauion, cou-
fidential adviser, and diplomatic agent of Wil-
liam III., created first earl of Portland. He was
the son of Henr>- Bentinck of Diepenheini. in Overj'SSel,
Xlolland. He bfcanie a personal attendant of the I*rince
of Orange, »eut with liim to Knglanil, and rose there to
a high position in the serviee of the state and in the army.
Bentinck, I>ord William Cavendish. Born
Sept. 14, 1774 : died at Paris, June 17. 1839.
An English statesman and general, second son
of the third Duke of Portland, He was governor
of Madras 1S03-07 ; was envoy to Sicily, commander-in-
chief of the British forces there, and practically governor
oftheislanil, 18U-14: and was appointed wovernor-general
of Beiifal in 1827, and governor-general of In<lia in 1>33,
his adiiiini-tration extending from ls-,S(«hen he touli liis
sratlt.. ls:i.'>. He ;.l...|ishe.l the ■'Sutlte ' ill Ivi9.
Bentinck, William George Frederick Cav-
endish lusuallv called Lord Greorge Ben-
tinck i. Born at Welbeck Abbey, l'\li. 27. 1S02 :
died there. Sept. 21, 1848. An English politi-
cian and sportsman, second sou of the fourth
Dnke of Portland. He was the leader of the protec-
tionist opposition to Sir Robert I'eel ls4t»-47.
Bentinck, William Henry Cavendish, third
Duke of Portland. Born 1738: died at Bul-
strode. Nov. 30, 1809. An English Whig states-
man, prime minister April-Dec, 1783, and
lS(i7-09. and home secretary 1794-1801.
Bentinck's Act, Lord George. An English
statute of 1845, restricting uulavrful gaming
and wagers. *
Bentivoglio (ben-te-vol'yo), Comelio. Born
at Kirrara, Italy, 1668: died at Rome, Dec. 30,
1732. .A.n Italiaii ecclesiastic ami man of letters.
He Mas archliishop of Carthage, nuncio to France, car-
dinal (1719), and legate a lattrfc iu Ronn\nia, and the au-
thor"! 5.>nuei8 a translation of the "Thcbaid"of StAtius,
eti.
Bentivoglio, Ercole. Bom about 1512: died
l,')7:i. -\n Italian poet and diplomatist, grand-
son of Uiovanni Bentivoglio.
Bentivoglio, Giovanni. Born at Bologna about
143*> : died at Milan. 1.508. An Italian nobleman,
niler of Bologna 14G2-1506.
Bentivoglio, Guide. Born at Ferrara, 1579:
died I'm. .\n Italian cardinal, noted as a
diplomatist and historian. Ue was papal nuncio to
Flanders and France, and author of *■ Delia Ouerra di
Ftandra" (Hi:t3-39), letters, memoirs, etc.
Bentley i''ent'!i). Richard. Bom at Oulton,
n.-.ir WiikeHeld, Yorkshire. .Jan. 27,1662: died
.luly 14, 1742. A noted English classical
scholar and critic, appointed master of Trinity
College, Cambridge, in 1700. He was the author
of " Epistolaail Slillium "(" Letter to Ur. John Mill." Iti91),
"Bovle Lectures '■ (lti9-2), "Dissertation on the Epistles of
I'halaris (1IJ97. 1699), etc.
Bentley, Robert. Bom at Hitchin, Hertford-
shin-. England. March 25, 1821 : died Dec., 1893.
An English botanist. His works include "Man-
ual of Botany," "Medicinal Plants," etc.
Benton (beii'ton), Thomas Hart. Born at
Ilill-l.orough, "N. C, March 14, 1782: died
at Washington, April 10, 1858. .\n .\merican
Democratic statesman. He was Inited States sen-
ator from Missouri 1821-51 ; representative to Congress
IS.Vt-S,') ; and author of "Thirty Years' View" (ISSM-.W),
"Abridgment of the Debates of Congress from 1789-185(i "
(15 vols.), etc.
Benton. An iron-clad gunboat of 1,000 tons,
ullercd in 1861 from a powerful United States
snag-lpoat. she belonged to the .Mississippi flotilla,
and took part in the fighting at Island No. 10. Fort Pillow,
Vicksburg, and on the Vazoo and Red Kiver expeditions.
Bentonville (ben'ton-vil). Battle of. A vic-
tory gained at Bentonville (south of Kaleigh in
Nortli Carolina) by the Federals under Sher-
man over the Confederates under .Johnston,
Mureh 19-20. 1.86.5. Loss of the Federals, 1,646;
of th- c,,nf<.derates. 2,825.
Bentzel-Sternau (bent'zel-ster'nou). Count
Christian Ernst von. Bom at Mainz, Oer-
many. .April !», 1707: dieil near Lake Zurich,. \ug.
13, 1849. ,V ( ierman politician, humorous nov(d-
i»t, and miscellaneous writer. He wrote "Das
goldene Kalb" (1802), " Dcr BteUicnic Uast "(1808), "Dcr
allc .\diim ■ (l»l»-20), etc.
Benue. See liinue.
Ben Voirlich (ben vor'lich). A mountain in
Perthshire, Scotland, south of Loch Earn.
Height, 3.224 feet.
Benvolio (lien-v6'li-6). A friend of Romeo and
nephew of Montague, iu Shak.spere's tragedv
"Home., and .Juliet."
Benvenuto Cellini. An opera by Berlioz, pro-
dn.f.l in Paris in 1838; iu Lomlo'n in 1853.
Benzayda. In Dryden's play "The Connuest
of liraiiada," the daughter of the sultan, she
loves iizny, the son of his deadliest foe, and exhibits he-
147
roic courage and endurance, following her lover through
the hardships and perils of civil war.
Benzoni (ben-dz6'ne), Girolamo. Bom at Mi-
lan, 1519: died after 1.5C6. An Italian traveler.
In 1542 he went to Spanish .\merica, traveling over much
of the regions then known, and sometimes joining the
Spaniards in their raids against the Indians. Uetuniing
to Italy in l.^..'>(i, he published an account of his travels, with
tile title ■■ llistoria del Mondo >'uovo" (Venice, 15«6).
Beothukan(ba'6-thuk-an). [Native beothuk.red
man, or Indian.] A linguistic stock of North
American Indians, comprisiugonly the Beothuk
tribe, which formerly inhabited the region of
the River of E.xploits in northern Newfound-
land. So far as is known, the last surviving
member of the tribe and stock died in 1829.
Beothuks. See Btothukan.
Beowulf (bii'o-wvdf). [AS. Beowulf, taken by
some to mean 'bee-wolf (from hco, bee, and
iriilf, wolf), i. e. 'bear,' a complimentary name
for a fierce warrior ; according to others prob.
representing an orig. ' Bcodouulf (= Icel. *lSik1-
hulfr), war-wolf, from heathi, war, and wulf,
wolf.] The hero of an Anglo-Sa.xon epic poem
iu alliterative verse, of unknown authorship,
represented as a thane and later king of the
Swedish Gedtas. The scene of action is in Danish and
Swedish territory. The foundation is mythical, legendary,
and historical material from the time of the Danish con-
quest of the Cinibrian Peninsula, in the early part of the
tith century. Danish poems embodying this material
are supposed to have come t.^ the neighboring Angles left
behind in their old home, and to have then been brought
over to England by the last migrations from the Continent.
The poem was doubtless a gradual growth, and has prob-
ably existed in many successive versions. The form that
has come down to us dates from near the beginning of the
8th century. It is preserved in a single MS. of the Cot-
Ionian Libnu*y in the British Museum. "Beowulf" is not
only the oldest epic in English, but in the whole Germanic
group of languages.
Beppo (bep'po). A poem by Lord B^iTon, writ-
ten at Venice in 1817, ]mblished in 1818.
Berabra (be-ra'bra). The Arabic name of the
Nulias (which see).
Beranger(ba-ron-zha'), Pierre Jean de. Born
at Paris. Aug. 19, 1780: died at Paris, July 16,
1857. A famous French lyric poet. Ue was the
author of songs, "political, amatory, bacchanalian, satiri-
cal, pliilosophical after a fashion, and of almost every
other complexion that the song can possibly take. Their
form is exactly that of the ISth-century chanson, the
frivolity and licence of language being considerably cm-,
tailed, and the range of subjects proportionately ex-
tended " {Saintsbimi). The first collection of his songs
was published in 1815. He was the son of a notary's clerk.
In 1804 necessity compelled him to seek aid from Lucien
Bonaparte, which was given in the form of a clerkship in
the office of the Imperiiil University, which he held until
1821. In 1&18 he was elected to the Constituent -Assembly
from the department of the Seine. His political sympa-
thies were republican and Bonapartist, and for expressing
them he was twice prosecuted by the government (1821-
182S|. His si.iigs have enjoyed an extraordinary populai'ity.
Berar (l.ri-rar'). or Hyderabad (hi-der-a-bad')
Assigned Districts. -V commissionership of
British India, north of the Nizam's dominions,
about lat. 19° 30'-21° 30' N., long. 76°-79'= E.,
under the jui'isdietion of the governor-general
and the immediate direction of the resident of
Hyderabad, it is generally level and fertile, and pro-
duces cotton and grain. It formed part of the domin-
ions of the Mahratta Kajah c.f Nagpur, was ceded to Hy-
derabad in 180.\ and was assigned (hence its ottlcial name)
by the Nizam to the British government in 185;j and 1861.
Area, 17,718 S(iuare miles. Population (1891). 2,897,491.
B6rard (ba-riir'), Joseph Fr6d6ric. Born at
Montpcllier. Nov. 8. liS!): died April 16, 1828.
-V Frcn.di physician and jisychologist.
B^rard, Pierre Honors. Boiu at Liclitenberg,
Alsace. 1797 : dieii 1858. A French sm-geon ami
physiologist, professor of physiology at Paris.
Berat (be-riit'). A town in the vilayet of Ya-
nina, European Turkev, situated on the river
Semeni in lat. 40° 45' X., long. 19° 52' E. Popu-
lation (estimated). 12.000.
Beraun dm-roun'). A river in Bohemia which
joins the Moldau south of Prague. Length,
aliout 100 miles.
Beraun. A town in Bohemia, situated at the
junction of the Litamka and lieraun, 17 miles
west-southwest of Prague. Population (1890),
commune, 7,265.
Berber (ber'ber). A region in Nubia, near the
junction of the -Vtbara with the Nile.
Berber, or El Mekheir. A town in Nubia, sit-
uated on till' rasi Lank of the Nile, between
the mouth of tlic .\tliara and the lifth cataract,
about lal. 18° X. it la an important jioint .m the
caravan routes t.. Cairo, Khaitum, ami Siiaklm, ami was
designated as the terminus of the propose.! Suakim-lier-
her Kailway In IS8i'.. It was taken by Mah.Iists in 1884.
Population, estinnitcd, 20,000.
Berbers (ber'berz). A race of people (and also
the name of a class of languages) constituting,
with the Cushites, the Hamitic family, which
Berengarius
is found scattered over North Africa and the
Sahara, from the Red Sea to the Atlantic. The
complexion of the Berbers varies from white to dark
brown ; their features remind one of the Egyptian type ;
their stature is medium. They have occupied their
present habitat since the dawn of history. Never have
their indomitable tribes become entirely subject to a for-
eign master, or lost their ethnic and linguistic charac-
teristics, in spite of Punic, Koman, Germanic. Arabic, and
Osmanli conquests. In the Kabail Mountains they are
agricultural ; in the Sahara, nomadic. For centuries they
have been the middlemen between the ilediterranean
coast and the Negro states of the Sudan. Berber, a word
of Aryan derivation, signifies "alien," and so does " Ra-
tana" or "Ertana," the name given them by the Arabs.
They call themselves " Ainazirg "— that is "The Free.'
Owing to the barren nature of the soil, the Berber popula-
tion, as compared with the area it covers, is dispropor-
tionately small. In religion the Berbers are nominally
Mohammedan. A few tribeshave adopted the Arabic, and
so have a few Arabs adopted Berber dialects. The Ber.
ber languages are often called Libyan. Dr. Cust mentions
nine ijrincipal languages : old Libyan, Kabail, Tamashek,
liliat, ohaaamsi, Shilha, Zeuaga, Guanch, Siwah. See
//ai/ii'd'f.
Berbera (ber-ba'rii). A seaport and town in
Somali Land, northeast Africa, in the "land of
incense " of the ancients. It is a great market-place
for inland tribes. The climate is good. It was annexed
by Kgypt in 1876, and by England in 1884.
Berbice (ber-bes'). The easternmost of the
three counties of British Guiana. It was a
Dutch colony in the 17th and 18th centuries.
Berbice. A river in British Guiana which flows
into the Atlantic east of the Essequibo.
Berbice, or;New Amsterdam. A seaport in Brit-
ish <Tuiana, on the river Berbice near its mouth.
Berceo. See Goxzala ck- Bcrcvo.
Berchem. See Bcrghem.
Berchta (bereh'ta). [ML. Berchta, Berflin
(whence E. Bertha), from OHG. heraht, MHG.
hcrht = E. bright. 'i A fairy in South German
legends. She answers to the Hulda of North Germany,
ami was originally gracious and beautiful. She has. how-
ever, lost this character, and is a sort of witch to fiighten
children, like the Befana of Italy.
Berchtesgaden (berch ' tes-gii-den). A small
town in Upper Bavaria, situated on the Achen
15 miles south of Salzburg, it is noted for its salt-
mines and its wood-caning. It was the center of a prin-
cipality until 1803.
Berchtesgaden. An alpine district iu the south-
eastern corner of Bavaria, near the town of
Berchtesgaden.
Berck (berk). A seaport and watering-place
in the department of Pas-de-Calais. France, sit-
uated on the English Channel 22 miles south of
Boulogne. Population (1891), 5,752.
Bercy (ber-se'). A former commune of France,
situated on the right bank of the Seine : now a
southeastern quarter of Paris, annexed in 1860.
Berdiansk (ber-dyiinsk'). A seaport in the
government of Taurida. southern Russia, situ-
ated on the Sea of Azov in lat. 46° 45' N., long.
36° 47' E. It has considerable trade, and is the center of
a large .salt industry. Population, 2.'i,.'>9:i
Berditcheff (ber-de'chef ). A city in the gov-
ernment of Kiefif, Russia, in lat. 49° 55' N., long.
28° 20' E. It is the center of an important trade be-
tween southern Russia and Germany. Population, 78,287. ■
Berea College (be-re'ii kol'ej). A sdiool at
the village of Berea, Madison County, Kentucky,
100 miles south of Cincinnati, founded 1856-58.
It is non-sectarian and co-educational : usually
60 per cent, of the students are colored.
Bereczk (ber'etsk). A small towu in the county
of Hiiromszek, Transylvania, situated near the
frontier of Moldavia 46 miles northeast of
Kronstadt.
Berengaria (ba-ren-gii're-ii). Died after 1230.
The daughter of Sancho VI. of Navarre and
Blanche of Ca.stile, and queen of Richard I.
(Ccour de Lion).
Berengarius (ber-en-ga'ri-us), or B^renger
(bii-i'oh-zha'), I. King of Italy 888-924, a son
of Elierhard, duke of Friuli, and grandson of
Louis le Debonnaire. lie was chosen king of Italy
in oijposltion to Giddo, duke of SpoIet.j, and, receiving
the i>apal recognition, succee.lcd in maintaining himself
against foreign and domestic rivals till defeate.l by Ru-
dolph, king oi Burgundy, in the decisive battle of Firen-
zu<.l]i, .luly 29, 923. lie was assassinated iu the following
year.
Berengarius 11. Died 966. King of Italy 950-
961, a giandson of Berengarius I. Italy being
invailed by the emperor otto I.. Berengarius became a
feudatory of Germany. lie was eventually dethroned, and
diet! in prison.
Berengarius, or B6renger . Born at Tours about
'MS : died near Tours, 1088. A French ecclesi-
astic and dialect ici.iii. He was a pupil of Fulbcrt
of t^hartres, became arch.leacon of Angers 1040, began to
attack thed.^gnmsof transubstantlatlon and the real pres-
eii.'i' about 1045, and was oitdemiied at (among other
syiio.Is) Vercelll 1050, an.l Rome lo.',9 anil 1979, In conse-
i^'ueuce of which he several times recanted.
Berenger 148 Berkeley, George
Berenger, Lady Eveline. A resolute, some- See, Bavaria, near Munich. It ^as the resi- '''^;;..l^f,^„^^^l?l^^t^f,J:°'' ■''''"" (^«33-»3),
■svbat impatient woman in Scott's novel " The dence and the scene of the death of Louis II. ggj-g^jjem (berG'hem), or Berchem (ber'chem),
Betrothed." , , „ „ . „ i,"* ,^'"^^ /^ » t._^ j • v -m-iv i^ -d^™ Nikolaas. Bom at Haarlem, 1624 : died there,
Berenice (ber-e-ni'se). [^i.JSeren^c»,BfrofllCf, Berg (bero). Count Fnetoch Wllhelm Rem- Keij. IS, 1683. A-Duteh landscape-painter.
Gt. BefyeviK/!.'] 1. The wife of Ptolemy Soter, bert. Bom at bagmtz Castle, in Livonia, ilay „ .^-^^^j^, j^^^^g^j^ ^j^^j Born at
and the mother of Ptolemy Philadelphus.-2 26, 1790: died at St. Petersburg. Jan. 18, 18,4. Katharinberg, West Gothland. Swedk. March
The daughter of Ptolemy Philadelphus, and A Russian field-marshal and diplomatist, lieu- oq 173,5 . ^ijed Julv 8, 1784. A Swedish chemist
wife of Antiochus Theos, king of byria.— 3. tenant-general ot Poland 1863-<4. and naturalist, appointed professor of phvsics
The wife of Ptolemy Euergetes. Having dedicated Bergama (ber ga-ma). A town on the site of gt Upsala in 1758. His collected works C-Opus-
her hair in the temple of Arsinoe at Zephyrmin for the safe the ancient Pergamum (which see), Asia Minor, p,,i„^„hvsica chfimica et mineralia "^ wpt-k
retun, of her hushand from an expedition to Syria, the 50 milesnorth of Sm.Tna. Population, 6,000 (?J. ^„MishP^l i77'9i4 °"neraUa , were
^^:Z:<^^^^J^^^^^^^ BergamascaCber-ga^mas'ka), A district in the ^e^gS (Mr^n'tze). Carlo. Died at Cre-
4 A sister of Cleopatra, slain bv the Romans northern part ot the pro^•lnce ot Bergamo, ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^_. ^ kalian maker of musi-
55 B. C— 5. A niece of Herod the Great, and Italy- It comprises theVal Brembana, Val SenaDa, and j instruments, a pupil of Antonio Stradiva-
wife of Aristobulus, and afterward of Theudion. ^ ai d, Scolve. it .smountamous and picturesque. ^.^^_ renowned for hisNiolins and ^-ioloneellos.
—6. Daughter of Agrippa I., king of Judah 37- Bergamasker Alps (ber ga-mas-ker alP^^'hi^t Bergsoe (berg'se), Jorgen Wilhelm. Bom at
44 AD. Ihe was th^fma^ed to her uncle Uerod. "^"^T f°* ^V L^^'?? '° ° ^t^'?^ ,n L O^lin Copenhagen Feb. 8, 1835. A Danish natu-
king of Chalcis i., Letanon, and after his deatli lived extends from Lake Como eastward to tlje OgUo ^^^^^ novelist, and poet. His chief romances are
with her brother Agrippa II.. It IS alleged in criminal re- and Lake Iseo, and southward trom t tie Vai- "Fra Piazza del Popolo'ClS**), "i'ra den gamle Fabrik,"
lations. To disprove this accusation she married Polemon, telline "I .Sibincrhjerirene ' etc
herU'.her"' Jo'phX'alo'nlernhatThl ^fraTo'red Bergamo (ber'ga-mo). [L. BergomumGr. Bip- Bergstrasse (berg'stras-e). A celebrated road
tostopthecrueltiescf Floras, the last. and worst of Roman jouoc.J The capital of the province Of iierga- m Germany, extending from Heidelberg about
governorsin JiideaC Jewish Wars," II. 15, 1). In the last mo, Italv, situated at the junction of the Val 30 miles northward, skirting the Odenwald. It
etnir--gle uf her country she, like her brother, was on the geriana and Val Brembana 28 miles northeast was built originallv bv the Romans.
f„''nD:;rt!irthe ll^^Zor^'^'^l^Sa'l^m^^r F.^r of Milan. It contains a cathedral, several notable Bergues (berg), or " BergtieS-Saint-WinOC
Z^theVtLwIs^?ractedbThe?b1^^^^^^^ churches, and the Academy Carrara^ and has considera- (berg-sant-ve-Sok'). A town in the depart-
ed it was believed that he woiUd marry hir. She fob "".„'^ru^'orVe'rivri'™g'^rvenke"^d wT^^^^^ ment of Nord. France, 7 miles southeast of
lowed the conqueror of her country to Kome.bu^^^^ fh 'Frenc-h nT^^L>d'??li 'iVeca he'CM^pMn°bS Dunkirk. It was fortified by Vauban, and was unsnc
was compelled to repudiate her In the New Testament J^^/u „ „ioned building of the 14th to the l«h cen- cessfullv be.ieired by the English in 1793. Population
feltusTtcSerandis\r,gp^^^^^^^^ tury.'^vlt'i, a modern favadi and a fine dome. The curious (1S91), commmae, ,^^0. .
w?fi h J^^IW with tWs ^ve?.K.r?^^^^^^ octagonal baptistery was built in 1341. iu imitation of the Bering, or BOlinng (ba ' rmg Or be 'ring),
xivi '4 governor (Acts ixv. 13, .3, ^^.^^^ Population (1891), commune, estimated, 42,000. VitUS. [Dan. Bering.-] Bom at Horsens. Jut-
Ber6nice (ba-ra-nes') 1 A tra°-edvbv Thomas Bergamo. Aprovincein thecompartimento of land, 16S0: died at Bering Island, 1741. A
CoraeiUe, produced in 1657. The subject was taken Lombardy, Italy. Area 1,098 square mUes. Danish navigator, in the Russian service, noted
from Mademoiselle de Scudciry's romance ■■ Artam^ne, or Population (1891), 414, (9o. for discoveries in the JNorth Pacifac Ocean. He
The Grand Cyrus." Bergara (ber-ga'rii). or Vergara (ver-ga'ra), explored the northern coast of Siberia in 172.'., traversed
2. A tragedy bv Racine, produced Nov. 21, 1670, Convention of. The capitulation of the Car- B«™s strait (named from him) in 1728, proving that Asia
7 1 1 ti" .„-„ „f t;*.,!. n„.i ■Rn-niino yuii»cuui»/ii «i. i ^ 01 1 Qoo „!■ I, i aud America arc Separated, and lu 1741 eiplorcd the wcst-
founded on the story of litus and Berenice, bst general Maroto, Aug. 31, 1839, which put em coast of Amerii^ to lat 69" X
This subject was proposed to Racine and Pierre CorneUle ^n end to the civil war between the Carlists Berine or Behrinff Island The most west-
at the same time by Henrietta of England, who wished to „„j tu. rv;-«T,nc ■"''f"'S, "J X>eiu:mg, XBldnu. ±ue mu»in«i,
see her own secret history on the stage. Corneille was ^na tte CTistinos. ., , - ^, . , , - <?">" of the .Vleutian Islands, situated in the
beaten in this literar>- tourney, and his phiy was considered Bergen (ber gen). The capital of the island of Xorth Pacific Ocean.
a sign of failmg powers. Riigen, Prussia, situated in the central part of Bering, or Behxing, Sea. That part of the
Berenice. In ancient geographv, a town in the island. Population (1890), commune, 3,821. North Pacific Ocean which lies between Bering
Egvpt,situatedontheReilSea,nearRasBenaas, Bergen. A seaport and the second city of Nor- Strait and the Aleutian Islands. Also called
in lat. 23° 55' N.. founded bv Ptolemv H. It way, situated in the amt of South Bergenhuus, g(.(, of Kamchatka.
was an important traiUng center. " southwestem Norway. It was a trading station gering, or Behring, Strait. A sea passage
Berenice. The ancient name of Bengazi, on of the Hanseatic League 1445-loo8. Popula- ^hieh connects the Arctic with the North Pa-
the Gulf of Sidra. tion (1891), 53,684. eiUe Ocean, and separates Alaska fi-om Siberia.
Beresford (ber'es-ford), James. Bom at Bergen-op-Zoom (ber'Geu-op-zom'). A town Width, in the narrowest part, 36 miles.
Upham. Hants, England, May 28, 1764: died in the province of North Brabant, Netherlands, Beringhen (ber'ing-en), De. A gourmand in
at Kibworth Be.auchamp, Leicestershire, Sept. situated on the Zoom, near the East Schelde, Bulwers"Riehelieu,"banishedbythecardinal.
29. 1840. An English clergyman. He was the 15 miles north of Antwerp. It was formerly strongly Berington (ber 'ing-ton), Joseph. Born in
author of a prose satire, " The Miseries of Human Life" fortified. It was unsuccessfully besieged by the Duke of Shropshire, England, 1746: died at Buckland,
nsnfi-on etc Painia in lo8S, andby.spmolam lb22, andwastakenbythe ^ , ^, . Vv i to.-,- a t !• i o
(1806-07), etc. , ,T-.„. „ Tj„^„ French in 1747 and 1795. In Sept., 1799, aa engagement Berkshire, Dec. 1, Ls2,. An Enghsh Roman
Beresiord, \isc0unt (Wimam Uarr iSereS- took place here between the Duke of York and the Freuch Catholic priest and author. He wrote a '• History
ford). Bora Oct. 2. liGS: died at Bedgebury, ^jjjer Brune. March 8, 1814, the British under .Sir T. of the Lives of AbeUlard and Heloisa, etc.'(1787V a 'HiB-
Kent,.Jan.S, 1854. A British general. He served Graham attempted to carry the fortress of Bergen-op- tory of the Reign of Henry II., etc. ' (1790). ■■Literary His-
with distinction in the Peninsular war; organized the Zoom by storm. Population (1SS9). commnne, 13,031. tory of the Middle Ages" (1814), and numerous controver-
Portuguese army, and commanded at the battle of Al- Bergenrotll(l)er'gen-r6t), Gustav Adolf. Bom sial works.
buera, May 16, 1811. at ( Hetzko, East Prussia, Feb. 26, 1813 : died Bennthia (be-nn thi-ii). 1. A young and dis-
Beresina, or Berezina (ber-e-ze'na). Anver in Madrid, Feb. 13. 1869. A historical student, solute widow m Vaubrughs comedy "The Re-
in the government of Minsk, Russia, a tribu- noted for his researches in English historv lapse," and afterward m Shendan s adaptation,
taiy of the Dnieper. Length, about 350 miles, among the archives at Simancas, Spain. "^ " ^^^ "Trip to Scarborough."— 2. "The niece of
Beresina, Passage, or Battle, of the. The Bergerac (berzh-rak'). A town in the de- Mrs. Pipchiu in Dickens s novel " Dombey and
passage of Napoleon's army over the Beresina j.arimeut of Dordogne. southwestem France, Son : called '-Berry, and much afldicted with
on the retreat from Moscow. Nov. 26-29, 1812. situated on the Dordogne 51 miles east of J>PH^ ""^ •"'r "0,s*^-„ , . ^ ^ „
It was opposed by the Russians near Stndienka. Many B,,r,ieaux- an ancient Huinienot Stronghold B6not (ba-re-o ). Charles AugHSte dC. Bom
thousands of the French were slain and drowned, and j^^'^^,^.^ -^l ,^,00^1! 7^5 Strongnoid. ^ouvain, Belgium. Feb. 20, 1802: died at
about Iti.OOO were made prisoners. 1 opuiaiion (^iSJi;, i-ijtoo. • * -i .^7^ -io^a * i- ..- ^ ■ \, a n i
Berettyo (be'ret-v6) A river in eastern Hun- Bergerac. Savinien Cyrano de. Bom about Louvam Apnl 20, 18<0. A distinguished Bel-
-arv. a tributarv'of the Koros. 1620 at the Chateau de Bergerac (P^rigord): ^^'^P "o^^'^J ?°',V^°™P°*^'"- . ,. .
Beretty6-Uifalu(be'ret-v6-ov'fo-16). Atown died at Paris in 1655. A French writer and Berislaff (ba re-slaf). .Atowainthegovernment
in the couitv of Bihar" H^^arv 21 miles duelist. He was wounded at the siege of Arras in it*), ot Kherson, Russia, situated on the Dnieper 46
ifnrtWst^cfrosswardeii SSion(1890? and devoted himself to study. Among his works are miles east of Kherson. Population. 11,093
northwest ot brosswarUem. I'opulation (1»JU), ,. .^^.^ippine," a tragedy (iGSS), " I.e p.Sdant joui, " a-com- Beristain y Souza (ba-res-tii'en e so'tha ), Jos6
y>,Jio- edy (16»4), "Histoire comique des etats et empires de la ■!«•-•«-.„« Rnm it PiipVila 17.56 • died at Mex-
BereZOff (ber-ez-of). A smaU town in the lune^' (A after his dcith), and 'Histou-e comi,,ue des ^^^?'^°; .,^''7^,^^ '^^^f^'^J^^^^^
government of Tobolsk, Siberia, situated on «?t^ et -les empires du s.,le,l" affl> These two are leo March 23. Ihl, . A Mexican bbliofenapher,
fv: A „ ; , i„t fiio V l«n„ fi^o in' V T. said to have served to suggest at least "Slicrom^gas" and rector of the College of ban Peilro. His best-
tne Sosya m lat. »*.>., long.iw .w r.. it "Gulliver's Travels." known work is the -Biblioteca hispanu-americana sep-
^"mSVflenders''"' """ " " ""'" "' ''""*'"™' '" Bergerac. Treaty of. A treaty concluded be- J™'"-f,';,» ^^^^^^ "' ''"""'' ■''""' ^"""" '"■
Berezovsk (ber-ez-ovsk'). A small town in tvyeen the Huguenots and Roman CathoUcs, Berkeley (berk'li or bark'li). [ME. Berkley,
the gciverument of Perm, Russia, situated in i^"- -^'^o calleil Jreaty or loiuers. ^g Bercled. Bcorcled. appar. from herce. heorc,
the Urals near Yekaterinburg. It is the center Bergerat (berzli-rii'). Auguste Emile. Bom birch, and /ffi/i, lea, field. Hence the sui-name
of important gold-fields. at Paris, April 29, 1845. A journalist, novelist, Berkeley, in other forms Berkley, BarkUij. Bar-
Berg(berG). [G., 'mountain.'] Aformerduchy and dramatic writer, son-in-law and biogra- (.;„,/.] a town in Gloucestershire, England,
of Germany, situated east of the lower Rhine pher of Th^ophile Gautier. He writes under situated near the Severn 15 miles southwest of
and west of Westphalia and Mark: the Roman the pseudonym of "Caliban." Gloucester. See Berkeley Castle.
Ducatus montensis. it was a county in the middle BoTgh (berg), Henry. Bom at New York, Berkeley. A town in --Alameda Coimty, Call-
ages, became a duchy in 1380, and was uniteii with Julich in XS23: died there, March 12, 1888. The founder fomia. it is the seat of the University of California, of
1423. Julich,l',erK,andneveswereunitedml.i21. Incon- n866) and president of the \mericau Society the State Agricultural College, and of other public instl-
sequeuce of the contest for the J iilich succession. Berg and y"^' """ presmem oi wie -•vmeiicau ' "'-"^'_.» f",:;^', p.mulation a8<>3\ about 9.0UU.
JiUich passed in 1666 to Pfal/Neuburg. Berg was ceded for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animas. He ^" 'r«i„J"Ppif 'aVp^h died at
toFrau^^lSOe. With addition of cleves, etc.. Berg was was secretary of legation and acting vice-consul in St. Berkeley, tUZaOetn. corn ™ -''■^■,. ''^" "
madeagrandduchyfor Miirat. and afterwanlforasonof Petersburg 1862-64. He wrote a play, "Loves Altema- Naples, Jan. 13. l>J.s. An i-ngUsn wiitei. She
Louis Bonaparte. They were occupied by the Allies in five," produced at the Union League Theater, Baltimore, married Uird iraven in 1767; was sepiirated fnim him m
1813, were ceded to Prussia in 181.i. and now form a part in 1S81. 1781 ; married the Margrave of Ansbach iii 1791. Her au-
of the Rliine Province. The district has very important ■Do-o.>,a„a fhnrjr'hniis'l TTpinrir'h Bom at tobiography was published in 1S25, and "Letters to the
manufactures and is thickly settled. '^i o D,.,,==;« Mol 4' i=Q-rn?IT'»t <!tPttin Margrave of Anspach" in 1814.
i> . 1. 1. « oi t» _i T... J. • Cleves, Prussia, Mav 3, 1/9/ : died at otetiin, T,„„iJ„i„_ caXraa Rnm lfi'28- died 1698 An
Berg. A suburb of Stuttgart. It contains sev- Feb. 17, 1884. A German geographer. He was Berkeley Geo^e Bom 16-8^ m^^^
era! noted villas. professor of applied mathematics in the Academy of g^^^'^ . 5 fi«ff ilT^f R^rV^W i,^^^^^
Berg. A vUlage and castle on the Stamberger Architecture at Berlin 1824-55, and editor of the "Her- Berkeley, created first earl of Ueritele) in lDi».
Berkeley, George
Berkeley, George. Burn at Dysort Castle,
euuulv of Kilkiimy, Ireluml, Maivli 12, l«8o:
died at Oxford, Englaud, Jau. 14, 1753. Au
Irish prelate (of English descent) of the es-
tablished church, celeljrated for his philosophi-
cal writings. He was sradualtd at Trinity CoUeKo,
Dublin, wlicre lie hclil various olHces, 17(j7-24 ; travcltj in
F.iiglaiiJ and on the Ointincnt 171S-2U; became dean of
ijorn in 1724: obtained the patent for a college in Ber-
muda in 172.i, of which he was api>i)inted llist president,
but wliich never was established ; siiilcd for Newport,
Khodc Island, Sept. 4, 172S. landing there in January, and
remaining in America until the end of 1731; became bishop
of e'loyne in 1734 ; and retired in 1752. He is especially
famous for his theor>' of vision, the foundation of the moil-
cm psvcho-jdiysiological investigation of that subject,
and tor the extreme subjective idealism of his metapliysi-
cll views. His works include " Es-iay toward a .New The-
ory of Vision ■■ (170D : 3d ed. bound with " .^Iciphriui " in
173'X "A Treatise concerning the Principles of Human
Knowledge' (1710 and 1734), "Three Dialogues between
Hylas and IMiilonous" (1713), '• Aleiphron. or the Minute
I'hilcis.jpher (17;!2), "Siris, a Chain of Philosophical Re-
tlectii.ns and Inquiries concerning the Virtues of T:u--
water, «tc.' (1744: the title "Siris ' was first used in the
e<lition of 1740), etc. lie was an enthusiastic advocate of
the use of tar-water as an almost universal remedy.
Berkeley, George Charles Grantley Fitz-
hardinge. B'lrn Vi-U. m, ISOO: dit-a at Poole.
Dorsetshire. Feb. ii. Is.sl. Au English sports-
man. sl.\th sou of the fifth Earl of Berkeley.
He was a member of Parliament from lS32-.'i2. Ho wrote
■Berkeley I'astle," a novel (lifli), "Sandron Hall, or the
Days of l/ueen Anne" (1840). "The English Sportsman on
the Western Prairies ' (isill), "Anecdotes of the Ipper
Ten Thousand," etc. (1S«7), " Talcs of Life and Death"
(1S7"). etc.
Berkeley, Sir William. Bom at or near Lon-
don : died in England, July, 1G77. A royal gov-
ernor of Virginia, 1642-51, 1(360-76. He crushed
Bacon's lelMllion in 167().
Berkeley Castle. A celebrated Norman for-
tress and baronial hall between Bristol and
Gloucester, England. It was founded soon after
the (;'on<iuest. Edward II. was murdered there
in i:i-27.
Berkeley Springs, or Bath. A watering-place
in West Vii-giuia, :)0 miles east of Cumberland,
Maryland, noted for its medicinal springs.
Berkhampstead (berk'ham-sted). Great. A
toKU ill tlie county of Hertford, England, 27
miles northwest of London. Population (1891),
7,8H8.
Berkhey (berk'hi), Jan Lefrancq van. Born
at Levdeu. Holland, .Jan. l.'3, li2i): ilied at Ley-
den, March 13, IHl'J. A l)utcli naturalist anil poet.
His chief works are "Natuurlijke histt)rie van Holland "
(1700-79), iHjein, "Het velheerlijkt" (1774).
Berks (bt-rks). An abbreviation of Berkshire.
Berkshire (b(Tk'shir). [ME. Bcrksdiire, AS.
BriirriKsriri-, lidrrucsrirr, /lurrocscii;] A county
of England, lying between (iloucester, Oxford,
and Buckingham on the north, Surrey on the
southeast, Hampshire on the south, and Wilt-
shire oil the west. The county-seat is Reading; the
chief industry' Is agriculture. Area, "22 square miles. Pop-
nlatiiin (18m). 2.'<8,I4U.
Berkshire Hills. The mountains of Berkshire
County. Miissachusetts, noted as a summer and
autumn n-sort.
Berlichingen (ber'lich-ing-en), Gotz or Gott-
fried von. Born at .Jagsthausen.Wiirteraberg,
14H0: died at Hornberg Castle on the Neckar,
July Si. l.'iO'J. A (lermau feudal knight. His
right hand h:ivlng been lost in battle, it was replaced by
an artitlcial hand made of iron (whence he is sometimes
called "(Jotz with the Iron Hand"), lie was one of the
leaders of the peasatits In 1.525, and subsequently served
uttder the emperor I'harles V. against the sultan Soliman
and against Francis I. of France. The literary i-cvolntion
of the Isth century from the artificial to the simple style
was preluded by Goethe's "(Jotz Von lierlicbingen." a
drama which he constructed from the autobiography of
the original riibber knight who represented himself as an
honest but much mfsunderst^iod person. See (Jotz von
Brrlichinijeil.
Berlin (lu-r-lin' or ber'liu; (i. pron. ber-l(?n').
The cajiilal of the German Empire and of Prus-
sia, until IHHl in Brandenburg, situated on
the Spree, in lat. .TJ" 30' N., long. 13° 24' E.
It is the largestclty In the (iurman Empire, and has an im-
portant connuerce and extensive manufactures of metals,
machinery, cottiju and woolen gooils, confi-ctions, nnisical
Instruments, beer, etc. It was settled by the 13th century,
and was greatly improved by thetJreat Elector, Frederick
I., by Frederick the (Ireat, and by later rulers. It was
taken by the Allies In 17Ull, and by Napoleon in 18ml. The
following arc among its objects of Interest : ArAcnnl, now
a Military .Museum and Hall of Fame, so called. In plan
it Is a rectangle 29.'i feet square, with a large central court.
It was tlnisheil In 17<HJ. and the exterior is a good exam-
ple of the architectiu'e and decorative sculpture of the
time. The mural jiaintliigsof historical and military sub-
Jeets by (Jesi-Iscbap in the Interior are the Hnest work of
the kiiid in I'.i-iltn. 'rbcre is also a collertion of portrait
and mythological sculpture, in addition to the Impn-Hsive
exhibition of arms and battle-trophies. Ilrniiti'itlmr'j
Qatf. at the west end of I'nter den Linden, a nionumi-ntal
gateway begun In 1789. It Jtresents on each face tl lofty
Doric columns and a Roman entablature, surmounted by
149
an attic upon which is a broiiio quadriga of Victory. 'There
are 5 passjiges for vehicles, the central one of which is the
widest. The gate is Hanked by two Doric colonnaded
structures in the form of temples. Column o/ Peact, in the
Belle Alliance I'latz, erected in 1840 in honor of the peace
of 1815. The shaft is of granite on a high basement, and
the cajjital of marble, surmounted by a figure of Victory.
The total height is (W feet. The monument is Hanked by
marble groups of l*russia, England, the Netherlands, and
Hanover, the powers whiih triuniiihed at Waterloo. j/o;t-
ument of Victory, dedicated in 1873 in honor of the tier-
man triumphs of 18W, 18(ki. and 1870. It consists of
a monumental column of yellow .sandstone, supporting a
colossal statue of Borussia, the total height being 'iuu feet.
Bermudez, Jos^ Manuel
Porte agreed to apply to Crete the organic law of 1S6&;
(5) Montenegro was declared independent, and the sea-
port of Antivari was allotted to it ; (0) .Servia was de-
clared independent, and received an accession of tcrritoiy ;
t7) Roumania was declared independent, and received
Boiue islands on the Danube in exchange for Bes,sarabia ;
Kars, Batonm. and .\rilahan were ceded t<i Russia;
the Porte undertook to cairy out without further
lay the reforms required in Armenia; (10) in the event
of the Greeks and the Porte not being able to agree upon
a suggested rectification of frontier, the Powers re-
served to themselves the right of offering their medi-
ation." Adand and Hansmn^, English Political History,
p. 220.
" " " ■ uiiiver-
allegorical mosaics of the overthrow of France and the
restoration of the German Empire. Xationa! IliiUrri/ of
sculpture and painting, an effective building llni^fbed in
187(1. ui the form of a pseudoperipteral Corinthian temple,
with a large semicircular projection at the northwest end,
and an octastyle portico surmounted by a pediment filled
with sculpture on the facade, which faces the southeast.
It measures 105 by 2W feet, and is raised on a basement ;j9
feet high. Access to the front portico is afforded by an
impressive double flight of steps. Tlie intciior contains
two exhibition floors, and is richly decorated. Old Museum,
the Hnest building in Berlin. The faijade luisthe form of
aGrecli Ionic jportico 284 feet long, with 18 columns be-
tween terminal antce. The enl:iblature bears eagles as
anteflxes. A portion of the roof is raised in the middle,
corresponding to the interior rotunda ; at the corners are
Berlioz (bar-le-oz'), Hector. Born at I>a
C6te-Saint-Aiidi'6, Isere, France, Dec. 11, 1,SII3;
died at Paris, March 9, 1869. A French com-
poser of great originality, noted particnlaily
for that species of descriptive music known as
"program music." Among his chief works are "Epi-
sode de la vie dun artiste," "Rom^o et Juliette," a dra-
matic symphony (^1839). "L'Enfance du Christ," a trilogy
(1855), ".Synjiihonie fautastique," "Harold en Italie," a
symphony in four parts, " The Damnation of F'aust," a dra-
matic legend in four parts, the overtures to "King
Lear," "Le carnaval romain," "Le corsaire," and the
operas "Benvenuto (_'ellini " and "Beatrice et Bi^n^dict."
He also wrote his memoirs (1870), "Voyage musical"
(1844), "Grotesques de la musique" (1859), etc.
placed" fom- colossal groups in bronze— in front copies of Bgrmeio See I'l-niirin
■ ■■ •" .... Cavallo in Rome, and behind S^-™™.,- --..■'
the Horse-Tamers of .Monti
Pegasus attended by the Hours. The piers of the great
central flight of steps bear bronze groups of equestrian
combats with lions. In the vestibule stand statues of
noted archajologists. and the walls are painted with alle-
gorical frescos of the Formation of the World from Chaos,
and the Development of Human Culture. SclUim, OT-Rviial
Palace, forming a rectangle (1511 by 380 feet, with a projec-
tion at one end, and inclosing two main courts. It has four
stories, together 100 feet high, and the dome over the
chapel attains 230 feet. The originalbuilding, which sur-
vives in part on the Spree, was a towered castle erected by
the elector Frederick II. in 1451. About a century later
a flue German Renaissance wing was added on the south,
and after another century the Great Elector and King
F'redcrick I. brought the pahiee substantially to its pres-
ent form, though the chapel was built in the present cen-
tury. The cllief
Bermondsey (ber'mond-zi). [From "Beor-
moiid's eye," the island property of some Saxon
or Danish noble in the marshes of the Thames.]
A civil parish in London, south of the Thames,
in Southvrark. It is a crowded district chiefly occu-
pied by tanners. It formerly contained a royal country
palace, which was occupied by Henry II., and a Cluniac
abbey fouiiikd in 1082 by Alwyn Childe. Portions of the
abbey were still standing at the beginning of the present
century. Before the Conquest Bermondsey belonged to
Harold, and was a royal domain until 1094, when William
Rufus gave it to the Priory of .St. Slary. The Cluniac
monks of Bermondsey were subject to the abbey in Nor-
mandy from which Alwyn Childe had brought them until
the reign of Richard II. Population (1891), 84.(i88.
A place of enter-
ef room is the White Saloon, 105 by 60 feet. Bermondsey Spa Gardens.
Population (1893), 1,8.=.6,698. Hee Unter den Liiiden. tainment in the time of George II., about 2
Berlin Conference. 1. A conference of the miies t'ro„i London Bridge. Bcmnt.
European powers, held at Berlin in the summer Bermoothes (ber-mo'Tlles). An old name for
of 1.S80, to settle the boundary dispute between ,1^^ Bermudas. See Shakspere's "Tempest,"
Turkey and Greece. — 2. A congress of repre- .^^^.^^ ; _ kcciic 2.
seutativesfromaUtheEuropeannations(exeept Bermuda Hundred (b6r-mu'da hun'dred). A
Switzerland), andfromtheUnitedStates, which locality on a bend of the James River in Vir-
met at Berlin Nov. 15, 1884,-Jan. 30, 1885. it
provided for a free-trade zone in the Kongo Basin, regu-
lated the navigation of the Niger, and laid down rules
regarding the partition of Africa. It also sanctioned the
International Kongo Association (the later Kongo Free
State).
Berlin, Congress of. A congress consisting of
the represiuitatives of the following powers:
the German Empire, Austria, Prance, England,
Italy, Russia, and Tui'key: held at Berlin June
13,-Jiily 13, 1878, for the purpose of settling the
affairs of the Balkan Peninsula. It was occasioned
by the dissatisfaction of England and Austria with the
I)eace of San Stefano, concluded between Russia and
Turkey March 3, 1878, and convened at the invitation of
Piince Bismarck, who was chosen president. Its most
influential members were Prince Gortcliakulf, Count An-
drassy, Lord licaconsfleld. Lord Salisbury, .M. Wadding-
ton. Count Corti, and Carathiiodori Pasha. .See Berlin,
Trcatji of.
Berlin Decrees. Decrees issued in Nov., 1800,
by Napoleon I. at Berlin, prohibiting commerce
aiid corresi)ondence with Great Britain, which
was declai'i'd to be in a state of blockade. They
also declared all English property forfeited, and all Eng-
lishmen in a state occupied by FYench troops prisoners
of war.
Berlin Memorandum, The. A momorandum
drawn up ;it Hi-rlin, May 13, 187C, by the gov-
ernments of Vienna, St. Petersl)urg, and Ber-
lin (which had united in i)reseiiting to the
Porte, Jan. 31. 1870. the Andrdssy Note). It
was approved by France and Italy, but rejected by Eng
ginia, near City Point. The peninsula was occupied
by part of the Federal airay under Butler in the sunuuer
of 18(}4 as a base of operations. For part of the time the
troops were hemmed in within the lines (" bottled at
Bermuda Hundred ").
Bermudas (bi'r-imi'diiz), or Bermuda Islands,
or Sorners Islands, [^''ormerly n\sitjl< imoulhcs:
from Sp. Bcrrnxdc:, the discoverer. Jiermmlas
came to be regarded as a plural form, whence
the inferred singular Btrnindti. They were
called by the English, after Sir George "Somers
or Summers, Soiiicr.s or ,Sti miners Islmids, some-
times Summer Islniid.s, as if in allusion to the
semi-tropical climate.] A grouj) of islands, a
British crown colony, in the North Atliiiitie,
about 600 miles east-southeast of ('aj)e Hat-
teras, in lat. 32° 15' N., long. &4° 51' W. : an
important naval and strategic possession. They
are much visited as a health-resort, and produce onions,
tomatoes, l':;istt'i- lilies, etc. The chief islands are Great
Bermuda and St. ({corgc's. The capital is llaiiiilton. The
islands were discovered by Juan Bermudez aliout 1522, and
settled by the English in lull. They coinpri.se about
360 islets and rocks. Area, 20 square miles. I'opiilation
(1891), 15,123.
Bermudas, The. A cant name given to a group
of alleys and courts between the bottom of St.
Martin's Lane, Half Moon, and Cliandos street,
in Linidoii, a resort and refuge of thieves,
fraudulent debtors, and prostitutes in the 16th
and 17tli centuries. Also called (later) the StreighU
and tlie Caribbee (conupted into Cribbee) Jslandf.
land It imposed an armistice of two months on Russia BermudeZ (ber-iuii'Tlletli), or BermudeS (ber
and 'Turkey, provided that the reforms promised by tl
Porte in aceordiince with the AndrAssy Note should bo
carried out under the suiicrintendence of the renrescnta-
tives of the European powers, and threatencil force if
before the ctid of the armistice the Porto should not have
assented to these fcrnis.
Berlin, Royal Library of. A library founded
in()"t'Hcs), Geronimo. Born ill (lalicia :ibout
1530: died about 15.'<9, A Sjianisli Dominican
monk (professor of theology at Salamanca),
]K)et, and dramatist. He wrote "Nisc Lastimosn"
(1577). 'Mso Laureada ' (i]i both of these "Nlso'ls on
amigram of "Ii»es^')^etc.
by the (irc;il lOlector, Frederick William, and germudez, Jos6 FranciSCO. Born at San .To86
opened in 1001. The number of volumes Is estimated
at 800,000, and the number of manuscripts at 24,000.
Berlin, Treaty of. A treaty concluded .Inly
13, 1878, between the powers represented at
tlie Congress of Berlin (whicli see). "Uyihis
treaty (I) Bulgaria, north of the Balkans, was constituted
an independent, autononious, and triluitary principality;
(■2) Bulgaria, south of the Balkans (Eastern Kotniielia), BermudcZ
was retaineil under the direct rule of the Porte, l>ut '
was granted administrative aut^niomy ; (3) the Porte ,...,■.■ i -i i ■ *. i »„..
retained the right of garrisoning the frontiers of East- ecclesiastic, historian, pliilologist, and oratoi .
em Roumella, but with regular troops only; (4) the He WM vicar of HuHiiuco, and alter 1803 held vartous
de -Vreocoar Ciimiinii, Jan. 23, 1782: assassi-
natedatCuniana, l>ic. 15. 1831. A Vcuo/.uelan
general in the war lor independence. He de-
fended (^artagena against Morillo in 1815, tnitil forced by
famine to escape. In May. Is20, ho took Caracas, and on
(let. 10, 1821, occupied Cuuiana after » bloody siege. He
subsequently commanded in CumailA ami elsewhere.
J086 Manuel. Born at Tarma
about 17l>0: died at Lima, 1830. A Peruvian
Bermudez, Jos6 Manuel
offices in the church at Lima : from 1819 he was chancel-
lor of the rniversity of San Marcos. In 1S21 he was a
member of the Juiitd de padjiaicion, appointed with the
hope of conciliating the revolutionists.
Bermudez, Pedro Pablo. Born at Tacna,
1798 : died at Lima, 1852. A Peruvian general .
In 1S33 he was Ganiarra's candidate for president, and,
Orbegoso being elected, he joined Gamarra in a revolt
(.Tan. 4, 18;i4). but was defeated Mid driven into Bolivia.
He then joined Santa Cruz, and on the fonnation of the
Peru-Holivian confederation (1830) w-as elected vice-presi-
dent of North Peru.
Bermudez, Remijio Morales. Born at Pica,
Sept. 30. 1S3G: died kI Lima. March 31. 1894.
A Peruvian soldier and statesman. He joined the
army in 1854, serving under Castilla and Pardo ; was
commandant at Iquitos on the Amazon (1862). and after-
wanl prefect of Truxillo. As colonel he was present at
most of the battles of the war with Chile, 1879 to 1S81.
After the Chileans occupied Lima he remained faithful to
the cause of Caceres, and when that officer became presi-
dent (1SS6) Bermudez was chosen first vice-president ; at
the end of the term he was elected president of Peru, and
inaugurated Aug. li). 1^90.
Bern (bem), F. Berne (bem). A canton of
Switzerland, capital Bern, bounded by France
and Alsace on the north, Basel, Solothurn, Aar-
gau. Lucerne, Unterwalden, and Uri on the
east, Valais on the south, and Vaud, Fribourg,
Neuchatel, and France on the west. It is trav-
ersed by the Jura and Alps, and contains the Beniese
Oberland in the south. It is the largest canton in point
of population, and sends 27 members to the National
Council. The prevailing religion is Protestant, and pre-
vailing language German. It entered the Swiss Confed-
eration as the eighth canton in 1353. Area, 2,(557 square
miles. Population (1888), 536,679.
Bern, F. Berne. The capital of the canton of
Bern, and the seat of government of the Swiss
Confederation, situated on the Aare in lat. 46°
57' X., long. 7° 25' E. It has a picturesque situa-
tion and medieval appearance. It was made a free im-
perial city in 1218, and became the federal capital in 1848.
The cathedral of Bern is an interesting late-Pointed
monument founded in 1421, and well restored. The west
front possesses a massive tower over a large, triple-
vaulted porch, beneath which open sculptured portals.
The central door is very beautiful : it has two entrances
separated by a pier with statues ; its large tj-mpanum
is filled with sculptures of the Last Judgment; and it is
flanked by statues beneath rich canopies. The organ is
celebrated. The Hall of the Federal Council is a large
modem building in the style of the Florentine Renais-
sance. The Rathaus or town hall was built in 14ti€. and
has lately been restored. Its most characteristic feature
is the covered double stair rising from each side of the
fagade to an arcaded loggia on the level of the second
story. Population (1893), 47,620.
Bemadotte (ber'na-dot; F. pron. ber-na-dot').
See Cluirlcs XI V., iKing of Sweden.
Bemal Osborne, Ralph. Bom March 26, 1808 :
died at Bestwood Lodge, England, June 21,
1880. An English politician noted for his wit.
Bemcll (ber-nsr ), Peak of. A steep truncated
cone which rises above the outlet of the upper
Pecos River valley in central New Mexico. It
also bears the name of*" Starvation Peak," from a tradition
that several Spanish soldiers were starved to death on its
sumniit iiy the .\paches,
Bernalda (ber-ual'da). A town in the prov-
ince of Potenza, Italy, 33 miles west-southwest
of Taranto. Popula'tion, 7,000.
Bernaldez (ber-nal'Deth), orBernal (ber-nal'),
Andres. Bom about 1450: died, probably at
Los Palacios, about 1513. A Spanish histo-
rian. He took orders, was chaplain of the Archbishop of
Seville, and from H88 to 1513 curate of the village of Los
Palacios near Seville. He w^as a friend of Columbus, and
in 1496 entertained him at his house. It appears that the
admiral gave him much information, orally and in writ-
ing, which Bernaldez used in his "Historia de los Reyes
L'atolicos." His work, particularly valuable with regard
to Columbus and his voyages, was long used by historians
in manuscript copies. It was first printed at Granada,
1850.
Bernal Diaz del Castillo. See Dia: del Castillo.
Bernalillo (ber-na-lel'yo). A town situated on
the Kio Grande in central New Mexico, 18 miles
north of Albuquerque. It was founded in 1695. It
is the site of the "Tiguex" of Coronado's time (154C), and
there were several villages of the Tigua Indians on and
about the site, all of which were abandoned, the people
congregatiniT, for protection, in a few larger pueblos.
Population, about 2,000.
Bernard (ber'nard or btr-nard'; F. pron. ber-
niir'). Saint. [L. Beniardu)!, F. Bernard. Bcr-
iKirdiii, It. Bernardo, Bernardino, Sp. Bernardo,
Bernal, G. Bernhtird.'] Bom at Fontaines, near
Dijon, Burgundy, in 1091: died at Clairvaux,
Aug. 20,1153. A celebrated French ecclesiastic.
He entered theCistercian monastery of Citeaux in lll:i, and
in 1115 became abbot of Clairvaux, near Langres, which
p-ist he continued to fill until his death. Refusing all offers
of preferment, he nevertheless exercised a profound influ-
ence on the ecclesia-stical p^'litics of Europe, and was the
chief inetrtunent in prevailing u^wn France and England to
recognize Innocent 11. as pope in opposition to the rival
claimant, Cardinal Peter of Leon. He procured the con-
demnation of Abelard's writings at the Council of Sens
in 1140, and preached the second Crusade 1146. The best
edition of his works is that by Mabillon, Paris, 1667.
150
Bernard of Cluny, or of Morlaix. A French
Benedictine monk of the 12th century, author
of a Latin poem, " De Contemptu Mundi.''
popularly known through Neale's translations,
'"The world is very evil," "Jerusalem the gold-
en," " For thee, 0 dear, dear country," etc.
Bernard of Treviso. Bom at Padua, Italy,
1406: died 1490. A noted Italian alchemist
who assumed the title of Count of the March
of Tre\*isO. After many years of study and experiment,
he is said to have declared that the secret of the philoso-
phers stone lies in the adage "To make gold one must
have gold. " He was the author of many alchemical works.
Bernard (ber'nard). The sheep in "Eej-nard
the Fox."
Bernard (ber-nar'), sumamed "The Poor
Priest." Born at Dijon, 1588: died March 23,
1640. A French monk who devoted his for-
tune and his life to the service of the poor.
Bernard (ber-nar'), Claude. Bom at St. Ju-
lien, Rhone, France, July 12, 1813: died at Paris,
Feb. 10, 1878. A distinguished French physiolo-
gist. He published "Recherches sur les usages du pan-
creas," "Recherches d'anatomie et de physiologic compa-
r6es sur les glandes salivaires, etc.," "Recherches sur les
fonctions du nerf spin.al. etc.," "M^moire sur le sue gas-
trique et son r61e dans la digestion," etc.
Bernard (ber'nard), Edward. Bom at PerrySt.
Paul, Northamptonshire, May 2, 1638: died at
Oxford, Jan. 12, 1697. An English scholar, Savil-
ian professor of astronomy at Oxford 1673-91.
Bemard(ber'niird),Sir Francis. Bornl711(f):
died at Aylesbury, England, June 16, 1779. A
British lawyer and politician, colonial gover-
nor of New Jersev 1758-60, and of Massachu-
setts Bay 1760-69.'
Bernard (ber-nar'), Jacques. Bom at Nions,
in Dauphine, Sept. 1, 1658: died April 27, 1718.
A French Protestant clergyman and scholar.
On the revocation of the Edict o*f Nantes he retired to
Holland, and founded at The Hague a school of belle-
lettres, philosophy, and mathematics. He continued the
publication of the '■ Bibliotheque Vniverselle" of Jean
Leclerc, and succeeded Bayle as editor of the "Repub-
lique des Lettres. " He wrote " Recueil de traites de paix,
de treves, de neutralite, . . . et d'autres actes publics
faits en Europe" (1700), "Actes et memoires des n^go-
ciations de la pais de Ryswick " (1725), etc.
Bernard (ber'nard), John. Bom at Ports-
mouth, England, 1756: died at London, 1828.
An English actor. He made his first appearance in
England in 1773. In 1797 he came to America, where he
remained as actor and manager till 1819.
Bernard, Rosine. See Bernhardt, Sarah.
Bernard (ber-niir'), Simon. Bom at Dole,
France, April 28, 1779: died Nov. 5, 1839. A
French general and engineer, in the service of
Xapoleon I., and (1816-31) of the United States.
He was minister of war under Louis Philippe 1836-31'.
The chief work executed by him in the United States is
Fort Monroe : he had a part in other important engineer-
ing works, notably the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, and the
Delaware Breakwater.
Bernard (ber'nard), Mountague. Bom at Tib-
berton Court, Gloucestershire, Jan. 28, 1820:
died at Overross, Sept. 2, 1882. An English
lawyer, professor of international law at Ox-
ford 1859-74. He was one of the high commissioners
who negotiated the treaty of Washington, and was one of
the counsel of the British government at Geneva.
Bernard (ber'n.nrd), William Bayle. Born at
Boston, Mass., Kov. 27, 1807: died at Brighton,
England. Aug. 5. 1875. An English dramatist,
son of John Bernard. His chief plays are "Rip
Van Winkle" (1S32), "The Nervous Man" (1S33X "The
Boarding School " (1»41), " The Round of Wrong," etc
Bernard, Saint (Great and Little). See Saint
Birnard.
Bernardin de Saint Pierre (ber-nar-dan' de
sail piar'). Jacques Henri. Born at Havre.
France, Jan. 19. 1737 : died at Eragny-sur-Oise,
France, Jan. 21, 1814. A French author. He
was an 'engineer in Russia, and in the Isle of France. 1767-
1771. and settled in Paris in 1771. His chief works are
"A'oyage ii I'ile de France," "Etudes de la nature ' (1784-
1788), " Paul et Virginie " (1788), " La chaumiere indieniie "
(1791), " Harmonies de la nature " (1815).
Bernardino (ber-nar-de'no). Saint, of Siena.
Born at Massa di CaiTara. Tuscany. 13S0 : died
1444. A Franciscan monk, famous as a preacher.
Bernardo (bt?r-nar'd6). An officer in Shak-
spere's "Hamlet." He, with Marcellus, first
sees the murdered king's ghost.
Bernardo del Carpio (ber-nar'do del kar'pe-6).
A semi-mythical Spanish hero of the 9th cen-
tury. He was a nephew of Alfonso the Chaste, fought
witli great tUstinction against the Moors, and. according
to tradition, defeated Roland at Roncesvalles. His ex-
ploits are celebrated in many Spanish ballads, and form
the subject of several dramas by Lope de Vega.
His efforts to procure the release of his father when
he learns who his father really is ; the false word of the
king, who promises repeatedly to give up the Count de
Saldai^. and as often breaks his word ; with the despair
at Bernardo and his final rebellion after the count's death
Bernini
in prison, are all as fully represented in the ballads as they
are in the chronicles, and constitute some of the most ro-
mantic and interesting portions of each.
Ticknor, Span. Lit., 1. 123.
Bemauer (ber'nou-er), Agnes. Killed at
.Straubing, Bavaria, Oct. 12, 1435. In German
legend, tlie daughter of an Augsburg barber,
secretly married by Albert, son of Duke Ernest
of Bavaria, she was drowned as a witch by order of
the enraged duke. Her story forms the subject of tragedies
and poems by Torring, Komer, Bottger, Hebbel, and Meyr.
Bernay (ber-na'). A town in the department of
Eure, northern France, situated on the Charen-
tonne 35 miles southwest of Rouen. It holds
an important annual horse-fair. Population
(1891). commune, 8,016.
Bernburg (bem'bora). A town in Anhalt,
Germany, 44 miles northwest of Leipsic, for-
merlv the capital of Anhalt. It has a castle and
Gothic church. Population (1890), 28,326.
Berne. See Bern.
Berne -Bellecour (bem-bel-kbr'), Etienne
Prosper. Bom at Boulogne-sur-Mer. France,
June 29, 1838. A French painter, especially of
military subjects.
Berners, Baron. See Bourchier, John.
Berners (ber'n^rz), or Bemes (bernz), or
Barnes (bamz), Juliana. Born about 1388.
An English lady, said to have been a prioress
of Sopwell Nunneiy. near St. Albans, and re-
puted atithor of the "Boke of St. Albans"
(printed 1486, 1496), a rimed treatise on hunt-
ing. See Book of St. Albans.
Bernese Oberland (ber-nes' or b^r-nez' 6'ber-
land), G. Bemer Oberland (ber'ner 6'ber-
land). A mountainous region in the southern
part of the canton of Bern, Switzerland, famous
for its picttiresque scenery. It contains such tour-
ist centers as Interlaken, Grindelwald, and Meiringen, and
the Jungfrau, Finsteraarhom, etc.
Bemetti (ber-net 'te), Tommaso. Bom at
Fermo, Italy, Dec. 29, 1779: died at Fermo,
March 21, 1852. An Italian cardinal and papal
statesman, seeretarj- of state 1828-36.
Bernhard (bern'hiirt), Carl (the pseudonym
of Andreas Nicolai de St. Aubin). Bom
Nov. 18, 1798 : died at Copenhagen, Nov. 25,
1865. A Danish novelist, author of "'A Year
in Copenhagen" (1835), etc.
Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar. Born at
Weimar, Germany, Aug. 16, 1604: died at Neu-
enburg on the Rhine, July 18, 1639. A German
general. He served with distinction at Lutzen in 1632,
commanded a Swedish army in 1(:33. was defeated at Xoi-d-
lingen in 1634, defeated the'lmperialists at Rheinfelden in
1638, and captured Breisach in 1638.
Bernhardt (bem'hart), Sarah (Rosine Ber-
nard). Bom at Paris, Oct. 22, 1844. A not-
ed French actress, of Jewish descent ou her
mother's side. She is celebrated in rdles requu-ing
great nervous tension and bursts of passion, as " Fedora,"
"Froufrou," "Theodora," "La Tosca," etc. " She ap-
peared at the Theatre Fran^ais in 1862, but had little suc-
cess. Afterward, at the Od^on, she played Zanetto in • Le
Passant ' of Coppee. and the queen in 'Ruy Bias,' and was
admitted to the Franvais, where she had a verj' brilliant
career, leaving the company some fifteen years ago for a
still more brilliant one in all quarters of the globe, fehe
studied sculpture and painting, and has exhibited works
in both arts." {F. Sarcey, Recollections of Middle Life.)
In 18*2 she married M . I>ainala,a Greek, an actor in her com-
pany, from whom she has been divorced (he is since deatl).
Beriu (ber'ne), or Bema (ber'na), or Bernia
(ber'ne-a), Francesco. Bom at Lamporecchio,
in Tuscany, about 1498 : died at Florence, May
26, 1535. An Italian poet, author of "Rime
burlesche," and a rifaeimento of the " Orlando
Innamorato" by Boiardo (1541). His poetry i«
marked by a "light* and elegant mockery," for which his
name has furnished a descriptive adjective — bem^ique.
Bernier (bern-va' ), Francois. Bom in Angers,
France: died at Paris. Sept. 22, 1688. A
French physician, philosophical writer, and
traveler in the East (Syria, EgN-pt, India), court
phvsiciantoAurung-Zebe. He was the author of
" \'oyages de Bernier ' (1699), " Abreg^ de la philosophie
de tiassendi " (1678 : enlarged ItiSt). etc.
Bernina (ber-ne'na) Mountains. A group of
the Alps in the southern part of the canton of
Grisous, Switzerland.
Bernina Pass. A carriage-road over the Alps,
leading from Samaden in the Engadine to Ti-
rauo in the Valtellina, Italy. Height. 7.658 feet.
Bernina, PiZ. The central peak of the Ber-
nina grouj) of the Alps, south of Pontresina,
near the Italian frontier. Heirfit, 13,295 feet.
Bernini (ber-ne'ne), Giovanni Lorenzo. Bom
at Naples, Dec. 7, 1598: died at Rome. Nov. 28,
1680. An Italian architect, sculptor, and
painter, patronized particularly by Urban VUI.
and Lotiis XFV^. On the death of Carlo Moderno, he
was appointed architect of St. Peter's, with Boromini as
his assistant. In 1665 he visited France at the request of
Bemini 151 Bertinoro
LouUXrv. and Colbert>an(l made designs for the east front nah. Ga.. Jan. 1, 1856. An American lawyer F. Brrthc.'] The daughter of Caribert, count
of the Lou»-re. Construction was liegiin Imt abandoned, ^jj^j poUtieiau, attoniev-Reueral of the United of Laou: called "Bertha with the large foot"
'^"u^^ viT't^h7p''t'in"ro^' a:r„enrix^l' a^^^^^ states lSL>..-|il and Tnited States senator from (F. li^-the an ,r„n,l ^»«/j from the fact that
^eted the' souOiern iH.ich of the cortile of St. Peters Georgia lS2,i-29, ia41-.72. one of her feet was larger than the other, she
and the parapet and statues of the bridge of St. Angelo. BeiTO (bar'ro), Bemardo PrudenciO. Born was the wife of Pepin the Little and the mother of Charles
Under Clement X. he was made architect to the palace at Montevideo about ISOO- died there Anvil, Jhe Great, and died at thoisy m ,S3 at a great age. She
.,( ih.^ Qiiirinal ,0^0 .1" ''"""^ ^ ,": ." ' > 'Ji '» . .^1'' ■'' has been celebrated by poems and legends during many
oiini. i^uir iiiu. _ Ti_„_„.;<, Tn,«V,im i4a ^^^- An I ruguayan politician and .imirnalist centuries. Some romances have made her the daughter
BerniS (l>er-nes ), irangois joacmm ae (e,Jitor of "La Fusion"). In 1862 he was president of an emperor of Constantinople ; others make her de-
Pieire de. Horn at si. .Mari'cl. Ank-che, of the Senate and vice-president ; minister of govern- scend from Flore, the King of Hungary, and the queen
France, -Mav 213. 1715 : died at Kome, Nov. 2, ment under Oir6 until the revolution of Sept., 1843; Blanche-Fleur. One of these romances is rimed, and was
1701 A French cardinal statesman diplo- again president of the Senate 186S; and president of I'ru- written in the second half of the 13th century from popu-
,■ ♦ o.wl „,.nt TTu wn'a fnr<.i<m rniniqfpr »''»>' 186" 'o I'***- The revolution of Flores, begun dur- lar legends which go back to the 8th centuiy. It is by a
inatjst. aiul poet. He was toreign mmistei j„g ^is term, was successful soon after its end. In ISOS French minstrel named Adenes le Roi.
17.")"-. iS. and was exiled ll.>^-•l4. Beno headeda revolt against Flores, was imprisoned, and Bertha (ber'thii ) (called Aeatha) fSee Berch-
Beraoum(ber-no\ve), or Bernouilli, Chris- .luring the disorders that foUowed w ,,, -, The betrothed of Hereward in Scott's
tophe. BoniatBasel May 1.1 1-sJ: died lob. ;^;'"^" ^//^^t"- (^,,,-i . ^ „ron be-re') An "Count Robert of Paris." she follows the warlike
C. isti:i. A noted technologist, grandneplunv ■'*,^,'^'7; ['' -pern (btl l , J< . Brenhilda to Jerusalem, and marries Hereward when the
of Daniel Bernoulli (1700-82). lie was pro- ancient g.ixerninent of cent i all- 1. we. the an- crusade is over.
fessor of mttural history in the Uoiversity of '^^Xl'^Z^^^.:!.::^::^^!:^ Bertha (known as^ Gertrude). _ The daughter
Basel 181(-()1. TN • 1 T> * east, Bourbonnai's on the s..iitlieast,MaRhc on the south. "1 the Duke of Brabant in "The Beggars
Bernoulli, <>r BernOUllll, Daniel. Born at poltou on the west, and Touralne on the northwest, and Bush," a comedy bv Fletcher and others. She
Groniugen, .laii. 2;». 1700: dic<l at Basel, March is chiefly included in the departments of Indre and Cher, jg the supposed daughter of Vandunke.
17, 17K2 A noted luathematiciaiwuid physicist, ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^l^^^^^^^S!^ Berthelot(bert-lo').PierreEug6neMarcellin.
sou of Jean Bernoulli (166/-li48). He became thecrown in U6o and again, definitely, in looi. Born at Pans, Oct. 20. IsJi . A noted 1 iciu-h
professor i>f anatomy and botany m the I niversity of — T\.,^-\,„r.^^ A^ /•T>,.;„.,„o^ r•o^/^1iTl<> To-r chemist.
liasel in 1733, and professor of physics in 1750. His chief Berry, DucheSSC de(Princess Caroline Fer- b'''''J?| \; ,ter-tia') AlPxandr.. Duke of Xeu
work is a treatise on hydrodynamics. dinande LoUlSe ot Naples). Born Nov. o. 1/ Oh : JSerxmer ^0<1VV ^. •'^Jexanare, LU">-?J>£ -X^n
BemoulU, or Bernouilli, Jacques. Born at diedAprill7.1s70. Wife of Charles Ferdinand, chatel and \ alang.n and Pnnce of Wagram.
Bils,-! r)ec 27. ll!54" died there: Aug. IG, 1705. due de Berrv, and mother of the Comfede Cham- Born at Versailles, Nov. 20, l,o3: died at Bam.
A noted mathematician, professor of mathe- bord. She 'promoted an unsuccessful attempt berg, Bavaria, June 1, 181o. A marshal of t ho
matics in the Universitv of Basel 1687-1705. at revolution in favor of her son in 1832. ^T"''''T''™?i-'''..''iV'i '^°?'^'l^,iiti«l friend ot Na-
He improved the dilferentiarcalculns invented by Leib. Berry, CharleS, Duc de. Born Dec. 28, 1446: I"^'':'"' 1- ^'^^ MiSmoires were published in
nitl and Newton, s<dved the isoperinietrical problem, and jij^j ■\£yy 04 ^.^^ ?, \ili. The second son of 1^-"-
discovered the prc.perths of the logaritlmiic spiral ciiarles VII. and Marie of Anjou, duke of Berry, Berthold (ber'told). Died 1198. " The Apostle
Bernoulli, or Bernouilli, Jean. Born at Basel, Xormaiidv. and Guienno. of Livonia." While abbot of the Cistercian monastery
JiUv27,1667: died there, Jan. 1, 1(48. Amath- Bgj.j.Y Charles Duc de Born Aug 31 1686" of Loccum he was (lliXi) consecrated bishop of the I.ivoni.
ematician and physicist, brother of Jacques ,i;,.,i .',t M.,,lv \r-iv 4 1714 The third son of ?;'».'? succeed Meinhard, the first missionary in Livonia
T}„,., ,,,11; ,, ; ,»„„„„,. „f „,„(i,„..,„(;„„ ot ""^" '" *"'i".^ . -'i>V ^' '. ' ^^- iuc iiiiiii ouii oi jjg ,.a,5gj a„ armv in Lower Gerniaiiy for the purpose of
Bernoulli. lie became professor of mathema ics at Louis, the ( iraiul Dauphin, selected as successor converting the heath™ by force of arms, and was killed
OroMingen ... lon., a.,d ,n the I n.v ers.ty of Hasel m 170... ^^ ^^^ Spanish throne in case the Diike of An- in battle ..ear the month of the Duna.
Bernoulli, or Bernouilli, Jean. Born at Basel, jg,, „amed his successor bv Charles II.. should Berthold of Ratisbon. Born at Ratisbou (f)
May 18, 1/10: died there, July 1,, 1,90 A ■Jjecome king of France. " about 1220: died at Katisbon, Dec. 13. 1272. A
jurist aiid mathematician, son of Jean Ber- Bei.i.y Qharles Ferdinand, Due de. Born at German Franciscan preacher and missionary
?^;!,"Vo ""■ '7".^ pvolessor of rhetoric at Basel Versailles, Jan. 24, 1778 : assassinated at Paris, in Austria, Moravia, Thuringia, and elsewhere.
1743-48. and later ot mathematics. Feb. 13, 1820. The second son of the Comte Berthollet (ber-to-la'). Claude Louis, Comte.
Bemstorff (berns torf ), Count Andreas Pe- d'Artois (later Charles X. of France), and father Born at Talloire. in Savov. Nov. 9, 174S: died
ter von. Bom at _Gartow, near Luneburg. of the Comte de Chambord. He emigrated during near Paris, Nov. 6, 1822. A noted French chem-
Gerni:iiiv, -A-ug. 28, l/3o: died at ( openhagen, the Revolution, and served in the array of Conde and Later \^\_, professor in the Normal School at Paris He
June 21, 1797. A Danish statesman, nephew in that of Russia. He went to England in I801. ai.d there joined Napoleons Egyptian expedition, returning in 1799.
of Johaiin Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff. min- married a wife whom he afterward repudiated, again His woiks include "Essai de statique chimique," "M-
inter of f<ireifni affairs 177'^-80 and 1784-07 mai-rying on us return to trance. His second wife was ,„t,„,s ,ie I'art de la teinture," "MtHliode de nomencla-
IBlll 01 lOK \ir,n auaiis 1 1 1 - "o .iii.i j.i.t-. . ^|jj, p|.,|,(.es5 Carohne of Naples. tine chimique "etc
Bernstorff, Count Johann Hartwig Ernst Berry (ber'i). Sir John. Born at Knoweston. ggj-^jjou^ (ije^.t'^'j j'gi.^jjjajj^_ Born at Neu-
VOn. H<mi at Hannover. Germany, May 13. Devonshire, 1635: died at Portsmouth, England, ehatel March 19 1725: died June 20 1807 A
1712: died at Hamburg. Feb. 19, 1772. A Dan- about 1690. An English naval .officer. He en- Swiss mechanician, famous for the'aecuraev of
ish statesman, minister of foreign affairs 1.51- tered the m.rchant service, p.assed to the royal navy in his ebronometers He was the author of -Fssai si.r
177n- onllod hrFrBderick the Great "the Oracle lOOS, and attuned tlie r;.i.k of vice-admiral. Inl667hede- J ,,.';;".„?; 7, "?,75^ the author of tssiu sur
17 lO. called by * redenct tne Ureat tneuracie ^^.^^.^^ ^^^^ 1^, .^^^ 1^ ^__ l ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^.^^^ j_^^|._.^ horlogene (1,6.5), ^rait^ des holloges raarines (1773).
of Denmark.' „.,,,,,, In 1«S2 he commanded the Gloucester, which was wrecked "Longitudes par la mesure du temps, etc. (l,,S),etc.
Berodach Baladan. See ilcrodnch-imJminn. with the Duke of York and train on board: the duke es- Bertie (ber'ti). Peregrine, Lord Willoughby
BerOSUS (bc-ro'sus). Lived in the first part of caped, and Berry was relieved from all blame. de Eresby. Born at Lower W'esel. ( 'leves,
the 3d century B. C. A Babylonian priest and Berry, Marie Louise Elisabeth d'Orleans, "'•'■ !-• 1555: died June 25, 1001. A noted
historian, author of a historv of Babylonia (in Duchesse de. Born Aug. 20, 1095: died Julv English soldier and statesman. He served with
Greek), fragments of which have been pre- 21.1719. The eldest daughter of Philippe d'Or- disti..etion in the Low Countries l.'-.86-89, was appointed
, » 1* . ;. ,„„ , „ . . , .t 1 ' 1 -f i* ii T^ 1 i! T> 11 1 i^ir 1 hilip Sidney 8 successor as governor of Bergen-op-
served by later writers. " He was a priest of the leans and wife ot the Duke ot Berry, the grand- z„o„, j,, jiarch, I680, and succeeded Leicester as co.n-
temple of Bel at Babylon, and is said by Eusebiuo and fa- son of Louis XIV. : notorious for her profiigaev. mander-inchief in Nov., 1687. Later he served under
^:::il^:^:/?™ihr;r?eS^:;'^ls:^s!:^^^^^^^ , ..p , fAv ,
had, therefore, special opportunities of knowing the his- \ orkshire, March 16, 1(63 : died at London. Nov. Bertie, Wllloughby, fourth Earl of Abingdon,
tory and astionomy ot his country, upon which he wrote 20, 1852. .\n English authoress. She and her sis- Born Jan. 10. 1740 : died Sept. 26. 1799. An
liiCreek. Recent discoveries have abundantly established ter Agnes (17W-:s.W) were the f.iends, and she was lit- English liberal Statesman and political writer.
the trustworthiness ot this .Manetho of lialiylonia, whose erary executor, of Horace Walpole. Her chief work is He opposed the war with America 1776-83, and the policy
works, iintortu.iately, are known to us only thnmgli quo- "England and France, a Comparative View of the .Social which led to it and sympathized with the Fre.ich Kevo-
talions at second and thi.-d hand. .Since a cylinder ot Condition of both Countries" (Is-W), originally published lution He wrote "Thoughts on Mr. Burke's Letter t.i the
Anllokhos, the son ot Seleukos. has been found inscribed in two volumes : the first (Isas) entitled - A Cimiparativo .slieritfs of Bristol on the Affairs of America " (1777) etc
hi liabylo.iian cuneifoi-.n, while bili.igual fragments in View of the Social Life of England and France, etc," and „ ,jj , ,_ . ,'
cuniiformandcursiveOreekof the, Selenkid age have also the second (1831) entitled " Social Life in E.igland and Bertin (ber-tau ). Edouard FrangOlS. Horn
been discovered, and a contract tablet in Babylonian France, etc," at Paris 1797: died at Paris, Sept. 13, 1S71.
pXnr.ht c;mXtr,;''o?7.o„1.i:';;. Sriu'ir: Berry,^ William. Born 1774 : died at Brixton, A French .iourtialist an.l artist. He succeeded hi;
museum of Ziirlch, there is no reason why Berrtsos should J'l'.V -■ l'^'''- ->■" English genealogist. He pub- brother, touis Mane Armand Bertin, in the editorship of
not have been equally well acquainted with both the llshed " Introiluction to Heraldry" (l.slO), "Genealogia the ■' .rournal des Wbats.
(Ireek language and the (dd literature ot his n.ative coun- AntiqU!^ etc."(1818), "Encyclopedia Hcraldica, etc."(lS28- Bertin, LouiS FranQOiS. Born at Paris, Dec.
try. And in spite of the fragmentary a.id corrupt state 184(1), etc. _,,_,. ax- -d . 14. 1766 : died al Paris, Sept. 13, 1841. A French
in which his fragments have come down to US, we now Bcrryer (ber-ya ), Pierre AntOine. Born at :,„,,.,,„,:„* fmiiwlov in ISOO with hi'j b.-otli."r
know that he was so. His account of the Del.ige, for in. Paris, .bin. 4,1790: did Nov. 29,1868. A f"'"'^!,'^*' '*'■,,! ivl.yn--? isio^
stance, agrees even in its details with that of the cunei- ,.',,,.„,], ,,,ivocnte •iiid Dolitical orator n leader ^"'"^ Francois Bertin de \ oau.\ (1- (1-1842), of
form texts." Sayw. Mk. Empires, p, 100. ^ 1' " ' '"!^,"' :"/ '""' l'"""cal oratoi, a leadei ^^^ "Journal des Debats." changed bv Napo-
Berquin (ber-kaii'), Arnaud. Bom at Lan- BLJJr,ilriL''''^ ,V u,:!;,„„,„,,o leon I. (180,5-14) into the" Journal derEmpire."
goiran, near Bordeaux, 1749: die.l at Paris, |!^®f?^ ., pi; | r" .?"?*\„^.p^ Ynn„n Bertin, Louis Marie Axmand. Born at Paris,
Dec, 21, 1791. A French man of letters, es- ^ert (l.ai) Paul. Born at AuxeiTe\onne, ,^ .J. j^^,j . ^,i^,,, .,,,„ ,o_ ,^54. A French
peciallv noted as a writer of juveniles: siir- F-™"T/ I;.''' ^^;;.. , 1^1^^, '^l''; ' T'lT ' ' jouTnalist, successor of his father. Louis Frau-
lame.r " the Friend of Children." He wrote ^^-^ • "' •^■^''; '^} '",",^ Pl'^f «lo«'«' »"•' I'"''- iois Bertin, in the editorship of the "Journal
"L'Ami des enfants" (24 vols., 1782-S3),"Le petit Or7ndi! *!''•''"■• '"'"'f '':'.°f 1""!"' l^i.c'r' '.°" ""'^ ""'"■" 'les Debats."
son " (l^^7). etc, ship in ( .ambetta s cabinet 1881-82. He was gov. i>._x:„ T.n„icp Ans41inua Born near Bic^vres
Bfirrpdn P na.<itrn (ber-ra'dii e kiish'tr.i) -Rer ernor-resident of Ton.iuin in 1886. He wrote "Revue isertin, IjOUlse AHgeiique. J-sorn neai «u\ie8,
uerreao e l/asiro (Oer-ra no e kasli tlo), Ber- ^^^ travanx d'anaUm.ie et de phvsioh.gie, 18(i4 " (I8«B), Scuic-ct-( liso, !■ ranee, Jim, 15. 1805: died at
nardO Pereira de. Bom at Serpa, Alemte.io, "Notes danatomieet do physiologlo companies," etc. Paris, April 2(>, 1877. A French singer and
about Kis.S: dic.l at Lisbon, March 13, 1748. A Berta (bar'lii). An African tribe inhabiting composer, daughter of Louis Francois Bertin
Portuguese soldier, statesman, and historian, (he lowland beneath the western flank of the Sh" comiiosed the operas "Le Loup Uarou " (1827),
From 1718 to 1722 he was governor of Maranl.,ao, the.. m„,„„:„;„„ ,.l.,.„„„ ~n. .1 •., ., > " Faust " (1S31), " La Esmeralda " (1886).
embrael.ig all of ..orthern Brazil; later he was captain- Abyssinian plateau. Thcv seem to he neither entirely B-rtini (ber-te-ne'), Henri Born at Loudon,
general of MazagJo. in Africa, Ills 'A.maes hisuWos Ham.t.c nor Nigritic, Their ianguago has been included, ■°erwni \"-"..\/iS'' ,^f{^.*- ff"'^^^^
d,. cslado de Mamnhao " (Lisbon, 1749 ; 2d ed. .Maranhao, J'^ I"-- '"«'• '" "'"-' N'"t'i-l'"lah group. < '' 1 ',- ;' ^ ' . -'"ed Ileal Gieuoble, J^ ram e, Uct.
iHifl) is a principal source of hlstorlcid information for Bertaut (ber-to'). Jean. Born at Caen, 15(0: 1, 18(0. A French pianist and composer for
that part of Brazil. died June 8, 1611. A French ecclesiastic and the pianoforte.
Herri. See Bcmj. poet, secretary to the king, bishop of S^ez, Bertinoro (ber-te-uo'ro). A small tomi in the
Berrien (ber'i-en), John Macpherson. Born and almoner to Marie do M^dicis. province of Forli. Emilia, Italy, situated 18
in New Jersey, Aug. 23, 1781: died at Savan- Bertha (btr'tha), or Berthrada. [It. Sp. J?cr/n, miles south of Havenna: famous for its wines.
Bertoldo ^^2
Bertoldo (ber-tol'do). The hero of an Italian Merchant's Second Tale, " but now rejected.
eomie romance written near the end of the The author is unknown.
16th eenturv bv Julio Cesare Croee, sumamed Berytus. hee Beirut. •,,-.• n
"Delia Lvra."" Its popularity was very great BerzehuSj ber-ze li-us ; bw. prou. ber-zil e-os)
and long continued. - --
Bertonio (ber-to'ne-o), Ludovico. Bom at
Fermo. 1.555: died, probably at Lima. Peru,
Aug. 3, 1628. An Italian Jesmt missionary.
He joined the order In 1575, was sent to Peru in 1681, and
spent the reniaimler of his life laboring among the In-
dians, principallv the Collas or AjiuarSs of I pper Peru.
Bertonio left siveral workson the Aj-mari language, which
he first reduced to writing.
Bertram (ber'tram). [G. Bertram, F. Ber-
traiid. It. Birtrando, Sp. Beltran, Pg. Bertrao.^
1 The Count of Rousillon in Shakspere's
" All 's Well that Ends Well." See Helena.— 2.
The aged minstrel who is the companion and
Johan Jacob, Baron. Born at Westerlosa,
near Linkoping. Ostergotland, Sweden. Aug.
29, 1779: died at Stockholm, Aug. 7, 1848. A
celebrated Swedish chemist. He was appointed
professor of medicine and pharmacy at Stockholm 1807 ;
liecame perpetual secretarj- of the Academy of Sciences at
Stockholm ISIS; was created a baron 1S35; and became
a royal councilor 1838. He introduced a new nomencla-
ture of chemistry ; discovered selenium, thorium, and ce-
rium ; first exhibited calcium. b:u-iuiu, strontium, colum- , , —, t , T,
bium, or tantalum, silicium, and zirconium .-IS elements ; Sessel (bes'sel), Fnedrich Wllhelm. Born
Bethany
1423 ; studied under the Platonic scholar George Gemistus
Pletho ; became ai-chbishop of Niciea in 1437 : accompanied
John PalfEologustoltaly, in 1438, to assist in elf ecting union
between the Greek and Latin churches; supported the
Koman Church at the councils of Ferrara :uid Florence,
whereby he gained the favor of Pope Eugenius IV. by whom
he was made cardinal in 1439 and successively invested with
the archbishopric of Siponto and the bishoprics of Sabina
and Tusculum ; and received the title of Patriarch of Con-
stantinople 1463. He wrote "Adversus Calumniatorem
Platoni8,"etc.
Jess6ges(bes-azh'). A town in the department
of Gard, southern France, 33 miles northwest
of Nimes. Near it are important coal- and iron-
mines. Population (1891), commune, 8.673.
was one of the originators of the electro-chemical theory
and contributed much toward the perfection of the atomic
theory after Dalton. His most important work is "Lare-
hok i Kemien ' (1808-28), which has been translated into
every European laug:uage,
protector of Lady Augusta de Berkely m bcott s gesanQOn (be-zon-s6n'). [LL. Besaniio(n-),
novel -'Castle Dangerous."— 3. A tragedy by
the Rev. R. C. Maturin, produced in 1816. The
character of Bertram is the incarnation of revenge, wild
love, and pathos. Kean created the part.
Bertram, Godfrey. The Laird of EUangowan
in Scott s novel "Guy Mannering": a man of
weak character, anxious for political prefer-
ment, plundered and ruined by Glossin.
Bertram, Harry. The son of Godfrey in Scott's
novel •' Guy Jlannering" : one of the principal
characters." and the lover of Julia Mannering.
Bertram, Lucy. The daughter of Godfrey Ber-
tram in Scott's "Guy Mannering."
Bertran. See Bertram!.
Bertrand (ber-tron'). Count Henri Gratien.
Born at Chateaurou.x, Indre, France, March 28,
1773: died at Chateauroux, Jan. 31, 1844. A
French general, a companion of Napoleon I.
at Elba and St. Helena. He served with distinction
at Austerlitz, Spandau, Friedland, in the campaign of
Wagram. in Russia, at Leipsic, and at Waterloo. He suc-
ceeded Duroc as gi-and marshal of the palace. After his
death his sons published 'Les campagnes d'Egypte et de
Syrie, memoires pour servir ii Ihistoire de XapoWon,
dict<58 par luimeme, & SainteHSlene, au g^n^ral Ber-
trand ■■ (1847).
Bertrand, Louis Jacques Napol6on Aloisius.
Born at Ceva, in Piedmont, April 20,1807: died
at Paris, May, 1841. A French poet and jour-
nalist, author of a posthirmous work, "Fan-
taisies a la mani^re de Rembrandt et de Cal-
lot"(1842).
Louis Bertrand, a poet possessed of the rarest faculty,
but unfortunately doomed to misfortune and premature
death. Born at Ceva in Piedmont, in 1807, and brought
up at Dijon, he came to Paris, found there but scanty
encouragement, and died in a hospital in 1S41. His only
work of any importance, "Gaspard dela Nuit," a series of
at Miudeu, Prussia, July 22, 1784 : died March 17,
1846. A noted Prussian astronomer, tlirector
of the observatory at Konigsberg. His works in-
clude " Fundamenta Astronomiie deducta ex observationi-
bus J. Bradley "(1818), " Astronomische Untersuchungen"
(1841-42), "Populare Vorlesungen Uber wissenschaft-
liche Gegenstande" (1848), "Messungen der Entfernung
des 61 .Sterns im Stembilde des Schwans " (1839), etc.
lia). The sweetheart of Cap-
'Smollett's "Sir Launcelot
the "seat of an artiUery school. It is the chief place -Dpocprnpr fbes'e-mer) Sir Henrv Bom at
in France for the manufactiu-e of watches. It contains cessemer (DCS e mer), oiriienry. ""™»i
_.. „ „ charltou.Hertfordshire.England, Jan. 19, 1813.
Besoiitio(n-), L. re«0H((0(n-), from a tribe name
Besoiitii.'i The capital of the department of „ _
Doubs, France, situated on a peninsula nearly gesseUa (bes-se'lia
surrounded by the Doubs, m lat. 4/° 14 N., ^.^jj^ Crowe, in 'i
long. 6° 1' E. It is an important fortress, and (^freaves."
the cathedral, archbishop's palace, Palais Gi-anvella, li-
brary museum, citadel, the triumphal arch Porte de Mars,
and other Roman antiquities. It is the birthplace of
Granvella. Pajol, Moncey, Modier, and Victor Hugo. It
wiis the capital of the Sequani, and under the Romans
the capital of Ma.xima Sequanorum. From 1184 to ItUS it
was a free imperial city, and later the capital of Franche-
Comt^. In 1648 it was ceded to Spain, and to France in
1679. It was unsuccessfully besieged by the Austrians in
1S14, and was the base of Bourbaki s operations 1870-71.
Population (1891), 56,056.
Besant (bes'ant). Sir Walter. Bom at Ports-
mouth, England, 1838. An English novelist,
knighted in 1895. He was appointed professor in the
Boyal College of Mauritius, but returned to England on
account of ill health. From 1871 to 1882 he wrote in
collaboration with James Rice. Since the death of the
An English engineer, inventor of the Bessemer-
steel process (1856-58).
Bessiferes (bes-yar'), Jean Baptiste, Duke of
Istria. Born at Preissac, Lot, France, Aug.
5(6f), 1768: killed near Liitzeu, Gei-many, May
1, 1813. A famous marshal of the French em-
pire. He served with distinction at Acre, Abukir, Ma-
rengo, Austerlitz, Jena, Eylau, Friedland, Essling, etc. ;
and commanded at the victory of Medina del Rio-Seco, in
Spain, July 14, 1808.
Bessin (be-san'). An ancient district in the
northwestern part of Normandy, France, bor-
dering on the English Channel east of the Co-
tentin. Its chief town is Bayeux.
latter he has written many novels and short stories. It BeSSUS (bes'us). [Gr. B?/ffcroc.] 1. A satrap of
ivas due to '■ AU Sorts and Conditions of Men" (lbS2)that
the People's Palace in the East End of London was buUt.
Besborodko (bes-bo-rod'ko). Prince Alexan-
der Andreye'Vitch. Born at Stolnoi, Little
Russia, March 25. 1747: died at St. Petersburg.
Aug. 9, 1799. A Russian statesman, made sec-
retary of foreign affairs in 1780, and imperial
chancellor in 1796,
Bactria. He commanded the left wing of the Persian
army at the battle of Arbela, 331 B. C. He murdered Darius
III. in 330. and was soon after captured by Alexander, and
delivered to Oxathres, the brother of Darius, by whom he
was executed.
2. A blustering, swaggering coward in Beau-
mont and Fletcher's play " King and No
King."
prose ballads .-u-ranged in verses something like those of motte), etc.
the English translation of the Bible, and testifying to the •gpci'ta. Bj
Bescherelle (besh-rel'). Louis Nicolas. Bora Bestuzheff (bes-to'zhef). Alexander. Bom
at Paris, June 10, 1802: died at Auteuil, Feb. 4. "' " " '^" ^' ' ■"'"--■<-■"- '
1883. A French grammarian, lexicographer,
and librarian. His works include " Grammaire na
tionale" (1834-38), " Dictionuaire national" (1843-16),
Les classiquea et les romantiques " (1838 : with Ch.
;.artin), "La grammaire de I'-^cademie" (1825: with La*
Miirtin), "La grammaire
most delicate sense of rhj-thm and the most exquisite
power of poetical suggestion, did not appear until .after
his death. SaiiMrury, French Lit., p. 546.
Bertrand de Bom. See Born, Bertrand de.
Bertrand de Goth or Got. See Clement V.
Bertrand du Guesclin. See Du auesclin.
Bertuccio (ber-to'cho). A deformed court
jester in Tom Taylor's tragedy "The Fool's
Revenge." His gratified revenge on the duke culmi-
nates in the terrible conviction that through a mistake he
has compassed the abduction and dishonor of his own
child instead of that of the wife of his enemy. His hys-
terical efforts to play the fool, when maddened with agony,
in order to gain admittance to the banquet-room into
(1825 : with La-
Besika Bay (bes'i-ka ba). A small bay on the
northwestern coast of Asia Minor, near the
entrance to the Strait of Dardanelles.
Nov. 3 (N. S.), 1795: killed near Yekaterino-
dar, in the Caucasus, June, 1837. A Russian
soldier, poet, and novelist.
Bestuzheff-Riumin (bes-to'zhef-re-o' min).
Count Alexei PetrO'vitch. Born at Moscow,
Jime, lOyii : diid April 21, 1766. A Russian di-
plomatist and statesman. He became imperial chan-
cellor in 1744, and was degraded from office, on a charge of
high treason, in 1758, He discovered, in 1725, a medicinal
prep:iration of iron, tinctura tonico-nervina Bestusewt
Besko'w (bes'kov), Bernhard von. Born at Betangos, or Betanzos(ba-tan'th6s), Domingo
de. Born in Leon : died at Valladolid, Spain,
1.549. A Spanish missionary in Hispaniola,
Mexico, and Guatemala. His representation of the
cruelty practised by the Spaniards on the natives occa-
sioned the promulgation of the bull "Veritas ipsa," 1537,
by Pope Paul III., in which all Christians are commanded
to treat the heathen as brothers.
^ their plays " The Beggar of Bethnal Green.
whrcVi his daughter has been carried, form a powerfully BesS, Good Queen, A popular epithet of Queen
dramatic scene. Elizabeth of England.
Bertulphe
rose to be the
Stockholm, April 22, 1796: died at Stockholm
Oct. 17, 1868. A Swedish di-amatist and poet.
His chief dramas are "Erik den Fjortonde" (1827-28X
"Torkel Knutsson," " Birger och bans Att," "Gustav
Adolf i Tyskland " (1838).
Bess (bes), orBessee (be-se'), the Blind Beg-
gar's daughter of Bethnal Green. The subject _ j t>
of a favorite popular ballad, and introduced Betancourt (be-ton-kor'), Agustin de. Bora
by Chettle and Dav, and Sheridan Knowles, in in Mexico City, 1620 : died 1700. A Franciscan
monk and historian, curate of the parish of
San Jos4. His principal work, "Teatro Mejicano,"i»
primarily a history of his order in Mexico, but contains
much of general interest.
See Betani;os.
by I
A peasant who by his own energy Bessaraba (bes-sa'rii-ba). A family of Walla- ■Optanzos'"
e Provost of Bruges, in G. W. Lov- ohian waywodes, prominent in the politics of Spfo-Jf „,'
ell's play of that name. He is reduced to the con-
dition of a serf by an extraordinary decree, as he had never
been actually manumitted. He rises, slays the earl, the
author of the law, and kills himself. Macready was very
successful in the part.
Ber'wick (ber'ik), or Berwick-on-T'weed.
[Formerly Abenciek:] A seaport in Northum-
berland, 'England, long regarded as neutral
between Scotland and England, at the mouth
of the Tweed. It was frequently an object of dispute
between the countries. It has remains of the old walls.
P.,imlatinn (1S;11), 13,378.
Berwick, Duke of. See Fit::-.James. James.
Ber-wick (lu'r'wik). Miss Mary. The pseudo.
fi t T - ^"'if ti Tiii, tn The I8tl Betanzos, Juan Jos6 de. A Spanish soldier
southeastern Europe from the 13th to the 18th ^^,^^ ^.^^'^ ^^ p^^.^^ probably with Pizarro in
century, which has given the name of Bessa-
rabia to the region comprised between the
Pruth and the Dniester.
Bessaraba (bes-sa'ra-ba), Constantino Bran-
covan. Died Aug. 26, 1714. A waywode of
WaUachia 1688-1714. He acted as the secret agent of
Leopold of .\ustria in the war which terminated with the
peace of Carlowitz in lt»9, while ostensibly supporting
his suzerain the Sultan of Turkey ; and served '" "....*
Peter the Great in the war against the lurks
1532. He settled at Cuzco, and married a daughter of
the Inca Atahuajpa. He became au adept in the (juichua
language, and wrote in it a doctrina and two vocabu-
laries, now lost. By order of the viceroy Mendoza he
wrote an account of the Incas and of the conquest. It
was finished in 1551, but remained in manuscript until
1S80. when it was printed for the "Biblioteca Uispano-
ritram:irina, " with the title "Suma y .Xarracion de los
Incas."
nym of Miss Adelaide Anne Procter in "Le- Bessarabia (bes-a-ra'bi-ji). A goverament of
J^'i-Ji'with Betchwa. See Berara.
the reslUt that he was put to death with his four so'ns by BetolgeUZC, or BctelgeUX (bet-el-gferz'). L-^.
order of the sultan. With hisdeath the Bessaraba dynasty ibt-al-jiiu:a, the giant s shoujder.J Ihe bright,
was extinguished.
gends and Lyrics" (18.58).
Berwickshire (ber'ik-shir), or Berwick, A
county in southeastern Scotland, lying between
Haddington on the north, the North Sea on
the northeast, Berwick Bounds and Northum-
berland on the southeast, Roxburgh on the
south, and E<Unburgh on the west. Its divisions
are the Merse, lAramermuir, and Lauderdale. Its agricul-
ture is important Area, 461 square miles. Population
(isn), n2,;i'.'8.
Bteryn, History of. A Middle English poem
formerly ascribed (by Urry) to Chaucer as " The
southwestern Russia, lying east and northeast
red, slightly variable star a Orionis, in the right
shoulder of the constellation. It is sometimes
called Mir:am, from al-mir:am, the roarer.
of Rumania. Capital, Kishineff. it was overrun Betbam (beth'am). Sir William. Bora at
by nomadic races from the 2d to the 13th century ; was
ceded to Russia by Turkev in 1812 ; w.as ceded in part to
Jloldavia in 1856 ; and was restored to Russia in 1878.
Area, 17,619 square miles. Population, 1,588,329.
Bessarion (be-sa'ri-on). Johannes or Basilius.
[MGr. Beacapicn:] Born at Trebizond, 1395
(1403?): died at Ravenna, Nov. 19, 1472. A
Greek scholar and Roman (jatholic ecclesiastic
Stradbrooke, Suffolk, England, Jlay 22, 1779:
died Oct. 26, 1853. An English antiquary,
Ulster king at arms. His works include "Irish
Antiiiuarian Researches " (1827% " Origin and History of
the <'onstitution of England, and of the early Parliamentg
of I^elaTld"(1^34: a reissue, with a new title, of an earlier
work), "The Gael and the Cymbri, etc"(1834), etc
Betham-Edwards. See Edicardx.
notable as a patron of learning and a collector Bethany (beth'a-ni). [Heb., 'house of pov-
o£ manuscripts. He entered the order of St Ba»U In erty.'] A place about forty minutes' ride from
Bethany
Jerusalem, on the road to Jericho, southeast of
the Mount of Olives. It is often mentioned in the
New Testament aa the home of Lazarus, Miirtha and
Mary, and of Simon the Leper (Matl. xxi. 17, xwL (i;
Mark xi. 1 If. : Lulte xix. 29; .John xi. 1: A. V). It is iden-
titled with the nicidern El-Azariyeli. a villane with forty
huts. inhatiiteJ by Mohammedans exclusively.
Beth-Arbel (beth-iir'bel). A phu-e lueutioncd
in Hos. X. 14 as the scene of a saek and mas-
sacre by .Shalman : probably identical with the
moderii Irbid. east of the Joi-dan and northeast
of Petta. shalman may be either Shalnianeser IH.,
kioR of .\8'\Tia 7S2-T72 B. c, who niatie a campaign against
Damascus, or Salaman, king of Moab, » ho is mentioned
Id the Assyrian inscriiitions as having paid tribute to Tig-
lath- Pileser III., king of Assyiia (74r.-727 u. c).
Bethel(beth'el). [LL. lUtliH, (iv. !!«(('///., Heb.
Betli-cl, house of God.] In scriptural geog-
raphy, a town (originally named Liiz) in Pales-
tine, 12 miles north of Jerusalem, the resting-
place of the ark. and, later, a seat of idolatrous
worship: the modern Beitin.
Up to the last, customs that had originated in a primi-
tive period of Semitic lielief survived in IMioeniciaii re-
llgion. Stones, m-ire especiidly aerolites, as well as trees,
were accounted sacred. The stones, after being eonse-
crate<l by a libation of oil, were called .... Beth-dn,
"habilat"i(ms of God," and regarded as filled with the in-
dwelling presence of the Deity. The Caaba at Mecca is
a carious relic of this old Semitic supei-stition, which rs
alluded to in the Uisdhubar Epic of t'haldea, aik<l may have
suggested the metaphor of a rock applied to the Deity in
Hebrew p*,ctry. Prof. Robertson Smith, again, has pointed
out that numerous traces of an early totemism lasted
down into the historical period of the Semitic race, more
•specially among the ruder nomad tribes of Arabia.
Sayce, Anc. Empires, p. 200.
Bethel, Slingsby. Born 1617: died Feb., 1697.
An Eiiglisli merchant and politician of repub-
lican views. He was tried and heavily fined in
May. 1683, for an assault during an election of
sheriffs.
Bethell (beth'el), Richard. Born at Bradford-
on-Avon. Kngland, June 30, 1800: died at Lou-
don, July 20, 1873. An English jurist and states-
man, created first Lord Westbury in 1861. He
became attorney-general in 1856, and was lord
chancellor 1861-6,1.
Bethencoort (bii-ton-kor'). Jean de. Died
Hi."! (f). -^ French adventurer, conqueror of
the Canary Islaiuls. He organized with Oadifer de
la Salle an expedition which sailed from La Roehelle, May
1. 1402, in ijnest of adventure. Having arrit'ed in the Ca-
naries, he built a fort on Lanzarote. which he left in
charge of liadifer while he returned for reinforcements.
He came again with the otllcial title of seigneur of the
Canary Islands ; converted the king of the islands in 1404
an event which was followed by the baptism of most of
the natives : and returned to France in 1400, after deputing
his nephew as governor. His exploits are recorded in a
*'Hi8tofre de la premiere descouverte et conciueste des
Canaries, faite dt'S Tan 1402 par niessirc Jean de Betheii-
court. eserite du temps mesme par F. PieiTc Bontier
. . . et .lean le Verrier, etc. " (Kl.'iO).
Bethe8da(be-thes'dii). [Heb..' house of mercy,
or 'place of the flowing water.'] In scriptural
history, an intermittent s])ring near the sheep-
gate in Jerusalem, Palestine: commonly iden-
tified with the modern Birket Israil.
Bethesda, A town in Carnarvonshire, Wales, .I
miles southeast of Bangor. Near it are the
great Penrvhn slate-quarries. Populatiou(18yi ),
;).7!Hi.
Beth-Gellert. See Gelkrt.
Beth-horon (beth-ho'ron), Upper and Nether.
[Hob.. • place of the hollow.'] Two villages of
Pab-stinc. about 12 miles northwest of Jerusa-
lem. .\t the pass between them .Toshua defeated the
kings of the Aniorites. It is also the scene of a victory
of .ludas Maccabajus in the 2d century B. 0.
Bethlehem (l)eth'lo-om). [Heb., 'house of
broad. 'J A town in Palestine. 6 miles south
of Jerusalem : the modern Beit-Lahm. It was
the birthplace of Pavid and(nccordiitg to Mattliew, Luke,
and .lolin) of Christ. The Convent of the Nativity at
Bethleliem Is a complex body of structures distributed
between the (ireek and Latin creeds, and grouped around
the church, a basilica of 5 naves, with apse and apsidal
transepts, tiuilt by the empress Helena and Constantine.
Tliere are four long ranges of nionoltthic Corintiiian
colunins l!l feet high, above which rise the walls of the
nave with round-arched windows. The choir is richly
ornametited xvlth attributes of the Greek rite; beneath
It is the tortuous Orotto of the Nativity. The apse anil
ports of tlie walls bear beautiful liyzantiue mosaics. The
church measures 80 l»y 130 feet. Population, about 5.000.
Bethlehem, A burough in Northamjjton County,
PennsylviMiia, situati'd on the Leliigh River .lO
miles north of Pliiladcljiliia, settled by the Mo-
ravians i.i 1741. It has maiiufni'turi's of iron
and Miaehinery. Population (18!ll)), 6,762.
Bethlehem, Synod of. An important svuod
of the ( Ir.M-k ( Miureh held at Bethlehem in 1672.
It condenmed t'ldviuism and I.uthcranistn, and defended
the memory of Cyiil I.ucar, the famous patriarch i>f AK-x-
andria and afterward of 4'oustantinople, who had died
In 1038. against the imputation of Calvinism. The acts of
this synod were signed by the Patriarch of Jerusalem and
153
other clergy, but have never been formally adopted with-
out moditlcation by the whole Orthodox Eastern Church.
Somi-I lines calle.l Siiiwd f/ Jermalem
Bethlehem Hospital. See Bedlum.
Bethlehemites (beth'le-em-its). A religious
order founded in Guatemala in 16r)3, extended
to Mexico a few years later, and ultimately to
other parts of Spanish America. The members
lived according to the monastic rules of the
Augustinians.
Bethnal Green (beth'nal gren). A district in
London, on the left bank of the Thames, east
of Spitalfields, formerly occupied by silk-weav-
ers partly descended from the Huguenot refu-
gees. It is noted as being the locality mentioned in
the old ballad "The Blind Beggar's Daughter of Beth-
nal Green." The beggar's house is still shown. {liar>-.)
The Bethnal Green Museimi is a branch of the Soutli
Kensint:lon Museum, and was opened in 1872 in Victoria
Park Souare. Cauil)ridge road, for the poor of East London.
Bethphage (beth'faj; properly beth'fa-je).
[H<'b., 'house of unripe tigs.'] In scriptural
geography, a 'village in Palestine, situated on
the Mount of Olives eastward from Jerusalem
and near Bethany. The exact site is in dispute.
" The traditional site is above Bethany, halfway between
that village and the top of the mount." Smith.
Bethsaida (beth-sa'i-dil). [Heb., 'fishing-
place.'] In scriptural geography, a place in
Palestine, probably situated on the shore of the
Sea of Galilee between Capernaum and Mag-
ilala.
Beth-shean (beth'she'au). [Heb., 'house of
rest ' or 'of security.'] See Scjithopnlis.
B6thune (ba-tiiu')- A town in the depart-
ment of Pas-de-Calais, France, situated on the
Brette in lat. 50° 30' N., long. 2'' 3.')' E. : the
seat of an ancient baronj-. it has a noted belfry
and church (of St. V.aast). It was taken by Marlborough
and Prince Flugene in 1710. Population (1891), commune,
11.098.
Betrothed, The. A novel by Manzoni. See
I'yonK'Ssi *S}>osi,
Betrothed, The. One of Scott's "Tales of the
Crusaders," published in 182.5.
Betterton (bet'er-ton ), Thomas. Born in
Tothill street, Westminster, 163.5 {?): died in
Russell street, Coveut Garden, April 28, 1710.
An English actor and dramatist, sou of an
tmder cook of Charles I. He was apprenticed to a
bookseller. Little is known of his early life. It is sup-
posed that he began to act in 1656 or 1657. He joined
Davenant's company at the Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre
in 166L Pepys at the beginning of his career and Pope
at the end spoke of him as the best actor they had ever
seen. He was intimate with Dryden and with the most
intellectual men of his time.
Of Betterton's eight plays, I find one tragedy borrowed
from Webster ; and of his comedies, one was taken from
Marston ; a second based on Moli&re's George Dandin ; a
third was never printed; his '" Henry the Fourth" was
one of those unhallowed outrages on .Shakespeare, of
which the centui7 in which it appeared was prolific ; his
" Bondman " was a poor reconstruction of Massinger's
play, in which Betterton himself was marvellously great ;
and his " Prophetess" was a conversion of Beaumont and
Fletcher's tragedy into an opera, by the etllcient aid of
Henry Purcell, who published tbe music in score, in 1091.
Doran, Eng. Stage, I. 128.
Bettina (lict-te'nii). See Arnim. FJi:(ihe1h vim.
Bettris (bet'ris). A country girl who loves
(xcorge-a-tireene, in Greene's play of that
name.
Bett'ws-y-Coed (bet"iis-e-kd'ed). A town in
Carnarvonshire, Wales, situated at the .iunction
of the Llugwy and Conway 17 miles southeast
of Bangor. It is a tourist center.
Betty (bet'i). A diminutive abbre'viation of
Elizabeth.
Betty, William Henry West, kno-wn as
'•Master Bi'tly" and the "Young Roseius."
Born at Shrewsbury, Sept. 13, 1701: died at
London, Aug. 24, 1874. An English actor, es-
pecially famous for his precocity. Ho made his
llrst appearance, oti Aug. 19, 1803. as Oswyn in "/.ai-a, "
and played Douglas, Holla, Itonieo, Tancred. and Ham-
let within two years with great success. He left the
stage in 1806, returned to it in 1812, and llnally abandoned
it in 18'24.
Betty Modish, Lady. See .Vorf/.v/i, Lixhi lirtii/.
Betwa (liet'wil). .\ tributary of the .Jumna, in
British India. Length, 360 miles.
Beudant (Vje-doii'). FranQois Sulpice. Born at
Paris, Sept. .5, 1787: died there, Dec. 9, 1850.
A Freui'h mineralogist and |)liysieist. He became
professor of mathematics at Avignon in 1811, later (1813)
professor of physic* at Marseilles, and later (1818) profes-
sor of mineralogy in' the faculty of sciences at Paris.
Beulah (Ini'lii). [Heb., 'she who is marrieii.'l
1. In Isa. Ixli. 4, the name of thi> land Israel
when it shall be "married." — 2. .\ land of
rest," where the sun shineth night and day,"
in Bunyun's " Pilgrim's Progress." The Pilgrims
stay here till the time comes for them to go across the
river of Death to the Celestial City.
Be'vis of Hampton
Beul6 (bi'-la' ). Charles Ernest, Born at Sau-
mur. Anjou. France, June 29. 1826: died April
4. 1S74. A French archieologist and politician.
Beurnon'Tille (ber-noii-vel'). Pierre de Ruel,
Marquis de. Born at Cham])ignolle. Aube,
France, May 10, 1752: die<l at Paris. April 23,
1821. A French general and politician, made
a marshal of France in 1816.
Beust (boist), Count Friedrich Ferdinand von.
Born at Dresden, Jan. 13, 1809: died at Alten-
berg, near Vienna, Oct. 24, 1886. A Saxon and
Austrian statesman and diplomatist. He became
mhlister of foreign affairs in Saxony in 1840, and during
the decade preceding the Austro- Prussian war was the
chief opponent of Bismarck in (ici-man politics. His ob-
ject was to fonn a league of the niin<;r German states
strong enough to hold the balance of power between
Austria and Prussia. He caused Saxony to side with
Austria in the .\ustro-Prussian war of 1866. Having en-
tered the .\ustrian service as minister of foreign ntfairs
in Oct., 1806, he succeeded Belcredi as prime minister on
Feb. 7,1807, and on June 23, 1807,was create.l i liami-llor of
the Austrian empire. He reorganized the enipii e, in 1S08,
on the basis of the existing dualistic union between Aus-
tria and Hungary. He was dismissed from the C(jnlrol
of the government Nov. 8. 1H71, and was ambassador to
London 1871-78, and to Paris 1878-82.
Beuthen (boi'ten), or Niederbeuthen (ne-der-
boi'teu). A town in the province of Silesia,
Prussia, situated on the Oder in lat. 51° 45' N.,
long. 15° 47' E.
Beuthen, or Oberbeuthen (6-ber-boi'ten). A
manui'acturing and mining city in the pro%-inee
of Silesia, Prussia, in lat. 50° 21' N., long. 18°
.55' E. Population (1890), commune, 36,905.
Beuzeval-Houlgate (bez-viil-ol-gaf). A wa-
tering-place in the department of Calvados,
France, situated on the English Channel 15
miles southwest of Le Ha'vre.
Beveland (D. pron. ba've-liint), North. An
island in the province of Zealand, Netherlands,
northeast of Waleheren. Length, 13 miles.
Be'Veland, South. An island in the proWnce
of Zealand, Netherlands, east of Waleheren
and north of the West Schelde. its eastern coast
(the Verdronken Land) was inundated in 1532. Its chief
town is Goes. Length, 23 miles.
Be'veren (ba'ver-eu). A town in the province
of East Flanders, Belgium, 6 miles west of Ant-
wei-p. It has manufactures of lace. Popula-
tion (1890), 8,637.
Beveridge (bev'er-ij), William. Born at Bar-
row, Leicestershire, England, 1637: died at
Westminster, March 5, 1708. An English prel-
ate. He became archdeacon of Colchester in 1681, presi-
dent of .Sion College in 1689, and bishop of St, Asaph in
1704.
Be'verley (bev'er-li). [ME. Beverh/, Bevcrli,
Bcvcrliki-, AS. Bcferlic, Bciicrlic, Broferlic, Bco-
furlic, from bcfer, beaver, and Uc, body (by
Bosworth supposed to stand for leti, hdli, lea,
field).] A to'wn in the East Riding of York-
shire, England, in lat. 53° 50' N., long. 0° 26' W.
It contains Beverley Minster and St. Mail's Church. The
former is a church of the Kith and 14th centuries, with
double transepts, and a Perpenilicular facade flanked by
two towers resembling that of York. The fine nave dates
from about 1350 ; the choir is F^arly English, with a mod-
ern sculptnreil screen and handsome old stalls. The
minster measures 334 by M feet. Population (isill), 12,.'i39.
Beverley. A town in Esse.\ County, Massachu-
setts, situated 17 miles northeast of Boston.
Population (1890), 10,821.
Beverley (bev'er-li). The gamester in Edward
Moore's tragedy of that name. Gairick created
the part. Mrs. Beverley was a favorite character with
the actresses of the time.
Beverley. The .iealous lover of Belinda in
Murphy's play "All in the Wrong."
Beverley, Constance de. The p(>r.jured nun in
Scott's poem "Marmion." she loves Marmion, and
" hows her pride
A horseboy In his train to ride. "
She is walled in alive in the dungeons of a convent as a
punishment for her broken vows.
Beverley, Ensign. The character assumed by
Captain Absoluti' in Sheridan's comedy "The
Rivals" to win the love of the romantic Lydia,
who will not maiTy any one so suitable as the
son of Sir Anthonv.
Beverley, John of. S(>e Jnhu of Bcrerln/.
Beverly (l>ev'er-li). Robert. Born in Virgini;i
about 167.5; dii'd 1716. An American historian.
He became clerk of tlie Council of Virginia about 1007, an
otllco previously held by his father. Major llobert Beverly,
and published "A History of the Present State of \'ii'ginia "
(1705).
Be'Vil (bev'l). 1. A man of wit and pleasure
in Shadwell's comedy "Epsom Wells. ' — 2. A
model of everything bec(miing a gentleman, in
Steele's play "The Conscious Lovers."
Bevis (bo'vis) of Hampton or Southhamp-
ton, Sir. A brave knight whose adventures are
celebrated in Arthurian romance and by Dray-
Eevis of Hampton
ton in his "Polyolbion." An old English poem on
Beviswas in the loth or l(Jth centurj- turned into a prose
romance and printed about I60O. He was originally c;illed
Beuves d'Antone, from the Italian Buovo d'Antontt, a name
corrupted into d'Hantoiie in i-Yeiich and Hampton in
English. " Beuves d'Uantoneor Be^isof Hampton is the
subject of an old French story which was embodied in the
'Reali di Francia' and is only connected with (,'lnirle-
magne by the mention of King Pippin and the hero's kin-
ship with the sons of Aymon(llewas the father of Mangis
(Malagigi in Italian) and the uncle of Renaud (Kiiialdo),
one of the four sons of AymonV As a tYeuch prose ro-
mance it was printed by V^rard about 1500. It has been
printed separately in Italian at Bologna in 1480." Encyc.
Brit., XX. 653.
Bevis. The horse of Lord Marmion in Sir Wal-
ter Scott's poem " Marmiou."
Bevis Marks. A thoroughfare in St. Mary Axe,
near Homidsditch, London. It is referred to in
Dickens's "Old Curiosity Shop."
Bewick (bfl'ik ), Thomas. Born at Cherryburn,
near Xewcastle-oii-Tyne, Aug., 1753: died at
Gateshead, near Newcastle, Nov. 8, 1828. An
English wood-engraver. He was apprenticed at the
age of fourteen to Ralph Bielby, a copperplate engraver
at Newcastle. His first work of any importance was the
woodcuts to Hutton's book on mensuration (1770); after
this he did most of Bielby 's wood-engraving business.
At the expiration of his apprenticeship he went to Lon-
don, but returned shortly to Newcastle, where he entered
into partnership with Bielby and occupied his old shop in
St. Nicholas Churchyard till a short time before his death.
Among his chief works are the illustrations of "Gay's
Fables" (1779), "Select Fables ' (1784), a "General History
of Quadrupeds" (179i>), and his most famous work, "The
History of British Birds" (1797), in which he showed the
knowledge of a naturalist combined with the skill of an
artist. His last work was the illustrations of " .Esop's
Fables," upon which he was engaged six years. He was
assisted by his sou Eobert Elliot, and by some of hia
pupils.
Bex (ba ). A small town in the canton of Vaud,
Switzerland, near the Rhone 27 miles southeast
of Lausanne.
Bexar (ba-nar' or ba-ar') Territory or Dis-
trict. A region in western Texas adjoining
New Mexico, and bounded by the Rio Pecos
on the southwest. Area, about 25,000 square
miles.
Bexley, Baron. See Vansittart.
Beyerland. See Bcicrhind.
Beylan. See Beilan.
Beyle (biil), Marie Henri. Bom at Grenoble,
France, Jan. 23, 1783 : died at Paris, March 23,
1842. A French writer and critic, best known
bv his pseudonjnn "De Stendhal." He was the
author of lives of Napoleon, Haydn, Mozart, Rossini, and
Metastasio, " Histoire de la peinture en Italic " (1817).
"Racine et Shakespeare" (1823-25), novels "Armance "
(1827), "Le rouge et le noir " (1830), "La Chartreuse de
Parme ' (1839), etc. For a time he called himself de Beyle.
Beylerbeg Serai (ba'ler-beg' se-ri')- A sum-
mer-palace iu Constantinople, finished in 1865
by Abdul-Aziz, on the Bosporus. The water
fagade displays great purity and harmony of design, and
the grand staircase and ceremonial saloons, decorated in
a Turkish modification of the Moorish style, are master-
pieces in their way.
Beyrout. See Beirut.
Beza. See Bi:e, Theodore de.
Bezaleel (be-zal'e-el). [Heb.,'inthe shadow
of God.'] The artificer who executed the works
of art on the tabernacle.
Bezaliel. In Drydeu and Tate's satire "Absa-
lom andAehitop"hel,"a character meant for the
Marquis of 'SVoreester, afterward duke of Beau-
fort. He was noted for his devotion to learn-
ing.
Bfeze, or Besze (baz), L. Beza (be'za), Theo-
dore de. Burn at Vezelay. France, June 24.
1519: died at Geneva, Oct."l3, 1605. A noted
theologian, the successor of Calvin as leader
of the Reformed Church at ('ieneva. He studied
the classics under the humanist Melchior Wolmar at Or-
leans and Bourges 1628-35 ; studied law in the I'niversity
of Orleans 1535-39 ; repaired to the I'niversity of Paris in
1539, where he eventually devoted himself to humanistic
studies ; published a collection of poems, ".Juvenilia," in
1548 ; fled in the same year to Geneva, where he abjured
Catholicism ; became professor of Greek in the academy
at Lausanne in 1549 ; accepted the rectorship of the acad-
emy at Geneva and a pastorate in Geneva in 1559 ; partici-
pated in the Colloquy of Poissy in 1561, and St. (iermain
in 1562 ; became the aucccsscjr of Calvin at Geneva on the
latter s death in 15tH ; presided at the synods of the French
Reformers at I.a Roi-liillt- in ir.71, and NImes in 1.572 ; and
participated in the Colloiiuy at Muntbeliard in 1.5sii. He
wrote "De Hajreticis a Civili Slagistratu Puniendis," iu
which he defends the execution of .Servetus, etc.
B6ziers (ba-zia'). A citvin the department of
Herault, France, in lat.43° 21' N., long. 3° 12'
E. : the Roman Biterra Septimanorum. it con.
tains the noted Cathedral of St. Nazaire. Thousands of its
citizens were massacred iu 1209, in the Albigensian war.
Population (1891), 45,475.
Bezonian. A beggar; a mean, low person. Ac-
cording to Florio a bisogno is "a new levied soldier, such
as comes needy to the wars." Cotgrave, in hisongne, says,
" a fllthie knave, or clowne, a raskall, a bisoniao, baae-
154
humoured scoundrel." Its original sense is *a raw re-
cruit"; hence, as a term of contempt, 'a beggar, a needy per-
son.' Used by Shakspere in "2 Henry IV.," v. 3.
Bhadrinath (bha-dri-niith'), or Badrinath
(l)a-ilri-nath'). A sacred town in Gurhwal,
Hindustan, 80 miles north of Almora.
Bhagalpur (bhiig-al-por'). A division inBehar,
British India. Ai-ea, 20,492 square miles. Pop-
ulation, 8.063,160.
Bhagalpur. A district in the Bhagalpur divi-
sion. British India. Area, 4,226 square miles.
Population (1891), 2,032.696.
Bhagalpur. The chief town of Bhagalpur.
Pupulation (1891), 69.106.
Bhagavadgita (bha"ga-vad-ge' ta). In San-
skrit literature, ' the song of Bhagavat,' that is.
the mystical doctrines sung by 'the adorable
one,' a name of Krishna when identified with
the Supreme Being. The author is unknown. He
is supposed to have lived in India in the 1st or '2d century
of our era. His poem was at an early date dignitied by a
place in the llahabharata, but is of a much later date
than the body of that epic. Its philosophy is eclectic,
combining elements of the Sankhya, Yoga, and Vedanta
systems with the later theory of Bhakti, or 'faith.' The
whcple composition is skilfully thrown into the form of a
dramatic poem or dialogue, characterized by great lofti-
ness of thought and beauty of expression. The speakers
are the two most important personages of the ilahabha-
rata. Arjuna and Krishna. In the great war Krishna re-
fused to take up arms on either side, but consented to act
as Arjuna's charioteer and to aid him with counseL At
the commencement of the Bhagavadgita the two armies
are in battle array, when Arjuna is struck with compunc-
tion at the idea of fighting his way to a kingdom through
the blood of his kiuilred. Krishna's reply is made the oc-
casion of the dialogue which in fact constitutes the Bha-
gavadgita, the main design of which is to exalt the duties
of caste above all other obligations, including the ties of
friendship and affection, but at the same time to show
that the practice of those duties is compatible with the
self-mortification of the Yoga philosophy as well as with
the deepest devotion to tlie Supreme Being, with whom
ICrishna claims to be identified.
Bhagavatapurana (bbii'^'ga-va-ta-po-ra'na).
•The purana of Bhagavata' or Vishnu, a work
of great celebrity in India, exercising a more
powerful influence upon the opinions of the
people than any of tlie other puranas. It con-
sists of 18,000 verses, and is ascribed by Colebrooke to the
grammarian Vopadeva, of about the 13th century A.I>. Its
most popular part, the tenth book, which narrates the
history of Krishnii, has been translated into many of the
vernaculars of India.
Bhairava (bhi'ra-va) (masc), Bhaira'Ti (-ve)
(fern.). [Skt., 'the terrible.'] Names of Shiva
and his "wife De'vi. The Bhairavas are eight in-
ferior forms or manifestations of Shiva, all of
them terrible.
Bhamo (bha-mo'). A town in Burma, in British
India, situated on the Irawadi in lat. 24° 16'
N., long. 95° 55' E. It is a trading center.
Bhandara (bhun'du-ra). A district in the
Nagpur division, Central Provinces, British In-
dia, in lat. 20°-22° N., long. 79°-81° E. Area,
3.922 square miles. Population (1891), 742.887.
Bharata (bha'ra-ta). In Hindu mythology and
legend: (") A hero and king from whom the
people called Bharatas, often mentioned in the
Rigveda. are represented as descended, (h)
Son of Dasharatha by Kaikej-i, and haU-brother
of Ramaehandra. His mother brought about the ex-
ile of Rama, but Bharata refused to supplant him. On
his father's death, Bharata went to bring Rama back to
Ayodhya and place him on the throne. Rama refused
to return until the end of his exile, and I'.harata declined to
reign, but at last consented to rule in Eama's name. (<•)
A prince of the Puru branch of the Liuiar race,
son of Dushyanta and Shakuntala. Through theu-
descent from Bharata the Kauravas and Pandavas. but
especially the Pandavas, were called Bharatas, 'descen-
dants of Bharata."
Bhartrihari (bhiir tri-ha'ri). In Sanskrit lit-
erature, a brother of King Vikramaditya. to
whom are ascribed three Shatakas, or ' centiu'ies
of verse ' : (a) The Sringarashataka. or ' Century of
Verses on Love'; (6) Nitishataka, 'Century on Politics and
Ethics': (c) Vairagy.ishat.aka, 'Century on Austerity'; a
grammatical work, the Vakyapadiya ; and by some the
Bhattikavya.
Bhartpur. See Bhurtpore.
Bhaskara (bhas'ka-ra). In Sanskrit literature,
a celelirated astronomer and mathematician
of the 12th century. He wrote the Siddhanta-
siromani, which contains treatises on algebra,
arithmetic, and geometry.
Bhattika'Vya (bhat-te-kiiv'ya). In Sanskrit lit-
erature. ' the poem of Bhatti,' an artificial epic
poem by Bhatti, celebrating; the exploits of
Rama, aiid illustrating Sanskrit grammar by the
employment of all possible forms and construc-
tions. Bv some it is ascribed to Bhartrihari.
Bhavabhuti (bha-va-bbo'ti). A Sanskrit poet
wlio lived in the 8th century A. D.. author of the
three dramas " Malatimadhava," "Mahavira-
charita," and " Uttararamacharita."
Bianca
Bha'vishyapurana (bha-vish'ya-p6-ra'na). In
.Sanskrit literatm'e, 'the purana of the future.'
It is one of the eighteen piu'anas, supposed to have been
a revelation of future events by Brahma and communicated
by Sumantu to Satanika, a king of the Pandu family. The
extant purana is not prophetic, but a manual of rites and
observances. "The commencement, treating of creation, is
sc:u-cely more than a transcript of Manu.
Bhawalpur. See Bahau-alpur.
Bhil I Ijliel ) States. A group of native states in
Central British India, in the Vindhya and Sat-
T>ura Mountains.
Bhima(bhe'ma). [Skt. iS/itwa, the terrible.] In
Hindu mythology, the reputed second son of
Pandu, but in reality the son of his wife Pritha
or Kunti by Vayu, the god of the wind. He was
remarkable for his" vast size and strength and voracious
appetite. -\lso called Bhlmasena and Vrikitdara.
Bhoja (bho'ja). A name borne by a number of
Hindu kings. A king Bhoja, ruler of Malava, who
dwelt at Dhai-a and I'jjayini, and who. according to an
inscription, lived about 1040-109O A. !►., is said by tradition
to have been the Vikrama at whose coiu-t the " nine gems "
flourished.
Bhopal (bho-pal'). A political agency connected
with Central India. It includes, among others, the
native state Bhopal. lat. 23' N., long. 77° E. Area, 6,930
S(iuare mUes. Population (1891), 962,486.
Bhopal. The capital of the state of Bhopal.
Population (1891), 70.338.
BhrigU (bhri'go). In Vedie mythology, the
name of a class of beings who discover fire
and bring it to men. The Bhrigus have shut up fire
within the wood. They are enumerated with other divine
beings, especially with the Angirases and the Atharvans.
One of the chief Brahmanical tribes bears the narue, and
also a rishi as representative of the tribe.
Bhurtpore (bhert-por'), or Bhartpur (bhart-
por'). A feudatory state in Rajputana. British
India. Area, 1,961 square miles. Population
(1891), 640,303. Its capital, Bhurtpore. has a
population (1891) of 68,033.
Bhutan (bhci-tan'), or Bootan (bo-tan'). A
country in Asia, lying between Tibet on the
north, Sikhim on the west, and British India, oc-
cupied largely by the Himalayas. The capital is
Pimakha. Power held by the Deb Raja(secular head), the
Dharm Raja (spiritual head), and chieftains. Religion,
Buddhism. Part of it was annexed by Great Britain
in 1865. Area, 13,000 square miles. Population, about
200,000.
Biard (be-iir'), Auguste Frangois. Bom at
Lyons, France, June 27. 1800 : died near Fon-
ta'inebleau, July 8, 1882. A French genre
painter.
Biafra (be-a'fra). A small district in western
Africa, situated on the Bight of Biafra about
lat. 3° N.
Biafra, Bight of. The eastern part of the
Gulf of Guinea, on the western coast of Afi'ica,
between capes Formosa and Lopez.
Biainia. An ancient name of Van. See Ar-
niciiiit.
Biala (bya'la). A town in Galicia. Austria-
Hungary", situated on the Biala, opposite Bielitz,
42 miles west-southwest of Cracow. Population
(1890). commune, 7,622.
Bialo'wicza (bya-16-ve'cha). Forest of. A for-
est in Lithuania. See the extract.
"The Hercynian Forest," in Gibbon's words, "over-
shadowed a great part of Genuany and Poland." It
stretched from the sources of the Rhine and Danube to
regions fiu- beyond the Vistula. Its relics remain in the
Black Forest, the forests of the Hartz. and the woods of
Westphalia and Nassau. Only one portion remains in
its primeval state : the Imperial Forest of Bialowicza
covers 350 square miles of marsh and jungle in Lithuania,
and is reserved by a benevolent despotism as the home of
the aurochs and the elk. In the days of Pytheas the
natural forests stretched eastwards from the Rhine " for
more than two months' journey for a man making the
best of his way on foot." Elton, Origins Eng. Hist,, p. 51.
Bialystok. See Bielostok.
Bianca (bi-an'ka). [It., feminine of hiaiieo,
from ML. hhincii^ (K. hlaiik), white.] 1. The
sister of Katharine in Shakspere's "Taming of
the Shrew": a mild and well-bred maiden, a
contrast to "Katharine the Curst.'' — 2. A
woman of Cyprus with whom Cassio had an
amorous intrigue, in Shakspere's tragedy
"Othello." — 3. A Venetian beauty in Middle-
ton's play " Women beware Women,'' mamed
to Leontlo and tempted to become the duke's
mistress by a shameless woman. — 4. The Duch-
ess of Pa\'ia in Ford's play "Love's Sacrifice":
a gross and profligate woman who has the art
of appearing innocent by denying the favors she
means to grant. — 5. A pathetic and beautiful
character, "the Fair Maid of the Inn." in Mas-
singer, Rowley, and Fletcher's play of that
name. — 6. The wife of Fazio in Dean Milman's
play "Fazio." Outof jealousy she ruins her husband,
but repents, and, not being able to undo her work, dies of
a broken heart.
Biancavilla
Hianravilla (be-iin-ka- vel'la). A town in
Sl^miles west-northwest of Catauia : the
■iui-i'fiit Inessa. Ptmulation, 13.000
BiancM(be-an'ke).*he. [It.,•tlu•^Vb.te9. ] A
poiiti^il faction wl.ieh arose in Tuscany about
Vim The (iuelph family of the Cancellieri nt Pistoitt
L.,";Kt«nUhld tile llhili.lline family of the P»"c,at,ch. a
fBU,Ur..sc hetween two distantly relateJ branches of the
former .lisliiil-'Ulshed by the nanus of liianchl and Neri,
My. f the Cancellieri, hut at the same tm.e opened its
wn Kates to them. In Florence the >en allied them-
2ri?es » 1th Corse Donati and the violent (iuelpl.s^ and the
SwTchi with Veri de ferehi and the moderate (Jnelphs,
inuiubsemiently with the Ohibellines and the Panciatichi.
Cn^icvHlI. Espoused the party ..( the N^" and se^ .
155
^mYnallv to lirinf ab.mt a reconcUiation, t liarlcs de ^a-
?oU t" norence in 1301, with the result that the Bianchl,
MDOng whom was Uante, were exiled.
Bianchini (bc-iin-kc-'ne), Francesco. Born at
VeronZltalv, Dec. 13, 1662: died at Rome.
March 2. 1729. A noted Italian astronomer
ami autiiiuary. .. ,,
Bianco (be-iln'ko), or Biancho (be-an ko),
Andrea A Ynictiau diartugrapher who lived
in the lirst half of the l.-.tli century. Ue left a
collection of hydr.inraphical charts anterior to the discov-
^ of he Cape of riood Hope and of America. In a char
dSed u'whe shows two islands west of the Azores, named
■• Antillia •■ and " De lauian Satanaxio," which some claim
indicate a linowledge of the two Americas.
Biarritz (be-ar-rets' ). A watering-place m the
depaitraeut of Basses-Pyr6n^es. France, situ-
ated on tlie Bay of Biscay 5 miles west-south-
west of Bavonne. It is one of the chief bathing-
places in f-rance. and is also a noted winter '<•»"'■'_■ '
wit developed duriiiK the second empu-e. Population
(1S91), commune, 9.177.
Bias (bi'as). [Gr. B/af.] In Greek m>-thology,
the son of Ara\-thaon. and brother of Melampus.
He obtained a"t hird part of thekingdom of Argos.
Bias Boni at Priene. in Ionia: lived m the mi<l-
dle of the 6th centm'y B. c. One of the " Seven
Sages" of Greece, noted tor his apothegms.
Bias. See Jieas. , _ . .
Bibbiena (beb-be-a'nii) (Bernardo Dovizio or
Devizio i. Cardinal. Born at Bibbniui. Arezzo.
u!w. Aug. 4, 1470: died Nov. 9, l.;j20. An Ih.l-
ianpoet. He was the intimate friend ot Ka-
Dhael. He was the private secretary of Cardinal Giovanni
He- Medici (l'oi)e l.eo X ), and was made cardinal m l.)l.i.
He wrote the comedy ■■ Calandria ' (lo-21), etc. Also called
Beriuiriln ili TnrlillL
Bibbiena (Fernando Galli). Born at Bologna,
Italy, 16.i3: died at Bologna, 1(43. An Italian
paiiiter and architect. .
Biberach ( l T- ' ber-iich ) . A town in the circle
of the Danube, Wurtemberg, 22 miles south-
west of Ulm : forraerlv a free imperial city.
Here the French defeated the Austrians. Oct. -2, 17'J0, and
May II l^»i. Population (1>!I0), commune. s,-2t;4.
Bibesco (be-bes'ko). George Demetrius. Born
1804: died at Paris, Juno 1, 1873. AW allachiau
politician, hospodar of Wallachia 1842-48,
Bibesco, Barbo Demetrius (adopted name
Stirbei' ''"i-n l^m: .lied at Nice, France,
April 13. IHlll). A Wallaohian politician,
brother of George Demetrius Bibesco, hospo-
dar of Wallachia 1849-06.
Bibena, ^''c inhhicna.
Bible (bi'bl), The, See MiUx Coi crdalc, Wychf,
Thoims liinihiun, Hcjilunijint, Masarin Bible,
etc
Bible of Forty-two Lines, The, An edition ot
the Vulgato, printed lietweeu 1450 and 14o5 by
CJulenlierg and his c()m|>anions. The book proper
conBi»t«of l,-iS2 printed paifcs ■icolumnsto the page, and,
for the most part, wltli VJ lines to the column.
Bible of the Poor, or Biblia Pauperum. See
the extract.
It Is probable that the Illustrations were made first, ami
that III the bei^innliiK, the Bible of the Poor was a book of
pictures only. S.inie (ierman antii|Uarians say that the
biMik in its orlKinal form, was desiisneil and explained by
» monk named Wernher, who was livinc in llso, and was
fam..u» durhiK his lifetime Imth as a painter and a poet.
Other Oerinan authorities put the origin of the first manu-
script as far back as the ninth centuiT. attriliutiiiK the
work to Saint AuRustlne, firat bishop of Uainburi,'. It
seems to have been a popular mamiscrliit, for conns
written before the fifteenth century have been found in
many old monasteries. These copies are not alike.
Nearly every transcriber has made more or less alterati.ms
itnd Innovations of his own ; but the Reneral plan of the
book - the contrastiiiK ot apostles with i)rophets, anil of
the patriarchs of the old Testament with the saints of llie
Christian church — has been presorveil In all the copies.
De I'inn.', Invention of Printing, p, 19S.
Bible of Thirty-six Lines, The, A largo demy
folio of 1.7IU l.iigos. iiiaili' up, for the most
part, ill soctioii.sol' 10 loaves, and usually hound
in 3 volumes. Each page has 2 columns ot :«•. lines
each A copy was (tlven to a monastery near .Mainz by
Outonberg. It Is called the oldest edition of the Latin
Bible.
Bibliander (bil.'li-an-d^r) (originally Buch-
mann \ Theodore. Born at BischoffszcU. 1 hur-
gau, 1504: died at Zurich. Nov. 26, lo64. A
Swiss di\inc and Orientalist. He was professor of
theology and oriental philology in the Iniversity of Zu-
rich iri32-ti(l, when, on account of his opposition to the
Calvinistie d..ctrine of predestination, he was deposed.
He wrote a Latin translation of the Koran, anil made many
valualdr contriljutions to the history of ilohammedanism.
Bibliophile Jacob, Le. -^ novel by Balzac,
written in 1^3ti. _
Bibliothfeque de Ste. Genevieve. Onginally,
the library of the Abbey of Ste. Genevifeve,
founded ill 1624. The present structure and organi-
zation date from 1S.W. The library is especially rich m
incunabula, fine Aldines and Elzevirs, and other liupres-
sions of early printers. It hiis also a fine collection of
manuscripts.
Bibliothfeque Mazarin. A library of about 140. -
(11)0 volumes aud 3,000 manuscripts, founded by
t'ardinal Mazarin. It is rich in bibliograpliie
curiosities. ^ t-i i
Biblioth^que Nationale. The great French
library the lar"est in the world. It Iws been called
successively La llihliotlit'iiue du Roi, Royale, Nationale,
Impiiriale. and Nationale. The Bibliotheque du Rm was
originally in the Palais de la Cit^, consisting of the library
of King ,Tohn. He bequeathed it to Charles \ ., who re-
moved it and collected a library ot 910 volumes in the
Louvre This was sold to the Duke of Bedford. Louis
XI partly repaired this loss and added the first re-
sults ot the new invention «£ .Pr")'"'?;. {."'".^.t";
established it at Blois, incorporating it with the Orleans
llbi-iUT The (iruthuyse collection was next added to it.
Francis I. transferred the librai-y to Fontamebleau, and
placed it in charge of Jean Budi,5. Henry II. made obliga-
tory the deposit of one copy of every book published in
the kingdom. Henry IV. brought it back to Pans where
It changed in location freiiuently hefore resting in its pres-
ent quarters in the Palais Mazarin, Rue Richeheu. Na-
poleon I. increased the government grant, and under his
care the library was much enlarged. It contains 2,;.00,00«
volumes, sio.tioo manuscripts, and collections of prints and
medals. It is especiiUly rich in Oriental manuscripts. ^
Biblis (bib'lis). A woman of Miletus who fell in
love with her brother Caunus and was changed
into a fountain. Ovid, Met., ix. 6(32. ^
Bibra (be'brii), Ernst von. Born at bchweb-
heim, Bavaria, June 9, 1806 : died .at Nuremberg,
Juno .'), 1878. A Gennau chemist, naturalist,
traveler, and novelist. Among his numerous works
are " Reisen in Siidamerika" (1854), "Die narkotischen
Oenussmittel uiui der Mensch" (185.'i), "Erinnerunge.i
aus Sudamerika"(1861), "Aus Chile, Peru.und Brasilien
(1802), " Reiseskizzen und Novellen (1864), etc.
Bibracte (bi-brak'te). In ancient geography,
a town in central Gaul, the capital of the .Edui,
on the site of Mont Beu\Tay 8 miles west of
Autun, with which it was formerly identified.
Near it Ctesar defeated the ^dui.
Bibrax (bi'braks). [L. Bibracte or Bibrax, Gr.
li,,il,ai, according to Zeuss 'beaver tovm, from
OGaul. "bcbros = L. fiber = E. bearer, tt.
Bererlei/.] In ancient geography, a town of the
Remi, in Gaul, It is placed by d'.Vnville at
Bievres on the Aisne.
Biddle, Richard
After 1812 when he was about seventy-seven years old,
nothing Is known of him. He wrote '.Leucothoe," a
tragic opera (17.^.6), "Love in a Village," a comic opera,
acted with great success in 1702 (printed ill liiia). "The
Maid of the Mill ' (170..^), .'The Hypocrite, an adaptation
of Cibber's "N'on..luror"(1768), etc.
Bickersteth (bik'er-steth), Edward. Born at
Kirkliv Lonsdale, England, March 19, 1,80:
died at Walton, England, Feb. 28, 18.^0. An
English clergyman, author of "Help to the
Studv of the Scriptures " (1814), etc.
Bickersteth, Edward Henry.. Born at Lon-
don Jan. 2.'>. 182:3. -\n Enghsh bishop and
poet son ot Edward Bickersteth: author of
•' Yesterdav, To-dav. and For Ever" ( 1806). etc.
Bickersteth, Henry. Born at Kirkby Lous-
dale En.'land, June 18, 1783 : died at Tunbndge
Wells, April 18, 18.51. An English jurist, created
Baron Langdale Jan. 23, 1836. He became
master of the rolls Jan., 1836.
Bicocca (be-k6k'kii). A village 5 miles north-
east of Milan, Italy. Here, April 27, ln22, the
Imperialist s under Colonna defeated the French
and Swiss under Lautrec.
Bicorned Lord. Alexander the Great : so called
on account ot the two horns on his coins. Poole,
Story of Turkey, p. 124.
Bida (be'dii). Capital of Nupe, in West Africa,
situated in lat. 9° N., long. 6° 20' E
Bida (be-dil'), Alexandre. Bom 1813: died
Jan. 2, 1893. A French designer and pamter,
noted chiefly for treatment of scriptural aud
Oriental subjects. His chief work is designs
illustrating the Evangelists (1873).
Bidar (be'dar). A district in the Nizam a
dominions, British India. Area, 4,180 square
miles. Population (1891), 901,984.
Bidassoa (be-diis-s6'a). A river in northern
Spain which flows into the Bay ot Biscay at
Fueuterrabia: length, 50 miles. It is tor about 12
miles the boundary between lYance and Spain. Welling-
ton passed the Bidassoa Oct. 7, 1813, defeating the French
under Soult. .... -I- 1 .. A„
Biddeford (bid'e-ford). A city m \ ork ( ounty,
Maine, on the Saco 17 miles southwest of
Pin-tland. It has manufactures of cotton, etc.
Population (1890), 14,443.
Biddenden (bid' en-den) Maids. Two sisters
joined like the Siamese twins, born at Bidden-
den, Kent, England (1100-34). They were the re-
nuted donors ot the " Bread-and-Cheese-land," Bidden-
den, for the defrayal of the cost of a yearly distribution ol
bread and cheese at Easter
Bibulus (bib'u-lus). Lucius Calpurnius. Died
near Corey ra,' Greece, 48 B. c. A Roman poli-
tician. He was Julius Cajsar's colleague in the consul-
ship 'I'l u c having been elected through the efforts of
the aristocratic party. After an ineffectual attempt to
oppose Ciesar's agrarian law, he shut himself up in his
own house, whence he issued edicts against Ciosar s mt-a-
BUres He was appointed by Poinpey commander of the
fieet in the Ionian Sea, 49 B. c, to prevent Cassar from
crossing over into Greece. His vigilance was, however,
cliiii.il liy the latter in January of the following year.
Bicetre'(h6-satr'). A village U miles south of
Paris, containing acelebratedhosjiital. founded
by Louis XIII. in 1632, for invalid officers and
soldiers. The foundation was greatly enlarged by
Louis -KI V. and tunied into a general hospital. It Is now
devoted to the aged and incurablepoor and tlu^insane.
Bichat (be-shii'), Marie Francois Xavier.
Born at Tlioiretto, .Iiira. Frniiee. Nov. 11, 17i 1 :
died at Paris, July 22, 1802. A cclebraled
Freiieh physiologist and anatomist, the founder
of scientific histology and pathological anat-
omy. His chief works are "Traiti dcs membranes"
(18(iii), " Reclierches sur la vie et la mort " (1800), " Ana-
tomic generalo" (1801). . . ,
Bickerstaff (bik'er-staf), Isaac, Astrologer.
The name which Steele adopted as editor of
the "Taller." when he pulilished it in 1709.
He took it from the name assumed by Swift in a con-
troversy with I'artridge, an almanac-maker, which had
amused Ibc town. , , t,
Bickerstaff, Isaac. A pseudonym used by Ben-
jamin West (the mathematician) in his Boston
almaiiae. , , , , .
Bickerstaffe, Isaac, Bom in Irelami about
17:!.-): died ill 1812 (?), A British dramatic
writer. As a boy ho was one of the pages to Lord Chc»
tertleld, lord lieutenant of Ireland. He attained an honora-
ble position in the society of men of letters, but In 1772
was suspected of a capital crime, and fled to St. Malo,
where he lived tor some time under an assumed name.
Biddle (bid'l), Clement, surnamed "The Qua-
ker Soldier." [The surname Biddle is another
form of Beadle, from beadle.} Born at Phila-
delphia, May 10, 1740: died there, July 14, 1814.
An American Revolutionary officer. He was one
of the signers of the non-importation resolutions framed
at Philadelphia 1765. and although a Quaker joined the
Revolutionary array on the outbreak of hostilities, serving
as colonel in the battles of Trenton, Princeton Brandy-
wine, and Monmouth. He was a personal friend and cor-
respimdent of Washington.
Biddle, Clement Cornell. Bom at Philadel-
phia, Oct. 24, 1784: died Aug. 21. I8.10. An
American lawyer and political economist . son ot
( 'lemeiit Biddie. He fought in the War of 1812.
Biddle, James. Born at Philadelphia. Feb. 28,
1783: died at Philadelphia, Oct. 1, 184s. An
American naval commander, distinguished in
the War of 1812. He commanded the Hornet, which
fought and captured the British brig Penguin off the
island of 'I'ristan d'Acunha, March 2:1, 181.'),
Biddle, John. Bom at Wolton-under-Edge,
(iloucestershire, England, Wbi: died at Lon-
don Sept. 22, 1662. An English Unitarian
divine, called '"the father of English I nitari-
anism." He became nia,ster of the free school of Ulou-
ccsler in 1041. Suspected of heresy, be w,is culled before
Parliament in 1045 and con.mitted to ,'■",;'";!>: !Vl''|';'
he remained several years, lie piil) isheil n 104, 1 «ibe
Questions or Arguments" against be deit> of tie Holy
Spirit He was banished to the Scilly Islands 11 1055, but
was recalled three years later. He was nf"l'. ariTSted
under Charles II.. and died m prison. Ue also WTOte
"cl.nfession of Faith touching the Holy THnly. etc."
(1048) and "A Twofold Catechism, etc, (1054), etc.
Biddie, Nicholas, Born at PhilaiUlphhi, Sept.
Ill 17."iO: killed at sea, Mareli 1. l-/>. An
Ameriean naval commander, distinguished 111
the Kovolulionarv War. He was blown up with his
ship, the Handolph, 'in action with the British ship\ar-
inoulh. .,,,,. T
Biddle, Nicholas. Bom at Philodeli.hia, Jan
8 1786: died at Philadelphia, leb. -'• I?-";
An American liuancier, president of the Lnited
States Bank 1823-36. , , , ■ ,r 1
Biddle, Richard. Bom at PhiladeU'hni, March
•'.-, 17;iCi: died at Pittsburg. July (, 184i. An
Ameriean lawver and author, brother of Nich-
olas Biildle. He wrote a "Memoir of bebas-
tian Cabot" (1831), etc.
Biddy
Biddy (bid'i). Mr. Wopsle's "great-aunt's
graiiiUlaughter" in Charles Dickens's "Great
Expeetatious": an orphan who falls in love
with Pip, but is afterward married to Joe Gar-
gory.
Biddy, Miss. 1 . An amusing character in Gar-
ri(_k's fiirc-e '• Miss in her Teens."— 2. See Tq)-
kii(. .!/(»■ BitUly
156
Bilguer
in the Bielstein Momitain, Harz, Brunswick,
near the Bode, discovered in 1762. Length,
over 600 feet.
Bielski (byal'ski), Marcin. Born at Biala,
near Sieradz, Poland, about 1495 : ilied at Biala,
Bideford (bid'c-ford). A seaport and fishing g., (br--en-h6'a) A town in French Blgod, Hugh. Died 1266. The younger son of
town in Devonshire, England, situated on the (.„ehin-China, -JO miles north of Saigon. " " ^'"-' " -' '' "'-"-" ■'' '''''' ^--'=-=-
Torridge, near its mouth b miles southwest ot Bigjjjjoa or Tale-Sab. A lake in Cambodia
Barnstable. It is oue of the scenes of Kiugs
lev's "Westward Ho." Population (1891),
7,908.
Bidloo (bid'16), Godfried. Born at Amster-
dam, March 12. W4'.): died at Leyden, Holland,
April. 1713. A Dutch surgeon and anatomist.
He was pioffssor of aniitomy at Ttie Hague, latt-r inufcs-
siir of anatomy and fhoniistiy at Leyden, ami physician to
William III. of KnslanJ. His ctuef work is ■• Auatomia
CMiitnii^ luimani " (1685).
Bidpai, or Bidpay. See Pilpay.
Biebrich vbe'brieh). A to\vn in the province of
His>c-Nassau, Prussia, situated on the Rhine
3 miles south of Wiesbaden : a former resi-
dence of dukes of Nassau. Sear by is said toliave
oocnned Osar's second passage of the Khine. Popula-
tion of Biebiich-Mosbach (1S90), commune, 11,023.
Bieda (be-a'da). A small place near Viterbo in Bjenewitz. iie<i Apianus.
Italy : the ancient Blera. It contains an extensive Blerstadt (ber'stiit), Albert,
Bignon (ben-y6n'), Jerome. Bom at Paris,
Aug. 24, 1.589 : died at Paris, April 7, 1656. An
eminent French jurist. He published "Traits dela
grandeur de iios rois et de leur souveraine puissance "
(1016, published under the name of " Th^ophile du Jay"),
and other worlts.
1575. A Polish historian. His chief works are gigod (big'od), Hugb. Died about 1176. An
"Klonika swiata " (1550), "Kronika polska " (a lustory of 17,.(,|;„|, rinWpnnn cvpHterl first earl nf Nnrfnllc
Poland ; continued by his son Joachim Bielski from 1576 ^"f'"„t'^ ^ooieman, cieatea nrst eau Ot JNorlOlk
to 1S97 : published 1697). ii^ -"-i**-
' ;: ^ A tr,«r»i irj Vvpnch X- _„ , „ , ^
the third Earl of Norfolk, made chief justiciar
in 1258.
Bigod, Roger. Died 1221. The second Earl
of Norfolk, son of Hugh, the first earl.
Bigod, Roger. Died 1270. The fourth Earl of
Norfolk, appointed earl marshal of England in
1246.
chief industry. It contains the Museum Schwab (antiqut Bigod, RogOr. Born 1245: died Dee. 11, 1306.
ties of lake-Tillages, etc.). Population (1S8S), 15,414. The tiftli Earl of Norfolk, son of Hugh Bigod, the
Bienne, Lake of. A lake in northwestern justiciar, and nephew of Roger the fourth earl.
Switzerland, 3 miles northeast of Lake Neu- Bigordi, Domenico. See Gliirlaiidajo.
chatel. It is traversed by the Zihl (Thiele). Bigorre, L'Abbe. The name under which Vol-
Leuoth, 9| miles; breadth, '2i miles. taire wTOte his "Historv of the Parlement of
Bienville (byau-vel').JeanBaptisteLemoine, Paris" (Amsterdam. 1769).
Sieur de. Born at Montreal, Canaila, Feb. 23, Bigot. See Bhiod.
1680: died in Fiance, 1768. A French governor Big Sandy Creek. A river in eastern Colo-
of Ijouisiana, 1701-13, 1718-26, and 1733- about rado which joins the Arkansas near the Kan-
Bienne (byen), G. Biel (bel). A town in
the canton of Bern, Switzerland, situated at
the northeastern end of the Lake of Bienne, 17
miles northwest of Bern. Watch-making is the
4
1740. He founded New Orleans in 1718.
Etruscan necropolis of rock-cut tombs, occupying several
terraces. It is interesting from its imitation of habitations
in much ai'chitectiual variety. The tombs have molded
doorways, and are surmounted by low pediments. Within,
the ridge-beams and rafters of the roof are cut in relief ;
rock-lienches on thi-ee sides were designed to receive the
dead, and there are often windows beside the door.
Biedermann (be'der-man), Friedrich Karl.
Born at Leipsic, Sept. 25, 1812. A German
publicist, politician, and historian. Hewas(ex-
traordinaiy) professor of philology at Leipsic l»3S-,')4
Born at Solin-
gen, near JDiisseldorf, Germany, Jan. 7, 1830.
A German-American landscape-painter. Among
his noted paintings are "Sunshine and Shadow" (1857).
" Laniler's Peak " (1863), " Domesof the Yosemite," " Mount
Hood," etc.
Biesboscb (bes'bosk). A marshy lake in the
Netherlands, on the border of South Holland
and North Brabant, southeast of Dordrecht.
Its outlet to the North Sea is the Hollandsch Diep.
It wjia formed 1421 by an inundation of the Meuse.
who accompanied the 600 colonists sent to
In the latier'year he was imprisoned, as editor of the •gj + (bva), AntolnC. A French missionary
"Deutsche Aniialen, for political reasons, and lost his „,_ „„„„.^,frr;".l fi
professorshi|), but was reinstated in 1S65. He has beeu '" "
active in the politics of Saxony and of the empii-e.
Biefve (bvef ), Edouard de. Born at Brussels
Dec. 4, 1809: died at Brussels, Feb. 7, 1882. A
Belgian painter. His chief work is "Compro-
mise of the Nobles at Brussels, Feb. 16, 1566."
Biel. See Bienne.
Biel, or Byll (bel), Gabriel. Born at Speyer,
Germany : died at Tiibingen, Germany, 1495.
sas frontier. Length, nearly 200 miles.
Bijapur (be-ja-p6r'). A town in southern India,
iu lat. 16° 50' N., long. 75° 48' E., formerly
of great importance, and capital of a native
kingdom of Bijapur. It contains the Jmnma Musjid
(which see), and the tomb of ilahmoud .shah. 'I'he httter
dates from about 1600. It is 136 feet in interior diameter,
somewhat less than the Roman Pantlieon, but being square
in plan itsareais greater ; and, like the Pantheon, it is cov-
ered by a great dome, which here is 124 feet in diameter,
resting on an ingeniously combined system of pendentives
which at once diminish the area to be covered by the dome
and by their weight coiuiteract its outward thrust. At
each corner of the building lises an octagonal domed
tower of eight stages. The decoration, inside and out, is
of great elegance and excellent in proportion.
(Paris, 1664),
Bifrost (be'frest). In Old Norse mythology, the 704.070.
rainbow, the bridge of the gods which reached Bikanir (bi-ka-ner')- Anative state in northern
from heaven to earth. Every day the gods rode over Kajputaua, under the supervision of British
it to their judgment-place under the tree Yggdrasil, neai- India. Area, 23,090 square miles. Population
the sacred well of the Norns. Also caUed^«6ru (Old Norse (1891), 831,955.
-^'bru). Bikanir. The capital of Bikanir. Population
A German scholastic phikisopher (nominalist), Big Beggarman. A nickname of O'Connell. (i,si)i) 56 252,
professor of theology and philosophy at the
University of Tiibingen: called mistakenly
" the last of the schoolmen." His chief work
is "Colleetorium ex Occamo" (1.508, etc.).
Biela (be'lii).Wilbelm von. Born atRosslau,
Germany, March 19, 1782 : died at Venice, Feb,
18, 1856." An Austrian military officer, noted
for the discoverv of a comet, named for him,
Feb. 27, 1826, at Josephstadt, Bohemia.
Bielau (be'loul, or Langen-Bielau (laug'en-
be'lou). A village in the province of Silesia,
Prussia, situated 33 miles southwest of Bres-
lau. It is noted for its length, which is about
5 miles. Population (1890), commune, 15,860.
Bielaya-Tserkoff (bya'lii-vii-tser'kof), or
Bielatserkoff (bya'"lii-tser'kof). ['White
Church.'] A town in the government of Kieff.
Big Ben. The name given to the bell in the BHaspiir (beJiis-por'). A feudatory state in
lock-tower of the new houses of Parliament,
London. It is said to be the largest bell in England.
It was cast in 1858. It is the second of the name, the
first being defective. Watford, Old and New London.
Big Bethel (big beth'el). A villiige in eastern
Virginia, 10 miles northwest of Fortress Monroe.
Here, June 10, 1861, the federals (2,500) under General ^ „ „ ,.
Peirce were defeated by the Confederates (1,800) under Bllat. bee Belit.
the Panjab, British India. Area, 448 square
miles. Population (1891), 91,760.
Bilaspur. A district in the Chattisgarh div-i-
sion. Central Provinces, British India. Area,
S.341 square miles. Population (1891), 1,164,-
1 fi.S.
Magruder.
Big Black. A river of western Mississippi
which joins the Mississippi at Grand Gulf, its
length is over 200 miles, and it is navigable about 60 miles.
It was noted In Grant's campaign before Vicksburg, May,
1863.
Big Bone Lick. A salt spring in Boone County,
Kentucky, situated about 20 miles southwest
of t/inciiinati : noted for its fossil deposits.
Rus>ia,inlat.49°45'N., long. 30°8' E. It has Bigelow (big' e-16). John. Born at Maiden, New
York, Nov. 25, 1817. An American author,
journalist, and diplomatist. He was an editor and
one of the proprietors of the New York " Evening Post "
ail extensive commerce.
Bielefeld (be'le-feld). A city in the province
of Westphalia, Prussia, in lat. 52° 1' N., long.
8° 28' E. It is the center of the Westphalian
linen manufacture. Population (1890), 39,950.
Bieleff ( bva'lef). A town in the government
of Tula. lUissia, in lat. 53° 50' N., long. 36° 10' E.
Populaliou, 9.869.
Bielgorod (byal'go-rod). [' ■White City.'] A
town in the government of Kursk, Russia, situ-
ated on the Donetz in lat. 50° 36' N., long.
36° 37' E. Population, 22,957.
Bielitz (be'lits). A town in SUesia, Austria-
Hungary, in lat. 49° 50' N., long. 19° 3' E.
It manufactures engines, woolens, etc. Popu-
lation (1891), 14,573.
Biella ibe-el'lii). A town in the province of
Novara. Italy, 39 miles northeast of Turin. It
has a c'athedral. Population, 11,000.
Bielinski (bva-len'ske), or Belinskl. Bom Big Horn Mountains. A range of the Rocky
Bilbao (bil-ba'6). Francisco. Born at San-
tiago, Chile, Jan. 9, 1823: died at Buenos
Ayres, Feb. 19, 1865. A Spanish-American
journalist and propagandist. Banished from Chile
in 184.% he went to Pans where he took part in the
revolution of 1848 ; returning, he was a leader in the dis-
turbances of 1861, and fled to Peru and thence to Ecuador
and Buenos Ayres. His death was due to exposure in-
curred while saving a drowning woman.
Bilbao. A seaport, capital of the province of
Vizcava, Spaiu, situated on the Nervion in
lat. 43° 14' N., long. 2° 56' W. It has a thriving
trade, and was formerly noted for the maimfacture of
rapiers called by its name. It was held by the French
lSOS-13, and was unsuccessfully besieged by the Carlists
183.>-36(twice) and 1874. Population (1887), 50,772.
Bilboa:. See Baijes.
proprietors c. -
1S60-61 ; consul at Paris 1861-65 ; and minister to France
1S65-66. He edited B-ranklin's autobiography 18BS, and
has published "Jamaica in 1860, etc.," "Life of Fremont"
(1866), "Les feats-Unisd'Amerique en 1863," a monograph 57^5--;- . .,, , ,," ^„„ , ., ^ fl,.o„ fi.|.ii„U ^.f
on " Molinos the Quietist" (1882). He hivs edited a life of Blldad (bil dad). One of the three tl lentls ot
William CuUen Bryant, the speeches of Samuel J. Tilden, Job. He is called the " Shuhite," from a territory idcn-
aiid the works of Benjamin Franklin. tilled by some with the Sakaia of Ptolemy, to the east of
■Riff-pndians (bit'-en'di-aiiz). The. A religious Batann;a, by others with Suhu of the cuneiform inscrip-
iSlg-enaians {m en in .w/.j, i^iic. o.^.:f*'„ tions, situated on the Euphrates south of Carchemish.
sect (intended tor the Catholic party), in tiwuih ' ,, ■,, 1 j-i,n itt:ii„_, «,„.., of
"Lilliput,"whoconsidereditamatterofdutyto Bllderdyk (Inl der-d k) Willem Bmu at
break egS-^l^ells at the big end. They were con- i''t'''f''^^\ ^l^^i^ A D ,t h noet Jmm'
sidered hm-tics by tlie Little-endians (the Protestants), Holland, Dec. 18, 1831. A Dutch poet, giain-
who broke their egg-shells in an orthodox manner at the marian, and critic. His works include "Bnitenleven "
little end. (1803), " De ziekte der geleerden" (1S071, "De Mensch "
Big Horn A river of Wyoming and southern (ISUS), "De ondei-gang der eerste wereld" (1820).
Moutana'which joins the Yellowstone in lat. Bilfinger (bil'fing-er), or Biilffinger ^b^il'fiug-
46° 13' N., long. 107° 26' W. Length, about 4.50 er), Georg Bemhard ^" * ' '■'^""
miles. The upper part is called Wind River.
1815 : died at St, Petersburg, 184.^. A Russian
critic and journalist. He became editor of the "Ob-
server." which ceased to appear in 1839, and was one
of the principal contributors to the "Annates de la
Ijatrie."
Bielostok(bya'16-stok),Pol.Bialystok(byii'lu-
stok). A town in the government of Grodno,
Russia, in lat, 53° 10' N., long. 23° 10' E. Pop-
ulation, 56,611.
Bielshdble (belz'hfel-e). A stalactite cavern
Moimtains in central and nortliern Wyoming.
extending northward into Montana. Highest
points, about 12,000 feet.
_ _ _ Born at Cannstatt,
Wiu-tembe"rg, Jan. 23, 1693: died at Stuttgart,
Feb. 18, 17.50. A German philosopher of the
Wolfian school, and mathematician. He was
professor of theology at Tubingen and privy councilor in
Stuttgart. Author of "Dilucidationes de Deo, anima hu-
niaiia, etc." (1725).
Biglow Papers, The. A series of humorous Bilguer (bil'gwer), Paul Rudolf von. Born
s,with explanatory introductions, .,f |^,ulwigslust, Mecklenburg-Schworin, Sept,
political poems,-
written by .lames Russell Lowell in the New
England dialect. Many of them were signed Hosea
Biglow. They were published in two series (1848, relating
chiefly to slavery and the Mexican war : and 1867, relating
chiefly to the Civil War and reconstruction).
21, 1815: died at Berlin, Sept^ 10, 1840. A lieu-
tenant in the Prussian army, noted as a chess-
player. He wrote "Handbueh des Schach
spiels" (1843), etc.
BiUn 157 Birh
Bilin (be'lin). The language of the Bogos. crated bishop of Worcester in 1596, and trans- Bion (bi'on). [Gr. Biijv.] Born atPhlossa, near
Bilin (bi-len'). A manufacturing town and lated to Winchester in lo97. .Smyrna, Asia Minor: lived about 280 B. c. A
watering-place in Bohemia, situated on the Bilston (bil'ston). A town in Staffordshire, Greek bucolic poet. His chief extant poem
Biela 42 miles northwest of Prague. Popula- Englami. 2^ miles southeast of Wolverhampton, is the "Epitaphios Adouidos" ("Lament for
tion (1890), commune, 6,(wl. noted for its iron manufactures. Population Adonis").
BilioSO (bil-i-6's6). An amusing diplomatist (1891), 23,453. Biondello (be-on-del'lo). A servant to Lu-
in Marstou's i)la.v "The Malcontent.''' Bima (be 'ma). A seaport on the northern ct-utio in SUaksperc's " Taming of the Shrew."
Billaud-Varenne (be-yo'vii-ren'), Jean Nico- coast of Sumbawa. Dutch East Indies, in lat. Biondi (be-on'de). Sir Giovanni Francesco,
las. Boni at La Kochelle, France. April 23. 8° 30' S., long. 118° 4,5' E. Boru on the island of Lesina, Gulf of Venice,
1756: died at Port-au-Prince, Haiti, June 3, Bimini (be-me-ne'), or Bimani (be-ma-ne'). 1572: lUed at Lausanne, Switzerland. 1G44. An
1819. A French Kevolutionist, member of the The name formerly given by West Indian na- Italian novelist and historian, long resident in
Convention and of the Committee of Public lives to an island or region north of them, England, where he became a gentleman of the
Safefv. He was deported to fiuiaua in 181«, came to where, according to their legends, there was a king's privy chamber. He published three lomances
New \'ork, and then wt-iit to HiUti. fountain whose waters conferred perpetual ^^ chivjui-j', in Italian, which were translated into Eng-
Bmaut(l>e-y6'). Adam. A French poet, 1602- voutli. Probably the island, lilie the fountain, was a 1'^,'' "! ' E'omena, or Love !u.d Reycnge" (IKU) "Don.
1662, most familiarlv kt.own as Maitre or Mas- fable ; but the name was given in the early ,nap^ to the to" rl«55wlmel^Ithe nTeeelnn^""^" ^ ^
tj.r A.lam " perjinsnla of Floridiu About the middle of the 16th cen- _. ('os-'). " sequel to the preceding.
■»fii /ii"\ at A_J T> 4,.„ O.I tury Hiniini was sometimes supposed to he In Mexico. BlOt (be-6'), Jean Baptiste. Bom at Paris,
BUle (bile). Steen Andersen. Born Aug. 22 gj^^^^j^g (,,a^g,i). ^ to\vn in the proviiu'o April21, 1774: died at Paris, Feb. 3, 1862. A
17ol: died at l^opeiihagen. April l.>, 1833. A of Hainaut, Belgium, 11 miles east-southeast of celebrated French phvsieist and chemi.st. noted
Danish admiral and minister of state, distin- jj^^^ Popuhition (1890), 18,104. espeeiallv for his discoveries in optics. Bis
pushed in an attack on Inpoli in 1798, anU m gj^gt (be-na'), Satan6. The pseudonym of chief works are "Essai de geometrie analvtiqne ' (ISO!-.),
the battle of ( opcnhagen in 1»0(. Fruieisdue Sarcev "Trait<; (51i;mentaire dastronomie physique" (1S05),
Bllle. Steen Andersen. Bom at Copenhagen, ■Ri-^'aoTlMiin^'onl ■ ' A tnwT, ^■n thn -n-rn^-n^c nf "^'"^.".^ '•^ physique exiM!rimentale" (1816), " Ti-aitc Hi-
Dec 5 1797 rlied there Mav 7 1883 A Dan- ^^^'^A ^ u'' ^ 'O^"^^"} too Proymce of mentaire de physique experimcntale" (I8I&-2I), ami works
l^ei.o, 119/. iiieuiuere, Ma> i.iooa. •* uau Rhme-Hesse, Hesse, situated at the junction on ancient Egj-ptian, Indian, and Chinese astronomy,
ish admiral and minister of mamie, son of Steen of the Nahe and Khine 16 miles west of Mainz. Bir(ber). [Turk. Binjik- Ilithin ^ A town the
Andersen Bllle. He took part in an expedition to It contains the castle of Klopp. In 1689 it was nearly de- ancient Rirthn or Ritlin in tbo -rilavct ,.f Alnrv.
South America in 1840. and commanded a scientific ex- stroyed by the French- f. .pulation (1^90), commune, 7,654. , ° I"??-" m °/ ^"'^/' '," V ^1 ' r . ?^
peditlon round theworld 1S45-.7 in the corv-ette Galatea, gj^ (ban-zliar') Louis Gustave. Born Oct. P°',^f '''-i^ I'w^i ^'*"%*^'' °° *''<',?''l''j'?.t''^
of which he has given an account in " Beretning om Cor- ,, ^S-r . t.t ;""'""" "Yi/ • 1 m lat. Si° 0 A., long. 38° 3 E. Pouulation
TettenOalatheasEeUeomkrungJordenl845^6og 47" 14, l^o6. A 1 lench othcer and African explorer, (estimated) 8 000 iropmation
nH4S-Ml For the lYench t'overnment he connected the French pos- ^_<^'i'o">i'^ii;, t'.'JJo.
„.„./.. ,..,,.,. X •»» , , «i J sessions on the I pper Mger with those at Grand Bassiini Bircn (berch), HarVey. The chief character
BUUCKin (Oil 1-kin), mrs. a keeper ot lodg- on the IvoryCoast. lie started from Bammakou in 1S.S7; in Cooper's novel " The Spy."
iugs in Charles Dickens's "Mystery of Edwin explored Sikaso and Kong, where he found no chain of Birch Samuel Born Nov 3 I-S13 • died
Drooil." Her distinguishing ch.aracteristic8 are " per- niountains;andthenturnedto thenorth(l!i«8)andreaclied T)p,, ' o- 1 s8.t " An Fiiflisl, 'nr,-ii.ilolr,<ri«t
B<tn,.l f,>i>.r„.>4.) itii.l nil nrHi-ix.M-erinir nfrftnniil (-nndnr " Baromo and ^^ agadugU- From here he turned again to „\_' ^:,. ,/,',. ,. h.. «" 0'*^^>J^>^isi.
BomU faintness and an overpoweiing personal candor ^^^ ^ ^^^^ ,„ade his way over Salaga, Bontuku, and He has published "GaUery of Antiquities " (1842), "rntro-
Blllin|6S(bll ingz). Joseph. [Ihe surname ISlI- Kong to Grand Bassam (laso). He placed Tieba. Kong, Auction to the Study of Egyptian Hieroglyphs" (1S57),
Ungn is a patronymic genitive of Billing, an AS. and Bontuku under a French protectorate. In 1S92 he re- "History of Ancient Pottery ' (1858), etc.
name, 'son of Bill,' Bill meaning 'sword.'] turned to West Africa as French commissioner for the Birch, Thomas. Born at London, Nov. 23,
Lived in the secon.l half of the 18tli centurv. settlen.ent of the Ashanti boundaries with England. 170,5 ; died near Loudon, Jan. 9, 1766. An Eng-
An English navigator in the Russian ser\ice, Bingham (bing'am), George. Born at Mel- lish m-iter on history and biographv. He wrote
engageil in Arctic exploration 1785-91 He was combe. Dorsetshire, Nov. 7, 1715 : died at Pim- nearly all the English biograjihies in the "General Uic-
al«.i a .•i.iniinnioii of Cook on his last vovap-p perue, Dorsetshire, Oct. 11, 1800. An English tionary. Historical and Critical " (1734-41). edited "Thur-
also a , oinpauioii 01 i.ook on ms last \0.^ age. g: .: ' j .mtifruarian rector of PimnerTn. '""'^ »'*'« Papers" (1742), compiled "Memoirs of the
Billings, Josh. The pseudonym ot Henry W. "i""*^ ana antiquarian, lector ot i-imperne. ^^.j ^^ ^^^^^^ Elizabeth "(1754), etc.
^^r- wn- « .1. . n . 7 Ws^:t l^S^die^l'^Havrnf f^^^^^^^
Billings, William. Bom at Boston, Oct. 7, '"^"^f '.'*;• /.;,*■ r,f„ ,V 1 ^oo ' it V^" li T at Stuttgart, June 23, 1800: .Ued at Berlin. Aug.
1746: died at Boston, Sept. 26, 1800. An moi^'"- Lnglaud, Aug. li, 1,23. An English 05^ iggg" J^ German actress and dramatist
American composer. He is said to have been the '''"".® ,?"*! w"tei" on V""'- /',,7i^n«"^" <.^.'^':'"':' He"r chief dramas are "Dorf und'stadt" (1848), "Die
first American musical comimscr, and to have introduced J^"'''' '^., 'i^JS!''?.' Ecclesiastica; (1708-22), or Antiqui- -v^ajg,. yo„ Lo^ood " (1856). " Die Grille " (1856) etc.
into New England the spirited styleof church music. He '"■='«""' ^h^tian Church. . , .^ ,^, BirdGnldinff Born in Norfolk Fn^lninl Dpc
published • TheSinging-Miist.r-s Assistant " (177S), and BuighamtOn (bing'am-ton). A city and the o^Tc, , ? i^\ ^ 1 "1 w 11 ,">^; o-',o-^
"The I'salm-Singefs Amusement ' (1781). couuty-seat of Broome County, New York, sit- ''' ^^^*- '"•'" "'' luiondge Wells, Oct, Ji, 18.o4.
Billingsgate (bil'ingz-gat). [ME. Billinnexqate, nated'at the iimction of the Chenango and Sus- ^° English physician and medical wi-iter. He
B,,i,,.,,.,,n,., BeUmosU'ric AS. » Billi,^<^.,aat quehanna rivers, in lat. 42° 8' N., long. 75° 57' Tolpit'SllMsU'a'i'riLuir^^'onta'f^rir.Se^i^' ^Xl
(in Latin transcription Billingengate), 'Billings W. It is an important railway center. It was College of Physicians in 1847. His chief work is his" Ele-
gate.' Hee Billings. 1 A gate, wharf, and fish- settled in 1787. Population (1890), 35,005. ments of Natural Philosophy " (I8:ffl).
market in Loudon, on the north bank of the Bingley (biiig'li). A manufacturing town in Bird, Robert Montgomery. Bom at New-
Thames, near London Bridge. It was made a the West Kidiug of Yorkshire. England, 5 miles castle, Delaware, 1803: died at Philadelphia,
free market in lemi. There may have been a water-gate northwest of Bradford. Population (1891), Pa., Jan. 22, 1854. An American phvsiciau and
here from the earliest times. The present market, how- 10 0.10 ,ir,t'oliot ti., *^ „ .. « i ♦ a- ' *,.
ever.wasestaMi-HhedinlS.-.:., intherci^nofEUzabeh. It J." ■"-■?•_, -, „ „ "tI ri r ,^^■ wl , -.7 M pT '"'& ''"'T*^ h"".';"
was at llrst a general landb.g-place foAn. rchandise of all Bini (be'ne). See A«J)e. 'Jhe G ad ator a favor te with Edwin Forr^ the
kinds lt»ashnnieddowninl716andrehuilt. In ls52 BinnOnhof (bin'nen-hof). Originallv, the pal- °°'j'' ^4''"™ (IS^l). /''Sl-; W.*^^' (18J6), etc.
new buildings were erected, and again in 1850. The pres- ace of Count William of Holland, at The •'*l"',> '^'^.-'^y'^^' V' ■'*7'^"®'t , , ^n'^.'n '^^^^
ent liulldlugs were tlnished in 1874. The foul IanKu.age Hatrue an irreenlar aydonipration of linildino-s l^Sb: died at Lonilou, July 4. 1023. An Eng-
usedi.y the hshwives and others in the neighborhood has K« mXv^ inclosS^ a < oiirt lish organist, and composer of madrigals and
iiift*l(.- its iKiiiiL- a svnonvin for Riirh sncech ^^ pait llieuit. v<ti, lut tOMlltf a euUll 111 \\ IllCIl -.'^ - tt ■ - i . i ^ i
Billinrt^n' bil'ing-ton Elizabeth Bom at st'inJs the Hall of the Knights, a brick, chapel- ff^''-^'^ „"?"^«'- ^e is sa^ to have composed
Lo^^probi/.h^ilZl'lKlied'atV^^^^^^^ like gabled stmCure with^turrets, now used^s ^^-^^^li^SZ:^ "" '"^'" ''°"'""''
Aug 25, 1818. Anote^ English singer, daughter ^:^':P^^y,'Z ^ate^fen^r.^ wllh "si e 3 T Birdcage Walk, I walk on the south side of
of a (.erman oboist, Carl VVeichsel, and wife of ^ul^tJ Vhin'.'-j oieles L/d liLi^JiiSi^^^ ""^ St. James's Park. London. It is so named from
her sii.ging-master, .James BiUington. Shebegan Binnev ( I'in'i ), AmoS. Born at Boston. Mass., the aviaries which were ranged along its side as
her operatic careerat Publin In "Orpheus and Eurvdii-e r\ *- to i oaq i- i 4. tj 1^ u 10 loi- * 1 ii *■ *. i-i ci i
and appeared at <ovent Garden, Feb. 13, :78(i, as RobJttain 0*='- ^?'< ^^^^- J'^*' .»* Kome, Feb. 18, 184<. An early as the time of the Stuarts.
"l/ive in a Village." In 1709 she married .M. Fclissent, American naturalist and patron of science. Bird in a Cage, The. A play by Shirley, printed
fnim whom shenioii separated, but with whom she was He wrote "Terrestrial and Air-breathing Mol- in l(i33.
laier(lHl7)reconclled and returned to England in 18111. lusks" (IS51 ), et.-. Birds, The. A comedy of Aristophanes, pro-
she retiri-d from the stage In IHll. t». tt t^ i t-,i .i , 1 1 - t *'"«", .■*"^' J ft
TiilKtnnn ;i 1: t . '\ ■Dij*^- /11-t /, . Binney, Horace. Bom at Philadelphia, Jan. duced in 414 B. c. It obtained the second prize. It
i»UUl0n(0il-li-Ion ), 01 Biltong ( Ide-tong ). An 4, 17.SO: ,lie(l llici-e, Aug. 12, 1875 An eminent '» " profoundly interesting as a piece of brilliant iinagl-
ISland east ol Hanca and southwest of Borneo, i m, .,.;,.., „ ii.wi.i. u.i.l lorml wvit,.,. n nation, with less political rancour and less obscenitv than
I i on t, , ,...,n f, , ■ , .A iiH'i lo.iii i,i\\\ei aim leirai wiiiei. He was . j ., .^ ■ , > j ., » i «
in lat. 3° S., long. 108° L. : a co onia posses- i,niduiled at Harvard Colleire in 17!»7 • was admitted t,, '"°^^ "' "'" """"or s work, and Justly accounted one of
Sion of Holland sin.-e ISH. Area, 1,863 square fhf Hdl-ldAphirbar in ^^nrvJ-as WW „""=!';»'■ " ""' ""■• '"''■ "' "",':'^""" P'^'f, *"'*''^^^
miles. Population, abont 28,000 Kress isci-.i.-i ; and was a director and defender of the Birdlime (beril lini). A ilisreputable character
Billroth (bil'rot), Theodor ' Born at Bereen I "'''^^'1 ■'*'''>^''' "■'"''• in Webster's "Westward Ho." It is he who says
on Ihe island of Hiiiren Ai.r'il "6 18->9- died at Binney, Thomas. Bom at Newcastle-on-Tyne, ",l3 not old wine wholcsoim»t old iilppms toothsomest
II 1.1 i-^iniiii 01 i\u(,iM,iipni _u, iii.j. UK (1 ai v,,,,|.,,,'i \,,,.ji 1700. ,|iorl nt PInnf/in Ti'iirrla,,.! old wood burn brightest, old linen wash whitest; (11. 2).
Abbazia, Istria, Feb. 6, 1894. A noted German IVf ''.Vy'ii--^' I , rr,,?*""' *'"*;■ ^^ See «,™h
surgeon. I'll). 24, l,Si4. Anotcl hnglisliCoiigregational giren. heeWio). , ,., ,
■nn^^ n • 1 1,' •^ A .,■ • • .-VT , . . divine and controversialist. Bireno (be-ra'no). The husband of the de-
BilOU ( hi-Iok SI). A division of North Amen- Bintane (bin-tanc') An island of the Dutch sertcd Olimpia in Ariosh/s "Orlando Furioso."
can inlians which probal.ly included, besides iS^li'es si. ."fted sout^ Birgitta (bii-git'tii), or Brigitta (bri-git'tft),
the Hilii.xi proper, the IVscagoula (or Pasco- jo x i,,,,,, 104° ^O' K Area 4.5;-) sdiare miles Saint, of Sweden. Born at Finstad, in IV
boula) and the -Moctoby, tribes which were in Binue (bin'wf) The larL'est affluent of the bind, Sweden. 1302 (1303): died at Kome. July
three villages on Biloxi Bay, Mississippi, in l<i99. S- H ivei We^t A ricr n 23,1373. A Swedish mm. she was related to the
At the begmning of he I9th century the Hiloxi and Fas- „oVuiof Ngaun^ ere makes a ;end U.'u^^ r.wal family of Sweden. On the death of her husband,
cagoula were in apnles parish, l.inisiana. A few of Ihe irsMge^U L koJiL It is navig.ble for I » kil?,l i™ l'" Gudn.arson, in 1344. she deci.led to found an onler
U.UU r:'"^^Sefs „:,^ "™' '"•"'""'"'-■■ '""'"''=' P"'''"' ii fa? !« Rn«^:tlt onl • "l";^' MV"o'.i':n,a '"'Vix™ »nd obtained the papal confirmation of ttie proposed rule
Hn^r 1 /Kl b- M-\ T. 11 , . r. Yola down It belongs to the Royal Niger Company. It regulaSam-ti SalvaUirls) from I rban \ . in 1.S6,, the order
BilqUla (bll-ko la), or BellaCOOla. A Sail- was explored principally by llarth. lialkle, and R. Flegel being .slablished In l;bi). .-he was the author of 'Reve-
^t'^J^lT!"^ ^r"'^ ^"'}''T- "'''''" '^'^^•'f-''':^'- AP'--i"-i—'tralCllile. 1^^^ by tr;;fn,t r»- licf s^^^^^^^
ffcw ?^ ?"''."■',* [''•""'"»• With the llaelt2uk(of Capital, Augelos. Area. 4,1.58 square miles. Council of Basel .she was canonized, Oct. 7. 1391, by
the W akaahan stock) they number 2,r,nu. See Salithun. Poiiuhit ion ( 1891 ), 125,:582. Honlfnee I., and her day falls on Feb. I.
Kl80n(bil' son), Thomas. Born at Winchestrr, BioDio. A river in Chile which flows into the Birh (hern). A district in the Nizam's domin-
England, 1,546: du-d at Westminster, June 18, Pacific at Concepcion. Length, about 300 i'His, British India. Area. 4,460 square miles.
1616. An English prelate and aiilhor, conse- miles. Population (1891), 642,722.
Birkbeck
Birkbeck (berk'bek), George. Born at Settle,
Yorkshire, Englaud, Jau. 10, 1776: died at
London, Dec. 1, 1841. An English physician
and educational reformer who. with others,
founded the Glasgow Meohanics' Institute 1823,
and in 1824 a similar institution in London
(later called the "Bii-kbeek Institute"), and the
University College. London, in 1827
15S
Bissagos
Birkenfeld (ber'keu-feld). A principaUty be- (later Duc) de. Born 1.'.24: killed at Epei
'"") to Oldenburg, (jermany, nay, France, July 26, 1592. A marshal o
Labour 's Lost." He is gav and eloquent, and Bischofszell (bish'ofs-tsel). A town in the can-
■"■■-■"■' tun of Thurgau, Switzerland, at the junction
of the Sitter and Thur, 13 miles south of Con-
stance. Population (1888), 2,419.
Biserta (be-zer'ta). 1. See Bi:crta.—2. The
capital of King Agramant in Ariosto's "Or-
lando Furioso." It was besieged and taken by
Orlando. Astolfo. and Brandimart.
Bisharin (be-sha-ren'). A Hamitic tribe of
northeast Africa. With the related Hadendoa. Hal-
lenga, Ababdi, aud Ben Amir tribes, it is said to constitute
the Bedja nation of Arabic literature, the Blemmyes of
theRoiuaus, the Kushites of the Bible, and the Ethiopians
of Herodotus. The habitat of these tribes is between the
Red Sea and the Nile, and between Egypt and Abyssinia.
They are Mohammedans, pastoral and nomadic. By the
Malidi insurrection they have been torn from Egypt.
holds nothing sacred.— 2. (bi'ron). ' The hus
band of Isabella in Southerne's play " The Fatal
Marriage." He is supposed to be killed in battle, but
returns after seven years to find his wife married to an-
other through the machinations of his younger brother
Oiulos. He is liilled in a fray instigated by Carlos. See
Isahdia.
Biron (be-r6u'). Armand de Gontaut, Baron
of
France. He fought in the Catholic army in the battles
of Dreui, St. Denis, and Moncontour, became grand mas-
ter of artillery in 1569, negotiated the peace of .St. Ger-
main, became marshal of France in 1577, was one of the
first to recognize Henry IV., contributed to the victo-
ries of Arques and Ivry, and was killed at the siege of
Epernay.
longing (since 1817,
situated east of Treves, surrounded by Khe-
nish Prussia. Area, 194 square miles. Popu-
lation (1890), 41.242.
Birkenfeld. The capital of Birkenfeld, Olden-
burg, Germany, 26 miles east-southeast of
Treves. ^ ^ ,^. ,-, , ,-, J;Pe™ay- An +-„+ -n^^ J» Bishop (bish'up), Ann Rivifere. BornatLpn-
Birkenhead, or Berkenhead (ber'ken-hed), Biron, Armand Loms de Gontaut, Due de ^^^^ ^-g^^. ^^^ ^^ ^^^ York. March 18, 1884.
Sir John. l^OTu near Northwich,^(.heshu;e, Lauztm, later Due de. Bornut^ Paris_\pnl ^^ E^giigii gj^ger in oratorio and opera, known
as Madame Anna Bishop. .She married Sir Henr}'
Rowley Bishop in 1S31. and, after his death, Sir. Schultz
in 1S5S. She appeared first on the concert stage in 1837,
and for the last tune in 1SS3, Her voice was a high so-
prano.
England, March 24, 1616: died at Whitehall,
Dec. 4. 1679. An English satirist and journal-
ist, editor of the "Meretu-ius Aulicus" (which
see) iu the civil war.
Birkenhead. A seaport and suburb of Liver-
pool, in Cheshire, England, situated on the
Mersey opposite Liverpool, with which it is
connected by tunnel and feiTies. It has ex-
tensive docks, ship-building, and commerce.
Population (1893), 103.817.
Birkenhead, The. -An English troop steamer
which was wrecked off the Cape of Good Hope
Feb. 26. 18.52. The troops formed at the word of com-
mand and went down at their posts, having put the wo.
men and children in the boats. More than 400 men were
drowned.
Birket el-Kurun (ber'ket el-ko-ron'). [Ar.,
15, 1747: died there, Dec. 31, 1793. A French
general anti politician. He reduced the British col-
onies of Senegal and Gambia, in Africa, in 1779 ; joined
Lafayette in America in 1780 ; commanded an unsuccess-
ful expedition to capture New York from the British in .„
17S1; became general-in-chief of the army of the Rhine tj- •!,„„ c;- TT^^..^ 'Dn^nrl^.n 'R^m, at T f^mlnn
in 1792, and of the array of the coast at La Rochelle in Blshop, Sr Henry Rowley Born at London
--- ■ • " -■ ^'- '- Nov. 18, 1786: died at London, April 30, 1855
An English musician, composer of operas
songs, cantatas, etc. His numerous works Include
"The MUler and his Men" (ISIS), "The Slave" (1816).
"Maid Marian" (1823), "Clari" (containing Payne's
• Home, Sweet Home," 1S22), etc.
1793 ; aud, in spite of his capture of Saumur and his de-
feat of the Vendeans, was executed by order of the revolu.
tionary tribunal of Fouquier-Tinville, whose displeasure
he had incurred.
Biron, Charles de Gontaut, Duc de. Born
1562: died at Paris, Julv 31, 1602. An admiral , » . . ,
and marshal of France, son of Armand de Bishop Blougram S Apoiogy. A poem by
Gontaut. He was the friend and a trusted officer of Robert Browning. He is said to have intended Bishop
Henry r\' by whom he was made admiral of France in Blougram for Cardinal ^^ isem.in, but the description is
1592, marshal in 1694, governor of Burgundy in 159.i, and to the last degree untrue,
duke and peer in 1598. He was executed for plotting with Bighop-Auekland (bish'up-ak'land). A town
.-, ,. -, - ., Savoy and Spain to dismember France in Durh.^m, northern England, I'O miles south-
'Lake of the Horns.'] A brackish lake in Biron, Conspiraey and Tragedy of Charles, .^^.^g^ jjj. Durham. It contains the palace of the
Faviim, Eg>-pt, iu lat, 29° 30' X„ long, 30° 40 Duke of. Two plays by Chapman which may Bishop of Durham, PopiUation (1891), 10.527,
E,, fed by the Xile. It was formerly erroneously be regarded as a single play. They were produced BjshoDSeote Bishopseott. Old corruptions of
G?e^tl^'breadth,1?S." ^'^"^'^' ^ '"'^^" l^hal^^i^n^tlm'S l^^r^tZT^''" "" '''" '"'"^ l^Ttu^e ot^he Androscoggin^River,
Birmingham (be'r'ming-am). [ME. Berming-
hiiiii. AS, prob. *Beonni)igah(im, dwelliugof the
Beormiugs, or sons of Beorm, The ME, and E,
forms of the name are numerous. One of them,
in 1605, printed in 1608, and reprinted in 1626 during
Chapman's lifetime, with revisions,
Biron, Ernst johann von. See Courland,
Ihili: of.
Birs Nimrud (bers nem-rod')- [-Aj., ' Nimrod's
tower.'] A motmd of ruins on the site of Bor-
sippa, northeast of the city of Babylon, where
land and the second manufacturing center. It
stages, it is supposi
Babel iu Gen. xi. attached itself.
See Bordppa.
I\j(hsrot.
Bishopsgate (bisb'ups-gat). The principal en-
trance through the northern wall of old London.
The only entrance in the northern wall in Roman times
was near this point. Near here Ermyn street and the
Vicinal way entered the city. Bishopsgate street is the
street which goes over the site of the old gate, and is di-
vided into " Bishopsgate within " and " Bishopsgate with-
out." The gate was destroyed in the reign of George II.
The foundations of the old Roman gate have been found.
Biskara (bes'ka-ra). or Biskra (bes'ki'a). A
city in the department of Constantine, Algeria,
riots against Priestley in 1791, and of Chartist riots iu 1839.
Population (isOl), 42si,17l. . • i a Father. A tfagicomedv pul
Birmingham (ber'mmg-ham). A city, the cap- ^^^ j^^. ^hakspere and Rowlev. it is clearly a re-
ital of Jefferson County, Alabama, situated in fashioning by Rowlev of an old play. The present title is
Jones Valley iu lat. 33° 30' X., long. 86° 53' W.: Rowleys. The original author is unknown,
founded in 1871, It is now one of the chief iron- Biru (be-ro'). An Indian chief who, in the
manufacturing cities in the Inited St!it«s. There are p^rlv Dart of the 16th centurv, ruled a small
Birth of Merlin, The, or The Child has lost Bismarek (biz mark). Otto Eduard Leopold,
a Father A tra<ncomedv published in 1662 Prince von. Born at Schonhausen. Prussia,
■ ,\pril 1, 1815. A Prussian statesman, the ere-
large supplies of coal and limestone in the neighborhood,
and of iron (6 miles distant). It is also an important rail-
road center. Population (1S90X 26,178.
Birmingham. A suburb within the mumci-
palitv of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, situated
soutli of the Monongahela River.
Birmingham Festival. A musical festival
held trieniiiallv at Birmingham, England, es
region in the extreme northwest corner of
South America, adjacent to the isthmus of
Darien. The Spanish called this region the province
of Biru, and extended the appellation to a rich region
farther south, of which they had vague reports : hence,
probably, the name Peru originated. The territory proper
of Biru was ravaged by Gaspar de Novalis in 1515, and
traversed by Andagoya in 1522.
tablished in 1768. Handel's music originally formed Bisa (be'sa). or 'Wa-Bisa (wa-be'sa). A Bantu
the main partof the programs, which are most important, tribe of British Zambesia, Africa, between the
The proceeds of the festivals are given to the funds of 2ambesi and Lake Bangweolo. They are great
the General Hospital. T5„,tl,=l,i,.» 'Jr.nt traders. It was in the northern part of their territory
Birnam (ber nam). A hill m Pertnsnire, Scot- that Livingstone died. Their language seems to be re-
land, situated 11 miles northwest of Perth, for- i<,ted to Lunda and Yao.
merlv part of a roval forest which is refeiTcd Bisbal, Count. See (yiJonnell.
to in •• Macbeth" as Biinam Wood. Height, Biscay (bis'ka). [Sp. Biscaya, now Vizcaija.']
1.324 feet. One of the Basque Pi'ovinces in Spain, bordering
Birnbaumer Wald (bem'boum-er vald). [G., on the Bay of Biscay. Capital, Bilbao. Area,
' pear-tree wood,' translating the Latin name .849 square miles. Population (1887), 235,659.
All Pirum, ' at the pear-tree.'] A plateau iu Biseay, Bay of. [F. Golfe de Gascogne.'] An
Carniola, northeast of Trieste, near the river arm of the Atlantic west of France and north
Frigidus. tlie scene of the \-ictory of Theodo-
sius' in 394. It contains the Roman station Ad
Pirum, on the main road across the Alps into
Italv,
Bimey (ber'ni), David Bell. Bom at Hunts
of Spain: the Roman Sinus Aquitanicus, Sinus
Cantabricus, Cantaber Oceanus, etc. Its limits
are the island of Ushant and Cape Ortegal. It is noted
for its storms. The chief tributaries are the Loire and
Garonne.
Biscay Pro'vinees. The pro\Tnces of Biscay,
ator of German unity. He studied at the universi-
ties of Gottingen and Berlin : entered the united Landtag
of Prussia in 1?47 ; and in 1849-60, as a member of the sec-
ond chamber of the Prussian diet, became known as an
outspoken advocate of reactionary measures. In 1851 he
was appointed Prussian ambassador to the diet of the Get*
manic Confederation at Frankfort ; in 1869 he became am-
bassador to Russia ; and in 1862 he was for a few months
ambassador to France. He was appointed Prussian pre-
mier and minister of foreign affairs (let. 8, 1S«'2, and en-
gaged in a long struggle with the Landtag over the ques-
tion of the army increase and the prerogatives of the
crown. After the Schleswig Holstein war of 1864, in
which he secured the cooperation of Austria, he was
made a count, Sept., 1S6S. On the renewal of the Scliles-
wig-Holstein complications Bismarck concluded an al-
liance with Italy, and war against Austria was dechired
(1866). In 1867 he became chancellor of the North Ggr-
man' Confederation, and added to Prussian prestige by
baffling Napoleon's designs on Luxemburg, His concilia-
tory attitude tow;u-d the South German states prepareil
the way for the triumphs of the Franco-German war of
1870-71. In 1871 he became the first chancellor of the
German Empire, and was made a prince. He labored
until 1878 in harmony with the National Liberal party,
and engaged in a protracted struggle with the lltramon-
tanes — the so-called Kuliurkamiif. After 1878 he inau-
gurated a series of economic reforms, including systems
of insurance for the laboring classes, and advocated a
vigorous colonial policy. He presided at the Berlin t^on-
gress of 1878, and concluded the Triple Alliance (1883).
Having incurred the displeasure of William II., he re-
signed March, 1890, the title of Duke of Lauenbui-g being
conferred upon him on his retirement. His eightieth
birthday (April 1, 1895) was made the occasion for extra-
ordinary ovations in his houor, in which the emperor
joined.
Bismarck. The capital of North Dakota and
of Burleigh Countv, situated on the Missouri
in lat. 46° .50' N.. long. 100° ,50' W. : settled in
1873. Population (1.890), 2,186.
viUe. Ala.. May 29. 1825: died at Philadelphia, °^^^^.:^ ^„j Guipuzcoa in Spain
Oct. 18, 1864. An American bngadier-general, gjgggg^g ,be-shel've). A seaport in the prov-
son of James Gillespie Birney. He served with j ^j g^ j jj j • 32 mUes northwest of Bari.
^{=J:';\Sii;;s'?iiitrd"aV5e^ry^Tr^^^"^^ ,„ , ^ ^,
^^^^F.:^fTi?J'^'."^4'd a^PeAhXIoy: ^^^^^^^^
N:J..Xov.2'5.185-; An A^erfcan poSTcian; cUed ^t Bonn, Prussia, Nov. 30. 1870. A Ger- the Pacific Ocean, comprising Neu-Pommeni
candidate of the "Liberty" partv for Presi- man chemist and geologist, professor of chem-
dent 1840 and 1844. " istry at Bonn.
Birni(ber'ne),or OldBimi. The former capi- Bischoff, The(
talof Bornu, inSudan, inlat. 13°20'N.,long. at Hannover,
loop Munich, Dec. 5, 1882, A German anatomist ...,
Biron'lF oron be-ron') 1 A lord attending and phvsiologist. professor of physiology and Bissagos(bis-sagos), or Bldjago(be-ja go), A
on°Se KiB^go?Navrr?e,^in ShaSspere's " Lovel anatomy at Heidelberg. heathen tribe of Portuguese Guinea, West Af-
Born
died at
(New Britain), Neu-Mecklenburg (New Ire-
land), and some smaller neighboring islands,
made a German possession in 1884. The pres-
ent name was (in honor of Prince Bismarck)
substituted for New Britain Island in 1885.
Bissagos
riea, inhabiting the islands of the same name.
Thf principal town is Bolama, where the Por-
tusuese steamers call.
Bissaeos. A group of islands west of Sene-
gamlna, Africa, in lat. IP- 12° N., long. 16° W.
All the islands belong to Portuguese Guinea.
Bissen (bis'sen), Herman Wilhelm. Bom
near Sohleswig, Oct. 13, 1798: died at Copen-
hagen. March 10, 186S. A Danish sculptor,
director of the academy at t'openhagen after
1850. His chief works are at Copenhagen.
Bistritz ( bis'trits). Hung. Besztercze(be9'tert-
sa). A town in Transylvania, situated on the
Bistritz in lat. 47° 10' "X.. long. 24° 28' E. It
was tormerlv an important place. Population
(l!^!)ii). 9,109.
Bisutun. See Jlchistiin.
BitHumriCbet hom'ri). [• The house of Oniri.']
The name of the country of Israel in the As-
svrian inscriptions: after Omri. the founder of
tbe 4th dynasty in the kingdom of Israel. It was
the Assyrian fashion to name countries after tho founders
of their r, i»;ning houses.
Bithyilia(bi-thin'i-!i). [Oi: Bidmia.} In ancient
geography, a division of Asia Minor, lying be-
tween the Propontis, Bosporus, and Euxiue on
the north, Mysia on the west, Phrygia and Gala-
tia on the south, and Paphlagonia on the east.
Its iuhaltitants were of Thraeian origin. N'icomedes I.
became its first independent king about 27S B. c. ; and
Nicoraedes III. bequeathed the kingdom to Rome 7-1 B. c.
It was governed by IMiny the Vonnger. It cont:iined the
cities of Clialcedon, Heraclea, Prusa, Mca^a, and Nico-
media.
Biton (bi'ton) and Cleobis (kle'o-bis). [Gr.
BiTuf and k/fo3(f.] In Greek legend, sous of
Cydippe, priestess of Hera at Argos. During a
f^tival the priestess liad to ride to the temple in a chariot,
and a* the oxen were not at hand, iiiton and Cleobis
dragged the chariot with their mother forty-five stadia to
the temple, in which they fell asleep, and, In answer to a
prayer of their mother to Hera to reward this act of filial
piety with the ia"eatest boon for mortals, never awoke.
Herodotus makes Solon relate this story to Cra-sus.
Bitonto (be-ton'to). A city in the province of
Bari, Apulia, Italy, situated 11 miles west of
Bari: the Roman Bituntum (whence the name).
Here, ilay 2.',, 1734, the .Spaniards under ilontemar de-
feated the Austrians, thereby gaining the kingdom of
Naples. The cathedral is a medieval church wiih Sara-
cenic elements, icmalning almost untampered with. It
has three apses, in the nave alternate con pled and clustered
columns, handsome ambones, and a well-proportioned
and ricldy ornamented front. The crypt is of the char-
acteristic Southern type. Population (1881), commune,
M,20T.
Bitsch (bich), formerly Kaltenhausen (kai'-
ten-hou-zen). [G. JiitM'li, F. Bilrln.] A town
in Lorraine, Alsace-Lorraine, situated on the
northern slope of the Vosges, in lat. 49° 4' N.,
long. 7° 26' E. it is a noted fortress, supposed to be
Impr'-L'inible. It was besieged by the (iermans in l,s7ii,
anil suin-iidered after the peace. Population (ISI^J). 2,704.
Bitterfeld(bit'er-feld).' A manufacturing town
in the province of Saxony, Prussia, situated on
the Mulde 20 miles north of Leipsic. Popula-
tion I'lstiM), commune. 9,047.
Bit Takin (bet yii-ken'). ['House of Yakin.']
A principality in the extreme south of Baby-
Ionia, on the sea-coast, named for its ruling
family, from which Merodach-baladan. king of
Babylonia (722-702 B. c. ), descended. The last
king of this powerful family was subdued by
Asurbanipal, king of Assyria 668-626 B. c.
Bitzer (blt'zer). A school-boy under Mr.
M'Choakiim brought up on the Gradgrind sys-
tem, in (I'harles Dickens's story " Hard Times":
afterward a porter in Bounderby's bank, with a
heart "accessible to reason and nothing else."
He is a spy.
Bitzius I bjt'se-ds). Albert: pseudon\Tn Jere-
mias Ootthelf. Burn at .Moral, in Fribourg,
Switzerland, Oct. 4, 1797: died at Liitzelfliih,
in Bern. Switzerland, Oct. 22, 18.54. A Swiss
pastor and author, noted chiefly for his moral-
izing novels illustrating the home fife of the
Bernese [leasantry.
Bivar, Rodrigo de. See Cid.
Bizerta, or Biserta (be-zer'tii), or Benzert.
A seaport ill northern Tunis, in lat. 37° 17' N.,
long. 9° 53' E., on the site of the ancient Hippo
Zaritus.
Bizet ibi-zii'). Alexandre C6sar Leopold
(called Georges). BornatBougival, near Paris,
Oct. 2.">. ISis : died at Paris, June 3, 1875. A
French composer, author of "Carmen" (1875),
etc.
Bjarme, Brynjolf. A pseudonym of Henrik
Ilixi^n.
Bjelgorod. See Bielgorod.
Bjorneborg ibyer'ne-b6rg). A town in the
province of Abo-Bjorneborg, Finland, situated
169
on the Gulf of Bothnia in lat. 61° 28' N., long.
21° 22' E. Population (1890), 9.077.
Bj6rnson..(byern'son), Bjomstjems. Born at
Kvikne, Osterdaleii, Norway, Dec. 8, 1832. A
Xorwegian poet, novelist, and dramatist. His
father was a i/lergyraan at Osterdalen and later held the
llvinuat Sa-s in the tiomsdal. After atteuding the gram-
mar-school at ilolde he went to the University atChrls-
tlania, and was subscjuently in I'psala and *openhagen.
In 18.'»7 he returned frnm abroad, and was first director of
the theater in Bergen, and afterward (1S59) for a sliort time
editor of the journal *' Aftenbladet " In Christlania. In
18C0 he went abroad ; upon his return, In 18i>3, the Stor-
thing voted him a yearly stipend. From 1863 to 18C7 he
was director of the Christlania theater, and editor, during
the time, of the journal "Norske Folkeblad." He has
taken an active part in the political and social life of
Scandinavia. In Isso he traveled In America. Recently
he has lived upon his estate Olestad, in the Gausdal. His
first novel, " Synnovo .SoUiakken," a]»peareil in 1857. It
was followed by **Arne" (18.i8). " Kn (ilad Gut" ("A
Happy Boy," isau), and later (ISfis) by " Fiskerjenten "
("The Fisher Maiden ") — all stories of Norwegian peasant
life, to which arc to be added at various times. In the same
vein, a number of shorter tales. " Magnhild " (1877) an<l
" Captain Manzana " followed — the one a tale of middle-
class life in Norway, the other an Italian story. His latest
novels, " Det Flager 1 Byen og paa Havnen" (" Flags are
Flying in the Town and Harbor "), and " Paa Guds "Velo "
("In God's Way "), are novels of tendency. He is the au-
thor, besides, of numerous dramas whose material has been
taken from the sagas, from recent history, and from mod-
em life. They are " Mellem Slagene " ("Between the
Battles") and " Halte Hulda" ("Lame Hulda," 1858),
" Kong Sverre " (" King Sverre," 1861), the trilofry " Sigurd
Slembe " (1862), " Maria Stuart i Skotland " (Mary Stuart
in Scotland," 1863), "De Xygifte" ("The Newly Wedded
Palr,"lS65), "Sigurd Jorsalfar" ("Sigurd the Crusader,"
1873), " En Fallit " ("A Bankruptcy ") and "RedaktOren"
("The Editor," 1875), "Kongen" ("The King," 1877),
" Leonardo " and "Det nye System " ("Tlie New System,"
1879). There are a number of less important dramas, viz. :
" Brudeslaaten," "Eu Hanske," " Geografl og Kjaerlighed,"
"Over J^vne." The earlier works, lUte "Arne," contain
a number of lyrics. An epic poem, "Amljot Gelllue,"
appeared In 1870.
Bjornstierna (byern'sher'nii), Count Magnus
Fredrik Ferdinand. Born at Dresden, Oct.
10, 1779: died at Stockholm, Oct. 6, 1847. A
Swedish diplomatist, lieutenant-general, and
political writer. He was minister plenipoten-
tiary to Great Britain 1828-16.
Blacas d'Aulps (blU-kas' dop'). Born at Aiilps
or Aix about 1160: died 1229. A French trou-
Ijadour.
Black (blak), Adam. Born at Edinourgh, Feb.
20, 1784: died there, Jan. 24, 1874. A Scotch
publisher, at Edinburgh, and politician. Hav-
ing begun a bookselling business in his own name In
1807, he established 26 years later, by taking his nephew
Into partnership, the house of Adam and Charles Black.
He acquired the copyright of the "Encyclopedia Bri-
tannlca" on the failure of Archibald Constable and Co.
In 1827. He was member of Parliament for Edinburgh
1856-65.
Black, Ivory. A pseudonym of Thomas A. Jan-
vier.
Black, Jeremiah Sullivan. Born at the Glades,
Somerset County, Pa., Jan. 10, 1810: died at
York, Pa., Aug. 19, 1883. An American jurist
and statesman, attorney-general 1857-60, and
secretary of state 1860-61.
Black, Joseph. Born at Bordeaux, France,
1728 : died at Edinburgh, Dec. 6, 1799. A cele-
brated .Scotch chemist, noted for his discoveries
in regard to carbonic-acid gas and latent heat.
He became professor of medicine in the University of
Glasgow in 1756, and of medicine and chemistry at Edin-
burgh in 1766.
Black, 'William. Born at Glasgow, Nov., 1841.
A Britisli novelist and journalist, in 1804 he went
to London, and was attached to the staff of the London
"Morning Star" in lst;5. He was also for some yeai'S as-
sistant editor of the Loudon "Dally News." His works
include "In Silk Attire" (1869), "A Daughter of Heth "
(1871), "The Strange Adventures of a I'haeton" (1872),
" A Princess of Thule " (1873), " The Maid of Kllleena, anil
other St<jrles " (1874), "Three Feathers" (187.5), " Madcap
Violet " (1876), "Lady Silverdales Sweetheart, and other
Stories " (1876), "Green Pastures and Piccadilly" (1877),
"Macleod of Dare" (187s), "^Vhlte Wings, etc." (1S80),
"Sunrise, etc." (1880), "White Heather" (18»6), "In Far
Lochaber " (1888), etc.
Blackacre (blak'u-ker), Jerry. In Wycherley's
"plain Dealer," a raw booby, not of age and
still under his mother's government, bred by
her to the law, or at least to a glib use of its
terms.
Blackacre, 'Widow. In Wycherley's "Plain
Dealer," a petulant, litigious woman, always
with a law case on hand, she Is one of the author's
best and most anuialng characters, and la taken from the
countess In Racine's "Lea plaldeurs."
Black Act, The. An English statute of 1722.
so called ijceauso designed originally to sup-
press associations of lawless persons who called
themselves hhicks. it made felonies certain crimes
against game laws, the Bending of anonymous letters de*
miiiiding money, etc.
Black Agnes. See Dunbar, Aiiiiri, Countens of.
Blackall (blak'al), or Blackball (blak'hal).
Blackfriars
Offspring. Born at London, 1654: died at
Exeter. England, Nov. 29, 1716. An English
prelate and controversialist, made bishop of
Exeter in 1708. He engaged in controversies with
John Toland, whom he accused of having denied the genu-
ineness of the Scriptures in his "Life of Milton." and with
Bishop Hoadle.v, against whom he supported the cause of
Charles I. and High-Church principles.
Black Assize, The. A name given to the Ox-
ford assize of 1577, in which year Oxford was
ravaged Ijv jail-fever.
Black Bateman of the North. A play by
Thomas Dekker, with Drayton, WUson, and
Chettle (1598).
Black Bess. The famous mare of Dick Turpin,
which saved his life by her speed and strength.
Black Book, The. A prose satire by Thomas
Middleton, a coarse but humorous attack on
the vices and follies of the time: published in
1604. It was suggested b}' Nash's "Pierce
Pcnnilesse."
Black Brunswickers, or Death's-Head Corps.
A corps of 2,U00 horsemen equipped by the
Duke of Brunswick to operate against Napo-
leon in Germany. It vainly attempted to co-
operate with the Austrians in 1809.
Blackburn (blak'bem). A town in Lancashire,
England, in lat. .53° 44' N.. long. 2° 28' W. its
chief industry Is cotton manufacture (Blackburn checks.
Blackburn grays). It Is the birthplace of Hargreaves.
Population (1891), 120,064.
Black Code, The. The system of law regulat-
ing the treatment of the colored race which
prevailed in the southern United States before
the emancipation of the slaves.
Black Country, The. The mining and manu-
facturing region in the neighborhood of Bir-
mingham, England.
Black Crom. See the extract.
St. Patrick found the Irish worshipping an Idol called
"Black Crom," whose festival, about the beginning of
August, Is even now called " Cromdutf Sunday." "There
were twelve Idols of stone around him, and himself of
gold" : and by another account his statue was coverec;
with gold and silver, and the twelve subordinate deities
were ornamented with plates of bronze.
Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 271.
Black Dick. A nickname of Richard Howe,
first Earl Howe (1726-99).
Black Domino, The. A comic opera produced
in 1841, an English version of Scribe's "Le
domino noir" (1837).
Black Douglas, The. 'William Douglas, lord
of Nithsdale (died 1390).
Black Dwarf, The. A novel by Sir Walter
Scott, published in 1816. "The Black Dwarf" was a
name given lu parts of Scotland to a most malicious, un-
canny creature considered responsible forall mischief done
to flocks and herds ; hence the name was given to Sir
Edward Mauley, who was deformed and gnomish-looking.
Black-eyed Susan. A ballad (the farewell of
Sweet William to Black-eyed Susan) by Gay,
published in 1720 in a collection of his poems.
The music was written by Richard Leveridgo
(Grorc).
Black-eyed Susan, or All in the Downs. A
comedy liy Douglas Jerrold, produced Juno 8,
1829. It was played four hundred times in that
year alone.
Blackfeet. See Sihasapa.
Black Flags. Bands of irregular soldiers infest-
ing the upper valley of the Red River in Ton-
quin. They were originally survivors of the Talplng re-
bellion In China. Increaseil by the accession of various
adventurers, they fought against the French in their wars
with Alinam.
Black Forest, G. Schwarzwald (shvarts'viild).
-■V mountainous region in the eastern part of
Baden and the western jiart of Wiirtemberg,
between the valleys of the Rhine and Neckar:
famous in poetry and romance. It is divided by
the Kinzig into the "Lower Black Poorest in the north, and
the Upper Black Forest in the south. It has manufac-
tures of clocks, hats, wooden wares, etc. The liighest
summit is tbe Fcldberg (4,9<)0 feet). Among other peaks
are the Hclchcn ami Uornisgrinde.
Black Forest Circle. An administrative divi-
sion in Wiirtemberg. Area, 1,842 square miles.
Population (1,890), 481,334.
Blackfriars. A name given to the locality at the
southwestern angle of old London city, on the
Fleet. The Black Friars, or mendicant monks of the Do-
minican (trder, made their appearance In London In 1221
under the patromigc of Hubert de Burgh, and were located
In Holhorn. In 1285 they moved to the site of the old Mont-
flchctt tower, which had been given them for a monastery.
The tower itself was destroyed and the nniterlal used in
bnilditig the church. From Ludgate to the river the city
wall was pulled down and moved westward to the Fleet,
all the added space being devoted to the monastery. The
origlTial site was given by (iregory Rokesley "in a street
of Biiynard Castle." The monastery was enilowed with a
prlvil'ege of a.sylnm, which attached Itself to the locality
after the dissolution. To this privilege and to the odor
Blackfriars
of sanctity attached to the place raay be attributed the ex-
istence of the Thcati-c of Blackfriars (which see). Players
had been expelled from tliecity limits, but the sheriff could
not touch them here. W. J. Lo/tu-, liistoryof London.
Blackfriars Bridge. One of the great stone
bridges of London, the third bridge from the
tower, originally called Pitt Bridge, but soon
nameil from the locality. After much discussion
its construction was intrusted to Mr. Myliie, of Edinburgh.
The tlrst pile was driven .Fuoe, 17t>0, and the structure com-
pleted Nov. 19. n09, at a cost of tSoil.Ollo. It was 996 feet
Jong, il feet wide, I12 feet high. The central span was 100
feet wide. It was demolished in 1804, and rebuilt iu a few
years, fn>m the designs of Cubitt, at a cost of £320,000.
Blackfriars Theatre. A famous London the-
ater, the site of which is now occupied by the
"Times" office and Playhouse Yard. Sometime
in 1590 sir William More conveyed to .Tames Burbage, the
father of Richard Buib.age the actor, part of a large house
in Blacicfriars, consisting of "seaven greate upper romes."
This he converted into a theater. The first tenants were the
Children of the Chapel, afterwai-d called the Children of
Her Majesty's Revels. Shakspere and his colleagues,
Richard Burbage, Lowin. and t'ondell, acted in Black-
friars. They were tlrst known jis the Lord Chamberlain's
Company, but in 1603 .Tames I. allowed them to take the
title of King's Servants. The actors of Blackfriars were
of grave and sober beliavior, and men of high standing.
The theater w.a8 celebrated for its music : the musicians,
however, paid for the privilege of playing here. The stage
was covered by a silk curtain. There were three tiers of
galleries, and beneath them rooms or boxes. The orches-
tra w.as seated in a balcony at the side of the stage, and
played at the beginning and between the acts as now. At a
triple flourish of trumpets the curtain opened and disclosed
the stage, which was strewu with rushes and, if a tragedy
was to be represented, hung with black. Shakspere wrote
exclusively for the Globe and Blackfriars. Almost all of
the great dramas of the time were performed here. It was
pulled down in 1655 (Doran).
Black Friday. 1. Good Friday: so called be-
cause on that day, iu the Western Church, the
vestmetits of the clergy and altar are black. —
2. Any Friday marlied by a great calamity :
with special reference in England to Friday,
Dee. 6, 174.5, the day on which news reached
London that the Young Pretender, Charles
Edward, had reached Derby; or to the commer-
cial panic caused by the failure of the house of
Overend and Gurney, May 11, 1866; and in the
United States to the sudden financial panic and
ruin caused by reckless speculation in gold on
the exchange in t he city of New York on Friday,
Sept. 24, 1869; or to anotlier similar panic there,
which began Sept. 18, 1873.
Black Hambleton. One of the oldest race-
courses in England. It appears in an early docu-
ment as a place enjoying special privileges and exemp-
tions.
Black Ha'wk. Born at Kaskaskia, IU., 1767:
died near the Dcs Moines River, Iowa, Oct. 3,
1838. An American Indian, chosen chief of the
Sacs about 1788. He was the leader in the revolt of
the Sacs and Foxes in 1832 (■■ Black Hawk's War").
Blackheath (blak'heth). [ME. Blak Heth.']
An Dpeti common in Kent, England, 5 miles
southeast of St. Paul's. London. The Danes were
defeated here 1011. It was the scene of Wat Tyler's rising
1381, and of Jack Cade's rising 1450. The Cornish rebels
were def«;ued here by royalists, June 22, 1497.
Black Hills. A group of mountains in the
southwestern part of South Dakota and the
northeastern part of Wyomitig. noted for their
mineral wealth. The chief town in the region is
Deadwood. The highest point is Harney's Peak (9,700
feet). Gold was discovered here in 1874.
Black Hole of Calcutta. The garrison strong-
room or black liole at Calcutta, measuring
about 18 feet square, itito which 146 British
prisoners were thrust at the point of the sword
by the Nawab Siriij-ud-Daula, on June 20, 1756.
T'lie next morning all but 23 were dead.
Blackle fblak'i), John Stuart. Born at Glas-
gow, Jidy. 1809 : died at Edinburgh, March 2,
ISg.'i. A Scotch philologist and poet, professor
of Greek at Edinbtugh 1852-82. He translated
^schylus in 1850, and wrote " Four Phases of Morals "
(1871), " Uysot the Highlands "(1872), "Horic Hellenicie"
(1874), etc.
Black Isle, The. The peninsula in northern
Scotlafid lietwcen Cromarty Firth and Beauly
Basin.
Black Knight, The. 1. The son of Oriana
antl Aiuadis of Gaul, iu early romances: so
called from liis black artnor. See Explandiaii.
— 2. A ilisguisc under which, in Scott's "Ivan-
hoe," Richard Cceur de Lion wanders in Sher-
wood Forest, performs feats of valor, and feasts
with Friar Tuck.
Black Knight, Complaint of the. A poem
bj- Lydgate, attributed to Chaucer, and re-
printed in the 1561 edition of his works. It
was modernized in 1718 by John Dart the an-
tiquary.
Blacklock (blak'lok), Thomas. Born at An-
nan, Scotland, Nov. 10, 1721 : died at Edin-
160
burgh, July 7, 1791. A blind poet of Scotland.
He wjis of humble parentage ; lost his sight at the age of
six months by an attack of smallpox ; was given an edu-
cation, ificluding a course at the I'liiversity of Edinburgh,
by Dr. Stevenson, a physician of Edinburgh; was licensed
to preach in 1759; hecatne mitiister of Kirkcudbright about
1702 ; resigned in 1704 ; and enjr^yed the friendship atid iiu-
tronage of Hume and Jo.seph Spetice. An edition of his
poems appeared in 1756, with an ititroduction by Spence.
Blacklock, William James. Born at Cum-
whitton, near Cailisle, about 1815 : died at
Dumfries, Scotland, March 12, 1858. A Scot-
tish landscape-painter.
Black Man, The. Apopularepithetof the de'vil.
Black Maria. A popular name of the covered
van, cofumonly painted black, in which crimi-
nals are convej'ed to and from jail.
Black Monday. Easter Monday: so called
from a terrible stortn on Easter Monday, 1360,
from which the English army before Paris
sufiered severely. Sliak.. M. of V., ii. 5. 25.
Blackmore (blak'mor). Sir Richard. Bom at
Corsham, Wiltshire, England, about 1650 : died
at Boxsted, Essex, Oct. 9, 1729. An English
phj-sician, poet, and prose-writer, physician in
orclinary to William III. His best-known
work is "The Creation" (1712).
Blackmore, Richard Doddridge. Bom at
Longworth, Berkshire, England, June 9, 1825.
An English lawyer and novelist. He was gradu-
ated from Oxford 'iti 1847, and was called to the bar in
1852. His works include " Clara Vaughan " (18W), " Cra-
dock Nowell, etc." (1866), "Lorna Doone : a Romance of
Exmoor" (1869), "The Maid of Sker" (1872), "Alice Lor-
raine" (1875), "Cripps the Carrier" (1876), "Erema"
(1877), "Mary Anerley" (1880), "Cristowell" (1882),
"Tommy Upmore" (1884), " Springhaven " (1887), "Kit
and Kitty " (1889). He has also published "The Fate of
Franklin," a poem, in 1860, and translations of Vergil's
Georgics in 1862 and 1871.
Black Mountain, See Montenegro.
Black Mountains, A group of mountains in
western North (Carolina (chiefly in Yancey
County), the highest in the Appalachian sys-
tem. The chief peak is Mount Mitchell, 6,710
feet high.
Black Mountain Tribes. The tribes on the
northwestern frontier of India, west of the
upper Indus. British expeditions against them
were despatched in 1888, 1890, and 1891, with-
out great success.
Blackpool (blak'pol). A watering-place in
Lancashire, England, situated on the Irish Sea
15 miles west-northwest of Preston. Popula-
tion (1891), 23,846.
Blackpool, Stephen. In Charles Dickens's
"Hard Times," a power-loom weaver of up-
right character tied to a miserable drunken
"wife. He cannot see the propriety of living with her
and giving up a better womati whom he loves, and in his
own words " 't is a' a muddle. " He dies a lingering death
from a fall into an abandoned mine, and it appears that
his goodftess and integrity have met with a poor return
in this world.
Black Prince, The. Edward, prince of Wales,
son of Edward III. of England : so named from
the color of his armor. See Edwaril.
Black Prince, The. A tragedy by Lord Orrery,
actecl iti 1607.
Black Republic. A name given to the republic
of Haiti, which is formed mostly of negroes.
Black River. A river in New York wliich emp-
ties into Lake Ontario. Length, about 120
miles.
Black Rock. A town in County Dublin, Ireland,
on Dublin Bay : a resort for sea-bathing. Pop-
ulation (1881), 8,902.
Black Rock. A district -n-ithin the municipality
of Buffalo, New York, situated on the Niagara
River: the scene of several engagements be-
tween the Americans afid British 1812-14.
Black Rod. The title of a gentleman usher,
with special duties, iu the English houses of
Lords and Commons. Ho carries a black rod
of office surmoufited with a gold lion.
Blacks, The. The Neri, an Italian faction.
See ,V()-(.
Black Saturday, in Scotch history. Aug. 4,
1621, when the Parliament at Edinburgh passed
(■ertaiii acts favorifig Episcopacy.
Black Sea. [F. Mir ynirr, G. fSclncarses Meer,
L. Pontus Euxinux, Gr. Jldvrnt; Eifm'of, Ej''ff(i'oi'
7Ti?.a)0C, Etffd'or Ou'Aaaca (the Euxine), lit. 'the
hospitable sea,' earlier called "A.ieivor n-oi'-of.
the inhospitable sea.] An inland sea bounded
by Russia on the north and east, Asia Minor on
the south, and European Turkey, Bidgaria, and
Rumania on the west, it extends from lat 40" 45'-16''
45' N., and long. 27' 30' -41° .^0' E. It communicates with the
Mediterranean by the Strait of Bosporus, the Sea of .Mar-
mora, and the Strait of Dardanelles. Its chief arms are the
Sea of Azov and the Gulf of Perekop ; its chief tributaries.
Blair, Hugh
the Danube. Dniester, Bug, Dnieper, Don, Kuban, Tchoruk,
Yeshil-Irraak, Kizil-Irmak, and Sakaria. On it are situ-
ated Burgas, Varna, Odessa, Sebastopol, Sukluun-Kale,
Poti, Batuni. Trebizond, Samsun, Sinope. The Black Sea
was neutralized by the treaty of Paris 18.'>6. nu wardships
being permitted in its waters, ami no military or naval
arsenals on its coasts. Russia in 1870 abrogated the pro-
visions relating to her war-ships and arsenals. Length,
7uO miles. Greatest width, 390 miles. Estimated area,
16S,50tl square miles.
Blackstone tblak'ston), Sir William. Born
at London, July 10. 1723: died at Loudon. Feb.
14, 1780. A celebrated English jurist, api)ointed
Vinerian professor of eomm<m law at Oxford
in 1758, and justice in the Court of Common
Pleas m 1770. His chief work is "Commentaries on
the Laws of England " (1765-68). Eight editions appeared
in the author's lifetime, and for sixtyyears after his death
they followed in quick succession. These editions were
edited and amtotated by Coleridge, Chitty, Christian, and
others. An American edition was printed in 18&1. but the
text has not been reprinted in England since 1844. There
are various adaptations of it for modern use.
Blackstone, William. Died near Providence,
R. I.. May 26, 1675. An English colonist in
America, the first white settler in Boston
(about 1623).
Blackstone Ri'Ver. A river which rises in
Worcester Comity. Massachusetts, and joins
the Providence River near Providence. Length,
about 75 miles.
Black Warrior. A river in Alabama which
joins the Tombigbee in lat. 32° 32' N.. long.
87° 58' W. It is navigable to Tuscaloosa.
Length, about 300 miles.
Black Watch. A body of Scotch Highlanders
employed by the English government to watch
the Highlands in 1725, and enrolled as a regi-
ment in the ijegular army in 1739: so called
from their dark tartan uniform.
Black'water (blak'wa"ter). A river in Mun-
ster, Ireland, whicli flows into Youghal Bay
26 miles east of Cork. Length, over 100 miles.
Black'water. A river in Ulster. Ireland, which
flows into Lough Neagh 11 miles north-north-
west of Al'magh. Near here, Aug. 14, K9i, the Irish
under the Earl of Tyrone defeated the English under
Bagnal.
Black'wood (blak'wud), Frederick Temple
Hamilton. Born at Florence, June 21. 1826.
An English statesman and diplomatist, created
marquis of Dufferin and Ava in 1888. He was
governor-general of Canada 1872-79 ; ambassador to Russia
1879-81 ; ambassador to Constantinople 1881-84 ; governor-
general of India 1884-88 ; and ambassador to Italy 1888-91,
when he was appointed ambassador to Fiance. He has
published "Letters from High Latitudes" (1857), "Con-
tributions to an Inquiry into the State of Ireland " (1866),
" Irish Emigration and the Tenure of Land in Ireland "
(1867), "Mill's Plan for the PaciHcation of Ireland Ex-
amined" (1868), "Speeches and Addresses" (1882), etc.
Black'wood, William. Born at Ediulmrgh,
Nov. 20, 1776: died there. Sept. 16, 1834. A
Scotch publisher and bookseller, the foimder
and editor of "Blackwood's Edinburgh Maga-
zine" (1817).
Bladensburg (bla'denz-berg). A village in
Maryland, 6 miles northeast of Washington.
Here, Aug. 24, 1814, the English under General
Ross defeated the Americans under General
Winder.
Bladud (bla'dud). A mythical British king,
reputed founder of the city of Bath, England.
Blaeu (blou), Wilhelm. Bom at Amsterdam,
1571: died there, Oct. 21, 1638. A Dutch geog-
rapher and charfographer, a pupil and ft-iend
of Tyeho Brahe.
Blaine (blan). James Gillespie. Born at West
BrowusWlle.Pa., Jau.31. 1830: diedat Washing-
ington, D. C. Jan. 27, 1893. An American states-
man. He was a Republicati member of the House of
Representatives 1863-76; speaker 1869-75; I'nited States
senator frum ilaine 1876-81; secretary of state March 4-
Dec. 19, 1881, and 1889-92; and unsuccessful caiulidate
of the Republican party for President in 1884. He wrote
"Twenty Y'ears of Congress " (1884-81;).
Blain'Tille. See Ducrotaij dc BUiinrillr.
Blair (iilar), Francis Preston. Born at Abing-
don, Va., April 12, 1791 : died at Silver Spring.
Md., Oct. 18, 1876. An American journalist and
politician, editor of the Washington "Globe"
1830-45.
Blair, Francis Preston. Bom at Lexington,
Ky., Feb. 19, 1821: died at St. Louis, July 9,
1875. An American politician, son of Francis
Preston Blair. He was Democratic candidate
for Vice-President in 1868, and United States
senator from Missouri 1871-73.
Blair, Hugh. Born at Edinburgh, April 7. 1718:
died at Edinburgh, Dec. 27. 1800. A Scotch
divine and author, lecturer on rhetoric and
Blair, Hugh
belles-lettres at Kiliiiburgli 1763-83. Ho wrote
"Sermons" (1""7), "Lectures on Khetoric"
(17s:i), etc.
Blair, James. Horn in Scotland, ICoti: died in
Virginia, Aug. 1, 1743. An American clergy-
man and educator. He w.-i8 instrumental in found-
inff William aiid Miuy Colieye, cliarlered KiifJ, whose (Iret
firesident lie became, enteriug fumially mi liis duties
n 1721'.
Blair, John. Bom at Edinburgh : died .lune '24,
17H2. A Scotch chronologist. He puldislied a
' riirniiulojrlcal History of tlie World "(1754); waselected
.1 felluw uf^tlie Royal Society 17r>5 ; became mathematical
iiitor to tlie Duke uf York 1767 ; and held various eccle-
-i:islic:il appointnients.
Blair, Montgomery. Born in Franklin County,
Ky., May 10, 1^13: died at Silver Spring, Md"..
.1 Illy 1.'7, 1*<H3. An American politician and law-
..r", son of Francis Preston Blair, postmaster-
_'oneral lS(;i-<i4.
Blair, Robert. Born at Edinbtirgh, 1699: died
at Atlulsianeford, East Lothian, Scotland,
Fell. 4, 1740. An English clergyman and poet.
His best-known poem is "The tJrave" (1743).
It was illustrated by William Blake.
Blair Athol, An Englisli race-horse, bred in
isiil. Iiy Slockwell, dam Blink Bonny. He won
; he Derby in 1864, and was the sire of Prince
I liarlie. sire of Salvator in America.
Blaise, Saint. See Blasiu.i, Saint.
Blaisois, <'r Blesois (blaz-wU,'). The county of
ISIuis.
Blake (bhik) Robert. Born at Bridgewater,
S.iii.ersetshire, England, Aug., 1598 (1599?):
iied at sea, near Plymouth, England, Aug. 17,
i'i."i7. A famous English admiral. He hebl Taunton
• ir the I'arlianicnt UH4— 15: was made conimantier of the
I- v't ill U^^'J, and warden of the ('in<(Ue Ports in Iti.'il ; eoiu-
ii.inde<l a;;ainst the Dutch lt!52-53, in the Mediterranean
]'.:.4-*>«;; defeated the .Spaniards at Santa Cruz, Teneritfe,
Vl.ril 2'', IiK.T.
Blake, William. Born at London, Nov. 28,
I7.")7: died at Londou. Aug. 12. 1S27. A noted
Duglish poet, engraver, and painter. Uis chief
^'•rks are".Honfrs of Innocence " (1789), '* Book of Thel "
;S!l), ■' .\larri,a(,'e of Heaven and Hell " (ITW), "Gates of
r iradise " (179:ij, "Souks of E.vperience (1794), illustra-
' .iistol!lair's"Grave"(lS05). tothebooko£Job(1823), etc.
Blake, William Rufus. Born at Halifax,
V.iva Seiitia. iso.'i: died at Boston, Mass., April
_:;, 18t>3. An actor and manager. He went on the
' ;iae about 1822. and first appeared in New York in 1824.
II,' excelled in the personation of ohl men.
Blakeley (blak'li). Johnston. Born at Dublin,
lielauiljOct., 1781: lost at sea, 1814. AnAmer-
M-au naval officer. He wag commander of the Wasp
whiidi captured the British brigs Reindeer and Avon,
lime 2S and Sept 1, 1814. respectively, and was lost at
■ 11. It « ai last seen Oct. 9, 1814.
Blakeney (bliik'ni), William, Lord Blakeney.
Ijcuu at Mount Blakenev, (Jouutv Limerick,
Ireland, 1072: died Sept. 20,1701. A British mili-
tary commander. He became, 1747, lieutenant-gover-
nor of Minorca, which (failing to receive reinfor'ccments
from Adniinil Byng, who was sent to his relief) he was
fompelled to surrenili-r to the French under the Due de
l;nlo-lieu in 17.'*.
Blakey (bla'ki), Robert. Bom at Morpctli,
Northumberland, England, May 18, 1795: died
I let. 2(!, 1878. An Englisli philosopher and inis-
•' llaiieous writer, professor of logic and mota-
i.livsics at (Queen's (College, Belfast. Ho wrote
■History of the I'liilosophy of Mind" (1848),
books on angling, ed-.
Blanc (bloii), Anthony. Born near Lyons,
I'rance, Oct. 11, 1792: died .luno 20, 1860. A
Roman (Jatholic prelate, bislioiiof New Orleans
IHlt.V.'iO, and .-irclibishop 18511-60.
Blanc, Auguste Alexandre Philippe Charles.
Horn at Castres, Tarn. Fiain'e, >\()V. 15, 1813:
died at Paris, Jan. 17, 1882. A French art critic,
lirotlier of .lean .loseph Charles Louis Blanc,
lie » rote "(Iraniniaire des arts du dessin " (18(S7), etc., and
WIS the chief contriliutor to " Histoire des peintres de
i..iit<-a l.s<!cnles"(18ll)'7.''.).
Blanc, Jean Joseph Charles Louis. Born at
Madrid, del. 29, ISU: ,li,.,l ;,( t'aiiiies, France.
D<'c. 0. 1.SM2. A celebrated French politician,
historian, political writer, and socialist, promi-
nent in the revolution of 1.S48. Hcstudied law in
Paris, and from ls:f2 to 1»;)4 was a private tutjir at Arras.
On his return to Paris he wrote for the *' National," tlie
" Revue rej.ilbliraine," the " Nouvelle Minerve." and the
" Bon sens." and was niade editor of the last-named jour-
nal in .Ian., 18.i7. After eighteen months he founded a
new organ, "La nvne du pi-ogres," in which appeared
his review ,rf the " Idees napoleonieiines" of Louis Na-
poleon, ami bis own "Organisation tin travail." He also
"Tote the •■ Histoire de ilix uns" (18;U) 10). and began
'lis "Histoire de la rf^volntion," the first two volumes of
V liicli appeareil in 1847. In 1818 be became a member of
Mie pi-ovj.'4ional government of the Frenidi Republic, hut
vvasfom-il to seek refuge in England. 'I'lience he wrote
ni ■ Alipelauxbomietesgelis'(IS4'.l), ' I'.agesde Ihistidle
de la revobitlon du KlSvrier 1848 " (IH.'ril), a couple of po-
lemic pamphlets entitled " Plus de tiirondiiis" (ISid), and
11
161
" La Rdpubllque une ct indivisible" (1851). Ho ended his
history of the revolution with the dissolution of the Na-
tional Convention, and issued the twelfth and final volume
of the work in 1S«2. His " Historical Revelations ascribed
to Lord Norniaiiby " (ls58)were written originally in Eng-
lish, but immediately translated by the author into French
under the title " Histoire de la revolution de 1848 " (1870).
Fi-oni 1857 to 1870 Blanc wrote a weekly letter, at first to
the " Courrier de I'aris," and afterward to the " Temps,"
These articles on the political and parliaiiieiitiiry life of
Great Britain have been collected in ten voluines entitled
" I)ix aiin^es de l'hist4»ire d'.\ngleterre " (1S71)-81). In
1870 he returned Ut France and took part in several polit-
ical assemblies. In 1S7<> he founded and directed a daily
sheet, "L'Hommelibre." His articles from this paper luid
from the " Rappel " till five volumes entitled " Questions
d'aujourd'hui et de deniain " (187*-84).
Blanc, Le. A town in the department of Indre,
central France, situated on the river Creuse 35
miles east of Poitiers. Poimlation (1891), com-
mune, 7.3S9.
Blanc, Mont. See Mont Blanc.
Blanca, Sierra. See Sierra BJancn.
Blanchard I bloii-.shiir'), Alain. Died 1418. A
citizen of Koueu, France, who played a promi-
nent part in the defense of that city during the
siege by Hemy V. of England, 1418, and who
was executed by the orders of Henry after the
capitulation of the city.
Blanchard, Emile. Born at Paris, March 6,
ISU). A French naturalist, especially noted as
an entomologist. He is the author of many scientific
works, including " Rechercbes sur I'organisations des
vei-s " (1837), '■ Histoire naturelle des insectes orthopteres,
nuiTopt^res, etc." (1837-10), "Histoii'e des insectes, etc."
(1S43-45), etc.
Blanchard, Frangois. Born at Audelys, Eure,
France, 1753: died at Paris, JIarch 7, 1809. A
noted French aeronaut. His first ascent was made
in 17^4, and in 17s5 he crossed the Channel from Dover to
Calais. Later he visited the I'uited States. He made over
.51) ascents.
Blanchard, Henri Pierre Leon Pharamond.
Born near Lyons, Feb. 27, 1805: died at Paris,
.Jan. 19, 1S74. A French painter.
Blanchard(blan'chard), SamuelLaman. Born
at (jreat Yarmouth, England, May 15, 1804: died
at Londou, Feb. 15, 1845. An English litte-
rateur and journalist. He was acting editor of the
"Monthly Magazine" (1831), editor of "The True Sun"
(18:i2), of "The Constitutional" (1836), " The Court .Tour-
nal" (1837), " The Courier "(1837-39), and other periodicals,
and authorof " Lyric iitferings," "Soiinets,"etc.
Blanchard, Thomas. Bom at Sutton, Mass.,
.Jime 24, 1788: died at Boston, April 16, 1864.
An American inventor. He invented a machine for
cutting and heading tacks by a single operation, and a
well-known lathe for turning irregular forms.
Blanche (blonsh), August Theodor. Bom at
Stockholm, Sept. 17, 1811 : died at Stockholm,
Nov. 30, 1868. A Swedish poet and novelist.
Blanche (blanch; F. pron. bloiish) of Bourbon.
Born in France about 1338 : died at Medina
Sidonia, Spain, 1301. A French princess, daugh-
ter of Pierre, due de Bourbon, and wife of
Pedro "the Cruel'' of Clastile, by whom she
was abandoned shortly after the inan'iage on
a charge of infidelityand imprisoned. Herdeath
was ascribed to poisoning. Her tragical fate produced a
profound im]jrcHsioii. and has freiiuently been celebrated
ill verse.
Blanche of Castile. Born 1187: died Dee. 1,
1252. yueen of France, daughter of Alfonso IX.
of Castile by Eleonora of England, and wife of
Louis VIII. .She .acted as regent, 1220-30, during the
minority of her son l.oiiis IX., and again, 1248-52, during
his absence on a crusade in the Holy Land.
Blanche of Devan. A crazy lowland bride in
Scott's ]ioem ■■ Lady of the Lake."
Blanchefleur, or Blancheflor. See Firm- tt
ljlanrh'jlrnr.
Blanchelande ( bi.iiish-loiid'), Philibert Fran-
gois RoUSSel de. Born at Dijon, 1735: died
at I'aris, April 11, 1793. A French general.
In 1779 he went as lieutenant-colonel to the West Indies,
and commanded at St. Vincent, where he repulsed an
English attack. In 1790 he became acting governor of
Haiti, lint « a> luisiic-osfnl. He was sent to France 1792,
and exccutcii li> t\ir nvoliitioMary tribunal.
Blanco, Antonio Quzman. See Guzman Blanco,
.III ton lo.
Blanco, Cape. A headland of western Africa,
in lal. 211'^ 40' N., long. 17° 6' W.
Blanco (biiiu'ko) Encalada, Manuel. Born
at Buenos Ayres, Sept. 5, 1790: died at San-
tiago. ('Idle, Si'iil. 5, 1870. A Spanisli-.Vmeri-
can general and naval commander who dis-
tinguished liiiiis>-lt in the ("hilian war for
independence. In .luly. 182U, lie was elected prcsi.hni
of chile, but resigned soon after. .Made general of the
army, he led an unsuccessful inviudon of Peru in 18:{7.
and'was alloweii to retire only after signing a treaty of
peace. The Chilian government annulled this tre.-ity.
and Blanco Kiiralada was conrt-martiah-<l, hut exoner-
ated. Hit was inl4-ndant of Valparaiso in 1S17. and min-
ister to France lsfi3-5S. He hebl the niilitary title of
marshal from 1S20.
Blankenburg
Blanco, Jos6 F61ix. Born in Mariana de Cara-
cas, Sept. 24, 17S2: died at Caracas, Jan. 8,
1872. A Venezuelan priest, soldier, statesman,
and historian. He was one of the leaders in the revo-
lution at Caracas, April 19, 1810, and was the first editor
of the great historical work "Docnmentos para la liisto-
ria de la vida publica del Libertador," etc., which was
published by Azpuriia after his deatli (('araeas, 187.5-77,
14 vols.).
Blanco, Pedro. Bom in Cochabamba, Oct. 19,
1795: shot at Sucre, Jan., 1829. A Bolivian
soldier, in 1812 he joined the Spanish army, but soon
passed over to the patriots and served with tliem during
the revolution. He became general in 1828, ami on the fall
of Sucre towai'd the end of that year was chosen presi-
dent of Bolivia, but was deposecl and killed in the revo-
lution of Dec. 31, 1828.
Blancos (blan'k<5s), or Blanquillos (bliin-kel'-
yos). [Sp., 'Whites.'] The name given in
Uruguay to one of the two great political par-
ties. It had its origin about 1835, when the adherents of
Grille took the name of Blancos, and those of Fructuoso
Rivera that of Colorados. Both parties have had various
leaders, and have ililfered, ostensibly at least, on many im-
portant ciucstions. From 1842 to 1851 the Colorados held
MoMtevidto (wlience they were also known as the Df/etuia
party, or I'arlulo df la De,fmm\ and the Blancos, under
Oribe, kept the city in a state of continuous siege.
Bland Silver Bill. A United States statute
of 1878 (20 Stat., 25) : so called from its author,
Richard P. Bland, a member of the House from
Missouri. It reestablished the silver dollar containing
4121 grains troy of standard silver as a legal tender ; but
its special feature was a clause reipiiriiig the treasury to
purchase every month not less than two inillion nor more
than four inillion dollars' worth of silver bullion and to
coin it into dollars. Itpassed over President Hayes's veto.
See Sherman BUI.
Bland (bland), Theodoric. Bom in Prince
Oeorge Count,v, Va., 1742: died at New York,
June 1, 1790. An American patriot. He joined
the Continental army in 1777; was a delegate from Virginia
to the Continental Congress 1780-83 : and was representa-
tive from Virginia to the first Congress under the Fed-
eral Constitution 1789-90. He left memoirs of the Revolu-
tionary period, which were published under the title of
" The Bland Papers " in 1840.
Blandamour (blau'da-mor). Sir. A fickle and
vainglorious knight in Svienser's "Faerie
Queene.'' He was defeated by Britomart, and
won the false Florimel from Paridol.
Blandiman (blan'di-man). The attendant of
Bellisaiit in the story of "Valentine and Orson."
Blandina (blau-di'nil). Saint. A female slave
who, during a persecution of the Christians,
was put to death at Lyons in 177. She is com-
memorated by the Roman Catholic Church on
.June 2.
Blandois. See Rigaud.
Blandrata (bliin-dra'tii), or Biandrata (be-iin-
dra'tii), Giorgio. Born at Saluzzo, Italy, about
1515: died in Transylvania about 1.590. An
Italian physician and propagator (especially in
Poland and Transylvania) of Protestant doc-
trines, and later of Sociiuanisin and /^j'ianism.
He was thrown into prison at Pavia by the Inquisition,
but escaped to Geneva, where he w^as forced to profess
Calvinism. From Geneva he went to Poland, where he
was assassinated by a nephew whom he hail threatened
to disinherit.
Blane ( blan), sir Gilbert. Born at Blanefield,
Ayrshire, Scotland, Sept. 8, 1749: died at Lon-
don, .lune 26, 1834. A noted Scotch physician.
He had the medical charge of the West Indian fleet under
Rodney (1779 81), and was later(178.5)appoiiited physician
extraordinary to the Prince of Wales. He wrote "Ele-
ments of Medical Logic " (IS19), etc.
Blane, Niel. The popular landlord of the Howff
in Scott's novel " (Jld Mortality." He is also
town jiiper. Jennie, his daughter, is the bar-
maid.
Blanes (bliin'yes). A seaport in the province
of (ierona, northeastern Spain, situated on the
Mediterranean 40 miles northeast of Barcelona.
Population (1887). 5,401.
Blangini (bliin-jo'ne). Giuseppe Marco Maria
Felice. Born at Turin, Nov. 18. 1781: died at
Paris, Dec. 18, 1841. An Italian tenor and
operatic composer. lie wrote "Chiniere et
rOaliti?," " Encore un tour de Caliphe," "Ro-
mances," in 34 numbers, etc.
Blankenberghe (bliln'ken-bcrch-e, F. pron.
bloii-keu-beig'). A sca-balliing jilace and fish-
ing town ill the (irovinee of West Flanders,
lii'Igiiiiii. situated on the North Sea 9 miles
northwest of I'.niges. Population ( 1.S90), 4, 116.
Blankenburg (bliin'ken-liiird). A town in
.Silnvarzburg-Wudolstadt, (ierman.v, 21 miles
south of Weimar, in the Scliwarzathal of the
Thuringian Forest.
Blankenburg. A town in Brunswick, in the
llaiv. 9 miles southwest of Haiberstailt. It is
a noted summer resort, and conlains a ducal
castleand a Rathaus. Population (1890), 7,703.
Blanketeers
Blanketeers(blang-ke-terz'). The name given Bleak House. A no^
to :i b.idv of half-starved Manchester opera- published 18o2-53 in
162
fives who met at St. Petei-'s Field, March 10.
1817. Each man w:is proviileil with provisions and a
blanket, and tlieir purpose was to walli to Loudon to
A novel by Charles Dickens,
twenty monthly num-
bers. It was named from a dreary-looking house wliieli
was his summer residence at Broadstairs. It was aimed
at the delays of the Court of Chancery. It was illustrated
by "Phiz."
peiUion lor some iej;iaiaiive iuiii,;^^ n^niiiDv ,.„»/.,«....,.,. .- ,, ,-/ i-, t j : r> T 1 ,T- 1 "-o^ .
oppression, and especially for the gre.at panacea of par- BledoW (bla do), LUdWlg. Born July J/, liVa .
liameutary reform. cUed at Berlin, Aug. G, IS-Ki. A famous (Torman
The project of these poor simple-minded men, instead ehess-plaver, founder of the so-called Berlin
of exciliiiK compassion, tilled the minds of the govern- e|jpss school (1837-42). His collection of works
mcnt and the upper classes with ahum. It was regarded
as an attempt to overthrow the institutions of the coun-
try. The Habeas Corpus .\ct being at that time sus
pended, the leaders of the proposed expedition were Bleeding-heart Yard
seized and imprisoned. The greater p:irt of those who ■ ■ . „
had intcEided to ji>in it yielded at once ; a few, however,
persiste<l in their intentions ;. but troops had been placed
along the proposed line of march, and they were inter-
cepted, searched, and cither sent back or imprisoned. Xo
Blodget
gives his benediction to his two young grandsons, who
kneel beside the bed. Their mother, with folded hands,
stands behind them.
Blessington, Countess of. See Power (Far-
mer), ilanitirritc.
Blicher (biich'er), Steen Steensen. Born at
Vium. Jutland, Denmark. Oct. 11, 1782 : died at
Spentrup, March 26, 1848. .\ Danish l\Tic poet
and novelist. His works include the novels " Jydske
Romanzer," "Nationaluoveller," etc. (published collec-
of Berlfn!^"'^"''''"'"^'^^^*''^ ^"'"'^ ^'^'""^ BlidaMbl^^-da'). A town in the department
A part of London for-
uuily the properly of the Hatton family, .^bout
the origin of its title" there are various traditions. The
place is much built over with poor houses. It is intro-
duced by Dickens in " Little Dorrit " as the residence of
the Plornishes, Daniel Doyce, and others.
thing was found on them to justify these proceedings, _'">= ''"^.'^T,' "-'.'" "V''-' »'- "^ ^ , i.x ,v
except ■■ two unusuaUv long knives." Bleek (blak), Fnedrich. Born at Ahrensbock.
MnUmnHh, Hist. Eng., I. 11
Blanqui (blon-ke' ), Jerome Adolphe. Born at
Nice. France, Nov. 20, 1798: di<'d at Paris, Jan.
28, 1854. A noted French polttical economist.
His works include "L'Histoire de leconomie politiciue
en Europe, etc." (18:i7 -38), " Voyage en .\ngleterre 1S24,"
etc.
Blanqui, Louis Auguste. Born at Puget-The-
niers, Alpes-Maritimes, France, Feb. 7, 180.5:
died at Paris, Jan. 1, 1881. A French social-
ist and political agitator, brother of Jerome
Adolphe Blanqui. He took part in iusMrec-
tionary movements in 1839. 1848, and 1871.
Blanzy (bloil-ze'). A town in the department
of Saoue-et-Loire, France, 19 miles south of
Autun. Population (1891), comtuuiie, 4,942.
Blarney (bUir'ni). A village in Cork, Ireland, 5
Holstein, July 4. 1793: died at Bonn, Germany
Feb. 27, 18.59". A German biblical critic, pro-
fessor of theology at Bonn 1829-.59.
Bleek, "Willielin Heinrich Immanuel. Bom
at Berlin, March 8, 1827: died at Cape Town,
Cape Colony, Aug. 17, 1875. A noted African
linguist. He went to Satal, .South Africa, in IS^b, and
in 1856 to Cape Town, where he was appointed librarian
of Sir George Grey's llbrai-y. In this capacity he wrote
his "Catalogue of Sir George Grey's Librsiry" (3 vols.,
1S.S8-63), ' ' Hottentot Fables " (1864), " Comparative Gram-
mar of South African Languages" (1S6-2-69).
of Algiers, Algeria, 25 miles southwest of Al-
giers. Population (1.S91), 11,404.
Blifil (bli'til). Captain John. A hypocritical
coxcomb in Fielding's " Tom Jones," of " pinch-
beck professions and vamped up virtues."
Blifil, Doctor. The elder brother of Captain
Blitil.
Bligh (bb). William. Born at Tyntan, Cornwall,
17.53 : died at London, Dec. 7, 1817. An English
admiral. He was commander of his Majesty's ship Bounty
in 1787 ; was cast adrift near the ftiendly Islands in 1789 ;
and reached Timor in 1789. He published a " Narrative"
of the mutiny in 1790. See Bounty.
Blight (blit ) , Young. Mr. Mortimer Light wood's
office-boy in Dickens's novel "Our Mutual
Friend."" He is of a peculiarly depressing as-
pect.
He 'died Blimber (blim'er), Cornelia. The daughter of
Doctor Blimber in Charles Dickens's " Dombey
and Son." She wore short hair and spectacles and was
" dry and sandy with working in the graves of deceased
languages."
while working at a dictionary of the Bushman language
Blefuscu (ble-fus'kii). An island described in
Swift's "Gulliver's Travels." It was sep.arated
from Lilliput by a channel, and was intended to satirize -» . ™, . ■ , „ i ,. i
France. The inhabitants were pygmies. Gulliver wades BumOer, DOCtor. The principal ot the Doard-
' ' — ---■• — .;-..«—. ing-school, in Charles Dickens's "Dombey and
jss tlie channel and carries otf its entire fleet,
miles northwest of Cork. It contiuns a noted castle Bleibtreu (blib'troi), Georg. Born at Xanten,
Imilt in 1446 by Cormack MacCaithy. and now forming a Rhenish Prussia, March 27, 1828 : died at Ber-
picturesquei\7-clad ruin centered about a high, square, jj„ Qct. 16,1892. A German battle-painter,
battlemented and machicolated keep. The fame of the „.' , . „ _„:„*:_„„ „„„ "Rofflp of K-ltzblch "
castle is due to its possession of the wonder-working "'j'.S?^?' P^™"°S? are iSattle Ot J5.atzoacu
Blarney stone, a block bearing the name of the founder _( 18o ( ), Battle of Waterloo ( 18o8), etc.
and the date, built into the>south a
feet below the top. Since access t
sible, a substitute has been
ments to receive the kisses of t - ^ ,
Blarnev Ladv One of the town ladies, or See Bisliarui. They were frequently at war with the
rather Hdies of the town in Goldsmith's "Vicar Romans, and wereoften defeated under Aurelian,Probus, -QUad Beggar of Bethnal Green, The, -with
latnei laiiiesoiiQeiowu, luwoiusiiiiLus . ic<u ^nd Diocletian. They were the subjects of fabulous ac +i,„ ivr„^# ■fT,,~nnro of Tnm StrniiH 4 nlav
,.„„n.o hv Boru- write, s^ who r.mi esent them as headless tuc JSlerry JiumouTS 01 iom ssirouq. -* piay
Son," to which little Paul Dombey is sent : an
unimpassioned, grave man with an appearance
of learning.
Blind (bUnd). Karl. Bom at Mannheim. Ger-
any, Sept. 4, 1820. A German political agita-
nd writer.
Beggar of Alexandria, The. A comedy
hapman, first acted about 1.596 and printed
iii 1598.
of Wakeheld," who make the acnuamtance ot counts by early writers, who repi esent them as headless
the vicar's innocent family under false pre- and as having their eyes, nose, and month in their breasts,
tenses. The other is Miss Carolina Wilhelmina Bleneau (bla-no'). Battle of. A victory gained
Skeggs.
Blashfleld (blash'feld). Ed-win Ho-wland.
Born at New York. Dec. 15, 1848. An Ameri-
can figm-e-painter. He went to Paris in 1867
and studied with L^on Bonnat and with G^-
riiine.
Blasius (bla'zi-us), or Blaize (blaz). Saint. A
bishop of Sebaste. Armenia, martyred in 316.
He was adoptt-d by the wool-combers as their patron saint,
apparently because iron combs were used in tearing his
flesh when martyred. His festiv.al is celebrated on Feb.
3 by the Roman and Anglican churches, and on Feb. 11
by the Greeks. The wool-combers' procession is stiU held
on Feb. 3 in England.
Blasius, Docteur. The pseudonjTn of Paschal
Groussi't in "Figaro."
Blatant Beast, The. In Spenser's "Faerie
Queeue," the personification of slander. He
Ls a foul monster with a hundred tongues.
Blathers (bla^n'erz). A Bow-street officer in
Dickens's "Oliver Twist."
Blauen (blou'en). One of the chief summits
of the Black Forest, near Miillheim. Height,
3,8,30 feet.
Blavatsky 'bia-viit 'ski), Madame (Helena
PetroTTna Hahn-Hahn). Born at Vckatcriuo-
slaff, Russia, in 1831 : tiled at London, May S,
1891. A Russian theosophist and traveler in
the East, etc. : one of the chief founders of the
i Merry 1
by Chettle and Day. written before May, 1600,
but not printed till 16.59. it was based on the pop-
ular ballad called " The Blind Beggar's Daughter of Beth-
nal Green."
Blind Beggar's Daughter of Bethnal Green,
The. A very popular ballad preserved in
Percy's "Reliques," "Ancient Poems," and
other coUections of old ballads. It is the story
of "pretty Bessee," the daughter of " the Blind Beggar. '
The latter is in reality Henry, the son of Simon de Montfort,
who assumes this disguise to escape the spies of King
Henry. Bessee is wooed by a merchant, an innkeeper, a
gentleman, and a knight ; all but the knight, however,
say farewell to heron learning that her father is a beggar.
The knight marries her, and her father reveals his true
f.irtune and character at the wedding. See Beggar of
lltthtiat Green.
at Bleneau (in the department of Yonne.
France) by the Spaniards under Cond6 over
Turenne in 1(352 : in another battle on the next
dav Turenne gained the advantage.
Blenerhasset (blen-er-has'et), Thomas. Born
about 1550 : died about 1625. An English poet
and historian. His best-known woik is "The Second
Parte of the Mirrour for Magistrates " (l'i7s).
Blenheim (bleu'im).G.Blindheim(blint'him).
A village in western Bavaria, situated on the
Danube in lat. 48° 37' N., long. 10° 36' E.
Xear here, Aug. 13 (X. S.), 1704, the .allied English. Ger-
mans, Dutch, and Danes (52,i)0i:i), under the Duke of Marl-
borough and Prince Eugene, defeated the French and Blinder (blin'der), MrS. The keeper of a chau-
Bav,-irians (.i=i,0(XI-60,000),under Tallard. The l.>ss of the Al
lies was ll,iHXl-12,0(», and that of the French and Bavarians,
40,0011 CO The battle is called by French and Genuans the
battle of Hochstadt.
Blenheim Palace. A mansion at Woodstock.
G.xfordslme, England, built by "Vanbrugh at
national cost, 1705-16, for the first Duke of
Marlborough. It is an imposing pile, measuring 320
ller's shop inCharles Dickens's " Bleak House."
She has "a di'opsv or an asthma, or perhaps
both."
Blind Harry. Died about 1492. A Scottish
minstrel: author of a poem on Sir William
Wallace. The only known manuscript of the
poem is dated 14.S8.
feet east and west, and 190 feet north and south. Tlie Blind Preacher, The. William Henry Milburn,
•Th
chief facade presents a projecting entrance-portico be
tween two prominent wings whose inner faces sweep in a
curve toward the entrance. The ornamentation is poor,
and the columns are so large as to dw:u-f even the enor-
mous building. The park facade and the two lesser favades
are better : each has a large bow-window in the middle, and
is flanked by end pavilions. The interior has many flue
ap;irtment:
Blink Bonny. An English thoroughbred mare
bred in 1854. by Melljourne, dam ciueen Mary
bv Gladiator. Like Eleatior she won both the Derby
ai'id Oaks (lS.=i7). In 1S61 she threw Blair Athol to Stock-
well. She died in 1862. ilelbourne represented the Godol-
Queen Mixry was also the
phin barb line of stallions
dam of Bonnie Scotland, imported into America,
eosophical Society" in 1875. She wrote Blennerhasset (blen-er-has'et), Harman. Blister (blis'ter). An apothecary in Fieliling's
.. TT..,...;iori''M87n> "Tl,<.s<.nrBt n«nt,.i„<." ,, . TT !.;_„ 12- — i„.,.i i-,..t u IT,:" •■ old jian Taught Wisdom, Or The Virgin Liu-
masked.
'Isis Unveiled" (1876), "The Secret Doctrine
(1SS8), "Key to Theosophy" (1889), etc.
Blaye (bla). [L.J}lavi(i,Iilahia,Ill(ini.'\ A sea-
port in the department of Gironde, France, 21
miles northwest of Bordeau.\: the Roman
Blavia. Population (1.891), commune, 5,015.
Blaze ibiiiz). FrauQois Henri Joseph, called
Castil-Blaze. Born at Cavaillon, Vaucluse,
France, Dec. 1, 1784: died at Paris, Dec. 11,
18.57. A French writer on music, musical critic,
and operatic composer. From 1822 to 1832 he
was musical critic of the " Journal des Di'-bats."
He wr.,te "De I'opi'ra en France" (1820), etc.
Blaze de Bury ibUiz de bii-re') (originally
Ange Henri Blaze). Born at Avignon, France,
May 19, 1813: died at Paris, March 1.5, 1888.
,\ French author, son of Castil-Hlaze. He wrote
for the "Revue des Deux Mondes" under the pen-names
"Hans Werner," "K. <le Lagenevais," and "Henri Blaze. '
and lived for some time at the court of Weimai-. His
work.H include "^crivains et poetes de l'Allem;»gne "
(184;iX " Les poesies de Goethe " (1843X etc.
Born at Hampshire, England, Oct. 8. 17(
(1764?): died at Guernsey, Channel Island
Feb. 1, 1831. An Englishman of Irish descent, Blithedale (blith'dal) Roma,nce, The. A ro
noted in counection with Burr's conspiracy
He settled about 179Son a small island, since called Blen-
nerhasset's Island, in the Ohio, ne:u- Jlarietta. where be
erected a mansion which he surrounded with ganlens
and conservatories, and furnished with a library and other
facilities for the gratiBcation of intellectual tjistes. He
was persuaded in ISO.'i by Burr to join his enterprise.
mauce bv Hawthorne, published in 1852. It
was founde"d on the Brook Farm experiment (which see),
and in Miles Coverdale Hawthorne described much of his
own character. "The predominant idea of the 'Blithe-
dale Romance ' is to delineate the deranging effect of an
absorbing philanthropic idea on a powerful mind." /(. H.
Iltitt'tn. Essays in Lit. Crit.
prtibably without knowing its true cluiracter. and was Block (blokl. BeU. -\ nickname for a sailor.
arrested and indicted for treason, but was released i
1S07 on Burr's acquittal, his home having in the mean
time been sold to satisfy his creditors. He died in pov-
erty, having during the later years of his life been sup-
ported by the charity of a relative.
Blennerhasset's Island. A small island in
the Ohio, 2 miles below Parkersburg, West Vir-
ginia : so called from Harman Blennerhasset.
famous in connection with Burr's conspiracy.
Blessing of Jacob. One of the finest paintings
o( Iveinbrandt (1056). in the museum at Cassel.
Germany. Jacob,t>n bis death-bed, supported by Joseph,
Block, Maurice. Bom at Beriiu, Feb. 18, 1816.
A Fieiicli political economist and statistician.
His works include " Des charges de l'agriculture"(1850),
"Puissance comparee des divers tl-tats de I'Europe," etc.
He has edited since 18.i6 " L'Annuairc de reconomie poli-
tique et de la statistique."
Block Island, Ind. Manisees(maii'i-sez). An
island in the Atlantic ( i.-ran. 10 miles south-
southsvest of Point Judith in Rhode Island.
It forms the township of New Shoreham, Rhode Island.
It is a noted summer resort. Length, 8 miles.
Blodget ( bloj'et), Lorin. Bom at Jamestown.
Blodget
New York, May 2"), 1823. An American physicist
hikI statisticiiiu : autlidi- of "Climatology of
till- T'nilcil Stales" {\sr,7\, e(i-.
Blodgett, Samuel. H'nn at Woburn, Mass.,
April 1, 1724 : liieii at liavcrhill, N. H., Sept. 1,
1H()7. An ./Vraerican inventor. He constructed a
iiiiichine for raising sunlien vessels, 1783. and t>egnn the
ranal around AmuslccJlg Falls, at Ilaverllill, New Uamp-
siiire, wliii-li Ijearfl his naiue.
Bloemaert (blo'tnait), Abraham. Born at
Gorkum, Netherlamls, ir)64: died at Utrecht,
16.')1. A Dutch painter of landscapes and his-
torical pieces, noted as a coloi-ist.
Bloemen (blS'men), Jan Frans van. Born
at Antwerp. 1()62: died at Kome, 1748 (1749f).
A Flemish lamlscape-painter, sin'name<l "Oriz-
zoiite " from the lieautiful horizons of his land-
scapes.
Bloemen, Pieter van, sumamed " Standaert."
Born 1(>.')1 : died 1720. A Flemish battle-painter,
brotlier of .Jail Frans van Bloemen.
Bloemfontein (bliim'fon-tin). The capital of
Orancre Free State, S«nith .(Vfrica, sittiated in
lat. 2i)° 8' S., h)ng. 26° 40' K. Population
(IM'JO), 3,4.19.
Blois (1-lwii). [hlj. liUsiim.'i The capital of the
department of Loir-et-Cher, France, situated on
th.' Loire in lat. 47° lio' N., long. 1° 18' E. :
Medieval Latin Blesuiii, Blesis, or Bleza. Itwas
the capital of the medieval countship of Blois. The chii-
teau (castle) is a historic royal palace, of Kreat extent. It
was purchased by I.ouis of Oilcans (.sou of Charles V.), and
was the residence of Louis XII. Tlie east front, of red
I'liek and stone, was huilt by Louis XII. ; over its richly
ornamented portal is an etiuestrian statue of the kin^, in
;i canopied niche. The court within has a story with
s-iuare mullioned windows over graceful arcades, and
t.tpptd liy a high roof with decorated doruier-windows.
Anotiier wing was Iniilt by Fran<^ois I., in an excellent
Kfiiaissance style. Its most prominent feature is an open
winding staircase, richly adorned with sculpture, forming
a pn->jecting tower. The splendid apartments of the in-
triior range in date fntm the 13tli century down ; they are
decorated vvith carving, color, .and walMiangings. Popu-
lation (18»n, i-i,4;j7.
Blois, County of, or Blaisois, or Bl§sois. A
medieval county of France, included in the
government of (}rli5anais, and comprised in tlie
dopartmint of Loir-et-Cher. Capital, Blois. It
biMMiiie a possession of the crown in 1498.
Blois, Charles of. See Charh's of BUiis.
Blois, Louis of. See Louis XII.
Blois, Stephen of. See Stephen of.
Blome (blom), Richard. Dieil I70o. A Lon-
iliin jiublisher and eom])iler. His name is appended
to many books which are said to have been written by
impecunious authors for a pittance, and for which he ob-
tained sut)scriptions from wealthy persons. Among these
are a large work on heraldry, and two books relating to the
Itiitisli tolonies in America.
Blomfield (blum'feld). Charles James. Born
at Bury-St.-lOdmunds, England, May 29, 1786:
died at Fulham, England, Aug. .'J, 18.')7. An
Knglish )irelate, bishop of LoncUm 1828-56. He
oditod various plays of .Eschylus, etc.
Blommaert (blora'miirt), Philipp. Bom at
liheiit, Belgium, Aug. 27, 1808: liied at Ghent,
.\iig. 14, 1871. A Plomi.sh historian and ]ioet,
loviver of old Flemish literature. His chief work
i« "Alou<lo geschiedeids der Belgen of Nedcrduitschers"
(IMfl).
Blond, Jacques Christophe le. See Uhlond.
Blondel (l>lon-del'; !■'. prou. blon-dol'). Born
at Nesle, I'icardy, France : flourished in the
second half of the r2th century. A French
I roiivf-re, attendant and frieinl of Richaril f 'o)ur
|o Lion. According to the traditicmal account (pnjbably
:i faille), he discovered the presence of the imprisoned
Kichard in the castle of Durrenstein i»y singing under the
lower In wtiich the king was conllned a song which the
two had composed and to which the king responded.
Blondin (blon-dan'), Charles (Emile Gra-
Vele). Born at St. Oiuer, I'' ranee. Fell. 28,
1824: died at Ealing. Lotidon. Feb. 22, 1897.
A Frinchman, famous as ii tight-ro|ie walker.
lb- .tossimI the Niagara River 18,').5, 1859. 1800.
Blood, Council of. Tlie popular name of a
tribunal organized in the Netherlands by the
Dllki' of Alva ill l.%7. its object was the piinish-
mwnl of (be enemies ipf Spaiiisit rule and the Roman
Catliolir riligion.
Blood, Thomas. Born, probably in Ireland,
about ICilK: iliod Aug. 24, 1()80. A famous
Irish iidventiiri'r, calh-d "Colonel" Blooil. Ili'
was tlie leader In an unsuecessfnl attiMiipl to seize iMlbllii
Castle and the jn-rson of the Iliike of Orinond, the lord
lieutenant, in tftn:t. He escaped : remained for a time in
Ireland and then lied to llidland ; returned to I'.iigland
and Joined the Fifth Monarcp.y men ; went lo .Scotland
and associated biinself with the Covenanters, reinainiiig
with them until llnir defeat on I'eiitland Hills, N<iv. 27,
IWicl; and then revinitcl Kngland .and Ireland. In ltl7n
he led another assault on Ormond, and in 1(171 attempti-d
to steal the crown jewels from the Tower. Scott intro-
duces him in " I'everU of the I'cak."
163
Blood Indians. See Sik.tilca.
Bloody Angle. A salient at Spottsylvania
Court House, which received this name from
the severe lighting wliii-h followed the capture
there by General Hancock of about 4,000 Con-
federate soldiers under General Edwarcl John-
son, May 12. 1.864.
Bloody Assizes. The popular name for the
Iriiils for jmrticipation in Monmouth's rising of
IGS.-i, held in the western counties of England
and presided over by Lord .Jeffreys. Over 300
perscnis were supposed to have been executed.
Bloody Brook. A bi-ook about a mile north-
west of Deerlield, Massachusetts, the scene of
an Indian massacre in 1(375.
Bloody Brother, The, or Rollo, Duke of
Normandy. A tragedy by Fletcher and others
(probalily \V. Kowley and Massinger), printed
in 1639. The date of production is doubtful.
Bloody Mary. An epithet given to Mary,
iiuoen of England (l.").")3-.58), on account of the
persocutions which she sanetioTied.
Bloomer (blii'nier),Mrs.(Amelia Jenks). Born
May 27, 181 S: died Dec. 30, 1894. An Ameri-
can refonner. she lectured on temperance and the
rights of women, but was principally known for her adop-
tion of a refoiTued dress, consisting of Turkish trousers
and a dress with short skirts, which was first introduced
by Elizabeth Smith lliller.
Bloomfield (bliim'teld), Robert. Born at Hon-
ington, Suffolk, England, Dee. 3, 1766: died
at Shefford, Bedfordshire, England, Aug. 19,
1823. An English poet and shoemaker. His
liest-known work is "The Fanner's Boy"
(1800).
Bloomfield, Samuel Thomas. Born 1790:
died at Wandsworth Common, England, Sept.
28, 1,869. An English scholar and biblical
critic. He edited the Greek Testament (1832).
Bloomiugton (bliim'ing-tpn). A city, the capi-
tal of McLean County, Illinois, in lat. 40° 28'
N., long. 89° W. It is a railroad center, and. has
several educatit»nal institutions and some manufactures.
I'opulation (189(1), 20,484.
Bloomsbury (blomz'bi^r-i). A district lying
north of New Oxford street, London, between
Euston Road, Gray's Inn Road, and Tottenham
Court Road.
Bloomsbury Gang. A name given to a politi-
cal clique influential about 1790. Its leader
was the Duke of Bedford, and its headquarters
Bloomsbury House, London.
Bloomsbury Square. A noted square north of
Now Oxford street, London.
Blore Heath (blor heth). A heath situated
near Market Drayton, Shropshire, England.
Here, Sept. 23, 1469, the Yorkists under the Earl of Salis-
bury defeated the Lancastrians under Lord Audley.
Blot in the 'Scutcheon, A. A tragedy by
Robert Browning, brought out in England in
1843. It was afterward produced in America
by Lawrence Barrett.
Blouet (blii-a ' ), Paul : pseudonym Max O'Rell.
Born in Brittany, France, March 2, 1848. A
French author and lecturer. He has published
".Jidiii Bull and his Island," " Daughters of John
Bull." ".lonatliaii and his Continent," etc.
Blount (blunt), Charles. Died 1.545. The
fifth Lord Mounljoy, noted as a patron of
learning.
Blount, Charles. Horn 1.563: died at London.
Ajiril 3, 160(i. The eighth Lord Mountjoy, cre-
ated earl of Deviuishire in llin4. Ho was a favorite
of Elizabeth, and a friend and suppoitcrof Essex whom he
succeeded in Ireland. He defeated l>rolie, and, with Sir
George Carew, olitaincd military possession of nearly the
whole of Ireland. See Strlta.
Blount, Charles. Born at Upper Holloway,
England, April 27, 16.54: died Aug., 1693. An
English deist and pamphleteer. He wrote against
the censorship of the press, and. having fallen in love
with his deceased wife's sister, published a defense of
marriage between persons so cimneeted. He coininitted
suicide in ilesp:tir of aectunplishing the union. He wrote
"Anima mundi, etc." (1079) anil "The Two Books of Phi-
lostratns, or the Life of ApolIonlUB of TyanoBUS, from the
Oreek '■ (ItlSIl), etc.
Blount, Sir Frederick. A poor but well-dressed
fortuno-liuiiti 1- ill Biilwi'f's jilay "Moni.y." lle^
is (|iiili- unable lo pronounce the letlt'r "r,"
eoiisidiriiig il "wniigh and waspiiig."
Blount, Harry. Lord Marmion's page in
Sc-oll's |ii"iii "Marmioii."
Blount, Martha. Horn mar Reading (prob-
alily), .lune 15, 16911; died In Berkeley Row,
llaiiover S(|uare, London, I7(i2. An inlimale
fric'lld of I'op(\ He left her by his will €l,00o my
b..oks. all his household goods, etc., ami made her resid
Blount, Thomas. I'orn a1 Bonlesley, Worces-
Blue Boy, The
tershire, Euglaml, 1618: died at Orleton, Eng-
land, Dee. 26, 1679. An English miscellaneous
writer. He studied law at the Inner Temple, and was
admitted to the bar : but, as his religion (Koiuaii Catholic)
interfered with the practice of his profession, he retired
to his estrit* at Orleton, in Herefordshire, and continued
his study of the law as an amateur. Among his numerN
ous works lu'e " (Ilossographia, etc." (Iti5(i), and "A Law
liietionary" (lll7n).
Blount, William. Born in North Carolina,
1744: died at Knoxville, Tenn., March 21, 1800.
An American politician. He was one of the signers
of the Constitution, was appointed governor of the terri-
tory south of the Ohio in 1790, became United States sena-
t4ir from Tennessee in 1796, and was e.vpelled in 1797 for
having instigated the ("reeks and Cherokees to aid the
British in conquering the Spanish territ4>l"yof West Florida.
Blow (bio), John. Born at North Collingham,
Nottinghamshire. England, 1648: died at West-
minster, Oct. 1, 1708. A noted Englisli musi-
cal composer, organist of Westminster Abbey,
and later of the Chapel Royal.
Blowitz (blo'vits), Henry Georges Stephane
Adolphe Opper de. Born at Blowitz. near
Pilsen. Bohemia, Dec. 28, 1825. A jotirnalist, the
Paris representative of the London "Times."
His parents were Austrians of Helirew descent, hut he
adopted the name of his birthplace and was naturalized
a Frenchman in 187U. He eoinmenced life in F'rance as a
teacher of German at Tours. Marseilles, etc, ; became
a contriluitor to '• La Gazette dii Midi " and other papers ;
and in 1871 became connected with the London "Times."
In 1871 he was tlecoratcd with the badge of the Legion of
Honor for his assistance in the supju'ession of the Com-
mune, and was made an ollicer of tlie Legion in 1878. He
has written '■Feuilles volantes" (ISr-SX "Midi ;i quatorze
lieures : rAlleniagne et la Pi-ovence " (1809), " Le inariage
royal d'F,spa'.;ne" (1878), " Ulic course k Constantinople"
(1884), etc.
Blowzelinda (blou-ze-lin'da), or Blowsalinda
(blou-za-liii'dii). [From Moirce, a coarse
wench.] A country girl in Gay's pastoral poem
"The Shejiherd's Week." she is not the rustic
maiden of the jioets. but a strong realistic milkmaid,
feeding the hogs and doing various unromaiitic things.
Bliicher (bliieh'er), Gebhard Leberecht von.
Prince of Wahlstadt. Born at Rostock, Meek-
lenburg-Scliwerin, Dec. 16, 1742 : died at Ki'ie-
blowitz, in Silesia, Sept. 12, 1819. A famous
field-marshal in the Pntssian service. He com-
manded at Auerstadt, Oct. 14, 1806 ; served with distinc.
tion at Liitzen, Bautzen, Leipsic, etc., 1813 ; defeated Na-
poleon at Laon, March 9, 1814 ; was defeated at Ligny,
June 16, 1815 : and commanded the Prussians at Water-
loo, June 18, 181B.
Bludenz (blo'dents). A town in Vorarlberg,
Austria-Hungary, situated on the 111 24 miles
south of Bregen'z. Population (1890). 3.265.
Bludofif (blo'dof), Count Dmitri Nikolaye-
vitch. Born in the government of \'ladimir,
Russia, April 16, 1785: died at St. Petersburg,
March 2 (N. S. ), 1864. A Russian statesman
and diplomatist. He was appointed minister ot the
interior in 1837, and of justice in 1839. and president of thn
council of the empire and council of the ministry in 18G1.
Bluebeard (blii'berd), F. Barbe-bleue (biirb-
lile'), G. Blaubart (iilou'biirt). The nickname
of the chevalier Raoul (tin imaginary jiersoii-
age), celebrated for his cruelty. The historic ori-
ginal was, perhaps, Gilles de Laval. Baron de Retz (bom
1396 : died 1440). He is the subject of works by Perrault,
Grt^try, Olfeiibach, Tieck, etc. In rerrault he is a rich
man who, in sidte of his hideous blue beard, has had six
wives and marries a seventh, a young girl named Fatima.
He leaves the keys of the castle with Iler while he goes on
a journey, telling her that she may enter any room but
one. She disobeys, enters the forbiilden chamber, and
discovers the bodies of his former wives. A blood-stain
on tile key reveals her disobedience, and her liusband
gives her five minutes to prepare for death. Her sister
Anne mounts to the top of the castle to watch for aid,
anil at last sees their brothers coming. They arrive and
kill Bluebeaid as he is about to despatch Fatima. I'er-
rault's story was written ill French about 1697, and trans-
lated into English in the ISth century. Several similar
tales are to lie found in Straparcdas "Piacevoli Notti,"
published in iri(i9, and in the " I'entamerone " by "Glail
Alesio Abbatutis ' ((iiaidiattisla Basile). A series of fres-
cos dating from the llitli (■ciitiny has been discovered In n
chapel at Moibibaii, npn Milling the legend of St. Tro.
pliine, which is that of the too curious wife of Bluebeard.
" La Barlie Bleue has a striking resemblance to the story
in the Arabian Nights of the Third Calendm-. who has all
the keys of ;i iiiagniMcelit castle intrusted to him, with in-
junctions not to open aeeitain apartment ; he gratilles his
curiosity, and is punished for his disobedience." DtuUop.
Blue Beard. A comic opera by Sedaine (music
bv (irelry), iiroduced in 1797.
Blue Beard or Female Curiosity. .\ nmsical
(liny bv Colniaii the iiiiingiT. ]iicMhiced in 1798.
Blue Bird, The, l'. L'Oiseau Bleue dwii-zo'
ble), A rairy tale by Madame d'Aulnoy. Flora
and Troiitiiia, d'ailglllers'of a king, are rivals for the hand
of I'liiice cliarnilng. I!e loves Flora, « bo is good and
beautiful ; but the queen insists that he slitill marry Trou-
tllu^ who is ill-lempcred and biileons. In consequence
of bis refusal, he is condemned to wear the form ot a blue-
bird for seven years. The superior pow, r of a friendly
embaiit less and a fairy enables lb. m to restore him to
his own form and unite him to the lovi-l>' Flora.
Blue Boy, The. .\ iialnling by Gainsborough
Blue Boy, The
(1779), iu Grosvonor House. London. itisafuU-
iBiiKth portrait of a lioy wearing a letti-ceutury costume
of l>lue s:itin, in a landscape background.
Blue-coat School. See Christ's Hospital.
Bluefields (blii'feklz). A town in the Mosquito
territory, Niearagua, situated near the mouth
■ of the Escoudido or Bluefields Eiver.
Blue-gowns. A name given to certain bedesmen
who roi-eivi'd alms from the kings of Scotland.
They wore a l)lue gown with a pewter badge, and were al-
lowed to l>eg in any part of Scotland.
Blue-Grass Region. A popular name given to
that part of central Kentucky which abounds
in lilue-grass {I'oa prdtiiixix).
Blue Grotto. A celebrated cavern on the shore
of Capi'i in Italy.
Blue Hen, The) A nickname of the State of
Delaware. Tlie regiment furnished by Delaware in the
American War for Independence was. on account of its
fighting (lualities, known as the " Game Cock Regiment."
One of its olticers, Oaptain Caldwell, who w:is noted as a
fancier i>f ganie-coeks, maintained that a true game-cock
nuist of necessity be the progeny of a blue hen. Hence
arose the ajiplication of this name to the State.
Blue Hills. A range of hills in Norfolk County,
Massach\isctts. near Slilton, south of Boston.
The height of Great Blue Hill is 635 feet.
Blue Knight, The. In medieval roinance, Sir
Persauut of India, overthrown by Sir Gareth.
He is describe<l in Malory's " Prince Arthur"
anil iu Tiniiyson's idyU "Gareth and Lynette.'"
Blue-mantle. The English pursuivant-at-arms.
His official ri>be is of that color.
Blue Mountains. 1. A range of mountains m
the eastern part of Jamaica. Height of highest
jjoint, Blue Mountain Peak, 7,300 feet.— 2. A
range of mountains in the eastern part of New
South Wales, Australia, north of the Australian
Alps, and west of Sydney. Height, about 4, COO
feet. — 3. A range of mountains in northeast-
ern Oregon. Average height, about 7,000 feet.
— 4. In Pennsylvania and New Jersey, the
second main ridge of the Appalachian Moun-
tains: also known in their northeastern parts
as the Kittatinny and in New York as the Sha-
wangunk Mountains.
Blue Ridge. The easternmost of the chains
of the Appalachian system of mountains, in
Virginia and North Carolina. It is a contin-
uation of the South Mountain of Pennsylvania and Mary-
land, which is also often called the Blue Eidge. It is
famous for its picturesque scenei-y. In Virginia it sepa-
rates the Piedmont region from the v.alley of Virginia.
Highest point, in Xortb Carolina, the Grandfather, 5,b97
feet.
Blues (bloz). In Canadian politics, the Conser-
vatives of Quebec.
Blue-stocking Clubs. A name applied to as-
semblies held in Loudon about 17r)0 at the houses
of Mrs. Montague and other ladies, iu which
literary conversation and other intellectual en-
joyments were substituted for cards and gossip,
and which were characterized by a studied plain-
ness of dress on the part of some of the guests.
.\mong these was Mr. Eenjimiin Stillingfleet, who always
wore blue stockings, and in reference to w ht>ni, especially,
the coterie was called in derision the "Blue-stocking
Society " or the " Bine-stocking Club," and the members,
especially the ladies, "blue-stuckingers," "blue-stocking
ladies," and later simply "blue-stockings" or " blues."
Bluestring (blO'string), Robin. A nickname
of Sir Kobort Walpole, referring to his blue
ribbon as a Knight of the Garter.
Bluet d'Arbferes (blu-a' diir-bar'). Bernard
de. Born about l-iGO : died at Paris, 1606. A
French professional fool. He assumed the title of
Comte de Permission, and published crack-brained pro-
jdieeies and eulogies on his patrons. His " (Euvres," con-
sisting of about ISO numbered i)iece8, are extremely rare,
and are highly prized by bibliophiles.
Bluff (bluf). Colonel. A character in Fielding's
"Intriguing Clianibcrniaid."
Bluff City. An cpit het sometimes given to Han-
nibal, Missiiuri, from its position.
Blum (bliim), Robert. Born at (Cologne. Prus-
sia, Nov. 10, 1807: executed at Vienna, Nov. 0,
1848. A German jiolitical agitator and writer,
leader of the libera! party in Sa.xony in 1K4H.
Blum, Robert Frederick. Born at Cincinnati,
Ohio. 1S,")7. An American painter, illustrator,
and etcher, also noted for decorative work.
Blumenau, Battle of. An action between the
Prussians and Aiistrians at Blumenau in Aus-
tria, July 22, 18()6. It was interrupted by news
of the armistice. ,
Blumenbach (blii'meu-bilch), Johann Fried-
rich. Born at (!otha, Gennanv, Jlav 11. 17.'i2:
died at (iiittingen, iTermany, Jan. 22, 1840. A
celebrateil German naturalist and physiologist,
the founder of anthropology. lie was professor
of niedicine and anatomy in the I'niversity of tiottingen
177t>-183o, and editor of the " Medicinische Bibliotek"
1780-94. He was the flrst to teach natural history on
164
the basis of comparative anatomy, and proposed the di-
vision of the human species into five races: the Cauca-
sian, Mongolian, Malay. American, and .\frican or Ethio-
pian. His w^orks include " Uandbueh der vergleicbcnden
Anatomie und Physiologic " n8»4), "th)er den Biblurigs-
strieb und das Zeugungsgescllaft " (1781), " Institutiones
physlologica) " (17S7).
Bliunen-, Frucht- und Dornenstiicke. See
Hdinr. Fruit, iiiid Tlioni I'i(C(^,
Blumenthal (blo'meu-tiil), Leonhardt, Count
von. Bom .July 30, ISIO: died May 1.1, 1892.
A Prussian general. He became chief of the gen.
er.al staff of the army in Schleswig-Holstein in l&4!t ;
served with distinction in the war with Austria, Iiecom-
ing a lieutenant-general in Oct., 150(3: distinpnislie<l him-
self in the Franco-Prussian war as chief of staff in the
army of the Crown Prince : and was made general field-
mai"shal in 1SS8.
Bliimlisalp (bliim'lis-illp). A mountain-gioup
in the Bernese Oberland. Switzerland, west of
the Jungfrau. Height of the Bliimlisalphoru,
12,042 feet.
Blunderbore (blnn'der-bor). A giant in "Jack
the ( ti.nit Killer." Jack scuttled his boat, and
lie was drowaied.
Blunderstone Rookery (blun'der-ston ruk'-
er-i), The residence of David Copperfield. se-
nior, in Dickens's novel "David Copperfield."
Blundeville (blun'de-vil), Thomas. Au Eng-
lish author. He was the son of Edward Blundeville, on
whose death in 15(JS he inherited an estate at Newton Flot-
man, Norfolk. He is supposed to have been educated at
t'anibridge. In 1571 he erected in the church of Newton
Klotman a monument under which he lies buried. He
wrote, besides a number of treatises on horsemanship and
other subjects, ''A Briefe Description of universal ilappes
and Cardes and of their use ; and also the use of Pthule-
mey his Tables," etc. (London, lo89), "M. Blundeville his
Exercises "(six treatises on cosmography, astronomy, ge-
ography, and the ail of navigation : London, lf>!H), *'The
Al"te of Logike, etc." (15;»lt). and " The Theoriqucs of the
Planets, together with the making of two instruments for
seamen to tind out the latitude without seeing sun, moon,
or stars, invented by l>r. Oilbcrt "(Loudon, IW'l),
Blunt (blunt). Colonel. A character in Sir R.
Howard's "Committee." Like Benedick, when he
said he would die a bachelor he did not think he shovild
live to be married.
Blunt, Bdmund. Born at Newbur>-port, Mass.,
Nov. 23, 1791) : died at Brooklyn, N. Y., Sept. 2.
ISOO. An American hj'drographer, son of Ed-
mund March Blunt.
Blunt, Edmund March. Bom at Poi-tsmouth,
N.H., June 20, 1770 : died at Sing Sing, N. Y.,
Jan. 2. 1862. An American hydrographer, au-
thor of the " American Coast Pilot " (1796). etc.
Blunt, John James. Bom at Newcastle-under-
Lyme, Staffordshire, England, 1794: died at
Cambridge, England, June 18, 1855. An English
divine and ecclesiastical writer.
Blunt, Major-General. An old cavalier, rough
but honest, in Sluulwell's play "The Volun-
teers."
Bluntschli (bliiutsh'li), Johann Kaspar. Born
at Ziuich, Switzerland, Jlareh 7, 1808: died at
Carlsruhe, Baden, Oct. 21, 1881. A noted political
economist and statesman, professor at Zurich
1833-48, at Munich 1848-61, and at Heidelberg
1861. His numerous works include " Allcemeines Staats-
recht " n8o2), *' Dentsches Privatrecht " (1853), ** Das mod-
erne Volkerrecht " (IStiS), etc.
Blurt (blert), Master Constable. A play by
Middleton and Rowley, produced in 1 602. " Blurt,
Master Constable," is equivident to " A flg for Master Con-
stable," and is a proverbial phrase. Blurt is also the name
of the constable in the play given from the proverb ; he is
a sort of Dogberry imbued with a trementious sense of his
own and his master the duke's importance.
Boabdelin (bo-iib'de-lin), Mahomet. The last
king of Granada, oneof the principal characters
iu Dryden's play "The C'niKpiest of (Jranada."
Boabdil (bo-ab-del'). or Abu Abdullah (a'bii
iib-dcil'lii). The last Moorish king of Granada.
He revolted against his father JIuley Hassan, and seized
the throne in 14S1. In 1491 he was attacked and defeated
by Ferdinand and Isabella, and made prisoner. He was
set at liberty on condition of being a vassal of Spain. ,
Boaden(b6'dcu). James. Born at Whitehaven.
Cinnberland, t^nglaiid. May 23, 1762: died Feb.
16, 1839. An English dramatist and biographer.
His works include *• The Secret Tribunal " (1795), "An
Italian ilonk " (17ii7). " .\urelio and Sliranda " (1799), etc.,
and lives of Kemble, Mrs. Siddons, Mrs. Jordan, and Mrs.
Inchbald.
Boadicea(b6-a-di-se'il). [L. Bnadicea, JBoaihi-
III, IliDuIiiea, JBoiiducca, Voadirca, corrupt man-
uscript forms of Bo III I i ecu, a name whidi also
appears, applied to other persons, as Bodiini,
lit. ' victress.' fem. of ' Bonilircos, * Bodiccus,
Boiliciis, lit. 'victor,' from 01<1 Celtic hoiiiJi-,
boili-, Olr. 6hoiV/,W. hiiil. victory.] Died 62 A. v.
Thewifeof Prasutagus.king of the Iceni.atribe
in eastern Britain. Thinking to secure his kingdiun
and family from m<destation, Prasntagus.whodied about 00
A. !>.. bequeathed tiis great wi-alth to his daughters jointly
with the Roman emperor. The will was made by tlie Ro.
man officials a pretext for appropriat jtigthe wholeproperty.
Boca del Drago
Boadicea was flogged, her daughters outraged, and other
members of the royal family treated as slaves, with the
result that the Iceni joined the Trinobantes iu a re-
volt under Boadicea against the Romans 02 .^. I)., which
was put down by Suetonius Paulinus. Boadicea has been
made the subject of a tragedy by Fletcher (see Bimduca),
which was altered in separate plays by Powell, Colman,
and Plancln^. Hopkins wrote a " lioadice.a," acted in 1C97,
and Glover produced a play of the same name in 17:J5.
Mason wrote a play on the same subject, called "Carac-
tacus," in 1759. Both Cowper and Temiyson have made
Boadicea the subject of poems.
Boanerges (bo-a-ner'jez). [Gr. Boarfpjf'f : ety-
mology doubtful: meaning, perhaps, 'sons of
tumult.'] A surname, explained iu Mark iii. 17
as meaning 'sons of thunder,' given to James
and John, the sons of Zebedee.
Boardman (bord'man), George Dana. Bom
at Livermore, Maine, Feb. 1, ISOl : died near
Tavoy, British Burma, Feb. 11, 1831. An Amer-
ican Baptist missionary in Biuma.
Boardman, George I)ana. Bom at Tavoy,
British Burma. Aug. 18. 1^28. An American
Baptist clergjTuan. son of (jeorge Dana Board-
man. His works include "Studies in the Crea-
tive Week " (1878), '•Epiphanies of the Risen
Lcu'il'' (IssO).
Boardman, Henry Augustus. Bom at Troy,
N. Y., Jan. 19, 1808: dieil at Philadelphia, June
15, 1880. An American Presbyterian divine and
religious writer.
Boar of Ardennes, Wild. Hee Ardemies, Wild
Boar of.
Boar's Head, The. A tavern in Easteheap, Lon-
don, celebrated by Shakspere as the scene ef
Falstaff's CiU'OUsals. it was destroyed in the Fiii ..f
London, .afterward rebuilt, and demolished to form unr
of the approaches to Lemdon Bridge. A statue of W'illi.tiu
IV. stands on the spot.
Boavista (bo-ii-vesh'tii), or Bonavista O"'-"^'
vesh'tii). [Pg., 'fair view.'] The easternmost
of the Cape Verde Islands.
Boaz (bo'az). 1. A wealthy Bethlehemite, kins-
man of Elimelech and husband of Ruth. See
Eiitli. — 2. The name of oneof the brazen pill:ir>
(see Jachiii) erected in the porch of Solomon's
temple.
Brfbadil (bob'a-dil ), Captain. In Bon Joiison's
' ' Every Man in His Humour, " a Paul's man, tliat
is, a man who lounged in the middle aisle of St.
Paid's Cathedral, the resort of sharpers, gtdls,
cast captains, and loafers of every kind. His
cowanlice and bragging are made amusing 'by his intense
gravity and the serious manner in which he regards him-
self.
Bobadil is the oidy actu.ally striking character in the
pl.ay. and the real hero of the idece. His well-known pro-
posal for the pacificatitui of Europe, by 'killing, some twenty
of them, each his man a day, is as goi>d as any other that
has been suggested up to the present moment. His ex-
travagant alt ectation, his blustering and cowardice, are an
entertaining medley ; and his final defeat and exposure,
though exceedingly humorous, are the most atfecting i>art
of the story. Uazlitt, Eng. Poets, ji. 57.
Bobadilla, Count of. See Andrada, (limns
Friin ill.
Bobadilla (bo-iiii-therya), Francisco de. I>ied
at sea, iirol>ably July 1, 1502. A Spanish offi-
cer who, in 1500, was sent to Hispauiola to
investigate the affairs of that colony, and e>-
peciallyto inquiie into charges made against
Columbus. On his arrival at Santo Domingo (Aug. -23,
151X1), he simimoned Columbus before him. imprisoned him
and his brothers, and sent them to Spain. liobadiUa re-
mained as governor of the colony until the arrival ot
Ovando, April 15, IStri
Bobbin Boy, The. A nickname of Nathaniel
P. Banks, it was given him because he worked as a
boy in the cotton-factory of which his father was superin-
tendent. A book for boys, with this title, containing his
early life, has been publLsbcd.
Boboli (bo'bo-le) Gardens, t lardens in the rear
of and adjacent to thePitIi Palace in Florence.
They are open to the public, aiul .ai-e filled with fountjiins,
gnfttoes, and statues: some of the latter are by.7ohnol
Bologna. From the teiTace is a magniOceid view of Flor-
ence. The land was bought in 1:49 by Eleanora of Toletlo.
wife of Cosinu> I., duke of Tuscany. Tlie laying out was
connnenced by the sctilidor Tribtdo who died 1550, and
finished by Buontalenti.
Bobolina (bo-bo-le'nii). Died 1825. A Greek
heroine, the widow of a Spetziot ship-owner
who was assassinated by order of the sultan in
1812. She equipped three vessels in the revolution of
1S21, one of which she commanded. She participated in
the siege of Tiipolitza. Seiit., 1821.
Bobruisk (bt>-bro-isk'). A town in the govern-
ment of Minsk, situated on the Beresina in
hit. .53° 15' N., long. 29° 10' E. It contains an
important fortress. Population. 58.056.
Bobs (bobz), or Bobs Bahadur. [Hind., 'hero,'
•champion,' a title of respect.] An affection-
ate nickname given to (ieneial Sir Frederick
Roberts liy the Britisli soldiers in India.
Boca del Drago (bo'ka del dra'go). [Sp.,
' dragon's mouth.'] The strait between the isl-
Boca del Drago
165
Boer War, The
and of TrinUlml, West Indies, and the South Bock (bok), Franz. B
American niainhmd of Paria. It was so nainol by sia, May ',i, IK'JS. A (r
CulilmbuK, who first passed tliroUKli it, Aiisr. lii, U«». The
p:i«saK<: '» olistrilcteil by three islamls hi it. ami is miteil
f<jr its (uriiins iiirreiits, eauseil partly by the e<niatorial
ue> 111 nirniit and partly by the uuldow of the Orinoco.
Boca del Sierpe 0>(>'kii del se-ev'pa). [Hp.,
' suruent'.'i mmith.'] The strait lictwccn the
southwestern )iiiint of the island of 'Priniilad
and the lowlands at the mouth of the ( )rinoeo.
It was so iiaiiu-ii by Coliuiibus, who first passed through it
Born at Burtseheid, Pnis- Switzerland, Dee. 6, 1786: died at Zurich, May
Into the liulf of Faria, Aiis. 8. 14<)!i.
jeut to lleavy currents ami eddies.
Bocage ('lo-Uiizli'). Le. 1. A district in Poitou,
France. — 2. .\ district in Norraandy.
BocardoC'o-kiii'do). Anohi gate (north gate)
of Oxl'ord. liy the Church of St. >[ichael, de-
stroyed in 1771. The room over it was used as
a ))risoM.
Boca Tigris (i>o'kii te'gris), or the Bogue,
Chill. Hu Mun (hi) mun'). [-The tiger's
month.'] A narrow passage in tlie Canton
Uiver,4(lniilessoutheast of Cant on, China. The
Bogue forts were stonued by the British in lS4l
and 18')7.
Boccaccio (bok-kil'cho). Giovanni. I'.ornpnd)-
ablv at Certahlo, Italy. 13i;i: died at (lerlaldo.
Dee. 21, VM!). A celebrated Italian novelist
erman wTiter on ecclesi-
astical andueology. He became an honorary
eanon of the cathedral at Aix-la-Chapelle in
1S()4.
Bock, Karl Brnst. Born at Leiiisie, Feb. 21,
ISUU: died at Wiesliaden. Feb. 19, 1.H74. A
(ienuan anatoinisl and medical writer, ap-
pointed extraordinary professor in the Univer-
sity of Lcipsic in 183!).
The passage is sub- Bockenheim (liok'en-him). A suburb li miles
29, 18()4. A noted Swiss mechanic, lie invented
the screw- and erosa-wlieels (lst>;l), and made improve-
nients in fireanns and industrial machinery, es[iecially
in the niaehinerj' for wruil-spinning.
Bodmer, Johan Jakob. Born at (ireifeusee,
near Ziiricli, Swil/.ciland, .Inly 19, 1G98: died at
Zurich, .Jan. 2. 178:!. A Swiss critic and poet.
He was professor of Helvetic history in the t'niversity of
/.iiricli (17"2r>-75), and founded, with others, the" Discours
der Mahlern "(1721X which opposed the French school of
poetry and became the organ of ii new Cerman school soon
after made illustrious l>y Klopstock, Goethe, and Schiller.
nortliwest of Frankfort-on-the-Maiji, Prussia. Bodmer, Karl. Born at Zurich, Switzerlaml
Population (ISOO), connnniie, 18,675,
B5ckIi (bi'k), August. Born at Karlsruhe,
Baden, Nov. 24, 178.'): died at Berlin, Aug. :j.
1867. A distinguished German archaeologist
and philologist. He was appointed professor
at Heidelberg in 1807, and at Berlin in 1811.
lie was live times rector of the university.
Bocking (bek'ing), Eduard. Born at'l'mi-
haidi, Rhenish Prussia. Jlay 20, 18(12: died at
Bonn. Prussia, Jlay .3, 1870. A noted (ierman
.inrist, professor of Konian law at Bonn 1829-
'1870.
Bocklin (bek'lin), Arnold. Born at Basel,
Switzerlainl, Oct. 16, 1827
He 8erve<l the Klorelitiiie state scvend times as ambassa-
dor, ami lectured at Kloience on the " Uivina t'ommedia "
from l:i7:i to l:i74. II is chief work was the " Decainernne,"
a collection of one hundred stciries. These were not pub-
lished together until Vi't'.i, though most of them were writ-
ten eaj'lier. (See Drcaineron,) Among his other works
arc "II Kilocopo," "II Teseide," "Anicto," " 1,'Amorosa
Visione" ami "L'Ainorosa Fiammetta," the latter written
about I.'itl, and "II Filostnito." written between VM-t ami
IS:')'!. Ilnring the ten years following LSta he also wrote
four important Ijitiii works: "lie (icneahigia Ileoruni,
iibri XV." (on mylliology). " lie Montiuin. Silvaruui. Ia-
cuilm et Marillin nominiiius liiicr" (on ancient g<'ogra-
phy). and lw<i historical books, "lie Casibns Viroruin et
Keniin:uuni Illn>^ti iuin, Iibri IX.," and " l)c Claris Mil-
lieribus." His ileath wius hastened by that of his friend
Petrarch. See l''iamiiu'tttt.
Boccage, or Socage (i)o-kiizh'), Manoel Maria
lsil."i. A Swiss landsca])e-artist and etcher.
Bodmin (bod'min). A town in Cornwall, Kng-
land, 28 miles west of Plymouth. Population
(1891), :-),151.
Bodo (bo'dt-). A seaport in western Norway,
about lat. 67° lH' N. : the chief place in Sallen.
Population (1891). :!..S22.
Bodoni (bo-dcj'ne), Giambattista. Bom at
Saluzzo. Italy, Feb. Hi, 1740: died at Padua,
Italy, Nov. 29, 1813. An ll;ilian printer, noted
for his editions of Homer, Vergil, and other
classic authors. His "Manuale Tipografico"
was )mblislied in 1818.
A Swiss landscape- Bodtcher, Ludwig Adolph. Born in Copen-
hagen, 179;!: <licd lliiTe. ls74. A Danish poet.
Most of his life was spent in Copenlnigen. In 18-24 he
went to Italy and lived for eleven years in close associa-
tion with Thorwaldsen in Kome. A number of his poems,
which are wholly lyric, arc on Italian subjects.
Boece (bo-es'), properly Boyce, 1'. Boetius,
Hector. Born at Dundee, iScothiml, about
14(ir): died at Aberdeen, Scotland, 1536. A
noted Scotch historian. The family name was Boyce
(liofin, Boix, Hotjui), llai/ix being all adaptation of littetius
(modern Baice, lioijcp). His chief work is a hiatnry of
Scotland, "Scotorum Historia?, etc." (1.^)27). translated into
Scotch by John Bellenden between l.''i:io and 1.^33.
Bodenbach'(b<yden-bii6h). Atown in Bohemia, Boehm (bem). Sir Joseph Edgar. Born at
on the Kibe 48 miles north of Prague. Popu- Vienna, 1834: died Dec. 12, 1890. A Ilui
iiainter,
and poet. As a y.mth he c.ametii Florence ; alwutiaw Bocksbergcr (boks'beig-er), or Bocksperger
Mttled at Naples; aii.l returned U, Florence about 1.(41. ( ,,„|.^,,„,,?^,.,-.,,)_ H^US or HieronymUS. l-!oni
at Salzburg, Austria. l.">40: died about 1600.
A (ierman )iaiiiter, noted especially for hunt-
ing-seeni'S and battles.
Bode (bo'de), Johann Ehlert. Born at Ham-
burg, .Ian. 19, 1747: died at Berlin, Nov. 23,
182f). A ceh'Iirated (lei'iiiaii astronomer, the
founder of the •'Astron. .lahrbiicher" (1776),
and astronomer of the academy at Berlin
(1772-1825).
rague. Po^n
lation (1890), commune, 7,574.
Bodensee (bO'den-za). The German name of
the Lake of (.'oustance.
Barbosa du. liorn at Setubal, Port iigak Sept. Bodeustedt (bo'den-stet), Friedrich Martin
An von. Born at Peine, Hannover, April 22, 1819:
col- aied at Wiesbaden, April 19, 1892. A German
poet, author, and journalist, ncstudicii atCottin-
gen, Munich, and Berlin, and went to Mnsi-ow :is a tnt«'r,
then to 'i'itlis, where he taught at the gyimiasiuni. ami.
later, traveled extensively thron:_'li tlie I'ancasus and the
East. He was subsequently a luw^jiaiMr editor in Triest
and Bremen. In ls.'i4 he was made professor at the l^ni-
versity of Munich, a position which he renounced in IStlii
to undertake the direction of the theater at Meiniiigen,
where he remained until 1S7(|. He was ennoldeil in 18(i7.
The Berlin journal "TagUchc llundschau" appeared un-
der his direction ISSO-SS. Anicmg his many prose works
are " Tansend uiid eiii Tag iin Orient" ("Thousand and
One Days in the Orient," I.s40-.'t0), "Shakespeare's Zeit-
genosscnund ihrc\Verko"("Sliake8pere*sContem])oraries
and their Works," 3 vcjIs., isris-fju), etc. In collabora-
tion with Paul Ueyse, Kiii-z, and others he made anew
translati'tn of ShaUspcie's dramatic w^orks (!) vols., 1S(>8-
187.3), and he himself translated the sonnets. A journey
to the United states ill 18.S1 is ilescribed in " Vom Atlan-
tischen zuin Stillen Ocean" ("From the Atlantic to the
Paciflc Ocean," 1S8'2). Ills most celebrated jioetic work is
"Lieder dcs Mir/a-Schatfy" ("Songs of Mirza-Scliatfy."
1851), which are, with a few exceptionsonly, original poems.
"Alls deiii Nacblass ilea Alirza-Schatfy " (" F'roiii the I'os-
thunious Works of Mirza-Schaify ") appeared in 1S74.
Bodhisattva (bo-dho-siit'vil). [San.skrit; in
Pali rKiilliisd'Id.^ One who has perfect know-
letlgo as his essence. He is one who is on his way
to the attainment of p.'ifect knowledge when he has only
one birth or cert:iin bii-ths to undergo before reaching
the state of n supreme Buddha ; a future Buddha or
Buddha elect.
Bodin(b6-dan'), Jean. Bm-n at Angi'rs, Franco,
1530: died at Laoii, France, 1596. A celebrated
French publicist and political economist. His
works Incluilo " lie la rcpublique" (157B), ".Vethodus ad
facllem llislorianim Cognitlonenr' (irilW), "Rcponseaux
jiaradoxes de Malcstr<ut" (l.'i((8), etc. The llrst-named is
"the only work of great excellonco on the scicnco of poli-
tii!s bcfoic tin: eighteenth century " (Snintihiirii).
Bodleian (boii-ie'.-m or bod'le-|iii) Library. .\
library of I ).\ ford University, Knghind, which was
originiiUy established in 1445, forninlly oiiened
in 14SS. and reestablished liy Sir Thomas Boillev
in 1597-1602. It was formally opened \ov. 8, Kin:!, and in
1004 James I. granted letters patent styling it by Bodlcy's
name. The lilirary has lately absorbed the (piadraiigle
undbiiililiiigsof theold I''xainiiiatioii Schtpols, whose .laco-
bcaii entiance-towcr, with columns of all live classical or
1.5, 17(i5: died at Lislion, Dec. 21, 1805.
' minent Poi-tuguese poet. A c.onipleto
lection of his poetical works was published
after his ileath.
Boccanera (bok-kii-na'rii), or Bocanegra (bo-
kii-na'grli), Simoue. Born about 1300: |)oi-
soned at (ieiioa, 1363. The tirst Doge of Genoa.
lie was elected in 1339, abdicated in 1344, and
was rei'Iected in 135G.
Boccardo (bok-kiir'do), Girolamo. Born at
(ieiioa. Italy, March 16. 1829. An Italian polit-
ii'iil economist, and writer on history and geog-
raphy, long piofessor of political economy at
lliel'nivpisity of Genoa. Hebecame senator in 1877,
and since 18H8 "has lived ill Rome. His works Include
"Trattato teorieo imilico di economia politica" flSr,:*),
"1 principii della scienzac dell' arte delta finanze " (1887),
elc.
Boccherini(bok-ka-re'ne), Luigi. Born at Luc-
en, Italy, .Ian. 14. 1740: died at Madrid, May 28,
1S05. All llnliaii composer of chamber music.
Bocchoris, or Bokkhoris. -Vn Kgyptian king
given by Manetho as the sole king of the 241 h
dynasty: idontilied as King Nah-ka-ra Bek-eii-
raii-of of the monuments.
Boccone (bok-ko'ne), Paolo, later Sylvio.
liorii at Palermo, Sicily, April 24, 1633: died
near Palermo, Dec. 22, 1704. A noted Sicilian
naturalist. |irofessor of botany at Padiia, and
later a ('istercian monk.
Bochart (bo-shiir'), Samuel. Born at Rouen,
Frnni'e. May 30, l."i99: died at Caen, France,
.May l(i, 161)7. A noteil Fiench Orientalist and
bililieal scholar, a Huguenot pastor at (Jaen.
Bochica (l>6'ehe-kii). The name given by the
IMiiliclia Indians to their eoiieeption ot the
Siiiiieme Being. After creating the earth he gave it
In charge of ('hibchacum. who carried it on his shoulders;
If I 'tiibcliaciim changed his posture from fatigue, an eartli-
qiiake rcsiiltiid. Both Bochica and Chibcliacilni were ob-
jeclH of reverence, but apparently not of worship.
Bochnia{boch'ne-il). AtowniiiGalicia. Austria-
Iliiiigary. 25 miles east of Cracow, noted for its
sal I -mi lies. Population (18!H)), commune, 8,849.
Bocholt (liocli'olt). Atown iu the provinci^ of
Westphalia, Prussia, near the Dutidi frontier.
Po|, Illation (l.S'HI), 13.1134.
Bochsa (iiok-sii'), Robert Nicolas Charles.
Born at Moiilmi'dv, Fiance, Aug., 1789: died
at Sydney, Anstrniia, 1855. A French harpist Bodley (l""l'li). Sir Thomas. Born at Exoter,
and iipenitic com]ioser. Kngland, March 2, I54.i: died at London, .Ian.
Bochum (bocli'iim). A town in the province 28,1613. An Fnglisli diplomatist and scholar,
of Wesliihalia, I'russia, 26 miles northeast of founder of tin' Bodleian Library (which see)
Diisseldorf. It has large manufactures. Pop- at Oxford,
ulation (1.890), 47,iiOI. Bodmer tliod'mer), Georg. Born at Zurich,
rian-English sculptor, in isr.!) he went to Paris, and
to London in 1802, where he exhibited a bust in the Royal
Acailemy. Ilis most important works are busts of Ruskili,
(lladstorjc, Huxley, Lord U olsiKy, etc. ; llgilrcs: Carlyleon
the Thames Embankim nt ; liean .Stanley in Westminster
Alibey ; Sir i'lancis Drake at TyneUKUith ; eiiucstrian
statues: Lord Northbrook at Calcutta ; Prince Consort at
Windsor, etc. Among his liest works are various statues
and statuettes of unmounted horses.
Boenechea (bo-a-na-eha'ii), Domingo. Boni
about 1740: died at 0,iatitura, Otahite (or
Tahite), Jan. 26, 1775. A Sjianish naval offi-
cer (captain). He found the island of Otahite in 177'2,
which he called Amat in honor of the Viceroy of Peru.
Boeotia (be-o'shiii). [Gr. Ho/ur/n.] In ancient
geography, a district in central Greece, bounded
by the country of Locri Oi)untii on the north,
the Euripus and Attica on the east, Attica, Me-
garis, and the Gulf of Corinth on the soutli,
and Phocis on the west. Its surface is generally
level, forming a basin in which is Lake Copais. The iii-
lialiitaiits were proverbial for their dullness. The chief
city of I'.o'otiuwas 'I'hebcs, which with other cities formed
the Bo'otiau League (which see).
Boeotian League or Confederacy, The. A
league of inilcpendent cities in Bijootia, siiji-
posed to have been originally fourteen in nuiu-
lier, with Thebes at the head. Its common sanctu-
aries were the temple of thelttuiian Athene near Ctironea,
where tlio Pamlxeotia were cclcliratcd, and the temple
of Poseidcni in Oiichcstus. Its chief magistrates were calleil
bifntarchs, and were elected annually, two for Thebes
and one for each of the other cities. It was llnally dis-
solved, 171 B. c. or 140 11. c.
Boerhaave (bor'hii-ve), Hermann. Born at
Voorhout, near Leyden, Holland, Dec. 31, 1668:
died at Leyden, Sept. 23. 1 738. A famotis Dutch
physician," professor of botanv, medicine, and
clii''niistrv nt Leyden 1701-29."
Boeroe, or Buru (bii'iii), or Bouro (bii'ro). An
island iu the Fast Indies, in lat. 3° S., long.
127° F,., claimed by the Netherlands. Area,
estimated, 1,970 siplare miles.
Boer (biir). [D. hiiii; farmer."! One of the
population of Dutch descent in South Africa.
This element is prominent in Cape Colony and dominant
in the Orange Free State and in the South African Repilb-
lie (Transvaal). The llrst Boers immigrated from .lava
in 10.'>'2 ami were reinforced by Huguenots in 1087. Since
1795 they have had to struggle with British Inlluenee
ami rule. As the Unglish push U|i from the south, the
Boers advance toward the noitli. Their farthest colony
is that of Hnmpata in sonthern Angola, fminded iu 1S81
and reinforced in 18D3. See Traiistuul and Oramje tVee
Stale.
ders, is all architectural curiosity. The library contains
about 40(1,0011 printed volumes, '27,lilili volumes of manil- ,.,<.,, i .i
scripts, ami ."lU.iKio coins; also many portraits, models of BoOr War, The. The war which followed tho
ancient biiililings, and lltnary antiquities. proelnuKition of the Transvaal Kepublie, Dec,
1880. between that country and Cireat Britain.
Its chief events were tho defeat of the llrilish at Lalng'a
Neck Jan. 28, 1881, and at Majuba Mountain Feb. '27,1881
(the British ccaninander Collcy being killed). By treaty
of March, 1881, the hldepemlencc of the republic was rec-
ognized, but the Boers acknowledged the suzerainty of the
queen.
Boetbius
Boethius (li6-e'thi-us). An early Provencal
poem of i58 decasyllabic verses, eoiisistiug
maiuly of moral retiections taken from the "De
Consolati<iuo '• of Boethius. 'it diites from the
eleventll i-cntuiy, m- at latest floin thf lnjjinnini,' of the
twelftli.liut is thcuight to be a leluimllin^'
whifh may have heeii written nearly tw
Boethius (bo-e'thi-us), Anicius Manlius Seve-
rinus (less correctly Boetius). Born Hbout47r)
A. D. : (lied about 524 A. u. A liomau philoso-
pher, probably grandsou of Fla\-ius Boethius
166
f another poem Bogra (l)Og-ra')-_
eentniies earlier. "
Reptiblic of Colombia, situated on a plateau
S.lii.Sfcet hiffh. in lat. 4°41' N..long. 74° '20' \V.
It has a catlieilral. university, nillsenms, a rich lilirary,
anil an observatory. It was fouinled by the Spaniards in
]h:i8. Population (ISIil), about 100,000.
X district in the Kajshahyc
livisiiiu, Bengal, British India. Area. 1.4r)L'
si|iinrc miles. Population (1H91), S17,4!)4.
Boguslawski (bo-go-slav'ske), Adalbert.
Born at Uliuno, near Posen, Nov. 4, 1700: died
at Warsaw, July 23, 1829. A Polish dramatist
^ , ^ .. ^- ^ , TTi ■ and actor.
who was put to death by \ alentiman 111. m Bohain(b6-au' ). A towu in the department of
' ' "" ' Prance, 31 miles north by west of Laou.
4.15. He was consul in 510, and became miigister offlcio-
rura in tlie court of Theodoric, kinj; of the Ostroijoths.
HaviuK incuiTed suspicion on account of liis bold defense
of Albums who was accused of treason, he was put to
death by 'Iheodoric without trial on the chaige of treason
and nuis-'ic. His most famous work is the "DeConsola-
tione I'liilosophia)." » ritten probably during Iiis imprison-
ment at I'avia, Parts of this were translated by King
Alfred and l)y Chaucer. His translations from and eom-
mentai-ies on the logic of AristoUe were very intluential
during the middle ages.
Boethus(b6-e'tlius). [Gr. Boj/fiif.] BornatChal-
cedon (or Carthage, according to Pausanias).
A sculptor of the Alexandrian school (2d cen-
tuiy B. c), famous in antiquity for gem-e work
of a higli character. Pliny (N. H. &4, 84) mentions a
bronze, a boy strangling a goose, of which there is a beau-
tiful replica in the Louvre. The boy e.xtr.acting a thorn,
found in replica in many museums, is supposed to represent
his famous statue of the same suljjeet. The beautiful
little girl playing with dice, new in lierliu, maybe copied
from Boethus.
Bo6tie (bo-a-se'), Etienne de la. Born at Sar-
lat, Dordogne, France, Nov. 1, 1530: died at
Germinac, near Bordeaux, France, Aug. 18,
1!503. A French writer, chiefly kuo^vIl as a
friend of Montaigne.
Boffin (bof'in), Nicodemus (otherwise the
Golden Dustman and Noddy). A disinter-
ested old man left in charge of the Harmon prop-
erty, in Dickens's novel "Our Mutual Friend."
See (('(■(/'/, Silay.
Boffin's Bower. The residence of the BofBus,
in Dickens's "Our Mutual Friend." Mrs. Boffin,
not liliing its former name, Harmon's Jail, given it from
its late owners habics of life, gave it this cheerful appel-
lation. Miss Jennie Collins established a successful char-
ity for working-girls in Boston in 1870 under this name.
Bogardus (bo-giir'dus), Everard. [NL. Boyar-
(his, from D. Bogaerd (wlience E. Bogart, Ba-
(jn-t), from hixiacrd, contraction of hoomijucrd
(Kilian), orchard, from hoom, tree, and gtwrd,
yard, garden. Cf. G. Baumgartcii.} Born in
Holland: drowned in Bristol Chamiel, Sept. 27,
1647. A Dutcli clergyman in New Amsterdam.
He owned the farm "the Dominie's Bouwerie," now the
property of the Trinity Church corporation in New York
city.
Bogardus, James. Born at Catskill, N. Y.,
March 14, ISOU: died April 13, 1874. An Amer-
ican inventor. His numerous inventions include a
Aisne
Poptdation (18U1), commune, 6,980.
Bohemia (bo-he'mi-ii). [F. Bolieme, G. Bohmeii,
etc.; ML. Bohi'mia,\j. Boilisemiim, Boiohiemum,
Gr. Biiviai/iov, the region, Bultemi, Boilicmi, liiii-
cmi. the tribe so named, from Boii (see Buil)
and OHG. heim, OS. hem, etc., home, dwelling-
place.] 1. A crownland, capital Prague, in the
Oisleithan division of Austria-Hungary, and
the lujrthernmost portion of the empire. It is
bounded by thekingdom of Saxony(separated by the El zgc-
birge)on the northwest and north, Prussian Silesia (sepa-
rated by the Riesengebii-ge and other mountains) on the
northeiist, Moravia (pai-tly separated by the Mahrische
Gebirge) and Lower Austria on the southeast. Upper Aus-
tria on the south, and Bavaria (mainly separ.ated by the
Bijhnierwald) on the southwest. Its surface is moun-
tainous and undulating, and is traversed by the Elbe and
its tributaries, the lloldau, Eger, Iser, etc. It produces
wheat and other cereals, fruit, flax, and hops, has exten-
sive forests, and is the chief region of the empire in the
production of co;J. It has also mines of iron, silver, lead
sulphur, alum, and graphite. Ithasmanufacturesof linen,
glass, calico, woolens, paper, chemicals, porcelain, beer,
sugar, iron, etc. It has 92 representatives in the Austrian
Eeichsrat, and has a landtag of 242 meniliers. The lan-
guage of the majority is Czech ; but about 36 per cent,
speak German. The prevailing religion is Roman Catho-
lic. The eai-Iy inhabitants of this district were the I'.oii,
and after them the M;u-comanni. It was colonized by
Czechs in the early i»art of the Gth centuiy ; was the seat
of a temporary realm under Samo in tlie 7th century ;
formed part of Svatupluk's Moravian realm at the end of
the 9th century, and became a flef of Germany in 92il. It
was a ducliy and became a kingdom in 11118. Moravia was
united toil in 1029. Under tittocar II. (1-253-78) it acquired
temporarily Austria. Ciu-intbia, and Styria ; Lusatia and
Silesia were annexed in the 14th century. Bohemia was
one of the electorates of the Holy Roman Empire. After
the extinction of the dynasty of Premysl (1306) the king-
dom was ruled by the house of Luxemburg, 1310-1437. It
was united with .Austria in 1626. It sutfered in the Huss-
ite wars, and was the scene of the outbreak Lif the Thirty
Years* War in 1018. Frederick (elector palatine) was cliosen
king of Bohemia in 1619. and overthrown in li:20, after which
Protestantism was extirpated by the Hapsburg ruler, Fer-
dinand II. In recent times a vigorous agitation in favor
of national autonomy has been carried on by the Czechs.
Area, 20,060 square miles. Population (1S90), 6,843,094.
2. A name for any place where people, espe-
cially artists and literary people, lead an un-
conventional or somewhat iiTegular life ; or the
people collectively who lead such a life. This
usage, with that of the adjective Bohemian in corre-
sponding senses, was introduced from the French, who as-
sociated Bohemia ((a BoVi/u") with gipsies, by Thackeray.
Stanford DicHonartj.
duced in London iul843. ThelibrettowasbyBunnfrom
a ballet by St. Georges, which was taken from Cervantes. It
was brought out again in Limdon in 18.^S as '* LaZingai-a."
It was translated into Fi-ench. I talian.aitd German, ainiliad
a great success. "Bohemian " here means " gipsy." The
opera appeared in Hamburg as " La Gitana," in Viemui as
"Die Zigeunerin," and in Paris as "La Boh^mienne."
"ring spinner" for cotton-spinning (1828), an engraving
machine (1831), and the first dry gas-meter (1832).
Bogdanovitch (bog-da-no v.ch), Ippolit Feo- Boj^en^an Brethren. A religious sect in Bohe
dorovitch. Born at Perevolotcbna, Little -"""o"""" •"''-""» v-i^. «
Kussia, Dec. 23, 1743: died near Kursk, Russia,
Jan. 18, 1803. A Russian poet. His chief work
is "Dushenka," a romantic poem, published in
177.3.
Boggs (bogz), Charles Stuart. Bom Jan. 28,
1811 : died Ai)ril 22, 1888. An American rear-
admiral. He was commander of the gunboat Varuna
which, in Farragufs attack on the defenses of New (Ir- ,,_„_ ,, _, j,i-'
leans in 1862, destroyed six Confederate gunboats before BohemOUd (1"> he-mond), or iSOnemuna (Do
she was hereelf disabled and sunk liy two rams. he-mund), I. MarC. Born 10.36 (106") f): di'
Bogh (beg). Erik. Born at Copenhagen, Jan. ^l Canossa, Italy, 1111. A Crusader, son of
17, 1S22. A Danish dramatist, poet, and gen- Robert Gmscard. He became prince of Tarentum in
oral writer. 10S5, joined the first Crusade in 1096, and captured Au-
Boehaz-keui (bo'gaz-ke'e), or Boghas-koi tiocb in io<i8. , i, /^ ,
(bo'gils-ke'e). A 'nllage in Asiatic Turkey, in BohlO (lio-yo'). A name given by the^Cuban
lat . 40° 1' N., long. 34° 35'E. its ruins are identified
with the ancient Pteria. They include a Hittite palace,
placed on an artiflcial terrace, and otherwise analogous
to Assyrian monuments. The foundations are of polyg-
onal masonry, and measure 138 by 187 feet; the super-
structure wiis of lirick. Tlio chief gate is a great tower 69
feet deep. There are also Hittite sculptures consisting of a
long frieze on tlie walls of two rock-hewn chambers and
a corridor. They consist of processions of personages,
men and women in semi-Assyrian costume, winged and
animal-headed divinities, animals, and two-headed eagles.
Tlie figures range in heiglit from 3 to 11 feet.
Boileau-Despr^aux
(ba'men), Jakob. Born at Altseidenberg,
Silesia, Prussia, 1.37.5: died at Gorlitz, Prussia,
Nov., 1624. A celebrated German mystic. His
works include "Aurora " (1012), " Der Weg zu
Cliristo" (1624), etc.
Bohmisch-Brod (be'mish-brot). A town in
Bohemia. 20 miles east of Prague. Near here.
ilay3M, 1434, tlie Taborites were defeated l»y theCali.vtines
and Roman Catholics (also calleil "the battle of Lippau").
I'oiiulation (18911), 4,087.
Bohmisch-Leipa (be'mish-ll'pii). A manufac-
turing town in Boliemia, situated on thePolzen
42 miles north of Prague. Population (1890),
commune, 10,406.
Bohn {b(3n), Henry George. Born at London,
Jan. 4, 1796: died at Twickenliam, Aug. 22, 1884.
An English publisheraud bookseller. He isbest
known for his editions of standard works in
various " libraries."
Bohol (bo-hol'). One of the Philippine Islands,
in lat. 10° N., long. 124° 20' E. Length, 45
miles.
Bohorquez, Francisco. See Enim.
Bohtlingk (bOt'lingk), Otto. Born at St. Pe-
tersburg, June 11 (N. S.), 181,3. A noted Rus-
sian Orientalist. His chief work is the "Sanskrit-
Worterbuch" (with Rudolf Roth; published
1853-75).
Bohun (bo'hun), Edmund. Born at Ringsfield,
Suffolk, England. Jlarch 12, 1645: died in Caro-
lina, Oct. 5, 1699. Ab English publicist and
miscellaneous writer, appointed chief justice
of the colony of Carolina in 1698 (f ). His chief
work is a "Geographical Dictionary" (1688).
Bohun, Henry de. Born 1176 : died on a pil-
grimage to the Holy Land, June 1, 1220. I'he
th-st Earl of Hereford (created April, 1199),
and constable of England.
Bohun, Humphrey de. Died Sept. 24, 1274.
The second Earl of Hereford and the first Earl
of Essex, the fifth of the name. He was constable
of England. In 1258 he joined the barons in their con-
federation for the redress of grievances, but went over to
the king in 1263, and w^as taken prisoner in the battle of
Lewes, May 14, 1264.
Bohun, Humphrey de. Died 1298. The third
Earl of Hereford and the second Earl of Essex,
and constable of England : the seventh of the
name. He was associated with Roger Bigod, earl of
Norfolk, and other barons in opposition to the reforms
of Edward I.
Bohun, Humphrey de. Born 1276: killed at
the battle of Boroughbridge, March 16, 1322.
The fom-th Earl of Hereford and third Earl of
Essex, and constable of England: the eighth
of the name. He joined the barons in their opposition
to Gaveston (see Gaveston) and the Despensers. He was
taken prisoner at tlie battle of Bannockburn, June 24, 1314,
but was exchanged for the wife of Robert Bruce.
Boiardo, or Bojardo (bo-yar'dt3), Matteo
Maria, Coimt of Scandiauo. Born at Scan-
diauo, near Reggio di Modena, Italy, about
1434 (f): died at Reggio di Modena, Dec, 1494.
A noted Italian poet. He]was the author of " Crlando
innamorato" (1495), "Sonetti i canzoiii" (14991, "II Tinione "
(a comedy), etc. See Orlando iiiuautoralo.
mia, 15th-17th century, a branch of the Hussit es,
Bohemian Girl, The." An opera by Balfe, pro- Boieldieu (bwol-dye' ), Fra,nQois Adrien. Bom
Bogomiles (bog'o-milz), or Bogomilians (bog- Bohler (be'ler), Peter. Born at Frankfort-on
6-mil'i-anz). A heretical sect of the 12th ecu- ^ "' '"■'■'• •'•-' "
tury, founded by Basil, a monk of Philippopolis,
wlio was put to death at Constantinople in
1118. They were Manichiean and Docetist in doctrine,
and were probably an otfslioot of the Paulician sect.
BogOS (bo'goz). A small Hamitic pastoral tribe
on the lower plateau of Abyssinia, west of
Massowa.
Bogoti, (bo-go-ta'), or Santa T6 de Bogota
(siiu'tii la da bo-go-tii'). The capital of
at Rouen, France, Deo. 16 (Grove), 1775: died
near Paris, Oct. 8, 1834. A celebrated French
composer of comic operas. His works include " La
famine Suisse " (1797), " Beniowski " fl80o),"Le calife de
Biigdad " (18110), "Ma tante .\uiore (1803), "Jean de
Paris " (1812), " La dame blanclie " (182.^), etc. His son
Adrien (born in 1816) has composed several successful
comic operas,
d Boil (bo'i-i). 1. A Celtic people living in Cis-
alpine Gaul, prominent in Roman annals from
the 4th to the 2d century B. c. They later mi-
grated to Bohemia, to which and to Bavaria
they gave their name. — 2. A Celtic tribe which
joined the Helvctii in their invasion of Gaul in
58 B. c. CiBsar assigned them land in the ter-
ritory of the ^dui.
refeiTcd to the populousnoss of Boileau-Despr^aux (bwii-lo'da-pra-o'), Nich-
olas. Born at Paris, Nov. 1, KilUl : died at
Paris, March 13, 1711. A famous French critic
aiul poet. He studied law, and was admitted to the
bar in Dec, 1666. His first satire dates from 1660 or 1661,
and was the forerunner of a series of seven, composed
between 1660 and 1666. To this same jteriod lielong his
"Dissertation sur Joconde," and liis "iiialogue des lit-
res de roman." His satires were pulilished without bis
sanction by a Dutch bookseller, wlio issued the book un-
der the title " Reeueil contenant plusieiirs discours libres
et moraux, en vers " (1665). Boileau issued his own cor-
rected version in 1666, and within the next two years
there appeared some twenty editions, both authorized
and unauthorized. These models of elegant writing
served as the foundation of literary criticism in France.
Boileau was attacked from many quarters, and framed
his reply in two satires, iiublished in 1669. Little is
known of his life between 16(in and 1677. During that
interval, liowever, he wrote his sect aid and third "Epitrcs,"
translated the "Treatise on the Sublime" of Longinus,
published fragments of the " Lutrin" in 1673, and finally
Indians, iii the time of Columbus, to Haiti or
Hispaniola. It is said to have meant ' a house, [
and to liav
that island.
Bohl von Faber, Cecilia. See Arrom.
Bohlen (bo'lenj, Peter von. Born at Wiip-
jiols, Oldenburg, Germany, March 9, 1796: died
at Halle, Germany, Feb. 6, 1840. A German
Orientalist, professor of Oriental languages in
Konigsberg.
tlie-Main, Germany, Dec. 31, 1712: died at
London. April 27, 1775. A German clergyman,
liislioj) of the Moravian Churcli in America and
Kntrland.
Bohm (bem), Theobald. Bom at Munich,
April 9, 1794: died at Munich, Nov. 25, 1881.
A German flutist and composer. He was the in-
ventor of several improvements in the flute, especially of
„__ a new .system of fingering.
tlie Bohme (be'me), or Bohm (bfem), or Behmen
Boileau-Despr^auz
gavconthisfourthuiidlKlh "fipitrc3."tlii;llrstfour books Bokerly Dyke (bo'k^r-l
of till; "Liltriii,"anU ■■L'Art poetique," iiithe tirst edition l{,,iiian ilitniii-iuucllts
of tlie 'MKuvresdu slLMir D . . ."(HJ74). 'I'lus jmblicutioll
rai«wl lloilfau to the tlrstnmk uiiiiiii!; Kreiich writers. In
ltI77 he reeeived a pensioti nf L'.ifHf livrcs, and was irtvited N itifiot^lauia.
with Kiieine to compile the history of Lonis XIV. In Bokhara ( l>fi-l<liii'l"ii), or Bukhara (l><'>-kliii'ra).
tlij! same year he eomi,..6.d his .seventh, eiuhth, and ninlh ^ khaiintc of central A.sia. iin.lcr Kussiaii iiiUll-
167
(lik). The niins of
I tlie iieij^hborhooil
f Fiirriliaiii. Kiiirlainl, lliu .site of tlie aiieient
"fepltres." In 1(»^. despite his enemies' Mpposilion, Itoi-
leau entered the French Academy on the expressed desire
of the king. In KiiCi he pulilished his "Ri-IIexions cri-
tiques sllr Longin." in answer to rerninlfs " DialuKiies
tar les auciens et lea mmlernes." The tlrst five editions
of Boileaus works are dated llHSf; 1(174. 1(«U. 1701. and
1713. The last edition revised throujihout liy Boilcan
himself, that of 1701, is u-enerally takiii as the standanl.
Ill addition to the works ali.ne ni.iiliomd, it i-niitaiiisthe
tenth and eleventh sat ires, and the last I luce" ICpitres." A
twelfth satire was published after l!(»ileati's death in the
edition of I71ti. T»i Itoilean s works, and more especially
to the " .\rt poetique." ari' due the theories on which the
cliLssical literature of France is based.
Boiotia. S^ee Udotia.
Boisard (bwii-ziir'), Jean Jacques FrauQois
Marie. Boru at Caen, France, 1743: ilieii at
Caen. 18:)1. A French fabulist. He was the
author of ' Fables nouvelles" (177:t), " Fables et poesies
diverses ' (IstH), " Mille et une fables ' (IblW), etc.
Bois Br<il§S (bwii brii-la'). [F., 'burnt woods.']
See Siti-iiiixii.
Bois de Boulogne (bwa d6 bo-lony'). [F..
' Boulojj;ne wood,' from the town Bonlogne-sur-
Seine.] A park in Paris readied by the ('haiups
filys^es, the avenue of tlie Grande Artnee, or
t ho avenue of the Bois de Boulogne, it covers
;oi area of 2,1&8 acres, rtiui contains the Gardens of the
Vi-cllinatizatioii Society and the race-courses of Long-
<'liampsand .\iiteiiil. and is celebrated for its turf, trees.aiid
■I'lainent.'d sheets of water. The present park wajs ceded
t<i tlie eily ami laid out in 1863.
Bois de Vincennes (bwa de vaii-sen')- A pub-
lic park ill Paris, somewhat larger than the Bois
de Boulogue. It contains "La Faisanderie' (a fami
for agricultural experiments), a drill-ground, a race-
course, etc,
Boise (boiz). James Robinson. Born at Bland-
fiird, Mass.. Jan. '27, l.sl,3: died at Chicago, 111.,
Feb. 9, 1895. An American educator. Ue was
professor of Oieek at Krowii University 184S-50, at the
liiiversity of Michigan 18.')2-«8, and after 1868 at the Uni-
\ersit\ of cliic.ago. lie wrote "tireek .Syntax," etc.
Bois6 City (boi'ze sit'i). The capital of Idaho,
situated on the Bois6 River iu lat. 43^ 3(5'
N.. lone. 116° 15' W. It is the chief town in the
state, an J has gold- aud silver-mines. Population (Is'.iu),
.Mill.
Boisgobey (bwii-go-ba'), Fortune Abraham
du. Born at Granville (Manclie), France, Sept.
11. ls;21: died Feb.. 1H91.
He fterve<l as paymaster in the army in Algiers 1814--1:
His works include " I.es Kii'dins" (1873), "Le chevalier
r:isse Cou' (1873), " Le (Ifiiii-monde sons la Terreur "
(IS77), " l.a main coupi-e" (Issii), "La revanche de Fer-
iiaiide " (IsS'ii, '■ La baiidc rouge" (l^-jll), etc.
Bois-Guilbert (F. pron. bwii'gel-bar'), Brian
de. A Knight Temiilar, a precejitor of the
order, in Scott's novel "Ivanhoe." Having fallen
in love with Rebecca and been lejiulsed by her, he carries
her off to his preceptory. Being compelled to accuse her
of wileheraft. he meets lier defeiuler Ivanhoe in the lists,
and drops deaii at the beginning of the encounter.
Bois-le-Duc. See ItrrtDi/inhosrli
BoissieU (bwii-sye'l
at Lyon.s, France, 1^
IVench painter and engraver.
Boissonade (bwii-so-niid'), Jean Franfjois.
Horn al Paris, .Vug. I'i. 1774: died at Passy,
France, Sept. H, 18.57. A noted French classical
Hidiolar, professor of Greek literature in the
faculty oi letters of the .Vcademy of Paris.
Boissy d'Anglas (bwii-sc' doii-gliis'), Comte
enc'e. bounded by Asiatic Wussia on the north,
east, and west. Khiva on the northwest, and
Afghanistan on the south. It corresponds partly to
the ancient Sogdiana. and formed p:u-t i.if the tioininions
of .lenghizKlianandofTiniur. It occupies in part the lower
basin of the Zcrafshan ; produces grain, hemp, cotton, rice,
fruits, tobacco, live stock ; and has manufactures of silk,
tlrearnis, jcwell-y. and cutlery. Its capital is Bokhara. The
government is a liereditaiy despotism (with a Russian
resident). The population is comjiosed of Tadjiks, I'zbegs,
and Turkomans. The prevailing religion is Mohammedan-
ism. Bokhara was taken by the Izbegs alxiut 1511,1. It
was at war with Russia 186S-68, and ceded .Samarkand to
Russia in 1868. Area, 92,0U0 square miles. Population,
•i.iiOD.UOO.
Bokhara. The capital of Bokhara, situated in
lat. 3!»°4.S' N., long. G4° 25' E. It is surnamed the
■' Noble," and is renowned as an intellectual center of
central Asia. It contains many mosques and Mohamme-
dan theological schools. It is now reached by the Russian
Transcaspian Rjiilway, Population, about 100,000, . ,. ..
Bolan(bo-Uin'). A district in northern Balu- •°°Jl'^*,^r'.;ll^',,'.:;;
chistan, administered by British officials.
Bolantishahr ( txVland-shiir' ). A district in the
.Mecriit division of the Northwest Provinces,
British India. Area. 1,015 square miles. Pop-
ulation (1881). 924,822.
Bolan Pass. A gorge in the mountains of north-
eastern Baluchistan. It is traversed, since 1885-86,
by a British military railway which connects tiuettah with
sind in India. Height, 5,80lJ feet.
Bolbec (bol-bek'). A town iu the department
of Seine-Inf^rieure, France, 18 miles east-north-
east of Havre. Population (1891), commuiie,
12.028.
Bolbitinic (hnl-bi-tiu'ik), or Bolbitine (bol'bi-
tiu). or Bolbitic (bcd-bit'ik) Mouth of the
Nile. [Ij. Ostium Bolhitiiiuiii or Biilbiticiim Xili,
Gr. Bo'/iiirtvov ardfta tov tiel'Anv; from Bolbitine,
Gr. Bo/'./J;t/iv;, a town in the Delta, on this
Bolsover Castle
was made dictator of Peru. He defeated C.interac at Ja-
niii, Aug. 0, 18-24, and on Dec. 9, 18-2-I, Sucre's great victory
at Ayacuclio ended the Spanish jiower in South .\merica.
In June, 1825, Bolivar visited upper Peru; a congress
met there in August, decreed the f.irmation of the repuli.
lie of Bolivia, invited Bolivar to frame the constitution,
anil named him perpetual protector. But Peru declared
against him in 182i;; Bolivia soon followed; and tli.iugh
he remained president of the three eountrics forming Co-
lombia until his death, the great republic created by him
fell to pieces soon after.
Bolivar. A iirovinco of Ecuador, capital Gua-
randa. Area, 1,160 square miles. Population,
43.0(10.
Bolivar ( formerly Guayana). A state of Vene-
zuela, iuthe southern part. Area. 88,701 square
miles, besides tli(^ territory of Yuiuary, now
added to it. of uncertain extent. Population
fl891), 70,681.
Bolivar. A northern department of Colombia,
caiiilal Cartagena. Area, 27,000 square miles.
Population (1885), 350,000.
Bolivar, or Ciudad Bolivar (fonnerly Angos-
tura). The capital of the state of Bolivar,
Venezuela, on the Orinoco. Population ( 1891),
10,861.
Sp. jiron. bo-le've-a).
[Named for lloliriir.'] In coUiuial times, Cliar-
<•((,< or I'ppcr rem. A republic of South Amer-
ica, capital La Paz, bounded by Brazil on the
nortli and east, the Argentine Republic and
Paraguay south, and Cliile and Peru on the
west. The western part is a plateau traversed by the
Andes. In the southeast is the Gran Cliaco (which see),
and iu the northeast tlic plains of the Madeira, It pro-
duces coca, india-rubber, cinchona, cottee, wheat, maize,
gold, silver, copper, tin. It has 8 deiiaitnients, and is
governed by a president and a congress < oiisistiiig of a
senate and chamber of deputies. It became iiideiiendelit
in 1825, was united to Peru 1S31)-:J9, and has undergone
frequent political revolutions. Attacked by Chile 1S7U-S3,
it was defeated, and was forced to cede its seaboard with
the niter ilisti lets. Area, 667,431 square miles. Popula-
tion (eslimated), 2,.50O,0O0.
Bolkhoflf (bol-kliov'). A town in the govern-
ment of Orel, Russia, in lat. 53° 25' N., long.
36° 5' E. Population, 26.105.
branch of the river.] One of the principal Bolland (bol'liind), 1;. Bollandus (bo-lan'dus),
Ce.itlivre with'-Mr. Mottley," produced in gpHandistS (bul'au-dists),
given to the collaborators
Johann. Born at Tirleiuout (i). in Brabant,
Aug. 13, 1.596: died at Antwerp. Sept. 12, 1665.
A celebrated Jesuit martyrologist. He edited the
early volumes of the "Acta Sanctorum "(which see), a work
which was continued by his collaborators and successors,
the so-called Bollandists.
The. The name
and successors of
Johann BoUand, the first editor of "Acta Sanc-
torum." Among them may be mentioned Oeorg Hen-
scheii (died 1681), Daniel Papebroeck (died 1714), Konrad
.Tanning (died 1723). Peter Booell (died 1736), Suyskens
(died 1771), Uubers (died 1782), Doni Anselmo Bertliod
(ilied 17S.S), and .loseph Ghesciuit-re (died 1802). See Acta
Sanctiirmn.
Bologna, Giovanni di. See John ofSologm.
Bologna, John of. See John.
as the daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn, later BolOKUa (bo-16ii'vil). A pnmuce in the eom-
lire and (Irmond, She w,as eondeniued to ,.,„,?,„.,„»,, „f t?„",;k., Tt-.lV \r..'i 1 448 srinare
,leath on a charge of adultery and incest, and decapitate.l. pa ■timento ot hmilia ltal\ • A' •»: ^.448 Squaie
Shewaseertainlynotguiltyof all the crimes of which she liulis. Po)iulatloll (18'.U). 4S4,IJ;.>.
WM accused, but hcrentirc innocence is a matter of doubt. Bologua. [L. Bi>noni((.~\ The capital of the prov-
ancient mouths of the Nile, partly represented
bv the modern Rosetta Mouth.
Bold Stroke for a Husband, A. A comedy
bv Mrs. Cowlev, brought out in 1783.
Bold Stroke for a Wife, A. A comedy by
Mrs.
1718
A French novelist. Bolerium (bo-le'ri-um). or Belerium. In an-
cient geography, the proniontorj- in Britain now
called Land's End.
Boleyn (bid'in), or BuUen (bul'en), Anne,
(^lueen of England. Bornl507: beheaded at Lon-
don. May 19, 1536. The second wife of Henry
VIII. of England, whom she married on or
about Jan. 2;5, 1533, aiul mother of (jueen Eliza
beth. SI
ail of Wiltsl!
Jean Jacc[ues de. Bum Bolgolam(bcd'g6-laiu). AdiaracteriuGarrick's
16: died at Lyons, 1810. A plav '• Lilliput."
Bolgrad (bol'grad), orBielgrad (byal'grad).
A town iu the government of Bessarabia, Rus-
sia, situated at the head of Lake Jalpucli. in
lat. 47° 45' N., long. 28° 40' E. Population,
8.179.
Bolingbroke (bol'ing-bruk). A con,jurer in the
ccdiid part of Shaksjiere's play " Henry VI."
See Henri/ II'.
See St. .fi'ihii. Ilciirii
se
Franijois Ahtolne de. Born at St. Jean- Bolingbroke, Henry of.
Chainbre, Ai-d6che, France, Dec. 8, 1756: died Bolingbroke, ViSCOUnt,
at Paris, Oct. 20, 1826. A French stat.
and publicist. He became a niember nf the Constitu-
ent Assembly in 1781), of the (.'ouveiition in 1792, of the
Committee of Public .Safety in 1794, of llie Council of ,5iKi
in 1795, of the Senate in 18 '5, and of the Chamber of Peers
In 1814, He wrote " Kssai surlavie, les (Merits, et les opin-
ions lie M. de -Malesherbes " (1819), etc.
Boisterer (bois'ti-r-er). One of Foi-tunio's ser-
vants in the (Viiintess d'.Vulnoy's fairy tale
"Fortunio." His breath had the power of a
tremendous wind.
BoitO (bo-e'to), ArrigO. Bom at Padua, Feb.
24. 1842. All Italian poet and musical com-
poser. His llrst opera, " Mellstofele," wa< produced with
Ills own libretto In Milan. March U, 18118. It has been played
in a revised form since 1875. He has written many librettos
and a volume of poems.
Boker (bo'ker), George Henry. Born at Phil-
adelphia, Oct. 6. 1S23: died there, Jan. 2, 1890.
An American jioet. dramatist, and diplomatist.
He was tfnited State ,t minister to Turkey 1871-75, and to
Russia 187.5-79. His works include the dramas "Calayuos"
(16 18), "Anne lloleyn" (18.50)," l.eonor del inzman,""Krail-
cesca da Rimini," '• iVtrothal," "Widow's Marriage," and
'* Poems of the War" (18U4), " Plays and I'oems,'' "Street
lyrics" (1805). "The B.iok of the Dead" (1882).
nice of Bologna, Italy, siluated at the foot of
the Apennines, between the Savena, Aposa,
and Reno, in lat. 44° 30' N., long. 11° 20' E.:
the Etruscan Felsina, and the Roman Bououia
(whence its name). It was originally an Kfruscan
town, and later a Roman colony, a idace of great impor-
tance whose prosperity survived the fall of the Roman
Empire. It was made a free town by Charles the Great,
anil was famous in the middle ages for its univei-sity. It
sided with the Guelphs, and was iiicorpiuated with the
States ot the Church iu 1,506. It was the center of a noted
Italian school of painting in the Ultli and 17th centuries
(the Oaracci, Ouido Reni, Donicnicliino, etc). In 1860 It
was united to the kingdom ot Italy. Population, esti-
mated (1S91), cominniic, 147,1100,
Bolor-Tagh (bo-lor'tiigh). A range of moun-
tains ill central .\sia, on the border of the Pamir
l.latiau, running northwest and southeast.
BolotOO (bol 6-t()'). See the extract.
All iiicii (accord iiig to Tongans), however, have not souls
capable of a separate existenec; only the Egl, or ludiles,
possess a spiritual part, which goes to Bolotoo, the land
of gods and ghosts, after death, and enjoys 'power simi-
lar t<i that of the original gods, but less "
Lamj, Myth., etc., II. 26.
Bolsena (bol-sa'nii). A town in the province
nf Konie. Italy, 7 miles southwest of Orvieto :
)irobablv on the site of the ancient Volsinii.
Bolsena', Lake of. A lake in central Italy, 52
miles northwest of Rome: the Roman Lacus
Volsiuiensis. It occupies the crater of an ex-
tinct volcano. LengtIi. 8 miles.
Itlie unlim of Venczuclaand NewGiaiiada Qolgover (bol'so-ver or bou'zer) CastlO. A
f Colombia, and Bolivar was elected presi „,,^,^, „pa,. Bolsover. in Derbyshire. Eiurland.
3 miles north-nortlieast of Derby. It was taken
Bolintineanii iii6 len-te-ne-iin'). Demeter.
Boru at Boliutina, Rumania, 182(): died at
Bukharest, Si'pt. 1, 1872. A Rumanian poet
and politician. He published a French trans-
lation of his (loems. "Brises d'Orient " ( lS(i(i).
Bolivar ( bol 'i-viir; S]i. pron. bo-le'vilr), Simon.
Born at Caracas, July 24, 1783: died at San Pe-
dro, near Santa Marta, Dec. 17, 1830. A famous
Venezuelan general and statesman. He took an
active part in the revolution at Caracas in 1810; served
under .Miranda in 1812 ; captured Caracas Aug. 4, 1813 ; was
there named general of the Venezuelan forces and tem]io-
rary dictator, and received the title of "Liberator" ; was
forced to retire to Barcelona and thence to .lamaica (May,
1815) ; made an iinsnccessful descent upon the Venezuelan
coast In May, 1810, and a second, successful, attempt in De-
cember ; and took Angostura in .luly, 1817. A patriot con-
gress there contlrmed Bolivar as dict^itor. In 1819 he
marched into New (4miiada. and formed a junction with
Sautander. The victory of Boyacii (Aug. 7. 1819) made him
master of Bogoti^ and NewOranada. A congress at Angos.
turn nowtierrt
in the repiiblii
ilent Dec 17, 1819, He emnpletely routed the Spanish army
f Caraliobo (.luue '24, 1821). and
ill Venezin^la iu the battle .., V ••>•»••• v»ii<- ,.-,, *u^>, - - . • .,„.,„...,,„,
10, 1822, adding the region now called from the barons in 121.5, and by Parliamentary force s under
- ■ Crawford In 1044- It belongs to the Duke of Portland.
entered tjilit>i Jiin
Ecuador to Colombia.
Sept. 1, 1823, he went to Lima, and
Bolswert, Boetius van 168 Bonaventura, Saint
Bolswert (bol'svert). Boetius van. Bom at 2r), 1848. An American military officer, colonel 1778: died at Leghorn, Italy, .Tuly 2"), 1846. A
Biilswert, T'riesland, Holland, ir)H(): died at Ant- and chief of ordnance (1832), and the inventor brother of Najjoleon I. lit- ninrrieil Ilortcnsc- Beuu-
i,-r.vTi IR'id A T»„f'..l, oTirrvitruv i.ctu.l fnv his of tlip coluTiibiafl liamais, Jan. 4, 1S02, lit-ciunf kiiiy of IKiUaiul in isoii,
wcip, 1634. A Dutch engiavei, noted tol his "'""^ "''Xf, ,ii'V«v^ \ ('.ivth-im,,;,,,, m.„ and abdicated in ISin, assunung tliu title ofCm.tc- do St.
onKniviiigs atter Kiibcns. BomilCar (bo-mil kai). A ( aith.lguuan gen- j^^^ He wrote "Ducnnionts liistnriqncset reUcxionssur
Bolswert, Schelte van, Horn at Bolswert, li)86: ei'al. He commanded tliet'arthasinians asainst AKattio- u- gouvei'nement du la llollandu " (1s2(j), etc.
died at Antwerp, Dec, Itio'J. A Dutch engi-aver, clea, 310 u.c., and i_n8ii8w.Ms|,iivd t.. n.ake himself tvnint gojiaparte, Prince Louis Lucien. Born at
brother of BoetL van Bolswert. Ue engraved l^frS^:^;^ ^^l^s^!; .;u,;:;;:d'cn;einer ''""""' "' ^:'l-"'fT'; ^^ "^rf- a'^^n "'!v p"'" 1'
after Kubens and Vandyke. -Rnminol rh,„ii'mp1l ar 7althninmpl r/iilt boi.,' ^^^^' ibedat Fano.Italy, Nov. 4, is'.ll. AFreneh
Bolt Court. A Londonkreet leading off Fleet ^"^^^li^to^ h/the i^ln^S'libfate^^ philologist, the fourth .on of Lucien Bonaparte,
^ln.^:.^:^°:^'\^JZJ^.:^<^c^ the Waal 20 miles south-southeast of Utrecht }::i:^^^£t^-^^'il:t^l^^.^;^!]i^]^,
bett's labors. It was besieged by the Spaniards in l.W't, and a„d received from liis cousin Louis Napoleon tlie title of
■Rnltnn Hinl'tnii^ nr ■Rnlt-nn Ip Monr<5 n)ol'ton- taVen by Turenne in 1672. Population (1890), prince iu 1SC3. After 1870 he lived chiefly in England. His
iSOltOn ( pol ton), or ISOltOn-ie-iyiOOrS t >oi ion .t scientific reputation rests chiefly on his investigations of
lo-raorz'). A town in Lancashire, hngland, 11 .^■-"^^- ,. ,, - - , .. ,,.\ rp, , *» «, j the Basque language, and of the phonetic character of
miles northwest of Manchester. It has manufac- isomOKanai (bo-ino-Jian tl ). ine lett affluent nearly all the languages and dialects of Europe,
tures of cotton, woolens, iron, etc. The woolen manufac- of the Welle Kiver, central Atnca, m the coiui- Bonaparte, Lucien. Born at A.iaccio, March
turc was introduced by Flemings about 1337. I'opula- try of the Nvam-Nyam and Monbutto. •)] lyj.'i- Jied at Viterbo Italv .lune 29, 1840.
ti,m(isi.l), lln002. ,, . ,, ™ ,„.,. Bona(b6'na). A sister of the Queen of France a brotlier of Napoleon I.' He became a member of
Bolton Castle. A castle m the West Biding of in Shakspere's " Hem-y VL ," part 3. the Council of Five Hundred in 1708, and its presi.lenl in
Yorkshire, England, 1.5 miles north-northwest Bona (bo'na), F. Bone (bon). A seaport in the 1799, minister of the interior in 1790, ambassador to Spain
of Bradford. It was the scene of Mary Stuart's province of Constantine, Algeria, situated on the >" i*"*' •'"'l P"'"^« "f, ^^■''"'"° ('" ""'^^ '" ^'*'*- ""^ "'"'*
imprisonment, 1568-69. ^Gnlf of Bona in lat. 36° 58' N., long. 7° 47' E.. Bontnarte" Marie ""A^na later Elisa Born
Bolus(b6'lns),Dr. The Newcastle apothecary near the site of the ancient Hippo Regius. It ^°J^^^^^f' l.?;y^%^^^^' d o 1 ,„?a^Tries^^^
of Colman the Younger's poem of that name, was occupied by the French in 1832. Popula- A\,4'ia Aik- 7 18 '0 A ^is !Vof N inoleon I
published in a volume of liumorous verse en- tion ( 1891 ), commune. 30.806. Shemarried in''i797 FeUc; Pasquale Bacciocehi ; and wa^
titled 'liroad brms. It was Dr. Bolus's practice BonaCCa, or Bonaca (bon-ak'ksi), or Guanaja made princess of Lucca and Pioniliino in ISd.'i, and gi-and
to write his prescriptions in rime, one of whicli ("When (gwa-na'Hii). One of the Bav Islands in the duchess of Tuscany in IS119.
J^^itJ^^^l^d^r 7 ; -■^-'■^; ° - C|.i^ean S^l^longnyo Hondnra. in lat. Bon^art^ I^rg A^unciata.
^S'^^rkJ^^^.lV^^^rtM'^;. ^^l^l^Jl^o^n^^^i:::^. at Florence, May\8, 1839. A sister of Na-
noma was the extreme inland post of the Dutch and For- covered by Columbus, Julv 30, 1502. poleon 1. She married Murat in 1800, and became Dnee.i
tuguese traders. BonacieUX (bo-nii-sye'). A sordid, avaricions <>' ^^P'" {"^l**- she was known as the Countess l,i-
Bomarsund (bo'mar-sond) Formerly a Rus- old rascal in Dnmas's "Three Musketeers," who Bonaparte, Maria LaetitiaCRamolino). Born
sian fortress on the island of Aland, Baltic Sea. even sacrifices his young wife m the desu-e to ^^ Aiaccio, Corsica, Aug. 24, 1750 : died at lioiue.
It was taken by the English and trench, Aug. gam favor with the cardinal. peh. 2 1836. The mother of Napoleon Bona-
10,18.54. Bonack. See Bannock. parte.' She married Carlo Bonaparte in 17(», joined her
Bomba (bom ba). King. [It. ftOHifta, bomb.] A Bona Dea (bo'na de'a). [L., 'the good god- |on in Paris in 1799, and on tlu; elevation of Napoleon as
nickname given in Italj- to Ferdinand II. of the dcss.'] An old Italian and Roman goddess of emperor in 1804 received the title of M:iilamc Mere. _
Two Sicilies, from his bombardment of Mes- fecundity, worshiped only by women: the sister, Bonaparte, Mathilde Laetitia Wilhelmine,
sina and other cities diuing the revolutionary wife, or daughter of Faunus. Born at Triest, Austria-Hungary, May 27, IS'JO.
troubles of 1849. Bonald (bo-nal'), Viconite Louis Gabriel A daughter of Jerome Bonaparte and Cather-
Bombardinian (bom- or bum-biir-din'i-an), Ambroise de. Born at Mouna, near Millau, ine, princess of Wiirtemberg.
General. The general of the king's force's in France, Oct. 2, 1754: died at Mouna, Nov. 23, Bonaparte, Napoleon. See Napoleon I.
Carey's '•Chrononhotonthologos." He has be- 1840. A French politician and jiublieist. Bonaparte, Napoleon Eugfene Louis Jean
come proverbial for burlesque bombast. After killing the Bonald Louis Jacques Maurice de. Bom at Joseph, Prince Imperi.al of France. Born at
king he calls for a coach. Millau, France, Oct. 30, 1787 : died at Lyons. Paris, March 16, 1S56 : killed in Zuliilaiid, South
"Go, call a coach, and let a coach be called, Feb. 25, 1870. A French Ultramontane ecelesi- Africa. June 1, 1879. Son of Napoleon HI.
And let the man that calls it be the caller; ^g^jp go„ of Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald. Bonaparte, Prince Napoleon Joseph Charles
BS?coach^toach•' coacir? •* • He became bishop of Puy in 1823, archbishop Paul (called Prince Napoleon). B.u'uat
Oh tor a coach, ye gods ! ■• of Lyons in 1839, and cardinal in 1841. Triest, Austria, Sept. 9, 1822: died at Rome,
_,,..,, , 1 ■■ J. /• -N A Bonaparte (bo'na-piirt; It.prou.bo-nii-par'te), March 17, 1891. Son of Jerome Bonaparte.
BombardmiO (bom- or bum-bar-dm i-o). A ^^^. Buonaparte" (bwo-nii-par'te). A famous He was made prince in 1852, and in 1879, oii tlie death of
pseudonym used by Wllham Maginn. ('nr>*ican fa-nilv said to have been of Italian the Prince Imperial m Zululand, became the chief of the
Bombastes Furioso (bom-bas'tez fii-ri-6's6). ^--oisican ta.nil.>, said to have tjeen ot Italian ijo„,,p,-u.tist party. Also known as 7Vo». ;*m.
A burlesuue opera by William Barnes -Rhodes, -lf-„/CemTero^r '^,l!X^:::'i^.'^^:^ ^^^ ?f ^*«"l'5^*1"1 ^t^?°^lX ■ 'l';anfe ""^^
produced m 1(90. It takes its name from the princi- 1852-70), Sp.iin (Joseph Bonaparte, king 1808-13), Holland <Jct. 11, i»10. died at \ el sallies, fiance, April
pal character, a victorious general, who returns from the (Louis Bonaparte, king 1806-10), Naples (Joseph Bon.i- 8,1881. Son of Lucien Bonaparte, made prince
wai-s with his army, which consists ot four badly .aisiiorted parte, king 1806-08), and Westplialia (JiSrOme, king 1807- after 1852. He shot the jouraalist Victor
warriors. He discovers his king, Artaxominous, visiting 1813). A number of persons bearing this name figured in Voi,. J.ij, JO 1S70
Distafllna, his betrothed, and resolves to go mad, which he the history of Padua, Florence, San Jliniato, and other _'^ Uol.+n •D.,*iar-Bnr, n n' o v,o..f n^t'or onn^
does. His howling, despairing, bombastic rant has caused Italian cities in the middle ages, although the coiniection iSOnapariie-iraoierson ( 00 na-paii-pai, er-soiy,
his name to become proverbial. He fights and kills liis between them and the Corsican family cannot with cer- Elizabeth. Born at Baltimore, Feb. 6, 1/8;):
king for a pair of jackboots which he had hung up as a tainty be established. One Gabriel Bonaparte rose to a ijiptl at Baltimore, April 4, 1879. An American
challenge, and is in his turn killed by Fusbos, the minis- position of some eminence at Aiaccio, Corsica, about 1687. i.,,iv wbr, nmrvieil liiri'imo Tinmiinvte in IfiOT
ter ot state. The larce is a burlesque of the "Orlando His descendant Carto Bonaparte became the father of '''^'.^ .^^'J" ™^"'^''. •'J''^"'"*' Uonai>aite m jnuj.
Furioso." Napoleon Bonaparte, the founder ot the dynastic fortunes hee J (ntcrs(i)i, Jiludlxtli. ^
Bombay (bom-ba'). A governorship and presi- "f «« family. , „ .■■„ ■ Bonaparte-Patterson, Jerome Napoleon.
dency of British India lying between Baluchis- Bonaparte, Carlo. Born at Ajaccio, Corsica, Born at Camberwell, Lngland. July 1, 1805:
tan, the Pan jab, and Rajputaua on the north, March 29. 1746: died at Montpellier, France, died at Baltimore, June 17, 1870. The eldest
Indur, Central Provinces. West Berar, and Ni- Feb. 24, 178o. A Corsican lawyer, father of Na- son of Jerome Bonaparte.
zam's dominions on the east Madras and Mai- poleon Bonaparte. He was a pnrtizan of Paoli, with Bonaparte -Patterson, Jerome Napoleon,
snr on the south, and the ^Ai-abian Sea on the "'.horn he fotight .against the Genoese. He married Maria Born at Baltimore, N<,v. 5 1832 : .lied at Pride's
west Area of the governorsluD (excluding 8indW7 27'-, J iTnxf' ,. t,t • t. , • Crossing, Essex County, Mass., Sept. 4, 1893.
r,uare n^cs;1opnl.?u™r89;):'l&!27a^iS'^^^^^ Bonaparte Carlotta ater Marie Pauline. Son of Jerome Napol,5on Bonaparte-Patterson.
47,789 scjuare miles; population, 2,871,774. Total area of Born at Ajaccio, Oct. 20, 1(80: died at J.' lor- He entered the French service in 1854, and served with
goveniiuship, 125,144 square miles ; total population ot ence, June 9, 1825. A sister of Napoleon I. distinction in the Crimean and Italian campaigns.
ISonibay ^1891), 18,901,123. Areaot tributary states, 69,045 im,e maiTied Prince Camillo Borghese, Aug. 28, Bonar (bon'ar), Horatius. Born at P'.dinburgh,
square nnles; population, 8,(69,298. ^g^g D^,^ jt)^ 1808: died at Edinburgh, July 31, 1889.
Bombay, ilullind. Bain hai,Uu\H.y BamhJ, etc.- Bonaparte, Charles Louis Napoleon. See A Scotch clergyman, lyric poet, ai'id wTiter.
orig. Pg. /ioa on/iin, good harlior: hoa, fem. ot \,ni,il(;()iiIIJ He was pastor at Kelso 1838-BG ; joined with his congrc-
/)om (L. /;o««.s), good; 6«7»«, bav, harbor.] A ■R„J,„„,.fo nhavloc T npion ThIao Laurent gation in the Free-Church movement of 1843 ; and became
cno„,.,.t o,„l fl,o^.Qr,ltnl nf tlio .mv-n.-.i^vabin r,f isonaparte, Unarles IjUCien JUieS Ijaurem;, (,„. „f the Grange Free church, F.dinburgh, in 1806.
seaport, and the capital ot the go\einoiship of pi.ince of Canino and of Musiguauo. Born at fie wrote "Hymns of Faith and Hope" (1857-66).
Bombay situated on ^theislancl of Boiubay in p.^^^^^ jjj^y 24,1803: died at Paris, July 29, Bonassus (bo-nas'us). A mvthical beast with
lat. 18 .54^N., long. (^ 4J i.. It is the flrst city igg;^ A noted naturalist, son of Lucien Bona- whom Hogg,' the Ettrick Shepherd, had an ad-
of India, and the leaduig city in commerce. It is ctm- ^ i 1 • 1 •*-■ u- i ; p ,.. ,..l^.. «... *
nected w'ith Salsette Island and with the mainland, and is P'll'te by his second wite. His chief works ai e venture.
the terminus of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway. Its " American Ornithology " (182.5-dd) and "Icon- Bonaventura (bo-na-ven-td ra). A tnar ot a
trade is largely in the hands of the British and I'arsees. ogratia della fauna Italiea" (1832-41). kindlv, pliable nature, modeled on Shakspere's
Bombav was acciuired by the Portuguese about ir,3(i and Bonaparte, J6r6me. Born at Ajaccio, Nov. FriarLawi-ence, in Ford's plav " 'Tis Pity She 's
was ceded to England in 1661, and to the East Imiia Com- ** w*i».4#«'* w^, «/ w* vixi%,, _ j loco a i,t, „
pany in 1668. Population (1891), including cantonment, lo, 1(84: died near Pans, June 24, 1860. A a Whore." „ , ^,
821,764. brother of Napoleon I., made king of West- Bonaventura, or Bonaventure, Father. The
Bomberg (bom'berg), Daniel. Born at Ant- jihalia in 1807. Ue married Miss Elizabeth Patterson name adopted by Charles Eilward Stuart when
werp- died at Venice 1.549 A Dutch printer "' Baltimore in 1803, and, thi.s raaiTiage having been an- he came to England in 17.53 to see his adherents.
noted for his editions 'of the Hebrew Bible and ™!^''l' ">""'«<' ^"^"""^^ Catherine of w.utend.erg m ^^,,^j^ introduces him under this name in " Red-
the Talmud. Bonaparte, Joseph. Born at Corte, Corsica. „^''"">">:'*-" ,^. .. ^.., ... _.^ ,^.
Bomby (bom'bi), Hope-on-High. A Puntan .].,.„. 7, nos: diccl at Florence, July 28, 1844. Bonaventura (bo-na-ven-to ra), Saint (GlO-
inFletcher'splay"W^men Pleased," intended t,,o ..West brother of Napoleon I. Ho became vannl di Fidenza). Born at Bagnorea, Italy,
to ridicule the sect to which he belonged. He amember of the Council of Five Hundred in 1793, a conn- 1221: died at Lyons, r ranee, .July i.J, lZ/4.
:q)peiirs as the hobby-horse in a morris-dance, and de- cilor tjf state in 1799, king of Naples in ISOC. and king <)f A celel>rated scholastic philosopiiei', surnamed
tiuunres worldly pleasures at the same time, Spain in ISOS, He lived in the Cnited States, under the "Doctor Seraphicus." He became professor of the-
Bomford (bum'ford), George. Born in New name of Comte de Survilliers, 1816-S2. o,ogy ^^ p^^is in 12.53^ general of the Franci.scans in
Y'ork city, 1780 : "died at Boston, Mass., March Bonaparte, Louis. Born at Ajaccio, Sept. 2, 1266, bishop of Albano in 1273, and cardinal in 1274. He
I
Bonaventura, Saint
wxs canonized in U82. lie was the author of the " Brevi-
hMiuluu)" and "(-'etitilotiuium " (uiaiinals of ilucniatics).
" Itiiierarlinn mentis in Deuni." "lU'ductin artiuni in
thr..!o;,'i:itn," "Biblia Pauperuin," etc.
Boncbamp (bim-shoi'i'), Charles MelcMor
Artus de. Bom ;il .loiivcnlcil. Aiijou, Fraiicf,
Mav 111. 17l!0: liicil near ('tii)llot, Friiiice, Oi-t.
IK, "17!(:>. A FriMwli ui'iicial, loailer of the
Veiiileaiis.
Bond (bonil). George Phillips. Bom at Dor-
chester, Mass., May -'(>, 182.'): ilied at Cam-
bridge, Mas.s., Feb. 17, 1S6.">. An Americ-an
astronomer, son of William Craiieh Komi, ami
director of the observatory of Hai'vanl Uni-
versity. He wrote "On the Construction of
till- i;iri<.'s of Saturn," ete.
Bond, William Cranch. Born at Portland,
.Maine, Sept. 9, 1789: ilieil at Cambriilfje, Mass.,
.Tan. 25), 18.59. An Ameriean astronomer. He
8nperinten<le<l the erection of the Harvard observatory in
l.s;fl>. tK-coiniiip its director when completed, and became
noted for liis observations on Saturn and the llxed stars
as well iW for his operations in celestial photography.
Bondei (bon-da'i), or Wa-Bondei (wii-bou-
ilii'i). A Bantu tribe of (Jeriuan Kast Afriea,
liviiiK bet'veen the sea-coast and the Usam-
bara hills. B'a-dom/.t', 'people of the lowland.' is the
name Kiven them by their western hii.'hl:tnd tieit.'hbois.
By the coa-st people they are called Wa-r^'faiijri,' biisli people.'
Bondi (bon'de). Clemente. Bom at Jlezzaua,
near Parma, Italy. Jime 27, 1742: died at
Vienna, .Inne 20, 1821. An Italian poet. He
was a member of the .lesuit order, professor of oratory in
tlie Royal .Seminary at P.arma, and later instructor of his-
U>vy ami literature at the court of Vieun.a.
Bondman (bond'man). The. A tragedy by
.Massintjer, lieenseil in 102:i, and first acted in
Ii;l'4.
Bondman, The. An opera by Balfe, produced
at Dmry Lane in 1H4G.
Bond street. The main thoroughfare between
O.vford street ami Piccadilly in London. It was
formerly a fjLshionable promenaiie, but is now tilled with
shops. It contains the Grosvenor and Uore galleries.
New It^nnl street is the end nearest Oxford street.
Bondu (bon-do'). A kingdom in .Senegambia,
West Africa, about lat. 14°-1.5° N., long. 12°-
i:i° W. The inhaliitanta are chielly I'ulahs; its pre-
vailing religion is .Mohaiuinedanism. It was first visited
by Mungo Park.
Bonduca (bon-dil'kii 1. [See Boddicea.'] A tra-
geily with this title, by ]?'letcher, was produced
))efore ItilJl. An alteration of Fletcher's play was
brought out in WW by Ceorge Powell, an .actor, and an-
titluT alteration by the elder » 'olm.an was acted in 1773. A
third alteration was maile l)y .1. K. Planche and acted in
IS."}?. It was called "t'aractacus."
Boney (bo'ni). An English nickname for Xapo-
leoii Itc.iiaparte.
Bon Qaultier (bon gftl'ti-^r). Ballads of. A
volume of satirical verse by Professor William
Kilmonstoune .\ytoun and Theodore Martin, re-
printed from " Blackwood's Magazine."
Bongo (bong'go). or Obong (6'bong). A mixed
negro tribe occiiij.^nng a wide tract of land in
the basin of the Bahr-el-(ihazal, eastern Sudan.
'I*hey are of medium si/.e, good muscular development,
and red-brown complexion, and are remarliable iron- and
wiHMl'Workers. In their ears, noses, and under lips they
wear rings and pieces of wood. A tuft of grass is tlie
women's garment. Since 18o0 they have heen victimized
by tlie Khartum slave-traders. Some affinity is fouii'l be-
tween their language and that of tlie Bari and Bagriiiiik.
Alno called Dor and Akinna by their Dinka and >'yani-
Ny.iiii oeigldKirs.
Bonheur (bo-ner'), Frangois Auguste. Born
at Bordeaux, Prance, Nov. 4, 1824: died at Paris,
Feb. 2:i, 18,84. A French painter of landscapes
and animal life, brotlicr of Kosa Bonheur.
Bonheur, Jules Isidore. Born at Bordeaux,
France. Slay I.'i, 1S27. A French sculjitor, bro-
tlicr III' Ki)sa Bonheur.
Bonheur, Juliette fMme. Peyrol). Bom .July
l'.», ls:i(i: (11. -d .luly 1!», 1S!)L A French painter,
sister of Kosa Bonheur.
Bonheur, Rosalie (Rosa) Marie. Born at
Borilcaux, Fran.-i-, March 22, 1828. A cele-
brated Freneli painter of animal life and of
landscapes, she was a pupil of her father and Won
Cognlet. She receive.! ntedals of the first class in 13IS and
Htl.'.. At thi^ exposition Univeraelle of IB.'i.'i sin- exhibited
'' Iji Fenaison en Auvergne," which established her rei>u.
t.ation. She lives in retirement. Since 1&40 she has liceii
the directress of the Free School of Design for Young
flirls. Among her noted works , are " i,ni,yurage niver-
nals" (Museedu Luxembourg), "Ktudes d'luiinniux "(Mu-
a6e de Bordeaux), " Paysage et animaux" (Mus^e u'Or-
K-ans), "The ilorsc Fair" (Metropolitan Museum, New
York).
Bonbomme (bo-nom'), Jacques. [P.. 'James
(iooclmaii.'] A contemptuous sohriiiuet which
till- nobility in I'rance gave to the people, par-
lieiil.-irly llie pc-as.'ints. See ./(/cf/i/cr/e.
Bonbomme Richard (bo-nom' ro-shiir'). [F.,
• good man Kiehard.'J One of a float of five
ir.o
vessels prepared by the French govemmont,
on the advice of Benjamin Franklin, and placed
under the connnand of John Paul .lones. It was
a merchantman ihangetl to a man-of-war and named !)n-
ras, and tin n Itonlionune Itieliard, or Poor Richard, at
Jones's sug-«'estion, in honor of Franklin. Tlie fleet saileil
from L'Orieiit, Aug. 14, 177!J, passed ali,ng tlie west Irish
coa-st around Scotland, ami, Sept. 23, 177'.l, retlueed to three
ships, fell in with the North Sea nien-hant fleet under
convoy of the Serapis (44 guns) and Countess of Scarbor-
ongli (20 guns) off Flamborough Head. The Bonliomme
Richard engaged the Serapis, Captjiin Pears, m, at7.:io r. .m.
by moonliu'lit in the presence of thousands of spectators.
Tile Serapis struck at 10.30. On tlie 2oth the Bonliomme
Ricliard went down.
Bonl (lio'ne). A state in the southern part of
Celebes, East Indies, in lat. fi° S., long. 12n°E..
a dependency of the Netherlands. Its inhabi-
tants arc Bugis. Population (estimated). 21)11,-
(1(10 (?).
Boniface (bon'i-fas) I., h. Bonifacius (bon-i-
fa'shi-ns). Saint. Died 422. Bisho[i of Koine
418-422. He is comitiomorated on Oct. 25.
Boniface II. Pope r)30-.532.
Boniface III. Pope 607 f (006?). Heiniluenced
the eniper.n- Phocaa to decree that the title ITniversal
llislioj, should be given only to the Bisliop of Rome.
Boniface IV. Pope 608-()ir). He received per-
mission from the emperor Phocas t*> convert the Pantheon
erected liy Agrippa. at Rome, into a Christian church un-
der the name of Sancta Maria Rotunda.
Boniface V. Pope 619-020. He enacted the decree
itv which elmrches became places of refuge for criminals.
Boniface VI. Pope 890 (897 f). He was of an
abandoned chai-acter. and was seated in the papal chair
by a mob after the death of Formosus. He clied tlfteen
days later.
Boniface VII. Died 9,8'). Pope. He attained the
papal throne in a popnljir tumult in 074, was driven from
Rome ill ll7.'i, and returned and deposed .lolin XIV. in
1)&4. By .some he is not regarded as a legitimate p.iiie.
Boniface VIII. (Benedict Cajetan). Born at
Anagni, Italy, about 1228: died at Rome, Ot.
II, 1303, Pope from Dec. 24, 1294, to Oct. 11,
1.303. He issued Feb. 2.5, 1290, the bull Clrricix Iniciif,
which was ilirected against Philip the Fair of F'rance, who
had imposed taxes on the FYencli clergy, and whicli for-
bade the clergy of any country to pay tiiliiite to the secu-
lar governnient without the pajiiii jH-iniission ; but was
forced by an enactment of Philip wliieli stopped the ex-
portation of money from France to concede that the French
clergy might render viduntary contributions. He opened
at Rome, Oct. Ht\ 13U2 (as tlie result of a quarrel with Philip
over tile imprisonment of an insolent papal legate, the
Bialiop of Paniiers). a synod, in whicli he promulgated,
Nov. 18, 1302, the bull Unatn itaiietavi, asserting the tem-
poral as well as spiritual supremacy of the Pope. He was
made prisoner at Anagni, Sept. 7, l.'io.!, by Xogaret, vice-
chancellor to Philip, and Sciarra (.'oloniia ; and although
shortly released by the populace, died at Rome of a fever,
said to have been brought on by a rage.
Boniface IX. (Pietro Tomacelli). Died at
Rome, Oct. 1, 1404. Pope at Rome 1389-1404.
lie ipiarreled with Richard <.f England on the subject of
the ollation of benefices, established the perpetual an-
nates, and spent his reign in Intrigues against the popes
of Avignon.
Boniface. A landlord in Farquhar's "Beaux'
Stratagem." He was in league with the high-
waj'mcn, and prided himself on his diet of ale.
From him the name has been applied to inn-
keepers in genei'al.
Boniface, Abbot. The head of the monastery
<it' St. Mary in Scott's novel "The Mona.stery."
Boniface, Saint (original name Winfrid or
Winfrith). liorn at Kirton, or Crcilil.ui, Dev-
onshire: died ni'ar Dokkum. Frieslainl, June ">,
7.').'i. A celebrated Englisli tnissionary, calleil
"the Apostle of Germany." From 71('. he labored
among the Friesians and Oerinan tribes. He was made
bishop in 72.'i, and archbishop in 732. About 713 he fouiideil
the abbey iff Kulda, where nis remains were laid. From
74G to 7i»4 he occupied the see of Mainz. He was mur-
dered in 75.'). He is said to have enforced his missionary
teaching by cutting down with his own hand the sacred
oak at (U'isniar. His festival is celebrated in the Roman
and Anglican churches on June .•).
Boniface of Savoy. Died 1270. A younger
son of Thomas 1.. count of Savov, nominated
archbishop of Cantei'burv in 1241, conlirmod
b.v the Pope in 1243, and consecrated in 124,').
Bonifacio (bo-ne-fit'cho), strait of. A strait
in the Mcditci-raiiean Sea which separates Cor-
sica from Sardinia.
Bonifacius (bon-i-fa'shi-us), or Boniface,
Count. Born in Thrace: died 432 .\. H. A
Roman general in the time of Honorius ami
Placidia : a rival of Aetius and a friend of
St. Augustine. He Ber\cd with distinction against
the (ioths and the Vandals in Frane^e (defending Mar-
seilles against Ataulf, king of the (lotbs. 1l:t) and Sjiain,
and in Afiica. Through the jdotting of Aetius he was
led to ruvidt against Placidia and ally himself with the
Vandals in Africa. Ue stion, however, returned to his al-
legiance, and attacked Genseric, but was defeated and be-
sieged for fourteen months in Hippo. On returning to
Italy he met and conquered Aetius, butdied from wmiiids
received In the battle.
Benin (bo-nen'), Adolf 'VOn. Bom Nov, 11,
Bonne'ville
1803: died at Berlin, April 10. 1872. A Prus-
sian infantrv general, governor of Dresden
1,800-1)7. aii.fof LorraiiK' 1870-71.
Bonin, Eduard von. Born at Stolpe, Pras-
sia, .March 7, 1793: died at Coblent'z, Prussia,
March 13, 1805, A Prussian infantry general,
distinguished in the Schleswig-Ilolstein war,
184.8-.'i0.
Bonin (bo-nen') Islands, Jiyi. Bu-nin-to,
(bi)-nen-to'). or Ogasa'wara Sima (o-gii-sii-
wii'ril se'mii). .\ group of ,8;) islands and rocks,
of volcanic formation, in the North Pacific, in
lat. 20° 30'-27° 4.5' N., long. 14lo-143° E. They
were discovered by thclapanese in l.'iO:*, and annexed by
Japan in ISSO. Area. 72 square miles.
Bonington (bon'ing-ton), Richard Parkes.
Bom at Arnold, near Nottingham, Kuglaml,
Oct. 2."), 1801 : ilied at London, Sept. 23, 1828.
An English painter of coast and street scenes,
anil of historical genre ]iicfur('s.
Bonjour (bon-.jor'). The Brothers. Born at
Pont d'Ain, France: lived about 177.')-90: died
in exile at Lausanne, Switzerland. Two French
heretics who became cure and vicar of the
parish of Farcins. They founded a sect called
"flagellants Fareinistes."
Bonn (bon). A city in the Rhine Province,
Prussia, situated on the west bank of the Rhine
15 miles south-southeast of Cologne: the Ro-
man Boniia. or Castra Bonnensia. It contjiins a
noted university and minster. It was originally a Ro-
man fortress, and was for many centuries the capital of
the electorate ot Cologne. 'I'he French held it l(17.'i-89,
and it was ceded to France in 1801. It was acquired by
Prussia in 1815. The cathedral is an interesting example
of the Rhenish florid R.inianesque, with two lu'caiicd
towers at eacii end, a high octagonal tower and timber
spire at the cn.ssing, and two choirs. The exterior is
characterizcil by hue arcading, particularly on the apse
and the transepts, which have polygonal terminations.
The interior is excellent in jiroportiinis, and possesses some
good sculpture. The crypt is of tb.- iitli ,enttiry, anil has
various nietlieval wall-paintings. l',qiulation (ls:to), com-
mune, ;i!».805.
Bonnat (bo-nii' ), Leon Joseph Florentin. Born
at Bayonnc, France, .lune 20, 1833. A French
painter of historical pieces and portraits, a
pupil of Madrazo and Cogniet. He won the second
prix de Rome in 18.S1 ; made his d^but at the Salon of 1857
with three portraits: won a medal of the second class in
ls()7, and a medal of honor in 1809; and became a mem-
ber of tiie Institute in ls74.
Bonner (bon'tr), Edmund. Born at Hanley,
Worcestershire, England, about 1495: died
Sept. 5, 1509. An English prelate, made bishop
of London in 1.539, noted for persecution of
Protestants in the reign of Mary. 15.53-58. on
the accession of Elizal>eth he refused to take the oath of
supremacy, and was committed to the Marshalsea, where
he died.
Bonner, Robert. Born near Londondeiry, Ire-
land, April 28, 1824. An American publisher,
founder of the "New York Ledger" (1851),
noted as an owner of frotting-horses.
Bonnet (bo-na'), Charles. Born at Geneva,
Switzerland, March 13, 1720: died near Lake
Geneva, June 20, 1793. A Swiss naturalist and
philosophical writer. His works include "Traiti
d'insectologic " (1745), " 'I'raiti^ de I'nsagc des feuilles"
(1754), "Essai analytlque sur les facnltiSs de raiiie" (17(10),
" Considc'rations sur les corps organisiSs" (1702), "Con-
templation de la nature" (1784), " Palliig^ntSsie pliiloso-
pliique " (1709).
Bonn6table (bon-na-tiibl'). A town in the dc-
|iartnicnt of Sarthe, Frani'c, Ki miles northeast
of LeMans. Popidatioii(1891), commune, 4,294.
Bonneval (bou-viil'). A town in the depart-
ment of Eure-et-Loii', France, situated on the
Loir 18 miles south by west of Chartres. Pop-
ulation (1891), commune, 3,789.
Bonneval, Claude Alexandre, Comte de.
Born at Coussae, Liiiioiisiii, France, .Inly 14,
1075: died at Constaiitino))le, March 27, 1747.
An adventurer in the French, Austrian, and
Turkish service: known also as Achmet Pasha.
He served under Prince Eugene in Italy. Provence, and
in the campaigns of 171(1 1'2. In 17os he commanded an
army corps in the Papal states, and served against the
Turks in Kl.'t.
Bonneville (bon-vel'). A town in the depart-
ment of Haute-Savoio, France, situated on the
Arve 10 miles southeast of Geneva. Popula-
tion (1,891 \ 2,213.
Bonneville (bon'vil). Benjamin L. E. Bom in
Frame about 1793: died at Fort Smith, Ark.,
■lune 12. 1,878. An American soldier. Hefought
with distinction in the war with Mexico, commanded the
Oila expedition, 1807. and in the Civil War was coininan-
liaiil ot llenton Barracks at St. Ixiuis, 1^12 U5. lie became
colonel in 18.^>.^'. and brevet major-general in Isil.^,. While
captain he engaged in explorations in the Koi-ky ^lountains
and California, ls.Sl-;)ll. His Journal was amplincil by
Washington Irving, and published under the tide " Ad-
ventures of ('apt. Uiinneville, I'. S. A., in tile Rocky Miiuu.
tains of the Far West" (1837).
Bonnibel
Bonaibel (bon'i-bel). [F. bonne et belle, good
170
Bopp
auil ])rettj'.]
order or liture}- used by the English church at Geneva. BoOrlOS (bijr'los). Lake.
-_ „ ,.„„„_ 3lcCliiiii'ck luut Sin.iui. the delta of tlif Nile, near
A coraruon name for a joung g^^^ of Common Prayer. The servu-e-l.ook gootan. See hhulun.
A large lagOon in
lUc Meditenaiiean.
i.'iil ill <iUi pastoral poeti-v.
Bonnivard (bo-ne-viir' ), Francois de. Bom at
Seyssel (f ), near Geneva, 1496: died at Geneva
about 1570. A tienevaii prelate iind politieian.
the hero of Byron's po.'iu "The Prisoner of
Chillon." lie l)ecame prior of .St. Victor in ir.t4, and
was a conspicuous op|>ouent of Charles, duke of havoy,
who endeavored to obtain control of lieiiev:!. He was
larsely instruincTital in brinsring about an :dliance between
lieneva and ITlboui-g in ir.18, and in 1519 was captured by
the duke and imprisoned twenty months.
of the Chui'ch of England, or a similar book gootes (bu-o'tez). [Gr. Uourz/f, the o.\-driver
authorizeil by one of the other branches of the
Anglican Church. it is poi)nlarly known as the
Vniyerbouk. The first Book ol t'onimon daycr was is-
sued in 154il. It was nearly all taken from medieval li-
turgical books. English Wiis substituteil for Latin, and a
uniform use was established for the whole Church of Eng-
land. Revisions were made in 1552, 155'.). and ltj62. The
or jilowman.] A northern constellation con-
taining the liright star Arcturus. situated be-
hind the Great Hear. It is supposed to rcprer^ent a
man holding a criH)k and driving the Bear. In modern
times the constellation of the llounds has been interposed
lietweeu Bootes iuid the Bear.
.American l'rayer-bo.ik wi.s auihc.rized in 178»; a revision Booth (both). The husband 01 Amelia, a
tiiined a s:ife-conduet from the duke to visit his aged Pa-
rents at Seyssel. but w;isaiTe.stcd at Lausanne, May 26,153li,
and conflned in the castle of fhillon where, after a visit
from the duke (1,=.32), he was placed lii a suhterranean
duiiKeon and, according to the local tradition, f:istened to
a pillar. He w:ui liberated. March 29, 1.^36, at the capture
of Chillon bv the Bernese. He was the author of • l.eschro-
ni.iucs de llcneve " (edited by Dunant, Geneva, 1831), which
was written at the instance of the magistracy of Geneva.
Bonny, ^ee /(/-".
Bonny 0>on'i), River. An arm of the >iger
delta which flows into the Bight of Biafra in
lat. 4° 30' N.. long. 7° E. •
Bonomi (bo-no'me). Giuseppe. Bom at Rome.
Jan. I'.l, 1739: died at Loudon, March 9, 1808.
An Italian architect residing in England, a
leader in the revival of Grecian styles. His
principal work is "Roseneath Hall, Dumbar-
tonshire, Scotland.''
Bonomi, Joseph. Bora at Rome, Oct. 9, 1/96:
died at Loudon. March 3. 1878. An English
sculptor and draftsman, son of Giuseppe Bono-
mi. He made a hu^e number of drawings ol Assyrian
and especially Egvptian remiuns, for the works of various
archa;ologists, and himself published 'Nineveh and its
Talaces ' (1SJ2). etc. . .
Bononcini (bo-nou-che'uei. or Buononcuu
(bwO-uon-che'ne), Giovanni Battista. Born
at Modena, Italv. about 1667 : died probably at
Venice, after 1752. An Italian composer of op-
era, and a rival of Handel.
Bonorva (bo-nor'va). A town in the island of
Sardinia, 25 miles south-southeast of Sassari.
Population. 6,000.
Bonpland (boh-ploii')- Aime. Bora at La
Rochelle, Aug. 22, 1773: died at San Boria,
Uruguay. May 4, 1858. A French naturalist
and traveler. From 1799 to ISOS he traveled with Hum-
boldt in .America. On his return he published " Plantes
^quinosiales," and other botanical works. In loielie went
.- V..1,—.— • "J "■"* begun in 1880 and issued in 1S92.
In 1530 he ob- Book of Cupid, God of Love, The.
See Ciicloo
iiiiil tin SiqlitiiiiiiiU , The.
Book of the Dead, The. See the extract.
The chief monument of the religious literature of Egypt
is the " Book of the Dead." in 106 chaptei-s, now being criti-
cally edited by M. XavUle. Portions of it were InscribeJ
on the mummv-cases and tombs, and are met with in the
latest of the demotic papyri. It was. in fact, the funeral
ritual of the Egyptians, describing in mystical laoguiigc
the adventures of the soul after death, and the texts it
must quote in order to escape the torments and trials of Booth.
the lower world. It is the literary reflection of the Osiris
myth, and grew along with the latter. A hier.itic text of
the eleventh dynasty gives two varjing versions of the
sixty-fourth chapter, ascribed to King Men-ka-ra, from
which we may infer the antiquity of the latter. But only
the essence of the work went back to the old Empire.
The rest consisted of additions and glosses, and glosses of
glosses, which continued to be made up to the time of the
Persians. The oldest portion seems to have been of a
practically moral character, contrasting strikingly with
the mystical tone of the later accretions, where the doc-
trine of justification by faith in Osiris has taken the place
of that of good works. Sayce, Anc. Empires, p. 79.
Book of the Duchess. A poem by Chaucer,
known also as -'The Death of Blanche the
Duchess." It was probably written near the end of 1369,
as Blanche, the wile of the Duke of Lancaster, died .Sept. 12,
1369. The poem represents the inconsolable nature of the
grief of the duke, and embodies the story of Ceyxand Alcy-
one. The duke, John of (iaunt, however married .again in
1372. The broader outlines of the plot come from Ma-
chault's " Dit duLiou ' and " I)it delaFontaine .\moureuse."
Book of Martyrs, The. A history of the perse-
cution of Reformers in England, by John Foxe.
It was finished in 15o9, and was in Latin. It was published
March 20. 1563, and called " Actes and Monuments," but
was popularly known as "The Book of Mai-tjTS." He
translated it into English himself.
Book of Mormon. The sacred book of the Mor-
mons,or Latter-day Saints : a corrupt version of a re-
ligious romance '■ The Manuscript Found," written in l!i09
by S.ilomon Spaulding, and published in 1830 by Joseph
Smith, who pretended that he had translated it from the
" Plates of Nephi ' transmitted to him by angels.
to Buenos Ayres, and in 1S21 attempted a journey from gook of St. iUbanS. A rimed treatise on hawk-
that place to Bolivia. Passing by the frontiers of Paraguay
he was seized by order of the dictator Francia (Dec. 3,
IS-'l), and was not allowed to leave the country until 1830.
Af^er his release he resided on a small plantation near
the confines of Uruguay and Brazil.
Bonstetten (bon'stet-ten). Charles "Victor de.
Born at Bern, Switzerland, Sept. 3, li4.>: died
at Geneva, Feb. 3, 1832. A celebrated Swiss
litterateur and philosophical writer. His works
include '■ Recberches sur la nature et les lois de limagi-
nation " (lsii7). " Etudes sur lliomme " (1S21), etc.
Bontemps(b6h-toh'), Roger. [F. bon temps,
good time.] A pseudonym of Roger de Col-
lerye. a French poet, born at Pai-is about 1470.
He was of a lively, gay, careless temperament B^ranger
has popularized this type in one of his famous songs, and
the name is proverbially given to any jovial fellow.
There is a very much older French song, without date or
author, in which La Mire Bontemps gives lively, cheerful
advice to young girls.
Bon Ton (bon ton). [F.. • good tone.' i. e. high
fashion.] A comedy by Burgoyue. produced in
17liO. Garrick shortened it, and produced it in 1775 as
■ Bon Ton, or High Life above .Stairs."
Bontuku (bon-to'ko). A town of Gyaman,
north of the Gobi Coast, West Africa, now m
French territory. It is here that the coast traders
meet the caravans of Mande-nga. which bring the produce
from the Upper Niger basin.
Bonvin (bon-van' ), FranQOlS. Bora at \ augi-
rard.Sfine.in 1817: djedl887. A French painter.
He produced genre pictures recalling the best
specimens of the Flemish school.
Bonython (bon'i-thon), Richard. Born in
England. 1.580: died about 16.50. An English
soldier who received a grant of a tract of land
on the east side of the Saco River, in Maine,
and settled there in 1631. He was commissioner
for the goveniment of Maine tmder Gorges in 1636, and
later (1640-17) one of his council. His son, John Bonython,
introduced by Whittier in " Mogg Megone, ' was a turbu-
lent character, and wiis outlawed for contempt of court
Booby (bii'l.i). Lady. In Fielding's novel
"Joseph Andrews," a vulgar woman who tries
to seduce Joseph Amlrcws, her footman, and
dismisses liiiii on account of his virtue.
Book of Common Order. The liturgy of the
church of Scotland. In l.=>62 the Book of Common
Order, commonly termed • Knois Liturgy," was partially
introduced in place of the Book of Common Prayer, and
in l.'iiH its use was authoritatively ordained in all the
churches in Scotland. This liturgy was taken from the
ing. hunting, etc., printed in English in 14bb
It was reprinted by Wynkvn de Worde in 1196. It has been
attributed to Juliana Bemers (Julyans Bernes), and some
of it was certainly written by her. The second edition
contains the popular -'Treatyseon Fysshynge with an An-
gle." Ithasbeeu many times reprinted. The original edi-
tion was reprinted in facsimile by Eliot Stock in 1881.
Book of Sentences. See the extract.
prominent diaracter in Fielding's novel "Ame-
lia." Fielding intended in this ch.aracter to represent
partly his own follies, improvidence, and weakness.
Booth, Barton. Boru in Lancashire, England,
in 1681: died at Loudon, May 10, 1733, An
English tragedian. He first appeared in London in
1700, having previously played in Ireland. He played
with Betterton and with WUks. In 1719 he married
Hester Santlow (his second wife), a dancer and actress of
great beauty but of iiTegular life.
Edwin Thomas. Bom at Bel Air,
Md., Xov. 13. 1833: died in New York city.
June 7, 1893. A noted American tragedian.
He was the son of Junius Brutus Booth, and his first
appearance was as Tressel to his father's Richaixl III..
on Sept. 10, 1S19. In 1857 he first appeared as a "star"
in Boston as Sir Giles Overreach. In 1861 he went to
London and played an engagement there. The assassina-
tion of Lincoln by his brother John Wilkes Booth led to
his temponu-v retirement from the stage : but he reap-
peared as Hamlet on Jan. 3, lt«6, in New York, and acted
in Shaksperian plays at the Winter Garden Theater until
its destruction by fire in 1867. He then erected a theater
of his own in New York, which was opened Feb. :{, 1869,
but was financially a failure. In ItSO he again went to
London. In lh83 he acted in Gei-many. In 1SS6 he began
his engagement to play under the management of Lawrence
Barrett, and continued t.» play with him until Barrett's
death in 1891. His last appearance was in Brtxiklyn, April
4, 1891, in the part of Hamlet. In 18ss he founded in New
Y'ork ''llie Players." a club designed to pronn-te soL-ial in-
tercourse between the dramatic and kindred professions,
and in its club-house he died.
Booth, John Wilkes. Bora at Bel Air, Md.,
1839 (1838?): shot near Bowling Green, Va..
April 26. 1865. An American actor, the brother
of Edwin Booth. He assassinated President
Lincoln at Ford's Theater, Washington, April
14, 1865.
Booth, Junius Brutus. Born at London. May
1. 1796: died on a Mississippi steamboat on
Nov. 30. 18.52. An Anglo-American actor. His
first professional appearance was as Campillo in "The
Honeymoon" in 1813 at Peckham. England ; his last, as Sir
Edward Slortimer in "The Iron Chest," Nov. 19, 18.'>2, at
New Orleans. His career was brilliant though erratic.
His rivalry with Kean (whom he somewhat resembled) and
his erratic conduct led"to exciting incidents in the Covent
Garden Theater in 1S17. resulting in his departure for
America in 1821. On .Tan. 13 of that year he married Mary
.^nne Holmes. He played in America with great success.
In 1822 he bought a farm in Uiuford County, Marj'land,
where his family lived and he retired when not acting.
Born at Charleston.
)ent,ein.e!>. |^ee luc ^^..«c>. Booth, Junius Brutus. Born at Charleston,
of this kind is the •• Book of Sentences of Peter the ■du"'',". .''.^'tff ",• -^ ^ M-,„chester Mass 1883
>ish"p of Paris), who is. on that account, usu- S. (_., l^-l , ilieil at .uaucnester, iuass., lono
^ ■ " "^^ "^ — An American actor, eldest son of Junius Brutut
Lombard (b.-..,. .- „ .
ally called " Magister Sententiarum " : a work which w.>is
published in the twelfth centurv, and was long the text
and standard of such discussions. The questions are de- _^
cided by the authority of Scriptiue and of the lathers of „ , WilHom
the Church; and are divided into four books, of which JSOOm, William
the first contains questions concerning God and the doc-
trine of the Trinity in particular ; the second is concern-
ing the creation ; the third, concerning Christ and the
Christian religion ; and the fourth treats of religious and
moral duties. Whewell, Ind. Sciences, I. 317.
Book of Snobs, The. A series of sketches by
Thaekerav on his favorite subject, snobbery
in all its" branches. They first came out in
"Punch" as " The Snob Papers" in 1843.
Boolak. See Biilal.-.
Boole (bol), George. Bom at Lincoln, Eng-
land, Nov, 2, 1815: died neai- Cork, Ireland,
Dec. 8, 1864. A celebrated English mathema-
tician and logician, professor of mathematics at
Queen's College. Cork. His chief works are a "Trea-
tise on Differential Equations "(1859X a "Treatise on the
Calculus of Finite Differences " (1860), "Mathematical
Analysis of Logic' (1847), " Laws of Thought " (18,>1).
Boom (boiu). A to\^^l in the province of Ant-
werp, Belgium, situated 10 mUes south of
Antwerp. Population (1890), 13,892.
Boonack. See Binmock.
Boone (biin). DanieL Bora in Bucks County,
Pa., Feb. 11, 1735: died at Charette, Mo..
Sept. 26. 1820. A famous American pioneer
in Kentuckv. About 174^ his father settled at Hoi-
mans Ford, o"n the Yadkin, North Carolina. He began
the exploration of Kentucky in 1769, and founded Boones-
borough in 1775. He emigrated to Missouri, tlien a pos-
session of Spain, in 1795.
Boonton (bon'tou). A city of Morris Cotinty.
New Jersev. 25 iuiles unrthwest of New York.
Boonville,"or Booneville (bon'vil). A city in
Missouri, situated on the Missouri River 43
miles northwest of Jefferson City. Here, June
17, 1S61, the Federals under Lyon defeated the Confed-
erates under Msirmaduke. Population (1890), 4,141.
Booth (1796-1852), and brother of Edwin Booth.
He was both manager and actor.
Born at Nottingham, Eng-
land, April 10, 1829. The founder of the Sal-
vation Army. He became a minister of the Methodist
New Connection in ISoO : organized in 1865 the Christian
Mission which, when it had become a large organization
formed on military lines, was called the Salvation Army
(1878): estaWished the " War Cry " (1880) ; and published
"In Darkest England" (18ii<i)- He is commonly styled
■'general."
Boothauk. See ButkUak.
Boothia Felix (bo'thi-ii fe'liks). [NL.,' happy
land of Booth': named by Ross for Sir Felix
Booth, who promoted the expedition.] A pe-
ninsula in British North America (northern ex-
tremity situated in lat. 72° N., long. 9.5° W.),
discovered by John Ross in 1829. on its west coast
(lat. 70' 5' 17 ' S., long. 96" 46 45" W.) James Clarke Ross
located the nortli magn.;tic pole.
Boothia Gulf. A continuation of Prince Re-
gent Inlet, north of British North America, it
lies between Cockburn Island on the east and Boothia
Felix on the west. Length, 310 miles.
Bootle (bo'tl). A suburb of Liverpool, in Lan-
cashire, England, situated at the mouth of the
Mersev. Population (1891). 49,127.
Bo-Peep (bo-pep'). Little. A small shepherd
maiden, in a popular nursery story, who lost
her sheep.
The term bo-peep appears to have been connected at a
very early period with sheep. Thus ui an old ballad of
the time of Queen Elizabetli, in a MS. in the library of
Corpus Christi College, Cambriilge,—
Halfe Englande ys nowght now but shepe,
In everye corner they playe a boe pepe.
UallixceU, Niuserj Rhymes, p. 21L
Bopp (bop), Franz. Bora at Mainz, Germany,
Sei^. 14. 1791 : died at Berlin, Oct. 23, 1867. A
celebrated German philologist, noted for re-
I
Bopp
searches in Sanskrit, and ospooially in com-
iiarative philology, wliicli lie lirst plavecl upon a
Hoi<*utifi<* basis. He liecumc i)n»ff8st>r ('■ extr:iordi-
iiary") of (Iriflit.il liltnitiiic iiinl philolojry ul Berlin in
18il ("ordinary" |ir"fess.ir, IS-Ti). His iliict worli is a
't'.HnpanitivelJi'Jinimarof tlie .Sanskrit, Zend. Armenian.
Creeli.eU-.'C Vel-gleiellende tiraininatili, etc. ."published
18-!:l ■'■-')■
Boppard i bol/piirt). A ti)wn in the Khinc Prov-
inei'. I'nissia, sitnatcil on thi' l\hini> 9 niih'S
south of CobK'ntz: the Roman Ban(lol)riea or
Boiiobrijja. It has a eaatleantl the reiniiin.'iuf a Koinan
wall. It was an ancient Celtic and Roman town. Popu-
lation (l^Slli cuniinime, ...lUn.
Bora (bo'rii). Katharina von. Born at Loben,
near MorseburK. Gi-rniany, .Tan. 29. 1499: died
at Torgau, Germany, Dec. 20, l.'jr)2. A Cister-
cian nun at Nimptschen, Sa.\ony, ir>l.'>-2.S, and
wife of Martin Luther whom she married June
i;i. 1.'.2.'>.
Borachia(b6-rii'cliii). [Sp.. f. of /VorKcAto.] A
woman given to drink, a comic and unwlioU'-
some character in Massinger's play "A Very
Woman."
Borachio (bo-rii'cho). A nllain. a follower of
Don John, in Shakspere's "Much Ado about
Nothing." liirrachiu isthQ Spanish name for a leathern
wine-bottle (In^nce the name is frequently yiven in »>ld
writers either as a proper name or a mark of opprobrium
t^t drunkards).
Borandon, Borondon. See BnntUui, Saint.
Boris ilio'ros). A town of southern Sweden,
:t7 mili-s east of tiothenburg.
Borbeck (bor'bck). A commune in the Rhine
I'rovince. Prussia, 'Mi miles northwest of Essen.
I'npulation (is'.lll), i;s,7(l7.
Borda (bor-dii'), Jean Charles. Born at Dax,
in bandes, Krauce. May 4. 1733: died at Paris.
Feb. 20, 1799. A French mathematician and
naval officer, noted for investigations in nauti-
cal a.stronomy and hydrodynamics.
Bordeaux (bor-il6'). [ME. liiddeus, OF. Biir-
(leiij- (!■'. Jiordmitx), earlier OF. BordeU, from
Ij. Iliiriliiidhi, BiirdiijiiUi, Or. TiovpS'r, a'la \ sup-
posed to be an Iberian or else a Celtic name.]
The capital of the (lironde, Franco, situated on
the (taronne in lat. 44° :')0' N.. long. 0° Sfi'W.:
the fourth city and third port of France. It
has a larKe and Hue harbor, with extensive quays and tiuat-
inK basin. Its commerce is with the Atlantic and Haltic
ports, .\merica, India, and Africa; its trade is in wine,
brandy, metals, timber, coal, grain, etc. It contains a cele-
brated IjridRC. Pontde Hordeaus (which see), and a mined
lt<iman amphitheat»-r, and is the seat of a university, Bor-
deaux was a leading Roman city in Gaul, tlie capital of
Aquitaiiia .Hecund;i. and passed under the sway of the Van-
dals, West Ooths, Franks, and Xormans, becoming a part
of the duchy of Aquitaine. whose fortunes it followed.
It tlonrished uinler English rule. It revolteil against
the s:dt tax, ami was severely punished in 1^8. It had a
Parliament. It revolted against the Convention in tlie
ffiroinllst period, 179;i. It was the seat of the provisional
giivernment and of the National Assembly, 187<)-71. The
cathedral was built during the Knglish rule. The north
transept is llanked by two graceful spires, and has a good
portal and roae-wimlow. The choir is notable for the great
beauty of its live radiating and two lateral clnipels. Tlie
nave, without aisles, has round arcades below and two
ranges of pointed windows above. Population (1891), com-
innne. •i'l'i.tir,.
Bordeaux, Due de. See Chamhord, Comtt: d<:
Bordelais (liord-la'). [Ij. BKrdiyaloisi.i, adj.
from Biirditialu, 15ordeau.\.] An ancient sub-
diNnsion of France, now comprised in the de-
partments of fiirondc and Laudes.
Bordelon (bord-lon'), Laurent. Born at
Boiirges. Ki.'i;!: died at Paris. April G, 1730. A
Frencli draMiiitist and theologian.
Bordentown (bOirMen-toun). A city in Bur-
lington County. New Jersey, situated on the
Delaware Kiver C miles southeast of Trenton.
Populnlion ( I.S90), 4,232.
Border States. Formerly the slave States Del-
aware, .Muryl.ind, Virginia, Kentucky, and Mis-
souri, situated near the free States: in a wider
moaning the name cora]irised also North Caro-
lina. 'I'l'iinessee, and Arkansas.
Bordighera (bor-de-gii'rii). A small town in
northwestern Italy, on the Riviera 1.') miles
eiisl c,r Monaco.
Bordone (bor-do'ne), Paride. Born atTreviso,
Italy, abcmt 1500: iliedat Venice, Jan. 19, l.'>71.
A painter of the Venetian school, a pupil of
Titi.nn. His most noted painting is the '' Fisher
extending a Ring to the Doge.
Boreas (bo're-as). [Or. Wiipmr or lio/jar.] In
Oreek mythology, the personification of the
niuMh wind. According to llesiod, he is a son of As-
tra'us and F.os, and brother of Hesperus, /.ophyrns. ami
NotUH. His honu' wa.-*ai^iive in Mount Hicrnns, in Thrace.
Borel (bo-ri'l'). P6trUS. Horn at Lyons, .lune
2H. 1S(I9: died .-it Mnstag:iiiem..Iuly U, lM.-i9. A
French journalist anil man of letters. See the
extract.
171
Borneo
P(!trus Borel, one of the strangest figures in the history Borgne (bomv). A lake or bay in southeast-
of literature. Very little is known of Ids life, which was ,,,.,, J^ouisiana, the continuation of Mississippi
spent piutly at Paris and partly in Algeriiu He was per- ^, , . . ,/ , ,, .
hai.s li.e most extravagant of all the Ko.nanlics, suinam- Sound It communicates with the (.ulf of Mexico on
ing himself "Le Lycantlirope, " and identifying himself < "' ea.st a,„i w.ib Lake Pontchartrain by the Rigoletf
with the extravagances of the lionsingota, a clique of polit- I'ass "» H'e northwest. Breadth, J,-, miles. _
ical literary men who for a short time made themselves BorgO (bor'go). A town in Tyrol. 17 miles oast
"' "" ' ,f Trent. Poimlation (1K90),"3.909.
See /'fC'o til Jiorijo.
BorgO San Donnino (bor'go siin don-ne'no).
A tiiwn in the jiroyiiice of Parma, Italy, 14miles
conspicuous after 18ao. Borel wrote partly in verse and __ ^.^..,
partly in prose. His most considerable exploit in the former -o^^ll" '"p'nv^n ri(
was a strange preface in verse to his novel of ".Madame ^OrgO, JrOZZO^Ol
Pntiphar"; his best work in prose, a series of wilil l>ut
powerful stories entitled '" Champa vert." His talent alto-
gether lacked measure and criticism, but it is undeniable.
SainUburt/, French Lit., p. 545.
Borelli (bo-rel'le). Giovanni Alfonso. Born
at Castelnuovo, iiearNajilcs. .laii. 2.S, ItiOH: died
at Rome, Dec. 31, l(i79. An Italian astronomer.
north\vest of Parma: the ancient Fidentia. Its
cathedral, rebuilt at the end of the tlth centui-y, is a rich
Romanesque structure, with an unltnishcd fa(;ade Hanked
by towei-B, and three scnlptnied lion-columned portals.
The nave is round-arched, with Pointed vaulting; there
are twotriforia ami much curious sculpture.
professor of mathematics at Messina and later BorgOgnone Sec Fil-^siiiio.
at Pisa, founder of the iatromathennitical go^je (|,„.,.^'')^ pjerreRoseUrsule Dumoulin.
school. His chief work is " De motu amma- jj,,,.,, ._^^ Beyiiat, Corrt'/.e, France, Feb. 211. ISOS :
Hum" (1()80-81).
BorgS. (bor'go). A decayed seaport in the prov
iiice of Nyland, Finland, situated on the Oiilf Boris Godonof! A tragedy by Pu
of Finhmd in lat. 60° 2;')' N.,loug. 2!J° 4o' E. „„ tij.,t episode in Russian" his
Popiilatiim (1S90), 4,214.
Borgerhout (bor'ger-hout). A manufacturing
town 1| miles east of Antwerp, Belgium. Pop-
nliition ( 1.S90), 28,882.
Borghese (bor-ga'se). Prince Camillo Filippo
Ludovico. Born at Rome, ,Tuly 19. 177.'): died
iit Florence, May 9. 1832. An Italian noble,
brother-in-law of N;ipoleon I.
Borghese Gladiator, so named, in reality an
athlete or perhaps a warrior. A notable an-
tique statue by Agasias of Ephesns. it is in the
Louvre, Paris. It dates fnpni almut the Ipcu'inning of the
Christian era. The vigorous itami-, uiidi:i)n(l, is in an at-
titude of rapid advance, the left arm, encircled by the
shield-strap, raised above the head, and the right (re-
stored) extended downward and backward in the line of
the body, grasping the sword. Also Fitjhtia<j Gladiator.
beheaded in Tong-king, Nov. 24, 1S38. A notei".
French missiiinarv in Tong-king, 1832-38.
' ushkin. founded
pisode in Kussiaii history known as
the Interregnum. Lope de Vega %vi'ote a phiy
on this subject, called "EI Gran Duquc de Mus-
ccivia." See Godunoff.
Borissogliebsk (bo-ris-so-glyebsk'). A town in
the government of Tamboff, Russia, situated on
the river Vorona in lat. 51° 20' N., long. 42° E.
Popnl.ation, 17,(i()5.
Borja (bfir'Hil). Dona Ana de, Vice-queen of
Peru. Born about l(i40: dicil Sept. 23, 1706.
A daughter of the Duke of Bejar, and the third
wife of the Count of Lemos wlioiu she accom-
panied to Peru in l(i67. During the aliscnce of the
viceroy in ('harcas she was left in charge of the govern-
ment (HJtJ8 and KitiO). This is almost the only instance of
the kind in Spanish America. 9ieQ Fernandez de Castro
•indrade tj Portugal.
Borghese Mars. -An antique statue of Mars in Borja y Arragon (bor'nii e ar-rii-gon'), Fran-
tho Louvre. Paris. cisCO de. Born at Maih-id, 1;)82: tiieil there.
165S. A Spanish statesman. By his marriage he
became prince of Esquilache or Squillace in Calabria.
From Dec, ICl.'i, to Dec, 1621, he was viceroy of Pern.
Borghese Palace. The famous palace of the
Borghese family in Rome, noted for its art col-
lections. It was built toward the end of the
16th centiu-y by Martino Lungh
Ponzio. It is situated in the Via dell;
though its galleries contained original
portaut art treasures of Rome, save thi
can. many of them have now been removed t<i the (1840).
private apartments of the Prince Borghese. See Villa Borku (bor'ko), or BorgU (-go).
A grou)V of
lU.r.jkex
Borghesi (bor-ga'.se), Count Bartolommeo.
Born at Savignano, near Rimini, Italy, July 11,
1781: died at San Marino, Italy, April 16, 1860.
A distinguished Italian numismatist and epig-
rapliist. He wrote "Nuovi framraenti dei fasti
consolari eapitolini " (1818-20), etc.
Borghi-Mamo (bor'ge-iua'mo). Adelaide. Bom
iit Bologna, Italy, Aug. 9, 1829 (1830? J. An
Italian opera-singer.
Borgia (bor'jii). Cesare, Duke of Valeutinois.
Born Sept. 18, 1478: killed before the castle
of Viana, Spain, March 12, l.')07. The natural
son of Rodrigo Lenzuoli B(U'gia(Popo Alexander
VI.). He was created cardinal by his father in 1492,
procured the murder of his brother (iiovanni. duke of
Gandia, in 1497, resigned the cardiiialate in 1497, was in-
vested with the duchy of Valeutinois by Louis -XII. in
I49H, married Chiulotte d'.41hret, daughter of .lean d'AI-
bret, king of Navarre, in 1409, and was created duke of
Roniagiia by his father in 15t)I, lie reduced by force and
pertidy the cities of Romagna, which were ruled by feu-
datories of the Papal .See, and, witli the assistance of his
family, endeavored to found an imieipeiidenf lirreditary
power in central Italy, inclnding Komagna, t'mbiia, and
the .Marches, liis father having died in l.'tii;!, he was de-
tained in captivity by Pope Julius II. l.^,(i:i-04, and by
F'erilinand of Aragon 15()4-or,. when he escaped to the
court of Jean d'Albrct of Navarre, in whose service he fell
before the castle of Viana. Handsome in person, educated,
eloquent, a patron <if learning, and an adept in the cruel
and perlidions jiolitics in vogue in his day. he is repre-
sented as a model ruler by ^lacchiavelli in his ** Principe."
Borgia, Saint Francesco, Duko of Gandia. gist.
Born at Gandia, Spain, about 1510: died at Boma (bor'nii). A town in the kingdom of Sax-
Ronic, 1572. General of the Society of Jesus oiiy, situated 16 miles south-southeast of Leip-
l.'>().'>-72. sic. Population (IS90), 8,849.
Borgia, Lucrezia. Born 1480: died June 24, Borne (bcr'iie). Iiudwig (originally Lob Ba-
1519. Duchess of Ferrara, daughter of Po)ie ruch). Boni at Fraiikfort-on-the-Mairi. May 6,
Alexander VI., and sister of Cesare Borgia.
she marrieti Giovanni Sft)rza, lord of Pesaro, in 149;i.
This marriage was annulled by Alexamlor, who (I49s)
found a more ambitious match for her in Alfmiso of Bis.
eeglie, a natural son of Alfonso II. of .Naples, .\lfonso
having been murdered by Cesare Borgia in l.MX), she mar-
ried (Ifinl) Alfonso of Kste, who subsequently succeeiled
to the duchy of Ferrara. She was a woman of great
beauty and abiI;t.^'. a patron of learning and the artji.
She w;i.s long lo-rnsi-il of the grossest crimes, but recent
writers have elcitred her memory of the worst charges
brought iig:iitist Ina*.
Borgia, Stefano. Born at Velletri, Italv, Dee.
3, 1731 : died at Lyons, Nov. 23. 1804. An
Iliilian cardinal, statesman, historian, and )ia-
tron of science, secretaiy of the propaganda
1770-H8.
oases in the Sahara, between Fezzan ami Wa-
dai, important as the meeting-place of com-
mercial routes. It is inhabited by a Berber
tribe of mixed blood.
Borkum (bor'kom). One of the western islands
of the East Friesian group, belonging to Ger-
many. It is frequcnteil for sea-bathing.
I length, 5 miles.
Borlace (bor'las), or Burlace, Edmund. Died
at (,'hester, England, about UiS2. An English
physician, and writer upon Irisli history.
Borlase, William. Born at Pendecn. Corn-
wall, England. F.'li. 2. 1695: died Aug. 31, 1772.
An English antiquary and naturalist. His chief
works are ■' Aiitii[uitii's of Cornwall " (1754) and
"Natural Ilistcu'v of Cornwuir' tl75S).
Bormio (bor'me-o). A small town in northern
Italy, at the Iiead of the Valtelline, near the
frontier of Swilzerliind.
Bormio, District of. The territory around Bor-
mio in Italy, wliose history was largely con-
iicclcd wilh' thai of the N'ailclline,
Born (born), Bertran or Bertrand de. Born
at Born, Perigoril. France, about 1140: died
before 1215. A noted Frencdi troubadour and
snl.licr.
Born, Ignaz von. Born at Karlsburg, Transyl-
vania. Dec. 26, 1742: died at Vienna, July 24.
1791. An Austrian mineralogist and metallur-
17.S6: died at Paris, l''eb. 12. 1.H37. A uoIimIG
mail satirist and [lolilical writer, of Hebrew de-
scent. His collected writings were giiiblislied
182i>-34.
Borneil (bor-nay'), Guiraut or Giraud de.
Lived ill the latter pari of the I2th cciitiii'v. A
French troiibailoiir. many of whose poems have
suryiyed. Dante mentions hiiu in the "Divina
Conimcdia."
Borneo (bAr'ne-o). [Also Briiniii, Biuni, B'rni,
etc.. Malay liiinii, Bfinii. The native name is
Villi) Kiiliiiimiitiii.] Tlie largesi of the East In-
dia Islands. it lies west of Celeln-s, north of Java, and
cast of Sumatra, in lat. 7' N.-l 20 .s,, long. 109" 119 K.
A large part of it is nioiiiitalnuus. it in divided into the
Borneo 172 Boston
Dutch possessions and British North Borneo, Brunei, and order founded by the AbM d'Estival in 1652. o' the inlmliitants are MwhammeJans. It was founded
Saiawak. The iiihaljitaiits :ire Dyalis, Malays, Netiritos, Its ollief seat is at \-lUCV France liy II unjianiuis about ISM. Pojiuhition (IS*;.), 26,£jti.
Bugis, aud I'liimsi-. Borneo «as tlrst visited Ijy I'ortu- -o. ^bnrTi^ (ionrirp ' Rm-7i -/t Ki=t Ttprp Bosnia (boz'ni-ii). [F. Bomie, O. liosnkii, XL.
guese about 1518. Unf-th, 800 miles. Breadth, Viio miles. BorroW (boi o), UeOIgC. ±5oin at Uist i»ere- Bosmu, l'o\. BosnUi, Turk. !?.«««.] A temtory
Area, asti, 101 square miles. Population of imteh iwsses- ham. ^ortolk, hiiiclainl. lib., 180J : died at . sDiithcastprTi Fiiron.. .-nT.ital Ro^im Sorni
sions, about 1,100,000; of British .North Borneo, I7.%ooo; of (_)„lt,)n, Sitflolk, Kuirhiii.l, July 30, 1S.S1. An " soutlit astern i,uiiH', capital Jiosua-!?eiai,
.s,u.awak, :i,KMKK). English philologistr traveler," and romance- '."'"''l'"'! ]% *- ■■oat.a-Slayoma (separat.-.l by the
Borneo, British North. See liritish XoHh ,„.iter. Hisworksinelude"rar^u;,orMetrieal Trans- ^J. hw A'v t^fp' nr^/J 'o^t'h^ ^Ta/^ITL*^
/.■o)«. „. latinos fron, thirty LaM!,'ua);es, etc!" (183.S), "Tile Bilde it. l'»ltly by the Drina) Oil the east, M lilt ellegl-Q
Bornhehn (boru'him). A quarter in Frankfort- Spain' (ims). -The Ziueali, or an Account of the tiypsies aud Herzegovina on the south, Dalmatia on
on-thc-Main '" ^paiu' (isil), "Lavengro, the .Scliolar, the liypsy, and the west, and Novi-Bazar on the Southeast.
'D»...„'i,»i» n,,„..'l.A1,„^ A„ JoloTi/l ;„ H.u RolHn "'^' I'li'^s'" (1851), "The K»iniany Rye, a sequel to Laven- Its smface is generally niountiiinnus, and its iiduibitants
Bornholm (born holm). Aji island in the Baltic gro'(l»57), " Wild Wales, etc."(18«f2), "Romano Lavo-LU, are occupied mainly With aRrieuIfu-e. It helon-s nond-
Nca, m lat. 5o°-.5o° 20 ]M.,long. lo" J!j., tonuing or Word Ijook of the Romany " (ls74). nally to Turkey, hut is occupied aud adminisured by
an amt of Denmark, it is mountainous, and contains Borrowdale (bor'6-dal). A vale in the Lake Austria-Hungary. The lanftuajte is Servo-Croatian. Reli-
porcelaiu-clay. Capital, Ronne. Lenjrth. 26 miles. Aiea, District nf Eno-laTiil sootli of Dprwpntwnter gions, Greek, Mohammedan, and Roman Catholic. Bosina
&8 s,|uare miles. Population (1S90), 3S,765. -c^, ' n ■ . f °T A -1? ' ?> T^ 1 1^,1 ^f """^ " »'"' "' "'^ «"'"»" •="'l'"'-'' "'^^ govenied by bans
•Rnrn,, M.Av „;;'1 A Pm,„trv n Sn,l-,n Africa. ^°" (bors). In Arthurian legends, king of in the middle ages, under the Vings of lIungaiT. and be-
Bornu (1 or-no ). A eoiintjy in i^udan Aluca, ^;,j,j|^ brother of King Ban of Bcnwicke (Be- longed to the kingdom of Stephen of Scrvia iii the 14th
, •■ J... ■• '"^ .,. '^- yap'tal. Kuka. jj„j^.. Thev went toKing Arthur's assistance eentuiy. The kingdom of Bosnia originated in 1370. It
Its lnhabit;mts are negroes, I uarcgs. Arabs, and mi.\ed , ' , ^ ■ ,„,^,,„f^ , xi ° ti,„„,,„ was subjugated by the Turks in 1103. Bosnia has been
races, the prevailing religion is Mohammedanism, and the ""'" ".•^ "'^"^ V. 1. -l,. -/i V"""'^- . , . .. the theater of many confliets between Austria and Turkey,
government that of a sultan. Boruu formed part of the BorS (bors), orBohOrtfbo hort), or Bort(bort;, and of revolts. It was provided in the treaty of Berlin
Kaneni niouarchy in the miildle ages, and became a sepa- Sir_ A knight of the Kouud Table, called Sir (1878) tliat Bosnia and Herzegovina be occupied by Ans-
rnte kingdom iu the 1.5th century. It was conquered by R,,,..j ,lp rjanio npnhpw of Sir Lancelot Hp tria-Hungai-y. The Mohammedans could, however, be
Fellatahs in the begiuiuT.g of the 19th century. Area, es- ;°"'.* ''" , '"l.l fpK- wb^wovl ,^,,Z. ^,l\'„r}fll subdued only after a bloody conllict (1878). There was a
timated. 50,000 squaie miles. Population, estimated, over was one ot tlie tert wUo weie puie euougU to popular revolt in 1S81. Area, including Herzegovina and
6,000,000. see the vision of the Holy Grail. Kovi-B:izar, 23,262 square miles. Population, 1,604,095.
Borodino (bor-o-de'no). A village in the gov- Borsippa (bor-sip'ii). An ancient city of Baby- Bosola (bo-so'lii). A character in Webstei-'s
trumcnt of Moscow, Kussia, situated near the Ionia, probably a suburb of Babylon. It con- tragedy "The Dudiess of Malfi," gentleman
river Moskva 70 miles west of Moscow. Near '■.''"'*' ;' ^""Pl<' "' •'^^! ','" »"'«''"■ ,'1«''J'' ,<=-?"'i^ ^f'''" of the'horse to the duchess. He is a villain,
liere, Sept. 7, 1812. Napoleons army(abont 140.000) gained <': «■■• etemsil house), which was constructed in the form bloodthirstv hiuuorist noted for his cvnioal
a vfctor,' over the Russians under Kutusotf (about 140,o00). "' => I'yranud consisting of seven stones, which are termed ?■ ".f"^l"",f /„ ."X Cyuical,
The los's of Napoleons army was 30,00(5; that of the lu he mscriptions'- the seven spheres of heaven aud sa\ age melancholy. „ ^ , ,.
Russians, nearly 6o,0U0. Also caUed the "battle of the f-"";'''- \l"= "nposing ruins of the mound Bire Nimrud BosporUS (bos'po-rus), or BosphorUS (bos'lo-
-Moskva." ^ "'.e northeast of Babyl.m are identified .as t le site of j.„^j r^; B6<y-„n„r, ox-ford : so named from the
_ ,,,.--,. A T J- ^-x « i Borsippa and its celebratid temple. .See i!ir.« AmiTKif. , ' >- i t i i- i • ^ ■" lu'-
BorOrOS (bo-ro-ros ). An Indian tribe of west- t>„ 'j^ o„,-_4. tt;-«„-4. ,v^,^' ,i ■, ,.„.•■ ^„;, legend that lo, transtormed into a cow, swam
ern Brazil, living about the head waters of tlie ^°^, ^fJ^'S^ 7'?5®rLvl"c Vj*^if Z^?^ ''^^■"«« it.] A strait which coimects the Black
river Paraguav. They were formerly very numerous '^t'^'v':,? ?^:?!',P" i7><o. fiffn^t P^^^^^ tipc ^'^'^ ^^'^ '"''"* of Marmora, and separates Eu-
and iMwerful, but were depleted, pMtly by theslave-mak- '^J, /,T ii".c V i- t- '■ i Vr alls. I'ec. ^ from Asia : the ancient Bosporus Thracius,
ing raids of the Portuguese in the 18th centuT and partly 22 (f), 1846. A distinguished French natural- -f^.^eian Bosporus. On it are Constantino^
by disease : a few hundred remain, nearly in tlieir abon- 1st and traveler. He wrote an " Essai siu- les iles for- ,,i„ .,,,,i c„,,*„\.: T u„>rfl, IB miloc • m.potoi;i
ginal condition. By their language .and customs they .are tumies et lantique Atlantide " (1S03X "L'Homme, essai f'"' 'V' , ,t"''?"- i^''"fJt"- 'f 'I}"f '> ' « .eate-st
clusulvalliedto theTupisand Guaranis,andai-eevidently zoologique " (1827) etc. breailtli, li miles; narrowest point, L'OO teet.
?rmiCuS'an3\fraca^se'ai7cuitoe\"idtoe"^^^^^ BorysthenoS (bo-ris'the-nez). [Gr. Iio^i,.,7ft-rw.] Bospoms In ancient history a kingdom in
have o?lyTnomii.al?^wer '«"""""^'=' *'"* ""^^ >-'"'^*' Th? ancient name of the river Dnieper. southern Sarmatia, near the Cimmerian Bos-
Borough, The. A poem by Crabbe, published Bos, Hieronymus. See Busch. pop's- , |t was touuded III 502 B. c, aud e.xtiu-
i,i ISUi. Bosa (bo'sii). Aseaport in the islaudof Sar- e"'s!j''dmthe4fh_c<.nturyA. p.
Boroughbridge (bur'6-brii). A town in York- diiiia, i)ro\-ince of Cagliari. lat. 40° 17' N., long. Bosporus CimmeriUS (si-me n-us). The Cim-
shire, England, 17 miles' northwest of York. 8° 30' E. Population, (i.OOO. ^^"'J" /*sP«/"f = the aneient name of the
Here, March 16, 1322, Edward H. defeated the Bosboom (bos'boni). Johannes. Born Feb. 18, ^tvait ot iemkale. bee t immerians.
Earl of Lancaster. 1817: died Sept. 14, 18'J1. A Dutch painter. 1°??°!;^^, ^^?^^?^'i'^--D^;iL^'^l'i'il'i'
Borovitchi (boi'-6-ve'che). A town in the gov- Bosboom,
eminent of Novgorod, Russia, situated on the
river Mstaiulat. 58°23'N.,long.33°E. Popu- ^,-, ,„,-, , ,,.-,.
i„,;.,„ in nj_i 1,;,* ^..;.^ni ,>^,-,iP.t ci ■ i i^ - » u •'t 1801. A marshal ot I'rance. He served with
latioii. 10,SJ-!4. historical novelist. She married the painter Bos- ,i;,n„„,:„„ ;„ ai„ ,-, ., i ;„ fi.o i-..™,!™ .> >i. . . i
BorOVsk (bo-rovsk'). A town in the govern- boom .in 1S51. Her works include '• Het ?Inis Uiuer ^^^^^^,^,^^1:^ ,f^^:\Jt^\^^ '' ^'"'^ '^'^
;r!i;'*r'^='i"-^',^."^^^'^^°iJ.f • ''° '^' ""■' '''"^- f^.^^^^^'^^^i^uF^o^^'"' '"' Bossi (lios'se). Giuseppe. Bom at Busto-Ar-
.i()^.W L. Population, 10,091. -RnopMinsV) T miic AiimiotiTi aiiillaiimp Born sizio, in the Milanese, Italv, Aug., 1777: died
Borowlaski (bor-ov-ms'ke), or Boruwlaski, -^.f P4 i? t;. -^ KvPfll^^ ;J^.^^^ at Milan, Dec 15, 181.5. Anltalian painter ami
: v^l.;,,!^^ V ^ Hip^.^ f tu't" A P 18^8- A disting^iished French naturalist." He ^'VfT ".l"'i>.. ;V ;,, He wrote "Del cen.acolo d. Leon-
near Durliam, hngland, .bept. 5, 18J/. A Fo- . ,,tt i • i h i -n momx ardoda^lncl (IslO), etc.
lish dwarf, erronemisly called a "count," who >yl•ote/^Hlsto,re natiii'elledeseoquil es (1801), g^^ggj Giuseppe Carlo Aurelio. Baron de.
traveled from place to place exhibiting himself ''H'stoire naturelle des crustaces (1802). etc. jj^^^ ^^ Turin, Nov. 15, 1758: died at Paris,
and giving concerts. His height was a little Boscan Almogaver (bos-kan al-mo-ga-var ), j^^^ 20, 1823. An Italian lyric poet and ili-
uuder 39 inches. He published an autobiog- J}iai- Born at Barcelona, Spain, about 1493 : piomatist. His chief poems include "Indepeudeim
raphv (1788) died near Perpignau, 1 ranee, about lo42. A Americana" (1785), "Monaca' (17»7), "Oromasia-ciSOiX
Borre, Sir. A natui-al son of King Ai-thnr, in Spanish poet, foimder of the Italian poetical etc. ,t„-^ p „f xru.. v i oo
t^ie Arthurian legends, sometime? eaUed Sir ^tdi^lIT- H- collected works were pub- Bossi. C o.n.t Lmgl. ^B^^^^^^^
Borrioboola-gha(bor'i-6-bo'Ui-gii'). Animagi- Boscawen (bos'ka-wen), Edward. Born in historian, archaeologist, and writer on art.
narvplaceontheleftbaukoftheNiger.selected ^ornwall England Aug. 19 1-11 : died near Bossu, Le See£r7>o.««.
bv "Mrs lellshv (in Dickens's •• Bleak Housr") GmUUord, Surrey, England, Jan. 10. liOl. A Bossuet (bo-su-a or bo-swa ), JacqueS Be-
as a field for i«' missionrrv Dhilauthronk ex ^oted English admiral. He commanded at the tak- nigne. Born at Dijon. France, Sept. 27. 1627 :
as a neia loi liti missionaiy pliilauthropie e.\- ^^ L<,uisburg. 1758, and defeated the French at Iji- diod at Paris, April 12, 1704. A French prel-
ertions,to he neglect of al home duties. gos Bay, Aug., 1759. ate and celebrated pulpit orator, historian,
Bornssoff bor-res sot) A town in the govern- B^sch (bosk), or Bos (bos), or Bosco (bos'ko), a„d theological WTittT. He was preceptor to the
imiit ot Minsk, Kussia, .50 miles northeast ot Hieronymus, surnamed "The Joyous." Born Dauphin in 1670-S1, and lieeaine bishop of Meau.t in itisi.
Minsk. 1 upulation, 18,103. at Bois-le-Duc Netherlands, about 1460 : died His chief works are "Exposition de la doctrine catlio-
Borromean (bor-6-me'an) Islands, It. Isole at H,iis-le-Duc about 1530 A Dutch naiiiter Iique"(l07l), "Uiscourssm-lhistou-e universelle"nusn.
Borromee (e'.6-le bor-ro-ma'e). A group of ^^^ ^^rkf "are afMadlii^^Ber/in," and :^t:^^'^.:^^^^h^^^I^r'''^^'^
islands in Lago Magg.ore, pro^^uce ot Novara, Vienna. Bossut (bo-sii'), Abb6. A name Assumed by
Italy, neartliewesternshore. The twomostnoted. Boscobel (bos 'k6-bel). A farm-house near Sir Charles Phillips in several educational
Isola Bella .and Isola Madre. belong to the Borromeo fam- ^T, • .,■ , • oi ' i • i? i i „* i ;., „,.., in i
ily, and were conyerted Into pleasure-gardens by Count Shitliial. in Shropslure. England, noted in con- works in 1 rench.
Borromeo in the 17th century. Another island is Isola noction with the escape of Charles 11.. Sept., BoSSUt, Charles. Bom at Tarare, near Lj'ons,
dei I'eseatori. 1651. The "roval oak" was in the vicinity. France. Aug. 11, 1730: died at Paris, Jail. 14,
Borromeo (bor-ro-ma'o). Count Carlo. Born Boscovich (bos'ko-vich), Ruggiero Giuseppe. ISU. A noted French mathematician. Hisehief
at Arona, on Lago Maggiore, Italy, Oct. 2, Born at Kagusa, Dalmatia, Mav 18. 1711: died work is an "Essai sur I'histoire giSn^rale des niathiS-
1538: died at Milan, Nov. 3, 1584. An Italiiin at Milan, Feb. 12, 1787. An " Italian Jesuit, "'-"i'lues (isoj;).
cardinal, archbishop of Milan, noted as an celebrated as a mathematician astronomer, Boston (bos ton or bos ton). [ML. Biisloii,
ecclesiastical reformer, and philanthropist. He a,„i pliysicist. His works include "Theoria philost- eoiitr. of */Jo/H//es(««,'Botolph-s town,' named
was canonized in 1610. His death is eommem- jAiie ualuralis"(l75SX "I>emaculissolaribus"(l736X etc. trom AS. BotitlJ, BoluulJ. Botuil, later mis-
oratid in tlie lionian Church on Nov. 4. Bosio (bo'ze-o), Angiolina. Born at Tmin, spelled Botolph.'] A seaport in Lincolnshire,
Borromeo, Count Federigo. Born at Milan, Aug. 22, 1829: died at St. Petersburg, April 12, England, situated on the Witham in lat. 52° 58'
1;')64: died 1631. An Italian cardinal, and 1S5') An Italian oneva-sinfer N., long. 0° 2' ^V. It was an important trading town
archbishop of Milan, founder of the Ambiosian Bosio Baron Francois Josenh Born at Mo- in the middle ages, it ci.iitains tin- inirish chun h of st.
T ;i>..n,-., .>J Allln,. i„ 11100 D0S.10, n.troil xrd,IlV01b oosepu. JJoiu ai iuu Botolph's.along, low Decorated buddmg, with ahigh IVr-
Liibiaiy ,lt Milan in lOUJ. ,iaco, March 19, 1/09: died at Pans, July 29. pendicular tower surmounted by an octagonal lantern,
Borromeo, San Carlo. A colossal statue on a 1845. A French sculptor. His best-known works locally known as "Boston .stump." The tower is 3iio feet
hill near Arona on Lago Maggiore, Italv. It are the bas-reliefs of the Column VendOme (Paris), an high. The light and spacious interior has ver)' lofty arches
stands 70 feet high, on a pedestal measuring 42 feet, and equestrian statue of Ixjuis XIV. (Paris), etc. resting on slender pillars, a small clearstory, and a flue
-- — - ...?....•'.• - - cast window. Population (1891X 14,593.
amed after Boston in Lincolnshire,
The capital of Massachusetts, situ-
^ ...1^. „v.... ... .... *« ,.. -. .„.. -^ folk County, on Massachusetts Bay,
Borromeo, San Carlo, Sisters of. A religious irTOntain»\'bazaM^, cmU^ md'8eveHa'moaques7"Most at the mouths of the Charles aud Mystic, in
Boston 173 Boufarik
lat 42° 21' N., lout;. 71° 4' \V. it is tho liuvost Usli politician, governor of Virftiniii 17fi8-70. Bottom (bot'iini). Nick. ^Vii Allieni:iii weaver,
city in New EiiK-land. and olio of tlio cliiif commerciiil He dissolved tliu House of BurKesscs in 17(i!> for passing' in Sliakspere's '■Miilsuuiim'r NiKliI'-'' Dnani,"
cities and litenir)- eeiiters in tlic country. It has an ex- rcsoluti.pns condeniniuK pailianientar) taxation and tlie y^.^^^, iilavs tlie part of Pvranius in the intorpo-
tcnslve foreign un.l coasting trade, and is the terminus triid of Americans in Enwlund. He attempte,! to inllu- , ^ , .• •
of many railroad lines, and of steamsliip lines to l.iver- cncc the homo government to ahandon tlie iirnieiple of '''V,\,,.' ! V, ^ T^n, f, il ,1 Hl?^,! 1 v oi'Tl^^
IkmI" etc. The city now contains various annexed dis- parlianientary tiixution, failing in which, he reigned. "" '''^^ "'> ''"""■' " -'l'''«>'"'> ■"•"-»- ^P^-" *"' »"""=
tricts(Roxlmi-y, iHMchester, Xepon8et,Charlestown). has- Bothnia (.botli'u'-ii)- A former provinec nf _ '" '; ^ir mi. •««■ n -j. j
ton was founded hy English colonists (some of them from s« idoii, cast and west of the Gulf of Bothnia. Bottom the Weaver, Ihe Merry Conceitett
Hoston, England) under Wintlirop in liao. It was llrst Tj„ti,_;, /},,if ^f 'im,„ ,,ortliorn extension or HumOUrs of. A farec luailo Iroin tho comic
mimcl irimountain, from the three sunm, ts of lieacon ^°.*^°f/,,^Y5^Sf^ s.-.ncs of " Mi.lsunnnor Night's Dream," l.ul,-
Hil and ater received Its present name in honor of llev. aimoi Mil' naini w a, oetween r iniano on tne t,.;K,,t i t ^ i'„i,.,„( c.^. „„„„,„
jol'nColtonwholiadheen settled in l^.ston in Lincoln- ,.ast and Sweden on the west. Length, 400 lished lu 10,2, attributed to Kobert Co.\, a comc-
Bhire. It expelleil Governor Andros in 1689 : was in- ,„iies Breadth, about 100 miles. dian of the time of (_ liarles 1.
''?l^^.';l'ii^^l'.f,^'^re"f^17,^;!ld^?f7l,^^k BothwelKlx-th'w.d). AviUagoinLanarkshii-e, BottS (bots), John Minor. Born at Dumfries,
party ■•ii^insVwXs^^^^^^^ Scotland. W""l">'S.>utl.east of Glasgow. Both! Va., Sept. IG, 1.S02 : died in fnlpeper County.
Washington, l775-7« ; and was evacuated hy the Jiritish, well Castle is in the vicinity. Va., Jan. 7, l.'^tJ'J. An American politician,
March 17, 177«. It w:i8 incorporate.! as a city in i,s22. li •Dfj,__gij A tragedv on tho sulnoct of Mary member of Congress 1839-43, 1847-49. He
rv"»'n',T7"(L^i';.St\4T;«Mi^o'''lVilS'l 'v-'-" of Scots, by -Swinburne; published in wrote ''The Great Kebellion, its Secret His-
bury In istw, iJorchester 1870, unil t'harlestown, llrightoTi, IS, 4. -J"^-' ('■""'' *"'''•
and West Koxbnry 1874. Population (ISIW), 448,477. Bothwell, Earls of. Seo i/qjJHrH. Botunni Benaduci (bo-to-re no ba-na-do chu),
Boston. AnAinericaurace-horse, foaled in 1833. Bothwell Bridge, Battle of. A battle fought Lorenzo. Born at Milan about 1080: died at
HUsirewasTimolcon, by .SirArchy, hy Diomed; hisdam ,],.ai. ]{otliwcll. Scollaml, in which the Scotch Madrid, 1740. A noted antiquarian. In 173.1 he
was hy Halls Florizel, by Dionicd. He was the sire of (;(,yp„.i„n.is were di'feated bv the Royalist went t« Mexico. During eight years he traveled and
l.exmgton, and as the sire of Sallie Russell, dam ol .Miss i i.i t, i * t\t « ..♦!. T....^ oo lived among the Indians, and amassed many hundred
lin.ssell, was llie great-grandsire of .Maud S. forces under the Uulie ot Monmoutn, dune ZZ, specimens of tlieir hieroglyphic records, as well as niaim-
Boston, Thomas. Born at Dunse, Scotland, 1679. „.^.,..,,_, _, „ t- scrjptsin Spanish of great value .S.m.e of the manuscripts
March 17 1070- died at Kt trick Scotland May BotOCUdoS (bo-to-ko'dos). [Froxn Pg. ftoMr/HC, still exist; but the greater part perished through neglect
20', 1732. 'a noted Scotch Presbyterian divine. •^Vl'/^'i '" '^""sion to the wooden cylinders '''^l™""- . „ «o,,„/„,,,
ir.) wrote ••Human N'lture iii its Fourfold which they wear m orifices ot tho lower lip and gotusnani. See -Kotiteftnii.
St!ite'' (1720), etc iouuoui ^^^^^ Ail Indian tribe of eastern Brazil, for- BotzariS. See 7io;r.-nm.
•Rna+nn Ma saaVrp " A collision in Boston March merly called Aimores. At the time of theeoinpiest §0tzen. See /{occh.
Boston massacre. A collision 111 oosicm.rt^^^^^^^ they were very numerous, occupying the inland regions BouchardoH (bo-shar-don'), Edme. Born at
.), 1 1 ,0, lietween the British soldiers statioiKd i,^^;^,^^,, i,,titudes tr and 15" 30' S., with portions of tlie Chauiiioiit, France, May 29, KiUS: ilied at I'aris,
there anil a crowd of citizens. It was occasioned coast. A {i:w thousand remain, principally in Espiiito July oy lyfio A French sciihitor
hv the prejudices excited against the soldiers, a guard of .Santo and Bahia. They are very degraded savages, having ' • "" ' ,.1",-, ti •
wiiipni, provoked by words and blows, Bred at the crowd, little intercourse with the wliites. They are aiipaiently a BOUCuer (bo-slia ), IrancJOlS. Born at Pans,
killing three and wounding live. The members of the very ancient race, and skulls found in eaves with the re- Sept. 29, 1703: died there, May 30, 1770. A
guard were tricl (defeii.ied by .lol.n Adams and Josiab „,;,i„s of extinct animals liavt- lu^en ascribed t<) them. „yt,g,i l.'i.pnch painter of historical and pastoral
)^"Z^::::^r^''::^t^M::^uZw "■■■'■" """ Botolph (bo-tolt-), or Botolphus, Samt. An ,^^i,j,,,,, ,^„,, ;,,„,^ ;,,,, .,„^, ,,p,,i„,^,„,„p,„
..f ,n..nslau^ht.i andpuni.shul vbll). , . , . . Englishmonk. Aceordii.gto Anglo.Sax..ncbronic:es he .,f Houeher lay in the gi'.nping and decorative treatment
Boston irOrt ISlll. a DHI lUTroouct ci o_\ ijoki fuumicda inonasleiy intlr.4 at Tkanlio in l.iMcoliishiie, now of women and children, especially in the nude.
North, and passed bv the British Parliament, called Hoston (B.itoliihstown). He iiistitukd the rule of -Rmiphpr rbnii'.-lier i TnTiatban Born nt Bleu
\l-,r,.|, 1774 ..losin.' the l.ort of Boston Massa- St. licnediet tllere. Hisdeatb wase..inmein..,atcd .Iniie 17. -BOUCner (. OoU UU 1 ), JOnatHan. iSolIiat, Kid -
, m e U atiei Cie 1 177^^ Botoshan (bo-to-shiin'), or Botushani (bo-tii- cogo near ^V.gton, m Cumberland E
CronTeaDartv The AconcourseofAmer- Tl.Il'no) A citv in norlhern Moldavia, Ku- Marcdi 12, 1738: died at Ep.som, England, April
ieau.itTf,m?^MLTon'f).^^^ 0^ mania, 60 miles northwest of Jassy. Popula- 27,1804 An English clergyman and writer
11 ,111 1 lll/.i lis .11 Kosioii, i/i I,. HI, 11 lo, uesi^iieii ' ^ i jjg collected iiiatenals for a "(Mossaiy of Archaic ami
as a ileiiionstralion against the attempted Jin- J^i"". ■»i>"---J-. n i n- i-i ti Provincial Words," a part ot which (the letter A) was
portatioii of tea into the colonies. A large popular Botta (bot ta), OarlO CrlUSeppe trUglielmO. published in 1807, and another part (as far as "Blade")
MgemhlymetattheOld.SontlU'hnrehto'protest. As their Born at San tiiorgio del Caiiavese, Piedmont, in 183'2.
protest was inelfeetual, the same evening a body of about Italy, Xov. (), 1766 : died at Paris, Aug. 10, 1837. BoUChcr (bd-sha'), Pieixe. Born in Perclie,
tifty nien, disguise,! ,18 Moha\vk8,l>iiimled the three Brit- An "Italian historian. His works include "Storia France, 1()22: died at Boiichervillo, Canada,
;fiIrV!t'\''isooSb,t;?'tr^^^^^^^^^ " d'Italiadall78!)all8U"(1824),"Storiad'Italiaccmtinuata April 20, 1717. A French pioneer in Canada.
(>.diu.l at U8,ouo) nit^, the watei. ,,„ ,,„^.,|^ jei (Jnicciardilil, etc.' (1832), 'Storia delaguerra „^>vrote a " Histoire veritable et naturelle des inoeuis et
Boston University. An institution ol learn- deir indcpendenza degh stall Uniti d America (18011). des productions de la iNouvelle France " (1G03).
ing, situated at Boston, Mass., chartered in Botta, Paul Emile. Born at Turin, Dee. 6, 1802 : Boucher de CrevecCBUr de Perthes (li.i-sha'
l.HhO. It comprises departments of the liberal arts ^\[^^\ .^f Acheres, near Poissy, Prance, March de krav-ker' de iiai't') JaCQUeS Born at Ke-
n'lXbie mtf, Tdnl^d o?aU^eS'S'amV^■ '""' ^"*'"' -'' I''''"- ^^ ^^''^'^'-'^ ardutologist and traveler, thel, Ardennes, France, Sept. U), 178.S: died at
B08well(boz'w,.l), James. Bornat E.linlmrgh, son of Carlo Giuseppe Gughelmo Botta : noted Amiens,France Aug.. -i, 1868. A French ardue-
U.l '''I 17411 •, lied -It London Mav 19 179.5 The for ilis™vorios m Assyria. ologi.st and htt6rateiir. His works include "Ue la
u. l._J,li4U. ai<tiatY'imon,niayiJ, iiJ.J. i no gottariCbot-tii're), Giovanni Gaetano. Born creation " (18:!9-41), '• Antiiiuites eeltiques et aiitOdilu-
biographer of Dr. Johnson. He was the son ..f „f p|„,.,.,,,.e Tan l') KWI • ilied at Rome Juno viennes" (1847-0.^ etc.
Alexander Hoswell. a judge of the Scottish Court of Ses- at 1 Kil I ni e, Jan. 1-), lo.-^.i . iii( u ai niiiiii , uune k j,^ ,,-i/i- - '\ ru i
sion: was admitted to the Scottish bar in 1760, and to tin: 3, ](/:>. An Italian prelate anil archaiologist. BoUCheS-dU^Khone (bosh du-ron ). [ h rencll,
English bar in 17S<1; was appointed to the recordership of Bottesini ( bot-te-ze'ne), GioVanni. Born at 'mouths of the Khone.'] A department of
Oarlisic ill 17^8; and removed U> l.onilon in 1789. In ('[.(.inn Eombardv, Dee. 24, 1822. A celebrated France (capital Marseilles), bounded bv Van-
Jai^'il^i'^eTie ^.re,J/i?.ai;;«i'l™'i^,udi'1^,: ll^k !;; Pl-yev ou the double bass, conductor, and com- cluse on tho nort h. Var on the east, th J Medi-
this visit appeared in 1768 in the form of a volume en- Jioser. terraueau on the south, and Gard on the west,
titled "An Account of Corsica: the. lournal of a four to Botteer (b('>t'eher), Adolf. Born at Leipsic, The surface is generally low. It was a part of ancient
that Islan.l ; an.l Memoirs of Pascal I'aoli." In 176.1 he ji.,^?o, isir, : died at Gohlis, near Eoipsic, Nov. JT^^f *=• *""' ^'^^ "'"'"■'' '"""'• P'-I-'-'ati"" (1891),
inaile the acquaintance at Ix>ndon of Dr. .Tolinson whom be ^^ *io-ii \ r< f ,, . ... * o30,0JZ.
acornpani.d on a Journey to the Hebrides in 1773. After Hj. 18<0. A (Ternian poet. Uo translated poems of Boucicault (bii'so-ko) Dion Born at Dublin
lb,- ,l.!,tb of .lohnson he published in 1786 an account of Byion, (ioldsniith. Pope, .M lion etc ; and wro c '■ Ha- -^rP^^^i.t ,l,,,\: ,,^,1 '"f \Vw Yovk^
Ibis journey under the title " The .lounial of a Tour t,. hafia" (18.S3). " Her Pall von Babybm (18.V.), ■• Till Enlen- Dec. J), 8--. died at iNew ■) ol k. Sept. 18. Ih.lO
the ll.-brid.-s with .Samuel .lohnson, I.L.I).," whi.h was 6piegcI"(lN,'-,ii), etc. t.- • t i. " Anglo-American dramatist, manager, and
f"ll"weil in 17111 by his famous "l.ifi- of Samuel .lohnsi>n." Bottger^ or Bottchcr, or Bottlger, JohaHH actor. He married Agnes Kobertson, an actress of note,
Bosworth (boz'werlh), or Market BoSWOrth. Friedrich. Born at Schleiz, Keuss, Germany, but separated from lur many years hiter, declaring that
[.MK. l,o.s,r„rtl,. AS. prob. ' l!ns,„nrorU, (found Feb. 4, 1082: died at Dresden March 13, 17U. he bad^nev^^-^been K-g,^^^^ lll-'a^ds-'afid "Cng
as linaicorth in a spurious Batm charter, A. I). A German alchemist, noted as the discoverer ot Hearts"(l84:j), "Colleen Bawn"(18(io), "Anah-na-Pogue"
833), from Hasiiti, gen. of /(o.syi, a man's name Saxon ]iorceIain. (ISfi.^i), a version of "Kip Van Winkle" (lS6r>), "The
(cf. AS. ItiiHiinhom. now l{<isli<ini). -.mA iniiili, Botticelli (I'ot-te-diel'le), Sandro (originally .Shaughraun " (1874), etc. Brougham claimed a shai-o In
farmstead.] A market town in Beici'stcrshire, AlessandroFilipepi). Bornat Florence, 1447: '''-'''''''f ^ssurance.
England, 12niileswest of Leicester. At Bosworth <lit^<l there. May 17, Ifiir, (IfilO ?)- An Italian Boudet (bo-(la),Jea^. Count. Born at Bor-
Ki.-ld, Aug. -.'2. 14.'!.^ Hlehard III. was defeated and slain ]iainter. He was a piipil of I'ilippo Upjii, and was in- deaiix, I'eb. 19, 1(09: died at Biiilweis, Sejit.
by Ihe forces of the Earl of Kiehmond, who bccnmo Henry flueneed by Antonio Pollajiioloand Ca.stagiio. Among his 14. bSOO. A Frelicll general. He was .sent, in 1794,
VII. earliest works are the "K(H-tilude"and the series of circular to the West Indies, where he recovered tJuadeloiipe from
Bosworth (boz' worth) Josenh Born in Derbv- pielnres in the I'tlizi at I'lorence, and Madonnas in the the English and aided in Ihe attacks on .St. Vincent and
Tl.l.w^. l"^,,l,..,!l ITvco- .i;;. I \lt!,. o7 m-c A., I'tlizi and at I.oiHlon. In 1478 he painted for the Villa di lirenaila. On his return (17:iti) be was made general of
sum , l.iiglal 111, KM. ilieil IM.iy -l, l»iii. An (:.,ai^.i|„ the" Alleg.u-y ..f Spring "(now in the Academy of ilivision ; fought in llollaml and Italy; and in 18(r2 coin-
hligllsli philologist, appolllled Kawllllson pro- Florence), and the " Hirtb of Venus "in the Clllzi. Among inanded under LeeUir in the .Sanio llomingo exiiedition.
fessor of Anglo-Saxon at (Jxtord in 18.-i,S. nis his notable pictures iBarecimstruetionof thc"CaIuniny" He subseiinently served under Napoleon until 1801), cspo-
chief work is a " Dietlimaryof the Anglo.,Saxon Language," of Apelles from the description of Lncian. Kor Pier Prnii- cially distinguishing himself at Essling and Aspein.
published in 18:18. In l.'^^S he published an abriilgment ccsco de' Medici he made a series of illustrations to the BoudinOt (b(i'di-liot ), EliaS. Born at Pllila-
of ItC'A Cmpendions l)ictionai7of Anglo.Sa.x<m "). The "Diviiia Commedia " of Uante, 84 of which are now in the ,,,.,,,,■, ai.,v'> ITlll- .lioii-if Hiivllii.rto,, K I
larger work was c.litcd after its auth.ir's death by Pro- Museum of Iterlin and 8 In the Vatican. In 14.S2 he was lelph .1, IM, > _, 1< HI (In il .11 15111 111^011, P«. 1..
feBir.rl'olbr(l'art I., 1882; not completed in 189.'l). invited by I'ope Siitus IV. to assist In the decoration Oct. 24, l.'>21. An Amerieaii p;itriol and plii-
Botany Bay (bot'a-ni ba). An inlet on tho "' the Sistine chapel. He was one of the fidlowers of lauthropist, president of the Continental Con-
. . t>x'" Lt xiiiri » , I- Savon jirolii. irvikQu 1 7rt**
eastern coast ol New South Wales, Australia, -pxti-jcror niet'te-ner) l^nrl AiKniaf Born nt f^""'* " —
-, niiles soulh of Sydnev. It was lli.t visited 1,; ^|?,*?,'^^^, leh', 'sa^lonV^.fin.e ?,^7*^^ al Bouet-Willaiimez (bii-a' ve-yo-ma'). Comte
;;;t^;;,'''Ai:;iJc?,:;;:r;',.t'.!^tr;r;;i'i^ii;;;;m^^ j'-den, Nov. 17, 18:1.. a Germa,, an^,eo,o- ):°:^^;^^''i^^^.^Ti^>^t;:^:V'^^i:
17s7^ss, but was transfened U. I'ort Jackson. gist, director ot the gyiniiasiiim at Ueiniai- i , " ,• ,,,,..,, ,, , ,. , ,,, , ' . ,.
■n ..,--■ , r. . ■ .. .... , 1-111 luiii .,1 ,on. 1 V, ■ • ■. 1 ■■ . A I' rcMieli admiral, lie pnblislie<l " Desenplion nau-
Botein(bo-le-lli'). [Ar.c/-/«(^H, signifying 'the )'!' r''^"-;- After 1S04 he ived m iresden. lie wmle ,;, ,„.,,,.a coles comprises outre le Si'^negal et re,,natenr"
little bellv.'asfoi-ming with Ihe star o the sec- *'''''''l'''.:''';rJ^,''>"'K™"™"V;'"' '"^.'■'''^ (isiiO.ete.
I , •, p .1 1 X. ■ 1 A Konierin (1803), •' (Irlechlsche Vasengemalde (179i .J ." ,, ,,..,.. -,,,,, , -i-t
onil chamber of the laiiiar Mansions.] A name isno), eie. Boufarik (bo-fa-rek ). A town and military
givin to the two stars (1 and ' Arietis. Bottiger, Karl Vilhelm. Born at \Vester:is, ]iost in tho province of .Mgiers, Algeria, 21
Botetourt (bot'e-tiirl). Norborne Berkeley, Sweden. .\lav lo, 1S(I7: died nl Upsala, Sweden, miles southwest of Algiers, founded by the
Baron. Born in England about 1734 (,'): dieil Dec. 22, 1878. A Swedish poet . Ills collected French in Is:!-'.. r..|inl;il ion.i islill, eoniiinine,
at Williamsburg, Va., Oct. l."), 1770. An Eug- writings were published in 1856. 8,064.
Boufflers, Louis Frangois de
Bouffiers (bo-tiar'), Louis Frangois, Diu- de.
Boru Jan. 10, 1644: died at I'ontaiiu'blcaii,
France, Aug. 20, 1711. A marshal of France,
called Chevalier de Boufflers. He served with
distinction in tlie campaigns in the Low Coun-
tries.
Boufflers, Stanislas, Marquis de, called Abb6
and then Chevalier de Boufflers. Born at
Nancy. France. May 31, 173S: died at Paris,
Jan. is, 1815. A French litterateur and cour-
tier, author of ** Voyage en Suisse" (1770), etc.
Boufflers-Rouvrel (bo-liar'rov-rel'), Comtesse
Marie Charlotte Hippolyte de. Born at
Paris, 1724: died about ISUO. A French lady,
leader in Parisian literary circles. After the
death of her husbanil, the Comte de Boufflers-Rouvrel,
1704, she hecanic the reputed mistress of the Prince de
Conti, over whose receptions she presided. She was the
friend of J. J. Rousseau, Iluiue, and Grimm.
Bougainville (bo-gan-veT). Louis Antoinede.
Born at Paris, Nov. 11, 1721): died there. Ajtril
31, 1814. A French navigator. He entered the
aruiy in 17.'>4, went to Canada in 17;'>0 as an aide-de-camp
of Montcalm, and was at the hattle of Quebec ; subse-
quently he foujrht in Ilolhmd. In 1763 he left the anuy
for the navj', and three years after was given connnand of
a fleet destined to establish a French colony on the Falk-
land Islands, and thence to circumnavigate the globe.
After leaving his colony he explored the Straits of Ma-
gellan ; visited a great number of the Pacific islands,
some of which he discovered; coasted New Ireland and
New Guinea; touched at the Jloluccas; and returned t*!
Fi-ance by the Cape of Good Hope in 1700. His "Voyage
autour du monde," a description uf the circumnavigation,
was published in 1771. In 1781 liou^ainville commanded
under the ('"Unt de Grasse in the expedition to America,
and had a tight with Admiral Ilond otf Martinique. On
liis return lie left the navy, with the title of chef d'escadre,
and rejoined the :u-my as a field-marshal. He retired in
1790.
Boughton (ba'ton), George Henry. Bomnear
Norwich, England, 1834. An English-Ameri-
can genre and landscape jjainter. His family emi-
grated to the United States in 1839, and settled at Albany.
New Vork. He returned to London in 18'3 to study his
prufessinn. came to New York in 185S, and flxtil his resi-
dence near London in 1861. Royal academician 1896.
Bougie (bo-zhe'), At. Bujayah. A seaport in
the province of Constantine. Algeria, situated
on the Gulf of Bougie in lat. 36° 45' N., long.
4° 55' E. : the Roman Saldse. It was an impor-
tant medieval city. Population (1892), 7,862.
Bouguer (bo-ga'), Pierre. Born at Croisic,
Brittany, France, Feb. 10, 1698: died at Paris.
Aug. 15, 1758. A French mathematician, in-
ventor of the heliometer.
Bouguereau (bog-ro'). William Adolphe.
Born at La Rochelle, France, Nov. 30, 1825.
Atlistinguished French painter, apupilof Picot
and of the Ecole des Beaux Ai'ts. He took the grand
prix de Rome in 1850. On his return to Paris he was in-
trusted with important decorative works in puhlic build-
ings, and in 1866 painted "Apollo and the Muses" in the
foyer of the Theatre de Bordeaux. He received medals of
the second class in 1855, first class in 1857, and third class
in 1867, and medals of honor 1878-^5. H e became a member
of the Institute in 1876.
Bouilliet (bii-lya'), Louis. Born at Cany,
Seine-Infericure, France, May 27, 1822 : died at
Roneii, France, July 19, 1869. A Frencli l\Tic
and dramatic poet. He wrote '-Meloenis" (1852),
"Fossiles" (1854), "H^lcne I'eyron" (1858), " Festons et
astragales" (1858), etc.
Bouillabaisse, The Ballad of. A ballad by
Thackeray celebrating the charms of a Marseil-
laise chowder of that name.
Bouill6 (bo-ya'), Frangois Claude Amour,
Marquis de. Born at Cluzel, in Auvei'gne, Nov.
19, 1739: died at London. Nov. 14, 1800. A
French general. From 1768 to I7s2 he was governor
in the Antilles, and not only defended himself against the
English but took several islands from them. Promoted to
lieutenant-general, he was commander at Mctz when the
I-Yench Revolution broke out. In 1791 » hdiuelk-d a mutiny
of Ids soldiers, and soon after defeated the revolted garri-
son of Nancy. In June. 1791, he hacl secretly arranged
with the king tn get him out of the cuuntiy ; the plan fail-
ing. Bouille tied to England. He published an account of
the Revulution.
Bouillon (bo-lyori' or bo-yon'). [MXi. BuUo-
Hiinit.] A former duchy, now comprised in the
nrovincr of Ijuxriiiburg. Helgiutu. It became a
ducby about the time uf (iodfrey (uf Bouillon), who sold it
to tiie Kisliup of Liege in 1095. In later times it belonged
to the houses of f.a Marck and La Tour d'Auvergne, and
the descendants of 'I'urenne (Under the suzerainty of
France).
Bouillon, Due de (Frederic Maurice de la
Tour d'Auvergne). Born at Sedan, France,
0<'t. 2'2, lOOf): died at Pontoise, France. Aug.
9. lOr/J. A Frcmdi general, son of Henri de la
Tour d'Auvci-giH', and brotlier of Turenne.
Bouillon, Godfrey de. See (in((fnii<h- liomUon.
Bouillon, Due de (Henri de la Tour d'Au-
vergne), Born in Auvcrgiu'. KraniM'. Sept. 28,
I.Vk): died March 2.'», 1023. A marslud of France,
aud diplomatist, father of Turenne.
174
Bouilly (bo-ye'). Jean Nicolas. Born at Cou-
draye, near Tours. France, .Tan. 24, 1763 : died at
Paris, April 14, 1842. A French dramatist and
novelist. He wrote " F*ierre le Grand," a comic opera
(1790), "La faniille ain^ricaine " (1796), "Jean Jacques
Kousseau k ses derniera moments " (179i), and other plays
designed to glorify French celebrities, ■ 'Contes populaires"
(1S44), etc.
Boulainvilliers {bo-lah-ve-ya'), Comte Henri
de. Born at St. Saire, SeiiiQ-Iiif^rieure, France,
Oct. 11. 1658: died at Paris, Jan. 23, 1722. A
French historian. He wrote a "Histoire de I'ancien
gouveniement de la France, etc." (1727), " L'^tat de la
France, etc." (1727), "Histoire des Arabes" (1731), "His-
toire de la pairie de France et du parlenient de Paris"
(17r.;{). etc.
Boulak. See Buhik.
Boulanger(bo-lon-zha'), Georges Ernest Jean
Marie, Born at Rennes, April 29, 1837 : died
at Brussels, Belgium, Sept. 30, 1891. A French
soldier and politician. He entered the ai-my in 1856,
took part in the Kabyle expedition in 18.^7, was with the
expedition to Cochin China in 18fil, was chief of battalion
in the army of Paris during the Kranco-tierman war, and
(1884) was placed in command of the army of occupation
in I'uius, with the rank of a general of division. He be-
came minister of war in the cabinet formed by M. de
Freycinet, Jan. 7, 18S6, which post he retained during the
ministry of M. Goblet. He organized democratic reforms
in the army, and posed as the leader of the party of re-
venge against Germany, which gave him great popularity.
Left out of the ministry formed by M. Kouvier, May 30,
1887, he entered into secret alliance with the various rev-
olutionary groups — the Intransigeants of M, de Roche-
fort, the League of Patriots of il. D^roul^de, the anar-
chists, and with the Comte de Paris and the Orlt^anists.
Hoping by means of this alliance to make himself dicta-
tor, he adopted the cry for the revision of the constitu-
tion, and by means of money furnished by the Duchesse
d'Uzes and the Comte de Paris was elected by a large
majority in the Department of the Nord in April, 1888.
In July, 1888, he fought a duel with the then premier il.
Floquet, in which he was severely wounded. In Janu-
ary, 1889, he was elected by the city of Pjuis, and later by
a number of departments. The Boulangist movement had
now grown to such proportions that the Tirard cabinet was
fonued specially with a view to putting it down. Fright-
ened by the attitude of M. Constans, the minister of the
interior, he fled to Brussels, April 2, 1889. Tried by the
Senate for conspiracy, he was sentenced in contumaciatn
to deportation. He passed his exile in Belgium and Jer-
sey, and shot himself on the grave of his mistress, Madame
Bonnemain, in Brussels.
Boulanger, Gustave Bodolphe Clarence.
Born at Paris, April 25, 1S24: died there, Sept.
22, 1888. A French painter, noted especially
for his paintings of Oriental subjects. Among his
works are "Les Kabyles en d^route" (1863), "Cavaliers
sahariens" (18ti4).
Boulangists. The partizans of Boulanger.
See Boulanger^ Geon/es Ernest Jean Marie.
Boulder (bol'der). [Prom houJder,'] A city in
northern Colorado, northwest of Denver: a
mining center. Population (1890), 3,330.
Boulogne {bo-16n': F. pron. bo-16ny'), or Bou-
logne-SUr-Mer ( bii - lony ' sur - mar ' )■ [For-
merly Bnllen ; OF. Beulofjne^ Bologne (cf. AS.
Bune, Bunne, MD. Bonen), from LL. Bononia,
earlier called Gesoriacum. Cf. BoIofpia.'\ A
seaport in the department of Pas-de-Calais,
France, situated on the English Channel in
lat. 50° 44' N., long. 1"^ 37' E.": the Roman Bo-
nonia Gessoriacum aud the medieval Bolonia.
It is the fourth seaport in France, and has an increas-
ingly important harbor ; it is the tenninus of the steam-
packet line to Folkestone. England. It is the birthplace
of Sainte-Beuve and Mai'iette. In 1544 it was taken by
Henry VIIL, and restored in 1550. It was the rendezvtms
of Napoleon's projected expedition against England. The
cathedral of Boulogne is a modern Italian Renaissance
structure of some note for the impressive effect of its
spacious interior, and for the size of its dome (300 feet
high). The ver>- large three-aisled Romanesque crypt is a
remnant of the cathedral destroyed in the Revolution.
The Column of the Grand Army is a marble Doric column,
17<» feet high, capped by a bronze statue of Napoleon I.,
commemttrating the intended invasion of England in 1804-
181)5. population (1891), 45,205.
Boulogne-sur-Seine O»o-io»iy'siir-san')- AtouTi
in the department of Seine, France, 1 mile
west of the fortiiications of Paris. Population
(1891). commime, 32,569.
Boult (bolt). A servant in Shakspere's '*Peri-
<des."
Bounce (bonus), Benjamin, The pseudonym
of Jlciiry Carey, uiicier vvliich he wrote *'C'hro-
iiuidiid<nitlu)lo^()S," a burlcsijue.
Bouncer {l)oun's(r), Mr. The friend of Mr.
Verdant (ireen in Cutlibcrt Bcdc's novel "Ver-
(hmt < ireen.'' He is a good-liearted little fcl-
ht\v. wliosc dogs Huz and liiiz are a feature of
tlli' book.
Bounderby (boun'der-bi), Joseph. A charac-
ter in Charles Dickens's "Ilard Times": "a
rich man, banker, merchant, manufacturer,
and wlmt not ... a self-made man . . . the
Bully of liumility." He marries Mr. Grad-
i,^rind's <langliter Louisa.
Bountiful (bouu'ti-ful), Lady. In Fanjuhars
Bourbon
comedy "The Beaux' Stratagem," a kind-
heai-ted country gentlewoman. Her name has
become a proverb for a charitable woman.
Bounty, The. An English ship whose crew,
after leaving Tahiti, mutinied in 1789 under
the lead of Fletcher Christian. Thecaptaiti, Bligh,
and 18 of the crew were set .adrift in a small boat, and ulti-
mately reached England. The mutineers, under the lead
of John Adams, settled on Pitcairn Island in the Pacific,
and mingling with the natives formed eventually a curi-
ously isolated but civilized community.
Bourbaki (bor-bii'ke), Charles Denis Sauter.
Born at Pau, France, April 2li, ISKJ. A French
general. He fought with distinction at Alma and In-
kerman in 1854, Malakolf in 1855. and Solferino in 18.'i9,
and commanded the Imperial Guard in the biittles of the
16th and Slst of August, 1870, at Metz, which he left Sept.
25 on a secret mission U} the empress Eugt-nie in Enghmd.
Jan. 15-17, 1871, he endeavored to break through the Prus-
sian line under General Werder at Belfort, with the result
that he was compelled to retreat to Switzerland ; and,
after an attempt at suicide, Jan. 26, was relieved of his
command by General Clinehant. In July. 1871, he was
given the command of the Gth army corps, and in 1873
that of the 14th army corps and the government of Lyons.
He retired in 1881.
Bourbon (bor-bon'), Charles, Cardinal de.
Born Dec, 22, 1520 : cUed May 9, 1590. A French
prince, brother of Antoine of Navarre and un-
cle of Henry IV. He was one of the leaders of the
Catholic League, by which he was proclaimed king, with
the title of t'h:irles X., 1589, in opposition to Henry IV.
Bourbon, Charles, Due de, commonly called
Constable Bourbon (Connetable de Bourbon).
Bom Feb. 17, UOO: died at Rome, May 6. 1527.
A celebrated French general. He was descended
from a younger brauch of the house of Bourbon, being
a son of Gilbert, count of Montpensier, and married Su-
sanne, heiress of Bourbon, with whom he obtained the title
of duke. In 1515 he was created constable of France. He
concluded in 1522 (on the death of Susanne) a private al-
liance with the emperor Charles V. and Heniy VIIL of
England. He was promised, by the emperor, the em-
peror's sister, Eleonora. in marriage, with Portugal as a
jointure, and an independent kingdom which was to in-
clude Provence, Dauphind, Bourbonnais, and Auvergne.
He tied from France in 1523, aided in expelling the French
from Italy in 1524, and contributed to the victtuy of Pavia
in 1525, in spite of which his interests were neglected in the
treaty of peace between Spain and France in 1526. He com-
manded with George of Frundsljerg the aimy of Spanish
and GeiTuan mercenaries which stormed Kome, May 6,
1527, and fell in the assault.
Bourbon, Due de (Louis Henri de Bourbon).
Born at Versailles, France, 1692: diedatChan-
tilly, France, Jan. 27, 1740. A French politi-
cian, j)rime minister 1723-26.
Bourbon (bor'bon; F. pron. bor-bon'), HoUSe
of. [ME. Biirboii, OF. Bourbon, Borbon, F. Boiir-
bon, Sp. Borbon, It. Borbone, ML. Borbo{n-)j
Burbo{n-),miih\. Burbone castro, Burbune cab'troj
Bourbon castle. Cf. Borhonaynov^Bourhonne-les-
Btfins, Borbone vicariOy now Bonrbon-VAreltam-
bauHJ] A royal house of France, Spain, and Na-
ples: so called from a castle iu the quondam
district of the Bourbonnais in central France.
The tlrst sire of Bourbon was Adh^mar or Aimar, who
lived about 920. His descendant Beatrix, heiress of Bour-
bon, married 1272 Robert, count of Clermont (sixth sou of
Louis IX. of PYance), who bt^came the founder of the
Bourhoti branch of the Capetiim dynasty. Antoine de
Bourbon married Jeanne d'Albret, heiress of Navarre,
1548, anil became king of NavaiTe 1555. Their son Henry
became king of France as Henry IV., 1589. The Spanish
branch of the house of Bourbon was founded by Philippe,
duke of Anjou (grandson of Louis XIV.), who became
king of Spain 1700. His second son Charles became king
of Naples (and Sicily) as (.'harles IV., 1735. Charles acceded
to the Spanish throne 1759, whereupon he resigned Naples
(and Sicily) to his son Ferdinand IV. who became the
founder of the Neapolitan branch. In France Henry IV.
was succeeded by six descendants in the direct line :
Louis XIII., I(il0^3; Ix)ui8 XIV,, 1643-1715; Louis XV.,
1715-74; Louis XVI., 1774-93; Louis XVIII., 1814-24;
and Charles X., 1824-30. The inteiTid between Louis XVI.,
who was deposed and executed by order of the National
Convention, and Louis XVIII. was occupied by tlie
French Kevolu'ion and the reign of Napoleon I. Charles
X. was compelled to abdicate by the July revolutiiui,
18311, which placed IajuIs Philippe on the throne. Louia
rhilippe represented a younger branch of the house of
Bourbon, known as Bourbon-<)rl^ans, which derived its
origin from Philip, duke of Orleans, brother of Louis
XIV. I.,oui8 Philippe was deposed by the revolution of
1848. In Spain, Philip V. was succeeded by Ferdimmd
VI., 1746-59; Charles III., 1759-88; Charles FV., 178&-
IsnS; Ferdinand VII., 1H14-33; Isabella II., 1833-(38 ; Al-
fonso XII., 1875-85; and Alfonso XIII., the present oc-
cupant of the throne. The interval between 1S08 and
1814 was occupied by the reign of Joseph Bonaparte;
that between 1808 ami 1875 by a revolutionary i>rovisi(tnal
government, by the reign of Amadeo. second sun of Vic-
tor Rmmanuel, ami l»y a republic. Fi-om Naples Ferdi-
nand IV.. who ascerulcd the throne in 1759, was expelled
by Xapiilcon in 18(>5. He withdrew to Sicily, where he
maintained himself during the domination of the French
under Joseph Bonaparte and Murat at Naples. On being
restored (o Naplesiu 1815, he assumed the title of Ferdinand
I., king ^A the Two Sicilies. He died in 1825, and was suc-
ceeded by Francis I., 182.'j-SO ; Ferdinand II., 183()-.59 ; and
by Francis II., 1859-60. tYancis II. was expelled by his
subjects, with the assistance of Caribaldi, and his doniiu-
i(»n8 were ututed to those of Victor Fmmamiel. Impor-
tant branchesof the royal house of Bourbon arethepiincely
houses of Cond6 and Copti and the ducal house of Parma.
Bourbon, Isle of
Bourbon, Isle of. See lii-imion.
Bourbon-Lancy (bor-boii'lou-se'). A water-
ing-plate iu the ilepartment of Saoiie-et-Loire,
France, 22 miles east of Moulins: the Roman
Aqua" Nisineii. It is noteil for its mineral
springs. Population (1891), comninne, 3,881.
Bourbon-l' Archambault ( biir - 1j6u ' liir - shoii-
bo'). A town iu the department of Allicr,Frauce,
14 miles west of Monliiis, noted for its mineral
spriugs: the Konian Aqtue Bormonis. Popula-
tion (1891), eommuue. 4,008.
Boorbonnais (biir-bon-na'). An ancient ^o\-
ernmeut of central France. It w;is boumleil by
Berry uii Ihe west and north, Niverniua on the north,
BurKnudy on the eiist, [>yannais on the sontheast, An-
Terjfnt* on the 8<nith. and Miirche tin tlie west. Its cap-
ital wiu Moulins. It corresponds mainly to the depiirt-
ment of Allier and part of Cher. The duchy of Bourbon
was united to the crown in 1523.
Bourbonne-les-Bains (bor-bon'la-ban')- [ML.
linrhi>ttit : oi'ij^. Aiime Bi>n'onis^ Batlisof Borvo:
so calleil from liiirro{ii-), a Gallic name of
Apollo.] A town in the departmeut of llaute-
Marue, France, iu lat. 47° .57' N., long. .5° 45'
E., noted for its hot mineral springs: the Roman
Vervona Castrum. Population (1891), com-
mune, 4.148.
Bourboule (biir-bol'). La. A watering-place
and health-resort in the ilepartment of Au-
vergne. France, of reeeixt development.
Bourcllier(bor'chi-er:F.pron.b6r-shya'),Jolin
(Baron Berners). Born 1467: died at Calais.
France. March Iti. \'>',i',i. An English statesman
and author, chancellor of the exchequer 1515.
lie translated Krolssarfs "Chrtmicle "(152."}-25), also " Ar-
thur of Lytell Brytayne," " Huon of Burdeux," " The Caa-
tell of Love.' etc.
Bourchler, Thomas. Bom about 1404-05 ; died
at Know le. near Seveuoaks, England, 1486. An
Knglish cardinal, archbishop of Canterbury
14.54-HG.
Bourdaloue (bSr-dii-lo'). Louis. Born at
Bnnrges, France, Aug. 20, 1632 : died at Paris,
ilay 13, 1704. A noted French theologian.
He waa a member of the order of Jesuits, professor of
rhetoric, philosophy, and thecdogy in the Jesuit college of
Bourgcs, court preacher (1670), and one of the most illus-
trious pulpit orators ttf Krauce. His senuons have been
published in 18 volumes (1707-:u), in 17 volumes (1822-2ii),
etc.
Bourdin, Maurice. See Gregonj VIII., Anti-
pope.
Bourdon(bor-ddii'), Louis Pierre Marie. Born
at Alenijon, France, July 16, 17119 : diid at Paris,
March 15, 1854. A French mathematician, au-
thor of •• Elements d'Alg^bre" and other mathe-
matical works.
Bonrg (borg), or Bourg-en-Bresse (biirk'on-
bres'). The capital of the depart itient of Ain,
France, 38 miles northeast of J.iyons: the me-
dieval Taniim. it contains the noted church of Notre
l>atne<It- Itrou. It was the ancient capital of Bresse. Pop-
ulation (IV.U), commune, 18,!Xi8.
Bourgade (biir-giid'). Francois. Born at Gan-
jou, France. July 7, 1806 : died 186(). A French
missionary in Algiers, and Orientalist. He wrote
"Trdst.n d'or de la lariRUe pht^'nicieunc"(1852), '*Soir(ics
ill- e'arlhau'e " U^''2). ete.
Bourgas, orBurghas (bor'giis). A sea))ort in
eastern Kumelia, Bulgaria, situated on the
Black Sea in lat. 42° 28' N., long. 27° 36' E. It
is a idiief ])ort in the country, and has a liirge
traile. Population (1888), commune, 6.:)43.
Bourgeois, Anicet. See Anicit-iiouriiioix.
Bourgeois (biir-zhwii'), Dominique Frantjois.
Horn at I'ontarlier, France, 1698: died at Paris,
June 18, 1781. A French inventor, especially
noted for his inventions in regard to lanterns.
Bourgeois Oentilhomme (i)or./.hwii' zhon-te-
yom'). Le. A coiriedy liy Moliffre, with music
by Lull!, producecl in 1670.
Bourges (btirzh). [L. mim-ij/es, a Gallic tribe,
called specifically JliliDii/is Citbi, with capital
Ani)iiiim.] The capital of the department of
Cher, France, situated at the junction of the
Yevre and Auron in lat. 47° 5' N., long. 2° 22'
E.: the (lallie .\varicniu, and latir Hitiirica.
It contains a strong arsenal, and foundry of cannon, and
a noted cathedral (see below). It wa-s the eaj>ital of the
Bltnrlges. and was sarkcd by ('tcsar in 52 a. ('. For a time
In the reign of rharles VII. it was the capital of Krani^e,
and was also the capital of Berry. It had a noted uni-
versity (Ire«|uented by Itezji, Aniyot, and t.'alvinf. It
was the birthplaee of I.ouIh XI., .laeques Ticur. and
Uonr<la]oue. The cathedral of Iltiurgea is one of the live
greatest in France, and of the nntst nnignitlcent existing.
The west fovade has 5 splendid canopied portals, admira*
biy sculptured. On Ihe north anil south sides of the navo
there are Roinanesiine doorways, with vaulted porelies.
There are no traiisepts, anil the huge Interior Is in gen-
eral sotierly orminicnted, but beanlitul from the excellent
proportions of its subdivisions and the graceful arcades of
its windows. The nave is 117 feot high ; there are double
aisles, the inner of which has triforium a:ul clearstory. The
175
length is 405 feet. The display of medieval glass fills
almost all the windows, and is unsurpassed. There is a tine
massive 13tli-century crypt beneath the ehoir. Maisvn de
Jacqiws Ctptir, now the Palais de Justice, a very notable
palace built in the 15th century- by JacquesCceur, treasurer
of diaries VII. Ihe style is the llorid Pointed, with beau-
tiful doors, windows, and balconies, and a most plctu-
restiue court. Several apartments of the interior preserve
their original character ; the chapel is beautifully sculp-
tured, and its walls are covered with delicate Italian fres-
cos. In the walls are preserved several towers, now cone-
roofed like their medieval fellows, of the ramparts of the
I^lnKln Avaricum. Population (181)1), commune, 4!>,;M2.
Bourget (bor-zha'). Paul. Born at Amiens,
Sept. 2, 1852. A French novelist and critic.
He studied at the Lyei^e Louis-le-Orand in Paris, and at
the Ecole des Hautes Ktndes. with the intention of be-
coming a specialist In Greek philology. Heliecaine inter-
ested in literary work, and contributed to the " Revue des
Deux Mondes,"the "Renaissance," the " Parlement," and
the "Nouvelle Revue." Later he undertook novel-writ-
ing, and published "Llrr^parable." "Denxi^me amour,"
" Profits perdus " (18S1), "CrucUe finigme" (ISSil), "Andr^
Cornells" (1886), "Mensonges" (1887), "Crime d'ainour,"
" Pastels (l>ix portraits de femmes)," " Le disciple " (1890),
" La terre promise," "Cosmopolis." Bourget's works on
criticism are "'Essais de psychologic contemporalne "
(1883), " Nouveaux essais " (1885), and " Etudes et por-
traits" (1888). His poetic writings include "La vie in-
quidtc " (1875), " Edel " (1878), " Les aveux " (1882), " Po(5-
Bles" (1872-76). "An liord de la nier," " Petlts pofemes "
(1885). Bourget also wrote the prefatoiy notices to Scar-
ron's "Roman comique " (1881), and to Barbey d'AurevUly's
" Memoranda" (1883). "Outre-Mer" (18;»4).
Bourget (bor-zha'), Lac du. A lake in the de-
partment of Savoie. France, north of Chara-
bery. Length, 10 miles.
Bourguignon. See Conrtoifi, Jacques.
Bourignon (bo-ren-you'). Antoinette. Born
at Lille, Franco, Jan. 13, 1616: died at Fran-
eker, Netherlands, Oct. 30, 1680. A Flemish
religious enthusiast, .she assumed the Augustinian
habit, traveled in France, Holland, England, and Scot-
land, and lieeame the founder of a sect, the Bourignonists,
which maintained that Christianity does not consist in
faith and practice, but in inward feeling and supernatu-
ral impulse. Her works were published in 19 volumes
by her diseipte Poiret; "Toutes les eeuvres de fillle. A.
Bourignon " (lli7y-84).
Bourignonists (bo-rin'yon-ists). A sect of
(^uietists founded in the 17th century by An-
toinette Bourignon (161(>-80). She claimed to
be inspired by God: her doctrines were essen-
tially pietistie.
Bourmont (bor-mon'). Louis Augusta Victor,
Comte de Ghaisne de. Born at Bourmont,
Maine-et-Loire, France, Sept. 2. 1773: died at
Bourmont, Oct. 27, 184<5. A French soldier
and politician, minister of war in 1829, and com-
mander-in-chief of the Algerian expedition in
1830.
Bourne (born), Hug:ll. Born at Stoke-upon-
Trent, England, April 3, 1772 : died at Bemers-
ley, Staffordshire, Oct. 11, 1852. An English
clergyman, founder of the first society of Prim-
itive Methodists 1810. He visited the United
States 1.844-16.
Bourne, Vincent. Bom 1695: died Dec. 2, 1747.
jViiKiiglish writ ir of Lat in verse, author of "Poe-
iiiata, etc." (1734). and other works.
Bournemouth (iiorn'muth). A watering-place
and winter resort in Hampshire, England,
situated on the English Channel 22 miles south-
west of Southampton. Population (1891), 37,-
().50.
Bourrienne (bo-re-en'), Louis AntoineFauve-
let de. Born at Sens, France. July 9, 1769:
ilied at (.'aen, France, Feb. 7, 1834. A French
diplomatist. He was private secretary of Napoleon I.
in Egypt and during the consulate, minister plenipoten-
tiary in Ibiml>urg (18(H), and minister of state under
bonis XVIIl. He wrote " MCmoires sur NapoMon. le
dircctoirc, le coiisulat, Pempire et la rc8taiiratioir'(1829).
Bourru Bienfaisant (bii-rii' byan-fa-zoh'), Le.
[F.,'Tlie BenevidenI iMisanthrope.'] A coniedy
by Cai-lo ({oliloni. written in French at Paris,
lirst pl;iyed Nov. 4, 1771.
Boursault (biir-so'), Edme. Born at Mussv-
t'Eveijue, Burgundy, tVt., 1638: <iied at Mout-
lui;on, France, Sept. 15, 1701. A French
dramatic poet and miscellaneous writer. His
works include " Le Merclire galant " (his chief nlay\
"Esope ti la vllle." " F^sope ii la conr." "PhaCton." etc.
His dramatic worlis were published in 1725. enlarged edi-
tion in 17-b). Several of his plays were imitated by Van-
brugb.
Bourse, La. ['''••' '"''e Purse.'] A novel by Bal-
Ziie. written in 1832.
Boursoufle, Le Comte de. See Comtc ilc Bour-
y.,„Jlr.
Bouterwek (bi>'ier-vek), Friedrich. Born at
Oker, near Goslar, Prussia, April 1:5, ntili :
ilied at (iottingiMi, Germanv, Aug. 9. 1828. A
Gerinan writer on philosi)]Aiy and the history
of literature, appointed prnl'essor at (liittingen
in 1797. His chief work is a "tJescbicht-e der neucrri
I'oesic and lleredsniukuit" (I8iil-I9).
Bower, Walter
Bouteville (bot-vcl'). Seigneur de, Comte de
Suxe (Francois de Montmorency). Bom
1600: died at Paris, June 27, 1627. A French
soldier celebrated as a duelist. Ue served with
distinction at the taking of St. Jean d'.\ngely and the
siege of Montauban, but was condemned to death and
executed for his dueling escapades.
Boutwell (bout'wel), George Sewall. Born
at Brookline, Mass., Jan. 28, 1818. An Ameri-
can politician. He was Democratic governor of .Massa-
chusetts 18.'!2-.53, commissioner of internal revenue 1862-
18('.:{. Republican menilier of Congress ls63-69, secretary
of the treasiuy 1869-73, and Republican t'nited States sena-
tor from .Massachusetts 1873-77.
Bouvart (bo-vitr'), Alexis. Born in Haute
Savoie, France. June 27, 1767 : died June 7,
1843. A French astronomer, author of "Nou-
velles tables des planfetes Jupiter et Saturne"
(1808), etc.
Bouvier(b6-ver'; F. pron.bo-vj'a'), John. Born
at Codogno, Italy, 1787: died at Philadelphia,
Nov. 18, 1851. An American .iurist, appointed
associate judge of the Coui-t of Criminal Ses-
sions in Philadelphia iu 1838. He compiled a " Law
Dietionaiy, etc." (1839), "Institutes of American Law"
(1S51), etc.
Bouvines (bo-ven'), or Bovines (bd-ven'). A
village 7 miles southeast of Lille, France.
Here, July 27, 1214, the Frencli under Philip Augustus
defeated the army of Otto IV. (ll)0,0iK)-160.uoo Ocrmans,
Flemings, English). The loss of Otto was atjout 3U,000.
Bovary, Madame. See Madame Boiiiry.
Boves (bo'ves), Jose Tomas. Born at Gijou,
Asturias, Spain, about 1770: killed at the bat-
tle of Urica, near Maturin, Venezuela, Dec. 5,
1814. A partizan chief, in 1809 he was imprisoned
at Puerto Cabello as a contrabandist. Banished to Cala-
bozo, he was again imprisoned there. On Ills release in
1812 he declared against the revolution, drew about liim
an irregular guerrilla band, and carried on a war In the in-
terior witli horrllde cruelties until his death.
Bovianum (bo-vi-a'num). In ancient geogra-
phy, a citv of Samnium, Italy, in lat. 41° 29'
N., long. 14° 25' E.
Bovlno (bo-ve'no). A town in the province
of Foggia, Apulia, Italy, 17 miles southwest of
Foggia. Population. 7,000.
Bow Church. See Sain t Mary de A rcitbiw (Mary
le Bow).
Bowdich (bou'dieh), Thomas Edward. Bom
at Bristol, England, June 20, 1791: died at
Bathurst, Isle of St. Mary, West Africa, Jan.
10, 1824. A noted English traveler in Africa,
and scientific writer. He went to Cape Coast Castle
in 1814. and iu 1815 went on a mission, for the African
Company, to Ashantl. He published an account of this
expedition (" A Mission from Cape Coast Castle to Ashan-
tee ") In 1819.
Bowditch (bou'dieh), Nathaniel. Born at
Salem, Mass., March 26, 1773: died at Boston,
March 16. 1838. An American mathematician.
He translated Laplace's "Mecanlqiie cCleste " (1829-38X
and wrote "The New American Practical Navigator"
(18(12).
Bowdoin (bo'dn), James. [The surname Bow-
diiiii is from F. liiiiidouiii = E. Baldirin.l Born
at Boston. Ma.ss., Aug. 8, 1727: died at Boston,
Nov. 6, 1790. An American politician, gover-
nor of Massachusetts 1786-87. He suppressed
Shays's rebellion. Bowdoin College. Maine, was
named in his honor.
Bowdoin, James. Born at Boston, Sejit. 22,
1752: died at Naushon Island, Mass., Oct. 11,
1811. Son of James Bowdoin, minister to Spain
1804-08. He was a benefactor of Bowdoin
College.
Bowdoin College. An institution of learning
situated at Brunswick. Maine, opened in 1802.
It comprises a collegiate department and medical school,
and hail (1896-97) 377 students and :B instructors. It is
under the control of the Congregatlonallsts.
Bowen (bo'en), Francis. Born at Charles-
town, ilass., Sept. 8. 1811 : died at Cambridge,
Mass., Jan. 21, 1890. An American wTiti'r
on philosophy and political economy. He was
editor and proprietor of the " .North American Review "
(1813-54), and became .\lford professorof natural religion,
moral philosophy, and elvli polity in Hiu'vard I'nlverslty
In 185:1. He wrote "American Political Economy," etc.
(1870), and " .Modern Philosophy " (1877), and compiled ami
edited " I>oi-nments of the Constitutions of England and
.\nierica from .Magna <'harta to the Federal Constitution
of 1789," witll notes (I8"4), etc.
Bower (bou'er), Archibald. Born at or near
Dundee, Scotland. Jan. 17. 11)86: died at Lon-
don, Sept. 3, I7()G. An English liisloriau, for
a time a member of the order of .lesus, and
secretary of the Court of the Inquisition at
Macerata, and later a Protest.int. lie pub-
lished a " History of the Poju's" ( 1748-66).
Bower, or Bowmaker, Walter. Born at Had-
ilingtun. 13.85: died 1449. An Huf'lisli writer,
;nithor of the •'Scotichronieon" (\WiioU see).
Bower of Bliss, The
Bower of Bliss, The. 1. The garden of the
eni'hautress Anuida in Tasso's "Jerusalem
Delivered.'' See Armkla. — 2. The one
home of Acrasia in Spenser's " Faerie tjiieene."'
Bowers (bou'erz), Elizabeth Crocker. Born
at Stamford, Conn., Maroh IL!, is:t(t: died Xov.6,
l.syr>. An American actress and manager.
Bowery (bou'er-i), The. [From I>. Ixiiiirerij, a
farm, jirop. farming, husbandry, from botiwcr,
a farmer.] A wide thoroughfare in New York,
running i)arallel to Broadway, fri)m Chatham
Square" to about 7th street wliere it divides
into Third and Fourtli avenues. It received its
name from the fact tliut it ran tliruuKli I'eter .Stuyvesanfs
176
Eozrah
occupy the same room, though neither knows it, one being Bovle, Charles. Born at Chelsea, England,
einiiloyed all night, the other all day.
i-usaiem g^^^-gi (boks'tel). A small place in the Netli-
.■nanteti pj,].j,„is,^ south of s'Hertogenbosch, It was tlie
scene of a French victory over the Allies under
York, Sept. 17, 1794.
Boy and the Mantle, The. An Arthurian
legend. It originated in the fabliau of the "Mantel
niautaill^ " (or nial taille), which dates from the latter
p.irt of the 13th century. In tlie b.allad preserved by Percy,
tile hoy brought to King Arthur's court a " mantel " which
could be worn only by a wife wllo had never been unfaith-
ful to her husband. Sir Craddocli's wife was the only
woman upon whom it would stay ; on all the otiiers, in-
luding t^ueen Guinevere, it criuliled up and split into
l(i7(): died Aug, 28, 1731. A British nobleman,
fourth Earl of Orrery in Irelan<l, and lirst
Baron Marston. His dispute witli Bentley over the
"Epistles of Fhalaris," which lioyle edited, is famous, and
led to Swift's "Battle of the Books." (See Bc/i-ttci/.) Ho
was imprisoned in 1721 on a charge of complicity in Lay-
er's plot, but was released on bail.
Boyle, John. Born Jan. 2, 1707: died at Mars-
ton, Somerset, England, Nov. 16, 1762. A Brit-
ish noljleman, fifth Earl of Cork, son of the
fourth Earl of Orrery. He published " Remarks
on the Life and Writings of Jonathan Swift "
(1751), etc.
Boyle, Richard. Bom at Canterbm-y, England,
Oct. 13, 1566 : died Sept. 15, 1643. An English
politician, created first earl of Cork in 1620:
commonly called " the great Earl of Cork." He
became lord treasurer of Ireland in 1631.
.__ _. , shreds.
farmorbouweiie. It was at one time notorious as a haunt Boyaca (bo-va-ka'). A department in the east-
of rumaiis("l!oweryBoys"). It is now very cosmopolitan jj , „* f<r,i„,„K;„ borderim? on Venezuela
in character, (lequcnted by Chinese, Russians, Oriental and ^/^ l>'^l\ »*, ^.olomDia, Doruermg on v eueiueia,
Volish lews, and n^^^^ other nationalities, and abounds Area, 33,31.^ square miles. Population (estl-
in small and cheap shops of all kinds. mated, 1890), 645,000.
Bowes (boz). Sir Jerome. Die<11616 AnEng- Boyaca. A village 12 miles south of Tunja, in Boyle, Richard. Boi-n April 25, 1695: died Dec.,
lish diplomatist, appointed ambassador to the the present state of Boyaed, Colombia. Here, 1753. A Bi'itish nobleman, third Earl of Bur-
Kussian court by Elizabeth in 1583. on Aug. 7, 1819, Bolivar defeated the superior Spanish '■ ■ ^ - ., t, , „,, ,
'D/^-nri/^ac *<■.« Ruin,lfi<c force of Barreiro, taking him prisoner with more than
BOWiaes. .->! e y>H.7mt, . .,„„,., 0.^,,.,^,. half of his army. This victory decided the independence
Bowie (bo'i), James. Bom m Burke County, „f Colombia
Ga., about 1790 : killed at Abimo, Texas, March goyce (bois), William. Born at London, 1710 :
6, 1836. An American soldier. He became noto- ^\:^^,|X at Kensington, Feb. 7, 1779.
rious in 1827 from a duel which resulted in a general melee,
in the comse of which he killed Major Norris Wri'/ht with
a weapon which had been made from a lari;r hU- mi- r:isi>.
After tlie light it was made by a cutler into the kind of
knife which is still known as a bowie-knife. He took
part in the 'l'e.\as revolution, and was made colonel in 1835.
Bowles, Caroline. See Soiitliii/.
Bowles (bolz), Samuel. Born at .Springfield,
Mass., Fell. 9, 1826: died at Springfield, Jan.
16, 1878. An American journalist and author,
editor of tlie Springfield "Republican" (1844-
1878). He wrote "Across the Continent" (1886), "The
Switzerland of America " (1869),
etc.
A noted Eng-
lish composer of church music.
Boyd (bold), Belle. The pseudonym of Mrs.
Belle Boyd Hardinge.
Boyd, Mark Alexander. Born in Galloway,
Scotland, Jan. 13, 1.563: died at Penkill Castle,
Ayrshire, Scotland, AprU 10, 1601. A Scotch
writer of Latin verse. He studied civil law in
France and Italy, was an accomplished classical scholar,
and. though a Protestant, fought with the Catholic League
in PYance Ii587-S8. He was the author of "M. Ale.\aiidri
Bodii Epistola; Heroidcs, et Hymni " (1592), etc.
Om-"New West'''''(l8(;9); Boydell (boi'del), John. Born at Dorrington,
ShrojishircEngltrnd, Jan. 19, 1719: diedatLon-
Bowles, William Lisle. Born at King's Sut- don, Dec. 12, 1804. An English engi'aver and
ton, Nortliain)itiinshire, England, Sept. 24, 1762: print-publisher, founder of the Shakspere Gal-
died at Salisbury, England, April 7. 1850. lery at London. He was elected lord mayor of
An English jioet. antiquary, and clergyman, London in 1790.
vicar of Bremhill in Wiltshire. He became canon Boyd'S (boidz). See the extract,
residentiary of Salisbury in 1828 His worlis include "Boyd's," at which .Johnson alighted on his arrival in
••Fourteen Sonnets (1.S9), • Coombe Ellen (li98). St. j;,|i„|,„rgh, was the White Horse Inn, in Boyd's Close, St.
lUchaels Mount (1798) "Battle of the Mle (li991, jj .^ „, j canongate ; but tavern, close, and wynd
(1801), "The Picture (1803), --'---•'' .".'... ' . - '
'SolTows of Switzerland , ,, , .
"The Spirit of Discovery " (1804), " Ellen Gray " (1823), and
various prose works, including "Hermes Britannicus"
(1828).
Bowley (bou'li), Sir Joseph. A very stately
gentleman, "the poor mans friend," with a
lington ;ind foirrth Earl of Cork, noted as an
architect and as a patron of the arts.
Boyle, Robert. Bom at Lismore Castle, Iie-
laud, Jan. 25, 1627 : died at London, Dec. 30,
1691. A celebrated British chemist and natu-
ral philosopher. He was the seventh son of the first
Earl of Cork, studied at Eton and Geneva (which he left in
ItWl), settled at Oxford in l(i.^4, and removed to London in
letiS. He is best known as the discoverer of Boyle's law of
the elasticity of air, and as the founder of Boyle's I.ec-
tures for the defense of Christianity. Author of " New
Expeiiments. etc." (1065, 1B69, and 1682), " Hydrostatical
P-aradoxes " (1666), "Discourse of Thhigs above Keason"
(1681), etc.
Boyle, Roger. Boi-n at Lismore, April 25, 1621 :
died Oct. 16, 1679. A British statesman, sol-
dier, and dramatist, third son of Richard Boyle,
fii'st Earl of Cork : created Baron Broghili in
1627, and first Earl of Orrei'y in 1660. Though a
Royalist he served under Cromwell in the comjuest of
Ireland, and continued to support him and his son Rich-
ard. His dramatic works include "Henry V." (acted in
1664, published in 1668), " Mnstaiiha, etc." (acted Kior,),
" The Black Prince " (acted 1667), " Tryphon ' (acted 1668),
"Guzman," a comedy, and " Mr. Anthony," a comedy (pub-
lished 1690). He also wrote a number of poems and a ro-
mance, " Parthenissa " (1664-77).
To Roger Boyle, Earl of Orrery (1621-1679), belongs tlie
doulitful fame of having been the first to "revive " (not,
as Dryden insisted, to introduce) the writing of plays in
rhymed verse for the English stage, and of having thus be-
come tlie father of the English " heroic " drama. Ward.
have all been swept away by the besom of improvement.
St. Mary's Wynd stood where now stands St. Mary Street,
and the site of the tavern, on the northeast corner of
Boyd's Entry and the present St. Mary Street, is marked
with a talilet recording its association with Boswell and Boyle LectureS. A com-se of eigllt lectures in
Johnson. HM«on, Literary Landmarks of Edinburgh, p. IS. defense of Chi'istianity, instituted by Robert
very stately wife, in Charles Dickens's story Boyer(bwa-va'), Abel. Bora at Castres, France, Bovle, commenced in 1692, and delivered an-
,.m*, .-„ . ,, T.- CM ICCT. .1 -■ ,. .1 ., * nl. ., 1 - T7 1 1 "NT 1C *,, ...... r , "T. .-,, , t ,
•The Chimes."
Bowling (bo' ling), Tom. A sailor in "Roderick
Random, " by Smollett : also the hero of Dibdin's
song
Here, a sheer hulk, lies poor Tom Bowlmg.
Bowling Green (bo'ling gren). A small open
space in New York, at the foot of Broadway,
in the old governmental and aristocratic cen-
ter of the city.
Bowling Green. A town in Wan-en Coimtv,
Kentucky, in hit. 37° N., long. 86° 28' W. It
was an iiiijiortant strategic point in 1861-62.
Populatiiiii (1890), 7,803.
BO'Wness (bou-nes'). A town and tourist cen-
ter in the Lake District, Westmoreland, Eng-
land, on Lake Windermere.
Bo'Wring (bou'ring). Sir John. Born at Exeter,
England, Oct. 17, 1792: died at Exeter, Nov.
23, 1872. An English statesman, traveler, and
linguist. He was a member of Parliament 1835-37 and
1841-47. His works include translations from the poetry
of Russia, Poland, Sci-via, Hungary, Holland, Spain, etc. ;
"Kingdom of siani and its People " (1857), "Visit to the
Philippine Islands " (18.V.)), etc.
Bows (boz). A little old humpbacked violin-
player, tlie family friend of the Costigans, in
Tliai'kcray's •'Pendennis." He has taught "the
Kotheriiigay " (Miss Costigan) all she knows, and is her
faitiifut Iciv'er, tli.iiigh he knows she has no heart.
Bow street, a street in London, by Coveut
Garden, forming the connecting-link between
Long Acre and Russell street, in which is lo-
cated the principal police court of the city,
established there in 1749. in the 17th and 18th cen-
turies it was a fasiiionable quarter, and contained *• Will's "
or the " Wits' CoHeo House " (which see).
Bo'Wyer (btVyer), Sir George. Bm-n at Radlev
Park, Berkshire, England, Oct. 8, 1811 : died at
London, June 7, 1883. An EnglisI
works include " Commentaries on the
of F.nglanil " (1841), "Commcntai'ies
Law " (1848), etc.
Bowzybeuslbou-zi-be'us). \liov::\i =
btiis, as iu AlrlilMiis, Mclibccits.'] A musical Si-
lenusin (iay's "Shepherd's Week." Some of the
best songs in this pastoral are put in his month.
Box and Cox. A play by John M. Morton.
The chief ,-liaract«rs are two men with these names who
June 24, 1667 : died at Chelsea, England, Nov. 16, nually at St .-Mar\--le-Bow Church, London.
1729. An English lexieogi-apher and historical Boyne (boin). [It. Boiiiii.'i A river in eastern
writer, compiler of a French-English dictionary
(1702) which appeared in many later editions.
Boyer, Baron Alexis de. Born at Uzerehe,
Limousin, France, Marcli, 17.57: died at Ptiris,
Nov. 25, 1833. A celebrated French surgeon.
Ireland, flowing into the Irish Sea 4 miles east
of Drogheda. On its banks, 3 miles west of Drogheda,
Julyl, 1690, the army of William HI. (36,iXXj) defeated that
of James II. (26,0(.iu). The loss of William was 500 ; that of
James, l,5tHl.
He was the son of a tailor, and was raised to the rSnk of Boyse, or BoyS, or BoiS ( bois ), John. Born at
biiron of the empire by Napoleon I. who also made him
his tlrst surgeon. He wrote "Traits cornplet d'anato-
niie" (1797-99), "Traite des maladies chii-urgicales "(lbl4-
I»22), etc.
Boyer, Jean Baptiste Nicolas. Born at Mar-
seilles, Aug. 5, 16i)3: tlit'd April 2, 1768. A French
piiysician and philanthropist, author of ** Re-
lation historique de la poste de Marseille " (1721),
etc.
Boyer (bwa-ya'), Jean Pierre, Born at Port
an Prince, Feb. 28, 1776 : died at Paris, July i\
1850. President of Haiti. He was a free mulatto,
but with others of his race joined the negro slaves in the
insurrection of 1791-93. After the accession of Toussiiint
Louverture, Boyer with Petion and others retired to France,
returning in 1802 as captain in the French aniiy, and was
made general. On IVtion's death (1S18) Boyer became his
successor. By the death of Christophe (1820), and his con-
quest of the Spanish territoiy soon after, he brought the
whole island under his rule, practically as dictat4)r. He
was expelled by a revolution in 1843, and took refuge in
.Jamaica.
Nettleshead. Suffolk, England, Jan. 3,1560:
died Jan. 14. 1643. An English clergyman and
biblical scholar, one of the translators and re-
visers of the Bible under James I.
Boythom (boi'thorn), Lawrence. A boister-
ously energetic and handsome old man of ster-
ling qualities, a friend of Mr. Jarndyce, iu
Charles Dickens's " Bleak House." The char-
acter was intended as a portrait of Walter
Savage Land or.
Boz (boz. See definition). A pseudonym as-
sumed by Charles Dickens in his ** Sketches
by Boz," first published together in 1836. He
first used the name in the second part of "The Boarding
House," wliich came out in " The Montiily Magazine "for
Aug., i834. He himself says: "'Boz' was the nickname of
a pet child, a younger brother (Augustus), whom I liad
dubbed Moses in honour of the Vicar of Wakefield; which
being facetii)Usly proimunced through the nose became
BosL-s, and being sliortened became Boz." Through i«no-
lance of the derivation, the i>ronun<iatiun boz, liaseil on
•Dr^-^^^^-^ /u^i*^ o««^ TT;n1-mo*.TT;i^«>+'Vi "R^*..! nf the nearest anahtgy, sprang up, and is mow universal.
Boyesen (boi c-sen), HjalmarHjorth. Born at ^ Botzen (bot'son), It. Bolzano. A
1- roaeriksvarn, Norway hei,t.JJ,l.s4S:cbedOc. ^,^^^.,^'-,^ t^,,.„, Austria-Hnnf;arv, situated at
"*' 1W»P- , A Norwegian- Ameru-au novelist, poet, j,^^ ^,i„,.,ion of the Talfer and Eisak 32 rail.>
="';' ^."*™*''."''- H-^ "■" Kraduate.1 at tlie I'niversity ,„„.,-,,past qJ Trent. It is tlie chief eommerfial
of Chnsllania in 18US, rt-iiioved to Anienca in ISWl, wiis »■'" ' "trooL ^^i , n i .■ /luon, ii -ii
professor of German at C'nincll fniversity 1S74-8II, ami place in Tyrol. Fopuliition (IWHI). 11, (44.
lieeanie professor at Coluniliia Collese in Issn. His works Bozman (boz'man), John Leeds. Born at ()x-
iiKliide ••Gunnar; a Tale of Norse Life" (1S74), etc. ford, Maryland, Aug. 2.'). 17."i7: died there, April
Boyet (F. pron. bwa-yii'). A mocking, mirth- 03 2j^23 " Aji American jurist and historian,
ful lord attendingon the Pi-ineess of France m jjp wrote a "History of Maryland, 1633-60"
(1837), etc.
also with a Large Window. The north side of tlie nave
is early Pointed; the sonth side Norman, with curiously
sculptured capitals. The ciossinir, surmounted by a tower,
is very fine, and the tninsepts mingle .Norman and Early-
Enulish forms. Much remains of the secular buildings,
especially the kitchen and the guest-house.
Under Trajan it became the capital of the Itom.Tn proviuoc
of Arabi:!, under Alexander .Sevenis(222-2W) a Roman mili-
taiT colony, and under Philip (244-24'.i) the seat of a bishop
(metroiMdJtnn). Later it lieeauie the seat of an -.irch-
bishop. On its site are many ruins, including the follow-
ing : Calhcilrnl. built in ,'>12 A. D. It is square w itiiout.
Bozrah
177
.!,« int>Hnr * circle 91 feet in diameter, with an apse in
v!.rv anBle The circle was covered with a wo..dcn don.c.
h^thc east side projects a clioir flanked liy i.araben.ala,
,,1 le^^which are two lar^e chapels. Mos,,,,,- ../ O.nar
■AW ,6, an example of a ver)- early type. rescn.l.linK an
,, cl..iBter having on two sides a vaulted .louhle gal-
'\ with line columns, the shafts monolitliic, of green
ciwUino marble, and the while marble capitals anll.iuc,
rf'^arlou" ordeA. The walls bear a rich neze ot ara-
S-Jiues The handsome s-piare minaret is loO feet hlKb.
K«» Triumphal Arch, with three openings, besides a
Ssverse archway. The chief opening is about 40 feet
h^lL The arch is ornamented with pUasters. Unman
niater in great part covered by a strong, square-lowered
Irablan castle. Several tiers of seats of the cavea are ex-
^ In the castle court. The cavea. about 2W feet in
Stoeter, is supported on vaulted subsiruclioiis. Highta
of™ ps .iseend fr..m outside t« the precinction, and tlrere
was a giUlery with IViric columns above the cavea. The
rtage.structure is unusually perfect. The stage is about
Bozzaris'^or Botzaris (popularly bo- zar' is,
properly bot ' sii-res). Markos. Boru about
1788: dietl near Missoloufi;hi. Greece, Aug. LO,
1823 A noted tireek patriot. He became a mem-
ber of theHetteria in 1813 ; joined Ali Pasha apiipt^'he
Porte in 1820 ; was made a general in the army of tt estern
Hellas In 1S23; and is especially noted for his desperate
defense ..f Miss<.longhi, 1822-23. He was killed m a snc-
oewful night attack on a superior Turkish force near Lar-
peiiisi, which has been made the subject of a poem by
Fitzdreene Uallcck.
Bozzy (\mi.'i)- A nickname of James Boswell,
the biographer of Dr. Johnson.
Bra (brii). A town in the province of Cuueo,
Piedmont, Italy, 28 miles south of Turin. It has
an active trade. Population, 9,000.
Brabanconne ( bra-bou-son ' ) , La. The Belgiaij
national song, with words by Jenneval and
music by Van Campenhout, composed m the
revolution of 1830, and so named from the
iirovince ot Brabant. In 1»4S De Lonlay wrote new
words f.)r it, and iu 1852 Louis Hymans wrote others, all
appropriate to the political situation.
Brabant (brii-bant' or brii'bant; F. pron. bra-
bon') [F. Jirahuiit, J). Biabdiid, Brabant, ML.
Urahaiitia.] A province of Belgium, bounded
1)V .\ntwerp on tlie north, Limbm'g on the east,
Namur and Haiiiaut on the south, and East
Flanders on the west. The surface is low. Capi-
tal Brussels. Area, 1.268 square miles. Popu-
uition(189;!). 1.1.54,126.
Brabant. A former county and duchy, which
c-nrrcspoiided to the modern North Brabant
: Ni'therlands) and Antwerp and Brabant (Bel-
gium I. It was at tirst a county, and became a duchy in
1 190 Cf) Liniburg was united with it in 1288. Fhllip
the flood of Burgundy succeeded to Brabant in 1430, and
it f.illowed the fortunes of Burgundy alid of the House of
llapsburg. . .. .1, ^T .^
Brabant, North. A province of the Nether-
laii.ls, bounded bv South Holland and treldcr-
hiiid on the nortii, Limburg on the east, Bel-
gium cm the south, and Zealand on the west.
Capital, s'llertogenbosch. Area, 1,980 square
miles. Population (1891). 510,670.
BrabantiO (bra-ban 'shio). In Shakspere s
■•Othello, '' a Venetian senator, father of Des-
demoiia. He violently denoimces Othello for
his maiTiftge with the latter.
Brabine. The anagram with which Thomas
liariiili.' (Bariiaby) signed his complimentary
verses to (ireeiie's " Menaphon."
Brabourne, Lord. See linatrMmU-Huijensen.
Bracciano (biii-chii'no). A town in the prov-
i„ r Rome, Italy, situated on the Lake of
Br:H<-iaiio 21 mih'S northwest of Rome. It
lins a iiiedieviil ensile.
Bracciano, Lake of. A lake in Italy, 20 miles
northwest <d Koine: the Roman Lacus Saba-
tinus. Leiigtli. ti miles.
Braccio da Montone (brU'cho dii mon-to'ne),
Andrea. Horn at Perugia, 1368: died 1424.
A eelelirnted Italian condottiere. He took
Konie in 1417, and fought in the service of
Naples against Sfor/.a.
Bracciolini. See Piiiniio Itmccinlini.
Bracciolini ( brii-cho-le'ne). Francesco. Born at
I'isluiii, Italy, Nov. 26, l.'iOti: died at Florence,
Aug. 31. 1(>46. An Italian poet and ecclesiastic.
His works include " Ix> Sehcrno degll Dei" (1(!18), "La
Cnice niciuistiita '■ (KSor.), " L'Elerione di pajia Urbano
VIII.'(16is). "La Kocella espugnata" (liao), anil the tra-
gedies " L'F.vaiidro." " L'Arpalice," and "La Pente:>ilea."'
Brace (imis), Charles Loring. Horn at Liteh-
(iehl. Conn., Juie' I'.l, \^-y<: dieil in the Tyrol,
Aug. 11, 1890. .\ii Aiiieriean traveler, author,
and |ihilanthropisl. lie devoted himself to the re-
demption ot the rriminal and pauper classes in New York
city becoming the chief founder of the Children's Aiil
Society in 1863. Bealdes books of travel he wrote chlelly
on sociological subjects.
Brace, Julia, Horn at Newington, Conn., June
i;t, isiiii: liied at Hloomington, Conn., Aug. 12,
1884. A blind <leaf-mute, noted in the history
of the instruction of snch nnfortunates.
la
Bracebridge Hall, or The Humounsts. A
collection nf sketches of English lite by Wash-
ington Irving, published in 1822 under the
pseudonvm '■Geoffrev Crayon." The "Sketch-
Book " also containe.l some sketches the scenes ot w-hich
were laiil at Bracel>ridge Hall. The original 18 said to
have been Brereton Hall.
Bracegirdle (bras'ger'dl), Anne. Bom about
ltiti3: died at London in 1748. A famous Lng-
lish actress. It is said that she played the pagein
■'The Orphan" before she wa.s six years old but "The
Orphan' was tlrst played in 1080. She was on the stage
till 1707 when the celebrated trial of skill with Mrs. old-
Held took place, both playing llrs. Brittle in Betterton s
" Amorous Widow " on alternate nights. The preference
was given to Mrs. OldHeld, and Mrs.Bracegirdle, disgusted,
left the stage, .she played once more in 1709 at Better-
tons benetlt. Both Itowe and Congreve were 'Jevoted to
her. and she was suspected of being married to the latter.
Brachiano (brii-che-ii'u6), Duke of. In Web-
ster's tragedy •' The White Devil," the husband
of Isabella and the besotted lover of Vittona
Corombona (the \\Tiite De^vil).
BrachylogUS (bra-kil'6-gus). [Gr. flpaxvUyoi,
brief J .\ name given in the 16th century to a
manual of Roman law, "Corpus legum," coin-
posed, probablv, in the llth-12th century (pub-
lished at Berlin, 1829, as "Brachylogus juris
eivilis ").
Bracidas. See Jmtrfus. ,, „ x
Bracton (brak'ton), or Bratton (brat on), or
Bretton (bret'on), Henry de. Died iLfaS.
An English ecclesiastic (chancellor of the ca-
thedral of Exeter) and jurist. He was the author
of a famous work, " De legibusetconsuetudinihus Anglia;
(printed in part in 15ti7 and entire in IjOil), ■ the hist
attempt to treat the whole extent of the [English) law in
a manner at once systematic and practical. tor the
statement that he discharged the duties of Chief ,Tus ice
for twenty years no foundation is now discoverable. Dur-
ing the cariler portion of his official life (124ft- SS) the
office was in abeyance, and if Bracton was ever t hief .Ins-
tice, it must have been either before 12.^8 or after r26:..
{IHct. cf Sat. Biotj.) With regard to most of the facts ot
his life there is great uncertainty.
Bracy i bnl'si ), Maurice de. A handsome and
not ungenerous mercenarv. a follower of Prince
John, in Scott's novel "Ivanhoe." He carries
off Rowena, but slie is speedily rescued.
Bradamant (lirad'a-mant). The sister of Ri-
naldo in Boiardo's "Orlando Innamorato and
Al'iosto's "Orlando Furioso." She is a Christian
but loves Rogcio, and after incredible adventures in wliicli
her prowess, assisted by her enchanted spear, is eiiual t..
that of a knight, she marries him after he has beeji bap-
tized. Robert Oarnier wrote a tragicomedy with tins
name It was produced in 1680, and Thomas ConieiUe
produced a tragedy with the same name in l«9r. (this was
his last play). There have been several other plays on the
s:ime subject, notably one by La Calprenede written in
10:J7. Also written Bradainante, Bratidamante.
Bratidock (brad'ok). Ed-ward. Bora iu Pe-rth-
shire, Scotland, 169.): died July 13, 1/.50. A
British general. He entered the Coldstream Guards
in 1710 served in Holland 1746-48, and in 1763 became
colonel of a regiment stationed at Gibraltar. He was
ni-omoted major-general in 17M, and in the same year was
appointed to the command in America, with aview to ex-
pelling the French from their recent encroachments west
of the Alleghany ilountains. The plan of a general cam-
P'li-n against the French, which was to include several
independent expeditions, having been agreed upon witli
the colonial governors, he marched from a spot known as
Little Meadows with an army of ^■200 chosen men, regu-
lars and provincials, aKainat Kort Duquesne, June 18, 1 (.«.5.
He crossed the Monongahela, July 8, and on the following
day when about ten miles from the foit, fell into an am-
IniBcade ot French and Indians, who put his army to rout
after two hours' fighting. He was mortally wounded while
trving to reform his men, and died at a place called Great
Meadows, about 00 miles from Fort Duqucsne, the present
Pittsburg
Bradstreet, John
land, about 1510: died July 1, 15.i.'>. An Eng-
lish Protestant preacher and martyr, lie became
chaplain to Edward VI. in 15.^.2 ; was arrested in 1653.
shortly after the accession of IJueen Mary, on a charge ot
sedition and heresy; was tried before a commission con-
sisting of Bishojis Gardiner, Bonner, and other prelates ;
and, with a young man named John Leaf, was burned at
the'stake at SmithhcM. ,.,,,,,
Bradford, William. Born at AusterheUl. \ ork-
sliire. England, l.'i90: died at Pljiuouth, Mass.,
May 9. 1657. An American pioneer and histo-
rian, one of the "Pilgrim Fathers." He was
governor of the Plymouth colony 1621-.^7 (except in l«33-;i4,
liae litis lC-14), and wrote a "History of the Plymou h
Plantation. lliir2-47 " (MS. lost 1774, fomid at lulllam li-
brary, Kngland, IS.'iS ; printeil 1856).
Bradford, William. Bom in Leicestershire,
Englan.l, May ■-'0, 1663: died at New \ ork, Jlay
23,''l752. An American printer, the founder,
in 1725, of tlie "New York Gazette," the first
newspai>er in New York. He sailed with Venn for
America, Sept. 1, 16S2,retumed to England, and again sailed
for America in 1685. He became printer (or Pennsylvania
New Vork, New Jersey, and Rhode Island, and (17o^2)
Maryland. The first book issued from his press (1685) was
an almanac," America's Messenger," for 1886.
ritisourg.
Braddon (brad'on), Mary Elizabeth. Born
at Eniidon in 1837. An English novelist, wife
of .lolin Ma.Kwell: author of "Lady Audley's
Secret "(1862), "Aurora Floyd" (1862), "Elea-
nor's Victory " (1863), etc. She also conducted
"Belgravia," to which she contributed many
BTatiford (brad'ford). [UE.Brailf»nJ. AS. Bra-
iliiiihn-il, dat. of liitjil find, 'broad lord': the
naiiie of several places.] A town iu the West
Ridiii" of Yorkshire, England, 9 miles west of
Leeds" in lat. .53=49' N., long. 1° 45' W. It has
nnnudclures ot worsted, cotton, etc. It is the seat of
Ai're.lalc College (an independent seminal^). Population
(iM'.ii), 2l6,:i0l.
Bradiford A citv in McKean County, Penn-
sylvnnia.'lal. 41° 35' N., long. 78° 43' W., noted
rliroiliiianiifiietures. Population ( 1890), 10,:)14.
Bradford, Alden. Born at Dnxbmy. Muss
Nov. 19. 1765; died at Boston, Oct. '26, 184,!. A
historical writer and joiu'nalist, originally a
Congre^'ational clergjTnan. He was secretary of
state for Massachusetts 1812-'24. and edited the ■■Boston
Gazette " in 1826. He wrote a "History of Massachusetts,
Bradf()rd, John. Bom at Manchester, Eug-
Bradford, William. Bom at Philadelphia,
Sept. 14, 17.55: died Aug. 23, 1795. An Amer-
ican lawver, attorney-general of the United
States 17!l-l-95.
Bradford, William. Born at New Bedford,
Mass., 1827: died at New Y'ork, April 25, 1892.
An American artist, painter of coast scenes,
and especially of the scenery of the Arctic
regions. Among his works are "The Land of the Mid-
night Sun," "Crushed by Icebergs," "Arctic Wreckers,'
" Sunset in the North," etc,
Bradlaugh (brad'la), Charles. Born at Lon-
don, Sept. 26, 1833: died Jan. 30, 1891. An
English radical politician and advocate of sec-
ularism. He served with the 7th Dragoon Guards 18.^0-
IS-W when he became a lawyer's clerk in London. He
founded the " National Reformer" in 1860. Having been
elected to Parliament from Northampton in 188U, he re-
fused to take the iiarliamentary oath, on atheistic grounds,
and was not all..« cd to sit on aflinnation. Though several
times reelcctcil. ami though he expressed his willingness
to take the oath, he was excluded from his seat till lt86.
when no objection was offered to his taking the oath. He
wrote "A Few Words about the Devil, and other Bio-
graphical Sketches and Essays" (1873), "The True Story
of my Pai'liamentary Struggle "(1882), etc.
Bradley (brad'li). Ed-ward: pseudonjnn Cuth-
bert Bede. Born at Kidderminster, 1827: died
1SS9. An English author. He was rector of Den-
ton, Huntingdonshire, 1859-71, and of Stretton, Rutland,
lS7I-8:i, when he became vicar of Lentoii. Hewiote Ad-
ventures of Mr. Verdant Green" (18.53). "The Curate of
Cranston" (1861), "A Tour in Tartanland " (1863), "The
Rook's Garden " (1865), and " Matins and Muttons " (1866).
Bradley, James. Born at Sherbourn, Glouces-
tershire. March, 1693: died at Chalford, Glou-
cestershire, Jidy 13, 1762. A celebrated English
astronomer. He became Savilian professor of astron-
omy at Oxford in 1721, lectuier on experimental philoso-
phy at Oxford in 17^29. and astronomer royal in 1.42. He
is especially famous for his discovery of the aberration of
li"lit, and his demonstration of the nutation of the earth s
axis. Ills observations were published in two volumes,
tile first in 170», the second in 1805.
Bradley Headstone. See Headstone
Bradshaw (brad'slnn, Henry. Born at Ches-
ter, England, about 14.50: died 1513. An Eng-
lisli Beiu'dietine monk and poet. He wrote "Do
Antiquitate et Magnificentia Urbis Cestriie," and a "Life
of St. Werburgh, ' in English verse, mainly a translation
of a Latin work t)y an unknown author.
BradshatJF, John. Born at Stockport, in Che-
shire, England, 1602: died at Westminster,
Nov. 22, 1659. An English judge and politi-
cian, famous as a regicide. He was Judge of the
sherill's court in London 1(H3-10; became chief justice
ot Chester 1647; was jircsident of the High Court of Jus-
tice which tried Charles 1., Jan., 1640 ; was president of
the Council of State lt.49-.52: became chancellor of the
duchy of Ijnicaster and attorney-general of Cheshire ami
NorthWalcs, 1G49: opposed the ,li.ss..liition of the Long
Parliament by Cromwell. 1653; and refused to sign the
"rccognitioii • pledging tlie members of Parliament to
sustain the government, 1651. His memory was attainted
by Parliament, May 15, UMI, ami his body hanged In its
coffin, Jan. :lll, 1661. . xt , i
Bradstreet (brad 'strei ), Anne. Bom at Norl li-
ampton, England, 1612: tiled at Andover,
Mass., Scj)!. 16. 1672. An Anglo-American
poet, daugliter of (~iovernor Thomas Dudley, she
was iiiarricd in 162s to Simon Bradstreet, afterward gov.
ernor of Massachusetts, with whom she emigrated to New
England in KKIH. A collection of her poems «ll.s pub-
lished in London in 16.511, under the title "The Tenth
Muse." the second edition of which (lloslon, 1678) cou-
iiiiis tlic best of her poems. " Contemplations,"
Bradstreet, John. Horn 1711: died at New
Vork, Sept. '25, 1774. An English soldier in
the French and Indian war. He served as lieu-
tenant-colonel In the expedition against Louisburg In
1745; became lleutcuant governor of St. John's, New.
foundland. In 1746; parlicipaleil in the attack on Tcon-
derogalii 1758; capturcl Foit Irontenac In I168 ; and was
made major-general In 17r2,
Bradstreet, Simon
Bradstreet, Simon. Born at Horbling, Lincoln-
shire, Euglaiiil. Marcli, 1603: died at Salem,
Mass., March 27, 1697. An American politi-
cian, fi;ovemor's assistant 1630-79, and gover-
nor of Massachusetts 1679-86 and 1689-92.
Bradstreet, Simon. Bom at New London,
Conii., March 7, 1671: died at Charlestown,
Mass., Dec. 31, 1741. An American clergy-
man, grandson of Governor Simon Bradstreet.
Brad war dine (brad'wjir-din). Baron. An old
man. the master of Tully Veolan, in Scott's
" Waveriey.'' lie was a scholar, and of very ancient
family, of which he was inordinately proud. He had
been bred to the bar, and had served in the army. He
Lad been in arms for the Stuarts, and was in concealment
after the rebellion of 174.') till released by pardon.
Bradwardine, Rose. The daughter of Baron
Bradwardiue in Scott's ''Waverley": "the
Kose of Tidly Veolan." She saves Waverley's
life, and he marries her.
Bradwardin(e), Thomas. Bom at Hartfield,
Sussex. England, about 1290: died at Lam-
beth, England, Aug. 26. 1349. A celebrated
English prelate, theologian, and mathematician,
siu'named ''Doctor Profundus." He was appointed
archbishop of Canterbury in 1349. His works include
'■ I)e causa Dei," "De quadratura circuli," "Geometria
speculativa," "Ars meniorativa," etc.
Brady (bra'di), Nicholas. Bom at Bandon,
County Cork, Ireland, Oct. 28. 16.59 : died at
Richmond, England, May 20, 1726. An Eng-
lish di\-ine and poet, collaborator with Tate in
the "New Version of the Psalms of David''
(169.5-1703).
Brady, Widow. See Irish Widow, The.
Brag, Jack. See Jack Brag.
Brag, Sir Jack. A nickname given to General
John Burgovne (died 1792).
Braga (bra'ga). [L. Bracara, Bracara Augusta,
Brticaraugunlii, from Bracans or Bracari, a tribe
name.] A city in the district of Braga, prov-
ince of Minho, Portugal, 33 miles northeast of
Oporto. It contains a cathedral, founded in the 12th
century, but remodeled almost throughout in the latest
Pointed style. The early west doorway h.as a graceful
triple porch of florid work, elaborately caiTed. There is a
raised choir with well-sculptured Renaissance stalls, and
a cloister, connected with which is a maze of chapels with
some historic tombs. There is also a pilgrimage church
of Bom Jesus, on a high hill, the ascent to which is bor-
dered with 12 grated chapels containing groups of large
colored wooden figures illustrating the stations of the
cross, etc., and with fountains typifying the five senses
and the Christian virtues. The great church, simple in
design and well proportioned, is preceded by pyramids
and statues : the line wooden retable portrays the Cruci-
fixion. The combination of nature and art is both curi-
ous and beautiful. Population (ISIW). 23,0S9.
Braga. See Bragi.
Braganga (brii-gau'sa), or Braganza (brii-gan'-
z;i). A town in the district of Bragan^a, prov-
ince of Traz-os-Montes, northern Portugal, in
lat. 41° 50' N., long. 6° 45' W. It gives name to the
house of Braganga. It contains a castle, a splendid me-
dieval fortress, in great part ruinous, with an isolated cen-
tral keep inaccessible except by a flying-bridge.
Braganga, orBraganza, House of. The reign-
ing family of Portugal and, until 1889, of Bra-
zil. In 1385 the Portuguese crown was seized by Joiio,
bastard of Pedi-o the P'irst, and his illegitimate son -Al-
fonso was created duke of Bragan^a in 144-2. In 1&4U a
duke of this house headed the revolution by which Por-
tugal was separated from Spain ; he assumed the crown
as Joao IV., and it has been retained by the family, though
with some changes in the line, until the present time.
Pedro I. of Brazil was son of Joiio VI., and heir to the
Portuguese throne ; Pedro II. of Brazil was his son ; and
a di»ughter became queen of Portugal in 1S34.
Braganza. See Bragani-a.
Bragelonne(i>razh-e-lon').Le Vicomte de, ou
Dix ans aprfes (The Vicomte de Bragelonne,
or Ten Years After). A novel by Alexandre
Dumas. It is the third part of the trilogy of which
"Les Trois Mousquetaires (" The Three Musketeers')
was the first, and "Vingt ans apr^s" (" Twenty Years
After ") the second.
Bragg (brag), Braxton. Bom in Warren Coun-
ty, X. C, 1817: died at Galveston, Texas, Sept.
27, 1876. An American officer, distinguished
in the Mexican war, and a general in the Con-
federate service. He invaded Kentucky in 1S62; com-
nianded at Murfreesboro 1862-63, and at Chickamauga
and Chattanooga in ls(i3.
Braggadocchio (brag-a-dot'shio). In Spenser's
"Faerie Queene," a big bragging fool. He per-
sonifies cowardice, and is the comic element in the book.
He was taken from Martano, a similar character in An-
ostu's "Orlando Furioso."
Bragi (brii'ge). [ON.] In Old Norse mythol-
ogy, a son of Odin, and the god of poetry. He is
Odin's principal scald in "Walhalla." His wife is Idun.
Bragi's prototype was probably a historical person, the
.Norse scald Bragi, who lived about the year 800.
Bragmardo (brag'miir-do; F. pron. brSg-mar'-
do), JanotUS de. A character in Rabelais's
'• Gargantua and Pantagruel." He was sent by the
178
citizens of Paris to Gargantua to object to his hanging
the bells of Notre Dame around the neck of his horse.
Braham (bra'am), John. Born at London about
1774: died at London, Feb. 17, 1856. An Eng-
lish tenor singer, and composer of popular
songs, among them " The Death of Nelson."
Brahe (bra; Dan. pron. bra'e), Tycho. Born
at Knudstrup, in Scania, Sweden, Dec. 14
(O. S.), 1546: died at Pi-ague, Bohemia, Oct. 24
(N. S. ), 1601. A celebrated Danish astronomer.
He built, under the patronage of Frederick II. of Den-
mark, an observatory, the I'l-anieuborg, completed 1580,
ou the island of Hven; and, entering the service of the
emperor Rudolph II., settled at Prague in 1599. He
discovered a new star in Cassiopeia in 1572, discovered
the v;u'iation of the moon and the fourth inequality of
the motion of the moon, and is said never to have been
surpassed as a practical astronomer, although he rejected
the Ci;»pernican system.
Brahma (brii'ma). Brahman (brii'man). [The
Sanskrit has a neuter word brahman (nom-
inative lirahma), and a masculine brahman
(nominative brahmd); from the root brh, 'be
thick, gi'eat, strong,' causative 'make great,
strengthen.'] 1. 'The neuter word brahman
means: (a) Devotion. (6) A sacred formula ; especially,
a spell. Hence the designation Brahmaveda for the col-
lection usually known as the Atharvaveda. (c) The Br«/i-
vian (neuter), the highest object of theosophy, God
thought of as impersonal, the Absolute, (d) The class
that are possessoi-s and fosterers of sacred knowledge
theologians, Brahmans.
2. The masculine word brahman (nominative
brahma) means: (a) A prayer, worshiper, and then a
prayer by profession, a priest, a Brahman ; also one who
knows the sacred formulie or spells, or sacred knowledge
in general, (b) He who knows sacred science in the nar-
rower sense ; the chief priest, who conducts the sacrifice
and is obliged to know the three Vedas. (c) A particular
priest, the assistant of the Brahman in the soma sacri-
fice, (d) Br^ma, i. e., the neuter Brahman conceived
as a person, etc. Brahma is a product of theological ab-
straction, not a god of popular origin. He is not known
in the older books. In many passages the word that the
native commentators regard as masculine is to be taken
as neuter. Brahmanism has no Creator in the Christian
sense. The personal god Brahiua (masculine), who is
called "the Creator," is himself evolved out of the one
impersonal, self-existent Being, Brahma (neuter). The
personal Brahma then becomes the Evolver of the I'ni-
verse, while Vishnu is associated with him as its m.iin-
tainer, and Shiva as its destroyer. These three gods con-
stitute the well-known Hindu Triad (Trimurti). There
are believed to be only two temples of Brahma in India:
one at Pushkara (Pokhar), the other about 15 miles from
Idar. The reason lies in the fact that the functions of
Brahma, Vishnu, and Sliiva are interchangeable, and that
both Vishnu and Shiva may be identified with Brahma, or
be worshiped as Brahma. The image at Pushkara has
four black faces, each of which is supposed to be directed
toward one of the four quarters of the compass. In fact
three look at the observers, each having two great glass
eyes. The four-faced head is covered by a broad red tur-
ban, and over that hang umbrella-shaped ornaments. The
image is dressed in red clothes.
Brahmagtipta (brah-ma-gop'ta). A Hindu as-
tronomer wliose date, according to Albiruni,
is A. D. 664. Albiruni gives a notice of his recast of
an earlier Brahmasiddhanta. To him also belongs, ac-
cording to the same author, a work named " Ah.argana,"
corrupted by the .\rabs into Arkand. This .\rkand, the
Siudhends (i. e. the five Siddhantas), and the system of
Arjabahr (Aryabhata) were the works which were princi-
pally studied and in part translated by the Arabs in the Sth
and 9th centuries.
Brahmana (briih'ma-na). [Skt. brdhmana, ap-
parently ' relating to tlie brahman or worship.']
Dicta on matters of faith and worship; espe-
cially "a Brahmana," as designation of one of
a class of Vedic writings which contain these
dicta. Their object is to connect the songs and sacrifi-
cial formulse of the Vedas with the rites. They contain
the oldest rituals, linguistic explanations, traditional nar-
ratives, and philosophical speculations we have. They
originated from the opinions of individual sages, imparted
by oral tradition, and preserved as well as supplemented
in their families and by their disciples. A comparatively
large number of Brahmanas is still extant, owing to their
being each annexed to a particular Veda, as well as to a
sort of jealousy among the families in which the study of
the different Vedas was hereditarily transmitted. The
Brahmanas of the Rigveda treat especially of the duties
of the Hotri, who recites the verses; those of the Yajur-
veda to the sacrifices by the Adhvarju ; and those of the
Samaveda to the chanting by the Idgatri. The Brah-
manas embrace also the treatises caUed Aranyakas and
T'panisluuls.
Brahmapurana (brah'ma-po-ra'na). In San-
skrit literature, one of tho'eighteen'Puranas: so
called as revealed by Brahma to Daksha. This
Purana is sometimes placed first, and therefore called
.\dipurana. Its main object appears to be the promotion
of the worship of Krishna. It describes the creation, the
Manvantaras or the life or period of a Manu, the history
of the solar and lunar dynasties to the time of Krishna,
Urlssa with its temples and groves, the life of Krishna,
and the mode of Yoga or contemidative devotion. It was
not compiled earlier than the 13th or 14th century.
Brahmandapurana (brah-miin'da-po-ra 'na).
In Sanskrit literature, one of the eighteen Pura-
nas : so called as revealed by Brahma, and con-
taining an account of "the egg of Brahma," the
mundane egg, and the future Kalpas or days of
Bramah
Brahma. It is extant only in a number of un-
authentic fragments.
Brahmaputra (brah'ma-po'tra). A river of
Asia, probably the ancient !t)yardanes or
CEdanes. In its upper course in Tibet it is called the
Sanpo {Tsan-pu, etc.); in Assam Dihontj. It rises near
Lake Manasowar. and flows east and south. The name
(Brahmaputra) is sometimes given to the stream formed by
the main river, the Dihong, with the Dibong and Brahma-
kunda. It sends part of its water to the tianges, and
forms with the Ganges a vast delta at the head of the
bay of Bengal, Length, 1,800 miles. Navigable to Di-
brugarh, about 800 miles.
Brahmaputra Valley Di'vision. A division
of Assam, India. j\j-ea, 21.414 square miles.
Brahmasabha (brah ma-sa'bha), or Brahmi-
yasamaj (brah-me ya-sa-maj'). "The society
of believers in God": the theistic church found-
ed by the Hindu religious and social reformer
Rammohun Roy at Calcutta in 1830.
Brahmasamaj (biah-ma-sa-miij'); in Bengal,
Brahmosomaj (brah*rii6-s6-miij'). "The so-
liety of believers in God" : the later name of the
Brahmasabha of Rammohun Roy. it was joined
in 1841 by Debendranath Tagore, who underUiok the task
of organizing it with properly dppointed ofiicers and
teachers, a settled form of worship, and a fixed standard
of faith and practice. This was completed by the end of
1843. The year 1844 may be given as the date of the real
commencement of the first organized theistic church of
lndi.a. Its history has been niai-ked by various schisms,
but it has exercised a powerful influence against idolatry
and greatly promoted social refonu.
Brahmins (brii'minz), also Brahmans (bra'-
mauz). Hindus of the highest or priestly caste.
See Brahma.
Brahms (bramz), Johannes. Bom at Ham-
burg, May 7, 1833 : died at Vienna, April 3. 1897.
A noted German composer of choral and cham-
ber music, and pianist. He went to Vienna in 1862,
where he directed the famous concerts of the " Gesellschaf t
der Musikfreunde," and filled other similar positions. His
numbered works in 1887 were 102 ; his most representative
compositions are his symphonies. Among his other works
arc "Deutsches Requiem" (1868), "Schicksalslied," "Tri-
uniphlied," etc.
Braid (brad), James. Born in Fifeshire, Scot-
land, about 1795: died at Manchester, England,
March 25, 1860. A British medical writer, espe-
cially noted for his investigation of hypnotism
(named by him originally " neurohypnotism ").
Braila (bra-e'la), or Bfailov (brS-e-lov'), or
Ibrail (e-brii-el'). A city in Wallachia, Ru-
mania, situated on the Danube in lat. 45'^ 17'
N., long. 27° 55' E. It was formerly a fortress.
It was taken bv the Russians in 1770 and in
1828. Population, 46.715.
Brainard (brii'nard), John Gardiner Calkins.
Born at New London, Conn., Oct. 21, 1796: died
there, Sept. 26. 1828. An American poet and
journalist. He was editor of the " Connecticut ilir-
ror " (1822-27). He published a volume of poems (1S25X
a second enlarged edition of which appeared (1832). with a
sketch of the author by John G. Whittier, under the title
of " Literary' Remains."
Braine-rAlleud, or Braine-la-Leude (bran-
la-led'), Flem. Eigen-Brakel. A manufac-
turing town in the proWnce of Brabant, Bel-
gium, 12 miles south of Brussels. It was the
scene of part of the operations of the battle of
Waterloo. Population (1890), 7,296.
Bralne-le-Comte (brfin-le-konf), Flem. 's Gra-
■yen Brakel. A town in the province of Hai-
naut, Belgium. 14miles northeast of Mons. Pop-
ulation (1890), 8,790.
Brainerd (bra'nerd), Da'vid. Born at Had-
dam. Conn., April 2(), 1718: died at Northamp-
ton, Mass., Oct. 9, 1747. An American mis-
sionary among the Indians. His biography
was written bv Jonathan Edwards (1749: en-
larged edition 1822).
Braintree (bran'tre). A town in Essex, Eng-
land, 11 miles northeast of Chelmsford. Popu-
lation (1891), 5,303.
Braintree. A town in Norfolk County, Massa-
chusetts, 10 miles south of Boston. Population
(1890), 4,848.
Brainworm (bran'w^rm). In Ben Jonson's
"Every Man in his Huiuour," a servant of old
Knowell, witty and shrewd, whose various dis-
guises contribute to the perplexities and elabo-
ration of the plot.
Brake ibra'ke). A town of Oldenburg. Ger-
many, until 1888 a free port, situated ou the
^\'eser 22 miles northwest of Bremen.
Braklond (brak'lond). Long and Little. Two
ancient streets in St. Edmundsbury, England.
See Joceliii tic Brol.clonde.
Bramah (bra'mii), Joseph. Bom at Stainbor-
ough, Yorkshire, England, April 2, 1749: died
at Pimlieo, Dec. 9, 1814. An English mechani-
cian and engineer. He patented the Bramah
lock in 1784, and the hydraulic press in 1796.
Bramante
Bramante (bra-miin'to), Donate d'Angnolo.
Hiini at Mouti AsdrualJo, ueur Urbino, iibout
1444: (lied March 11, 1514. A celebrated Ital-
ian architect. He studied painting before architec-
turt*. About 1472 be established liiitiself in Milan, aud
lived ill northern Italy the greater part of liis lite. He
abandoned Milan for Konie in 141)9, and became the prOat-
est master of the Uoinaii stj Ic Kro« ing up aliout the an-
litjue ruins. His principal woiks in itonie are: (rt) Tlie
ChanccHeria built fort lie Cardinal KairaeUi> Kiurio,neplu'w
of Pope Siitus IV'.. his llrst work in Kouie. Tlie columns
In the famous courtyard were taken from tlie old Basilica
of San LorensJ in Damaso, and were originally tiiken from
the Portico of Tompey. (b) The Tenipietto (1502). (c)
faluzu Giraud.Torloiiitt (1603). (rf) The cloisters of Santa
Maria della Face (1504). He was employed by Popes Alex-
ander VI. and Julius II. His works at the Vatican were
the long gallery connecting the old palace with the Belve-
dere, the court of the Ijtggia fluistied by Kapliacl, contain-
ing the frescos of Rapliael, and the llrst plan of St. Peter's.
(See St. Fel^r'g.) Bramante's design has been considered
by Michelangelo and all architectural critics as the best of
the many whicli were made for this church. It was a
(Jreek cross with a dome and two spires, and Instead of
the single great order of the interior employed two orders
superimposed as in the <)spidali Maggiori. The fti-st stone
was laid on .\pril IS, 15ot). As a military engineer Bf.i-
mante assisted .hilins II. in tlie sieges of Bologna aud
Mirandola, and built the Une old fort at CiviUi Vecchia
near K«iiue.
Brambanan (bram-ba'nan). A village in
southern Java. 10 miles east of Djokjo-karta,
noted for ruius of temples.
Bramble (bram'bl). Frederick. The nephew
of Sir Robert in Colman's play " The Poor Gen-
tleman." He is generous, enthusiastic, and the pre-
server of Emily. He insults her abductor " with all the
civility imaginable."
Bramble, Matthew. In Smollett's novel
■'Humphrey Clinker," a hot-tempered, kind-
hearted, gouty squire, whose opinions are sup-
piisfil to ri'pri'scut Smollett's.
Bramble, Sir Robert. In Colman's play " The
Poor Gentleman,'' a character of the same
stamp as Matthew Bramble.
Bramble, Tabitha. The sister of Matthew
Bramble, a prving and ugly old maid, "exceed-
ingly starched, vain and ridiculous," who finally
iusiiares "the immortal Lismahago."
Bramhall (bram'hal), John. Born at Ponte-
fraet, Yorkshire, England, 1594 : died in Ire-
land, June, 1663. An English prelate in Ire-
land, and controversialist. He became bishop of
Derry in lta4 ; was impeached by the Irish House of Com-
mons, March 4, 1641, and arrested on the charge of compli-
city in the alleged treason of Strafford ; was liberated,
without ac(|ulttal, tlirough the exertions of I'ssher with
the king, HJ41; retired to Hamburg after the battle of
Mansion ^loor, lftt4 ; became archbishop of Armagh 1661 :
and in the same year became speaker of the Irish House
of Lords. He ijiduced the Church of Ii'eland to embrace
the Tliirty nine Articles, and disputed with Hobbes on
librrty and necessity.
Brampton (bramp'ton), Lady. A character in
.Steele's play "The f'uneral.'
Bran. The name of Final's dog.
Bran, surnamed "The Blessed." A knight
whose history is given in Talicsiu's poem ' ' My-
vvrian." He discovered a wonderful and mystic vessel
w'^ilch was adorned like the San Graal and had traditions
resembling it.
Brancaleone (briin-ka-la-6'ne), Dandolo.
l>ie<l at Home, 12.58. An Italian statesman of
liolognese origin, elected by the people podeata,
(ir senator, of Rome in 1253, with the power of
iiiforcing justice, and the command of the mili-
tary forces. He repressed the nobles and forced the
Pope(lnni>cent IV.)to recognize the power of thepeoplc,
but he exercised his jK»wer with such severity that he
w-x* driven from the city. Two years later, however, he
»a» nr:,ll,d.
Branchids (brang'ki-de). [Gr. Bpayx'^'", de-
scendants of Brauchus {^piyxo^), and the name
of their seat near Miletus, Asia Minor.] In
ancient geography, a small tovvn in Sogdiana,
said to have been built by the priests of Apollo
DidjTntDus near Miletus: it was destroyed by
Alexander the (Jreat. Temiie of Ajmllo TUdymirm, a
very ancient sanctuary rebuilt at a late date on so great a
scale that It was never Ilnished. The temple was in plan ICiS
by 302 feet, Ionic, decastyle, dipteral, with twenty-one ol-
uninson each Hank, ami four between antn^in the pr(Uiaos.
The columns are 83 feet high. A sacred way, bonlered
Willi archaic seated statues, the best of which arc now in
the Britisli Museum, led from the sea-shore Ut the temple.
The name Branchldrr, as the name of a placf, is curious.
The term properly applied to the priestly family to wliich
was committed the superintendence of the oratde. and
may be compared with such names as Kilmolpidn.', lami-
die, <tc. . . . According to the local tradition they were
descended from Branchus, a Thessalian. or according to
others a I>elphian, the original founder and priest of the
temple, of whom a legend was told similar to that of llya-
ctuthus. liatclituiiin, Ilenid., III. 2;i7, note.
Branco (briing'ko), Rio. A river in north-
ern Brazil which joins the Rio Negro in lat.
1° 22' 8., long. 61° 57' W. Length, about 375
miles.
Brand (brand), John. Born at Washington,
179
Durham, England, Aug. 19, 1744 : died at Lon-
don, Sept. 11, 1806. An English antiquary
and topographer, rector of the parishes St.
Mary-at-Hill and St. Andrew Hubbard in the
city of London. UepuMished "Observations on Popu-
lar Antiquities : including the whole of Mr. Bourne's ' An-
tiquitates Vulgares,' etc." (1777), and otlier works.
Brandan. See Bnmlan.
Brande (brand), William Thomas. Bom at
London, Feb. 11, 1788: died at Tuubridge
Wells, England, Feb. 11, 1866. A distinguished
English chemist. He became professor of chemistry
to the Apothecaries' Company 1812 : professor of materia
mcdica 1813; master of the company 1&51 ; w.ts professor
of chemistry at the Koyal Institution 1813-5-1 : became
superintendent of tlie die department of the mint 182.^i. and
of the coining tiepartmcnt IS."^ : and edited with M. Fara-
day the " (Quarterly J ournal of Science and Art "(1816-30).
Brandenburg (briln'den-boro). A city in the
province of Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on
the Havel 35 miles west-southwest of Berlin.
It contains a cathedral and church of St. Catherine. It
was an old Slavic strongliold ; wjus taken by AUiert the
Bear in ll.')3 : and was Ion;,' tile principal place in the mark
of Brandenburg. I'opulation (IS'JO), commune, 37,817.
Brandenburg. A former margravate and elec-
torate of the German Empire, the nucleus of
the kingdom of Pmssia. The Nordmark (see Nord-
rnark) was gnuited in 1134 to Albert the Bear, who suli-
diied the Slavic Wends, Christianized the region and col-
onized it with (Germans, and took the title of Miirgrave of
Brandenburg, making the town of Brandenburg his cai>-
ital. Brandenliurg w.as recognized as one of the seven
electorates in the Golden Bull of 1:156. It was united with
Bohemia 1373-1415. In 1415 Frederick of Hohenzollem
(Burgrave of -Vuremberg) received the mark and electo-
rate of Brandentnirg, and was formally invested with it in
1417. The mark consisted then mainly of the Altniark,
I'riepnitz, and the Mittelniark ; the i'kerniark was added
(mainly) about 1415-10, the Neumark (mainly) about 1450.
Brandenburg early embraced the Reformation. It ac-
quired Cleves, Mark, and Ravensliurg in 1614 (formally
1006), and the duchy of Prussia was united with it in 161^.
During the reign of Frederick William, the Creat Elector
(1640-SS), it became an important military power. In 1648
it acquired eastern (Further) Pomerani.a, and the bishop-
rics of Halberstadt, Minden, and Kamin, and in 1680 the
archbishopric of ilagdeburg. It became the kingdom of
Prussia in 1701. See Prussia.
Brandenburg. A pro\inee of Prussia. It is
bounded l)y ilecklenburg and Pomerania on the north.
West Prussia, Posen, and Silesia on the east, Silesia and
the province of Saxony on the south, and the province of
Saxony, Anhalt, and Hannover on the west. It contains
the government districts Potsdam and Frankfort. Since
1881 Berlin has been separated from the province. It is
composed of the Mittelmark, tlkermai-k, Priegnitz, and
most of the Neumark. and is the nucleus of the Prussian
monarchy. The surface is generally level. Area, 15,376
square miles. Population ^1890). 2,.S41,783.
Brandenburg, Friedrich Wilhelm, Count of.
Born at Berlin, Jan. 24, 1792: died Nov. 6,
1850. A Prussian general and statesman, son
of Frederick William H. of Prussia. by his mor-
ganatic wife, the Countess von Doenhoff. He be-
came the head of a strongly reactionary minority, Nov. 2,
1.S48, and represented Prussia at Warsaw, Oct. 29, 1850, be-
fore the Czar of Russia, who acted as arbiter lietween
Prussia and Austria in tlie difference arising out of .Aus-
tria's interference in the politics of lit sse I'assel.
Brandos (bran'des), Georg Morris Cohen.
Born at Copenhagen, Feb. 4, 1842. A Danish
writer on esthetics and the history of literature.
Between 1805 and 1871 (time spent principally in l^Yance
and Germany) he published "Asthetiske Studier" ("Es-
thetic Studies"), " Kritiker og Portraeter " ("Criticisms
and Portraits"), ami "Den franske Asthetik i vore Dagc "
("French Esthetics inOur Day," 1870). Returning to Den-
mark, he became docent at the University of Copenhagen.
His lectures (which afterward appeared under the title
" Hoveilstroniiiinger i det lil'l" A.-irhundredes Literatur,"
"Principal Tendencies in the Literature of theNineteentll
Centui7," 1872-7.'>) brought upon liiiii the charge of radi-
calism aud free-thinking, and acmrdingly, in 1877, he left
Denmark for Germany, and settled in lii-rlin. In tlie same
year fall "Soren Kjerkegaard " and "Danske Diktere"
("Danish Poets"), in Berlin appeared "Esaijas Tegner"
and "Benjamin d'Israeli," both in 1878,
Brandimart (iiran'di-miirt), or Brandimarte
(briin-<le-miir'te). The husband of Flordolis,
and the King of the Distant Islands, in both
Boiardo's andAriosto's "Orlando." Heiskilled
by (iraclasso. S(>e FlortieU.t.
Bfandis (briin'dis). Christian August. Bom
at Ilildeshcim, Germany. Feb. 13, 17U0; died
at Bonn, Prussia, July 24, 1807. A (Jernian
Shilosopliical writer aud historian, professor at
oun (1821). Ilewroto a "Handbuch der Geschichte
dcr griechisch-romischen Philosophic" (1S35-66), "tie-
schichte der Entwickelungen der grlechischen Philoso-
phic" (lg62-*l), etc.
Brandon (bran 'don), Saint. See Brendan,
Siliiit.
Brandon. A character in Shakspere's "King
HrnrvVm."
Brandon, Charles. Died at Guildford, Eng-
lanil, .\ng. 24, 1.545. .\n English nobleman,
son of William Brandon, Henry v II. 's standard-
bearer at Bosworth Field, created duke of Suf-
folk Feb., 1514. He was a favorite of Henry vni.,
served him in various diplomatic misslonB, and secretly
Brass
married his sister, the widow of Louis XII. of France.
He commanded the armies which invaded Franco in 1623
and 1544. In the latter year he captured Boulogne.
Brandt (briint), Marianne (Marie Bischof).
Born at Vienna, Sept. 12, 1842. A Geniian
singer. She has been particularly successful
as Briingane and Fidelio.
Brandywine (bran 'di- win) Creek. A river
in southeastern Pennsylvania which joins the
Delaware Hi ver at Wilmington, Delaware. Here,
8ept. 11, 1777, General Howe defeated the Americans
under Washington. The force of the British was about
18,00<3 ; that of the Americans, 11,000. Loss, British, over
l.ooti ; Americans, about 1,000.
Brangtons (braug'tonz). The. A family of
tlio middle class in Allss Burney's novel "Eve-
lina." Their name is proverbial for vulgar
malicious jealousy.
Brangwaine, or Brangwayne, or Brengwain.
The conlidaute of Isolde (Iseult) in the romance
of "Tristram and Isolde": in Wagner's opera
called Brangane.
The group of the " Children of Lir " included several
other divinities wlio came to be regarded as cliaracters
of romance. The Lady Braiigwaine,'who helps and hides
the loves of Tristram and Iseult, is no other than
"Branwen of the Fair Bosom," tlie Venus of tlie North-
em Seas, whose miraculous fountain still preserves her
name in an isiet off the shore of Anglesea.
Ettmi, Origins of Eng. Hist, p. 280.
Branicki (bra-nyits'ke), Jan Elemens. Born
1688 : died at Bialystok, Poland, Oct. 9, 1771.
A Polish politician, leader of the republican
party. He was the champion of the nobility against
Augustus II., and after the death of Augustus III. put
himself, with Karl Radziwill, at the head of the reiiubli-
can pai'ty, by which he was offered the crown ; but the
monarchical party, under Cz-artoryiski, triumphed in the
diet of 1764, and he was banished, remaining in exile till
the accession of Poniatowski.
Branicki (originally Branetzki), Xavery.
Died 1819. A Polish politician, of the Kussian
party. He was the agent of Catherine II. in her
amours with Poniatowski, and in 1771 became grand
general of the kingdom of Poland. He was convicted
of treason in 1794, and spent the rest of his life in the
T'kraine.
Brant (brant), Joseph (Thayendanegea).
Born in Ohio about 1742 : tlied near Lake On-
tario, Canada, Nov. 24, 1807. A Mohawk chief
in the British service during the Revolutionary
War.
Brant (brant), Sebastian. Bom at Strasburg,
1458 : died at Strasburg, May 10, 1521. A Ger-
man satiric poet. He studied jurisprudence at Basel,
and was made doctor of laws in 1489. He was afterward
town clerk in Strasburg. His most celebrated work is the
"Narrenschitf " ("Ship of Fools"), a satirical didactic
poem, published first at Basel, 1494. A translation into
Latin appeared in 1497, and versions were made in French,
Dutch, and English. The principal edition of the '*Nar-
renschiff " is by Zarncke, Leipsic, 1854. .See Ship of Fools,
Brantford (brant'ford). A town in Ontario,
Canada, situated on the Grand River 23 miles
southwest of Hamilton. Population (1891),
1 'J, 7.53.
Brantome (bron-tom'). A town in the depart-
ment of Dordogne, France, situated on the
Dronne 13 miles north-northwest of P^rigueux.
Population (1891), commune, 2,422.
Bra,ntdme, Seigneur de (Pierre de Bour-
deilles). Born in Pcrigord, Fraiico, about
1540: died July 15, 1614. A French chronicler.
He was made Abb6 de BrantOmo at the age of sixteen,
without taking orders : served in the army against the
Huguenots, and traveled extensively. His "Memoires"
(1605^0) are valued for their lively description of the
cliief historical persons aud events of his time. " lEuvres "
(1740).
Bran'Tille (bran'vil), Sir Anthony. A pedan-
tic and solemn lover in Mrs. Sheridan s play
"The Discoverv." Uetalksmost passionately, with-
out showing a spark of meaning in his action orfeatures,
anil has made love in this manner to eight women In
thirteen yciirs. Garrick created the character.
Brasenose (bniz'noz) College. A college of
Oxford L'niversity, fouiidi'd by Bishop William
Smith of Lincoln aud Sir Richai-d Sutton, about
1.509 (f ),npon the site of an old academical insti-
tution named Brasenose Hall (from its sign, a
brasennose). The foundation-stone was laid .lune 1,
15110, and tlio charter was granted In 1512. The cpiad-
rangle is ver>- picturesque; the Tuilor gate-tower and
hall remain " unaltered. The lilirary and chapel are
later, ami arcliiteclnially inciuigruoiis. A new quad-
rangle has lately been added.
Brasidas (bras'i-das). [Gr. n/icimiSaf.] Killed
at Aniphipolis, Macedonia, 422 B. c. A Spar-
tan general, distinguished in the Pcloponne-
sian war. Ho captured Aniphipolis in 424,
and defeated Cloon there in 422.
Brasil. See Brazil.
Brass. See Idzn.
Brass (br4s). In Vanbrugh's comedy " The
Confederacy," the knavish companion of Dick
iUnlet, passing for his servant: a clever valet.
Breckenridge, John Cabell
Brass, Sally 180
Brass, Sally. The sister and partner of Samp- The name originally given to the Rio Grande
son Brass in Dickens's '"Old Curiosity Shop." in the 16th century, and still used by the iuhab-
she has a very icd nose and suspicions of aboard, and itants of Mexico.
devotes herself "with uncommon ardor to the study of gravo, The. A novel by Cooper, published in
the law." • 1 ,, n ..„,,. 1^31. Buokstoue produced a melodrama in 1833
Brass, Sampson. A harsh-voieed att^'^^j „.it,,,ijesametitkvtdramatizationof thenovd.
of no very good repute," m Charles Dickens's -ox /i ••/ - i- ■■ -'
"Old Curidsitv Shop": the legal adriser of Bravo de Saravia Sotomayor (bra vo ila sa- Brazil. A mythical island which appeared oa
ril-ve a so-to-ma-yor ),Melchor. Born at bona ^-^.^„^ ^f (i^g Atlantic as carlv as the 14th cen-
about 1505: died there about 1380. A Spanish - ■ . . • .
lawyer and administrator. He went to Peru in
1547*as one of the judges of the audience under Gascjx,
and later was dean of the audience during the rebellion
of Giron. From 1667 to 1674 he governed Chile as presi-
dent of the audience at Santiago.
priest in (3aiiada and the United States 184.V4S. From 1S4S BraVO-MurillO (brii' VO-mo-rel'yo), Juan. Born
to 185lhewas.amoneroft..<^F^chle^,.i™a,_M™«^ at Frcjenal de la Siernt^ Badajoz Sl-aiii, June,
1803: died at Madrid, Jan. 11, 18/3. A Span-
ish statesman and diplomatist, prime minister Brazos (bra'zos). A river in Texas which flows-
1851-52. into the Gulf of Mexico 40 miles southwest of
Bray (bra), Mrs. (Anna Eliza Kempe). Born Galveston. Length, over 900 miles : navigable
at Newingtou, Surrey, Dec. 25, 1790: died at (in high water) 2.50 miles.
London, Jan. 21, 1883. An English novelist and Brazos de Santiago (brii'zos da san-te-a'go).
miscellaneous writer. Shewas first married to Charles A haven in southern Texas, situated on the
A. Stothard (died 1821), and about 1S23 to the Rev. Edward
A. Bray, vicar of Tavistock. She wrote " De Foix " (ls26),
"Trelawney of Trelawney "(1S37), " Courtenay of Walred-
don " (1844), " The Borders of the Tamar and the Tavy "
(1S36), etc.
Quilp.
Brasseur de Bourbourg (bra-ser' de bor-bor ),
Charles fitienne. Bom at Bourbourg, D<5-
parteiucnt ilu Nord, France, Sept. 8, 1814: died
at Nice, Jan. 8, 1874. A French clergyman,
ethnologist, and author. Ue was a teacher and
and from IS.M to 1863 he trave
and Central America, studying Indian antinuities and an-
cient manuscripts. In 1864 he was appointed archseolo-
gist to the French scientific expedition in Mexico. He
Sublished " llist*ure des nations civilisiies du SI6sique et
e I' Ami5ri(|ue t'entrale ■ (4 vols. 18.'i7-.')8), and various other
works on tlie ancient history of Mexico, and its monuments.
Brassey (bias'i), Anne, Lady. Died at sea.
Sept. 14, 1887. An English traveler. She was
the dauglUer of J. AUnutt, of London, and married
Thomas (later Lord) Brassey in 1801). She accompanied
her husbaiui in his tours in the yacht Sunbeam, of which
she wrote interesting accounts. Author of '"A Voyage in
the Sunbeam, our Home on the Ocean for Twelve Months"
which in 1891 proclaimed the constitution of the United
States of Brazil. Fonseca, tlie lirst president, assumed th&
dictatorship in 1891. but was oliliged to resign the same
year, and was succeeded by I'eixoto as president. Revolts-
have occurred especially in Rio Grande dot^ul and Miitto-
Grosso, and in 1893 a serious rel>ellion of the fleet broke
out under Mello, Area (claimed), 3,2o9.878 square miles.
Population (official estimate of 1888), 14,002,336,
tury, and long remained on them. It was
placed at first apparently in the Azores, and
also appeared as west of Ii-eland.
Brazils, The. Same as Brazil.
" The Brazils " in the plural used to be a common form,
and I have a dim notion that the reason has to be sought
for in the vegetable kingdom.
Freeman, Hist. Essays, 4th ser., p. 200.
(1S78). "Sunshine and Storm in the East, or Cruises to gray Madeline. A VOUng lady of Singular
Cyprus and Constantinople" (1879) ■'In the Trades, the ,-,ea„tv in Charles Dickens's "Nicholas Nickle-
Tropics. and the Roaring Forties" (1884), etc,
Brassey, Thomas. Born at Buerton, Aldf ord,
in Cheshire, England, Nov. 7, 1805: died at
Hastings, England, Dec. 8, 1870. An English
railway contractor. He constructed the Grand
Trunk Railway in Canada.
Brassey, Thomas, Lord. Born at Stafford,
England, in 183G. An English political econo-
mist, and writer on naval matters. He became
a lord of the admiralty under Gladstone in 1880, secre-
tary of the admiralty 1884, and a peer in 1886. His
works include "Work and Wages ' (1872), "Lectures on
the Labor Question " (1878), etc.
Brattle (brat'l), Thomas. Bom at Boston,
Mass., Sept. 5, 1657: tUed there. May 18, 1713.
A merchant and writer on astronomical topics.
In 1692 he protested (in a private letter printed in the
" ilassachusetts Historical Collections ") against the pro-
ceedings of tlie court in the so-called witchcraft cases.
Brattleboro (brat'l-bm-"6). A town in Wind-
ham County, Vermont, situated on the Con-
necticut River. Population (1890), 6,862.
Braun (broun ), August Emil. Born at Gotha,
Germany, April 19, 1809 : tiled at Rome, Sept.
12, 18-56, A German arehueologist and homeo-
pathic physician.
Braun, Johann Wilhelm Joseph. Born at
Gronau, near Diii'en, Prussia, April 27, 1801:
died at Bonn, Prussia, Sept. 30, 1863. A Ger-
man Roman Catholic theologian, professor at
She be-
by," the slave of a profligate father.
comes the -srife of Nicholas Nickleby.
Bray, Sir Reginald. Born in the parish of
St. John Beduardine, near Worcester: died
1503. An English architect and politician. He
was steward of the household of Sir Henry Statford. and
later a favorite of Henry VII,, who appointed liim privy
councilor and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, and
employed him in various other offices. He supervised the
construction of, and probably designed, the chapel of
Henry VII, at Westminster ; he also founded St, George's
Chapel at Windsor.
Bray, Thomas. Born at Marton, Shropshire,
England. 1656: died at London. Feb. 15, 1730.
An English clergyman and philanthropist.
Bray (bra). A parish in Berkshire, England. 26
miles west of London. A"Vicarof Bray," Simon
AUeyn, was twice a papist and twice a Protestant in the
reigns of Henry VIII., Edwai'd VI., Mary, and Elizabeth
(according to Fuller), but always Vicar of Bray : hence BraZZa, Slav. BraC.
Gulf of Mexico 6 miles north of the mouth of
the Rio Grande.
Brazza (brat'sil), Giacomo de. Died at Borne,
March 1, 1888. A younger brother of Pierre
Savorgnan de Brazza. He explored, in 1SS6, the
countries of the Umbete, Osete, M l>oko, Okot^ and Djambi
tribes, in French Kongo.
Brazza, Count Pierre Savorgnan de. Born at
Rome, 1852, An Italian count, African ex-
plorer, and French officer. He went, in 1875, with
Dr, Ballay, on a commercial exploration of the Ogowe
River, West Africa, Ballay by the river, and Brazza over-
land, explored tlie whole Ogowe basin, discovered the
Alima and Likuala rivers, and returned to Gabon in 1878,
In 1879 Brazza was sent by the F'rench government on a
political expedition. He founded >Yanceville on the Up-
per Ogowe ; opened roads between the coast and the Kon-
go ; secured tile kingdom of Makoko to France ; founded
Brazzaville ; met Stanley on the Kongo ; and explored the
Lalliand Niadi rivers. In 1S80 he made more exploration&
and political extension in the Ogowe basin and on the
coast. In 1883 he was appointed commissioner (gover-
nor) of the French Kongo, and established government
posts all over this vast domain, exploring at the same
time the Nkoni River. In 1891 he led an expedition up
the Sanga River, tlius opening the way for an expeditioa
to Lake (;liad.
An island in the Adriatic
the modern application of the title. gea, in lat. 43° 18' N., long. 16° 40' E., in the
Bray. Agrazing district in the eastern part of orownland of Dalmatia, Austria-Himgary : the
the depai'tment of Seine-Inferieure, France, fa- ancient Brattia (Pliny). Length, 25 "miles.
mens for butter and cheese. Area, 153 square miles.
Bray. A seaport and watering-place in eastern Breadalbane (bred-al'ban), or Albany (al'ba-
Ireland, 12 miles southeast of Dublin. ni). A former district in the western part of
Brazen (bra'zn). Captain. The rival recruit- Perthshire, Scotland.
ing officer to Captain Plume, an impudent, ig-
norant braggart, in Farquhar's comedy " The
Recruiting Officer."
Bonn (18'29). He was the author of "Die Lehre des Brazen Age, The. A plav by Thomas Hev-
soKenanntenHBniiesianismus''(183,^),etc andoncofthe ,^,,,,,1, printed in 1613, founded on Ovid's"Met"a-
f.miideis "f the "Zeitschrift fur Philosophie und Katho- ;i
lis, lie Thi-ni,.gie." morphoses."
Braunsberg (brounz'bero). A town in the Brazen Nose College. See Brasenose College. Breakspear(brak'sper), Nicholas. See Adrian
of East Pi-ussia, Prussia, 35 miles Brazil (bra-zil'; Pg. pron. brii-zel'), United IV.
Bread and Cheese Folk. The insurgent party
in Haarlem, Netherlands, in 1492, whoheld tem-
p(^rary possession of the city.
Breakfast-Table, Autocrat of the, Professor
at the. Poet at the. A series of works by
Oliver Wendell Holmes. See Holmes.
province
southwest of Konigsberg. Population (1890),
commune, 10,851.
Brauronia (bra-ro'ni-a). [Gr. Mpavpiivia, from
Wfiavpijv, BrauTon.] Iii Greek antiquity, a festi-
val held at the shrine of Ai'temis at Brauron,
in Attica, once in four years. At this festival the
Attic " girls, iietween the ages of ¥i\'ii and ten, went in pro-
cession, dressed in crocus-coloured garments, to the sanc-
tuary, and there performed a rite wherein they imitated
bears. No Attic woman was allowed to maiTy till she
had gone through this ceremony " (Itawliiuion, Herod., III.
613, note),
Brauwer. Sec Brouwer.
Brava's Knight. Orlando Furioso: so called
because he wns the Marquis of Bravn.
Bravest of the Brave, F. Le Brave des
Braves. An epithet given by Henry IV. uf
France to Crillon (1.541-1615), and applied by
the French array to Marshal Ney after the bat-
tle of Friedland, 1807.
Bravo(brii'vo), Nicolas. Bom atChilpaneingo,
Mexico, about 1787: died there, April 22, 18.54.
A Mexican general. He joined the revolutionist
Morelos in May, 1811, and kept up a determined resis-
tance to the Spaniards until he was captured in 1817. Re-
leased l>y the amnesty of 1820, he joined Iturliide in 1821 ;
but he declared against Ilurbide's enthronement, was one
of the leaders of the repulilicans who overthrew him, and
a member of the provisional government of April, 1823,
He became vice president April 1, 1824, Notwithstanding
his office he led a reliellion against the president, VicU)-
ria, in 1827, was defeated and captured at Tulancingo,
Jan. 6, 1828, and banished for several years, t'nder Santa
Anna he was president of the council and twice acting
president (.Inly, 1S39, and Oct., 184-2, to JIarch, 1843). In
.Tune, 1846, he became vice-president under Paredes ; the
latter resigneil the power to him, July 2s. 1S4IJ, hut in the
universal anarchy which prevailed he was able to hold
the place for a few days only.
Bravo, Rio. [Sp., 'wild or turbulent river.']
States of. lY.Brinil.a. Brasilien.l A repub
lie in South America, capital Rio de Janeii'o,
bounded by Venezuela and British, Dutch, and
French Guiana on the north, the Atlantic on
the east, Uruguay, the Argentine Republic,
Paraguay, and Bolivia on the south, and Peru
and Colombia on the west. -It extends lat. 5° N.-S3'
45' S., long. 35"-74" W. The southeastern portion is moun.
tainous. The central, northeastern, and western parts
are occupied by a great plateau, with the low plains of
the Amazon to the north, and those of the Paraguay to
the west. North of tlie Amazonian plains a portion of
tlie Guiana plateau is included in Brazil, The mountain
region and a lai'ge part of the Amazonian basin are cov-
ered with forest ; the remainder is more or less open land.
'I'he principal rivers are the Amazon and its tributaries.
I'arani and Sao Francisco, with the Uruguay and Para-
guay on the frontiers, Brazil is very ricll in agricultural
resources, and exports cort'ee, sugar, hides, rubber, cot-
t4>n, tobacco, etc. It contains 20 states, and the federal
district of Rio. Its government is a federid repulilic
witli a president and a congress consisting of a senate of
(13 members and a chamber of 205 deputies. Tlie prevail-
ing religion is Roman Catholic, and the jirevailing lan-
guage Portuguese. The inhabitants are Brazilians, Indians,
liogros, mixed races, and colonists from Germany, Italy,
and Switzerland. Brazil was discovered by \"icente Yaflt-z
Pinzon Jan. 28, 1.500, and independently by the Portuguese
Cabral in the same year. As the coast was in the hemi-
sphere which, by the Popes dictum, had been assigned to
Portugal, it was claimed and colonized by the Portuguese.
It was the residence of the exiled Portuguese royal fam-
ily in the Napoleonic period. Its independence was pro-
claimed in 18'22. .\n empire was formed, and Dom Pedro,
son of the Portuguese king, became the first emperor.
He was compelled to resign in 1831 in favor of his son, Pedro
II. Brazil was in 18BB-7o allied with tlie Argentine Re-
public and Uruguay against the dictator Litpez of Para-
guay, who was defeated. She abolished slavery 1871-88.
By the revolution of Nov. 1.=. ami Iti. 1889. the empire
was overthrown, the imperial family compelled to leave
Brazil, and a provisional government under Fonseca was
established. A national congress was summoned in 1S9U,
Brebeuf (bra-bef ' ), Jean de. Born at Bayeux,
France, March 25, 1593: killed in the Huron
country, March 16, 1649. A noted French
Jesuit, missionary among the Huron Indian.'*
in Canada. In a combat between the Hurons and Iro-
quois, he fell into the hands of the latter and was put to
death by them. He translated the catecliism into the
Huron language.
Brechin (brech'n). A town in Forfarshire,
Scotland, situated on the South Esk 23 miles
northeast of Dundee, it has a cathedral, an ancient
round tower, and a castle. Population (1891), 8,9.55.
Breckenridge (brek'en-rij), or Breckinridge
(brek'in-ri.j), John. Born in Augusta County,
Va,, Dec, 2, 1760: died at Lexington, Ky., Dec.
14, 1806. j\ji American politician. He was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1785 ; became attorney-general of
Kentucky in 1795 ; served in the state legislature 1797-
1800 ; drafted, in a meeting with Jett'erson and Nicholas
at Monticello in 1798, the Kentucky Resolutions, M^iicb
were adopted on his motion by the Xentucky legislature,
Nov. 10, 1798; was United States senator from Kentucky
1801-0,5, and was attorney-general in President Jetferson's
cabinet fioni .Aui;. 7, ISO.5, until bis death.
Breckenridge, or Breckinridge, John Cabell.
Born near Lexington, Ky., Jan. 21. 1821: died
at Lexington, Ky., May 17, 1875. An Ameri-
can politician and general, grandson of John
Breckenridge. Ue was a member of Congress 1861-
1855; Vice-President of the United .states 18.57-<)1; candi-
date of the Southern Democrats for President in 1S60;
United States senator from Kentucky 18(51; joined the
Confederate army : w-as promoted major-general Aug. 6,
1862; coniinanile'd the reserve at Sbilidi April (i-7, 1862;
made an unsuccessful attack on Baton Rouge in Aug-,
1802 ; commanded the right wing of Bmgg's annyat Mur-
freesboro Dec. 31, 1862 ; was at Chickamauga Sept. 19-'20,
18B3. and at Chattanooga Nov. 23-25, 1863 ; defeated Gen-
eral Sigcl near Newmarket May 15, 18(U ; was with General
Lee at Cold Harbor June 3, 1864; was defeated by Gen-
Breckenridge, John Cabell
eral Sheridan in the Slicnamlouh Valley in SepL, 1864 ;
defeatcil i-Jeneral <JilIfni in F,:ist Tennessee Nov. 12, 1S64;
was in tile battle near Nasliville iH-e. 15, 1S('4 ; and was
Confeiierate secrcfciry <>f war from Jan. nntil .\pril. I8(i5.
Brecknock (brck'nok) Beacons. The high-
est peak.s of Soutli Wales, :j miles south of
Brecon. Heiglit, 12.910 feet.
Srecon (brek'on). The capital of Brecknock-
shire, Wales, situated at the junction of the
Homiilu anil Usk 30 miles west by south of
Hereforil. It was the birthplace of Mrs. Sid-
dons. Population (1S91), 5,794.
Brecon, or Brecknock. A county in South
Wales. lying between Radnor on the north.
Radnor and Hereford on the east, Moninoutli
and Glamorgan on the south, and Cariligan ami
Caermarthen on the west. Area, 719 square
miles. Population (1891), .57,0.31.
Breda (bra-dii'). A town and fortress in the
province of North Brabant, Netherlands, 26
miles southeast of Kotterdam. it was taken l)y
Maurice of Naasan in l.'iiio. by Spinola in 1(32.'), by Henry
of Orange in \iXi7, and by Dunionriez in IT'.t.'t. 'I'lie Frencii
were expelled in 1818. Population (l&>ii), commune,
22,.'i4!).
Breda, Compromise of. In the history of the
Netherlands, a league between the Protestants
and the Catholics, composed chiefly of the lesser
nobility, organized by Philip Maruix of St.
Aldegonde and others in 1.5G6 for the purpose
of opposing the Inrjuisitioii and protecting the
political liberties of the couutry against the
encroachments of Philip II. A deputation of three
hunilred nobles, headed by Count Brederoiie. presented
to the duchess resent, Margaret of Parma, April 5, IfiOO.
at Brussels, a petition which requested the abolition of
the royal edicts pertaining to the Inquisition. .See Gueux.
Breda, Declaration of. A manifesto by Charles
n. of England, issueii from Breda, April 4, 1660.
He procdaimed a general amnesty.
Breda, Treaty of. A treaty concluded at Bre-
da July 31, 1607, between England, Holland,
Prance, and Denmark. New York and Kew Jersey
were conllnned to England, Acadia to I^Yance, Surinam to
Holland.
Brederoo (bra'de-ro), G-erbrand Adriaanzoon.
Born at .\msterdarnin 158.3: die<i there, 1()18. An
early Dutch dramatist. His work, mostly dramatic,
includes the tragicomedies "Rodderijk ende Alphonsus'*
(Itill)and "Griane" Q012X and several comedies, among
them "Het Moortje ' (llil5). after the "F.unuchus" of
Terence, and "Hpaansche Brabander Jerolimo " (1618), the
last considered his principal work.
Bredow (i)ra'do). Gabriel Gottfried. Born at
Berlin, Dec. 14, 1773: died at Breslau, Prussia,
Sent. .5, 1HI4. A German historian, professor
of history in Helmstedt (1804). He wrote "Mcrk-
wiirdige Begebenheiten aus der altgenieinen Weltge-
•chichte " (1810), " I.ehrbuch der Weltgescllichte " (1810),
etc.
Breed's Hill. An eminence in Charlestown,
Mass., connected with Bunker Hill, and forti-
fied by Prescott on the occasion of the battle
of Juno 17, 1775.
Bregaglia ( bra-giil'ya), Val. A valley in north-
em Italy and the canton of Grisons, Switzer-
land. It is traver.sed by the upper course of
the Mora.
Bregenz (bra-ghents'). [L. BriganUum.'] The
capital of Vorarlberg, Austria-Hungary, situ-
.'ited at the eastern eiul of Lake Constance,
in lat. 47° 30' N., long. 9° 45' E. : the Roman
Urigantium. It is on the site of a Roman camp.
Population (1890), commune, 0,739.
Bregenzerwald i bra-gen'tser-vald). [G., 'for-
est of Bregenz.'] A mountainous region in
northern Vorarlberg, Indonging to the group of
the Vorarlberg Alguu Alps.
Brehm ( bnim j, Alfred Edmund. Born at Ren-
tbendorf, near Ni^ustadt-an-der-Orla, Germany,
Feb. 2, 1829: died there, Nov, 11, 1884. A Ger-
man naturalist ;nid traveler. He estaldislied, after
18<i7,lhi'l:erliM Ar|narium(..penedl8(j»), Hisworks include
*'Rcisrski/ze[i aus Nord-istafrika " (ls55), " l)a8 I.eben der
Vogel" (IwliMil), ■■Thiorleben "(lh6:i-69), etc.
Breisach (bri'ziich), or Brisach (bre'ziich), or
Alt-Breisach (alt'bri-ziich). A town in the cir-
cle of FreiliUrg, Baden, on the Rhine, situated
at the loot rif the Kaiserstuhl 13 miles west of
Freiburg: the Roman Mons Brisiaeus, Brisa-
oum. It was long an important Austrian fortress, and has
several limes been held by the French.
Breisgau (biis'gciu). An old district of south-
ern liermany, corresponding practically to the
districts of Preilxirg and Liirrach in southern
Baden : a possession of the house of Hapsburg
since the later middle ages. Hy the treaty of Luni^-
vllle it was ceded to the iMike of Mod.-na (Isnl). In Iso.'j
the greater part wjia ceded to lladen and a part to Wur-
teinhen;, and Baden acquired all in l.blO.
Breislak (luis'liikl. Scipione. Born at Rome,
1748: died at Milan, Feb. 15, 1826. An Itali.-iii
geologitt. Ho was professor of natural philosophy and
181
mathematics at Bagusa, and then at the Collegio Nazareno
at R/)nie, and later was one of the consuls of the Konian
Republic. His cliief works are ''Topogratla tlsica delta
t'ampania ' (17!isi, "Instiluzioni geologiche " (Isls), etc.
Breitenfeld, Battles of, or Leipsic, Battles
of. 1. A \nctory gained by 40.000 Swedes and
.Sa.xons under Gustavus Adolphus over 40,000
Imperialists under Tilly, Sept. 17, 1631, atBrei-
teufeld, a small place nearLeipsie. — 2. A victory
(if the Swedes under Torstenson over the Im-
(lerialists under Piecolomini, Nov. 2 (N.S.), 1642.
Breithaupt (brit'houpt), Joachim Justus.
Born at Nordheim, Hannover, Germany, 1658:
died at Klosterberg, near Magdeburg, Gennany,
March 16, 1732. A German pietLstic theologiaii.
He became court preacher and consistorial councilor
at Meiningen, 1686; pastor and professor of theology at
Erfurt, U^7 ; and professor of theology at Halle, 1691.
Breithorn (brit'horn). A mountain of the Va-
lais Aljis, on the border of Italy, south of Zer-
niatt. Height, 13,085 feet.
Breitmann (brit'miiu), Hans. A pseudonym
of Charles Godfrey Leland.
Bremen (brem'en ; G. prou. bra'men), F.
BrSme (bram). A state of the German Empire.
It comprises the city of Bremen, with a small adjoin-
ing territory, and the outlying districts of Vegesack and
Bremerhaven. It is a republic, with a senate of 16 mem*
hers, and a Convent of 150 burgesses (Burgerschaft). It
has 1 member in the Bundesrat, and 1 in the Keiclistag.
The prevailing: reliL'ion is Protestant. Area, 99 stiuare
mile-. Population (18i»), 191,624.
Bremen (brem'en ; G. pron. bra'men). A free
city of Gennany, forming with its territory
a state of the German Empire : next to Hani-
burg, the chief seaport in Germany, it is sit-
uated on the Weser, 34 miles from its mouth, in lat. ^Z" w
N., long. 8° 49' E. It has a large trade in grain, tobacco,
wool, cotton, oil, etc., and extensive ship-building and
tobacco manufactures. Its port, Bremerhaven, is con-
nected by the North Gerniiin Lloyd with New York, South
America, etc., by the Hansa Company with India, and
regularly with Hull. Leith, etc. Bremen was founded as
early as 788 by Charles the Great. It became the seat of a
bishopric about 804 : freed itself from the episcopal rule in
the 14th century ; and joined the Hanseatic League, but
was several times expelled and readmitted. Its position
as a free imperial city was Anally acknowledged in 1648.
In 1810 it was incorporated with France, but regained its
independence in 1813, and became successively a member
of the Germanic Confederation, the North German Con-
federation, and the German Empire. Its constitution
dates from 1S49. It joined the Zollverein in 1888. The
Kathaus is for the most part of the 16th century, though
the picturesque southwest facade dates from 1609. This
facade is supported on 12 Doric columns, and is character-
ized by its very ornate oriel windows and gable. The
statues of the emperor, the electors, etc., between the win-
dows, are medieval. There is a flue great hall, with paint-
ings and colored glass. On the west side is the Rats-
keller, or municipal wine-cellar (celebrated in literature),
decorated with excellent frescos. Population (189U),
12.T.IJ.S4.
Bremen, Duchy of. A former duchy of Ger-
many, which lay between the lower Elbe and
lower Weser. it consisted largely of the archbishop-
ric of Bremen and Verden, and now belongs to the province
of Hannover. I'TussLa. It was acquired by Sweden in ltW8,
and by Hannover in 1719.
Bremer (bram'er). Frederika, Born at Tuorla,
near Abo, in Finland, Aug. 17, 1801 : died at
Arsta, near Stockholm, Dec. 31, 1865. A noted
Swedish novelist. A few yeiu-s after her birth the
family removed to Stockholm, and shortly afterward to an
estate at Arsta near by, where, with the exceptitju of two
years spent in the t'nited States, whither she went in 1849,
a slun't time in England on liei- return, and a subseiiuent
sojourn of five years on the Continent ami in Palestine,
she subsetiuently lived. She was a prolific wiiter. Her
first novel, "Teckningar ur Hvardagslifvct " ("Sketches of
Every-day Life," 1828). is a description of middle-class life
in Sweden. It was follouid liy others iti the same vein,
notably "Familjen IF." ("The II. Family'), " Presidentens
Dottrar" ("The Presidents Daughters"), "Grannarna"
("The Neighbors"), *' Axel och Amia "(*' Axel and Anna"),
"Heininet"(" The Home "), "Nina." She was the author,
besides, of several books of travel: among them "Hem-
men i iiya Verldcn"(" Homes in the New World," 18.'>:0.
which contains her inipi-essions of America. Her later
worke, like " Hertha" and "Syskonlif," embody her oj)in-
ions on philanthro|)y, religion, and the e(iua*l rights of
women. Several of her works appeared simultaneously
in Sweilish and English, and nuiuerouB others have been
translateil.
Bremerhaven (brem'er-ha-fen), or Bremer-
hafen(bra'mer-hil-fen). A seaport in the state
of Bremen, Germany, sitmited on the Weser
in lat. .53° 33' N., lotlg. 8° 34' E. it is rapidly in-
creai^ing in size. It contains elaborate docks and work-
shops i>f the North Gennan Lloyd Steaiushiii Company.
Population (1S90), 111,414.
Brenda. Sec> Troil, Brcndn.
Brendan (bren'dan), or Brenainn, of Birr,
Saint. Biu'n at Birr, now I'arsiuistown, King's
County, Irelanil, 490(?): died Nov. 28. :573. An
Irish monk. lie was a disciple of St. Kinnlan of Clou
ard ; was a fricntl of St. Coluinnii, to whom he Is sai<l to
have rcconnnendcd Hy asaplaceof exile ; and founded the
monaster-y of Birr abotit ."ies. St Coluinba Is representeil
to have seen at Brendan's death " heaven open and clKurs
of angds descending " to meet his aouL He is commemo-
rated on Nov. 29.
Brescia
Brendan, or Brenainn, Saint. Born at Tralee,
County Kerry, in 4.S4: died in 577. \a Irish
monk, a contemporary of St. Brendan of Birr,
and called •' Son of Finnloga " or St. Brendan
of Clonfert to distinguish liim. After completinit
his studies at Tuain he set forth on the expedition known
as the "Navigation of St. Brendan." According to the
legendary account of his travels, he set sail with others
to seek the terrestrial paradise which was supposed to
exist in an island of the Atlantic. Various miracles are
related of the voyage, but they are always connected with
the great island where the monks are said to have landed.
The legend was current in the time of Coltnnbus and long
after, and many connected St. Brendan's island with the
newly discovered America. His name is variously spelled
Brandon, Jlnrotidon, etc. He is commemorated on May 16.
Brendel (bren'del), Franz. Born at Stolberg,
ill the Ilarz, Prussia, Nov. 26, 1811: died at
Leipsic, Nov. 25, 1868. A German musical
critic. He wrote "Geschichte der Musik in Italien,
Frankreich und Deutschland " (1852), " Musik der Gegen-
wart " (1S54), articles in the " Nene Zeitschrlft," etc.
Brenets (bre-na'), Lac des. A .small lake in
the Jura, formed by the Doubs in its upper
course, near Le Locle, Switzerland.
Brenner (breu'ner). The lowest pass over the
main chain of the Alps, it is situated in Tyiol about
2.'i miles south of Innsbruck ; has been used since Roman
times ; is traversed by a railway (since istj7) ; and is the
main line of travel between Italy and Geiuiany. Height.
4,480 feet
Brenne-Tille (bren-vel') (Normandy), Battle
of. A battle, Aug. 20, 1119, in which Henrv I.
of England defeated Louis VI. of France.
Brennoralt, or The Discontented Colonel.
A tragedy by Sir John Suckling, written hi 1639,
printed in 1646.
Brennus (bren'us). [L. Brennm, Gr. 'Bpevm^,
repr. an t)ld Celtic name which has been iden-
tified with the W. Bran (W. and Ir. hmn = E.
raven).] In legendary history, a leader of the
Seuouian Gauls who overran Italy and cap-
tured Rome 390 (?) B. C. With an lirniy of about
70,000 men he defeated a Roman army of about 4U,iiou in
the battle of the Allia, and plundered and burnt Rome,
which had been abandoned by its inhabitants, with the
exception of eighty priests and old patrician.?, whom the
Gauls massacred. After an unsuccessful night attack,
repulsed by the valor of Manlius Capitolinus, who was
awakened by the geese of Juno, he besieged the Capitol
sLx months, till bought olf hy the garrison with 1,000
pounds of gold. According to a late legend, when the
gold was being weighed a Roman tribune remonstrated
against the use of false weights by the Gauls. Brennus
tlirew his sword into the scale, with the famous exclama-
tion, " vae victis ! " ("'woe to the conquered ! "). His real
name was probably Brenhin, Cyrarian for ' king,' or Bran,
a proper name of frequent occurrence in Welsh history.
Brennus. A Gallic leader who invaded Greece,
in 279 B. c, with an army of 150,000 foot
and 61,000 horse. Having dislodged 20.000 Greeks
from the pass of Thermopylae by the secret path over
the mountains followed two hundred years before by the
Persians, he advanced with 40,000 men against Delphi,
where he was repulsed by about 4,000 Delphians. He is
said to have put himself to death, unable to survive his
defeat.
Brenta (bren'tii). A river in northeastern Italy
which rises in the southern part of the Tyrol",
and flows into the Gulf of Venice: tlie ancient
Medoacns Ma.jor. Length. 108 miles.
Brentano (bren-tii'no), Clemens. Born at
Franktort-on-the-Main, Germany, Sept. 8, 1778:
ilied at Aschaffeuburg, Bavaria", July 28, 1842.
A German romantic poet and novelist, brother
of Elizabeth (Bettina) von Arnim. From 1797 to
1800 he studied at.leii.a. He afterward frequentlv changed
his abode. In Berlin, 1816 to 1818, he became a strict
Catholic, and in the latter year entered the cloister at Diil-
men. Subsequently he lived in various places, Init led the
life of a recluse. In conjunction with his brother-in-law,
Achiin von Al'ilim, he comiiilcil the collection of folk*
simgs published, 1800-08, under the title "■ Des Knabcn
Wmideihorn " ("The Boy's \Voiuier-Hi>ni "). He was the
author of a number of dramas, lyrics, and talcs. Chief
among the last are the "Geschichte vom braven Kusperl
und schonen Annerl " (" History of the Good Kasperl and
the Fair Annerl." 1817), and "Gockel, Hinkel und Gacke-
leia " (18:i8). His collected works, " Gcsammelte Schrif-
ten." appeared in 9 volumes (Frankfort, 1861-65).
Brentano, Elizabeth. See Arnim, ron.
Brentford ( luent'ford). A town in Middlesex,
England, situated on the Thames 9 miles west
of London. Here Kdmnnd "Ironside" defeated the
Danes. May. lOlli, and rrince Rupert defeated the Paiiia.
montarians under Holies, Nov. 12, 1642. Population (1891),
13,7;!«.
Brentford, Two Kings of. Two characters
which always appear together and do exactly
the same things, in Buckingham's farce "The
Rehearsal." It is not known what particular pla.v, if
any, suggested them, hut they have piu^sed into a byword.
Brera (bnX'riil. The name given to the "Pal-
ac-e (if Sciences and Arts'' at Milan, it contains
a noted art gallery, and the Brera Library, founded in
1771), with about 176,000 volumes.
Brescia (bro'shii). A province in Lombardy,
Italv. Area, 1,845 square miles. Population
(1891), 487,812.
Brescia
Brescia. [L. Brijcia.'\ The capital of the prov-
ince of Brescia, Italv, situated at the foot of the
Alps, in lat. 45° 32' N., long. 10° 13' E. : the
Gallic Brixia. Ithasmanufactiii-L-sof linen, woolen, silk,
weapons, etc. It wasoriginiilly a Gallic and later a Roman
town, and was wealthy and important till its sack by Gaston
deFuixinl5r2. Till 1797 it was under ^'enetianrule. Ittook
part in the revolutionary movements of 1848— i9. and was
bombarded and taken by the Austrians in ISl'J. The Duomo
Vecchio, or old cathedral, is a circular chui-ch with a rec-
tangular porch, perhaps as old :iS the 7th century, and of
much architectural interest as a more probable prototype
than San Vitale at Ravenna of the circular chiu-ches of
northern Europe. The diameter is 12.t feet ; that of the
nave, with its lofty dome resting on eight plain round
arches, 65. There is also a Roman temple, which now
serves as the Museo .\jitico. It is Corinthian, on a high
basement, with a picturesque portico of twelve columns
and four piers in front. There are three shallow cellas. side
by side : that in the middle projects beyond the others, and
is preceded by a hesastyle porch, while each side cella has
two columns between square piers. This temple is re-
markable in having the portico on one of its long sides.
It was dedicated by Vespasian in a. d. 72, and one of the
cellas was sacred to Hercules. Population (commune),
67.000.
Br^sil. See Brazil.
Breslau (bres'lou). [Pol. Wroclaw or Wracis-
/oira, L. TVratislavia.'] The capital of the prov-
ince of Silesia, Prussia, situated at the junction
of the Ohlau with the Oder, in lat. 51° 7' N.,
long. 17° 3' E. It is the second city of Prussia, and is
one of the chief commercial centers in Germany, having
trade in grain, wool, timber, metals, cloth, etc., and manu-
factures of cloth, spirits, etc. It cotitains a cathedral,
university, Rathaus, Stadthaus (with library and collec-
tions), etc. It was a town as early as KtOO A. I)., and was
the capital of the medieval duchy of Silesi.a. It came
under Bohemian rule in 1335, and passed with Bohemia
to the Hapsburgs. In 1741 it was captured by Frederick
the Great, and was besieged and taken by the French
180&-<-)7. It was the scene of an uprising against the
French in 1S13. The cathedral is in the main of the 14th
century, with earlier choir and later vestibule. It pos-
sesses a great number of chapels, several of them very
richly ornamented with sculpture and containing fine
tombs with statues and reliefs, besides brasses and paint-
ings. Population (1890X 335,186.
Breslau. A governmental district in the prov-
ince of Silesia, Prussia. Population (1890),
1.599,232.
Breslau, Peace of. Lord Hyndford, represent-
ing the Queen of Hungary, Maria Theresa,
signed June 11, 1742, with Podewilz, the Prus-
sian minister, the preliminaries of a treaty
concluded at Berlin, July 28, 1742. Austria
ceded Silesia to Prussia.
Bressant (bre-soh'). Jean Baptiste Prosper.
Born at Chalons-sur-Saoue, France, Oct. 24,
1815 : died at Nemours, Jan. 22, 1886. A French
comedian.
Bresse (bres). A former district of eastern
France, lying east of the Saone, and comprised
in the department of Ain. its chief city wasBom-g.
Bresse formed part of the Burgundian kingdom ; passed
to the house of Savoy 127*2-1402 ; and was ceded by .Savoy
t<> France 1601. It formed p.art of the general government
of Burgundy.
Bresson (bre-s6n'), Charles, Comte. Bom at
Paris, 1798: died at Naples, Nov. 2, 1847. A
French diplomatist. He was first secretary of lega-
tion at London about 1829 ; charge d'affaires at Berlin
1833 ; minister of foreign affairs 1834 ; and ambassador at
Madrid 1841, and at Naples 1S47, where he committed
suicide. He negotiated at Madrid, 1846, the double French-
.^P-iiiish marriage of tjueen Isabella ami of her sister.
Bressuire (bre-swer'). A town in the depart-
ment of Deiix-S6\Tes, France, 45 miles south of
Angers. It has a medieval castle and church.
Population (1891), commune, 4,723.
Brest (brest). A seaport in the department
of Finist^re, France, situated on the Roads of
Brest in lat. 48° 24' N., long. 4° 29' W. it is
the principal naval port of France, and a strong fortress. It
has a large roadstead, a commercial harbor, and a militiiry
harbor with a famous swing-bridge, a castle and large
quays and docks, and is the tenninus of a transatlantic
cable (t*) Duxbury, Massachusetts). It figured in the
Hundred Years' War, resisted an English attjick in 1513,
was developed by Richelieu, and was fortified by Vauban.
The English were defeated here by the Fi-ench in 1694,
and the i-rench were defeated by the F.nglish fleet under
Uowc in 17;i4. Population (1891), commune. 75,854,
Brest-Litovski (brest-le-tov'ski), Pol. Brzesc
Litewski, A city in the government of (irotlno,
situated on the river Bug in lat. 52*' 8' N., long.
23° 40' E. Population, 45,137.
Bretagne (bre-tany'). The French name of
ISntt'iiiii.
Breteuil (bre-tfey'). A town in the depart-
ment of Oise. France, 18 miles south of Aimens.
Population (1891), commune, 3,108.
Bret Harte. See Harte.
Bretigny (bre-ten->i'). Treaty or Peace of.
A treaty concluded at Bretigny. near Charires.
France, May 8. 1360, between England and
France. England renounced its claims to the French
crotra, Maine, Anjou, Normandy, and Touraine, and re*
182
leased King John of France. France permitted England
to retain Gascony, Guienne, Poitou, Ponthien, Calais, etc.,
and paid 3.000,000 gold crowns.
Breton (bre-ton'), Emile Adilard. Born at
Coun'iferes, Pas-de-L'alais, France, March 8,
1831. A French landscape-painter, brother and
pupil of Jules Breton. He left the army to pursue
his studies in art, and was decorated with the cross of the
Legion of Honor in 1878. His favorite subjects are Au-
tumn, Winter, Twilight, and Sunset.
Breton, Jules Adolphe Aim6 Louis. Bom at
C'ouiTieres, Pas-de-Calais, France, May 1, 1827.
A noted French geni'e painter. He is a pupil of
Drolling and of Devigne, and has devoted himself to the
representation of incidents taken from the life of the
peasantry. He was in 1861 decorated with the cross and
in 1889 became a commander of the Legion of Honor.
Among his best-known paintings are " Le retour des mois-
sonneurs" (1853), " Les glaneuses " (1855X "La benedic-
tion des bles " (1857), '* La flu de la journ^e " (1865). etc.
He has written poems, and an autobiography entitled
*' vie d'un artiste, art et nature " (1890).
Breton (brit'on). Nicholas. Bom at London
about 1545: died about 1626. An English poet
and prose-writer, a stepson of George Gas-
eoigne. He was a voluminous writer.
Breton (bre-ton'), Raymond. Bom at Aux-
erre, 1609 : died at Caen, 1679. A French Do-
minican missionary. From 1635 to 1643 he was in the
French West Indies, most of the time living among the
Caribs. He published several works on their language
and customs, and his manuscripts were largely used by
Rxjchefort and others.
Breton de los Herreros, Manuel. See Her-
reros.
Bretons (bret'onz). The natives of Brittany.
Bretschneider'(bret'shni-der), Karl Gottlieb.
Born at Gersdorf, Saxony, Feb. 11, 1776: died
at Gotha, Germany, Jan. 22, 1848. A German
Protestant theologian, general superintendent
at Gotha (1816).
Bretten (bret'ten). A small town in Baden,
15 miles east of Karlsruhe: the birthplace of
Melauchthon.
Breval (brev'al), John Durant. Born at West-
minster (?) about 1680 : died at Paris, Jan., 1738.
An English miscellaneous writer. Hewasof French
descent, but wrote much under the name of Joseph Gay.
He attacked Pope under this pseudonym, and is in return
held up to ridicule in the "Dunciad."
Br^vent (bra-von'). A summit of the .Alps of
Mont Blanc, northwest of Chamonix. Height.
8.285 feet.
Bre'siarium Alarlcanum (bre-vi-a'ri-um a-lar-
i-ka'num). [L.. 'short code of Alaric.'] A
code of Roman law, compiled in .506 a. d. by
direction of Alaric H., king of the Visigoths.
Brewer, Antony. Lived about 1655. An Eng-
lish dramatic writer. He wrote "The Love-sick
King, etc." (1655), which was reprinted as "The Perjured
Nun." He is better known, however, from the fact that
"Lingua, or the Combat of the Five Senses, etc." (1607),
and "The Merry Devil of Edmonton " (1608), were formerly
ascribed to him. "The Country Girl" (1647), signed
" T. B.," has also been erroneously identified as his.
Brewer of Ghent. See Artnelde, Jacob van.
Brewster (bro'ster), Sir David. Bora at Jed-
burgh, Scotland, Dec. 11. 1781 : died at Aller-
by. Montrose, Scotland. Feb. 10, 1868. A cele-
brated Scotch physicist, noted especially for
discoveries in regard to the polarization of
light. He invented the kaleidoscope in 1816 ; perfected
the stereoscope 1849-50 ; and improved the lighthouse
system. He %vrote a " Treatise on Optics" (1831), " More
Worlds than One" (1854), "Memoirs, etc., of Sir Isaac
Newton " (1855), etc. In 1838 he became principal of the
united college of St. Salvator and St. Leonard in the uni-
versity of St. Andrews.
Brewster, William. Bom at Scrooby, Not-
tiughamsMre, England, about 1560 (1,564?):
died at Plymouth, Mass., April 10, 1644. One
of the founders of the Plj'mouth Colony in New
Englan<l. He is said to have studied a short time at
the T'niversity of Cambridge: was employed. 15&4-,87, in
the service of William Davison, ambassador to the Low
Countries, whom he accompanied abroad : was keeper of
the post-otfice at Scrooby 1594-1607 : participated in the
unsuccessful attempt of the Brownist congregation at
Scrooby to escape to Holland. 1607; removed with the
congregation to Leyden in 1609 : sailed in the Slayflower
in 1620 ; and became ruling elder in the church at New
Pl.vniouth. as he had been in Leyden.
Brialmont (bre-al-mon' ). Henri Alexis. Bom
at Venloo, Netherlands, May 25, 1S21, A noted
Belgian general and writer on military affairs.
His works include "Considerations politi(|ues et mili-
taires sur la Belgique " (1851 -.V2), •' Prtcis d'art militaire "
(1854), " Histoire du due de Wellington" (1S56-57X etc.
Briana (bri-a'nii). The owner of a strong cas-
tle iu Spenser's "Faerie Qtieene," who could
not obtain the love of Crudor unless she made
him a mantle of "beards of knights and locks
of ladies." No one was allowed to pass with-
out paying this t(d!.
Brian Borohma (bri'an bo-ro'ma) or Boru
(bo-ro'). [Ir. Brian na horomi, Brian the trib-
Bridge of Sighs
ute.] Bom 926: killed at Clontarf, Ireland,
Good Friday, 1014. A noted L-ish king. He
beeame sovereign of Munster in 978 (?), and
principal king of Ii-elaud in 1002.
Brian Boroinme (Brian Boru), or The Maid
of Erin. A play by James Sheridan Knowles,
ISll, adapted from an earlier work of the same
name.
BrianQOn (bre-Kjn-sou'). A town in the depart-
ment of Hautes-Alpes, France, situated on the
Durance near Mont CJene\Te and the Italian
frontier, in lat. 44° 56' N., long. 6° 35' E. : the
Roman Brigantium. It is an important strate-
gic point, and a fortress of the first class. Pop-
ulation (1891), commune, 6,580.
Blianza (bre-an'dza). A district in northern
Italy, between the Lake of Como and the Lake
of Lecco. It is noted for its fertility.
Briareus (bri-a'rf-us). [Gr. Bpfopfuf.] In
Greek mythology, a son of Uranus and Ge, a
monster with a hundred arms. -Also called
JEgxon.
Brice, Saint. Bom at Tours : died there, Nov. <
13, 444. A French prelate, made bishop of
Tours on the death of St. Martin. He is com-
memorated on Nov. 13. On St. Brice's day, irx)2, there
was a massacre of the Danes in England by order of
Ethelred.
Briceno (bre-tha'no), Ramon. Bom at Santi-
ago, 1814. A Chilian bibliophilist and author.
In 1840 he was chosen professor of philosophy and natural
law in the Chilian University, and in 1861 director of the
National Library. He has held various judicial offices.
Besides books on law and philosophy he has published
" Estadistica Bibliograflca de la Literatnra Chilena." Hia
private library is one of the largest in South America.
Brick (brik). Jefferson. A correspondent o£
a New York journal in Charles Dickens's "Mar-
tin Chuzzlewit," He is of excessively mild and
youthful aspect, but bloodthirsty in the ex-
treme in his political views.
Bridal of Triermain, The. A poem by Scott,
published iu 1813.
Bridal Veil Fall. A noted fall in the Yosemite
Valley, California. The height of the main fall ia
630 feet, and that of the cascades about 300 feet. The
total fall (nearly vertical) is about 900 feet.
Bride, Saint. See Bridget.
Bride of Abydos, The. 1. A poem by Lord
Byron, a Tm'kish tale, published in 1813.— 2.
A melodrama adapted from the poem by Di-
mond, produced about 1819.
Bride of the Sea. A name poetically given to
Venice, fi-om the medieval ceremony by which
the city .was wedded to the Adriatic.
Bride of Lammermoor, The. A novel bv Sir
Walter Scott, published in 1819. See Ashton,
Litcif. Several plays have been written on the subject,
notably one by J. W. Cole under the name of "John Wil-
liam Calcraft," called " The Bride of Lammermoor," and
one by ilerivale, called "Ravenswood." See also Luda
di Lammertnoor.
Bridewell (brid'wel). [Prom St. Bride's, or
Bridget's, well, a spring of supposed miracu-
lous powers, in the vicinity.] A celebrated
London prison, or house of detention, most of
which was demolished in 1863. it was founded
upon a favorite palace of Henry VIII., which stood at the
mouth of the Fleet between Blackfriars and Whitefriars.
There was a royal residence here as early as the reign of
Henry in,, if not in that of John. Henry VIII. is said to
have rebuilt the palace, and he and Katharine lived there
when the cardinals sat on the divorce in Blackfriars op-
posite. In 1553 Edward VI. gave his father's iialace of
Bridewell to the city of London for a workhouse, and for-
mulated the system of municipal charity. It later became a
temporai-y prison or house of detention, with which use its
name is especially familiar. In old views and maps it
appears as a castellated building of some architectural
pretensions. The name has become a generic term for a
house of correction, or lockup.
Bridgeman (brij'man), Laura Dewey. Born at
Hanover, N. H.. Dec. 21. 1829: dieil at South
Boston, Mass., May 24, 1889. A blind deaf-raute
noted in connection with educational methods
forunfortunatesof herclass, Havinglost sightand
hearing and having been partially deprived of the senses of
taste and smell by scarlet fever at tliree years of age, she
was placed in the Blind Asyl«m at .South Boston, at the age
of eight, where slie was educated by means of a raised alpha-
bet devised by the principal. Dr. *S. G. Howe.
Bridgeman, Lucinda. A vtdgar city girl in
Cuiiilierlaud's "Fasliionable Lover."
Bridgenorth, or Bridgnorth (bri.i'north). A
]i;irlianientai'y and municipal borough in Shrop-
shire, England, situated on the Severn 18 miles
soutlieast of Shrewsbury, its castle was t,aken by
Henry I. in 1102, by Henrv it in 1157, and by the Parlia-
mentarians in 1646. Popu'lation (1891), 5,723.
Bridgenorth, Alice. The principal female
eliaracter in Scott's "Peveril of the Peak."
Bridge of Sighs. 1. A bridge in Venice which
spans the Rio della Paglia, and connects the
ducal palace with the Careen, or prisons. Th»
'^
Bridge of Sighs 183 Bril
bridge dates from 1697; it is au elliptical arch, S2 feet Brldport (brid'port). A seaport and munioi- etry at Gresham College, London, 1596-:620, and SarUian
above the water, inclosed at the sides and arched over- ,,„i ,,,,1 ,,i,,.|i,,„iV,ntnrv linrnni/li in Dnrsptshirp professor of astronomy at Oxford 1620-1631.
&eJs^~e?e'^ed%rtAXr1:/greT^i'^S''*.:liS ^^T^U^eTul^lZZ^st'o^^^^^^^ BrigheUa. In ol.l Italian comedy, a Berga-
2. A poem by Thomas Hood, composed in 1844. P?P"latW"(lS91), 6 Gil Bright (I rii ^ Jeqqp D Born at Norwi,-l, N V
Bridgeport (brij:p6rt). A eity^u Fairfield Brie bre A, ane.ent tem^^^^^ northern ^^ f 1^] '[^il^J^f,^| ft B^Uirol m^^
fon"/rYud"sru^rnUt"41°l^%'^onl'V3o fio^no^lllr Hs^l^.'lLVy prod'ifc't^ an' ilp!. ^if fTr 1?75. An American politician. DemoeVatic
LoiiK Island bound, in lat. 41 11 N., long. 13" us cheese. It w,« divided into the Biie t-ranviise (in Ik- United States senator from Indiana 184.5-62.
11; VV. It is one of the chief manufacturing cities in de-France), whose capital was Bric-C'omtc-K<.bcrt, and the Ho was expelled from the Senate for dislov-
thc State. Formerly called A eic/ie^d. Population (1890), lirie Clmnipenoise (in Champajrne). The latter was sul)- .,if„ ri„v, .•; io«o
4S,8<36. divided into Haute-Brie, capital Meanx; Basse-lirie, cap. -;".'•>: 'tv' T?' . r. a 1 t. ,
Bridget (brij'et),Brigit or Bride (biid) Saint italProvins:andBriel'ouillcuse,capitalChateau-Thierry. iSngnt, Jonn. Born at (jreenbank, near Koch-
rT- HW/j.V Mill Tr ftrinhiil l\\\ Rriniiln It was a county under the successors of Charlemagne, dale, in Lancashire, England, Nov. 16, 1811:
liriJ^fToT^nOC^Xt'^^^^ rlnr bv J^"'-' " generally followed the fortunes of Champagne. died there, March 27, 1889. A distinguished
LL /wiHfTthe name of a Celt c VocSess "l ^rieg (breo,. A city in the prov-ince of Silesia, English Liberal statesman and orator. He was
n'l'l r/k'/l Uv Tr^?„^?l PoV 1 ^^^^^^^^ Prussia, situated on the Oder 28 miles south- an agitator for the Anti-Com-Law League 18.18-16; first
Jjied at ^J'uare ireianu, i-eo. 1, .i„d. A pa- east of Breslau. It has a Renaissance castle of «"'"ed Parliament in lai.i ; was i.resident of the Board
tron samt ot Ireland. Accordmg to an ancient Irish tlin nrlncpsnf Rrioo' PniMilntinr, r'lSQn^ on I^J of Trade 18iJ3-70 ; chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster
account of her life, she was born at Fochart (now Faugher) '"." P"liees 01 Wieg. ropujation ( ISJUJ, „U,i04. 1873.J4 ^nj 1880-82 ; and became lord rector of the I'ni-
in 453 A. P., and was the daughter of Dulihthach by his isrieg. A small town m the eastern part of versityof Glasgow in 18S3. Author of "Speeches on Par-
bondmaid Brotsech or Broiceseach. She obtained her free- the canton of Valais, Switzerland, situated liamentary Reform " (1S(17), "Speeches on Questions of
dom through the intervention of the King of Lcinster, who on the Rhone at the eastern terminus of the labile Policy"(18l)9), ".Speeches on Public Affairs "(1869).
wag impressed by her piety and became the founder of ....jiwnv Bright, Richard. Born at Bristol, EnHand,
LSSrSvlng''rp.^''sheTs comtt.o'ra'te^^on FeK r' "' Briel (brel). or Brielle (bre-el'), or Brill (bril). "'^f-^ ^ V''V "^""^ '^''"^''"' ^"'- ^^' '^"^- ^
A goddess called Brigit, poetess and seeress. worshipped ^ seaport in the province of South Holland. ;;o°rt:Suci' g sL?in whici; hf I,!i'c?d V,^^^^^^^^^^^^^
by tL poets of ancient Erinn ; that she was daughter ^ethe^lands, Situated on the Maas 14 miles S, the kidneys the morbid coXionnwuey for Mm
of the Iiish god known as Dagda the Great ; and that she west of Rotterdam. It was taken from Spain by the " Briglifs disease."
had two sistcre who were also called Brigit the one the "Water-Beggars"underWiUiamdelaMarck,April l,i:.7->. Brighton (bri'ton), formerlvBriehthelmston
patroness of the healing art, and the other of smith-work. BriVnnp or Tlripntio lo Phatoaii Hiio eu'lu \r^„VtA „„*'; ■ 1 "=' V •Ht'&"''""'^"'°"'""-
this means, in other words, that the Goidels formerly , .°??,7 °\ isnenne-^ie-Unateau (Ijie-en le- A city and watering-place in Sussex, England,
•worshipped a Minerva called Brigit, who presided over slvd-to ). A town in the department of Aube, situated on the English Channel in lat. 50° 50'
tbe three chief professions known in Erinn : to her prov- i rauce, 23 miles northeast of Troyes. It con- N., long. 0° 8' W. : the leading seaside resort
Ince in fact might be said to belong just what Ctesar tained, until 1790, a military school which "was attended ;„ Cirpstt Rritnin a,„„„™ i. u- i . » »t
terms operum atque artiflciorum initia. by Napoleon 1779-81. Here, Jan. 29, 1814, Napoleon de- Z^>, p.;;,!;" »n,?',u,^?™l "l,i'=^^^^ ''=?''',"^ »>•« 'he
/(Ay», Celtic Heathendom, p. 74. feat ed the Allies under BlUcher. J^^^ ,-^i ,r.^r?.,V?,f.Hl\ ^■"''''',"* ^"'''' '9™''^t!
T} ■„„„„ T-l,« J_ rn-t 11- J! T 1 Iv.) I1S4), the Esplanade, New Pier, Aquarium, etc. It
Bridget, Saint, of Sweden. See Birt/itta. i"in °f' ®* ■'^""''^i" '^^^S of Jenisalem was developed in the second half of the isth century.
^?n'!fco?intl''Niw'jersersU Brienne, Lom6nie de. See Lame.ne. Bri^ghton.'''For™y a town in eastern Massa-
Cl-eek 36 milef south oY'SXm^^ -^y^^^^lt Tf'nlT^'' ''''''"''''''''""''''* ''"'
manufactures of iron, woolens, and glass. Pop- J'«->t?erland situated at the northeastern ex- -^th^^ard of Boston.
nlation nS'lOl 11404 '6 i tremity of the Lake of Brienz. Briglt. See i)M(^/(•/.
BridffPtow^ (brii'touin The canital of Bar Brienz, Lake of. A lake in the canton of BrigliadorO (brel-ya-do'ro). ['Golden bridle.']
^b^d,^*^^V?t lnZs,**s" tt^uited'on trlouthw'^^t : f;™ Switzei-Iand east of the Lake of Th„n. Tt^,-Ynn\mo™\''o""°'' ^°'" " ^"""'"'^ " ^^
ern (•(.ist in lat IS" fi' 'V Ioikt Wo "iT' W It is traver.sed by the Aare. Length, 8f miles. J^ndo innamorato."
PopiiiauLaSO^^^ Breadth, 3 miles. Brignoles (bren-yol'). A town in the depart-
BrirtiTPwatpr ■DiilrPrtf Sen Fnrcioji Brier Creek. A river in eastern Georgia which mentofVar.inProvenee, France, 23milesnorth-
Bridfewater (IjnYwa tfer) A town in Plv J0'"« "^^ Savannah River 57 miles southeast of iiortheast of Toulon. Population (1891), 4.811.
mouf hTwntv^ Massachusetts 26mUe soufh ^"g"f ta. Here, March 3, 1779, t^he British un- Brignoli (l^en-yo'le), PaSQUale. Born in Italy
of Boston, it is the seat of a State Normal '^Z ^''^"''^ ?'T\°'* defeated the Americans about 1823: died at New^ork, Oct. 29, 1884.
Scliool P.iiiiilitioTi n8<)0) 404(1 under General Ashe. An Italian tenor singer. After singing with marked
BrirtfffiwatPrRattlpnr See'/ »,»/«', rnn^ Brferly (bri'er-U), Bob. The Ticket-of-Leave ™™«?' '"!?<= Pn°<:ipal cities of Europe he came to New
Briagewater, Battle 01. t^ee I.iduIi/ s M,ane. ,. y ,!|, Tn-,-lo.X T,la„ „P+l,„+ „„^o York m ISSS, where he achieved his highest reputat on.
Bridgewater House. The town residence of Bi;„,^'LiT ■ ''-^''i''^P^my " *^^* TS^^V, Brihaddevata (bri-had-da'va-tl). An ancient
the Karl of EUesmere, London, built 1847-49 Brigadore bug a-dor). The horse of Sir Guyon Sanskrit work ascribed to SlVaunaka. its object
on the site of Cleveland House. Wheeler, '"^'Peust'rs i aerie Qvieene,' named from Bn- is to specify the deity for each verse of the Rigveda. In
Familiar Allusions gliadoro, the horse of Orlando in Boiardo s " Or- so doing it supports its views with many legends.
Bridgewater kadonna, The. The small paint- lando Innatnorato." ^ r>: ■ Brihaspati (bri;'has-pa'ti). ['Lord of devo-
ingbv Raphael (l.')12) in Bridgewater House, -origantes (bri-gan tez). A tnbe of Britain tion.'] In Vedio mythology, a god m whom
London. Tlio Chihl lies on the Virgin's knees ^^''^'^b in the 1st century A. D. occupied the the activity of the pious man toward the gods
and clutches her veil region north of the Humber. See Bri</a»tia. is personified. Brihasp.<iti is the prayer, sacrillcer,
Bridffpwa.t,Pr Trpati'dPS A series of trentises Brigantia (bri-gan'shi-a). The kingdom of tbe y'^st, intercessor for men with the gods, and their protec-
unage water 1 realises, -a. series 01 treatises B..f„„ , ^ Seetheextract tor against the wicked. He appears as the prototype of the
written incompliance with the terms of the Will -^i'e,anus. »ee tue exuaet. priest, and is called the purohita, or "house-priest," of
of the Earl I if Bridgewater, who died in 1829. He To the north of the Coritavi stretched a confederacy or "le gods. The Brahma of the later Triad is a develop-
left is.llOO to be paid to llie author of the best treatise on collection of kingdoms to which the Romans applied the ""^n' "' t'lis conception.
"ThePower, Wisdom,aiuli;.«..lnes8otOod,.asmanifested single name of " Brigantia." We first hear of these Brihatkatha (bri-hat'ka-thji). In Sanskrit lit-
in the Creation." Those wilb wliom the selection of the confedenited states about the year A. D. 60, when their ,,,..,+11,.,^ tli,. " ar-pot N-iTn-qtinn " q ,.r,llo.,f;«.>
author was left decided t<j give the subject to ei«ht per- combined territories extended on one coast from Flam- "^p "", ' , "^„ i, •^''•*"f """' J^ toueition
ions tor separate treatises. These were " The Adaptation IJorough Head to the Firth of Forth, and on the other °'- tales Dy tjunadliya,_state<l by Soniadeva to
of External Nature to the Moral and Intellectual Consti- from the Dee or Mersey to the valleys on the upper shore be the source of his Kathasaritsagara (which
tution of .Man "(Thomas Chiilmers, 18:i:!), "Cliemistry, Me- «' 'he Solwaj;. -A line," says Mr. Skene, " drawn from see). The Brihatkatha is believed to go back to the 1st
t.-on.l,.gy, and IJigestion " (William Prout, ISIM), " Histoiy, 'he .Solway Firth across the island to the eastern sea ex- or 2d century of the christian era, but no manuscript of It
llablt-. and Instincts of Animals " (Kirby, 18;!.'.), " Geology |";.''y separates the great nation of the Brigantes from the i,,,, j-et been published. Important evidence of its char-
.r..| Mineralogy" (Uean Buckland, ls;i6), "The Hand, as '"bes on the north, the 'Gadeni and the 'Otadeni ; hut .,cter is alfoidcd by the two works founded upon it, the
wnclnKU.»i«n"(SirCharlesBell,183;i),"Tlie Adaptation this is obviously an artificial separation, as it closely fol- Brihatkathamanjari and Kath:lS!iritsagara
( KKtenial Nature to the Physical Condition of Man • lows the lineof HadrLan's Wall : otherwise it would imply Tj-r,„4.v_4.VioXi«..% •«-• /l -l ♦! '*l •• '■
(J. Kidd. .M. U., 18:53), "Astronomy anil General Physics ' ""at the southern boundary of these barharian tribes was xSnuatKatnailiailjari (ori-nat-Ka-tlia-nian ja-
(Whewell, 1833), "Aniinal and Vegetable Physiology" precisely on a line where nature presents no physical de- re). Ill Saiisklit literature, the "Great Blossom-
(!■. M. Roget, M. I)., 1834). marcation." £«o«, Origins of Eng. Hist, p. 238. cluster of Tales," a collection of tales bv Kshe-
Bridgman (brij'man), Frederick Arthur. Brigantia. Tlie ;uicient name of Bregenz. mendra Vyasadasa, based on the Briluitkatha.
Borif at Tuskegee, Ala., 1847. An Ara('ric;iTi Brigantinus LaCUS (brig-au-ti 'iius la'kus). I'* <lato is not fai' from 1037 a. n. Part of it has been
genre painter, a pupil of L. (i<:-ronie, resident in The Roman n;inie of the Lake of Constance. K'^"" '." '''^< "!.'<* translation by Sylvain Levi in the " Jour-
Piiris. His subjects are chietlvEast.rn. Brigantium. The Roman name of Bregenz. RrihaTRa'tihita (bri-hat-san'hi fiil In Son
Bndgwater(brij^va-t.:.r),or Bridgewater. A Briggs (brigz), Charles Augustus. Born at ^Siu-nUurt, the 'f^Glrc^ e^
seaport .1 Somersetsh.n. EnglancI, situa .'d on ^e^v York, Jan. l.-"., 1841. A Presbyterian the- u-o\o-/u-n\ work bv Varaha Mihira, who is be-
tle I arret, near its mouth, 29 miles southwest ologian He studied at Union Theological .Seminary. ,i„,,.ri ,„ l,ave llourished about the beginning
■■1 Bristol. It is the birthplace of Blake. Near it is J<ew York city. ls61-«3, and at the tniversity ..f Kcr- f ,, . ,.., ,.„,,»„,.,. . „
-'dg.moor. It was taken by the Royalists in 1613, and by lin, Germany, 18<16-6« ; became pastor of a Presbyterian '".'"'"'" \\"V.,-\-^'- ,, „. ,„„, .
li'- I'lirliainentarians in 161.1. It dechued for Monmouth church at Roselle, New Jersey, in 1870, and in l.s74 be- crintnOtn (nriclil liotll), ilieit 991. An eal-
iii im... Pcipulaticm (1891), 12,429. came professor of Hebrew and the cognate langiuiges in dornian of the Eiist Siixons. He was the son-in-law
Bridlington (brid'lill.'-ton now nron locallv l-'n'on/r,'''-'"l'J>f'cal Seminary. In 18«(l he becanie a meni- of the ealdonnan .Klfgar whom he succeeded about »;.3.
biVlh!.- ti.n) r Al«n «, ;/;,,^^ ,^^ „ .,,1 7/.?, ; . ? 5?.'' °' ' "•■ •;''""■,"'' "'^^ ?' ',■"•■ "fresl'ytenan Review." He made lavish grants to ecclesiastical foundations, espe-
Dir lni),'-t( 11). [Also ISwUtnijIm and Burlnuj- His works include ■ Bibhcal study (1S8:1). 'American cially to tbe monasteries of Ely and Ramsey, and fell in
«>», according to tlie corrupted pronunciation; Prcsbyterianism" (18Sri),"Me»sianic Proplu'cy"(18S6), etc. battle against the Northmen near Maldon in 991.
H£.. tiridlhuiUm.-\ A town in Yorkshire, EiiK- His adv;u,ced views in biblical criticism, with certain doc- Brihtwald (bricht'wiild). Died in Jan.. 731.
l*iTi*l 01 „,:i.^., ,.„„fu ..p TT..11 TJ-- 11- i- \\ trinal views, subjected him to a trial for heresy is 12-93, ■*'^a"w""'*" v > '"••
land. _3 miles north of Hull. Bridlington (juay, „.„(,„ resulted in His condemnation and suspension bj; Archbisliop of Cant.'rbury. He.was of noble paren-
B Waterin(;-])lace, lies on the coast. Total pop- the General Assembly. tiige. but neither the place nor the year of his birth is
ulalicin (1891), 8.916. Briffffq Charles Frpdprielr Born at Nun- known. He was elevated to the see of Canteibury in
Bridnip fhrSrlwii'l r'T!vi^lo„««=o n a „.-„„ t 1 ,' Vt wol l- 1 * tj 1 m v <^^- In 7(i.'. he presided overa council near the river Nidd,
anaoie (bre.,lwa ). [ Bridlegoose.'] A naive tucket, Mass^, 1S04: died at Brooklyn, N. Y., at which a compromise was elfected between Wilfi.tb. , ho
ami placidly Ignorant judge m Rabelais's" Gar- June 20, IHii. An American journalist and exiled AivhbishopofYork,and the Ivingof Northuiubiia.
gantua and Paiitagrucl," who decides causes author. He wrote the novels " Harry Franco : a Tale Brihuega (bie-wa'gii). A town in the Jdoviiice
by means of dice. This he considers the most natu- of the Great Panic " (1839), "Trippings of Tom Pepper " of liuadalaiara. New Castile, Spain, situated
ral method. The character is a trenchant satire on Judicial (I8^").>^'i- . -rrr 1 ttt , ti i-. on the Taj'una r>l miles northeast of Madrid.
Dn.eec.||ngsoftheday. BriggS Henrv. Bom at Warley Wood. Halifax. Here, Dec. iVin, the French under the Due de VendAmo
«rifl0180n(bre-dwa-zAn ). ['Bri.llegosling.'] A Yorkshire, Feb., l;)f)l: died at Oxford, EiiKland, defeated the Allies under Ix.rd Stanhope.
pretentious judge in ''Le Maria«e d(^ Figaro." Jan. '26, 1631. A iidted English iiiathematiciiiii, Bril(brel). Paul. Horiiat Antwrip about l.'>54:
by Beaumarchais, taken from the Bridoie of the inventor of the '' eonimon " system of log:i- died at Rome, 1020. A Flemish painter, noted
Rabelais. rithms. See Napier. Ho was professor of geom- especially for landscapes.
Brillat-Savarin
Brillat-Savarin (bre-ya' sii-va-ran'), An-
thelme. Bom at Belley, Ain, France, Ajtril 1,
1755: died at Paris, Feb. 2, 1826. A French
writer, au autliority on gastronomy, author of
' ' Physiologie du go'iit " ( " Physiology of Taste,"
1825), etc.
Brilon ( bre'lon). An ancient town in the prov-
ince of Westphalia, Prussia, 22 miles east of
Amsberg.
Brinckman (brink'man), Baron Karl Gustaf.
Born at Brannk\Tka, near Stockholm, Sweden,
Feb. 24. 1764 : died at Stockholm, Dec. 23, 1847
(Jan. 10, 1848 ?). A SweiUsh diplomatist and
poet. He wrote under the pseudonym "Sel-
mar."
Brindisi (bren'df-se). [L. Brundisium, Brun-
dusium, Gr. BpftTftKoi', 'Bpcvriiaiov.'] A seaport
in the province of Leece, Italy, situated on
the Adriatic in lat. 40° 39' K, long. 18° E.
It is a station of the Peninsular and Oriental Company, and
has steainiT connection also with Greece, the Levant, and
Adriatic ports. It contains a cathedral, a castle of Fred-
erickll., the ruined church of SanGiovanni. and a Roman
column, one of two which stood on a point in the harbor.
The capital is carved with figures of divinities. These
columns may have marked the end of the Appism Way. or
have served to hold lights for the guidance of shipping.
Brundisium was colonized by Tarentum, was acquired by
Rome about 2G7 B. c, and became a Roman naval station.
It was the terminus of the Appian Way, and the usual
starting-point for Greece and the East. In 49 B. c. it was
besieged by Caesar. It was the birthplace of Pacuvius and
the place of Vei-gil's death. It was a frequent rendezvous
of the Crusaders. In 1348 it was destroyed, and .again in
14.'>^, by an earthquake. Population, 14,000.
Brink (brink), Bernhard Egidius Conrad
ten. Born at Amsterdam, Jan. 12, 1841 : died at
Strasburg, Jan. 29, 1892. A philologist, noted
especially for his studies in English literature
and language. He was professor of modern languages
at Marburg 1870-73. and of English at Strasburg 1S73-92,
His works include "Chaucer" (Vol. 1. 1870), "Geschichte
der Englischen Literatur " (1877-89), etc.
Brinton (briu'ton ), Daniel Garrison. Bom in
Chester County, Pa., May 13, 1837. An Ameri-
can surgeon and ethnologist. He is professor of
ethnology and archajology in the Philadelphia Academy
of Naturiil Sciences, and of American archaeology and lin-
guistics in the University of Pennsvlvani.a. His works in-
clude "The Myths of the Xew World, etc." (1868), "Abo-
riginal American Authors and their Productions, etc."
(1883), " The Iroquois Book of Rites " (1883), etc.
Brinvilliers (bran-vil-ya'). Marquise de
(Marie d'Aubray). Born about 1630 (?): ex-
ecuted at Paris, July 16, 1676. A noted French
criminal . she married in 1651 the Marquis de Brinvil-
liers, from whom she obtained a separation after he had
squanilered his fortune. She was instructed in the use of
a subtle poison, supposed to have been aqua tofana, by
her lover Jean Baptiste de Gaudin, Seigneur de Sainte
Croix, with which she poisoned her father and other mem-
bers of her family, in order to obtain possession of the
inheritance. The crimes were discovered in consequence
of the accidental poisoning of Sainte Croix iu 1G72, and
she was executed at Paris,
Brion(bre-6u'), Pedro Luis. Bominthelhitch
island of Curasao, 1783 : died there, Sept. 27,
1821. An admiral of the Colombian navy. He
joined Bolivar in 1812, and commanded the patriot fleet in
the Venezuelan and Colombian revolutions; in 1815 and
1816 he furnished the vessels and arras with which Bolivar
recommenced the war. He was president of the council
which condemned General Piar to death at Augostiu'ix,
Oct., 1817.
Brioude (bre-iid'). A town in the department of
Haute-Loire, France, in lat. 45° 17' N., long. 3°
23' E. : the ancient Brivas. There is a noted bridge
at Vieille-Brioude, Population (1891), commune, 4,928.
Brisac (bre-sak'), Charles. The elder brother
in Fletcher and Massinger's (f) play of that
name. He is a bookworm despised by his father, who
proposes to make his younger son Eustace his heir and
marry him to -\l»pelina, Chai-les, however, sees her, and,
love working a total change in him, shows himself to be
a strong and manly lover.
Brisac, Eustace, The younger brother in Flet-
cher and Massinger's (?) " Elder Brother." At
first a fop, lie redeems his character.
Brisach. See Brcimu-h.
Brisbane (briz'l)an). The capital of Queens-
land, in Australia, situated on the river Bris-
bane, 25 miles from Moreton Bay, about lat. 27°
20' S., long. 153° E. It exports wool, cotton, gold,
hides, etc. Until 1842 it was a penal colony. It became
the capital in 1859. Population (1891), 48.738.
Brisbane (briz'ban). Sir Thomas Makdougall.
Born at Brisbane House, Largs m Avrshire,
Scotland, July 23, 1773: died there, Jan. 27,
1860. A British general and astronomer, gov-
ernor of Nevr South Wales 1821-25. He served
in Flanders 1793-95, in the West Indies 1795-98, in the
Peninsula in 1812, and in Canada in 1813.
Briseis ( bri-se'is). Hippodameia, the daughter
lit' Briseus, flie cause of the quarrel between
Achilles and Agamemnon.
Brisk (brisk), Fastidious. A pert, petulant,
and lively fop In Ben Jouson's comedy " Every
184
Man out of his Humour." He is devoted to the
court, and fantastically fashionable,
Brisson (bre-s6h'). Eugfene Henri. Born at
Bom-ges, July 31, 1835. A French republican
statesman. He was chosen president of the chamber
in 1881 and 1883, and was prime minister April 6, 1885,-
Jan. 7, 1886.
Brisson (bre-s6n'), Mathurin Jacques. Bom
at Fontenay-le-Comte, Vendee, Fi-ance, April
30, 1723: died at Boissy, near Versailles, France,
June 23, 1806. A noted French physicist and
ornithologist, appointed professor at the ficoles
Centrales in Paris in 1706.
Brissot (bre-s6'), Jean Pierre, sumamed de
Warville. Born at Ouarville, near Chartres,
France, Jan. 14, 1754 : guillotined at Paris, Oct.
31, 1793. A French politician and writer. He
was a member of the Legislative Assembly and Conven-
tion, and a Girondist leader.
Brissotins (F. bre-so-tan'). See Girondists.
Bristed (bris'ted), Charles Astor. Bom at
New York, Oct. 6, 1820: died at Washington,
D. C, Jan. 15, 1874. An American author, son
of John Bristed. He published " Five Years in an
EngUsh University "(1862), "The Upper Ten Thousand of
New York " (1852), etc. He wrote under the pseudonym
"Carl Benson,"
Bristed, John. Born in Dorsetshire, England,
1778: diedat Bristol, Rhode Island, Feb. 23, 1855.
An Anglo-American clergyman and author. He
came to New York in 1806. and married (1820) a daughter
of John Jacob Astor. From 1829-43 he was rector at Bris-
tol, Rhode Island. He wrote " Resources of the United
States " (1818), etc.
Bristol (bris'tol). {Formerly Bristow, Bristowc :
ME. Bristow.'i A seaport, city, and county in
Somerset and Gloucester, at the junction of the
Frome and Avon, 7 miles from Bristol Chan-
nel, in lat. 51° 27' N., long. 2° 36' W. It has a
large foreign trade, especially with America, and manu-
factures of sugar, tobacco, leather, cotton, boots, glass,
etc. Bristol Cathedral is of the 14th century, with rebuilt
modern nave. It is small, and chiefly notable in that its
aisles are of the same height as the nave, which thus has
no clearstory, and for its superb Nonnan chapter-house,
which is rectangular in plan and exhibits admirable mold-
ings and interlacing arcades. Bristol became important
in the middle ages, and was the second seaport of Eng-
land down to the 18th century, and one of the chief seats
of the slave-trade. In the reign of Edward III, it was
made a county. It was taken by Piince Rupert in 1043,
and by the Parliameiit.arians in 1645. It was the scene of
great riots in 1831. A noted musical festival is held tri-
ennially here, lasting four days: the first one was held
in 1873. Population (1891), 221,665.
Bristol. A town and port of entry iu Bristol
County, Rhode Island, situated on Narragan-
sett Bay 13 miles south-southeast of Provi-
dence. Population (1890), 5,478.
Bristol. A borough in Bucks County, Pennsyl-
vania, situated on the Delaware River 19 miles
northeast of Philadelphia. It has manufac-
tures of carpets and iron goods. Population
(1890), 6,553.
Bristol Boy, The. Thomas Chatterton.
Bristol Channel. An arm of the ocean lying
between Wales and Monmouthshire on the
north, and southwestern England on the east
and south, it extends from the estuary of the Severn
westward to the southwestern points of England and of
W.ales.
Bristowe (Bristol) Merchant, The. A play
by Ford and Dekker, licensed iu 1624 : probably
an alteration of Day's " Bri.stol Tragedy."
Bristowe Tragedy, The, or the Death of Sir
Charles Bawdin. One of the Rowley poems
by Chatterton, the first one separately printed.
It was written in 1768 and printed in 1772. See
Chatterton.
Britain (brit'an or l)rit'u). [ME. Britainc.
Brctayne, etc., OF. Brctiiijnc, L. Britannin.']
The English equivalent for Britannia ; Great
Britain, in Arthiuian romance " Britain " always means
Brittany (Bretagne): England is called Loijri^ or Logria.
The word "Britain," in the mouth of an Englishman, is
reserved either for artificial poetry, for the dialect of for-
eign politics, or for the conciliation of Scottish hearers.
Before England and Scotland were united, the name
"Briton," as including Englishmen, was altogether un-
heard of. Freeman, Hist, Essays, I. 165.
Britain (brit'an or brit'n), Benjamin, or Lit-
tle. In Charles Dickens's story " Tiie Battle
of Life," at first a servant, aftern-ard landlord,
of the Nutmeg Grater Inn. He is very small,
and announces himself as knowing and caring
for absolutely nothing.
Britanni (bri-tan'i). [LL. Britanni, Britones.]
A Celtic people in the northwest part of Gaul,
first mentioned in this location by Sidonius
Apollonius. According to Jordanes they were leagued
with the Romans against the West Goths, Gregory of
Tours makes them subject to the neighboring Franks,
They were called by the Franks Breton ; by Latin writers
after the 5th century, Britannu Britoneg, and their land
Britannia Cismarina, modem Bretagne, Brittany. They
British India
were, in all probability, the descendants of theDumnonil
whose original liome iiad been the southwestern part of
Britain, whence they had been driven out by the An^lo-
Saxons,
Britannia (bri-tan'i-a). [L. Britannia, more
correctly Brittania, Gr. BpsTravia, from Britan-
ni, more correctly Brittani, Gr. Bperravoi, Bpt-
raiw'.] In ancient geography (after the time
of Ctesar), the name of the island of Great
Britain, and specifically of the southern part ot
the island : in modern times, a poetical name
of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland.
However they were first constituted, the Roman divi-
sions of Britain are the great territorial landmarks of oup
history. The country, before its conquest, was parcelled
out among dirterent tribes, who had come m on evei-j side,
and were struggling in the centre for supremacy. The
Romans seem to have disregarded the limits of the exist-
ing kingdoms and the more natural features of mountain
chaitis. Apparently, they took rivers as their landmarks.
Britamiia Prima, the first province, was the district
south of the Thames, the Saxon Wessex under Egbert;
Flavia Cwsariensis, between the Severn and the sea, was
the Mercian kingdom of Olfa; Britannia Secunda, west of
the Severn, comprised Wales and the Welsh Marches;
Maxima Cfesariensis. between the Humber and the Tyne,
is the Northumbrian province of Deira ; and Valentia,
whose northern boundary was between the Frith of Forth
and the Clyde, embraced the Lowlands of Scotland and
Northumberland. Toward the end of the 4th centurj,
Valentia seems to have been abandoned.
Pearson, Hist. Eng., I. 40.
Britannia Prima. See Britannia.
Britannia Secunda. ARoman province nearly
corresponding to Wales. See Britannia.
Britannia Tubular Bridge. A famous rail-
way bridge across Menai Strait, Wales, built
by Robert Stephenson between 1846 and 1850.
It consists of two parallel rectangular tunnels of wrought
iron, supported by three piers between the two shore piei-s.
The central tower is 230 feet high. The total length is
1,840 feet ; that of each of the central spans, 460 feet.
Britannicae Insulae (bri-tan'i-se in'su-le).
[L.] In ancient geography (before the time of
Ca?sar), the name of the British Islands Albion
(Great Britain) and leme (Ireland).
Britannicus (bri-tan'i-kus), originally Clau-
dius Tiberius Germanicus. Born about 42
A. D. : died at Rome, 55 A. D. A son of the
emperor Claudius and Messalina. He was heir
apparent to the throne till the intrigues of his stepmother,
Agrippina. and her par.amour, the freedman Pallas, se-
cured from Claudius the precedence for Nero, Agrippina's
son by a former marriage. He was poisoned at a banquet
by Nero, whose mother had sought to work upon the fears
of her rebellious son by threatening to bring the claims
of Britannicus before the soldiery.
British America. That part of North America
(with the exception of Alaska) which lies north
of the United States. It comprises the Dominion of
Canada and Newfoundland. In a wider sense the name
includes also the Bermudas, British West Indies, Bali2e,
British Guiana, and the Falkland Islands.
British Baluchistan. A British chief commis-
siouership in Asia, formed in 1887 out of dis-
tricts in southeastern Afghanistan.
British Burma. See Burma.
British Central Africa. See C. A., British.
British Columbia. A province in the Domin-
ion of Canad;i, lying between the Northwest
Territory north, Athabasca and Alberta east,
the United States south, and Alaska and the
Pacific Ocean west, in lat. 49°-60° N. The capi-
tal is Victoria. It includes V.ancouver and Queen Char-
lotte islands. It has a lieutenant-governor and legisla-
tive assembly, and sends 6 members to the Dominion
House of Commons, and 3 members to the Senate. Area,
382,.i0n scinare miles. Population (1891), 97,613.
British East Africa. See Jinst Africa, British.
British East Africa Company, Imperial. A
British commercial company, developed from
the British East Afi-ica Association, and char-
tered in 1888. Its head was Sir William Maokinnon.
The territory of the company (about 200,000 square miles)
lay within the newly acquu-ed British "sphere of in-
fluence" of East Africa, northeast of Victoria Nyanza.
The company had extended its operations into Uganda,
but in 1892 it decided to abandon that region.
British Empire. A collective term for the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
with its colonies and dependencies. Area of the
tnited Kingdom, India, and colonies, 9,180,7iiO square
miles: population, 34.S282,960. Area of protectorates and
spheres of inHuence. 2,240,400; population, 36,122,000.
(Jrand total of British Empire:, area, 11,421,100 squara
miles : population, 381.404,960.
British (juiana. See Guiana.
British Honduras, or Balize (ba-lez'). A
crown colony of Great Britain, lying between
Yucatan on the north, the Caribbean Sea on
the east, and Guatemala on the south and west.
Cajiital, Balize. It exports mahogany, logwood, fnilti
sugar, etc. It was settled by wood-cutters from Jamaica
at the end of the 17th century, and since 1870 has been a
crown colony of Great Britain. Area, 7,562 square miles.
Population (1891), 31,471.
British India. See India,
British Legion 185 Broglie, Comte Victor Maurice de
British Legion. A body of British troops, com- Brittle (lirit'l), Bamaby. The husband of German Orientalist, son of Friedrieh Arnold
maiidetl liy Colonel Evans, which fought for Mrs. Brittle in Betttrtun's play " The Amorous Broekhaus. He was the editor of Ersch and Gniher's
Oueeu Isabella of Spain against the Carlists, Widow," a sort of George Dandiu: played by " Allsemeine Encjklopadie" after isstj, and alsoofTaii-
in 1830. Charles Macklin at Covent (iarden. ous Persian and Sanskiit works.
British Museum. A celebrated museum at Brittle, Mrs. A character in Betterton's play Brockton (brok'ton). A city in Plymouth
Great Husscll street, Bloomsbury, London, "The Amorous Widow." it was chosen by Ih-s. County, Massachusetts, 20 miles south of Bos-
founded in 17."i3. It cont.iins collections of antiiiuities, Bracesirdle and lira. Oldfleldas a test uf their popiUarity ton. It has manufactures of boots and shoes,
drawings, prints and a library of l,fiou,0(Ki volumes, SrvXKi wilh the pulilic and superiority of method. Formerly called A'orWi Bridgewatcr. Popula-
MSS., and 45,1X10 charters. The growth of the British Britton. An early summary of English law, tion (1890) 27 294
Museum h!is l.een verj' rapid. MonUigiie House was first written in French, probably in the l.'ith century. BrockviUe (brok'vil). A town and nort of
employed in 1733 when room was needed for Sir Hans A MS. is in existence. It was first printed in London abo..t fMitivi" Ontario C- nndn sitnnted m, thl St
Sloaue's ld.rarj- and collt-ctlon8,whlcl were bought for the 1535, ..,^^^0 and others thought it an abridgment uf ?"''> '" ^'."a '"' ^001' V "J. .-' w'
nominal price of iao,0(iO, raised by a lottery. Ihecollee- Uricton u<iiub"'<:"v Lawrence in lat. 44° 34 N., long. 7o° 4o W.
™aLl"?i■^^mrch^ti''hl''^4''"a•n<fth•o rov'aMitoa^" Britton (brit'n), Colouel. The loyer of Isa- Population (1891), 8,79:3
S^e"y "iK; f'ZrS monasteries by nenr?^vn& bella in Mrs. CentUvre's comedy " The Wonder, Broderip (brod'rip), William John. Born at
«.-.,(iiMivolumesgivenbyGeorgeIU.andGeorgeIv., raised a Woman keeps a Secret." It is to keep the Bristol, England, Noy. 21, 1789: died at London,
the library to a position of great impoi-tance. The new secret of Colonel Britton and Isabella that Vio- ^^^b. 27, 1859. An English lawyer and natural-
b^ml' I'roJheTrdne? Imir^ w^ c'Zmenced soZiSter l""*" ""»>-l ^ l«*es her o«-n loyer. i?t. secretary of the Geological Society. He was
•^ ' r^"'??SS'r ?1 Iri^^ Bntton. John. Born at Kingston-St.-iIi.hael, ^^^l^^^^T^ ^^^^S^^
marbkswere bought for the sum of &i.^000 The first -Wiltshire, England, July /, 1((1: died at Lon- .'Enghsh Cvclopxdia." and "Proceedings and I'ransal^
KreatEgyptianaequisitionconsistedof the objects taken Jon, Jan. 1, 1857. An English antiquary. His tions of the Zoological Society "; also •■ Zoological Recre-
wilh the trench army m 1801. In ISW the Rosetta Mone ,^^^^3 i,,^,,^,,^ ..j,,^ Beauties of ^ViItshire•■ (1801-2.^), ations " ( 1847). "Leaves from the .Note Book of a -Natu-
and several sarcophagi were exhibited. A little later the ..Architectural Anti,,nities of Great Britain" ISO.S-L'U ralist ■•(1852), etc.
col c<;tlon.,f .sir G.anlmer Wilkinson was added. The As- .. cathedral Anti.juitiLs of England " (1814-35), ec. Brodhpad Cbrod'hed) Tnlm PomPTm Rorn
synan.Babvlonian, com, and Greek vase collections are un- _ . ti • /, - \* • t r* •i ."^rouiieaa ^oioaneti), jonn xvOmeyn, xsorn
questi.mabl'y the best in any contemporai-y museum. The isrive, or Unves (brey), or BnveS-la-Gail- at Philadelphia, Jan. 2, 1814: died at New
natur.d history collections have been removed to the llu- larde (brey'lii-gii-yard'). A town in the de- York, May 6, 1873 An American historian
siMim of Natun.1 History at s.mth Kensington The pres- purtment of CoiT^ke, France, situated on tlie He wrote " History of the State of New York"
entbuil.ling, finished in IMi, 18 one of the best structures ro,.,.^,p ;„ l^f 4-,o n' -nt lo.J 10 Qi' -R rti,,. ns^Q o jj^oloi^ ui luc oiaie oi i>i w ioih.
of the "Classic Revival" The annual increase of the li- ^-oneze m lar, 4.) J IV, long. I d.) i^. It has (LH,i3, 1871).
bran is about 40,0.10 volumes. Modern English publica- an inipijrtant tra.le 111 trufiks It is the birthplace ,.t Brodie (bro'di), Sir Beniamin CollinS. Born
tions are adde,! free of expense by a privilege shared with ?!'" '"'l^^hl^s"'''' ^''"■'''^' ^™''"- I'^P"'^""'' dSSD. at Winterslow Wilts, England, June 9, 1783:
the universities, of receiving gratis a copy of every book eoiiuuuiie, lo.ouo. ,i;.^.4 „4- Ti„^...„„ t>..„v c;„...?„,, W ,„„ , A ,. 01
entered at Stationers' HalL BriXOn (briks'en). It. Bressanone (bres-sa-no'- daed at Broome Park feuney, England, Oct. 21,
British North Borneo. A British colonial pos- ne). A town in TjTol, Austria-Hungary, situ- ]f% Aji eminent English surgeon, surgeon
%e-'-'ion in the i-<hind of Borneo It is a orotec- ated on the Eisak 40 miles south of Innsbruck. *? ^^.^t^^S^'a Hospital .(1822). His works in-
toratiTndJr tile Bri North Borneo bomp^yfdmHe; It is an important strategic point, and was the capital of ^^^^^ " PathologieaJ S^^ Surgical Observ;at ions on . the
granteriSTl). if pi^duces toba^^^^^^^^^ an eeelesiastieal prineipilty till 1803. Population (1890), ,'?'|S!!S,rit .""= •"""'' ^^^^^^ "Psychological In.iuu-ies
c.ilfee, giii.is, etc. The chief town is Sandakan. Area, commune, 5,626. ■dJ'XaZ n^^A' Ai\ A 1 ■ +1. 1 1 f
si,i.J6.s.iuare miles. Population, 175,000. Brlxham (briks'am). A seaport and watering- ^"^7 ^^Y" ^H- ^ *°^^ ™ ,*^''=^J^°oT?t'^';'' °*
British South Africa Company. A British place in Devonshire. England, 23 miles south of txahcia, Austria-Hujigary.mlat. 50°8 N., long,
coraraercial company chartered in 1889 for the E.xeter, on the English Channel. Population f^..? ^= an important trading center. Its in-
, .. .. „ Ar 1 "i, 1 1 1 1 ii -11 l■\^ia^ \ R oo< habitants are in great part Hebrews (hence its nick-
exploitatiou of Matabeleland and the neighbor- (1891), t),2J4. n^,^^ „ 4,,^ German Jerusalem ■•). It was a free commer-
ing regions. The leader was Mr. Cecil Rhodes. The BxiZeuX (bre-ze ), JullCn AugUStC P61age. cial city 1779-1879. Population (1890), 17,534.
company has built Fort Salisbury, and developed Masho- Born at Lorieilt, Sept. 12, 1805: died at Mont- Brodzinski (brod-zius'ke) KazimierZ Bom
naUnd t.js.jrue extent. Its territory has been extende,! pellier. May, 1858. A French idyllic poet. His at Krolowkii near Boehiiia Galicia March 8
to include British Central Africa (north of the Zaniiiesi) ^ , . , *", :,-\x ^i ll-i ^ ,, „z.x^ ■ .^t -iiJ^iovii\.i, iic.ii i^uLuni.t. vt^iul iti, i\i.tiicii o,
with the exception of .Nyassaland. ^ In 1893 the company ^^orks include "Mane," "La fleur d'or," " Pri- 1791 : died at Dresden, Oct. 10, 1835. A Polish
put down a Matabele rising under the chief Lobengula. mel et Nola," " Le Telen Arvor," etc. soldier, poet, and scholar, professor of esthetics
BritO Freire (bre'tij fi-a're), Francisco de. Broach (broch), or Bharuch (bha-roch'). A at the University of Warsaw, He served in the
Born at Coruche. Alemtejo, about 1620: died at district in the northern division, Bombay, Brit- Russian campaign of isl2 and in the campaign of 1813,
Lisbon Nov 8 1692 A Portueuese admiral ish India. Area. 1,463 square miles. Popula- and was taken pris.mer at the battle of Leipsic. His com-
,*..',.* ^ , ... . ^„ ' t:,,T, MQQ1\ 1.11 d.on plete works were published 1842-14.
administrator, and historian. He was captain- J'"" C^''^i,- •'^J^'*''"- _ ■Rrnet nivHU) A omoU tr,wn in tlio r^ynrAnaa
general of Pernambuco from 1661 to 1664, and wrote the BrOach. The capital of Broach district, Brit, '^^P^ i, ?r Vl 1 w il. l I ■^•*"?, Pl^o^l^^e
" .Nova Lusitania," an incomplete history of the wars be- ish India, situated on the Nerbudda 30 miles "' North Holland, Netheriands, /miles north-
tween the Hutch and Portuguese in BrazU. from its mouth. It was stormed by the British •d'^'' ."^ Amsterdam -.famous for its neatness.
BritomartlS (brit-.:.-mar'tis). [Gr. BpiTompTK:, in 1772 and in 1803. Population (1891), 40,168. Broekhuizen (brok hoi-zen), Jan van Latm-
the s^«.et^ma.den(?).] 1. In Greek mythol- B^oad Bottom Administration. In British \^!^ Nov'^O^^eT'd&ear^^stenVi'Der
ogy. a Cretan divinity of hunters and fishermen, history, an epithet given to the Pelham admin- l^^'-n7 ' A n f i.' t . ^"t"','''™' °'^'^-
The egends concerning her are various. According to •t„,f;' /itI. -iin i, -t „ « ji lo, 1/U7. A Dutch poet and classical scholar,
one, to escipe from the pursuit of Minos she threw her- istration (l;44-d4), because it was tormed by a g^ gjj^^^^ '■Propertius" (1702) •'TibuUus"
self among the fishermen's nets in the sea, and was res- coalition ot parties, (■1708) qrid niibli.ihp.1 T.ntin ii.ipnis C-' rai-ioiTin »
cue,l and made a deity by Artemis. Broad Rivor. A river in North and South Car- '■J^^R'' '*'"* PiolisUecl Latin poems ( Ldi muia,
2. In Spenser's '-Faerie Queene," a female olina which rises in the Blue Eidge, uniting at -p,;:!!" .„,..--,- -. . -.^ t, ^ ^
knight, personifying chastity. Columbia with the Saluda to form the Conga- -^t ?.?^f w^ ^ll^ A ,f- t?'!-^!®^";. ?«no r ^l
Britons (brit'onz). [ME. iJn7«», /}r«(««, etc., vee. Length, over 200 miles. tolnuovo near Asti, Italy, Dec. 24 1802: diedat
OF. Hnun,, aBriton, usually a Breton or na- Broadstairs (brad'starz). A watering-place in 780?''°I^'ltXn ™ft anFrJuWi, k^^^^^
tive of Brittany in France, from MI. iJr,7o(«-), Kent, England, 16 miles east-northeas^t^of Can- ^^ta. ^^.i ^^i^'^i^ego^ esl"' «?h e " st), S^iLta
pi. «ri(-<Hes.L..BntaKH(, Britons.] The natives terbury. Population (1891), .5,266. history of Piedmont (is4!i-ii2), etc.
of Great Britain ; especiaUy, the original Celtic Broadway (brad-wa'). The principal business Broglie (brolv'), Achille Charles L6once
inhabitants of the island of Briton. street of New York, extending from Bowling Victor, Due de. Born at Paris, Nov. 28, 1785:
So lately as James the Second's time, a Briton still Green northward to Central Park for about 5 died at Paris, Jan. 25, 1870. A French states-
meant a W.lshman ; and we believe that, exactly a cen- miles. It crosses, diagonally, Fifth avenue at Twenty, man and peer of France, a son of Claude Victor,
tnrybai-k, the famous declaration of George the Third that third street, Sixth avenue at Thirty-fonrth street, and Prince de Broflie Hn wn« mini^tpr nf t),., intHrior
he ■■gl..rie.l in the name," not of Englishman, but ••.,f seventh avenue at Forty-thir.l street: From the Central a^,d of d,°jL worlllio and LX "tio" 1^0 a 1 n^^^^^^
Briton," was l.,oked upon by many of his subjects as a Park, lOighth avenue and Fifty-ninth street, its continua- "foreign alf,aiA<W?^"-ADrir
Wicked machination ol the «™t^ •"-""';'- ^^.,^,^ . ,„, tion to ..ne Hundred and Fift^-^^fth street follows mostly i^^;5^"fr!I:;:;Ao;i'(llur)A-tfe"l:in^rugMer'of^^^^^^^^^^
i-r. cmrtn, lllsl, tbs.i>8, 1. 10,1. the olit Bloomingdalo road, and is called the Boulevard, ile stacl. -i o
■- ... _ ., ,, .,, ., T, T» i From *ine Hundred and Seventhstrcetitisidentical with tj„ i* ' t\ i j„ / a ii. _a'_ tj « a
Brittany.or Bntanny (bnt'a-ni), F. Bretagne. Eleventh avenue. Broglie, Duciesse de (Albertme Ida Gusta-
[From L. 7ir(7((««i. Svo Jirihuitii, JJritain.] A Brobdingnag (brob'ding-nag), or Brobdignag vine deStael). Born at Pans, 1797: died Sept.
former government of France, capital Kennes, ibrob'dig-nag). Acountrydescribeil iii Swill's --'. 18:is. Daughter of Madame de StaiJl, and
the Roman Arraorica. it is bounded by the English "Gulliver's Travels," lanious for tlie gigantic "■'.^^' "'' -A-ehille Charles L(:'once Victor do Bro-
Channelonthen.>rth, .Normandy, .Maine, and Anjou on the gj^e of the inhabitants and of all objects Rbe. She wrote moral and religious essays, collected
ewt, Poitou on the south, and the ocean on the southwist ij_„„i, /i,„„v\ c:„ Too\i/. T!,,,.,, !„ (■„„,V„o«,. after her death under the title of " Fragments sur divers
tndwest. It Is traversed by hills and l.>wni..untains (the OTOCIS. (WoK), rtii Isaac. Uorn m Uuemsej , sujets de religion et de morale "(1840).
MoMtagnes d'Arree. Montagnes .Voires, etc.), and is di- Oct. t), 1(09: killed at l^ueenstown. Canada, Oct. Broglie Claude Victor Prince de Born at
Tided into BasseBretigne in the west, and Haute- lire- 13, 1S12. A Britisli major-general. Hecaptured pnns 'l7'>7- i]ii..! nt Pii'is Jiino "7 17<U A
tagne in the cast. It comprises five departments: General Hull's army at Detroit, Aug. 1«, 1S12. Fir this 1,'^' '"'/'', ' "* ^ •'",^,.•!"f® t,'' "•'I' /
FInlstire, Otes-du-Nord, Morbihan, Ille-et-Vilaine, and exploit he was knighted. *renc]i politician, son ot Victor 1 ran<;ois de
Loire-Inftiricure. ThevernacuKar langn.age is the Breton. Brocken(brok'en) ()rBlocksberff(bloks'berQ^ Broglie. He was presi.lent of the Constituent Assembly
Brittany is noted for its megalithic monuments (dolmens, rn, , • ^ ..,,„,,,,it',,f .i,,, |l„,.., ia,„, „.,,;„= „J,\ in 1791, and afterward became adjutant-general in the army
menhirs, and cromlechs). A large part of the neojde are /'«> chiet summit ot the Hai z Mountains, aii.l „, the llhine. Having refused to recognize the decree of
aallora .ami tlsliermen. Brittany was inhabited by the \'e- tlio liigliest mountain m northern Germany, Aug. 10, 1792, he was sent to the guillotine by the revo-
neti and other Gallic tribes, and formed a part of Lugdu. situated in the province of Sa.xony, Prussia, in lutionary tribunal.
nensisun.l.T the Romans. It received the name of Lesser lat. 51° 48' N., long. 10° 26' E. : tholjoman Mens BrOglie, FraUQOis Marie, lirst Due de. Boni
or Little I'.ntaiM or Iiritt:my(BritanniaMinor; also Britan- t. .. 7 . o .^ .' , ?. ,,.-,. .- , ,, ,3 ,■ t,
nla cjsmarina) in allusion to the (ireater Britain across Bructerus. It is the traditional meeting.placo of the -'it P»"^. -'a"- 'I- 1'" ' ■ ' "''' '^' Broglie, 1 ranee,
the Channel, from which it received colonists (from Corn- witches nn Walpuigis Night, and is famous for the opti- May 22,1(4,). A iiiarslial ol I' ranee, son of
wall) .Iriven ..ut by the Anglo-,SaX(ms. The Prankish cal phenomenon called the "specter of the Brocken," Comte Victor Maurice do Broglie.
kings failed to retain a permanent hold on the country. Height, :i,74.-i feet, 'RTncrlio Tarniipo 'VicfoT Albert Diip do Rnm
In the mh eentnry it became independent, and was rnle.l BrOCkhaUS (brolc ' hous), Friedrich Amold, -^i^Rws IlXfi IS^l A Sw.rstaf^snia^
by OTUnts and dukes. In the r2tli century it passe, by U,„.„ ..i Dovt iniind tii.rinii nv Miv4 1 77-' . ,11,.,1 •" ' ai 'h, .) line l,i, Ih-I . A 1< 1 encU statesman,
maiTiage to Oeoltrey, son of Heniy IL of Englan.l B'li n .11 IJoit nniiHl. I . 1 1 ian\ .\l.i\ 4, I ( , .iie.l j,„l,lh.ist. and historian, son of Achille Cliarles
In 12(M It became a tlef „f France, an.f so.,n after passed f* LeiJ-SK', Aug. 0, 18„.!. A (.eruian publisher, ',,,,_,,„,,, yictor de Broglie. He was ambassador to
under the rule of dukes .)f the Drenx family. It was the louiuler ot the nrm ot t. A. Brockliniis i,,i,ulon In 1871 and premier 1873-74 ami 1877 His chief
united to Franc,, by the mariingcs of Anne (heiress of at L.'ipsic. He imrehased the copyright of the w.nk is "L'Kgli'se et ieinpire romain au i'^^ 8iicle"(1866).
Brittany) with Charies MIL .)f france in 1491, and with •.(',,„.•, r^-.l i. .11.; 1 .ovik-nn " i.i moV ■Rrnirlio ('.>mto Mirtnr IW-iiiri/'fl Aa Hnm
Louis XII. in 1499, It was nnally Incorporated with „ <- "iiN ' 1 -H i^is nexikon in IHOS. ■°,^,?,?/^^l V . ^ ,^,°'^ Maurice ae. Uom
France in 153-2. During the Revolution and later it was BrOCKnaus, Hermann. Born at Amsterdam, l(i39; died Aug. 4, 1(2(. A niarslial of i ranee,
a center of royalist foeliug. Compare Ckouan. Jan. 28, 1806 : died at Leipsic, Jan. 5, 1877. A distinguished in the wars of Louis XIV.
Broglie, Victor Francois, Due de
Broglie, Victor Frangois, Due de. Born Oct.
19. 1718: died at Munster. Germany, Maieh 29,
1804 A marshal of France, son "of Francois
Marie de Broglie. He fought in the Seven Years'
War. at Hastenbeck and Rossliach. commanded at the
battle of Bergen, 1759. and was appointed niinialer of war
by Louis XVI. At the outbreak of the Revolution, 1789,
he was in command of the troops stationed at Paiis for
the maintenance of order, but theur adoption of the cause
of the Revolution led hira to emigrate about 1790. He
comnninded a body of emigrants in the campaign of 1792,
organized a corps of emigrants for the English service in
17y4, and on the dissolution of tliis corps joined the Rus-
sian service in 1797.
Brogni (bron'ye), Jean Allarmet de. Born at
Brogni, Savoy, 1342: died at Rome, Feb. 16,
1426. An eniinent French cardinal. He was
president of the Council of Constance, 141.5-17, and as such
pronounced the sentence of the council upon John Huss.
Brohan (bro-on'), Augustine Suzanne. Born
at Paris, Jan. 29, 1807 : died Aug. 17, 1887. A
noted French actress, known on the stage as
Suzanne. She made her first appearance on the stage
as Doiine in "Tartufe. " .She was a soci6taire of the Com(^-
die Fraii'.-aise, and was an extremely graceful, adroit, and
original actress, but ill health compelled her to retire at
thirty-live.
Brohan, Emilie Madeleine. Born Oct. 22, 1833.
A French actress, knomi on the stage as Mad-
eleine: the younger daughter of Suzanne Bro-
han. She married Mario Uchard in 18.^4, from whom
she was divorced in 1^84. She was a beautiful, finished,
and coquettish actress. She retired from the stage in 1S85.
Brohan, Josephine F61icite Augustine. Born
Dee. 2, 1824: died Feb. 16, 1893. A French ac-
tress and dramatic vrriter, known on the stage
as Augustine. She was the daughter of Suzanne Bro-
han, and was a remarkably versatile and brilliant actress.
She succeeded Rachel at the Conservatoire, and retired in
1808. She married M. Oheest, Belgian minister to Fi-ance.
Broke (briik). Sir Philip Bowes Vere. Born
at Broke Hall, near Ipswich. England, Sept. 9,
1776 : died at London. Jan. 2, 1841. A British
rear-admiral. He was educated at the Eoy.al Naval
Academy in Portsmouth Dockyard ; became a commander
in 179y. and a captain in 1801 ; and was appointed to com-
mand the frigate Shannon in 1806. While cruising off
Boston, he sent a challenge to Captain Lawrence of the
American frigate Chesapeake to fight an engagement.
The Chesapeake, which stood out to sea before the chal-
lenge could be delivered, was captured after an engage-
ment of fifteen minutes, June 1, 1813.
Broken Heart, The. A tragedy by Ford, acted
at Bliifkfriars in 1629, pi'inted in 1633.
Bromberg (brom'bero), Pol. Bydgoszcz (biid'-
goshch). A city in the province of Posen, Prus-
sia, situated on the Brahe, and on the canal
between the Oder and Vistula, in lat. 53° 9' N.,
long. 18° E. It is a commercially important
place. Population (1890), commune, 41,399.
Bromberg. A governmental district in the
province of Posen, Prussia. Population (1890),
625.215.
Brome (brom), Alexander. Bom in 1620: died
June 30, 1666. An English attorney and royal-
ist poet. He wrote " Songs and Poems " (1661 ; second,
enlarged edition 1664), and a comedy, " The Cunning
Lovers " (1654). He edited two volumes of Richard Brome's
plays, but is not known to be related to him.
Brome, Richard. Died 1652 (f). An English
dramatist, in his early years the servant of Ben
Jonson. Of his life and death little is known. Among
his numerous plays are "The city Wit, or the Woman
Wears the Breeches," " The Northern Lass "(printed 1032),
"The Sparagus Garden" (acted 1636, printed 1640), "The
Antipoiles" (acted 1038, printed 164U), "A Jovial Crew,
or the Merry Beggars "(acted 1041, printed 16.'j2).
Bromia (bro'mi-ii). The scolding, ill-tempered
wife of Sosia, who is slave of Amphitryon, in
Dryden's "Amphitryon."
Bromley (brum'li). A town in Kent, England,
10 miles southeast of London. Near it are Hayes
Place andChiselhurst. Population(1891),21,685.
Brompton (bromp'ton). A district of Loudon,
S. W. It lies between Kensington and Pimlico,
south of Hyde Park. The South Kensington
Museum is ill Brompton.
Bromsebro (brem'se-bro). A village in the Uin
of Kalmar. Sweden. Here, Aug., 1645, a treaty was
concluded between Sweden and Denmark, by which the
latter renounced Jemtland, the island of Gothland, etc.
Bromsgrove (bromz'gi-ov). A manufactm-ing
town in Worcestershire, England, 12 miles
southwest of Birmingham. Population (1891),
7,<t:u.
Brondsted (brfen'sted), Peter Olaf. Bom at
Frueving, near Horseus, in Jutland, Nov. 17,
1780: died at Copenhagen, June 26, 1842. A
noted Danish arch!Bologist,protessor in the Uni-
versity of Copenhagen.
Bronghiart (broii-nyar'), Adolphe Thio-
phile. Born at Paris, Jan. 14, 1801: died at
Paris, Feb. 19, 1876. A French botanist, son of
Alexandre Brongniart, professor at the Jardin
186
des Plantes. He wrote '* Essai d'une classification nft-
turelle des champignons " (1825), '* Histoire des v^gt^taux
fossiles" (1828), "Prodrome d'une histou'e des veg^taux
fossiles " (1828), " Memoire sur la structiu*e et les fonctions
des feuilles " (1871), etc.
Brongniart, Alexandre. Bom at Paris, Feb.
5, 1770: died there, Oct. 7, 1847. A noted
French mineralogist, chemist, and geologist,
son of Alexandre Theodore Brongniart. Ue be-
came professor of natural history at the Ecole Cenlrale de
Quatre Nations in 1797 ; professor of mineralogy at the
Museum of Natunil History at Paris in 1822 ; and director
of the porcelain manufactory at Sevres in 1800. Hewrote
"Essai d'une classification naturelle des reptiles" (1805),
"Traits ilementaire de mineralogie " (1807), "Traits des
arts c^ramiques, etc." (1845), etc.
Bronte (bron'te), Anne: pseudonym Acton
Bell. Born at Thornton, Yorkshii'e, England,
1820 : died at Scarborough, England, May 28,
1849. An English novelist and poet, sister of
Charlotte Bronte, she wrote " Agnes Grey " (1847),
" The Tenant of Wildfell Hall " (1848), and " Poems " (1846,
by "Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell").
Bronte, Charlotte (later Mrs. NichoUs) : pseu-
donym Currer Bell. Bom at Thornton, York-
shire, England, April 21, 1816 : died at Haworth,
Yorkshire, England, March 31, 1855. A famous
English novelist. She was the daughter of Patrick
Bronte, curate of Thornton and later of Haworth. with
whom most of her life was spent. She wrote " Jane
Eyre "(1847), "Shirley" (1849). " VUlette " (1853), "The
Professor" (l855), and published poems (1846) conjointly
with "Ellis " and "Acton Bell."
Bronte, Emily: pseudonym Ellis Bell. Bom
at Thornton, Yorkshire, England, 1818 : died at
Haworth, England, Dec. 19, 1848. An English
novelist and poet, sister of Charlotte Bronte.
She was the author of "Wuthering Heights " (1846), and
*■ Poems " (with her sisters).
Bronte (bron'te). A town in the province of
Catania, Sicily, situated at the western base
of Mount Etna 20 miles northwest of Catania.
Population, 16,000.
Bronte, Duke of. A title of Lord Nelson.
Brontes (bron'tez). [Gr. BpdiTiyf.] One of the
Cyclopes (which see).
Brooch of Vulcan, The. A name given to
Chaucer's "Complaint of Mars."
Brook (bruk). Master. The name assumed by
Ford, in Shakspere's ''Merry Wives of Wintl-
sor," for the purpose of fooling Falstaff, who is
in love with Mrs. Ford and reports progress to
Master Brook.
Brooke, or Broke (bruk), Arthur. Died 1563.
An English writer, author of ' ' The Tragical His-
tory of Komeus and Juliett" (published 1562).
translated from a French version of the work
of Bandello. From this book the plot of Shak-
spere's "Eomeo and Juliet" was taken.
Brooke, Celia. The sister of Dorothea in
George Eliot's novel ''Middlemareh." She is a
pretty, practical girl whose common sense protests against
the somewhat ideal philanthropy of Dorothea.
Brooke, Dorothea. The heroine of George
Eliot's novel " Jliddlemarch." she has a passionate
ideal nature which demands expression in work which
shall be of permanent benefit to others. She mistakenly
marries a dried-up pedant, Casaubon, who hinders instead
of helps her, and after llis death abandons her high but
vague ideal and marries a man who only satisfies the com-
mon yearning of womanhood. She sinks int^i a happy ob-
scurity with all her rare gifts unused. .See Camitbon and
Ladif^law.
Brooke, Mrs. (Frances Moore). Born 1724 :
died at Sleaford, Lincolnshire, Jan. 23 (26?),
1789. An English novelist, poet, and dramatist.
She was the wife of Rev. John Brooke, D. D., rector of
Colney, Norfolk, and chaplain to the garrison at Quebec,
where they for a time resided. Her works include "The
History of Lady Julia Mandeville " (1763), " History of
Emily Montagu " (1769), " The E.xcursion " (1777), etc.
Brooke, Henry. Died Jan. 24, 1619. The tenth
Lord Cobham, tried and convicted (1603) with
Raleigh and others on the charge of conspiring
to place Arabella Stuart on the throne. He was
led to the scaffold, but was reprieved and sent to the
Tower, where he remained till 1617. It is said that he
died in poverty at the house of his laundress.
Brooke, Henry. Born at Kantavau. County
Cavan, Ireland, about 1703: died at Dublin,
Oct. 10, 1783. An Irish novelist, dramatist, and
poet. He wrote " The Fool of (Quality" (a novel,
1766-68), "Gustavns Vasa" (drama, 1739), etc.
Brooke, Sir James, Rajah of Sarawak. Bora
at Benares, April 29, 1803: died at Burrator,
Devonshire, England, June 11, 1868. An Eng-
lish adventtirer. He was rajah of Sarawak, Borneo,
1841-63. and governor of I.abuan under the British govern-
ment 1848-52 ; and suppressed piracy in the East Indian
archipelago.
Brooke, Stopford Augustus. Bom at Letter-
kenny. County Donegal, Ireland, Nov. 14,
1832." An English clergyman and \\Titer. He
became curate of St. Matthew, Marylebone, London, in
1867; curate of Kensington in 1860 ; ministerof St. James's
Chapel, York street, in 1866 ; minister of Bedford Chapel,
Brooks, William Thomas Harbaugh
Bloomsbury, in 1876; and chaplain in ordinary to the
queen in 1872. In 1880 he left the Church of England in
order to join the Unitarians. He has written "Sermons
Preached in St. James's Chapel " (1868), " Christ in Modern
Life" (1872), "Theology in the English Poets,— Cowper,
Coleridge, Wordsworth, and Burns" (1874). "Sermons
Preached in St. James's Chapel, Second Series" (1874),
"English Literature " (1876), " Milton " (1879), etc.
Brook Farm. A farm at West Ro.\biu-y, near
Boston, Massachusetts, the scene of an ex-
periment in agriculture and education by the
"Brook Farm Association," of which the chief
founders (1841) were Ripley, Hawthorne, C. A.
Dana, and others. Fourierism was introduced in
1844, the "Brook Farm Phalanx" was incoi-porated in
1845, and the organization dissolved in 1847.
Brookline (bruk'lin). A town in Norfolk
Countv, Massachusetts, 4 miles southwest of
Boston. Population (1890), 12,103.
Brooklyn (bruk'lin). One of tlie boroughs of
the new municipality of New York, situated at
the western extremity of Long Lsland, on the
East River and New York Bay, in lat. 40° 42' N.,
long. 73° 59' W. (See Xcir York:) its business
interests have always been largely connected with those of
New York. It is calletl the "City of Churches" (among
them are St. Ann's, Holy Trinity, St. Paul's, Plymouth
Church, Church of the Pilgrims, St Augustine). It has
large docks and basins (Erie, Atlantic Dock, etc.), and con-
tains a United States navy-yard. Brooklyn was settled
about 1637, and was at first called Brfukelni. It was the
scene of tlie battle of Long Island (1776). It was incorpor-
ated in 1834. Williamsburg and Bushwick were annexed
in 185.'). Population (1890)," 806,»43.
Brooklyn Bridge. A large suspension-bridge
over the East River, uniting the boroughs of
Manhattan and Brooklyn in New York city.
The preliminary work was begun in 1867, and the bridge
was completed in 1884. The bridge crosses the river by"a
single span 1,595A feet long and 135 feet above high water
in the middle, suspended from two massive piers on the op-
posite sides. The piers measure .',0 l>y 140 feet at the water-
level, and 40 by 120 feet at the summit, and are 277 ftet
high. Beyond the piers, on both banks, the bridge is con-
tinued on an easy incline, partly suspended and partly of
masonry arches and steel trusses, until the street-level is
reached. The total length is 5,989 feet. There are four main
cables of steel wires, each 15^ inches in diameter. The
width of the bridge is S.s feet, which is subdivided into two
driveways and two railway-tracks, between which is a prom-
enade for pedestrians. It was plaimed and construct<.d by
the Roeblings.
Brooks (briiks), Charles William Shirley.
Born at London, April 29. 1816: died at Lon-
don, Feb. 23, 1874. An English novelist, jour-
nalist, and miscellaneous writer. He wasa contrib-
utor to " Punch " after 1851, and its editor after 1870. His
chief works are " The Creole, or Love's Fetters " (acted
1847), and the novels "Aspen Court " (1855). " The Qordian
Knot " (1860), " The Silver Cord " (1861), " Sooner or Later "
(1868).
Brooks, Charles Timothy. Bom at Salem,
Mass., June 20, 1813: died at Newport, R. L,
June 14, 1883. An American Unitarian clergy-
man and author, noted chiefly as a translator
from the German.
Brooks, James Gordon. Born at Claverack,
N. Y., Sept. 3, 1801 : died at Albany, N. ¥.,
Feb. 20, 1841. An American poet and journal-
ist. He married Miss Mary Elizabeth Aiken (pseudo-
nym "Noma") in 1828, together with whom he published a
volume of poems entitled " The Rivals of £ste, and other
Poems " (1829).
Brooks, John. Bom at Medford, Mass., May
31, 1752: died March 1, 1825. An American
Revolutionary officer and politician. He carried
the German intrenchments in the battle of Saratoga.
From 1817-23 he was governor of Massachusetts.
Brooks, Mrs. (Maria Gowen). Born at Med-
ford, Mass., about 1795: died at Matanzas,
Cuba, Nov. 11, 1845. An American poet, au-
thor of '■ Zophiel, or the Bride of Seven "
(1825), etc. She was known as Maria del Occi-
dente, a sobriquet given her by Southey.
Brooks, Phillips. Born at Boston, Dec. 13,
1S35 : died there, Jan. 23, 1893. A bishop of
the Episcopal Church, and noted pulpit orator.
He was graduated at Harvard College in 1855, and at the
Episcopal Seminary at .\le.xandria,Vii-ginia. in 1859: became
rector of the Church of the .Advent, Fhiladeli>hia. inl8r>9,o(
the Church of the Holy Trinity in the same city in 1861,
and of Trinity Church. Boston, in 1870; and was elected
bishop of the Episcop;il diocese of Massachusetts in 1891.
Brooks, Preston Smith. Bom in Edgetield
County. S. C, Aug. 4, 1819: died at Washing-
ton, I). C, Jan. 27,1857. An American poli-
tician, notorious from his assault on Charles
Sumner in the senate-chamber at Washington,
May 22, 1856. He was a member of Congress
from South Carolina 185,3-57.
Brooks, William Thomas Harbaugh. Bom
at Now Lisbon, Ohio. Jan. 28, 1821 : died at
Huntsville, Ala., July 19, 1870. Ai\ American
soldier. He became brigadier-pener.il of volunteers in
the Federal army in 1861, was commander of the depart-
ment of the Monongahela 1803-«, and led the loth .-UTn/
corps at Swift's Creek, Driu-y's Bluff, Bermuda Hundreo,
Cold Harbor, and Petersburg.
Brooks's 187 Brown University
Brooks's (bruk'sez). A London club (Con- Broughton, Thomas. Born at London, July 5, from deficiency of cxcitiiiK power, and contended that
serviitivc) established in 17G4 by the Duke of 1704: .iii.l ul Bedminster, England, Dec. 21, 'll" ^"-^i' "'T"Vi."^'!I'?Ti?,1'7°i?"*^'*l'^ ''!"*,'■
^ , 1 i» -n 1 £ T> ii 1 J ii 1 — I A T' 1- 1 1- ■ 1-11 Class. llereniovi'U tu Loiiiloii m 178(i. and aiL'il in neclect,
Eoxborough, the Duke of Portland, and Others. 1((4. An Luglish divine and miscellaneous ihough much of his therapeutic practice has since been
It was formerly a gaminghouse Icept by Almack, and af- writer. He wrote the lives marked " T " in the orlKinal universally adopted. IHrt. Xat. Bioij.
tenvard by" HrookB. a wme merchant and money-lender, edition of the "BioKraphia liritannica," was the author of BrOWn John, "of Ossawatoinie." Born at
for KhoM.it was named. _ "An Historical I lictio.yiry of all Kelit-ion^^ Torrington, Conn., May 9, 1800: e.«cuted at
Brooks of Sheffield. The imaginary person tlon of the WorUl to the Present Inno" 1742, and fur- ,,, !„;.,.' v„ Vion 9 la^^o 4 „„l„l,..„V 1
rmg ?,y Mr Murdstone when spe'ak^. of ^■t,:',"™-' '"^ "-'- ''"- ■•"-"-• "^ "i^^^^^^^T^i^, 'an 'anUsltv^tater
^^^/uZ''t:r''^^:.'^rt:.^Sror.^ol''^^Jr^ BroukhusiUS. Janus. See Broet.,n,ucn, Jan in Kansas 1S3:V.'58 He removed with his parents to
S- not Convenient to mcftion. "^ ™»^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ '^^^-^^^^^^^ "^t^f^ ^^^^i^^^^^
"Quinion," said Mr. Murdstone, *'take care, if you -n /i ■■ -•'. r*i^ a -d *. xt* the idea of becoming the liberator of the neuro slaves in
please. Somebody 's sharp." "Who is?" asked the gen- iSfOUSSOn (D_ro-sou ;, Uiauae. iiorn at iN lines, the .S4)Uth, he emigrated in IS.'i.'i to Kansas, where he took
Ueman, laughing. I lix)ked up ((uickly, being curious to France, 1647 : died at Mout Jjellier, France, Nov. an active part in the contest against the pro-slavery party.
know. "Only Brooks of .shelHeld," said Mr. Murdstone. 4, 1698. A French Protestant theologian and He gained in Aug., 1856, a victory at Ossawatoniie over
1 was quite relieved to And it was only Brooks of Shef- ^,,»;„f ,,„f tr, Aaath natoiioilil v i^nr Tinlifionl mt " superior number of Missourians who had invaded Kan-
fleld ; for at tlrst I really thought it was I. juriht, pui to aeatn osiensioiy lor political rea- ^^^ (whence the surname " Ossawatoniie ■■). On the night
Dickens, Davi<l Copperflcld, ii. sons. He wrote "L'Etatdes r<!fonni;sdeFrance"(1684), of Oct. 16, 1869, he seized the arsenal at Harper's Ferry,
fTT-ii- -D i -cr 1- "I.ettresauclergc'de France "(108.1), "Lettre3au.v Cath- Virginia, at the head of a small hand of followers, with
Broome (orora), WUliam. ISorn at Uaslmg- oliques Romains " (1089X etc. a view to arming the negroes and inciting a servile in-
ton, Cheshire, England, May 3, 1689: died at BrOUSSOnnet (bro-so-na'), Pierre Marie Au- surrection. He was captured Oct. IS, was tried by the
Bath, England, Nov. 16, 174.>. Au English poet guste. Born at Montpellier, France, Feb. 28, commonwealth of Virginia Oct 27-31, and was executed
and divine. He assisted, as an accomplished Greek 1761 : died at Montpellier, July 27, 1807. a J*' ^"*" t v i?' <. r>- t ir,-
•cholar, in Pope's translation of Homer. Having remained French iihj'sician and naturalist, best known '^P'^' i°B^\ ,°™ j. ]^?f' -V^^^ooo .'
iilent in respect to the indictment of Pope 8 originality „<, o Knt-inist Scotland, oept., 1810: died May 11, 1882. A
taplied in tfie following couplet by Henley BrOUWei^, or' BraUWer (brou'^r), Adrian, |^°*ii^'^ JIJS'%^° ^°'' ^''^^°'' ^"'^ °? J"'^
lZ^r.%°uf^ll^?o^Z^ZrylXtt!^%r Born at Oudeuarde about 1606 (f): died.at If^U ■ 'alls 'lS6h8l;'co"nrninr " ofirt.gLl^a^n^
. .. ,,_ .,,. Antwerp, Jan., 1038. A painter ot the 1' lemish "Rab and his Friends": the latter was first published in
be was given a place m the Dunciad, school. His chief works are at Munich and Dresden. 18:.9)-
"Hibernian politics, O Swift, thy doom, He studied in France, and died in the hospital at Ant- BrOWn John (J Bom at Durham England
And Pope's, translating four whole years with Broome," werp. The subjects of Brouwer are similar to those of -kt 1', 1001 "Aii Aniori,.<i., fio-„,.<.'<,r,fl o-oni-o
wWch waa altered, after a reconciliation had taken place, L^S'-^^.^-lSlflir ^?^??^'.'^^ Nfi"?! ValT^^ t'L" X paTnter.' nf studted TZ7^U^!tZ::i'Z:.
" Thv fate greatest technician of his time. ourgh, and in 1853 at New York. Elected national acad-
And Pope's, ten years to comment and translate." Browdie (brou'di), John. A big, good-natured oj's'tree't boys ^e is noted for his characteristic pictures
Broseley (broz'h). A town in Shropshire, Nickleby." He marries Matilda Pnee. See j^^^^^ '^ j7gg. ^jj^^j q^^ 07 1341 ^n Ameri-
western England, situated on the Severn 13 /'nee, JlfaWrfa .„..„._ , can merchant. He was a patron of Brown University
miles southeast of Shrewsbury. Population isrown (broun), JJenjainin OrratZ. isom at (formerly Rhode Island College), to which he gave in the
(1891), 4,9'J6. Lexington, Ky., May 28, 1826 : died at St. Louis, aggregate $100,000.
Brosses, de. See Dchmsscs. Dec. 13, 188.'). An American politician and Brown, Robert. Born at Montrose, Scotland,
Brothers (bruTH'erz), Richard. Bom at Pla- journalist. He was United states senator from Missouri Dec. 21, 1773: died at London, Jmie 10, 18.^8.
eentia, Newfoundland, Dec. 25, 17.57: died at 1863-«7 ; governor of Missouri 1871-72 ; and unsuccessful A British botanist. He was the naturalist of Flinder's
London, Jan. 25, 1824. An English religious vVc'e'l-J^id -n \-„ 1S- °'' Republicans for Australian expedition, 1801-05, and keeper of the botani-
^T,ty,„a{lat nnA nr'nnh^t xio ,„„.„»„.. I <« /i ■ > H-C-I resmi Ul Hi isi.. , -r,, . , , , cal department of the British Muscum after 1x27. He
enthusiast and mophet. He was a naval officer Oieu- BrOWn, Charles Brockden. Born at Philadel- p„blislied"Prodromusflora;NovajHollandia, "(ISIO: sup-
Unant), discharge Jon T^alf pay 111 1783 He prophesied j^j J ^.j 177j^ jj ^ p , 22, 1810. An Jlement 1830), "General Remarks on the Botany S
among other things, that the destruction of the world ' ' . ,• ,. ...,,,„..,, Tprra Anstinlia " cisul
would take place in 1795, and that complete restoration of American novelist. His works include " Wieland, -"^n^xstiaiis asi4). ,, t^- i ■ ^
the Jews would take place in 1798, with himself .as ruler or The Transformation " (1798), "rtrmond, etc." (1799), BrO^wn, TarlCtOn. Born m Barnwell District,
at Jerusalem. He was finally placed in conflnement as a "Arthur Mervyn " (1800), "Edgar Huntley, etc." (1801), S. C, 1754: died 1846. Au American Revolu-
lunatic. He wrote " A Revealed Knowledge of the etc. _,_, . „ iz-i.-t, tiouary soldier. He served throughout the War of
Prophecies and Times " (1794), etc. BrOWn, FOrd MadOX. Born at Calais, t ranee, independence, obtaining the rank of captain, and wrote
Brothers, The. 1. See Adcljyhi. — 2. Aplayby 1821: died at London, Oct. 6, 1893. An Eng- " Memoirs " pertaining to contemporary events in the
Shii'lev, licensed in 1626. — 3. A tr.agedy by Ed"- lish painter. His works include "Wyclif, etc." (1849), C.arolinas (privately printed, with notes by Charles J.
wird VouiiL' iiroduced in 1752 4 A coined v "King Lear" (1849), "Chaucer reciting his Poetry at the ''"^hneU.lWjL). . c^, ■, , ■
«aru louiiK, I>i<uuteu lu ii.w. ^. Acomeuy Edward III." (1851), "Clu-ist washing Peter's Bro'Wn, Thomas or Tom. Born at Shifnal, m
by Kichard Cumberland produced iul<69. Feet " (1852), etc. ^ Shropshire, 1663: died at London, Jime 16,
Brothers, The. A political club of wits and Brown, George. Born at Edinburgh, Nov. 29, 1704. An English satirical poet and prose-
statesmen established in London m l/l.i .Swift 1818: died at Toronto, Canada, May 9, 1880. writer. A collected edition of his works was
was treasurer of this club. In 1714 it was merged in the a r',,^.^,1:...-. »..^i;+;«;.it, ot,,1 i/A„,.T,Qliof ti ^ a^i >. i t i i • T-n^ t\o
Scrihlenis Club (which see) A Lanailian politician and joni'ualist. Hefounded published in l(0<-08.
_., -^ , iiTi/-> J.1 the Toronto "Globe" in 1844; entered the Dominion 'Rrnnm TbnTnaq Born at Kilmabreck Kirlc-
Brother Sam. A comedy by John Oxenford House of Commons inl851 ; and became senator m 1873. ■"„,,°J??' ,,t^?7?f %„„f,„™/^T^^^^^
from a German play by Gomer, altered by Brown George Loring. Born Feb. 2, 1814: died ^Jl^^gl^tf "'e. Scotland, Jan. 9 ^1' «= f'led
E. A. Sothern aiuf J. B. ^Buckstone, produced Jui^-fltsU^ An AmTricanlandscapc-painter. fotfd^'^fottisrnhWcHn"' thiksool er ant
inlK74. Brother .Sam is the brother of Lord Dundreary, Brown Goold Bom at Providence R I ,^ btottish pli>siciaii, philosopher, and
and the part was written for Sothern. The play is a sort m ,!TV 17°m .\i;„^ nf T v^,,f Mr«<r M^ ^ P"*"*' <"oll<'a?:»e of Diigald Stewart trom 1810.
ofsequei to "Our American Cousin " March /,li91: died at Lynn, Mass., March 31, Jjjg ,TOri5g include "An Inquiry into the Relation of
'Ri.nn/.lrAi-a fi ." 1--^,.M C<y, ., rT at, TUT ., -ri a TncanT. 1857. Au Americaii grammarian. He conducted Cause and Elf eit " (1818), "Lectures on the Physiology
IJTOUCKere ( mo-K.ir ), ynaries mane JOSepa ^„ academy in New York city (or many years. He wrote of the Human Mind " (1820), " Poems " (1804), " Paradise
GhlSlamde. Ii<n'n at Bruges, Belgium, Jan. 18, "institutes of English Grammar" (1823), "First Lines of of Coquettes" (1814). "The War-fiend" (1817), "Agnes'"
1796: died April 20, 1860. A Belgian politi- English Oramm.ar" (1823), "Grammar of English Gram- (1818), "Emily '^ (1S19), etc. He is cbietly notable from
cian minister of war 1831-.32 mars " (1850-51). his support of Hume's theoiy o( causation.
_ '. . ■ — _ ■ _ _ . T> IT tri-i — T> 10T 1 . ,i:„j T,.i.. in T> mi iv. tT A pseiido-
li he wrote
openuvPost
..j..„, _....._.,, ^,,„*. ^ ^.,.j,.„„ .^^„j^v,.^.„c..., .„,._ General Scott at Wasliington, etc. R-ie " in 1S1.S
ther of tlje preceding^ premier and minister Of Brown, Jacob. Bon. in Bucks County, Pa., Brow Tom See under iffwto Thomas
foreign affairs 18.52-i5,o. Miv 9 1775- died 'it Washincton D C Feb g • ir "t. 1 cl "^ "v ' ,,
Brougham (brii'aiii or brom; orig. Sc, broch'- W^S An Amer caVg^"^^^^^^ ,
aioK Henry Peter (Baron Brougham and ;eiViiai,appoi^tm™tasb?i^„!rie^^^^^^^ Brown William. Born in Ireland, i ,,,: died
Vaux). Bom at Edinburgh, Sept. 19, 1778: army, having been previously in the mUitia. Ho was placed near Buenos Ayres, May 3, IMi. An admiral
died at Cannes, France, May 7, 1868. A cele- i" coinmand of the an„v of the Niagara, with the rank of the Argentine navy. He emigrated to America
v_„i 1 -n i- \ t . • I • 'i J of niajor.geiicral, 1814 ; defeated General Riall at Chip- with his family when a child, and in 1812 settled at Buenos
orated Britisn statesman, oratoi, juilst, and pewa July .5, and Drummoud at Lundy's Lane July 25, Ayres. In the war with Brazil, 182.5-27, he did efflclent
scientist. Ho was one of the founders of the "Edin- an<l at Fort Erie Sept. 17, 1814; and became general-in- service, but was llnally defeated. In the civil war of 184*2-
bargh Review " in 1802 ; entered Parliament in 1810; cllief of the United States army 1821. 1845 he coniniandcd the licet of Buenos Ayres, blockading
was c.iunsil f.ir IJueen CaruliuB lS'2o-21 ; and was lord BrOWn, John. Born at Rothburv, Northum- Montevideo.
chanceUor of England 1830-34. licrhmll, England, Nov. 5, 1715 :" committed BrOWn, Mr. A pseudonym of "0 illiam Mako-
iSroagham, John. Bom at Dublin, Ireland, g,ii,.ijj, Sciit. 23 1766. Au Euglisli clergv- F'aco Thackeray, under whuli he wrote Mr.
May 9, 1814 : died at Now York, June 7, 1880. „j,^jj ^,'„j writer 'author of "An Estimate of Brown's letters to a young man about town in
An Irish-.Vnierican actor and playwright. t,;^ Manners and Principles of tiio Times" " Punch " in 1849. , , ^ , ,
Broughton, Baron, hi'e /lobhousc. (1757-58), etc. Brown Bess. A popular name of the English
Broughton (brou'ton), Hugh. Bom at Owl- Brown John Born at Carpow parish of regulatidu Hint-lock musket toward the end of
bury, p,u-ish of Bishop's Casth,., Shropshire, Abernethv, in Perthshire, Scotland, 1722: died the ISih century. „,. . ^
fcnghuid. 1.549: died at London, Aug. 4, 1612. ,jf llnihlin.'ton Scotland Juno 19 1787 A Brown, JoneS, and Robinson, The Adven-
Aii Eiiglish (liyine an.l rabbinical .scholar He Scottisli biblical scholar.' His works include "A tures of. A scries of illust rated articles by
published a saiptnrechnMw.logy and genealogy, entitle. Dictionary of the Bible " (1709), " The Self-iuterpreting Richard Doyle, begun in "Punch" and com-
tht AS'VMM;;'i:^'rfL.!';;ni;iond;''(^s;h;wi;ich sf!;!°;<'i%8:^^!is^;;!!r;^J?"'"'' "' "" ""'"' pietedforhispuwishersiniRi-t. itis„satire„n.ho
he nriintiiii* (hit h,„ir>t u.-wr infinH » nim.,- of t/,rn...n* Churchcs (17»4 . Huw eaitioii 18ZJ). nmniUTfl of tliL' middle-clnss EiiKHMhman abroad or oa
butthe state of ,l,i,arted souls. He was sath-ized bv lien BrOWn, John. Born at Buiicle, Berwickshire, his travels Anthony livllope pub ished in 1802 • Tho
Jon8onin"Volpnnc'(l(i06)aiidthe "Alchemist " (1010). Scotland, 1735: died at London, Oct. 17, 1788. Strugges of Brown, Jones, and Robinson, a story iUiis-
Work»e.litedi,yl.ighifoot(io«2). The founder of the " Brunonian" System in '''''"''•"V". '■ -i. . ■ f t f „f i.,o,.„;„„
Broughton, Rhoda. Bom at Segrwyd Hall, medicine. He published (1787) " Observations on the Brown Universitv. An mstitution ot learn ng
Denbighshire, Wales, Nov. 29, 1840. An En.'- Present System of Spasm as taught in the University ..f r"!'i'l;"' "' ^ "'^ "''''W•'^ I^'""''' I'*'""''- ""UJed
lish novelist Sh.. Ins written "(V.i.iotli in. Ts Edinburgh," directed against Dr. Cullen, and (1780) "Ele- in li()4. It was called " Rhode Islan.l College ' illitU
usn no\ eiist. JMi< lias written l ometli up as __^^.^^j.^ Me.liclna!," in which he pnijectod a ne-w theory of 1804. (See Bmm, Xichdm.) It is under control of the
7iifT/?[ <xT ^ >V' r, "'^ "' ^^® IS &he meilicine. He divided diseases into two classes, sthenic Baptists. It had (1890-97) ab.mt 925 students, 70 instruc-
(1070), " Nancy" (1873), etc. and asthenic, the former resulting from excess, the latter t,.is, and a library of 90,000 volumes.
His
He also
* Artemus
188
Browning (brou'ning), Mrs. (Elizabeth Bar-
rett). Born at Coxlioe Hall, Diiiham, Eii";-
laiui, March 6, 1806: died at Florence, Italy,
.hnic 'JO, 1861. A noted English poet. She was
tho eldest dauahter of Edward Jii)iiltnii (who took tlie
iiiime ot B:iriitt shortly liefore her birth), iiiarrieil Kohert
Browning in 1846, and resided in Italy, chietly at Florence,
during the remainder of her life. ,-Vuthor of " Prome-
theus Bound and .\1 isoellaneous Poems " (1833), " Seraphim
and other Poems " (1838), "i'ocms" (1844), •• C'a.sa Guidi
Windows "(1851), "Aurora Leigh " (1857), "Poems hefore
Congress " (1860), etc. An elaliorate edition of her poetical
works was published at New York in 1884.
Browning, Robert. Born at Camberwell, near
Ijondon, May 7, 1.S12: died at Venice, Italy,
Dec. 12, 1889. A celebrated English poet.
He was educated at the London University. In 1846 he
man'ied Elizabeth Barrett, during whose lifetime he re-
sided chiefly at Florence. After her death in 1861 he
lived mainly at London and Venice. His chief works are
" Paracelsus " (183.1-36), " Strafford " (1837), "Sordelln"
(18411). "Bells and Pomegranates" (1841-46, including
" Pippa Passes," " King Victor and King Charles," " A Blot
in the 'Scutcheon," "The Return of the Druses," "Co-
lombo's Birthday," "A Soul's lYagedy." " Luria "), " Men
and Women" (1865), "Dramatis Persona; " (1864), "I'he
Ring and the Book " (1868-69), "Balaustion's Adventure"
(1S71), " Prince Hohenstiel-Schwangau " (1871), "Fiflneat
the Fair " (1872). " Red Cotton Night-Cap Country " (1878),
" Aristophanes Apology " (1876), "The Inn-Album "(1876).
"The Agamemnon of .Uschylus " (1877), " Dramatic Idyls"
"ns— > t- (1879), " Asolando " (1889).
erruciej /.-. , e_u _ Bornat Burton-npon- Brownists (brou'nists). The followers of Rob-
Browne, Charles Farrar
Browne (broun). Charles Farrar; pseudonym
Artemus Ward. Born at Waterl'ord, Maine,
April 26, 1834: died at Southampton, England,
March 6, 1867. An American humorist
chief work is " Artemus Ward : His Book " (186'2).
wrote "Artemus Ward: His Travels" (1865)
Ward in London " (1867), etc.
Browne, Count George de. Born at Camas,
Limerick, .June 15,1698: died at Kiga, Russia,
Feb. 18, 1792. An Ii-ish adventurer. He entered
the Russian service in 1730; served with distinction in the
Polish, French, and Turkish wars; wa3 captured hy the
Turks and three times sold as a slave. On gainmg his
Ireedom he was made major-general and served under
Lacy in Finland, and in the Seven Years' War- (as lieuten-
ant general). He w.as made field-marshal and given the
chief command in the Danish w:u-, by Peter III.
Browne, Hablot Knight: pseudonym Phiz.
Bornat Kennington. SmTey, June 15, 181o: died
at West Brighton, England, July 8, 1882. An
English artist, noted especially as a caricatur-
ist. He is best known from his illustrations of the novels
of Dickens, I, ever, and Ainsworth.
Browne, Henriette, the pseudonjnn of Sophie
de Bouteiller (later Madame de Saux). Born
at Paris, 1829. A French painter and etcher.
Among her paintings are "Consolation" (1861), "Intij-
rieur de harem il Constantinople " (1861), "Ecolier Israel-
ite a Tang'er " (1866), " Danseuses en Nuhie " (1869), " La
Bro'wne, Isaac Hawkins.
Trent. England, Jan. 21, 1705 : died at London,
Feb. 14, 1760. An English poet. His chief poetical
woik was a Latin pneni, "De animi iminortalitate" (17.'i4).
Bro-wne, John Ross. Born in Ireland, 1817:
died in Oakland, Cal., Dee. 8, 1875. An Irish-
American traveler and humorist. He was United
states minister to China 1S6S-69. He wrote "Yusef, or
the Journey "f the Fragi : a Crusade in the East "(1853), etc.
Bro'wne, Junius Henri. Born about 1837. An
American journalist and man of letters. He
was a correspondent of the New York "Tri-
bune" in the Civil War.
Browne, Count Maximilian Ulysses von. Bom
at Basel, Switzerland, Oct. 23, 1705: died at
Prague, Bohemia, June 26, 1757. An Austrian
field-marshal. He was a commander in theWarofthe
Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War, and was
defeated hy lYederick the Great at Lobositz in 1756, and
at Prague in 1757.
Browne, Patrick. Born at Woodstock, County
Mayo, Ireland, about 1720: died at Rushbrook,
same county, Aug. 29, 1790. An Irish physician
and author. He was twice in the West Indies, residing
several years at Jamaica. His "Civil and Natural History
of Jamaica " was published in 1756 (2d ed, 1769), and he
wrote several papers relating to the natural histoi-y of
Ireland.
Bro'wne, or Bro'wn, Robert. Born at Tolethorp,
Rutlandshire, England, about 15.50: died at
Northampton, England, about 1633. The foimder
of the Brownist sect, which developed into the
Independents or Congregationalists. He was
educated at Cambridge, and subsequently preached at
Cambridge and elsewhere. About 1580 he organized at
Norwich a congregation of dissenters, who became known
as Brownists, and who, finding themselves persecuted by
■al authorities, removed in a body und
ert Browne or Brown (about 1550-1633), a
Puritan, who is regarded as the founder of the
sect of Independents or Congregationalists.
Bro'wnlow (broun'16). Mr. A kind-hearted and
benevolent old gentleman, the protector of
Oliver Twist, in Charles Dickens's novel "Oli-
ver Twist."
Bro'wnlow, William Gannaway, called "Par-
son Brownlow." Born in Wythe County, Va.,
Aug. 29, 1805: died at Knoxville, Tenn., April
29, 1877. An American journalist and politi-
cian. Originally an itinerant preacher in the Methodist
Church, he became editor of the Knoxville "Whig "in
1839, in which, although an advocate of slavery, he op-
posed secession, with the result that his paper was sup-
pressed by the Confederate government in 1861. He was
arrested for treason Dec. 6, 1861, but was released and
sent inside the Union lines March 3, 1862 ; was elected
governor of Tennessee in 1865, and reelected in 1867; and
became United States senator in 1869.
Bro'wnrigg (broun'rig), Elizabeth. A notori-
ous murderess living in England in the middle
of the 18th century. She was hung, and her
skeleton is still preserved.
Brownrigg Papers, The. A collection of es-
says and sketches by Douglas Jerrold, pub-
lished in 1860.
Bruges
diplomatist and statesman, eighth Earl of Elgin
and twelfth Earl of Kincardine. He was governor,
general of Canada 1846-54 ; special envoy to China and
Japan 1857-69; postmaster-general 1869-60; and gover-
nor-general of India 1862-63.
Bruce, Michael. Born at Kinneswood, Kin-
ross-shire, Scotland, March 27, 1746: died at
Kinneswood, July 6 (5?), 1767. A Scottish
poet and school-teacher. His "Poems" were
jmblished by John Logan, 1770.
Bruce, or ilrus, Robert de, surnamed " The
Competitor." Born 1210 : died at Lochmaben
Castle, Scotland, 1295. A Scottish noble. Lord
of Annandale, and the grandfather of King
Robert Bruce. He was one of the fifteen regents of
Scotland during the minority of Alexander III., and the
chief rival of John Baliol for the Scottish throne in the
competition at Norham 1291-92, where, .as arbiter, Edward
L of England decided in favor of Baliol.
Bruce, Robert de. Born 1253 : died 1304. A
Scottish noble, father of King Robert Bruce.
He is said to have accompanied Edward, afterwai-d Ed-
ward I., in the Crusade of 1269, and married Marjory,
countess of C.arrick, becoming by the courtesy of Scotland
eai'l of Carrick. He was appointed constable of the castle
of Carlisle by Edward I., 129.5, and sided with the English
when Baliol attempted to assert his independence of Ed-
ward I.
Bruce, Robert de. Bom July 11, 1274: died
at Cardross, June 7, 1329. A famous king of
Scotland. See Robert I. (of Scotland).
Bruce, Thomas. Born .July 20, 1766: died at
Paris. Nov. 14, 1841. A British noble, seventh
Earl of Elgin and eleventh Earl of Kinearditie.
He was envoy to Constantinople 1799-1862, and removed
from Athens to England the "Elgin marbles," purchased
by the nation in 1816, and now in the British Museum. See
El^in Marbles.
Bruce, or Brus, The. A poem by John Bar-
bour, on the subject of King Robert I. of Scot-
land (1375). See Robert I. (of Scotland).
Bruch (broch), Max. Born at Cologne, Pi'us-
sia, Jan. 6, 1838. An eminent German com-
poser. In 1880-83 he was director of the Liverpool
Philh.armoiiic Society. His works include the operetta
"Scherz, List und Rache," the opera " Lorelei," " Sceiien
aus der Krithjofssaga," "Odysseus," " Armineus," "Lied
von der Glocke," "Kol Nidrei " (for violoncello), etc.
Bruck (brok), Karl Lud'wig, Baron. Born at
Elberfeld, Rhenish Prussia, Oct. 8, 1798 : died
April 23, 1860. Aii Austrian statesman. He was
minister of commerce and public works 1848-51, and min-
ister of finance 1855-60, when, being ungraciously dis-
missed, he committed suicide. He was one of the chief
founders of the Austrian Lloyd's at Triest.
Briickenau (briik'e-nou). A watering-place in
Ijower Franconia, Bavaria, situated on the
Sinn in lat. 50° 19' N., long. 9° 47' E. : noted
for mineral springs.
Brown-Sdquard (broun'sa-kar'), Charles Ed- Brucker (brok'er). Jakob. Bom at Augsburg,
OUard. Born at Port Louis, Mauritius, April
8, 1818: died at Paris, April 1, 1894. A noted
French physiologist. He studied at Paris, was placed
in charge of a hospital for the paralyzed and epileptic at
London in 1860, was professor of the phy.si.i]ot.'y and pa-
thology of the nervous system in Harvard University Isty-
1869, and was appointed to the chair of experiineiifal physi-
ology in the College de France in 1878. He has published
numerous works and papers on physiological sulijects.
tliG ficclcsiusti'- ^ ____
his leadership t..Middlel)urg', Holland, in l.',81. He left Bro^sonnirouir' son), 'OreStCS AugUStUS.
Holland in 16.S3, hi consequence of dissension among his ■^"""°"" \ • l "„ -t^t ^ -» - ..
followers, became ina.ster of Stamford Grammar .School in Hum at MOCKOinlge, vi
1586, and in 15'.)1 became rector of Achurch in Northamp-
tonshire, where he remained until his death.
Bro'wne, Sir Thomas. Born at London, Oct. 19,
1605: died at Norwich, Ensiland, Oct. 19, 1682.
Acelebrated English physii-ian and author. He
stiidieil at Oxford(at I'.roadga'te Hall, now Pembroke Col-
lege), Montpi-llier, I'adna, and Leydeii (where he was made
doctor of iiRdi.iiie iiljout 1633). and settled at Norwich
in 1637. He \\:is kiiii-'lifed Sept.. 1671. His works incluile
"Religio Medici " (164.'1 : two unauthniized edifi-ms by
Andrew Croke aiijiearecl 1642), " Psendo.b.xia f'.pi.ltijiiia,
or Inquiry into Vulgar Errors " (1646), and " Hydiiotapliia,
or Urn Burial "and "The Garden of ('yrus: i>r the t)uin-
cuncial Lozenge, etc." (1668). " Miscellany Tracts" and
"Christian Morals" were published posthumously.
Bro'wne, William. Born at Tavistock, Devon-
shire, 1591 : died about 1643. An English poet,
author of "Britannia's Pastorals" (1613-16),
"Shepherd's Pipe" (1614), etc.
Bro'wne, William George. Born at London,
July 25, lidS; killed in northern Persia, 1.S13.
All English traveler in Africa and the Orient,
author of "Travels" in Africa, Egypt, and
SjTia (1800).
Brownell (brou'nel). Henry Howard. Born
at Providence. K. I.. Feb. 6. 1S20: died at East
Hartford, Conn.. Oct. 31, 1872. An xVmerican
iioet. His works include "Poems" (1847). "Lyrics of a
lay " (1864). "'War Lyrics and other Poems " (1866),.etc.
Brownell, Thomas Church. Bom at West-
(.orl, Jlass., Oct. 19, 1779: died at Hartford,
Conn., Jan. 13, 1S65. A bishop of the Protes-
tant Episcopal Church, president of Trinity Col-
lege, Hartford, 1824-31. He wrote " Religion of the
Beart and Ule " (18S9-40X etc
Sept. 16. lS0;i:
died at Detroit, Mich., April 17, 1876. An
American journalist and theologian. At first a
Presbyterian, he became a Universalist minister in 1825,
a Unitarian preacher in 1832, and a Roman Catholic in
1S44.
BrownS'Ville (brounz'vil). A city in Cameron
County, southern Texas, situated on the Rio
Grande 23 miles fi'om its mouth. It was
bombarded by the Mexicans, May, 1846. Pop-
ulation (1890), 6,134.
Broykarre. The horse of Mangis or Malagigi
in the old romances: the next best horse in
the world to Bayard.
Bruce (lu-os), Da'vid,
Scotland.
Bruce, Edward. Killed near Dundalk, Ireland,
Oct. 5, 1318. A Scottish adventurer, yoimger
brother of Robert Bruce (1274-1329), crowned
king of Ireland in 131li.
Bruce Pryce, Henry Austin. Bom April 10,
1815: died Fob. 25, 1895. First Baron Aber-
dare. A British politician. He was home secre-
taiy 1868-73, and was raised to the peerage in 1873, and
became lord president of the council.
Bruce, James. Born at Kinnaird, Scotland,
Dec. 14, 1730: died there, April 27. 1794. A
celebrated African traveler. He successively ex-
plored SjTia, the Nile Valley, and Abyssinia (1768-73). His
"Travels to Discover the .Sources of the Nile," 5 vol-
umes, appeared in 1790. He reached the source of the
Blue Nile. " He will always remain the poet, and his
work the epic, of African travel." Diet. Nat. Biog.
Bruce, James. Born Julv 20, 1811: died at
Dhurmsala, India, Nov. 20, 1863. A British
Bavaria, Jan. 22, 1696 : dietl at Augsburg, Nov.
26, 1770. A German philosophical 'vrriter, rector
of the school in Kaufbeuren, and later pastor
in Augsburg. His chief work is the "Historia
critica philosophise, etc." (1742-44).
Bructeri (bmk'te-ri). [L. (Tacitus) Bructeri,
Gr. (Strabo) Bpo'vxTtpoi.'] A German tribe
which appears to have occupied the territory
about the upper Ems and on both siiles of tho
Lippe. strabo divides them into "greater "and "lesser."
They contributed to the defeat of Varus in the Teutobiirg
Forest, and took part in the rising of Civilis. Their tribal
name apjiears as late as the 8th century. They were ulti-
mately merged in the Franks.
Brudenel (brod'nel), James Thomas, seventh
Earl of Cardigan. Born at Hambleton, Hamp-
shire, England, Oct. 16. 1797: died at Deene
Park, Northamptonshire, England, March 28,
1868. An English general, commander of the
"Light Brigaile"in the charge at Balaklava,
Oct. 25, 1854.
Brueys (brii-a'). Da'vid Auguste de. See Fa-
liiprdt.
See David II., King of Bruges (bro'jez; F. pron. briizh). [F. Bruges,
U. Briiiiiiv, D. Flem. Bruijije. ML. BriKjie. ()D.
Bruciije or liruf/t/eii. Bridges.] The capital of
theprovince of West Flanders, Belgium, situated
8 miles from the North Sea on canals (to Ghent.
the North Sea, etc.), in lat. 51° 12' N., long. 3"
13' E. It is noted for its laces. It was an important town
as early as the 7th century, was subject to the counts of
Flanders and later to the dukes of Burgundy, and was
a leailing Hanseatic city. Its most brilliant commercial
period was from the 13th to the 151h century : at one time
it was the commercial center of Europe. The Order of the
Golden Fleece was established at Bruges in 1430. Bruges
surrendered to the Spanish in 1584, and was bombalded
by the Dutch in 1704. The cathedral of Bruges is an early-
Pointed structure ot brick, with later additions. The ex-
terior, with castellated west tower, is clumsy, but the
interior is lofty and effective, and contains many fine
paintings (several of them notable examples of the early
Flemish school), good 16th-century glass, and interesting
brasses and other monuments. The dimensions are 330
by 120 feet ; length of transepts, 174 ; height of vaulting,
90. Population (1893), 48,630.
Brugg
Brugg C'rttjr). A small town in the oanton of
Aurj,'iiii. >>wit7.erlaml. situateil on the Aari' in
iat. 47= L'9' N., lonK. •'^° 12' K. It wag called the
'■ Prophets' Town " in the Keformatioii (as being the birth-
place ot many theolcigians).
Bnigger i.hrog'vf). Friedricll. Bom at Mu-
nich, Jan. V.i. 1813: <litil at Munich, April 9,
1K70. A German sculjitor.
Brugscb (brciksh). Heiniicli Earl. Born at
Berlin. Feb. 18, 1827 : .lie<l there, Sept. 10, 1894.
A ili.stinfruisheiKiernian Ktryiitoloffist. Hisworks
include " Hleroptypliiscli-dcniutisclies Worterbuch '(ls(>7-
18i}2); also "Reischeriihtc aus Agypten " (t8f>5), "Monu-
ments de I'Fpypte "(la.'i"), " Recueil de monuments <^p>'P-
tlens" (I862-<M0. 'Hieschichte Apyptens unter den Pha-
raonen "(1877). "Dictionniiire geopraphique de I'ancienue
ftgypte " (1879-SO), etc.
Brtlhl (brill). A small town in the Rhine Prov-
ince, Prussia, 8 miles soiith-.southwest of Co-
logne. Near it is the royal palace of Briihl.
Briihl, Count Heinricll von. Born at Weissen-
fels, Prussia, Aug. 13. 1700: died at Dresden,
Oot. 28, 1703. A Saxon politician under Augus-
tus III. He became prime minister in 1747. and induced
the elector Augustus III. to take sides against Prussia
in the Seven Years' War. His library of (J2,00<.1 volumes
forms a considerable part of the Ko) al Library at Dresden.
Bmhns (brons), Karl Christian. Born at
Ploen, in Holstein, Uermany. Nov. 22, 1830 : died
at Leipsic, July 2.">. 1881. A distinguished Ger-
tnan astronomer. He was professor of astronomy and
director of the observatory at Leipsic, and was especially
noted for his observations and for the discovery of several
comets. He wrote " Die astronomische Strahlenbrechung
In ibrer historischen Entwickelung "(Isfil), etc.
Bruin (hni'ln, prop, broin). [D. bndn = E.
brtmu.] The bear in ''Reynard the Fox."
Bruin. A rough, overbearing man in Foote's
plav "The Mayor of Garratt." He is a contrast
to the henpecked *Jerry Sneak. Mrs. Bruin is roughly
treated by him.
Brflles. See Sitidiixii.
Brulgruddery (brul-grud'f-r-i), Dennis. In
Coiman the \ ouuger's comedy ''John Bull," an
eccentric, whimsical Irishman, the host of the
Red Cow. He has married "the fat widow to 5Ir.
Skinnygauge." who ia described as "a waddling woman
wi' a mulberry face."
Bnunaire (brti-mar'). [F. (after L. "bruma-
riiif:}, from bnimr, fog, from L. hrutiiti. winter.]
The name adopted in 1793 by the National Con-
vention of the first French Republic for the sec-
ond month of the year, in the years l, 2, 3, h, 6, 7 it be-
gan Oct. 'if, and ende'd Nov. 20; in years 4, 8, », 10, 11, 13.
14 it began on < let. 2'i, and ended Nov. 21 ; and in year 12
it began on Oct. 24, and ended Nov. 22.
Bnunaire, The 18th. In French history, Nov.
9, 1799, when the coup d'etat by which the Di-
reetoi'v was overthrown was commenced. It
was completed on the 19th Brumaire.
Bnunath (bro'miit;, or Brumpt (brompt). A
town in Lower Alsace, Alsace-Lorraine, situ-
ated on the Zom 11 miles north of Strasburg:
the ancient Brucomagtis. Population (1890),
commune, .5, .348.
Brummell (hrnm'el), George Bryan, called
Beau Brummell. Bom at London,. Tune 7, 1778:
died at Caen, France, March .'iO, 1S40. An Eng-
lish gentleman famous as a leader in fashion-
able society in London. He was an intimate friend
of the Prince of Wab-s tOeorge IV.), "who it is said on
one occasion ' began to blubber when told that Brummell
did not like the cut of his coat.' . . . By no means a
fop, Brummell was never extravagant in his dress, which
was characterized rather by a studied moderation." (Diet.
Nat. livtg.) Losses at the gamiilg-tjible forced him to re-
the to Calais in 1810. In Inao he was appointed consul at
Caen; was impriaoned for debt in Is'Jfi ; and after 1837
Rank into a condition of iud)ecility, and<lied in an asylum.
Brun (bron), Friederike Sophie Christiane.
Hoin at Griifentoniia. near tiotli;i, ficrmany,
June 3, 17();"): died at Copcniiagen, .March 2o,
183.1. A (Jei-man poet and writer of travels.
Her works Include poems (Wa^ 1,HI2, I820X " Prosaische
Schrifleii "(17110-1801), ••Episoden"(1.807-1»), "Bomiscbes
l.el)i-n ■ (IKi:;), "Briefe aus Korn " (ISKl), clc.
Brunanburh (bro'nan-borch). A place, prob-
ably in Norlliumbi'ia., England, where, in 937,
iEthelstan dcfcaleil Aiilaf of Ireland ami Con-
stantine of Scotland. A ballad of the battle is
inserted in the "Anglo-Saxon ( 'hroiiii-lc."
Brunck (biuuk), Richard Frangois Philippe.
Bora at Strasburg, Dec. 30. 1729: died .June
12. 1803. A French classical scholar. He jmb-
llsheil " Aiialeeta vetemm poetaruni Orfficoruni "(l772-7ti),
andi'dili.iMs.ifAristophaTn's, Vergil, Sophocles, l'lautUB,et<:.
Brundisium (bnm-dish'i-um), or Brundusium
(bi-un-dii'zhi-um). The ancient name of Brin-
ilisi.
Brune (briin), Ouillaume Marie Anne. Born
at Brives-la-(iaillanlr. {■„rri-M\ Fiance. Mni-ch
13, _17(;3: killed at Avignon. France. Aug. 2,
181."). A mai',shal of France. He served with dis-
tinction in the army of Italy I790-D7: and commanded
In Switzerland, Holland, the Vendee, and Italy, 1798-ISOl.
189
Bmnehaut (brUn-ho'), or Brunehilde (brUn-
hild'). Died 613 A. D. A (picen of Anstrasia,
daughter of Athanagild, king of the Visigoths.
she married Sigebert, king of .-Vustrasia. fVtil. She incited
her husband to make war on his brother t'hilperic, king
of Neustrhi, who had murdered his wife (ialsuinda (Gale-
swintha), sister of Bruriebaut, in order to espouse his
mistress Fredegonda (Fredegunde). Sigebert wjis mur-
dered in 57.'i by Fredegonda, and Brunehaut became regent
for her ininor son Cliildebert. .She was captured, after
many reverses of fortune, at the age of eighty, by Clothaire
II., who suffered her to be dragged to death by a wild
horse.
Brunei (brO-ni'). [See Bornco.'\ A sultanate
in the nortliwesteru part of Borneo, placed
under British protection in 1888. Capital,
Brunei. Area, about S,100 smiarc miles.
Brunei (bm-nel' ), Isambard Kingdom. Born
at Portsmouth, England, April 9, 1806: dieil
at Westminster, England, Sept. l.*), 1859. An
English ci\il engineer and naval architect, son
of Sir Marc Isambard Brunei. He was engineer
of the Great Western Bailway. He designed the Great
Vrestern (1838), the Great Britain (1845), the Great East-
em (18.^8).
Brunei, sir Marc Isambard. Born at Haeque-
viUe, Eure, France, April 25, 1769: died at Lon-
don, Dec. 12, 1849. A civil engineer. Heemigrated
from France to the United States in 1793 (where he de-
signed and built the Bowery Theater, New York) ; was ap-
pointed chief engineer of New York ; settled in England
in 1790 ; completed machinery for making ships' blocks in
180(i ; and constructed the Thames tunnel 1826-43.
Brunelleschi (bro-nel-les'ke), Filippo. Born
at Florence, Italy, 1379 : died there, April 16,
1446. A noted Italian architect. He at first
studied jewelry and goldsmiths' work, and later experi-
mented with mechanics, constructing' clocks and machines
of all sorts. He also attempted sculpture. Inl401heen-
tered into competition with Ghiberti for the doors of the
baptistery at Florence. He associated himself with Don.
atello, and about 1403 the two made a famous visit to
Rome. His study of the Roman monuments was most
exhaustive, and when he returned to Florence he had re-
constructed for himself the entire scheme of antique archi-
tecture. He built the famous dome of Santa Maria del
Fiore, which was begun about 1417. The vault was started
in 1J25 and finished iu 1430. Between 1446 and 1461 the
lantern was built after his designs. This was the most
important structural problem of the 15th century. Bru-
nelleschi also built the church of San Lorenzo at Florence,
the Itadia at Firsole, the cloister of Santa Croce, that of
Santo Spiritn (llnisbed from his designs after his death),
and tile (';ipe]la del Pazzi, also the .Spedale degli luno-
eenti, the I'itti Palace, and the Pazzi Palace.
Brunello (bro-nel'lo). A thief in Boiardo's
" Orlando Innamorato" and Ariosto's "Orlando
Fiirioso." He was of mean extraction, but was made
king of Tingitana by Agramont for his services, and after
a life spent in theft and subtle knavery was hanged.
Brunet (brii-na'), Jacques Charles. Born at
Pai'is, Nov. 2, 1780: died at Paris, Nov. 16,
1867. A noted French bibliographer. He pub-
lished a supplement to the bibliographical dictionary of
Dnclos (17!tO), "Manuel dn libraire et de ramatcur de
livres " (1810 : 6th ed. IMJ.'i), " itecherches bibliographittuea
et critiques sur les editions oiiginales des cinq livres du
roman satirique de Rabelais " (1862), etc.
Bruneti^re (briin-tyar'), Ferdinand. Born
at Toulon, July 19, 1849. A Freuch editor and
critic. He began his studies at the Lyc^e de Marseilles,
and was gi'aduated from the Lyct^e Jx)uis.le-Grand in
Paris. In 1876 he joined the atalf of the "Kevue des
Deux Mondes," of which he is now (189:i) the editor-in-
chief. In 18«6 lie was appointed lecturer at the icole
Normale ; iu lSs7 became a member of the Legion of
Honor; and in 1893 was elected to the French Academy.
His publications include "Etudes critiques sin- Ibistoire
de la litt-t^-rattM'e fram^aise " (live scries, 1880-93), "Le ro-
man naturaliste" (18W). "Uistoire et litt(^rature" (1884-
lS.S(i), "Questions de critique" (1889), " Nouvelles qiies-
tiiins de ciitique"(1890); and more recentlystill, "L'Evo-
Inti.Mi dis genres dans I'histoire de la litterature" and
"L'Kvolution de la pot^sie lyrique au dix-neuvi6mo sie-
cle." The first two series of the "Etudes criti(iues" and
" Le roman naturaliste " have been crowned by the French
Academy. In addition Ui these works, Brunetitire has
edited a nund>er of books for French colleges.
Brunhild (brOn'hild). [MHG. liriiiihilt, Priiti-
lii/l, Icel. J!ri/iiliililr.'\ 1. In the Nibelungen-
lieil, a legendary queen of Island (/'. e.,Isala-land
in the Low t'ountries), the wife of King (iunther
for whom she is won bv Siegfrieil. i,, the Obl
Norse version of the Siegfried legend, Brtmbild is a Vid-
kyr who is won by Sigurd for Guinnu*.
2. See JIniiiilifiiil.
Bruni (brii'iie), Leonardo, surntimed Aretino
(from his liirlhplace). Born at Arezzo, Italv.
13i;!» : died at Florence. Maicli 9, 1444. A noted
Italian man of letters (a pupil of Emanuel C^hry-
soloras), apostolic secretary, and clumcellor of
Florence 1427—14. He wrote "HIsliuiarum Horenti-
inirilm libri XI I. "(14 16), " De hello italleo adversusllotlnts
gesto '■ (1470), " Epistolnj familiares," and a novel, " De
ainori.' Oniscardi."
Briinig (briin'io). A pass over the Alps, con-
necting Lucerne with Meiringen. The highest
pcdnt is 3,'296 feet. It Istraversed (since 1888-89) by a rail-
way.
Brunkeberg (bron'ke-bero). A height north of
Brunswick
Stockholm. Here, Oct., 1471, the Swedes under
Sten Stm'e defeated Christian 1. of Denmark.
Brunn (bron), Heinrich. Bom at Worlitz, in
Anhalt,('4ermaiiy,Jan. 23, 1822: died at Munich,
July 23, 1894. A German archaeologist, professor
of archaeology at Munich. His works include " Oe-
sehichte der griechischen Kunstler " (18.'>3-59), " I rilievi
delle urne etrusche '(1870), etc.
Briinn ( briin), Slav. Brno (ber-no'J. The capital
of Moravia, situated at the base of the Spiel-
berg between the Zwittawa and Sehwarzawa,
in Iat. 49° 12' N., long. 16° 37' E. : one of the
prin<'ii)al manufacturing towns in Austria. It
uas unsuccessfully besieged by the Hussites in 1428, by
King George of Bohemia in 140", by the Swedes in lt>46,
and by the Prussians in 174*2, ami was occupied by Napo-
leon in 1805, and by the Prussians in 1866. Population
(IStK)), 94,462.
Brunnen (lirtin'nen). [G., 'springs.'] A \il-
lage in the canton of Sehwyz, Switzerland,
situated on the Lake of Lucerne 15 miles east-
southeast of Lucerne. Here, in 131.3, the three
Forest (Jantons renewed their confederation.
Brunner (luiin'ner), Johann Conrad. Born
near Schaffhausen, Switzerland, Jan. 16, 16.33:
died at Mannheim, Baden, Oct. 2, 1727. A
German anatomist, noted for researches in re-
gard to the pancreas and the duodenum.
Brunner, Sebastian. Born at Vienna, Dec.
10, 1814. An Austrian man of letters and Ro-
man Catholic theologian. He is the author of a sa-
tirical poem, "Nebeljungen Lied " (1846), directed against
the Hegelians, and other poems, several tales. "Clemens
Maria Hofbauer und seine Zeit" (1868), "Die Kunstge-
nossen der Klosterzelle " (18(i3), etc.
Brunnow (bron'no), Count Philipp von. Bom
at Dresden, Aug. 31, 1797: died at Darmstadt,
GeiTuany, April 12, 187.5. A Russian diploma-
tist. He was ambassador at London 1840-64, at Frank-
fort 18.55, at Berlin 1866, and at London 1868-74.
Bruno (bro'uo), sumamed " The Great." Born
92.5 : died at Eheims, France, Oct. 11. 965. The
brother of Otto I. of Germany, made arch-
bishop of Cologne and duke of Lorraine in 953.
Bruno, Saint. Born at Qiierfurt, Prussian
Saxony, aViout 970 : killed at Braunsberg, East
Prussia, Feb. 14, 1009. A German prelate,
called ''the apostle to the Prussians."
Bruno, Saint. Bom at Cologne about 1040:
died at Delia Torre, Calabria, Italy, 1101. The
founder of the order of Carthusian monks, at
Chartreuse, near Grenoble. France, about 1084.
Bruno (bro'no), Giordano. Born at Nola,
Italy, about 1548: died at Rome, Feb. 17,
1600. An Italian philosojiher. He entered the
Dominican order at Naples in 1.663, left Italy in 1676 to
avoid the consequences of his disbelief in the doctrines
of transubstantiation and of the immaculate conception
of Mary, wjis at Geneva in 1577. and arrived at Paris in
1679. In 1583 he went to London, where some of his most
imiiortant works were written, and where he remained
two years under the protraction of the French ambassador.
In 1.686-88 lie lectured at tile rinversity of Witteidjerg,
and subsequt-ntly \isited other cities in Germany, France,
and Switzerland, returning to Italy in 1592. He was ar-
rested at Venice, May 22, 1.692, by order of the Ini|Ui»ition,
and was burned at the stake :is a hereto' in tin- Caiiipo dei
Fiori at Rome. Hischief works are "Spaecin dtlla tiestia
trionfante"(" Expulsion of the I'riunipbant Beast, " 1.684),
"Delia eausji, priiicipio eil nno " (1.6h4). "Dell' iuHnito,
universo e mondi " (1684), "De monade ntunero et flgura '"
(1691).
Bruno, Leonardo. See Bruni.
Brunswick (brunz'wik), G. Braunschweig
(broun'shvici). A dncliy of northern Ger-
many, and state of the German Empire. Capi-
tal, Brun.swick (Braunschweig), it ismaiidysur-
rouinled by the Prussian provinces of Hannover, Saxony,
ami Westphalia, and comprises 3 main detaclied ]^>or-
tions (the Brunswick .^Volfenbuttel-Helmstedt division,
the Blankeidting tlivision, and theGandersheim-Holzmin-
den division), and also 6 smaller enclaves. It produces
coal, iron, marble, salt, copper, lead, etc.. and has nour-
ishing agriculture. The government Is a hereditary con-
stitutioiial momirchy (Prince Albert of Prussia is regent),
with a chamber of 46 mendters. Brunswick has 2 mem-
bers in the Buiulesrat ami 3 in the Keichstag. The popu-
lation is Protestant. Brunswick formed part of the realm
of t'harles the Great and part of the iluchy of .Saxony.
"They [the descendants of Hern-y the Lionj held their
place as princes of the F.nipire, no longer as dukes of Sax-
ony, but as dukes of Brunswick. After some of the
usual divisions, two Bnniswick principalities finally took
their i)lace on the nnqi, those of Liiuehin-g and Widfen-
buttel. . . . Tin- f-imide ducal title remaine<l with the
Brunswick piinces of the other line." (/•Veeniin, Hist.
Oeog., I). 213.) The duchy of Brunswick sulfered se-
verely f^rom the Freuch in the Seven Years' War. was
occupied by the tYench in 1806, was annexed to the
kingdom ot Westphalia In 1807, and was restored to Its
duke in isl:!. It entered the (Jermanic Confederation in
1816. lt.s direct line of rulers became extinct in 18^1. A
re^rent wius chosen in 1886. Area, 1,424 S(piare miles.
l'ii|inlalioll (1896), 4;!6,i;26.
Bruns'wick, G. Braunschweig. The capital
of Brunswick, situated on the Ocker in Iat.
,52° 16' N.. long. 10° 32' E. It has manufac-
tures of tobacco, sugar, woolen goods, etc. It was the
Brunswick
birthplace of Gauss and Spohr, and the place of Lessing's
death. It was founded in 8t'a(?): was the residence
of Henry the Lion ; became a leading Hanseatic town ;
passed to tlie Wolfenbitttel line in 1871 ; and became the
capital of the duchy in 1753. It was the scene of an in-
fiorrection in 18J0. It contains a cathedral, built in the last
quaiter of the 12th century. The double aisles on the
south side are of the nth century ; those of the north side,
with twisted columns, of the 15th. The w:Uls and vaults of
the choir and south transept are adorned with scriptural
mural pauitinj^s d.ating from 1224. There are many inter-
esting monuments, including sculptured medieval tombs
of emperors and princes. The columned ci-ypt is spacious
and triapsidal. The ducal palace is a fine modern Ke-
naissance building of three stories, the lowest of which
is rusticated and forms a basement. The chief facade,
410 feet long and 110 high, has two end pavilions with
engaged Corinthian columns ; and in the middle, over the
entrance, a handsome hesastyle portico, with a sculp-
tured pediment. Behind the pediment there is a square
attic, on which is a quadriga in bronze. Population (IsiWX
1(11,017.
Brunswick, Duke of (Charles Frederick
William). Born at "Wolfenbiittel, Germany,
Oct. 9, 173-5: died at Otteusen, near Altona,
Germany, Nov. 10, 1806. Son of Charles, duke
of Brunswick. He reignefl 1780-1*06 ; commanded the
Prussian and .\ustrian army which invaded France in
1792, and the Prussian army at the battle of Auerstadt
Oct. n. l^Oti, wliere he was mortally wounded.
Brunswick, Duke of (Charles Frederick Au-
gustus William). Born at Brunswick, Oct.
30, 1S04: died at Geneva. Aug. 18. 1873. The
ekiest son of Frederick William, duke of Bruns-
wick. He was deposed from the government
in 1830.
Brunswick, Duke of (Ferdinand). Born at
Bnmswick, Jan. 12, 17L'l: died July 3, 1792.
The fourth son of Ferdinand Albert, duke of
Brunswick. He was a field-marshal in the Prussian
service ; and defeated the French at Crefeld in 1758. and
at Minden Aug. 1, 1759.
Brunswick, Duke of (Frederick William).
Born at Brunswick, Oct. 9, 1771: killed at
Quatre-Bras, Belgium, June 16. 1815. The
fourth son of Charles William Ferdinand, duke
of Brunsmck. He reigned 181:1-16. He commanded
the '"Black Brunswickers " 1809, and lived in England
18(19-13.
Brunswick. A town in Cumberland County,
Maine, situated on the Androscoggin 2.5 miles
northeast of Portland. It is the seat of Bow-
doin CoUege. Population (1890), 6,012.
Brunswick. A seaport, the capital of Glynn
County, Georgia, 72 miles south-southwest of
Savannah. It exports lumber, cotton, and
naval stores. Population (1890), 8,459.
Brunswick-Liineburg (brunz'wLk-lii'ne-borG).
Line of. A branch of the house of Bruns-
wick from wliich the reigning house of Great
Britain is descended.
Brunswick- Wolfenbiittel (brunz'wik-vol'f en-
but-tel), Line of. A branch of the house of
Brunswick from which the late reigning house
of Bnmswick was descended.
Brunton (brun'ton), Mrs. (Mary Balfour).
Born at Barra, Orkneys, Nov. 1, 1778: died at
Edinburgh, Dec. 19, 1818. An English novelist,
wife of Rev. Alexander Brunton. She wrote
<' Self-Control" (1810), "Discipline" (1814), etc.
Brunton, Louisa. Born 1785 (?): died 1860.
An English actress. She became countess of Craven
in 1SU7, when she left the stage. She was remarkable for
her beauty.
Brusa, orBroussa(bro'sa). Tlie capital of the
vilayet of Khodaveudikyar, Asiatic Turkey,
situated at the foot of Mount Olympus, in lat.
40° 10' N., long. 29° E. : the ancient Prusa.
It produces wine and fruits, and manufactures tapestry
and carpets. There are noted hot springs in its vicinity.
It was the capital of Bithynia in the 2d and 1st centuries
B. c, and for a time the capital of the Ottoman empire,
after its capture by Orkhaji in 132li. Population, 60,000.
Brusasorci, II. See Biccio.
Brush (brusli), George de Forest. Bom at
Shelbyville, Tenn., 1855. An American painter.
He was' a stuiicnt of the Academy of Design, Xew York
city, from 1871-73, and from 1874-80 in the studio of Ge-
rome in Paris. His best-known works are paintings of
American Indian subjects. In 1888 he won the Hallgarten
prize at tlie National Academy Exllibition.
Brush, Charles Francis. Bom at Euclid,
Ohio, March 17, 1849. An American electrician.
He is the inventor of the Brush dynamo-electric machine
and the Brush electric-arc lamp, both of which were ex-
tensively introduced in the United States in 1876.
Brussels (brus'elz). [F. Bruxelle.i, Sp. Bniselas,
G. Briissel, D. Brussel.'\ The capital of Bel-
gium and of the propone e of Brabant, situated
on the Senne in lat. .50° 51' N., long. 4°
22' E. Besides the city proper it c<impri8es ten suburbs.
It has importjint manufactures of lace, leather, linen,
woolen and cotton goods, furniture, bronzes, etc. It is
the seat of a university. Brussels appears in history" in
the Sth century, and became important in the middle
ages. It had a brilliant period under Charles V. and
Philip II., who made it the capital of the Low Countries,
190
and was the scene of the earliest rising against the .Spanish
in l.'JBti. It was the capital of the French department of
Dyle 1794-1814, and alternately with The Hague the capi-
tal of the Netherlands 1816-30. In the latter year it
was the scene of the outbreak of the Belgian revolution.
It became the capital of Belgium in 1831. It h.as been
noted latterly as an art center. It contains a cathedral,
an imposing monument of the 13th century, with later
additious. The loth-centurj* west front is flanked by
high square towers, and has the vertical lines strongly
marked by buttresses and paneling : it has three canopied
jjortals, a large central traceried window, and an arcaded
gable. The design is somewhat dry and mechanical.
The interior is characterized by lofty ai'ches with cylin-
drical pillars, and much superb glass, medieval. Renais-
sance, and modern. The live windows in the Chapel of
the Sacrsiment were given about 1540 by the emperor
Ch.arles V., the kings of France, Portugal, and Hungary,
and the Archduke of Austria. The noted pulpit by Ver-
bruggen (1699) is cjJled the throne of St. tiudule; it is a
mass of elaborate carving in wood representing the ex-
pulsion from paradise, with many birds and animals amid
the profuse foliage, and a canopy supported by angels on
which stands the Virgin destroying the serpent. The
dimensions of the cathedral are 355 by 165 feet. The
Palais de la Nation, built by .Maria Theresa for the Council
of Brabant, was used by tiie States-General between 1817
and 1830, and is now the seat of the Senate and Chamber
of Deputies, It is a handsome building with a portico in
whose pediment are sculptures exhibiting the adminis-
tration of justice. The line vestibule is adorned with
historical statues, and the halls and apartments contain
good portraits and other paintings. The Conservatoire de
Musique et de Declamation was established in 1832 : it was
an offshoot of the Ecole Roy.ale de Musique founded in 1823.
(Grure.) Population (1893), with suburbs, 498,400.
Brussels Conference. A convention of repre-
sentatives from Great Britain, France, Ger-
many, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and
Russia, which met at Brussels in Sept., 1876
(and again in 1877). It decided to establish an In-
ternational African Association to explore and civilize cen-
tral Africa, and provided for branch national committees.'
There was an antislavery conference at Brussels in 1890.
Brut (brot). [ME. and OF., orig. same as AS.
Bryt, a Briton. See Brutus the Trojan.'] A
poetical version of the legendary history of Brit-
ain, by Layamon, a semi-Saxon paraphrase of
the French ' ' Roman de Brut "of Wace. See
TI <tcc. Its subject is the deeds and wanderings of the
legendary Brutus, grandson of .Ascanius, great-grandson
of ^neas, and king of Britain. It is about twice the
length of Wace's " Brut," containing 32,250 lines. The lat-
ter is thought to be a mere versification of Geoffrey of
Monmouth. There are two manuscripts of Layamon's
poem, both in the British Museum.
Brute. See Brutus the Trojan.
Brute (brot). Sir John. A drunken, roister-
ing, rough fellow in Vanbrugh's comedy '"The
Provoked Wife," He passes through everj- phase of
riot and debauchery, and is unbearably insolent to his
" provoked wife," though too much of_ a coward to resent
her consequent actions.
Brut6 (bru-ta'), Simon Gabriel. Bom at
Eeunes, France, March 20, 1779: died June 26,
1839. AFreneh-Americanprelateof the Roman
Catholic Church, bishop of Vincennes, Indiana,
1834-39.
Bruttium (brut'i-um), or Bruttii (brut'i-i). In
ancient geography, the southernmost division
of Italy, corresponding to the modern pro\'inees
of Reggio and Catanzaro : originally Bruthius
or Bruttiorum Ager. Now called Valahria.
Brutus (bro'tus). A tragedy by Voltaire, pro-
duced at the Com^die Fran^aise Dec. 11, 1730.
Alfleri ^vrote two tragedies bearing this name ("Marcus
Brutus" and "Junius Brutus"), both inspired by Voltaire
(1783). Catherine Bernard also produced a tragedy, "Bru-
tus," at the Com^die Fi-an(;;iise Dec. 18, 1690.
Brutus, Decimus Junius, sumamed Albinus.
Executed 43 B. c. A Roman general, one of the
assassins of Julius Ca»sar. He was betrayed,
and was put to death by order of Mark Antony.
Brutus, Lucius Junius. A Roman consul in
509 B. C. According to the (unhistorical) legend, he
feigned idiocy (wlience the name Brutus, stupid : prob-
ably an erroneous etymology) to avoid exciting the fear
of his uncle Tarquin the Proud, wlio had put to death
the elder brother of Brutus to possess himself of their
wealth. Tarquin, lUarmed at the prodigy of a serpent ap-
pearing in the royal palace, sent his sons Titus and Aruns
to consult the oracle at Delphi. They took with them for
amusement Brutus, who i)ropitiated the priestess with a
hollow staff filled with gold. Wlien the oracle, in response
to an inquiry of Titus and Aruns as to who should suc-
ceed to the throne, replied, "He who first kisses his
motlier," Brutus stumbled to the ground and kissed mo-
ther earth. After the outrage on Lucretia, Brutus threw
off his disguise, expelled the Tarquins, and established the
republic 510C!'). M'liileconsul he condemned bisown sons
Titus and Tiberius to deatli for having conspired to restore
Tarquin. He led in 5m7 (?) an anuy against Tarquin, who
was returning to Rome. Brutus and .Aruns fell in the bat-
tle, pierced by each other's spears.
Brutus, Marcus Junius (adoptive name Quin-
tus Caepio Brutus). Born 85 b. c. : died near
Pliilippi, Macedonia, 42 B. c. A Roman poli-
tician and scholar. Originally an adherent of Pompey,
he went over to Cicsar after the battle of Pharsalia in 48 ;
was governor of Cisalpine Gaul in 46, and prxtor urbanus
in 44 ; joined, induced by C.issius, in the assassination of
Casar, March 15,-44 ; gathered troops in Macedonia, with
which he joined Cassius iu Asia Minor iu 42 ; and defeated
Brython
Octavianus in the first battle of Philippi in 42, while Cassius
was defeated by Antony and conunitted suicide ; but w.as
defeated in a second battle twenty days later, and fell
upon his sword. His (second) wife Portia, daughter of
Cato I'ticensis, on receiving news of his death, committed
suicide by swallowing live coals.
Brutus the Trojan. [ML. Brutus. OF. Brut,
really representing AS. Bryt. a Briton, but
confused with the classical name Brutus.] A
fabulous person, according to Geoffrey of Mon-
mouth the grandson of .33neas and founder of
the city of New Troy (London).
Briix (bruks), or Brix (briks). A town in Bo-
hemia, situated on the Biela 45 miles north-
west of Prague. Population (1890), commune,
14,.S94.
Bruy^re, Jean de la. See La Bruyere.
Bruyn (broin), Cornelius de. Bom at The
Hague, Holland, 16.52: died at Utrecht, Hol-
land, about 1719. A Dutch traveler and painter.
He viTote "Voyage au Levant, etc." (1698),
"Vovage par "la Moseovie, en Perse, etc."
(1711).
Bruys, or Bruis (brii-e'), Pierre de. Burned
at the stake at St. Gilles, France, about 1126,
A French religious reformer. His followers
were called Petrobnisians (which see).
Bry, or Brie (bre), Theodore de. Born at
Liege, 1528: died at Frankfort -on-the-Main,
1.598. A goldsmith, engraver, and painter.
About 1570 he established a printing- and engraving-house
at Frankfort-on-the-Main, his two sons assisting him.
They illustrated many books, but ai-e best known for
their great collection of travels, of which there are differ-
ent editions in Latin and German. The first was etititled
"Collectiones peregrinationum in Indiam orientalem et
occidentalem " (Frankfort, 1590). The volumes are illus-
trated with many plates from De Bry's hand.
Bryan (bri'an). Sir Francis. Died at Clonmel,
Ireland, Feb. 2, 1550. An English poet, sol-
dier, and diplomatist.
Bryan, William Jennings. Bom at Salem, Til.,
March 19, 1S60. An American politician. He
served two terms in Congress as Democratic
representative from Nebraska, and later en-
gaged in jotirnalism. As a prominent advocate of
the free coinage of silver he was nominated for President
by the Democrats and Populists iu 1896, and was defeated,
Bryanites (bri'an-its). A Methodist body, also
called -'Bible Christians," founded by a Corui.sh
preacher, William Bryan (O'Bryan), about 1815.
Bryant (brl'ant), Jacob. Born at Plymouth,
England, 1715 : died at Cypenham, near Wind-
sor, England, Nov, 14, 1804. An English anti-
quary, author of "A New System or an Analy-
sis of Ancient Mythology" (1774-76), etc.
Bryant, William CuUeii. Bom at Cumming-
ton, Mass., Nov. 3, 1794: died at New York,
June 12, 1878. A noted American poet and
journalist. He studied at Williams College 1810-11 :
took up the study of law iu 1812 ; and was admitted to the
bar at Bridgewater in 1815. He published " Thanatopsis "
in 1816 ; printed a volume of poetry in 1821 ; gave up the
practice of law in 1825 ; was appointed to a place on the
New York "Evening Post" in 1826, and became its edi-
tor-in-chief and part proprietor in 1829. He published a
collection of his poems in 1S32, which was reprinted by an
English publisher, under M'ashington Irving's auspices.
(The line "The British soldier trembles,"in the " Song of
Marion's Men," was changed to "The foeman trembles in
his camp. ") As editor of the '* Evening Post "he opposed
the extension of slavery and supported the Union. He
published translations of tlie Iliad (1870X and the Ody».
sey (1871). "Poetical Works," edited by Parke Godwin,
1883 ; " Prose Writings "(including letters of travel, origi-
nally contributed to the "Evening Post," and orations
and addresses), edited by Parke Godnin, 1884.
Bryce (bns), James. Bom at Belfast, Ireland,
May 10, 1838. A noted English historian and
Liberal politician. He became regius professor of
civil law in Oxford I'niversity in 1870, under secretiu^for
foreign affairs in 1SS6. chancellor of the duchy of Lancas-
ter in 1892 ; and president of the boai-d of trade in 1894. Ji
Chief works: "The Holy Roman Empire" (1864, 7th ed. I
1»77X "The American Commonwealth" (1888, 3d ed. "
1S94-95).
Brydges (brij'ez), James. Bom Jan. 6, 1673 :
died Aug, 9, 1744. An English nobleman, ere.
ated first diike of Chandos in 1719.
Brydges, Sir Samuel Egerton. Bom at Woo-
ton House, Kent, England, Nov. 30, 1762: died
near Geneva, Switzerland, Sept, 8, 1837. An
EngUsh lawyer, miscellaneous writer, and gene-
alogist, member of Parliament 1812-18. Hewu
the author of poems, novels, " Censura Ijteraria " (180&-
1809), "British BilJiographer" (1810-14), "KesLiteiariie"
(1821-22), "Autobiography "(1834), etc.
Bryn Mawr College. A non-sectarian college
for women, organized at Bryn Mawr, Pennsyl-
vania, in 1885. Iu 1896-97 it had 40 iustruetors, 287 stu-
dents, and a libi-ary of 25,000 vulmues and 7,000 pamphlets,
Brython (bri'thon). [L, Britones, Brittonea,
Gr. (Procopius) Bp/T-rui'Ef, AS. Bretene, Bretias,
■ Bryttns.] The name applied to themselves by
the Celts of southern Britain Trho successfully
Brython
resisted the Teutonic invaders in the moun-
tainous regions of the western coast, and whose
language (lirythoneg) is subsequently found in
Wales, Cumbria, and parts of Devon and Corn-
wall. The name is used inteichmiKCiiWy with Ci/mry
(Cumbi-i). Oiniltlus (I'Jth eenluiy) in his "Descrlptio Ciun-
briaj " uses inditferently lingua hritannica and Cambrica.
Brzezany (bzhe-zliii'nii). A town in Galieia.
Austria-Hungary, 49 miles southeast of Lein-
bcrg. Pcii«ulation (1800), conniuine, 11.221.
Bualiho'a). Au island off the coast of Dalma-
tia, Austria-Hungary, opposite Trau, in lat. 4:!°
30' N., long. 16° 15' E. : the ancient Bavo or
Bo». It was a place of bauislmieut under the
Konian eni)>erors.
BuacheCiii-a^l'''. Philippe. Bom at Paris, Feb.
7, 1700: died Jan. 27, 17 1 3. A French geogra-
pher. His works include " Considerations g^ocraphiqnes
et phs'si<)nes sur Ics nouvelles d^couvertes dc la grande
mei-"(17.'i:i>, "Atlas physique "(1754), etc.
Buache de la Neuville (bu-iish' d^ lii ne-vel'),
Jean Nicolas. Born at La Neuville-au-Pont,
Marue, France, Feb. 1-5, 1741 : died at Paris,
Xov. 21, 182.5. A French geograjjher, nephew of
Philippe Buache. He wrote " Geographic ^16-
mentaire ancienne et modenie" (1769-72), etc.
BnbastUS (bfi-bas'tus), or Bubastis (bu-bas'-
tis). [Gr. lloi;ia<rroc, Bni'f-laaTic, Egjl)t. Vo-Baxt,
the abode of Bast.] A city of ancient Egypt,
the scriptural Pi-Beseth and the modern Tel-
Basta, situated on the Pelusiac branch of the
Nile, in lat. 30° 33' N., long. 31° 30' E. it was
the holy city of the Egyptian goddess Bast or Pasht (Greek
Bubastis), whose sacred animal was the cat.
The Twenty-second Dynasty (B. c. 980) chose Bubastis
for itf capital. It does not appear to have given many
conquerors to Egypt. Its first king, the Shishak of the
Bible, the Shashanii 'if the monuments, took an army into
Palestine and carried away the treasures of the Temiile.
Mari^tte, Outlines, p, 58.
Bubble (bub'l). A servant in Cooke's comedy
"Greene's Tu Quocjue." He becomes rich, and un-
dertakes to ai)pear like a gentleman by using the aftecta-
Uons of society, particularly the phrase "Tu Quoi|Uc,"
which is ever in his mouth. The character was played
by a favorite actor named Greene (hence the title of the
plavl.
Bubble, Mississippi. See Mississippi liulible.
Bubble, South Sea. Bee Soiilli sen Bubble.
Bubi, or Booby (bo'bi). See Eiliiia.
Bubona (bii-bo'njl). [LL., from bi>s (l)Or-), o.x.]
in Koman mythology, a female divinity, pro-
tectress of cows and oxen.
Bucaneers (buk-a-nerz'). [From F. houcanier,
u curer of wild liieat, a pirate, from boucancr,
-luoke meat, from bmirau, a place for smoking
.'■at.] A gang of adventurers and pirates
liich, in the 17th century, attained an almost
national importance in the West Indies and on
the coasts of South America. It had its nucleus in
the English, French, and Dutch smugglers who cairied on
a clandestine trade with the .Spanish island of Santo Domin-
go : they hunted the wild cattle there, drying the meat
over fires ; and gradually they formed regular settlements,
uotonly on Santo Domingo but on many of the smaller isl-
ands. As they became stronger they began to prey on
Spanish commerce. In ItiHO they seized the island of Tor-
tuga and nimle it their hea'biuartei-s. In Hi55 they aided
the English in the con([Uest of Jamaica, and this became
another center ; and in 1064 they settled the Bahamas.
Under their celebrated leader Morgan, they ravaged the
coasts of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean .Sea, ami
made expeditions inland ; I'orto Bello was sacked ; in 1071
Morgan crossed the isthmus and burned Panama ; and
from that year to 10H5 the Bucaneers practically com-
manded the West Indian seas. Their immense spoils
were divided equally, only the captain of a ship taking a
larger share : Frencii, I>ut<;b, English, and Germans were
banded together, their oidy bond being common interest
antl hatretl of the spaniar'is- In 1080 they again crossed
the isthmus, seized some Spanish ships in the Pacitle, and
raldc'l the western coasts of .Mexico, Peru, and Chile for
aeveral years. After 10!H) the war Ijctween France and
Bngland temied to separate the pirates of these two na-
tions, and the impoverished coasts could no longer sup-
port their excesses. They gradually returned to the West
Indies and Eurojie, and were drawn into the armies and
navies of 'litferent powei-s.
Bucareli y Urzua (bo-kii-ra'Ie e or-tho'ii),
Antonio Maria. Born at Seville, Jan. 24, 1717:
died at Mexico, Ai)ril 9, 1779. A Spanish gen-
eral and atlniinistrator. From iTOfJ Ui 1771 he was
governor of C'uba, and from 1771 until his death viceroy of
New Spain (Mexico).
Buccaneer (buk-a-ner'), The. A poem by
Kiclianl Henry liana, first published in 1827.
The si-one is partly laid on Block Islaml.
Buccari (bdk-kii're). A free havon in Fiume,
Austria-Hungary, situated on the Adriatic in
lat. 45° 18' ISI., long. 14° 32' E.
Bucentaur (bii-sen'tar). [From Gr. {jov^, ox,
and (i/iTrii'/OTf, centaur: but also said to be a
corruption of L. (liiniitnrKm, of two hundred
(oars), or of liiiriiilurn (= bii:iiio d' urn), golden
bark.] The state ship of the Venetian Repub-
lic, used in the ceremony of wedding the Adri-
191
atic, which was en,joined upon the Venetians by
Pope Alexander ni. to commemorate the victory
of the Venetians under Doge Sebastiano Ziani
over the fleet of Frederick Barbarossa, in the
12th century. On Ascension day of each year a ring waa
dropped from the Bucentaur into the Adriatic, with the
words "We espouse thee. Sea, in token of true and last-
ing dominion," The ceremony was attended by the en-
tire diplomatic corps. The shij) perhaps took her name
from the figure of a bucentaur (heail of a man and body
of a bull) ill her bows, Thi-ee of the name were built.
The la.st was destroyed by the French in 1798.
Bucephalus (bu-sef'a-lus). [Gr. jhvKi<pa'Aor, ox-
headed, liovKf'ipii'/.oCj the name of Alexander's
horse.] The favorite horse of Alexander the
Great. His master was the only jierson who
could ride him. lie accompanied Alexander through
bis principal campaigns, and w^as buried on the banks "f
tlie Ilyla-^p'-s with great piunp. Bucephalus is suiiposed
t" liave been a name applied to Thessalian horses which
were branded with a bull's head.
Bucer (bu'ser). or Butzer (bet'ser), Martin.
[G. But:er, NL. Bunrus, whence Biiccr.'] Born
at Schlettstadt in Alsace, 1491: died at Cam-
bridge, England, Feb. 28, 1551. A German
thi'iilo):,M!in, a coadjutor of Luther. He became
cliaplain to the elector palatine Frederick in 1520, and
pastoral Landstuhl in 1522 ; married the former nun Eliza-
beth Fallass in 1522 ; became pastor of St, Aurelia's in
Strasburg in 1524 ; refused to sign the .-Vngsbuig Interim
in 1548 ; and accepted, at the invitation of Cranmer, a pro-
fessorate of theology in Cambriilgi- in 1549. He is chietly
noted for his efforts to unite the dillennt Protestant bodies,
especially the Lutherans and Zwiiiglians, in which he was
but partially successful.
Buch (boch). Christian Leopold von. Born
at Stolpe, Prussia, April 26, 1774: died at Ber-
lin, March 4, 18.53. A celebrated German geol-
ogist and traveler. His works include "Geognos-
tische Beobaehtungen auf Reisen durch Deutschland und
Italien " (1802-09), " Physikalische Bescbreibung der Cana-
rischen Inseln " (1825), "Ileise durch Norwegen und Lapp-
land " (1810), etc.
Buchan (buk'an), David. Born 1780: died
about 1839. A British naval commander and
Arctic explorer. He explored the Exploits River,
Newfoundland, in 1811, penetrating 160 miles into the in-
terior ; commaniled an Arctic expeiiition in ISlS, reaching
Spitzbergen with the Ii'initbea and the Trent; became
high sheriff of Newfuundland, and was subsequently pro-
moted to the rank of captain ; and was lost with the ship
Upton Castle, His name was struck from the list of liv-
ing captains in 1839.
Buchan, or Simpson (simp'son), Elspeth. Born
near Banff, Scotland, 1738 : died near Dumfries,
Scotland, 1791. A Scottish religious enthusi-
ast. She was the daughter of John Simpson, an inn-
keeper, and married Kobert Buchan, a potter, from whom
she separated. She removed to Glasgow in 17S1, where
she heard Hugh White, of the Relief Church at Irvine,
preach in 1783, with the result that she removed to Irvine
and converted Mr. WTiite to the belief that she was the
woman of Revelation xii-, in whom the light of God was
restored U) men, and that he was the man child she had
brought forth. They with others of the so-called "Bu-
chanites " were banished from Irvine in 1784, and settled
at New Cample, where they enjoyed community of goods
and iierHon, The sect became extinct in 1848.
Buchanan (bu-kan'an), Franklin. Bom at
Baltimore, Md., Sept. 17, 1800: died May 11,
1874. An American naval officer, in the Con-
federate service 1861-04. lie commanded the Mer-
rimac in Hampton Roads, March 8, 1802 ; and was de-
feated by Farragiit in Mobile Bay, Aug. 5, 1804.
Buchanan, George. Born at KiUeam, Stirling-
shire, Scotland, Feb., 1506: died at EdinVmrgh,
Sept. 29, 1.582. A Scottish historian and scholar,
tutor of James VI. (1570). His principal works are
" l)e jure regni apud Scot^is " (1579), "Rerum Scoticai'Um
historia " (ir'82), " Detection, ete. " (1571), a version of the
Psalms, translations of the " Sledea " and " Alcestis," and
the dramas " Baptistes," " Jephthes," etc.
Buchanan, James. Bom at Stony Batter,
Franklin (Vmnty, Pa., April 22, 1791: died at
Wheatland, Lancaster, Pa., .Tune 1, 1808. The
fifteenth president of the United States. He was
a member of Congress 1821-31 ; minister to Russia 1831-33;
t'liitc'l states senator 1833-15 ; secretary of state 184.5-49 ;
miniatir to (Jreat Britain 1863-68 ; and president 1857-<11.
He published a history of his administration (1800).
Buchanan, Robert Williams. Born in War-
wickshire, Aug. 18, 1H41. A Scottish ]>oet anil
prose writer. His poems include "Idyls and Legends
of Inverburn " (1805), " London Poems " (1800), " Napoleon
Fallen "(1871), "The City of Dreams " (1888), "The Wan.
dering .low '■ (1893). He has published a number of plays,
and in 1870 he wrote his first novel, "The Shadow of the
Sw'iid,' followed by "A Child of Nature" (1879), etc.
Buchanites (buk'un-its). See Buchan, Elspeth.
Bucharest. See Bukhnrvst.
Buchez (bii-sha'), Philippe Joseph Benjamin.
Burn at Matagne-la-Petite, Namur, Belgium,
March 31, 1796: died at Kodez, France, Aug.
12, 1865. A French man of letters and politi-
cian. He wrote an "Introduction ii la science de I'his-
toire " (1833), "Essai d'un traiti^ complot de pbilosophio "
(1839), "Histoirede la formation de la nationality fran-
^aise " (1859), and edited " Iltstolre parlementairo de la
revolution (iau(atse " (1838-88).
Buckland, Francis Trevelyan
Buchholz (bdch'holts). Atownin the kingdom
of Saxoiiv, in the Erzgebirge 19 miles south of
Chemnitz. Population (1890), 7..808.
Biichner (biich ' ner), Alexander. Born at
Darmstadt, Germany, Oct. 2.), 1827. A Ger-
man man of letters, brother of Georg Biichner.
Uis works include "Geschichte der englischen Poesie "
(1855), "Franzosisehe Literaturbilder "(1S,'>S), etc.
Biichner, Friedrich Karl Christian Ludwig.
Born at Darmstadt, Germany, March 2.S, 1824.
A (Terman physician, physiologist, and mate-
rialistic philosopher, brother of (ieorg Biichner.
Ilis chief works are "Kraft und Stoff" (1855, English
translation "Force and Matter"), " Satur und Geist"
(1.S57), " Physiologische Bilder" (1801), "Aus >"atur und
Wissenschaft" (1802), etc.
Biichner, Georg. Bom at Goddelau, near
Darmstadt, Germany, Oct. 17, 1813: died at
Ztirich, Switzerland," Feb. 19, 1837. A (icrnnm
poet, author of " Dantons Tod " (1835), brother
of the preceding. His eoUeeted works were
published in 1879.
Biichner, Luise. Bom June 12, 1821: died at
Darmstadt, (Tcrmany, Nov. 28, 1877. A German
poet and novelist, sister of Georg Biichner,
noted as a champion of the rights of women.
She wrote "Die Frauen und ihrBemf" (1855).
Biichner, Max. Bom in Hamburg, April 25,
18-46. A noted African traveler. He nnide a tour
of the world in 1875 as ship's doctor. In 187S the African
Association of Berlin sent him to Muatyaravo, the king of
Lunda, east of Angola, with instructions to explore the
country to the east and north of Lunda. He reached Mua-
tyamvo, and spent six months at bis capital ; but all his
efforts to go beyond proved vain, and he returned. At
Jlalange he met Pogge and Wissmann, who were to be
more fortunate by trying the northern route to the Bashi-
lange. In 1884 Biichner accompanied Nachtigal to West
Africa, and was active in the aini*'xati"ii of Togoland and
Kamerun. As curator of the EtbncloL'ie Museum of Munich
he made (1888-90) a voyage to Australia and New Guinea.
Buchon (bii-shon' ), Jean Alexandre. Born at
Menetou-Salon, Cher, France, Jlay 21, 1791:
died at Paris, April 29, 1846. A French histo-
rian. He edited a " Collection deschroniqnes nationales
frani^aises "(1824-29), and was the author of works on Greek
history and other topics.
Buck (link), Dudley. Born at Hartford, Conn.,
March 10, 1839. .An American composer and
organist. He has written cantatas, church
music, etc.
Biickeburg (bii'ke-boro). The capital of
Sehaumbui'g-Lippe, Germany, 20 miles west-
southwest of Hannover. Population (1890),
5,186.
Buckeye (buk'i). A popular name for an in-
habitant of Ohio.
Buckeye State, The. A popular name of Ohio,
from the number of buckeyes in that State.
Buckhurst (buk'herst), Lord. See SaekriUe,
TIkiiiuis.
Buckingham (buk'ing-am). [ME. Bidi/itgehnm,
Bokiiiiijiim, AS. Buccingiu hum, dwelling of the
Buccings (descendants of Bucea).] A town in
Buckinghamshire, England, situated on the
Ouse in lat. 52° N., long. 0° 58' W. It has
manufactures of lace. Population (1891), 3,364.
Buckingham, Dukes of. See /Stafford, Villiers,
and (Irt')irilU'.
Buckingham, James Silk. Bom at Flushing,
near Falmouth, Knf,'land, Aug. 25, 1786: died at
London, .June 30, 1S55, An English traveler
and man of letters. He wrote " Travels in Palestine,
etc. "(1822) , "Travels in Mesopotamia, etc. " (1827), " Travels
in Assyria, Media, and Persia" (1829), etc.
Buckingham Palace. The London residence
of the (lueen, situated at the western end of
St. James's Park. It was settled by act of Parliament
in 1775 np'in IJueen Charlotte, and was hence known as the
"queen's house," It was remodeled under George I\\;
and the eastern facade, ball-room, and some other por-
tions have been added by Queen Nietoria, who began to
occupy it ui 1837, The chief facade is 300 feet long, but is
architecturally uninteresting. The state apartments are
magnillcontly adorned and furnished, the grand staircase,
the throne-room, and the state ball-room being esiiecially
notable. There is a priceless collection of F'rench buhl
and other furniture, and the picture-gallery contains a
number of old and modern masterpieces.
Buckinghamshire (buk'ing-am-shir), Buck-
ingham, or Bucks. [AS. Burciiinahaiii.iiir.]
A county of Englaiul. lying between North-
amjiton on the north, Bedfordshire, Hertford,
antl Middlesex on the east, Berkshire on tho
south, and Oxfordshire on the west. It is an
agricultural county. The chief town is Buck-
ingham. Area, 746 square miles. Population
(1891), 1.85,190.
Buckland (buk'land), Francis Trevelyan.
Burn at Oxford, Dec. 17. 1S2(): died at London,
Dec. 19. 1.880, An English naturalist, son of
William Buckland, noted for rcKoarches in fish-
culture. He wr«te "Curiosities of Natural History"
(1867), " Natural History of Britlah Fishes" (1881). etc.
I
Buckland, William
Buckland, William. Bom at Tiverton, Devon-
shire, England, March 12, 1784 : died at Clap-
ham, near London, Aug. 15, 1856. An English
geologist and clergyman, appointed dean of
Westminster in 18-15. His chief works are "Reliquias
Diluvian.T, etc. " (1823), and the Bridgewater treatise on
"Geology and Mineralogy " (1S36).
Bucklaw (bnk'la), Laird of. Frank Hay-
ston, the dissipated but good-natured suitor of
Lucy Ashton in Scott's "Bride of Lammer-
moor." He was niairied to her by her mother's machi-
nations, and was thus the cause of the tragedy which en-
sued. See Ashtan, Lucy.
Buckle (buk'l), Henry Thomas. Bom at Lee,
Kent, England, Nov. 24, 1821 : died at Damas-
cus, Syria, May 29, 1862. An English his-
torian . His health in early youth was delicate, on which
account he was educated at home, chiellyby his mother.
In 1*40 on the death of his father, a wealthy ship-owner in
London he inherited an ample fortune which enabled
him to devote himself wholly to literary pursuits. In
1857 he published the ttrst volume of his "History of
Civllizatiou in England." The appearance of this volume,
which is characterized by vigor of style and boldness of
thuufht produced a sensation in Europe and America,
and raised the author from obscurity to fame. The spe-
cial doctrine which it sought to uphold was that climate,
soil, food, and the aspects of nature are the determining
fact'.irs in iiitellertual progress. A second volume, infe-
rior in e\ecuti>'n and interest, appeared iu 1861.
Buckner (buk'nir). Simon Bolivar. Born m
Hart County, Ky., April 1. 1S-J3. An Ameri-
can general, in the Confederate service 1861-
1865. He surrendered Fort Donelson to Grant, Feb. 16,
18b-2 after the escape of General Floyd, and commanded a
corn's at Cbickamau-a, Sept. 19 and 20, 1863. He was govcr-
n,.rof Kentucky IsST-sil, and was i.oniiiii.ted f"i'y««-i^';,«5-
ident by the National (Sound money) Democrats m ISiW.
Bucksibuks). Abbreviation of liiukhujhamslnrc.
Buckstone (buk'ston), John Baldwin. Bom
at Ho.xton, London, Sept. 14, 1S02: died at
192
Bugenhagen
the spiritual struggle of a recluse. After seven years he Sao Paulo to seek the same route. He was absent three
believed himself possessed of perfect truth, and assumed years, and discovered the gold-mines of Goyaz. In 1,28
the title uf/>'»(WAn, 'the enlightened.' He is represented he was made captain of the Goyaz colony,
as having received a sudden illumination as he sat under BuenOS AjTreS (bwa'nos i'rez : Sp. pron. bwa -
the Bo-tiee, or 'tree of knowledge,' at Bodhgaya or Bud- nosi'n-s). [Sp.. 'good airs.'] A province of
dha-Oaya. For twenty-eight or, aslaternarralivcs give (1,^ Argentine Republic. lyingbetween Cordoba,
it, forty-nine days he was variously tempted by Mara,
One of his doubts was whether to keep for himself the
knowledge won. or to share it. Love triumphed, and he
began to preach, at fli-st at Benares. For forty-four ye:u;s
he preached in the region of Benares and Behar. Primi-
tive Buddhism is only to be gathered by inference from
the literature of a later time. Buddha did not array him-
self against the old religion. The doctrines were rather
the outgrowth of those of certain Bralimanical schools.
His especial concern was salvation from sorrow, and so
from cvistence. There are "four noble truths": (1) ex-
istence is suffering ; (2) the cause of pain is desire ; (3)
cessation of pain is possible through the suppression of
ilesire; (4) the way to this is the knowledge and obser-
vance of the "good law " of Buddha. The end is Nirvana,
the cessation of existence. Buddhism was preached in
the vulgar tongue, and had a popular literature and an
elaborately organized monastic and missionary system.
It made its way into Afghanistan, Bactriana, Tibet, and
China. It passed away in India n<vt from Brahman per-
secution, but rather from internal causes, such as its too
abstract nature, too morbid view of Uf e, relaxed discipline,
Santa F6, Entre Eios, and the Kio de la Plata on
the north, the ocean on the east and south, and
the territories of Pampa and Rio Negro on the
west. Cajiital, since 1882, La Plata. Its chief in-
dustry is cattle-raising. During most of the time from 1827
to 1SC2, Buenos Ayreswas separated from the other prov-
inces. Area, about 106,000 square miles. Population (1893^
about SIX),0<iO.
Buenos Ajnres. The capital of the Argentine
Confederation, situated on the estuary of the
Bio de la Plata, in lat. 34° 36' S., long. 58° 22'
W. It is the second city of .South America in size, and has
the greater share of the export trade of the country, and
also considerable manufactures. It is a railway terminu»
of importance. It contains a cathedral, university, and
military scIiocjI. Buenos Ayres was settled by the Span-
iards in l.'>3.'i ; abandoned ; and resettled in l.'iJSO. The
revolution which led to the independence of the republic
began there in 1810. Population (1893), [.5U,9S4 (including
suburbs).
and overgrowth of monasticism, -".^i- b--- ^J;'™- Bueiios Ayres, or Colonies of the Plata (Colo-
and Vishnuism employed many of its own
effectively. The system has been variously modified iu
dogma and rites in the many countries to which it has
spread. It is supposed to number about 350,000,000 of
adherents, who are principally in Ceylon, Tibet, China,
and Japan.
Buddha-Gaya (bo"da-ga'a). An ancient center
of Buddhism, now iu'ruins,in the Gaya district,
Bengal. The temple is a celebrated foundation in the
Buddhist faith. It is a quadr.angular pyramidal struc- f>,,*f,]o fbuf'a-lo)
ture on a plain raised basement, 60 feet square and 160 -"""«**" .. _'
high. The exterior faces are divided into piers, and orna-
mented with molded bands and panels forming nine stages
or stories, and surmounted by a conical flnial. In the
interior is a cella with radiating arches, which date prob-
ably from a 14th-century restoration.
Buddhists (bo'dists). See Buddha.
Svdeuiiam,' near London, Oct. 31, 1879. An Bude (bu-dii') (L. Budsus), Guillaume. Born
English comedian and dramatist, author of ^t Paris, 1467,: died Aug. 23, 1540. A French
numerous plays. scholar. He was a triend-ot Etiismus, and was elevated
BucktailS (buk'talz). A name originally given by Francis I. to the post of royal librarian
to the members of the Tammany Society in pected of t,avoring Calvinism. -
work on ancient coins, entitled
He was sus-
He wrote an excellent
De Asse, etc "(1614).
New York city, but about 1817-26 extended in g^ j" gii n-ju^'eijTEustace. Born at St. Thom-
its application to members of that faction of ■°""&''^^^^"-L ..' ^. ° "., i
the Democratic-Repuldicau party in the State
which opposed De Witt Clinton.
Bucolic Mouth of the Nile. An aneientmouth
of the Nile, in tlie middle of the Delta.
Buczacz (bo'chiich). A town iu eastem Gali-
cia, Austria-Hungary, in lat. 49° 4' N., long.
25° 23' E. By a treaty concluded here in 1672, Poland
ceiled the Ukraine and Podolia to Turkey. Population
(IS'.io), commune, ll,o;t6.
BudaeUS. See liitdi; (iiiilldKilic
Budapest (bo'dii-pest ; Hung. pron. bo'do-
pesht'), since 1872 the official name of the unit-
ed Buda and Pesth or Pest. Tlie capital of
Hungary, and the second city of the Austrian
empire, consisting of Buda on the west bank
as, near Exeter, England, Aug. 19, 1686: com-
mitted suicide in the Thames, near London,
May 4, 1737. An English miscellaneous writer.
nias de la Plata). A vieeroyalty established
in 1776. and continued until the revolution of
1810. It included Buenos Ayres (colony), Tucuman,
Cuyo (separated from Chile), Uruguay, Paraguay, and
Charcas or Upper Peru : in other words, all now included
in the Argentine Repul)lic, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bo-
livia, with the former Pacific coast of Bolivia, now an-
nexed to Chile. The capital was Buenos Ayres.
A city, port of entry, and
liief place 6'f Erie Couiitv, New York, situ-
ated on Lake Erie in lat. 42° 53' N., long. 78°
.55' W. : the third city in the State. It hasji good
harbor protected by breakwaters, and is the terminus of
the Erie Canal and an important railway-center. It is
connected by steamer lines with ports on the Great Lakes.
It has a large trade in grain, live stock, lumber, coal, ce-
ment, and salt, and manufactures of flour, iron, steel,
beer, oil, leather, etc. Buffalo was founded in 1801, and
incorporated as a city in 1832. It was the scene of exten-
sive railroad strikes in 1892. Population (180O), 255,664.
Buffalo Bill. See Codi/, WiUiom Frederick.
Buffier (biif-va'), Claude. Born in Poland,
May 25, 1661 : died at Paris, May 17. 1737. A
French grammarian, philosopher, and littera-
teur.
called to the b.ar, but his association with his Buffon (bii-fon'), Comte de (GeorgeS LouiS
He was —
cousin Joseph Addison induced him to turn his attention
to literature. He contributed thirty-seven papers to the
" Spectator," in Addison's style. He wrote many pam-
phlets of a political n.ature, and in 1733 started "The
Bee, ' a weekly periodical which ran for about two years.
He filled a number of positions after the accession of
George I., when Addison became secretary to the lord
lieutenant of Ireland, being at various times chief secre-
tary to the lords justices, deputy clerk of the council,
accountiwt-general, and member of the Irish House of
Commons. He fell into money difficulties which affected
his brain, and after a disgraceful affair connected with
the disappearance of some bonds belonging to the estate
of Matthew Tindal, he took his own life. He left a natu-
ral daughter, Anne Eustace, who went upon the stage.
of the Danube, and Pest on the opposite bank -^^ ,i^ K /,;i5^',p,s) Czech Budeiowice A citv
The Danube is crossed here by a suspension-bridge and iiUdweiS (Ooa vis), Lzetll isuaejowioe. ». ^n^
- - -' :...„_, j;.t..-„.. lu Bohemia, Situated on the Moldau m lat. 4S"
58' N., long. 14° 27' E. It has a cathedral.
other bridges. The city contains ten municipal districts
It has a large trade in grain, wool, hides, etc., and exten
Bive manufactures. It is also the seat of a university.
Buda was the Roman Aquincum, and Pest was a Roman
colony. Buda was the capital of Hungary from the mid-
dle of the 14th century. It was taken by the Turks in l.'iili,
1521) and 1,=.41. The Turks were expelled in 1686. In 1784
Buda again became the capital. Budapest was occupied
by the Austriaus Jan., 1S49. The Hungarians reentered.
P'est in April and stomied Buda in May. 1849. The Austri-
ans reoccupied both places Aug., 1840. The German name
ofBudaisQffH. ropulation(1890).withthegarrison, 506,384.
Budaun (bo-dii-on'). A district in the Rohil-
luud division. Northwest Provinces, British
India. Area. 2,017 square miles. Population
(1S91), 925,.598.
Buddeus (bod-da'iis), Johann Franz. Bora at
.\iikUim, Prussia, June '25, 1667: diedatGotha,
(it-rmauy, Nov. 19, 1729. A German Lutheran
divine and scholar. He wrote " Historia juris na-
turte, etc." (109.'i), " Elementa philosophia- instrumenta-
lis" (1703), "Historia ecclesiastica vetcris testamenti "
(1709). etc.
Buddha (bo'dii). [Skt.,' the enlightened.'] The
title of Siddhartha or Gautama, the foimder of
Buddhism, ftom three newly discovered inscriptions
of the emperor Asoka it follows that the 37th year of his
reignwa8reckonedasthe2:-,7thfroratlie de.ath of Buddha T>,,p_jp Hiwan'de)
Hence it is interred that Buddha .lied between 482 an.l UUenUe ( Dwan (ie_),
472 B. c. It being agreed that he lived to be eighty, he
was born between ."^12 and 552 b. c. The Buddhist
tives of his life are overgrown with legend an
Senart seeks to trace in them the histor}' of the sun-
Oldenberg finds in the most ancient traditions — tli
Ceylon — at least definite historical outlines. Siddhar
tha, as Buddha was called before entering upon his great
mission, was born in the country and tribe of the Sakh-
yas. at the foot of the Nepalese Himalayas. His father.
Population (1890) 28,491.
Buell (bii'el), Don Carlos. Born near Mari-
etta, Ohio, March 23, 1818. An American gen-
eral. He was graduated from West Point 1841 ; served
in the Mexican war; was placed in command of the
Department of the Ohio 1861; became major-general of
volunteers 1862; arrived at Pittsburg Landing. April 6,
186'2, in time to contribute to the victoi-y of Grant over
Beaureg.ard on the following day ; drove General Bragg
out of Kentucky 1802, fighting the indecisive battle of
Perryville Oct. 8. He w as blamed for permitting General
Bragg to escape, and was removed from his command,
Oct. 24, 1862.
Buena 'Vista (bwa'na ves'ta). [Sp.. good
view.'] A place in the state of Coahuila,
Mexico, 6 miles soutli of Saltillo. Here, Feb. 22-23,
Leclerc). Born at Montbard, Cote-d'Or. France,
Sept. 7, 1707: died at Paris, April 16, 1788. A
celebrated French naturalist. He was the son of
M. Leclerc de Buffon. a counselor of the parliament of
Bourgogne, from whom he inherited a competent fortune.
.About the age of nineteen he traveled in Italy in company
with Lord Kingston, and in 1740 published a translation
of Newton's "Treatise on Fluxions." He was elected a
member of the Academy of Sciences at Paris in 1739, and
in the same year was appointed director of the Jardin du
Eoi, the present Jardin des Plantes. His chief work is
the "Histoire natnrelle, gen^rale et particuli^re. avec la
description du cabinet du roi." the first three volumes
of which were published in 1749. The first volume con-
tained "La th.5orie de la terre' and "Le systcme sm- la
formation des planetes"; the second, "L'Histoire g^
nerale des aniniaux" and "L'Histoire particuliere de
{■homnie"; the third, a "Description du cabinet du roi "
(by Danbenton) and a chapter on " Les varietSs de I'es-
p^'ce humaine." The next twelve volumes (17ft.=i-67) dealt
with the history of quadrupeds. Subse<|Uently he pub-
lished in ten volumes "L'Histoire natnrelle des oiseaux
et des minSraux " (1771-86), besides seven volumes of " Sup-
pWments' (1774-89). The most striking of these is the
fifth volume, "Les ^poques de la nature" (1779). Lac^
p^de completed Buffon's work from his notes by publish-
ing a volume, " Les serpents. " in 1789. The credit for the
six volumes on " Les poissons et les c^tac^s " (1799-1804>
belongs to Lac^pfede alone. When Buffon was admitted
to the I'rcnch Academy in 17.53, he delivered as his in-
augural address the famous "Discours sur le style."
Buffone (bof-fo'ne"). Carlo. An impudent glut-
tonous .iester in Ben Jonson's " Every Man out
of his Humour." He is identified with Marston by
some critics ; others think he is meant for Dekker.
1847,5,OOOAmericansunderGeneralTaylordef'eate(i,1.5,Oo6 BuffoOU, Sir HerCUloS. See Sir HercuUs Buf-
Mexicans under Santa .\nna.
Mexicans, about 2.000.
Loss of Americans, 746
Buen Ayre (bwan i'ra), or Bonaire (bo-nar).
[Sp. aiulF. respcetivelv, 'good air.'] An island
in tlie Dutch West Indies, situated north of
Venezuela, in lat. 12° 15' N., long. 68° 27' "«'.
Area, 129 square miles. Population (1892),
4,900.
or Ba-Buende (bii-bwan'-
foo>i, under Lucij, John.
Bug (bog), or Bog. A river in the governments
of Podolia and Kherson, Russia, which joins
the liman of the Dnieper 30 miles west of Klier-
son: the ancient Hyixinis. Length, about 400
miles. Navigable from Voznesensk.
Bug. A river which rises in Galicia and joins
the Vistula in Russian Poland. 17 miles north-
west of Warsaw. Length, about 500 miles.
explorer. In 108'2, at the head of a party in search of In-
dian slaves and mines, he penetrated to Goyaz, and prob-
alily lieyoTul the Araguaya, bringing the first definite ac-
acc'ount of these regions.
tarv writer. He served in Africa 1836-17: was gov-
ern'ir .if Algeria 1S40 ; and gained the vict<iry of Isly,
MMnirci, Aug. 14,1844.
Johann, sur-
SmidhodMa."wVs\athcr a' gi-eat "and wealthy landowner Bueno da Silva, BartholomeU. Born in Sao ^"e^°|^ie^J]''^'f/°;'i?'"p-^" „„- Bom at
Z Sre-ntrni'rh^-Yey p"a^»U^:k^'anTt% ti.Z t^^^^^^ ■.T.^t.^^t^i'^r^V.^^^oZ at Wittenberg. Germany, April 20, 1558. AGer-
Bugenhagen 193 Bundelkhand Agency
man Reformer, a coadjutor of Luther. He was Eaateni Rumelia, with Sofln as capital. Tl.e old capital Bolmer (l>ul ' mtr). Valentine. Tlie titular
preacher and (1525) protcssur ot bitilical exegesis at Wit- wasTirnova. Tlie Buveriiment is a constitutional mnii j.; .j of HetherinL'tou in Sir Walter Scot t'o
SnlrerK. He organized the ITotestant Church in northern archy, under a prince and l.gislative chainticr (Soliranj. ). '''"_' \. o, V' .«-i ui^.i ii in ii . unei . i m i s,
aiid central Oermany, and Denmark ; translated the Bible The inhabitants are Bulgarians, Turks, etc. Bulgaria »:!.■< »"\el ^i- Konau s U fll. He substitutes himself
into Low German • and published "Interpretatio in li- included ui the ancient Moesia and Thracia, and formed for his supposed bastard brother ftuncis Tyrrel, the real
brum Dsalraorum ■•'(16i4X etc. part of the Roman Empire. It was colonized about the earl, in a clan.lestlne marriage with Clara Mowbray, and
o „,l,,-i ,1,GM A„ o.„,.loT,t ,liufri,.t r,fon«.torn 6th Century by Bulgarians (a, ^lavicizcd Finnish (?) people), later endeavors to rob l-yrrel of the proofs of the lattera
Bugey(bu-zlia ). Aiianeieutdihtriototeastein There werl- three Bulgaiian kiiigd..nis successiielV in the right to his title.
France, lying uortli and west ot tbo Klione, and middle ages, imd about the loth century, and again hi the BulnesCbiil'nes). Manuel. Born at Coneepcion,
south of Franche-Coiut(5 : eomiirisod in the de- isth century, the kingdom had a wide extent. It was Dec. 2'), 179!) : died at SautiaKO, Oet. 18, 186(). A
partment of Ain. It formed part of the old Burgun- ?„7^'''''?rhill^«e'i/th'e'' tir'ater o\'',ri','v°stnigg/e,"!n''re' <-'''>''•'" g*""'''"' ""'' statesman. In 18.fl he became
r^v^v'^i^.T^n^'iri'tid :;id was^nade'n!;^t• offhe gf '"i^'' R"i^""''ki«h wfii^!" U wi^ "con.rtin"'ci^'a Vh-c ^ •■rigadicr^general. and in 183S commanded 5 «K, meu sent
i!,^J,"vHn n^.^nt of Burgundv P"'"!' hy ""= "■''"y "f Sa" Ste""'» >""i "'" I'ongress of 'K'""^ ^^l'-' Cruz m I'eru. His victories destroye.i he
eral government of Burgundy. Berlin (1S7S). and Prince Alexander nt RattenlieiiywaR in I'cru-Bulivian confederation. He was elected president of
Bugge ( bo-'ge). Thomas. Born at Copenhagen, f.llled in IS-h.. I iJ^^i^iofE^^rn Kun^lia "uhlinlgat^ Chile in IS41, and reelected in 1MB, serving for ten years.
Uot. 12, 1740: died June lo, 181;). A Damsh was etfected in 1S85. A war with .Servia occuired in ISS.,, Bulow (bii'lo), Friedrich Wilhelm VOn. Biiin
a^trniiiitner and geographer. which resulted in favor of Bulg:u-ia. Prince Alexander at Falkenlierg, Altmark, Prussia, I'eb. 10, 17.'i.'):
■Rllffi ilio'f'i) See K(l hail. resigned in 1888, and Prince Ferdinand of Coburg was died .Tt Kiiniirslierir Priis^ii Feb ■>") ISlfi \
BUgl("o,,ii. f"-"^ ""'"'■ „ elected in 1887. Area, 37,860 square miles. Population dUd .at Jvonigsoeig, ±-IUbMa. 1 eo. -.). IMO. .\
BugJargal. .\ novel by \ ictor Hugo. Its sub- (i,si«), :f,:i09,>ii6. Prussian general. He defeated Oudinot at Luckau
jeet is the revolt of the .Santo Domingo negroes. The Bylgoria Black Same as Bulaaria "'"' Orossbeeren and Xey at Dennewitz in 1813; served
principal character, giving his name to the book, is a Tj„i5r'ijr'' ntZ^t\,-\xrhH-^ 4 f„,.r,,o',. t,o^o ^f "'"' distinction at Lcipsic in 1813, at Laon and Moiit-
nign) passionately in love with a white woman. UUigaria, ureal oi vvnite. -t^ '^°™^,'^ "^™,^ "' maitre in 1814, and at Waterloo in 1815; and was made
Bugres (bO'grez). .\ name eommonly given in the region between the Kama and \olga, wlueh count of Dennewitz in 1814.
Brazil to the Botocudos and other savage In- _«■»« oeeupieii by Bulgarians. Biilow, Hans Guido VOn. Bom at Dresden,
dians. It Is also applied to howling monkeys, and is g^Jganans (Iml-ga n-anz) See Bulgaria. _ Jan. 8, 18;i(): died at Cairo, Egypt, Feb. 12, 18!)4.
probably corrupted from some aboriginal word. iJUlgarin (bol-ga nil). TnaadeUS. JjOrn in A famous ]iianist, eonduetor, and comjioser. He
Bnllle(bo'le) Johann Gottlieb BornatBruns- Lithuania, 1789: died at Dorjiat, Russia, Sept. made his flrst concert tour in 18.13, and in 18W was made
url..W (Jeriiiiiiv Sent ■^^ 17(n • died at Brims- 13,1859. A Russian novelist, joiu-nalist, and conductor of the Royal Opera and director of the Conser-
wck, lTHm,in\,?><pt. _J, 1 O.^. died at crims ' , ^rjtp,. His ehief work is the iinvel 'iiturJ-^t Jlnnich. He held many important positions,
Wick, Aug. 11, 1821. A (rernian histonan of f.^^f"^'"^"™"'- .ftis etiiet vvoil^ is the novel including that of royal court kapellmeisler at Hannover
Fhilosophv. He wrote " Lehrbuch dcr Geschichte der _ i."^ Kussian ijil Uias (l»_y). (1878), and a similar position with the Duke of Meiningen.
hilosophie'" (179t}-18iH), "Geschichte der neuern Philos- BulgarS. See Bitli/ariaiis. He was director at Hamburg and Berlin from 1885.
ophic'(ia<X)-o.i). etc. BulganiS (bul-ga'rus). Born at Bologna, Italv, Blilow, Karl Eduard Von. Born at Berg
Bull (b(>-el'),Bernardo. Born inCatalonia about in the 11th century: died 1106. An Italian near Eilenburg, Prussia, Nov. 17. 1803: died
14."iO: died at the Cu.xa convent in 1.520. A jurist, one of the "Four Doctors" of Bologna, at Otlishausen, Thurgau, Switzerland, Sept.
Spanish Benedictine monk. In I4<t3 he was chosen His chief work is a commentary, ''De regulis 16, 1853. A German novelist and miseellane-
with eleven other Benedictines to go with Columbus to inris " nnc wTMfo*. tt * «< v- i, , ,. .. ....
K^r^:^..!:!'N^'^S^'lil^™,:S'ga^ili=l; Bupiey,orBulkeley(bulk'li^Peter. Bomat ^ ^t^Z^ .^^::'^J^:XrX
innnenceatHispaniola, where he acted as councilor; but < Idell, Bcdtoi'dshire, England, Jan. 31, 1583: died _"™;"?*',™. _ ... . , ,
he showed an unrelenting dispo.sitioii toward the Indians, at Coucord, Mass., Jlareh 9, 16.59. All -Inglo- •'^^Vi.'!^"' te), or iSUltlStan ( bul-te-stan ), or
and joined the malcontents who opposed Columbus In American clergTOan. He removed from England faltistan (bal-te-stan ) or Little Tibet. A
14»4 he returiie.l to Sp.aiii t*. piver charges against h.m, to Cambridge. Mass^achusetts, 1635, and in the follmving tormer state m central Asia, tributary to
wid he was long a most .langerous eucMny of the a miral j^^^j^ij, ^^^. settlement of Concord, Massachusetts. Kashmir, situated in lat. 35°-35° 30' N„ long.
He did not go again to America, but was made abbot of W ,n /i . i , t i.— t> ■ o . i • t-. '--n -.»r, -n .^i ■ i. .. t i i * ^
the Cuxa convent. Also written Boyfc, Boy;, Boi7, and Buck, BuU (bul), John. Born m Somersetshire, Eng- (0°-(6° E. Chiet town, Iskardo. Area, esti-
Buitenzorg (boi'ten-zorc). The capital of an i^'^'^l^.'ji""^' ^^1? = '}}'^'^ ""* Antwerp, March 12 or mated, 12,000 square miles
assistaiit-Fesidencv in Java, Dutch East Indies, l^, 1628. An English composer and organist. Bulwer, Edward George Earle Lytton, lust
36 miles south of Batavia. It contains the Tbe s " (^, j ga^^g tj^e ^j^g,, .^^^^g ^^.^^glj. j^ .^,, L ttou. heel.i/ttoi,.
palace of the governor-general, and botanical J""',' t v ^° !"™-r , d „ Bulwer (bul wer), John. Lived about 10o4.
cardoiis Bull, John. See John Bull. An English phvsician. He wrote a treatise on dac-
B^^alance (bo- na- Ian' the). A town in the B^Ubol) Ole Bornemann Bom at Bei^^^^^ :,^\t«^anr;it4;'rd°'.th^,oJoltr'o';'fh!!D\?a^S
Iiroviiico of Cordova, Spam, 2:) miles east of i- ™"^^' .'^j ""' ^ . • '^^.'^'}.^^^^ isergen, Aug. Dumbe Man's Fiiend, etc." (1648).
^"^f"-, 1,, h.r.t ,.-k t') R Ftiii'a1?outt3twh^heV;^^^^^^^^^
Bukharest, nr Bucharest (bo-ka-rest ), Ku- his powers under the influence of Paganlnl, he tiavele.l Dallmg and Bulwer, usually known as Sir
luanian Bucuresci, nr Bukureshti. ['City of fromonecitytoanothertilltheyearof his death, playing Henry Bulwer. Born at London, Feb. 13,
delight.'] The eaiiital of Rumania, situated in with great success. He came five times to America be- 1801: died at Naples, May 23, 1872. An Eng-
a plainon the Dimbovitza, lat, 44° 25' N., long, tween I843aiid 1879. ■+•1,01 lish diplomatist, iiolitician. and writer, brother
26= 6' E. It is one of the strongest fortresses in Europe, '^^''h .''°^,°S-„ "^ , ^"if ® P'''™ m¥ 0^ -'^^'"" of Lord Lytton. He was minister to .Spain 1843-48,
and has important commerce with Austria and the Balkan totter, ill tlie Koyal LxaUery at iue Hague, and to the United St,atcs 1849-52 ; negotiated the Bulwer-
Feninsula. It contains a university, government build- Holland. It is a large canvas, with strong light effects Clayton Treaty in 18.10 ; was minister to Tuscany 1852-
Ings, and cathedral. Has been often besieged and taken, and some deticiency in half-tones. The bull is grouped 1855, and ambassador to Turkey 1858-65. He wrote
Capit;tl, before 1861, of Wallachia. Population (lS9ii), under a tree with a cow, a ram, a sheep, a lamb, and a "Historical Chanicters " (1867), etc.
iw.C'W. herdsman, with animals in the distant landscape. Bulwer-ClaytOU Treaty. A treaty between
Bukharest, Treaty of. A treaty concluded Bull, The. See Taurus. txreat Britain and the United States, eou-
.May 28, 1S12. It put an end to the war which had Bullant (bil-lou'), Jean. Bom about 1515, eluded at Washington April 19. and ratified
been carried on between Russia and Turkey since 1800, probably at Ecouen: died Oct. 10, 1.578. A Julv 4 18.50 Both narties nledired themselves to re
?:mMi?'reu'een'th';:'twocouii\r;e^ ''""""^ " "'" French architect. Of his early caree; nothing is tecHhe iieuiralUy '.f'^Mie'iC^^d' s"
.x.uimar) OLiwecnintlwocountiies. known. After 1570 he became architect of the Tuileries, Central America. Great Britain was represented by sir
BUKhtarma (bokh-tiir mil). Atnbutary of the and erected the pavilion called by his name. In the Henry Bulwer, the liiited States by .1. M. Clayton.
Irtish, in southern .Siberia. same year he succeeded Primaticcio at Fontainebleau. gulwer Lytton, Edward Robert LyttoU,
BukOWina(b()-ko-ve'na). A duchy and crown- BuUcalf (bul kat). A recruit m Sliakspere s tirst Earl of Ijyttou. See Lytton.
lan.tof the Cisleithan division of Austria-Hun- "Henry ly.," part 2. , Bumble (bum 'bl). A fat and officious beadle
gary. Capital, Czeraowitz. It is bounded by nalicia Bulle (bul). A .small tomi in the canton ot i„ diaries Dickens's "Oliver Twist." Fr.nn bis
on the north. Muldavia east and south, and Transylvania, Fribourg, Switzerland, 13 miles south by west airogant self-importance and niiignifviiig of his paiodiiil
Hungary proper, and (iidicia west. It is occupied in great of Fribourg: the chief place in Gruviire. otlice the word ■• bumbledom " has come to have a place
El7rataU7r^Dk-tofineUer^^^^^^^ Bora 1639:' died 1710. i" »'» l"ng;mgo. . ^ ^. „
natlolfJlUieTlre Ruth'iiian and RumanLan : the leading A French architect, a ,,ui,il of Franvois Blondel. Bumper (b.im'per), Sir Harry A character
religion is the tJn-ek (not uniteii). Its early history is oli- He constructed, after the plans of his master, the Porte m Slieridan s ^^cnool tor bcaiulal.
licure. It was acquireil from Turkey by Austria in 177.5, Saint Denis, and built on his own designs the Porte Saint BumpO, or BumppO (bum'po), Natty. See
ami became a crownland in 1840. Ai'ea, 4,0:15 square miles. Martin (1674). He also built the porch of (he Church of J (ailnri1<ickiu(l
Population (1890), (^U.-Wl. Saint Thomas d'Aqnin, and made the decorations of two tj,'„„ ,,\„, .. ■r^-\,„ t, „:,.„*„;„ «. „tc . ,,„„„l
B,,,, „„„,,..,..,.. „ .. . T r>. 1 chapels at .Saint Germain des Pits. Bunce (buns), John. A pirate in i^cott s novel
Bulacan (bo- h.-kan ). A town in Luzon Phil- Bullinger (bdl ' ing-er), Heinrich. Born at "The Pirate." He had boon a strolling ..layer,
ippme Islam s 20 miles northwest of Manila. Bremfarten.Aargau, Switzerland, July 18,1504: '""1 li'"i assumed the name of Frederick Alta-
Ioi,ulat,on(1880, 12,180. died at Zurich, Switzerland. Sept. 17. 1.575. Am-'t- ^ .,
n^i?'£.';. •i-'i /;"-;■. , ,n- T.^ . Swiss Refonner and historian, successor of Bunch (bunch). Barnaby. An English botcher
Bulak (bo-lak ). Tlie port of Cairo. Egypt, on z^.j,,,,]; .^, ;^|„.i,.i, or mender of old clothes, an amusing person,
the Nile. It fornierly contained the National Bullom(i.ii-lom').' A small and waning tribe '" Webster's play "The Weakest goeth to the
B, u'iri""r-,-, " «'*• r z ■"'■•'I' '>'• ^i"'-''i I^'^^o"''- West Africa.^ Their Wall."
gUiaia (Oo-la la). !5ee /i«Aa. language has preserved many elements of Bantu grammar. Bunch, Mother. A derisive name given by
Cttlama (bii-lii imi). The easternmost of the The .\lampua ilialect of Bullom, spoken at Sherbro, south Tiicca to Mistress Miniver, an alewife, in Dek-
liissagos Islands, west of Senegambia, in lat. of Krcctow.i, f,,rms a link with the stronger Timne. i.,,,..^. '-.Satiro-mastix." The name was used tor tho
ll^-IM' X.. long. 15° 33' W. Bull Run (bul run). A small river in eastern i,y,,„tbetical auth.ir of various books of jests in 1004 and
Bulawayo (bi,-l:i-wa'vr5). A town in MataViele- Virginia which joins the Oecoquan (a tribwiary 17iiO, and -Mother Bnncirs Fairy Tales" are well known.
land South Africa about lat 'lO* 15' S long '>f the Potomac) 2.) miles southwest of W asliiii-- Buncle, John, See .fall n Biiiicle.
2K° :i(l' E. It contiUns a govemm'ent cilice, 'schocds', !""• Near it occurred tw,, battles in the Anurican (■ivil Bundahlsh (biiii'da-hesh). [-The beginning of
hotels etc War. (n)ThcidTifcd. ratcsundcrtheimmcdialeconinianil the creation, J A I'ahlavi theological work,
Bulgaria (bul-ga'ri-ii). [F. Buh,aric. G. Bul- '^J^^S^!^:^::^lJi!;'T^:}l^tm''''l!^^'nlt£!i^^ treating of cosmogony, the go\^rnment of the
Unnrn. Kuss, /(«/,„/W.'/", etc,, ML, l!uU,aria, ."fls^^of ^olS^^^ ^>-'^>-l'l and esehatology, as understood by the
from /(»/(/(«•«.< (Eng, /!"/(/«)■), OBulg. /(/h(/((IVH, a first battle of Manassas. (6) The Confederates under Mazdayasnians.
Bulgarian. 1 .Vprinciiialitvof Euroiie.intheBal- '■"'' (about IC.ixx)) ilefeated the I'cdcrals under l'..pc Bundelkhand (bun-del-kliuiid'), or Bundcl-
],„„ T. , :,,.,, " , , , „ .,,.., (about 35,000), Aug. 29-.'iO, ISlii. Loss ot Federals, about ~„nJ Mioii did kiiiid' 1 Airpnev \ C(dlectioll
kan Peninsula, it is bounded by Rumania (,;hiclly ']•,,(«« p); "f Confederates, 8,400. Called by the Conteder. CUnd ( Imn- l< l-kund (, Agency. .\ (oi.ctio
separaleil by the llanube) on the north, the Black Sea ihi .^^[.^ ^^\^ second liatlle of Manassas The battle of Aug "' "ative states under the control <>1 llritlsH
the cast, Turkey on the south, and Servia .m the Kc.si. 21, jg gonutinus styled the battlc'of Oroveton. ' India, lat. 24°-20° N.. long. 78°-81° 30' E.
iiUlclTrnr^f^L! BairusTs^hiXlIptin, ■""The prin': BuUs and Bears. A farce by Cibber, produced Area, H),214 square miles. I^opulation (1881).
clpallty is composed of Ilnlgarin (ns formed in 187S) iiiiti in 1715. -,ZU-,4(JJ.
13
194
Eundi
Bundi (bon'de). A state under the control of Bunzlau. (bonts'lou). A town in the province
British India, lat. 25°-26° N., long. 76° E. ot Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Bober 2o
Bnndschnh See Peasants' JTar. miles west-northwest ot Liegnitz : noted for Us
Bungay (bung'ga), Friar. A famous conjurer brown pottery. Population (1890), commune
of Edward IV.'s time, who appears as^ Friar
Bacon's assistant in
Bacon" and in Greene'
Friar Bungay." Balwer introduces Friar Bungaj;
union
Burgh, Hubert de
12,921.
I "The Old History of Friar Buol-Schauenstein(bo'61-shou'en-8tin), Count pj^g Qce
■eene's '"Friar Bacon and Karl Ferdinand VOn. Born May li, 1-9/: Length,
iwpr introduces Friar BunRay, a died at Vienna, Oct. 28, 1865. An Austnan Burden (
(1811), and later (1S14) at Kouigsberg. He wrote
*"Voni Bau und Leben des Gehiriis und Kiickenmarks"
(1S19-25X "Die Physiologie als Erfahrungswissenschaft "
(1S26-40), etc.
Burdekm (ber'de-kin). A river in (Queensland,
Australia, whieli flows into Upstart Bay, Pa-
ean, in lat. 19° 40' S., long. 147° 30' E.
about 3.50 mUes.
iar^Luif;a>. ^ui«». .u..uu..== * ..-. »-.,- ,,. , , . Burdcn (ber'deu), HenrjT. Born at Dunblane,
ion of necromancer, merry-andrevi-, and War, in his statesman and diplomatist, premier and nun- Scotland, April 20, 1791 : died at Troy, N. Y.,
vel" The Last of the Barons." ister of foreign affairs 1852-59. Ja„. 19,1871. A Scotch- American inventor.
Bungen (bong'en). The name of a street in BuonaCCOrSO. See Accorso. His inventions include a cultivator (1820), the hook-headed
Hameliu down which the Pied Piper enticed Buonafede (bo-6-na-fa'de), AppianO. Born raUwayspike (ISIO), a machine for making horseshoes
the children with his music. It is said that no at Comacchio, in Ferrara, Italy, Jan. 4, 1716: t,"*^^'' !,Hva„'^a,n r-„^„- -Rn^ ot T r^T„^n.^
music is allowed to be played in the street to this day. ^^j ^^ ^^^^'^ p^^ 17_ I793 '^^ jtaHan his- Burder (teF^der), George._^Born ^at^ L ,o°S'
.Seei/amW... Pi.dP.i>e'-o/. toiian of phUosophy, professor of theology at
Bunhill Fields (bun'hU feldz). Aburial-ground j^. j^g ^ i- J' r
for dissenters, situated near Finsbury Square, Buonaparte. See Bomparte.
London, opened in I660 closed m 18o0 It is Buonarroti (bo-o-niir-ro'te), FiUppO. Born at
now a public garden. Bunyan and Defoe are "^".^^ ^^.^^^.^ '^^^ ^^^ 1761: died at Paris, Sept.
buried there. Dickens s Diet. . 15,1837. An Italian political agitator, impli-
Bunker Hill (bung'ker hil). An elevation in ^^'^^^ .^ ^^^ conspiracy of Babeuf 1796.
Charlestown (Boston), Mass., about 110 feet in Buonarroti Michelangelo. See Michelangelo.
height. It gives name to the famous baUle fought •R,,o„onrini See Bononcini.
i-A^%^l^\^'n^^ ?l;^!rS7i.| &X^|). 'iGi^-k,...] In ancient^U^og,
Americans under Prescott, assisted by Putnam and Stark, raphv, a City of Achaia, Oreece, m lat. dS" lU
The loss of the British was about 1,050 ; that of the Ameri- >j_^ long. 22° 10' E., destroyed by an earth-
caiis, about 450, including Warren. quake in 373 B. c. It joined the Achffian
Bunker Hill Monument. A monument at League 275 B. c.
Charlestown, Massachusetts, dedicated June Burano (bii-ra'no). A town on an island in
17, 1843, the sixty-eighth anniversary of the ^^^^ Venetian lagoon, 5 miles northeast of
famous Revolutionary battle. It is a quadrangu- Vemee.
lar tapering tower of granite, 221 feet high, buUt in the -Rurhaee fber'bai), JameS. Died in 1597. An Burdette (ber-def), Robert JoneS. Bom at
form of an obeUsk, with an obtuselj- pyramidal apex. -twiish actor, and the tU'St builder of a theater Green sborough, Pa., July 30, 1*14. An Amer-
Bunner (bun'er). Henry Cuyler. Born at j^ England: father of Kichard Burbage. He ic-an journalist and humorist, editor of the
was originally a joiner. In l57(i-77 he erected the first Burlington, Iowa, "Hawkeye " since 1873.
building specially intended for plays. It was "between Burdigala (ber-dig'a-la). The ancient name of
Finsbury Fields and the public road from Bishopsgate and Tj,^_,ip.,,,v "
Shoreditch." It was of wood, and was called '• The The- .J^^'i"^'''^^- .. , ,y, ,a
atre." The material was removed to the Baukside in 1598 Burdwan (burd-wan ), or Bardwan (bard-
and was rebuilt as the Globe Theatre. The Curtain was wan'). 1. A division of Bengal, British India,
put up near The Theatre soon alter the latter was opened, * ■ . . _ _
and Burbage was instrumental in the converaion of a large
house at Blacklriars into Blackfriars Theatre about Nov.,
1596.
Burbage, Richard. Born in 1567 (i): died in
1619. A noted English actor, son of James
Burbage (died 1597). He made his fame at the Black-
June 5, 1752: died at London, May 29, 1832.
An English clergi.-man of the Independent
denomination, author of "Village Sermons"
(1799-1812).
Burdett (ber-def). Sir Francis. Bom Jan. 25,
1770: died at London, Jan. 23, 1844. An Eng-
lish politician, member of Parliament for West-
minster 1807-37. He published (1810) in Cobbett's
"Register" a speech denying the right of the CommonB
to imprison delinquents, and, his arrest being ordered,
barricaded his house, and was taken only after four days
resistance.
Burdett-Coutts (btr-det'kots'), Angela Geor-
gina, Baroness. Born April 25, 1814. An Eng-
lish philanthropist, daughter of Sri' Francis
Bui'dett, raised to the peerage in 1871. She
married Mr. Ashmead-Bartlett, an American,
in 1881. Coutts was her mother's name.
Oswego, N. Y.. Aug. 3. 1855: died at Nutley,
N. J., May 11, 1896. An American wiiter, editor
of "Puck" 1877-96. He published "Airs from
Arcady" (1684). "Zadoc Pine, and cither Stories,' "The
Midge." t»o series of "Short Sixes, " iti'.
Bunsen (bon'zen). Christian Karl Josias,
Baron von, sometimes styled Chevalier Bun-
sen. Born at Corbach, Waldeck. Germany,
Aug. 25, 1791 : died at Bonn, Prussia, Nov. 28,
1860. A distinguished German scholar and di-
plomatist. He was secretary of legation, charge d'af-
faires, and minister at Rome 1818-38, and minister to
Switzerland 1839-tl, and to England 1841-54. He wrote
".Egvptens Stelle in der Weltgeschichte " (1845," Egypt's
Place' in Univers,il Historj- "), " Die Basiliken des christ-
lichen Rom " (1S43X " Ignatius von Antiochien " (1847).
" Hippolytus und seine Zeit " (1852-53, " Ilippolytus and
his .\ge," lS51i "Die Zeichen der Zeit" (1855, "Signs of
the Times," 1855-56), " Gott in der Geschichte " (1S57-.'JS,
"God in History "), ''Bibelwerk f lir die Gemeinde "(1858-
1870), "Die Vertassung der Kirche der Zukunft" (1846,
'• The Constitution of the Church of the Future ").
Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm. Bom at Gottingen,
Germany, March 31, 1811. A noted German
chemist, professor of chemistry at Heidelberg
since 1S52. He is best kno\vn from his researches in
spectnim analysis (with Kirchhoff, ISftO), and is the in-
ventor of the "Bunsen burner," "Bunsen pump." "Bun-
sen battery, " etc. He discovered the metals caesium and
rubidium.
Bunthome (bun 'thorn). An extremely eom-
Area, 13,855 square mUes. Population, 7,393,-
954. — 2. A district in that di\-ision. Area, 2,697
square miles. Population (1891), 1,391,880.—
3. The chief town of that district, 56 miles
northwest of Calcutta. Population (1891), 34,-
47"
friarsandtheGlobeof which, with his brother and sister, Burford (ber'ford). A town in Oxfordshire,
he was proprietor, and played the greatest pajts in all the Eugland, 16 miles west-northwest of Oxford.
best plays produced at the time. Shakspere was a mem- ■v-„.~i,., ;„-.-. o.,*i — 1 i.; *«-„o..„- A^t^.,t^A x-.t...!.
ber of the Lord Chamberlain's Company, playing at Black-
Near by, in 754, Cuthred, king of Wessex, defeated Ji:thel-
bald, king of ilercia.
friars at this time, and had some part in the prottt^f tjie g^^ ^y^^.^^ ^^ ^_^^^ -^ ^^^ pi-oyijice of Sax-
house, as also a little later in the Globe ;
parently had the lion's share. There is no authentic ac-
count of any intimacy with Shakspere till after 1594.
Burbage seems to have been the original Hamlet, Lear,
and Othello. He excelled in tragedy, and was held in the
very highest esteem by authors and public : he was even
sometimes introduced into plays in his own proper per-
ony, Prussia, situated on the Dile 14 miles
northeast of Magdeburg. It is noted for its
cloth maniUactures, built up by French Prot-
estant exUes. Population (1890), commune,
17,572.
son. Many poems and tributes were written in his mem- BUTgdorf (borg'dorf), F. BerthOUd (ber-to').
ory. Besides his fame as an actor he was known as a ^ ^ ^ ^j^g canton of Bern, Switzerland, sit-
Liriy ScfplVSit^'ht'^lJ?.^^'" """^^ '""■"' """ '' -ted on the Emme 12 miles ilortheast of Bern.
Burbon (ber'bon). A knight, intended for Hem-i It ^^s the seat ot Pestalozzi s school 1800-1^04.
IV. of France, in Spenslr's "Faerie (^ueene." J_?V^^^\<'^ (^^^K^-^.'S
He is assailed' by a mob, but escapes and also Burger (biirg'er), Gottfried August. B
rescues his mistiess. ^I'^lP'^^^T'^i^J'''^': ^.^J^^F\''il\}^V:'.
monplacevouth in Gilbert and SiiUivan's opera Burchard (ber'chiird), Samuel Dickinson.
" Patience," who adopts the most extrava- Bornat Steuben.NiY., Sept. 6,1812: diedatSar-
gantly esthetic and lackadaisical style in order atoga, N. Y., Sept. 25, 1891. An American Pres-
to please the ladies: a satire on a foUy of the bi,-teriau clergjTuan. He was pastor of the Thirteenth
(Jav Street Presbyterian Church, New York city, 1839-79, and
Bunting (bun'ting). The name of the Pied of the Murray HUl Presbyterian Church 18SIVS5 He
p]7>..tl° Ab IpcrpnS of that nnmp See Hameln g""'^'! notoriety m the presidential canvass of 1»»4 by an
Piper m tue legena 01 tnat name, oee uamein, ^j^^^tive expression used in a speech on Oct. 29, when.
Pied Piper oj. with a large company ot clergjmen. lie made a call on
Bunting JabeZ. Bom at Manchester, Eng- James G. Blaine, the Republican candidate for the piesi-
land. May 13. 1779: died at London, June 16, deucy, at the Fifth Avenue Hotel. It occurs in Uie seu-
1858. An eminent clergj-man of the English
Weslevan Church. He was received into full con-
nection "with the ministry in 1803 ; became senior secre-
tary of the Missionary Society in 18.33 ; and was president
Bunyan
near Bedford, England : baptized Nov. 30, 1628:
died at London, Aug. 31, 1688. A celebrated
English writer. He was the son of a tinker ; received
a meager education ; adopted his father's trade ; served as
a soldier, probably in the Parliamentary army, from 1614
to 1646 ; and married in 1648 or 1619, In 1663 he joined a
nonconformistbodyatBedford. whither he removed prob-
ably in 1655. He was appointed a preacher by his core-
ligionists in 1657. and as such traveled throughout all the
midland counties. He was arrested in 1660 at Lower Sam-
sell by Uailington, near Hedford.nnder the statutes against
nonconformists, and, with a brief interval in lfJ'.<:, was de-
tained in prison at Bedford until 107-2, when those statutes
were suspended by Charles II. He was licensed to preach
by the crown May 9, 1672, and during the remainder of
his life was pastor of the nonconformist congregation at
Bedford. During his iniprisnnnient he wrote part of his
celebrated allegory "The Pilgrim's Progres.s," which ap'
Bom at
many,
1747 : died at Gottingen, 1794. A noted German
poet. His.father was a clergyman at Molmerswende. He
studied law at Gottingen. Afterward he was an oftlcial at
Altgleichen, later doceut and subsequently professor at the
University ot Gottingen. His life, in part, the result of his
own indiscretions, was unhappy and at times even miser-
able. He was the author of numerous ballads, songs, and
sonnets. Foremost among his poems is the ballad " Le.
nore," which originally appeared in the Gottingen " Mu-
senalmanach" (1774). He also wrote the ballads " Das
Lied vom braven Mann ' ("The Song of the Brave Man,"
1776), " Der Kaiser und der Abt" ("The Emperor and the
Abbot," 1785), "Der wUde Jager " ("The Wild Hunts-
man," 1786X He was the most important poet of the so-
called Gottinger Dichtcrbund. or " poetical brotherhood."
His collected works, "Sammtliche Schriften," appeared
in 4 \olumes (Gottingen, 1796-98).
Edward. Bom at West
June 30, 1848: died at Bos-
, , ^ _I, 1891. A noted American
penses joys and sorrows as a being from another designer of yachts. He estabUshed himself as a naval
sphere. He was noted for his habit of crjing out "fudge" architect and yacht-broker in Boston in 1883. and was the
tence, " We are Republicans, and don't iiropose to leave
our party and identify ourselves with the party whose an-
tecedents have been rum^ liutnanijftn, and rebrUion^" and
was made the most of in Roman Catholic circles by the
Democratic managers.
if anything displeased him,
Burckhardt i boik'hiirt). JohannKarl. Bom
at Leipsio, April 30. 1773: died at Paris, June
22, 1825. A German astronomer, in charge of
the observatory of the Ecole Militaire in Paris
1807-25. He published lunar tables (1812), etc.
Burckhardt, Johann Ludwig. Bom at Lau-
sanne, Switzerland, Nov. 24, 1784: died at
Cairo. Eg\^)t, Oct. 17, 1817. A noted Swiss
traveler. HevisitedtheOrient, Egypt, and Nubia, 1810-
1817; and wrote " Travels in .Nul)ia" (1819), an account of Burffh (borg or berg), Hubert d(
his travels in S)-riaand the Holy Land (1822), in Arabia "7;°, 0,, = „ Fncrl'ind M-iv 1'^
(l«29l, "Notes on the Bedouins ami Wahabys" (1830), steaU, burrey, l:,ngUna, Jlaj 1-,
"Arabic Proverbs" (1831X etc.
peared in 1678 (second part 1684), A complete collection Burdach (bor'dach), Karl Friedrich. Bom at
ofhiswritings,editedbySaninBl Wilson, appeared in 1731^ Leipsic, June 12, 1776: died at Kouigsberg,
and contains besides "The Mlgriins llogress," a number prj,ssia July 16, 1847. A German physiologist,
.if w.^rlra iii,.|ii,1incr rtmrH Abollnilinfr. etc.. "TheHoIv a*"^^.", J > .liT-,*.
professor of anatomy and physiology at Uorpat
of works, including "Grace Abounding, etc..
War," and "Life andDeath of Mr. Badmau.
•The Holy
designer of the sloop Puritan which defeated the English
cutter Genesta in the races for the America's cup in 1&85,
of the Mayflower which defeated the English Galatea in
1886, and of the Volunteer which defeated the English
Thistle in 1S87.
Burgess, Thomas. Born at Odiham, Hamp-
shire, England, Nov. 18, 17.56: died at Salis-
bury, England, Feb. 19, 1837. An English
clergyman, bishop of St. David's and later of
SalisbuiT. He wrote " Considerations on the
Abolition of Slavery" (1789), etc.
■ ■ - — - ■ ^^ DiedatBan-
1243. An Eng-
lish statesman. lie was appointed chamberlain to the
king about 1-201, in which ye.ar he was placeii at the head of
a body of knights to guard the Welsh march. (1n the au-
thority of Ralph of Coggeshall, who has been followed by
Shakspere (King John, iv. 1, '2.), he w,as castellan of Falaise
when Arthur of Brittany was captured at Mirabel in 1202,
Burgh, Hubert de
was Intrusted with the custody of the prince's person,
and refused to obey an order of Artlmr's uncle, King
John cjf EiighiJid, to put out the prince's eyes. He was a
f>artiz:ui of thekitiK at Runnynicde in 1J16, in which year
le first iippears ju> jiistieiiir. ami is nientionetl in the great
charter as one of ttie magnates of tlje realm t»y whose ad-
vice it was granteti. He gained a liecisive naval victory
over Eustace the Monit in 1'217, wllich forced I>oui8 to con
elude the treaty of Lambeth (Sept. 11, 1217) air
England. He hecanie regent for Ueni-y IH. in l'.>19, and
remained his chief minister 122*-a2.
Burgh (bur'd), James. Boru at MatlJerty,
Pcrtlisliii'i', (Si-.ithind, 1714: ilied Aug. 20, 177').
A Scottisli miscellaneou.s -iNTitef. He wrote
'• Britiiin's Reinembraiiecr" (1745), " Dignity of
H\iinMn Nature" (1754), etc.
Burghas. See Bourgas.
Burghers (bi-r'g^rz). A body of Presbj'terians
in Scotlatnl, constituting oiic of the divisions
of the early Secession Churcli. This church be-
eune divided in 1747 into the Associate Synod, or Hurghers,
sod the General Associate Synod, or .\ntiburghers. on the
Imirfulnessof accepting the oath then rcijuired to betaken
by the burgesses in i:dinburgh, lllasgow, and i'erth. See
Aiitibiir'tlf-r.
Burghley, or Burleigh, Lord. See Cecil.
Bnrgkmair (bork'mir), Hans. BornatAugs-
btn-g, I iermany, 1473 : died about 1.531. A Ger-
man painter and engraver, jirobably a pupil of
AUu-eclit Diircr. His most noted work is a tri-
uinplial procession of Maxiiuilian I.
Burgoa (bor-go'ii), Francisco de. Born in
tia.\aca about l()iJ5: died IGSl. A Mexican Do-
minican missionary ami autlior. He took the Do-
minican habit in l(i-.!0,"wns twice provincial, represented
the order at lloTiie in l(J5(i, acted for the Inquisition, and
durilig his later years was gnaritian of Huaxolotitlan and
other convents. His "Geogniflcadcscriiicion . . . de esta
lYovincia tie Predicadores de .\ntiqnera" is a chronicle of
his order in Oaxaca, of great historical value. Like his other
historical and biographical works, it is now very rare.
Burgos (biir'gos). A province in Old Castile,
Spain. Ana. 5,G50 square miles. Population
(1SS7). 3:i7,si;2.
Burgos, Il)erian Bliga. The capital of the prov-
ince of Btirgos. Spain, situated on the Arlan-
zon in lat. 4'2° -IV N., long. 3° 42' W. Its chief
building is the cathedral; it also contains a ruined castle.
town hall, and sever.al churches, and is noted as the birth-
place of thet'id. It was founded at the end of the 9th cen-
tury, and was for a long time the capital of Castile, and the
rival of Toledo. Marshal Sonlt gained a victory here over
the Spaniards, Nov. 10, 1S08, and it was unsuccessfully
besieged by Wellingttm in 1812. It hail formerly a uni-
versity. The cathedral, in the main of middle-Pointed
architecture, is notable for its graceful twin western spires
of oiMiUwork, 3IX) feet high, its rich octagonal central
lanteni. ancl the pinnacled crown of the Condestable
Chapel, Itehind the apse, 'this richly sculptured chapel
contains the ttnnbs of the Constable of Castile, Don Pedro
de Velasco, ami his wife. There is a large cloister of
Pointed work, with much figure- and foliage-sculpture
comparable with the best I'reuch. Population (1887),
S1..101.
Burgos, La'WS of. A system of laws for the
regulation of Indian labor in America, promul-
gated at Burgos, Spain. Dec. 27, 1512. The
rtomiidcans of Hispaniola had represented that the In-
dians were very badly treated ; the colonists opposed the
monks, and the junta appointed to consitier the question
framed these laws. They provided that the Indian latior-
er* shovild have houses, grouml for culture, and reliL'ious
Instruction, with a peso of gold aniuially to buy clothes :
those in the mine>( to work only five consecutive months,
and to have official inspectors. The laws cau.sed much
rlit^SatisfactioM.
Burgoyne (ber-goin' ), John. Born about 1722 :
died at London, June 4, 1702. An English
lieutenant-general and dramatist. He commanded
the British army which invaded New York 1777; was de-
fcateil at Stillwater, Sept. 19 and Oct. 7, 1777 ; and sur-
rendered with .^,71U troops to Gates at Saratoga. Oct. 17,
1777. In 17H2 he was ma<le commander-in-chief in Ire-
lantl, and in 1787 was <me of the nnmagers of the impeach-
ment of Warren Hastings. He wrote satires directed
against the admlrdstration of Pitt (the greater part of the
"Westminster Guide"), "Ihe Lord of the .Manor " (17S0,
the libretto of a comic opera), •' The Heiress" (1780, a com-
edy which was very successful), etc.
Burgoyne, Sir John Fox. Born .July 24, 1782 :
(lied at Londim, (»ct. 7. 1.H71. An English en-
gineer, tlie illi'gitimate son of (ieneral .John
Burgoyne (1722-il2). He was ccunnmmling engineer
of the expediti(Hi to New Orleans 1814 ; chairman of the
Bitard of Public Works in Irelaml 18;il-4.^i ; and inspector-
general iif fortill(;atic»ns in Englaml ISt.^-tlS. He was sent
to Constantinople to report on the defense of Turkey
18M; cimdncted the siege of Sebastopol Oct., IS.M,-!'^!.,
18.*>5 ; was created a baronet 18r)« ; was constable of the
Tower *tf Lnntlon lH*ir)-71 ; and became a flebl-marshal
ISttS. Author of "inir Defensive Forces " (ISliS), etc.
Borgschmiet (biirg'shmet), Jakob Daniel.
Born at Nuremberg, Bavaria, Oct. 11, 1796:
dieil at Nuremberg, March 7, 1858. A noted
(tennnn sculptor. His chief works are statues of Al-
brecht linrcr, Melanchthon (at Nuremberg), Iteethoven
(at Himii), Charles IV. (at Prague), Luther (at Mohra), etc.
Burg-Steinfurt. See Steinfurt.
Burgundian (bir-gtin'di-an). 1. OneoftheBur-
giinilii or liurguudioues, a Germanic (Gothic)
tribe which settled in Gaul and founded the
)i jsurgiiiniv in luo o\.n centur^y. — .*. xjuieii""^, ±j^\^^^aa wx, ►--v^ ..,*«/_,/
iraninhabi'tantof Burgundv, succes- Burgundy, Dukes of. See Charhs jlie Bold,
kingilom and a duchy of" western John Ihe Fiaiicas, I'hilq) the Bold,
Philip the
195 Burleigh, William Henry
kingdom of Burgundy in the 5th century.— 2. Burgundy, Duchess ^of.^ See Mar;/.
A native or; • ■ -• .^ . t> j .. - . i .
sively a ki^
Europe. varying greatlv in extent, part of which Guad. etc.
iinallv became the province of Burgundy iu Burial of Sir John Moore. A poem by Charles
eastern France See Jli(r(iuii(lii. ' Wolfe, published in a collection of his works in.
d evacuate Burgundian Dynasty (101)5-1383). A reigning 1S2.k , , , „
house of Portugal which referred its origin to Bunats (bo'ri-ats). A Mongoban people liv-
Henri, grandson of Kobert, lirst duko of Bur- ing chiefly in the government of Irkutsk and
gundy. Hemi was appointed count of Portugal by Al- the Trans-Baikal teri'itory, Siberia;_ Th'^i' a™
phonso VI., king of Leon, Castile, and Oalicia, in 10i>t, and
Buddhists. Thev number about 208,000.
was in 1112 succeeded by his son, Alfonso I., who erected Burldan (btu-'i-dan ; F. proii. bu-re-doii'), Jean
Ihele- ,,.,, .,../._ loi^u •■ A TTi.. 1 ;,..,i;...;.. .,i,:
I'ortugal into an imiependent kingdom in 113'.).
gitimateline of the house of Burgundy became extinct in
1383 with the death of Ferdinand I , and was succeeded In
1385 by an illegitimate branch, the house of Avis. An il-
legitimate branch of the latter house, the house of Bra-
ganza, acceded to the throne iu 1610, and was followed in
isr,:i by the present reigning house, the house of Braganza-
Coburg. The sovereigns of the house of Burgundy were :
Heiu-i of Burgundy, 1094-1112; AHionso I.,]112-«5; Sancho
I.,1185-1211; Alfonso II., 1211-23; SanchoII.,r223-48;AtIon.
so in., 1248-79; Diniz, 1279-1326 ; Alfonso IV., 1326-S7; Pe-
dro, 1367-«7 ; Ferdinand I., 1367-83.
Died after 1358. A Frendi nominalistic phi-
losopher. He was a native of Bethune, .\rtoi8. He
studied under William of Occam, and lectured on phi-
losophy in the University of Paris, of which he became
rector. He was a noted logician, ami is pojmlarly but
incorrectly regarded as the author of the sophism known
as "Buridan's Ass," which was used by the schoolmen to
demonstrate the inability of the will to act between two
equally powerful motives. According to this sophism an
ass placed between two equidistant and equally attractive
bundles of hay would starve to death for want of a reason
to determine its choice between the two bundles.
Burgundy (ber'gun-di). IF. Bourffognc, It. Bor- ,,,.,, ^, ,. .,. , t
,/o;/«», Sp. Boryona, G. Bunjuud, ML. Burc/m,- Burke O^erk)^ ^danus. Born at (.ahvay.Ire
diii, iromlAj. Burgtindii, also Biirffundiones, a, ~ "
Germanic tribe. See Bimjundian.'] A geo-
graphical division in western Europe, whose
limits and character have varied gieatly. For
the principal significations of the name, see the
extract.
I. The kingdom of Burgundy (regnum Burgundionum),
founded A. I>. 40li, occupying the whole valley of the
Sartne and lower Rhone from Dijon to the MediteiTanean,
and including also the western half of Switzerland. It
was destroyed by the sons of Clovis in A. l). .^34.
II. The kingdom of Burgundy (regnum Burgundia>), men-
tioned occasionally under the Merovingian kings .asa sep-
arate principality, confined within boundaries apparently
somewhat narrower than those of the older kingdom last
named.
III. The kingdom of Provence or Burgundy (regnum
Provincia; sen Burgundia?) — also, though less accurately,
called the kingdom of Cis-Jurane Burgundy— was founded
by Boso In A. I). 879, and included Provence, Dauphin^,
the southern part of Savoy, and the country between the
SaAne and the Jura.
IV. The kingdom of Trans-.lni-ane Burgundy (regnum
lurense, Burgutulia Transiurensis), founded by Rudolf in
A. II. 888, recognized in the same year by the emperor
Arnulf, included the northern part of S,avoy, and all Swit-
zerland between the Keuss and the Jura.
V. The kingdom of Burgundy or Aries (regnum Burgun-
dia;, regnum Arelatense), formed by the union, under
Conrad the Pacific, in A. 1). 937, of the kingdoms de-
scribed above as III. and IV. On the death, in 1032, of
the last independent king, Rudolf III., it came, partly by
bequest, partly by conquest, into the hands of the em-
peror Conrad 11. (the Salic), and thenceforward formed a
part of the empire. In the thirteenth century, France
began to absorb it, bit by bit, and has now (since the an-
nexation of Savoy in 1861) acquired all except the Swiss
portion.
VI. The Lesser Duchy (Burgundia Minor) (Klein Bur-
gund) corresponded very neai'ly with what is now Swit-
zerland west of the Reuss, Including the Valais. It was
Trans-Jurane Burgundy (IV.) mimin the parts of Savoy
which had belonged to that kingdom. It disappears
fnuu history after the extinction of the house of Zahrin-
gen in the thirteenth century. Legally it was part of the
empire till A. Ii. 1648, though practically independent
long liefore that date.
\ II. The Free County or Palatinate of Burgundy
(Franclle-Comti5) (Freigrafschaft) (called also I'pper Bur-
gundy), to which the name of Cis-Jurane Burgundy origi-
nally and properly belonged, lay between the .Saone and
the Jura. It formed a piu-t of III. and V., ami was there-
fore a tlef of the empire. The French dukes of Bur-
gundy were invested with it in A. n. 1384. Its capital,
the imperial city of Besancon, was given to Spain in 1651,
ami by the treaties of Nimwegen, 1678-79, it was ceded
"vin!" The htndgraviate of Burgundy (Landgrafschaft) Biirkel (biir'kel), Heinrich.
w.as in (what is now] western Switzerland, on both sides of sens, Bavaria. May -':), IMU;
[what is now]
the Aar, between Thun and Solothnrn. It was a p.art of
the Lesser Duchy (VI.), and, like it, is hardly mentioned
after the thirteenth century.
I.K. The circle of Burgundy (KrcisBurgund), an adminis-
trative division of the empire, was established by Charles
V. in 1548, and included the Free County of liurgimdy
(VII.) and the seventeen luovlnces of the Netherlands,
which (Charles inherited from his gramlmother Mary,
daughter of Charles the Bohl.
JaiiU'S llnice. Holy Rom. Kmp. Appendix, p. 447.
X. The Duchv of Burgundy (lower Burgundy), a great
l''rencb fief held liy various Cailovingian and Capetian
princes, anil ceiled by.Iohn the Good to his son. Philip the
Bold. Its capital was Dijon. Flanders and the County
of Burgundy were nrdted to it in 13S4. It was ruled by
Philip the Bold 1363-1404; by John the Fearless 140-I-
land, Juno 16, 1743: died at Charleston, S. C,
March 30, 1802. An American ,)urist and jioli-
tician. He became a judge of the State Supreme Court
in 1778, was Democratic member of Congress from South
Carolina 1789-91, and WTOte "Considerations upon the
Order of Cincinnati " (1783), a pamphlet denouncing that
order.
Burke, Charles. Born at Philadelphia, Pa.,
March 27, 1822: died at New York. Nov. 10,
1854. A comedian. He was the son of Thomas
Burke, an Irish actor, and Cornelia Thomas,
who afterward married Joseph Jefferson.
Burke, Edmund. Bom at Dublin, probably
Jan. 12, 1729 (N. S.): died at Beaconsfield,
England, July 9, 1797. -A, celebrated British
statesman, orator, and writer. He was graduated
at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1748 ; became a memlicr of
Parliament in 1766 ; delivered his speech on American
taxation in 1774 ; was paymaster-general ami privy coun-
cilor 1782-83; and conducted the impeachment of War-
ren Hastings 1787-95, when he resigned bis scat in Par-
liament. His chief works are "A \indication of Natural
Society " (1756), "A Philosophical Enquiry into Ihe (nigin
of our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful " (K.W).
"Thoughts on the Causes of the Present Discontents"
(1770), "Speech on Conciliation with America" (1775),
"Reflections on the Revolution in France" (1790), and
four letters on the subject of "a regicide peace" with
France, which appeared in 1796 and 1797. The publica-
tion of a collection of his works was begun, with his ap-
proval, in 1792, and was conchuled in 1827.
Burke, Sir John Bernard. Born at London,
1815 : died at Dublin, Dec. 13, 1892. An Eng-
lish genealogist, Ulster king at arms. He was
editor of "Burke's Peerage" (established by his father,
Joiim Burke. 18:tl), and author of "History of the Landed
Gentry "(184:)), etc.
Burke, John Daly. Died near Campbell's
Bridge, Va., April 11, 1808. An Irish-American
historian. He emigrated from Ireland to America in
1797, and eventually settled in Petersburg, Virginia, where
he devoted himself to the practice of law and to litera-
ture. He was killed by Felix Coqneliert in a duel arising
from a political dispute. Author of " History of Virginia
from its First Settlement to 1804 " (1804).
Burke, Robert O'Hara. Born at St. Clerans,
Galway, Ireland, 1820: died in Australia, June
28,1861. An Australian exjilorer. He was succes-
sively a captain in the Austrian army, member of the Irish
constabnlai-y, and inspector of police in Victoria, .\nstra-
lia, whither he emigrated in 1853. He traversed with
Wills the Australian continent 1860-61, and died of stiU'-
vation on the return journey.
Born at Pinna-
died at Jfunich,
piiinter of land-
Juno 10, 1,8(59. A German
scapes and genre scenes.
Burkersdorf (biir'kers-ddrf). A \'illage situ-
ateil 4 miles southwest of Schweidnitz, in Sile-
sia, Prussia. Here. July 21. 17(>2. Frederick the
Great of Pru.ssia repulsed the Austrians under
Marshal Daun.
Burlamaqui (bur-lil-mii-ke'), Jean Jaciiues.
Born at treneva. July 24, 1094: died at Geneva,
April 3, 1748. A noted Swiss jurist, professor
of law at Geneva. He wrote "Princi^)es du
droit nal urel " ( 1747), " Principes du droit poli-
ti<|ue" (1751), etc.
1419; by Philip the Good 14i9-67; and by Charles the Bold Burleigh (ber'li), or Burghley, BarOU. See
1467-77. I'nircr the two latt^'r it was greatly extended
in Belgium and eastern ami central Krftm-e, and became
one of the most powerful im)narchie8 of Eunipe. On the
death of CI\arleB the Bidd (1477) the duchy ]U-oper passed
(1479) to France. 'I'he other possessions— Franche-Comte
ami L<)W Countries -- passed by the nnirriage of Mary
(ilanghter and successorof Charles the Holil) to the house of
najisburg. (Compare jlfnjnmifi'rtM.rAHrfcj* Ifif Bold.) The
Duchy of Burgtuuly proper became a province and great
govermneni of France. It lay between c:hampagne on the
north, Franchc-ComtiS and Savoy on the east. Dauphine
and Lyoniiais on the south, and Bonrbonnais, Niverimis.
and oVleanais on the west, and corresponded to the de-
partments cote-d'Or, Saflnc-ct- Ixiire, AIn, and a part of
Yonne. The region is famous for lt« wines.
frril
Burleigh, Lord. A charactei' in Mr. PulPs
tragedy " Tlie S|iaiiish Armada," rehearsed in
Sheridan's "Critic." He has not a word to »a,v, but
cmdlTu's himself to the memorable noil by which ho
expri'SHCH volumes according to Mr. Pulf.
Burleigh (ber'li). Lord of. See Lord of Biir-
Irhlh.
Burleigh, William Henry. Born at Wood-
stock. Conn., Feb. 2, 1812: died at Brooklyn,
N. Y.. March 18, 1871. An American poet,
journalist, and abolitionist.
Burley, John Balfour of
Hurley (ber'li), Jolm Balfour of. See Balfour.
Burley, Walter. Born in 11274 or 1275: died
probably in 1345. An English schoolman, siu--
named "The Plain Doctor." He studied first at
Oxford, then at Paris, where he became a pupil of Duns
Scotus. He was appointed almoner to the l*rinL-ess Phi-
lippa of Hainault about 132", and subsequently became
tutor to the Black Prince. He wrote numerous philo-
sophical treatises and commentaries on the classics, most
of which have remained in manuscript. His printed
works include 'De vitact moribus philosophorum "(prob-
ably published at Cologne in 1467), and "Tractatus de
materia et forma " (Oxford, 150O).
Burlingame (ber'ling-gam). Anson. Bom at
Nfw Berlin. N. Y., Xov. 14, 1820: died at
St. Petersburg. Feb. 23. 1870. An American
diplomatist and politician. He was representative
to Congress from Massachusetts 1Sdo-(>1 ; ambassador to
China lS61-ti" ; and negotiated, as special ambassador from
China, treaties with the I nited .States, England, Denmark,
Sweden, Holland, and Prussia.
Burlington (ber'ling-ton). See Bridlington.
Burlington. A city (capital of Des Moines
County, Iowa) situated on the Mississippi River,
in lat."40° 48' N.. long. 91° 10' W. It is an im-
portant railway center, and has large and varied
nuuiufaetures. Population (1890), 22,565.
Burlington. A city and port of entry in Ver-
mont, situated on Lake Champlain in lat. 44°
29' N., long. 73° 14' W. It has a large trade in
lumber, and is the seat of the University of
Vermont. Population (1890). 14,590.
Burlington. A city and port of entry in Bur-
linglon County, New Jersey, situated on the
Delaware River 19 miles northeast of Philadel-
phia. It was l)ombarded by the British in
1776. Population (1890), 7,264.
Burlington Arcade. A covered pathway be-
tween Piccadilly and Burlington Gardens. It
has sliops on each side for all kinds of small
wares,
Burlington House, Old. A house standing be-
tween Bond street and Saek\alle street, Lon-
don, It was built by Richard Boyle, Lord Burlington,
1695-175;j, It was purchiised for the nation, 1S54, from the
Cavendishes for .£140,(X)0, including the Gardens, upon
which three new edifices have been erected, effacing all
the artistic leatures of the old house. Nearest to Picca-
dilly, and on the site of the famous gateway and curved
colonnade, pulled down in 1868, rises Xew Burlington
House (1872), containing rooms for the meetings and man-
agement of learned societies — the Royal, (ieological, and
t:hemical east of the entrance; the Antiquarian, Astro-
nomical, and Linnean on the west of it. Old Burlington
Bouse itself was in 1S68 handed over to the Royal .\cad-
emy. Murray. Handbook of London, p. 58.
Burma, or Burmah (ber'mil). A fonner king-
dom in southeastern Asia, now a part of the
British empire and a chief coramissionership.
It is divided into Lower Burma (the former British Bur-
ma) and Upper Burma (the recently annexed kingdom).
It is bounded by Assam and China on the north, China, the
Shan States, and Siam on the east, the Bay of Bengal on the
west, and India on the northwest. It is hilly and moun-
tainous, and is rich in minerals. Its exports are rice, teak,
etc. The subdivisions of Lower Burma are Aiakan, Pegu,
and Tenasserim. Buddhism is the prevailing religion,
the kingdom having been a Buddhist monarchy from the
middle ages. Lower Burma was conquered by the British
1824-20 and in 1852, and Ipper Bunua was aimexed in
1886, in consequence of the misgovernment of the last
king, Thebaw (dethroned 1885). Total area, 171,430 square
miles: of Upper Biuiiin, 83,473 square miles; of Lower
Burma, 87,957 square miles. Total population (1891),
7,605,560; of Upper Burma, 2,946,933 ; of Lower Burma,
4,0,58,627.
Burma, British. See Burma.
Burma, Lower. That part of Burma foi-merly
called British linrma.
Burma, Upper. That part of Burma which
was independent down to 1886.
Burmeister (bor'mis-ter), Hermann. Bom at
Stralsund, Prussia. Jan. 15, 18U7 : died at Bue-
nos Ayres. May 1. 1892. A Prussian naturalist.
He wa*3 professor at Berlin and subsequently at Halle,
and represented the latter university in the National
Assembly in 1848 ; subsequently he was a member of tlie
first Prussian chamber. From 1850 to 1852 he traveled in
Brazil, and in 1801 went to Buenos Ajtcs, where lie was
director of the National Museum until his death. He
published several well-known handbooks of zo01()gy and
ent<»nKilogy, besides the *" I'ebersicht der Thiere Ilrasi-
liens" (2 vols. 1854-50), and immerous scientific papers,
especially on the Tertiary and Quaternary mammalia of
Argentina.
Burmese Wars. The wars (1) of 1824-26. (2) of
1852, which the British waged with Burma, and
which resulted in the cession of Lower Burma.
See Burma.
Bume-Jones (bem'jonz'). Sir Edward. Born
atBirmiiigham,England,Aug.28, 18:!3. AnEng-
lish painter. Ue was a student at Exeter College, Ox-
ford, with William Morris and Swinburne, the latter of
whom dedicated to him his first volume of poems. He
went to London in 18.50, and became a jiupil of Dante Oa.
briel Rossetti, whose manner he imitated for several years ;
but he soon formed a style tif his own, inclining more to
idealism and abstract beauty than to realism, anil is now
one of the chief exponents in England of the romantic
196
school. From 1857 to 1858 he was associated with Rossetti,
Jlorris, and others in painting the Arthurian legends at
Oxford, In 1801 he was one of the origin,Htors of the house
of Morris and Company, and he made many designs for
decorative work. He was an associate of the Royal Acad-
emy 1885-93, In 1894 he was made a baronet.
Burnes (bemz), Sir Alexander. Bom at
Montrose, Scotland, May 16, 1805: killed at
Kabul, Afghanistan, Nov. 2, 1841. A British
geographer, and traveler in central Asia.
Burnet (ber'net), Gilbert. Bora at Edin-
burgh, Sept. 18, 1643: died at London, March
17. 1715. A British prelate, historian, and
theologian. He accompanied NVilliam III, from Hol-
land to England in 1688 as his chaplain, and was made
bishop of Salisbury in 1689, His chief works are a '* His-
tory of the Reformation of the Church of England " (1679,
1681, 1716), "A History of his own Time" (edited by his
son, 1723, 1734), "Exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles"
(1099),
Burnet, Thomas. Born at Croft, Yorkshire,
England, about 1635: died at London, Sept.
27, 1715. An English author. He became fellow
of Christ's College in 1657, and master of the Charter-
house in 1685, He is noted chiefly as the author of " Tel-
liu-is Theoria Sacra," etc, (1681), remarkable for its vivid
imagery and pure Latinity, in which he attempts to prove
that the e.orth origitudly resembled an egg, that at the
deluge the shell was crushed an<l the waters rushed out,
that the fragments of the shell formed the mountains
and that the equator was diverted from its original coin-
cidence with the ecliptic, Dicl. Nat. Bitifj.
Burnett (ber-nef), Mrs. (Frances Hodgson*.
Born at Manchester, England, Xov. 24, 1S49.
An English-American novelist. She has written
"That Lass o' Lowrie's " (1876), "Haworth's" (1878),
"Louisiana "(1880), " A Fair Barb,arian"(1881), "Through
One Administration " (1882), " Little Lord Fauutleroy "
(1886), "The One I knew best of All " (1893), etc,
Burnett (ber'net), James, Lord Monboddo.
Born at Monboddo, Kincardineshire, in Oct.
or Nov,, 1714: died at Edinburgh, May 26, 1799.
A Scottish judge. He became sheriff of Kincardine-
shire in 1764, and in 1767 became an ordinary lord of ses-
sion, on which occasion he assumed the title of Lord
Monboddo, Author of "Of the Origin and Progress of
Language " (1773-92), and "Ancient Metaphysics "(1779-
1799).
Burnett Frizes. Prizes awarded every forty
years, in accordance with the will of Mr. Bur-
nett, a Scottish gentleman (1729-84), for the
best essays on the Christian evidences. Lec-
tureships now take the place of the essays.
Burney (ber'ni), Charles. Born at Shrews-
bury, England, April 7, 1726: died at Chelsea,
near London, April 12, 1814. An English com-
poser and historian of music. He was the father
of Madame d'Arblay. He wrote a ''History of
Music " (1776-89), etc.
Burney, Charles. Bom at Lynn, Norfolk,
England, Dee. 4, 1757: died at Deptford, Dec.
28, 1817. An English classical scholar, son of
Charles Burney. He is noted chiefly as the collector
of the Burney Library, which was purchased by P;u"lia-
ment for .t:l3,.500 and deposited in the British Museum.
Burney, Frances. See Artilai/, Madame d'.
Burney, James. Born 1750: died Nov. 17,
1821. An English naval officer and author.
He entered the navy in 1704, attained the rank of captain,
and served in America and India. He was with Cook on
his third voyage, 177i>-79. After 17S4 he retired on half
pay and devoted himself to literature. His principal
works are " A Clironological History of the Discoveries
in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean " (5 vols. 4to. 1803-17),
"History of the Buccaneers of America" (1816), and "A
Chronological History of >'orth Eastern Voyages of Dis-
covery " (1810).
Burnley (bcrn'le). A manufacturing town in
Lancashire, England, situated on the river
Burn 21 miles north of Manchester. Popula-
tion (1891), 87,058.
Burnouf (bilr-uof'), Emile Louis. Born at
Valognes, Manche, France, Aug. '25, 1821. A
noted French philologist, distinguished as an
archseologist and Orientalist. He was collaborator
with Leupol on a Sanskrit-French dictionary (1863-05),
Burnouf, Eugene. Born at Paris, Aug. 12,
ISOI: died at Paris, May 28, 1852. A French
Orientalist, son of Jean Lotus Burnouf, cele-
brated for researches in the Zend language.
His chief works are "Commentain.- sur le Ya^na '(18:i5),
" Introduction i\ I'histoire du B..u.ldhi-me indien " (lS4o),
" be lotus de la bonne loi, traduil du S;inscrit " (1852),
Burnouf, Jean Louis. Born at Urville, Manche,
France, Sept. 14. 1775: ilicd at Paris. May 8,
1844. A noted French jihilologist. He wrote
"Mt^thode pour etiulier la langue grecque" (1814), " Me-
thode pour etudier la langue latine" (1840), translation of
Tacitus (1827-;i3), etc.
Burns ( liOmz), Robert. Bom at Alloway, near
Ayr, Scotland. Jan. 25, 17.59 : died at Dumfries,
Scotland. Jtdy 21. 179(). A famous Scottish
lyi'ic poet. He was the eldest son of William Burness
or Burnes, a mn-seryman, whose ancestors had long been
farmers in Kincardineshire, and Agnes, the daughter of a
Carrick farmer. He received a meager education, and in
1783, in conjunction with his brother Gilbert, rented a
farm at Mossgiel, whither he removed in the following
Burton, Sir Richard Francis
year. He published a volume of poems at Kilmarnock
in 1786, on which occasion he changed the spelling of his
family name to Bums. In 1786 he paid a visit to Edin-
burgh, where he was admitted to the society of the Duch-
ess of Gordon, Lord Monboddo, Robertson, Blair, Gregory,
Adam Ferguson, and Fraser Tyller, and where a second
edition of his poems was published by Creech in the next
year. In 1788 he married Jane Armour, by whom he had
previously had several children. He took a fai m at Ellis-
land in the same year, and in 1789 became an otlicer in the
excise. In 1791 he removed to Dumfries, where he de-
voted himself to literature and to the duties of his office
as an exciseman. Here also appeared in 1793 the third
edition of his poems, A collective edition of his works
was edited by Currie in 1800, and another by Cunningham
in 1834,
Bumside (bem'sid), Ambrose Everett. Bom
at Liberty, Indiana, May 23, 1824: died at Bris-
tol. R. I., Sept. 13. 1881. An American general
and politician. He captured Roanoke Island Feb. 8,
and Newbern March 14, 1802 ; fought at Antietam Sept.
17; commanded the Army of the Potomac Nov. 10, 1862,-
Jan. 25, 1863; was defeated at Fredericksburg Dec. 13,
1862 ; was besieged at Knoxville 1803 ; served under Grant
1804 ; was governor of Rhode Island 1867-69 ; and was
United States senator 1875-81.
Burntisland (bernt'i'land). A seaport and wa-
tering-place in Fifeshire, Scotland, situated on
the Firth of Forth 8 miles north of Edinbm-gh.
Population (1891), 4,692.
Burow (bfi'ro). Julie. Born at KyduUen, Prus-
sia, Feb. 24, 1806 : died at Bromberg, Prussia,
Feb. 19, 1868. A German novelist, she wTote
" Aus dem Leben eines Gliicklichen " (1852), " Johaun Kep-
ler " (1857-«5), etc.
Burr (ber), Aaron. Born at Fairfield, Conn.,
Jan. 4, 1716 : died Sept. 24, 1757. An American
clergyman, president of the College of New
Jersey 1748-57.
Burr, Aaron. Bom at Newark, N. J., Feb. 6,
1756: died at Port Richmond, Staten Island,
N. Y., Sept. 14, 1836. An American politician,
son of Aaron Burr (1716-57). He served with dis-
tinction in the Canada expedition in 1775, at Monmouth
in 1778 ; began the practice of law in New York in 1783 ;
was United States senator from Xew York 1791-97; and
Vice-President of the United States 1801-05. He killed
Alexander Hamilton in a duel July, 1804, an event which
destroyed his political prospects. About 1805 be conceived
the plan, as was subsequently charged at his trial, of con-
quering Texas, perhaps Mexico, and of estal)lishing a re-
public Jit the South, with New Orleans as the capital, of
which he should be the president. By the aid of Blen-
nerhasset and others he was enabled to purchase a vast
tract of land on the Washita River, which was to serve as
the starting-point of an expedition to be led by him in
person. He was arrested in Mississippi Territory' Jan. 14,
1807, was indicted for treason at Richmond, Virginia, May
22, and was acquitted Sept. 1.
Burrhus, or Burrus (bur'us), Afranius. Killed
62 (63?) A. D, A Roman officer. He was ap-
pointed sole pretorian prefect by Claudius in 52, and w.as,
together with Seneca, intrusted with the education of
Nero, By his influence with the pretorian guards he se-
cured the undisputed succession of liis pupil in 54. Hav-
ing offended the latter by his sternness and virtue, he
was put to death by poison.
Burrltt (bur'it).Ellhu, surnamed " The Learned
Blacksmith,"' Born at New Britain. Conn., Dec.
8. 1811: died there, March 7, 1879, A social re-
former and linguist, a blacksmith by trade.
He was an advocate of the abolition of wiu", and wrote
"Sparks from the Anvil "(1848), "Olive Leaves " (1853),
"Thoughts and Things at Home ;uul -Abroad "(1854), etc.
Burroughs (hur'oz), George. Died at Salem,
Mass., Aug. 19, 1692. An American clerg^Tuan.
He was graduated at Hiu'vard College in 1070, and* served
as pastor at Falmouth (Portland), Maine, and at Salem.
He was accused of having bewitclied one Mary \\'olc()tt,
and was condemned on the evidence of confessed witches,
who affirmed that he had attended witch-meetings with
them. He moved many to tears by his hiSt words at his
execution, but Cotton Mather, who was sitting on horse-
back in the crowd, reminded the people that Satan often
assumes the appearance of an angel of light.
Burroughs, John. Born at Ko.xbury, N. Y.,
April 3, 1837. An American essayist. He has
written "\Vake-Ridiin "(1870), " Winter Siinshine "(1873),
"Birds and Poets ' (1875), " Pepacton " (1881), "Fresh
Fields " (1S84), " Signs and Seasons " (1886), etc.
Burroughs, William. Born near Philadelphia,
Oct. 6, 1785: died near Portland, Maine, Sept.
5, 1813. An American naval officer. In com-
mand of the Enterprise he captureil the British brig
Boxer, near Portland, Maine, Sept. 5, 1813, Both com-
manders fell in tile action,
Burslem (bers'lem). A towni in Staffordshire,
England, 17 miles north of Stafford. It is th»
chief town of the potteries district, and contains the
Wedgwood Institute, Population (1891), 30,862,
Burton (ber'ton), John Hill. Born at Aber-
deen, Scotlanli, Aug, 22, 1809: died at Morton
House, near Edinburgh. Aug. 9, 1881. A Scot-
tish historian and .jurist. His chief works su-e "A
History of Scotland from Agricola's Invasion to the Re-
bellion of 1745" (1863-70), "A History of the Reign of
Queen Anne " (l.'^O),
Burton, Sir Richard Francis. Born at Bar-
ham House. Hertfordshire, England, March 19,
1821 : died at Triest, Austria, Oct. 20, 1890.
A noted explorer and prolific writer of travels.
I
Burton, Sir Richard Francis
After serving in the Eaat Indian army lie went in 1853 to
Mecca. His " First Fixitsteps in Eastern Africa " (1856)
were in 18M, vvlien lie accoiupaiiieil Spelie to Harrar. In
1858 lie was auain in ICast Africa witli Spelie, and dis-
covered Lake Tanganyika, while Speke iliscnvered Lake
VictHi'ia In 18(jl he was in West Africa as British con-
sul at Fernando I'o ; ascended the peak of Kamerun ;
and spent three months at the court of Dahomey. To
the end of hia life he c«ntinued in the consular service :
at .Santos, lirazil (18i;4) ; at Damascus (180S-, l') ; at Triest,
where he dieil (1»7'.;-0U). Of the more than thirty vol-
umes published by him, the principiU are " Personal Narra-
tive of a riigrimage to El Mediiiah and Meccah " (185.''>),
"L;dte Keyions of Central Africa "(18tiO), " A Mission to
the King of Dahomey "(ISW), " Explorations of the High-
lands of lirazil," etc. (18«S), " Oold Mines of Midian "
(isis), and a literal version of the " Arabiau Nights."
Burton, Robert. Boru at Lindley, Lf ice-ster-
shifc, Foil, s, l.'iT": died at Oxford (?), Jan. 25,
l(Ul). A iioUnl Kiifilish writer. He entered the
Vniveraity of Oxford in l'»0;l, was elected student of
Christ Church in 15!l9, and iiecamc rector of Segrave,
Leicestershire, in \lj-ls. lie was the author of the famous
".<natoiny of .Melancholy' (wliich see).
Burton, William Evans. Born at London,
Sept. 24. 1804: died at New York, Feb. 10,
1860. All English eomeilian, theatrical man-
ager, and writer. He came to America in 1834, and
made his (Irst professional ajiiiearance in September i>f
that year at the Arch Street Theater, Philadelphia, in
which city he lived fourteen years. In 1837 he started
"The Gentleman's Magazine." In 1848 he came to New
York. With others he organized the -\merieaii Shakspe-
rlan Club in 1852.
Barton Junior. A pseudonym once used liy
Charles Lamb in the "Reflector," in an article
entitled "(Jii the Melancholy of Tailors."
Burton-On-Trent (ber'ton-on-trenf). [ME.
Burton, Utirton up o Trent, AS. Bi/rtuii.l A town
in Staffordshire, England, situated on the Trent
11 miles .sonthwest of Derb.V- It is noted for the
brewing of pale ;de, stout, etc.. in the establishments of
Bass and .Wlsopp. Population (ISOl), 40,047.
Burtscheid (bort'shid). [L. rorcctiim, F. Bor-
/■< llc.1 A town in the Rhino Pro^ice, Prussia,
1^ miles southeast of Ai.\-la-Cha])elle. It is noted
for thf manufacture of cloth and needles, and for its min-
eral springs. It has also an old Henedictiiie monastery.
l'.i|.ulation (1800), commuue, 13,388.
Buru. See Bmroc.
Bury (ber'i). A tomi and parliamentary bor-
ough in Lancashire, England, situated on the
river Irwell 8 miles north of Manchester. Its
chief industries are manufactures of cotton and woolen
(the latter introduced under Edwaid IIL). Population
(iv.il), r)7,20C.
Bury, Ange Henri Blaze de. See Blaze de
11(11- 1/.
Bury, Richard de. Born at Bury St. Ed-
irmiids in iL'Hl: died at Auckland, England,
i:i4.'). j\ii Englisli prel.ateaiid scliolar. llewasthe
aonof sir Kichard .\ungerville, and received his name from
his birtlii.I.icf. He studied at Oxforti, and became a lien-
edictine monk at Durham. He was tutor to Edward of
Windsor (afterward Edward III.), became dean of Wells
In 133;t, was consecrated bishop of Durham in the same
year, and was appointed high chancellor of England in
1334. He f<iunded a library at Oxford in connection with
Durham (.'ollege. and wrote a treatise on the ai't of collect-
ing and preserving books, entitled "Philobiblon," which
wii.s tli-st jiririted at Cologne in 1473.
Bury Fair. A phiy by Thomas Shadwell, pro-
duced about ]()!I0. It is an imitation of Moli^ro's
*' Les l*r<!-cteU9es Ititlicules."
Bury Saint Edmunds (ber'i sant ed'muudz).
A town in Suffolk, England, situated on the
Lark in lat. r>2° l.''/ N., long 0° 43' E. It con-
tains the ruinsof a lienedictine abbeyfounded by Canute,
the abbey gateway, Norman t4>wer, and several churches.
The Roman Villa Faustini was probably here. It is the
capital of East Anglia, and has been the seat of several
parliaments. It was also the scene of the murder of St.
Edmund. Population (181)1), 10,(130.
Bus (biis), C6sar de. Born at Cavaillon, Van-
cliise, Fi-ance, Feb. 3, l.'J44: died at Avignon,
France, April I."), 1G07. A French priest,
founder of the " Congregation of tlu! Chris-
tian Doctrine." He wrote " Instructions f.<i-
iiiilifTes"(166G), etc.
Busaco (bd-sa'kij). A hamlet in Beira, Portu-
gal, 17 miles northeast of Coimbra. Here, Sept.
27. 1810. tlie British and Portuguese under Wellington
defeated the French Under Mass^nu. The loss of the
Freiiib was about 4, .'.(«) ; of the Allies, l,.')iHi.
Busbec, or Busbecq (biis-bek'), or Busbecqud
(Latinized Busbequius), Augier Ghislain de.
Born at ('oiiiiries, l''lamlri-s, i.il^H; iliitl near
Rouen, France, Oct. 28, 1592. A Flemish di-
plonuitist and scholar, ambassador of Ferdi-
nand I. at Conslantiiiople.
Busby (bu/.'bi), Richard. Bom at Lutton or
Sill Ion, Lincolnshire, England, Sejit. 22, KiOG:
died A)iril 6, U)!15. A noted English teacher,
liead-master of Westminster Sclioid IfUO.
Busca (biis'kil). A town in the province of
Cuneo, I'ii'dmciiil , Italy, situated on the Maira
!• miles northwest of C'liiieo.
Busch (bosh), Julius Hermann Moritz. Burn
197
at Dresden. Feb. 13. 1821 : died Nov. 25, 1895.
A German .journalist and man of letters. He was
employed by liisinarck in the dejiartinent of state. His
works include " Schleswig-Holsteinische Briefe" (1854),
"Graf Bismarck und seine Leut«-'" (1878), etc.
Biisching(bush'ing),AntonFriedrich. Born at
Stadtliageu, in Scliaumbnrg-l.ipiie, (icrmany,
Sept. 27, 1724: died at Beriin, Hay 28, 1793.
A noted German geograjiher. His chief work is
" Erdbesehreibung " (1754-02, " Description of the Globe ";
translated in part into English, 1762).
Buschmann (bosh'miin), Karl Eduard. Born
at Magdeburg, Feb. 14, IHll.'i : died at Berlin,
April 21, 1880. A Prussian pliilologist. Hespent
a year in ilexico, 1827-28, and on Ids return was asstici-
ated with Wilhelm von Humboldt in pljil-tlngical work.
After 1832 he was employed in the lUiIin Knjal Librai-y,
eventually beciuuing librarian. After the death of Wil-
helm von Humboldt, Buschmann was engaged by Alex-
ander von lluniboldt, assisting him in the preparation of
"Ko8mos"aiid other works. His principal, independent
writings are " I'eber die aztekischen Ortsnameii " (1S.S3),
"Die Spuren der aztekischen Sprache ira nordlicheii
Mexico" (1850, 2 vols.), several works on the Apache and
Athapascan languages, and "Grammatik der siuioriseheii
Sprachen " (1864-(i9). He edited Wilhelm von Humboldt's
■'I'eber die Kawisprache," the third volume being his
own work.
Bushire (bo-sher'), or Abushehr (ii-bo-sher'),
or Bushahr (bo-shilr'). -A seaport in' Far.sis-
tan, southern Persia, situated on the Persian
Gulf in lat. 28° 59' N., long. 50° 50' E. it is an
important commercial center, and a station of the Britisli-
liidian Steam Navigation Company. It was taken by the
British in Dec, 1S5G. Population, about 15,0iXl.
Bushiri bin Salim (bii-she're bin sii-lem'). A
mulatto Arab of East Africa, head of the .Arab
war against the Germans 1888-89. Buslm-i was
born about 1834, and owned a plantation at Pangani when
the Germans annexed that region. In May, 188:1, he was
beaten by Captain Wissmaiin ; in Juno he captured
Mpwapwaand induced the Mafiti tribe to attack the Ger-
mans ; in Oct. he again lost a battle with the Germans,
and fled to the Nguru mountains. There he was captured
by the natives, and in December hanged by the Germans
at Pangani.
Bushman Land (biish'man land), Great. A
region in the northwestern part of C!ape Colony,
South Africa, in lat. 29°-30° S., long. 19°-21° E.
It is inhabited chiefly by Bushmen.
Bushmen (biish'men). [Tr. From S. African D.
JioiijrsiiKui.l An Afi'ican race. See Uottciifat,
Khoilhoin, and Piigmics. The Bushmen are also
called San, and Th. Halin proposes this name for all the
Bushmen, as A'/ioi^Aot'n is applied to the Hottentots. The
Han language is evidently a sister branch of the Khoikhoiii,
but poorer and less regular in grammatic forms, while
richer in clicks. The dialects diverge considerably. The
Bushmen are known by dilferent names, according to the
Bantu tribes on whose skirts thcylive. Thus the Ama-Xosa
call them Aba-tua ; tlie Ba-suto, Ba-rua. Ba-tita, Da-kna,
Ba-tshua, is the name most generally given to the Pyg-
mies and Bushmen from Galla-land to the Cape, and
would, it seems, be the best name for the whole race.
Owing to the fact tliat the Pygmies and Bushmen also
speak the dialects of their Bantu neighbors, most of the
Pygmy vocabularies given by travelers are Bantu. The
principal Bushmen tribes are the Ba-Bumantsu in Ba-
sutoland; the lia-Lala in Beehuanaland; the Ma-Denas-
sana, serfs of the Ba-Mangwato, of Chuana stock ; the
Ma-Sarwa in the Kalahari desert; the Ba-Kankala in the
Kunene valley; and the Ba-Kasekele northeast of them.
It is not yet settled whether the lia-Kuise, Ba-Kuando,
and Ba-Koroka near Mossamedes, southern Angola, are
Bushmen or degenerated Bantu negroes.
Bushnell (biish'nel), Horace. Bom at Litch-
field, Conn., April 14, 1802: died at Hartford,
Conn., Feb. 17, 1876. A distinguished Congre-
gat ioual clergyman and theologian. He preached
at Hartford 1833-511. His works include " God in Christ '
(ISl'.l), "Christ in Theology " (1851), " Nature and the Su-
pernatural " (1858), " Vicarious .Sacrifice " (1865), etc.
Bushy (Inish'i), Sir John. A follower of the
king in Shakspere's "King Kichard II."
Busirane (bu-si-ran'). An enchanter, in Spen-
ser's "l''aerie C^ueene," who imprisoned Amo-
retta, whom lie kept in most grievous torment :
named from Busiris.
Busiris(bii-si'ris). [Gr. Boi'-CT/p^f.] l.Amj-thical
king of Egypt wlio sacrificed each year to the
goils, to insure the cessation of a famint^, one
stranger who had set foot on his shores. HitcuIcr
was seized by him, and would have fallen a victim had be
not broken his bonds and slain Busiris with his club. Ilu-
biris in Milton, wlio follows other writers, is the name
given to the I'haraoh who was drowned in the Red .Seiu
Paradixe LoM. i. 306.
2. A tragedy by Dr. Young, author of "Night
Thoughts." It was produced in 1719.
Busiris, modern Abuslr (ii-bd-ser'). In ancient
giMigruiiliy, a town in the Delta, Egj'pt, near
the Damietta branch of the Nih^
Bussa (biis'sit). A place situated on the Niger,
in West Afiica, about lat. 10° N. Mungo Park
lost his life there.
Bussahir, Bassahir (bus-sii-her'), or Bisser
(bis'ser). -A feudatory state connected with
the lieutenant-govemorshi]) of the Panjab,
British India, in lat. 31°-32° N., long, 78° E,
Bute, Martinis of
Bussang (bii-sou'). A town in the department
of Vosges, Prance, 27miles southeast of £pinal.
It is noted for its mineral springs.
Bussey (bus'i), Benjamin. Born at Canton,
Mass., March 1, 1757: died at Roxbury, near
Boston, Jan. 13, 1842. An American merchant,
founder of the "Bussey Institution," a college
of agriculture and horticidture connected with
Harvard Universitv, opened near Boston 1869-
1870.
Bussorah. See Basra.
Bussy(bU-se'),Comte de (Roger deRabutin),
called Bussy-Rabutin. Born at Epiiy, Niver-
iiais, France, April 13, 1618: died at Autun,
France, April 9, 1693. A French soldier and
man of letters, author of "Histoire amoin-euse
desGaules"(1665), " Mdmoires " (1696), "Let-
trcs" (1697).
Bussy d'Ambois (bU-se' dou-bwai'). A tragedy
by Chapman, published in 1607. The allusions in
it to the knights of .Tames 1., and to Elizabeth as an " old
queen," forbid a date earlier than lii03 ; and the statement
in i. 2, '■ 'T is Leap Year," which iiiust ajiply to the date of
production, fixes the first represenlation at lt)04 (Fteai/).
D'Urfey produced a play, adapted from Chapman's, with
this title in KiOl.
Bussy d'Ambois, The Revenge of. A sequel
to " Bussy d'Ambois," by Cliapman, published
in 1613.
Bustamante (bijs-ta-man'te), Anastasio. Born
at Tiquilpau, ilichoacan, July 27. 1780: died
at Sau Miguel AUende, in Guanajuato, Feb.
6,1853. A Mexican politician and soldier. He
entered the Spanish army in 1808, and served against the
early revolutionists. Joining Iturbide in 1821, he com-
manded a division in the march on Mexico, and was a
member of the provisional junta. The fall of Iturbide
(1823) forced him into retirement, but in 1828 he was elected
vice-president under Guerrero, commanding the army.
Soon after he revolted agiunst Guerrero, heading the Cen-
tralist party, and its success made him acting president
of Mexico. Santa Anna declared against him (1832), and
after a bloody wiu" Bust:miante was deposed (Dec.) and
banished. After Santa Anna was captured by the Texans.
Bustamante was called back and elected president of
ilexico (1837). There was a brief war with FYauce in
1838, and new disorders which broke out in 1839 forced
Bustamante to give up the presidency to .3anta Anna
(1841). He served in the ai-niy until 1^48.
Bustamante, Carlos Maria. Born in Oajaca,
Nov. 4, 1774: died at Mexico, Sept. 21, 1848.
A Mexican statesman and historian. He com-
manded a regiment under Morelos (1812), was captured
and imprisoned at 'Vera Cruz, but was released by Santa
Anna and marched with him to the capital (1821). There-
after lie took an active part in political life. His histori-
cal works are of great importance for the revolutionary
and modern period: the best-known is "Cuadro histdrico
de la revoliicion de la America mejicana."
Bustamante y Guerra ( bos-ta-miin'te e gar'ra),
JosS. Born about 1750 : died about 1822. A
Spanish naval officer and administrator, from
March, 1811, to March, 1818, captain-general of
Guatemala.
Bustan (bus-tiin'). [Pers. (from bi(, fragrance,
and st/ni, place), 'a flower-garden, a place in
which grow fragrant fruits, an orchard. ] The
name of several Persian works, among which
the " Bustan" (or tree-garden) of Sadi is the
most famous.
Busto Arsizio (bOs'to iir-set'se-6). A town in
(lie jirovince of Milan, Italy, 19 miles north-
west of Milan. Po)iulation, 9,000.
Busy (biz'i), Zeal-of-the-Land, known as Rab-
bi Busy. An unctuous, gormandizing Puritan,
of gross ignorance and a scorn of culture, in
Ben Jcinson's iilay "Bartholomew Fair."
Busybody (biz'i-bodi). The. A pseudonym
tised by Heii.jamiii Franklin in a series of arti-
cles written in 1728.
Busybody, The. A comedy by Mrs. Centlivre,
produced and printed in 1709. In this play Mar-
plot is first introduced. The plot is partly from .lonson's
*' Devil is an Ass." A second part, called " Marplot, or the
Second Part of the Busybody," was produced by »Ire.
Centlivre in 1710. Henry Woodward altered it and called
it" iMarplotin Lisbon."
Butades. See Dihnlailes.
Butcher (biich'er), The Bloody. An epithet
aiiplicil to the Duke of Cnmlierland, from his
cruelty in su]ipressing the .lacobite rising after
the ba'ttle of Cullodeii, 1746.
Bute (but). An island situated in the Firth
of Clyde, south of Argyll and west of Ayr-
shire," in the county of Bute. Its chief town is
Rothesay. Length, 15A miles. Area, 60 square
miles.
Bute, or Buteshire (but'shir). A county in
.Scol land. It comprises the islands of Bute, Arran, Iiich-
marnock, Great t'liinbrao. Little Cumbrae, and Holy Isle.
Its capital is Kothesay. Area, 218 square miles. Popula-
tion (1891), 1.8,4iH.
Bute, Earl of. See Stuart, Jalin.
Bute, Marquis of. See Stuart, John, Patrick
(ricliton.
Bute, Kyles of
Bute, Kyles of. A strait between the island of
Bute aiul Argyllshire, Scotland.
Buthrotum Chu-thro'tum), modern Butrinto
(bo-treii'to). In ancient geography, a seaport
in Epirus. It is said to have been founded by
Helenas, son of Priam.
Butkhak (bot'khiik), or Boothauk (bot'hak).
A pass ill the mountains of Afghanistan, east
of Kabul.
Butler (but'ler), Alban. Born at Appletree,
Northampton, England, 1711 : died at St. Omer,
France, May 15, 1773. An English Roman Cath-
olic hagiographer. He wrote "Lives of the
Fathers, Martyi-s, and other principal Saints"
(17.')(>-.59). etc'
Butler, Andrew Pickens. Bom in Edgefield
District, S. C, Nov. 17, 1796: died near Edge-
field Court House, S. C, May 25, 1857. An
American politician, United States senator
fi-om South Carolina 1846-57.
Butler, Benjamin Franklin. Born at Kinder-
hook Landing, N. Y., Dec. 17, 1795: died at
Paris, Nov. 8, 1858. An American lawyer and
politician, attornev-general of the United States
1833-38, and acHug secretary of war 1836-37.
Butler, Benjamin Franklin. Bom at Deer-
field, N. H., Nov. 5. 1818: died at Washington,
Jan. 11, 1893. An American lawyer, politician,
and general. Ue commanded tlie Army of the James;
was defeated at Bis Bethel, June 10, 1S61 ; captured ForU
Hatteras and Clark, Aug., 1S6I ; and was militarj- governor
of N'ew Orleans ilay-Dec., 1882. In 1S&4 he was "bottled
up"' at Berniiula Hundred by the enemy (a historic phrase
used by General B.irnard, Grant's chief of engineers). He
was member of Congress from Massachvisetts 1867-75 and
1877-79 ; governor of Massachusetts 1S83 : and candidate
of the Anti-Monopoly. National Greenback-Labor, and
People's parties for President in 1884. In 1861 he refused
to deliver np slaves who had come within his lines, saying
they were "contraband of war"; hence arose the desig-
nation "contrabands" for slaves.
Butler, Charles. Born at London, Aug. 14,
1750 : died at London, June 2, 1832. An Eng-
lish jurist, Roman CathoUe historian, and mis-
cellaneous writer, nephew of Alban Butler.
His works include "Horse Biblicse" (1797-1807), "Horae
juridicpe subsecivse " (1S04), " Keminiscences " (1822-27),
etc.
Butler, Lady (Elizabeth Southerden Thomp-
son). Bom at Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1844.
An English artist, chiefly noted as a painter of
militarv subjects. Amoni: her pictures are "Missing"
(1873), " the Roll Call " (1S74), "' Balaklava " (1876), " Inker-
man " (1877). " Evicted " (1890), eto.
Butler, James. Born at Clerkenwell, England,
Oct. 19, 1610 : died at Kingston Hall, Dorset-
shue, England, July 21, 1688. The first Duke
of Ormonde. He was the son of Thomas Butler, Vis-
count Thurles, and became earl of Ormonde on the death
of his grandfather in 1632. He was the friend and confi-
dential adviser of the Earl of Stratford ; was appointed
lieutenant-general of the army in Ireland in 1641 ; defeated
the Irish rebels at Killsalghen, Kilrush. and Ross; and
became lord lieutenant of Ireland in 1644. .\fter the exe-
cution of Charles 1. he attached himself to the cause of
Charles II., whom he accompanied into exile. At the Res-
toration he was created duke of Ormonde and lord high
steward of England. He was restored in 1662 to the lord-
lieutenancy of Ireland, a post which he retained, with an
interruption of seven years, until 16S5.
Butler, James, Duke of Ormonde. Born in
Dublin Castle, April 29, 1665: died Nov. 1(5,
1745. An Irish statesman. He was the son of the
Earl of Ossory, and became duke of Oi-monde on the death
of his grandfather James Butler (1610-58). He espoused
the cause of the Prince of Orange in the same year, and
commanded the Life Guards at the battle of the Boyne
in 1690. In 1712 he succeeded Marlborough in the con-
duct of the campaign in Flanders. In accordance with
secret instructions from the ministrj'. he declined to co-
operate with the Allies against the French, on which
account he was impeached by the Whigs in 1716. He fled
to France, was attainted, and in 1719 commanded an ex-
pedition fitted out by Spain against England in behalf of
the Pretender; the e-vpeditiou was dispersed by a storm.
Butler, James. Born in Prince William Coim-
ty. Va. : tlicd at Cloud's Creek, S. C, 1781. An
American patriot in the Revolutionary War.
He distinguished himself in the partizan warfare with the
British, and w.as killed in the massacre at Cloud's Creek.
Butler, John. Bom in Connecticut: died at
Niagara. 1794. An American Tory commander
in the Revolutionary War. He was made deputy
superintendent of Indian affairs by the British at the
beginning of the Revolutionary War, and led a force of
900 Indians and 200 loyalists, which desolated the infant
settlement of Wyoming in 1778, in the so-called " Wyoming
massacre." After the war he fled to Canada, and his es-
tates were confiscated ; but he was rewarded by the
British government with the office of Indian agent, 5,(»00
acres of land, and a salary and pension of $3,500 a year.
Butler, Joseph. Born at Wantage, Berkshire,
England, May 18. 1692: died at Bath, England,
Jime 16, 1752. An English prelate and theolo-
gian, made bishop of Bristol in 1738, and of
Durham in 1750. His most noted work is the "Anal-
ogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitu-
tion and Course of Nature " (1736).
198
Butler, Reuben. In Scott's novel " The Heart
of Mid-Lothian," a weak and sensitive minister
of the Scottish Church, who marries Jeanie
Deans.
Butler, Samuel. Born at Strensham, Worces-
tershire, England, Feb., 1612: died at London,
Sept. 25, 1680. An English poet. He is said
to have studied for a short time at Cambridge about 1027 ;
was attendant to Elizabeth, countess of Kent, about 162>,
in whose house he met John Seldeu; and served as clerk
or attendant to a sucuession of country gentlemen, in-
cluding the Presbyterian Sir Samuel Luke, who is sup-
posed to be the original of Hudibras. He was the author
of " Hudibras "(1663-78), a heroic-comic poem satirizioL'
Puritanism.
Butler, Samuel. Born at Kenilworth, War-
wickshire. England, Jan. 30, 1774: ilied at Ec-
cleshall Castle, Staffordshire, England, Dec. 4,
1839. An English prelate and classical scholar,
bishop of Lichfield and Coventiy.
Butler, Walter. Died near Sehorndorf, Wur-
temberg. 1634. An Irish adventurer, in the
imperial service in the Thirty Years' War, an
accomplice in the assassination of Wallenstein.
Butler, William Allen. Bom at Albany,
N. Y.. Feb. 20. 1825. An American lawyer
and poet, son of Benjamin Franklin Butler
(1795-1858). He was graduated at thefniversityof the
City of Xew York m 1843 ; studied law with his father ;
traveled in Eui'ope 1846-4S ; and took up the practice of
law in New York city. He is the author of "Nothing to
Wear : an Episode in'city Life " (1857), etc.," Two Millions "
(1S.=.8), "General Average" (1860), and other poems.
Butler, William Archer. Born at Anner\-ille,
near Clonmel, Ii-eland, about 1814: died July 5,
1848. An Irish clergyman and philosophical
and theological writer, professor of moral phi-
losophy in the University of Dublin. His works
include "" Sermons " (1849), "Letters on the Development
of Clu-istian Doctrine " (1860), "Lectures on the History
of .\ncieiit Philosophy " (1856), etc,
Butler, William Orlando. Born in Jessamine
County, Ky,, 1791: died at Carrollton, Ky.,
Aug. 6, 1880. An American general and poli-
tician. He served in the War of 1812 ; commanded the
army in Mexico, Feb.-May, 1848 ; was a member of Con-
gress 1839-43 ; and was Democratic candidate for Vice-
President in 1848,
Buto (bii'to). An Egyptian divinity, identified
by the Greeks with Leto : the eponymous god-
dess of Buto or Butos, a town in the western
part of the Nile delta.
Buton (bo-ton'), or Boeton, or Bouton. An
island in the East Inilies. southeast of Celebes,
in lat. 5° S., long. 123° E., belonging to the
Netherlands. Area, estimated, 1,700 square
miles.
Butt (but), Isaac. Bom at Glenfin, Donegal,
Ireland, Sept. 6, 1813: died near Dundrum,
Cotmty Dublin, May 5, 1879. An Irish lawyer
and politician. He entered Parliament in 1852, as mem-
ber for Harwich, and was leader of the Home Rule party
1871-77. He was the author of a " History of Italy from
the Abdication of Napoleon I." (1860), etc.
Butte (but), or Butte City. A city in Silver
Bow County, Montana, situated in the heart of
the Rocky" Motmtains, in lat. 46° 3' N., long,
112° 27' W. Itcontainsthe Anaconda and many other
mines, and produces large ((uantities of gold, silver, and
copper. Population (1S9(J), 10,723,
Buttermere (but'er-mcr). A small lake in the
Lake District of England, situated 6 miles
southwest of Derwentwater.
Buttes (biit), Les. A village in the canton of
Neuchatel, Switzerland, situated 20 miles south-
west of Neuchatel. It is noted for its position,
inclosed by mountains.
Buttington (but'ing-ton). A place in Mont-
gomery, Wales, situated on the Severn 8 miles
north of Montgomery. Here, in 894, the Eng-
lish under the ealdorman .^Cthelred defeated
the Danes.
Biittisholz (but'tls-holts). A village in the
canton of Lucerne, Switzerland, situated 11
miles northwest of Lucerne. Here, in 1375, the
Swiss peasants defeated and slew 3,0i:hi English under
Ingelram de Coucy : their bodies were buried in the
" Englanderhiibel " (Englishman's mound).
Buttmann (bot'miin), Philipp Karl. Born at
Frankfort-on-the-Maiu, Germany, Dec. 5, 1764:
died at Berlin, June 21, 1829. Anoted German
philologist. His works include "Griechische
Grammatik" (1792), " Schulgrammatik" (1816),
'•Lc.^ilogus" (1818).
Button (but'n). Sir Thomas. Died 1634. An
English navigator. He commanded an expedition to
search for the northwest passage, 1612-13, on which he
explored for the first time the coasts of Hudson Bay, and
named Nelson River, New Wales, and Button's Bay.
Butts (buts). Sir William. Died Nov. 22.
1545. An English physician. He was bom in
Norfolk, and was educated at Cambridge, being admitted
to the degree of M. D. in 1518. He subsequently became
Byng, Greorge
physician in ordinary to Henry VII I. He appears as one
of the ch-aracters in Shakspere s " Henry VIII." (v. 2),
Buturlin ibo-tor-len'), Dmitri Petro'vitch.
Born at St. Petersburg. 1790; died near St.
Petersburg, Oct. 21, 1849. A Russian military
writer. His works include " Relation de la canipagne
en Italie 1799 " (1810), " Tableau de la campagne de 181 J
en .\llemagne " (1815), etc.
Buxar, or Baxar (buk-sar'). A town in Brit-
ish India, situated 60 miles east-northeast of
Benares. Here, Oct. 23. 1764, the British force (7,000)
under Hector Munro defeated the native army (40,OOOX
The loss of the latter was over 6,000.
Buxhowden (boks-hev'den), Count Frledrich
Wilhelm 'VOn. Born at Magnusthal. island
of Mohn, Baltic Sea, Sept. 25 (N. S.). 1750:
died at Lohde, Esthonia. Russia, Sept. 4 (N. S.),
1811. A Russian general, distinguished in the
campaigns in Poland and Sweden. He com-
manded the Russian left wing at Austerlitz.
Buxton (buks'ton). A town and watering-place
in Derbyshire, England, situated 20 miles south-
east of Manchester, it is celebrated for its mineral
springs. Its chief structure is tlie "Crescent," and the
objects of interest in the vicinity are Poole's Hole (stalac-
tite cave). Diamond Hill, and the clifl Chee Tor. Popu-
lation (1891X 7,424.
Buxton, Charles. Bom Nov. 18, 1823 : died
Aug. 10. 1871. AJi English politician and phi-
lanthropist, son of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton.
He was grilduated at I'rinity College, Cambridge, 1843 ; be-
came a partner in thebrewery of Truman, Hanl'Ury and Co.,
London, in 1845; was member of Parliament for Newport,
Isle of Wight, 1857-59, for Maidstone 1859-65, and for East
Surrey 1865-71. He edited "Memoirs of Sir Thomas
Fowell Buxton" (1848). and "Slavery and Freedom in the
British West Indies" (1860), etc.
Buxton, Jedediah. Born at Elmton. Derby-
shire, England, March 20, 1705: died there,
1772. An English mathematical prodigy. He
was the son of a schoolmaster, hut remained throughout
life a farm laborer, because of incapacity to acquire an
education, his mind being occupied by an absorbing pas-
sion for mental calculations.
Buxton, Sir Thomas Fowell. Born April 1,
1786: died Feb. 19. 1845. An English philan-
thropist. He was an advocate of the abolition of sla-
very, and was parliamentary leader of the antislavery
party after 1824.
Buxtorf, or Buxtorff (boks'torf), Johann, the
elder. Born at Kamen, Westphalia. Germany,
Dee. 25, 1564 : died at Basel, Switzerland, Sept.
13, 1629. A Gennan Protestant theologian, noted
as a Hebraist. He was professor at Basel 1.591-1629.
His chief works are " Manuale hebraicum et chaldaicum "
(1602), " Lexicon hebraicum et chaldaicum " (1607), " Bib-
lia hebraica rabbinica " (1618-19).
Buxtorf, or Buxtorff, Johann, the younger.
Born at Basel, Switzerland, Aug. 13, 1599: died
at Basel, Aug. 16, 16(54. A German Hebraist,
son of Johann Buxtorf.
Bujrides (bu'yidz), or Bo'wides. A Persian
dynasty of the 10th and 11th centuries, over-
thrown about 1055.
Buzfuz (buz'fuz). Sergeant. In Charles Dick-
ens's "Pickwick Papers," the pompous and
brutal cotmsel for Mrs. Bardell in the Bardell-
Pickwick breach-of-promise suit.
Buzzard (buz'iird). Mr. Justice. A character
in Fielding's "Amelia" whose "ignorance of
law is as great as his readiness to take a
bribe."
Buzzard's Bay. An inlet of the Atlantic Ocean
lying southeast of Massachusetts. It is separated
from Vineyard Sound by the Elizabeth Islands. Length,
30 miles. Breadth, 5-10 miles.
Byblis (bib'Us). In classical mythology, the
daughter of Miletus and sister of Caunus.
From her tears arose the fountain of Byblis.
Byblos (bib'los). In ancient geography, a city
of Phenicia. It was tributary to Assyria. See
Gelnl.
Byblos. A town in the Delta, Egypt, south of
Bubastis.
Bycome. See Chiclievache.
Bye Plot (bi plot), or Surprise Plot. A eon-
spu'acy in 1603 to seize the person of James I.
of England, and extort certain religious con-
cessions. Its members were Markham, Brooke,
Lord Grey of Wilton, and others.
Byerly Turk (bi'er-li terk). The. One of the
three Oriental horses from which all names
in the stud-book trace descent. See Darky's
Arabian and Godolphin Barb. He was ridden by a
Captain Byerly in the first Irish campaign of King Wil-
liam III,, 1689. Nothing more seems to be known of his
origin. From him springs the Herod family of thorough-
breds.
Byles (bilz). Mather. Born at Boston. March
26, 1706: died at Boston. Jidy 5, 1788. An
American clergjinan and poet, pastor of the
Hollis Sti-eet Clim-ch at Boston_ 1733-76. He
was imprisoned as a Tory in 1777.
Byng (biug), George. See Torrington, Viscottnt.
Byng, John
Byng John. Born 1704: executed in Ports-
muuth harbor, England, March 14, ll'u. A
British admiral, sou of Viscount Torrington.
He was unsuccessful ill an expedition to relieve Minorca,
which was threatened by a rrencli fleet under the Duko
of Kichelicu in 175(i; ami at the instance of the niinisti-}-,
whose inetfectual war policy had rendered it unpopuhir,
was tried by a court martial, and found guilty of iietilect
of duty He was shot in spite of the nnaniinous recom-
mendation to mercy by the court, which deplored that
the article of war under which he was condemned ad-
mitted of no niilih'ation of punishment, even if the crime
were committed by a mere error of judgment.
Byr (biir), Robert. The name under which Karl
Kobert Emmerich Bayer wrote, and by which
he was fre(iuently known.
Byrd (herd), William. Bom at Westover,
Va., March 28 (16?), 1674: died there, Aug.
''0 1744. Au American lawyer. He was educated
Fn England ; was called to the bar at the Jlid.lle Temple ;
studied in the Netherlands; visited the court of France;
«u chosen fellow of the Royal Society ; was receiver-gen-
and of the revenue in Virginia ; was three times colonial
ireot in England ; was for thirtj-seven years member
and finally president of the council of the colony ; aud in
17188 was one of the commissioners appointed to fix the
boundary between Virginia and North Carolina, an ac-
count of which is contained in the so-called " Westover
Manuscripts " (Petersburg, IWl), written by him.
Byxgins (bir'ji-us), Justns, Latinized from
Jobst Biirgi (biir'gi). Born at Lichtensteig,
St. Gall, Switzerland, Feb. 28, 1552: died at
Cassel, Germany, Jan. 31, 1632. A Swiss in-
ventor and mathematician. He published loga-
rithmic tables (1620), and constructed a celesti:a globe,
Bector, etc.
Byrom (bi'rom), John. Bom Feb. 29, 1692, at
Kersall Cell, Broughton, near Manchester: died
Sept. 26, 1763. An English poet and stenogi-a-
pher. He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge.of which
he became a fellow in 17 H. He invented a system of
thorthand which was published in 1767 under the title
"The Universal English Shorthand." .\ collective edition
of his poems, the most notable of which are " Colin to
Phoebe," '-Three Black Crows," and "Figg and Sutton,"
appeared at Manchester in 1773.
199
Byron. See Biroii.
Byron (bi'rou), George Noel Gordon Byron,
Lord. Born at Luudou, .liin. 22, 17SS: ilit-d at
Missolonghi, Greece, April 19, 1824. A cele-
Byzantium
Bjnron, Harriet. An affected orphan, attached
to !Sir Charles Grandison, aud the principal
writer of the letters, in Richardson's novel of
that name.
bratod English poet. He was the son of John Byron, Byton, John. Born Nov. 8, 1723: died April
captain in the "inaids, by his second wife Catherine Uor
don. Ills family traced its origin hack to the .Norman
conquest. Ue was hum with a in;Uforination of botli feet.
His mother, who had been deserted by her husband, re-
sided with her son at .Aberdeen, Scotland, I7;il-'.iS. On
the death of his granduncle William, llftli Lonl Hymn,
in the latter year, he inherited his titles and estate, in-
clueling Xewstead Abbey. Ho subseijueiitly studied at
HaiTOW and at Cambridge, where he took the degree of
M. A. in 1808. In 1807 he published 'Uonrs of Idle-
ness," which elicited adverse criticism from a writer in the
"Edinburgh Review," probably Lord Brougham. Byron
responded with the satire "English Bards and Scoteh
Reviewers" (1S09), which attracteil considerable atten-
tion. In 1809-11 he traveled in Portugal. Spain, Turkey,
and (Jreece, and in 1812 published the Brst two cantos
<if "Childe Harold," the others appearing in ISIG and ISIS.
In 181.1 he married Miss Anne Is:ibella Mdbanke, by whom
he became, in ISKl. the father of Augusta Ada (afterward
Countess of Lovelace), and who left him for some unex-
plained reason in 18Iii. HeabanilonedEnglandinlSlti, and
in this year met at Geneva MissClairmont, who bi>rehim,
in 1817, an illegitimate child, Allegra,_who was placed liy
h
Rav
10, 1786. A Britisli naval officer, second son
of William, fourth Lord Byron. He entered the
navy when a boy, and in 1740 was midshipman of the
Wager, in Anson's 8<iuadloii, which was wrecked iiesu- Cape
Horn. From 17W to 17B0 he commanded two vessels in
a voyage of exploration around the world; but beyond
the curious observations on the Indians of Patagonia and
the discovery of some small islands in the Pacific he ac-
complished little. He was governor of Newfoundland
1769-72 ; beciime vice-admiral in 1778 ; and on July 6, 1779,
had an engagement with the French fleet of D Estaing off
Grenada, West Indies, but was defeated.
Byron's Conspiracy, and Byron's Tragedy.
Two plays by Chapman, produced in ItiU.i.
printed in 1008: they may be regarded as one.
They were reprinted during the author's lifetime, with
revisions, in l(>2.i. Chailes, duke of Biroii (who was ex-
ecuted in 1602), is represented in these plays as a self-con
fldent braggart of "boundless vainglory."
Byrsa (ber'sii). [Gr. Bipffa.] The citadel of
Carthage.
im ill a Roman Catholic convent at Bagna-Cavallo, near ^.^OWn (bi'toim). The former name of Ottawa,
Uivenna, where she died in 1822. In 1819 he met, at \ enice, -"J "" wii \ /
Teresa, Countess Ouiccioli. with whom he maintained a ' aiiaiia. _ or... r- • „
liai-son during the remainder of his residence in It.aly. He ByZantine Empire. See Eastern Empire.
subsequently lived at Ravenna. Pisa, and Genoa, taking an Byzantine HistOrianS. A collective term for
active interest in the revolutionary movement of the Car- ^ Greek historians of the Eastern Empire,
bonari. In 1823 he joine.i the '■7,'=^ "'f "r8^''*f„^' '^^P^/- The most important were Zosimus, Procopius, Agathias,
°'"^'V'll!;'-'''?*°'l°'Th^.Lw HedofafeverTwJ; Constantine Poi-phyrogenitus, Anna Comnena, Joannes
in-chief at Missolonghi. where he died of a fever. Besmes ,,. Nicetas etc
the titles already mentioned, his works include "Tlie J-'n"->m»8, JNicetas, etc.
Giaour "(1813), "The Bride of Abydos " (1813), "The Cor- Byzantium (bi-zan tium). [}jV. ^i\avTiov.] In
oni«" /icij\ " T.,iM " /i.mdv "Hebrew Melodies" (1815). o,i..;df rrar\frv^-r\hv a. Grppk citv huilt on the
sair" (1814), "Lara" (1814), "Hebrew Melodies" (1816),
" Poems by Lord Byron " (1816), " Prisoner of Chillon, and
other Poems "(1816), "Manfred " (1817), " Mazeppa"(1819),
" Marino Faliero " (1820), "The TwoFoscari "and "Cain'
(one volume, 18-Jl), "The Deformed Transformed " (1824),
"Don Juan" (1819-24), etc. "Life and Works" pub-
lished by Murray { 183'2-35) . See Moore's "Life of Byron
(1830), Gait, "Life of Byron" (2d ed. 1830), Trelawney,
"Recollections of the Last Days of Shelley and B5T011 "
(1858), and Guiccioli, Comtesse de, "Lord Byron jug^ par
les t^moins de sa vie " (1868).
ancient geography, a Greek city built on the
eastern part of the site of Constantinople, in
which it was merged in 330 a. d. It was noted
for its control of the corn-trade and for fisheries. It was
founded by Megarians in the 7th century B. c, and was
recolonized after the battle of Platiea (479 B. c). Alci-
biades conquered it in 408 B. c, and Lysander in 40.S B. c.
In 339 B. c. it was besieged by Philip of Macedon and
relieved by Phocion, and again besieged and taken by
Severus 194-196 A. u. See ConstatMmiile.
liaaba. See Kaaba.
Caaguas (ka-ii-gTvas'), or
Caas (ka-jis'). ['Forest-
ineu/J A horde of wilil
South Anievioan Indians liv-
ing on the river Parand in
northwestern Paraguay and
the adjacent parts of Brazil.
They are the degraded remains of Guarani tribes. Dur-
ing the 18th century they sometimes tnuk refuge in the
Jesuit missions of Paraguay from the oppressions of the
slave-liuiiters of Sao Paulo; but they subseiiuently renewed
their wild life. Very little is known of them.
Caamano (kji-a-ma'nyo), Jos6 Maria Placido.
Born at Guayaquil. Oct. 5, 1838. An Ecua-
dorian statesman, in 1S82 he was banished for con-
spiring against the dictator Veintimilla. From Peru he
led an expedition against Guayaquil, 1883, which was
eventually successful. The downfall of Veintimilla fol-
lowed. Caamano was made president ad interim Oct. 11,
1883, and was regularly elected president Feb. 17, 1884.
holding the office until June 30, 1S.SS. lu 1889 and 18yO
l»e was minister to Washiugtoii.
Cads, ^ee Vcuojiids.
Cabades (ka-ba*'dez), or Cavades (ka-va'dez),
Pers. Kobad (ko-bad'). King of Persia. See
Sassanitls,
Cabal (ka-bal'). The. An unpopular ministiy
of Charles II., consisting of Clifford, Ashley.
Buckingham, Arlington, and Lauderdale, the
initials of whose names happened to compose
the word. It held office 1667 to 1673.
Caballero y de la Torre (ka-bal-ya'ro e da la
tor're), Jose Agustin. Born at Havana, Feb.,
1771: died there, April 6, 1835. A Cuban edu-
cator and noted pulpit orator. He studied at the
Seminary of San Carlos and the Havana University, and
was long the director of the former institution and lec-
turer on philosophy.
Caballero 5^ Gongora (ka-bal-ya'ro e gon'gu-
ra). Antonio. A Spanish prelate who in 1780
was archbishop of Santa F^ (New Granada)
and made an attempt to oonoiliate the rebels
in the south. He was appointed viceroy, and ruled Xew
Granada from 1782 to 1789, uniting the religious, military,
and civil powers.
Cabanagem (kii - bii - nii ' zham ), or Cabanos
(ka - bii ' niish ). [Pg. , * cottagers,' from ca-
bana, a hut.] The name given in Brazil to
the rebels who, from 1S33 to 1836, overran the
Aiuazon valley. The abdication of Pedro I. was fol-
lowed by a rumor that the regency desired to turn Brazil
oTer to Portugal. Certain liberal leaders in Pari took ad-
vantage of this report, called to their aid the ignorant
Indian and mulatto population, murdered the president,
and committed many atrocities. Matters went from bad
to worse until the whole province was in a state of anarchy
and Par;i was abandoned by the whites. The rebellion
was sulidued by Andrea in 1836.
Cabanas (kii-ban'yas), Trinidad. Born in Hon-
duras about 1802: died Jan. 8, 1871. A Central
American general. He was an officer with Morazan,
and an upholder of Central American unity. In 1844 he
aided in the defense of Leon, Nicaragua, against Malespm,
and in 1845 he led the Salvadorian troops which attempted
to overthrow Malespin. He was made president of Hon-
duras March 1, 1852. An attempt to interfere with the
affairs of Guatemala led to his deposition by Guatemalan
troops aided by revolutionists of Honduras, July, 1855. He
tied to Salvador and remained in exile several years.
Cabanel (kii-bii-ner), Alexandre. Born at
Montpellier, France, Sept. 28, 1823: tlied at
Paris, Jan. 23, 1889. A noted French histori-
cal, gonre, and portrait painter, a pupil of Picot.
He won the grand prix de Rome in 1845, a medal of the
second class in 1852, a medal of the fli-st class in 1855, and
medals of honor in 18U5, 1867, and 1878. He became a mem-
ber of the Institute in 1863, and was professorin the Kcole
des Beaux Arts.
Cabanis (ka-ba-nes'). A historical novel re-
lating to the times of Frederick the Great, by
Williolm Haring (pseudonvm "Wilibald Alex-
is "), 1832.
Cabanis (ka-ba-nes'), Pierre Jean George.
Born at Cosnac, Charente-Inf^rieure, France,
June 5, 1757 : died near MeuUm , France, May 5,
1808. AnotedFrenchphysioist and philosopher.
He was the author of "Rapports du physique et du moral
de Thomme " (1802). In this work h*^- discussed systemat-
ically the relations of soul and botly. with materialistic
conclUBiouB. He regarded the physical :ind the psychical
as the same thing looked at from different points of view,
and the soul not as a being, bat as a faculty.
Cabarrus (ka-bii-rU'), Comte Francois de.
Born at Bayonne. France, 1752 : died at vSeville,
Spain, April 27, 1810. A Spanish hnancier, of
French origin. He was minister of finance
tuider Joseph Bonaparte 1808-10.
Cabeca de Vaca. See Cabeza de Vara.
Cabel (ka-bel'), Mme. (Marie Jos^pbe Dreul-
lette). Born at Liege, Belgium, Jan. 31. 1827.
A Belgian opera-singer. Meyerbeer wrote for
her the part of Catherine in '*L'£toile du
Nord," and also that of Dinorah.
Cabes (kii'bes), or Gabes (ga'bes), Gulf of.
An arm of the Mediterranean, south of Tunis,
in lat. 34° N., long. 10°-11° E. : the ancient
SjTtis Minor. There is a town of the same
name situated on the gulf, with about 8,000
inhabitants.
Cabestaing (ka-bes-tan'), or Cabestan (ka-bes-
ton'), Gufllaiune de. A Proven^*al poet ac-
cording to Papon, Roussillonnais according to
Millot. He lived toward the end of the 12th century,
and was killed from jealousy by Raymond of Koussillon.
According to the legend, Raymond caused his wife to eat,
unwittingly, of Cabestaing's heart. When she learned
what she had done she declared that her lips, which had
tasted such noble food, should touch no other, and died of
starvation. Seven of his poems, reflecting a pure and in-
tense passion, have been preserved.
Cabet (ka-ba'),Etienne. Born at Dijon, Jan.
1, 1788 : died at St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 8, 1856. A
French communist. He was an advocate by profes-
sion ; was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1S31 ;
founded " Le Populaire "' in 183;> ; and fled to England in
1S34 in order to escape punishment on account of an ar-
ticle which he had published in that journal. He re-
turned to Fi-ance in consequence of the amnesty of 1839.
He wrote "Histoire populaire de la rt^volution fran^aise
de 1789 a 1830," "Voyage en Icarie, roman philosophique
et social " (184:0). He established a communistic settle-
ment, called Icarie, in Texas in 1848, which was removed
to >'auvoo, Illinois, in 1800. See Icaria.
Cabeza del Buey (ka-ba'thii del bo-a'), A small
town situated in the province of Badajoz, Spain,
in lat. 38^40' N., long. 5° 17' W.
Cabeza de Vaca (kii-ba'tha da va'ka), Alvar
Nunez. Born at Jerez de la Frontera, Spain,
jtrobably in 1490: died at Seville after 1560.
A Spanish soldier, in 1528 he was comptroller and
royal treasurer with the expedition of Famphilo de Nar-
vaez to Florida. He and three others were the only ones
who escaped from shipwreck and the savages ; after liv-
ing for years among the Indians, they reached the Span-
ish settlements in northern Mexico in April, 1536. Cabeza
de Vaca returned to Spain in 1537, and in 1640 he was ap-
pointed governor of Paraguay. He sailed with 400 men,
landed on the coast of soutliern Brazil, and marched over-
land to Asuncion, tlie journey occupying nearly a year. In
1543 he explored the upper Paraguay. On April "^5, 1544,
he was deposed and imprisoned by the colonists for alleged
arbitrai-j' acts. Sent to Spam the next year, he was tried
by theCouncil of the Indies and sentenced to be banished
to t)ran, Africa; but he was subsequently recalled by the
king, received a pension, and was made judge of the Su-
preme Court of Seville. While his case was pending before
the Council of the Indies he published two works: one,
"Naufragios, peregrinaciones y milagros." describing his
Florida adventures, and the other, "Commentarios," relat-
ing to his administration in Paiaguay. Both were written
for his own justification ; but, making allowances for this,
they are of great historical value. There are modern edi-
tions in several buiguages.
Cabinda, or Kabinda (ka-ben'da). A town
and harbor of Portuguese West Africa, situated
a few miles north of the Kongo estuary, in lat.
50 30' S., long. 12^ 10' E. it is the capital of the
Kongo district of the province of Angohi, and is a favorite
rendezvous of American whalers. It has developed rap-
idly since 1885, and especially since the introduction of a
high tariff in the Kongo St:itt.-. In the native language the
country and people are called Ngoyo, They have no head
chief, but numerous petty chiefs, called kings. See Kongo
andLl;i{7o;a.
Cabirij or Kabeiri (ka-bi'ri). [Gr. KaSufjot,
the mighty ones.] 1. The seven planets wor-
shiped by the Phenieians. Their father was
called Syduk ('justice'). — 2. In Greek mythol-
ogy, certain beneficent deities of whose charac-
teristics little is knovNTi, worsliiped in parts of
Greece and in the islands of Iiubros, Lemnos,
and Saniothrace. They are possibly connected with
the Cabin of Phenicia. To both were ascribed the inven-
tion of arts, especially of ship-building, navigation, and the
working of iron. Their rites were secret. The mysteries
of the Cabin of Samothrace were regarded as inferior only
200
to the Eleusinian in sanctity. The initiated were supposed
to receive special protection against mishaps, especially
by sea.
Cable ika'bl), George Washington. Born at
New Orleans, Oct. 12, 1844. An American novel-
ist, noted especially for descriptions of Creole
life in Louisiana, He has ^vritten "Old Creole Days""
(1879), "The Grandissimes " (1880), "Madame Delphine,"
"Dr. Sevier" (1884), etc,
Caboche (kii-bosh'), Simonet. The leader ol
a band of ruffians in the service of the Duk(_-
of Burj^'undy during tlie civil war between the
Armagnacs and the Burgundians.
Cabot (kab'ot), George. Born at Salem, Mass..
Dec. 3, 1751: died at Boston, Mass., April 18.
1823. An American politician. He was United
States senator from Massachnsetts 1791-9*3, and president
of tin.- Ilartn-nl fuiivention in 1814.
Cabot, John, It. Giovanni Caboto, Sp. Gaboto,
An Italian navigator in the English service.
He was probably a native of Genoa or its neighborhood,
and in 1476 became a citizen of Venice after a residence
of fifteen years. He subsequently removed to Bristol,
England. Believing that a northwest passage would
shorten the route to India, he determined to undertake an
expedition in seai-ch of such a passage, and in 1496 ob-
tained from Henry VII. a patent for the discoveiy, at his
own expense, of unknown lands in the eastern, western,
or northern seas. He set sail from Bristol in May, 1497,
in company with his sons, and retm-ned in July of the same
year. The expedition resulted in the discovery of ('at>e
Breton Island and Nova Scotia. In the spring of 1499 he
made a second voyage (north to Labrador Ci), south to 30°X
on which he died (?).
Cabot, Sebastian. Born at Bristol, England,
1474 : died at London in 1557. A celebrated
explorer, second son of John Cabot. He probably
accompanied his father in the voyage of 1497, when the
shore of North America was discovered (liis name ap-
pears with his father's in the petition to Henry VII.); and
it is probable that he was with him also in the voyage of
1499. In 1517, it is said (probably erroneously), he went
in search of a northwest passage, visiting Hudson Strait and
penetrating as far north as lat. ersO"; and later was on the
northeast coast of South America and in the West Indies
with an English ship. Invited by Charles V. to Spain, he
was made grand pilot of Castile (1519), and commanded
four ships which left San Lncar April 3, 1526. The in-
tention was to sail to the Moluccas by the Strait of Ma-
gellan, but, lacking provisions, he landed on the coast of
Brazil, where he liad some encounters with the Portu-
guese; thence sailed southward, discovered the river
Uruguay, and erected a fort there ; discovered and as-
cended the Parana ; and explored the lower Paraguay to
the present site of Asuncion. Convinced of the imiwr-
tance of this region, and joined by Diego Garcia, he re-
linquished the voyage to the Moluccas and despatched a
ship to Spain for reinforcements ; meanwhile he estab-
lished himself at the fort of Espirito Santo on the FaranA
(lat. 32' 50 S. ). Not receiving aid from Spain, he returned
in 1530, leaving a garrison at Espirito Santo, ("abitt re-
mained in the service of Spain until the end of 1540. when
he returned to England. Edward VI. gave him a pension,
and he was interested in various explorations in the Bal-
tic ; in l.'i55 he was made life governor of the Cnmpany of
llert-hant Adventurers destined to trade with Russia. A
map of the world published in 1544 is ascribed to Calmt.
Cabourg (kii-bor'). A watering-place in the
department of Calvados, France, situated on
the English Channel 14 miles northeast of Caen.
Cabral (kji-bral'), Pedro Alvares: early wi-it-
ers abbreWate the name to Pedralvarez or
Pedralvez, Born about 14G0 : died about 1526.
A Portuguese navigator. After Vasco da Gama re-
turned from India (1499), Cabral was put in command of
a fleet destined to follow up Gama's discoveries. Leav-
ing Lisbon March 9. 1500, he followed his instructions
and kept far out in the Atlantic : by this means he dis-
covered the coast of Brazil near lat. 16* 20' S. (April 22,
1500). This was two months after ^'icente YaAez I'inzon
had discovered the northeast coast. Cabral took posses-
sion for Portugal of the new land, wliich he called Santa
Cruz. Sending back a ship with the tidings, he continued
his voyage May 2. On May ti he lost four ships in a
storm ; with the rest he reached Mozambique and finally
Calicut, where he erected a fort ; this was destroyed by
Saniorim, and Cabral then made an alliance with the sover-
eign of Cochin. Loading his vessels with spices, he re-
turned, losing one ship by the way, and arrived at Lisbon
July 23, 1501. Nothing is known of his subsequent life.
Cabrera (ka-bra'rii). One of the Balearic Isi-
aiids. situated in the Mediterranean Sea 9 miles
south of Majorca. It is a penal settlement.
Cabrera, Don Ramon, Count of Morella. Bom
at Tortosa, Catalonia, Spain, Aug. 31. 1810 :
died at Wentworth, near Haines, England, May
24, 1877. A Spanish guerrilla chief. He was in-
tended for the cburch, and had received the minor orders,
Oabrera, Don Kamon
■when in ls33 the civil war brolic out between the Pristi-
no8 and the Carlisis, tile latter of whom he joined. He
took \'a]encia in 1837; surprised Morella in l»a» ; was
created count of .Morella bj- Don farlos in IsS'.i ; was driven
across the French frontier in ItWO ; instigated an unsuc-
cessful C'arlist rebellion in ISli-l'J; and recognized Al-
foTiB<i as kiiiK' of Spam in 15?;').
Cabrera Bobadilla Cerda y Mendoza ( kii-bi-a'-
rii li()-l;a-Tneryii tlier'dil e meii-Uo'thii), Luis
Geronymo de, I'onrtU Count of Cbiiiehon. Burn
ill JLtilriil about loSJO: died near tUat city, Oct.
28, 1()47. A Spauisli adtniiiistrator. From Jan.,
ItiL'it. to Vvr. IS, Kilitt, lie was vioeioy of Peru.
Cabrera y Bobadilla, Diego Lopez Pacheco.
Soc- I.iipi:- I'lH-hrni Cnhnra y BohdililUi.
Cabul. See luihiil.
Cacafogo (kak-a-fo'go). In Fletcber's play
••Kule a Wife and Have a Wife," a cowardly,
bullving, and lieli usurer. He has been said to be a J" j j^^''""; .. , ,-,,
direct copy of Falslalf, but his lack ot courage is the only Caddee l,kad-lla^;
resenildance.
Oacama ikii'ka-mii), or Cacamatzm (kii-ka-
luiit-sen' ), or Caminatzin U^Ji-mB.-niitrse"')-."!"
Cacumazin (ka-Uo-mii-lhen').
diaii, nephew of Monte/.uma II.
of Tezcuco in 151«. Montezuma sent him toCort^s (ISl'.O.
invitinj: the latter to ilcvico. After Montezuma's seizure
by Cortes (1519), Cacama planned an armed resistance, but
was arrested by emissaries of the monarch and brought
captive to the Spaniards. He was killed on the noclu;
tritle, .luly 1, 1520.
Cacana. See Ctdclidquis.
Oact^mo (kiik-kjl'ino). A town situated on the
northern coast of Sicily 23 miles southeast of
Palermo. Population, 8,000.
Caccini (kii-che'iie), Giulio. Born at Rome,
l.V)S (f): ilied at Florence, K54U. An Italian
singer and composer, known as Giulio Komaiii.
He wrote, with Kinuccini and I'eri, the musical dramas
"Dafne" (la'.H) and "Euridice" (lOUO). These tlrst at-
tempts to make music dramatic led directly to the modern
oiiera. He composed a nuiEibor of other works, among
which is "Lc Nuove .Musiche," a collection of madrigals,
etc. See Alterati and Daphne.
C4ceres (kii'tha-res). A province in Estrema-
dnra. western Spain. Area, 8,013 sijuare miles.
Population (1887), 339,793.
C4ceres. The capital of the province of Ca-
ceres, Spain, situated in lat. 39° 27' N., long.
go 24' \v. : the ancient Castra Csecilia (whence
the modern name). It contains Roman and Moorish
antiquities, and was the scene of a victory of the Allies
(17o«). Population (1SK7), 14,880.
Cdceres, Andr6s Avelino. Born at Ayaeucho,
Nov. II. 1S3S. A Peruvian general and states-
man. He was colonel and afterward general in the
Chilean war (1S7U-83), and after the taking ot Lima was
second vice-pri'sident in the provisional Calderon govei'n-
ment,
first vice-
became
201
cave under the Aventino backward, so that their footsteps
would not show the direction in which they had gone;
but Hercules found them by their lowing, and slew the
thief.
Cadalso (kit-diU'so), or Cadahalso (ka-da-ai'-
.so), Jos6 de. Born at Cadiz, Spain, Oct. 8,
1741 : died at Gibraltar. Spain, Feb. 27, 1782. A
Spanish poet, killed at the siege of Gibraltar.
His works include a tragedy, " Sancho Garcia " (1771X a
satire, "Los eruditos A la violeta " (1772), "Poeslas'
(177:i), '-Las cartas marniecas " (1794), etc.
Cada Mosto, or Ca Da Mosto (kii da mos'to),
Alois or Liligi da. liorn at Venice about
1432: died at Venice about 1480. An Italian
navigator. He explored, in the service of Prince Heni^
of Portugal, the coiist of Africa as far as the Gambia from
145:') to 1458, in which latter year he discovered the Capu
Verd islands. Author of " F.l libro de la prima naviga-
zionc per oceano a let erre de' Nigri de la liassa ^thio-
Caecilius
was sacked by the English under the Earl of Essex in
l.'iiKJ. It was unsu(M-c8Sfully attacked by the English in
lO'J.'i and 1702, wa.s inve.':teii by the French 18IO-12, and
was held bv the French 1S2;!-2S. The revolution ot 1888
commenced here in September. Pojiulation (1887), 62,531.
liades, or Cadiz, which has kept its name and its un-
broken iiosition as a great city from an earlier time than
any otiier city in Europe. E. .4. Fneman,
Cadmeia(kad-me'yii). [Gr. Ka(5//f(a.] The cita-
del or acropolis of Thebes in Bceotia, named
from its mythical founder, the hero Cadmus.
Two Fi'ankisli towers of some iini)ortance now stand on
the summit of the low hill. The only remains of the an-
cient fortiflcations consist of a stretch of ruinous Cyclopean
w all on the north side, and fragments of more recent walls
on the southcjistern slope.
Cadmeians (kad-me'yanz). See the extract.
Tlie I'admeiana were the Grnjco-Phcenieian race (their
name merely signifying " the Easterns ") who in the ante-
Trojan times occupied the country which A'as afterwards
called Bueotia. Hence the Greek tragedians, in plays of
which ancient Tlielies is the scene, invariably speak of the
Thebans as KafiM^toi. Rawhnson, Herod., I. i. 5ti, note.
A name given to a league
C'Gotteshaus-Bund") formed in the Grisons,
Switzerland, in 1396, to oppose internal misgov-
ernment.
An Aztec In- Caddo (kii'do). [From the Caddo Kdcdc,
Ho became chief chief.] A confedei'acy of the Caddoan stock
of North American Indians. It consisted of many
tribes, of which the following h.ave been identified : Kado
iiadacho, Nadaaku. Aienai, Nabaidatu. Nashidosh, Yatasi,
Yowani, Xakoliodotse, Aish, and Hadai. Its former habi-
tat was northwestern Louisiana and eastern Texas ; now,
the (Juapaw reservation, Indian TeiTitory. See Caddoan.
Caddoan (k;l'do-,T,u). A linguistic stock of
Nortli American Indians, named after its lead-
ing division, Caddo. Its former habitat was in parts
ot .Vorth Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Arkansas, and In- „„,„,„„„,■„„,„ «„„ r.-,„;„ ;,«,//,/.;,/.
dian Territory, the northern group of the stock having CadodaqUlOUX. ^'>Pe,J>"''" '';"'««"'■
been entirely surrounded by Siouan tribes, and the mid- no,4,x^^o /l,:i_rl,ii.',>., i Hottaolo Hn,-
group by the Siouan and Shoshonean. Its divisions.
Cadmus (kad'mus). [Gr. KuAiwr.'] In Greek
legend, a son of Agenor, king of Phenicia, and
Telephassa. He was the reputed founder of Thebes
in ISocotia, and the introducer ot the letters of the Greek
alphabet.
These "Phcenician letters" were also called the "Cad-
mean letters," having been introduced, according to a
Greek legend, which is repeatedly quoted by Herodotus,
by C'admus the Tyrian when he sailed for Greece in search
of Europa. It is plain that Cadmus and Europa are merely
eponymic names, Cadmus meaning in Semitic speech
"the man of the East, ' while Kuiopa is the damsel who
personifies "the West." Taylor, The Alphabet, II. ID.
dU „..-r .,, - - -
beginning at the north, are as follows ; Arikara (a tribe),
Pawnee (the middle group, a confederacy), Kitcai (a tribe),
Wichita (a confederacy), and Caddo (a confederacy). Its
tribes, especially the Pawnee, have been foes to the Da-
kota or Sioux for many generations ; consequently theii-
men have served as scouts in the United States army
diu-ing wars against the Dakotju All of this stock, except
the Arikara, are now in the Indian Territory and Okla-
homa. They number about 2.250.
CaddoqueS. See Kado hadnchn.
Cade (kad), John, called Jack Cade. Born
in Ireland: killed near Heathtield, in Sussex,
England, July 12, 1450. The leader in " Cade's
Kebellion," a" rising chiefly of Kentishmen, in
Mav and June, 14.30. The rebels defeated the royal
forces at Seven Oaks, .lune 27, and entered London July
2. On July 3 they put Lord Say to death. In a few
days the rebellion was suppressed. Cade is said to have
been called Mortimer by his followers, and to have been
regarded by them as a cousin of the Duke of York. He
is introduced by Shakspere in the second part of "Henry
\ I. " as a reckless, ferocious, and vulgarly important rebel.
Dr. ('alderon being seized by the Chileans and the Qa^gll (ka-del'), Robert. Born at Cockenzie,
:X'ci:!«luuS '^If^^^'^^r'^ I;-«t Lothian. Dec. ].i, 1788 : died at Edinburgh,
against the Chileans, and refused to acknowledge Iglesias
whom they had made president Attempting to take
Lima (Aug., 18S4), CAceres was repulsed after a bloody
afreet Hght. Raising a larger force, he entered the city,
Dec. 1, 188.'), and persuaded Iglesias to refer the presi-
dential
favor
Jun
eral Cjiceres soon after went to Europe
ter to France and England. Reelected president 1894.
Cacha (kii'ehii). An ancient Peruvian templ(^
situated in tlie Vilca-Maj-a valley south of
Cuzco. It is believed to antedate the Inca empire, and
la eonnectcil with some curious legends; though now in
ruins, it shows traces of having been built in two stories
Oachar (kii-chiir'). A district in Assam, British
India, Area, 3,750 square miles. Population
(IKSl), 313,858.
Oacheo (ka-sha'o). A Portuguese settlement
in Scnegambia. West Africa, situated near the
coast in lat. 12° 20' N., long. 16° 30' W.
Cachibos, or Cashibos (kii-she'bos). An In-
dian tribe or horde of eastern Peru, on the
upper Ueayale River. 'Ihey are very savage, constant
enemies of the whites and ot neighboring tribes, and can-
nibals : it 1b saiil that they eat their own relatives after
death, ami that they make war to procure human food.
Probably the accocnits of their ferocity are exagfterated,
the tribe being very imperfectly known. They are not
numerous.
Oachoeira (kii-sliii-ii'rii). A town in the stale
of Bahia, Brazil, situated on the river Para-
guassi'i 50 miles northwest of Bahia. Popuhi,-
tion about 4.000.
0acO8(kii'k6s). [Sp., 'pickpockets.'] The nick-
name given to a political party of Guatemala
which originated in 1820. its members favored
complete separation from Sp.ain, and a republican form
ot government with essential equality to all. This was
the germ ot the Servile party ot later years. Their oppo-
nents, culled Hacoa or Gazwtwt, were opposed to o<(Uality.
CacQH is also the name ot a political party in Haiti.
Oacus (ka'kus). In Roman mythology, a giant
and son ot Vulcan, living near the spot on
wliich Rome was built. He stole from Uercnles
some o( the cattle of Geryon, dragging them Into his
Ian. 20, 1849. A Scottisli publisher and book-
scdler. He was a partner of Constable from 1811 until
the failure of the Arm. and a business associate and friend
of Sir Waltcn- Scott. He became the publisher of Scott's
irks ill 182(i
favorite resort.
Cadenus (ka-de'nus). The name by which
Dean Swift calls himself in his poem " Cade-
nus and Vanessa" (1726). The name is an
anagram of decaiiu.i (dean).
Cader Idris (kad'er id'ris). A mountain in
iiortliwestern Wales, near Dolgelly, noted for
its extensive view. Height, 2,925 feet.
Caderousse (kiid-riis'). A noted character in
Uumas's novel "Le Comte de Monte Crislo."
Cadesia (ka-<le'zhia). A place situated near
Cufa, in Irak-Aralii, Asiatic Turkey. Here, in
r,:iii A. II.. the Saracens under Sa'd ibn Abi Wakkas dc-
fcateil the I'eisiaii.s (120.iiOl)) under Rustem.
Cadiiah. See Kmlijidi.
Cadillac (kii-de-yiik'), Antoine de la Mothe.
Died about 1720. A Fa'uch commander and
pioneer in New France. He was commander of
Michilimackinac 1(194-07, founded Detroit in 1701, and was
governor of Louisiana 1711-17.
Cadiu6ios(kii-de-vva'yoz),orCadigu6s,orCadi-
h^OS. A brancli of the Guaycurtis Indians
(which see). At the present iime Brazilians
commonly use this name for the whole tribe.
Cadiz (kii'diz; Sp. pron. kii'Tiioth). [I'g. Ca-
dix.'] A province in Andalusia, Spain. Area,
2,809 square miles. Population (1887), 429,381.
Cadiz, former Eng. Cales. A seaport, the capi-
tal of the ]irovince of Cadiz, Spain, sittiateil
on a naiTOW neck of land, on the Atlantic, in
lat. 36° 31' N., long. 6° 17'^ W.: the Greek Ga-
deira and the Roman Gades. it is an important
commercial citv. and Is noted for its export of sherry.
It has two catlledrals, a Capuchin convent, a hospital,
etc. (For early history, see Qades.) It was destroyed
by the Ootba, was taken from the Moors In 1202, and
Cadorna (kii-dor'nii ), Raffaele. Born at Milan,
1815: died at Tui'in, Feb. 6, 1S97. An Italian
general. He ronnnanded the troops of Victor Emman-
uel in the occnpati i the States of the Church in 1870.
He occupied Civita Vecibia Sept. 16, and Rome Sept. 20,
1870. In ls77 be retired.
Cadoudal (ka-do-dal'), Georges. Born near
Auray, Morbihan, France, .Ian. 1, 1771 : guillo-
tined at Paris, June 25, 1804. A cel(d)rated
French Chouan partizan and royalist consjiir-
ator, leader of the rising of 1799. He was im-
plicated with Pichegi-u in 1803.
Cadsand, or Cadzant (kad-zand'). A village
in Zealand, Netherlands, situated at the mouth
of the Schelde, 14 miles northeast of Bruges.
Here in 1337 the English defeated the Count of
Flanders.
Cad'Wal. See Jrvinn/u.i, 2.
Cadwalader, George, Gent. A pseudonym of
George Bubb Dodiugton.
Cad'walader, or Cadwallader (kad-wal'a-dfer),
surnamed " The Blessed." Died probably in
664. A British king. He was the son of Cadwallon,
kingof Gwynedd, whom he succeeded in 034. He obtained
great fame by the heroic exploits which he performed in
the defense of Wales against the Siixons, and holds a liiKh
place in Welsh tradition and poeti-y. According to the
projihecy of Merlin, he is one day to return to the world
to expel the Saxon from the land. He came in time to bo
regiuded as a saint (hence his surname of " The lilessed ").
Cadwallader (kad-wol'a-der). A character iu
Foote's I)lay "The Author." This play was stopped
by the lord chamberlain at the request of Mr. .Apricc, a
friend of Footc, who was imitated and ridiculeil in this
part, especially in a haliit he had of sucking his wrist
as he talked.
Cadwallader, Rev. Mr. The rector of Mid-
dlemarch in George Eliot's novel of that name.
Ho exasperates his wife, a clever, keen, epigrammatic
woman, liy his good temper. He would even speak well
ot his bishop, "though unnatural in a benellced clergy-
Cadwallader. A misanthropic character in
Smollett's "Poregi'ine Pickle."
Cadwallon (kad-wal'on ),or Caedwalla, or Cad-
walader. Died 634. A British king of Gwyn-
edd, which was jirobably coextensive with
North Wales. He invaded Northumbria in 029, but
was repulsed by Eadwine near .Morpeth. In OM, in alliance
with Penda, king ot the Mercians, he totally defeated the
Northumbiiaiis at llealhtlcld, near Doncaster, Eadwine and
his son Oshid luiiig among the slain. He was defeated
by Oswald the nephew ot Eadwine, at the battle of Heven-
fcltli, on the Doniseburn, In «3i, and was killed in the
lligbt.
Cadwallon. The minstrel of Gwenwyn in
Scott's novel " The Betrothed." He disguises
himself as Renault Vidal to prosecute a revenge, for which
be is executed.
Csecilia gens (s6-sil'i-a,)enz). In ancient Rome,
a plebeian clan or house whose family names
under the republic were Bassus, Center, Metcl-
lits, Niger, Pinna, and Rufus.
Csecilius (se-siri-us), surnamed Calactinus
I kal-ak-ti'nus) and, erroneously, Callantianus
(ka-lan-ti-il'nus). A Hellenistic Jew of Ca-
lacto in Sicily (whence his surname), named
Archagathus," naturalized at Rome, where he
took the name of his patron, one of the Metelli.
Caecilius
He enjoyed a very high repute at Rome in the time of
Cicero and Augustus, but liis iiumenms worlvS are all lost,
with tile exception of a few fragments.
Caecilius Statius. A Konmu comic poet, :i
member by birth of the Celtic tribe of the lu-
subrians, brought as a prisoner to Rome about
200 B. C. His comedies were adaptations of Attic origi-
nals. B'ragments of them are extant (ed. Ribbeclc, 1873).
Caedmon (kad'mou), or (corruptly) Cedmon,
Saiiit. Flourished about G70. An Anglo-Saxon
(Northumbrian) poet, the reputed author of
metrical paraphrases of the Old Testament.
He became late in life an inmate of the monastery at
Whitby, under the abl)e9S Uild. According to the ac-
count given by Bede ("Ecclesiastical History "), he was an
unlearned man, especially lacking in poetical talent until
he was commanded in a dream to sing "tlie beginning of
created things." The miraculous gift thus best<^wed upon
him was fostered by Hild, and he produced metrical para-
phrases of Genesis and other parts of the Bible. He was
celebrated as a saint on Feb. 11 (10 7 12?). It has been
doubted whether he is a real personage.
Cselia, or Ccelia, gens (se'li-a jenz). In ancient
Rome, a plebeian clan or house whose family
names were Caldus and Rufus. The first member
of this gens who obtained the consulship was C. Ctelius
Caldns, 94 B. c.
Caelian (se'li-an). The. [L. Ceelius mons.l The
southeastern hill of the group of Seven Hills
of ancient Rome, adjoining the Palatine, and
between the Aventine and the EsquilLne. The
Lateran lies on its widely extending eastern
slope.
Caen (koii). The capital of the department of
Calvados, France, situated on the Orne in lat.
49° 11' N.jlong. 0°22' W. It has a large import tnvde
in timber, etc., and exports Caen stone, rape-oil, dairy pro-
ducts, etc. It has important manufactures. It is the seat
of a university. Caen w.as developed by William the Con-
queror. It was taken by the English in 1346 and 1417, and
retaken by the French in 1450. It suffered in the Hugue-
not wars, and was a Girondist center in 1793. Abhaiie attx
Dailies, or Trinity. A great Rjjmanesque church founded
by Queen Matilda (lOtWi), with 3 large recessed portals,
arcaded fagade, and square flanking towers, and later cen-
tral lantern. The solemn interior, with its superposed
tiers of round arches, presents one of the most uniform
examples of Norman architecture. Abbaye attx Uonmies,
or St. Etiemif, dedicated by William the Conqueror in
1077, but, especially in its exterior, much moditied later.
The six spires and the central lantern form one of the
most effective groups of this nature : they and the choir
show the Norman lancets. The plain and massive nave
dates from the Conqueror. The churcll is 349 feet long ;
the vaulting 68i feet high. Population (1891), 45,201.
Csepio (se'pi-6), Quintus Servilius. Lived
about 100 B. c. A Roman consul (106). As
proconsul in Gaul (105) he was defeated with
Mallius by the Cirabri.
Caere (se're), earlier Agylla (a-jil'a). [Gr.
Kaipca,Kaip!/; ".^yvX/.a.l In ancient geography,
a city of Etruria, Italy, situated 25 miles uorlh-
west of Rome. Its site is occupied by the mod-
ern village of Cervetere noted for Etruscan
ruins.
The primitive name of Csere was Agylla, the "round
town," which indicates that it was originally a Flnenieian
settlement. An ancient tradition, preserved by Dionysius
of Halicarnassus, Strabo, and Pliny, athrmed that Agylla
was a "Pelasgian" city prior to the Etruscan conquest.
Taylor, The Alphabet, II. 74, note.
Caerleon (kar-le'on). A town in Monmouth-
shire, England, situated on the Usk 3 miles
northeast of Newport : the Roman Isea Silurum.
It was important in the Roman period, and is
the traditional seat of King Ai-thur's court.
Caermartlien. See Carnitirtliiu.
Caernarvon. See Carnarvon.
Caesar (se'ziir), Caius Julius. [ME. Cesar,
OF. Cesar, F. Cesar, It. Ctxarc, (>. Ciisar, etc.,
L. Csesar.^ Born July 12, 100 B. c. (according
to Mommsen, 102): killed at Rome, March 15,
44 B. c. A famous Roman general, statesman,
orator, and writer. lie served .at Mytilene in Sii;
was captured by pirates in 76 ; and was nntde questor in
e8, curnle edile in 65, pontifex maxinms in 6;i, pretor in
62, and propretor in Spain in 61. He fonned the "hr^t
triumvirate " with Pompey and Crassus in GO ; was consul
in 59, and proconsul in Gaul and Illyricum in 58 ; defeated
the Helvetii and Ariovistus in 58, and the Belgtein5T; in-
vaded Britain in 55 and 54 ; crossed the Rhine in 55 and 5:i :
defeated Vercingetorixin 52; and crossed the Rubicon and
commenced the civil war in 49. He was dictator in 4n, -is,
47, 46, 45 ; defeated Pompey at Pharsalia in 48 ; ended the
Alexandrine war in 47; aiul defeated Pharnaces at Zela
in 47, and the Pompeians at Thapsus in 46, and at Muiida
in 45. He reformed the calendar in 46. Feb. 15, 44, he
refused the diadem. He was assassinated by Brutus, Cas-
8iu8, and others in the senate-house March 15. The "Com-
mentaries " (or Memoirs) of Ciesar, the only one of his lit-
erary works extant, contain the history of the first seven
years of the Gallic war, in seven books, and three books'
of a history of the civil war. The name C*sar was assumed
by all male members of the Julian d>niasty, and after them
by the successive emperors, as inseparable from the impe-
rial dignity. It thus became the source of the German
Kaisfr and the Russian Tsar or Czar. .-Vfter the death of
Hadrian the title Cfesar was specifically assigned to those
who were designated by the emperors as their successors
and associated with tbem lu the governmeDt. See Au-
gtutus.
202
Caesar, Don. The father of Olivia in Mrs. Cow-
ley's '• Bold Stroke for a Husband."
Caesar, Sir Julius. Born at Tottenham, Eng-
land, 1558: died 1636. An English jurist of
Italian extraction, appointed master ol the
rolls in 1614.
Caesarea (sez-a-re'a). In ancient geography, a
seaport of Palestine, situated on the Mediter-
ranean in lat. 32° 33' N., long. 34° 54' E. : the
modern Kaisariyeh. it was erected by Herod I., in
the first decennium u. c., on the site of the former Tunis
Stratonis, on the line of the great road from Tyre to Egypt,
between Jaffa and Dora, and named in honor of Augustus.
Its full name was Cffisarea Sebaste. from the mime of the
harbor. Herod adorned the city with many magnificent
buildings. It became the residence of the Roman gover-
nors hi Palestme, and was mostly inhabited by a foreign
population hostile to the Jews. Here broke out the Jewish
war under the governor Gessius Florns. Vespasian gave
it the name of Colonia prima Flaviana. It is often men-
tioned in the New Testament (Acts viii. 40, Lx. 30, x. 1, xxi.
9, xxiv. 17, etc.). About 200 A. D. it became the residence
of a bishop, and possessed a Christian school at which Ori-
gen taught. It was the birthplace of the church historian
Ensebius (died 342). The modern Kaisariyeh is a desolate
place of rums.
Caesarea. in ancient geography, a city in Cap-
padocia, Asia Minoi', in lat. 38° 41' N., long.
35° 20' E. : the modern Kaisariyeh. It was
foiTnerly called Mazaca. Population of mod-
em town, about 40,000.
Caesarea Philippi (fi-lip'I). In ancient geogra-
phy, a to^vu in northern Palestine, situated at
the foot of Mount Hermon. The modern vil-
lage is called Banias, formerly Paneas.
Caesar in Egypt. A tragedy by Gibber, pro-
duced at Urury Lane Dec. 9, 1724, published
1728. It was taken from Massinger and Fletcher's
"The False One" and Corneille's "La Mort de Pomp6e."
Caesarion (se-za'ri-ou). A son of Cleopatra
and (probably) Julius Ca>sar. He was exe-
cuted by order of Augustus.
Caesarodunum (sez-a-ro-dQ'num). ['Caesar's
fort.'] The Roman name of Tours.
Caesars, City of the. Amythical South Ameri-
can city, reputed of great size and wealth,
which report located near the eastern base of
the Andes, somewhere south of lat. 37°. By
some it was supposed to have been founded by a man
named Cesar who about 1530 left Cabot's fort of Espirito
Santo on the Parang, and never returned. Others con-
nected it with the crew of a Spanish ship which was
wrecked on the coast of Patagonia. In the 16th and 17th
centuries many expeditions were made in search of it, and
even to the end of the 18th century the legend was re-
garded by many as true.
Caesars, Era of. See Spain, Era of.
Caf. See Kaf.
Cafe Procope (ka-fa' pr6-k6p'). A coffee-house
opposite the Comedie Frau^aise, frequented by
the wits in the 18th century.
Caffa, or Kaffa. See Feodosia.
Caffarelli (kii-fa-rel'lej, Francois Marie Au-
gusta. Born at Falga, Haute-Crarouue, France,
Oct. 7, 1766: died at Lesehelles, Aisne, France.
Jan. 23, 1849. A French general, brother of
Caffarelli du Falga.
Caffarelli (kaf-fii-rel'le), called Gaetano Ma-
jorano. Born in the province of Bari, Italv.
April 16, 1703 : died at Naples, Nov. 30, 178b.
A noted Italian singer.
Caffarelli du Falga (ka-fa-rel'le du fal-ga'),
Louis Marie Joseph Maximilien. Born at
Falga, Haute-Garonue, France, Feb. 13, 1750:
died near Acre, Syria, April 27, 1799. A French
general, commander of the engineer corps in
the Egyptian campaign.
Caffi (kaf 'fe), Ippolito. Born at Belluno, Italy,
1814: killed in the battle of Lissa, Jiily 20,
1806. An Italian painter.
Caffraria. See Kaffraria.
Caffristan. See Kajiri.<itan.
Cagliari, or Caliari, Paolo. See Veronese.
Cagliari (kiil-yii're). A province in the south-
ern part of the island of Sardinia, Italy. Ai'ea,
5,204 siiuare miles. Population (1891), 450,820.
Cagliari. A seaport, the capital of the island
of Sardinia, Italy, situated on the Gulf of Ca-
gliari in lat. 39° 13' N., long. 9° 7' E. : the
Roman Caralis or Carales. It contains a cathe-
dral, castle, university, museum, Roman amphitheater,
and other antiquities. Population (1891), estimated,
42,000.
Cagliostro (kiil-yos'tro). Count Alessandro di :
the assumed name of Giuseppe Balsamo.
Born at Palermo, Sicily, June 2, 1743 : died at
San Leone, in Urbino, Italy, Aug. 26, 1795. An
Italian adventurer, notorious for his imposi-
tions in Russia, Paris, the East, ami elsewhere.
Among other ailventures he was involved in the affair of
the diamond necklace in Paris, and was imprisonetl in the
Bastille, but escaped. He visited England, and was there
imprisoned in the Fleet. On emerging he went to Rome,
9a ira
where he was arrested and condemned to death, but his
sentence was commuted to perpetu:U imprisonment in the
fortress of San Leone, where he died.
Cagnola (kiin-yo'la), Luigi. Born at Milan,
June 9, 1762: died at Inverigo, Italy, Aug. 14,
1833. An Italian architect. His chief works are
two triumphal arches at Milan, "Areo della
pace" and "Porta di Marengo."
CagotS (ka-goz'). A people of uncertain origin,
living in Gascony and Beam in France, ami iu
the Basijue Provinces in Spain. They are consid-
ered a degraded race, and before 1793 were without po-
litical and social rights.
Cahawba (ka-ha'ba). A river of Alabama which
joins the Alabama River 8 miles southwest of
Selma. Length, about 200 miles.
Cahen (kii-au'), Samuel. Born at Metz, Lor-
raine, Aug. 4, 1796 : died at Paris, Jan. 8, 1862.
A French Hebraist, author of a translation of
the Old Testament into French (1841-53).
Cahensly Agitation, The. An agitation car-
ried on in 1891 in the Roman Catholic Church
for the purpose of inducing the Pope to appoint
bishops and priests of their owa nationality for
the Roman Catholic immigrants iu the United
States : so called from a memorial addressed
by Herr Cahensly and other Europeans to the
Vatican.
Cahita (ka-he'ta). A di'vision of the Piman
stock of North American IniUans, inhabiting the
southwestern coast of Sonora and the north-
western coast of Sinaloa, fi'om lat. 28° to 25°
30' N., with settlements mainly in the lower val-
leys of the Yaqui, Fuerte, and Mayo rivers.
It embraces the Yaki (Sp. Yaqui), Mayo, Tehueco, and
Vacoregue tribes, which subsist by agricultine and fish-
ing. The Yaki and Mayo, particulaily the former, are
almost continually at war with the Mexican government.
Population, Yaki, 13,500 ; Mayo, about 7,000 : that of the
remaining tribes is small. See Piman.
Cahokia. See Illinois.
Cahors (ka-or'). The capital of the department
of Lot, France, situated on the river Lot in lat.
44° 27' N., long. 1° 24' E. : the ancient Divoua,
or Civitas Cadurcorum. it contains a cathedral,
ruined medieval ramparts, and the ruined palace of John
XXII. The bridge over the Lot, of the 14th century, is a
strikingly picturesque monument spanned by three towers,
the two outer of which are machicolated. It was the an-
cient capital of Quercy, and had formerly a university.
Population (1891), 15,369.
Cahroc. See Karalc.
Caiaphas (ka'ya-fas). [Possibly from Babylo-
nian iji'iiu, watchman.] The surname of Jo-
seph, Jewish high priest 27 (18?)-36 a. d., noted
in New Testament history: son-in-law of Annas.
CaicOS, or Caycos (ki'kos). Four islands in
the Bahama group, situated about lat. 21° 30'-
22° N., long. 71° 30'-72° W. They are imder
the government of Jamaica. Population (1891),
1,7S4.
Caieta. The ancient name of Gaeta (which see).
Caifvmg-Fu. See Kaifung-Fu.
Caille. See Laciiille.
Caillet (ka-ya'), Guillaume. A French peasant
who assumed the name of Jacques Bonhomme,
and was leader of the Jacquerie iu 1358.
Cailliaud (kii-yo' ). Frederic. Born at Nantes,
France, June 9, 1787: died at Nantes, May 1,
1869. A French traveler in Egypt and Nubia.
Cailli6, or Caill6 (ka-yii'), Ren6. Born at
Mauze, Poitou, France, Sept. 19, 1799: died at
Paris, May 8, 1838. A French traveler iu cen-
tral Africa. He penetrated to Timbuktu In
1828.
Cailloux. See Cayuse.
Cain (kan). [Heb. ; of uncertain origin.] The
eldest son of Adam and Eve, and the murderer
of his brother Abel, according to the account iu
Genesis. He was condemned to be a fugitive .
for his .sin.
Cain, a Mystery. A dramatic poem by Lord
Byron, published in 1821. It was written at
Ravenna.
Caine (kan), Thomas Henry Hall. Born at
Runcorn, Cheslure, England, in 1853. An Eng-
lish novelist, known as Hall Caine. Among his
works are " The Shadow of a Crime " (18S5), "TheDeem-
8ter"(lS87), "The Manxman "(1893). He has eontributeil
to various journals and reviews, ami, with Mr. Wilson
Barrett, has produced two plays "Ben-nui'-Chree" and
"Good Old Times," the former a dramatization of "The
Deemster."
Cainites (kan'itz). A Gnostic sect of the 2d
century, which reverenced Cain, Esau, Korah,
and Judas Iscariot.
9a ira (sii e-rii'). [F., ' it will go.'] The first
popular song which was the offspring of the
Freuch Revolution. It was probably first sung in
1789 by the insurgents as they marcheii to Versailles.
(Grt}ve.) The music was that of a contre-dance which wa«
extremely popular under the name "Carillon uatiooaL"^
Qa ira
It was composed by a drummer in the orchestra of the
opera, named Becuurt, and was a great favorite with Marie
Aiituiiictte. The wurds wtTe su^rjifested by Lafayi-tte to
Ladri;, a street-sliiKer ; herememhered them from hearing
Kmnkliii say at various stiigesof the AnieriL-:in lU-volution,
when asked for news, "t,'aini,(^^a ira." There are live verses
with ditferent refrains, becoming more ferocious as the
Revolution progressed, one of which was :
'• Ah 1 v'a "■». VI* •'■a, <;a iia !
Les nristoonif ii la lanterne ;
Ah ! va i^;^ vi* ira, sa ira I
Les aristocrat' on les pendra ! "
Oaird (kar<l). Edward. Born 183'). A Scottish
■ ruphysii'iaii, brother of Joint Caird. He was
I ;ited'at Balliol College, Oxford, and became fellow
1 tutor at Merlon in 1804, professor of moral pliiloso-
i.liy at (-ilasgow I'njversity in ISCti, and master of lialliol,
Oxford, in lslt3. Among his works are "A Critical Account
of the Philosophy of Kant" (1877>, "Hegel" (issJJ), "So-
cial i'hilosophy and Keligion of Comte " (iSSu), "The Evo-
lution of Ueligiou" (Giltord Lectures, St. Audi'ews, 1890-
1892).
Oaird (kard), Jolm. Boru at Greenock, Scot-
laud, 1820 (1823 ?). A Scottish clerf?yman and
pulpit orator. He became professor of divinity in the
Vniversity of Glasgow in lHtJ2, and principal of the uni-
versity in 1»73. His works include ''An Introduction to
the Fliilosophy of Religion " (18S0), " Religions of India :
Bi-ahmanism, Buddhism " (1881), *■ Spinoza " (1880), etc.
Caimes (kiirnz), John Elliott. Boru at Castle
BeUingham,CoiintyLouth,Ireland,Dec.26,1823:
died near London, July 8, 1875. A noted Briti«li
pohtical economist. He was appointed professor of
political economy in University College, London, in IStiii.
His works include "Character and L«igical ilethod of
Political Econoniy"(18r>7), " Essays in i'olitical Economy"
tl873v "Political Essays "(1873X "Some Leading Principles
of I'olitical Economy Newly Explained" (lt>74), etc.
Cairns (karnz), Hugh MacCalmont, first Earl
Cairns. Born at Cultra, Down, Ireland, Dec,
1819: died at Bournemouth, Hants, England,
April 2, 1885. An English statesman. He en-
tered Parliament in 185'J, ajid was lord chancellor iu the
Disraeli administration, lS6band 1874-80.
Cairo (ki'ro). [Ar. Ma<^r-el-Qdhira, F. Le Caire.']
The capital of Eg>'pt, situated 1 mile east of the
Nile, iu lat. 30° 3'*N., long. 31° 16' E. it has im-
portant transit trade, and is the starting-point for tours to
neighboring pyramids, the sites of Memphis and Ht;li(>polis
(in the vicinity), and the upper Nile. Its chief siihurli is
Bulak. It was founded by the Fatimite califs about 970, and
made the capital. It wiis taken by the Turks in 1517, was
held by the French 1798-1801, and was occupied by the Brit-
ish in 1882. It was tlie scene of the massacre of the Mame-
lukes in 1811. It contains a number of noted mosiiues:
Montnie of Akbar, a square, picturesquely ornamented
building surmounted by a pointed dome covered with ara-
bes4iue8. now appropriated to the da«ices of the howling
dervishes. The Sijuare minaret over one angle rises in re-
cessed stages, and the entrance-porch is formed by a high
trifoliate arch. The whole interior is colored in dark and
light horizontal bands. Mosqii*' of El-Azhar, founded in
970, but for the most part rebuilt at various subsequent
times. It has six minarets. It is remarkable as the chief
existing Mohammedan university. The divisions of the
interior surround a large central court encircled by
ptdnted arcades. The siwan, or sanctuary, used for in-
■tniction, consists of nine aisles formed by 380 columns
of ancient and Christiun provenieiice. Several suboidinate
mosques or rhajiels arc iTirlnikd in the main fiMuuiation.
Mof/qto^ of k'l-(Jiiiiri, one of the nmst pitturesipie monu-
ments in the city. It was built about i:)lX Moitque (f
SuUan fla^mn, mnking as one of the chief nionuinfiits uf
Mohammedan architecture. It wascnmpleted in llido.v. l>.
The exterior, bniltof aloius tak<'n fiuin the Pyramids, con-
ilst-Hof a massive wall ai)ont li;iie<.t bii:h, inclosing an area
of irregular form, and suiinonntt'd by two lofty minarets
and the pointed brick dome of the .sultan's mausoleum.
The top of the wall is corlieled out about (i feet in succes-
sive ranges of dentils, forming a cornice, and its face is
diversilled by panels, iirches, and Ajiniez windows, all
UBed sparingly. The great minaret Is 2S0 feet high. The
interir»r court measures lO.'i by 117 feet, and contains two
fountain-pavilions. In the middle of each side of the
court opens a magnificent pointed arch. That on the east,
90 feet high and deep and Uii in span, is the largest. At the
hack of this recess are the mimhar (pulpit) and inihrdh
(place of direction of prayer), and from it opens the nnm-
toleuin. The entrance-porch is a largo archway curiously
covered in by corbeling out the sides for part of its rise,
and then throwingasmall pointed arcli over the opening;
Its piers are ornamented with rich vertical bands and
angle-colunms, and with paneling. Totnit-Moaqnr of Knit
Bnj, built about 1470, one of the finest pieces of architec-
ture in Cairo. Tomhn of tfw Califx, so called, properly of
the Circaisian Mamduites, a number of comparatively
small mos<iUet^imbs of the ir>th century, grouped together
about the Tomb-Mosqnu of Kait Bey. They are important
in Arabic arehiti'ctnre for their angularly pointed sttuie
domes covered with geometric ornament in relief, with
small windows in the low drum; for their windows, consist-
ing of a group of two or three slender round-headed arches
surmounted by one or three circular openings arranged
pynmiidally; and for the tine, massive pointed arches usual
in the lowest »t4>ry. Some of them show incrustations of
the beautiful ctdured porcelain tiles for which the older
Arabic monuments of Cairo are famous. Toinbg of the
AfaiiU'lukett, so called, an extensive group of mosciue-
tombs on tlie southeast side of the city. They belong to
the period of the Baharite snltanB, and though ruinous are
architecturally notable for their Hnc masoiuy and beauti-
ful tinted ur ehevroned pointed domes, and for their grace-
ful i)olygonal minarets, which rise in recessed stages.
ifoitquf of Amru, thv oldest mosipie In Egypt (founded tViS
A. !>.), and a remarkable Mohammedan monument. The
Inclosurc is 3J>0 feet square, with exterior walls of brick.
The entrance Is on the west : here a single range of arcades
203
borders thecentralcourt,while on the north thereare three
ranges, on the south four, and on the east side, which is
the sanctuary, six ranges. There are in all -I'lii columns.
The arches are round or keel-shaped, and a few are pointed.
yUoineter, a monument for measuring the rise of the Nile,
on the island of Koda. The present Nilometer dates froui
about8<}0 A. D.; it i8achaml)er about is feet square, origi-
nally domed, in each side of which there is a niche covered
with a pointed arch, an important example of the early use
of this form. In the middle stands a pillar divided into 17
cubits of about 'Zl^a inches. Population, 400,000.
Cairo (ka'ro). A city in Alexander County, 111.,
situated at the continence of the Ohio and Mis-
sissippi rivt'rs. It was nearly destroyed by an inun-
dation in 1858. The Ohio is here crossed by a railway
bridge. Population (1890), 10,324.
Caites, or Caet^s, or Cahetes (kii-e-taz')-
[Probably from the Tupi < 'mi, forest, and
ctcy real, true, i. o. 'true forest-dwellers.'] A
tribo of Brazilian Indians, of the Tup; race,
which iu the IGth eentmy occupied much of
the eastern coast region north of the 8ao Fran-
cisco, iu Pernambueo, Kio Grande do Norte,
Parahyba, and Ceara. They were very powerful
and warlike, and were cannibals. They dwelt in fixed
villages, practised a little agriculture, and were skilful
hunters. In 1554 they murdered the Bishop of Bahia
and his companions, who were shipwrecked on tlieir
coasts, and they long cai'ried on war with the colonists.
As a tribe they are now extinct.
Caithness (kath'nes). A county in northern
Scotland, lying between the Atlantic Ocean
and Pentland Firth on the north, the North
Sea on the east and southeast, and Sutherland
on the west. The surface is chiefly level. The chief
towns are Thurso and Uick. Area, 686 square miles.
Population (1891), 37,177.
CaiUS (ka'yus), or Gaius (ga'yus). Lived in
the tirst part of the 3d century a. d. A Chris-
tian controversialist.
Caius (ka'yus), orGaius (ga'yus), Saint. Born
in Dalmatia: died April 22, 296. Bishop of
Rome 283-296. The Roman Church commem-
orates his death on Ajiril 22.
Caius. The assumed name of Kent in Shak-
spere's "King Lear."
Cains, Dr. A French doctor in Shakspere's
"Merry Wives of Windsor."
Caius (kez) (probably Latinized from Kay or
Keye), John. Born at Norwich, England, Oct.
6, 1510: died at London, July 29, 1573. An
eminent English physician and scholar, founder
of Caius College at Cambridge in 1558.
Caius Cestius (ka'yus ses'ti-us), Pyramid of.
A massive sepulchral monument of brick and
stone, at Rome, 114 feet high, incnisted with
wliite marble. Each side of the base measures 90 feet.
The small burial-chamber is painted with arabesques. The
pyramid is of the time of Augustus.
Caius tkez) College. See Gonville and Caiiis
<'oUc<lc.
Caius Gracchus (ka'yus grak'us). A tragedy
by J. Sheridan Knovvles, produced in 1815 at
Belfast. He afterward revised it, and it was brought
out by Macready at Covent Garden in 1823.
Cajamarca, ^u- Caxamarca (kii-na-mar'ka). A
depart irient of nni-tlimi Pci'u. bordering on
Eeuad<)r. It is occupied almost wholly by the
Cordilleras. Area, 14,188 square miles. Popu-
lation (1876), 213,391.
Cajamarca, or Caxamarca. A city of Peru, the
capital of tiie province and department of the
same name, it was an ancient Indian city of the Incas.
In 1532 it probably had about 10,000 inhabitants. The In-
cas had erected batlis near it, and it was one of their
favorite re8()rts. Ut-re Atahualpa Inid his headcjuarters
durint? the war with lluasrar. ir>30-32 ; here he was seized
by I'izarro Nov. IC, iri32, and executeti Aug. 29, IfiS-'i. Popu-
lation (18811), l-'.iKM).
Cajetan (kaj'e-tan), or Cajetanus (kaj-e-ta'-
nus) (Tommaso de Vic). Born at Gaeta, Italv.
Feb. 20, 14(ii): died at Rome, Aug. 9. 1534. An
Italian cardiuiil and scholar, a papal legate at
Augsburg in 1518. He summoned Lutlier be-
fore Iiis tribunal. He became bishop of Uaeta
(Cajeta, whencf^ his surname) in 1519.
Cajigal (kii-ho-giir or kji-iie-giir), Juan Man-
uel. Horn at Cadiz, 1757: died at (Juana,l>aeoa,
Cuba, Nov. lid, 1S123. A Spanish general, nepliew
of ( Jeneral ('ajigal y MonseiTate. From 17»fl he was
stationed in Venezuela, where he acted a(;ainat the revo-
lutionists, 1810-10, and was actinK captain-|j;eneral from
18l:i. lie was tlefeated by Bolivar at Carabobo, May 28,
1814, but contributed to the successes of the royalists in
1815. Recalled td Spain In 1810, he was made lieutenant
KL-neral. From Auk., 1819, to March, 1821, he was captain-
Kfueral nf Cuba dnriiiK a period of jereat disorder.
Cajigal de la Vega (kji-ne-giil' da lii va'gii).
Francisco Antonio, Manjuis of C'asa-Caiigal.
Born at Santander, Feb. 5. KiO'); died tliere,
Api'il 30, 1777. A Spanish general and adjuin-
istrator. He was military commandant of Caracas, gov-
ernor <)f Santiago de Cuba 1788-61, and of Havana 1747-00.
For his defense against Lord Vernon's English lleet (J^uty
1, 1741) he was made brigadier, and subsequently field-
Calancha
marshal. For about six months in 1760 he was viceroy ad
interim of Mexico.
Cakchiquels, or Cackcliiquels(kak-che-kels').
A tribe of Indians of the^Iayo stock, inhabit-
ing central and nortliern Guatemala. Tht-y ap-
pear to have been an otl'shoot of their neighbors, the
Quiches, whom they closely resembled in manners and
customs. At the time of the conquest they were divided
into the Cakchiiiuels proper ami a northern and weaker
branch, theZutugils. The former had their capital at I'ati-
namit, near the present city of Guatemala ; the latter were
at Atitlan, and in 1524 they were at wai- with Patinamit.
Cakes, Land of, A name given to Scotland,
whieh is famous for its oatmeal cakes.
Calabar (kul-a-bilr' or, more correctly, kii-lil-
biir'), Old. A coimtry situated between the
Cross and Rio del Rev rivers^ in the British Oil
Rivers Protectorate, West Africa, nanied after
th(^ Old Calabar River. The importance and wealih
of this district are due to the palm-oil which is produced
on the banks of the river. The Cross River is navigable
for some distance. Duketown, the residence of the Brit-
ish consul, has about 10,0(X) population, the neighboring
Creektown about ft. 000, all belonging to the Efik tribe.
They are semi-civilized and semi-L'hristianized. The cli-
mate is very insalubrious. New Calabar is a branch of the
Niger ; also a town near its mouth.
Calabozo (ka-lii-bo'tho). A city in the state
of Miranda, Venezuela, situated on the river
Guarieo. it was founded in 1730. and during the Vene-
zuelan revolution was a central post ©f the royalist Boves.
It is the seat of a bishopric. Population (1893), about
6,000.
Calabria (ka-la'bri-a). The name given until
about the time of the Norman conquest in the
11th century to the southeastern part of Italy
(the heel).
Calabria. The name given in the later middle
ages and in modern times to the southwestern
partof Italy{the toe). It comprises the proviucesCo-
senza, Catanzaro, and Reggio. The sm-face is mountainous.
Calactinus. See Csecilius.
Calah (ka'lah). In Gen. x. 10, 12, a place
mentioned as one of the four cities founded by
Asur, the ancestor of the AssjTians. It is the
Assyrian city called in the inscriptions Kalhu, now repre-
sented by the ruins of Nimrud, about 20 miles north uf
the ruins of Nineveh (Kuyunjik), situated on an irregular
wedge of land formed by the Tigris and the Upper Zab.
According to the Assyrian monuments it was founded by
Shalraaneser I. about 1300 B. c. His successors abamione<i
it for Nineveh. Asurnazirpal (884-860) rebuilt it and
erected a royal palace in it, known as the northwest pal-
ace ; others were built by his successors. Tlie last Assyr-
ian king, Asur-etil-ilani-ukinni, also built a palace there.
Calahorra (kii-lii-or'ra), Celtiberian Calagur-
ris Nassica. A town in the province of Lo-
grono, Spain, situated on the Cidaeo, near the
Ebro, in lat. 42° 16' N., long. 2° 4' W. it is
noted for its resistance in the Sertorian war, 72 B. c, and
as the birthplace of Quintilian and (probably) of I'ruden-
tius. It has a cathedral. Population (1887), 8.821.
Calais (kal'is; F. pron. kii-la'). [Formerly
spelled Callis; ME. Cateys, Kulays, from OF.
CalciSf Calais (F. Calais), ML. CaJcsium.'] A
seaport in the department of Pas-de-Calais,
France, situated on the narrowest part of the
Strait of Dover, in lat. 50° 57' N., long. 1° ry\'
E. It is a strong fortress, and a center of passenger
traffic between England and the Continent, and is on the
great railway and packet route between Loiulon and Pju-is.
It has a good harbur. and trade in timber, etc. Its com-
mercial and manufacturing portion (annexed in 188.'.) is
St.-Pierre-K'S-Calais. Calais was taken by Kdward III ,
after a celebrated siege, in 1347, and retaken by the Duko
of (lUise in ir»58. The Spaniards held it ir>9(V98. I.ouis
XVIII. landed there in 1814. Population {18!»1), .'^.t;,807.
Calais (kal'is). A city and sea]K)rt in Wash-
ington County, Maine, situated on the St.
Croix River in lat. 45° 11' N., long. f)7° 17' W.
Its chief industry is the lumber trade. Popu-
lation (lSi»0), 7,2*90.
Calamatta (ka-Ui-mat'ta). Louis. Born at
Civita Vcrchia, Italy, July 12, 1802: died at
Milan, Marcli 8, 1S(J!). A French engravei*.
Calame (kil-lam'), Alexandre. Born at Vevay,
Switzerland, May 28. 1810: died at Mentone,
France, Marcli 17, 1804. A Swiss landscape-
painter, noted for representations of Alpine
scenery and of th<^ ruins of Pa?stnm.
Calamianes (kil-Ul-me-ii'nes). A group of isl-
ands in Ihc Philippine Arclnpelago. about l:it.
12° N., l<)ng. 120'^K. With the northern part of Pala-
wan they form the province of Calamianes. Area, l,s;i2
square nules.
Calamities of Authors. A work by I. D'lsraeli,
biisiicil in 1H12.
d;
/alamy (Unl'a-mi), Edmund. Born at Lon-
<lou. Fob.. KM: (lied at London, Oct. 29, 1666.
An Knglish I'resbj'torian t'lcrp^jniian.
Calamy, Edmimd. Born at London, April 5,
KiTl : died .June 3, 1732. An Kntrli-*!! nonconfor-
mist elernyman. jjrandson of KiiMUind Calamy.
Calancha (kii-liin'chii), Antonio de la. Horn
at Cbutiuisaca. ir)84: died at Lima, March 1,
1654. A Peruvian Augustine monk. He was rec-
Calancha
tor of the College of San Ildefonso at Lima, and held
various orticea. His " Cronica Moralizada del Orden de
Sail Amistiii en el Peru " (Barcelona, 163S) gives much in-
furmutiuMon the history and ethnology of South America.
Calandrino (kil-liiu-dre'uo). The subject of a
stoiy ill Boocaeeio's "Deeameron." He is very
unt'ortiiuate aud very amusing.
Calantha ( ka-lau ' thii ) . In Ford's tragedy " The
Broken Heart," the "daughter of Amyelas, the
king of Lueonia. she drops dead of a broken heart
after an extraordinary scene in a ball-room during which,
with apparent calm and while continuing her dance, she
listens to the announcement of the deaths, one after an-
other, of Ikt father, lover, and brother.
Calapooya (kal-a-p6'ya). A division of the
Kalapooian stoek of North American Indians,
embracing a number of bands, formerly on the
watershed between the Willamette and Ump-
qua rivers, iu Oregon. They are now on Grande
Bonde reservation. They numbered 22 in 1890. Also Cal-
iptia, Callnhpoewah, Callapipa, Callapooha, Catktapooya,
Viilinppi'li'jca, Katapooyah, KaUapuya.
Galas (kii-lils' or kii-la'), Jean. Bom at La-
eapar^de, Languedoe, France, March 19, 1698:
broken on the wheel at Toulouse, France,
March 9, 1762. A French Protestant merchant
at Toulouse, a victim of religious fanaticism.
He was judicially murdered on the baseless charge of
having put his eldest son (a suicide) to death to prevent
him from becoming a Roman Catholic.
Calataflmi (kii-lii-tii-fe'me). A tomi in western
Sicily, situated 32 miles southwest of Palermo.
The ruins of the ancient Segesta are in the vicinity. Near
here. May lo, ISliO, Gaiibaldi with about 2,000 men de-
feated 3,600 Neapolitans under Landi. The town was
taken, April 22, 838, by the .Saracens who gave it its name
(Kalat alUmi). Population (1881), 10,419.
Calatayud (kii-lil-ta^yoTH'). A town in the
pro\'ince of Saragossa, Spain, situated on the
river Jalon in lat. 41° 23' N., long. 1° 41' W.
It was built by Moors in the 8th century, and is in the
center of a ni»ted hemp district. It is near the ancient
Bilbilis (the birthplace of Martial), and has a castle.
Population (1887), ll,o.iS.
Calatrava la Vieja (kii-lii-trii'va lii ve-a'nii),
or Old Calatrava. A mined city of New
Castile, Spain, situated on the Guadiana north
of Ciudad Real. It was an important medieval for-
tress, and seat of the Calatrava Order of Knights, founded
in the 12th century for the defense of the frontier against
the Moors (it became an order of merit in 1808).
Calaveras (kal-a-va'ras) Grove. The northern-
most grove of the Calif orniau big trees, reached
from Stockton. It contains about one hundred Large
trees, among them the "Mother of the Forest^ "315 feet in
height and til in girth.
Calaynos (kii-li'nos). A tragedy by George H.
Boker, produced in England in 1848, and revived
in America by Barrett in 1883.
Calaynos, the Moor. One of the oldest Span-
ish ballads, in which the French paladins ap-
pear associated with various fabulous Spanish
heroes.
Calcasieu {kiU'ka-shu). A river in western
Louisiana which flows through Lake Calcasieu
into tlie Gulf of Mexico, in lat. 29° 46' N., long.
93° 20' W. Length, about 200 miles.
Calclia(iuis (kiil-cha-kez'). A tribe of South
American Indians which formerly occupied a
region of what is now northwestern Argentina,
in the vicinity of Catamarca. They were power-
ful opponents of the first Spanish colonists who entered
this district from Chile. The Jesuit missionaries called
their language Catainareno or Cncana, but all records of
tlijs tongue appear to be lost, and the tribe is extinct.
Calchas (kal'kas). [Gr. Ku/.^af.] In Greek le-
gend, the wisest soothsayer who aoeompanied
the expedition against Troy. He was a son of
Thestor of Mycense or Megara. According to the oracle
he must die wlien he met a soothsayer wiser than him-
self ; this happened when he met Mopsus at Claros. Ue
is introduced iu Shakspere's "Troilus and Cressida."
Calcraft (kal'kraft), John William. A pseu-
donym of John William Cole, under which
he produced "The Bride of Lammermoor," a
ilrama, in 1822, and other works.
Calcutta (kal-kut'a). [Hind. Kulilcata, prob.
orig. Ki'iliiilidt, referring to a shrine of the god-
dess Kali in the vicinity.] The eapitalof British
India and of Bengal, situated on the Hugli iu
lat. 22° 33' N.. long. 88° 23' E. it is the chief com
mercial center of Asia. Its exports and" manufactures are
opium, tea, jute, grain, indigo, iron, oil-seeds, cotton, etc.
Among the principal objects of interest are Fort Wiiliam,
Government House, an arsenal, a university, Btitanical
Gardens, a Sanskrit college, and various other institu-
tions. It is the seat of numerous learne<l societies. It
was founded as an East India Company factory U\ ICSti,
and originally called Fort William. It was attacked by
Surajah Dowlah in 1756. and was the scene of the tragedy
of the Black Hole (which see). It was retaken by t'li\e
in 17.'>7, anil liecamethe capital in 1773. Popnlatiini (IS'.U),
"itii suburbs, 741,144.
Caldani ( kiil-ilii'ne), Leopoldo Marc-Antonio.
Born at Bologna, Italy, Nov. 21, 1725: died at
Padua, Italy, Dec. 24, 1813. A noted Italian
204
anatomist. His chief works are "Icones anatomicie"
(1801-14), "Explicatio iconum anatomicarum "(1802-14).
Caldara (kiil-dii'rii), Antonio. Born at Venice,
1078 : tiled at Venice, Dec. 28, 1763. An Italian
composer of operas and oratorios.
Caldara, Folidoro, surnamed da Caravaggio.
Born at Caravaggio, near Milan, about 149.5;
killed at Messina, 1543. An Italian painter, a
dmpil of Raphael.
aldas (kiil'das), Francisco Jos6 de. Born at
I'opayan, Colombia, 1771 : died at BogotA, Oct.
29, 1816. A Colombian naturalist. He made impor-
tant studies in botany and geography, traveling for some
time with Humboldt and Bonpland. In 1805 he was made
director of the observatoi-y at Bogota. When the revolu-
tion of ISIO broke out he became chief of engineers in the
patriot army, but was not actively engaged in the field.
The Spaniards captured him in 1816, and he was shot.
Caldas Barboza (kiil'das biir-bo'zil). Do-
mingos. Bi>rn at Rio de Janeiro aViout 1740:
died near Lisbon, Portugal, Nov. 9, 1800. A
Brazilian poet. He was a mulatto, the illegitimate
child of a Portuguese and of a slave woman from Africa.
Over two hundred of his lyrics are extant.
Caldeira Brant Pontes (kiil-da'ril brant
jiou'tas), Felisberto, Marquis of Barbacena.
Born near Mariauna, Miuas Geraes, Sept. 19,
1772 : died at Rio de Janeiro, June 13, 1841. A
Brazilian soldier and statesman, in 1823 he was a
member of the constituent assembly ; in 1826 was chosen
senator; in Jan., 1827, assumed command of the Br.azil-
ian army in Uruguay, but was defeated at the battle of
Ituzaingb. Feb. 20, 1827, and soon after relieved ; in 1828
accompanied the young Queen of Portugal, Maria II.. to
Europe, aud defended her rights there with great decision
an<l skill ; and from Dec, 1829, to Oct., 1830, was prime
minister.
Calder (kal'der). A river in the West Riding
of Yorkshire, England, which joins the Aire at
Castleford, 9 miles southeast of Leeds. Length,
about 40 miles.
Calder, Sir Robert. Born at Elgin, Scotland,
Jidy 2, 1745 (0. S.): died at Holt, Hampshire,
Eugland, Aug. 31, 1818. A British admiral.
He served with distinction as captain of the fleet at Cape
St. Vincent in 1797, and commanded against VlUeneuve
in tliL' summer of 1805.
Caldera(kal-da'rii). A seaport in the province
of Atacama, Chile, in lat. 27° 3' S., long. 70°
53' W. : the distributing-point of a mineral
district. Population, about 3.000.
Calderon (kai-da-ron'), Francisco Garcia.
Born at Aa'equipa, 1834. A I'eruvian lawyer
and statesman, in 1867 he was elected to Congress,
and in 1868 became minister of the treasury. After the
Chili.ans occupied Lima (1881), and President Pierola had
fled, the citizens elected Calderon provisional president
of Peru, a choice which was afterward ratified by Congress.
He attempted to treat with the Chilians and to seciU'e the
interference of the ITnited States. To prevent this the
Chilians seized him and sent him to Valparaiso, where he
was confined until the close of the war. He returned to
Lima in 1886, and was made president of the senate. He
was influential in arranging the Grace contract by which
the finances of Peru were put on a better footing. He
has published a "Dictionary of Peruvian Legisl.ation."
Calderon, Serafin Estebanez. Born at Jlala-
ga, Spain, 1801 : died Feb. 7, 1867. A Spanish
poet and novelist. He wrote the novel "Cristianos
y Moriscos " (1838), " Las Poesias del Solitario " (1833),
" Escenas Andaluzas " (1847), etc.
Calderon (kal'de-ron), Philip Hermogenes.
Born at Poitiers, France, May 3, 1833. An
English painter, of Spanish descent.
Calderon the Courtier. A romance from
Spanish historv, l)v Bulwer Lytton, published
in 1838.
Calderon de la Barca (kal'de-ron; St), pron.
kill-da-ron' da lii bilr'kii), Madame (Frances
Inglis). Born in Scotland about 1810 (?). A
Scottish-American \\Titer, w\te of Seiior Calde-
ron de la Barca, a Spanish diplomatist: author
of "Life in Mexico" (1843), etc.
Calderon de la Barca, Pedro. Born at Ma-
drid. Jan. 17. 1600 : died there, Jlay 25, 1681. A
celebrated Spanish dramatist and poet. He was
educated first by the Jesuits and then at Salamanca, be-
ing graduated from the latter university in 1619. He had
already some reputation as a dramatic writer. In 1620
and 1622 he gained the praise of Lope de Vega and the
oTdy prize in poetical contests. Until 16;10 he served in
the army at various times, but contimied writing. In
1630 he was patronized by Philip IV., ami was formally
attached to the court, furnisliing dramas for the royal
theaters. He fought through tlie campaign of 1640.
From this time he wrote both secular and religious plays
and autos for the church, retjnning a controlling influence
over whatever related to the drama. In le.'il lie entered
a religious brotherhood. In 1663 he was created chap-
lain of honor to the king, and also became a priest of the
Congregation of Saint Peter, and afterward its head, an
office which he held till his death. Notwithstanding
these religious duties, he did not cease from writing
for the theater, besities which, duiing thirty-seven years,
he composed the Corpus Christi plays wliich were per-
formed every year in the cathedrals of Toledo, Seville.
and Granada. His extraordinary popularity contiimed till
his death. He himself made a list of one hundred aud
Calhoun
eleven plays and seventy (or seventy-three) sacramental
autos which forms the basis for a proper knowledge of hia
works. One hi)ndred and fifteen plays printed as his by
the cupidity of booksellers have no claim whatever to hia
name. His "Comediasde Capa y Espada" ("Comedies of
the Cloak and Sword": which see) are peculiarly charac-
teristic, and about thirty of these can be enumerated.
Among them are " La Dama Duende "(" The Fairy Lady "),
■' Mejor EstA que Estaba " (" 'T is Better than it Was "),
"Peor Estil (|Ue Estaba "("T is Worse than it Was"), aud
"Astrblogo Fingido " ("The Mock Astrologer "). Drydeu
used this last iii his "An Evening's Love, or The Mucli
Astrologer. " Among his plays are " El Magico Prodigioso "
("The Wonder-working Magician"), "La Devocion de la
Cruz " ('■ The Devotion of the Cross "), " El Principe Con-
stanta " ("The Constant Prince "). " Vida es Sueflo ("Life
is a Dream"), "El Mayor Encanto Amor" ("No Magic
like Love"), "Las Armas de la Hermosura " ("The
Weapons of Beauty "), and many others.
Calderon, Bridge of. See I'ucnte de Calderon.
Calderwood (kal'der-wtid), David. Born,
lirobably at Dalkeith, Scotland, 1.575 : died at
Jedburgh, Scotland, Oct. 29, 1650. A Scottish
clergyman aud chtirch historian. His chief worka
are " The Altar of Damascus " (1621 ; also in Latin, 1623),
" History of the Kirk of Scotland " (1678).
Caldiero (kiil-de-a'ro). A village in northern
Italy, 8 miles east of Verona. Here, Nov. 12. 1790,
the Austrians uuder Alvinczy repulsed Napoleon, and
Oct. 29-31, 1805, the archduke Chailes of Austria re-
d>ulsed Massf^na,
aldwell (kald'wel), Joseph. Bom at Lam-
ington, N. J., April 21, 1773 : died at Chapel
Hill, N. C, Jan. 27, 1835. An American clergy-
man and educator. He became president of
the University of North Carolina in 1804.
Caldwell. A town and summer resort iu east-
ern New York, situated at the southera end of
Lake George, 53 miles north of Albany. Forts
George and William Hemy were situated liere
in the 18tli century.
Caleb (kii'leb). [Heb. ; of uncertain meaning.
See the extract below.] A Hebrew leader at
the time of the conquest of Canaan. He was
one of those who were sent as spies into the
land of Canaan.
Often, with names of this kind, El was omitted, Irham
being used instead of Irhamel ; Caleb instead of Calbet,
This last name, singular as it is, need uot create any sur-
prise, for "Dog of El" was an energetic way of express-
ing the faithful attachment of a tribe to the God to
which it had devoted itself.
lieimn, Hist, of the People of Israel, I. 89.
Caleb. The witch in "The Seven Champions
of Chi'isteudom." Caleb had killed the parents
of the young Saint George and lirought him up.
Caleb. A character in Urydeu's satire "Absa-
lom and Aehitophel." He is intended for Lord Grey
of Wark, one of the adherents of the Duke of Monmouth.
The latter had a notorious intrigue with Lord Grey's wife.
Caleb Quotem. See Itiiotem.
Caleb Williams. A novel by William Godwin,
published in 1794. Caleb Williams is the secretary
of Falkland : his insatiable curiosity finds out the secret
of his master (See Falklaiui.) Coliuan the Younger based
his "Iron t'hest " ou this uovel.
Caled. See Khali d.
Caledonia (kal-e-do'ui-ii). [L. Caledottia, also
CitUdoxia, C(di/doiiia, Gr. Ka'Ar/fiovia, from Cale-
do)iii, Calidniiii, CaU/doiiii, also Caledoiies, Ciili-
doiirs, Gr. Kn/z/dtir/o/, the name of the inhabi-
tants.] A name given by the Roman wi'iters
to the northern portion of the island of Great
Britain: now used as a poetical designation of
Scotland.
Caledonian Canal. A canal in Scotland con-
nect ing the North Sea ivith the Atlantic Ocean.
It extends from Inverness tlu'ough a chain of lakes to
Coritach on Loch Eil. It was constructed 1803-22.
Calenders (kal'en-derz), The Three. The
throe princes disguised as Calenders, or begging
dervishes, in "The Arabian Nights' Entei-taiu-
ments.'' They have but one eye each.
Calepine (kal'e-pen). Sir. A "knight in Spen-
ser's "Faerie Cjueene" who saves a child from
a bear by squeezing the latter to death.
Calepino (kii-la-pe'no), Ambrogio. Born at
Bergamo. Italy, June 6, 1435: died at Bergamo,
Nov. 30, 1511. An Italian lexicogi'apher. Ho
compiled a Latin-Italian dicti<uiary (published 1502), which
passed through many editions, ami became, after succes-
sive enlargements, in l.'iOO a polyglot of eleven languages.
Facciolati reduced this number to seven in his edition
(1718).
Caleti (kal'e-ti), or Caletes (kal'e-tez). An '
.ancient Belgie tribe dwelling in the vicinity of
Rouen. They opposed Ciesar .52-51 B. C.
Caleva, or Calleva (kal'e-va). An impor-
tant town in ancient Britain: the modern Sil-
cliestcr.
Calgary (kal'ga-ri). A town in Alberta, Canada.
It is ii trading center on the Canadian Pacific
Railway.
Calhoun (kal-hon'), John Caldwell. Bom in
Abbeville District, S. C, March 18, 1782: died
Calhoun
at Washington, March 31, 1850. A noted Amer-
ican statertman. He was of Irish extraction, was
graduated at Yale CoUeKe in 18(M, studied luw at the Litcli-
fleld (Connecticut) Law School, was admitted to the burin
1807. and connuenced practice at .Abbeville. Ue was a
memlter of the State general assembly li>08-09; was
elected a representative to Congress from South Carolina
by the War Democrats in 1811, and retained his seat un-
til 1817, when he became secretary of war in President
Monrwj's cabinet. Ue was Vice- President of the I'nited
States 182.'>-a2; was United States senator 1S3"2-13; and
was secretary of state under President Tyler 1844-45,
when he was reelected to the Senate, of which he remained
a member until his death. A strenuous defender of the
Institution of slavery, he was the author of the doctrine
of nullification, according to which each State has the
right to reject any act of Congress which it ni.iy consider
unconstitutional. This doctrine was declai ed by the legis-
lature of South Carolina in 1^29, in a doeuinent, nialidy
drawn up by him, Icnown as the "South Car«dina F.xposi-
tion." He w:is one of the chief instruments in securing
the annexation of Texas. His works, with memoir, were
published by Richard K. Cralle (18.13-,«>4), and include a
treatise "On the Constitution and Government of the
United States."
Oali (kii-le'). A town in the southwestern part
of the United Stiites of ('olonibia, departmoiil
of Caiica, situated noi-th of Popavan. Popula-
tion ( lst)2), alu.ut 10,000.
Caliban (kal'i-ban). In Shakspere's "Tem-
pest," a deformed and repulsive slave. He is a
monster generated by a devil and a witcli, with a sensual
and malicious nature, educated by Prospero.
If the depth of an impression made l)y an imaginary
character may be Kaugc<l by the literature which that
character calls forth, then must llandet and Falstatf ad-
mit Caliban to a place between tliem. An eminent Pro-
fessor (Wilson) iiiw <Ievi>tt'tl a stout oetjivo volume to the
proof that ;n Caliban we llnd tlic exact "link" which, in
any scheme of Involution, is "missing" between Man and
the Anthropoids; the late and honoured Mr. Robert
Browning has given utterance to the theological specula-
tions which he imagined might have visited Caliban's
darkeneil and lonely soul ; and a brilliant Member of the
French Iristitute, of world-wide fame, has written a philo-
sophical tlrama bearing the name of "Caliban." Xoother
unreal character, except the two I have mentioned, Ham-
let and Falstatf, has called forth such noteworthy or such
Toluminous tributes. Furtiejis, Shak. Var., Pref., viii.
Caliban. A phUoaophical drama by Renan,
published in 1878 as a continuation of " The
Tempest.*' Caliban, a socialist and revolutionist, over-
throws Prospero anil ut-cupicsthe hitter's place an<l palace.
Be then comes t() sympathize with property-owners and
protects Prospero. The drama is keenly satirical.
Caliban, A pseudonym of Anguste fiiuilo Ber-
iri-rat.
Caliban upon Setebos, or Natural Theology
in the Island. A poem by iv'dbcrt BiMuuiug,
pulilishod in "Dramatis Per.sono!" (1864).
Calibum. See Excalibur.
Calicut (kal'i-kut), or Kolikod (kol'l-kod).
[Hind. Koliioilii.] A seaport in the Malabar
district. Madras, British India, situated uii the
Indian Ocean in lat. 11° lo' X., long. 7.5° 40' E.
It was the first IndiaTi port visited by Vasco da Gama in
1498. It was destroyed by Tippu .Saib in 17s9, and ceded to
the British in 179-2. Popul.ation (Is91),88j078.
Calidore (kal'i-dor). A kjiight in Spenser's
"Faerie C^ueeiie," thetjiH- of courtesy. He is
modeli'd upon Sir Philip Siilney.
Calif (kfi'iif). [From Ar. Iciilafti, to leave be-
hinil.] Tli(^ title given to the successor of
Mohammed, meaning 'successor,' ' lieutenant,'
'vicegerent,' or ' deputy.' He is vested with alwo-
late authority in all matters of state, both civil and reli-
fftous, as long as he rules in conformity with the law of the
Koran and the tradition. The calif must be a man, an
adult, sane, a free man, a learned divine, a powerful ruler,
a Just person, and one of the Korclsh (the tribe to which
the prophet himself belonge<l). The Shiites (the schis-
matfcHid Islam) also demand that he should be a descen-
dant from the prophet's family. After the first five califs.
who. according t^) some Mohanmiedan authorities, were
alone entitled to the title, the others being merely Amirs,
or govemoi-8, the califate passed over to the Ommiads,
who, 14 in number, relgiuHl (iOl-750 in Damascus. They
were succeeded by the Abbassidos, with 37 califs, reigning
7fHK12fi8 in Bagdad. Aftertheir temporal power had been
overthrown by IIalakKhnn,r2rKS,descendantsof the Abbas-
sides resided for three centuries in Egypt, and asserted
their claim to the spiritual power. In lol7 the califate
passed over through one <lescendant of the Alibassides to
»llm I., the ninth of the present (Ittonnm dynasty of
Turklsli Bultiins and Is still vested in the sultan of the
Dttoniiin enipiic,
Calife de Bagdad (kii-lef de biig-diid'), Le. An
opera bv Hoieldien, words bv St. .lust, first
j>r<idiiccd in Paris Sept. 16, 1800.
California (kal-i-for'ni-ji). [Sp. Cnli/imiid (Ifitli
century), applied first to wluit is now (MJIcd
Ixjwir Ciilifiiniiii. Origin uncertain: .said fo Ijc
from Calif iniin, a feigned islaml abnuniliiig in
gold and precious stones, described in a S|)iin-
iBh romance, " Bas Sergns de Fisplanilian."
published in 1510.] Oneof the Pacific States of
the United States of America. It extends from lat.
S2*S0-)2" N'.,long, lll"-124°26 W„ and Is bounded by Ore-
?on on the north. Nevada and Arizona on the east, Lower
'allfornia on the south, and the I'aciflc on the west. The
Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges traverse It, and It Is famous
205
for picturesque scenery (Yosemite, etc.). Besides gold,
quicksilver, lead, and silver, it produces various other
minerals, petroleum, etc. Among its other important pro-
ducts are wheat, barley, wool, grapes and other fruit, wine,
brandy, honey. :md timlier. Its capital is Sacramento, and
its chief city San Francisco. It has 57 counties. The coast
was explored by Cabrillo in 1542, and by Drake 1578-79. It
was settled by Spanish missionaries in the 17th century,
and from 1822 was part of the Mexican state. In 1846-47
it was occupied by American troops, and was ceded to the
I'nited States in 1848. (;old was discovered in Kl Dorado
County on Jan, 24, 1848. It was adnntted to the Union
in 18.W. Length, 776 miles. Area, 15s,a60 square miles.
Population (1890), 1,20»,130.
California, Gulf of. An arm of the Pacific
Ocean lying between the peninsula of Lower
California on the wi-st and the Mexican states
of Soiioraand Sinaloa on t'lieeast. Length,about
700 miles ; breadth at the entrance, 150 miles. It receives
the river Colorado at its heatl.
California, Lo-wer, or Old. [Sp. Baja, or nv-
ja, Califoriiiii.~\ A peninsula of North Amer-
ica, projecting into the Pacific Ocean, forming
a teiTitory of Mexico. It was discovered by .\imenes
in l.'>;f4, was explored by Cortes in 1535, and settled by the
Sjtaniards in the last part of the 17th century. Its sur-
face is mountainous, and its climate dry. Area, 59,913
square miles. Length, about 790 miles. Population (1890),
31,107.
Caligula (ka-lig'u-lii) (Caius Caesar). [Cn-
lii/nla is a nickname frmn L. cdliiia', the foot-
ili'ess of the common soldiei's.worn by him when
lie was with flu' army as a boy.] Boi'iiat An-
tium, Italy, Aug. :il, 12 A. D. : killed at Rome,
Jan. 24, 41. The third emperor of Rome, 37-41
A. D., youngest son of Germanicus, the nephew
of Tiberius, and Agrijipina. Hesucceeded Tilicrius,
whose death he had caused or accelerated. The begin-
ning of his reign was nuu-ked by great moderation, but
his savage and voluptuous nature soon revealed itself, and
the rest of his career was marked by cruelty and licen-
tiousness little short of madness. He is said to have ex-
claimed in a lit of vexation, " Would that the Roman peo-
ple had oidy one head ! ' He had himself worshiped as a
god, and r.aised his horse to the consulship. He invaded
Gaul in 40. He was assassinated by Caasius Chserea, Cor-
nelius Sabinus, and others.
Caligula. A tragedy by Cro-wne, printed in
169S.
Calila and Dimna. See Kalilah.
Calipoa. See CaJujumija.
Calipolis (ka-lip'o-lis). The wife of Muly Ma-
hamet in Peele's play " The Battle of Alcazar."
During a famine her husband presents her with a bit of
meat, stolen from a lioness, on his bloody sword, with
these words: "Feed then and faint not, fair Calipolis."
Pistol ridicules this line in "2 Henry I'V.," ii. 4.
CalippUS. See (■(lUippiis.
Calista (ka-lis'til). l. The "Fair Penitent" in
Kowe's play of that name. She is the proud, fierce
wife of a forgiving husband. Altamont, and loves "that
haughty gallant, gay Lothario," who has seduced her.
After the latter's death her sense of guilt induces her to
kill herself, though Doran remarks that she was more
angry at being found out than sorry for what had hap-
pened.
2. The faithful -svife of Oleander in Fletcher
and Massinger's play " The Lover's Progress."
Her struggle with her luifortunate passion for
Lysander affords a powerful scene. — 3. One of
tlie principal cliaracters in Mrissinger's "Guar-
dian."— 4. Tlioiineen's ■woman in Scott's novel
" The Talisman." She is wily and intriguing.
Calixtines (ka-liks'tins). [ML. Calixtini, a sect
so calleil: refon-ed to c(tUx, a cup, the cup of
the eucliarist; in form as if from Calixtux, a
proper name.] A sect of Hussites in Boliemia.
They published their coTifession in 1421, the leading arti-
cle of which was a demand to part:ikc of the cup (caftx)
as Weil as of the bread in the Lord's Supper, from which
they were also called UtraquutU (L. iit'-njni', both).
Calixtus I. (ka-liks'tus), or CallistUS (ka-lis'-
tus). Killed '-Si. Bishop of Ivome. He suc-
ceeded Ze|)hyrinus as liisliop in 218 A. D. He is
commenuirafiMl in the Roman! 'hurch on Oct.l4.
Calixtus II. (Guido of Burgundy). Died at
Koine, Ibe. IJ. I1'J4. I'cipe ]II!»-L'4. He con-
cluded the Concordat of Worms with Henry V.,
1 1 22.
Calixtus III. (Alfonso Borgia). Born in
Spain about 137.S: died Aug. 6, 14:")8. Pope
14')")-:")8. He attempted fruitlessly a crusade
against the Turks.
Caliyuga. See KaU-ijugti.
Callahpoewah. See Calapooi/n.
Callander (kal'an-der). A small town in
I'ertlishire, Scotland, situated on the Teith 13
miles northwest of Stirling. It is a tourist
center.
Callao (kiil-lii'6 or kiil-vii'6). 1. A seaport, in
Peru, sifuated in laf. 12° 4' S., long. 77° 8' W.,
(i miles west of Lima on the Bay of Callao: the
chief port of Peru. On Oct, 28, 171(1, It was swept away
by an earthijuakc-wave. the result of the shock whicli
destroyed Lima : 4,(100 people perished, and a frigate and
nineteen other vessels were strandc<l. San Felipe Castle
Callirrhoe
was planned by M. Godin and completed about 1755 ; it
was the last point occupied by the Spaniards in South
America, being ttnally taken Jan. 19, 1826. The castle was
important in all later Peruvian wars. Callao was bom-
barded by a Spanish fleet .May 2, ISOti, and by the Chileans
in 1880. It exports wool, guano, bark, etc. Population
(1890), 35,492.
2. A coast department of Peru, capital Callao,
recently separated from Lima. It comprises
only the city and suburbs.
Callapipa. See Vdhquimja.
Callapooha. See CaUipooya.
Callaway (kal'a-wa), Henry. Bom in Eng-
land, Jan. 17, 1!^17: died Jhirch 27, 1800. An
English missionary in Africa. He was a successful
physician until 1854, when he went to South Africa to
assist Bishop Colenso in his work among the Zulus. In
1858 he founded the Spring Vale mission sUition ; in 1874
ho became bishop of Independent Kaffraria, and founded
the settlement of I'mtata. He is noted as a folkloi-jst.
Principal works, "Nursery Tales of the Zulus" and "The
Religious System of the Araazulu " (1868-71).
Callcott (kal'kot). Sir Augustus Wall. Bora
at Kensington, near London, Feb. 20, 1779:
died at Kensington, Nov. 25, 1844. An English
landscape-painter.
Callcott, John Wall. Bom at Kensington,
near London, Nov. 20, 176(;: died near Bristol,
May 15, 1821. An English composer of glees,
catches, etc., brother of Sir Augustus Wall
Callcott. He published a " Musical Grammar"
(1806).
Callcott, Lady (Maria Dundas, later Mrs.
Graham). Born at Papcastlc, near Cocker-
mouth, in 1785 : died at Kensington, near Lon-
don, Nov. 21, 1842. An English writer, wife
of Sir Augustus Wall Callcott.
Calleja del Rey (kiil-ya'Ha del riiy'), Felix
Maria. Bom at Medina del Canipo, Old Cas-
tile, 1750: died at Cadiz, 1820. A. Spanish gen-
eral. In 1789 he was sent to Mexico. In 1810 he was a
brigadier, commanding at San Luis Potosl. Soon after
Hidalgo revolted he m.arched against him, defeated him
at Aeulco, nearQuert-taro, Nov. 7, and on Jan. 17, 1811, won
a great victory over him at the bridge of Calderon, near
Guadalajara. His measures for repressing the revolution
were very cruel, scores of Ins prisoners being shot. Called to
the capital, he was sent against Morelo.s, whom he besieged
in Cuautia from Feb. 17 to May 2, tinally obtaining a bai--
ren victory, as Morelos and his army escaped. ( hi Dec. 2'.>,
1812, he was made niilitiiry conimandant of ilexico City,
and from M:u-cli 4, 18l:J, to Sept. 19, 1816, he was viceroy.
Callernish (ka-ler'nish). A region in the island
of Lewis, Hebrides, Scotland. It is noted for its
ancient stone circles.
Callias(kari-as), Peace of. Apeace, concluded
at Sjiarta in June, 371 B. c, between Athens
and Sparta, including their allies, from which,
however, Thebes was excluded, it took its name
from Callias, one of the Athenian envoys, prominent in
the conferences.
Calli^res Bonnevue (kiil-yar' bon-vii'), Louis
Hector. Born in France, 1639: died at (Jue-
bee, May 26, 1703. A French colonial politi-
cian, governor of Montreal 1684, and of Can-
ada 1699.
Calligrapher (ka-lig'ra-fi-r), The. A sm-uame
of Tliecidosius H., given to him on account of
his skill in illuminating manuscripts.
Callimachus (ka-lim'a-kus). [6r. KaA?J/iaxo(.]
Lived before 396 B. c. An artist of antiquity,
according to tradition the inventor of the Co-
rinthian column.
Callimachus. Born at Cyrene : died about 240
B. c. A famous Alexandrian critic, gramma-
rian, and poet, chief librarian of the Alexan-
drian Library.
CalUnicus (kal-i-ni'kus) of HeUopolis. An
Egyptian architect who is commonly held to be
the inventor of the Greek lii'e. the secret of
whose comjtosifion has been lost. He is said to
have destroyed by this lire a Saracen fleet which attacked
Ctinstantinoiile al)out 670 A. P.
Oallinus (ka-li'iius). [Gr. KoXAiTOf.] A Greek
poet of Ephesus, of uncertain dale (lived per-
haps about 730-670 B. c), probably tlie first
known writer of I'legiaes, the invi'iition of
which wns anciently attributed to Archilochus.
The longest fragment assigned to him has by some been
thouijht to be the work of Tyrtn-'US.
Calliope (ka-li'o-i>e). [Gr. Kn//((iir;/.] 1. In
Greek mythology, the Muse of epic poetry.
She is represented with a tablet and stylus.
See .\tii.icK. — 2. An asteroid (No. 22) discovered
by Hind at London, Nov. 16, 1852.
CallippUS,oiCalippUS(ka-lip'us). [GT.Kd/MJr-
-m- or \^ii/iz-m-.\ Horn at Cyzicus, Asia Minor:
lived in the 4th century n. c. A Greek asfron-
omer. He instituted the "Collipple" cycle of 7« .years,
f.irnuil by quadrupling the Motonlc cycle (19 years) and
sulitractiug one day.
Callirrhoe (ka-lir'o-e). [Gr. Ka>./l(pp<iv.] A
historic fountain in Athens, architecturally
Callirrhoe
adorned and provided with eondiiits by Pisis-
tratus,the use of whose water was prescribed for
ceremonial rites. From tlieeailiest study of Athenian
topography, this fountain has been identified with tlie
copious spring still Huwinp in the bed of the Ilissus, near
the tetnple of Olympian Zeus. Dorpfeld. however, has
lately demonstrated the probability that this identifica-
tion is incorrect, and that the fountain was in fact situ-
ated at the southwest angle of the Areopagus, on the bor-
der of the Agora. While the evidence is still incomplete,
excavation has revealed a water-conduit of the Pisistratid
epoch ending at the Bite indicated, which accords with
literary testimony.
Callirrhoe. In Greek legend, the wife of Ale-
nioeou. She persuaded her husband to procure for her
the peplum and necklace of HiU'monia, and thus caused his
death, which was avenged by his sons. See Alcmteon and
lt(irm'ni>tt
Callisthenes (ka-lis'the-nez). [Gr. KaVAtadivr/i; ."]
Born at CljTithus, Macedonia: died about 3-S
B. c. A Greek pliilosopher, a cousin and pupil
of Aristotle, and a companion of Alexander
the Cireat in Asia. He incurred Alexander's ill will,
and was probably put to death by liis order.
Callisto (ka-lis'to). [6r. Ka>./.;<Tr<j.] In Greek
mythology, an Arcadian huntress, a companion
of Ai'temis, beloved of Zeus and transformed by
him into a she bear, in this form she was slain by
Artemis in the chase. She was placed among the stars as
the constellation Arctos (Bear).
CallistratUS(ka-lis'tra-tus). [Gr.K«/.>,/arparof.]
An Athenian orator. He commanded with Chabrias
and Timothens the forces which were despatched to the
assistance of Thebes against Sparta in 378, and executed
a number of embassies. In 366 he delivered a speech on
the loss of Oropus, which is said to have determined De-
mosthenes to devote himself to the study of oratory. He
was sentenced to death for poKtical reasons in 361, as a
result of which he went into exile. He subsequently
returned, and was put to death. He is said to have
founded the city of Datum, afterward Philippi, during his
exile.
Callistratus. A Greek grammarian who lived
about the middle of the 2d century B. c. He was
the author of commentaries on the major poets of Greece,
which were held in considerable repute by the ancients,
but which are now lost. He is said on doubtful authority
to have been the first to acquaint the Samians with the
alphabet of twenty-four letters.
Callistratus. A Roman jurist who lived about
the beginning of the 3d eentm-y A. D. He is said
to have been a pupil of Papinian and to have been a mem-
ber of the council of Alexander Severus. He is known
cliiefly on account of the numerous extracts from his works
in the "Digest" of Justinian. N(me of his works is ex-
tant.
Callot(ka-16'), Jacques. BornatNanev.Franee,
1592 : died at Nancy, March 28, 1635. A French
engraver and painter.
Call to the Unconverted. A religious work
by Richard Baxter, published in 1(557, known
as '• Baxter's Call."
Calmar. See Ealmar.
Calmet (kiil-ma'), Dom Augustin. Bom at
Mesnil-la-Horgne, near Toul, France, Feb. 26,
1672 : died at Paris, Oct. 25, 1757. A noted
French Benedictine scholar and biblical critic.
He was the author of numerous works, including •*Com-
meutaire sur tons les livres de rAncien et du Nouveau
Testament " (17ii7-ie), a " Dictionnaire historique, critique
et chronologique de la Bible " (172".^ -28).
Calmon (kiil-m6u'). Marc Antoine. Born at
Tamuies, Dordogne, France, March 3, 1815:
died at Paris, Oct. 13, 1890. A French politi-
cian and jiolitical economist. He was chosen life
senator in tS7.'>. He published "Histoire parlemeataire
des finances de la restauration " (186S-70;, etc.
Calmon du Pin e Almeida (kal-mofi' dii paii'
e iil-ma'dii), Miguel. Born at Santo Amaro,
Bahia, Dec. 22, 1796 : died at Rio de Janeiro,
Oct. 5, l.%5. A Brazilian statesman. He was
member of the constituent assembly 1822 ; several times
deputy ; senator from IStO ; minister in many govern-
ments, and premier in 1840 and 18)3. From 1844 to 1847 he
was special envoy in Europe. In 184ii he was created vis-
count, and in 18r>4 marquis of Abrantes.
Calmucks. See Kalmucks.
Calne i knn). A town in Wiltshire, England,
16 miles east-northeast of Bath. Population
(1891), 3,495.
Calneh (kal'ne). One of the four cities of
Nimrod in Bhinar, or Babylonia (Gen. x. 10),
which as yet has not been identified. It is to be
distinguisheil from Calneh of Amos vi. 2, and the Calno
of Isa. X. •■<. w hich perliaps refer to one and the same city,
identified bv some with the Kullani mentioned in the As-
sjnnan inscriptions as having been conquered 738 B. C. by
Tiulatli-l'ileser III., and now represented by the ruins of
Kullai;hu about six miles from Arpncl.
Calo-Joannes (k,-il-6-j6-an'ez), or Joannes II.
Comnenus. [Gr. Ka/o-iunviv/c u Kry/iz/idc.]
Boi-ii 108S: died April 8. 1143. Bvzantine em-
peror from Aug. 15. 1118, to April" 8, 1143: son
of Alexis I. whom he succeeded. He carried on
successful wars against the Tinks and Servians, and in 1137
added .Armenia Minor to the Greek empire. He conceived
tile jiroject of conquering the Latin kingdoms .of Jeruia-
lem and Antiocb, and entered Cilicia with au army, where
120G
he die»l from a wound by a poisoned arrow in the hand,
accidentally intticted while b.»ar-hunting.
Calonne (kii-lou'), Charles Alexandre de.
Born at Douai, France, Jan. 20, 1734: died at
• Paris, Oct. 30, 1802. A noted French courtier
and politician, comptroller-general of finance
1783-87.
Calov (ka'lof), Latinized Calovius (ka-16'-
vi-us) (originally Kalau), Abraham. Born
at Mohrungen, Prussia, April 16, 1612: ilied at
Wittenberg, Germany, Feb. 25, 1686. A Ger-
man Lutheran theologian and polemic writer.
His chief work is " Systema loeorum theolo-
gicorum" (1665-77).
Calpe (kal'pe). [Gr. Kq/.t;?.] The ancient
name of the rock of Gibraltar, one of the Pil-
lars of Hercules. See Abyla.
Calpee. See Kalpi.
Calpren^de. See La Calprenide.
Calpurnia (kal-p^r'ni-il). Daughter of L. Cal-
purnius Piso Ca?soninus, and last wife of Julius
Ca'sar, whom she married 59 B. c. She ap-
dicars in J^hakspere's tragedy " Julius Ca>sar."
alpurnia gens (kal-per'ni-a jenz). In an-
cient Rome, a plebeian clan or house which
claimed to be descended from Calpus, the
third son of Numa. its family names under the re-
public were Bestia, Bibulus, Fliirama, and Piso, The first
member of this gens wht) obtained the consulship was
C Calpurnins Piso (180 B. c).
Calpumius (kal-per'ni-us), Titus (or Caius),
sm-named Siculus ('the Sicilian'). A Latin
pastoral poet who lived about the time of
Nero. Seven eclogues, a panegyric ("Delaude Pisonis").
and two fragments of bucolic poems are attributed to
him. Four other eclogues formerly regarded as his are
now referred to Xemesianus, a poet once thought to be
identical with Calpurnius.
Caltanissetta (kiil-tii-ne-set'ta). A province
in Sieilv. Area, 1,263 square miles. Popula-
tion (1891), 308,673.
Caltanissetta. The capital of the pro\-ince of
Caltanissetta. Sicily, situated in lat. 37° 26'
N., long. 14° T E. It has a cathedral. Popu-
lation (1891), estimated, 35,000.
Calton Hill (kal'ton hil). A height in the north-
eastern part of Edinburgh.
Calumet (kal'u-met). A town in Houghton
County, in the northwestern part of the Upper
Peninsula of Michigan. It is noted for its
copper-mines.
Calumet, or Calumick (kal'u-mik). A river
in northwestern Indiana, and in Cook County,
Illinois. It flows into Lake Michigan by two mouths,
one near Chicago, the other in Lake County, Indiana.
Calvados (kal-va-dos' ). A department in Nor-
mandy, France, Ijing between the English
Channel on the north, Eure on the east, Orne
on the south, and Manehe on the west and
south. Its capital is Caen. Area, 2,132 square
miles. Population (1.891), 428,945.
Calvaert, or Calvart (kai'vart ; F. pron. kiil-
viir'), Denis, called Dionlsio Fiammingo.
Born at Antwerp, 1556: ilied at Bologna, Italy.
March 17, 1619. A Flemish painter belonging
to the Bolognese school. His best works are
at Bologna.
Calvary (kal'va-ri). 1. A word occurring in
the New Testament (Luke xxiii. 33), adopting
the cah-uria by which the Vulgate translates
the Greek kranion. which itself is the render-
ing of the Aramean ijoljiotha, skull: it is not a
proper name. The popular name "Mount CMvai^-"
is not warranted by atiy statement in the gospels as being
that of the place of the Cruciflxicm.
2. The name of the English version of Spohr's
oratorio "The Saviom^'s Last Hours'' ("Des
Heilandes letzte Stunden"), first given in 1835,
in England in 1839.
Calv6 (kiil-va' ). Madame fEmma de Roquer).
Born at Deeazeville. .\vcyroii, France, in 18(16. A
distinguished soi>ratio opera-singer, of French
and Spanish parenttige. She studied in Paris under
Marcbesi and others, and made her il^t)ut in opel'a at the
Theatre de la Monnaie, Brussels, in 18s2, as Marguerite in
Gounod's "Faust." She played in Palis in 1884 ; made a
tour in Italy; returned to Paris: made a European tour
(Russia, Italy, P.elgium, England, Spain); and I'ame to
America in 1893-94, lSil.i-96, 1896-97. Among her popular
roles in .\merira are Carmen and Santnzza in "Cavalleria
Rustieana." Her home is at Cabrieres in Aveyron.
Calverley (kal'ver-li). A ruined gamester,
Virutally cruel to his wife and children, in "The
Yorkshire Tragedy." once attrilnited to Shak-
spere. The story is that of a real person of
that naiue.
Calverley, Charles Stuart. Born at Hartley,
Worcestershire, Dec. 22, 1831: died at London,
Feb. 17, 1884. An English barrister and poet.
In 1852 he resumed his family name, Calverley, which his
grandfather had changed to Blayds in 1807. He wrote
Calypso
verse and translations (1862, 1866. 1869), and a volume of
humorous verse, parodies, etc., "Fly Leaves," in 1873
Calvert (kal'vert), Cecilius or Cecil, Lord
Baltimore, Born about 1605: died at London,
Nov. 30, 1675. The first proprietor of Mary-
land. He was the son of George Calvert, mentioned be-
low, who, having applied for a grant of land in northern
Virginia, died before the charter had passed the great
seal, in consequence of which it was issued in the name
of his heir Cecil, June 20, 1632. In Nov., 1633, he sent an
expedition of colonists under his brother Leonard to the
new domain, which was named JIaryland by Charles I. in
honor of his queen. He married about 1623 Anne Arundel,
whose name is borne by one of the counties of Maryland.
Calvert, George, Lord Baltimore. Born at
Kipling. Yorkshire, about 1580: died April 15,
1632. The founder of Maryland. He entered Par-
liament in 1609, and became secretary of state in 1619. a
post which he resigned in 1625, on declaring his conver-
sion to the Eoman Catholic faith. He was at his resig-
nation raised to the Irish peerage as Baron Baltimore.
While secretary of state he obtained from James I. a grant
of land, called the province of Avalon, in Newfoundland,
where in 1U21 he established the settlement of Ferry laiiil.
He paid two visits to the colony between 1627 and 1629,
which convinced him of the unsuitability of the cHluate,
whereupon he applied for a grant of land (the present
Miuyland) in northern Virginia, the charter of which, as
he died before it had passed the great seal, was issued in
the name of his son Cecil in 1632.
Calvert, George Henry. Bom at Baltimore,
Md., Jan. 2, 1803: died at Newport, R. I., May
24, 1889. An American journalist, poet, and
miscellaneous ^Triter.
Calvert, Leonard. Born about 1606 : died June
9, 1647. The first governor of Maryland. He
was the brother of Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore.
by whom he was placed in command of the colonists who
set sail from Cowes Nov. 22, 1633, and founded St. Mary's
March 27, \G'ii. His claim to the jurisdiction of Kent
Island was opposed by Claiborne whom he reduced to
submission in 1647.
Calves' Head Club. A club said to have been
instituted in ridicule of the memory of Charles
I. It is first noticed in a tract reprinted in the " Harleian
Miscellany," called "The Secret History of the Calves'
Head Club," etc., undertaking to show how this club met
for some years. 1693-97, on the anniversary of the king's
death. An ax was reverenced, and a dish of cidves' heads
represented the king and his friends. It seems to have
met in secret after the Restoration and till 1734, when
some ill will was excited against it, and riots were said to
have ensued.
Calvi (kal've). A fortified port on the western
coast of Corsica, in lat. 42° 35' N., long. 8° 46' E.
It was taken by the English in 1794.
Calvin (kal'vin), John, originally, in French,
Jean Chauvin, or Cauvin, or Caulvin. [L.
JnlKiinivs CalfiiiKf, G. Jolianii Calriii, It. Giii-
I'aiiiii Cdlrino; L. CaliiiiKS, fi'om falfu.s, bald.]
Born at Noyon, Picardy, France, July 10, 1509:
died at Geneva, May 27, 1564. A celebrtited
Protestant reformer and theologian. He studied
at Paris. Orleans, and Bourges ; embraced the Refi>rmation
about 1528 ; was banished from Paris in 1533 ; published his
"Institutes" (which see) at Basel in 1536; lied to Geneva
in 1536 : and was banished in 1538, and retmned in 1541.
He had a controversy with Bolsec in 1.551, and with Ser-
vetus in 1553 (see Serretui)^ and founded the Academy of
Geneva in 1559.
Calvo (kiil'vo), Baldassarre. One of the
principal characters in George Eliot's novel
"Romola."
Calvo, Carlos. Born Feb. 26, 1824 : died May
4, 1893. An Argentine historian. He resided
for many years at Pans, where most of his works were pub-
lished. Theseinciude important treatises on international
law, the "Coleccionde tratados de la America Latina," also
published in French and continued in a second series as
".\nales historicos de la revolucion en la America Latina."
Calvo, Mariano Enrique. Born at Sucre about
1795: died at Cochabamba, 1842. A Bolivian
politician. He was vice-president of the confederation
of Peru and Bolivia. 1S36-39. In 1840 he attempted a re-
volt against President Velaaco, and was imprisoned.
Calvus (kal'vus), Caius Licinius Macer.
Born May 28, 82 B. c. : died about 47 B. c. A
Roman poet and forensic orator.
Calydon (kal'i-don). [Gr. Kn/ifi(ji'.] In ancient
geography, a city of ^tolia, Greece, situated
near the river Eveuus in lat. 38° 24' N., long.
'21° 34' E. It is the legendary scene of the hunt of the
Calydonian boar (which see).
Calydon. A great forest celebrated in the Ar-
thurian romances. It was supposed to be in
the north of England.
Calydonian Hunt. In Greek legend, the chase
of a savage boar which the goddess Artemis, in
punishment for a neglect of sacrifice by (Enens,
king of Calydon in ^Etolia, sent to ravage his
country. The boar was pursued by Meleager and a band
of heroes, and was slain by him. In some accounts Ata-
lante. who was beloved of Meleager, joined the hunt and
infiicted the first wound.
Calypso (ka-lip's6). [Gr. Ka'/.i-Tpu.'] In Greek
legend, a nnnph li\'iug in the island of Ogy-
gia, who detained Ulysses for seven years. She
promised him perpetual youth and immortality if he
would remain with her.
Cam
Cam (kau), Sp. Oano (ka'nO), DiOgO. Lived in
tbe last i)arl of the loth cfUtury. A Portu-
guese navigator. He explored the West Alri-
eau coast to the Kougo 1484-85.
Cam (kam), or Granta (gran'tji). A river in
(Jambridgesliire, Euglaud, which joins the Ouse
3^ miles south of Ely. Length, about 40 miles.
8ee Cum bridge.
Camden, writing in 1586, recognises tbe Cam as well as
the Grantu : " By wliat niune writers termed this River,
Itta a question : some c;dl it Oraiila, otliers Camus." On
Speed's map of Cambiidgesliij'e ^ItJlO) tlie name Cain oc-
curs alone, written twice, uuce above, and once below,
Cambridge ; Milton persouitles it as a river-god in " Lyci-
das ■' (1(13») :
"Next Camus, reverend sire, went footing slow,
His mantle haii-y and his bonnet sedge,
Inwrought with figures dim, and on tlie edge
Lilce to that sanguine flower inscribed with woe ;"
and on Loggan's map of Cambridge (1688) the words The
JUver Cam are written out in full, without any other des-
ignation. On tile other hand, so late as 1702, an Act of
parliament for improving the navigation speaks of the
River CA«>B, alias the OrauL Clark, Cambridge, p. 11.
Oamacho (ka-ma'cho). A rich but unfortunate
man in one of the episodes in "Don Quixote."
He is cheated out of his briiie, Quiteria, just as he has
provided a great feast for his wedding : hence the phrjise
Camacho'g wedding is used to signify great but useless
»bow and expenditure.
It is like Camacho's wedding in Don Quixote, whore
Sancho ladled out whole pullets and fat geese from the
•oup-kettles at a pull, liaditt, £ug. Poets, p. 150.
Oamanche. See Comanche
Camaralzaman, Prince. See Badoura.
Camaiao 0<a-mii-raii'), Antonio Felippe.
Bom in Kio (irunJe do Norte about 1580: died
there in 11J48. A Brazilian Indian, chief of the
Potyguares tribe. His Indian name /"ofi/Cslirimp')
was translated into the Portuguese Caiimrdo when he was
baptized. He joined the Portuguese in the wars against
tbe Uuicli of Pernambuco, and made several destructive
raids into the Dutch territory. His wife, Clara, always
accompanied him and fougtit by his side, and she is a
favorite lieroine of Brazilian history. On Aug. 2y and 24,
1636, Camari^o and his Indians defeated a regulai' Duteti
force under Artichofsky.
Camarao, Diogo Pinheiro, Dates of birth and
death not recorded. A Brazilian Indian,
nephew of Antonio Felippe Camarao. He was
one of the Indian allies of the Portuguese in their wars
with tlie Dutch, and on the death of his uncle in 1048
succeeded Ilim in command of tlie Potyguai-cs tribe.
Oamargo (ka-miir-go'j (Marie Anne Cuppi).
Born at Brussels, April 15, 1710: died at Paris,
April :iO, 1770. A celebrated French dancer.
CskmargO (kii-miir'go), Diego MunOZ. Born at
Tlaseala about 1523: dateof death not recorded.
A Mexican, said to have been the son of a Span-
iard by an Indian mother, in ibi:, he finished an
account of Mexican aboriginal history and customs, and
of the comiuest. It w;is first published, in a faulty i'rcnch
tranalatiun.inthe "Nouvellesannales des voyages "'(1845).
Camargo, Sergio. Born at Tiravitoba, 1833.
A statesman of Culomliia. lie studied law, but en-
tered the army, attained the higliest niilitai'y rank, and was
commander in-cliicf and secretary of war. He was several
times representati\ e and senator in tbe Colombian con-
gress, piesidcnt of t!ie state of Boyaca, and in 1877 presi-
dent ad interim of Colombia.
Camargue (kii-miirg'), La. An island in the
department of Bouches-du-Khone, France,
lormeil by the bifurcation of the Khouo.
Length, 28 miles. Area, about 300 square
tnilfs.
Oamarina(kam-a-ri'na). [Gv.Kaiiufiiva.'] In an-
cient geography, a city on the southern coast of
Sicily, 45 miles southwest of Syracuse. It was
founded as a Byracusaii colony 590 B. 0. ; a Honian fleet was
wrecked near iiere, 255 a. c.
Tbe flrst destruction of Caniarina t^iok place within 40
yeara of its foundation, ». c, 553. It had revolted froni
Syracuse, and on being reduced was razed to llie ground
(Thucyil. vL 6). On tlie cession of the site to the Geloans,
Hippocrates rebuilt the town, which was a second time
destroyed by Gelo, about n. c. 484. The date and circnni-
stanees of its later re-estahlishinent are uncertain. They
fall, however, into the time of X'indar, who speaks of Caiua-
rlna as newly founded, liawlituion, Herod., IV'. 127, note.
0ambac6r^3 (koii-ba-sa-riis'), Jean Jacques
R6gi8 de. Born at Montpellier, France, Uct.
IH, 17.-)3: .lied at Paris, March 8, 1824. A French
statesman and jurist. Ue became a member nf Hie
Convention in 17lr2 ; jiresidentof the Committee of Public
Safety in 1794, and <>f the Five Ilnmlred in 179(i; minister
of Justice in 170U ; 'Jd consul in 1791); and arch chancellor
of the empire in 1804. He was ma<lo duke of Parma in
1S08. He published " Projet du code civil " (17'J«).
Camballo (kam-bal'o). 'Die second sou of
Cambuscau in Chaucer's " Stiuire's Tale." lb'
is introduced by Spenser, who calls him Cam-
bel, in the "Faerie Queeno."
Cambaluc (kam-l>a-lok'). The name given by
Marco Polo to Khambalu or Khan baligh, a
Mongol designation of the city of Tatu, now
the Tatar portion of Peking (which see).
207
Cambay (kam-ba'). A state inGuzerat, India.
It is under British protection. Area, 350 square
miles.
Cambay, or Kambay (kam-ba'). [Hind. Kham-
blidt.] The capital of the state of Cambay, sit-
uated on the Gulf of Cambay in lat. 22° 20' N.,
long. 72° 32' E. It was formerly an important com-
mercial city, and the reputed Hindu capital of western
Imlia in tlie 5tli century A. I'. Population, about ao,OtX).
Cambay, Gulf of. An inlet of the Indian
Ocean, lying west of British India, iu lat. 21°-
22° 20' N.
Cambebas, or Campevas (kam-sa'bas or kam-
jia'viis). A modern name for the Omaguas
Indians (which see).
CambeL See Camballo.
Cambert (koii-bar'), Robert. Bom at Paris
in 1G28: died at London in 1G77. The earliest
composer of French opera. He was associated with
the Abb.^ Perriii in the production of French opera for 32
yeai-a, after which, Perrin having lost the Academic
through the influence of LuUy, he went to England and
became "M.aster of the Music to Charles II." Among
his operas are '■ La Pastorale," which was the first French
opei-a, "Pomone" (1671), etc.
Camberwell (kam'ber-wel). A parliamentary
borough in the southern part of London, county
of Surrey. Population (1891), 235,312.
Cambina (kam-bi'nii). A daughter of the fairy
Agape iu Spenser's "Faerie Queene." She has
magic powers, and in the end marries Camballo,
or Cambel.
Cambini (kiim-be'ne), Giovanni Giuseppe.
Born at Leghorn, Italy, Feb. 13, 1746 : died at
the Bieetre, near Paris, iu 1825. An Italiau
violinist, and composer of symphonies, quar-
tets, etc.
Cambodia (kam-bo'di-ii), or Camboja, or Kam-
boja (kam-bo'jii). [Malay A"((/«io/((.J A depen-
dency of France in southeastern Asia, bounded
by Siam on the northwest and north, Anuam
on the east, French Cochin-China on the south-
east, and the Gulf of Siam on the southwest.
Its surface is generally level, and it is traversed by the
Mekong. Pnom-Penh is its capital, and its seaport is
Kampot. It was formerly a kingdom of large extent, but
became a protectorate under French rule in 1863, and is
now united with other French dependencies iu Indo-
china. Area, 38,000 square miles. Population, about
1,500,000.
Cambodia River. See Mekong.
Cambon (koii-boii'), Joseph. Born at Mont-
pellier, France, June 17, 1754: died at Brus-
sels, Feb. 15, 1820. A French revolutionist.
He was a member of the Legislative Assembly in 1791, of
the Convention in 1792, and of the Committee of Public
Safety in 1793.
Camboricum (kam-bor'i-kum), or Cambori-
t.iim The lioman name of an ancient town
which occupied the site of the modern Cam-
bridge, England. See Cambridge.
Camboricum was without doubt a very important town,
which commanded the southern fens. It had three forts
or citadels, tin- principal of which occupied the district
called the Castle-end in tlie modern town of Cambridge,
and appeiu'S to have Inul a bridge over the t^ani or Granta ;
of the others, one stood below the town, at Cliesterfcon, and
the other above it, at Granchester. Wriijld, Celt, p. 135.
Camborne (kam 'born). A mining town in
Cornwall, England, situated 12 miles south-
west of Truro. Population (1891), 14,700.
Cambrai, or Cambray (kam-bra' ; F. pron.
koii-bra'). \Yion\.Camcriteiim, later Camaraciia;
G. Canicrih or Kambnjk, LL. Camardcum.'] A
town in the department of Nord, France, on
the Schelde in lat. .'')0° 10' N., long. 3° 14' E.
It has been long noted for the nianufacturo of cambrics,
which dciived tlu-ir name from it. It is a fortress, ami
contains a cathedral anil citadel. It was finally acijuired
by France in 1678. Kdnelon and Dubois were archbishops
of Camltrai. Population of cominnne (1891), 24,122.
Cambray, League of. Axx alliance between
Louis XJI. of 1' ranee, the emperor Maximilian
I., Ferdinand •'the Catholic" of Spain, and
Pope Julius II., formed here, Dec. 10, l.")08, the
object of which was the partition of the Ve-
netian territories.
Cambray, Peace of. A peace negotiated at
Cambray, Aug. .'i, 1529, between Francis I. of
France and ('harks V. France abandoned Italy to
the emperor and relinquished her claim to suzerainty over
Flanders and Arlois; hertitletotheduchyof Burgmuly was
recognized. Called *' l.apalxdes dames "(" Ladies' Peace '),
because the preliminaries were conducted by Ixjui8e,mother
of Fl-aneis 1., and Margaret, aunt of Charles ^'.
Cambria (kam'bri-ii). The Latin name of
Wales.
Cambrian Shakspere. A name given to Ed-
ward Williams.
Cambridge (kam'brij). [ME. Cambrigge, Cam-
brig, Cantvbrigge ; earlier Crantcbriggc,lrra»ntc-
briggc, AS. Gruntidirycg, Grantanbnjcg, 'briilge
of (tho river) Granta'; L. Caiitabrigia. See
Cambyses I.
Cam.] The capital of Cambridgeshire, Eng-
land, situated on the Cam in lat. 52° 12' N.,
long. 0° 6' E. It is the seat of a famous university
(which see). Cambridge is probably on the site of a British
town and of thcKoinan Caniboritum. It had a castle (now
destroyed), founded by William the Conqueror. Popula-
tion (ISllli, 36,983.
Cambridge. A city in Middlesex County,
Massachusetts, separated from Boston by the
Charles Kiver, and practically a suburb of Bos-
ton. It is the seat of Harvard University. It has in
its manufacturing (juarters (East Cambridge, Cambridge-
port) manufactures of iron, etc. It was founded by Eng-
lish colonists under Winthrop in 1030, and called at first
Jiewtown ; its name was changed to Cambridge after the
founding of Harvard College, in honor of Cambridge, Eng-
land, where some of the early colonists were graduated.
It was occupied by the American army 1775-76. Incorpo-
rated as a city 1846. Population (1890), 70,028.
Cambridge (kam'brij) (Adolphus Frederick),
Duke of. Born at London. Feb. 24, 1774 : died
July 8, 1850. An EngUsli general, youngest son
of George IU. He was viceroy of Hannover
1S31-37.
Cambridge (George William Frederick
Charles), Duke of. Born at Loudon, March 20,
1819. An English general, son of the Duke of
Cambridge. He served at Alma and Inkerman iu 1854,
and was coniniander-in-ehief of the army 1850-95.
Cambridge, University of. A celebrated uni-
versity at Cambridge, England, it was a center of
learning in the 12tli century, and in 1231 Henry III. issued
writs for the regulation of Cambridge "clerks." It con-
tains twenty colleges ; St. Peter's, founded as a hospital
in 1257, converted into a college by Hugh de Balsham
1280-8C ; Clare, by Eichaid Badew in 1326 as I'niversity
Hall, refounded by the Countess of Clare in 1369 ; Pem-
broke, by tbe Countess of Pembroke in 1347; Gonville
and Caius, by Gonville in 1348 and Cains in 1558; 'trinity
Hall, by Bateman in 1350 ; Corpus Christi, or Benet Col-
lege, by Cambridge gilds in 1352 ; King's, by Henry \'I. in
1441 ; Queens', by Margaret of Anjou in 1448 and Eliza-
beth Woodville in 1465 ; St. Catherine's, by Woodlark in
1473; Jesus, by Alcock in 1496; Christ's, by William liing-
liam as a school in 1439, refounded by Margaret Beaufort,
mother of Henry VII., in 1606 ; St. John's, founded as a
hospital in 1136, refounded iu 1511 by Jlargaret Beaufort;
Magdiilene, established as a hostel for students in 1428,
given to Lord Audley who founded it as a college in 1519;
Trinity, by Henry VIII. in 1646 on several earlier founda-
tions; Emmanuel, by Mildmay in 1684 ; .Sidney Sussex, by
the Countess of Sussex iu 1595 ; Downing, l)y Sir George
Downing, died 1749 (charter in 1800); Ayerstllall, founded
ill 1884, "to provide an economical education for theo-
logical students and others " ; Cavendish College, in 1873,
by an association, for younger students ; Selwyn College,
in 1882, ill memory of George Augustus Sehvyn. (See
these names.) The university library contains about
500,000 volumes, 5.723 manuscripts; the library of Trinity
Cidlege, 90,000 volnnies. In 189tl-97 it had 2,941 under-
graduate students and about 120 instructors.
Cambridge Platform. A declaration of prin-
ciples respecting chiu-ch government and doc-
trine adopted by a synod, composed of repre-
sentatives of the Congregational churches of
New England, held at Cambridge, Massachu-
setts, in 1648.
Cambridgeport (kam'brij-port). A manufac-
turing district of the city of Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts, lying on the Charles Kiver, opposite
Boston, 1^ miles west of the state-house.
Cambridgeshire (kam'brij -shir), or Cam-
bridge. An eastern cotmty of England, lyin^
between Lincoln on the north, Norfolk and
Suffolk on tho east, Essex and Hertford on the
south, and Northampton, Huntingdon, and Bed-
ford on tlio west, it is divided into Cambridge prope.
and the Isle of Ely ; it forms part of the fen country which
was hu'gely reclaimeil in the 17tli and 18th centuries. It
formed part of East Anglia, and was included in the Dane-
law. It was eeh-Urated for its resistance to William tlio
Conqueror, and sided with Pai-liamentin thel7th century.
It ciui tains Itoinan remains. Area, 859 square miles. Popu-
lation (1891), 1S.S9KI.
Cambronne (koii-brou'), Count Pierre Jacques
Btienne. Bom at St. Sebastien, near Nantes,
France, Dec. 20, 1770: died at Nantes, Jan. 8,
1842. A celebrated French general. He fought
against the Vendean.s, i)articipatcd as colonel in tbe cam-
paigns of 1812 and 18l;i, accomnanieil Napoleon to Elba,
was made lien tenant -general and adnilttetfto the Chamber
of Peers during the Hundred Days, and eoinniaiided a di-
vision of the Imperial (Juard at Waterloo. He is the re-
puted author of the expression "La garde nieurt et ne so
rend pas "("The guard dies, but never surrenders "), in-
correctly said to have been used by him at Waterloo when
asked to surrender.
Cambuscan (kam-bus-kan' or kam-bus'kan).
A Tatar king in Chaucer's " The Stiuire's
Tale,'' who had most wonderful magical pos-
sessions— a ring, a glass, a sword, and a brazen
hoi'se. Ho is the father of Canaee, Camballo,
and Algarsife. Chattoer did not finish tlie story.
Cambuskenneth (kam-bus-ken'eth) Abbey.
An abbey situated near Stirling, Scotland.
Near here, r297, took place the lialtle of Stir-
ling. See Slirling, Buttle of.
Cambyses (kam-iu'sez) I, [Old Pers. Kabyjiya,
which is thought to be derived from the San-
Cambyses I.
skrit lab, to praise, and uji, speaker. The
Greeks inserted the euphonic m before tUe a.
An Aryan people existed in the northwest corner
of IniUa under the name of Eamboju. which lias
8m-\-ived as the name of a country bordering
on Siara.] A Persian king whose historical
eharaoter is doubtful. In the genealogy of S;eries, as
K vet, by Herodotus, both he and his son Cyrus ale o'" teJ;
ami l" d orus, where he gives this name, seems to mean
the f'itherof CjTUS the Great. On the other hand, a Cam-
byses s mentioned whose sister was the ancestress u, the
fourth degree of one of the seven conspirators Possibly
C^iibvses I was one of the sons of Theispes (on the cu-
Snn moaSmentsChishpaish), and grandson of Acha;-
nambvses II The son and successor of Cyrus
I^.'^ri father of C>tus H., called "The Great '
Accordini; to Herodotus he was merely a Persian noble-
man bi.Kenophon states that he was king of the couii-
S) ani "is statement is conflrined by native records
Cambyses III. The son and successor of Cy-
rus the Great. .t>9-5-22 B. c. He is depicted as
despotic and tyrannical. He defeated PsammeUchus II
(called by the Greelis Psammenit), king of Egypt, in the
battle of Pclusium (62.=i B. C), and iiicorpora ed that country
inthe Persian empire. His expeditions against Ammonan.
IM iopia were unfortunate.. While he was • ^vasta Un;^
Egypt an impostor assuming the name of his hiothei
Bafdiya (called by the Greeks .Smerdis) who was secietl,
assassinated at Cainbyscss instigation, forced hmi U, return
to i'r^sia. but he died on the way from a wound inflicted
Cambyses, King of Persia. A play by Thomas
Preston, written as earlv as lobl. "In allusion to
a passage in it, ■ Cambyses vein ' has, in consequence of its
b«ng cited by Shakspere, become proverbial for rant,
rlmtl the language of the play is in no instance specially
olmoxious to this charge." Ward. ^ , „ .
Camden (kam'den). AtowninKershawCount\,
Sout li Carolina , near the Wateree River 32 miles
northeast of Columbia. Here. Aug. 16, ITSii, the
British under Oornwallis defeated the Amencans under
Gates ■ the loss of the Americans was about 2,0li(. inclmling
De Kalb. Near here, at Hobkirks Hill, AprU 25, liSl, the
British under Kawdon defeated the Americans under
Greene. The first battle is also called the battle of Sanders
Camden. A city and port of entry, capital of
Camden Countv, New Jersey, situated on tlie
Delaware River opposite Philadelphia. It is a
railway center, and is noted for its manufactures
■ and sliip-building. Population (1890), 58,313.
Camden, Earl. See Pyatt. Charles.
Camden ikam'den), William.. Born at Lon-
don May 2, l.i.il: died at Chiselhurst, Kent,
Nov. 9, 1623. A noted English historian and
antiouarv. His chief works are "Britannia" (1586),
" Annales "rerum Anglicarum et Hibernicarum regnante
Klizaiietha " (1615). ,. , ,. ^ . i „;
Camden Society. An Enghsh historical soci-
ety formed in 1838 for the pubhcation of docu-
ments relating to EngUsh history : named from
William Camden.
Camden Town. A northern quarter of Lon-
don east of Regent's Park. "[It| takes its name
from' the ftrst Earl of Camden, who acquired laige property
here by his mairi;ige with Miss Geffreys. Hare, I. 221
Camel, Battle of the. Fought at Basra, 6.^6.
Calif Ali defeated the rebels Tallia, Zobair,
and Ayesha (the latter being present on a
camel). . „ ,,
Camelford i kam'el-ford). A town m Cornwall,
Eiu'laiul, situated Li miles west of Launceston.
It i^one of the places identifled as the Camelot of the Ar-
thurian cycle, and a traditional scene of the final battle
between Arthur and Modred. ^ , , „ .-,
Camelon (kam'el-on), in Scotland, feee the
extract.
At Camelon, on the Firth of Forth, vvc found the site of
the battle that closed the career of the historical Arthur in
537 .<Jfi(nr( Glennie, Arthurian Localities, in. i.
CamelopardaliS (ka-mel-o- or kara"e-lo-p!ir'(la-
lis) The Canielopard, a northern constellation
formed by Bartsch and named by Heyelius.
It is situated between Cepheus, Perseus, Ursa Major and
Minor, and Draco. As given by Hevelius, the name was
Camelopardalus. . . r-
Camelot (kam'e-lot). A legendary spot in Eng-
land where Arthur was said to have hm bis
palace and cowt, and where the Round lable
was. Shakspere alludes to it in "Lear," ii. 2, 79.
"Goose, if I had vou upon Sarum plain.
I'd drive ye cackling home to Camelot.
Tliis is supposed to be in allusion to the fact that great
Quantities of geese were bred on the moors near Camelot
in Somersetshire. Capell maintained that Camelot was,
or was near. Winchester. Caxton locates it in Wales.
Tennyson alludes to it in "The Lady of Shalott and m
the "'Idylls."
Camel's Hump. One of the chief peaks of the
Green Mountains, Vermont. It is west of Mont-
pclier. Height, about 4,000 feet.
Camen8e(ka-me'ne). In ItaUan mythology, foiir
pmphetic dignities: by Roman poets identi-
fied with the Muses.
Camenz. See Kamenz.
208
Camerarius (ka-ma-rii're-bs) (Liebhard), Joa-
cMmCI^' Chamberlain.'] Boi-n at Bamberg
Bavaria, April 12, 1500: died at Leipsic, April
17 1574 A German scholar, author ot a liie ot
Melanchthon(1556),andeditorofMelanchthon's
letters (l.")69). „ , .
Camerarius, Rudolf Jakob. Bom at Tiibm-
gen.Wiirteraberg, Feb. 12,1665: .hedatTubin-
len Sept. 11, 1721. A German physician and
botanist, author of "De se.xu plantarum epis-
tola" (1694), etc.
Camerino (ka-ma-re'no) . A town in the prov-
ince of Macerata, Italy, in lat. 43° 9' N., long.
13° 5' E. It was the ancient Camerinum. It was an-
nexed to the Papal States in the middle of the 16th cen-
Cameron (kam'e-rqn), James Donald. Born
at Middletown, Dauphin County. Pa., May i-i.
1833 An American politician. He graduated at
Princeton in 1S52, was president of the Northern Central
Slway Company of P>^"V>^.v'^•r''^l*^^".vrl;^^S
tary of war under President Grant May 22, 187«,-Mari,h
3, 1877, when he was elected a Vnited States senator from
Pennsvlvania as a Kepublican. _
Cameron, John. Born at Glasgowabout lo(9:
died at Montauban, France, 162.^. A beot-
tish theologian, an advocate ot "passive obedi-
ence." He became professor of divinity at Saumur, and
later at Montauban. His foUowers iu France were called
CanKToniYes (which see).
Cameron, Richard. Born at Falkland, Fife-
shire Scotland: killed near Airds Moss, Ajt-
shire', Scotland, July 20, 1680. A noted Scot-
tish Presbyterian minister, and leader ot the
Covenanters. His followers, a sect of Scottish
di^senters,werecalledCa»ieroHi«H«(whichsee).
Cameron, Simon. Born in Lancaster Coimty,
Pa., March 8, 1799: died there, June 26, 18b9.
\n American politician. He was in 1845 elected
United States senator for Pennsylvania to succeed Bu-
chanan, whohad been ^VV»»'^f'l^''''\^^?^jfj'^''\^2lrS\L
identPolk. His term expired March 4, lb49. During his
term of oflice he acted with the Democratic party ; but
having about 1865 identifled himself w.tli the Peoples
party he was in 1856 returned to the Senate as a Eepub-
lican. He was secretary of war in the cabinet of Lincoln
March 4, I861.-Jan. 11, 1S62, when he was appointed I nited
States minister to Russia, a post which h" resigned the
following year. He served as senator from Pennsyhania
1866-77, wiien he resigned and was succeeded by hia son
James Donald Cameron.
Cameron, Verney Lovett. Born July 1, 1844 :
died JIarch 26. 1894. A noted English explorer
As a naval olBcer he was chosen in 1872, by the Royal
Geographical Society, to lead an expedition in search of
Livingstone. In March, 1873, he started from Bagamoyo
In Unvanyembe he met Livingstone s body, but proceeded
to Lake Tanganyika. His two European assistants died
Boon, and he had to carry on his e^lo''''""X;' "{'.an?,''
circumnavigated the Tanganyika, discovert* the_Liikug.i.
Campaign, The
Camille (ka-mel'). The sister of the three
Horatii in Corneille's tragedy " Les Horaces.
She denounces Rome when she finds that her lover has
been killed by her brothers.
Camille. An English version of the French
plav ''La dame aux cam^lias." The Marguerite of
the French play is Camille in this. See Dame aux cainehaa.
Camillo (ka-mil'6). 1. A Sicilian noble in
Shakspere's -'Winter's Tale." He saves Polix-
enes and induces Leontes to protect Flonzel
and Penlita.— 2. The husband of Vittoria Co-
rombona in Webster's tragedy "The White
])e%il."— 3. A character in Dryden's play "The
Assignation."
CamillUS (ka-mil'us). 1. A newspaper pseu--
don}nn of Fisher Ames.— 2. A pseudonym ot
Alexander Hamilton.
CamillUS, Marcus Furius. Died 36o b. c. a
Roman general. He was several times dictator, took
Veil in S96 p92), and after the sack of Rome by Brennus
In -i'HO (388) defeated the Gauls.
Caminha (ka-men'ya ) . Pedro Vaz de. A Portu-
guese who accompanied Pedro Alvares Cabral
in 1500 as secretary of the proposed factory at
Calicut. He wrote a letter, still preserved in Lisbon
which is the oldest extant description of the discovery of
Srt^ Thfs was first publishecl by Muiloz, 1790. and
there are subsequent editions. Caminha probably per-
ished in the massacre at Calicut, Dec. 16, 150().
Camisards (kam'i-ziirdz). A name given to
the French Protestants of the Cevennes wlio
took up arms in defense of their cml and re-
licrious liberties early in the 18th century: so
called from the white blouses worn by the peas-
ants who were the chief actors m the insurrec-
tion.
circumnavigaieu me iauf^auji.*", ^.o,.....-.- - — % ^, •
and made his way through Urua and southern Eunda to
Benguellaand Loanda, where he arrived m >ov., 18T5 H^
was the first explorer to cross Africa from east to nest.
His •■ Across Africa " appeared in 1876. . In 1878 he made a
railroad survey in Asia Minor and Persia. Since 18*7 he
has lectured and written on antislavery.
Cameronians (kam-e-ro'ni-anz) 1. The fol-
lowers of Richard Cameron in Scotland. They
refused to accept the indulgence granted to the Presby-
terian clergy in the persecuting times of Charles II., le.t
by so doing they should be understood to recognize his
ecclesiastical authority. They were known at first a The
Societies, but were afterwaril organized as the Befoiimd
Presbyterian Church of .Scotland, most of which in Is, 6
was merged in the Free Church.
2 A name given to the 26th regiment of British
iiifantrv, from its having been originally com-
posed o'f the Cameronians who flocked to Ldm-
bureh during the revolution of 1688. Their nu-
cleus consisted of the men who fought under Richard
Caniertm at Aird's iloss in 16,^0, when he was killed.
Cameronites (kam'e-ron-its). A group of
French Protestants, professing a moditied (^al-
vinism, led bv John Cameron, a native of Glas-
o'ow, professor of theology at Saumur and else-
where. They were condemned by the Synod
of Dort.
Cameroon River. See Kamerun Stver.
Cameroons. See Kamerun.
Cames (kii-mes'). A wild tnbe in the south-
western part of the state of Sao Paido, Brazil.
Ihey arose in the 16th and 17th centuries from the mix-
ture of Indian hoi-dcs with fugitive negro and mulatto
slaves. At one time they were very numerous, and dan-
gerous enemies of the whites. A few hundred only re-
main, in the western part of the state.
Camilla (ka-mil'il). [L.Cnmi»«.] 1. A virgin
warrior queen of the Volsciaus, daughter ot
King Metabus of Privernum. She figures in
Vergil's .^neid. She came to the assistance ot
Tumus, and was treacherously slain by Aruns.
— 2 A ladv in Lvlv's '-Euphues'' with whom
Phirautus falls in loVe.— 3. An opera by Owen
McSwinev, translated from the Itahan m liOli.
— 4. A novel by Madame d'Arblay, published
in 1796.
Camlan, Battle of. A battle which took place
in Cornwall about 537, in which both Ai-thur
and his nephew Motlred fell in single combat.
Cammin. See Kammin. „ - ^
Camoens (in Portuguese speUmg, Camoes)
(kam'6-ens; Pg. pron. ka-mon'esh), LuiZ de.
Born at Lisbon r?) in 1524 (?) : died at Lisbon,
June 10, 1380. A celebrated Portuguese poet.
He was of gentle birth, and was educatod at Coimbra. On
leavintr college he returned to Lisbon, and quickly became
accustomed to court life and manners. Hisrotnantic pas-
sion for Donna Caterina de Atiude a high-born lady in at-
tendance on the queen, with the jealousy of another lover
and the dislike ot her father, was one of the pniiC'Pnl
reasons tor his banishment from Lisbon about 164,, In
1560 he. having joined the army of Africa^lost the sight
of his right eye in a naval engagement at Ceuta. Alter a
careless and somewhat dissolute period, he was cast into
prison in 16.53 for wounding one of the king s equemes in
a street fracas. He was pardoned on condition of his im-
mediate embarkation for India. He reached Goa in the
same year He joined several naval expeditions, and oii
his return to Goa he devoted his pen to the exposure of
the abuses so rife in the East, and became very- unpopular
in consequence. After seventeen years of adventure and
suffering from persecution and imprisonment in Goa,
Macao, Mozambique, and Sofala, he was allowed to re-
turn to Portugal in 1570. - He lived poor and "ff If fed.
and so died," is said to have been placed on a marble tablet
to his memory on the wall of the church of the convent of
Santa Anna, both church and tablet having been destroyed
by earthquake in 1775. His great epic. ' Os Lusiadas
(■■The Lusiad " : which see), written during his banishment,
and perfected in his humble home in Lislwn, was first
published in 1572. Its success was great, and a second
«lition was published in the same year; but this only
added to the malice with which he was regarded at court,
and when in 1678 the young king Dom Sebastian went
to Africa on his fatal expedition, Bernardes, a courtier
and poet, w.as selected to g.) with him and smg his tri-
umphs. Alter the defeat and death of the king " Carney
ens went as one dreaming." Thirty-eight editions of the
" Lusiad " were published in Lisbon before 1700. There
are translations in nearly every European laiiguagel he
first English translation was by Sir Richard Fanshawe,
?655. Mickle's translation appeared •" 1"6- ^usgrave s
in 1826. QuiUinan's (five cantos) in 1853, Sir ThomsB
Mitchell's in 1854. Camoens's influence and efforts pre-
served the Portuguese language from destruction during
. , * i,- _ c :..,. — .,«.,*;„„ w,hp,i tbe Inn?uase
servea tne roriugue»c moK".*^ ''•^•" •■™- ,r, ;„„,."
the period of the Spanish occupation, when the language
of the court was Castilian. His minor works, or Rimas,
were sonnets, comedies, eclogues, ballads, and epigrams.
Camonica (kU-mon'e-kU), Val. The valley of
the Oglio in its upper course, in Lombaray,
Italv, north of the Lago d'Iseo.
Camp The. A plav by Tickell, attributed to
Sheridan, produced" in 1778. Vortni, Annals,
H. 137. . ^
Campagna (kam-pan'ya). A town in the prov-
ince of Salerno, situpted 19 miles east of ba-
lerno. Population, 6.000. _^ .
Campagna di Roma (kiim-pan'ya de ro ma).
A large plain in Italy, surrounding Rome^ lying
between the Mediten-anean and the Sabine
and Albau Mountains. It corresponds in great part
to the ancient Latium. It is of volcanic fo."''"""!';, ''"''
has been for centuries noted 'or its malarious climate
though in antiquity it was covered with "'h'S an 'towns
and was brought to a high state of cultivation. It has been
reclaimed in part.
Campaign, The. A poem by A<h?son celebrat-
ing the battle of Blenheim, published in 1/04.
of Robes-
Oampan 209 Campion
Campan (koii-pon'). A
lui'iit of Huiites-Pyr6n6es
■Vdiiui- 18 miles southeast oi j.aiiji-». xi, .a (juciii of Scots, was a partyl
u„li..l lolitspietUlvs.iueslM.Miiy. the nuirria«c of Boll.well and connnanaed the qu.e.r CampC (kiim'l.f), Joachim Heinrich. Born at
Campan. M^iam. (Jeanne LomseHenrirtte ^^ ^^-f ;;•;;■ ^■■jV^^^-io^^^^Hea^^^
Genest), Boru at Pans, Oc-t. O lu-. aied at ,„,,, ,,i^.|, ,,„„„.^.l,,„- died near Bnmswifk, Oct. 22, 1818. A Geri.iau
JIantfs, Frauee, March 16, 1822. — - - - - -
teacher, she was, at the age of fifteen
to the three daugliteis of Louis XV. ,
years tlrst laily of the bedchamber
and narrowly escaped duiing the storming
ies by the mob, .\ug. 10, 1792. Alter the t:dl
Pierre she opened a lioarding-school for young ladies at
Sainl-<brmain, ami in IsoO was apiMiinted by Napoleon
BUperiutendent of the school at Eeouen for daughters.
sistere ami nieces of oltlcers of the Legion of Honor, a post
which she held till the aliolition of the school by the Bour-
iHins. She wrote " Memoires sur la vie priviSe de Mane
Antoinette ■■(1S22X etc.
Campanerthal, or Kampanerthal (kilm-pa'-
nei-lali. A work on the immortality of the
soul, by Jeau Paul Frietliich Kichter, published
iu 179t: named from a picturesque valley of
the upper Adour iu the P_\Teuees.
Campania (kam-pa'ni-ii). [(.ir. Kdus-Hi/a.] In
ancient {,'eography, a reKiou in Italy, lying be-
tween Latium on the northwest, Samniiim on
the
deleated by Montrose in llH.'i. lie sided with Charles II.
after the death of Clnu-les I, but submitted later to Crom-
well. At the Restoration he was executed for treason.
Campbell, Archibald, ninth Earl of Aigyll.
Beheaded at Edinburgh, June 30, 1685. Son
of the eij,'htli Karl of Arfiyll. He supporled the
Royalists in the civil wais, and Charles II. after the Ri s-
toration. He was obliged to leave Scotland at the eml
of the reign of Charles II., on the charge of treason. He
landed in Scotland in 1US5 to take part in Monmouth'8
rising, :uid was executed for treason.
Campbell, Archibald, first Duke of Argyll.
Die. I Sept. 20 (2Sf), 1703, Son of the ninth
Karl of Ai'gvll, created 3tike 1701. He favored
the Revolution, and was one of the connuissioners who
ollereil the Scottish crown to William and Mary at Lon-
ilon in llis'.l.
pe'clie), A state of Mexico, formiugthe sonth-
westeru part of the peninsula of Yucatan.
jVi'ca, 21,797 square miles. Population (1892),
estimated, 9.5,166.
Campeche. [Native name.] A seaport, the
capital of the state of Campeche, situated on
the Bay of Campeche iu lat. 19° ol' N., long.
90° 33' W. Its exports are logwood, wax, etc. It was
an old Indian town, and was discovered by Francisco Her-
nandez do i'orilova in l.')17, and was named liy him San
Lazaro. ropulati-'U (IS1><>X estimated, 18,730.
Campeche, or Campeachy, Gulf or Bay of.
A name given to the southern part of the Gulf
of Me.xieo.
Campeggio (kam-pe.i'o), Lorenzo. Born at
Ben Liatmm on me noriuneoi, ,jai^imi.^ v.i. ,Lon ni li>>;>. ,7 , •^ "^ , i-^.> i- i / rJ t i in iKon
, north and east, Lucania on the southeast, Campbell, Archibald, third Duke of Argyll. Bologna, 1-1/2: died at Rome, July 19 1539
ItheMediteri-an.MnSeaonthewest. Itsorigi- Bora at Petersham. SmTey,iai June, 1682 : died An Italian cardinal, legate to Kngland 1;>19
iuhabiianis were p.obablyof ((scan or Ausonian race; April If), 1761. A Scottish statesman, brother and lo28, bishoy ot Salisbury and archbishop
am
it was 'settiJii later i.*' the Oreeks.and submitted to Rom^
»10 B. c. It is noted for its fertility and products. It
contained the ancient cities Cuma;, Capui^ liai:E, Puteoli,
Uerculaneuiu. Tonipeii, etc. Tlie moilern conip;utimento
of Campania comprises the provinces Avelliuo, lieneveuto,
Caselta. Nai>oli, ami Salerno.
Campanile of Giotto. A famous tower at
Florence, Italy, begun by Giotto iu 1334, and
after liis death, in 1337, continued by Andrea
Pisano. It is 6<iuarc in plan, 371 feet to a side, and 275!
feet high, and is divideil by string-courses into Bve 5U)ries,
the two lowest of which are pnictieally solid ; the two mid-
dle ones have each, on each face, two canopied and tracer-
led windows ; and the highest, aliout twice as high as any
of those below, has one lai-ge beautifully decorated and
tniccried window in each face, and a bold cornice. The
whole exterior of the tower is incrusteil with colored
marbles arranged in panels. The basement is surrounded
by two ranges of reliefs, the lower in hexagonal, the upper
Ap
of the second Duke of Argyll. He was a Ann sup-
porter of Walpole, by whoni he was intrusted with the
chief management ot Scotch affairs. Hewasappointedlord
keeper of the privy seal in 1725, and keeper of the great
seal in 17;M, which latter post he occupied until his death.
Campbell, Colin, first Earl of Argyll. Died
1493. A Scottish nobleman, created oarl in
1457, He was one of the conspirators against
James III. in 1487.
Campbell, Colin, Baron Clyde. Born at (jlas-
gow, Oct. 20, 1792: died at Chatham, England,
Aug. 14. 1863. A British field-marshal. He
served with distinction at Chillianwalla ami liujerat, 1S49,
a]id at the Alma and Balaklava, 1S64 ; was connnamlei-in-
of Bologiui. He presided at the Diet of Rjitisbon. In
l.'i2S he was associated with Wolsey in hearing the divorce
suit of Henry VIII. of England against Catherine of Ara-
gon.
Campenhout, Frangois van. Born at Brussels
in 1780 : died tlicre in l.'US. A Belgian musician.
His fame chictly rests on tlie "Urabantonne," the Belgian
national air, which he composed in 1S3U.
Campenon (kon-pe-nou'), Frangois Nicolas
Vincent. Born in Guadeloupe, French West
Indies, March 29, 1772: died near Paris, Nov.
2-1, 1.S43. A Fi'ench poet and general writer.
He wrote "Voyage de Grenoble ii Chambery " (1705 : prose
and verse), " L'Enfant prodigue " (1811), etc.
I.ucknow ami thenrelievedCawnpore,aml recaptured Luck
n.iw in ls.,S. He w.as made a K. C. IS. in 1849, and wa.< ele-
led to the peerage as Baron Clyde of Clydesdale in 1858.
A square tower in Campbell, George Douglas, eighth Duke of Camperdown. See rictoria (battle-ship)
Venice, measuring 42 feet to a side, and 323 Aigyll. Born April 30, 1823. A Scottish states- Campero (kam-pa'io), Narciso.^^ Born at To^o,
man and writer. He was lord privy seal l85:i-55 ;
the ftnest example of the Italian Bointed style, of which
it embodies all the virtues, wliile possessing some of its
defects.
Campanile of St. Mark's.
Vemce, measui-ing 42 feet
feet high to the angel at the ape..x of the py „ , , .- , ,o-n ,u- .
ramida! spire. ,t w^ begun in 90-2, but the arcaded ^^S^tS^^SZt^?^^^^/^^^^^. His
beUry or " cella," wnth l.e square dte and pyram d abov e raa^>Joi^luma^l^^^^ _^ ^^^^ P^ ^y^^^ „ ^^^^ ,. ^^^
dst«s oidy from the lotli century. bespUe u= eelebi it, , u ,^^ j^ ^^,,^g ,^,^^ .^^ j^ j^ ., jj^j|_
1« ugly: the lower part IS a practically planinniss of brick- r,„„„-L,-ii -tnh-n «i.,.ond Diikp of Arffvll Born
work, an<l the bel/ry is crushed by the »uperstruetnre. Campbell, J Olin, s. contl yuke orj»Jg.\ i .^ c^^^^^
Oampanini (kiim-pii-ne'ne), Italo. Born at lb-8: died 1-43, A Sei^ttish general and staes-
Am.ia, .lune 29, 1S4<!: died near there, Nov, man, son of the first Duke ot Argy 1 He tool
23, 18!«i. A noted Italian tenor singer. He first ?»■;' h. ellectnig the union ; commanded at Mienffmun
attract.-.l attention in 1S71 at Bologna. In 1872 he first Jj' '/cs'
appealed in KnglamI, and was subsequently successful in • ,. „ r'..„i,,l.ol1 Ttr,r„ .,o.i
sl Petersburg and Moscow, and in America. Campbell, Johu, Baron Campbell. Born ne.i
least- Cupar, Fife, Scotland, Sept. lo, I( (9: died ;
chief in Bengal in 1867; rescued Havelock and Outram at Camper (kam per), Pieter. Born at Lieyaen,
' ' ■' ■ Netherlands, May 11, 1722: died at The Hague,
Netherlands, April 7, 1789. A Dutch physician
and anatomist, noted for researches in compar-
ative anatomy.
Camperdown ( kam-per-doun ' ) , D . Camperduin
(kain-per-doin'). A village in the Netlierlands,
situated 27 miles north-northwest of Amster-
dam. Otr here, Oct, 11, 1797, the English fleet under Dun-
can defeated the Dutch fleet under lie Winter. Loss of
tlic Ijiglish, 1,040; of the Dutch l,iai, andU,OuO prisoners.
I . a I_J t* — r-.-.,^.^..;., /K«*fl.T ^1,;,. t
College. His chief workVare " Dissertation on Miracles
(17ii2). " Philosophy ot Rhetoric" (1776), and "Translation
f the i:ospels"(17S!0.
Campas (kam'pils). A tribe of Indians in (
em Peru, a branch of the Antis, if not the same
as that tribe. See Antis.
Campaspe (kam-iias'pe). The favorite concu-
bine of Alexander. She is said to have been
the model of the famous Venus Auadyomene
ot Apelles, Also I'diivustc, Pacnlr.
Campbell (kam'bel; Sc, pron. kam'el), Alex-
ander, [The nai'iio i'nmiihcU, more correctly
spelled fVim/"//, is from (;ael.C"(w/«HMit.' wry-
mouth, 'from i-diii, wry. and hint, iiioutli.] Born
near Ballvmena, in the county of Antrim, Ire-
land, Sept. 12, 1788: died at Bethany, W. Va.,
March 4, 1860. A clergyman, founder (about
1827) of the sect "Disciples of Christ," or
''Campbellites." He came to America in 1809. He
cstabllBhcd the "I'hristian liaptist" in 1S23, which was
nierged in ls:iiliii the " .Millennial Harbinger."
Campbell, Archibald, second Karl of Argyll.
Killed at Flodden, 1513. Son of the first Earl
and sided at dilterent times with the Whigs ami
He was created duke of Greenwich in 1719.
Born near
It
Loudon, June 23, 1861. A British jui-ist, poli-
tician, and author. He became chief justice of the
(Jueen's Bench in IB-W, ami was lord chancellor of Eng-
land lS.W-(il. lie wrote " Lives of the Lord Chancellors "
(1W.S-4S), " Lives of the Chief Justices" (lsi9-r)7), etc.
Campbell, Sir Neil. Born May 1, 1776 : died in
now in Argentina, in 1S15. A Bolivian soldier
and statesman. In 1872 ho was minister of wiu- for a
short time. When the war with Chile broke out (1879)
he raised an army in southern Bolivia, but was unable to
reach Tarapaca before the Chilians eoni|Uered that prov-
ince of Pern. .\f ter the fall of Daza he was elected pres-
ident of Bolivia (April 9, 1880), took command ot the al-
lied Bolivian and Pernvian armies at Tacna. Peru, and
was defeated at the battle of Tacna (May 26, 18S0). His
term ended Aug. 1, 1884.
Camphausen (kilmp'hou-zen), Ludolf. Bom
at lliiiislioven, near Aachen, Prussia, Jan. 3,
1803: died ;it Cologne, Dec. 3. 1890. A Prus-
sian politicMan. president of the ministry 1848,
Camphausen, Otto. Born at Hunshoven, near
Aachen, Prussia, Oct. 21, 1812: died May 17,
1896. A Prussian politician, brother of Ludolf
Camphausen. Ih- was Prussian miuisterof tlnance 18ti9-
1878, and vici-.presid.-nt of tlie Prussian niinistr.v lS7;i-7S.
Sierra Leone, Africa, Aug. 14, 1827. A British Camphausen, Wilhelm. Born at Diisseldorf,
(ilfieer, commissioner during Napoleon's stay at pi.,issia, Fell. 8, 181S: died there, June 16, 1885.
Elba, 1814-15, \ fierman historical and battle painter of the
Campbell, Thomas. Born at Glasgow, July 27, ])iisseldorf school.
1777: iliiil at Boulogne, France, June ]■>, 1844. Camphuysen (kiimn'hoi-zen). Dirk RafaelSZ.
A British poet, critic, and miscellaneous writer. \^^,^.^.^ ^t (iorkuni, Netherlands, 1586: died at
He was bird rector of the I'niversity of (llasgow 1827-29. j,,.,,^i.(„j, Kriosland, July 9, 1()27
, rn Ocean, south of New Zealand
Campbellites (kam'bel-its). 1. A denomina
of Argyll. He became master of the royal household Campbell Island. [Discovered by Captain II
In H94, and shared with the Karl ot Lennox tlie eoniinand ' ' ' "
of the right wing of the Scottish lu-my at the battle of
Flodilcn, Sept. 9, 1513, in which engagement he was
kllle<l
Campbell, Archibald, fourth Earl of Argyll.
Died lo.'iS. Crandson of the second Earl of
Argyll, and a leading supiiorter of the Uefor-
mation. He commanded the right wing of the Scottish
army at the battle id Pinkie in l.'i47, and in the following
year renileied important service at the siege of Hadding.
t4iii. He eniliraced tile Reformation, and was a warm
Biipp.,il,ruf Kiiii.\, wlioMi he entertained at Castle Canip-
h<-\\ ill i:..Ml
Campbell, Archibald, fifth Earl of Argyll.
Died Sept, 12. 1.573. Son ot the fourth Earl of
u
A Dutch
diainter, religious poet, anil tlieologian.
ampi (kiim'pe), Bernardino. Born at Ore
mona, Italv, 1522 : died after 1.590. An Italian
painter. His chief work is the cupola iu tha
Church of San Gismoiido at Cremona.
Campi, Giulio, Bom at Cremona, Italy, about
^ .^ . . 1.501): died 1572, An Italian painter. His best
/.elburghof the whaler Perseverance, and named „.,„.i^^ ;|,.|, „( Cremona and Mantua.
by him for the business house in Sydney which Campinas (koii-pe'iiiis). A town in the state
he represented.] A small island iu the South- ^^ j^.-„ i>.,,iio, southern Brazil, (i5 miles north
His works include " Pleasures of Hope " (1799).
of Wyoniing" (18W), " Specimens of the British Poets
(1819), short lyrics ("Lochiel's Warning." " llohenlinden,"
" Mariners of England," " Battle of the Baltic," etc.).
Campbell, l-oid William. Died Sept. 5, 1778.
A younger brother of the fifth Duke of Al-gyll,
coimiial governor of South Carolina 1775-76.
west of Sao Paulo, with which it is connected
bv a railroad. Poimlation, about 12,000.
tion, otherwise known as the "Disciples of Q^jjjpj^g (];,,, i.i,,-,,,'). A region in the provinces
Christ," fouiiiled by the Kev. Alexander ('ain|
bell. The Campbellites were also called A' "■
lyiijlits. — 2. The followers of the Rev. John
McLeod Camiiliell, a minister of the Church ot
Scotland, who, when deposed in 1831 for teach-
ing till' universality of the atonement, founded
a separate congregation.
,,r .Viilwei'p and Liniburg, Belgium.
Campion ikam'pi-on), Edmund. B<un at Lon-
,lon, .Ian. 25, 1540: executed at Tyburn, Dec.
1, 1.581, An English Jesuit ami scholar, eon-
denined on a charge of high treason. He was
one of tlie most prominent ot the Jesuit luissionarieB in
England.
Campistron
CampistronCkon-pes-trOu'), Jean Galbert de.
Burn at Toiiloust', IGoG: died May 11. 17'J3. A
Freueli drauiatie pot-t, a follower of Kacine.
He was the author ol ■•Vu^iiiie" (1683), " Acis et Gala-
Me" (lOSG; ail opera), "Audronic" (1685), 'Tiridat*;'
(1891), etc.
He pushed to an extreme the sot tuess and almost effemi-
naey of subject and treatment which made Corneille con-
temptuously speak of his younger rival and his party as
" Les Douceroui." Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 306.
CampobassO (kam-po-biis'so). A provuice in
the Abnizzi and Molise, Italy. It was formerly
called Molise. Area. 1,091 square miles. Pop-
ulation (ISyl), Ml.i'M.
Campobasso. [It.. -low field.'] The capital of
the province of Campobasso. Italy, situated in
lat. 41° »4' N., long. 14° 40' E. It is noted for
its niaiiufactures of cutlery. Population, 13,000.
Campobasso, Nicolo. Liveii about 1477. A
Neapcilitau military adventurer in the service
of Cliarles the Bold.
Campobello di Licata (kam-po-bel'lo de le-
ka'tii). [It. Camj)o hello, fair field.] A town in
the province of Girgenti, Sicily, situated 21
miles east-southeast of Uirgeuti. It is noted
fur sul))liur-mines. Population, 7,000.
Campobello di Mazzara (kiim-po-bel'ia de
miit-sil'ra). A town in the province of Tra-
paui, Sicily, situated 42 miles southwest of
Palermo. There are famous quarries in the
vicinity. Population, 6,000.
Campo-Formio (kiim-p6-for'me-6), or Campo-
formido (kiim-po-for-me'do). A village in the
province of Udine, in northeastern Italy, 6 mUes
southwest of Udine. Here, Oct. 17, 17y7, a treaty
was concluded between France and Austria. Austria
ceded the Belgian provinces, recognized the Cisalpine
Aepublic, and received the greater part of the Venetian
territories; France retained the Ionian Islands. By se-
cret articles France was to receive the left bank of the
Kliine.
Campomanes (kam-p6-ma'nes), Coude Pedro
Rotiriguez de. Born in Asturias, Spain, July
1, 1723: cUed Feb. 3, 1802. A Spanish states-
man and political economist, president of the
council 17S8. He wrote "Discurso sobre el foraento de
la industria iHjpular " (1774), " Discurso sobre la educacion
popular, etc."(177o).
Campos (kam'pos). [Pg., 'fields,' 'pastures.'
See Campos (/o.s Goilacazcs.^ A seaport in the
state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, situated near
the mouth of the Parahyba. Population, about
20.000.
Campos (kiim'pos). Martinez. A Spanish gen-
eral. He serveil in Morocco ; was sent to Cuba in 1S(H
as colonel ; and in 1870 returned to Spain to help to sup-
press the Carlists, and was made a brigadier-general. <)n
the abdication of King Aniadeo he supported the repub-
lii-, was put on the retired list, and sr»on after was arrested
on a charge t>f conspiracy. He was soon released and placed
in command of the 3d division of the Army of the North
against the Carlists. From 1S77 to 1S73 he was com-
mander-in-chief of the Spanish forces in Cuba. He was
sent to Cuba in April. 1805, as governor-general ; but was
recalleil in January, ISSHi.
Campo Santo (kjim'po san'to). [It., 'sacred
field," i. e. cemetery.] A cemetery. That of Pisa.
Italy, is iiutaltle. The present structure was begun iu 1278
by Gi'>v;inni I'isano.
Campos de Vacaria (kiim'ppsh de va-kii-re'a).
[Pg., •cattle-pastiues.'] An elevated open re-
gion in the northern part of the state of Rio
Grande do Sul, Brazil, inland from the moun-
tains. It forms the southern extremity of the Brazilian
plateau, and as yet it is very thinly settled.
Campos dos Qoitacazes (kiini'posh dosh goi-ta-
kii'zesh). ^Vn open rcf^iun on the banks of the
Parahyba Kiver, northeast of Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil. The region was so called (' fields of the Goitaca-
zes ') on account of the Goyatacas IndiauB who formerly
occupied it. The name piissed to a city on the I'arahyba,
:ilil.rt.vi;ited to Campijs.
Campos dos Parecfs (kiim'posh dosh pii-re-
sesh'). .^1 open region in ■western Brazil, east of
the Guaporo and Madeira rivers, forming a por-
tion of the Brazilian plateau, about 3,000 fetjt
above sea-level, it was so called on accoimt of the
Farecis Indians, who inhabit a part of it, and were formerly
very powerful. The t'ampos dos Parecis were visited by
the Portuguese as early aa 1720, but the region is still very
imperfectly known.
Campsie Fells. A region near Stirling in
Scotland.
Campus Martius (kam'pus miir'ti-us). [L.,
•held of Mars.'] A historic area of ancient
Rome, lying between the Pincian, Quirinal, and
Capitoline hills and the Tiber. Throughout the
early history of Rome this plain remained free of build-
ings, and was used for popular asseinldies and military
exercises. During the n-igti tif .\ugustus it had becoTue
encroached upon from the south by the building up of the
Flaininian Mcailows, and from the east by public and other
buildings on the Via Cata, corresponding chisely to the
modern Co/so. Under Augustus, however, a great extent
ol the plain still remained free, and served for chariot- and
210
horse-races, b.all-playing, and other athletic sports ; it was
suiTouiidcd by the tinest monuments of the city, and pre
sented an imposing spectacle. It is now occupied by the
niust important quarter of modern Rome.
Camulodunum. See Colvhcstcr.
Camus (kii-mii'), Armand Gaston. Bom at
Paris, April 2, 1740: cUed Nov. 2, 1804. A
French revolutionist. Ue w:«s deputy to the States-
Genenil in 1789, and to the Convention in 171»2; and presi-
dent of the Council of Five Hundred in 1790. Ue wrote
"Lettres sur la profession d'avocat " (1772-77), etc.
Cana (ka'nji). In New Testament history, a \'il-
lage of Galilee, Palestine, the scene of two of
Cltrisl's miracles. It hiis beeu identitied with Ketr-
Kenna, :ind with Kana-el-Jelil (lM>th near Nazareth).
Cana, Marriage at. See Murrimjt at Vana.
Canaan (ka'uan). 1. The fourth son of Ham
(tien. is. 25 ff!, x. e-lo). — 2. More frequently,
■ Land of Canaan' (Gen. xi. 31, .xii. 5; Isa. xxiii.
11; Zeph. ii. .5, etc.. interpreted to mean 'low-
laud,' from Semitic kaiiu, to humble, subdue),
generally denoting in the Old Testament the
country west of the Jordan and the Dead Sea
to the MediteiTiiuean. As the name "lowland " would
indicate, originally it comprised oidy the strip of land,
from 10 to lo miles in breadth and 1.M) in length, shut in
between the Lebanon and the Mediterranean, and extend-
ing from the Bay of Antioch to the promontory of the Car-
niel, /. e. southern Phenicia. To this maritime plain of the
Phenicians and Philistines passages like Isa. xxiii. 11, Zeph.
ii. 5 refer. Later the name was extended to the whole
west-Jordanic territory. Thus also in the Tel-el-Amarna
tablets, which date back a century before the exodus, A't-
mtkk, or Canaan, denotes the district between the cities of
Philistia and the country northward of Gebal (Byblos).
Ihe Egyptians named it the laud of Kejt, or the "palm,"
of which the Greek «f.oiri| (see Pbeaieia) is a traushitiou.
3. The non-Israelitish iuliabitants of Palestine
(more frequently in the plui-al, ■' the Canaan-
ites "). The origin and affinities of the various
tribes are still disputed.
Canaanites (ka'uiiu-its). See Canaan.
Canace (kau'ij-se). [Gr. Kqiqw/.] 1. In Greek
legend, a daughter of -Slolus and Enarete, put
to death on account of her illicit love for her
brother Macareus. She is introduced in Gower's
" Ctonfessio Amantis " (book iii. ), from Ovid. Chaucer re-
fers to the story in the introduction to his " Man of Law's
T;Ue."
2. The daughter of Cambuscan in Chaucer's
"Squire's Tale."
Canada (kan'a-dii), Dominion of. A eonfed-
eratiou of provinces in British North America.
It is bounded by the Arctic on the north, the department
of Labrador and the Atlantic on the eiist, the Vnited
States on the south, and the Pacitic and Alaska on the
west. It comprises Quebec, tuitario. New P.runswick,
Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, ilanitolia, British
Columbia, and the Northwest Territories (with Assini-
boia, Saskatchewan, Athabasca, and Alberta). The Amer-
ican Arctic islands are sometimes included with the I>o-
minion. Its chief physical featiu-es lu-e the .St. Lawrence
valley, the Saskatchewan and Mackenzie river systems
(with their numerous large lakes. Great Bear, Great Slave.
Athabasca, Winnipeg, etc.). Hudson Bay, the grt-at plains,
the "Height of Land," Labrador plateau, and the Rocky
and Cascade mountains. Mt, Logan, in Lat. 60' 34' N., "26
miles to the northeast of Mt. St. Elias, is said to have an
elevation of 10,514 feet. Its capital is Ottawa, and its
government consists of a governor-general and P.arliament
(Senate and House of Commons). It exports timlier,
cheese, wheat, coal, cattle, etc. Canada was explored by
(Tartier l.'>34-35. It was permanently settled at Quebec in
160S by the French, and called New F'rance. It was ceded
to Great Britain in 1763. The Americans attacked it un-
successfully in the Revolution and in the War of 1812.
I'usuccessful rebellion Isi7-3S. The provinces reunited
in 1S41. and the confederation was fonned in 1867. I'he
RedRiver Rebellion, under LouifeRiel, took place in IStit^
18711, and the second Kiel rebellion in l;^. In 1886 the
Canadian Pacific Railway was opened. Area, 3,315,647
Sfiuiu-e miles. Population (1891), 4,829,411.
Canadian River. A river in New Mexico,
northern Texas, Oklahoma, and the Indian
Territory, which rises in New Mexico, and
joins the Arkansas 25 miles south of Tahle-
quah. Length, 80O-900 mUes. Its chief affluent is the
North Fork, in Indiau Territory. Length, about 000 miles.
Canaletto (kii-nii-let'to), or Canale (kii-uii'le ),
Antonio. Born at Venice, Oct. 18, 1097: died
there, Aug. 20, 1708. An Italian painter, noted
chiefly for his pictures of Venice. He was a pupil
of his father, Rinaldo Ciuiale, a scene-painter. He liveil
for a time in England. He was the first p:unter to use
the camera obscura.
Canalizo (kii-na-le'tho), Valentin. Bom at
Moutere^ about 1797: died after 1847. A Mexi-
can soldier. From Dec, 1843, to June, 1844, he was act-
ing president during the absence of Santa Anna. Again
made acting president in Sept., 1844, he was impeached
for arbitrary proceedings, and banished (May, 1845). He
was allowed to return, and served in the war with the
United States, commauiluig the cavalry at Cerro Gordo,
April 17, 1847, and the whole army in the subsequent
retreat.
Canandaigua (kan-an-da'gwji). A village and
town in westeru New York, situated at the
northern end of Canandaigua Lake, 25 miles
southeast of Rochester. Population (1890),
village, 5,868.
Candiac
Canandaigua Lake. A lake in western New
i'urk. Length, l-J miles.
Cananore, ur Cannanore. See Kananur.
Canara. See Kanaru.
Canaris (kiin-ya'rez). [Quichua.] A power-
ful race of Indians who, for several centuries
before the conquest, occupied the coast valleys
of what is now western Ecuador. They were con-
quered by the Inca Tupac Yupanqui about 1450. During
the conquest they sided with the Spaniards.
Canaris, or Kanaris (kii-na'ris), Constantine.
Burn at Ipsara, Greek Archipelago, 1790: tiled
Sept. 15, 1877. A Greek admiral and politician.
He tlistuiguished himself in the Greek war for indepen-
dence (1821-2.S), rei)resented Ipsara in the Greek national
convention in 1827. and was several times minister of
maiine and president of the cabinet.
Canary Islands, or Canaries (ka-na'riz). [Sp.
Vunurias: so called fi'om Gran Canaria, one of
the principal islands of the group, L. Canaria
insula, dog island, so named with reference
to the dogs found there.] A group of islands
in the Atlantic, lying northwest of Africa, in
lat. 27°-30° N., long. 13°-18° 30' W. They be-
long to Spain and form a separate province. The islands
are Tencriffe, Gran Canaria, Palma, Fuerteventiura, Lan-
zarote, Gomera, and Hierro (Ferro). The products are
wine, sugar, and cochineal. The capital is Santa Cruz de
Santiago, the language Spanish, and the religion Roman
Catholic. They are supposed to be the ancient Fortunate
The original inhabitants, the Guatiches, are now
The islands were acquired by Spain in the 15th
Area, 2,808 square miles. Population (1887X
Islands,
extinct
century.
2s7,728.
Canby (kan'bi), Edward Richard Sprigg.
Born in Kentucky, 1819: died at the_"Lava
Betls," northern California, April 11, 1873. An
American general. He served in the Mexican war
1846-48 : commanded the forces in New Mexico 1861-62 ;
repelled the incursion into New Mexico of the Confeder-
ate general Henry Sibley in Februarj', 1862 ; commanded
the United States troops iu New York city and harbor ilur-
ing the draft riots of July, ISta ; succeeded General Banks
as commander of the army in Louisiana and c>f the depart-
ments west of the Mississippi River 1864; captiu-ed Mobile
April 12, 1805; and was promoted brigadier-general in the
regular army July 28, 1866, having previously obtained
the rank of major-general of volunteers. He was treacher-
ously killed by Modoc Indians during a conference.
Cancale (kon-kal'). A seaport in the depart-
ment of Ille-et-Vilaine, France, situated on St.
Michael's Bay 10 miles east-northeast of St.
Malo. Population (1891), commtme, 6,578.
Cancao (kiin-kou'), or Kang-Kao (kiing-kou').
[Chin. Ua Tian.'] A seaport in French Cochin
China, situated on the Gulf of Siam in lat. 10°
15' N., long. 104° 50' E.
Cancer (kan'sir). [L., 'acrab.'] Aconstella-
tion and aljo a sign of the zodiac, represented
by the form of a crab, and showing the limits
of the sun's com-se northward in summer ; hence,
the sign of the summer solstice. Marked 2d.
Cancha-Rayada (kiiu'ehii-ra-ya'da). A plain
just north of the city of Talca, ChUe. On March
28, 1814, a division of thepatriot army w:is defeated there,
and on March 19, IMS, the anny commanded by Generals
San M.artin and O'Higgins w:is defeateii at the same place
by a night attack of the Spanish troops under General
Osorio. It derived its name from a racing-track for horses.
Cancrin (kUn-kren'). Count Georg. Born at
Hanau, Prussia, Dec. 8, 1774 : died at St. Peters-
burg, Sept. 22, 1845. A Russian general of in-
fantry, and politician, minister of finance 1823-
1844. He wrote a romance "Dagobert, Geschichte aus
dem jetzigen Freiheitskrieg " (1796), and economic works.
Candace (kan'da-se). [Gr. Kai'tSdm/.] A he-
reditary appellation of the queens of Meroe, in
Upper Nubia, Uke the name I'haraolt applied
to the older Eg},-ptian kings. Specifically — (a) Ac-
cording to an old tradition, the Queen of Sheba who visited
Solomon, (b) A queen of Meroe who invaded Egypt 22
B. C. and captured Elephantine, Syene, and Philse. She
was ilefeated by the Roman general Petrt»inus near Psel-
cha, renewed the attack, an<l was again defeated by him.
(c) "The Queen of Ethiopia w hose high treasurer was con-
verted to Christiaiuty by Philip, 30 A. I). Acts viii. 27.
Candahar. See Kandahnr.
Candamo (kiin-dii'mo), Francisco Banzes.
Born at Sabugo, Spain, 1662: died 1709. A
Spanish poet iind dramatist. His ''Poesias
comicas" were published in 1772.
Candaules (kan-tla'lez), or Myrsilus (mer-si'-
lus). [Gr. Kai(5ni'>.K or Mi'pcr(/.o(-.] The last
Ileracleid king of Lydia, slain by Gyges who
succeeded him. See (ii/ijcs.
Candeish. See Eliandiish.
Candia (kan'di-S), Gr. Megalo Kastro (meg'-
ii-lo kiis'tro). A seaport, the capital of Crete,
situated on the northern coast in lat. 35° 21'
N., lung. 25° 7' E. It was founded by Saracens. It
was taken from Venice by the Turks in 1609.
Candia. See Crete.
Candiac (kou-de-iik'). Jean Louis Philippe
Elisabeth Montcalin de. Boi-n ;it chateau
de Candiac, Gard, France, Nov. 7, 1719 : died
Oandlac 211
•t Pnris Oct 8 IT'O Tho vouneer brother Hannibal with about 50,000 men nearly annihilated the
St fans, UCt. n, u u. ±uu juuuf,ci uiuiim i;.,m;iiiarmyolabout80,000-90,000miderVarroaml.Eini-
of the Marquis <lo Jlontealin. He «as noted for |j„sriulus
his remarkable precocity, based upon uii extraordinary (Jannanore. Soc Kannnur.
Candi'de (kon-Ied'), ou L'Optimisme (o lop- Cannes (kaii) [ML. (■«««,,.] A seaport in t;ho
te°n«m'). A philosophi.-al novol by Voltaire, department of Alpes-Mantiiiies, Franee. situ-
published in 17o!). it is named frnm its hero, who
bears all the woret ills cf life with a cool, philosophienl
iudlfference, lauuliiiig at its miseries. (See Pani/tusn.) A
second part followed, with the same name, by au anony-
mous writer.
Written ostensibly to ridicule philosophical optimism,
and on the spur jiivun to pessimist tlleoiies by the Lisbon
eartbciuake, Candide is really as comiirehensive as it is
desultory. KtliKi"", political goiernmeiit, national pe-
culiarities, liuiiian wi'.-ikness, ambition, love, loyalty, all
come in for (be unfailiiis sneer. The moral, wherever
there is a moind, is, 'be t«lerant, and ciilliivz i-nlre jar-
din, ■ that is to say, do whatsoever work you have to do
diligentl)'. SaiiUsbury, French Lit., p. 12;i.
Candolle (kon-dol'), Alphonse Louis Pierre
Pyramusde. Bornat Paris, Oct. --^,1><»<1: died
April 4. 189:i. A Swiss botanist, iimlessur at the
Academy of Geneva, son of Aiitrnstiii dr Can-
doUe. lie continued his father's " I'rodronius " (1S5S-S3 :
assisted by his son .^nne Casiniir I'jTumus, born at Ge-
neva, Feb. 26, 183ti), and wrote ' (ieoKnipliie botaiiiiinerai-
lonnee "(18551. "Origiriedcsplantescultivees'ClSSSl. etc.
OandoUe, Augustin Pyramus de. Born at Ue-
neva, Feb. 4, 177.S : dieil at Geneva, Sept. 9,
1841. A celebrated Swiss botanist, professor
at the Academy of MontpeUier 1810, and at
Geneva 181(i— 11, and the principal fouiiiler of
the natural system of botany. His works include
"Eegni vegetabilis systcma naturale " (lSlS-21), " Prci-
dromiis systematis naturalis resni vegetabilis " (lS-24-73),
"ThOorie El^meritaire de la botanique" (1813), etc.
Candour (kan'dor), Mrs. A slanderous woman
witli an afTi'ctiition of frank amiability, in ^^^^^^^ „
Sheridan's comedy "The School for Scandal." Qanno'ck (kan'ok)
Her name lias become a byword. '- ■•• ■ •
Candy. See Kamly.
Cane. See Sealn, DeUii.
Oanea (ka-ne'il), or Ehania (kit-ne'ii). A sea-
port on the nortlu'in coast of Crete, in hit. 33°
30' N., long. 24° 1' E. : probably the ancient
Cydonia. It is the chief seaport in thejsland.
CaSete (kiin-ya'te), Marciuis of. "
de AleiidiKti.
ated 18 miles southwest of Nice: one of the chief
heiilth-resortson the Rivieni, on account of its niild winter
climate. Its reputation was l)uilt up by Lord BroUKtiam,
who settled there in 18.S4(iind died therein 18(18). Nap<)ieon
landed ne:u- there from Ell)a, March 1, 1816. Population
(1S91), commune, 10,98:1.
Canning (kan'ing), Charles John, Earl Can-
ning. Born at Bromptoii, near London, Dec.
14, 1812: died at London, June 17, 181)2. An
English statesman, son of George Canning. He
was postmaster-geberal 1863-66, and governor-Beneral of
"tulia 18.'"'
Oantabria
A chief of the Nan-agansett Indians. Alarmed
by the alliance of the coloidsts at I'lyinouth with his en-
emy Massasoit, he sent (ioveruor Bradfonl in Jan.. W^-I, a
hostile message C4iusisting of a bundle of arrows wrapped
in a rattlesnakes skin, but did not follow up the threat
implied in this message when Bradford promptly returned
the rattlesnake s skin slulfed with jwwder and ball. He
gave to Kijger Williams the land on which the town of
Providence was founded in 163G ; ami acknowledged the
sovereignty of Britain in a treaty concluded April 19, 1844.
Canon's Yeoman's Tale, The. One of Chau-
cer's "CantiTbury Tales." It cxiwses the tricks of
the alchemists. Ashiuole in his " 'I'heatrum Chemicum "
quotes the whole poem, with the prologue, under the im-
pression, apparently, that Chaucer was an adept in the
art, and wrote in its favor. The canon is a ragged alche-
mist who h.is no gold but what he gets by trickery, and
he and his hungry yeoman join the Canterbury pilgrims
to practise their thieving arts upon them.
Canning, George. Born at London, April 11, Canopic Mouth of the Nile. [From GnHo;'«.<.]
1770 : died at Chiswick, near London, Aug. 8, An ancient branch of the Nile, the western-
1827. A celebrated English statesman and most of the important mouths,
orator. He entered Parliament 1794.
for foreign affairs 1807-09, president < "
trol 181(>-20, secretary tor foreign att:
mier 1827.
Canning, Stratford, Viscount Stratford de
Kedclitfe. Burn at London, Nov. 4, 1786: died
Aug. 14, 1880. An English diplomatist, cousin
of George Canning. He was educated at Eton ami
Cambridge ; entered the diplomatic service in 1807 ; be-
came first secretary at Constantinople in 1808, and min-
ister plenipotentiary at Constantinople 1810-12 ; negoti-
ated the treaty of Bukharest in 1812; was minister to
Switzerland 1814-18 ; sat in the Congress of Vienna ; was
minister to the United States lS20-'24 ; was sent on a pre-
liminary mission to St. Petersburg 1824-26 ; was ambassa-
dor at Constantinople 1825-29; was member of Parlia-
ment 18'28-41 ; was sent on various special missions, and
was ambassailor at Constantinople 1841-68. He was raised
to the peerage in 185'2. His essays aud a memoir were pub-
lished by Dean Stanley in 1881.
An iron-manufacturing
mountain of France,
Pyr6n6es-Orientales.
Canga-Arguelles (kang'gii iU-gweryes), Jos6
Boni in Asturias, Spain, about 1770: died 1843
A Spanish statesman and writer on finance,
minister of finance 1820-21.
Oange, Du. See Ou Caiuje.
Oanidia (ka-nid'i-a). A Neapolitan hetosra be-
loved by Horace. She deserted him, and he reviled
her as an" old sorceress. Her real name was Uratidiii.
Oanidius (ka-nid'i-us). Lieutenant-general to
Antony in Shakspere's "Antony and Cleopa-
tra."
OanigOU (kii-ne-go'). A
in the department of
Height, 9,13.^) feet.
Canina (ka-ne'nii), Luigi. Bom at Casalo,
Piedmont, Italy, Oct. 23, 17t».'): died at Flor-
ence, Oct. 17, 1850. jVn Italian arcliaiologist
and architect.
Caninefates, or Canninefates (ka-uiu-e-fa'-
tez). [L. (Tacitus) Canninefates, (Pliny) Cannc-
Tiefatis.'] A German tribe, first mentioned by
"racitus, ou the Nortli Sea, to tlie nortli of tlie
Khine delta, closely related to tho Batavi, their
neighbors on the soutli. They were subjugated to
the Itomans by Tiberius, but took part in the rising of
Civilis. With the Batavi they were originally a part of the
Cliatti. They were ultimately merged in the Salic
Iniiiks.
Canino, Prince of. See Bonaparte, Charles Lu-
cien.
Oanisius (ka-ne's6-us), Petrus( Latinized from
DeHond). Born at Niincgucn, Netherlands,
May 8, l.'i'24: died at Fribourg, Switzerland,
Doc. 21,1 ■')!)7. A .Jesuit missionary anil scholar,
first provincial of the order in Gennany (l')')G).
CaniS Major (ka'nis ma'jor). [L.] The Great
Dog, a const ellation following Orion, ami con-
tainingthe great white star Sirius, the brightest
in the heavens.
OaniS Minor (ka'nis mi'nor). [L.] Tlie Little
Dog, a small ancient coiistellation following
Arion and south of Gemini. It contains th<'
star Procyon, of the first magnitude.
Oanitz (kii'nits), Friedrich Rudolf Ludwig
von. Born at ISirlin, N'>v. 27, 1().'')4: dird at
Berlin, Aug. 11, WJO.
politician.
Oanna (kan'jl). A small island of the Hebrides,
Scotland, lying southwest of Skye and north-
west of Kum.
Cannae (kan'e). In ancient gi^ography, a town
in Apulia, Italy, situated south of tho river
94. He was secretary CanopUS (ka-Iio'pus). [L., from Gr. KdvuTrof, a
of the Board of Con- f o^.,^ j^ Lower Egypt.] The brightest star but
airs 18'22-2(, and pre- . ., , •^-'^ -* v, , i • , *. _
one m the heavens, one magnitude brighter
than Arctnnis, and only half a magnitude fainter
than Sirius ; a Argus or a Carina?. It is situated in
one of the steering-paddles of .\rgo, about 35° south of
Sirius and about the same distance eastof Achernar. It is
of a white or yellowish color, and is conspicuous in Flor-
ida in winter.
Canopus, or Canobus (ka-no'bus). [Gr. Kdvo-
-of or Kdi'ujiof. ] In ancient geography, a sea-
port of Egypt, 15 miles northeast of Alexandria.
It had considerable trade and wealth.
Canosa (kii-no'sa). A town (the ancient Canu-
sium) in the province of Bari, Italy, in lat. 41°
13' N., long. 10° 4' E. It contains relics of the Ro-
man town, and near it is the site of the ancient Cannae.
It was an important -\pulian city, aud subject to Rome 318
_ B. c. Population, 18,0uo.
town ill Staffordshire, England, situated near Qanossa (kii-nos'sii). A ruined castle south-
Walsall. west of Reggioneir EmiUa, It.aly. It is celebrated
Cannstatt,or Canstadt (kiin'stiit). A town in as the scene of the penance of the emperor Henry IV. tie-
the Neckar circle, 'Wurtemberg, situated on the fore Pope Gregory VII., Jan., 1077.
Neckar 2i miles northeast of Stuttgart, it is Canova (kii-n6'vii),vAntonio. Bom at Possa-
noted for trade and manuf.ictures and its warm mineral guo, near Treviso, Nov. 1, 17.57: died at Venice,
springs. Population (IsOo), commune, 20,266. (jgj_ 13^ jgoo. A celebrated Italian sculptor.
At seventeen he made the statue of Orpheus and Eurydice
for Falieri, which brought him commissions for Apollo
and Daphne and Daedalus and lc;irns. In 1779 he obtained
a pension from the municipality of Venice, and went to
Rome. His first work of importance in Rome was Theseus
and Minotaur. For the remainder of his life he was es-
tablished in Rome, although he made vaiious journeys in
Europe, and was three times in Paris — twice to execute
commissions for Napoleon I. aud his family, and once,
after the battle of Waterloo, on a mission from the Pope
to recover the works of art taken from Italy by the em-
peror. At this time he was called to London to pronounce
upon the artistic importance of the Elgin Marbles. He
was very successful in the business of his profession, and
orgaruzed a system of reproducing his models mechanically
which enabled him to produce a vast amount of work.
AmiMig his most celebrated productions are the Perseus
of tlie Belvedere, made to replace the Apollo Belvedere
while the latter was in Paris; the two boxers Kreugas
and Damoxeiies, also in the Belvedere; the Venus which
stood on the pedestal of the ilcdici Venus when the
latter was taken to Paris; the Cupid ;ind Psyche of the
Louvre; Paris of the Glyptotliek, Munich ; Hercules and
Lichas, in Venice ; and the great group of Theseus and the
Centaur which was suggested liy a metope of the Pal'the-
non : it is in a specially designed temple at Vienna. At
the end of his life Canova projected the temple of Pos-
sagno, in which he combined the chaj-acteristics of tho
Pantheon and Parthenon, and even modeled some of the
metopes before his death.
Canovai (kii-uO-vii'e), Stanislao. Born at
Florence, March 27, 1740: died at Florence,
Nov. 17, 1811. An Italian ecclesiastic, mathe-
matician, and historian, professor of mathe-
matics at Parma.
Population (IsOO), commune, 20,268.
See Hurtado Cano (kii'no), Alonso. Born at Granada, Spain,
March 19, 1601 : died at Granada, Oct. 5, 1667.
A noted Spanish painter, sculptor, and archi-
tect. His best works are at Granada.
Cano, Diego. See Cam, DuHjo.
Cano, Juan Sebastian del. Bom at Gueta-
ria, lu Guipuzcoa, about 1460: died Aug. 4,
1526. A Spanish navigator. After commanding a
ship in the Mediterranean, in 1519 he was made captain
of the Concepcion, one of the ships in the tleet of Magel-
lan (which see). After the death of Magellan, Carabello was
put in command, but was soon deposed, and Cano took
his place. He reached the Moluccas, loaded his two re-
maining ships with spices, and finally in one of them (the
Victoria) arrived at Spain Sept. «, 1522, by way of the
Cape of Good Hi>jje, being thus the fii'st cu-cumnavigator
of the globe. He was second in command in the expedi-
tion of Loaisa, destined to follow the same track. Leaving
Spain July 24, 1525, they encountered severe storms on
tho South American coast and in the Pacific ; sickness
appealed in the vessels, Loaisa perished, and Cano took
command, Inlt died less than a week after.
Cano, or Canus (ka'nus), Melchior. Born at
Tarraucon, Spain, 1.523: died at Toledo, Spain,
Sept. 30, 1560. A Spanish Dominican theolo-
gian, a bitter antagonist of the Jesuits, and an
influential counselor of Philip 11. He was pro-
fessor at Aleala and Sidamanca, bishop of the Canaries,
and provincial of Castile.
Canobbio (kii-nob'be-o). A small town in
nortlieru Italy, on the western shore of Lago
Maggiure.
Canoeiros (kii-no-a r<?s). [Pg., canoe-men. ] Qanovas del Castillo (kii'no-vas del kiis-tel'-
Tho name given by Brazilians to a hor<le of In- ^^_ Antonio. Born at Malaga, Spain, Feb. 8,
dians on the Upper Iocautms._ They are very j^g.^g. assassinated at Santa Agiieda, near Vi-
toria, Aug, 8. 18i)7. A S]ianisli Conservative
..,. ___ ___ _ statesman. He was a number of times premier.
Canon (kii'non), Hans (Johann von Straschi- Canrobert (kou-ro-bar'), Frangois Certain.
ripkai. Bornat Vienna, March 13, 1829: died Born at St. Cere, Lot, France, . I une 27, 1809: died
thens Sept. 12, 1885. A genre, historical, and
savage, have no fixed villages, but wander about the riv-
ers and forests, subsisting on II.hIi and game, and on the
flesh of cattle and horses stolen from the wliites.
portrait painter, a pujiil of Waldmiiller. From
1848-66 he was a cavalry olllcer in the Austrian army.
From lS(«Min he lived in Karlsruhe, then in Stuttgart, and
finally settled in Vienna where he beciime professor in
the Academy. He imitated especiidly Tintoretto and Ti-
tian, and was one of the best portrait-painters of his
time.
Canonbury Tower. A building in London,
formerly the resort and lodging-plaee of many
literarv men.
A Prussian poet and Canongate (kan'on-gat). The principal thor-
oughfare in the Old Town of Edinburgh. The
little hilrgb of the Ca igate grew around the abbey of
Holyrgod, which is nliout a mile east of the castle, in the
12th centuiy, soon after the founding of the abbey. Tho
street runs from that point, bearing dillerent names at
various parts of its course. Scott laid the scene of his
Chronicles of the Canongate" there.
Aufidus. Near here, 210 u. c. (and north of the river), CanonicUB (ka-non'i-kus). Died Juno 4, 1647.
t Paris, Jan. 28, 1895. A marshal of Franco.
He commanded the French forces in the (Yimea 18,^4-55:
served at Magenta and SoUerinoin l,s.^tO; counnanded the
Gth army corps in 1870 ; and was taken prisoner at Metz,
Oct. 27, 1870. He bceame senator in 1870.
Canso (kan'so). Cape. The headland at the
eastern e.xtroinity of Nova Scotia.
Canso Strait, or Gut of Canso. Tlio sea pas-
sage which separates tlir mainland of Nova
Scot iafvum Cape Breton. Widt h, about 2iiuile8.
Canstadt, or Canstatt. See Cannslatt.
Cantabria(kan-la'bri-ii). [L., named from the
Caiilabri. a tribe whiet inhabited it. J In an-
cient geography, a country in Hispania Tar-
raconensis, corresponding nearly to thj mod-
ern provinces Oviedo, Santander, Vizcaya, and
Guipuzcoa. The name was restricted later to tho west,
em portion. The CanUbri resisted Rome until W B. 0.
Cantabrian Mountains
Cantabrian (kan-ta'bii-au) Mountains. A
range of mountains in northern Spain, extend-
ing from the PjTenees westward to Cape Fiu-
isterre. Higliest peaks, over 8,000 feet.
Cantacuzenus (kan'ta-Ufi-ze'nus), or Canta-
CUZene ikan t:i-kn-/.("ii'i, Joannes. Boni at
Constantinople" after 1300: died 1383 (?). A
Byzantine emperor and historian. He wm chief
ni'itiister under Aiidroiiicus III. l.'i2.S-ll, and reigned
l.'i47-54. He irrotu n liistorj- of the period 1320-57.
Cantagallo (kiin-ta-gUl'lo). A small town in
till) state of Kio do Janeiro, Brazil, situated
80 miles northeast of Kiode Janeii-o. It is the
terminus of a railroad.
Cantal (kon-tiir). A department of France,
lying between Puy-de-D6mo on the north,
Haute-Loiro on the east, Loz&re on the south-
east, AvejTOU on the south, and Coneze and
Lot on the west. It corresponds nearly to the former
H.iute-Anvergne. Its surface is n)()unt4Unoiis. Capital,
Ainillae. .\rea, 2,217 squai'e miles. Population (1S91),
■j:;:i.i;mi.
Cantarini (kiin-ta-re'ne), Simone, surnamed
II Pesarese and da Pesaro. Born at Oro-
pezza, mar Pesaro, Italy. Kill.': died at Verona,
Italy, 1(J4S. An Italian painter and etcher, a
iiupil of Ouido Keni.
Cantemir (kan'te-mer). Antiochus, or Con-
stantino Demetrius, iiom at Constantinople,
[Sept. 121, 1701): died April 11. 1744. A Russian
poet, diplomatist, and autlior, son of Demetrius
Cantemir, noted for his satires and translations
into Russian.
Cantemir, Demetrius. Born Oct. 26, 1673:
died Aug. 23, 17J3. A MciUhman historian.
He was ajjpointed hospodiu* of Moldavia by the I'orte in
1710 ; f^inned a treaty with i'eter the Great in 1711, accord-
ing to which Moldavia was declai-ed independent of the
Porte and placed under tlic protection of Russia: and was
driven from Moldavi.a, and received in compensation ex-
tensive domains in the Ulcraine from Peter the Great He
wrote "Growth and Decline of the Ottoman Empire " (in
Latin), which has not been printed in the original, but
ha.s Vteen pnbli.slied in several translations.
Canterac (kiiu-te-iiik'), Jose. Born in Franee
aliout 177.1: died at Madi'id, 183.1. A general
in the Spanish army. He was sent in 1815 (then a
bilgadier-general) with Morillo to America ; went to Peru
(1S18), and fought several campaigns with La Serna in
Charcas : led the military cabal which deposed the vice-
roy Pezuela at Luna and put La Senia in his place (Jan.
29, 1S21): in 1824 opposed the march of Bolivar; was de-
feated in the cavalry engagement of .Tunin (Aug. 6) ; and
in the linal battle of Ayacucho (Dec. 9. 1824) commanded
the reserve. He was shot while trying to suppress a mu-
tiny at Madrid.
Canterbury I kan'ter-ber-i). [ME. Canlerhurij,
Cauntirbi/ri/, etc., AS. Cantwarabtirh (dat. Cniit-
warabi/riii), the borough of the Kentmen ;
gen. pi. of Cniifwarc, Kentmen, and hurli, Ijor-
ough, city.] A city in Kent, England, situated
on the Stour in lat. dI° 16' N., long. 1° 5' E.:
the Roman Diirovernum and Saxon Cautwara-
byrig. its chief objects of interest are the cathedr.al, St.
Martin's Church, .St. Dunstan's Clnu-ch. remains of the cas-
tle, the monastery of St, Augustine, and many old houses.
It is on the site of a llritish village, and was a Roman
militiiry station and a Kentish town. Augustine here in
600 became the tlrst ai-chbishop. It was sacked by the
Danes in 1011. 'the catln-dral was founded in the 11th cen-
tury. The existing choir was built liy William of Sens,
France, after 1174, and the Perpendicular nave, transepts,
and great central tower are of the 15th century. In plan
the cathedral is long and naiTow, with double transepts.
The interior is light and impressive. The choir is raised
sever-al feet, and separated from the nave by a sculptured
15th-century screen. The columns, arcades, vaulting, and
chevet are very similar in character to those of the cathe-
dral of .Sens, which supjdied the nuidel. Some of the ghiss
of the deambulatoi-y is of the 13th century. The portion
of the choir behind the altar contains several lliie altar-
tomlfs of early archbishops, and the t^nnhs of Henry IV.
and the Hlack Prince. At the extreme east end is a beauti-
ful circular chapel called the Corona. The crypt is very
large, and early Norman in style. The Perpendicular
clcdslers are ornate and picturesque. The dimensions of
the cathedral are 514 by 71 feet ; the height of Itie nave-
vaulting SO, and of the central tower 235, St. Alartin's is
called the "Mother Church of England." The origin;U
foundation was no doubt pre-Saxon, and there are Roman
bricks in the lower parts of the walls. The upper parts of
the b»ng, low, quaint, ivy-clad structure are much later.
Population (1891), 23,026.
Canterbury. Until 1876, a province iu the
Soutli I>laiid, New Ze.iland.
Canterbury, Viscount. See Sutton.
Canterbury College. An ancient college of
Oxforil University, it was foimded by Simon Islip,
archljishop ot Canterbury, in 1361 or 13112. John Wyclif
was the second warden. It was disbanded in the reign of
Henry VIII., and the last remains of its buildings were
demolished in 177,^,
Canterbury Tales, The. -V work by Chaucer
(c. 1340-140(1), consisting of twenty-two tales in
verse, with two in prose, told by "twenty-three
pilgi'ims out of the twenty-nine wlio meet at
the Tabard Inn iu Southwark, on their way to
the slirine of Thomas a Becket at Canterbury.
About fifty manuscripts of the "Canterbury Tales'* are
212
known to exist. The Chaucer .Society (Furnivall) has
printed six of thebest of them in parallel columns. These
are the Ellesmere, belonging to Lord Ellesmere ; the Hen-
gwrt, belonging to Mr. William W. E. Wynne of Peni-
arth ; the Petworlh, belonging to Lord Lecontteld; and
one from each of the Chaucer collections at oxford, Cam-
britlge, and the British Museum, The Harleian maini-
script from the British Museum, first edited by Wright
for the Percy Society, was afterward reprinted. Two
editions were published by Caxton, the tlrst thought to
have been printed in 147.5, the second about six years
later from a better manuscrii)t. W^ynken de Worde pub-
lished an edition in 1495 and another in 14HS : Richard
Pynson, one iu 1493 and again in 1526. In 1.532 William
Thynne made an attempt to collect all Chaucer's works,
both prose and verse, in one volume. It was printed by
Godfray, and for two huntlred and fifty years was the
standard te.\tof the "Cantertmry Tales," Afterthis they
wereincludedinall the editions i.if Chaucer. (SeeC/(a«et'/-,)
Professor Skeat has edited some of the separate poems.
The "Canterbury Tales" are: The General Prologue,
The Knight's Tale, The Miller's TiUe, The Reeve's Tale,
The Cooks Tale, The Man of Law's Tale, The Shipmans
Tale, The Prioress's Tale, Chaucer's Tale of Sir Thopas,
Chaucer's Tale of Melibeus, The Monk's Tale, The Nun's
Priest's Tale, The Doctor's Tale, The Pardoner's Tale,
The Wife of Bath's Tale, The Friar's Tale, The Sum-
moner's Tale, The Clerk's Tale, The Merchant's Tale,
The Siiuire's Tale, The Franklin's Tale, The Second Nun's
Tale, The Canon's Yeoman's Tale, The Manciple's Tale,
and The Parson's Tale. They were modernized by several
hands and published by Tonson in 1741. Much of the
work was done by Ogle (who started it), .also by .Samuel
Boyse, Henry Burke, and Jeremiah Markland, The eili-
tion was not completed when Ogle died in 1740. It
was taken up by Rev. William Lipscomb in 1792. He
brought out a version of The Pju-doner's Tale, the rest
following. In 1795 the whole edition was published, in-
eluding Tonson's edition. The General Prologue was
modernized by Betterton, and posthumously published
in 1712.
Canticles (kan'ti-klz). See Song of Solomon.
Cantii (kan'ti-i). [L. Cantii, 6r. KniTw;.] A
Celtic people, a branch of the Belga3, who in-
habited the whole southeastern coast region of
Britain between the Thames and the Channel,
where they are located bv Ciesar. See Kent.
Cantillon "(koii-te-yon' ), tierre Joseph. Born
at Wavre, Belgium, 1788: died at Brussels, July
13, 1869. A French soldier, tried and acquitted
for an attempt on the life of the Duke of Wel-
lington in 1815.
Cantire. See Kintijre.
Cantium (kau'ti-um). [From the Cantii.'\ In
ancient geography, a part of Britain corre-
sponding to the modern Kent.
Canton (kan'ton), John. Bom at Stroud,
(iioucestershire, England, July 31, 1718-: died
March 212, 1772. An English natural philoso-
pher, noted for investigations iu regard to elec-
tricity.
Canton (kan-ton'), Chinese Yang-Ching, or
Kwang-ChO'W Fu. A seaport, the capital of
the province of Kwang-tuiig, China, on the
P^earl River, situated in lat. 23° 6' N., long. 113°
1/ E. It is one of the principal commercial cities of
the country : its leading exports are tea, silk, sugar, etc.
It contains a hu-ge population in river craft. Its trade
with Portugal began as early as 1517. It was sacked by
the Tatars about 1650, The English factory was built
in 1680, Canton was one of the five treaty ports in 1842,
In 1857 it was captured by the Anglo-French forces and
held until 1861, Population, estimated, 1,600,000,
Canton ( kan'ton). The capital of Stark County,
Ohio. It is about .50 miles south-southeast of
Cleveland, and has extensive manufactures.
Population (1890), 26.189.
Canton (kan-ton') River, Chin. Chu-Kiang
('Pearl River'). The name given to tlie lower
l)art of the river Pih-Kiang, in southern China.
About 40 miles below Canton it becomes the
estuary Boca Tigris.
Cantu"(kan-to'), Cesare. Bom Deo. 2, 1805:
died March 11, 1895. An Italian historian,
novelist, and poet. His works include "Margherita
Pusterla " (1S37 : a histoiieal romance), " Storia univer-
8ale"(1837), "Storia degli ItiUiani" (1854), etc.
Cantwell (kaut'wel), Dr. The hypocrite in
Bickerstaff's " Hypocrite," The character is
taken with alterations from Ciblier's "Non
.Juror." in which he is called "Dr. Wolf."
Canusium. See Cunom.
Canute (ka-nuf), or Cnut, or Knut (knot),
smnamed -'The Great." [AS. Vnnt, ML. Cii-
ntitu.s.'] Born about 994: died at Shaftesbury,
Nov. 12, 10.35. A famous king of England,
Denmark, and Norwiiy, younger son of Sweyn,
king of Denmark. Ile w.as baptized before lois" re-
ceiving the tjaptismal name of Lambert; invaded England
with Sweyn in 1013; succeedeil his father (by election of
the l>ani,sh peers) as king in England. Feb., ioi4, his bro-
ther Harold ascending the Dainsh throne ; was defeaticl
by .Elhelred, who was recalled by the English "witan, "
and returned to Denmark in the same year ; again in^ aded
England with a large force in 1015; besieged London, May,
1016: defeated the English nniUr ICdniund (who had suc-
ceeded .Ethelred) at Assandun ; divided the kingdom with
Edmund, at a i:c.nferenee held on the isle of Olney in the
Severn, retaining the northern part of the kingdom and
leaving Wessex to Edmund; and was chosen sole king,
Capel, Arthnr
1017, after Edmund's death. He manied Emma (.Elfgifu),
the widow of .lithelred ; visited Denmark 1019-20; made
a pilgrimage to Rome 1026-27; and conquered Norway in
1028. His early career was miu-ked by great barbarity, but
after the conquest of England was completed his reign was
that of a statesman and patriot, and he became one of thb
wisest as well as mightiest rulers of his age.
Canzo (kiin'dzo). A small toxni in northern Italy,
situated 10 miles east-northeast of Como.
Caonabo (kii-o-nii-bo'). Died 1496. A Carib,
caci(|ue of Maguana, Haiti, who in 1493 mas-
sacred the Spaniards who had been left by Co-
lumbus at Fort NaWdad. in 1494 he headed the
general league against the whites, which was opposed by
Columbus at the battle of the Vega Real (April 25, 1495).
He was captureil and sent to Spain, but died on the voyage.
Caora (kii'o-ril). A river described by olil trav-
elers (in Hakluyt), near which lived a people
whose heads giew in their breasts below their
shoulders.
Capa y Espada (kii'pa e es-pii'da), Comedias
de. [S]).,' Comedies of Cloak and .Sword.'] A
class of plays written by Calderou and Lope do
Vega. They were so called from the national dress of
the chief personages, which was that of the better class
of society, excluditig royal personages and the luunbler
classes. Their main principles are gallantry and intrigue.
Capability Bro'wn. A nickname given to Lan-
celot Brown, an English landscape-gardener
(1715-73).
Capac (kii'piik), or Ccapac Yupanoiui (kii'piik
}'o-p;in'ke). [C^uichua caqxir, great, rich; i/m-
jxinqid, notable.] The fifth sovereign of the
Inca line of Peru, who reigned in the second
(juarter of the 14th century.
Capdenac (kiip-de-niik'). A small town in the
department of Lot, France, situated on the
Lot near Figeac. It was an important place
in the middle ages, and possibly the Roman
Uxellodunum.
Cape, The. Tlie Cape of Good Hope; also,
(-'ape Colony.
Cape Breton (brit'on or bret'on). An island
belonging to Nova Scotia, from which it is
sepai-ated by Canso Strait, it exports coal, iron,
etc. Its chief town, is .Sydney. It was settled by the
French and ciUled lie Royale, and contained the fortress
of Louisburg. It was ceded to Great Britain in 1763, and
united to Nova Scotia in 1820. Length, 110 miles. Area,
3,120 S(jnare miles.
Capece-Latro (kii-pa'che-la'tro), Giuseppe.
Born at Naples, Sept. 23, 1744: died Nov. 2,
1830. A Neapolitan prelate, archbishop of Ta-
rentum, and state minister 180(>-15.
Cape Coast Castle. A British fort and native
town of the Gold Coast, West Africa. The fort
was taken from the Portuguese by the English in 1664.
Population, about 5,00u, belonging to the Fanti tribe.
Cape Cod. 1. A sandy peninsula iu south-
eastern Massachusetts, foi'ming Barnstable
County. It was discovered by Gosnold in
1602. Length, about 65 miles. — 2. The termi-
nating point of the Cape Cod peninsula, iu lat.
42° S'^N., long. 70° 15' W.
Cape Cod Bay. A bay Ij-ing between the Cape
Cod peninsula on the east and south, and Ply-
mouth County, Massachusetts, on the west.
Cape Colony. A British colonial possession in
South iVfrica. it is bounded by German Southwest
Africa, Bechuanaland, Orange Free .State, and Basutoland
on tlie north, 'Natal on the east, and the ocean on the south
and west. It is traversed from west to east by various
ranges of mountains — the Swartebergen, Roggeveldt,
Nieuwveldt, Sneeuwbergen, etc. Its chief river is the
Orange. It exports wool, ostrich feathers, hides, diamonds,
etc., and grazing is the leading industry. It contains the
provinces North Western, Western, South Western, .Mid-
land, South Eastern, Eastern, North Eastern, and Griqua-
land West (amiexed 1880), Its capital is Cape Town, and
about 75 per cent, of the inhabitants are native (Kafir, Hot-
tentot, Malay) ; the remainder are Europe;in, of English,
Duteh, and French descent. The leading church is the
Dutch Reformed, with Church of England, Wesleyan, etc.
English, Cape Dutch, Kafir, Hottentot, and Bushman are
spoken. It has a governor appointed by the crown, and a
Parliament consisting of a legislative council and legis-
lative assembly. It was colonized by the Dutch in 1651,
and received a French iramigr:ition in 1087. The Dutch
East Inilia Company abandoned it in 1795. and it was
occupied by the British. It w.as restoreil to the Dutch in
1802, but regained by the British in 1806. It suffered
from various Kafir wai-s and trouldes with the Boers. It
receiveil a constitution in 1850, but hail no responsible
government till 1872. The colony was at war with the
Zulus in 1879, and with the Boers of the Transvaal in
1880-81. In 1894 Pondoland was annexed. Area, esti-
mated, 221,311 square miles (including the Transkei, Tem-
buland, East Griiiualand, eti.). Population (1801), 1,527,-
224 ; of Cape Colony proper, 956,485,
Cape Fear, etc. See Fear, Cape, etc.
Capefigue (kiip-feg'), Jean Baptiste Honor6
Raymond. Boru at Marseilles, 1802: died
at Paris, Dec. 23, 1872. A Frencli historian.
His wiirks include "Histoire de Philippe Auguste "(1829),
" Histoire de la restauration " (1831-33), etc.
Cape Haytien. See cnj) HnUien.
Capel (kaj/el), Arthur. Born about 1610:
executed March 9, 1649. An English Royalist,
Capel, Arthur
made Lord Capel of llailli:im Aug. 6, 1641.
He served Cliarles I. in viirioiis olHues, military ami civil,
during the striif;t;le witti Patlianient and in 1649 was ai'-
restol ;inil condemned to deatli.
Capel, Arthur. Born Jan., 1631: died July,
lt!8;i. An English statesman, tlio oklcst son
of .Vrlhur, Lord C'apc-1, made Viscount Maiden
and Earl of Essex April 20, 16G1. iie was up-
pointed anibassjidor to Denmark 1670 ; became lord
lieutenant of Ireland Feb., 1673 (recalled April 2S, 1077) ;
and was made Inad of the treasury commission 1679 (re-
8tf!ned Nov. 19, 1679). He was arrested for complicity in
the Rye House Plot and sent to the Tower, wliere he
probably connnitted suicide.
Cfapell (kap'el), Edward. Born at Throston,
Suffolk, England, ITKJ: died at London, Feb.
24, 1781. An f^nglish Shaks]ierian eritie. He
was appointed deputy inspector of plays in 1737, and was
the author of "Prolusions, or Select Pieces of Ancient
Poetry " (1760). an edition of Shakspere (17(»S), " Xotes and
VariiMis Readincs of Shakspere " (first p:u-t 1774 : whole
VSSX " The Scli.M,l of Shakspere" (17S:i), etc.
Capella (ka-iud'a). [L., 'the She-goat.'] A
star, the (iftli in the heavens in oriler of bright-
ness. It is situated in the left shoulder of Auri^ii, in
front of the (treat Bear, nearly on a line with the two
northernmost of the seven stai-s forming Charles's Wain ;
and it is easily i-eeognized by the proximity of "the Kids,"
three stjirs of the fourth ma;,'iiitu<lc f.nining an isosceles
triangle. The color of Capella is nearly the same as that
of the sun.
Capella, Martianus Mineus FeUx. Livcil in
the last part of the ."itli eentury (f) A. D. A
writer of northern Afrioa (Carthage). His chief
work is an allegorical encyclopedia of the liberal arts
("Satyra de nujttiis i'bilologiie et Mercurii"), in nine
books.
Capello, or Cappello (kiip-pel'lo), Bianca.
Born at Veniee about 1.54.'^: died at the eastle
Poggio di Ca.jano, ( )et. 11, 1587 (f ). An Italiau
adventuress belonging to a noble Venetian
famil.V. Slie eloped with Buonaventur-i in 1.56'J ; mar-
ried Krancesc*', grand duke of Tuscany in 157S ; and was
recognized as grand duchess in 1.^79.
Capello, Hermenegildo Augusto de Brito.
Born at Lisbon, Portugal, 1831). A naval
officer and African explorer. He was sent with
Robert Ivens and Major .Serpa Pinto, by tlie Portuguese
government in 1S77, to explore Angola. They separated
from Serpa Pinto, and explored the Kuangu basin from
Its head waters to the Yaka counti-y. This journey is
described in "P'rom Benguella to Yacea" (ISSl). In
18W, again in the service of the government, they crossed
tbe continent from Portuguese West Africa u> Portuguese
East Africa. Stiu-ting from Mt)ssamedes, they succes-
■ively explored .\mboi'Ila, the Upper Zambesi valley up
to its watershed with the Kongo-Lu:Uaba ; traversed
Hsidi's kingdom ; joined again the Zambesi at Zumbo,
and reached the east coast at Quilimane in May. 1885.
Their " De .\ngola & Contra-Costa " appeareil in 1S86.
Cape May. l. The southernmost point of New
Jersey, situated at the entrance of Delaware
Bay, in lat. 38° 56' N.. long. 74° 57' W.— 2.
A city and watering-place at the southern ex-
tremity of New Jersey, in Cape Jlay County.
Also called ('ape Citv. and Cape Island City.
Population (1890), 2.f36.
Cape of Storms, Pg. Gabo Tormentoso. The
name first given by Dias, iu 14Sti, to the Cape
of Good Hope.
Caper (kiX'per). A "high fantastical" charac-
ter in Allingham's comedy "Who Wins, or The
Widow's Choice," made elaborately nonsensi-
cal by Listen.
Cape River. The Segovia or Wanx River, ou
the noitliern boundary of Nicaragua.
Capernaum (ka-ptr'na-um). [Aratn., 'village
of Naliuni.'] In the time of Christ, an impor-
tant place on tlie western shore of the Sea of
(ialilec, about an hour distant from where the
Jordan falls into the sea. It was the scene of many
Inciilents and acts in the life of t^hrist. and is sometimes
called "his own city "(Mat. ix. 1). IlhatI a K^tman gar-
rison (Mat. viii. 5 H.). It is identified by most arcbjcolo-
BiHts with the modem ruins of Tel Hmn, by some with
Khan .Minyeh.
Capet (ka'pet ; F. pron. kii-pa'). A surname of
the kings of France, commencing with Hugh
Cniiet, 087.
Capet, Hugh. See lliij/li ('(tpet.
Capetians (ka-pe'shiaiiz). [F. CapMifinx.'] A
royal family reigning over France as the 3d
dyinisty, 98"7-1328. Collateral branches were the
ducal bouse of Rurgutuly, and the houses of Anjou, Bour-
bon, and \ alois.
Cape Town (kap toun). The capital of Capo
Colony, South Africa, situated on Table Hay
at the" foot of Table Mountain, in lat. 33° 56' S.,
long. 18° 26' E. It is an important seaport; its chief
buildings are the houses of P.arliament. It was founded
by the Dutch in 16.^.1. Population (1S91), .'>l,2.'.l.
Cape Verd, or Verde (kap verd). ['Green
"•ape.'J Tlio westernmost point of Africa, in
Senegambia.in Int. 14° 43' N.,long. 17° 30' W.
Cape Verd, or Verde, Islands. [I'g. Iilin.i ilo
CiiIki I'cnlc] A group of islands lying in the
Atlantic, west of Cape Verd, belonging to Por
213
tugal. The chief islands are .Santiago, Fogo, Sao Ant-lo,
Bnivii, and Sao .\icolao. They are mountainous and vol-
canic. The capital of the islands is Pinto Praya. They
were discovered and ctdonized by the Portuguese in the
middle of the l.'ith eentury. Area, l.fiiio s«iuare miles.
Population, mtistly negroes, about lll.uoo.
Capgrave (kap'grav). John. Born at L\iin,
Norfolk, England, April 21, 1393: died at
Lynn, Aug. 12, 1464. An English historian,
pi'ovincial of the Augtistiuiau order in Eng-
land. He wrote a "Chronicle of England," from the
creation to A. p. 1417, "Liber de Illustribus Henricis '*
('Book of the Illustrious Henrys'). "A t^uide to the
Antiquities of Rome," and other historical and theologi-
cal works in Latin. The chronicle aiul the lives of the
Henrys were published in the Rolls Series (ed. F. C.
Hingeston, 1S6S).
Caph (kaf). [Ai-., 'the hand.'] The bright
third-magnitude, slightly variable and spectro-
scopically interesting star ji Cassiopeiie. The
Arabic name refers, however, to a different form of the con-
stellation from that represented ou our modern star-maps,
which show the star as on the framework of the lady's
chair.
Cap Haitien (kiip ii-e-te-an'), or Cape Hay-
tien (kap hu'ti-en). A seaport in northern
Haiti, in lat. 19° 46' N., long. 72° 11' W. it
was bombarded by the British in tS65. Population, esti-
mated. 12,000. Formerly cjilled Giuirico, Cap Fraii^;aie, Le
Cap, etc.
Caphis (ka'fis). A servant of Timon's credi-
tiu-s, in Shakspere's " Timon of Athens."
Caphtor (kaf-tor'). The name of a country in
tlie (Jill Testament, mentioned as the starting-
jioioit in the migrations of the Philistines,
whence they are also called Caphtorim (Dent.
ii. 23, .Jer. xlvii. 4, Amos ix. 7) : formerly identi-
fied with Cappadoeia or Cj^irus, but considered
by most modem scholars as identical with Crete.
This view is favored by many passages in which the Philis-
tines are called Cretans (Cherethites)(Ezek. xxv. 16, Zeph.
ii. .% 1 .Sam. xxx. 14), and it is supported by ancient writers
who connected the Philistines with the island of Crete.
In Gen. X. 14 the Caphtorim are enumerated among the
descendants of Egypt (Mizraim). and it is therefore as-
sumed that a portion of the Philistines emigrated from
Crete by wjxy of Egypt to Palestine.
Capistrano (ka-pes-tra'no), or Capistran (ka-
]iis-tiiiii'). Giovanni di (L. Johannes Capis-
tranus). Saint. Born at Capistrano, in the
Abruzzi, Italy, .June 24. 1386: died at lUock, in
Slavonia, (Jet. 23, 1456. An Italian monk of
the order of St. Francis. He distinguished himself
by his preachings against the Hussite heresy in Bohemia
and Moravia, and in 1456 led an army of crusaders to the
relief of Belgrad which was besieged by Mohammed II.
Author of "Speculum conscientiae."
Capitaine Fracasse (ka-pe-tan' frii-kas'), Le.
A novel by Theopliile (iautier. Tbe title of the
bt>ok is the stage name adoiited by De Sigognac, the hero,
on joining a company of strolling players.
Capitan (Sp. pron. kii-pe-tiin' ; P. pron. ka-pe-
ton'). [Sp., 'captain.'] A ehai-acter of ridic-
ulous bravado, introduced conventionally in
early Italian comedy, probaldy originating in the
"Miles Gloriosus" of Plautus, and introduced
in French comedy prior to Moli^re. He came
upon the stage only to bluster, and talked of murder and
bloodshed, but submitted with great meekness to puiiisb-
ment. When Charles V. entered Italy a Spanish capitan
Wiis introduced wllo dealt in Spanisli liravado and kicked
out the Italian capitan: when the Spaiii-sb iiitliifiice
ceased in Italy, the capitan was turned into Scaraniouch,
who was still a coward (/. D' hraHi) : hence the name
was given to a person who behaved in this manner.
Capitanasses. See Onondtuja.
Capitanata. See Fomiia.
Capito (kii'pe-io) (originally Kopfel), Wolf-
gang Fabricius. Born at Hagenau, Alsace,
1478: dii'd at Strasburg, Nov., 1541. Atierman
tUvine, a coadjulor of Luther. Ho became lueacher
in 1513 at Basel, and removed in 1.519 to .Main/,, wliere
he l)ecame chancellor to Albert, elector and arrlibisliop
of Mayence. In l.'i2:j he went to strasbui-g, where he be-
came the local leader of tbe Kefoninilion. He was the
chief author of the "(Jonfessio Tetrajiolitana," and de-
voted himself to the conciliation of the Lutherans and the
Swiss reformers.
Capitol, The. [L. capitolium, from caput,
head.] 1. In ancient Roman history, that
[lart of the Capitoline Hill which was occu-
pied by the Temple of Jupiter Optimus. See
liome. — 2. As generally apprehended, the
Piazza del Cami)idoglio on the Capitoline
Hill, Kome, with the palaces which face it on
three siih'S. The piazza is approached on the north-
west by a wide, monumental flight of steps from the Piazza
Araeeli in front, opposite the Palace of the Senator, and
Hanked by the Palazzo del t'onservatori and the Capito-
line Museum. This area, occupying the depression be-
tween tile citadel and the site of the Capitoline temple, is
the historic center of I^1me. Here Romulus, according
to tradition, founded his asylum, and the earliest public
assemblies met. In the lUh century, upon the revival
of old memories, it again became the municipal center,
ns the residence of tbe prefect and the seat of popular
meetings ; and here, in the old Palace of the Senator, Pe-
trarch w.as ci-owned in VM\, and in 1:^17 Rieiizi was estab-
lished as tribune of the people. The present Palace of
Capperonnier
the Senator was founded at the end of the Ittb century
by Boniface IX. Tin existing fumade, with its Corinthian
pilasters and double liight of steps, as well as those of
the Hanking ])alaccs. is based on designs by Midielan-
gelu. In the center of the Piazza del Campidoglio stands
the noted ancient bronze equestrian statue of M;ircU8Au-
relius, which originally stood in the Forum Romaiium,
then near the Lateran, imd has occupied its present posi-
tion since 1538.
3. The seat of the National Congi'ess, at Wash •
ingtou, D. C, founded iu 1793, and completed
according to the original designs in 1830, but
since eidarged to over doiilile its original area.
It consists of a central cruciform building crowned by a
great dome, and connected at each end by galleries with
a large rectangular wing, one of which contains tbe Sen-
ate-chamber, and the other the Hall of Representatives.
The style is Renaissance, based on English models, the
dome being inspired by that of St. Paul's. The elevation
exhibits a single main story, with an attic, over a high
rusticated basement. The great feature of the exterior
is the porticos of the central building and of the two
wings, with their line flights of steps. These porticos
comprise 14S Corinthian columns 30 feet high exclusive
of their high square pedestals. The dome is '287J feet
high to the top of the statue above the lantern, a'nd 94
in interior dianirter; it is very impressive in effect,
though uiifortuiiaiely built of cast-iron in imitation of
stone. It rises from a circular drum, and is encircled by
a line Corinthian colonnade supporting a gallery. Be-
neath the dome is a monumental hall called the Rotunda,
adorned with works of art relating to American history.
The total length of the Capitol, north and south, is 751
feet.
Capitoline Hill, The. One of the seven hills
of ani'ient Koine, northwest of the I'alatiiie, on
the left bank of tlie Tiber. It con.stituted the
citadel of the city after the construction of the Servian
wall. Its southwestern summit was the famed Tarpeian
Rock ; on its northeastern summit rose the temple of
Jupiter Capitolinus. The modern Capitol stands between
the two summits. From the Capitiiline the Forum Ro-
manum extends its long, narrow area toward the south-
east, skirting the northern foot of the Palatine.
Capitoline Museum. One of the chief muse-
ums of antiquities of Rome. It was founded in
1471 by Sixtus IV., who presented the papal collections
to the Roman people, and designated the Capitol as the
place where the art^ treasures of Rome should be preserved.
The museum was greatly enriched by Clement XII. and
Benedict XIV. Tlie collections now occupy the palace
on the left-hand side of the Piazza del Campidoglio and
the Palazzo del Senatore, which was built in the 17th cen-
tury from modified designs of Michelangelo. Among the
most noted of the antiquities of the Capitoline Museum
are the colossal statue of Mars in armor, the Dying Gaul,
the Satyr of Pi"a.xite]es, the CentalU'S by Aristeas and
Papias, and the Capitoline Venus (after Pi-axiteles).
Capitolinus (kap"i-to-li'nus), Julius. Lived
perhaps about 300 A. D. A Roman historian,
one of the wi-iters of the Augustan History
(which see).
Capmany (kiip-mji'ne), Montpalau y Antonio
de. Born at Barcelona, Spain, Nov. 24, 1742:
died at Cadiz, Spain, Nov. 14, 1813. A Spanish
antiquarian, historian, philologist, and critic.
Capodistria (kii-p6-des'tre-a). A town in Kiis-
ten hi ml, Austria-Hungary, sitiiateti on an island
8 miles south of Triest. It has a cathedral and
salt-works. Population(18<)0), commune, 10.706.
Capod'Istria(k:i'p6des'tre-a).orCapodistrias
(kii-po-des'tre-iis). AugUStin. Born 1778: died
in Corfu, May, 1857. A lirollier of Giovanni
Capo d'Lstria, provisional president of Greece
1831-32.
Capo d'Istria, or Capodistrias, Count Gio-
vanni Anton. Born at Corfu, Feb. 11. 1776:
killed at Naiiiilia, Greece, Oct. 9, 1831. Presi-
dent of Greece. He entered the Russian service iu
180i), represented Russia in the Congress of Vienna from
1814 to 1815, and was Russian secretary of foreign atfairs
from 1816 to 1822. Dismissed from the Russian service,
lie devoted himself to the cause of Greek iiulependence ;
was elected president of Greece through the inlluence of
the Russian party in 1827 ; and served from 1828 to 18:tl,
when he was assassinated by the brothers Coustantineaua
(ieorge .Maviomiehalis.
Cappadoeia (kap-a-do'shiji). [Gr. Koffn-otWi'o.]
In aiieieul geographj', a country in the eastern
part of Asia Minor, lying west of the Euplira-
tes, north of Cilicia, and east of Lycaouia; in
a wider sense, the territory in Asia Minor be-
tween the lower Haly.s and Euphrates, and
the Taurus and the Eu.xine : an elevated table-
land intersected by mounlaiu-chains. it con-
stituted under the Persians two satrapies, afterward two
independent monarchies : Cappadoeia nil thePontlls, later
calh'il Pontns; and Cappadoeia near the Taurus, called
Great Capiiadociu, the later Cappadoeia in a narrower
sense. In 17 .\. 1>. Cappadoeia became a Roman province.
It had then only four cities : Mazaca. neai- Mount Argieus,
the residence of the Cappadocian kings, later called Eu-
sebia, and by the Romans Cajsarea, the episcopal see of
8t. Basil (modem Kaisariyeh) ; Tyana ; Garsaum, the later
Arcbclais; and Ariaratheia. (»f its other cities may be
mentioned Saniosata. Myssa, and Nazianzus, the birth-
d daces or seats of celebrated ecclesiastics,
appel (kiip'pel). ;A village in Switzerland.
See Kap/nl.
Capperonnier (kiip-ron-ya'), Claude. Born at
Moutdidier, France, May 1, 1671 : died at Paris,
Capperonnier
July 24. 1744. A French classical scholar. Ue
wrote "TraiW tie lancienne prononciation de la laiigue
grecque" (1703), etc. ; and edited QuintiUau (172.^).
Capponi (kap-po'ue). Gino, Marchese. Born at
Kl.ircnce, Sept. 14. 1792: died at Florence, Feb.
3, 1876. A noted Florentine historian, .states-
man, and scholar, prime minister of Tuscany
l.'^+S. He wrote "Storia della repubblica di
Firenze" (1875), etc.
Capraja (ta-prii'ya). An island in the Mediter-
ranean Sea. belonging to the province of Ge-
noa, Italy, situated northeast of Corsica, in lat.
4.3" 2' X. ," long. 9° 50' E. It was anciently called
Capraria.
Caprara, Giovanni Battista. Bom at Bolo-
gna, Italy, May 29. 173:j : died at Paris, June 21,
1810. Au Italian cardinal and diplomatist,
bishop of Milan. He negotiated the concordat
at Paris in 1801.
Caprarola kii-prji-ro'lii). A town in the prov-
ince (if Kome, Italy, situated 31 miles north of
Rome. It contains the Famese palace. Pop-
ulation, 5.000.
Caprera (ka-pra'ra), or Cabrera (ka-bra'ra).
All island north of Sardinia, belonging to the
province of Sassari, Italy, situated in lat. 41°
14' N., long. 9° 28' E. It was the usual resi-
dence of Garibaldi in 1854-82.
Capri (ka'pre). A small island of Italy, off the
coast of Campauia, 19 miles south of Naples:
the ancient Cajjnv. It is a favorite resort for tour
ists and artists on account of its picturesque and bold
scenery. Among the points of interest are the towns of
Capri and Anaeapri. the Blue Grotto, and the Villa di
Tiherio. It was the favorite residence of Augustus, and is
especially famous as the abode of Tiberius in the hist half
of his reign and tliescene of his licentious orgies. Highest
point, Monte Solaro (1,9S0 feet). Population, about 4,900.
Capricomus (kap-ri-kor'nus). [L., 'goat-
horned.'] An ancient zodiacal constellatiou
between Sagittarius and Aquarius; also, one of
the twelve signs of the zodiac, the winter sol-
stice. It is represented on ancient monuments by the
figure of a goat, or a figure Iniving the fore p;u-t like a
goat and the hind part like a flsh. Its symbol is /S.
Caprivi (ka-pre've) de Caprara de Monte-
CUCOli, Georg Leo von. Born at Charlotteu-
bm-g, Feb. 24. 1831. A noted Genuan states-
man, chancellor of the empire 1890-94. He was
educated at the Werdei-sche Gymnasium at Berlin, and
April 1, 1&49, entered the Kaiser-Franz-Grenadier regi-
ment, becoming second lieutenant Sept. 19, 1S50. He en-
tered the niilitarj' academy and became first lieutenant in
1859, and in 1861 captain in the general staff. He rose
rapidly in rank, and in 18S3 was made chief of the ad-
miralty, and accomplished important results in the reor-
ganization of the German navy. For his efficiency in this
service he was promoted by Empei-or William II. (July in.
18S8) to be commanding general of the loth army corps in
Hannover, and later was nuide general of infantry. On
the fall of Bismarck (March 20, 1890), Caprivi succeeded
him as imperial chanrellor. president of the Fi-ussian min-
istry, and imperial minister of foreign atfairs. He secured
Heligoland from England in exchange for German claims
in Zanzibar and Witu .Inly, 189J), streiigtliened the colonial
policy, renewed the Trii)le .Alliance .lune, 1891, and con-
cluded impttrtant commercial treaties. He was maile a
count I-)ec. IS. ISIH. He resigneii the presidency of the
Prussian ministry in .March, 18112, and retired from the
imperial chancellorship and the ministr}' of foreign af-
f;iirs Oct. 2tl, IS'.H.
Captain. 1. An English line-of-battlo ship of 72
guns. She served in the Mediterranean squadron of Lord
Hood before Corsica in 17iH-95 ; was fla^f-ship of Commo-
dore Nelson in 1796; served in the battle off Cape St. Vin-
cent. Feb. 14, 1797; and was burned March 22. 1813.
2. One of the earliest English armored turret-
ships, launched March 29. 1869. she had an all-
round water-line belt 10 juul 7 inehes thick, low free-
Ihkanl, and two turrets on the upper deck 120 feet apart.
Tttnnage, 4,272. Slie foundered off Cape Finisterre with
601) n)en, Sept. 6, 1870.
Captain, The. 1. A play Vn- Fletcher and an-
otiier, i)i'<iduccd about 1013, printed in the folio
of l(j47. Fleay suggests Jonsoii; BuUeu thinks
there are traces of Middleton's hand. — 2. A
bragging, coarse ruffian in Middleton's play
'•The. Phii-i)ix."'
Captain, The Copper. See Pervs, Michael.
Captain Jack. See Jack.
Captain Right. See lliijht.
Captain Rock. See Rock.
Capua (kap'ii-ii). An ancient city of Campa-
nia, Italy. 17 miles north of Naples, famous for
its wealth ami lii.xury. it was (^innded by the Etrus-
cans, was taken by th<- .Samnites in 42:i B. c, and came un-
der Roman rule alumt ;U0 B. r. It opened its gates to
Hannibal in IV, a. c. (whose anny wintered there 21i;-21.'i).
In 211 B. c. it W!is retaken by the Rjtmans, and severely
punished. It afterward flourisind until sacked by Ocn-
seric in 456 A. n. It was destroyed by the Saracens in
840, and its inhabitants colonized ino<k-rii Capua. Its site
Is occupied by the village of Santa Mariadi Capua Vetere.
It contains the ruiiis of a triiin)phal arch and of a Roman
amphitheater which dates from the early empire. In
the early middle ages it was fortitletl as a citadel, and
has Buffered from aleges. It was an imposing monumeDt^
214
much resembling the Roman Colosseum, and nearly as
lai-ge. The axes of the outer ellipse are 557 and 458 feet ;
of the arena, 250 and IM feet.
Capua (kii'po-a). A town in Italy, on the Vol-
turno, situated 2 miles north of ancient Capua,
on the site of the ancient Casilinum. It w:is
ctdonized from ancient Capua in the 9th century. It h:is
a cathedral, aud a museum with antiquities. Ciesar Borgia
attacked it in 1501. Near it is the battle-held of the Vol-
turno, 1860. It was taken by the Pieduioutcse, Nov.,
181)0. Population, 12,000.
Capuchins (kap'u-chinz). A mendicant order
of Franciscan monks, founded in Italy in 1528
by Matteo di Bassi, and named from the long
pointed capouch or cowl which is the ilistin-
giiishing mark of their dress. According to the
statutes of the order, dmwni up in 1529, the monks were
to live by beggi))g ; they were not to use gold or silver or
silk in the decoration of their alt.ars, and the chalices were
to be of pewter. The Capuchins are most numerous in
.Austria. In the Cniteil States they have convents in the
dioceses of Green Bay, Milwaukee, Leavenworth, and New
York. See Franciscans.
Capuchin (kap'u-chin). The. A play byFoote,
produced in 1776. it was an alteration of the notori-
ous "Trip to Calais," which was stopped by the public
censor.
Capucius (ka-pii'shius). In Shakspere's "Henry
VIII.." an ambassador from Charles V.
Capulet (kap'u-let). In Shakspere's ''Romeo
and Juliet," a coarse, jorial old man ^vith a
passionate temper, the father of Juliet. The
repression "the tomb of the Capulets " is not in Shak-
spere ; it occurs in Biuke's letter to Matthew Smith —
and as "the family vault " "of all the Capulets" in his
" lluHections on the Revolution in France," III. 349.
Capuletti ed i Montecchi (ka-po-let'te ed e
mon-tek'ke), I. [It., 'The Capulets and Monta-
gues.'] An opera by Bellini, first produced in
Venice in 183(5: a musical version of "Romeo
and Juliet."
Caquetios {ka-ka-te'6s), or Caquesios. An In-
tlian tribe which, at the beginning of the 16th
century, occupied the coast of Venezuela from
La Guayra to Lake Maraeaybo, together with
the neighboring islands. They received the first
Spanish explorers as friends, but were soon enslaved and
carried away, and by 1545 none was left on the coasts.
There were other I))dians of the s:ime name and probably
of the same race in the highlands south of Core, and on
the llanos to the rivers Sarare and Apme.
Carabas (kar'a-bas). Martiuis of. The master
for whom "Puss in Boots" performs such
prodigies in Penaulfs tale "Le Chat Botte"
(" F*uss in Boots''). The name is used proverbially
for a pi'etentions aristoc)"at who refuses to maich with his
age. The Marquis of Carabas in Disraeli's "Vivian Grey "
i> intciuled for the Miirquis of Clanricanle.
Carabaya. See Varavuija.
Carabobo (kii-ra-bo'bo). A state in Venezuela,
bordering on the ( 'arilibean Sea. Its capital is
Valencia. Area, 2,984 square mUes. Popida-
tion (1891). 198,02i;
Carabobo. A plain south of Valencia, Vene-
zuela, in the same valley. Here, on M.ay -28, 1S14,
Bolivar with 5,)X)(;) men defeated the Spanish captain-gen-
eral Cajig-al with 6,000 men. On June 24, 1821, Bolivar
won a second victo)y on the same plain over the Spanish
a)'my of La Torre. This was the last Spanish foive of coji.
sequer)ce in Venezuela, and the victoi-y secured the inde-
pende))ce of northwestern South .\n)cric.a.
Caracalla (kar-a-kal'a). or Caracallus (k^ir-.j
kal'us) (Marcus Aufelius Antoninus, origi-
nally Bassianus'. IChikciiIIh, a nickname
given him on account of the long Gaulish
hooded coat or tunic which he introduced.]
Born at Lyons, April 4 or 6, 188 .\. D. : died near
Edessa, Mesopotamia, April 8, 217 A. D. Em-
jieror of Rome, son of Septimius Severus.
Having become joint emperor of Rome with his brother
Geta in 211, he murdered the latter with many of his
friends, including the jurist Papinian, and made himself
sole en)peror in 212. He extended by the Constitutio An-
toniana the full citizenship to all free inhabitants of the
empire, in order to increase the produce of the succession
duty of five per cent, which Augustus had imposed on
the properly of citizens. He was murdered on a plunder-
ing expedition against the Parthians.
It had hitherto been the peculiar felicity of the Ro-
mans, and in the worst of times the consolation, that the
virtue of the eTn|)erors was active, and their vice indo-
lent. Augustus, Trajan, Hadrian, and Marcus visited
their extensive dominions in person, and their progress
was marked by acts of wisdom and beneficence. The
tyranny of Tiberius. Nero, and Doinitian, who resided
almost constantly at Rome, or in the adjacent villas, was
confined to the senatorial and e<iuestrian orders. But
Caracalla was the common enemy of mankind. He left
the capital (and he never returnecl to it) about a year after
the murder of GetiL The rest of his reign w:is spent
in the several provinces of the empire, p.articnlarly those
of the east, and every province was by turns the scene of
his rapine and cruelty. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, I. 160.
Caracalla, Baths of. See Baths of Caracalla.
Ca^aca^as^ki^-ra-k!^-ras'). [Guarany,' hawks.']
A horde of South American Indians, of the
Tupi-Guarany race, who, in the 16th century,
lived on the western side of the river Paran4,
Caravaggio
about lat. 32° S. Later they retreated northward
into the Ch.ico region, and became extinct, or were amal-
gan>ated with other tribes.
Caracas (kii-rii'kiis). An Indian tribe of Vene-
zuela, which formerly occupied the valleys
about the present city of Caracas. They had
hirge villages, and appear to have been agriculturists,
with some skill in weaving hammocks, making gold orna-
ments, etc. They kept up a long and brave resistance
to the whites. .As a tribe they were probably destroyed
before the end of the 16th century.
Caracas (ka-rii'kas). The capital of Venezuela
anti of the federal district, situated in lat. 10°
32' N.. long. 67° 4' W., near the coast. It is an
important commercial center, and contains a cathe*lral
and university. It was founded in 1567. and destroyed by
an eartlxjuake in 1S12. Its seaport is La Guayra. Popula-
tion (1891), 72,429.
Caracas, Province of. A colonial province
which embraceil approximately the present
states of Mira iida. Zamora. Venezuela, aud Cara-
bobo. The captain-gt-neralcy of Venezuela, formed in
1751, was commonly called Caracas, from the capital, just
as New Spain was called Mexico.
Caracci. See Vanacci.
Caraccioli (kii-rii'cho-le). Francesco. Bom at
Naples about 1748: hanged near Naples, 1799.
A Neapolitan admiral, commander of the navy
of the Parthenopean Republic. 1799, condemned
to death by order of the junta.
Caractacus (ka-rak'ta-kus). or Caradoc (kar'-
a-dok). Flourished about 50 a. d. A British
king, son of Cimobelin. king of the Trinobantes.
His capital was Camulodu])um (Colchester). He was chief
of the Catnvellauni (which see), and resisted the Romans
(ur)der Aulus Plautius, Ostorius Scapula, and, for a short
time, the emperor Claudius) for about nine years. Finidly
defeated, he took refuge among the Brigantes, but was
delivered by Cartismandna, their queen, to the Romans,
and was sent to Rome. Claudius granted him his life and
his f:imily.
Caractacus. 1. A tragedy by J. R. Planch^,
au alteration of Fletcher's "Bonduca." It was
produced in 1837. — 2. A tragedy by William
JIason. publishcil in 17.')9.
Caract^res de Theophraste, Les. See La
llrni/in .
Caraculiambo (kii-rii-ko-le-am'bo). A mythical
giant whom Don Qiii.xote proposes to conquer.
Caradoc (kai'a-dok). See Caractacus.
Caradoc, or Cfadock. A knight of the Round
Table, in the Arthurian cycle of romance. He
had the only chaste wife in the court. The storj' of the
magic mantle which she alone could wear is told iu "The
Boy and the Mantle '" (which see).
Carafa (kii-rii'fU). Michele. Bom at Naples,
Nov. 28, 1785: died at Paris, July 26. 1872. An
Italian composer of operas, author of "Le Soli-
taire" (1822). "Masaniello" (1827), etc.
Carajas (kU-rii-zhiis'). A tribe of Indians
ilwelling in the ^-icinity of the river Araguaya,
ill the states of Goyaz and Matto Grosso. Brazil.
They number at least several thousand, are uncivilized, ,
but friendly to the wl)ite8. They speak a language veiy '
ditf ere])t from the diidects of the surrounding tribes. The
Carajas live in villages, and are agiioilturists and fisher-
men. The Carajais, .lavahals, and Chimbioas al'e branch j
tiibes in the s:ime region.
Caraman. See Karaman.
Caramania. See Karamauia.
Caramuru. See Alnnts, Itioyo.
Caramuru (kii-ra-mii-ro' ). The nickname given
to a political party in Brazil which, after the
abdication of the emperor Pedro I. in 1831,
sought to secure his restoration. The ]iame, if
not virtually adopted by the party, became their common
designation, and is used by historians. .After the death
of the ex-emperor most of the members of the Caramurik
TKU-ty joined the conservatives,
Cfarathis (kar'a-this). The mother of Vathek,
iu Beckford's "Vathek," an adept in judicial
astrology.
Carausiiis (ka-ra'si-us). Marcus Aurelius Va-
lerius. Died '293 .\. D. .\ Roman insurgent.
He was a Menapian or Belgo-German by birth, and in his
youtbissaid to have beenapilot. In 28i;> he distinguished
hi)]iself i]i the can)paign of the Augustus Mtcxiniia)) against
the revolted Baga)nia; in Gaul, a))d wjis about this period
intrusted with the ejiterprise of stippressing the Frankish
and Saxon pirates who i-av:iged the cctiists of Britain and
Gaul. Suspected of acting in collusion with the pirates,
orders w ere issueil for his execution, whereupon he made
himself master tif Britain and part of Ganl in 287, anil as-
s)uned the title of .Augustus. He w.as recognized :is a
colleague in the government of the empire by the Au-
gusti Maximiar) and Diocletian in 2'.»0. On the appoint-
ment of Galerins and i-'onstantius Chlorus as Caisars in
292, the hitter undertook a can)paign against Carausius,
who was assassinated in the following year by his chief
n)ir)ister, Allect)is.
Caravaca (kii-rU-vii'kii). A town in the prov-
ince of Murcia. Spain, situated on the river
Caravaca in lat. 38° 4' N., long. 1° 53' W.
Population (1SS7). 15,053.
Caravaggio (kii-rii-viid'jo). A town iu tlie
province of Bergamo, Italy, situated 22 miles
east of Milan. Population, 6,000.
Caravaggio, da
Caravaggio, da. ^i" Vitiddia, I'liUdnrn.
Caravaggio, da (Michelangelo Amerighi or
Merighl). limn at CaravagK'"' iH'ur Milan,
1;)()9: cUimI near Purto Kieole, Italy, 1G09. An
Italian painter belonging to the natnralistic
school. His most noteil work is the " nritoniliinent of
Christ " (in tliu Vatican). After painting many important
pictures in Home, he Hed to Naples to escape justice for
the honiiciile of a companion.
Oaravaya (kii-i-ii-vii'ya), or Carabaya (ka-rii-
bii'vii). [A eoiTnption of ColUiliutii/ii, the Qiii-
chiia nann'.] A proviiR'e of eastern Pern, m
the department of Pnno. Gold was discovered
there al>out 1.'>4;J, anil for a century the mines of this rc-
Kion were famous. Its towns, especially Sandia, .San Ga-
ban, and .San Juan del Ore. were important. In 17tJ7 they
were all destroyed by thet'huncho Indians, not a Spaniard
being left east of the .\ndes. The region is now almost
unknown, being frequented only by cinchona-collectors.
Area, 12,<J<-H) s*iuare miles.
Caravellas (kil-rii-va'las). A seaport in the
state of Bahia, Hrazil, in lat. 17° 43' S., long.
39" 14' W. Population, about 5,000.
Carbajal (kii-Bii-iiiil'), or Carvajal (kiir-vii-
lliil'), Francisco. Bom in Aravalci, 14(14: dieil
near Cnzeo, Peru, April 10. 1548. A Spanish
soldier in South America. In 1528 he went to
Mexico, and in 1530 Cortt^s sent him with others to aid
Pizarro in I'eru. As tield-marshal under Vaca de Castro,
he directed the l>attlc of Chnpas, where the younger Al-
magro was overthrown. He took an active part in the
struggle of Gonzido fiziirro against Gasca, was captured
at the battle of .Sacsahuana April !), I54S, and condennted
to deatli.
Oarberry Hill (k;ir'ber-i hil). A place near
Mussen>nri;li. Mid-Lothian. Scotland. Here, in
June, 1507, lA>rd Home dispersed Bothwell's forces, and
took prisoner Mai-y Queen of Scots.
Carbonari (kiir-bo-uil'ri). [It., pi. of carbonaro,
from 1j. ciirbonariiLs, a charcoal-burner, a col-
lier.] A secret society formed in the kingdom
of Naples during the reign of Mui-at (l.sOS-lo)
by republicans and others dissatisfied with the
French rule. They were originally refugees among the
mountains of the Abruzzi provinces, and took their name
fiwm the mountain charcoal-burners. Their aim was to
free their country from foreign domination. After having
aided the Austrians in the expulsion of the French, the
organization spread over all Italy as the champions of the
National Liberal cause against the reactionary govern-
ments. At one time the Carbonari numbered several hun-
dred thousand adherents. They were concerned in the
various revolutions of the times until crushed out by the
Austrian i)ower in Italy. About 1820 they spread into
KraTice, and played an important part in French politics
until the revolution of ls;iO.
Oarbondale (kar'bon-dal). A city in Lacka-
wanna County, northeastern Pennsylvania, sit-
nated 15 miles northeast of Scranton. It is
the center of rich coal-fields. Population (1890),
lO.sSli.
Carcajente, "r Carcagente (kiir-kii-Hen'te). A
town in the |)roviuce of Valencia, Spain,
situatc(l OTi the river Jucar 25 miles south-
southwest of Valencia. It has linen, woolen,
and silk manufactures. Population (1887),
r.'.503.
Carcassonne (kiir-kii-son'). The capital of the
iic|iarlniiiit of Anile, Prance, situated on the
Aude in lat. 43° 13' N., long. 2° 20' E. : the
ancient ( 'arcaso. it consists of two parts, the Upper
Town (la cit<'') and the Lower Town. The Upper Town,
nr»w practically aban<loned for the more convenient site
below, is in its entirety one of the most remarkable iiioim-
menta of the middle ages existing. In plan it is square,
abr>ut a mile in circuit, inclosed t,y two lines of walls with
llfty-four ttjwers, all of admirable masonry, and retaining
In their approaches, their gates, battleincnts, etc, all the
ilefensive devices evolved by medieval military engineers.
Part of the iimer widls and towers dates from the Visi-
gothic rule in the 5th century; the greater portion is of
the 12th century, and the remainder of the reign of .St.
Louis, (in one aide rises a powerful cjistle or citadel.
Thebattlemented Church of St. Nazaire has a ItoinaneS()ue
nave, ancl a very light and beautiful rointed choir, with
splendiil glass. This uniqu? fortress was thoroughly re-
st^trcd by Napoleon III, It was a Roman town, and was
ruleii later by the West Goths. It w;is an Albigensiaii
Btrongliold, and was sacked by the lUaek Trince in la5,i.
Population (1S!)1). commune, 28,2:1,5.
Oar-cay. The most northeasterly ramification
of the SiciTa Madre, lying due west from Cor-
ralitos in Chiliiiahua. It is a rugged and wild
chain, dillicult of access.
Oarchemish (kiir'kem-ish). The ancient capi-
tal (if the llitlilcs. It was formerly identitleil with
CIrcessium of the Greeks and Komans, a fortlhcil place
near where the I'haboras empties into the Euphrates.
Later excavations brought out its hlentity with the
Oargamis of the Assyrian inscriptions (Egyptian Gitnrifii-
nwKfta), sitiiated on ttie riglit bank of the Euphrates ntprtb-
wcit of the river Sajur, anil now represented by the ruinsof
Jemblrts. The city is mentioned in the annals of Tlglath-
Plleser I,, 1110 II. n. Shalmaneserll., in HM, and Saigon,
In 717, subjected tills capital of the llittites, and placed
an Assyrian governor In it. In «05 H. o, the battle be-
tween .Nebuebadnezzar and Nerlio of Egypt took place
under lt« walls (,ler, xlvi. 2. 2 Chron. xxxv, 20), in which
Egypt was thoroughly defeated by western Asia.
Sl5
To Mr. Skene, for many years the English consul at
Aleppi:), is due the credit of Ili-st discovering the true site
of the old llittite eaiutal [Carcliemish]. On the western
bank of the Euphrates, midway between liirejikand the
mouth of the Sajur, rises an artificial mound of earth,
under which ruins and sculptured blocks of stone had
been found from time to time. It was known as Jerabhls,
or Kalajit JerablQs, " the fortress of Jerabhls," sometimes
wrongly written Jerabls: and in the name of Jerabliis
Air. Skene had no dilllculty in recognising an Ai-ab cor-
ruption of Ilierapolis. In the Roman age the name of
Hierapolis or "Holy t^'ity'* had tieen ti-ansf erred to its
neighbour Membij, which inherited the traditions and
religious fame of the older Carchemish ; but when the
triumph of Christianity in Syria brought with it the fall
of the great temple of Membij, the name disappeared
from the later] city, and was remembered only in connec-
tion with the ruius of the ancient Carehemish.
Sayce, Hittites, p, 9S.
Cardale(kar'dal), John Bate. Born at London,
Nov. 7. 1S02: died at Liiinlon, July 18. 1«77. An
English lawj-er, first apostle of the OathoUc
Apostolic Church (Irvingites), and author of nu-
merous (anonymous) controversial andreligious
works.
Cardan. See Cardano.
Cardano (kiir-dii'uo), or Cardan (kar'dan), Gi-
rolamo. Born at Pavia, Italy, Sept. 24, 1501:
died at Rome, Sept. 21. 1576. A noted Italian
physician, mathematician, philosopher, and as-
trologer, natural son of Facio Cardan, a Milan-
ese .jurist.
Cardanus. See Cardano.
Cardenas (kiir'da-nas). A seaport in northern
Culja, situated 25 miles east of Matanzas. It
exports sugar. Population (1887), 23,3.54.
Cardenio (Sp. pron. kiir-da'ue-6). An intel-
lectual madman, crazed by disappointed love,
with lucid intervals, in an episode of Cervan-
tes's "Don Quixote." He is introduced in Col-
mau's "Moimtaiucers" as Octavian, and also
in D'UrftVs "Don Quixote."
Cardenio, The History of. A play entered
on the "Stationers' Register" in 1653 as by
'■ Fletcher and Shakspere. Itissaidtobe identified
with the lost play 'Cardano ' or ' Cai-denia,* acted at court
in 1613." Late seventeenth-century entries in the "Sta-
tionei-s' Register " carry no authority as f lU" as Shakspere
is concerned. Bidlen, Diet. Nat. Biog.
Cardiff (kiir'dif ). A seaport in Glamorganshire,
Wales, situated on the Taff. near its mouth, in
lat. 51° 28' N., long. 3° 10' W. it is noted for its
export of coal and iron, and contains large docks and a
noted castle. It has greatly increased in late years. It
was the place of Imprisonment of Robert of Nonuandy,
ll<iti-;i4, riipulation(l.s9l), 128,849.
Cardigan (kiir'di-gau). A seaport and the chief
town of Cardiganshire, Wales, situated on the
Teifi in lat. 52° 6' N., long. 4° 39' W. It is
called Aberteifi by the Welsh. Population
(1891), 3,447.
Cardigan, Earl of. See Brudentl, James Tliomas.
Cardigan Bay. An arm of St. George's Chan-
nel, on tlie western coast of Wales.
Cardiganshire (kiir'di-gan-shir), or Cardigan.
A county in Soutii Wales, lying between Meri-
oneth on the north, Montgomery, Radnor, and
Brecknock on the east, Carmarthen and Pem-
broke on the south, and Cardigan Bay on the
west. Its surface is mountainous. Area, 093
square miles. Poptdation (1891), 62,.596.
Cardim (kiir-deug'). Fernao. Born at Vienna
do Alvitii. Al<-mte.io. ].'i40: died at Bahia. Bra-
zil, Jan. 27, 1625. A Portuguese Jesuit, pro-
vincial of Brazil 1604-08. He wrote a narra-
tive of his travels, first published at Lisbon in
1817.
Cardinal (kar-de-naP), Pierre. Born at the
beginning of the 1.3th century: died alimit
1305. A French tronliadour, especially noted
for his satirical powers: " the Juvenal of the
I'roveiicals.'' SisiikiihU.
Cardinal College. See Christ Church.
Cardis, or Kardis (kiir'dis). Treaty of. A
treaty of peace concluded at Cardis, an estate
on the borders of Livonia and Esthonia, be-
tween Russia and Sweden, in 1061. Russia re-
stored Dorpat and other places.
Cardoile (kiir'doil), or Carduel (kjir'dii-el).
A name souK'times given in Arthurian ro-
niancrs to the eit.v of Carlisle, England.
Cardona (kiir-do'nii). A fortified town in the
province of Barcelona, Spain, in lat. 41° 55' N..
long. 1° 38' E. There is a remarkable hill of
rock-salt in the vicinity.
Cardonnel (kiir-don'el), Adam de. Died at
Westminster. Folj. 22, 1719. Tlie secretary
and friend of the Duke of Marlborough, ex-
pelled fniin the House of Commons forcorrup-
tinn. Fell. 19, 1712.
Cardross (kiir'dros). A town in Dumbarton,
Scotland, situated on tUo Clyde 3 miles north-
Carey, Henry
west of Dumbarton. Kuljert Bruce died there,
June 7, 1329.
Carducci ( kiir-do'chi), Giosn^. Born at Baldi-
castello, Tuscany, Jidy 27, 1836. A noted
Italian poet, since 1861 professor of Italian
literature at the University of Bologna.
Carducho (ksir-do'cho), or Carducci (kiir-do'-
clie), VincenZO. Born at Florence. 1568( 1500 f ) :
died at Madrid, Spain, about 1638, An Italian
painter, patronized by PhUip III. and Philip
IV. of Spain. His chief works are in Spain.
He wrote "De las excelenoias de la piutura,"
etc. (1633).
Cardtiel. See Cardoi/r.
CardwelKkiird'wel), Edward. Born at Black-
burn, Laneasliire, 1787: died at Oxford, Eng-
land, M.ay 23, 1861. An English clergj-man and
church historian. He was appointed select preacher
to the Uiiiversity of Oxford in 1823, Camden professor of
ancient history in 1820, and principal of St. Alban Hall In
1831. He wrote "Documentary Axmals of the Keformed
Church of England " (1839), etc.
Cardwell, Edward, Viscount Cardwell. Born
at Liverpool, July 24, 1813: died at Torquay,
Feb. 15, 1886. An English statesman, nephew
of Edward Cardwell. He was president of the Board
of Trade 1862-6,'), secretaiy for Ireland 18.^9-01, chan-
cellor of the duchy of Lancaster 1801-tJ4, colonial secre-
tary 1804-00, and secretary for war 1808-74.
Careless (kar'les). 1. The fi-iend of Mellefont
in Congreve's "Double Dealer": a gay gallant
who makes love to Lady Pliant. — 2. A suitor
of Lady Dainty in Gibber's "Double Gallant."
" A fellow that 's wise enough to be but half in love, and
makes his whole life a studied idleness. "
3. The friend of Charles Sm'face in Sheridan's
" .School for Scandal." It is he who says of the por-
trait of Sir Oliver in the auction scene : "An unforgiving
eye, and a damned disinheriting countenance."
Careless, Colonel. The gay, light-headed lover
of Ruth in Sir R. Howard's play "The Com-
mittee. The play was slightly altered and produced
by T. Knight as "The Honest Thieves." Careless is the
same in both plays.
Careless Husband, The. A brilliant comedy
by Cibljer, produced in 1704, printed in 1705.
See I'AtKij. Sir Charles.
Careless Lovers, The. A comedy by Ravens-
croft, produced in 1673.
Carelia. See Karelia.
Careme (kii-ram'), Marie Antoine. Bom at
Paris, June 8, 1784: died there, Jan. 12, 1833.
A celeljrated French cook. He wrote " Le pa-
tissier pittoresque " (1815), etc.
Carew (ka-ro'), Bamfylde Moore. Born at
Bickley, near 'Tiverton, in July, 1093: died per-
haps in 1770. A noted English vagabond. He
ran aw.ay from school, joined a band of gipsies, and was
eventually chosen king or chief of tlie gipsies. Con-
victed of vagrancy, he was transported to Maryland,
whence he escaped and returned to England. lie is said
to have accompanied the Pretender to Carlisle and Derby.
Carew, George. Born iu England, May 29,
1555: diedat London, March 27, 1629. An Eng-
lish soldier and statesman , son of George Carew,
dean of Windsor, created Baron Carew June 4,
1005, and Earl of Totnes Feb, 5, 1020, He served
in Ireland from 1574 ; became sherilf of Carlow 1583, and
master of ordnance in Ireland 1588 ; was appointed lieu,
tenant-general of ordnance in England 1592 ; and played
an inlluential part in Ireland (in various otllees) from 1599
until 100;l, esiieeially during the rebellion of the Earl of
Tyrone, Ueleft a valuable collection of letters and manu-
scripts relating to such alfairs.
Carew, Richard. Born at East Anton V, Corn-
wall, July 17, 15.55: died there, Nov. "O. 1620.
An English jioet and antiquarian, high sheriff
of Cornwall 1586, and member of Parliament:
author of the "Survey of Cornwall" (1002), etc.
Carew, Thomas. Born about 1598: died, prob-
ably at Ijiiiidiiu, about 1039. An English poet,
son of SirMattliewCarew(died 1618). iiestndled
(hut was not graduated)at Corpus christi College, Oxford,
and afterward led an idle and wandering life, serving for
a time as secretary to Sir Dudley Carleton, ambassador at
Venice, Turin, and the States, and later about the court
of Charles I. He wrote "Ctelum Itritannicuin." a mask
(performed atWhiteluUl, Feb. 18, 103-1), and various smaller
diieces.
arey (ka'ri). George Saville: pseudonym
Paul Tell-Truth. lioin 1743: died at Lon-
don, 1807. An English poet, son of Henry
Carey. He was a printer by trade, and for a time an
actor,' He wrote "The Inoeulator," a comedy (published
1700), "Liberty Chastized, or Patriotism in Chains"
(1708), "The NutHi-owii Maid" (1770), ".Shakespeare's
Jubilee, a Masque " (1709), "The Old Women Weather-
wise, an Interlude" (177n), "Balnea, or History of all the
Popular Watering-places of Knglanil " (1790), etc.
Carey, Henry. Born near the end of the 17th
centuiy: died at London (probably liy his own
hand), Oct. 4, 1743. An English poet and com-
poser of musical farces, illegitimate son of
George Saville, marquis of Halifax. Ilowas the
reputed author of "God Save the King," and author of thd
Carey, Henry
ballad "SaUyiii our Alley,' 'Saiuby-Pamby " "The Ccn-
rrT^ances" (acted 171..). •• Han.-ing ami il;'7='8f; .,» '^^
M7'"l '• Poems" (17'2T), 'Hhro»niiliotoiithok.go», a imr-
le^rrue (actTFei;. 2i 17».). "A Musical Centuo', or a
hunaicl Enslish llallads," etc. ^ „, ., , i, i,:.,
Carey. Henry Charles. Bom a Plulad.lyh a,
Dee 1.) 1793: (lied at Philaaelphia, Oct. 13,
IrtTy. ^Vii Amerieaii political economist, son
of MattLew Carey, noted as an advocate ot
protection. His cl.ief works are "An Essay on the
Rate or Wases" (1S.W). expanded iu -Principles of Pollti.
Si Eco,^.^v ■• (lU;-.0). ••'credit.Systen, in .f^'J^f'-^
Britain and the n ted StiUes ils^^). lh'lV""'J"S
Present ad the K.ltnre' (1*4S) • Harmony oflnterests
oS 'T-' To Slave Trade." etc. (1S53>, ' Plinciples of So-
cial'iience •• (1S5S-KI). - Inity ..f Law (1S73).
Carey, James. Bom at D.iblin, 1845: assassi-
nated . I iilv "il. 1SS3. An Irish political assassin,
lie was a 1.. i.lclayer and builder by trade, and a town
"mncib.rot Hul.lin (issil). He became one of the leaders
of the Irish •■ InviKciWes " in 18S1, and was an accomplice
°n the ass^ussination of Mr. T. H. Burke and L.^"! fred-
erick l^aveiidish in Ph.vnix Park. He was arrested Jan.
?" 18*'. »"'l "■"'■^■"l ^""-^"^ evidence. In order to escape
the veiiKCiince of the '■ Invincibles" he was secretly shipped
for the Cape on tlie Kinfauns Castle, .Inly .1, l!S»;i, under
the naineof Power ; but his plan of escape «„";;''f^7;.';r'^ •
and lie wa.« followed on hoard the ship by Pat ick o Jioti-
nell who sh..tbim before the vessel reached its destination.
Carev Mathew. Born at Dublin. .Ian. 28.
17G0: died at Philadelphia, Sept. 16. l.>^3<). An
Irish-Ameiican publicist and bookseller, the
son of a Dublin baker. He made the acquaintance
of Franklin in 1779, established "The Vol.lnfters .lour.
nal '• in 17S3 and w:is prosecuted and impris..ned, as t le
proprietor of that paper, in 17*t. In the ssune jcir "e
Knited to Pllilad'elphi,^ and witll the tlnanei.il aid o
Lafayette esb.blished -'The Pennsylvania Herald (first
number Jan. 25, 17S5) : later he became connected with
the "CoUimbia Magazine -and the ■• American Museum^
and conducted an extensive publishing business. He
wrote "Essays on Politiciil Economy" (ISiiX " Letters on
H,e roloniJi.m Society," "Female Wages and Female
Oppressi.m " (ls3.i), etc. >t . ,
Carey, WilUam. Born at Paulerspury, >» orth-
ainpt.'Mshire. Aug. 17, 1761: died ;'* i^cram-
pore, India. June 9, 1834. An English Oriental-
ist and missionary in British India from 1/94.
He 'was the author of i:rammars of Mahratta (180.-)). San-
Strit (ISOti). Panjabi (1812), Telinga (1814), dictionaries ot
Mahratta (1810). Bengiili (18IS), etc.
Carfax (kar'faks). [From ML. qiuulnjun-us.
having four forks.] In Oxford, England, the
junction of Commarket street, Queen street,
St. Aldgate's, and Hiirli street.
CarBill(kar-gil'), Donald. Born at Rattray,
Pertli.<hire, Scotland, about 1619: executed at
Edinburgh. July 'J7. 1 ftSl. A Scotch Covenanting
preacher, condemned to death for high treason.
Carheil(kii-ray'),Etiennede. Died after 1721.
A French Jesuit, missionary among the Uurons
aii.l Iroquois in Canada. .
Caria (ka'ri-a). In ancient geography, a divi-
sion of Asia ilinor, Ijang between Lydia ou the
north. Phrvgia and Lyeia on the east, and
the E"eau"Sea on the south and west. The Me-
ander a" noted river, flows through it. Its chief towns
were Miletus, llaliearliassus. and Cnidus. The early in-
habitants were llamitic, and the Greeks f..rmed colonies
on the coasts. Its princes became tributary to Persia.
Caria w.is anciently the wh.de country from Caiinus on
the south to tlie mouth of the Maiaiideron the west coast.
It extended inland at le.ist as far as Caiura, neiu- the junc-
tion of the Lycus with the Meander. The chain of Cad-
mus (Baba Uagh) formed, apparently, its eastern bouu.
darv In process of time the greater pait of tlie coast was
occupied by the Greeks. The peninsula of Cnidus, with
the tract above it known as the Bybassian Chersonese,
was colonised by Dorians, as was the southern shore of the
Ceramic tiulf, from Myiidus to Ceraraus. More to the
north the coast w:i8 seized upon by the Ionian Greeks,
who seem to have possessed themselves of the entire sea-
board from the llermus to the furthest recess of the Sinus
lassius. Still the Carians retained some portions of the
co.ast and were able to furnish to the navy of Xerxes a
licet of seventy ships. Aoirii/won, Herod., I. 383.
Cariaco (kii-re-U'ko). A seaport town in north-
eastern Venezuela, situated at the head of the
Gulf of Cariaco, in lat. 10° 30' N., long. 63°
41' W. It is also called San Felipe de Austna.
poi.nbilion, about 7.000.
Caribana (kii-ri-ba'nii). The name given on
some maps of the 16th century to Guiana, or the
region between the Amazon and the Orinoco,
sometimes including a portion of Venezuela.
It was evidently derived from the Carib Indians who in-
habited these coasts.
Caribbean Sea (kar-i-bg'an se). An arm of the
At hint i<- Ivini; between the Greater Antilles on
the nortli, Curibbee islands on the east. South
America on the south, and Yucatan and Cen-
tral America on the west. It is connected
withtheGuIf of Mexieoby the Yucatan channel.
Caribbees (kar'i-bez), or Caribbee Islands.
[From the Spanish Caribe, a Carib.] A general
name for the chain of islands on the eastern
side of the Caribbean Sea, forming a portion
of the West Indies.
216
Caribs (kar'ibz). [Prom Carihd or Cariiid, the
name which thev gave to themselves, meaning
'people.'] A powerful and warlike tribe ot
Indians who, at the time of the conquest, oc-
cupied portions of Guiana and the lower Ori-
noco an.l had conquered the Windward or Canb-
bee islands from the Arawaks. There was little
tribal union, and the authority of the <-'V.«f*;™tri",!mn^'
At the time of the conquest tliey practised agnultuie.
Columbus lirat encountered these Indians at (^Juadeloupe
and had a battle with them at ^anta Lruz (1493). llie
Span sh courts condemned them '■? *'■>' •^'^•./;" /3J^"|
little molested, probably because they could "« ''«' '"'^^
to work. The French and English '>.';V"P '"""',,"/;. '°^
Caribbee islands led to long wai-s with tliese Iji'l^ns.
their last stronghold was in St Vincent, "here- some of
them became nii\ed with fugitive nt^ro slaves, giving
risc™o the race called "black Caribs." After abbxidy war
vWth the EngUsh. the suniving Caribs, to the number o
5,000, were transporte-d fr.>m St ^ mcenMo 'he '^l.»nd »«
Ruitan Ileal the coast of Honduras (1,96). ineiiceiney
^S ove. to Honduras and .Nicai^'ua, where their d^
icendiiits mostly " black Caribs,' now live. A fe» were
a lowed to return to St. Vincent where they have a reser^
vat ion, and there are a few more in other islands. S^.me
^h'l "mds remain in a semi-wild state ,i, Guiana and Wn-
ezueli In French Guiana they are called Gallbis. Ihe
name hm-t was applied by the Spaniards to any Indians
"" oui they regarded as cannibals or very savage. The
w'ml" «'.n.'wi or «i«i*o/, in various languages, is a conup-
tioii of Cnribd. . ., j
Carignan (ka-ren-yoiV). A village in the de-
1* rtment of Ai-dennes, France. 12 miles south-
pariiiieiii oi x».Av»,r.."...T, * -.
east of Sedan. The French were repulsed here by the
Prussians, Aug. 31, 1S70.
Oarignano (ka-ren-ya'no). A town m the
province of Turin. Italy, situated ou the Po
11 miles south ot Tui-in, It manufactui-es silk.
CarijOS (kii-re-zhos'). A tribe of In.lians of
the Tupi race, formerly inhabiting the coast
region of southern Brazil, in what is now the
state of Santa Cathaiiiia.
Carllef (kar'i-lef). William de, Saint. Died
Jan 2, 1096. An English ecclesiastic and
statesman, made bishop of Durham by William
the Conqueror in 1080. He was influentiiil in eccle-
siastical and civil affairs (especially as an antagonist of
Lanfranc and Anselm) during the reigns of ^ illiam I. and
William II., and took an important part in the building of
the cathedral of Durham.
Carillo (kil-rel'vo), Braulio. Born at Cartago,
1800: murdered at San Jliguel, Salvador, l.s4.>.
A Costa Rican statesman. He was president of
Costa Rica 183^-37, and again 183S-ApiU, 1S42, when he
«-.ls overthrown and banished by Moi-azan.
Carimata (kii-re-mii'tii) Islands. -^ group of
small islands Unng west of Borneo, in lat.
1° 30' S., long. '108° 50' E. They are under
Dutch rule. , . , j
Carimata Strait. A strait between the islands
of Borpeo and Billiton.
Carino (kii-re'no), 1. In Guarini's "Pastor
Fido," a courtier. He contrasts the corruption of the
to\ra with the Arcadian simplicity of the other characters.
2. The father of Zenocia in Fletcher and Mas-
singei-'s •• Custom of the Country."
Carinola (ka-re-no'la). A town in the prov-
ince of Caserta. Italv, situated in lat. 41 1-
N.. long. 13° 58' E.
Carintllia (ka-rin'thi-ii). [G. Kamten : irom
L. C(tnil (wliich see).] A crownland ot the
Cisleithan division of Austria-Hungarv. It is
Ixjunded by Salzburg and Styria on the nnrtll, Styria on the
east, Carniohi, Kiistenland, and Italy on the south, and the
Tyrol on the west. It is very mount.ainous, containing tne
Carnic and Xoric Alps, and is traversed from west to east
by the Drave. Its capital is Klagenlurt. It has 9 repre-
sentiitives In the Austrian Keichsrat, and a Landtag of SI
members. About 70 per cent of the inhabitants are Ger-
mans, about 30 per cent. Slovenes ; the great majority are
Roman Catholic. Carinthia was a part of the ancient >on-
cum. It was culonized by Slavs, and was part of Charles
the Greats empire. It became a mark and a duchy. ^^O"*
was separated from it in 1180. It was acqilu-ed by Ik.he-
mia in 1269, united with Gorz iu 12S<i, and aciiuu-ed by
\ustria in ysx>. In 1*49 it became a crownland. Area,
.^usiria iu 10.JJ. ill A^ti. 11 ■.v.,»u... " -."
4.005 sciuare miles. Population (1890), 361.ik)S.
Carinus (ka-n'nus). Marcus Aurelins. Died
near Margiim. in Miesia. 283 a. d. Roman
emperor 28,3-285, elder son of Cams. He was
appointed governor of the western provinces, with the
titles of C;csar and Imperator, on the departure ol bis
father and brother (Xumerianus) in 282 on an expedition
against the Persians, in the course of which Carus dieu
(-283), leaving the two brothers joint emperors. >ume-
rianus died soon after, and the army of Asia proclaimcU
DiiKletian emperor. A decisive battle was fought in 1.S.T
near Margum. in ilasia. in which Carinus was victorious.
He wa.s. however, killed in the moment of triumph by his
own othcers.
Caripunas {kii-re-po'niis). [In Tupi. 'white
men of the water.'] A horde of Brazilian In-
dians on the river Madeira, especially about
the rapids. They are hunters and flshermen, wan-
dering in the forests, and often attacking travelers. In
number thev probably .1.. not exceed, at present one
or two thousand. The Caripunas are exceptionally light-
colored for Indians, hardly darker than many Europeans.
Their language bears litUe relation to that of surround-
Carlisle
ing tribes. They call themselves Mannu. The name
ofripima has been applied to other wandering hordes m
various parts of the Amazon valley.
Cariris. See Kiiiris
Carisbrooke (kar'is-bmk). A \nllage m the
Isle of Widit. England, 1 mile south of New-
port It is noted for its ruined castle.
Carisbrooke Castle. An ancient castle in the
Isle of Wight, England, tbe place of captivity
ot Charles I.. 1647-48. It is of Saxon foundation:
but of the existing remains the keep is Norman, most of
the towers and main walls are of the 13th century, and
the outworks and chief residential buildings were added
or remodeled under Qneen Elizilbeth. The castle is now
ruinous, but extensive and exceedingly picturesque, with
ivy-clad towers and ramparts.
Carker (kUr'ker), James. The manager in the
offices of Dombey and Son, in Dickens's novel
of that name. He is ' sly of manner, sharp of tooth,
s.>ft of foot, watchful of eye, oUy of tongue, cruel of
heart nice of habit " He induces Edith, the second wife
of Dombev, to elope with liim, to revenge herself on her
husband. ' He is killed while trying to escape from Dom-
bey, having been deceived and b;dked by Edith.
Carl (kiiri). [G. Carl Karl, MHG. Karl. Karel,
OHG. CIkii-oI, Chard. ML. Carohis, A'Hro/ii.v.
Knnihts, Karlii.<i. OF. Charles, whence ME. and
E. niarks; from OHfJ. choral, chard, MHG.
Icfirl a man.] See Charles.
Carlee. See Karli. . ^ , „ ,. ,,
Carlell (kar-lel'), Lodowick. An English dram-
atist of the first half of the 17th century. He
was the reputed author of " The Deserving Favounte. a
tragicomedy (1629), "Arviragus and Philicia. a tijgi-
comedy (KSfl), ' Tlie Passionate Lover (lt>5o). The tool
wonid be a Favourite, or the Discreet Lover ' (llVi,), Os-
mund, the Great Turk, ' a tragedy (1657), "Ueradius.
Emperor of the East"(l««X and "The Spartan Ladit^s
(lost).
Carlen (kiir-lan'), Madame (Emilia Smith
Flvcare). Born at Striimstad, Sweden. Aug.
8, 1807: died at Stockholm. Feb. 5. 1892. A
Swedish novelist. Her works include "Waldemar
Klein" (1838), "Gustav Liudorm" (1839), "Rosen pa
Tistelon " (1842>, etc. . ti- » »i i
Carlen, Johan Gabriel. Born m Westgotland.
Sweden, July 9. 18U: ilied at Stockholm, July ]
6, 1875. ' -\ Swedish poet and author, second
husband ot Madame Carlen. He wrote " Romanser
ur.Svenska Volklifvet" (1816, "Romances of Swedish
Life "1, etc. J . ,
Carleton (kail' ton). George. Lived m the
first halt of the 18th ceutm-y. An English
officer, a captain of artillery : author of the
'■Military Memoii-s. 1672-1713," often regarded
as the work of Defoe.
Carleton, Guy. Born at Strabane, Ireland,
.Sept 3 1724: died at Stubbings. near Maiden-
head. Nov. 10, 1808. An English soldier and
administrator, created Baron Dorchester Aug.
''1 17.S6. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel June 18,
1757 • took part in the siege of Louisburg ; was w-ounded
(then colonel) at the capture of Quebec; served at Ule
siege of Belleisle 1761, and at the siege of Havana 1,62,
was appointed Ueutenant-governor of Quebec Sept. 24,
1766. and governor Jan. 10, 1776; took command of the n
British troops iu Canada: defended Queliec successfuUy ■
asiunst the American forces, Dec, 1775, - May. 1, . 6 ; cai>- [J]
tured Crown Point, Oct., 1776 : was made lieutenant-gen-
eral Au" 1777 ; succeeded Sir Henry Clinton as com-
mander-Tn-chief in America, Feb. 23, 1782, anijing >"
>'ew York May 6. and evacuating the city ^ov. 25, l.bJ ,
and was again appointed governor of Quebec, April 11,
1786 He resi'^ned the governorship in 1796.
Carleton, William. Born at P"lli^l^. j.^-ioji?'
Ireland, 1794: died at Dublin, Jan. 30, 1869.
An Irish novelist, a delineator of Irish charac-
ter and life. He wrote "Traits and Stories of the
Iiish Peasantry "(1830), "Tales of Ireland " (If;!*). ' *"■
doroughga the Miser" (1839), "^alentme M-Outchy
Carii (Viir'le). or Carli-Rubbi (-rob'be ), Coimt
GHovanni Rinaldo. Born at (Japodistna,
near Triest, April 11, 1720: (bed at Milan,
Feb. 22. 1795. An Italian political economist
and antiouary. His chief works are "Delle monete
e dcir istitizione delle zecche d'ltalia •; (n60-«».„'- DeUe
antichita ituliche " (1788-91), " Lettere Amencaue (178fr-
Carlino'(kar-le'n6). Carlo Antonio Berti-
nazzi. Born at Turin, lil3: died at 1 aris,
Sept. 7, 1783. Au Italian pantomimist and im-
dirovisator.
arlisle, Earls of. See Hoicard.
CarUsle i kUr-lil' ). [Foimerly ^UoCarhle, Car-
lillc, Ciirleil, ME. Carlilc, hadile, British taer
Liid, from caer, city, and Liiel, fi-om LL. iM<7«-
ro//H»i, LiKitirallium. or Liaiiihallia, the Roman
name.] The capital of Cunilieriand, England,
situated at the junction of the Caldew, Petenl,
and Eden, in lat. 54° M' N-, loug. 2° :w W^
It is an important railway center, and has iiianu actures
of iron and cotton. It contains a cathedral »"'' '^•'?''«.
and near it is the end of the Roman wall. The cathelr^,
asit now stands, is almost wholly of the 14th centuiy
The .Norman nave was burned in the 13th century-, except
the two bays nearest the transept, which have smce con-
Carlisle
Btitatcd the entire nave. The Uiie choir is in the Deco>
nitfil style, witli a remarkably large ami hnmlsome Per-
I»fiiJiciiJar t-aat wimiow (M) by 30 (eel). The stalls are
of the 15th eeiitury. with conteinpiirnneoiis paintint^s on
tlieir bai-lis. It was an iniportiint Roman town : was de-
stroyed by the Danes about 875; and was rebuilt by William
11. Bruee besieKud it un8UC(;es.sfully in l;iI5. and it was
the place of imprisonment of Mary Ijueen of .Scots in 15tW.
It was besief;eJ and taken by the I'lirliaiuentarians in
ltH5. antl by the Young Pretender in 1745. Population
(ls;ili, 3ii,17t;.
Carlisle, The capital of Cumberland Cotmty,
Pennsylvania, sitiiatoil 17 miles west-southwest
of HaiTislmr};. It is the seat of Dickinson College, and
was bombarded by the Confederates July 1, 18(53. Popu-
lation (ISSIOX 7,1120.
Carlisle (kitr-lil'), John Griffin. Bom in Ken-
ton Connty, Ky., Sept. o, if>'Xi. An American
statesman. His family came from near Culpeper in
Virginia. In 1S55 he went to Covington, Kentucky, to study
law, supiN)rting himself as a teacher in the public schools.
He was admitted to tlie bar in 1S58, and in lS(i6 ent<-red
the Stiite senate of Kentucky. He served his term, and
was reelected, but resigned. In 187t) he was elected to
the 45th Congress, and remained in the House of Rep-
resentatives until his pnunotion to tlie Senate in 181N) as
successor to Senat*ir lieck. He w.as speaker of the H^mse
1883-89. He w;is appointed secretary of the treasury by
President Cleveland, .March 4, 1S"J3.
Oarlists ikiir'lists), The. In Spanish history,
the partizans of tlie preteiulcr Don Carlos, bro-
ther of Ferdinand VII., and subsei|nent claim-
ants under his title. Ferdinand repealed in 1829 the
Salic law of succession, introduced liy I'liilip V. in 1713,
in accordance with which females con Id irdiorit the throne
only in ciuse of the t^iUtl extinction nf the male line; and
by a decree of M.arch, 18;M), established the old Castilian
law, in accordance with which tlie daiii.'htci-s and grand-
daughtei's of the king take precedence I'f hisbrothei-s and
nephews. Ferilinand <iied Sept. 2!t, 1833. without male
issue, and the throne descended to his minor daughter
Isabella MiU'ia II., who was placed under the regency of
her mi>ther Donna Maria Christina. Carlos, who was heir
presumptive to the throne under the .S;dic law, refused to
recognize the pragmatic sanction, and inaugurated, with
the aid of the Clericals or Absolutists, a civil war which
lasted from 1833 to 1840. (See Cri^-liilos.) He resigned
his claim in 1845 to his son Don Carlos, Duke of Monte-
raolin, who entered Spain with 3,000 men in 1800. but was
defeated at Tortosa, and made prisoner. His claim de-
scended to his nephew Don Carlos (III.), who, after sev-
eral short-lived risings in his name, beaded a formidable
insuiTection from 1873 to 1870.
Carlo Buffone. See liuffattc.
Carlo Khan (kiir'lo kiin). A nickname given
to Charles James Fo.x, occasioned by the intro-
duction of his India bill into Parliament in 1783.
Oarlos(kar'l(;s). [See C'Aac/t.s-.] 1. The treach-
erous younger lirotlier of Biron in Southerne's
play "Isabella." — 2. An apathetic pedant in
Cibber's comedy "Love Makes a Man." Ho is
transformed by lovo into an enthusiastic and
manly fellow.
Carlos (kiir'los), Don. Born at Valladolid.
Spain, July 8, \'Ah: died at Madrid. JiUy 24,
l.")68. Eldest son of Philip II. of Spain and
Maria of Portugal. He received the homage of the
estates of Castile as crown prince in 15ii0. In l.^>67,
angered by the appointment of the Duke of Alva t^» the
governorship of the Netherlands, he struck at the duke
with a poniard in the presence of the king. HavioL'
laid plans to escape from Spain, he was apprehended by
his father, Jan. 18, 154;8, and a commission was appointed
to investigate his conduct. He died in prison a few
months after, the manner of his death being involved
in mystery. Tragedies with Don Carlos as suijject have
been written by Olway (1C76), De <'ampistr..n (168:!), De
(■henier(I7.'<'.l), ."^chilkrilTs?). ami others. See Dun Caring.
Carlos, Don (Carlos Maria Jos6 Isidoro de
Bourbon). Born March 121), 1788: died at Tri-
est. Austria-Hungary, Mandi 10, IS.W. A pre-
tender to the throne of Spain, second son of
Charles IV.. and brother of Ferdinand VII.
He was in 1808 comju'lled by Napoleon to renounce, with
his brother, the riglit to the Spanisii succession, and was
detaine<l with his brother at \'aleni,-ay till 1814. He be-
came after the restonition lu-ir presumptive to the throne,
but was deprived of this position by the abolition of the
Salic law through the pr:iginatic sanction of March 211,
1830, and by the birth of the infanta Maria Isabella, Oct.
10, 1830. On the death of Ferdinand, Sept. 29, 1833, he
was proclaitned king by the clerical party, and was rec-
ognized by the pretender Dom Miguel of Portugal. Re-
sistance being made hopeless by the (Quadruple Treaty,
concluded at London, April 22, 1834. between Spain, Portu-
gal, England, and France, for theirurpoae of expelling the
two pretenders from the .Spanish peninsula, he embaiked
for England .lune 1, 1834. He returned to Spain, however,
ancl appeared at the headquarters of the Absolutist or
Carliat nisurgents in Navarre, July 10, 18:t-l, but was forced
by the capture of his army by (Jeneral Kspartero to seek
refuge « ross the French border, Sept. 14, 18:!». He rc-
Rignetl his claims to his son I>on Carlos, May 13, 1845,
and assumed the title of Count de .Molina.
Carlos, Don (Carlos Luis Fernando de Bour-
bon). Born at Miidrid, .Ian. 111. ISIS: died
at Triest, Austria-Hungary, .Ian. Ki, 1861. El-
dest son of Don Carlos ( I 7SS-18.'m), called Count
of Monteinolin, pretender to the llirono 1S4.'>-
ISGl. Hi- lieaili'd an uiisium-cssI'iiI lisiiig in ISIil).
Carlos, Don (Carlos Maria de los Dolores
Juan Isidoro Jos6 Francisco, Duke of Ma-
217
drid). Born March 30. 1848. A pretender to the
Spanisii throne, nephew of Don Carlos (181S-
1861), and son of Don Juan, who abdicated in
his favor Oct. 'd, 18()8. His standard was raised in
the north of Spain. April 21, 1872, and he himself entered
Spain July 15, 1873. The war was eanied on with some
measure of success till after the fall of the repuldic and
the proclamation of Alfonso XII. Tolosa, the last Car-
list stronghold, fell in Jan., 1876. Since the death of Al-
fonso XII. Don Carlos has not prosecuted his claims in
the held.
Carlos, Don. The principal character in Cor-
neillr's comedy "Don Sanche d'Aragon." He
is rea'U.v Don Sanche, the heir to the throne.
Carlos, Don. The extravagant and profligate
husband of Victoria in Mrs. Cowley's comedy
'• A Bold .Stroke for a Husband." bhe strikes
a bold stroke and regains liim.
Carlota (kiir-16'tii). Sei' Charlnttc.
Carlota Joaquina (kiir-lo'tii zho-ii-ke'nil) of
Bijiirbon. Born at Madrid, Ajiril 25. 1775:
died near Lisbon, 1830. A iipieen of Portugal,
daughter of Charles IV. of Spain. She married
in 1790 .Io.ao, infante of Portugid. afterward Joao VI. In
1807 she fled with the royal family of Portugid to Urazil,
and remained there until 1821. She encouraged the in-
trigues of her favorite son, Dom Miguel, who in 1828
usurped the croun.
Carlovingian(kiir-lo-vin'.ii-an) Cycle. A group
of medieval poems dealing with the exploits of
Charles the lireat and his nobles.
Carlovingians. i^ee CtiroliiujUins.
Carlovitz, or Carlowitz. See Kdrlount:.
Carlow (kiir'lo). Au inland county in Leiuster,
Ireland. It is an important dairy country.
Area, 349 square miles. Popidatiou (1891),
4n,!»3(;.
Carlow, Ir. Catherlogh (kath'er-16ch). The
capital of the county of Carlow, Ireland, sit-
uated on the Barrow in lat. 52^ 51' N.. long. 6°
56' W. It was taken by the Parliamentarians in 10.50,
and was the scene of an insurgent defeat in 1798. Pop-
ulation (1891), 0,619.
Carlowitz (kar'16-vits), Peace of. A peace
concluded Jan. 2li, 1699, tor twenty-five years,
between Austria, Poland, Kiissia, Venice, and
Turkey, by the mediation of England and the
Netherlands. Austriareceived the portion of Hungary
between the Danube and Theiss, and was allowed to ap-
propriate Transylvania ; Russia received Azotf ; Poland re-
gained Podolia and the Ukraine; anil Venice retained the
Moiea.
The treaty of Carlowitz is memorable, not only on ac-
count of the magnitude of the territAirial change which it
ratilied ; not only because it marks the period when men
ceased to dread the Ottoman Empire as an aggressive
power; but, also, because it was then that the Port*; and
Russia took pail, for the iii'st time, in a general European
Congress ; and because, by admitting to th.at congress the
representatives of England and Holland, neither of which
states was a party to the war, both the Sultan and the
Czar thus admitted the principle of intervention of the
European powers, one with another, for the sake of the
general good. Creant/, Hist, of the OttAJUian Turks, p. 319.
Carlsbad. See K/n-lshad.
Carlsburg. See JuiHslmrg.
Carlscrona. See Kdrlskrana.
Carlshamn. See Kdilslnnnn.
Carlson (kiirl'son), Fredrik Ferdinand. Born
in U|ilaiid, Sweden, June 13, ISll : died at
Stockholm. March IS, 1SS7. A Swedish liisto-
rian and politician. He was minister of eccle-
siastical affairs 1863-70 and 1875-78.
Carlsruhe. See Kailsruhe.
Carlstad. See Karlsldil.
Carlstadt. See tidrhtmU.
Carlton (kiirl'ton), The. A London club es-
tablished in 1S32. It is a political club, strictly Con-
servative, founded by the Duke of Wellington. It held its
first meeting in 1831. Its present house is at 94 Pall Mall,
S. W.
Carlton House. A house formerly standing in
what is now Carlton Hou.se Terrace, London.
It was built for Henry Boyle, Lord Carlton, in 1700, and in
1732 was occupied by tin- Prince of Wales, and afterward
by the lu-ince regent (tieorge IV.). It was removed in
1827 to make room for Waterloo Place.
Carluke (kiir'liik). A mining town in Lanark-
shire. Scotland, soullieast of (ilasgow.
Carlyle (kiir-lil'). Alexander. Born at Pres-
tonparis, Seolland. Jan. 26, 1722: died at lu-
veresk, near Edinburgh, Aug. 25, 1.H05. A
Scotch clergyman, minister at Inveresk from
1748 imtil his death. He wrotean "Autobiography"
(edited by John Hill Hurton. 1860), some political and
other iiamphlets, etc. He was a man of genial character,
and the intimate friend of Hume, Smollett, and other
Scottish men of lett*;rs. His patronage of the theater was
a cause of scandal in the Scottish Church.
Carlyle, Jane Baillie Welsh. Born nt Had-
dington, Knglaiid. July 14. ISOI : died while
driving in Hyde Park. London, AjuMl 21, 1866.
She was the daughter of John Welsh, a sur-
geon of Haddington, and was noted for her
Oarmel
wit and beauty. she married Thomas Carlyle, at
Templaud, Oct. 17," 1826. Her letters and memorials, were
edited by J. A. Fronde in 1883.
Carlyle, John Aitken. Born at Ecclcfechan,
Dunitriessliiro, .Inly 7, ISOI : died at Dumfries,
Dec. 15. 1879. A Scottish physician, younger
brother of Thomas Carlyle. From issi to is,43 he
was traveling physician, first to Lady Clare, and then to
the Duke of Buccleuch. In 1852 he married, and after
the death of his wife (1854) resided in Edinburgh. He
published a translation of Dantes "Inferno " (1849).
Carlyle, Joseph Dacre. Born at Carlisle,
England, 1759: died at Neweastle-upon-Tvne,
England, April 12, 1804. An English Oriental-
ist. He was a graduate of Cambridge University, pro-
fessor of Arabic in 1795, and chancellor of Carlisle in 1793.
He publisiied "Specimens of Al'abic Poetry" (179(t),
"Poems, suggested chiefly by scenes in Asia Minor,
Syria, and Greece " (1805).
Carlyle, Thomas. Born at Eeclefechan, Dum-
tricssliire, Dec. 4, 1795 : died at Chelsea, Lon-
don, Feb. 4, 1881. A celebrated Scottish es-
sayist and historian. He was educated at Annan
Grammar School and F.dinburgh I'niversity (which he
entered in the fall of 1.S09) ; became niatheniatical tutor
at Annan in 1814, and schoolmaster at Kirkcaldy, with Ir-
ving, in 1816 : removed to Edinburgh, Dec, 1819, to study
law, supporting himself by giving lessons in mathemat-
ics and by writing for encyclopedias ; became tutor of
Charles and Arthur Buller in the spring of 1822; visited
London and Paris 1824-25 ; mairied Jane Baillie Welsh,
Oct. 17, 1826, and resided at Comely Bank, Edinburgh ;
removed .May, 1828, to Craigenputt^icli, where he remained
until 1834 ; and settled at 5 (now 24) Clieyiie Kow, Chelsea,
June 10, 18^4. He was elected rectorof Edinburgh Cniver-
sity, delivering the usual address, April 2, ISlJii ; and in
1874 he received the Prussian Order of Merit, lie pub-
lished a large number of essays and brief articles, a
"Life of Schiller" (in the " London Magazine" 1823-24,
and separately 1825), a translation of Goethe's " Wilhelm
Meister ■' (1824), a translation of Legendre s " Elements of
Geometry and Trigonometry " (1824), " .Specimens of Ger-
man Komance " (1827), "Sartor Resartus " (in " Fraser's
Magazine " 1833-:I4, and sepai-ately, Boston, 1835 ; English
ed. 1838), "The Flench Kevolution" (1837), "Chartism"
(1839), "Heroes and Hero-worship" (1841), "Past and
Present " (1843)," Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches "
(1845), "Latter-day Pamphlets" (l&iO), "Life of John
Sterling " (1851), " History of Frederick the Great " (18.58-
1865). His complete works were published, 1872-74, in
thirty-seven volumes;" "People's Edition." 1871. "Remi-
niscences," edited by Fronde (1881). Life by Froude.
" Thomas Carlyle : A History of the First Forty Years of
his Life " (188-2).
Carmagnola (kiir-man-yo'lii). A town in the
province of Turin, Italy, situated on the Mella
15 miles south-southeast of Turin, it was the
birthplace of Biissone, associated with the "Carmagnole "
according to one version of its origin.
Carmagnola, originally Francesco Bussone.
Born at Carmagnola, Italy, about 1390: executed
at Venice, May 5, 1432. An Italian condottiere,
in the service of Milan and Venice.
Carmagnole (kiir-mii-nyol'), La. A song and
dance popular during the French Revolution.
It rivaled "(,'a ira." The tune originated in I'i'ovence, -
and was probably a country-dance tune. It was adapted
to a patriotic song written in Aug. or Sept., 1792. The
original song was military only, and not the bloody " Car-
magnole des Royalistes " of 1793. The last lines of the
stanzas in all the versions, however, were
" Dansons la Carmagnole,
Vive le son. vive le sou !
Dansons la Carmagnole,
Vive le son du canon ! "
Carmania (kilr-ma'ni-a). The ancient name
of a region in soutlu'rn Persia, now called Kir-
man.
Carmarthen,or Caermarthen (kiir-miir'Tiien).
The capital of Carnuirthenshire. Wales, situ-
ated on the Towy in lat. 51° 51' N., long. 4°
22' W. : said to be the Koman Maridimuin.
Population (1891), 10.338.
Carmarthenshire (kiir-miir'THen-shir). A
county of South Wales, bounded by Cardigan
on the north, Brecknock and (ilamorgan on
(he east, Carmarthen Bay on the south, and
Pembroke on the west. Aiea, 929 sqtmre miles.
Population (1891), 130,.574..
Carmel (kiir'mel). [Heb., 'park' (?).] 1. A
mountain-ridge in Palestine which branches off
from the mountains of Samaria, iuid stretches
in a long line to the northwest toward the
Mediterranesin. It fell « ithin the lot of the trilie of
Aslier, and is frequently mentioned in the (lid Testament.
It was the scene of many of the deeds of the two great
prophets Elijah and Elislni. The mountain is formed of
hard gray limestone with nodules and veins of Hint,
abounds m caves, and is covered with a rich vegetation.
The highest piu't of the mountain, its northwestern end,
rises 1,742 feet above the sea. Its grottoes were the
abodes of Chi istian hermits from the early times of Chris-
tianity. In 1207 they were organized into the order of
Cjii'iiielitcs, and their monastery is situated 480 feet above
the sea, where the iiionutain slojies down to a promontory
in the direction of the sea.
2. A I'ity in the mountains of .Tudah (,Iosh. XV.
.55). The modern ruins of Kurmul are situated
about seven miles below Hebron, in a slightly
southeast direction.
Carmen
Carmen (kar'men). 1. A story by Prosper
JWrim^e, jmblisbed in 1847. — 2. x\n opera
(words by Meilhac and Hal^vy) founded on
M6rim6e'8 story, witli music by Bizet, first pro-
duced at the Opt^ra t'omiijue. ilareh 3. 1S75.
Carmen Seculare (kjir'meu sek-u-la're). [L.,
•secular liyimi.'] A liymn composed by Horace
on till- occasion of Ibe " Secular Games," 17 B. c.
Carmen Sylva (kiir'meu sil'vii). The psen-
ilonvm i>f i^'ueen Elizaijeth of Rumania.
Carmontel, "r Carmontelle (kiir-mon-tel')
(Louis Carrogis). Born at Paris. Au". 25, 1717:
died there, Dec. 26. 180(5. A French dramatist,
author of '-Proverbes dramatiques" (1768-
1811). "Theatre de carapagne" (1775).
Carnac (kiir-niik'). [.Mil. Vaniacus, prob. from
'CaniK.-i, sing, of Canii, name of a Gallo-Ligu-
rian tribe.] 1. A town in the depai-tment of
Morbihan. France, situated 18 miles southeast
of Lorient. it is famous for its ancient remains, in-
cluding; the nicnliirs, or preliistoric upright stones, com-
posing three jrrimps armn^ed in rows or avenues, and
numherin.i; in all about 1,000. The stones are unworlied
blocics of pranite, hoary with lichens, set in the ground
at tlieir smaller ends, and some of them 16 feet higll.
The object of these remarkable monuments is unknown ;
they were not sepulelind. Many tumuli, dolmens, and
other similar nioimmcnts exist in the neighborhood,
abounding in remains of the age of polished stone. Popu-
lation (1S91X conimuue, 2,901.
2. See Kariuik.
Carnarvon, or Caernarvon (kar-niir'von). The
chief town of Carnarvonshire, Wales: a sea-
port and watering-place. It is situated on the Menai
Strait, in lat. 53' 9 N., long. 4° 17' W. It is near the Ho-
man station Segontium, and contains a castle, one of the
greatest of surviving medieval strongholds. It was found-
ed by Edward L toward the end of the 13th century. Its
battlemented towers are polygonal, each surmounted by
a slender turret of similar form. The castle has been in
part restored, and contains gome public offices. Popula-
ti.in (ISOl), :>,s04.
Carnarvon, Earl of. See Dormer and Herhcrt.
Carnarvonshire (kar-nar'von-shir). A county
in North Wales, lying between Beaumaris Bay
on the north, Denbigh on the east, Merioneth
and Cardigan Bay on the south, and the Menai
Strait and Irish Sea on the west, its surface is
mountainous, as it contains the Snowdon range. It h:is
rich minenil deposits, particularly elate. Area, 577 square
miles. Population (1S91), 118.225.
Carnatic, or Karnatic (kar-nat'ik). The. A
name t'ni rnerly given to a cotintry on the east-
ern coast of British India, extending from Cape
Comorin to about lat. 16° N. it is now included
in the governorship of Madras. It was governed in the
18th century by the nawab at .\rcot, who was vassal to
the Nizam of llyilerabad. It passed under Britisll admin-
istration alwut 1801 ; the last nawab died iu 1853.
Carnaval de Venise (kiir-na-viil' de ve-nez').
[F., 'Carnival of Venice.'] A popular air
heard by Paganini iu Venice, which he embroi-
dered with a series of burlesque variations, and
■which became a favorite all over the world.
Amljroise Thomas intniduced tlie air in the overture to
his opera to which he gave the sixme name, and which he
produced Dec. 9, 1853.
Carn6 (kiir-na'). Louis Marcien, Coiute de.
Born at t^uiniper, France, Feb. 17, ISO-i: died
at Quimper, Feb. 12. 187G. A French publicist.
His works include " Ktudes sur riiistoire du gouverne-
ment reprt^sent.atif en France de 1789 .^ 1818"(185.'iX etc.
Carneades (kiir-ne'a-dez). Boru at Cyrene
about 213 b. c: died 129 B.C. A Greek "skep-
tical plulosopher and rhetorician, called the
founder of the third or New Academy.
Carnegie (kiir-ne'gi), Andre'W. Bom at Dim-
fermline, Scotland, Nov. 25, 1837. A Scotch-
American steel-manufacturer. His father was a
weaver. In 1848 he emigrated to the Unitet! si^ites, went
to Pittsburg, acquiretl wcaltii by various speculative op-
erations, and established iron and steel works wliich have
become the largest in the world. He has written "Round
the World " (1884), " 'I'riunipliant Democracy " (1880), etc.
Cameia(kiir-ne'ya). [Gr. Kii/una.] A Spartan
festival, lasting 9 days, in the month of August.
The Cameian festival fell in the Sp;ulan month Carneius,
the Athenian Met,ageitnion, corresponding nearly to our
August It was held in honour of Apul Iu Ciirneius, a deity
worshipped from very ancient times iu the Peloponnese,
especially at Amycl^. Muller (Orehom., p. 327) supposes
this worship to have been bn>ught to Amyclre fri>m
Thebes by the -ligida:. It appears certainly to have been
anterior to the liorian conquest (Dorians, vol. i. pp. 373-
375, E. T.). The Spartan fe8tiv:U is said to have been in-
stituted B. C. 676 (Athen. xiv. p. 636, E.; Euaeb. Chron.
Can. i«rs L e. S3). It was of a w.arlike character, like the
Athenian Boedromia. Itaictinguii^ Herod., IV. 167, note.
Carneiro de Campos (kiir-na'ro de kam'pos),
Jos6 Joaquim, Marqtiis of Caravellas. Born
at Bahia. March 4. 1768 : died at Rio de Janeiro,
Sept. 8, 1836. A Brazilian statesman. He was
one of three regents chosen in April, 1831, to govern dur-
ing the minority of Pedro II.
Carneiro Leao (kiir-na'ro la-iin'), Honorio
Hermeto. Bom at Jacahy, Minas Geraes, Jan.
218
11, 1801: died at Rio de Janeiro, Sept. 3, 1956.
A Brazilian statesman. He was minister cf justice
Sept., 1832,-March, 1833 ; prime minister from Jan. 20,
1843, to Feb., 1844 ; president successively of Kio de Ja-
neiro and Pernamijuco ; envoy to the Platine States; and
again prime ministerfruni Dec. [>, 18->i. until Iiis death. He
was marquis of ParanA from Dec, 1854.
Carni (kar'ni). In ancient history, an Alpine
tribe (probably Celtic) inhabiting the moun-
tainous region between Venetia and Noricum:
conquered by the Roman Seam'us, 115 B. C.
Carnic Alps (kar'nik alps). [L. Caniiciis, Gr.
Knpivftof, from Ciirni.~\ A division of the Alps in
northeastern Italy, and in Carinthia and TjtoI.
Carnicer (kar-ne-thar'), Ramon. Born at Tar-
rega, in Lerida. Spain, Oct. 2-1, 1789: died at
Madrid, March 17, 1855. A Spanish composer
of operas, songs, and chm-ch music. His best
opera is "El Colon" (1831).
Carnifex Ferry (kiir'ni-feks fer'i). A place
near Gauley River, Nicholas County, West Vir-
ginia. Here, Sept. 10, 1861, the Federals under Kose-
crans repulsed the Confederates under Floyd.
Carnlola (kar-ni-6'lii). [G. A>fl/«.] A crown-
land of the Cisleithan division of Austria-Hun-
gary. It is bounded by Carinthia and Stj-ria on the
north, Croatia on the east, Ci-oatia, Fiume, and Kusten-
land on the south, and Kustenland on the west. Its sur-
face is mountainous, traversed by the Julian and C;u-nie
Alps, and the Save valley .'ies in the north. It has mines
of coal, quicksilver, iron, and manganese. It has 10
representatives in the Austrian Reichsrat, and a Landtag
of 37 members. Its capital is Laibach. The prevailing
religion is Roman Catholic. The vast majority of the in-
habitants are Slovenes, with some tliousands of Germans
and Croats. It was comprised in the ancient Noricum
and Pannonia. Colonized by Slovenes and conquered by
ChiU-les the Great. It was a medieval mark and duchy,
and has been ruled by the house of Hapsburg since 1282.
It was a part of the lUyrian provinces under Napoleon,
and was restored to Austria in 1814. It became a crown-
laudinl849. Area, 3,85ii square miles. Population (1890),
498,958.
Carnot (kiir-no'), Lazare Hippolyte. Bom
at St. Omer, France, April 6, ISUl: died at
Paris, March 16, 1888. A French politician
and publicist, sou of Lazare Nicolas Margue-
rite Camot. He was minister of public instruction
1S4S, was member of the Corps Legislatif 1863-69, and be-
came life senator in 1875.
Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite. Born
at Nolay, Burgundy, France. May 13. 1753 :
died at Magdeburg, Prussia, Aug. 3, 1823. A
celebrated French statesman, strategist, and
man of science. He w-is a deputy to the Legislative
Assemldy in 1791, and to the Convention 1792, and served
with great distinction as war minister 1793-95. his suc-
cessful labors winning him the populai- title of "organ-
izer of victory." He was a member of the Director)- 1795-
1797; tribune 1802-07; governor of Antwerp 1814; aiid min-
ister of the interior under Napoleon, 1815. He wrote
" Sur la m^taphysique du calcul infinitesimal " (1797), etc.
Camot, Marie Frangois Sadi. Bom at Li-
moges, Aug. 11, 1.837: died at Lyons. June 24,
1894. A French statesman, sou of Lazare
Hippolyte Camot. He became prefect of the depart-
ment of Seine- luf^rieure and member of the National As-
sembly in 1871 ; was elected to the Chamber of Deputies
in 1876 ; became under secretary of state in the depart-
ment of public works, Aug. 26, 1878; and minister of pub-
lic works under FeiT}- Sept. 23, IsSO. He was vice-presi-
dent of the Chamber lS8:{-i>» ; minister of finance ls85-srt ;
and was elected president of the republic Dec. 3, 1887.
He w;is assassinated by an anarchist.
Carnot, Nicolas Leonard Sadi. Born at
Paris, June 1, 1796 : die<l there, Aug. 24, 1832.
A noted Freuch physicist. His most noted work is
"R^Hexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et Ies ma-
chines propres k developper cette puissance" (1824X fa-
mous in tlie history of modern physics.
Carnutes (kar-im'tez). or Camuti (-ti). An
ancient tribe of central Gaid, living iu the
vicinity of Orleans and C^artres. They were
at war with Ca'sar 52-51 B. C.
Car of Juggernaut. See Jnqgcrnaut.
Carolan (kiir'o-lan), Turlogn. Born at New-
towni, near Nobb'er, Westmeath, Ireland, about
1670: died March 25, 1738. An Irish itinerant
minstrel.
Carolina (kar-o-li'na). [Fem. of ML. Carolus,
Charles. See Cardiine.'] See North Carolina
and Soiitli Carolina.
Carolina Maria (ka-ro-le'na ma-re'ii). Queen
of Nai)les. Born at Vienna. Aug. 13, 17.52:
died at Sclionbruun, near Vienna, Sept. 8,
1814. A daughter of Francis I., emperor of
Germany, and wife of Ferdinand TV. of Naples.
She caused Acton's appointment as prime min-
ister iu 1784.
Caroline (kar'o-Un). Amelia Elizabeth. [NL.
Carolina: see Carolina.] Born May 17. 1768:
died Aug. 7, 1821. Queen of George tX. of Eng-
land, and second daughter of (Charles William
Ferdinand, duke of Brunswick, and Augusta,
sister of George HI. she married George, then
Oarpathus
prince of Wales, April 8, 1795 ; was abandoned by the
prince in 1796 (a formal separation); lived in retirement
until 1S13 ; traveled abroad 181:J-20 : returned to England
June 5, 1820 ; and was accused of adultei-j- and tried before
the House of Lords, Aug.. 1820. The trial was abandoned
Nov. 10, 1820. Her domestic troubles and trial played an
impoi-tant part in English politics. Throughout she had
strong popular support.
Caroline Matilda. Bom at London, July 22.
1751: died at AUe, Germany, May 11, 1775.
Queen of Denmark and Norway, wife of Chris-
tian \'n., and youngest child of Frederick,
prince of Wales. She was mai-ried Nov. 8. 1706 ; be-
came involved in an amour with Strnensee, court physi-
cian (later created, through her intluence and the imbecility
of the king, a count and raised to the most intlnential po-
sition in the state), and iu various political complications;
and was arrested with Struensee and others ou the night
of Jan. 16-17, 1772, and banished.
Caroline, Wilhelmina. Born March 1, 1683:
died Nov. 20, 1737. Queen of Great Britain and
Ireland, -nife of Geoi-ge H., and daughter of
John Frederick, margrave of Braudenburg-
Ansbach. she married George, then electoral prince
of Hanover, Sept. 2, 1705 ; went to England on the acces-
sion of Gettrge I.; ascended the throne June 11, 1727;
took an active part in politics, and was a firm supporter
of Walpole ; and several times acted as regent during the
absence of the king. Her bitter hostility toward her
eldest son, Frederick, prince of "Wales, was notorious.
She is introduced by Sir Walter Scott in "The Heart of
JMid- Lothian," where Jeanie Deans has au interview^with
her at Richmond.
Carolines (kar'o-linz), or Caroline Islands.
An archipelago in the Pacific, in lat. 3°-ll°
N.. long. 137°-163=E. The name includes usuaUy the
Pelew Islands. Tlie chief islands are Yap, Ponape, Strong
Island, Babel-thouap, and Rouk. Its inhabitants are Poly-
nesians. It belongs to Spain. The dispute between Spain
and Germany in 1885 regarding Yap was settled iu favor
of Spain.
Carolingia, or Karolingia (kar-o-lin'ji-ii). A
name given to the western kingdom of the
Franks, the nucleus of the modern France.
CaroUngians (kar-o-lin'ji-anz), or Carlovin-
gians (kiir-lo-vin'ji-anz). [F. Curlutiiujicnn,
G. Jiurolinger.] A royal house descended from
Prankish lords in Austrasia in the 7th cen-
tury. It furnished the 2d dynasty of I^ench kings
(751-987), a dynjisly of German emperors and kings (752-
911), and a dynasty of Italian sovereigns (774-961).
Carolus Duran. See Vnran.
Caron, or Carron (ka-rdn'). Franciscus. Born
in Holland, of French parents: died 1674. A
navigator. He went to Japan in his youth, became
a member of the Dutch Council of the Indies, was ap-
pointed director-general of the lYench commerce in India
by Colbert in l(*»v and was drowned near Lisbon in 1674
as he was returning to France from the East. Author of
a •' Description of Japan" (Dutch), 1036.
Caron (ka-rOn'), Kene lldouard. Bom in Ste.
Anne, Cote de Beaupre, Canada, 1800: died Dec.
13,1876. A Canadian politician and jtu-ist. He
became judge of the Court of Queen's Bench in 1853, served
as commissioner for cotUfying the laws of Lower Canada
in 1857, and was appointed lieutenant-governor of the
province of Queliec in F'ebruary, 1873, wliich post he re-
tained until his death.
Caroor. See Karur.
Carouge (ka-rozh'). A town in the canton of
Geneva, Switzerland, situated on the Arve ad-
joining Geneva. Popidation (1888), 5,703.
Carpaccio (kiir-jia'cho). Vittore. Born in Is-
tria, 1450 (f): died after 1522. A Venetian
painter. Little is known of his life. He was a pupil
of the elder Vivarini, and afterward of Gentile BellinL
He is reported to have accompanied Bellini to Constanti-
nople, to which experience may be attributed his fondness
for Oriental costumes in his pictures. The great series of
subjects from the life of St. I'rsula, in the academy at
Venice, gives the best as well as the most favorable con-
ception of his work executed after 1490. The series of
pictures in San Giorgio degli Schiavoni which Ruskin
has made so prominent was painted by the order of the
Hospice of St. Geoi-ge, 1.502-08.
Carpani (kUr-pS'ne). Giuseppe. Born at Vil-
lalbese, near Milan, Jan. 28. 1752 : died at Vien-
na, Jan. 22, 1S25. An Italian librettist and mu-
sical ^\Titer. He published "La Haydiue" (a
work on Haydn, 1812).
Carpathian" (kiir-pa'thi-.an) Mountains. [G.
Karpakn, L. *Curpiiits. Gr. Ki!/)-iirr/f (Ptol-
emy).] A mountain systi-m in central Europe.
It extends from l*resluu^ i'n -Xustria-Hnngary in a semi-
circle, separating Hungar>- and I'l-ansylvania o!i one side
from Moravia, Silesia, Galici:i. Bnki>wina,and Rumania on
the other. Its chief divisions arc the West C:irpathian8
(or Beskideu), the Central Carpathians (containing the
TAtra Mountains. Gerlsdorfcr Sjiitze —8,737 feet), East
Carpathians (Ostbeskiden), and Transylvanian Alps (Ne-
goi, 8,320 feet). It is noted for minenil wealth.
Carpathian Sea, L. Carpathium Mare (kar-
pa thi-ura uia're ). The ancient name for a small
J)art of the ^gean Sea lying north of Carpathus.
arpathus(kiir'pa-thus),orKarpathos(-thos).
[Gr. K((/)Tuft)f.] An island in the .^Egean Sea
southwest of Rhodes : the modem Skaipanto
or Kariiathos. It belongs to Turkey. In ancient
times it was under Rhodian rule. Length, 32 miles.
Carpeanx
Carpeaoz (kUr-po'i, Jean Baptiste. Born at
VaU'iH-ii'iini'S, Praiu'O, ilay 11. 1^27: dicil at
the Castle of Bccoii, uear Asuii-rcs, Oct. 11,
187.5. A noti'ii Frcueh sculptor. He stmlied drat
at the ^cole d'.Airhitecture of Valenciennes, and later
went to Paris wlicre he remained until 1844. He was as-
sociated with Cliapn and rhurles Gamier, and was a pupil
of Rude and Duret. In l.^oS he niaiic the bas-relief of
the " .Subnnsaion of Alnl-el-Kadir" (which secured for him
the interest of NaiH)leon III.) for tile pavilion dc lti)han
du Louvre: Sept. i), l.s.'>4,hc won tlie grand prix de liome
with "Hector and Astyanax." Most of his works are in
Paris.
Carpentaria (kiir-pon-tii'ri-ii). Gulf of. A gulf
which indents the iiortlieru coast of Australia,
west of Cape York peninsula. Width, 300—400
miles. Named (1G44) for (laptain Pieter Car-
penter.
Carpenter (kiir'pen-ti'r), Lant. Born at Kid-
derminster, Sept. 2, 1780: drowned off the Ital-
ian coast (probably washed overboard), April
5, 1840. An English Unitarian (dergyman, pas-
tor at Exeter 1805-17, and subsequently at
Bristol. He wrote an "Introduction to the Ocofrraphy
of the New Testament " (ISiKj), a " Harmony, a synoptical
arrangement of the Gospels" (l»3;'t, etc.
Carpenter, Mary. Born at E.xeter, April 3,
1807: died at Bristol, June 14, 1877. An Eng-
lish philantliriipist and writer, eldest child of
Bev. Lant Carpenter, and sister of "William
Benjamin CarjU'Mter. She founded a gu-ls' school at
Bristol in 1&29: established vaiious societies and schools
for the poor, and reformatories: visited India lS<i(i-67, to
Btudy the education of Indian women lJ3CiS-^9, when slie
took charge of a female nonnal school at Boud)ay ls<i9-70,
and for the last time 1875-76; and visited tlie I'nited
States ami Canatia in 187:^ speaking on prison reform.
Carpenter, Matthew Hale. Born at More-
town, Vt., l)cc. lii;. 1.S24: died at Washington,
I). C, Feb. 24, 1.S81. An American politician
and lawyer, United States senator from Wis-
consin lSGSl-7.'> and 1S79-.S1.
Carpenter, William Benjamin. Born at Exe-
ter, Oct. 29, 1813: died at Lonilon, Nov. 19,
1885. A noted English naturalist, eldest sou
of Kev. Lant Carpenter. He studied medicine at
University College, London, and at the Edinburgh Medi-
CJd Scliool, graduating at the latter institution: became
l>'ullerian profes.sorof physiology at the Royal Institution
(1844). h'ellow of tlie Koyal Society (1844). professorof foren-
sic medicine at Utuversity I'ollege, lecturer on geology
at the British .Museum, princijiid of University Hall
(1851-5!)), and registrar of the University of Loiifloii (lv.Mi-
1879). He took part as naturalist in several expeditions
for deep-sea exploration in the Lightning (IStJn), ijctwucn
the north of Ireland and the Faroe Islands ; in the Porcu-
pine (lS«9-70); in the Shearwater (1>71), between Great
Britain and I'lirtugal ; and in the('halleiiger(l.S7'i-7C). IIo
published numerous papers on physi<dogical and zoologi-
cal topics, including "TJie Principles of tlener:!! aTid Com-
parative Physiology " (18:i9 ; "Comparative I'liysiology "
separately published IS.'viX "A Popular Cyclopedia of
Science " (184:!), "Introduction to the .Study of the Fora-
minifcm" (I8ti2), "I'he Micr()sc<ipc and its Revelations"
(18,^;), "The Principles of Mental Physiology " (1874), etc.
Garpentras (kiir-iimi-triis'). A town in the ile-
partnient of Vjmcluse, southeastern France
(the ancient Cariieiitoracte), on the river Au-
zon 15 miles northeast of -Avignon. It ■•ontains
many aiiti(|iiities. Fopulatimi (IS91 ), 9,778.
Carpi (kiir'pe). A town in tho ]irovinee of Mo-
dena, Italy, situaliMl 10 miles nortli-northwest
of Modena. Its cathedral was built by Peruzzi in 1520,
and is interesting as based on Itrarnantc's design for St.
Peter's, A fragment in the sanctuary, with sonic curious
sculpture, belongs to the original cathedral of the 11th
century. Population, G.iKXi.
Carpi. A village in the provineo of Verona,
Italy, situated on tho Adigo 28 miles southeast
of Verona. It was tho scene of a victory of
Prince Eugene over the French under Ciitinat
in 1701.
Carpini (kar-pe'no), Giovanni Piano. Bom
at Fiau dei Carpini, near l'i'rugi;i, about 1200.
An Italian Franciscan, jiapal legato to the
Khan of Tatary 124.5-47. Ho wrote "Liber
Tartaronnn" (cd. liy d'Avezac 18.38).
Carpio, Bernardo del. See lirnuirdo ild Carpio.
Carpocrates (kiir-pok'ra-iez), or Carpocras
(kiir']io-ki"is). Lived probably in the reign of
Hadrian (117-138 a. n.). A celebrated Alex-
andrian Gnnstic See <'tir]ii>rriiti(iiis.
Carpocratians (kiir-po-kra'shianz). A sect of
Gnostics of the 2d century, fiillowers of Car-
diiicrates or Carjiocras of Alexandria.
arpzov(karp'ts<>f), Benedict. Born at Bran-
dciiburg, (iermaiiy, Oct. 22. 15(15: died ill Wit-
tenberg, (ieiinaiiy, Nov. 26, U)24. A noted
'ieriiiaii jurist.
Oarpzov, Benedict. Born at Wittenberg, Ger-
many, .May 27. 1.505: died at Ticipsic, Aug. .30,
lfi()6. A (ieriiiaii jurist, son of Benedict Carp-
zov. He wrote ■• Definitiones forenses" (KHW),
"I'ractiea nova rem in criiiiiiialium" (11)35), etc.
Oarpzov, Benedict Gottlob. Bom at Urcsden,
210
Sept. 26, ]f)79: died at Lilbeck. Germany, April
7, 171)7. A (iennan theologian.
Carquin(kiir-ken'). A tribe of North American
Indians. They formerly lived south of Car-
(piinez Straits, California, and eastward to tho
mouth of San Joainiin Kiver. See Cnxtamian.
Carr (kiir), or Ker, Robert. Died July, \&V).
A British iiolitician. of Scotch birth, created
Viscount Kochester M;ireh 2.5, IGll, and Earl of
Somerset Nov. 3, 1013. He came to England as a
page of James I.; became a favorite of the king: was
' the tlrst Sci)tcliniaii promoted by James Ui a seat in the
Carron
IWfi: died 172U. A French painter, a pupil of
Lebrun. He made numerous journeys to the Orient, dur-
ing "lie of whicli he executed a scries of sketehea fmin the
Parthenon, then (Nov., 1674) in a good state of preserva-
tion. These drawings, preserved in the BibliotlKqiie Xa-
tionalein Paris, have been invaluable to stnilentsot" c.reek
art, Carrey also assisted Lebrun in his great cunipositions.
Carrhx (kar'e). In ancient geography, a town
in Mesopotamia, in lat. 31)^ 52' N., long. 39° 2' E.
It is usually identi tied with the scriptural Haran.or ilarran.
Near here, 53 B. e., the Roman triumvir Crassus sutlered
a decisive defeat at the hands of tho Parthians, by whom
ho was shortly after killed in an interview with one of
their satraps.
English House of Lords ; fell m love with Lady Essex narriet rk-ir'iVl The soiitlieni district of Avr.
who, with the aid of the king, prociiicl a divorce from V/arriCK(K.ir ik;. ine soutiu rn msinciot Ayr
lierhU3l)andandm:irriedCarr(thcnKarli>fSomerset),Dee. sinre, Scotland. It is South ot the Uoon.
2(5,1013: was implicated in the poisoning by Lady Essex Carrick, Earl of. See linici\ Robert <le.
of Sir Thomas Ovcrlniry, who had at tlrst promoted tlici
intrigue, but later ojiiMjsed their marriage : and was tried
and condeinncfl to death in lOl.'i, but was finally pardoned.
The prosecution was conducted by Bacon as attorney-
generiU.
Carr, Sir Robert. Bom in Northumberland,
England: died at Bristol, England, Juno 1, 1GC7.
A British commissioner in New England in
1GG4. With NicoUs ho took Now Amsterdam
fromtlie l)utch(lG()4),andnamed it New York.
Carracci (kiir-rii'ehe), or Caracci (ka-iii'che),
Agostino. Born at Bologna, ItaU-, Aug. Ki,
15.58 : died at Parma, Italy, March 22, 1602.
An Italian engraver and iiainter of the Bu-
lognese school, brother of Annibale Carracci
CarrickfergUS (kar-ik-fer'gus). A seaport in
Ulster, Ireland, situated on Belfast Lough 9
miles northeast of Belfast. It forms a county
(with the ailjacent districts, ineloBcd by Antrim). The
leading industries are tlsheries and cheese manufacture.
William III. landed here in 1090, and it was captured by
the French in 170o. The castle, a splendid Norman for-
tress, was built ity De Courey in 1178, and is now occupied
by a royal ganison. It stands on a rock, with water on
tliree sides. The entrance is by a gateway tlanked by
semicircular towers and defended by portcullis and other
medieval devices. The donjon is an enormous siiuare
tower of live st^iries. Population (1801), 8,923.
Carrick's Ford. A place on the Cheat 'RTver,
in Tucker County, West Virginia. Here, July
14, 1861, the Federals* under Morris defeated the Confed-
erates under Garnett.
was declared by Poussiu to excel all other works but
those of Raphael. He was associated with his cousin
Lodovico ill conducting the academy at Bologna.
Carracci, Lodovico. Born at Bologna, Italy,
April 21, 15.55: died at Bologna, Nov^ 13, 1619
his cruelty in tho revolutionary tribunal at
Nantes 1793-94.
Oarriere(kar-yar'),Moritz. Born March 5, 1817:
died Jan. 19, 1895. A German philosopher and
writer on esthetics, professor of philosophy at
An Italian painter, founder of the Bolognese „. ,^
school noted as a teacher. Tho best pupUs of ^ ;?. l^,-^^,^ jg^n. Born ahont 1856 : died
his school were Domeniehmo and Guido. His f;.,.., iV„, a „,"„""^„.,..„i, „„.,i.,t„,. ^r- o-.»
chief works are at Bologna.
Carrara (kiir-rli'rii). A town in the province
of Massa-e-Carrara, Italy, in lat. 44° 5' N.,
long. 10^ G' E. It is famous for the neighbor-
ing quarries of marble. Population, 11,000.
Carrasco (ka-ras'ko; Sp. pron. kiir-rils'ko),
Samson, Sp. Sanson. A bachelor or licenli-
ato ill Cervantcs's "Don t^uixote," who played
practical jokes.
Carratala (kiir-rii-ta-lii'), Jos6. Bom at Ali-
cante, Dec. 14, 1781 : died at Madrid, 1854. A
Spanish general, in ISia he went with Morillo to
Venezuela, passed thence to Peru, and fought against the
revidiltionists there, 1819-24, attaining the rank of field
marslial. In 18,i3 he eonimaiuled the forces in Tarragona Carrington, Lord.
against the Carlists, and shortly after ho fought against
them in Biscay. In March, 1835, he was made captain
July 1.1^^94. A noted French sculptor. He first
exhibited in the Salon of 18'.I2 : on the opening day he re-
ceived the cross of the Legion of Honor. He was the dis-
coverer of a stoneware iu which many of his best effects
were produced.
Carrillo de Mendoza y Pimentel (kar-rel'yo
da men-do'thii o pe-meu-tcl'), DiegO, Count
of Priego and Marquis of Gelves. Born about
1560: died after 1627. A Sjianish gener.al and
administrator, tlie second son of the Marquis
of Tavara. He was viceroy of New Spain (Mexico) from
Sept. 21, 1021. In 16C3 he had a qmuiel with the arch-
bishop on questiniis of iiiris,lictioii : this resulted in the
triumph of the aichlii>lio|., and the viceroy was deposed
and imprisoned by the audience Jan., 1624. He returned
to Spain in 1020.
Hfo Primrose, Sir Archibald
(liil7-97).
.— . , - Carrington (kar'ing-ton), Richard Christo-
geneial of Estremadura and he snbsequently held the j^ ^^ , Chelsea, Eiiglaiol. May 26. 1S26:
same office in V.alencia, Murcia, and Old Castile. In 1840 ^. , n.i,„,.f a„„^<.„ M.^,- o7 187-i A„ l.'nolwli
he was named senat.ir and minister of wai-, and his rank died at t hm-t, Surrey, No\ . ^i,lblo. An I'diglisli
was raised to lieutenant-general. astronomer. He was noteil for his observations of the
« r ,1 ■■ -/^ -Hir. 1. 1 T> i Ti • -iQio miiiorplanets.llxcd .StarBand the sun, made chiefly at his
Carre (ka-ra ), Michel. Born at Pans, 1819: ....(vnte observatory at Red Mill, near Reigate, Surrey,
died there, Juno 27, 1.872. A French drama- (jarrion (kiir-ro-on'), Geronimo. An Ecuado-
tist and librettist for vaudevilles and comic ,.[.,,1 politician, elected president of the re-
operas. Ho collabortited with Jules Barbier
after 1849.
Carrel (kii-rd'). Nicolas Armand. Born at
Koiieii, France, May •^, ISOO: died at St. Maude,
near Paris, July 24J 1836. A French journalist
and rciniblicaii leader. He was editor of the " Na-
tional " at Paris, 18;{("l-30, and was mortally wounded in a
duel July 22, is:t«.
Carreno de Miranda (kiir-ia'nyo dii me-riin'-
dii), Juan. Born at AvilC's, in Asturias, Spain,
Man-h 25, 1614: died at Madrid, Sept., 1685. A
Spanish iiainter, chi
gious compositions.
Carrera (kiii-ra'rii), Jos6 Miguel de. Born at
Santiago, Oct. 15, 1785: died ;it Mendoza, in
tho Argentine, Sept. 4, 1821. A Chilian revo-
lutionist. In 1811. with his brothers, Juan Jose and
Luis, he headed tile revtdt against the Spaniards which
had already brokeu out, and became the first president of
Cllilc. He w.as deposed in favor of O'iliggins In 1813, and
though the rivals joined forces in 181 1, they were defeateii
by the Spaniards at the battle of Kancagna (Oct. 2, 1814).
Carrera tied to Buenos Ayres, and in 1815 went to the
Uniteii States. He returned in 1810, but was forbidden to
proceed to Chile. Driven in 1821 to take refuge among
the Indians, he was betrayed by his own men and shot as
a rebel.
Carrera, Rafael. Born in Guatimala City.
1815: died there, April 4, 1.8G5. A (iiialemjilan
revolutiiinist of mixeil white and Indian bUiod.
He joined the revolt against the Federal party of Central
America in 18:17. became commander of the (•natenialnn
insurgents, and 1844-48 was president of Cuatemala. In
ls(i2 he was rcc'leeted, and in Is.M he was made president
tor lite, anil practically dictator.
Carrey (Uil-ia't. Jacques. Born at Troyes.
public Aug. 4, 1865. lu Jan., 1888. he joined with
Chile and Peru in the defensive alliance against Spain.
After being subjected to a vote of censure by Congress,
be resifincd Nov., 1807.
Carrizo Indians. See Ctniici-niflo.
Carroll (kar'ol).CharleS,"orCiin'ollt()n.'' Bom
at Annaiiidis, Md., Sept. 20, 1737: dieil at Bal-
timore, Nov. 14, 1832. An American patriot,
a signer of the Declaration of Independence.
He was United States senator from Maryland
178S)-91.
of iioitiaits and reli- Carroll, John. Born at Ujiper Marlborough,
Mil.. .Ian. 8, 1735: dioil at (ieorgetowii, I). C.,
Dec. 3, 1815. An American archbislioji of the
Kimiaii Catholic Church. He was educated in Bel-
gium; was ordained priest ill 1759; and was professor of
moral philosopbv in St, onier and Liige 1759-7L In 1771
he was admilte.l to tho Society of .lesus; and on the sup-
pression of that society on the Continent in 1773 he went
to England, ami came to America iu 1774. With Chiu-les
Carroll, Samuel Chase, and Benjamin Franklin he was scut
by the Continental Congress on a political mission to
Canada (I77(i), In 1784, at the rei|iie8t of Kianklin, ho
was appointed superior of clergy ill the United States.
In 17011 he was consecrated bishop of Baltimore, and iu
1,808 was created arclibislio|i of Baltimore. He f.uinded
aeorgetownCidlege(178.s-:il). Among his writings arc "An
Address to the Kouiaii Calbcdics of the rnited States of
America," " A Concise View ot the Principal l'..inta of Con-
troversy between the Protestant and Itoinaii churches," etc.
Carroll, Lewis. A pseudonym of Cliarles Lut-
widire Dedgson.
CarroUton (kar'ol-ton). A former town in
Louisiana. It is now a part of New Orleans.
Carron (kar'oii). 1. A river in Stirlingshire,
Scotland, wliich flows into the Firth of Forth
Carron
10 miles southeast of Stirling. At one tiine it
was the northcru boundary of the Roman Em-
pire.—2. A village on the river Carron, 9 miles
southeast of Stirling. It is noted for its iron-works;
the first carronaJes were cast here in 1779.
Carrousel, Arc du. See Are do Ti-iompUc du
Carrousei lkar-6-zel'),Place du. [F.c«m««e/,
a tilt or tilting-matoh, It. «()•<«< «o, from garo-
sctto, a festival or tournament.] ihe space
extending along the eastern court ot the Im-
leries, and inclosed by the buildmgs ot the Uld
and New Lou\Te. It wa-s originally the space be-
tween the eastern fa?ade of the Tuilcriea and the enceinte
o7charlc3 \- , >vhicl. was laid out about 1600 as a garden
calle It he' r:nl>-rredc Mademoiselle" m honor of Made-
moisel cM. n I e Msier. who then lived in the TuUenes.
r he rei« of'LouisXIV. a great carrousel or tU^ winch
surpassed all previous ones, wivs held here June B and 8
Ifiti' ind the place was called I'lace du Carrousel, and
has'since kept that name. All sorts of knightly games
were phucd hy tlie king, his guests, and courtiers, in cos-
tumes of" all nations. As late as 18.W the space between
the old city fosse and tlie Louvre wiis still occupied by
streets and liousea. When the nortliern gallery was built
between the two palaces (the Old and New Louvre /), under
Napoleon III., the entire space was cleaied, and 18 now
called riace du CaiTousel.
Carruthers (ka-ro'therz), Robert. Born at
Dumfries, Nov. 5, 179!) : died at Inverness, May
2G, 1.S78. A Scottish join'nalist and man o£ let-
ters, editor and proprietor of the " Inverness
Courier." He was the biographer and editor of Pope,
and the criiiiiler, with Robert Chambers, of " Chambers s
Cyili.pidia of lai^lisli Literature," etc.
Carse of Gowrie. See Gotme.
Carson (kiir'son). Christopher, usually called
"Kit" Carsoil. Born in Madison Coimty, Ky.,
Dee. 24, 1.S09: died at Fort Lynn, Col., May 23,
18GS. An American trapper, guide, soldier, and
Indian agent in New Mexico.
Carson City. The capital of Nevada, situated
in hit. 39° 10' N., long. 119° 46' W. There are
gold- and silver-mines in the vicinity. Popula-
tion (1890), 3,950.
Carstares (kiir-starz' ), William. Born at Cath-
cart, near Glasgow, Feb. 11, 1649: died Dec. 28,
171.1. A noted Scottish Presbyterian divine.
He was chaplain to William, prince of Orange, 168^
roval chaplain 16S8-1715, principal of the Univerelty of
F.iiiiilinigh 17113, and four times moderator of the as-
semlily.
Cartagena, or Carthagena (kiir-ta- (tha) je'na ;
Sp. prou. kar-ttl-Ha'nil). A seaport in the prov-
ince of Murcia. Spain, situated on the Mediter-
ranean in lat. 37° 36' N., long. 0° .W W.: the
ancient Carthago Nova. There are mines of copper,
lead etc., in the neighborhood. It has a cathedral, and
an excellent harbor. It exports barilla. It was colonized
by the Carthaginians, and captured by Scipio Africanus
In 20H B. c. It was taken by the British and retaken by
Berwick in 170«. It was held by the Intrausigentists
1873-74. I'opnlation (1887), 84,230.
Cartagena. A seaport city of Colombia, capi-
tal of the department of Bolivar, on a low island
between the Caribbean Sea and the Bay of Car-
tagena. It was founded in 1633 by Pedro de Heredia, and
was long the principal port and stronghold of tliis part of
Spanish America. Several times taken and sacked liy cor-
sairs, it was fortified in the ISth century at an expense of
S.1',1 OiK1,0"0, and in 1741 resisted the attack of Vernon. It
was the fU-st Sew Granadan city to declare for indepen-
dence and in ISl.'i was taken by tlie Spaniards altera four
months' siege in whicli nearly all the garrison and inhabi-
tants perished : for tliis it received the title of the " Heroic
City," Population (ISi);;), 12,000.
Cartagena de las Indias (kar-tii-Ha'na da las
en'de-as). [Sp., 'Cartagena of the Indies. ]
The name used, during the colonial period,
for the city of Cartagena in New Granada, now
in Colombia, to distinguish it from Cartagena
in Si)ain. . , , ^ ,.
CartagO (kiir-ta'go). A town m the department
of Cain-a, Itepublic of Colombia, m lat. 4° oO
N long. 76° 10' W. Popidatiou, about 8,000.
CartagO. A town in Costa Kica, Central Amer-
ica, siluated 13 miles east-southeast of San
Jos6. It is freciuently visited by earthquakes,
dation (18S8), 4,.')7S.
Popul.ii i-iii v.. ■■■■-■/, .,
Cartaphilus. See nandcring Jew.
Cartas de Indias (kiir'tiis da en'de-as). A col-
lection of letters from early Spanish explorers,
published by the Spanish government at Ma-
drid, 1877. ^ome of those from Columbus, Ves-
pucci, and others are given in facsimile.
Carte (kiirt), Thomas. Born at Clifton-upon-
Dunsmoor, Warwickshire, Kngland, April,
1686: died near Abingdon. England, April 2,
17.54. An English scholar and historian. He was
the author of a " Life of James, Duke of Ormonde " (1736),
an important history of F.ngland to 16.^4 (1747-55), etc.
He was a strong Jacobite.
Cartel (kar-tel') Combination. In German
politics, the temporary union in the Reichstag
about 1887 of the members of the German Con-
220
servative. National Liberal, and Imperialist
parties.
(farter (kar'ter), Elieabeth. Born at Deal, Dec.
16,1717: died at London, Feb. 19, 1806. An Eng-
lish poet, translator, and miscellaneous writer,
she is best known for her friendship for Dr. Johnson,
which last*;d for fifty years. Her letters to Mrs. Y'''^">'i
Sirs. Montagu, and Miss Catharine Talbot were collected
and printed in seven volumes 1809-17.
Carter, Franklin. Born at Waterbm-y, Conn. .
Sept. 30, 1837. An American educator. He was
graduated from WUliams College in 1862. lYom 1865 to
1888 he was professor of Latin and lYench at « illiams,
from 1868 to 187-2 of Latin only. From 1872 to 1881 he was
professor of Oenuan at Vale College. In 1881 he became
president of Williams College.
Carter, Henry. The original name of Frank
Leslie, changed by act of the legislature in lh49.
See Leslie, Frank:
Carteret (kiir'ter-et), Sir George. Born at St.
Oiien, Jersey, between 1G09-1 ( : died Jan., 1680.
An English" sailor and royalist politician, a
nephew of Sir Philip de Carteret. He became cap-
tain in the navv in 1033, and comptroUerof thenavy m 10;i9;
supporlrd actively the royali,-t cause, and was appointed
by the king lieutenant-governor of Jersey (from which he
expelled the Parliamentai-y governor) and vice admiral
(Dec. 13, 1W4); was granted by Ciiailes 11. ■aiertam island
and adjacent islets in America in perpetual inhuitance,
to be called New Jersey " ; surrendered Dec. 12, 11.61, and
went to France and obtained a command m the freiicn
navy was imprisoned in the BastUle Aug.-Dec, 165, ;
returned to England at tlie Restoration ; was treiisuier of
the navy 1001-67; and was suspended from the House ot
Commons for mismanagement of the funds of flic navy.
Dee 10 1069. He was one of the original propnetors ol
Carolina, and, with Lord Berkeley, was granted the land
between the Hudson and the Delaware, named in his
honor New Jer.sey.
Carteret, John, Lord. Bom Apnl 22, 1690:
died at Bath. Jan. 2, 1763. An EngUsh states-
man, son of the first Baron Carteret. He became
Baron Carteret Sept. 22, 1695, and Earl Granville (tlu-ough
the death of his mother) Oct. 18, 1744. He was appointed
ambassador extraordinary to Sweden in 1719; mediated
a peace between Sweden, Prussia, and Hanover ill li20 ;
attended as ambassador extraordinaiy the congresses ol
Brunswick and Cambray in 1720 ; was appointed secrelary
of state for the southern province under V< alpole, Maich
5, 1721 ; became lord lieutenant of Ii-eland, April 3, 1724,
retiring 1730 ; was an active opponent of Widpole, moving
Fell 13 1741, in the House of Lords, that the king be.re-
quested to remove him from his "presence and counsels
for ever"; became secretary of state for the northeni
province Feb. 12, 1742, under Lord Wilmington; resigned
Nov. 24, 1744; and attempted unsuccessfully to form a
ministry Feb., 1746.
Carteret, Philip. Died at Southampton, Eng-
land. July 21, 1796. An EnglLsh rear-admiral
andexplorer in the southern hemisphere. He was
lieutenant of the Dolphin in Byron's expedition, 1764-60 ;
commanded the SwaUow in the expedition under "allis
to the southern hemisphere, 1766-69 ; and discovered 1 it-
cairn Island (July 2, 1707), Osnaburg, Cowers Island,
Simpson's Island, Carteret's Island, Wallis s Island, and
others. His " Journal " was published in Hawkesworth s
" Voyages " (1773).
Carteret, Sir Philip de. Born on the island
of Jersey, Feb., 1584: died in Jersey, Aug. 23,
1643. All English royalist, seigneur of St. Oueu,
Jersey, and of Sark, and lieutenant-governor
of Jersey, which he held for the king until
his death.
Cartesius. See Descartes.
Carthage (kar'thaj). [L. Carthago, Phen. Rar-
tliadasht. New Town, as opposed to the mother
city Tyre, or to the older colony of Utica (from
Phen. '««(/, old) which was situated to the north-
east, about 17 miles from Carthage.] An an-
cient city and state in northern Africa, situated
on the Mediterranean in lat. 36° 52' N., long.
10° 18' E., a few miles northeast of modern
Tunis, and not far from Utica. It was founded
by Pheuicians in tlie middle of the 9th century ('.'), It was
a great commercial and colonizing center as early as tlie
6th century B. c, and was one of the largest cities of anti-
quity. It had two harbors, a naval and a mercantile. Its
first treaty with Rome was made in 609 B. C. It was de-
feated at Uimera in Sicily in 480, and overthrew Selirius
and other Sicilian cities aliout 400. It was the rival of
Syracuse under Dionysius, Agathocles, etc. At the height
of its jiowcr it liad possessions in Sicily. Corsica, Sardinia,
northern Africa, and Spain. Its wars with Rome have the
following dates: First Punic War, 264-241 ; Second Puiiic
War, 21S-'201 ; Third Punic War, 149-146. It was recolo-
nized as a Roman city by Caius Gracchus and successfully
by Augustus in 29 CO B. c. ; was taken by the Vandals in
439 A. 1). ; and w.'is retaken by Belisarius in 533. It was
an important center of Latin Christianity. The Saracens
destroyeil it about 097. At present some cisterns, broken
arclies of an aqueduct, and the Roman C^atliolic monastery
of St. Louis mark the site of tlie former rival of Rome. See
/*i/nic Wan.
Carthage. The capital of Jasper County,
southwestern Missouri. Near here, July 6, 1801,
was fought the battle between tlie Federals (1,.500) under
Sigel and the Confederates (3,.su0-6,000) under Governor
Jackson
Carthagena. See Cartagena.
Carthago (kiir-tha'go). The Roman name of
Carthage.
Carus, Karl Gustav
Carthago Nova (no'vji). The Komau name of
Cartagena, Spain.
Cartier ikiir-tya'). Sir George Etienne. Born
at St. Antoine, Lower Canada, Sept. 6, 1814:
died at London, May 20, 1873. A French-Ca-
nadian lawyer and politician. He became provin-
cial secretary 'in 18.'i6 ; attorney-general for Lower Canada
in 1850 ; and premier in 18.''8. He was the author of " 0
Canada, nion pays, mes amours " and otlier popular songs.
Cartier (kar-tya'). Jacques. Born at St. Malo,
France, Dec. 31, 1494 : died after 1552. A cele-
brated French navigator. He made three voyages
to Canada. In the flrst'(l.M4) he explored the Gulf of St.
Lawrence ; in the second (1535) he sailed up the St Law-
rence to Montreal ; and in the third (1541-42) he made
an unsuccessful attempt .at colonization in Canada.
Cartismandua (kar-tis-man'du-a). A queen of
the Brigaiites in the time of Claudius. She fa^
vored the Romans, and was forced to seek an
asvlum in their camp.
Cartoons of Raphael. Drawings executed in
151.5-lt), fur Leo X.. to be reproduced in
Flemish tapestry. They were long in Hampton Court
Palace and are now in the South Kensington Museum,
London, One of the two sets of tapestries made from
them is in the Vatican, the otlier in the Old Museum,
Berlin. Tlie cartoons ale seven in number: Christ 8
Charge to Peter, Death of Ananias, Peter and John Heal-
ing the Cripple, Paul and Barnabas at Lystra, Elymas
Struck Blind, Paul Preaching at Athens, The Draught
of Fishes. In composition and vigor of drawing they are
among Raphael's best works.
Cartouche (kilr-tosh'), Louis Dominique.
Bom at Paris about 1693: broken on the
wheel at Chatelet, France, Nov. 28, 1721. A
celebrated Parisian roblier. He was the son of a
wine merchant, and was stolen by gipsies, from whom he
learned rascality. He estaldislied himself in Pans, and
after a short period of service in the army formed a
famous liaml of lolibeis. His history was extremely pop-
ul.ar, and was the foundation of various plays.
Cart'wright (kiirt 'rit). Edmund. Bom at
Mamham, Nottingham, England, April 24, 1743:
died at Hastings, •England, Oct. 30, 1823. An
English clergyman and mechanician, the re-
puted inventor of the power-loom. He was grad-
uated at University College, Oxford, and became a feUow
of Magdalen College in 1764, curat* of Brampton, and
rector of Goadliy Mmwood, Leicestershire, in 1799. In
1784, during a visit to Arkwright's cotton-mills at Crom-
ford, the idea of a weaving-machine, according to the ac-
count given by him, occurred to him. His first patent
was taken out April 4, 178.'., and this was followed by
others, on improvements, on Oct. 30, 1786, and Aug. 18,
1787. He idso patented (1789) a wool-carding machine,
and (1797) a steam-engine in which alcohol was used, and
assisted Robert Kulton in his experiments with steam-
boats. He was the lirotlier of John Cartwright.
Cart'wright, John. Born at Mamham, Not-
tingham, England, Sept. 17, 1740: died at
Loudon, Sept. 23, 1824. An English ratUoal
politician and publicist, surnamed "the Father
of Reform," an advocate of parliamentary re-
form and ot the abolition of slavery: brother
of Edmund Cartwright. He was the author of "A
Letter to Edmund Burke, controverting the Principles of
American Government laid down in his lately published
Speech on American Taxation "11776), and of other politi-
C!il pamphlets. ... ^ n, l
Cart'wright, Peter. Born m Amherst Couiity,
Va., Sept. 1, 1785: died at Pleasant Plains, HI.,
Sept. 25, 1872. An American circuit preacher
of the Methodist Episcopal Church.
Cart'wright, Thomas. Born in Hertfordshire,
Euylnnd, 1.535: died at Warwick, Dec. 27, 1603.
A celebrated English Puritan clergyman, con-
troversialist, and scholar.
Cart'wright, Thomas. Born at Northampton,
Sept. 1, 1634: died at Dublin, April la, 1689.
An English prelate, prebendary of Wells and
of Durham, dean of Ripon, and (1686) bishop
of Chester.
Cartwright, William. Born at Northway,
near Tewkesburv, England, Sept., 1611: died
at Oxford, England, Nov. 29, 1643. An Eng-
lish divine and dramatist. He was the son of an
innkeeper at Cirencester, a student of Christ Church.
Oxfor.l, a member of the Council of War in 1642, and
junior proctor of the university in 1643. He wrote "The
Ordinary," "'the Royal Slave, a Tragi-Comedy, "The
Lady-Errant, a Tragi-Comedy," and 'The Siege, or Love 8
Convert, " etc. His plays and poems were collected in 1651.
Carupano (ka-ro'pii-no). A seaport in the
state of Bermudez, Venezuela, in lat. 10° 40'
N., long. 63° IS' W. Population, 12,000.
Cams (kii'ros). Julius Viktor. Born at Leip-
sic, Aug. 25, 1S'_'3. A noted German zoologist.
He was custoilian of the Museum of Comparative Anatomy
at Oxford (1849-51), professor of comparative anatomy at
I.eipsic (1S,53), and Professor Wyvillc Thomson's substi-
tute at Edinburgh (1873-74). His works include "Zur
nahern Kenntnis des Generationswechsels"(1849), ' Sys-
tem der tierischen Morphologic " (1853), 'Iconeszootoml-
cai "(1857), etc. ■, ■ ■ T
Cams, Karl Gustav. Born at Leipsic, Jan.
3, 1789: died at Dresden, July 28, 1869. A
German physiologist and psychologist. His
Oarus, Karl Gustav
works iiiclnUe " LihrbuL-h <Ki Zi.cj|.priili' (1818), "Grund-
riige Jer vurgk-icheii'teii Aiiiitoiiiic und Physiologie"
(isat). "i'ber lien Blutkrcislauf iIlt Inseklcn" (1827),
"VoilesiitiKeii uber Psychulogie " (18:il), "Tsycho, etc."
alSil).
arus (kfi'iiis), Marcus Aurelius. Born in
Naroiia, Ualiuatia, about -L'L': died near Ctesi-
phou, Jlesopotainia, 283. Emperor of Korao 282-
283. Ho was prefect of the Pretoriiin Ouard under I'ro-
bus, ami was elevated to the throne by the soldiers on
the murder of I'r'.bus at Sirmiuiu. He was killed (aeeord-
ing to urie aecount by lightning) on an ex[)editiuii against
the Parthians, as he Wius about to push his eoiaiuesta
across the Tigris.
Carvalho (kiii-viil'yi.i) Paes de Andrade ipiz
do aii-drii'dc), Manuel de. Bom about 17il."i:
died in Kio de .Janeiro, June IS, 1S.")5. A Bra-
zilian pulitieian. He was elected temporary president
of I'ernarnbur<» Dec., 1823, and during the succeeding year
headed arcvult against the emperor I'edrol., proclaiming
(July 2, 1824) a republic with the name of tin' forifedera-
^ao do Etiuador. The revolt was put down in i ictubef,
anil ( 'arvalho escaped to England. He returned to Brazil,
and was a senator from 183;'>.
Carvell (kiir'vel), Nicholas. Died l.'ieG. An
Kuglish jxiet, reputed author of two poems in
the '■ MiiTor for MaKistrates."
Carver (kiir'ver), John. Bom in England,
about 157.5: died at Plymoutli, Mass., April,
1621. One of the leaders of the "Pilgrim
Fathers," and (irst governor of Plpnoutli (!ol-
ony, 1620-21. He took refuge in Holland about liiuS.
was deacon in Rnbinson's church at Leyilen, and was
agent for the i'nritan emigrants to Xew England.
Carver, Jonathan. Born at Stillwater, Conn.,
1732: died at London, Jan. 31, 1781). An
American soldier and traveler, e.xiilorer of
the region beyond the Mississippi. To find a
northern p:issage *to the Pacific, he started from Boston,
June. IIW, exploited the shores of Lake .Superior, and
proceeded as far west as the sources of the .St. Pierre, re-
turning in 17<i8. In 1769 he went to England. He pub-
lished •• Travels to the Interior Parts of North .\merica,"
including an account of the manners, customs, languages,
etc.. of the Indians (1778). "A Treatise ou the Cultivation
of the Tobacco-plant " (177i»), etc.
Carvilius (kiir-vil'i-us), Spurius. A Roman
frei'dnian, noted as one of the lirst to open a
public school at Home, and as the arranger of
the Koiuan alphabet. See the e.\traet.
K disappeared from use at a very early date, being rep-
resented l)y C instead. Later, when the need appeared
for a distinction between the smooth (tenuis) and mid-
dle (nteilia) guttm-als, the freedman of .Sp. Carvilius, cos.
620 2W and ri2li,22S, invented tlie sign G by slightly alter-
ing the <\ and put it in the place of the almost unneces-
sary anil little used Z, which was only restored (together
with Y)in the time of Cicero, and was then placed at the
end of the alphabet. Thus the alphabet of Carvilius like-
wise consisted of twenty-one letters.
Teuffcl aiul Schwalie, Hist. Rom. Lit, (tr.by G.C.W.Warr),
|L 127.
Carvin (kiir-van'). A manufaetiu'ing town in
the ileiiartraent of Pas-de-Calais, France, situ-
ated 1 1 miles south-southwest of Lille. Popu-
lation (IH'Jl), commune, 8,000.
Gary (ka'ri), Alice. Born near Cincinnati,
Ohio, April 20, 1820: died at New York, Feb.
12, 1871. \n American author. Her works in-
clude iioenis, novels, sketches of Western life, "Clover-
nook Papers" (lii.'il-yS), "Cloveriiook Children " (1854).
Cary, sir Henry. Dieil Se|)t., U!33. .iln Eng-
lish statesman, son of Sir Edward Cary of
Berkhamstead and Aldenham, Hertfordshire,
created Viscount Falkland in the Scottish
peerage, Nov. 10, 1()20.
Cary, Henry Francis. Born at Gilu-altar,
Dee. (i. 1772: dii-il at London, Aug. 14, 18-44.
An lOnglish poet and scliolar, chiotly known
as the translator of Dante. He studied at Christ
('hurcli, Oxford ; became vicar of Abbot's lii-ondey, Staf-
fordshire, in 179ii ; removed to the living of Kingsbury,
Warwickshire, in ISOU ; liecame reader at Berkeley Chapel,
Ixiriilon, in 1807 ; and was appointed assistant keeper of
printed hooks at the British Sluseum in ]82(i, resigning in
18;i7. His translation of the '•Inferno" of Dante was
published in 180.^), and the whole wjis completed in 1812.
Gary, Lucius, Viscount Falkland. Bom at
Burfoiil, I ).\l'ordshiro, England, about 1010:
killed at the lirst battle of Newbury, Sept. 20,
1C43. An English politician and litterateur.
He was a nienilier of Parliament in llllo, and secretary of
state in Ii'-il. He sided with the Koyulists in ICA'i.
Gary, Phoebe. Born near Cincinnati, Ohio,
Sept. 4, 1S'J4: died at Newport, K. I., .Tuly 31,
1871. An American autlior, sister of Alice
Cary. she wmte "Poems of Faith, Hope, and Love"
(1868Xetc., and was the author of the hymn "One .Sweetly
.Solemn Thought."
Gasa (kii'sii), Giovanni della. Born at Mu-
gello, iii'iir Florence, .Inne 2S, l."i03: died at
Home, .\ov. 14, l.').")<). .\u Italian ]>oet and
ecclesiastic, clerk of the chamber to Pope
Paul IIL. and charged with various diplo-
matic duties: autlior of 'Miahiteo " (poem on
etiiiuette, l.').")S, 17.')2). His collected works
were published in 1707.
221
Casablanca (k!i-z!i-i)yiiu'k!i), Louis. Bom at
Bastia, Corsica, about 1755: killed off Abukir,
Egypt, Aug. 1, 1798. A l''rench naval ofticer.
In company with his son (Giacomo Jocante Casablanca)
he perished with his ship, LOrient, at the battle of the
Kile. This event is thesubjeet of apocm by Mrs.Hemans.
Casa de Contra tacion de las Indias (kii'sii
da kon-trii-tii-t lie-on' da 1:1s en'de-iiz), or Coun-
cil of Seville. [Sp., ■ house of coiiiiueice with
the Indies,' Cinisvju ilc iScrilta.\ An office es-
tablished at Seville in 1503 for thp regulation
of commerce with the Indies. It maintained the
strict Spanish monopoly of American commerce which was
one of tile principal causes of complaint in the colonies.
Casa d'oro (kii'sii do'ro). [It., 'house of gold.']
A Veueti;ui luedieval (14th century) palace. It
has been marred by restoration. It has three stories, di-
vided vertically into two divisions. The left-hand divi-
sion has in the lowest story five open arches, the middle
one round, and in the two upper ones most ricii and
graceful foliated arcades set between larger arches. The
right-hand division consists of ornamented paneling, also
set between decorated arches. Above there is a pictu-
resque cresting in marble. To beauty of form this favade
adds great and diversified charm of color in its lacrustcd
and inlaid marbles.
Casa Grande (kii'sii griln'da). [Sp., 'great
house.'] A ruin of an ancient Pima village on
the south bank of the Gila Kiver, in Arizona,
80 miles northwest of Tucson. Its aborigi-
nal name is Sieano-Ki ('house of Sivaiio').
Casa Guidi (kii'sii gwe'de) Windows. A
poem by Mrs. Browning, published in 1851.
Named from the Casa Ouidi, a house in Florence where
the authoress resided during the composition of the poem.
Casale (kii-zii'lo), or Casale Monferrato
(mou-fer-i'ii'to). A town in the province of
Alessandria, Italy, situated on the Po 38 miles
east of Turin, it was the old capital of the duchy of
Monferrato. It has a cathedral, founded in the 8th cen-
tury )ty the Lombards. Population, 17,000.
Casalmaggiore (kii - zill ' mild- j6 ' re). A town
in the ju'ovince of Cremona, Italy, situated on
the Po 22 miles southeast of Cremona. Here
Francesco Sforza defeated the Venetians in
1448.
Casamanza (kii-zii-miin'zii), or Casamance
(kii-zii-mons'). A river in Seuegaiiiljia, West
Africa, which flows into the Atlantic Ocean 60
miles south of the Gambia.
Casas (kil'sils), Bartolome de las. Born at
Sovillo, 1474: died at Madrid, July, 1566. A
Spanish Dominican, celebrated as a defender
of the Indians against their Spanish conquer-
ors. He went to Hispaniola in 1502, accompanied Velas-
quez during the conquest of Cuba, and became a curate
there. In 1514 he began to preach against the system of
Indian slavery; and in 1515 went to Spain to intercede
for the Indians with Ferdinand. By t^aidinal Ximenes
he was named " Protector of the Indians." with consider-
able powers, and returned to Hispaniola in 1516. He
again visited Spain to urge his views on Ch:u-les V.; at-
tempted to plant a colony on the coast of Cumana, wliich
was destroyed by tile Indians (1521); took the Domin-
ican habit at Santo Domingo (1522), and remained in re-
tirement for eight years ; and Anally returned to Spain.
From l.'>44 to 1547 he wjis bishop of Chiapa in Mexico.
He published " Breuissima relacion dc la ilestruycion de
las Indias "(" Destruction of the Indias," Seville, 1552),
" Historiade las Indias " ^published 1875, but well known
before liy manuscript copies), etc.
Casas Grandes (kil'sas griin'des). [Sp., 'great
houses.'] An extensive ruin in northwestern
Sonora, about 120 miles south of the United
States bounilary line in New Mexico. The set-
tlement appears ti) have been considerable, and to have
contiiined as many as 4,000 souls at least. The edifices
were of large adobe with very thick walls and as many as
four and perhaps live stories. The pottery accompanying
the ruins and all the artifacts show an advance in eultui-e
beyond the Indians of New Mexico. Concerning its in-
h.abitants nothing is known, excejit that they had disap-
peared long in-evious to the discovery of the ruins Iiy tlie
Spaniards in KMiU. At tliat time the site was occujiied
by a tribe called Sumas, which has since disappeared
also. A mile south of the ruins there is a village of .Mex-
ican inhabitants numbering about 1,000 souls. The name
Casas Grainles is also given to various similar ruins in
northern Mexico.
Casati (kil-sil'te), Gaetano. Born at Lesmo,
Italy, 1838. An Italian soldier and African ex-
jilorer. In 187!) the Itidian .Society for Commercial Ex-
ploration sent him to the basin of the Bahr-el-Gliazal.
where he arrived in 18.S0, After exploring the country of
the Nyaln-Xyam and the Monbutto, he joined Eniin Pasha
and Dr. Junker in 1883. In 188(i Kabrega. to wliom Eniin
had sent him on a mission, detained him in semi captiv-
ity. Stanley's arrival, in 18SI), set him free. His reports
were inihlished in "liolletino della Societa d'Esplorazi-
one " (1883-88). His " Dieci Anni in E([uatt>ria" ai»peared
in 1801.
Casaubon (k,i-s;i'bon). Rev. Edward. In
(ieor^'e Kliot's '■ Middlemarch," the husb;ind of
Dorothea Brooke. Slie marries him in tbelielief that
his high and noldc ideals will raise her into a broad
and genenms intellectual life, but hnds him to be only a
timid, self alisoi'lied pedant.
Casaubon (ka-sa'bon; F. pron. kii-zo-boi'i').
Isaac. Born at Geneva, Feb. 18, 1559: died at
Casiri
Lomlon, .Inly 12. 1(314. A famous classical
scholar and Protestant theologian, of French
(Gascon) origin. He was professor of Greek at Ge-
neva l,'>82-9('^ and of languages at Montpellier l.i96-l(J00;
lilirarian to the king, in Paris. 1601-10; and fixiin that
time until his death a prebendary of Canterbury and a
pensioner of King .tames. He published comment:u-ie8
on Atheincus, Theophrastus (with a Latin translation),
Suetonius, etc., and " Ephemerides," a journal of his
studies.
Casaubon, Meric. Born at Geneva, Aug. 14,
I'W: died at Oxford, f^ngland, July 14, 1671.
A divine and classical scholar, sou of Isaac
Casaubon, resident in England after 1611. Ue
published a large number of works, of which the most im-
portant is an edition of his father's "Ephemerides."
Casbin. See Kdxhin.
Casca (kas'kil),Publius Servilius. Died after
42 B. c. One of the assassins of Julius Ciesar
(44 B. c), and the first of them to strike a blow.
Cascade Mountains. A range of mountains in
Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia,
nearly parallel to the Pacific. It is connected with
the Sierra Nevada on tlie south. It contains many ex-
tinct Volcanoes. Among its chief peaks are Mounts Pitt,
Scott, Three Sisters, .tetlerson, Hood. Baker, St. Helen's,
and Tacoma (or Rainier), the highest (14,444 feet).
Cascate delle Marmore, or Falls of the Ve-
lino. See Miinnoic.
Casco Bay (kas'ko ba). A bay on the south-
ern coast of Maine, extending from Cape Eliz-
abeth, near Portland, northeastward for about
20 miles. It abinnids in islands.
Case is Altered, The. A comedy of intrigue,
by Ben Jonsou, acted by 1599, based on two
plays by Plautus, the " Anlularia " and the " Cap-
tivi."
Caserta (kii-ser'ta). The capital of the prov-
ince of Caserta, Italy, 17 miles north-northeast
of Naples, it contains a royal palace, begun 1752 in
emulation of Versailles and La Grauja, and one of the
finest palaces in Europe. The iilaii is a rectangle; tlie
facade is 780 feet long and 125 high, with two stories and
an attic above a liasemeut. Population (1891), estimated,
commune, 36,li(X).
Caserta. A province in Campania, Italy: the
former Terra di Lavoro. Area, 2,033 square
miles. Poptdation (1891), 734,884.
Cases, Las. See Las Cases.
Cashan. See Kaslmn.
Cashel (kash'el). A town in the county of Tip-
perary, Ireland, iulat. 52°31'N.,long. 7° .'53' W.
The "rock of Cashel " is a limestone formation, about 300
feet in height. (Jn its summit are the ruins of a Gothic
cathedral (12th century), castle, abbey, chapel, and round
tower.
Cashgar. See Kashyar.
Cashibos. Same as Cuchihos
Cashmere. See Kashmir.
Casilear (kas'i-ler), John W. Born at New
York, June 25, 1811: died at Saratoga Springs,
N. Y., Aug. 18, 1893. A landscape-painter. He
began to study engraving at the age of tifteen.and in 1831
was an engraver of bank-notes. In 1840andl857 hewentto
Europe to study oil-painting. He was elected a member
of the National Academy of Design in 1851.
Casilinum (kas-i-Ii'num). See Cuptui.
Casimir (kas'i-mer)I. [G. Kasimir, Pol. /i'«rj-
mii'i-.] Died Nov. 28, 10:5.8. King of Poland
1040-58, surnamed "The Peaceful" and "The
Monk." He was the sou of Mieeislas II. and Rixl^ a
German princess. On the death of his father (lo;t4) his
mother tieeame regent, but was obliged to tlee from an out-
break of national hatred, aroused by the favoritism which
she displayed toward her countrymen. He was recalled
1040, from Germany, where he was living in retirement de-
voted to religious exercises. He restored Christiaiiiiy,
which had been hotly persecuted during his absence, and
added Masovia and Ureslau to Poland. He is cidled " the
restorer of Poland."
Casimir II. Bornll38: diedMay4,]194. King
of Poland 1177-94, surnamed "The Just." He
organized the Polish senate, which consisted of bishoits,
]>alatiiies, and castellans, and introduced laws protecting
the peasants against the nobles.
Casimir III. Born 130!): died Nov. 8, 1370.
King of Poland 13:i3-70, siu'uamed "The
Great," son of Vladislav Lokietek. He piiunul-
gated a double code of laws forGreat and Little Poland in
1347, projected the University of Cracow in 1364, and made
conquests in Silesia, Russia, and Lithuania. Among his
mistresses was a Jewess, Estlier, who is supposed to have
secured the liuniane pi-otection which, at this time, was
accorded to her people in Poland.
Casimir IV. Born Nov. 29,1427: died at (irodno,
Poland, .liine 7, 1492. King of Poland 1447-!)2,
brother of Wladislaw III. He carried on a war of
fourteen years against the 'I'eutonie kniglits. which was
terminated in 146(; by the peace of Thorn, and which gave
Poland possession of West Prussia, with suzerainty over
East Prussia.
Casimir-P6rier, Jean. See ['Mcr.
Casiri (kii-se'rO), Michael. Born at Tripoli,
Syria, 1710: died at Madrid, March 12, 1791.
.\ Mai'onite Ol-ientalist. He became chief librarian
of the Escorial in Spain in 1763. His chief work is "Biblio-
theca aratiico-hispana eseurialensis" (1760-70X
CasiuB ^^^ Castellamare di Stabia
Oasius (ka'si-us). [L. Casiiis iiioiis, Gr. Kdaiov a elan or house, originally patrician, afterward Castagnette (kas-tiiii yet'), Captain. In Ernest
oinii- now Jil Kiis ] The aneieut name of the )>lubeiaii. its family names under the republic were L'Kplue's novel of the same name (1S62), a
mou'nt-iinous ret'ion south of Antioeh. Seethe Lcmginus, Hemiuii, l-iumcnsis, Ravilla, Sabaco, Vaius, eharaeter remarkable for having an artificial
, ' o j^inl \i.srcllinus. stomaeh
extract. . ^ ...... , „,.,, Cassianus(k»s-i-a'nus),calle(l Johannes Mas- (jastagno (kiis-tiin'yo), Andrea or Andrino
The mountain region varied m Its elevation ti;om abou siliensis ("of Massilia"), or Eremita {- tiw Hpi ^15",.,, in the euWror^ of ^^orel^ ISW-
6,000 feet in the north, where it was known as Casnis and °",,,jr:m Horn nliout 'Min \ Ti • ilieil -ifter , 'i f "J" 1"? ^ne eu\Tion.s ot !• loience IdJU.
Barnylus to above a,WO feet in the south, where Lebanon eiemite J. iSorn aDOUt JOU A. D.. Uieit artel ji^.j ^f (jjp plague at Florence, Aug. 19, 14o7.
culminates in the snowy i)uak of Slakmel. 433 (about 448 ?). A recluse and bemi-Pelagian A Florentine painter. In 1454 he was called to Kome
KaulnvHin, Iha-nicia, p. 4. theologian, lie foundea the monastery of St. Victor. i,y p,ipe Nicholas V. to take part in the decoration of the
Caslon (kas'lon) William. Born at Cradley, near Marseilles, and was a diligent promoter of nionasti- stanze of the Vatican. He was a draftsman rather than
x\7 «V .. 1.:*;..^ i(^4io. .iw.ii' ..«■ l^oflm-jl (iropn cism. • a painter, and his work is characterized by a certain bru-
Worcesteislure 1G«J2. tied . t B^^ Cassibelaunus. See Casm-eUaunus. tality „f .style.
Jan.23,l,W.. A London type-toundei famous, (j^ j ^^t .^.i. uiLs-so'ne; F.prou. ka-se-ne'), Castahana, See Co»«,He/i«>,
for his skill as a type-cutter. He established an Q:o.^„„-.i Domenico Born at Periiialdo, near Castaigne(kas-tan'), Andre. A contemporary
important business whicli was earned on in partnership Uiovanni yoniemLO. r>or 1 ai x eiiuamo, mr.ti ,, & : . , ' ^ AiiP-oiilAme He i« bs
^ with his son WUliaiu, and after his death by the latter Nice, June S, ll)!.':): died at Fans, bept. 14, ItU. -T u nc 1 paintei, Dorn at Angouleme. lie is es-
' alone. An Italian astronoiiur, (Urector of the obser- pecially noted as an illustrator.
Caspar (kas'piir). A lumtsiiiaii who sells him- vatory at Paris. He diseovered four satellites Castaldi (kiis-tiil'de), Pamfilo. An Italian
self to Zimeel.'the l)lack hunlsiuau, in Weber's of Saturn Kill, 1G72. 1684 (two). printer and physician of the middle of the 1.5th
opera "Der Freischiilz." Cassini, Jacques. Born at Paris, Feb. 18, 1677: ceutmT, supposed by some Italians to have
Caspar Hauser. S<m Ilauser, Kaspar. ,li,.,l .,t Tinny, in France, April 16, 1756. A been the inventor of printing.
Caspe (kiis'pe). A town in the province of French astiNu'ioiner, son of Giovanni Domenico Castalia (kas-ta'li-i|). [Or. Kunra'/id.'] An an-
Saragossa, Spain, situated on tlio river (iuada- Cassini whom he succeeded as director of the cient fountain on the slope of Jlount Parnassus,
lupe ui lat. 41° 13' N., long. 0° 5' W. Popu- observatory at Paris in 1712. He is chiefly known Ureece, sacred to the Muses and Apollo,
latioii (l.'*S7). 8,439. by his labors in relation to the determination of theflguie TheCastalian spring maybe distinctly recognized, from
Caspian Sea (kas'pi-au se). {!>. Mare Caspium, of the earth. this passage and the description of Pausanius (S. viii.
or Mare Hi/naiiiui)i'\h: Kaairia daMwaa, Knn- GaSSini, Jacques Dominique, Comte de. Born Sec. 6), ill the modern fount.ain of Aio Janni It lies at
-T •' e T /'.......■.■ r*.. i.'.'....^ K,..^ll .it P-.-.L. T,,.r.^ -in ITJ.^. flw..l ..t P.j,'iu/^\ (let the base of the precipices of Pai-nassus, <»n the right of
mwTTfXajon from L. Ui><pu. Gr. Waa^m,, dwell- at laiis, June JO, 1i4n dieil at Pans (f), Utt. „^^ ^^^^ ^^,^.ij^ ^,^,^^ ^ ^^^ ,^^ Approached from
ers on the coast.] A salt inland sea on the 18, 184.J. A 1 reuch astronomer, sou ot Lassiui the east,at the mouthof aravine which scparatesthe two
boundary between Europe and Asia, hounded do Thury whom he succeeded as director of the great Delphian peaks. yvairfiiison, Herud., IV. 291.
by Kussian territory on the west, north, and observatory at Paris in 1784. He resigned in Qastalides (kas-tal'i-dez). [L., 'Castalia.'] A
east, and by Persia on the south. It is the largest 1793. He completed his father's map of France imetical name for the Muses.
in the world. Its chief tributaries are the (1793). Castalv (kas'ta-li). An English form of Ca«-
ICiiinii. F.mli:L Terek Kur. Atrek. and Senil. n- — .*-,; J., mv..— »/.1a 4.:: ..,-'\ n;:»»*. "C^n-^^^Sn w»*w«tvij \ .. / o
inland sea
Volga, Ural, Kuma,Einbm Terek, Kur, Atrek, and Seliii CaSSini de ThurV (de tu-re'), Cesar Ftancois. ,,„„,
It has no outlet There is a Kussian fleet upon it, and '"*''•'*"* "^ *"";»-J v 1^11 i- ic * 1 1 t,; 1 '"((((.
sLa^ei" connecting with the TransciuipianrJiilway. It Born at Pans, June 1 1. 1< 14: died Sept. 4. liS4. Qastanheda (kiis-tiin-ya'da), FemaO LopCS
is , S3 feet below the level of the Black Sea. Length, 6SU A I reiich astronomer, son of Jacques Cassim ^g_ ]3,,j.,j .,( «antarem about 1500: died at
miles. Greatest width, about 270 miles. Area, about whom he succeeded as director of the observa- t\iiml,i.;i March 23 1559 A Portuguese his-
cTsSr(kas'kets) A group of dangerous t"iy "t Paris in 1756. He commenced a topo- toriau. in 152S he went with his father to India, where
OasqueiS J.K'i^ i^t ts;. a ^rouij 01 uaugeious gi-apUical map ot France, which Was comijleted he resided 20 years. His " Histoiia do descobrimento e
rocks ill the iinglisli Lhannel, (5 miles west or y^^ j^j^ ^^^^ conquista da India pelos Portuguezes " appeared iu parts
Akleniey. 'i'liey are the traditional scene ot q£^^^ Germano '■■"" 'i-'l '" l'!!'! l*™rP'';'''i. . „ . ,
the shipwreck ot Prince William m 1120. ,^;^^^ ier m-i'no) A town in tlie province of Castanos (kas-tau yos), FranciSCO Xavier de,
°^^f k^T^l\ ^!^.^- . ?>"?' -1' ^rT\ ^- ?7' Caserta, Italy, about 45 miles northwest of Na- ^^,"'^|;.'!.*' ^P'\"\ ,?™'". f ^ ^^•^;'^1;1 '^U'ro^'"}
Oct. 9, 1782: died at Detroit, Mich., Jtnie 17, ^ ^^\^^^ j^^ i^^ ^^^^. ^j^^, ^jj^ ^^ t,,^ k^^,.,,, 22, 17o6: died at Ma.bid, Sept. 24, 1852. A
1866. .Vn Amencau statesman and soldier ^.^sinum. It has a ruined amphitheater. Pop- 'PP^";?!' general He defeated the French at Baylen
He served 111 the war of 1812-13. He was governor of . . , , ^ '^ July, 1808, was defeated by them at ludela Nov., 1808,
Michigan Territory 1813-31, secretary of war 1831-3(:, min- Illation, O.OIIU, ^j^j served with distinction under Wellington at Vitto-
ister to France ls3(i-J2, United States senator 184.V48, CaSSinO, Moute. See Monte Cassino. ria 1813. He became the guardiau of Queen Isabella in
Democratic candidate for President 1848, United States Qassio (kash'io), Michael. The lieutenant of 1S43,
senator 1819-57, and secretary of state 1857-60. He wrote Qthello in Shakspere's trugcdv "Othello": a Castara (kas-ta'rii). A collection of poems
Imiuiry respecting the History, etc., of the Indians 3„,„„^.h„t ^.^.^^ but honorable man, caused by the device in praise of Lucy Herbert, issued anonj-mously
Cassaba Hee Kassaba of lago to be the object of Othello's jealousy. See /ajjo. bv William Habingt on in 1(534. He had mar-
Cassagnkc. See Granier do Cassagmw. Cassiodorus(kas"i-o-d6'rus), Magnus Aure- ried her between 1G30 aiid 1633.
Cassander (ka-sau'der). [Gr. Kiacav^poc.] ll^.S- Born at ScyUaceum, southern Italy, about Caste. A play by T. W. Robertson, produced
Born about 354 B. c: died 297. The son of 4<)8 : died at Viviers, m Calabna, about 06O. ,„ 1867._
Antinater He beome chUiiich in S'l • wased wai- ^^ Italian statesman and historian. He was an CastegglO (kas-ted',10). A town m the prov-
^h l^^^xa'iel^'su'icessirs'Sfer 3lS : andll^cTv'^f mIcc- "^-'I't,""^:;! b^'^.fV^l'M 'nk'lrvivie^-s at'outs-^' ■" /ill "''' ^''' P^'"='' "°'-"'"'" ^*=''-^'' ^" "''^' "°"*^ "^
donia and Greece after Uie battle of Ipsus, :m. .T^ 1^ W^ld ' ks w "rpubUsild bytaret'ueTs"" Pa^a Near heic were fought the two battles of Mon-
Cassandra (ka-san'dra), or Alexandra (al-eg- _ .^ ^ . ,, ,,. _ -, .. , „ ■ ■ n tBbeUo(lS00andl869), which see.
/!aii'drii). [Gr. Karaa'iV, F. Cussandrc.] In Cassiopeia (kas'i-o-pe ya),orCassiepeia(kas - Qastelar (kas-ta-lar'), EmiUo. Born at CatUz,
Greek 'iegeud, a prophetess, the tlaughter of i-e-pe ya). [Gr Kaamo^a or Wa«-«a.] 1. Spain, Sept. 8, 1832. A noted Spanish states-
Priam and Hecuba. By command of ApoUo (whose I" classical mythology, the wite of Cepheus, an ,„.^„^ o,.,,t„,.^ ^^^ author. He fled from Spain after
advances she had repelled), her predictions, though true, t-thiopiau king, ami mother ot AniU'Ometla. the rising of 18(iU; became a republican leader iu 18U» ;
were always discredited. She was enslaved by Agamem- She was transferred to the heavens as a con- and was minister of foreign attaii-sin 1873, and president
nou after the fall of Troy, stellatiou — 2 A beautifld circiimpolar con- of the executive Sept., lS73,-Jiui., ls74. His works include
Cassandra. The westernmost peninsula of „elIation, supposed to represent the wife of ^^J^^^^JS^^^S'^JISZ^S^^^^X ^^^
I nalculice : tue ancient 1 alleue. Cepheus seated in a chair and holding up both gns parlamentarios " (1871).-' MisceWnea de historia. etc."
Cassandra (kii-siiu'dra). Gulf of. The modern arms, it contains thirty stars brighter than the sixth (1874), "Historia del movimiento repiiblieano" (1876), etc.
name of the Toronaic Gulf. magnitude, and is always found opposite the threat Bear Castel del Monte (kas-tel' del mon'te), A
Cassandre (kii-soh'dr). [F., 'Cassandra.'] A on the other side of the pole-star In this constellation town iu Italy, 19 miles east of Aquila. It con-
romaui-e liv La Callirenfede. appeared in 1572 a temponu-y star brighter than Venus at ,;ji„g ., castle, a hunting-seat of the emperor IVedeiick
Paooaniro or TTaQanii SSbr Whnnnnln its liiiglitest. U one of the moet splendid medieval monuments in
CassMf(k^U.^*u6^ 1 Atovvrfnthenrov CaSSiquiare (kas-se-ke-ii'ia), or CaSSiquiari Italy. The p'an is oet^igonal, with s hex.agonal towers
UaSSanO (K,is-S.l no). 1 a town in tne piOV- / ,.p( ,,,. p„„;„,,;,_„ .\river in southern Veil- of Hue masoniy. The windows are pointed and round-
iiice of Bari, Italy, IS miles southwest of Bari. (.-><*), 01 OaSiqUiare. All\ei in soutnein vni ^^.^j^^j . the ribs of the vaulted haUsaie received by U-iple
— 2. A town in the province of Milan, Italy, S,''"^^'';, "' diverges from the Orinoco 20 miles west of vaultingsliafts of marble.
Situated on the Adda 16 miles east-northeast e^- 4o"w^thus'cr■ect1n^^ ^ SrL"co'lystem w'lth' tillit Castelfidardo (kas-tel"fe-dar'd6). A town in
of Milan. Here, Aug. 1(>, 17or,, the French under Yen- of the Amazon. The current is from the Orinoco to the the province ot Ancona, Italy, 10 miles soutn 01
dOme defeated the Imjierialists under Pi'iiice Eugene ; Negic. Length, about 190 miles. Aiieona. Near here, Sept. 18, 1800, the ItiUians under
and April 27, 1799, the Austrians and Russians under Suva- CaSSiterides (kas-i ter'i-dez) [Gr KafraiTfiH- Cialdini defeated the papal troops under Lamorieiere.
o"t^'''l^'Mn%bT'.';l!Zn"/„^l,"fr";«...,„ it.w ;.. *f. i''om m't^t,,™,;, tin.] In aneieut geogra- Castelfranco (kiis-tel'fran'ko). Atowninthe
f\ ^oS Tt' N o, 7) f o 9' F in. ,s' s d^{;„, Pl^y. tl^e " ti^ isla-ils." geiierallv identified with ,,roriiice of Treviso, Italy, northwest of Venice.
I ;. i .^i'.t f 7nnn It has sulphur- [i,e^;.,ciii i^j^nds. By Elton thi.y are identified Here, Nov. 23, I8O6, the French under St, fyr defeated the
baths. Popidation, (,000. _ __ „ .,,, ,,•'., , , ;',,.„, . , o,!,- ,
Austrians uiuler Prince Rohan.
uutub. i oi7uiaLioii, i,oov. ■*! .1 • 1 1 ^-' • o ■ AUSllia lis uiuicr 1 riMcc noiiao.
Cassel, or kassel (kils'sel). The capital of '"'^k the islands near \ig» in Si.am. Castell (kas'tel). Edmund. Bom at East Hat-
■ • - ^ " ^ - • '• ■ Cassms, Dlon.__S«. 7.,o„_f.^^^^^^^^ ^^^_ \,^.^ Cambridgeshire, England, l.iOO: died at
Higham Gobioii, iu Bedfordshire, 168u. A noted
English Orientalist, canon of Canterbury and
It consistsof the Altsta.lt, theOber-Ncustadt, and the Uii- uomaii geuei-ai ami politician, uc was aisim- , ,. fp^go,. ^f Arabic at Cambridge. His chief
ter.Ncustadt. it contains a n..ted picture-gallei^ and the guished in the Par lilan war .W-.Sl ; was the leading con- {;,' 'A ':. " ,. r^vicon heiitm-'lotton Hel.niicum fbaldai.
■.Ipploral ludiee \eir it irp the nalace and nark ot Wil- spnator aga nst Jul us Cajsar in 44 : commanded In Syria """' '^ •'. ''••X"-''" lupiagloHon, ucipiaicuni, in.io i
elecuirai pai,iee. isiai it .ire uie palace ar a paiK oi n ii- i ~ , , . ji i . . i»,!i!„.,i cum, Synacuin, Samailtanum, .J.tbiopicum, Anibicum
helmsiiohe. It was tie.' ancient capital of electoral Hesse, and Asia 44-12 : and was defeated by Antony at PhUippl ,.„„i,,„/tim et Pel sicnm separatim '■ (1009).
and the capital of the kingdom of Westphalia lS07-i:i. '" *- "'"' kdU.l biniselt. rjastpllamarp rtpl ftnlfn (kiis-tel"lii-ma're del
Population (189U),eon,mnne. 72,477. CaSSiUS Parmeusis (kash ' ius piir-men ' sis), ^.^^Vf^™^®.,'f,f,{.,^^^^^^^
Cassel < kii-sel') A town in the depaitment of TituS Born at Panna Italy (whence l.is^sur- g 1; ;^/u^,t:T ^ ^f oTte lamaie 27^^
Nord, France, 20 miles south of Dunkirk: the name : executed at Athens, by order of Octa- '•'' ', . .. t> , „ „ ti „...„ f„„„„-i„
,. ' ,n ,',, -ji • T3 1 f • 1 t Qn „ „ \ Tj 4. „ „* ti,„ west-soutliwest ot Pa ermo. It was lonneriy
Koman CastcUum Monnorum. Popiuation vius. aijout .30 n. c. A Koman poet, one of the ., t <■ c . tj .,,i,t;^., ij^ nnn
(1,^91), commune, 3,931. ..oiispiratnrs against Julius Caesar. ni'=;'lTi'::'a;» H^^tahia 1^! s el ' I'l ,S de
Cassel, Battles of. Victories gained at Cassel, Cassivellaunus 0<as'i-ve-la'nus). Flourished *;^^^f,^^^f *\® ,.f,V i^^^l^,, situate.i oi thi Bay
France: («) By Robert the Friesian over Philip about 50 «. e. A British luiiice, niler of the ''V xr i'' i- •^ Vbl„^f ^r M." ij ,f:.aV
« v^ . i.v-. ,1^ Ti 1.1 .1' TT ^ n *i ^ n ■ / • • i I 1 of Naou^s 10 miles southeast ot Naples, near
of Franco m 10/1. ib) Bv Phi ip \ I.of France Catuvellauni (occiipviiig, approximately, mod- ", .i j,T, ■ r^* i ;„ /■„,i,: i ..„„n t*
over the Flemings in 132,S. (,■) ^By the French ern Hertfordshire, tuckiiigl'nnishire. and Berk- l]l,-i!,;'f Ji?:,.,^,^'.^:,-' ''^:tJ:^:^:^tJi
over the Prince of Orange in 16/7. shire), a local conqueror and opponent ot the under Genera! Maed.mald defeated the Anglo-Neapolitau
Cassia gens (kash'iii jenz;). In ancient Rome, Romans, eoutjuered by Ca;sar. aimy. Population (issi), 22,207 ; of commuue, 33,102.
Oastellanos
Oastellanos (kas-til-yu'nus), Juan de. Bom
at Seville early in the 16th feiitury. A Spanish
curate and poet. Uo passed most of his life at Tuiija,
New Graiiaila. He wrote "Elej;ias de vuroues iltistreu
de las Indias," a versitlcd account of the ex]>loits of
early Spanish coiniilerors in America, it h;is considerable
poetical and hi.storical value. ^l*art I., .Madrid, U>S\t; re-
printed with parts 11. and 111. ui the " Biblioteca de Au-
tores Kspaftoles," Madrid, lt^7 to 1860.)
Castelll (kas-tel'le), or CastellO (kiis-tel'lo),
Bernardo. Born near tienoii, Italy, ISy? ; died
KiliO. A (ienoeso painter.
Castelli, Ignaz Franz. Bom at Vienna, March
(i, 17S1: ilicil at Vienna, Fel). 5, 1SG2. An Aus-
trian dramatist. ]inct, and jciurnalist.
Castelli, or Castello, Valeric. Born at Genoa,
Italy, IGi"): tlieil at Genoa, Kioi). A Genoese
Saiuter, i)artieularly of battle-scenes: sou of
ernardo Castelli.
Castello (kiis-tel'lo), Giovanni Battista, sur-
uamed II Borgamasco. Born at Bergamo,
Italy, about 15(10: died at Madrid about 1570.
An Italian hi.storieal painter.
Castellon (kiis-tel-yon' ). A proviueo in Va-
lencia, eastern Spain, lying between Teruel and
Tarragona on the north, the Mediterranean on
the east, Valencia on the south, and Teruil on
the west. -Vrca, 2,440 square miles. Popula-
tion (1.SS7), 202,4:17.
Castellon, Francisco. Born about 1815 : died
Sept. 2, 1S55. A Niearaguan revolutionist, in
1853 he headed a revolt of the liberal party at Leon, was
defeated, and tied to Honduras, but returned in June, 1854,
assumed the title of "provisional director," and for a time
reduced the government of I'rrsidt-tit Chaniorroto the city
of Graua<l:L. It was by Ids invitation that Walker came
from the United States ostensibly to aid the liberals. lu
the midst of these struggles Castellon died of cholera.
Castellon de la Plana. The capital of the
province of Castellon, situated 4 miles from
the coast, in lat. 39° 57' N., long. 0° 5' W.
It is in a fertile plain (la Plana). Population,
(1887), 25,193.
Gastelnau (kiis-tel-no'), Francis, Count. Born
at Loudon, 1812: died at Melbourne, Australia,
Feb. 4, IS.SO. A French traveler. He visited the
Canadian lakes, the United States, and Mexico, 1837-41.
In 1843 he went to South America as chief of a gov-
ernment scientillc expedition which explored central and
western Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, and the Amazon. He re-
turned t^ France in 1847. and was subsequently consul
at Bahia, Cape of Good Hope, an<i Singapore, and consul-
general at Melbotu'ne. He published " Expedition dans
les parties centrales de TAm^riquc <lu sud " f P.aris, G vols.
8vo, 18.'t0-r,l ; the last volume, on Bolivia, by liis assistant,
M. Weddell ; an atlas and scientillc supplements were
published later).
Castelnau, Michel de, Sieur de la Mauvissiere.
Born at ilanvissiOic, Touraine, France, about
1520: died at Joiuville, Haute-Marue, France,
1592. A French diplomatist. He was ambassador
to England l.')74-84 ; and wrote *'M(5moire3" for the per-
iod l.'i.i9--ro (l)Ublished 1621).
Castelnaudary (kiis-tcl-no-da-re'). A town in
the department of Aude, France, 31 miles
southeast of Toulouse, an important trailing
center on tlie canal of Languedoc. it suffered
during the Albigcnsian crusade in the 13th century, and
waa burned by the lUack Prince in 1355. Near it. on Sept
1, 1(S32, the royalists under Scboniberg defeated the Duke
of Montmorency. Population (ISi)l), 1(J,059.
Castelnuovo (kiis"tel-n6-6'v6). A seaport in
Dalinatia, on the Boceho di Cattaro 13 miles
nortliwcst of Cattaro.
Castel Sarrasin (kils-tel' silr-rii-zau'). Atown
in the departm<Mit of Turn-ot-Gai'onne, France,
13 miles west of Montauban. It has a noted
church. Population (1891), commune, 7,772.
Oastiglione (kiis-iel-yo'no), Count Carlo Ot-
tario. Born at Milan, 1784: dii'd at Genoa,
April 10, 1K49. An Italian philologist and an-
ti(|U!iry. Ho was the coadjutor of Mai in the
editing of the Gothic version of the Scriptures,
1819-:i9.
Castiglione, Giovanni Benedetto, called II
Grecnetto, and Benedetto. Born at (ienoa,
Italy, Kild: died at Mantua, Italy, 1G70. An
Italian painter ( particularly of animal life) and
etcher.
Castiglione delle Stiviere (kas-tiTd-yo'ne del'-
le ste-ve-a'rc). .'\ town in the province of
Mantua, Italy, 22 miles northwest of Mantua.
Here. Aug. D, 179(1, the French under lloliaparte defeated
the Aufltrians under Wurniser; Augereau received after-
ward the title of Due lie Castiglione. Population of com-
nuiiic, .^,2riL
Castiglione Fiorentino (kiis-tel-yo'ne fe-6-ren-
t(;'no). \ town in the province of Arezzo,
Italy, 10 miles south of Arezzo: noted forsilk-
cidtuie.
Castile (kas-tel'). [Sp. Castilla, F. Cantillc, It.
Ciiilitjlin, G. Ctis/ilirit : so named from the
number of its fi-oiitier castles.] An old king-
dom of Spain, in the northern and cenlral part
223
of the peninsula. Castile proper comprised Old Cas-
tile, containing the moilern pi-ovinces of Santander, Bur-
gos, Palencia. Valhnlolid, Logroflo, Segovia, Soria, and
Avila; and New Castile, south of Old Castile, containing
the modern iirovinces of Madrid, Toledo, Guadalajara,
Cueiica, and Ciudad Keal. It fell under Moorish rule;
was governed by counts under the supremacy of Asturias
and Leon ; and was annexed by Sanclio of Navaire (lOUt;-
103.'i).who gave Castile to his son Ferdinand I. in 1033. Leon
was united to Castile in 1037. separated in 10(J5. and re-
united under Alfonso M. in 1072, who also annexed Ga-
licia. Afterward Castile and Leon were separated, but
were Anally reunited under Ferdinand III. in 1230, who
conquered large parts of southern Spain, Seville, Cor-
dova, etc., from the Jloors. Other noted kings were Al-
fonso .\. and Pedro the Cruel. Isabella of Castile married
Ferdinand of Aragon in 14(1!), and became queen of Cas-
tile in 1474. Ferdinand became kiug of Aragon in 147'),
and thenceforth Castile and Aragon were united. See
Spain.
Castile, New. [Sp. Castilla la Nueva.'i See
I \i.stiU:
Castile, Old. [Sp. Castilla la Vieja.] See
( '<ixtih:
Castilla (kiis-tel'yil), Ramon. Bom at Tara-
pacii, Aug. 30, 1796: diednearthatplace, May30,
18G7. A Peruvian general and statesman. He
joined the patriots in 1821 ; was exiled in lS3(i, but re-
turned in 1838; and was president of Peru 1846-51. In
1854 he headed the insurgents in southern Peru ; took
the title of provisional president, June 1. 1854 ; decreed
the emancipation of slaves and the abolition of Indian
tribute; defeated Echeuique's army at La Palma, near
Lima, Jan. 5, 18.'>5 ; and was regularly reielected president
for four years, July 14, 1855.
Castilla del Oro (kiis-tel'ya del o'lo), or Cas-
tilla del Oro. [' Golden Castile.'] A name
first applied by Columbus to the northern coast
of the Isthmus of Panama, which he vLsited in
1502. In 1508 it was otlicially made the name of a prov-
ince ceded to Nicuesa. extending from Cape Graciasa Dios,
now in Honduras, to the Gulf of Darien, the inland extent
being unknown. J!y the failure of ( Ijeda(lSliJ), the north-
ern coast of South America from the Gulf of Darien to
Cape de la Vela was added to it. Early maps often use
the name Castilla del Oro for this latter region, embracing
what is now northern Colombia to the exclusion of the
isthmus: and this mistake has been adopted hy Helps
and other modem authors, who distinguished the
origin.-U Castilla del Oro as Castilla Nueva, or New
Castile.
Castillejo (kas-tel-ya'no), Cristoval de. Born
at Ciudad Kodrigo, Spain, about 1494: died at
Vienna, June 12, 155G. A Spanish poet. Ho
was secretary to Don Ferdinand, brother of the emperor
Charles V., for upward of thirty years.
CastillejOS (kiis-tel-ya'nos). A place in north-
ern Morocco. Nearhere, Jan. 1,1860, the Moors were
defeated by General Prim, who received as a reward the
title of Marquis of Castillejos.
Castillo (kiis-tel'yo), Bemal Diaz del. See
JJia:: dil Ctistillo, Bcnial.
Castillo, Diego Enriauez de. Born at Segovia,
Spain: lived about 1475. A Spanish chronicler,
author of "Annals of the Keign of Henry IV.,
1454-74" (published 1787).
Castillon-sur-Dordogne (kiis-te-you'sUr-dor-
douy ' ). A town in the department of Gironde,
France, situated on the Dordogne 2G miles
east of Bordeaux. Here, in 1453, the French defeated
the English under Talbot (the last battle of the Hundred
Years' \V ar).
Castillos (kiis-tel'yos), los tres. [Sp., 'the
three castles.'] A mountain cluster in north-
ern Chihuahua, to which the Apache chief Vic-
torio retreated in the fall of 1880, and where he
and his band were exterminated by the Mexi-
can troops under Colonel Terrazas.
Castine (kas-ten'). A port of entry and water-
ing-place in Hiuu-ock County, Maiuo, situated
on Penobscot 'Bay 30 miles south of Bangor.
Poinilation (1S90/, 987.
Castine (kiis-tCMi'), or Castin (kiis-tau'), Vin-
cent, Baron de. Born at Uleron, France, in
1050 : died there about 1722. A French soldier.
Ho went to Canada in KXi.'j, and established a trading
house at Penob.scot (Castine) in 1(187, wliere he married
the daughter of the Penobscot chief. He captured Pema-
quld at the head of 200 Iiulians in lli!«i. In 170(i he as-
sisted in defending Port Koyid, and wsis wounded there in
1707. His son, who succeeded him as coinmaniler of the
Penobscots, was taken as a prisoner to Boston in 1721.
Castle (kas'l), The. Specifically, Dublin Cast lo,
especially as the seat of government.
Castle of Asia. See Dardanelles.
Castlebar (kas-l-biir'). The capital of County
Mayo, Ireland, in lat. 53° 52' N., long. 9° 18'
W. It was taken by the French and Irish Aug. 27, lTi»S, in
the battle called "the llace of Castlebar," in which Gen-
erals Lake and Hutchinson, with 2,000 Irish militia, a large
body of yconninry, and Lord R^iden's fencibles, were routed.
Aug. 26, 17'J8, by General Humbert, with about 1,000 Irisli
Insurgents and 8(X) French troops, the latter of whom had
landed at Killala, Aug. 17. Humbert took 14 guns and
200 prisoners. Lnw, Diet. Eng. Hist.
Castle Dangerous. A tale by Sir Walter Scott,
jiuhlishi'.l ill is:ii.
Castle Douglas. A town in Kirkcudbright,
Castriota
Scotland, 17 miles southwest of Dumfi'ies. Pop-
ulation (1891), 2,870.
Castleford (kas'l-ford). A town in the West
Kiding of Yorkshire, England, situated on the
Aire 9 miles southea.st of Leeds. Population
(1S91), 14,143.
Castle Garden. A circular building situated
on the Battery, New York. It was built in ISOaas
a fort, and was eiUled Fort I'linton. In 1822 it was granted
to the Stjite. It was for some years used as an opera-house
(.Fenny Lind Urst sang there), and civic receptions were
held there. From 1855 till 18U1 it was used as a place of
reception for immigrants, but the immigrant station h.is
been transferred to the Barge Office, and thence to Ellis
Island, and the building is now in possession of the munici-
pal government, and has been converted into an aiiuarium.
Castlemain, Countess of. See Villiers, Uar-
hani.
Castlemain, Earl of. See Palmer, Rotjer.
Castlemaine (kas'I-man). A borough in the
gold region of Victoria, Australia, 75 miles
northwest of Melbourne. Population (1891),
Castle of Europe. See Dardanelles.
Castle of Indolence, The. A poem by James
Thomson, published in 174.8.
Castle of Otranto (6-triln't6). A romance by
Horace W'alpole, published in 1765.
Castle Rackrent. A story by Miss Edgeworth,
Jiublished in 1800. in it tlie trials and diiliculties of
landlord and tenant are described with sympathy and
dramatic force.
Castlereagh (kas-l-ra'), Viscount. See Stew-
art, Hubert.
Castle of Sant' Angelo. See Sant' Anyelo.
Castle of the Seven Towers. See the extract.
As the eye passes St. Stefano an imposing block of gray
walls and feudal-looking battlements comes into the vi-
sion. This is the Castle of the Seven Towers, where it waa
the usual custom of the Porte to incarcerate the minister
of a foreign power upon declaration of war.
Poole, Story of Turkey, p. 26L
Castle Spectre, The. A play by -'Monk"
Lewis, produced in 1797.
Castleton (kas'l-tgn). A to^vn in the Peak,
Derbyshire, England, 12 miles west of Shef-
field. It is the site of Peveril Castle.
Castletown (kas'1-touu). A town in the Isle of
Man, on the southern coast, the former capital
of the islaud. It contains Castle Kuslieii.
Castlewood (kas'l-wtid), Colonel Francis Es-
mond, Lord. The second Lord Castlewood
in Thackeray's novel "Henry Esmond,'' tlio
father of Beatrix and Francis. He is a drunken
sensualist who ill-treats aud insults his wife, spoils his
children, gambles away his property, and is killed in a
duel.
Castlewood, Lady. The mother of Beatrix
Esmond, aud wife of the second Lord Castle-
wood, in Thackeray's " Hem-y Esmond." Sho
afterward marries Henry Esmond.
Castor (kas'tor). [Gr. KiiaTup.'] In Greek and
Koman mythology, the twin brother of PolliLx,
regarded as tlie sou of Zeus aud Leda, wife of
Tyndareus, king of Sparta, or of Tyndareus
and Leda: noted for his skill in themauagement
of horses. According to one version of the legend, Zeus
assumed the form of a swan. Two eggs were produced by
Leda from one of which cimie Castor and Clytajmnestra,
from (lie other Pollux and Helen. The llioscuri (Castor
and I'ollux) were the heroes of nutny adventures, and were
worshiped as divinities, particularly by Dorians and at
Home. They were placed in the heavens as a constella-
tion. See also Diiittcuri.
Castor (kas'tor). [L., from Gr. marup, a
beaver: a word of Eastern origin.] Among
French Canadians, one of the party which callea
itself the National party, the beaver being the
national emblem of Canada.
Castor and Pollux (kas'tor and pol'uks). Tho
constellation of the Twins, or Gemini; also,
the zodiacal sign named from that constella-
tion, although tho latter lias moved completely
out of tlie fiirnier. Castor, a Gcminorum, is a green-
ish star of the nia;.,'iiitudc l.ii. the more nortlierly of the
two that lie near together in the hciid of the Twins. Pol-
lux, fi Geminornni, isavciy yellow star of the magnitude
1.2, the more soulbfily of (be same pair.
Castor and Pollux, House of. See Pompeii.
Castores. See DiaseKri.
Castr6n (kiis-(ren'), Matthias Alexander.
Born at Tervola, near Torneii, Finland, Dec. 2,
1813: died at Helsingfors, Finland, May 7,
18,52. .\ Finnish iihilologist and traveler in
Lapland, iiorlherM Uussia, and Siberia. He
published a Swedish translation of the "Ka-
levala" (1H41), etc.
Castres (kils'tr). A city in the department of
'I'arn, France, on the river Agout 39 miles east
of Toulouse. It Inu! a calhedrnl, a college, and impor-
tjuit manufactures of textiles. It was an Albigensian and
later a Huguenot stronghold. Population (181)1), Com-
mune, 27,.^01l.
Castriota, or Castriot, George. St^eScanderbeg.
Castro, Alfonso y
Castro (kiis'trO), Alfonso y. Born at Zamora.
Spiiiii, 1495 : dieil at Bnissels, Feb. 11, looS. A
celebrated Fraiieiscau theologian ami preacher.
He preached at Briijfes and Sahunanca: represented the
Sl)anish church at the first session of the Council of
Trent; w;is one of the chaplains of Chailes V. : accou)-
panied Philip II. to Eiit:laud in l.i.^4 as counselor and
spiritual director, and t»pposed the extreme measures of
the EiiKlish Catholics, strenuously condemning the burn-
ing of heretics ; and was appointed aichbishop of Compos-
tella 1557. His most noted work is his treatise " Adversus
Hiereces" (I'aris, l.s;t-iy
Castro, CristovalVaca de. See lacddcCmtro.
Castro, Guillen de. Bom at \'alencia, Spain,
1569 : ilieil at Jlai Irii I, July .'S, 1631. A Spanisli
dramatist. His chief plav Is " Las Moeedades
del Oid."
Castro, Ines de. Killed at Coirabra. 13.'55. The
favorite of Pedro, sou of Alfonso IV. of Portu-
gal. He married her after the death of his wife. She
was murdered by order of Alfonso, to prevent the conse-
quences of an une |ual union. Her tragical story has
been celebrated by novelists and poets, but her character
has been much softened.
Castro, Joao de. Born at Lisbon, Feb. 7, 1500:
died at Oriuuz, Persia, June 6, 1.548. A Por-
tiifpiese naval commander, governor in Intlia
in 1.5-1.5.
Castro, I'r. Jose Maria. Bom at San Jos^,
Sept. 1, 1.S18. A Costa Kican statesman, vice-
president of Costa Klea in 1846, and president
1847-49. He was ai.':iin president fivm ISUfitoXov., 1868,
when he was overturned Ity Jimenez.
Castro, Lope Garcia de. Governor and cap-
tain-freiieral of Pern Sept., 1564,- Nov., 1.569.
Castro, Manuel Fernandez de. Sec Fermn-
ile: lie ('iistm, Muniicl.
Castro, Paolo de (Latinized Paulus Cas-
trensis). Died at Padua, Italy, about 1441.
An Italian student of civU and canon law, pro-
fessor successively in Florence, Bologna, Fer-
rara, and Padua.
Castro del Rio (kas'tro del re'6). A tow-n in
the pro\auce of Cordova, Spain, situated on the
river Guadajoz 22 miles southeast of Cordova.
Population (1887). 11,290.
Castrogiovanni (kas''tr6-j6-van'ne). A town
in the province of Caltanissetta, SicUv, in lat.
37° 33' N., long. 14° 17' E. : the ancient Enna
or Henna. It is situated on a height in the center of
the island. It has a cathetU-al, castle, and ruined citadel,
and was anciently a seat of the worship of Demeter. It
was taken by the S.iracens in the 9th century, and by the
Normans in the 11th century. (.See JSnna.) Population,
IS.IMj.
Castro Marim (kiis'tro mii-ren')- A town in
Algarve, Portugal, on the Guadiaua opposite
the Spanish Ayamonte. The Castle of theTemplaj-s is
a great triple medieval stronghold crowning a mighty rock.
The middle fortress has a quadrangular court with massive
walls and covered way, and a huge stjuare keep.
Castroreale (kiis'tro-rii-U'le). A town in the
jiroviuce of ilessina, Sicily, 22 miles southwest
of Messina. Popidatioii (1.8,sl), coinuiune. 8810.
Castro y Figueroa Salazar (kas'tro § fe-ga-
ro'ii sii-lii-thiir'). Pedro de. Said to have been
a native of Spanish America : died in the city
of Mexico, Aug. 22, 1741. A Spanish soldier
and administrator, Duke of La Conquista and
Marquis of Gracia Keal. From Aug. 17, 1740,
until his death lie was viceroy of Mexico.
Caswell (kaz'wcl). Richard, Born in Mary-
land, Aug. 3, 1729: dicil in North Carolina,
Nov,, 1789. An American Revolutionary poli-
tician and soldier, governor of North Carolijia
1777-79 and 17S4-87.
Cat (kat), Christopher. Flom-islied 1703-33.
The keepir of a ttivcrn. "The Cat and Fiddle,"
in Shiie Lane near Temple Bar, London. He
is noted as the entertainer of the Kit-Cat Club
(which see).
Catacombs of Rome. Catacombs in Rome
lying for the most part within a circle of 3
miles from the modern walls. The length of the
galleries is estimated at about GOO miles, the greater part
of which is still une-Xidored. The vast network of subter-
ranean i>ass;iges and chambers is now held to have been
formed, chierty between the 'id and the Cth century, ex-
pressly for the burial of Cliristians. Many of the chambers
were later used as chapels. The Catacombs are the source
of many sculptures, paintings, and inscriptions of high
importjinee in Cliristian archaeolotjy.
Catalan (kat'a-lan). [Cat. Catalan. Sp. Cata-
lano: see Caialonia.'] A Romance language
spoken in Catalonia, and closely allied to Span-
ish, from which it differs chiefly in its consonant
combinations and terminations, a result of the
loss of vowels.
Catalan! (ka-tii-lii'ne). Angelica. Bom at
Siuigaglia, Italy, in Oct., 1779: ilicd of cholera
at Paris, June 12, 1849. An Italian singer.
She made her first appearance in I'O,"*. at Venice, and had
a successful career of thirty years. She married M. Vala-
br^gue of the French embassy when in Portugal in 1S04.
224
Catalauni (kat^a-la'ni), or Catelauni (kat-e-
la'ui;. An ancient people of Belgica Secunda.
Their name survives in the modern Chalons.
Catalaunian Fields ikat-a-la'ni-an feldz). [L.
Campi C<it<il<iiiiii<-i.'i A plain near Chalons-sur-
ilarne, famous for the victory (451 A. D.) of
Aetius and the Gothic king Theodoric I. over
Attila. See Chdloim.
Catalaunian Plain. See Catalaunian Fields.
Catalogue of Women. See Eoiie.
Catalonia (kat-ii-16'ni-a). [F. Cataloyne, Sp.
VdtaUdiii. Pg. Cutalunha, ML. CaUitonia, earlier
*(;()Wi((/(7H(((,fromGoWH',Goths,aud.l ?</«/, Alans,
by whom it was occupied in the 5t!i century.]
A former province in northeastern Spain, com-
prisingthe present proxiuces of Lerida.Gerona,
Barcelona, and Tarragona. Its surface is mountain-
ous, and it is the leailing agricultur.d and manufacturing
district of Spain. 'I'he language is Catalan. It is the an-
cient Hispania Tarracunensis. 1 1 was overrun by the Alani,
Goths, and (the southern part) by the Saracens. It formed
part of the Spanish murk, and was united to Aragon inlla7.
It has been the scene in modem history of various insur-
rections. In 1714 it was conquered after a long struggle by
Philip v., and deprived of its constitution.
Catamarca (ka-tii-niiir'ka). 1. An Andine prov-
ince in the northwestern part of the Argen-
tine Republic, lying east of Chile and north of
Rioja. It produces copper, cotton, etc. Area,
31,500 square miles. Population, 130,000.-2.
The capital of this prorince, in lat. 28° 28' S.,
long, m^ 17' W. Pi.pulation, 7,500.
Catamareno. See Valchaquis.
Catania (ka-tii'ne-U). A province of Sicily,
Italv. It includes Mount Etna. Area, 1.917
square miles. Population (1891), 641,000.
Catania. A seaport, capital of tlie province of
Catania, Sicily, situ:ited on the Gulf of Catania
in lat, 37° 28' N., long. 15° 4' E.: the ancient
Cataua. it is at the foot of Mount Etna, in the fertile
plain of Catania. It has commerce in sulphur, grain, wine,
cotton, etc., and manufactures of silk, cotton, etc. It con-
tains a cathedral, uuiveisity, Benedictine monastery, and
notable antiquities. It was the birthplace of Bellini. It
w.as fttunded by Chalcidiaus from Naxos about 730 B. c:
submitted to Home in 263 B. c, becoming an important
Roman town : and was deY,ast.ated by lava streams in 121
B. c, and by earthquakes in llt>9 and Hi93. It contains an
ancient theater, with Roman superstructiu-e on Greek
foundations. The cavea is seinicircular, facing south ; it
luis t»vo horizontal dividing passages, and an arcade at
the top. The lowest range of seats is divided by radial
stairways into 9 cunei; the middle range has 12 tiers
of seats. The diameter is 317 feet. Population (1892),
119,500.
Catanzaro (kU-tau-dza'ro). 1. A province in
Calabria. Italy: formerly called Calabiia Ul-
teriore II. Area. 2,030 square miles. Popula-
tion (1891), 457,660.-2. The capital of this
province, situated in lat. 38° 55' N., long. 16°
39' E. It has a castle, cathedral, and museum,
and some manufacttu'es. Population (1891),
commune, 30,000.
Catarina Comaro (ka-tii-re'na kor-na'ro). An
opera by Donizetti, first produced at Naples in
1844. This was his last opera.
Catawba (ka-ta'bji), or Great Catawba. A
river in North and South Carolina, called the
Wateree in the lower part of its course, which
unites with the Congaree to form the Santee
31 miles southeast of Columbia. Total length,
about 300 miles.
Catawbas, See Kataba.
Cateau-Cambr6sis ( kii-to'kon-bra-ze' ), Le. A
mauufactiuingtowninthedepartmcut of Nord,
France, 18 miles south of Valenciennes: Latin,
Castrum Cameraeeuse. It is the*birthplace of Mor-
tier. Here. April 17, 1791, the Austrians under the Prince
of Coburg, and, April 2t>. untler Schwartzenberg, defeated
the French. I'opulatiou (IsDl). commune, 10,.t44.
Cateau-Cambr6sis, Treaty of. A treaty be-
tween France, England, and Spain, April 2-3,
1559. France retained Calais. France and Spain re-
stored most of their cimquests.
Catel (kii-tel'), Franz. Born at Berlin, Feb.
22. 1778: died at Rome, Dec. 19, 1856. A Ger-
man painter, distinguished especially for land-
scapes.
Catesby (kats'bi). Mark. Bom in London (f)
about l(i79: died in London, Dec. 23, 1749. An
En<;lish naturalist. Hemade in 1712 a voyage to Vir-
ginia, whence he returned in 1719 with a rich coUection
of plants. He made a second voyjige to America in 1722,
explored the lower part of Solith Carolim^ lived some
time among the Indians at Fort Moore on the .Savannah
River, made excursions into Georgia and Florida, and after
a visit to the Bahama Islands returned to England in 1726.
He published "The Natural History of Carolina, Florida,
and the Bahama Islands" (17:il-i:i), "Hortns Britanno-
Aniericanus, or a Collection of 85 Curious Trees and
.Shrubs, the Production of North America, adapted to the
Climate and Soil of Great Britain" (1737), "On the Mi-
gration of Birds " (1747), etc
Catha. See Comanche.
Catharine, or Catherine, Saint. [Also Katha-
Catharine de' Ricci
rinc, Kallierine; ME. Kiitlicrinc. Eatcrin, F.
Catherine; Sp. Catarina, Pg. Catharina, It. Cat-
erina, LL. Catharina,hGT. Kafiapiiii, from aaffnpd^,
clear, pure.] According to tradition, a martyr
of the primitive church, tortured on the wheel
and beheaded at Alexandria by order of the em-
peror Maximiau, Nov, 25, 307. According to some
accounts the torture was prevented by a miracle. The
wheel became her symboL She is commemorated on
Nov. 26.
Catharine (kath'a-rin) I., or Catherine
(kath'e-rin). Born at Jakobstadt, Courland,
Russia" April 15, 1679 (?) : died at St, Peters-
burg, May 17, 1727, Empress of Russia, she
married Peter the Great in 1707 ; was acknowledged as his
wife in 1712 ; was crowned as his empress in 1724 ; and
reigned 1725-27. .She was of obscure origin ; was brought
up in the family of a Protestant minister at Marienburg,
named Gluck : married a Swedish drag<_M.>n ; fell into the
hands of the Russians at the capture of Marienburg, Aug.
2.^ 1702 ; and eventually became the serf of Prince Men-
shikolf. in whose house she attracted the attention of
Peter the Great, who made her his mistress in 1703. She
rescued iiim, by bribing the Turkish grand vizir, in 1711,
from a dangerous position on the Pruth, when with an
anny of 38,000 men he was surrounded by 200.000 I'urks.
During her reign she was led chiefly by the influence of
Menshikotf. She founded the Russian Academy of Sci-
ences, and fitted out the naval exploring expedition un-
der Bering.
Catharine II., or Catherine. Bom at Stettin,
Prussia, May 2, 1729: died at St, Petersburg,
Nov. 17, 1796. Empress of Russia 1762-96,
daughter of the Piince of Anhalt-Zerbst. she
married in 1745 the empress Elizabeth's nephew, who as-
cended the throne Jan. 5, 1762, as Peter III. With the
assistance of her pai"amour Gregory Orlotf, the betman
Kazumovski, Count Panin, and Princess Dashkotf, she
brought ali'iut the deposition of Peter (who was put tt
death iti prison), and usurped the throne in July, 1762.
She p:u-ticipated in the partitions of Poland 1772, 1793, and
1795 ; concluded with the Turks in 1774 the peace of Kut-
chuk-Kainardji, by which Russia acquired Kinburn. Azov,
Yenik.ale, Kertch, and both Kabardas ; and in 1792 signed
the peace of Jassy, by which Russia aciiui red tttchakov aud
the country betw een the Bug .and Dniester ; aud incorpo-
rated Courland in 1795. She improved the administration
of the empire, introduced a new code of laws, and en-
couraged art and literature. .She has been called "the
Semiramistif the North,"and Voltaire said, with reference
to her, "Light now comes from the Xorth."
No sovereign since Ivan the Terrible had extended the
frontiers of the Empire by such vast conquests. She had
given Russia for boundaries the Niemen, the Dniester,
and the Black Sea. Jiaiubaud, History of Russia, II. 127.
Catharine, or Catherine, of Aragon, Queen of
England. Born at Akahi de Henares, Spain,
Dec. 15 or 16, 1485: died at Kimbolton, Hunt-
ingdon, England, Jan. 7, 1536. A queen of
England. She was the daughter of Ferdinand and
Isabella of Spain : married Arthur, prince of Wales, in
1501 ; married Henry VIII. in 1509 ; 4ind became the mother
of Mary (who subsequently ascended the throne of Eng-
land) in 1516. .\bout 1527 Henry, who was infatuated
with Anne Boleyn, began to take measures to secure a
divorce ; and il» 15.33, application having been made in
vain to the Pope, the maniage was declared void by Cran-
mer, archbishop of Canterbury.
Catharine, or Catherine, of Bologna, Saint.
Born at Bologna, Italy, Sept. S, 1413: died at
Bologna, March 9, 1-163, -tVn Italian saint, lady
of honor to Margaret d'Este, and later abbess
of the Clarisses. Canonized in 1492.
Catharine, or Catherine, of Braganza. Bom
at the castle of Villa Vii;osa, iu the province of
Alemtejo, Portugal, Nov, 25, 1638: died iu
Portugal, Dec. 31, 170.5, A daughter of John,
duke of Braganza, wife of Charles 11. of Eng-
land, whom she married May 31, 1662,
Catharine, or Catherine, " of Genoa, Saint
I Catharine Fieschi). Born at Genoa, Italy,
1447: dieil at Genoa, Sept, 14, 1510. Aultalian
iiun, famous for her charitable deeds during a
visitation of the jdague. Canonized 1737.
Catharine, or Catherine, de" Medici (de ma'-
de-che). Born at Florence, 1519: tlied at Blois,
France, Jan. 5, 1589. Queen of France, regent
dtuing the minority of Charles LX., 1560-63.
She was the daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici, duke of Ur-
bino. She married in 1533 the Duke of tlrleans (Henry
II., 1547-59), by whom she became the mother of Francis
n. (1559-60), ChiU-lcs IX. (iri<i0-74X and Henrj- III. (1574-
1589). Dining her regency, by the policy of attempting
to hold the balance of power between the Huguenots and
the Catholic party of the Guises, in accordance with w hich
she intrigued alternately with both parties, she precipi-
tated in 1562 the so-called Wars of the Huguenots, which,
with inteiTuptions, devastated France until lii96 : and, on
the occasion of the marriage of her daughter Marguerite
of Valois with Henry of Navarre, prevailed upon Charles
to give the order for the massacre of St, Baitholomew,
Aug. 24. 1572. She is said to have plunged her children
into l.centiousness and dissipation, in order, by unfitting
them for mental exertion, to retain her ascendancy over
them : and had till her death an important though some-
times concealed share in the intrigues and party contests
which distracted France.
Catharine, or Catherine, de' Ricci (da re'che),
Saint. Born at Florence, 1.522: died Feb. 2,
1589. An Italian saint. She took the veil among the
Catharine de' Rlcci
Dominican nuns at Prato, Tuscany, in 1635, and was made
perpetual prioress at tlie age u( twenty-tlve. Slie was
canonized in 1740 and is commeniurated ou the 13th of
February.
Catharine, or Catherine, of Siena, Saiut.
Bom at .Siena, Italy, Mun-li i5, Ki-i": died at
Romo, Api-il L"J, KiSO. An Italian saint. .Slie as-
sumed the habit of the third order of St. Dominic in i;Jt)5,
and obtained so great a fame for sanctity that she was
enabled to mediate a peace between the Florentines anil
Pope Urban \'I. in 1378. ^^he was canonized in 1401, and
is commeniurated on April 30.
Catharine, or Catherine, of Sweden, Saiut.
Boni 1331 : died in .Sweden, Mareh 24, 13S1. A
Swedish saint. She was the daughter of Saint
Birgitta, whom slie succeeded as abbess of
Wadstena.
Catharine of France, or of Valois. Born at
225
queucc of Cicero, who was then consul. The rebellion
having broken out in Etruria, Oct. 27, Cicero pronounced
in the senate, Nov. 8, his first oration against Catiline,
which caused tlie latter to leave the city. On Nov. 9 Cic-
ero delivered in the Forum his second Catilinian oration,
in which he acciuainted the people with tlie events in the
senate and the departure of Catiline from Itome. On Iiec.
3 diicumentary evidence of the conspiracy was obtained
from an embassy of Allobroges, which had been tampiied
with by the Catiluiarians ; and in the evening Cicero de-
livered in the Forum his third oration, in which lie ac-
quainted tile people with tlie events of the day and
the seizure t>f the conspirators left in Rome. On Dec. 5
Cicero delivered in tlie senate his fourth oration, which
was followed by the execution in prison of Lentuhis,
Cethegus, Statilius, and Galinius. Meanwliile Catiline
had assumed command of the revolutionary force, which
amounted to about two legions, but was overtaken by the
army of the senate as he was attempting to escape into
Gaul, and was defeated and slain in the battle which en-
sued.
Paris, Oct. Ii7, 1401 : died at Bermoudsey, Eng- , . .
land, Jan. 3, 1438. A queen of England, daugli- Catiline S Conspiracies. 1. A play by Ste
ter of Charles VI. of France, and wife of Henry !'"«■" t^^osson, written before lo79. It was acted
V. of England, whom slie manned in 1420. She
married Owen Tudor about 1425 (?).
Catharine Archipelago. A name sometimes
given to the Aleutian Islands.
Catharine Howard. See Howard, Catharine.
Catharine Parr. .See Pun-, Vatharuw.
Cathay (ka-tlia'). The name given by Marco
Polo to a region in eastern Asia, supposed to
be northern China, it was oneof the countries which
Columbus cvpected to reach by sailing westward, and
more than once he believed that he was near it.
The Persian name Cathay, and its Russian form of £itai,
Is of modern origin ; it is altered from Ki-tah, the race
which ruled northern China in the tenth century, and is
quite unknown to the people it designates.
Williams, Middle Kingdom, I. 4.
Cathcart (kath-karf), Sir George. Born at
London, May 12, 1794: killed at Inkerman,
but not printed. — 2. A tragedy by Robert Wil-
son and Henry Chettle, perhaps a revised ver-
sion of Gosson's play (1598. Heuslow).
Catiline's Conspiracy. A tragedy liy Ben Jon-
son, produced in 1611. Catiline is made inhu-
manly ferocious in this play.
Cat Island (kat i'land), or San Salvador (siin
siil-vii-dor'). An island in the northern part
of the Bahama group, West Indies, long iden-
tified with Guanahani, Columbus's first landfall.
Catley (kat'li), Ann. Born near Tower Hill,
London, in 1745: died at Ealing, Dec. 14, 1789.
An Engli.sh singer, she was the daughterof a liackriey-
coachman. In 17e2she appeared at Vauxhall, and from this
time her beauty and voice made her not only successful
but notorious. In 17S4 she made her last appeai-ance,
having then become the wife of Major-General Francis
L.ascelles. The ladies eagerly copied her dress, and to
be "Catleyfled" was to be dressed becomingly.
Crimea, Nov. 5, 1854. A British general, third Catlin(kat'lin), George. Bom at WUkesbarre,
son of the first Earl Cathcart. He served in the
campaigns of 1813-15, being in all the important battles
was appointed governor and commander-in-chief at the
Cape, Jan., 1852; ended the Kaffir war 18.^^2-53; and in
18.'i4 was sent as ccminianderof the fourth division to the
Crimea, with a dormant commission to supersede Lord
Raglan in case of accident to the latter. He wrote " Com-
mentaries " (1850) on the war in Russia and Germany in
1812 and 1S13.
Cathcart, 'Williani Shaw. Born at Peter
Pa., June 26, 1796: died at Jersey City, N. J.,
Dec. 23, 1872. An American artist, and trav-
eler among the North American Indians and in
Europe. His chief work is "Illustrations of the Man-
ners, Customs, and Condition of the North American In-
dians " (1841). He painted more than 500 portraits of
Indians from life, a unitjue and valuable collection, now
in the United States National Museum at Washington.
Catmandoo. See Khatmandu.
sham, Sept. 17, 17.")5 : died at Cartside, near Cat Nation. See Erie.
Glasgow, June 16, 1843. A British general and Cato (ka'to). A tragedy by Addison, produced
diplomatist, tenth Baron Catlicart in the Scot- at Drury Lane Theatre,'^ London, 1713.
tish peei-age, created Viscoimt (Nov. 3, 1807) Cato. A pseudonym of Alexander Hamilton.
and Earl (July 16, 1814) Cathcart in the peer- Cato Major. See" De Senectute.
age of the United Kingdom. He served in the CatO, Marcus PorciUS, surnamed Uticensis
Revolutionary War 1777-80, and at the bombardment of
Copenhagen 1807. He was ambassador to Russia 1812-14.
Cathedral (ka-the'dral), The. A poem by
James Russell Lowell,"published in 1869.
Cathelineau (kat-le-no'), Jacques. Born at
Piu-en-Mauges, Maine-et-Loire, Franco, Jan.
5, 1759: died at St. Florent, France, July 11,
1793. A French royalist, leader of the Ven-
deans in 1793.
Catherine. See Catharine and Katharine.
Cathlamet (kath-lii'met), or Katlamat. A
tiibe (if North American Indians. Their form
(from Utica, the place of his death). Bom at
Rome, 95 B. c. : committed suicide at Utica.
North Africa, 46 B. c. A Roman patriot and
.Stoic philosopher, great-grandson of Cato the
Censor. He fought under Gellius Publicola against
Spartacus in 72, served as military tribune in Macedonia
in 67, and was questor in 65, tribune of the people in 62,
and pretor in 54. He supported Cicero against the Cati-
linarians, and sided with Pompey against i'lesar on tile
outbreak of the civil war in 49. After the battle of Phar-
salia he retired to ITtica, where he put himself to death
on receiving intelligence of the victory of Ceesar at Thap-
sus.
lull. ii:it was Oregon and Washington on both sides of the CatO, MarCUS PorClUS, surnamed "The Cen
nhiiiiliia Kiver, near its mouth. See Chinookan.
Cathlapooya. See Calajiooi/a.
Catholicon Anglicum. An English-Latin dic-
tionary, eiiniiiiled aliDUt 14.83. It was edited by Mr.
Sidney J. II. Ilerrtage for the Early English Text Society
in 1881. He believes it to have been compiled in the
East Riding of Yorkshire. The name "Catholicon " was
flrst used for such a work in a Latin grammar ami dic-
tionary written by Giovanni del lialbi, a Genoese monk,
frequently called .(anncnsis. It was flnishcd in 1280, and
the llrst edition was printed by Gutenbei-g in 1460.
Catholic Majesty. A title of the kings ofSpain
assumed at times after the Council
s(ir," and Priscus. Born at Tusculum, Italy,
234 B. c: died 149 B. c. A Roman statesman,
general, and writer. He was questor under Scipio
in 204 ; consul in 195 ; served in Spain in 104, and against
Antiochus in 191 ; was censor in 184 ; and was ambassador
to Carthage in 150. He sought to restore the integrity
of morals and the simplicity of manners prcvabnt in the
early days t»f the republic, and was one of the chief insti-
gators of the third Punic war, in his eJfort to incite to
which he for yeai-s closed evei-y speech in tile senate with
the words, "t'cterum censeoCartliaginem essedelendani."
He wrote "De re rustica" (ed. Keil, 1882), and "Origines"
(extant in fragnienls).
:rr;^.>;iUnH;'^l!^ll:: lir:;^ '^Ji^^A <^? street conspiracy or Thlstlewood con
'Vcat.,,,iie-;i47^i^i6. , ^ . ^, s-^:=T;.ad:;fAHh:'-^i""^^:--^^:'"^''"^':^""
Jatnos (ka-tos ). A female character in Mo- ,,, .,„,;.,„vi„.,t,. ('.wtl
liiiros 'Lesl'recieuses Ridicules," who assumes The plot was discover,
the name Aniinte. She alfects the fashionable seiiti- Cato street, near Kdgew
mentality of les precienses, and is llnally taken in by a Pa+a rl-Mt^i TalrnVi
valet who aih.pts the same style with greater success. ^S u ^ ', Vr'-^ ,■ "■
Sat.iHt,, M.-.,.-;.l,-'.,:n J? n,4.in^^ n,„f': K..< Holland, 15w : diei
Catilina (kat-i-H'na), E. Catiline (kat'i-lin),
Lucius Sergius. Horn about 108 B. c. : killed
at Fii'suhe, Italy, 62 B. c. A Roman jiolitician
and conspirator. He was of an ancient but impov-
erished patrician family. As a partizan of Sulla he ren-
dered himself infamous by his complicity in the horrors
of the proscription, destroying with bis own lianil his
brother-in-law, (J. (reeilius. lie was pretor in (W, ami
governor of Africa in (17. After an abortive attempt, in
conjunction wllh P. Aulronius, to niunler the consuls
elect for O.''., with a view to seizing the fasces, and after
an unsuece.'isful candiilney in the eoiisuhir elections of (H,
he organized a wide spread conspiracy against the repub-
lic, whose object is said to have been the cancellation of
aebts. the proscription of the wealthy, and the distrilm.
tlon among the conspirators of all olllces of honor and
emolument. It was defeated by the viglliuice and elo-
15
derthe lead of .Arthur Thistle wood, which aimed
to assassinate Cnstlereagh and oth(>r ministers.
The plot was discovered Feb. 23, 1820, at the rendezvous,
ear Edgeware road, London.
Born at Brouwershaven,
1 1660. A Dutch poet. Ho
studied at Leyden and Orleans, where he received a doc-
tor's degree, and was subsequently advocate in The Ilague
ami in Sliddelburg. In 1636 he was made pensionary of
Holland. He died on his estate near Seheveiiingen.
" Father Cats," as he was alfeetionately eallcd, was for
generations the favorite poet of the people. His " Hon-
welijek" ("Fidelity") appeared in 1625, "Spieghel van
den iludeli en Nieuwen Tijilt " (" .Mirror of the Ohl and
New Time ") in 1632, " Trouringh ' (' Wedding Ring ") in
io:!7.
Catskill (kats'kil). A town in Greene County,
New Vork, situated on the west bank of the
Hudson, 30 miles south of .Albany. Population
( 1S9II). t.irjil.
Catskill Mountains. A group of mountains
in southeastern New York, west of the Hudson,
Caucasians
in Greene, Ulster, and Delaware counties, be-
longing to the Appalachian system. They are
noted for picturesque scenery, and contain many fre-
quented summer resorts. Among the chief summits are
Slide Mountain (the highest point, 4.205 feet), Kaaterskill
High Peak (M.nint Lincoln), Overlook Mountain, Hunter
Mountain. .Vlso called KaUhcvj.';, etc.
Catskin's Garland, or The Wandering
Young Gentlewoman. A ballad, the English
form in which the story of " Cinderella " is pre-
served. The heroine is made a scullery-maid
and reduced to dress in catsMns.
Cattack. See Cuttack.
Cattako. See Comanche.
Cattaro (kat'ta-ro), Slav. Kotor or KotuT. A
seaport in Dalmatia, situated on the Boeche di
Cattaro in lat. 42° 25' N., long. 18° 46' E. :
probably the Roman Ascrivium. It is famous for
its picturesque situation. It has a cathedral, and is
strongly fortified. It was ceded Anally to Austria, 1814.
Population (1890), commune, 5,435.
Cattegat, or Kattegat (kat'e-gat). A sea pas-
sage which separates Sweden from Jutland,
and connects the Skager Rack with the Baltic
through the Sound and the Great and Little
Belts. Length, about 150 miles. Greatest
breadth, 85 miles.
Cattermole (kat'er-mol), George. Bom at
Dickleborough, Norfolk, England, Aug. 8,
1800 : died at Clapham, near London, July 24,
1868. An English painter, one of the earliest
English water-colorists. He iUusti'ated the
"Waverley Novels." His subjects were chiefly
medieval.
Catti. See Chatti.
Cattywar, or Kattywar. See Kathimvar.
Catullus (ka-tul'us), Caius Valerius. Born
at Verona, Italy, 87 (?) B. c. : died about 54 B. c.
A celebrated Roman poet. Coneerninghis personal
history little is known, except that he came to Rome at an
early age; that he enjoyed the society of the most cele-
brated men of his day, including Cicero, Ciesar, and PoUio,
and that he was probably possessed of a modei-ate inde-
pendence, although vicious and expensive habits reduced
him to pecuniary ditHculties. He is remarkable for the
versatility of his genius, for the liveliness of his concep-
tion, and for his felicity of expression. According to Apu-
leius the real name of Lesbia, who forms the theme of
most of his amatory poems, was Clodia ; and some critics
have, though apparently erroneously, identified her with
the sister of the demagogue Clodius slain by Milo. His
extant works are 110 poems, lyric, epigrammatic, elegiac,
etc.
Catulus (kat'u-lus), Caius Lutatius. A Roman
general. He was chosen consul for the year 242 B, c.
When he entered office the first Punic war had been waged
since 264 ; and the senate, discouraged by numerous losses,
had abandoned the war at sea. He obtained command of
a fleet built by wealthy patriots at Rome, and 241 gained
the decisive victory at the .F;gadian Islands which resulted
in a favorable treaty of peace.
Catulus, Quintus Lutatius. Born about 152
B. c: died 87 B. c. A Roman general. He was
consul with Marius 102 B. c, , and was associated with him
in the victory over the Cimbri, at Vercellie, in nil B. c.
He joined Sulla in the civil war, and, having in conse-
quence been proscribed by Marius, committed suicide
87 B. c.
Catulus, Quintus Lutatius. Died 60 b. c.
A Roman jiolitician, son of (Juintus Lutatius
Catulus. He was consul 78 B. C, and censor 66 u. C.
He was a strong supporter of Cicero against the Catili.
narian conspiracy, (;3 B. c.
Caturiges (ka-tii'ri-jez). [L. (Ca»sar) Caiuriges,
Gr. (Ptolemy) Karriupijff, (Strabo) KnT(i/;i)Ef;
pi. of Catiirix, lit. 'war-chief.'] A Celtic tribe
wliich dwelt among the Cottian Alps.
Catuvellauni (kat"-ii-vel-lii'ni). An ancient
Bi'itish people who lived in the region of
Hereford and Bedford, west of the Trinoban-
tes and Iceni. The Catuvellaunian state was a cen-
tral kingdom formed, or greatly extended, by the con-
([uests of Cassivellaunus. There are various forms of
the name.
Caub (konb). A town in the pro^^nce of Hesse-
Nassau, Prussia, situated on the Rhine above
Gberwesel. Tlie passage of the Rhino was
elTected hereby Bliicher, Jan. 1, 1814.
Cauca (kou'kii). The largest department of Co-
lombia, forming the western and southern part.
Capital, Popavan. Area, 257,4li2 square miles.
Population (estimated, 1892), 700,000. Portions
are claimeil by Brazil and Eeinidor.
Cauca. A river in Colombia, between the cen-
tral and western Cordilleras of tlie Andes, join-
ing the river Magdalena about lat. 9° N.
Lenglh, over 600 miles.
Caucasia (ka-ka'.siii). A general name for the
< 'aiicasus region.
Caucasians (ka-ka'sianz or ka-kash'ianz).
[.ML. Ciiueii-iiani (L. <'iinea.'<ii), from (ir, Kni«i-
(7o<;. ) In Bliimenbach's ethnological system,
the highi'st ty|ie of the human family, including
nearly all Europeans, the Circassians, Ai'iueni-
Caucasians
ans, Persians. Hindus. Jews. etc. He gave this
name to the race because he regarded a skull he had ob-
tained (roul the Caucasus as the standard uf the human
type-
Caucasus (ka'ka-sus). A general government
of tlie Kussian'empire, lying north of Persia
and Asiatic Ttu-key, east of the Black Sea, and
west of the Caspian. It comprises the northern
Caucasus, including the governmentsor provinces oj Stav-
ropol Kuban, and Terek : and IVanscaucasia, mcludmg
Daghestan, Kutais, Tittis, Baku, Yelissavetpol, Kars, and
Erivan. Its chief cities are Tiflis and Vladikavkaz Old
divisions were Georgia, Mingrcli:^ Imeritia, Svauetia, etc.
The inhabitants are Riissians, Armenians, Tatars, Geor
gians Jlingrelians, Imeritians, Ossets. many mountaineer
tribes, etc. The chief natural features of the region are
the Caucasus Mountains and the rivers Kur. Eion, Kuban,
andTerek- Georgia w.as, annexed in ISOL The Russian war
of subjugation of the mountain tribes continued many
years. Sham>l was subdued In 1859. The Tcherkesses
sabmitted in 1S64. Russian .\rmenia was annexed in
1878. Area, IS2,<57 square miles. Population, 7,536,838-
Caucasus. [F- Caticase. G. Kaul-asiis.'i A
mountain system in Russia, between the Black
and Caspian seas, extending southeast and
northwest, often taken as the conventional
boundarv between Europe and Asia. The chief
summits are Elbruz (18.526 feet) and Kazbek. There are
numerous passes, some of them reaching an elevation of
10,000-11, liOO feet. The glaciers rival those of the Alps,
but lakes are almost entirely wanting. Length of the sys-
tem, about 800 miles; greatest width, about 120 miles. It
has been very important historically as a barrier to migra-
tions. "It has also preserved . . . fragments of the
different peoples who from time to time have passed by
it, or who have been driven by conquest into it from the
lower country." Bryce, Transcaucasia and .\rarat, p. 51.
Cauchy (ko-she'), Augustin Louis. Bom at
Paris, Aug. 21, 1789: died at Paris, May 23,
1857. A celebrated French mathematician and
poet. His works include a memoir, " Sur la throne dea
oiides " (1815). " Cours d'analyse " (1S21X " Le?ons sur le
calcul ditlerentiel"(1826), "Sur I'application ducalcul de
residus, etc." (1827), etc.
Caudebec (kod-bek')- A town in the depart-
ment of Seine-Inferieure, France, on the Seine
20 miles west-northwest of Rouen: the ancient
capital of the Pays de Caux. It contains a
noted church of the 1.5th century. Population
(1891 \ commune, 2.336.
Caudebec-les-Elbeuf (kod-bek'la-zel-bef). A
manufacturing town in the department of Seine-
Inf^rieure, France, near Elbeuf on the Seine,
south of Rouen. Population (1891), commune,
10,434.
Caudi (kii-6-de'). [Origin unknown.] Adeity
of the Tehuas or Taos of New Mexico, whose
worship played a part in the incantations that
preceded the uprising of the Pueblos in 16S0.
Caudine Forks (ka'din forks), L. Furculae
Caudiuae (ter'ku-le ka-<ii'ne). Two passes in
the mountains of ancient Samnium, Italy, lead-
ing to an inclosed valley, identified with the
Val d'Arpaja (f), or probably with the vaUeyof
the Isclero. Here, 321 b. c, the Romans under the
consuls Sp. P. Albinus and T. Veturius were forced to
surrender to the Samnites under Pontius. The Romans
were forced to swear to a treaty of peace, and to give tiOO
Roman equites as hostages, while the whole Roman army
was sent under the yoke. The P.oman senate refused to
approve the treaty, and delivered the consuls to the Sam-
nites. who refused to accept them.
Caudle's Curtain Lectures, Mrs. A series of
lectures (by Douglas Jerrold) indicted by Mrs.
Caudle upon Mr. Caudle after they had gone to
bed and the curtains were drawn for the night.
Caudry (ko-dre'l. A town in the department
of Xord, France, 17 miles south-southwest of
Valenciennes. Population (1891), commune,
8,045.
Caulaincourt (ko-lan-kiir'), Armand Augus-
tin Louis de, Duke of Vicenza. Born at Cau-
laincourt, Somme, France, Dec. 9, 1772: died
at Paris, Feb. 19, 1827. A French diplomatist
and general. He was ambassador to Russia 1807-11,
and minister of foreign affaii-s 1813-14 and 1815.
Caulfeild (kal'feld), James. Born at Dublin,
Aug. 18, 1728: died Aug. 4, 1799. An Irisli
statesman, fourth Viscount and first Earl of
Cliarleraont.
Caulfield, James. Born Feb. ll, 17G4: died at St.
Bartholomew's Hospital. London, April 22, 1826.
An Engli.sh priut-seller and writer, especially
noted as a collector of engraved portraits.
Caulier (ko-lya'), Madeleine. Died July 24.
1712. A French jieasaiit girl noted for bravery
during the siege of Lille. On .Sept. 8, 170s. she car-
ried an imptirtant order from the Duke of Bni-gundy to
Marshal Boufflers, commander of the besieged iu-my. She
was permitted, as a reward, to enlist in a regiment of dra-
go*»ns, and fell in the battle of Deuain.
Caulonia(ka-16'ni-S). [Gr. Knr>(jrorKoi'?.<ji'ia.]
An ancient Acluvaii town, probablv on the site
of modern Castelvetere, Calabria, Italv, in lat.
38° 27' N., long. 16° 25' E.
226
Caumont (ko-mon'), Aldrick Isidore Ferdi-
nand, Bom at St. Vincent-Cramesnil. Seine-
Inferieure, France, May 15, 1825. A French
jurist and political economist. His chief work
is " Dictionnaire universelde droit commercial
maritime " (18.55-69).
Caumont, Ajcisse de. Bom at Bayeux, France,
Aug. 28, 1802 : died at Caen, France, April 15,
1S73. A French archa?ologist.
Caussade (ko-siid'). A town in the department
of Taru-et-Garoune, France, 13 miles north-
east of Montauban. It was a Huguenot strong-
hold. Population (1891), commime, 3,747.
Gausses (kos). The. [F.o//((»j, limestone.] A
gi'oupof limestone plateaus iu the department
of Lozfere and the vicinity, southern France,
near the head waters of the Tarn.
Caussin de Perceval (ko-san' de pers-val'),
Armand Pierre. Born at Paris, Jan. 13, 1795:
died at Paris, Jan. 15, 1871. A French Oriental-
ist and historian, a traveler in Syria, and (1822)
professor of Arabic at the College of France.
He was a son of J. J. A. Caussin de Perceval. He wrote
"Essais sur ITiistoire des Arabes" (1S47X etc.
Caussin de Perceval, Jean Jacques Antoine.
Bom at Montdidier, France, June 24, 1759 :
died July 29, 1835. A French Orientalist and
historian. His best-known works are transla-
tions from Greek and Arabic.
Caustic (kas'tik ), Colonel. A character in the
"Lounger," a periodical published by Henry
Mackenzie 17.8.5-86.
Cauterets (kot-ra'). A watering-place in the
department of Hautes-P\Ten6es, France, 28
miles southwest of Tarbes. Elevation, 3,055
feet. It has hot sulphur springs.
Caution (ka'shon), Mrs. -A character In Wych-
erley's "Gentleman Dancing-Master."
Cautionary Towns. A name given to the four
towns in the Netherlands — Briel, Flushing, Wal-
cheren, Rammekens — held 158.5-1616 by Eng-
land as security for payment due.
Cautley (kat'li). Sir Pfoby Thomas. Born at
Stratford St. Mary's, Suffolk, 1802: died at
Sydenham, near London, Jan. 25, 1871. An
English colonel of engineers in India, and pa-
leontologist. He was especially noted as the superin-
tendent of the construction of the Ganges can.al, 1843-,54.
He explored as a geologist the Siv.alik range, making
large collections of fossils which he presented to the
British Museum. He published numerous papers on scien-
tific (chiefly paleontological) topics.
Cauvery, or Cavery. See Kdveri.
Caux, Marchioness de. See Fatu, AdeUna.
Gauz (ko). A territory iu Normandy, France,
comprised iu the department of Seine-Inferi-
eure, and situated north of the Seine, bordering
the English Channel. Its chief town is Caude-
bec.
Cava (ka'va), La. A town in the province of
Salerno, Italy, 26 miles southeast of Naples.
The Benedictine abbey of La Trinity contains a remarka-
ble collection of parchments, jiaper M.sS-, etc. The town
is a favorite pleasure-resort. Population, 0,000.
Cavaignac (kii-van-yak'), Elionore Louis
Godefroy. Bom at Paris, 1801 : died at Paris,
May 5, 1845. A French .iourualist and republi-
can politician, son of J. B. (.'avaignac. He was
prominent in the ovent.s of 1830, 1832, and 1834.
Cavaignac, Eugene Louis. Born at Paris, Oc t .
15, 1802: died at Ournes, near Flee, Sarthe.
Fiance, Oct. 28, 1857. A French general, son
of J. B. Cavaignac. He served in Algeria 1832-18;
was governor of .-ilgeria in 1848 ; became minister of war.
May, 1848; suppressed the insurrection at Paris as mili-
tary dictator, June23-26 ; was chief of the executive. June-
Dec , 1818 ; and was an unsuccessful candidate for presi-
dent. Dec, 1848.
Cavaignac, Jean Baptiste. Bom at Gourdon,
Lot, France, 1702; died at Brussels, March 24,
1829. A French revolutionist, deputy to the
Convention in 1792.
Cavaillon (kii-va-y6n'). A town in the depart-
ment of Vaucluse, France, on the Durance 12
miles southeast of Avignon: the ancient Ca-
bellio. It contains a medieval cathedral, and the re-
mains of an ancient triumphal arch. Population (18D1).
commune, 9,077.
Cavalcanti (kii-viil-kiin'te), Guide. Born at
F"lorence about 1240: died at Florence, Aug.,
1300. \ Florentiue poet and philosopher, a
friend of Dante.
Cavalese (kii-vii-la'se). The chief place in the
Fieraine valley, southern Tyrol, south-south-
east of Botzen.
Cavalier (kii-vii-lya'). Jean. Born at Ribaute,
iH:ir Anduze, Gard, France, between 167!)-81:
died at Chelsea, near London, May, 1740. A
French general, leader of the Camisardsiu the
C^vennes 1702-04.
Cavendish, Thomas
CavaUeri (ka-vii-le-a're), or Cavalleri, Buena-
ventura. Bom at Milan, 1598: died at Bo-
logna. Italy, Dec. 3, 1647. An Italian mathe-
matician, celebrated as the inventor of the
geometrical "method of intlivisibles." His chief
work is " Geometria indivisibillum continuorum noTa
tiuadam ratione promota."
Cavall (ka-val'). King Arthur's dog.
Cavalleria Busticana (kii-val-la-re'a rus-te-
kii'na). [It., 'rustic gallantry.'] An opera by
Mascagui, first played in Rome May 18, 1890.
Cavalli (kii-viil'le), Pietro Francesco (origi-
nallv Caletti-Bnini). Born at Crema, Italy,
1599 or 1600: died at Venice, Jan. 14, 1676.
An Italian composer, organist, and chapel-mas-
ter. He began to compose operas in 1637, and continued to
produce them for 32 years. Among them are "'Giasone"
(1655), "Serse" (1660), " Ercole amante " (1662). Heisnow
considered to have been the inventor of the "Da Capo,"
which was long attributed to ScarlattL
Cavan (kav'an) 1. A county in Ulster, Ire-
land, l_\nng between Fermanagh and Mon-
aghan on the north, Monaghau and Meath on
the east, Meath, Westmeath, and Longford on
the south, and Longford and Leitrim on the
west. Area, 746 .square miles. Population
(1891), 111,917.— 2. The capital of the county
of Cavan, in lat. .54° N.. long. 7° 22' W.
Cave (kav), Edward. Bom at Newton, War-
wickshire, Englaud. Feb. 27, 1691: died at Lon-
don, Jan. 10, 17.54. A noted English printer
and bookseller, in 1731 he started a printing -ofHce at
London under the name of "R, Newton," and founded the
" Gentleman's Magazine," which he edited under the pseu-
donym "Sjlvanus I'rban, Gent." He began in 1732 the
publication of regular reports of parliamentary debates,
based on the memory' of reporters who had listened to the
speeches, and put in proper literary shape by William
Guthrie and. after him. for several years, by Dr. Johnson.
This publication of these reports brought upon him the
censure of Parliament.
Cave, The. See Jihtllom. Cave of.
Cave, William. Born at Pickwell, Leicester-
shire, England, 1637: died at Windsor, Eng-
land, July 4, 1713. A noted English divine and
patristic scholar.
Caveau(ka-v6'). [F., 'small (vrine)cellar.T A
Parisian literary and convivial club, founded in
1729, dissolved in 1739, and refounded in 1806
and 1834: named from a tavern "Caveau."
Cavedoni (kii-va-do'ue), Celestino. Bom at
Levizzano Rangone, near Modena, Italy, May
18, 1795: die<l at Modena, Nov. 26, 1865. An
Italian archaeologist and numismatist.
Cavelier (ka-ve-lya' ). Pierre Jules. Bom Aug.
30, 1814 : died Jan. 28, 1894. A French sciUptor.
His chief works are ■' Penelope" (1849X "Truth," "Ab^-
lard," 'Cornelia " OH at Paris), etc.
Cavendish(kav'n-dish orkan'dish). The name
uniler which Henry Jones wrote on whist, etc.
Cavendish, Lord Frederick Charles. Bom
at Eastbom-ne, Nov. 30, 1836 : died May 6, 1882.
The second son of William Cavendish, seventh
Duke of Devonshire. He was private secretary to
Ixird Granville 1859-C4 ; member of Parliament 1865-82 ;
private secretai-y to Mr. Gladstone, July. 1872, to Aug., 1873;
financial secretary of the treasury 1880-82 ; and successorto
W.G. Forster,aschief secretary to the lord lieutenant of Ire-
land, May. 1S82. He was assassinated with Under-Secretary
Burke while they were walking in Phoenix Park, Dublin.
Cavendish, Georgiana. Born June 9, 1757:
died at London, March 30, 1806. Eldest daugh-
ter of the first Earl Spencer, and wife of the
fifth Duke of Devonsliire, famous for her beauty,
wit, and social infiueuce.
Cavendish, Henry. Bom at Nice, Oct. 10, 1731 :
died at London, March 10 (Diet. Nat. Biog.),
1810. A celebrated English chemist and physi-
cist, eldest son of Lord Charles Cavendish,
third son of the second Duke of Devonshire.
He studied at Cambridge 1750-53. but did not take bis
degree. He discovered nitric acid, and was the first who,
by inductive experiments, combined oxygen and hydro-
gen into water. He published numerous scientific papers,
including"Experimentsoa Air. by Henry Cavendish, Esq.,"
in the " Philosophical Transactions " of the Royal Society,
of which he became a member iu 1760.
Cavendish, Spencer Compton. Born July 23,
1833. Eighth Duke of Devonshire: known till
his father's death, Dec. 21, 1891, by the courtesy
title of Marquis of Hartington. He was educated
at Trinity College, Cambridge, and entered Parliament as
a member for .North Lancashire in 1857. He has held vari-
ous othces in the Liberal ministries of his time, and from
1875 to 1.S80 w.is leader of his party in the House of Com-
mons. The pijsition of prime minister was offered to him
by the Queen in IsSO, but w.as declined. Since the seces
sion of Liberals caused by Mr. Gladstone's Home Knie Bill
in 1886, he has been the recognized leader of the Li)>eral
Unionist party. Lord presi<ient of the coniicil 1895-.
Cavendish, Thomas. Bom in the parish of
Trinday St. Martin. Suffolk. Englaml. about
1,').55: liiedat sea in the South Atlantic, June,
1.592. A noted English navigator and free-
booter. In 1685 he commanded a ship in the fleet of
Cavendish, Thomas
227
ship in 1860 ; secretly supported the expedition of Gari-
baldi aciiinat Sieily in the same year; and achieved the
unitlcatiuti of Italy, except Venice and the Patrimonium
Petri, under the scepter of Victor Emmanuel in 1861.
Cawdor (ka'iior), or Calder (kal'di'i-). A par-
ish iu Nairu and Iiivi'ruess, Scotland, 5 miles
southwest of Xaini. Cawdor Castle is tho tra-
ditional scene of the murder of Duncan by
Maehfth, 1040.
In Shakspero's " Mae-
Eichard Orcnville, sent by Raleigh to Virginia. On July
21 li)H6, he sailed from Plymouth witli three small vessels,
the Di-sire, the Content, and the llush Gallant (which
w:uj sunk in the I'aeitic); touched at Africa and Brazil;
passed the Strait of Magellan, ,)an., 1.'>S7 ; ravaged the
shores of Spanish South America and Mexico, taking many
vessels; and on Nov. 14, 1587. captured a ship from the
Philippines witli an immense booty. He then crossed tile
Pacillc, and returned t»y way of the Cape of Good Hope,
reaching England Sept. 10, 16SS. This was the second
circumnavigation of I he world. Cavendish undertook a fj„_.jQ_ Thane of
similar voyage in 1501 witli live ships; but, after enduring Y«* "."■>;» i .'""■"»- " •
great hardships, he was unable to pass the Strait of Ma-
gelhin. His ships were scattered, and he died while at-
tempting to retm-n. ttnly a few of his crew ever reached
England.
Cavendish, i^ir William. Born at Cavendish,
Suffolk, about l.'iU.'): died Oct. 25, 1557. An
English politician, treasurer of the royal
chamber under Henry VIIL, Edward VI., and
Mary. He was a younger brotlier of Gteorge
Cavendish, biofjrapher of Wolsey.
Cavendish, William. Born 1592: died Dec.
25, HiTli. An Eii^'lish st&tesman and writer,
created earl of Newcastle March 7, 1628, ami
duke of Newcastle March 16, Ifi^-^;^^ He was_gov^ Oa-wnpore. or Cavhipur. A city in the North-
Ceballos Cort§8 y Calderon
of Tarn-et-Garonne, southern France, 24 miles
northeast of Montauban. Population (1891),
commune, 4,265.
Caylus, Marquise de (Marthe Marguerite de
Villette). Bui 11 ill Puituu, France, 1673: died
April 15, 1729. A French court lady and author.
.She was the niece of Madame de Maintenon, under whose
protection slie was educated at the court of Louis XIV.,
and married, 1686, the M;m|ui5 de Caylus, who died 17(M.
She left a work, much admired for its naivety and beauty
of style, which was edited by Voltaire, 1770, under the
title ".Souvenirs de .Madame de Caylus."
beth," "a prusiierous gentleman" whose rank
was promised to Macbeth bv the witches. He „ , « . j ,. m j nvi- j
was executed by order of Duncan'for treason. He died CaylUS, ComtC de (Anne UlaUQe Jf niUppe QC
nobly: "nothing in his life became him like the leaving Tubiferes). Born at Paris, Oct. 31, 1692: died
it." Steevens remarks that his behavior corresponds in
almost every circumstance with that of the unfortunate
Earl of Essex beheaded by Elizabeth. "Such an allusion
could not fail of having the desired effect on an amlieiice
many of whom were eye-witnesses to the severity of that
justice." Tlic Thaneof Cawdor does not appearupon the
st:ige at all, but .Macbeth succeeds to his otlice.
Cawnpore (kan-pOr'), m- Cawnpur (kan-jior').
A district iu the Allalialjad division, North-
western Provinces, British India. Area, 2,363
square miles. Population (1891), 1,209,695.
emor of tlie IMnce of Wales 1638-41 ; rei
militAry services to theKoyiUist cause during the civil war ;
fought as a volunteer at Marston Moor; and left England
Id ltM4, returning at the Restoration. He wrote poems,
several plays, and two works on horsemanship entitled
"La luethode et invention nouvelle de dresser les che-
vaux " (Antwerp, 1657), and " A New Method and Extraor-
dinary Invention todress Horses and work them, according
to Nature, et<-." (16<;7). He was a skilful hol-se-trainer.
Cavendish, William. Died March 3, 1626.
Second son of .Sir William Cavendish by his
third wife (afterward Countess of Shrewsbury),
created tirst earl of Devonshire Aug. 2, 1618.
Cavendish, William. Born Jan. 25, 1640: died
western Provinces, British India, situated ou
the Ganges in lat. 26° 28' N,, long. 80° 30' E.
ft iB an important military station. Here, in the Sepoy
at Paris, Sept. 5, 1765. A French archteolo-
gist, son of the Martiuise de Caylus.
Caymans (ki-manz'). [From cayman, alliga-
tor: 'Alligator Islands.'] Tliree islands in the
( 'arililiean Sea, nortliwest of Jamaica, to which
tllev belong. OrandCayman, the largest, is situated in
hit. la 20' S., long. 81" 20' W. Area of group, 225 square
miles. Population (1891), 4,019.
Cayster (ka-is'ter), or Caystrus (ka-is'trus).
In ancient geograpliy, a river in Lydia, Asia
Minor, which flows into the JEf^ean Sea 35 miles
south-southeast of Smyrna: now called Kut-
shuk Mendere (Little Meander). Length, over
100 miles.
mutiny (June and July, 1857), the Eiu-opeans (many women f, (kavri'p'Ht PPl also Cff«!/«rt« 1 A
and children) were massacred by the mutineers under H '^^ \t ^.? f"'" -^ 'r ,■ 'ay'lff"''-} A
Nana Sahib. Population (1891), including cantonment
188,712.
Caxamarca. See Cajtimarca.
Caxton (kaks'tou), PisistratUS. The princi-
pal character in "The Caxtons," by Bulwer.
Under this name Bulwer Lytton wrote "My
Novel" (the sequel to" The Caxtons") and other
works.
at London, Aug. 18, 1707. An English noble- Caxton, William. Born in Kent about 1422
man, eldest son of the third Earl of Devon-
shire (died 1684), created first duke of Devon-
shire and marquis of Hartington May 12, 1694.
He erected Chatsworth (1687-1706), the famous
seat of tlie dukes of Devonshire.
Cavendish, William. Born 1720: died at Spa,
Oct. 3, 1764. An English statesman, fourth
Duke of Devonshire, lord lieutenant and gov-
ernor-general of Ireland 1755 (as Marquis of
Hartington until Dec. 5, when he succeeded
to the dukedom), and prime minister Nov.,
17.56,-May, 1757.
Cavendish College. A college of Cambridge
University, iounaed in 1873, opened in 1876,
and recimstituted in 1888.
Gave of Adullam. See Adullam.
Cave of Machpelah. See Machpclah.
Cave of Mammon. The dwelling-place of
died at Westminster, 1491. The first English
printer. He was first apprenticed to a London mercer,
Robert Large (Lord Mayor of London 1439-10), and after
his master's death (1441) went to Bruges, where he served
out the remainder of his apprenticeship (1446), and then
established himself as a mercer, becoming about 1465 gov-
ernor of the English Association of Merchant Adventurers
in that city. In 1469 he began to translate into English
the " Recueil des Histoires de Troye " (completed in 1471
in Ghent and Cologne), and to supply the great demand for
copies of the book set himself to learn the art of printing.
The •' Recueil, " the first printed English book, probably ap-
peared in 1474, and may have been printed eitherat Cologne
trilie of North American Indians. The name is
derived from that which they gave themselves, "Gw^-u-
gweh-o-ii<i," 'people of the mucky land," referring to the
marsh at the foot of Cayuga Lake. The French name was
Gtnoijmieii and the Huron Ouio^tenronnon, both corrupted
from the true tribal name. This tribe was the smallest
of the Iroquois Confederacy. They are now distributed
between Indian Tenitory, Wisconsin, and Ontario, Can-
ada, and their total number is about 1.300. See Iroquois.
Cayuga Lake (kii-yo'ga lak). A lake in central
New York, lat. 42° 25'-42° 55' N., long. 76° 45'
W. Its outlet is through the Cayuga, Seneca, and Oswego
rivers into Lake Ontario. Length, 38 miles. Average
width, 2 miles. The chief town on it is Ithaca.
Cayuse (ka-yos'), or Cailloux (ka-lyo' or ka-
yo'), or Willetpoo (wU-et-p6'). [PI., also Ca-
yuses.] The leading tribe of the Waiilatpuan
stock of Nortli American Indians. Tlieir former
habitat was the region between the Des Chutes River and
the Blue Mountains, Oregon, and also parts of Klikitat
and Yakima counties, Washington, south of the Yakima
River. There are 415 individuals presuinalily nf Cayuse
blood on the Umatilla reservation. See Waiilaljiintn.
or at the press ol colaru Jlansioii in Bruges, in 14/d ne fia-jalAo /"kS 7-i Ms') Tar>niipa Anf-ninP Marip
completedand had printed (by Mansion '.Oatranslationof t-azaies (iia-za-lds ), jaCqUeS AntOine IViarie
a Fi-ench version of the " Ludus Scacchorum " of J. de Ces-
solis, under the title "The Game and Playeof the Chesse"
— the second printed English book. He left Bruges in 1476,
and set up his press in VVestminster (the exact site is un.
certain), from that time until his death being constantly
engaged in translating and printing with several assis-
tants, among whom was Wyiikyn de Worde, his successor.
Mammon, descriljed in the second book of Caxtons (kaks'tonz), the. A novel by Bulwer
Spenser's "Faerie Cjueene." Lytton, first published anonymously in "Black-
Cave of Trophonius. See Trophuiiiuii. wood's Magazine" in 1848, in book form in
Cave of the Winds. A recess behind the falls 1850.
of Niagara, between them and tho wall of rock: Cayamb6(ka-yam-ba'). A volcano in Ecuador.
often visifeil by tourists. Height, 19,187 feet (Whymper).
Caverne de I'flomme Mort. [F.,' cave of the Cayapds (ka-ya-p6s'). A tribe of Indians of
dead man. 'J .See the extract.
For the determination of the characteristics of this Ibe-
rian or Aquitaiiian race no more typical sepulchre can be
selected than the celebrated Caverne de 1' Homme Mori in
the I)ep:u"tineiit of the Loztre. It lies in an inaccessible
and desolate ravine which traverses a barren limestone
plateau. Here the feeble Iberian race seems to have
maintained itself for a time, after the more fertile sur-
rounding lands had been seized by the brachycephalic in-
truders whose descendants now occupy the region. In
this cave some fifty persons must have been interred, and
in fifteen cases the skeletons have been so well preseived
iw to admit of accurate measurement, and even of the
determination of the sex. Tnijliir, Aryans, p. 94.
Cavery, or Cauvery. See Kiln ri.
Caviana (kii-ve-ii'nii), or Cavianna (kii-ve-
a'uii). An uninliabited delta island in Brazil,
situated at tlic mouth of tho Amazon under tho
equator, in long. 50° W. Length, .50 miles.
Caviedes (kii-vG-a' thiis), Elbi Temistocles.
Born at Uancagua, 1849. A Chilian .journalist
and author. Among his works are " Viva San .luan ! "
a novel, and " Las Islas de Juan Fernandez," the result of a
Voyage mailc in I.SS3.
Oavour (kil-viir'). A town in tho province of
Turin, Italy, 27 miles southwest of Turin.
Cavour, Count di (Camillo Benso). Born at
Turin, Aug. 1(1, ISKI; diod at Turin, June 6,
1H(>1. A celebrateil Italian statesman. Heen-
tered the Sardinian Pailianient in Is4S ; was a member of
II'Azcgtitr's cabinet 18.50 5'2 ; became prime minister in
1852; joined the alliance of the western powers and Tur-
key against Russia in 1H55 ; sent In the same year a con-
tingent of 15,000 Sardinian troops ilndi!r La Marmora l(»
tho Crimea; represented Sardinia at the C'ongress of
Paris in 185r> ; formed an alliance with Napoleon 111.
against Austria at I'lonibi^res in 1H.5H ; carried on, with
the assistance of the French, a successful war against
Austria in 18,59, and in the same year resigned the pre-
nilersliip, dissatisfied with the terms of jieace imposed
by Napoleon at Vlllafrnnca, He resumed the premier-
central Brazil, living about the head waters Cazin
of the river Araguaya, westward in Matto
Grosso and southward in Sao Paulo. During the
18th century they often attacked travelers on the way to
CuyabA. A few thousand at most remain in a wild state.
By their language they arc classed, doubtfully, with the
Bot^.)CUdo8.
CaycOS. See Caicos.
Cayenne (ka-yen' or ki-en'). A seaport and
the capital of French (iuiana, situated on the
island of Caye°iiP "' '^.t. 4° 56' N., long. .5'2°
20' W. Political prisoners have been banished there at
several periods in French history, but at present only col-
ored convicts arc sent. Population, about 10,000.
Cayenne. A name often given to
(jiuiana.
Cayes (ka), or Aux Cayes (o ka), or Les Cayes
(la kii). A seaport on the southern coast of
Haiti, in lat. 18° 25' N,, long. 73° 30' W. Popu-
lation, estimated, 8,000.
Cayla (ka Hi'), Comtesse du
Talon). Born at BoiiUay-Tliierry, nearl)reu.\,
France, -'Vug. 5, 1785: died at St. Uueii, near
Paris, Mari-h 19, 1852. A favorite of Louis
XVIU. of France, After his death (1824) sh.>
became a pal rouess of agriculture and iinlustry.
Cayley (ka'li), Arthur. Horn A;ig. l(i, 182i
died Jan. 26, 189."
eian. He was graduated at Trinity College, (Cambridge,
in 1842, was called to the bar in 1849, and became Sadle-
rian professor of pure mathematics iu the ('niversity of
Cambriilgc in IslKl.
Cayley, Charles BagOt. Born near St. Peters-
burg, .Inly 9, 1.S23: died at l;oiidon, Dec. 6.
1883. \n Knglisli poet, lirot her of ArlhurCny-
ley tlie malliematician, known chiefly as n
translator of Dante.
Caylus (kn-liis'). A town in the department
de. Born at Grenade, Haute-Garonne, France,
Feb. 1, 17.58: died .at Engalin, Gers, France,
Nov. 24, 1805. A French politician and orator,
rovalist advocate in the National Assembly of
1789.
Cazembe (kii-zem'be). A country in central
Africa, north of Lake Baug'weolo : so called
from the title of the rider. It is included in
the British South Africa Company's territory.
Cazeno'via (kaz-e-no'vi-a). A town and village
in Maelison County, New York, 18 miles south-
east of Sjracuse. It is the seat of a Methodist sem-
inary. Population (1S90\ village, 1,987; town, 4,182,
(ka-zan'), Jean Charles. Bom at
Samcr, Pas-de-Calais, about 1840. A French
painter. He studied with Lecoq de Boisbaudran, and
afterward with the Preraphaelite school in England.
Among his pictures are "La fuite en Egypte " (1877), "Le
voyage de Tobie " (1878), etc.
Cazotte (kii-zof), Jacques. Born at Dijon,
France, Oct. 17, 1719: died at Paris, Sept. 25,
1792. A French man of letters. His works include
"Olivier" (1763), " Le diable amoureu.x " (^1771), "Le lord
impromptu " (1772), etc. He was arrestca by the revolu-
tionary tribunal and guillotined.
Ccapac Yupanqui. See Capac Tupanqui.
Ceadda, Samt. See Chad.
French Cearcl (se-ii-rii' I. A state in eastern Brazil,
lying between tho Atlantic Ocean on the north,
Hio ( irande do Norte and Parahyba on the east,
Pernambuco on the south, ami Piauhy on the
west. Area, 40,253 square miles. Population
(188S), about 9.50,000.
(Zo6 Victoire Ceawlin (ke-ou'liii). Died .593. A king of the
West Saxons, son of Cynric whom he suc-
ceeded iu 560. He took part in the battle of Beran
byig (Barbury Hill, near .Marlborough) in 55(1; fought
anif defeated .-Ethellierht, king of Kent, at Wimblediui in
508; defeated three British kings at Oeorham in 677 ; wiis
defeated in ^>S^i by the Britons; and in 691 was driven
from liis throncr by a popular revidt.
A noted F.nglish inatheniati- Ceballos ((lia-biiryos), Juan Bautista. Born
in Diirango. \X\\ : died iil'lei' IS54. A Mexican
jurist. He was a member of Congress, and in 1852 was
made president of the Supreme Court. On the resigna-
tion of Arista he was chosen president ait interim of
Mexico, .Ian. 0, l.s5;l, and was given extraordinary powers
for three nemfhs, but resignetl on Felt. 7.
Ceballos Cort6s y Calderon (ilia-biU'yos kor-
liis' e kiLl-da-niii' ), Pedro de : often written
Zevallos. Born nt Cndiz, .liiiie 29. 1715: died
al Conlova, Dec. 26, 1778. ,\ Spanish general.
Ceballos Cortes y Calderon
lu 1766 he was made governor of Buenos Ayres ; forced
the surrender of the Portuguese fort at Colonia de
Sacramento, taking 26 English vessels, Nov. 2, 1762; re-
turned to Spain in 1767 ; was appointed first viceroy of
Buenos Ayres in 1776; took Santa I'atliarina from the
Portuguese, Feb., 1777 ; retook and dcstioyed the Colonia
de Sacramento, which had reverted U< the Portuguese by
the peace of 1763 ; aHd returned to Spain in 1778.
Cebalrai (sc-bal'ia-e). [Ai-. kalb al-rd'i, the
shephorii's dog.] The fourth-magnitude star
/J Serpeutis, iu the head of the ereatui'e.
Cebes (se'bez). [Gr. Kf^«-.] Lived at Thebes,
Ba-otia, 5th century B. c. A Greek philoso-
pher, a friend and pupil of Socrates. He is one
of the interlocutore in Plato's "Phtedo." Tlnee works
were ascrilied to him. one of wliich, Hcraf ("The Pic-
ture"), is a philosophical explanation of a table symboli-
cally representing the dangers and vicissitudes of life.
Cebola. >'ee Zuni.
Cebollita (tha-bol-ye'tii). [Sp.,' little onion.']
A ranch in central New Mexico, south of the
Atlant if and Pacific Railroad. Some of the most
interesting ancient ruins in the Southwest are found in
the valley in which the ranch is situated.
Oebrian y Agustin (sa-bre-iin' e ii-gos-teu'),
Pedro de, Count of Fuenclara, Grandee of
Spain, etc. A Spanish administrator of the
18th century. From Nov. 3, 1742, to July B, 1746, he was
viceroy of New Spain (Mexico). Subsequently he was
Spanish ambassador to Vienna-
Cebli (se-bo'), or Zebli (ze-b6'; Sp. pron., in
both spellings, tha-bci'). An island in the Phil-
ippines, iu lat. 9° 30'-ll° N., long. 123°-124°
E. Length, 135 miles. Area of pro%-iiice (in-
cluding adjacent islands), 1,.S13 siniare miles.
Cecil (ses'il or sis'il). Robert. Bom at
Westminster (f) about 1563: died at Marl-
borough, May 24, 1612. An English states-
man, son of William Cecil, Lord Bnrghley, by
his second wife (Mildred, daughter of Sir An-
thony Cooke), created earl of SaHsbury May 4,
1605.
Cecil, Lord Robert. See Salisbury, Marquis of.
Cecil, Thomas. Born May 5, 1542 : died Feb.
7. 1622. An English nobleman, eldest son of
William Cecil, Lord Bnrghley, by his first wife,
created first earl of Exeter May 4, 1605.
Cecil, William. Born at Bourn, Lincolnshire,
Sept. 13, 1520 : died at London, Aug. 4, 1598.
A celebrated English statesman, son of Kichard
Cecil of Burleigh, Northamptonshire, created
baron of Burghley Feb. 25, 1571. He studied
at St. John's College, Cambridge, 1535-41, but did not take
a degree ; was entered as a student at Gray's Inn, May,
1541 ; married Mary Cheke (died Feb. 22, 1544), sister of
John Cheke, the celebrated scholar. May 5, 1542 ; and took
as his second wife Mildred, daughter of Sir Anthony
Cooke, Dec, 21, 1545. In Nov., 1547, he entered Parlia-
ment, and in the siune year became secretary to Somerset,
who was then protector; and when his patron fell (1548)
was committed to the Tower, where he remained for two
months. He was appointed a secretary of state, Sept. 5,
15.50, and for the rest of his life occupied a position of
great influence successively under Edward VI., Mary,
and Elizabeth. It was as chief minister to Elizabeth for
forty years that he won his great fiuue.
Cecilia (so-sil'i-il). A novel by Madame d'Ar-
blay, published in 1782.
Cecilia, Saint. Died at Kome, 230. A Christian
martyr. According to the legend, she was compelled,
in spite of a vow of celibacy, to marry a young nobleman.
Valerian. She succeeded in converting him to her views
and also to Christianity, for which they sulfered death.
She has generally been considered the patron saint of
music, particularly church music, and is represented in
art as singing and playing on some musical instrument,
or as listening to the music of an angel who has been
drawn from heaven by her harmony. liryden alludes to
this in his "Ode for St. Cecilia's Day." Her story is also
told by Chaucer in the Second Nun's Tale, one of the "Can-
terbury Tales. " In the Roman and .\nglicau calendars
her feast is celebrated on Nov. 22.
Cecilia, Saint, One of the finest paintings of
Raphael, in the Accademia at Bologna, Italy.
The beautiful figure of the saint, richly clad, occupies the
middle of the picture ; she listens entranced to the heav-
enly choir of angels above her, while discarded earthly
musical instruments lie at her feet.
Cecilia, Saint. A painting by Rubens, in the
Old .Museum at Berlin. The saint is playing on a
harpsichord and singing, attended by four angels. It is
in reality a ijortrait of the painter's second wife, Hel^ne
Fourraent.
Cecilia, Story of Saint. Five celebrated fres-
cos by Domcnicliiiio, in San Luigi dei Fran-
cesi, Rome. The subjects are the saint distributing
her clothes among the poor, her contempt for idols, her
martyrdom, her reception of the martyr's cnjwn, and her
assumittion. There are no better examples of Domeni-
chino's somewhat cold and academical style.
Cecropia (se-kr6'i>i-a). Tlie widow of the
younger brother of King Basilius in Sidney's
romance "Arcadia."
Cecrops (se'lcrops). [Gr. KtVpoi/'.] In Athe-
nian tradition, the first king of Athens, and the
introducer of civilization into Greece. He was
at first regarded as autochthonous, and as a being whose
228
upper half was human and the lower half a dragon ; later
he » as represented to be of Egyptian origin.
Cedar Creek (se'dar krek). A stream in the
Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, which ,ioins the
Shenandoah 4 miles from Strasburg. Here, Oct.
19, 18&4, the Confederates under Early surprised the Fed-
erals under Wright. Later in the day the Confederates
were defeated by Sheridan. Loss of the Federals, 5,9'.t5 ; of
the Confederates, 4,200. See Sheridan and Sherida/i's Hide.
Cedar Falls (se'dar falz). A city in Black
Hawk County, Iowa, situated on the Cedar
River 99 miles west of Dubuque. Population
(1890), 3,459.
Cedar Keys (se'diir kez). A seaport in Levy
County, Florida, on the Gulf of Mexico in lat.
29° 7'"N., long. 83° 2' W. It is on Way Key and
Atsena Otil Key. It has a trade in sponges, fish, turtles,
etc
Cedar Mountain (se'diir mouu'tan). A hill
2 miles west of Mitchell's Station, Culpeper
County, Virginia. Here, Aug. 9, 1862, the Confeder-
ates (2oiooo-25,o00) under "Stonewall" Jackson defeated
part of Pope's army (7,500) under Banks. Loss of the
Confederates, 1,307 ; of the Federals, 1,400.
Cedar Rapids (se'dar rap'idz). A city in Linn
County, eastern Iowa, situated on the Red Ce-
dar River in lat. 41° 58' N., long. 91° 43' W.
It is a railway, trading, and manufacturing cen-
ter. Population (1890), 18,020.
Cedd (ked), or Cedda (ked'da), Saint. Born
in Northumbria: died Oct. 26, 6(34. An Eng-
lish missionary saint, bishop of the East Sax-
ons.
Cedmon. See ('a:<tmi>n.
Cedric of Rotherwood (ked'rik ov roTH'er-
wiid), or Cedric the Saxon. The guardian of
Rowena in Sir Walter Scott's novel " Ivan-
hoe."
Cedron. See Kedrmi.
Cefalu (cha-fa-lo'). A seaport in the province
of Palermo, Sicily, in lat, 38° 1' N., long. 14° 4'
E. : the ancient Cephaloedium or (jephaloedis.
It has a cathedral and a ruined castle. It was taken
by the Arabs in theOtll century. The cathedral, founded
in 1131 by King Roger, is one of the finest of Sicilian monu-
ments. The front, of Norman character, has a triple porch
between two four-tiered towers, a beautiful sculptured
portal, and pointed arcades with tooth-molding. The
nave has cylindrical columns and wooden roof ; the aisles
are vaulted. Choir and apse are lined with magnificent
mosaics on gold ground ; the semidome of the apse is oc-
cupied by a colossal half-figure of the Saviour. On the
north side of the cathedral there is a beautiful cloister of
the type of that at itonreale. Population, 12,000.
Celadon (sel'a-don). 1. A witty, inconstant
gallant in Drj-den's play" Secret Love, or The
Maiden (Jueen." He marries the flirt Florimel, with
the understanding that they may each have their own way
after ra.arriage.
2. The lover of the beautiful Astr6e (Astrea)
in D'Urfe's romance " Astr^e." His is one of
the stock names for a lover in the French di'a-
ma. — 3. A sort of generic name in pastoral
poetry for a rustic lover, as Chloc is for his mis-
tress.— 4. A character in Thomson's "Seasons."
Celaenae (se-le'ne). [Gr. Kc/aaoi.] An ancient
city of Phrygia, once of gi-eat size and impor-
tance. It became a royal residence in the
time of Xerxes.
The site of Celaenaj, unknown until within these few
yeai-s, has been determinately fixed by Mr. Hamilton
(Asia Minor, vol. i., pp. 498-500). It is the modern Dee-
nair (lat. 38° 3', long. 30° 20). This town, which abounds
in remains of high antiquity, is situated near the source
of the southern or main stream of the Mseander, and in
all respects corresponds to the accounts left of the an-
cient Cehente. Rau'timon, Herod., IV. 2S, not*.
Celseno (se-le'no). [Gr. KfAanu.] In clas-
sical mythology, one of the Harpies (see Bar-
pies) ; also, a Pleiad, a daughter of Atlas and
Pleione.
Celseno. [L. Cclasno, Gr. Kcz-an-o, one of the
daughters of Atlas and Pleione.] The 6i-mag-
nitude star 16 Pleiadum, barely visible with
the naked eye.
Cslakovsky". See Czelalowsl-y.
Celano, Lake of. See Furiiio.
Celebes (sel'o-bes). [From the name of a na-
tive people.] The third in size of the East
India Islands, situated east of Borneo, about
lat. 1° 45'-5° 45' S., long. 118° 45'-125° E. : a
Dutch possession, it is very irregular in shape, with
four lai-ge peninsulas. Its chief export is coffee. I'he
principal tribes are the Bugis, Macass,ars, and Alfuras.
Menado is the seat of Uie Dutch resident. Celebes was
discovered by the I'ortugnese in the 16th century ; they
were expelled by the Dutch in 1660. Area, 76,260 square
miles. Population, estlmaleil, 1,500,OUO,
Celeste (ss-lesf) (Celeste-Elliott), Madame.
Born at Paris, 1814 (?) : died at Paris, Feb. 12,
1882. An actress and noted dancer, she began
her professional career, in the latt«r capacity, at the Bow-
erj- Theater, New York, Oct,, 1827, and afterward danced
and acted chiefly in London, visiting America a second
time 1834-37.
Cellini
Celestial Empire, The. In western countries,
a popular name for the Chinese empire, translat-
ing the Chinese "Tien Chao'' ("Heavenly Dy-
nasty ').
Celestials (se-les'tialz), The. The Chinese:
from "the Celestial tmpire " (which see).
Celestina (Sp. tha-les-te'nii). A Spanish prose
drama in twenty-one acts, or parts, originally
called "The Tragicomedy of Calisto and Meli-
bcea.'' Though, from its length and structure, it can
never have been represented, its dramatic spirit and
movement have left traces that are not to be mistaken of
their influence on the national drama ever since.
The first act, which is much the longest, was probably
written by Rodrigo Cota, of Toledo, and in that case we
may safely assume that it was produced about 14S0.
Tkknur, Span. Lit., I. 235.
Celestine (sel'es-tin) I., or Coelestine (sel'es-
tin). Saint. Died at Rome, 432. Bishop of
Rome 422-432. He convoked the Council of Ephesus,
which in 431 condemned the heresy of Nestorius, and is
said by some to have sent St. Patrick to Ireland and Pal-
ladius to Scotland, although it is not clear that either of
these missionaries had any connection with Rome. He is
commemorate<l on April 6.
Celestine II., or Coelestine (Guido di Cas-
tello). Diedat Rome, March, 1144. Pope 1143-
1144. He absolved Louis VII. of France.
Celestine III., or Coelestine (Giacinto Or-
sini). Born about 1106: died at Rome, Jan. 8,
1198. Pope 1191-98. He crowned Henr)' ^^. of
Germany in 1191, and confirmed the Teutonic Order in
1192.
Celestine IV. (Goflfredo Castiglione). Died
Oct. 10, 1241. Pope, elected Sept. 22, 1241. He
reigned only 18 days.
Celestine V., Saint (Pietro di Murrhone).
Born in central Italy about 1215: died at the
castle Fumone, in the Campagna, Italy, May
19, 1296. He founded the order of the Celestines about
12.54, and was elected pope, at the age of eighty, July,
1294. Being unfitted for this exalted station by his pre-
vittus life as a hermit and consequent ignorance of the
world, he abdicated, Dec, 1294, and was imprisoned at
Fumone by Boniface VIII., who fe:u-ed that, if left at
liberty, he might become the occasion of schism.
Celia (se'li-ii). [Fern, of L. Cf/iHS.] 1. A char-
acter in Spenser's ''Faerie Queene," mother of
Faith, Hope, and Charity. She lived in the
hospice called Holiness. — 2. In Shakspere's
comedy "As you Like it," the cousin and de-
voted friend of Rosalind, and daughter of the
usurping Duke Frederick, she masquerades with
Rosalind in the forest of Arden, in the disguise of Aliena,
a shepherdess.
3. A straightforward, affectionate English girl,
with no squeamishness, in Beaumont and
Fletcher's play "The Humorous Lieutenant,"
made love to by both Antigonus and his son
Demetrius. She disguises as Enanthe. — 4. The
wife of Corvinoin Jonson's "Volpone." — 5. A
very yoimg girl in Whitehead's " School for
Lovers." "The part was written for Mrs. Cibber,
then over fifty years old.
C61im6ne(sa-ie-man'). 1. An artificial, coquet-
tish, but charming and sparkling fine lady in
Moli^re's comedy "Le Misanthrope." she makes
Acaste and Clitandre both believe she loves them, but
finally consents to marry the "Misanthi-ope," Alceste,
though declining to seclude herself from the world with
him, whereupon he rejects her. Her name is applied pro-
verbially to a coquette.
2. A character in Moliere's "Les Pr^cieuses
Ridicules," who has nothing to say.
Cellamare (chel-la-ma're), Princeof (Antonio
Giudice,Duke of Giovenazza). Bom at Naples,
1657 : died at Seville, Spain, May 16, 1733. A
Spanish general and diplomatist, ambassador
to France 1715-18.
Celle (tsel'le). A city in the province of Han-
nover, Prussia, situated on the Aller 22 miles
northeast of Hannover. It has an ancient ducal
castle. Population (1890), commune, 18,901.
Cellini (ehel-le'ne), Ben'7enuto. Born at Flor-
ence, Italy, Nov. 10, 1.500: died Feb. 13, 1.571.
A famous Italian sculptor and worker in gold
and silver. He studied with Michelangelo Bandinelli,
father of the sculptor Bandinelli, and Marcone the gold*
smith. From 1516-17 he worked in Pisa. In 1517 he re*
turned to Florence, where he met Torregiano (see Torre-
ijiano), who tried to secure him for his work in England.
Benvenuto's loyalty to Michelangelo, however, prevented
the engagement. F'rom 1523—40 he was in Kome, occupied
entirely with his work as goldsmith. In May, 1527, oc-
curred the siege and sack of Rome by the troops of the
Constable de Bourbon, in which Cellini assisted in the de-
fense of the ( 'astle of St. Angelo, and claimed to have killed
Bourbon and wounded the Prince of Orange. At the in-
stigation of Pier Luigi Farnese, bastard of Paul III., he
was imprisoned in the Castle of St. Angelo, Oct., 1538.
The account of his escape, Dec, 1,539, is the greatest mar-
vel of his marvelous autobiography. From 1,540-44 he
sttjourned in F'rance at the court of Francis I. He had
his atelier in the Petit Nesle. (See Petit Nesle.) At this
time his first attempts at sculpture were made, the chief
being the Nymph of Fontainebleau. From 1644 to his
Cellini
defttb in 1571 he served I'osiniu I. and the Medici family
ill Florence. Hia atury of tlie casting of the I'erfleus of
tin- Lo(;j:ia dei L;inzi at tliis time lias played a great role
in literature. His autoitiuyniiihy, one of the most famous
of Italian classics, circulated in MS. until it was printed
in 17.*10. It WAS translateil into (lernian by (ioethe. The
latest Knjs'Ii-sh trauhUitittu is liy J. A. -Syuionds.
Celman, Miguel Juarez. Sif .luarc: Cilman.
Celsius (sei'si-us 01' .■^d'sliius). Anders, Bom
at Upsala, Sweden, Nov. L'7, 1701 : died at Up-
Bala, April 25, 1744. A Swedish astrouomer,
nephew of Olaf Celsius, professor of astronomy
at Upsala. He introduced, about 1742, the
centi;;racle or Celsius thernionieter.
Celsius, Olaf, Born July 19. 1U70: ilied at
Upsala, Sweden, June 24, 1750. A Swedish
botanist, unele of Anders Celsius. Ho was pro-
fessor of theology and Oriental language in the University
of Upsala, and rendered himself famous by his researches
in regard to the plants mentioned in the Scriptures. He
was the instructor and patron of Linna)us.
Celsius, Olaf. Born at Upsala, Sweden, Dec.
15, 1716: died at Lund, Sweden, Feb. 1.5, 1794.
A Swedish historian, son of Olaf Celsius (1670-
1756). He became professor of history in the University
of Upsala in 1747, and bishop of Lund in 1777. He wrote
a history of Gustavus I. (1740-5;^), and a history of Eric
XIV. (1774). He was ennobled in 1766.
Celsus (sel'sus). Lived in the 2d (,?) ceuttiry
A. D. A Platonist philosopher. He was the
author of a famous treatise against Uhristianity, 'AAt)**!]?
.\oyo? (" I'rue Discourse "), the substance of which is pre-
served in the "Contra t'clsuTn " by Origcii.
Celsus, Aulus (or Aurelius) Cornelius. Lived
in the first half of the l.st centtuy A. D. A
Uomau writer, author of a comprehensive en-
cyclopedia treating of farming, medicine, mil-
itary art, oratory, jurisprudence, and philos-
ophy. "Of this only the eight books de medicina have
come down to us, being h. (>-i;i of the complete work, the
only one of this kind in the good age of Koman literature.
In those Celsus gives an account of the whole medical
system of the time, writing as a layman and following
chietiy Hipiiokrates and Asklepiades, with sound judg-
ment and in simple, pure diction. The parts dealing with
sui-gery are especially valuable ; next to these the diag-
nosis of internal maladies. " Teujfel and Schwabe, Hist, of
Bom. Lit. (tr. by Wair), II. 22.
Celsus, or Cellach (kel'liich). Saint. Born
1079: died at Ardpatrick, Mtmster, Ireland,
April 1, 1129. An Iiish ecclesiastic, archbishop
of Armagh after 1104.
Celtiberi. See Cclllberia.
Celtiberia (sel-ti-be'ri-a). [From the Celtiberi.
Sec the def.] In ancient geograpliy, a region
in Spain corresponding to tlie modern south-
western Ai'agon and the greater part of Soria,
Cueuea, and Burgos : iu an extended application
nearly identical with HispauiaCiterior. TheCel-
Uberi (Celtiberians) were thought to be a mixture of the
Indigenous Iberians an<i invading Celts from Gaul (whence
their name). They ottered a vigorous resistance to Rome,
and were hnally aulidued after 72 it. c. Among their chief
towns were Numantiu and .Segobriga.
Celtica (sel'ti-kjl). The central division of
Transalpine Gaul, according to the threefold
division of the Gauls by Julius Ca'sar (Gauls
or Celts, A<|uitaiii.'ins, Belgians). It coincided
with the province of Liigduncnsis, except that it ex-
tended southweatwaid to the iJaronne.
Celts, or Kelts (sells, kelts). [I... Cill;e, from
Gr. Ki'/rai, a name at iirst vaguely applied to it
Western people, afterward the regular desig-
nation of the CeKic race. Origin unknown.]
The peoples which sjieak langviages akin to
those of Wales, Ireland, the Highlands of Scot-
land, and Brittany, and constitute a branch or
principal division of tlie Indo-European fami-
lies. Formerly these pojplcs occupied, partly or wholly,
France, .Spain, northern Italy, the western parts of (Jer-
many, and the Britislt islanils. Of the remaining Celtic
languages and peoples there arc two chief divisions, viz.,
the Gadhelic, comprising the Highlanders of Scotland,
the Irish, and the .Manx, antl the Cymric, comprising the
Welsh and Bretons ; the Cornuih, of Cornwall, related to
the latter, is only recently extinct.
Amalgamation of race has since been effected to a cer-
tain extent ; but still in many parts of Wales, Scotland,
and Ireland the mass of the ])opulation is mainly or en-
tirely Celtic. Four t'el tic dialects — the Manx, the Gaelic,
the Erse, and the Welsh — are spoken in our country ; and
the pure Celtic type survives alike in the Bretons, the
Welsh, the native Irish, the people of the Isle of Man,
and the Scottish Highlanders, of whom the two former
represent the Cimbric, and the three latt*r tlie non-Cim-
brlc branch of the natit>n. liawliiison, Herod,, III. ISO.
The Celts appear to have crosseil to Britain from Bclgic
Qaul. In the neolithic age a race indistingtiiHbable from
that of the British round barrows occupied Belgium.
Taylor, Aryans, p. SI.
Cemetery Ridge. A low ridge near Ooltys-
burg, celebrated in the battle of that name.
Cempoala (tham-po-ii'lil). An ancient town of
the Totonac Indians of Mexico, not far from
the present site of V'era ('ruz, and a little back
from the coast, it is described as a city of 23,000 in-
habitants, with many palaces and temples ; but these ae-
229
counts are probably exaggerated. In 1519 the Cempoalans
gave Cortes a friendly reception, and some of their chiefs
marched with him t<i Mexico. The inhabitjuits were re-
moved to a mission village near .lalapa about 1600, and
the original site of Cempoala is now uncertain, though
there is a village with the same name. Also written Cewi-
voalla, Ceinpoal, Crinjivhual, or Zumpual,
Cenci (chen'die), Beatrice. Born at Kome,
Feb. 12, 1577 : executed at 14ome, Sept. 11, 1599.
The daughter of Francesco Cenci, a Koman
nobleman, and Ersilia Sauta-Croce. Her father,
a dissipated and passionate man, treated his family with
such severity that his second wife Lucrezia Petroni, his
eldest son Giacomo, Beatrice, and the two younger sons
Bernardo and P.aolo, procured his murder at tlie palace
of Petrella in the kingdom of Naples, Sept. 9, 159S. For
this crime Lucrezia, Giaconio, and Beatrice were hanged
at Rome, Sept. 11, 1^99, and Beriuu'do was condemned to
the galleys for life, being, however, pai-doned March 2n,
1606. Paolo died sliortly after the murder. At the trial
Beatrice's counsel, in order to justify the murder, accused
Francesco, apparently without foundation, of having at-
tempted the commission of incest upon his client, which
has placed her in the light of a martyr. Her tragic end
and her patrician birth have made her a favorite theme
in poeti-y and art. She has been made the subject of a
tragedy by Shelley, *' The Cenci " (1819), and of a painting
by Guido Reni, in the Barberini palace, Rome.
Ceneda. See nttorio.
Cenimagni (sen-i-mag'ni). [L. (Ciesar).] A
Celtic people located by Ctfisar in the eastern
coast region of Britain, north of the Thames.
Cenis, Mont, See Mont Cenis.
Cenomani (sen-o-ma'ni). [L. (Caesar) Cetio-
mani, Gr. (Polybius) Kti'o/iriiw.] A Celtic peo-
ple, a part of the army of Bellovesus, who with
his sanction crossed the Alps under a legendary
leader, Etitoviuis, and settled north of the Po
about Brescia and Verona according to the de-
tailed account of Livy. They were a branch of the
Aulerci. Their original seat in Gaul, where tliey are
called Aulerci Cenomani, was on the Sartlle near Le
Mans. The Aulerci were included among the tribes con-
stituting the Araiorici.
Centaur. See Centaur us.
Centaurus (sen-ta'rus). [L., 'the Centaur.']
An ancient southern constellation, siiuatetl be-
tween Ai'go and Scorpio, pictured to represent
a centaur holding a Bacehie wand, its brightest
star, a. Centauri, is the third biii-'litest in the heavens,
being a quarter of a niagnitu'k- brighter than Arcturus.
It is of a reddish color. Its second star, ^, a white stiu\
is about as bright as Betelgeuze, and is reckoned the
eleventh in the heavens in order of brightness. Tlie two
stars are situated near each other on the parallel of 60"
south, a little east of the Southern Cross. Centaurus has.
besides, two stars of the second magnitude and seven of
the third, and is a splendid constellation.
Centla (sant'Ui). An ancient town situated
near the present Prontera, in Tabasco, south-
ern Mexico : scene of the first victory of Cortes,
1519.
Centlivre (sent-liv'er or sent-le'ver), Susan-
nah. Born in Ireland (?), of English parents,
about 1667: died at London, Dec. 1, 1723. An
English actress and th-amatist. she is said to have
been the daughter of a Mr. Freeman, of Lincolnshire,
who removed to Ireland shortly before her birth. About
1706 she married Joseph Centlivre, chief cook to Queen
Anne and George I. Among her numerous plays are
"The Platonic Laily" (acted 17U8), "The Busyliody"
(acted 1709), "A Gotham Election" (published 1716; 2d
ed., 1737, entitled "Humours of Elections"), "A Bold
Stroke for a Wife" (acted 17IS).
Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles (son ns-vel' no-
vel'). [F., 'one hundred new tales.'] An old
French collection of tales, first printed in folio,
by Verard, witliout date, from a manuscript of
the year 145(). Ihinlop.
The Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles are to all intents and
purposes prose fabliaux. 'I'hey have the full licence of
that class of c-omiiosition, Its sparkling fun, its truth to
tile conditions of ordinary human life. Many of them are
taken from the work of the Italian novelists, but all are
handled in a thoroughly original manner. The style is
perhaps the best of all the late mediieval prose works,
being clear, precise, and definite without the least ap-
pcai'ance of baldness or dryness.
Saintgbury, French Lit., p. 14S.
Cento (chen'to). A town in the province of
Ferrara, Italy, situated near the Keno 17 miles
north of Bologna. Population, 5,000.
Centoatl (then-lo-iltl'). In Mexican (Nahuatl)
mythology, the goddess (according to .some au-
thorities a god) of maize, and consequently of
agriculture. Her principal feast was in the fourth
Mexican month (April-.May), and she wa.s idso honored in
the eleventh niontli (Sept.). She was one of the patl-ons
of childbirth. 'I'he olferings made to her were generally
grain and fruits. Some authorities identify this goddess
with i:ihuatcoatl. 'l'iazi»ltcotl, etc. Also written Ctnfcotf,
I'eiiteult, Taiiliull.
Centones Homerici (son-tO'niSz ho-mor'i-si).
See the extract.
Even the life of Christ was put together in Homeric
hexameters, called Centones Homerici, which were at-
tributed to the Empress Eudocia, and tllought worthy of
being printed by Aldus (l&ol), and Stephens (l.'iUS), but
apparently as Christian literature.
Mahagy, Hist of Classical Greek Lit., I. V<3.
Cephalus
Cento Novelle Antiche (chen'to no-vel'le Stn-
te'ke). [It., 'one hundred old tales.'] A col-
lection of tales from ancient and medieval
history, the romances of chivalry, anil the fabli-
au-x of the trouveres, made in Italy about the
end of the IHtli century.
Central Africa, British. The British sphere
of influence north of the Zambesi. The total
area is about 500,000 square miles; the total
native pojiulation, about 3,000,000.
Central America. A name applied collectively
to the five republics of Guatemala, Hondu-
ras, Salvailor, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica,
Central India Agency. The official name for
a collection of native states in India, under the
control of Great Britain, situated between
Rajputana and the Northwestern Provinces on
the north, and the Central Provinces on the
south. Chief states, Gwalior, Indiu', Bhojial,
Rewa. Area, 77,H08 square miles. Population
(1891), 10,318,812.
Centralists (sen'tral-ists), [Sp. Centralisf(is.'\
A political party in Mexico which began in
1823, was reorganized in 1837, and has ever
since been prominent. The Centralists favor a
single centralized republican government, and are op-
posed by tlie Federalists, who desire autonomy of the
states. The struggles for ascendancy ot these two parties
have caused most of the civil wars which have desolated
Mexico. Temporarily each of the parties or branches of
them have been known by other names. Santa Anna
was long the leading spirit of the Centralists. Centralist
and Federalist pai'ties have been prominent in the affairs
of other Spanish-American countries, notably Argentina,
Venezuela, and Central America, but they ai'e commonly
distinguished by other names.
Central Park. The principal park in New
York, extending from 59th street to 110th street,
and from Fifth avenue to Eighth avenue, it was
designed by Olmsted and Vaux, and contains, besides nu-
merous drives, tile Mall, the Croton Reservoirs, Cleopatra's
Needle (the Obelisk), the Metropolitan Ai't Museum, etc.
Length, 2! miles. Area, ii40 acres.
Central Pro'srinces. A chief -commissionership
of British India, lat. 18°-24° N., long. 77°-84° E.
It contains four divisions : Nagpur, Jabalpur, Nerbudda,
and Chatisgarh. Its chief town is Nagpur. Area, S6,.'J01
square miles. Population (1891), 10,784,294. Connected
with the Central Provinces are 15 vassal states : Bastar,
Bamra, Patna, etc. Area, 29,435 square miles. Popula-
tion (1891), •2,160,611.
Centuripe (chen-to're-pe), or Centorbi (ehen-
tor'be). A town in the province of Catania,
Sicily, 20 miles northwest of Catania: the an-
cient Centuripaj. It has Roman antiquities. It was
destroyed by the emperor Frederick II. in 1233. Popu-
lation, 8,00(1.
CentuiT? White. A nickname given to John
White (1590-1645), from his work "First Cen-
tury of Scandalous Malignant Priests, etc."
Cenii (sii-nti'). The name given about 1515 to
a region on the northern coast of South Amer-
ica, about midway between Darien and Carta-
gena. Enciso, sent from Darien to conquer it (1515),
tried to treat with the Indians, l)ut afterward ravaged
their counti-y. A secoeid expedition, sent soon after, under
Becen'a, was entirely destroyed by the natives.
CeOS (se'os), or Cea (se'ii). [Gr. Kfwf or K/a.]
An island of the t!yclades, situated in the
jSIgean Sea 13 miles southeast of Attica: the
modern Zea, or Tzia. It formerly contained
foul' cities, and was the birthiilace of Simon-
ides and Bacchylides. It belongs to Greece.
Ceos. The capital of the island of Ceos.
Cenwalh (kan'walch). Lived about 643-672.
Son of Cynegils, whom he succeeded as king of
the West Saxons in 643.
Cepeda (tlia-pa'Tliii), Diego, Born at Torde-
sillas about 1495: died at Valhidolid, 1.549 or
1550. A Spanish judge. Howasoidorof thoCanary
Islands, and subsequently one of the royal autlience which
accompanied the viceroy Bhisco Nurtez Vela to Peru
(1544). There he led the judges in their opposition to
Vela, imprisoned him, joined (Jonzalo Pizarro, ami took
pai't in the battle of Anaijaito. where the viceroy was killed
(.fan. 18, li>46). Foreseeing Pizai'ro's defeat, he deserted
him on the battle-field of Sacsahuana (April 8, iri48), was
sent to be tried in Spain, and, it is said, poisoned himself
in jirison.
Cephalonia (sef-a-16'ni-a), ancient Cephalle-
nia (sof-a-le'ni-iij, modern (Jr. Kephallenia.
[Gr. KiipaX'Ar/i'idor Krij)a?.//yla.'] One of tlie Ionian
Islands, west of Greece, forming with Ilhaca
and neighboring small islands a nomarchy of
Greece. Its surface is mountainous. Its capital is Ar-
gostoli. The island was called by Homer Same or Samo/t.
It became subject to Rome in 189 n. ('., and later came
under Byzjintlnc, Venetian, and Turkish rule, and a Brit-
ish protectorate. Area, 302 square miles. Length, SO
miles. Population (1889), 80,178.
Cephalus (sef'a-lus). [Gr. Kfijin/ior.] In Greek
mythology, the son of Ueioii and Diomede, and
the husliaiiil of Pi'ocris or Prociio whom he ac-
cidentally slew while hunting.
Cephas 230
Cephas (se'fas). [Aram., a roi-k'; Gr. K//^iaf.] the title of King of the West Saxons in 519
A sumame giveu by Christ to Simon : ron.lered and became ancestor of the Enrrlish roval line'
III (jreek U(r/mf (• a rock'), in I^atin l'elni,% and He defeated the Britons at Chaiford in 61!)- wiCs himself
ill ll,Ilf;lish Peter. defeated at llount Badon, or Badbiiiy in Diirsetshire in
CepheUS (se'fus). [Gr. K)?^riV.J 1. A king of 620; and conquere.! the Isle of Wight in 630.
Ethiopia, son of Belus, husband of Cassiopeia. Cerdicsford (kir'diks-ford). The scene of the
and father of Androuieila. — 2. One of the Ar- yi'^'*'>iy of Cerdic and OjTnric over the Britons
friinaiits. "1 519 : usually identified with Charford (which
Cepheus. One of the ancient northern constel- n^S}' r ■ 'i-. t, ■ „
lations, preceding Cassiopeia, itisflgmed torep- ,n-° t""'' "o)- ^o™ in Syria: Uved about
resent the Ethiopian king Cepheus wearing a tiara and -'^- ^- ^ Ijnostic teacher, founder of a sect
having his arms soniewliat estended. Its brightest stars named from liim Cerdonians (which see),
are of the third magnitude. CerdonianS fser-do ' ui-anz). A Gnostic sect
Cephissus (se-fis'us). [Gr. K;/f(7(T0f.] In an- <if the 2d century, named from its founder
cient geography: («) A river in Phocis and Cerdo. They held that there were two first causes, one
iioeotia, Greece, flowing into Lake Oopais (To- ^""'^ (the unknown father of Jesus Christ) and one evil
polias). (6) A river in Attica, Greece, flowinc 11"": ^'''"^'"'' revealed in the law and the prophets), and
through the plain of Athens into the Saronic 'h»t one wa« not subject or inferior to the other.
Gulf. (<•) A river of Attica, Greece, flowin<r H?'^®^ *f? ''"^h ^^ ■"" *^''' ^^^^^«-" mythology,
tlirough the jdain of Eleusis into the Gulf ol L j^,"*'.!'^'* ^^ ^'"""^ "'"^ harvest, later identi-
Eleusis. "*'•' "^y the Romans with the Greek Demeter.
Ceracchi (cha-rak'ke), Giuseppe. Born in Cor- ^''"..^""^■^'■•T 2- An asteroid (No. 1) discov-
siea about 1760: executed at Paris Jan 30 (?) „ ^' . '' '^^ Palermo Jan. 1, 1801.
1801. An Italian sculptor, conspirator .a-rainst ^^res. An antique statiie in black and white
the life of Napoleon 1800. m.irble in the Glyptothek at Munich. The head,
Ceram (se-ram' ; Pg. pron. se-ran'), or Zeram, She'd"1,/aek m" bt"' ' ""= "'^ '"" ^""^'"'^ ="•= '"
or Serang, or Ceiram (Pg. pron sa^riin'). Cferet (sa-ia'). A town in the department of
^o"on'/o'^P^"''',?/o?'T,';'J'i,^-''"'^'l^'^^"'l^t-=*°- Pvrfn^fs-Orientales, France, situated on the
d SO »•, loug- 1J8°--131° h Its inhabitants are Tech 17 miles southwest of Perpignan. i( wis
f^?l ,S'- ••^"'"'^'•, I' '^ "?•?■• D';t'='' sovereignty, the scene of a Spanish victory over thJ I§ench April »^
Area, 6,.0.. square miles. Population, about 100,000. 1793. and of a French victor,- Jver the .Spanish fpr"l 30
CeramiCUS (ser-a-rai'kus). [Gr. Kf/jounwif.] ^l~M_^_Popnlatton (1891), commune, 3,828.
A large area on the northwest side of ancient
Atliens : so named from the early gathering in
it of the potters, who still affect it, attracted
by the presence of water and excellent clay.
It was divided into two parts: the Inner Ceramicus, within
the walls, traversed by the Dromos street from the Dim 1
n..,t 1 ; — i.,.i; .!.„ t . ._ , i. ^ . ,, • .-
Cesnola
kus). [Gr. Kf/jounwif.] I'M- Population (1891), commune, 3,828.
orthwest side of ancient Ceridwen. In Welsh fairy lore, a deity, de-
nii tliA potIit rt-Qf]ir,„;»^r,. i„ gi'aded into a sorceress, who presides over a
mystical caldi-on, and has a fight in which
she and her foe assume different shapes at
pleasure.
Cerignola (eha-ren-yo'lii). A town in the prov-
inceof Foggia, Italy, in lat. 41° 16' N., long.
J^L?^ ' ?• I*^""^' -*P"' 28. 1503, the .Spanish army (about
t)„iOO) under Gonsalvo de Cordova defeated the French
(C,0OO)under the Due de Nemours. Loss of French 8 000-
4,0(XI. Population, 22,000,
Gate, and including the Agora ; and the Outer Ceramicus
contimiing the nrst division outside of the walls. The
Outer Ceramicus became a favorite place of burial for the
Athenians, and here were interred those honored with a
public funeral. The tombs were ranged beside and ne:ir
the various roads which radiated from the Diovlon Gate
lue various roaus wnicn raaiated trom the Dipylon Gate ^''^^' ropiuaiion, :::^uoo.
Little trace of them remains, except of the unique group CcrigO (cher-e'go) modern Gr KvtliorinT,
upon and nearthe inception of the.Sacr.d Way ti Eleusis : (^„/„f fl,„ T„„;±7ii ™j- ^^.-^r. P:^^^^".?^^-
*«vi.., ,».*,,,. ,y. i.nciij icmaiiia, e.\uept oi me unique grou]
upon and near the inception of the .Sacnd Way to Eleusis ■
a group which was preserved by being buried in 8U B. c.
in the siege-agger of Sulla, and contains historical and
plastic memorials of very high value, among them the
sculptured monument of Uexileos, who fell before Corinth
in 393 B. c, and tombs of Euphrosyiie, Hegeso, Aristion
Demetria, and Pampbile.
CerauilianMountains(se-ra'ni-anmoun'tanz)
I Gr. T<L Kfnaii'tn nnry T, /^ Vj'/»,/»jjj „ii\ii^^n 1' T.
One ot the Ionian islands, situated 8-10 miles
south of Laconia, Greece : the ancient Cj-thera.
It contained a shrine of Aphrodite. Area, 107
square miles.
Cerimon (ser'i-mon). A physician of Ephesus
^ ^ ^^^^ ]ylio saves ^the life of Thaisa, in Shakspere's
[Gr. Ti kepaii'ia bpr,, L. Ccmunii wo«'<fs.']""ln p™^^+v]!!;l' / - • 'n,- > .
ancient geography: {a) a range of mountains ^f"nthians (se-rrn thi-anz) A sect of early
in the eastern part of the Caucasus system: r^'-^.lli^'!f-''''7,f\^"l^^'^^: ^
exact position undetermined, (b) A cliain of ^ermthus (se-rin thus). Born m Egypt : lived
-• ' ■■ „ . > ^ "' pi'obably in the latter part of the 1st century
^. ^ ...„ ....v»^ ,,.i.ii.ji^,tt. ^uj xi cuaiu oi
mountains in northwestern Epirus, terminating
in the promontory Acroceraunia (which see) °
Cerberus (ser'be-rus). [Gr. Kipdepoc.'] In
Greek mytliology , the watch-dog at the entrance
to the infernal regions, offspring of T\-phaon
and Echidna: usually represented with three
beads, a serpent's tail, and a mane of serpents'
heads.
Cercinitis (si^r-si-ni'tis). [Gr. KepKwiTic TiiuvTi.']
Ill ancient geography, the lake or enlargement
of the river Strymou (in Macedonia), near its
moutli : the modern Takinos.
Cercops (ser'kops). [Gr. Kf/jKui//.] 1. An an-
cient Greek Orphic poet, said to have been the
author of a poem, "The Descent into Hades,"
also attriliuted to Prodicusof Samos and others.
— 2. A Greek poet of Miletus, a contemporary '• •■
of HesMod. Tohimapnenionthewarof.Egimius,king Cerisoles (sa-re-z61'). It. Ceresole (cher-e-zo'-
t^S^l.^^^'^'^^^ attributed to le). A village in Piedmont, Ital.;., 13 miles
northwest of Alba. Here, April 14, 1644, the lYcnch
A. D. A Gnostic teacher, founder of the hereti-
cal sect of the Cerinthians or Merinthians.
Cerinthus was the flrst, of whose tenets we have any
distinct statement, who, admitting the truth of Chris-
tianity, attempted to incorporate with it foreign and Ori-
ental tenets. Cerinthus was of Jewish descent and edu-
cated in the Judwo-Platonic school of Alexandria- His
system was a singular and apparently incongruous fusion
of Jewish, Christian, and Oriental notions. He did not,
like Simon or Slenander. invest himself in a sacred and
mysterious character, though he pretended to an"e1ic
revelations. Like all the Orientals, his imagination wa"
haunted with the notion of the malignity of matter; and
his object seems to have been to keep both the primal
Being and the Christ uninfected with its contagion. The
Creator of the materi.al world, therefore, was a second.ary
Dcing,— an angel or angels ; as Cerinthus seems to have
adhered to the Jewish, and did not adopt the Oriental
language. Hitman, Hist, of Christianity, II ,19.
Cerda (tlier'dii). Tomas Antonio Manrique
de la, Count of Paredcs and Marcjuis of La
Laguna. Born about ]6l'0-. died 1688. A Span
ish administrator. He was a member of the royal
council, and from ICSO to 10»<iviceroy of New Spain (Mex-
ico). During his terra the bucancers sacked Vera Cruz
(May, 1683). and committed ot^er ravages.
under the Due d'Enghien defeated the Imperialists and
Spaniards under the Marquis of Guasto. Loss of the Im-
penalist army, about 12,000.
Cerna (ther'nii), Vicente. A Guatemalan gen-
eral. He was elected president of Guatemala, assuming
the office May 24, 1865 ; was reelected in 1869, and held
V— '• -—' -"'■ "'•t'-' .a...Bco. 'he office until June 29, ISTl, when he was defeated and
Cerda Sandoval Silva y Mendoza, Gaspar p°™"Tr' ^/ ??™T- • .
de la. Born about 1630: died 1697 A Sirui- ^^™® ^^•^'" ^^)- -l" ancient geography, an isl-
isl. a,lministr.ator. in 1688 he was created count of i"' ',,"" p ?! Africa, discovered and colonized
Galveand made viceroy of Mexico, holding the office from • > aitnaginian Hanno: perhaps the mod-
Nov., 1688, to July, leo.'i. He sent expeditions against the ''''" Arguin.
French of .Santo Domingo and Louisiana, 1690-91, and in Cerqueira e Silva Imacio Aprinli dp Sep
1B94 I'ensacolm Florida, was founded by his orders He Irrinii '*'=""'"»■' ^6"<tciO ACClOll Qe. oee
returned to Spain in May, 16'.)6. n j t>
Cerdagne (ser-dany'), Sp. La Cerdana fther- t^° ■, i ?°/"'r''™ ^^ pas'ko), or Pasco.
diiii'vii). An ancient eountsliii, on l,„th sides • , \^^i\l' "V''® department of Junm, Peru,
of the eastern PjTenees. Part of it is now in the "L'l*-H!r ^^ ^'^ '°"g- ™° ^'- = l*-280 f^et
department of Pyreni'es Orientales in France, and part is .'"^'^ ?">' >*ea . It owes its existence to the celebrated
in Spain. It followed in the later middle ages the for- ?!"«r-"""<^s "■ 'he vicinity, long among the most prodnc-
tiines of Catalonia, and then of Aragon. It was released ," '," "'" ''"rid, and still very rich. Population (18S!)).
from homage to France in 12.')S. was acquired by I.'ranre """"' >4,"0<1.
in 1462. and was restored to Aragon in 1493. The part to CerXO Gordo (ser'ro gor'do ; Sp. pron. ther'ro
rprHir^kt'Miwr"'^-^,?^-?!'''' '? I™""' '" '•?!• ^u"''*'.",'- [*^''- ' *>*« mountain '] *^ A pass by
CerdlC (kcr dik ) Died >34. A baxon ealdor- the side of the Rio del Plan, between Vera Cniz
oTh ,n?.? },?Tvt^ '^t't'^'^^ri't «" the coast and Jalapa, state of Vera Cruz, Mexico, through
of Hamp.shire, England, in 49o a. d., assumed which passes the principal road from the coast
to Mexico by Jalapa. The pass was earned by
the American forces, after a severe battle, Anril
17-18, 1,847. ^
Cerro Largo (ther'ro lar'go). [Sp., ' wide moun-
tain. ] A department in northeastern Uruguay
Capital, Melo. Ai-ea, 5,840 square miles. PoxC
ulation (1891), about 28,000.
Certaldo (cher-tal'do). A town in the prov-
nice of Florence, Italy, 17 miles southwest of
^lorenee. It is the place of tlie birth and
death of Boccaccio.
Certosa (eher-to'sa). [It., '(Carthusian Monas-
tery.] A former Carthusian monastery at
Pavia, Italy, one of the largest and most splen-
did existing. The great church was founded in 1396
and IS most picturesque, with its central pyramidal dome
m recessed stages, its many arched and pinnacled turrets
Its semicircular apses, and its beautiful arcaded galleries
beneath the roofs. The rich west front is .a unique
achiovement of the Italian Renaissance. The interior is
architecturally defective, but is splendid with painting
and church fiu-niture, and contains the splendid tomb of
Gian Galeazzo Viscoiiti. The sniaU and great cloisters
are superb examples of brickwork with terra-cotta orna-
ment.
Cervantes Saavedra (ser-van'tez; Sp. pron
ther-viin'te.s sa-U-vu'drii), Miguel de. Born at
Aicala de Henares, about 20 miles from Madrid
Oct. 9 (J), 1547: died at Madrid, April 23,1616. A
celebrated Spanish poet and novelist. His na
rents were poor, but of a noble faniUy. It is conjectured
that he was educated at AlcaW and at the University of
Salamanca: little is known of his early years, however ex-
cept that he wrote verses when vei-y young. In 1570 he
served as chamberlain in the household of Monsieur Aqua-
viva (who. was afterward cardinal) in Rome. He soon left
Rome and volunteered as a common soldier in the expe-
dition commanded by Don John of Austria and organized
by the Pope and the state of Venice against the Turks
in 1671 he was severely wounded at the battle of Lepanto
losing the use of his left hand and aim for life He was
honorably discharged in 1,',75. He was captured in re-
turning to Spain and passed live years in slavery in Algiers
but was finally ransomed by his family and by "religious
charity in 1680. Being depressed by adversity and with-
out means or friends, he reenlisted and served in Portugal
and the Azores. In 1584 he had returned and was mar-
ried. After this he lived much at Madrid, where he began
to earn his living by authorship, at flrst by writing plays
In 16S8 he went to Seville, where he lived, with someinter-
ruptions, until about 1698. Here he was extremely poor
and was even imprisoned as being indebted to the govern-
ment. After this there is a tradition that he was sent bv
the grand prior of the Order of St. John in La Mancha to
collect rents due the monastery in Argamasilla. The debt-
ors persecuted and imprisoned him, and it is said that
here, in indignation and in prison, he began to write " Don
Quixote." In 1603 he went to ViUladolid, where he lived
poorly as a sort of general agent and amanuensis. Here
he prepared the flret part of " Don QuLvote" for the press,
and printed it at Madrid in 1605 ; here he returned in
1606. In 1615 he published the second part of "Don
IJuixote. There was then a difference between the Eng-
lish calendar and the .Spanish of ten days; hence he did
not, as has been asserted, die on the same day with Shak-
spere (though on the same date). His chief work is " Don
Quixote (1005 and 1616). Among his other works are "Ga-
latea, an Eclogue " (1584). ■• Novelas Exemplares "(" Twelve
Instructive or Moral Tales," 1613), and "Viage del Par-
naso " ("Journey to Parnassus," 1614). " Persiles ami .sigis-
niunda, a Northern Romance, "was published by his widow
in 1617. He wrote "twenty or thirty pl.ays " according to
his own account, some of which are preserved : but bis
genius did not lie in that direction. See Don (Quixote.
Cervin, Mont. See ilaltcrlim-n.
Cesari (rha'sii-ie), Antonio. Bom at Verona,
Italy, Jan. 16, 1760: died at Ravenna, Italy,
Oct. 1, 1828. An Italian philologist. He wa.
the author of a new edition of " Vocaholario delta Cru»-
ca " (1S06-«)|. "Bellezze di Dante " (1824-26), translations
of lerence (ISIO) and of Cicero's Epistles (1820-31) etc
Cesari, Giuseppe: called II Cavaliere d'Arpi-
no, and II Giuseppino. Born at Rome about
l.)70: died at Rome about 1640. An Italian
painter. His chief works are frescos at the
Capitol, Rome.
Cesario (se-zii'ri-6). 1. The name assumed liy
the disguised Viola in Shakspere's "Twelfth
Niglit." — 2. A young gentleman of a fiery na-
ture, the supposed sou of Albertus, in Massin-
ger, Rowley, and Fletcher's "Fail- Maid of the
Inn."
Cesarotti (che-sa-rot'te), Melchiore. Bom at
Padtia, Italy, May 15, 1730 : died Nov. 4, 1808.
An Italian poet and miscellaneous writer.
His works include a translation of Ossian (1763). " Saegio
snllafllosotiadellelingue" (1786), etc.
Cesena (che-sa'uji). A town in the pro\-ince of
i orli, Italy, 20 miles south of Ravenna : the an-
cient Ca?sena. it has a cathedral, an interesting brick
structure of the 14th century, following the type of the
cathedral of Florence. It contains sculptures "of unusual
excellence, of the school of Donatello, especially a St. John
and a St. Leonard. Population, ll.txul.
Cesnola (ches-no'la), Coiuit Luigi Palma di.
Born at Kiyarolo, near Turin, Julv 2!l. 1832. An
Italian-American archavilogist. He was appointed
I nited States consul at Cyprus, and while occupying this
post undertook a series of excavations, which resulted
in the discovery of a huge number of antiquities. I he
collection was purchased in 1873 by the Metropolitan
Cesnola
Museum (New York), of which he bucanie director in 1879.
Author of "Cyprus : its Ancient Cities, Tonihs, and Tern*
plea" (1877). atid "The MelropoliUin Museum of Art"
(1882). See Ciiprug.
C§spedes ( t lias'pe-THas or sis'iie-THas). Carlos
Manuel de. Born at Bavamo, April IS, 1810:
di('<l March 22, 1874. A ('nlian r(>volntiiiiiisf.
In 1868 he headed an armed revolt which pjiread until
nearly the whole island, except the coast towns, had de-
clareii apainst the Spaniards. A conKreas of tlie revolu-
tionists declared Cuba independent, and elected (Y-spc-
des presi<icnt (18t;9). Driven at laat to tiic mountains,
Cespfdcs was sfiitt while resistiiij; capture.
C^spedes, Pablo de. Bom at CorJova, Si)ain,
ir);j8: ilieci at Cordova, July 20, IGOS. A .Span-
ish i)aintnr, poet, .sculptor, and architect, noted
as a eolorist. Fragments of his poem "Arte do
la piiifura" were published in 1649.
Cetewayo. See Ccttiwai/o.
Cethegus (se-tho'gus)', Marcus Cornelius.
Died 196 li. c. A Koinau general. He was ciiruU-
edile 213, pretor 211, censor 2U!>, an<l consul 204. In
the next year he coniniunded as proconsul in cisalpine
Gaul, where, with the aid of the pretor Quiiitilius \'aru3,
231
British 179.')-96, and was formally ceded to Great Britain
in 1S02. The hist kini; of Kandy was de|)08ed in 1815.
Area,2S,3tM square miles. Population (1S91), 3,IX)8,4(iB.
Ceyx (se'iks). [(jr. Kvif.J The son of Heosiiho-
ros, or the Moriung Star, and the nj-niph Phi-
lonis : the husban(l of ^Ucyoue or Halkyone,
daughter of the Thess.-iliaii iEoliis. The pair
were lUTOuant enoufh to style themselves Zeus and Hera,
and were accordingly changed respectively by Zens into
birds of the same name, a diver and a kinghsher. Another
story confused Ceyx with a king of Tracliis, and dwelt on
the tender love of the pair for each other. Ceyx is
drowned at sea, and .\lcyonc tlnds his body cast upon
his native shore. The gods take pity on her grief, and
change the husband anil wife into kingfishers (alcyones),
whose atfection for each other in the pairing season was
proverbial. (.s'e,i//crt. Diet, of Classical Antiiiuities, p. 127.)
Their story is told in Chaucer's " Death of Blanche. It is
conjectureil that it was an independent production af-
terward abridged and inserted as an episotle in " The
Death of Blanche." Of the original nothing is in e.\is-
tcnce.
Chablais (shii-bla'). A former province of
Savoy, since 1860 the an-ondissement of Tho-
nou, department of llaute-Savoie, France.
Chagres
ruined city of Chichcnitza in eastern Yucatan, and sup-
posed to represent tliis chief; but archieologists are not
in accold as to this identity, and the statue is of .Mexican
rather than of Vucatec type. It was appropriated by the
Mexican government, and is now in the National Museum
at .Mexico.
Chaco (chii'ko), or Chacu (chii'ko), Gran.
[From the (Juii'hiia clincii, the animals driven
together by a cordon of hunters: in allusion to
the immerous Indian tribes of this region. J
A vast tract of land in South America, extend-
ing from the Paraguay to the Bolivian high-
lan<ls, between hit. 20° and 2St° S. It is a low plain,
generally open, with a few isolated hills, and portions are
Hooded every year ; the great rivers I'ilcomayo and Ber-
be defeated the C:uthaginiau general Mago, brother of Chablis (shii-ble'). A town in the department
OetilijeVor Cetigne. See Cetlinje. "^ Voune Franco, 11 mUes east of A.uxerre,
Xliitr^/ v.cu»6iic. .JDD »y^.i,./yi. uoted tor the wiuBS produced ui its viciuitv.
Oette (set). A seaport m the department ot p>,.i,„4. /„),:: \,r.'\ KA■^\■r^^^r t>Jov.„„ "^ a
H6rault, France, situated on a tongue of land *^tr.f,?°t ^I'vt' »,?,;, .o^i t^i "i^ ^f.^l^ce. A
between the MeJuterranean and the Etang de A^'''^.i,';'I,Vi,?' Si? ''"'^ *"''"'''>' '"^'^^""'^^^ "'
Thau, in lat. 43° 25' N., long. 3° 41' E. it t an Phf W vtli.l-c R. f «f n • a
important commercial center. It Exports wines, bmidies Chabot, FrangOlS. Born at St.-Geuiez, Avey-
andsalt. Its p.irt was founded in the 17th century. I'op- ijon^ 1 rauce, \io\i: guillotined at Pans, April
uhition (1891), commune. 38,541. 5, 1794. A French revolutionist, a member of
Oettinje (chet-ten'ya), or Cetinje, orCettigno the Convention in 1792.
(chet-ten'yo), or Cetigne (che-ten 'ya), or Chabot, Philippe de, Comte de Chariiy et de
Oettin (tset-ten'), or Zetinje. The capital of Busau<;ois. Born about 1480: died Jime 1,
Montenegro, lat. 42° 26' N., long. 18° r)9' E. It " " ' "
contains the palace and some institutions.
Population, 1,200.
Cettiwayo (set-i-wii'yO), or Ketshwayo (ka-
chwa'yo). A Zulu chief, elected at Uluinii in
1873. In 1878 ho rebelled against British suzerainty. In
the war which followed a British regiment was annihi-
lated by the Zulus at Isandula, 1879 ; Ijut Geueral Wolse-
ley defeated and captured Cettiwayo the same year. Until
1882 Cettiwayo was held captive in Cape Colony. Owing
to the elforts of a party which had formed in his favor
among friends of the Zulus in South Africa and in Great
Britain, he was transfen-ed to England, where he was
lionized. England tried to reinstate him as king of the
Zulus, but he h.ad lost his prestige. Beset on all sides by ChabriaS (ka'bri-as)
hostile chiefs he had to seek refuge in British territoiy. „ear Chios, 357 B.C.
Moie captive than free, he was kept at Ekove until 1884, -
when he died.
OetUS (se'tus). [1.1.,' whale.'] A .southern con-
stellation, the Whale, in advance of Orion.
It was anciently pictured as some kind of marine animal,
possibly a seal.
Oeutai (sii'ta,; Sp. pron. tha'o-tii), Moorish
Sebta. [From Ar. sipUi, seven : from its Ro-
man name a<l .Scjilvm Fratn-s.~\ A fortified
to«Ti belongingto Spaiu, situated on the north-
ern coast of Morocco, opposite Gibraltar, in
1.343. A French general, admiral of France
He successfully defended Marseilles against the Imperi-
alists in 1524, was made prisoner at the battle of Pavia in
1525. and on his release was appointed admiral to succeed
Bonnivet, who was killed in the action. He was sent to
Italy in 1529 to negotiate the ratification of the treaty of
Cambrai by Charles V. In 1535 he had the chief com-
mand of the war agauist the Duke of Savoy, in the course
of which he conquered parts of Savoy and Piedmont, but
incurred censure for not having properly followed up his
victories. He was in 1641 convicted of fraud against the
national treasury, on charges preferred by the constable
.Montmorency, but was pardoned by the king. He is said
to have Iieen the fii-st to suggest the colonization of Can-
ada. Also called Admiral de Briun.
[Gr. Xajipuii'.'l Killed
An Athenian general.
Being in 388 sent to the assistance of Evagoras of Cyprus
against the Persians, he landed on the way in -i^gina,
and gained by an ambuscade a decisive victory over the
Spartan general Gorgopas, who fell in battle. In 378, in
a campaign against Agesilaus, he acquired great celebrity
by the adoption of a new maneeuver, wliich consisted in
receiving the enemy's attack with spears presented and
shields resting on one knee. In 37(i he gained a decisive
naval victory over the Lacedarmonians at Naxos. On the
outbreak of the Social War, 357, he was placed in com-
mand of the Athenian lleet, which cooperated with the
army under chares. He was killed at the siege of CUiios
I^nal statfon, andis^buUt on th'e ancienVAbylll! oneSThe Chabri'llan ( sha-bre-yoii' ), Comtesse de More-
range "Scptem Friitres." It was taken by Belisiuius in tOn de (Celeste Venard), surnamed Moga-
684, by the West Goths in «18, by the Arabs about 70,), dor. Born at Paris, Dec. 27, 1824. A French
and from the Moors by Portugal in 1415. It passed to actress and writer of no\-els, operettas, vaude-
SpAtll ill IdSO. ifilliit! of
Cevallos(tha-val'y6s),PedroFermin. Bornat chaca (cha'ka), Canon de. A long gorge or
Aii.bato about 1814 An Ecuadorian historian, valley in western New Mexico, now deserted
He IS a lawyer has held high judicial posts and was sen- ,,„^ ,^„f .,;„;„„ !.,.„„ „„,, „„i,_,...'o„.„;,„T„„ '..■.. I
ator in 180,. IIis most important work is "Rcsuracn de
la historia iicl Kcuad'ir," in ."» volumes.
Cevedale (che-vc-dii'li), Monte, or Zufall
(tso'fiil), or Fvirkelen(fiir'ke-leii). Apeak of -,, , , ,..,..,..,,., ,
the Ortler Alps, on the borders of Tyrol and Chacabuco (cha-ka-ljo ko). A pass in the trans
Italy. Height, 12,378 feet.
but containing large and well-preserved ancient
ruins. The Pueblo Bonito, Puelilo del Airoyo, etc., are
among the most irjterestiijg spccinieiis of ancient Indian
architecture known in tlu- Soiitliwcst.
versi' simr of the Andes, on the ucn-thern side
of the plain of Santiago, Chile. During the war
for independence. General San Martin's army, which had
inarched over the Andes, found this pass strongly tlefended
by the Sjianiards under Muroto. It was carried liy u bay-
onet chaige led by General O'Higgins, Feb. 12, 1817, thus
oi)ening the way for the patriots to Santiago.
proper extend from the Canal-du-.Midi northward, inciiid- ChaCatOS. See ('lioctaw.
Ing the mountains of Vivarais, or northern Cdvennes, to Chacnapoyas (chii-cliii-po'yiis). 1. A
C^vennes (.sii-ven'). A former province of
I'raiic'e, in the northciisteni part of Ijangiiedoc.
C6vennes, LeS. [Gr. to Kqi/nvov b/m^ (Strabo),
L. <'(li):iiiiii iiiDiin: a Celtic name.] A moun-
tain-chain in southern France. The COvennes
theCanal-du-Centre, department of Saonect-Loire. They
separate the basins of the Loire and Garonne from tlufsc
of the Hhi^ne and Saone, and are continued northward by
the mountains of Lyonnais and Charolais t^t the plateau of
Tjingres. They are celebrated as a stronghold of the Prot-
estants anil ( 'amisiirds. The highest peak is Mezenc (5,760
feet). Mont Pllat, northern Cevennes, is 4,705 feet high.
Ceylon (se-lon' or si-lon'). [F. r'c.y/rtw, ancient
Taprohane : from the Pali Silitm for Siiudam, the
land of the Sinhalas (the Ai'yan inhabitants of
Ceylon).] An island in the Indian Ocean, a
crown colony of GreatBritain, south of IliiKlu-
8tan,from wliich it is separated by the Gulf of
Manaar and Palk Strait. It is mountainous in the
south, and produces coffee, cinchona bark, tea, clnna-
mon, cacao, etc. It is celebnited for precious stones.
Tile chief towns are Colombo, Galle, Trincomalee, Kandv
and .lall
he leading races are Singhalese, Kandy'
Bn^ Tamils, Moormen, and Veddahs. It is ruled liy a nhae-Mnnl Ohaak-Mnol orfihaelri
governor and executive and legislative councils. In an. V,'naC-m001,OnaaK iU001,<)l ^/na,CKl
clent times It was governed by dilferent native dynasties. "'"' )• '\ tradilKinal chief or "ki
The Portuguese took possession of it in the liith'centiiry.
It was conquered by the Dutch about l(J5s, and by the
■■egioii
of aiH-ieut Peru, nearly corresponding to the
present department of Amazonas. The inhabi-
tants were noted for their warlike spirit and intelligence ;
they were conquered liy thelncasaftera long war. Alonso
de Alv-oi-ado wa.s sent by Pizarro to reduce tiiia district in
l.OIJG, and was made governor of it.
2. A iirovince of Peru, in the department of
Ainazonas. Capital, Chachapoyas. I>roviou8 to
1832 it was much larger. Chachapoyas borders on the
gorge of the Upper .Marailon, and the surface is much
broken. Area, alioilt 4, .'100 square miles. Piqnilation,
about 20,(Xio.
3. A city of northern Peru, cajiital of the prov-
ince of the same name, in the department of
Ainazonas, and episcopal city of the diocese of
Chachaiioyas. It was founded in VAO by Alonso de
Alvarad.i, whoiiilU'ditCiudaddeluFronteru. rojiiilation,
■ nt.^.oiiii.
Chackmool(sliiik-
ng" ot the
Maya Indians of Yucatan. The name was given by
Le Plougeon to a statue discovered by him in 1870 at the
mejo pass through it to the Paraguay. The Chaco region
is divided between Argentina, Pjiraguay, and Bolivia; the
greater part is very imperfectly known, and inhabited
only by savage tribes of Indians, .since 1870 considerable
settlements have been made in the Argentine Chaco. In
the 17th century the name Chaco included the plains as
far north as lat. le" S.
Chacon y Castellon (cha-kon' § kas-tel-yon'),
Luis. Bom at Havana, Cuba, about 1670: died
there in 1716. A ( 'ubau soldier. From 16i)9 until
his death he was governor of the Mono Castle at Havana,
and during this time he was thrice ad interim captain-
general of the island (Dec, 1702, to May 13, 170ti ; July 8
1707, to Jan. 18, 1708; and Feb. 18, 1711, to feb. 4, 1713).
In 1707 he led an expedition against the English colonies
in Carolina.
Chaco Stock. See Gruuijcuru Utock.
Chactaws. See Choctaws.
Chad (chad), or Ceadda (kead'dii), Saint.
Died March 2, 672. An English ecclesiastic,
a Northumbrian by birth, educated at Liudis-
fanie under St. Aidau. He was made abbot of
Lastingham in Deua (t)64), bishop of Y'ork, and later of
Mercia. He established the latter see at Lichfield.
Chad (chad). [F. Tchad, G. Tscliad.] A fresh-
water lake in the Sudan, central Africa, about
lat. 12° 30'-14° 30' N. it has no outlet. Its chief
tributary is the Shari. Length, about 140 miles. It has
been exjiloied by Nachtigal, Barth, and others. Also
written Tsad.
Chadband (chad'band), Rev. Mr. A fat and
hypocritical minister, much given to platitudes,
iu Charles Dickens's "Bleak House." He is "in
the ministry," but is " attached to no particular denomi-
nation." He has " a general appearance of having a good
deal of train-oil in his system."
Chadbourne (chad'bern), Paul Ansel. Born
at North Berwick, Maine, Oct. 21, 1823: died
at New York, Feb. 23, 1883. An American edu-
cator. He was the first president of the Massachusetts
Agiicultural College at Amherst in 1807 ; president of the
University of Wisconsin Ibli7-7U; president of WillLams
College 1872-81 ; and again president of the Agricultmal
College in 1882. Ue wrote " JJatural Theology" (1807), etc.
Chaderton (chad'er-tou), Laurence. Born at
Lees Hall, Oldham, Lancashire, about 1536:
died at Cambridge, Nov. 13, 1640. An English
Puritan divine, a graduate of Christ's College,
Cambridge, and first master of Emmanuel Col-
lege, 1584-1622. He served on the Cambridge
committee for lii-awing up the authorized ver-
sion of the Bible.
Chad's Ford (ehadz f(3rd). See Brandywine.
Chaereas and Callirrhoe (ke're-as and ka-Ur'-
9-e). An old Greek romance by Chariton
Aphrodisiensis, only a part of which is extant.
Chariton of Aphrodisias is the feigned name of the
erotic novelist to whom we owe the romance of Chiereas
and Callirrhoe. He pretends to have been the secretary
of Athenagoras, who is mentioned by Thucydides as a
Syracusan orator, the opponent of Hermocrates ; and the
daughter of the latter is the heroine of the piece. T'lie
romance is less known by its merits than by the very
elaborate commentary of which D'Orvillc made it the
vehicle and excuse. The age of the author is not ascer-
tained, but it seems to us, from internal evidence, that it
belongs to the same school as the romance of Achilles
Tatiiis, and was iinliaii.s suggested by it. A\'e have a re-
vival iu the tomb, witli liappier results than that of Juliet,
and the usual intir\ention of robbers.
A'. O. Midler, Hist, of the Lit. of Ane. Greece, III. 360.
{{Itonaldmn.)
Chaeronea (ker-o-ue'ii), or Chaeroneia (ker-o-
ne'yii). [Ur. Xoipwron.] In ancient geograjihy,
a town in western -Bo.'otia, Greece, in lat. 38°
29' N., long. 22° .50' E. it was the birthplace of
Plutarch. Here, 338 u. c, Philip of Macedon defeated
the Ba'otians and Athenians; and in 80 a. c. Sulla, with
30,<)«)-40,000 men, defeated the army of Mithridates (about
110,000) under Arclulaus.
Chagga (chiig'ga). [G. Ihrli0(i!)ii.] A Bantu
tribe of German East Africa. Ihey are settled on
tile lowest terrace of Mount Kilimanjaro, and are almost
surrounded by the .Masai tribes. They are tall, brave, and
less dark than the coast people. The Germans have liad
much trouble in siiliiluing them, one military expedition
being miis.sacred by the Moshi in 1892. 'The Chagga lan-
guage is closely related to Sualiili.
Chagres (cha'gres). 1. A river in the isthmus
of Panama, (Colombia, which flows into the
Caribbean .Sea at the to\vn of Chagres. The
line of th(> (incomplete) Panama Canal follows
the valley of the Chagres. — 2. A si'aport in
Colombia, 12 miles southwest of Aspinwall.
Chahta
Chahta. See Choctaic.
Chaill6-Long (shii-ya'16n), Charles. Born,
of l-'ieueh parents, at Baltimore, Jld., 1(>43.
An African explorer. Atter serring in the Confed-
erate army he went to Eiij-pt, and was made lientenaiit-
colunel liy the khedive ill 1870. Ill 1874 Oonion appointed
him chief of his start and sent him on a mission to King
iltesa of IganchL Tllough oliliged. Iiy intrigues, to re-
turn to Gordon at Gnndiikoro, lie sutcecdtd in exploring
part of Lake Victoria and the surrounding country, the
course of the Somerset > ile, and the Makaraka and Nyam-
Xyam countries. He published "Central Africa" (1S87X
and "The Three Pruphets " (Gordon, the JIahdi, Arabi) in
1888.
Chaimas, or Chaymas (cUi'miiz). An Intliau
tribe of eastern Venezuela, between the Cu-
niaud coast and the Orinoco, lliey are of the Carib
stock, and were formerly numerous and powerful, resisting
the Spanish invaders with great bravery. In the lethand
17lh centuries most of the survivors were gathered into
mission villages, and their descendant* are now mingled
with other tribes.
Chaitanya (chi-tan'ya). Bom at Nadiya, in
Biugul, 1-lSa: died 1527. The foimderof a sect
of Vaishuavas found in Bengal. His first principle
was that all the faithful worshipers of Krishna (Vishnu)
were to be treated as equals. Caste was to be subordi-
nated to faith in Krishna. "The mercy of God," said
ChaitJinya, '' regards neither tribe nor family. " While the
Vedic hymns and Brahmanas rely on works (karma), and
the I'panisbads on abstract meditation and divine know-
ledge, as the path to blessedness, Chaitanya found it in
intense devotion, displayed by complete union of the
spirit with Krishna- He disappeared mysteriously in 1527,
at the age of forty-two. His followers came to regard
him as Kiishna incarnate, and his disciples Advaita and
Nityananda as manifestations of portions of the same
deity. Ttiese three leaders are therefore called the three
great lords (Prabhus). They form the triad of this phase
of Vaishnavisin.
Chaka (chii'kii). See Zulu,
Chalcedon (kal-se'dou). [6r. Xa/Kt/Suv.'] In
ancient geography, a town in Bithynia, situated
on the Bosporus opposite Byzantium. It was
founded by Megarian colonists about 68.5 B. c. The fourth
ecumenical council, at which Eutychianism was con-
demned, was held there in 451 A. D. It was convoked by
the emperor Marcianus, and was attended by 630 bishops
(mostly from the Orient), the legates of Pope Leo I., and
the commissioners of the emperor. It assembled origi-
nally at Xiciea in Sept., 451, but was on account of its
turbulence transferred to Chalcedon in order that the im-
perial court and senate might attend in person. It con-
demned the Kobber Council (Eutychian) of Ephesus (449),
and adopted an orthodox corifession of faith.
Chalkedon was called the city of the blind, because its
fomiders passed by the then unoccupied site of Byzan-
tium. Freeman, Hist. Essays, III. 277.
Chalchihuitlicue (chal 'che-we-tle'kwe). [' Pet-
ticoat of blue-stones.'] In Mexican (Nahuatl)
mj-thology, the goddess of water, and the wife
or companion of Tlaloc. She had many other
names.
Chalcidice (kal-sid'i-se). [Gr. Xa>.K«!('«7.] In
ancient geography, the chief peninsula of
Macedonia, terminating in the three smaller
peninsulas of Pallene, Sithouia, and Aete, pro-
jecting into the .lEgean Sea. It was settled by
Eubceans about the 7th eentiuy B. c. Its chief
town was Olynthus.
Chalcidins (kal-sid'i-us). Lived in the 6th (or
4th f) century A. D. A Platonic philosopher,
author of a Latin translation of and commen-
tary on the first part of Plato's "Timaeus."
Chalcis{kal'sis). [Gr. Xa>.MC.] The chief town
of Euboea, Greece, situated on the Euripus 34
miles north of Athens : the modern Egripo, or
Negropont. it was subdued by Atliens in 506 B. c,
and was an important trading and colonizing center.
Population (1889), commune, 15,713.
Chalcis had been one of the most important cities in
Greece. It was said to have been originally a colony from
Athens (Strab. x, p. 661X but shortly acquired complete
independence. In a war which it bad maintained with
Eretria, some considerable time before this, all Greece
had been concerned on the one side or the other (Tlmcyd.
i. 15, and infra, ch. 99). Few cities sent out so many or
such distant colonies. The whole peninsula situated be-
tween the Tllenuaic and Strymonic gulfs acquired the
name of Ch.alcidic6, from the number of Chalcidean set^
tlements (Thucyd. passim). Seriphus, Peparethus, and
othei-s of the Cyclades, were Chalcidean (Scyrn. Cbiu^ I.
B85). In Italy and Sicily, the colonies of Chalcis exceeded
In number those of any other state. Naxos, Leonttni,
Catana, Zancl^, Khegium, and Cuma were among them.
Jiaictiii^on, Herod., III. 275, note.
Chalco (ehal'ko). A village of Mexico, on the
east side of Lake Chalco, about 20 miles south-
east of Mexico City. Before the Spanish conquest
Chalco was one of the moat important pueblos of the
Mexican v:illoy.
Chalcondyles (kal-kon'di-lez), or Chalcocon-
dyles (kal-ko-kon'di-lez). or Chalcondylas
(kal-kou'di-las), Demetrius. Born at Athens
about 1424 (1428 f): <Ued at Milan, 1.511. A
Greek grammarian, teacher of Greek in Peru-
gia, Rome, and elsewhere in Italy, and in Flor-
ence. He wrote a Greek grammar entitled "Erotemata"
(1493?), and edited Homer (1488X Isocrates (1493), and
Suidas (1499).
232
Chalcondyles, Laonicus or Nicolas. Bom at
.\thens: died about 14t>4. A Byzantine histo-
rian, ambassador of John VII. Palwologus to
the Sultan Murad II. during the siege of Con-
stantinople in 144C. He wrote a histoiy of the
Byzantine empii-e 1297-1462 (ed. by Bekker
1843).
Chaldea (kaWe'a). [In the Old Testament
Knsdiiii, in the Assyrian inscriptions Kahlu for
Jiashdu (by the phonetic law of the change of
a sibilant before a denta! to /). The etjTuol-
ogy of the name is still uncertain: some sug-
gest the Assyrian stem l-asddu, to conquer, so
that it would mean ' the country of the con-
querors.'] Li the older inscriptions, middle
Babylonia, the tract south of the city of Baby-
lon in the direction toward the Persian Gulf:
other portions of the country were designated
Akkad, Sumir, etc. Later the name Kaldu 0.i\ie
" Land of Kasdim " in .Ter. xxiv. 5, Ezek. xii. 13) was ex-
tended to the whole country of Babylonia, t. e. the terri-
tory bounded on the north by AssjTia, on the south by the
Syrian desert and the Persian Gulf, on the east by Elam,
and on the west by Syria. It is not certain to which family
of men the Chaldeans belonged, but some have supposed
that they were a mixed race composed of Babylonians and
Kassites or C"oss;eans.
Chaldean Empire. The Babylouiau Empire.
Chaleurs (sha-lorz'), or Chaleur (shii-ler'),
Bay of. [F. chaleur, heat : named by J. Car-
tier (1534) from its warmth.] An inlet of the
Gulf of St. Lawrence, IjTng between Quebec on
the north and New Brunswick on the south.
Length, 90 miles. Greatest width, 20 miles.
Chalgrove (chal'grov). A village in Oxford-
shire, England, 7 miles southeast of Oxford.
Here, June 18, 1543, Prince Eupert defeated the Parlia-
mentarians. Hampden was mortally wounded.
Chalkis. See Cliakis.
Chalkley (chiik'li), Thomas. Bom at London,
March 3, 1675: died in Tortola, West Indies.
Sept. 4, 1741. An itinerant preacher of the So-
ciety of Friends. He visited the American colonies
in 1698, 1700, 1710, and a few years before his death es-
tablished a residence near Philadelphia.
Chalkstone (chak'ston), Lord. A character
in Garrick's play "Lethe" which he himself
made famous.
Challcuchima (ehal-ko-che'ma), or Chalicu-
chima (chil-le-ko-ehe'mii). APeruvian Indian,
said to have been a native of Quito and uncle
of Atahualpa. He was one of that Inca's generals in
the war with Huascar, and after Atahualpa had been im-
prisoned by the Spaniards, Challcuchima was induced to
visit him at Cajamarca. He was seized, kept a captive
during the subsequent march of the Spaniards, and finally
biu-ned alive near Cuzco on the charge that he w.is incit-
ing an Indian insurrection (?^0T., 1533).
Challemel-Lacour (shal-mel'lii-kor'), Paul
Amand. Born at Avi-anches, France, May 19,
1827: died at Paris, Oct. 2G, 1896. A French
publicist and politician. He was a deputy 1S72,
senator 1876, ambassador to England 1880-82, and minis-
ter of foreign atfairs 1883 ; was reelected senator in 1885 ;
and became president of the Senate in 1893.
Challenger Expedition. A British scientific
expeditiou. under the direction of Prof. Wyville
Thomson, for the exploration of the deep sea,
undertaken on board her Majesty's ship Chal-
lenger, 1872-76.
Challis (chal'is), James. Bom at Braintree,
Essex, Dee. 12, 1803: died at Cambridge, Dec.
3, 1882. An English astronomer and physicist,
Plumian professor of astronomy (1836), and di-
rector of the observatory (until 1861) at Cam-
bridge University.
Challoner (chal'on-er), Richard. Bom at
Lewes, Sussex, Sept. 29, 1691 : died at Loudon,
Jan. 12, 1781. Aji English Roman ('atholie
divine, made bishop of Debra in 1740, and
vicar apostolic of London in 1758. He was edu-
cated at the English College at Douai, and was professor
of philosophy there 1713-20, and vice-president and pro-
fessor of divinity 1720-30, returning to London in the
latter year. He published a large number of polemical and
theological works, including " The Rheims New Testa-
ment and the liouay Bible, with Annotations " (1749-50).
His version of the Douay Bible is substantially that since
used by English-speaking Cath'iliis,
Chalmers (chii'merz), Alexander. Born at
Aberdeen, Scotland, March 29, 17.59: died at
London, Dec. 10, 1834. A Scottish biographer,
editor, and miscellaneous writer. He is best known
.as the editor of the "General Biographical Dictionary"
(1812-14), based on the " New and General Biographical
Tliction;u-y " of Tooke, Xares, and Beloe.
Chalmers, George. Born at Fochabers, Elgin-
shire, Scotland, 1742: died at London, May 31,
1825. A British historian and antiquary, author
of " Caledonia " ( 1807-24), ' • Life of Mary Queen
of Scots" (ISIS), and numerous other works.
Chalmers, Thomas. Bom at East Anstnither.
Fifeshire, Scotland, March 17, 1780: died at
Chamberlain, Josepli
Momingside, near Edinburgh, May 31, 1847. A
celebrated Scottish divine and author. He was
minister at Glasgow 1815-23 ; professor of moral philoso-
phy at St. Andrews 1S23-2S, and of divinity at Edinburgh
1828-43; and leader in the secession of 1843 from the
Church of .Scotland. He wrot« "Discourses on Astron-
omy ' (1817), "PoUtical Economy " (1S32X "Natural The-
ology " (1823), " Institutes of Theology " (1847^9), etc.
Chalone (cha-16'na). A tribe of North Ameri-
can Indians. They formerly resided at and near San
Antonio and San Miguel missions, California, where they
numbered about 2,600 in the latter part of the last centtuy,
but only 12 families were identified in 1SS9. From these
and from the Kumsen were taken one half of the neophytes
of .Soledad mission, about which the Chalone had been
settled in seven villages. See Saiinan.
Chaloner (cha!'on-er), Sir Thomas. Bom at
London, 1521: died there, Oct. 14. 1565. An
English statesman and writer. He was ambassador
to the court of the emperor Ferdinand, 1558 ; later t<.) Philip
n. at Courtray ; and to Spain, 1561. He translated into
English the homilies of St. John Chrysostom (1544), Eras-
mus's " Praise of Folic " (1.t49), etc.
Chaloner, Sir Thomas. Bom 1561 : died Nov.
17, 1615. An English naturalist, son of the pre-
ceding. He wrote "A Short Discourse of the most rare
Vertue of Nitre " (1.584). He opened the first alum-mines
in England, at Belmau Bank, Guisborough, about 1600.
Chaloner, Thomas. Born at Steeple Claydon,
Buckinghamshire, 1595: died at Middelburg,
Zeeland, 1661. A regicide, third sou of the
younger Sir Thomas Chaloner. He acted as one
of the judges of Charles I., 1648, and was prominent in
Parliament until the Restoration, when he fled to the
Low Countries.
Chalons-sur-Mame (shii-lon'sur-miim'). The
capital of the department of Mame, France,
situated on the Marne in lat. 48° 58' N., long.
4° 21' E. : the ancient Catalaunum (whence the
modern name) or Dtirocatalaunum. It is the seat
of a bishopric. It exports champagne, and was formerly
famous for its woolen cloth. According to tradition the
great battle in 451, in which Aetius defeated Attila and his
Huns, took place near Clialons : "but there is good reason
to think that it was fought fifty miles distant from Ch.a-
lons-sur-Mame, and that it would be more correctly named
the battle of lYoyes, or, to speak with complete accuracy,
the battle of M6ry-sur-Seine " (HorfytiH). The camp of
Chylous was established in the neighborhood by Napoleon
III. in 1357, and is now used for manceuvers. The town
was taken by the AUies in 1S14 and 1815, and by the Ger-
mans in 1870. The cathedral of Chiilons is an interesting
monument, chiefly of the 13th centm-y, with etfective and
lofty interior. The west front is of the 17th century. The
facade of the north transept, with its sculptured and cano-
pied portal, has much beauty, and the tracery and hut-
tresses are admirable. Population (1891), comnmue, 25,863.
Chalon-sur-Saone (sha-16n'sUr-sdn'). A city
in the department of Saone-et-Loire, France,
situated on the Saone in lat. 46° 48' N., long.
4° 52' E. : the ancient Cabillouum or Caballinum.
It is an important commercial and manufacturing center,
and has an ancient cathedral (of St. Vincent). It was the
seat of important church councils in the early middle
ages. Later it was the capital of the county of Chalonnais.
Population (1891). 24.686. Also ChAlunisur-SadM.
Chains (shii-Uis'). or Chaluz. A village in the
department of Haute- Vienne, France, 20 miles
southwest of Limoges. Richard I. of England
was mortally wounded at the siege of its castle
in 1199.
Chalybaus (chii-le-ba'os), Heinrich Moritz.
Born at Pfaffroda. Saxonv, Julv 3, 1790: died
at Dresden. Sept. 22, 1862. A German philo-
sophical writer, professor at Kiel (1839).
Chalybes (kal'i-bez). [Gr. Xa/.i;/3ff.] In an-
cient history : (a) A people in Pontus, near the
Black Sea, noted as workei-s in iron, (i) A
people living near the head waters of the Eu-
phrates.
Cham (kiim), pseudonym of Comte Amedee
de No6 (a-ma-da' de no-a'). [F. for ■Ham.']
Born at Paris, Jan. 26, 1819: died at Paris,
Sept. 5, 1879. A French caricaturist, noted
for his illustrations in ''Charivari," etc.
Chamavi (ka-ma'«). [L. (Tacitus) Chamaei,
Gr. (Ptolemy) Kauaioi.] A German tribe, ao-
conling to 'Tacitus originally in the Rhine re-
gion north of the Lippe, but "later further east-
ward, adjoining the Bl-ucteri. Julian, in the 4th
century, found them again on the lower Rhine, and drove
them back from the western side to the territory after-
ward called Hamaland, They were ultimately merged In
the Franks.
Chamba (cham ' ba). A feudatory state in
British India, in lat. 82° 30' N., long. 76° E.,
under the control of the Panjab government.
Population (1891), 124,032.
Chambal (ehum-bul'). A river in central India
which rises in the Vindh^-a Mountains, and
flows northeast into the Juinna below Etawah.
Length. 650 miles.
Chamberlain (cham'ber-lSn), Joseph. Bom
at London, July, 1836. An English Radical poli-
tician, since 1886 a leader of the Liberal Union-
ists. He was mayor of Birmingham 1873-76 ; was returned
Chamberlain, Joseph
to Parliament from l:iniiiiigli:iiii in lS7ti; was president of
tliL* Huaril of Traiie ]880-».t ; and was president of the
Local GovernntenI Board 1S8(», and colonial secretary 189;'>-.
Chamberlain, Joshua Lawrence. Born at
Baiif,'or, JIaiiio, Scpl. S, isiis. An American
educatdr, soldier, ami jioliliclan. Ue served with
distinction in the Army of the I'otoniac is(>2-<i5 ; was i^jov-
emor of Maine lS(J7-70 ; nntl president of Bowdoin Col-
lege 1871 S3.
Ohamberlayne(eliam'ber-lHn), Edward. Born
at (idiiiKton, Ciloucestershiro, Deo. 13, IGIG:
died at Clieisea, Mav, 1703. An Englisli writer.
He was a graduate of 'Oxford (H. A. 163S, M. A. 1041),
tutor of Henr>* Kitzroy, illegitimate son of t'harles 11.,
and also to Prince (Jeorge of Denmai'k, and one of the
founders of the Royal Society, lie was the author of
" Angliro Notitiie, or the Present Stjite of Ennland " (IWin,
anonymous: the 21st ed., 1708, bears the title " Magice
Britannia; notilia, or. etc."), a hanilhook of English so-
ciety an<l politics, "England's Wants " (10G7), etc.
Chamber layne, John. Born about 1600 : died
17i;3. A yoiiiifjer .son of Edward (Jitamberlayne.
Ho continued his father's "ilagnie Britanniie notitia,"
translated Bi-andt's "History of the Reformation in the
Low Countries," etc.
Chamberlen (eham'b^r-len), Hugh. Born at
Lomlon about 1G30: died after Nov., 1720. Aii
Englisli physioian (physician in ordinary to
the kins, 1673), celebrated as the projector of
a financial scheme designed " to make Eng-
land rich and happy," based on the issue of a
largo quantity of bank-notes on the security of
landcil property.
Chambers (cham'berz), Ephraim. Born at
Koudal, England, about 1080 (f): died at Lon-
don, May 15, 1740. An English writer, com-
piler of a " Cyclopanlia, an Universal Dictionary
of Arts and Sciences" (1728), the first of its
kind in English.
Chambers, Robert. Bom atPeeble.s, Scotland,
July 10, l,su2: died at St. Andrews, March 17,
1871. A Scottish publisher (at Edinburgh)
and writer. He was the author of "Illustrations of
the Author of Wavcrley " (1822), "Traditions of Edin-
burgh " (1823), ■' \V:illis in Edinburgh " (1825), "History of
the Rebellion of 174.T " (1828), "Biographical Dictionary
of Eminent Scotsmen" (18:J2-34), "Book of Days "(1862-
1861), "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation"
(ia44 : anonymous), etc. The last-named work, the au-
thorship of which was not diat;overed until 1884, was an
exposition of a theoi^ of development, and quickly be-
came famous through Iioth the criticism and the praise
which its heterodo.v views aroused. He was joint editor
of "Chambers's Journal," and a member of the publishing
firm of W. and R. Chambers.
Chambers, sir William. Born at Stockholm,
172(i: dinl at Lomlon, March 8, 1790. A British
architect. He rebuilt Somerset House in London, 177B.
He wrote "A Treatise of Civil Architecture" (176(1).
Chambers, William. Born at Peeldes, Scot-
laud, April 10, 1800: died at Edinburgh, May
20, 1883. A Scottish publisher (head of the
firm of \V. and li. (!liaml)ers) and writer, brother
of Itobert Chambers. He wrote "Things as they
are in America" (18,M). " History of Peebles " (18(i4), etc.
Ohambersburg (chilm'berz-berg). A borough,
cai)itul of Fninkliii County, Pennsylvania, 40
miles southwest of Harrisburg. It was burned by
the Confeilcrates .luly :iO, IStM. Population (1890), 7,8(13.
Chambertin (shoii-ber-tan'). A vineyard in
the comniune of (icvrey, 8 miles south-sonlh-
west of Dijon, France. It gives its name to
a noti'd I'od Burgundy wine.
Chamb^ry (shon-lia-ro'). [It. Ciamberi.'] The
capital oi the <lcpartment of Savoie, France, in
lat. 4.')° 34' N. , long. r>° r>y E. It was the capital of
the departnicut of ilont Blanc 17U2-1S15, and passed with
Savoy from Sardinia to France in 1880. Population (1891),
corannuie, 20,922.
Ohambezi (cham-be'zi). A river in central
Af rica, rising as the Chasi, and continuing (south
and west of Lake Bangwoolo) as the Luapula —
the head waters of the Kongo.
Chambord (shon-bor'). A village in the de-
jiartment of Loir-et-Clier, France, 11 miles east
of lilois. It contains a famous chfttcau, built by Fran.
pois I., a large structure illustrating the application of
Renaissance principles to a French medieval type. The
nmst striking feature is the six huge cylindrical, cone-
roofed towers, tiO feet In diameter, with decorated dor-
mer-windows ami high chimneys. The central tower
contains a remarkable double spiral stair, so devised that
two sets of persrms uuiy ascend and descend at the same
lime wjthr)ut meeting; this tower is aurmonntetl by an
openwork lantern. The chatemi contains 440 rooms, and
the Ktabl,!s can receive 1,20(1 hfu'ses.
Chambord, Comte de (Henri Charles Fer-
dinand Marie Dieudonn6 d'Artois, l>uc ,u<
Bordcau.x). Horn at Paris, Sept. 29, 1820: died
at I'rohsdorf, near Vienna, Aug. 24, 1883. A
French Legitimist prince, sou of the Due de
Berry, and gi'andson of Chai'les X., styled Due
de Bordeau.\ before 1830, and gometimes called
" Henri V."
Chambre Introuvable (shon'braii-trO-va'bl).
[P., ' Uudiscoverable Chamber.'] A ni(d<narao
233
given to the French Chamber of Deputies,
1815-16, noted for its reactionary measures.
Chambres Aidentes (shoii'br ziir-dout'). t^'-.
' Fiery Chambers.'] Extraordinary Frencli tri-
bunals sometimes convened under the old mon-
archy for the trial i>( cases of malversation, {'ir.
Chambure (shoii-bhr'), Auguste Lepelletier
de. Born at Vitteaiuv, Burgundv, France,
March 31, 1789: died at Paris, July 12, 1832. A
French officer, surnamod "Lo Diable" on ac-
count of liis audacious bravery.
Chameleon (ka-me'le-on), The. A constella-
tion invented by Bayer, situated beneath the
feet of tlie Centaur.
Chamfort (shoii-for'), or Champfort, Sebas-
tien Roch Nicolas. Bom in Auvergne, France,
about 1741: died at Paris, April. 13, 1794. A
French litterateur, author of "Eloge do Mo-
li^re" (1769), the plays "Le marchand de
Sniyme" (1770),"Mustapha et Z^angir" (1770),
etc.
Chamisso (shii-mes'so), Adelbert von. Born
at the castle of Boncourt, in Clutmp.agne, Jan.
30 (27 f), 1781: died at Berlin, Aug. 21, 1838.
A German author and poet. He was of an old
French family. In 1796 his parents, who had left France
in 1790, went to Berlin, where he became a page of the
queen. In 1798 he entered the Prussian ai'my, from
which he, however, retired in 1808. In 1815 he accom-
panied as naturalist the exploring exiiedition of Count
Itomantsott In a journey around the world. He was subse-
quently custodian of the botanical collections in Berlin.
His most celebrated prose work, "Peter Schlemihls wuii-
derbare Geschichte" ("The Wonderful History of Peter
Schlemihl "), appeared in 1814. His poetry comi)rise3
populiu- songs, ballads, and romances. In the last class
are included the Icuig poems ".Salas y Gomez," " Matteo
Falcone," "Die Retraite " (" The Retreat "). His collected
works appeared llrst at Leipsic, 1836-49, in six volumes.
Chamonix (sha-mo-ne'), or Chamouni (sha-
mo-ne'),or Chamouny. A valley in the depart-
ment of Haute-Savoie, France, at the foot of
Mont Blanc, watered by the Arve. it is a cele-
brated resort for t^nirists, and the starting-point for ex-
cursions to Mont Blanc, the Mer-de-Glace, Montar.vert,
Fl^gere, Martigny, etc. Its center is the village of Cha-
monix. Length of valley, 12 miles. Elevation, 3,44.S feet.
It was explored by Pococke and Wyndham in 1743, anci
later by .Saussure and others.
Chamont. A rough and extremel}' fiery yfunig
soldier of fortmie, the brother of ilonimia.
"the orphan," in Ot way's tragedy of that name.
Chamorro (chi'i-mor'id), FrutO. Born in Gua-
temala about 1810: died near Granada, March
12, 1855. A Nicaragua!! statesman. From April,
1853, until his death he was president of Nicaragua.
During a part of this time his rule was limited to Granada,
where he was Iiesieged by revolutionists.
Champa (cham'pii). A city in Afiga, the pres-
ent Bhagalpur or near it. it is said to have been
founded by Champa, a descendant of Yayati ; but was
named rather from its abundant champa or champaka
trees {Michelia Champalca\ whence it was also called
MtUiiu, 'garlanded,' from its being surrounded with cham-
paka trees as with a giuland {maid).
Champagne (shoii-piiny'), or Champaigne
(shoii-panv'), Philippe de. Born at Brussels,
May 26, 1602 : died at Paris, Aug. 12, 1674. A
jiainter of the Flemisli school. His best works
are at Paris, Viueennes, and Vienna.
Champagne (sham-pan' ; F. pron. shou-piiny').
An ancient govei-nment of P'rauce. It was
bounded l»y Belgium on tlie north, Lorraine on the east,
Franchc-Cotnte .on the southeast. Burgundy on the south,
au<i orleanais, Ile-ile-France, and Picardy on the west.
It iscelcln;itf<l ftu' its wines. Its chief city is Troyes. It
formed the modern departments of Marne, Haute-Marne,
Aube, Ardeiuies, parts of Aisno. Yonne, Scine-et-Marne,
and Meuse. In the middle ages It was a countship and
one of the great llefs of France. Some of its counts were
noted as poets. Its heiress married Philip tlie Fair in
1284. It was annexed to France in 1335, and incorporated
with France in l;i01.
Champagny (shoii-piin-ye'), Francois Joseph
Nomp6re de. Born at Vienna, Sejit. 10, 1.S04:
dieil May 4, 1882. A Fi'ench jiuhlicist, son of
the first Due do Cadoini. His cliiof work is
"L'Histoii'c des CV-sai's" (1.841-43).
Champagny, Jean Baptiste Nompfere de, first
Due <.fe (Jadore. Born at Koanne, Loire, France,
Aug. 4, 1756: died at Pai'is, Jidy 3, 1834. A
French politician ami diplomat. He was ambassa-
dor at Vienna 1801 04, minister ot the interior 1804-07,
and ininihter of foreign alfaiis 1807 11.
Champagny, Louis Alix Nompfere de, second
Due do Cadore. Born Jan. 12, I79(i: di(fd at
Boulogne, Fi'auee, tlaii. 27, 1870. A Fi'ench
politician, son .of the first Due de Cadore. He
was ambassador at Rome in 18()1.
Champaran (chura-i>ii-run'). A district in the
Patna division, Beliar, British India. Ai-ea,
3,.531 square miles. I'opulation, 1,5110,000.
Champ-de-Mars (shoii'de-miirs'). [F.,' field of
Mars ; 1j. l'(iiiii>ii.s M<iiliii.i.'] A lai'gi^ square in
the quarter Grouello of Paris, on the left bank
ChampoUion Figeac, Jean Jacques
of the .Seine, now \ised for militaiy exeicises.
It has been the scene of battles and historical eiilsodes
from the 9th centm-y, and of festivals, pageants, e.vlnldtluns
(of 1867, 1878), etc. Here occurred, July 14, 1790, the " fete
de la federal ion" ; July 17, 17itl, an attempt at insurrection
("nnassacrcs <iu chaini>-dc-Mars"); and June 8, 1794, the
■' fete ii I'Etre snpirme. "
Champ de Mars. [F., ' field of March.'] In
early Fi'ench institutional history, an annual
political and military assembly, held in March.
The time of meeting was changed to May in the 8th cen-
tui'y, and thereafterthese assemblies were called " Champs
de Mai."
Champeaux (slioii-p6'), Guillaume de, Latin-
ized Campellensis. Born at Champeaux,
near M( Inn, France, toward the end of the llth
century: died 1121. A noted French scholas-
tic philosopher, an opponent of Abelard, who
was his pupil.
Champfleury(shoii-fl^-re'), pseudonym of Jules
Fleury-Husson. Born at Laon, France, Sej)!.
10, 1821 : died at Sfevi'es, Dec. 5, 1889. A French
novelist and miscellaneous wi'iter. His works in-
clude "Cbien-Callou" (1847), "Lcs bourgeois de Molin-
cbart"(ls.'.4), "Histoircde la caricature " (1865), etc.
Champigny (shoii-pen-ye'). A village situated
on the Marne 5 miles east-southeast of Paris.
Here, Nov. 30 and llec. 2, 1870, occurred battles between
the Germans and the French under Ducrot. Loss ot the
(iermans, over 5,000 ; of the French, 10,000 to l'2,0oa
Champion (cham'pi-on), The. A journal which
first appeared in 1739, edited by Henry Fielding
and a man named Ralph, it is based on the model
ot the "Spectator" and "Tatler." Two volumes of the
paper were republished in 1741. It ridiculed the Jacobite
party.
Champion's Hill (cham'pi-onz hil). A locality
in Hinds County, Mississippi, west of Jackson.
Here, May 16, 1863," the J'ederals (32,000) under Grant de-
feated the Confederates (about 25,000) under Pembertou.
Loss of Feder.als, 2,457 ; of Confederates, 4,300. Also called
battle of Baker's Creek.
Champion of the Virgin. An epithet bestowed
on St. Cyril, bishop of iUexandria (5th cen-
tui'j'), noted as an opponent of Nestorianism.
Champlain (sham-plan' ; F. pron. shon-plaii'),
Samuel de. Born at Brouage, Saiutonge,
France, 1567: died at Quebec, Dec. 25, 1635.
A French navigator and explorer. He made ex-
plorations in Canada and .New England 1003-07, founded
Quebec 16U8, and discovered Lake Champlain 1609. He
wrote " Des sauvages " (1603), " Voyages " (1613, 1619, 1632).
Complete works published 1870.
Samuel de Champlain has been fitly called the Father
of New France. In him were embodied her religious zeal
and romantic spirit of adventure. Before the close of his
career, purged of heresy, she took the posture which she
held to the day of her death — in one hand the crucitlx, in
the other the sword. His life, full of signiflcauce, is the
true beginning of her eventful history.
Parkuuiii, Pioneers of France, p. 165.
Champlain (sham-plan'). Lake. [Named for
Samuel de Champlain.] A lake between Ver-
mont and New Yoi'k, extending from White-
liall. New York, to .St. John's, ('anada. Its outlet
is the Richelieu or Siu'el River (into the St. LawrenceX and
it is connected with the Hudson by a camU. It was dis-
covered by Samuel de Champlain in 1600. On (let. 11, 1776,
a British tlotilla defeated the Americans under Arnold.
Sept. 11, 1814, an American squadron consisting of 14 ves-
sels of all classes, carrying 8t! guns and about s.'iO men,
under the command of Captain MacdoTuuigh, defeated a
British force consisting of 16 vessels of all classes, carry-
ing 95 guns and about l,oi«l men, under the command of
Captain Downie, which sujqiorted an Invasion of New York
by Sir George Prevost. A precipitate retreat of the land
force succeeded the buttle. Length, about 110 miles.
Width, in the northeni piut, 10 to 12 miles. Elevation
al)ove sea-level, 91 feet.
Champlin (champ'lin), James Tift. Born Juno
9, 1811: died March 15, 1882. An American
clergyman and teacher, ju'esideiit of Colby
University (Watervilhi, Maine) 1S57-72.
Champmesl6 (shoii-ma-la'), Charles Chevil-
let, Sieurde. Born at Paris, 1645: died there,
j\pi'il 22, 1701. A I'l'eiich dramatic author and
coiiu'dian.
Champmesle, Marie Desmares de. Boi-n at
Rouen in 1041 (1()44'J: lUcd at Auteuil, May
15, 1098. A French actress, the wife of Charles
Champmesl(5.
This French lady was the original Hermlone, Berenice,
Mouimia, and Phedre. These were written expressly for
her liy Itacine, who traineil bcr exactly lus Rochester dlil
Elizabeth Barry, — to some glory on the stage, and to some
infamy titf it. Diiraily Eng. Stage, I. 111.
Champneys (champ'niz), William Weldon.
liorn at liondon, April 0, 1807: dieil at Lich-
field, Feb. 4, 1875. An English clergyman and
writer, a graduate of Oxford (Brasenose Col-
lege), .'ippointed dean of Lichfield Nov., 1.S68.
ChampoUion (sham-jud'i-on; 1''. pron. shoii-
pol-yoii') Figeac, Jean Jacques. Born at
Figeac, Irtit, Fiance, Oct. 5, 1778: died at Fou-
tainobleau, France, May 9, 1807. A noted
French archaologist, brother of J. F. Champol-
Champollion Figeac, Jean Jacques
lion. He wrote " Antiijuitea de Grenoble" (1807), "An-
iiiUes des Lagides " (ISlit). " Paleographie universelle, etc."
(1839-41), ■' I.e paluis de t'ont.aiiieldcau " (lS<i7). etc.
Champollion, Jean Frangois. Born at Fi-
geac Lot, France, Dei-. lIH, 1790: died at Paris,
March 4, 18312. A celebrated French Oriental-
ist, the discoverer of the key to the Egjiitian
hieroglyphic inscriptions (1.S22). His chief works
are " Prt^cis du systvnie lli6roglyphique"tl824 ). ' 'Gramnniire
(!gyptieniie " (18:i6-;ll), " Dictiomiaire t'gyptien " (1841-44),
"Monuments de rEg.vpte ct de la Nubie ' (1835-45).
Chainps-Elysees(shon'za-le-za'). [F.,'Elysian
Fields.'] Aii avenue, and the gardens suiTound-
ing it, in Paris, extemling from the Place de
la Concorde li miles to the Place de I'Etoile,
celebrated as a place of public resort. It was
acquired bv the crown in 1616, and ceded to
tlie city in'lS2S.
Chamuilda (cha-mon'dii). In Hindu mytbol-
ogy, an emanation of the goddess Uurga. said
to have been so named by Durga on account of
her destruction of the two demons Chanda and
Munda.
Chanak Kalessi (cha-nak' ka-les-se')- A town
in Asiatic Turkey, on the Dardanelles. Pop-
ulation, 6,000 (J).
Chanakya (cha'ua-kya). A celebrated Brah-
man (the ^lachiavelli of India) wbo took a
leading part in the overthrow of the Nauda dy-
nasty of Magadha, and the elevation of Chan-
dragupta to their throne, in 315 B, C. A work upon
morals and politics called " Clianakyasutra " is ascribed to
him. He is the chief character in the drama " Mudrarak-
shasa" (which see). Other names of Chanakya are Vish-
ntiL:upta and Kautilya.
Chanca (chiin'kii). Dr. (l)elieved to bave been
Diego Alvarez Chanca). A Spanish physi-
cian, native of Se\'ille, who accompanied Co-
lumbus on his second voyage in 1493. Hewrot«
a letter to the cathetlral chapter of Seville, giving an
account of what he saw, and this is one of the main his-
torical authorities for the voyjige. Nothing is known of
his previous or subsequent life.
Chancaslehiiu'kaz). An ancient Indian nation
of Peru, of the (^uiehua race, who occupied
the valleys of the Andes between the Apuri-
mac an<l the Mantaro. About the year 1400 their
king, I'savalca, made war on the Incas of Cuzco, but was
defeated in two great battles near Cuzco by Pachacutec
Yupanqni. 'I'he survivors fled eastward to the Upper
Amazonian plains, where some of the modern tribes may
be their descendants. A number of the Peruvian ruins
are ascrilied to the Chancaa.
Chancellor (eban'sel-or), Richard. Died Nov.
10, 1.556. An English naWgator. He accompauied
Roger Bodenham on a journey to Candia and Chio in 1550.
In 1553 he became captain of the Edward Bonaventure and
pilot-general of the expedition which set out in that year
under the command of Sir Hugh Willou^hby in search of
a noitheast passage to India. Becoming separated from
the other ships of the expedition in a gale ott the Lofoden
Islands, he pushed on alone into the White Sea, whence
he made his way overland to Moscow. He obtained valu-
able trade concessions from the Russian court in behalf of
the English, which led to the organization of the Muscovy
Company on his return to England in 1554. He made a sec-
ond visit to Moscow in 1555, and was shipwrecked otf Pits-
ligo, on the coast of Aberdeenshire, on the return voyage.
A narrative of his first visit to Moscow, written by Clement
Adams, was published in Hakluyt's "Navigations," and
is the tlrst considerable account of the Russian people in
the English langil.age.
Chancellorsville (ehan'sel-orz-vil). A post-
oflice in Spottsylvauia County, Va., 55 miles
nortliwcst of Richmond. Here, May 2-1, 1863, the
Confederates (about 05,000) under Lee defeated the Fed-
erals (132,000) under Hooker. Loss of the Federals, 10,030;
of the ( 'onfedcrates, 12,281 (including " .Stonewall " Jack-
son).
Chancery Lane (chan'se-ri lan). A street in
London leading from Fleet street to Holboru,
and passing by the Inns of Court.
Chances (chan'sez), The. A comedy by John
Fletcher. It was published in 1647, but had been played
before 1025. The plot is from "La Sertora Cornelia," a
novel by Cervantes. The Duke of Buckingham produced
an alteration of it in 1682. and Oarrick lirought out a sec-
ond alteration in 1773. In 1821 a musical drama foinided
on it, called 'Don John, or the Two \"ioletta8," was pro-
duced. The original play had two Constantias.
Chanda (chan'dU). In Hindu mythology, a
name of the goddess Durga, applied especially
to her incarnation for the purpose of destroy-
ing the demon Mahislia. This exploit, which is
treated in a section of the Markandeyapurana, is particu-
larly celebrated in Bengal at the Durgapuja, or festival
held in honor of the goddess toward the close of the year
(about Oct. to Nov.).
Chanda (chan'dii). 1. A district in the Nagpur
division of the Central Provinces, British India,
lat. 20° N., long. 79°-S0°E. Area, 10,785 square
miles. — 2. The capital of the Chanda district,
in lat. 19° 57' N.. long. 79° 15' E.
Chandemagor (<haii-di''r-na-g6r' ). A tovra and
territory in Hindustan, situated on tbe Hugli
20 miles north of Calcutta. It was a possession of
the French, under the jurisdiction of Pondicherry ; was
234
taken by the English in 1757, 1793, etc. ; and was ceded
finally to France in 1816. Area, '6i, square miles. Popu-
lation (ISSS), 25,305.
Chandipatha (chan-de-piit'ha). [Skt., 'read-
ing or text regarding Chandi.'] A poem of
seven hundred verses, forming an episode of
tlie Markandeyapurana. It celebrates Durga's
victories over the Asuras, and is read dail}' in
the temple of that goddess.
Chandler (chand'ler), Zachariah. Born at
Bedford, N. H., Dee. 10, 1813: died at Chicago,
Nov. 1, 1879. Aji American politician. He was
United States senator ft'om Michigan 1857-75
and 1879, and secretary of the interior 1875-77.
Chandos (chau'dos), Sir John. Died at Mor-
temer, France, Jan. 1, 1370. An English sol-
dier. He served at the siege of Cambrai, at Cr^cy, and
at Poitiers (where he saved the life of the Black Prince) ;
was appointed regent and lieutenant of the King of Eng-
land in France about 1361, and constable of Guienne in
1362 ; commanded the English forces at the battle of Au-
ray (Oct. 6, 1364), and, with John of Gaunt, the English
advance-guard at Navarette (.April 3, 1307); was made
seneschal of Poitiers 1369 ; and died from the effects of a
wounil received in an engagement at Lussac, Dec. 31, 1369.
Chandra (chan'dra). [Skt.] The moon, either
as a planet or as a iieity ; hence, any eminent or
illustrious person (the moon being regarded as
the most beautiful of planets).
Chandragupta (chan-dra-gop'ta). [Skt., 'the
moon-protected.'] A name identified by Sir
William Jones with the "Sandrokottos" or
" Saudrokyptos " of the Greek historians of
Alexander. See Sandroeottns.
Chandrakanta (eban-dra-kan'ta). [Skt,,
'lovely as the moon.'] A fabulous gem, the
moon-stone, supposed to be formed from the
congelation of the rays of the moon, and to dis-
solve under the influence of its light.
Chandur (ehan-dor'), or Chandor (clian-dor').
A fortified town in Bombav, British India, in
lat. 20° 20' N., long. 74° lO"' E. It was ceded
to the British in 1818.
Changs (cha-nas'). A South American Indian
tribe which formerly occupied the western side
of the river Paraguay, about lat. 17° S. They
were probably the same as the modern GuanAs (whicli
see). There was another tribe of this name in Uruguay.
Changarnier ishon-gar-nya'), Nicolas Anne
Th6udole. Born at Autun, France, April 26,
1793 : died at Paris, Feb. 14, 1877. A French
general. He was distinguished in .Algeria 1830-48 ; was
in command in Palis 1848-51 ; was banished forhis opposi-
tion to Louis Napoleon in 1852 ; and was with Bazaine in
Metz, Oct., 1870. He became a deputy in 1871, and a life
senator in 1875.
Chang-Chow (cbiing'chou'). A city in the
province of Fukien, China, 35 miles west of
Amoy. It is an important center of the silk
trade.
Chang-Chow. A city in the province of Ki-
aiigsu. China, 60 miles southeast of Nanking.
Change Alley (chauj al'i). An alley in
Coruhill, London, formerly Exchange Alley,
leading into Lombard street. " It was the chief
centre of the money transactions of the last centuj'y, when
the Stock Exchange was held here at 'Jonathan's Cotfee
House.' It was the great scene of action in the South
Sea Bubble of 1720. by which so many thousands of credu-
lous persons were ruined. Another cotfee house in this
alley which played a great part in the same time of excite-
ment was ' Garraway's,' bo called from Garway, its original
proprietor. It was here that tea was first sold in Lon-
don." Uare, London, I. 362.
ChangeUng (chanj'ling). The. A play by
Middleton and WiUiam Eowley, acted as earlv
as 1623.
ChangOS (chiin'gos). A tribe of Indians which,
it is believed, once occupied most of the valleys
of the Peru\ian coast. According to tradition they
were driven southward by the invasion of the Chimus, and
subsequently of the Incas, and took refuge on the desert
coasts between lat. 22^ and 23° S. There some of their
descendants remain, but their language is lost. They
are a dwarf race, seldom exceeding five feet in height, and
they now live entirely on fish, crustaceans, and seals.
They are hospitable, and have never resisted the whites.
Changsha (ehiing-sha'). The capital of the
i)rovin<-c of Hunan, China, on the river Siang.
Channel, The. See Eiu/lish Channel.
Channellslands. A group of islands in the Eng-
lish Channel, belonging to Great Britain, 7-30
miles from the coast of Normandy, France, near
the Bay of St . Malo. They comprise Jersey, Guernsey,
Aldemey, Sark, and a number of islets. "I'hey are noted
for their picturesque scenery and mild climate, and for
their breeds of cattle. The prevailing language is old
Norman French. Tliey came under Norman rule early in
the 10th century, and were Norman and English after 1066.
They are the only part of Normandy which remained to the
English after 1204. Area, 76 square miles. Population
(1891), 92,272.
Channlng (chan'ing), Edward Tyrrel. Born
at Newport, R. I., Dec. 12, 1790: died at Cam-
bridge, Mass., Feb. 8, 1856. An American
Chapeau de Faille
scholar, brother of William EUery Channing.
He was one of the founders of the " North
American Kcview " in 1815.
Channing, William EUery. Born at Newport,
K. I., April /, 17S0; died at Bcuniugtou, Vt.,
Oct. 2, 1842. An American elergj-man, writer,
and philanthropist, one of the cliief fotmders
of American I'liitariauism. He became pastor of
the Federal Street Chm-ch. Boston, in 1803. His complete
works were pulilished in 1848.
Channing, William Ellery. Born at Boston,
June 10, 1818. Au American poet, journalist,
and general writer, nephew of William EUery
Channing ^1780-1842).
Chanson de Geste (sbon-s6n' d6 zhest'). [F.,
' song of heroic deeds.'] The name given to
epic or narrative poems which lirst appeared
in France about the beginning of the 11th cen-
tury. Nearly all the best date from the 12th century.
The technical detlnition of a chanson de geste is "a nar-
rative poem, dealing with a subject connected with French
history, written in verses of ten or twelve syllables, which
verses are ju-ranged in stanzas of ai'bitrai'y length, eacll
stanza possessing a distinguishing assonance or rhyme in
the last syllable of each line." Saiiitsbtiry, French Lit., it
Chanson de Roland (shon-s6h' de lo-lon'), or
de Roncevaux (de r6us-v6'). [F., -song of
Kolaud, or of Koncevaux.'] A French epic
poem, or chanson de geste, ascribed to Th6-
roulde or Turoldus, a Norman trouv^re (11th
centmy ?)■ It was first published as a whole by M. F.
Michel in 1837. TheOxford MS. gives itsearliestfoi'm. The
text of this JIS. is probably that ot the end of the 11th
century ; the date ol the SIS. probably the middle of the
12th. It contains about 4,000 lines, and is the story of the
death of Roland with the peers of Chailemagne at Roncer
vaux or Koncesvalles, and Charlemagne's vengeance.
Chant du Depart (shon dii da-piir'). [F., ' song
of departme.'] A popular French military song
by Marie Joseph Chenier.
Chan-ta-hon (sban-ta-buu'). A city in Siam,
situated near the Gulf of Siam 150 miles south-
east of Bangkok. Population (estimated), 30,-
000.
Chantal (shoii-tiir), Jeanne Frangoise Fr6-
miot, Baronne de. Born at Dijon, France, Jan.
23, 1572: died at Moulins, France, Dec. 13, 1641.
A French devotee, founder of the Order of the
Visitation at Annecy in 1610.
Chanticleer (chan'ti-kler). [Also accom. chant-
it-cletir (B. Jonson), ME. vliutitcclerc, chaunte-
clccr, OF. CliKiitecler, the name of the cock in
the epic of Kenart (Eeynard the Fox) ; from
chanter, sing, and c/er, clear: so called from the
clearness or loudness of his voice in crowing.]
1. The cock iu"Keinecke Fuchs." — 2. The
cock who is the hero of the Nun's Priest's Tale
in Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales.''
Chantilly (shon-te-ye'). A town in the depart-
ment of Oise, France, 23 miles north-northeast
of Paris. It has noted lace manufactures, is the place
of the races of the French Jockey Club, and contains a
Renaissance castle, lormerly the property of the family
Montmorency, later of the family Cond^, of the Due d'Au-
malc, and now (by gift of the Due d'Auniale)of the French
Institute. It w.as rebuilt by a Montmorency in the 16th
century, and transformed into a magnificent palace by the
Great Condi5 in the 17th. Population (1891), comnmne,
4,23L
Chantilly (shan- til' i). A village in Fairfax
County, Virginia, 20 miles west of Washington.
It was the scene of a battle, Sept. 1, 1862, between the Con-
federates under Jackson, and a part of Pope's ju-my under
Reno, Stevens, and Kearny (the two latter were killed).
Loss of the Federals, 1.300; of the Confederates, 800.
Chantry (chan'tri), Sir Francis Legatt. Bom
near Norton, Derbyshire, Ajiril 7, 1781 : died
Nov. 25, 1842. A noted English sculptor and
portrait-painter. He is known chiefly for his portrait
sculpture, his sitters including many of the most distin-
guished men of his time. The greater part of bis property
was left to tbe Royal Academy to make provision for ita
president and to establish a fund for the purchase of the
most valuable work in sculpture and painting executed in
Great Britain by artists of any nation.
Chanzy (shon-ze'), Antoine Eugene Alfred.
Born at Nouart, Ardennes, France, March 18,
1823: died at Chalons-sm--Marne, France, Jan.
4, 1883. A French general. He became comman-
der of division in Oct., 1870, and of the 2d Army of the
Lou-e in Dec, 1870; was distinguished in the battles near
Orleans, Dec, 1870 ; was defeated at Le Mans, Jan. lO-l'i,
1871 ; and became governor-general of Algeria in 1873.
Chaos (shii'os) or Bird Islands (berd i'landz).
A group of small islands in Algoa Bay J' Cape
Colony, South Africa.
Chapala (chii-pii'la). A lake situated chiefly
in the state of Jalisco, Mexico, in lat. 20° 30'
N., long, about 102°-103° W. Area, over 1,300
square miles.
Chapeau de Faille (shii-po' do piiy'). [F.,
'straw hat.'] A noted painting by Kubens, in
thi- National Gallery, Loudon. It is a half-length
purti-ait of a young girl robed in black velvet atid crim-
Chapeau de Faille
235
states the castle was stormed by General Pillow, Sept.
13, 1!^7. The eriiperur Muximiliun made Chiiijultepec his
principal palace, and it is now otxupied as a summer resi-
dence of Uie president, portions being still reserved for
the uiil)t:ir3' suhoul and observatory. The hill is sur-
rounded by a beautitul park, a favorite resort of the
Mexicans,
of the Fri'iieh Aeaik'iuy, and inUuen- Chara (kil'rji). [L.] Properly, the name of tin'
soutliern of the two dog.s iu the coustelhitioii
of Caues Venatici, but also used as the uaine
of the foiirth-maguitude star 8 Caiium.
Charaes (eha-ra"'es), or Xaraes, or Jaraes
(iiii-rii'e.s). [From the name of an Indian tribe,
possiblythe moilern Guatos(wliich see).] The
name {jiven in maps of the I6th and 17th een-
tm-ies to a great lake near the center of South
America, represented as the source of the Para-
son, and wearing a broad-brimmed plumed hat which
shades the face completely, yet without obscuiing its
brilliant color.
Ohapelain (shap-laii'), Jean. Born at Pans.
Dec. 4, loy.'J: died at Paris, Feb. I'-J, 1G74. A
French poet an<l litterateur, one of the first
members of the French Academy, and inlluen-
tial ill determining the character of its labors:
auth..r i.f " La Pucelle" (1656).
Chapel Hill (chap'el hil). A town in Orange
County. North Carolina, 2") miles west-north-
west of Raleigh. It is the seat of the University
of North Carolina (founded 1789). Population
(IsyO), 1,017.
Chaplin (chap'liu). Charles. Bom at Les Au-
delys, Eure, France, June 8, 1825 : tiled at Paris,
Jan. 30, 1891. A painter and engraver, of Eng-
lish parentage, naturalized in France. Hewas a
pupil of DroUinR. He obtained a medal of the second
cliiSS in 1852, and a medal in IH"^.
Chaplin, Jeremiah. Born at Rowley, Mass.,
Jan. 2, 1776: died at Hamilton, N. Y., May 7,
1841. An American Baptist clergyman and
eiiucator, first president of Waters-ille College
(Maine), 1821-33.
Charlemagne Cycle of Romances
republic. He placed himself at the head of a force of
insur;;ents in 179:i; gained a number of victories over the
rel)Ublican8 1793-94 ; signed a treaty of peace, Feb. 15,
179f), which he 8i)i)a violated ; sulfered a decisive defeat
at St. Cyr, March 25, 17»t;; and, being taken prisoner
shortly aifter, was executed at Nantes.
Charford (char'lord). A place in Hampshire,
Englainl, on the Lower Avon, where Cerdic de-
feated the Britons in 519: identified with the
ancient Cerdicsforil.
Charge of the Light Brigade. A poem by
Tennyson, written in the meter of Drayton's
"Battle of Agincourl." It commemorates the
heroic charge at Balaklava. See J/iijU I Brigade.
Chariclea (kar-i-kle'ji). The heroine of Helio-
dorns's novel ".<l<]thiopiea." See Tlicagciws and
I'harirUa,
giiay. The Upper Paraguay is bordered by vast plains Charing CrOSS (char'ing kros). A cross in
which are flooded every year, and are sfU known as the nj^mory of (iueenEleauor,ereetedby Edwardl.,
1^ miles west-so\ithwt'St of St. Paul's, London.
It was driiiulished by the Long Parliament in 1647, and
restort-il Ity the South Kiistern Kailwiiy t'onipany in 18(i5.
In truvcliiig northwaid to join her husband in Scotland,
Eleanor was seized with a fever at Haideby. near Grantham
in Lincolnsliiie, and died tliere Nuv. 29, 1290. Edward I.
followed her corpse in person dui'injj: a tliirteen days'
progress from Grantham to Westminster Abbey ; and
wherever the royal bier rested, at the end of each stage,
a memorial cross was erected. Thirteen of these monu-
ments once existed : those of Northampton and Walthaiu
still remain.
8ee Auruja.
L. Gratia, E.
Grare.'\ In Greek mythology, the personifica-
tion of grace and beauty: also regarded as a
triad, the three Charites. See Graces.
Charaes marshes or tlood-phiins. Probably the story of the
lake originated with them, but some suppose that it re-
ferred to one of the small lakes which communicate with
the Paraguay on the western 8ide,betweenlat.l7°andl9''30.
The (.'haraes marshes cover SO.iXKJ square miles, and are
now uninhabited.
Charalois (cha-ra-lwii'). In Massingor and
Field's "Fatal Dowry," a character of dignity
Chapman (ehap'man), George. Bom near and noble daring.
Hitehiii, Hertfordshire, about l.loS): died at Charasiab (cha-ra-se-ab'). A place in Afghan-
London, in the parish of St. Giles-in-the-Fields, istan, 10-12 miles south of Kabul. Here, Get.
May 12, 1634. An Knglish poet and dramatist, 6, 1879, the British untler General Baker de- Qh^arioteer or Wagoner The
chieflv celebrated for his translation of Homer, feated the Afghans. Chails (ka ' ris) [(^i*- *^aptc
He is 'said to have studied at Oxford and afterward at Chatbar. See t'hubar. ~ ' ^- '" - l - - ^ '
Cambridge. He lived in stmit^^ned circumstances but d^arcaS (chiir'kas). An Indian tribe of south-
was intimate witli Jons<jn, Hetcher, and other great men ^***** iT i ■ • ■■ n i.i uii i e
of the time Amonrhis dramatic worlds are "The Blind ern iJohvia, principally in the highlands of
Beggar of Alexandria" (pritited in 1598), "All Fools" Chu<iuisaca. They are a branch of the AymarA or
(produced in 1598, printed in 1C05), "Eastward IIo ' CoUa stock, and like other tribes of the family are now
with jonson and Marston (printed 1605), "The Oentleman partially civilized and Christianized.
Usher" (1006), "Monsieur d'ohve" (1606). "Bussy d'Am- CharcaS (char'kils). A portion of the old vice
bois" (1607), "The Revenue of Bussy d'Ambois" (1013),
" The Conspiracy and Tragedy of Charles, Duke of Byron "
(1808), "May Day" (1611), "Tlie Widow's Tears" (1612),
"Cajsar and Ponipey " (1031), "Alphonsus, Emperor of
Germany " (published in 1654, after his death), "Tlie B;dl "
with Shirley (16:i:i), " Tragedy of Chabot, Admiral of
Franco" with Shirley (wrat). He completed Marlowe's
fragment of "Hero and Leander" in 159S. The Hrst part
of his translation of the Iliad was published in 1698; the
whole was not issued before 1609 (entered on the " Sta-
tioners'Register '' in 1611). The tratislation of the Odys- Charcot (shar-ko'), Jean Martin.
sey was entered on the "Stationers Register in 1614. ^'j?"'*^"" v , , „ x,^^ ^^^^ •,,^,
royalty of I'eru, nearly coiTespondiug to the
modern Bolivia. It was formed into an audiencia in
1559, with four auditors or judges, who resided at Chu-
quisaca and were responsible to the viceroy at Lima.
'The desert of Atacama, with its ports, was included in
Charcas, and it extended eastward to Pai-:iguay and soutli-
w:ml to Tucuman. In 1776 it was annexed as a province _ ..,.,.. -, -- t j v i. o i
to tlie new viceruyalty of Buenos Ayres. Charcas was OnariSl (cha-reze), JUaan pen bOlOmon.
also called Upper Peru.
Bom at
In the Iliad Charis is the name given to the spouse of
Hephtestus (3S3) : in the iidyssey, according to a certain
portion of it, it is Aphrodite. Moreover Charis seems in
the latter poem to have multiplied into Charites (known
also to the Iliad, 207), and these have further subsided
into handmaids to Aplirodite (Od. 504 and 194). It would
therefore appear that Hephtestus in the Iliad had mar-
ried one who was the handmaid to liisOdyssean wife, and
the I'liorizontes thought the relation was an awkward
one. Geddes, Problems of the Homeric Poems, p. 54.
■ianin 1836, and has lived in Rome Chardin, Jean Baptiste Simeon. Born at Chariton (char'i-ton). A river in sonthern
j^ Pans, Nov. 2, 1099: died there. Dee. b, 1(79. Iowa and northern iVlissom-i, which joins the
Hnally, the Iliad and Odyssey were issued together with
the date 1616 on Chapman's pi 'rtrait prefixed. About 1624
he issued his translation ol the " Batrachorayomachia "
(" Battle of the Frogs and Mice").
Chapman, John Gadsby. Born at Alexandria,
Va., in 1808. An American painter, etcher,
and wood-enpn"aver. He was elected national
acailemic
since 1S4S,
Chappe d'Auteroche (sliiip dot-rosh'), Jean.
Born at Mauriac, Cautal, France, March '2.
1722: died at San Lucar, California, Aug. 1,
17Gn. A French astronomer. He observed the tran-
sit of Vcmis at Tobolsk in 1701 ("Voyage en .Siberie,"
175S), and went to C;Uifornia in 1769 to observe another
tnmsit (" Voyage de la Califomie," 1772X but died soon
after his arrival.
Chaptal (shiip-tar), Jean Antoine, Comte de
Chantelonp. Born at Nogaret, Lozere, France,
June ^, 17.")(3: died at Paris, July :{0, 1832. A
noted French chemist and politician, minis-
ter of the interior 18(10-04. He wrote "Leper-
Jewish poet who lived in the 13th century in
Spain. Among his works most known are his 50 Maka-
T>,.;„ XT„„ oo iQO'^. rlinA A„™ IK 1 SQQ A mat Under the title of "lachkeiuoni " ("Wisdom Town "),
Pans, Nov. 29, 182o : died Aug. 16, 1893. A ^ Hebrew counterpart to the Arabic poems of Hariri,
noted French physician. He was particularly noted Qjiarit^ (sha-re-ta'). La. A town in the de-
for his treatment of nervous and mental diseases and for ,ia,.f„,p,,t nf MiAwo France sitnnterl nn the
his experiments in hypnotism and mental suggestion at paitment ot iNievie, l^iauce, Sltuatea ou tUe
the SalpetriC-re, where he founded a clinic for nervous Loire 15 miles north-northwest ot Nevers.
diseases in 1880. He iiublished a numberof works on the Population (1891), commune, 5,443.
diseases of old age, insanity, hysteria, etc. CharfteS (kar'i-tez). See Charis and Graces.
A French painter, famous for his work in still
life. He was admitted to the Academy iu 1728.
Charente (sha-roiit'). 1. A river in western
France which flows into the Bay of Biscay 14
miles south of La Kochelle. Length, over 200
miles. — 2. A department of western France,
lying between Deux-S6vres and Vieniie on the
north, Haute-Vieniie on the east, Dordogne on Charlatan (shiir-lii-tou'), Le,
the east and south, and Charente-Inf^rieure zac, written iu 1830.
ou the south and west. It is formed chiefly from Charlemagne (chiir'le-man
the ancdent Angoumois. It exports brandy (cognac), etc. ■■ - ■ «, i ^^ . «_.
(Capital, Angoul6me. Area, 2,294 square miles. Popula-
tion (1S91), 360,259.
fcctionncment des arts chimiiiues en France" (1800), Charente-InfcrieUTe (shii-ronf an-fa-re-er').
' chiniic apjilitiuee au\ arts " (1800;, ete.
Chapter Coffee House. A Loudon cotfee-house
situated at the corner of Chapter-house Court,
on the south side of Pateriio.ster Row, noted in
the IMth century as the resort of men of letters.
It wa.s fiiMious for its punch, pamphlets, and good supply
of nr«sp:ipers. It was closed as a cotfee-house in 18.54,
and then altered to a tavern. Tiinbg.
Ohapu (chil-i)o' or shil-pii'). A seaport iu the
province of Che-Kiang, China, situated on the
estuary of the Tsieii-hing .55 miles northwest
of Ningpo: the port of llang-chow. It has an
lmi)ortant trade, especially with .lajian. The heights
were stornicd by the Brllisli, .May 18, 18.12.
Chapultepec (chil-piU-te-pck'). [Nahuatl
A department in western France, lying be-
tween VendC'c and Deu-x-Sevres on the north,
Charente and Dordogne on the east, Girondo
on the south, an<i the river Giroiide and the
Bay of Biscayon the west, it is nearly identical with
the' ancient Saintonge and Ainiis. Cajiital, l.a itochelle.
Area, 2,635 S4|uare miles. Poi)Ulation (IS91), 460,'202.
Cliarenton-le-Pont (shii-rou-tou'le-pon'). A
town in the do|iaitment of Seine, France, sit-
uated on the Mnriie IJ miles southeast of
Paris. Population (1891), commune, 15,306.
Chares (ka'rez). [Cr. Xu/j//i'.] Diedat Sigeum (f),
in Troas, before 324 u. C. An Athenian gen-
eral, prominent in the wars from 367-338 u. c.
• hill of the grasshcii)pers.'] A rocky eminence Chares. Born at Lindus
Rhode
lived about
alpout :{ miles southwest of the city of Mexico.
About 1245, when it was suiToundcd by swamps, it was
occupied by the A/.tecs, and subsei|Uently an aqueduct
from the hill fiindshed water to Mexico. It is said by
Some historians that the A/tec monarchs had a sinnmer
residonco at Chapnltcpi-e. but this has been derued by
recent lnvestigatt)rB. Like all places strotig in position
and in tmturiil resources, it was the site of some kind of
Worship, but no bnililings <)f any kind were erected there
riruvioua to the loth century. .\t the foot of the hill and
n the park there are some interestirig vestiges of rock-
can'ings, which date from the tlrst deceiinium (»f the 10th
century. About 1785 the viceroy of Mexico, (Jalvez, began
the erection of a palace on the Cha])Ultepec hill. This
was made in the form of a fort or castle, and was. In fact.
Intended for a stronghold ss well as a summer residence.
The building remained nidlnisluMl utitll after the revolu-
Tlon. I'nder the republic a portiiui was used for a mili-
tary school, and the Njitional Astronomical observatory
was erected on the hill. During the war with the Urdted
290-280 B. C. A Rhodian sculptor, a pupil of
Lysippus (see Ly.iijipim), and 8cul]itor of the
Colossus of Rhodes: the founder of IheKhodian
school. The Colossus of Rhodes was made to com-
memorate the successful defense of that place against
Demetrius Pollorcetes in 303 b. c. It required 12 years
for Its completion, and cost *470,000. It was probably
tinished before '280 B. r. It represented the Rhodian sun-
god, Helios ; was over 105 feet high ; and was C4)nsidei-ed
one of the seven wonders of the (Hd World. It st^nul 6ti
years. Its artistic qualities are unknown. It is said to
have been maile from the engines of war which Deme-
triviw was ijlillged to abandon.
Charette de la Contrie (shii-ref de lii kou-
tre'), FranQois Athanase. Born at Couff6,
Loire-liiferieure, France, April 21, 1763: died
at Nantes, France, March 29, 1796. A leader
of the Veudean insurgents against the French
Missouri 60 miles northwest of Jefferson City.
Length, about 200 miles.
Chariton of Aphrodisias (kar'i-ton ov af-ro-
dis'i-as). [Gr. Xa/jiVui'.] Probably the as-
sumed name of the Greek author of the romance
"(IhaBreasandCallirrhoi'" (which see). (Called
.Ijilinidisicnsi.^ (of Aphrodisias).
A novel by Bal-
F. pron. sharl-
niiiuy'), or Charles the Great. [G. Karl der
(Irosse, It. Carlo Magiio, ML. Curoiuti J/«;/h«,s\]
Born at Lifege (Ingelheim, Aacheu (f), Salzburg
(Bavaria)f), April 2, 742 or 747: died at Aachen,
Germany, Jan. 28, 814. A great king of tho
Franks and emperor of the Romans. He was the
son of Pepin tho Short, king of the Franks, on whose
death in 708 he acceded to the throne conjointly with a
brother Karhnan. He usurped the entire govermueut on
the death of the latter iti 771. In 772 he began a war
against the Saxons, the most notable events of which
were the storming of Eresbnrg, the destruction of the
Irminsul, the May-tleUI at I'adeiliorn (777), and the sub-
mission of the Saxon leader Wittekind (7s5), and which re-
sidtc<l in 804 in the complete subjugation and Christian-
ization of Saxony. In 773. at the instance of the Pope, he
made war upon Desideriua, king of the Londiards, who
liad occupied the I'ltdaiMiJis and was threatening Rome.
He captmcd the LoinI)ar<l capital, Pavia, in 774, and the
same veai' incorporated the kingdom of the LombgU'ds
with that of the Franks. In 778 he made an expedition
against the Arabs in Spain, which termiinited in the de
struction of the Prankish rear-guard inider Rohuid at
Roneevaux. He subdued Bavaria in 788 ; conquered tho
Avars 791-70<>: was crowned emi)eror at St. Peter's, Dec.
25, son ; and in 80S-S10 defeated tne Danes, whom he com-
l)cllcd to retire behind the Eider. His kingdom, for the
protection ot which he erected in the border districts the
so-called marks or margravates, extended at the close of
llis reign from the Ebro to the Raab, and from the Eider
to the Oarigliano. He resided chiefly at Aix-Ia-Chapelle.
and bv his patronage of letters attracted to his court
the scholars Kgiidnu-d, Paul Warnefried, and Aleuin, the
laat-mentioned of whom wrote an accomit of his life en-
titled " Vita enroll Magni,"
Charlemagne. A trageily in five acts by Le-
mercier. tirsi played itt the Theatre Frau9ai8,
.liiiie 27, ISK).
Charlemagne Cycle of Romances. A series
of medieval romances having Charlemagne or
Charlemagne Cycle of Romanced
some one of liis twelve peers or paladins as a
center. The Frankish heroic ballads were reduced to
writing by the order of t'harlemaKiie. and from tliese simi-
lar ballads were written about himself and his waniors.
These chansons de geste were arranged as cyclic poems
In the 13th century, and may be divided into thiee groups :
the "Geste of the King" (Charleuiague), the "Geste of
Provence or of Garin de Montglane," and the " Geste of
Doon or Doolin of Mayence." These are all composed of
many parts, but may be described, as a whole, as a mythi-
cal history of Charlemagne, his peers, and the wars they
undertook. The names and number of the peers vary,
but Roland and Oliver are included in each of the series.
About 890 a monk of St. Gall wrote a chronicle caUed " De
Gestis Karoli Magni," and another was written by Bene-
dict, a raonk of .st. AndrcS in 9t5S. " The Pseudo-Chronicle
of Turpin " was constructed from the chansons : it was
written in Latin by various hands from 1000 to 1150, and
was believed to he a genuine history. The first prose ver-
sion of Carolingian romance was the "Reali di Krancia "
('• Princes of J-'rance "\ written in Tuscan, early in the 14th
century. The first printed French prose version of the
cycle was that of Bagnyon, 1478. It became very popular.
The chronicle of Turi>in, however, was reduced to prose
early in the 13th century. Among these romances are
"Fierabras," "Garin de Montglane" ("Guerin de Mont-
glave'^ '"Galien leRhetore," "Milles et Amys" ("Amiles
et Arays"), ''Ogier le Danois," "Doon or Doolin of May-
ence," "Quatre Filz Aymon " ('Four Sons of Aymon").
"Maugis d" Aigremont," "Huon of Bordeaux," and others
of widely ditfering dates.
Charlemont (sharl-mon'). A fortress ou the
Belgian frontier, near Givet, Ardennes, France.
See Givet.
Charlemont, Viscount and Earl of. See
('(inljiclil.
Gliarleroi (sliar-le-rwa'). A city in the prov-
ince of Hainaut, Belgium, situated on the Sam-
bre 31 miles south of Brussels, it is the center
of a coal- and iron-mining district, and has manufactures
of iron, glass, etc. It is one of the most important indus-
trial towns in Belgium. It was fortitied by Vauban. In
1794 it was captured by the French. Population (1S93),
22,062.
Charles (chiirlz) I. [L. Carohis, F. Charles, It.
Carlo, 8p. Pg. Carlos. G. Karl, See CarJ.I Born
at Duuferniline, Scotland, Nov. 19, 1600 : died
at London, Jan. 30, 1649. A king of England,
second son of James I. He became prince of
Wales in 1616, and in 1623, accompanied by the Duke of
Buckingham, presented in person an inetfectual suit at
the court of Madrid for the hand of the infanta Maria.
He acceded to the tin-one on the death of his father in
1625, and in the same year married Henrietta Maria of
France. He retained in otfice the Duke of Buckingham,
his father's unpopular minister, in consequence of which
he became involved in a dispute with I'lU'liament amount-
ing in substance to a question of sovereignty. He granted
the Petition of Right, June 7, 1628. On the assassination
of the Duke of Buckingham in August following, he
made Laud and Wentworth his chief advisers. He gov-
erned without Parliament from 1629 to 1G40, meeting the
expenses of government by forced loans, i)Oundage and
tonnage, ship-money, and other extraordinary means of
revenue. His ecclesiastical policy, which looked, among
other things, to the introduction of the Episcopal liturgy
in Scotland, provoked the adoption by the Scots of the
Solemn League and Covenant, Feb. 2-S, 1638, and the out-
break of a civil war, which terminated without a battle
in the Pacification of Dunse or Berwick, June 18, 1630.
The war having broken out anew in ItWO, he was com-
pelled to summon Parliament, which met Nov. 3, 1640.
This Parliament, the so-called Long Parliament, impeached
Laud and Wentworth (who had been created Earl of
Stratford), and proceeded ti) the reth-ess of grievances.
The House of Commons having ordered the publication
of the Grand Remonstrance, Dec. 14, 1641, he rei>]ied by
impeaching and attemj>ting to arrest (Jan. 4, 1642) five of
the Parliamentary leaders, failing in which he left Lon-
don, Jan. 10, 1642. He raised the royal standard at Not-
tingham, Aug. 22. 1612 ; sulfered a decisive defeat at the
hands of the P;u"liamentary forces under Fairfax at Nase-
by, June 14, 1645; delivered himself to the Scottish army
at Newark, May 5, 16»0; was surrendered to Parliament,
Jan. 30, 1647 ; was tried for treason, Jan. 20-27, 1649, and
was executed at Whitehall. See Stuart.
Charles II. Born at St. James's Palace, Lon-
don, May 29, 16.30: died at St. James's, Feb. 6,
1685. A king of England, son of Charles I.
He was appointed to the command of the Royalist forces
in the western counties of England in the civil war, and
after the decisive victory of the Parliamentary army at
Naseby left England March 2, 1646, living during hisexde
chieHy in France and Holland. He was proclaimed king
at Edinburgli Feb. 5, 1649; arrived in the Firth of Ci-o-
marty June 16, 16.^ ; was crowneti at Scone Jan. 1, 1651 ;
was totally defeated by Cromwell at Worcester Sept. 3,
1651; and escaped, after numerous adventures, to Fecamp,
Normandy. Oi-t. 16, 16.S1. Owing to the influence of Gen-
eral Monk, he was proclaimed king at Westminster May
8, 1660 ; entered London May 29, 1660 ; and was crowned
April 2:i, l*»6l. He married Catherine of Braganza May
20, 1662. He assented at his restoration to the abolition
of the feudal rights of knight sernce, wardship, and pur-
Teyance, in consideration of a yearly income to the crown
of £1,200,000, and to an act of indemnity for all political
offenses committed between Jan. 1, 1637, and June 24,
1((60, from the nporati<jn of which act, however, the regi-
cides were excluded.
Charles I., sumamed '*Tlie Great." See CJiarle-
inat/ne.
Charles (charlz; F, pron. sharl) H., sumamed
*' The Bald " (F. Jc Chnuve, G. derEahlc). Born
at Frankfort-on-tbe-Main, June 13, 82.'1: died
near Mont Cenis, Alps, Oct. 6, 877. King of
France and emperor of the Romans, younger
236
son of Louis le D^bonnaire : as king of France,
reckoned as Charles I. Louis died in S40, after di-
viding his empire among his sons Lothaire, Louis, and
Chai'les, the last of whom received all of France lying
west of the RhOne. Lothaire having claimed the preemi-
nence, bis brothers united against him, defeated him at
FoutenayJune 25, 841, and compelled Uim to accept the
treaty of Verdun, concluded in Aug., S43. In 875, on
the death of Louis 11. of Italy without issue, Charles in-
vaded Italy, and after defeating the ;irmy of his brother
Louis, the rightful heir of Louis II., was crowned emperor
by Pope John VIII. at Rome Dec. 25, 875. During his
reign France was ravaged by the Normans, who sacked
Bordeaux, Toui-s, Rouen, Orleans, and other cities, includ-
ing some quarters of Paris.
Charles III., sumamed "The Fat" (F. Ic
GroSy G. (/('/■ Dicke), Born 839: died at Nei-
dingen, Swabia, Jan. 13, 888. King of Frauee
and emperor of the Romans, son of Louis the
Gennan : as king of France, reckoned as Charles
n. Louis died 876, after dividing his kingdom among
his sons Carloman, Louis, and Charles. His brothel's dy-
ing without lawful issue, Chai'les inherited their portions.
He was crowned emperor in 881. and in 88f» became king
or regent of France, whose heir, Chnrles the Simple, was a
minor. In Sept., 886, he concluded a humiliating treaty
with the Northmen at Paris. He was deposed by Ainulf
of Carinthia in 887.
Charles III., sumamed "The Simple" (F. le
Simple, or le Sot). Born Sept. 17, 879: died at
P^ronne, France, Oct. 7, 929. A king of France,
son of Louis "the Stammerer." He was crowned
in 803 by his paitizans in opposition to Eudes, who had
been elected king by the nobles in S88 during his minority ;
and on the death of the latter in 898 became sole king.
In 911 he ceded Nomiandy to Rollo.
Charles IV., sumamed "Tlie Fair" (F. le
Bel). Born 1294: died at Vincennes, near
Paris, 1328. A king of Fi*ance, youngest son
of Philip "the Fair." He reigned 1322-28. His sister
Isabella was married to Edward II. of England, with whom
he was at war concerning the homage for the duchy of
Guienne. Isabella having been sent to France to nego-
tiate the question, he permitted her to perfect prepara-
tions for the dethronement of Edward.
Charles V., sumamed "The Wise" (F. le
Saqe). Born at Vincennes, near Paris, Jan. 21,
1337: died at Vincennes, Sept. 16, 1380. King
of Frauee, son of John 11. He reigned 1364-80. He
was lieutenant-general or regent of France, 1356-60, dur-
ing the captivity of his father in England. During his
reign tVance recovered nearly all the temtoiy that had
been conquered by Edward III., except Calais and Bor-
deaux. He was a patron of learning, and founded the
Royal Library of Paris.
Charles VI., sumamed "The "Well-Beloved"
(F. l€ Bien-Aimc), Born at Paris, Dee. 3, 1368:
died at Paris, Oct. 21, 1422. King of France,
son of Charles V. He reigned 1380-1422. Being a
minor at his accession, the regency was conducted by his
uncles the dukes of Anjou, Bui-gundy, and Berry. He de-
feated the Flemings under Philip van Ai'tevelde at Rose-
becque Nov. 2", l;i^2. In 13SS he assumed the govern-
ment. Becoming deranged in 13i)2, a dispute for power
arose between the Duke of Burgundy and the Duke of Or-
l(^ans, the king's brother. The ascendancy was gained by
the former, who died 1404. His son Jean procured the
murder of the Duke of Orleans (1407), which provoked civil
war, the so-called war of the Burgundians and Armagnacs.
Henry V. of England invaded the country, and Oct. 25,
141fl, defeated the French at Agincourt. Supported by
Queen Isabella, the Burgundians concluded at Tniyes
May 21, 1420, a treaty with Henry V., according to which he
was to be king of France on the death of Chai'les.
Charles VII., sumamed "The Victorious" (F.
le Victorienx). Born at Paris, Feb. 22, 1403:
died at Mehun-8ur-Ye\i'e,nearBourges, France,
July 22, 1461. King of France, son of Charles
VI. He reigned 1422-61. At his accession he found a
rival in Henry VI. of England, who claimed the throne by
virtue of the treaty of Tioyes(see the preceding article).
The English were masters of the country north of the
Loire, including the capital, and in 1428 invested Orleans,
which was delivered by Joan of Arc in 14'29. He was
crowned at Rheims in 1429, and entered Paris in 1437. He
effected a reconciliation between the Amiagnac and Bur-
gundian factions, and regained all of France from the
English, except Calais.
Charles VIII. Born at Amboise, France, June
30, 1470 : died at Amboise, April 7, 1498. King
of France, son of Louis XI. He reigned 14S3-9S.
He invaded Italy in 1494 with a view to conquering Na-
ples, which he entered 1495. Ferdinand of Aragon,
Maximilian, and the Italian powers having united against
him, he left the Duke of Montpensier with a strong force
in Naples and returned to France with the remaintier of
his army, defeating on the way the numerically superior
allies at Fomuovo, July 6, 149.'i. The French were soon
after expelled from Naples by the Spaniards.
Charles IX. Born at St. Germain-en-Laye,
near Paris, June 27, 1550: died at Vincennes,
near Paris, May 30, 1574. King of France, the
second son of Henry II. He reigned 1660-74. Being
a minor at his accession, he was placed under the regency
of his mother, Catharine de' Medici. He was declared
of age in 1563, but the policy of the government contin-
ued to be dictated by his mother, under whose influence
he consented to the massacre of 8t. Bartholomew, Aug. 24,
ir.72.
Charles X. Born at Versailles, France, Oct. 9,
1757: died at Gorz, Austria, Nov. 6, 1836. King
of France 1824-30, younger brother of Louis
Charles I. or VII.
XVITI. He received at birththename of Charles Philippe
and the title of Comte d'Artois. He ji'ined the royalist
emigration of 17»9. In 17115, having itlttained ships anil
men fmni Rneland, he commanded an expedition which
was to hind on tlie coast of Brittany and join the Vendean
chief Chiuctte, but which resulted in failure thi'ough the
cowaidice of its leader, who did not venture to attempt a
landing. He entered Paris with the Allies in April, 1814,
and Sept. 16, 1S24, succeeded his brother Louis XVIII.
His government, whose policy was dictated by the eccle-
siastical party, became extremely unpopular. After the,
defeat of the ministries of \'illele and ilartignac the king
formed an extreme royalist ministry under the Prince
de Polignac, Aug. 8, 1829. The Chamber of Deputies
voted in March, 1830, an address hostile to the ministers,
who, appealing to the country, were defeated. Resolving
on a coup d'etat, the king and ministry issued, July 26,
1830, a body of ordinances which restricted the freedom
of the press, established a new mode of election, and de-
clared the recent elections illegal. As a consequence the
so-called July revolution, which lasted from July 27-29,
broke out, in the course of which Charles was expelled
from the throne.
Charles IV. Bom at Prague, Bohemia, May 14,
131G: died at Prague, Nov. 29, 1378. Emperor
of the Holy Roman Empire, son of John of
Luxemburg, king of Bohemia. He reigned
1347-78, and published the Golden Bull (which
see) in 1356.
Charles V. Bom at Ghent, Flanders, Feb. 24,
1500: died at Yuste, near Plaeencia. Estrema-
dura, Spain, Sept. 21, 1558. Emperor of the Holy
Roman Empire. He was the son of Philip of Bur-
gundy by Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, and
was the grandson of the emperor Maximilian I. He be-
came king of Spain (as Charles I.) in 151<i, was elected
emperor in 1519, and was crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle in
1520. He attended the diet at Worms 1521, defeated
Francis I. at Pavia 15-J5, concluded (with him) the peace
of Cambray 162lt, held the diet at Augsburg 153i), couijuered
Tunis 1535. made a fruitless invasion of Provence in 1536-
1537, conducted an unsuccessful expedition against Al-
giers in 1541, concluded with Francis I. of France the
peace of Crespy in 1544, defeated the forces of the Smal-
kaldic League at MiUilberg in 1547, was attacked by Mau-
rice of Saxony 1551, and forced to conclude the convention
of Passau in 1552, and concluded with the Protestants the
peace of Augsburg in 1555. He abdicated the government
of the Netherlands (1555) and of Spain (1556) in favor of
his son. Philip II., and that of Germany (1556) in favor of
his brother, Ferdinand I., to whom atthe beginning of his
reign he had relinquished the sole sovereignty over tlie
hereditary Austrian dominions, and who had inaugurated
Hapsburg rule in Bohemia and Hungary. In the reign of
Charles V. the Spaniards conquered Mexico and Peru.
He subsequently lived in the monastery of Yuste in
Spain. The portraits of this emperor are : (n) A portrait
by Titian (154S), in the Old Pinakothek at Munich. (6)
A famous portrait by Titian (1533), in the Royal Museum
at Madrid, (c) An equestrian portrait by Titian, in the
Koyal Museum at Madrid. This is held by many to be
the tinest portrait ever painted, (rf) A portrait by Titian,
in the Royal Museum at Madrid. The emperor is poi^
trayed in his privacy, with the marks of illness and care
on his face.
Charles VI. Born Oct. 1, 1685: died at Vienna,
Get. 20, 1740. Emperor of the Holy Roman
Empire, son of Leopold I. He reigned 1711-10. He
issued his pragmatic sanction (which see) in 1713. and
was pretender to the throne of Spain (as Charles III. : see
Spanish Succemnn, War of) 1700-14.
Charles VIL( Karl Albrecht), Bom at Brus-
sels, Aug. 6, 1097: died at Munich, Jan. 20,
1745. Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, son
of Maximilian Emmanuel, elector of Bavaria,
whom he succeeded in 172G. A claimant of the
Austrian inheritance, he participated in the AVar of tlie
Austrian Succession, which broke out in 1740, was pro-
claimed king of Bohemia in 1741, and was crowned em-
peror in 1742. He died during the war.
Charles I. Born April 20, 1839. King of Ru-
mania, son of the Prince of Hohenzollern. He
was elected prince of Rumania in 1866, and
proclaimed king in 1881,
Charles I., king of Spain. See Charles F., em-
IH'rtu'.
Charles IL Bora Nov. 6, 1661: died Nov. 1,
1700. King of Spain, son of Philip IV. He
reigned l(i05-1700. He was the last of the Hapsbui^ line
in Spain, and his death was the signal for the outbreak of
the so-called AVar of the Spanish Succession. See J^anish
Sttccegsion, War of.
Charles III. Born Jan. 20, 1716: died at Ma-
drid, Doe. 14, 17SS. King of Si>ain, second son of
Philip V. He was king of the Two Sicilies 1735-59, and
king of Spain 175l>-88. He sided with France in the
Seven Years' "War and in the American war of indepen-
dence. In 17t.i7 he expelled the Jesuits from Spain and
all its dependencies.
Charles IV. Born at Naples, Nov. 12, 1748:
died in Italy, Jan. 19, 1819. King of Spain, son
of Charles IH. whom he succeeded in 1788.
He was completely under the influence of his wife, M:iria
Louisa Theresa of Parma, who in 1792 elevated her favor-
ite tiodoy to the post of prime minister. A revolution
having been provoked by the incompetence of the minis-
ter, Napoleon embraced the opportunity to expel in 1808
the house of Bourbon from Spain.
Charles I. or VII. (Swerkerson). Died 1167
(1168 f). King of Sweden. He succeeded his father,
Swerker I., as king of Gothland in 1165, and in 1161 assumed
the government of Sweden also. The primacy of Tpsala
Oharles I. or VII.
was established in his reiKii (llb4). Although the Arst
hiaturicul Swedish king of tlie name of Charles, he is uoni-
luonly styled the seventh, in accordance with the Swedish
chronicler Johan ilaijmis, who inserts six mythical kings
of that name before him.
Charles VIII. (Knutsson). Born 1409: died
1470. Kiug of .Sweden, elected in 1448. He was
occupied in aJinost continuous warfare against the Danes,
by whom he was twice expelled from the government,
Charles IX. Born Oet. 4, 1550: died at Nyko-
piug, Sweden, Oct. 30, 1611. King of Sweden,
foiu-th sou of GtiBtavus Vasa. He reigned
1604-11.
Oharles X. Gustavus. Born at NykOpinK,
Sweilen, Nov. S, l(iL'2: <lieil at (iothenbiirg,
Sweden, Feb, 1'6, lUOO. King of Sweden, a
cousin of Oueen Christina. Ue reigned liXA-HO;
defeated the Poles near Warsaw in ItiiO ; invaded Den-
mark in 1(>.'>S ; and unsuccessfully besieged Copeidlagen
l«5»-5ll.
Charles XI. Born Nov. "24, 1655: died at
Stoekholni, April 5, 1G97. King of Sweden, son
of Charles X,: reigned 1660-97.
Charles XII. Born at Stockholm, June 27,
1682 : killed at Frederikshald, >.'or\¥ay, Dec.
11, 1718, A celebrated king of Sweden, son of
Charles XI. He reigned 1697-1718 ; invaded Denmark
in 1700 ; defeated the Russians at Narva, Nov. 30, 1700 ; de-
feated the Saxons and Poles 1701-00; was defeated by
Peter the Great at Pultowa, July S, 1700 ; escaped into
Turkey, 1709 ; and returned to Sweden in 1714.
Charles XIII. Boru Oct. 7, 1748 : died Feb. 5,
1818. King of Sweden (1809-18) and Norway,
second son of Adolphus Frederick, He took part
in the revolution of 1772 ; was regent 1792-96; and liccanie
king of Norway in ISU.
Charles XIV. John (originally Jean Baptiste
Jules Bernadotte). Born at Pan, i'rauce,
Jan. 26, 1764: died at Stoekliolm, March 8, 1844.
King of Sweden and Norway lSlS-44. He was a
French general 1794-1809 ; was Fiench miTiister of war in
1799; became a marshal of France in 1804; served with
distinction at Austerlitz in 1S05 ; was elected crown
prince of Sweden in ISIO ; aud commanded the " army of
the North " against Napoleon in 1813.
Charles XV. Born at Stockholm, May 3, 1826 :
died at Malmo, Sweden, Sept. 18, 1872. King
of Sweden and Norway, son of Oscar I. He
reigned 18.59-72.
Charles I. Frederick Alexander. Born at
Stuttgart, Wiirteuiberg, March 6, 1823: died
Oct. 6, 1891. Kingof Wiirtemberg, He succeeded
his father (William I.) in 18W. He sided with Austria in
1806, and with I'nissia 187')-71. He joined the new Ger-
man 1-nipire in 1871.
Charles I. (of Anjou). Born 1220: diedatFog-
gia, Italy, 1285. King of Naples and Sicily,
brother of Louis IX. of France. At the invitation
of the Pope he attacked Manfred, king of Naples, who was
defeated and slain in the battle of Beneveuto, Feb. 26,
1266, and ascended his throne. He defeated and captured
on l^go di Celano, between Scurcola and Tagliacozzo, Aug.
23, 1268, C'onradin, who claimed Naples as the sou and
heir of Conrad IV. His tyranny and extortion provoked
a rebellion i[i Sicily (see SicilUin Veitpcrs) in 1282, wtiich
cost him that island.
Charles III. (Of Durazzo). Bom 1345: died
at Huda, Hungary, 1386. A king of Naples.
Instigated by Pope Urban VI., he attacked Joanna I.,
queen of Naples, whom he put to death, and whose tlu-one
lie ascended 1382. He was chosen king of Hungary 1385.
and was killed at Buda In the following year.
Charles II., sumamed " The Bad" (F. U Mau-
riti.i). Born 1332: died 1387. King of Navarre
1349-87.
Charles, Archduke of Austria. Born at Flor-
ence, Sept. 5, 1771 : died April 30, 1847. An
Austrian general, third son of the German em-
peror Leopold II. He was distinguished as com-
mander of the Rhine armies. 1796 ami 1790; defeated Mas-
a^na at Caldlero in 1805 ; defeated Nai)oleon at Aspern,
May, 1809 ; and was defeated by him at Wagram, July i>-C,
1809.
Charles, G. Karl Theodor Maximilian Au-
{nist, Prince of Bjtvaria. Born at Miiniclj,
July 7, 1795: died near Tegernsee, Bavaria,
Aug. 16, 1875. A Bavarian general, son of King
Maximilian I. He was commander of the Ba-
varian contingent in 1866.
Charles, surnamed "The Bold " (F. le Tcmimirc).
Born at lJi,ion, France, Nov. 10, 1433: killed at
Nancy, France, Jan. 5, 1477. Duke of Bur-
gundy 1467-77, son of Philip the Good. Ue was
called at first Conlte de t.'harolais. He conquered Lor-
raine in 1475 ; and was defeated by the Swiss at (iranilson
March a and at Moral June 22, 1476. imd at Nancy Jan. .'>,
1477.
Charles V., Leopold. Born :it Vienna, April
.'), \M.\: died nt Wcis, .\iisti'ia, April 18, 1690.
All Austrian gi'neiul, titular duke of Lorniinc.
He was distinguished at the relief of Vienna in UB:t, and
defeated the Turks at Ilarsany (or Mnhacs) in 1(W7.
Charles, Mrs. Andrew (Elizabeth Rundle).
Born about IS'jd: di,.,! Mnn-li 29, WM). An Kiig-
lish novelist andgcneral writer. Her works inclmle
"Chrouiele8oftheSehonborg-CottaFamily"(1863), " Diary
237
of Mi^ Kitty Trevylyan" (1864), " Draytons and Dave-
nants" (1886), "Winifred Bertram" (186(i), "Against the
Stream " (1873), "Lapsed but not Lost" (1881), etc.
Charles. A wrestler in Shakspere's "'As you
Like it."
Charles. A river in Worcester, Middlese.x, and
Norfolk counties, Massachusetts, which flows
into Boston Harlior at Boston (separating Cam-
bridge). Length, about 75 miles.
Charles Albert. Bom Oct., 1798: died at
Oporto, Portugal, Jidy 28, 1849. King of Sar-
ilinia 1831-49. He put himself at the head of the
movement for Italian independence in 1848, was defeated
by the Austrians at Custo/.za in tlie same year, and abdi-
cated after ills decisive ilefeat at Novara, March 23, 1849.
Charles Augustus. Born Sept. 3, 1757 : tlied
at Graditz, near Torgau, Prussia, June 14,
1828. Grand Duke of Sa.xe-Weiniar-Eisenach.
He succeeded to the tlukedoni in 1775 ; belonged to the
confederacy of the Rhine 1S06-13 ; and was created grand
duke in 1815. He formed the friendship of tJoethe in 1775.
Charles de Blois (shiirl de blwii), or de ChU-
tillon (de slul-te-yon'). Killed at the battle
of Auray, 1364. Duke of Brittany, nephew of
Philip VI. of France, and claimant to the
duchy of Brittany.
Charles Edward Louis Philip Casimir,
siu'iuimed "The Young Pretender." Born at
Rome, Dee. 31, 1720: died at Kome, Jan. 31,
1788. The ehlest son of the Chevalier de St.
George (called James IH. by his Jacobite par-
tizans) and Princess Clementine, daughter of
Prince James Sobieski. He sailed for Scotland
July 13. 1745, to head an insurrection for the recovery
of the British crown for his father, and landed in the
Hebrides Aug. 2. The Hig!ilan*lcrs Hocked to his stan-
dard, and he marched to Edinburgh, defeated the forces
sent against him at Prestonpans, captured Carlisle, and
marched upon London ; but after reaching Derby he was
forced to retreat, and was utterly routed at Ciilloden,
April 16, 1746.
Charles Emmanuel I., surnamed " The Great."
Born at Kivoli, Italy, Jau. 12, 1.562 : died at
Savigliano, Piedmont, July 20, 1630. Duke of
Savoy 1580-1630. He ac(iuired Saluzzoin 1601.
Charles Emmanuel I. (Charles Emmanuel III.,
Duke of Savoy), Born at Turin, April 27, 1701 :
died Feb. 19, 1773. King of Sartbnia 1730-73:
as Duke of Savoy, Charles Emmanuel III. He
defeated the Austrians at Guastalla, 1734.
Charles Emmanuel II. Bom May 24, 1751 :
died at Rome, Oct. 6, 1819. King of Sardinia.
He ascended the throne Oct. 16, 1796, and abdi-
cated June 4, 1802.
Charles Grandison (eharlz gran'di-sgn). Sir.
A novel by Samuel Richardson, published in
1753. See (trandisnn, Sir Charles.
Charles Martel (miir-tel') ("The Hammer").
Boru about 690 : died at Quierzy-sur-Oise,
France, Oct. 22, 741. Duke of Austrasia, sou
of P^pin d'H(5ristal. He became mayor of the pal-
ace in 719, and defeated the Saracens between Poitiers and
Tours in 732.
Charles Robert. King of Hungary from about
1309 till 1342. He belonged to the house of
Atijou.
Charles City Cross Roads. See Frayser's Farm .
Charleston (charl/.'ton). A seaport, capital
of Charleston County, South Carolina, situated
on a peninsula between the Ashley and Cooper
rivers, in lat. 32° 46' N., long. 79° 56' W.
It has a large harbor (defended by Foi-ts Sumter, Moul-
trie, and Castle Pinckney), and is one of the chief com-
mercial cities of the Stmth. It exports cotton, rice,
phosfihate. naval stores, fertilizers, etc. It was founded
in 1680. A Pritisli attack on Sullivan's Island was re-
pulsed by Moultrie June 28, 1776. It wsis unsuccessfully
attackeil in 1779, and was besieged by Clinton and taken in
May, 1780. Charleston was the center of the nuUitlca-
tion movement of 1832-:(3. It wasthe]»lace of meeting of
the Democratic National Convention of 18t»0, The Seces-
sion Ordinance was passed here Dec. 20, 1860, and the bom-
bardment of Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861, by the Confcdcr.
ates began the Civil War. (See Fori Sinntcr.) The town
was evacuated by the Confederates Feb. 17, 1865. It was
visited by an eartlHiuakc Aug. 31, 1SS6, Population (1890),
64,9.5.5,
Charleston, sometimes called Kanawha (ka-
na'wii). '1 lie capital of West Vii-giiiia and of
Kanawha County, situated on the Great Ka-
nawha River 44 miles from its mouth. It has
extensive salt-works and coal-mines. Popula-
tion (1890), 6,742.
Charlestown (chiirlz'toun). A former city,
now the Charlestown district of Boston, sepa-
rated from Boston by the Charles River. It
contains the State prison, a United States navy-yju-d, ami
Hunker Hill monument. It was settled in 1629. was burned
by tlie Itiitish .tune 17, 177.5, and was incorporated with
llost<in in 1.S7I.
Charlestown. The capital of Jefferson Coun-
ty, West Virginia, Smiles soutliwest of Har-
per's Ferry, and 53 miles northwest of Wash-
ington. John Brown was executed here, Dec.
2, 1859. Population (1890), 2,287.
Charlottesville
Charleville (shiir-le-vel'). A manufacturing
town in the department of Ardennes, France,
situated on the Meuse 1 mile north of M6-
zieres, aud practically a jjart of that town.
Population (1891), commune, 17,390.
Charlevoix (shiir-le-v^vii'), Pierre Frangois
Xavier de. Born at Saint t^ueutiu. France,
Oct. 29, 1682: died at La Fleche, France, Feb.
1, 1761. A French Jesuit missionary and his-
torian. In 1720 he visited the missions of Canada,
where he traveled extensively. Descending the Missis-
sippi in 1721, he went from Ijouisiana to Santo Domingo,
returning to France in Dec, 1722. He subsequently trav-
eled in Italy. His " Histoire de la Nouvelle France " con-
tains the account of his voyages and a history i)f the Cana-
ilian and Louisiana missions. He also wrote well-known
historical works on Santo Domingo, Paraguay, and Japan.
Charlies (char'liz). A nickname given to the
night-watchmen of London about 1640, from
King Charles I.,who improved the police system.
Charlieu (shlir-lye'). A town in the depart-
ment of Loire, France, 41 miles northwest of
Lyons. Po])ulation (1891), commune, 5,247.
Charlotte (shiir'lot). [F. Charlotlc, It. Carloita,
Sp. I'g. Carlutii, G. Charlotte; from Charles.]
1. In Fielding's "Mock Doctor," the daugh-
ter of Sir Jasper, who pretends to be dumb to
avoid a marriage with Dapper. Her prototyjjo
in Moliere's " Medeein Malgro Lui"is called
Luciude. — 2. In Bickerstaffe's "Hypocrite," a
lively, giddy girl who finally maiTies Darnley,
though she has been promised to Cantwell
the Hyjiocrite. In Moliere's " Tartufe," from
which the play is taken, she is called Mari-
anne.— 3. 'ihe domestic and simple wife of
AUiert, and tlie object of the affections of Wer-
ther, in Goethe's " Sorrows of Werther." She
is the portrait of a person named Lotte Buff,
and is also called Lotte in the novel, — 4. In
Gibber's comedy "The Refusal, or The La-
dies' Philosophy," the daughter of Sir Gilbert
Wrangle and sister of Sophronia, courted by
Frankly, with whom she is in love.
Charlotte (Marie Charlotte Am^lie Auguste
Victoire Clementine Leopoldine). Born at
Laeken.near Brussels, June 7, 1840, Empress
of Mexico. She is the only daughter of Leopold L
of Belgium, and Louise, princess of Urticans ; and married,
July 27, 1857, Maximilian, archduke of Austria, whom, on
his acceptance of the imperial crown (18(34), she accom-
panied to Mexico. She was sent by Maximilian in 1866
to Napoleon III. and Pius IX. to secure assistance against
the republicans. Failing in her mission, and foreseeing
tlie fall of her husband, she liecame hopelessly insane, and
has been confined since 1879 in the care of her family near
Brussels.
Charlotte. The capital of Mecklenburg Coun-
ty, North Carolina, in lat. 35° 12' N., long. 80°
52' W. The "Mecklenburg Declaration of In-
dependence" (which see) was passed here,
May, 1775. Population (1890), 11,557.
Charlotte Amalie (shar-lof ii-ma'lye). The
seaport of the island of St. Thomas, in the
Danish West Indies. Population, about 10,000.
Charlotte, Aunt. A pseudonjTU of Mary Char-
lotte Yonge.
Charlotte Augusta, Princess. Born at Carl-
ton House, London, Jan. 7, 1796: died at
Claremout, Surrey, England, Nov. 5, 1817.
Only daughter of (ieorge IV. and Caroline of
Brunswick, wife of Prince Leopold of Saxe-
Cobtirg (later King of the Belgians), whom
slie married May 2, 1816,
Charlotte Elizabeth. The pseudonym of Mrs.
(Jharlotte Elizabeth (Brown Phelan) Tonna.
Charlotte Sophia. Born 1744 : died at Kew,
Nov. 17, 1818. Youngest daughter of Charles
licwis, brother of Frederic, duke of Mecklen^
burg-St relitz,aiul wife of George Hl.of England.
Charlottenburg (shiir-lof ten-boro). [Named
from Soi)liia tMiarlotte, wife of Frederick I.]
A city in the province of Braiulenburg, Prus-
sia, situated on the SjireeSmileswest of IBerlin.
It is a municipality, but is practically a part of Berlin.
It contains a royal palace, the mausoleum of the recent
HohenzoUerns, a technical high school, and a royal porce-
lain factory. The royal palace is an extensive group of
buildings built in 1699 and later. The total frontage
reaches 1,650 feet. Tile ccntnil part is surmounted by
an impressive (iome, and the interior is decorated in the
Louis XV. stylo. Tlie apartments of Queen Ixjuise are in
the Louis XVI. style. Connected with the jtalace is the
nnuisoleum, with Itoric lnterior,ln which lu-e buried Fred-
erick VVilliam III. and Queen Louise, and the emperor
William I. anil empress Augusta. The altar-tombs of the
llrst two, with recumbent llgnres by Haueh, are jnslly ad-
iniied, 'I'heclty is on the site of the earlier l.ietzow. IVip-
nlation (1S!I0), commune, 76,8.V.».
Charlottesville (shilr'lots-vil). A town in Al-
bemarle County, Virginia, 65 miles northwest
of Richmond: the seat of tlie University of
Virginia. (See t'injiiiia, riiiversity of.) Popu-
lation (1890), 5,591'.
Charlottetown
CliarlottetOWIl (shiir'lot-toun). A seaport
aud the capital of Prince EJward Island,
Canada, in lat. 46° 14' N., long. 63° 7' W.
Popidation (1891). 11,374.
Charmian (ebar'mi-au). Cleopatra's favorite
waiting-woman in Shakspere's "Antony and
Cleopatra." She kills herself after Cleopatra's
death. ., n .
Channides (kar'mi-dez). [Gr. Xap/iidrig.] A
dialogue of Plato, the narration by Socrates
of a conversation on the subject of temper-
ance (moderation or practical wisdom) be-
tween himself, Channides (a beautiful youth
renowned for his moderation), Critias, aud
Chwrephon, which took place ui Athens at the
Palaestra of Taureas, near the porch of the
King jVrchou, immediately after the battle of
Potiilffia, from which Socrates had just re-
turned. Charniides was an Athenian, son of Glaucon,
cousin of Critias, and uncle of Plato.
Chaimoutll (char'mouth). A village on the
coast of Dorsetshiie, England, 2 miles north-
east of L^^ne Kegis. It is usnall; identified with
Carruni, the" scene of a victor)- of the Danes over Egliert in
83.i. .£thelwulf was defeated here by the Danes in 840 or
S42 (?).
Chamock (char'nok), Stephen. Born at Lon-
don, 1()28: died at' London, July 27, 1680. An
English nonconformist clerg^nnan, a graduate
of Emmanuel College, Cambridge: author of
"A Treatise on the Excellence and Attributes
of God," etc.
Charnwood Forest (cham'wud for'est). A
forest in the northwestern part of Leicester-
shire. England.
Charolais, or CharoUais (sha-ro-la'). A for-
238
France (ML. Cnrtusia), near the seat of the orig.
monastery of the order, called distinctively La
Grande Chartreuse.} A Carthusian monastery
(later a hospital, and a school for boys) in Lon-
don, founded in 1371 by Sir Walter Manny and
the Bishop of Xorthburgh. At the dissolution the
Charter House was given by Henry VIII. to .Sir Thomas
Audley, and passed through various hands to Sir Thomas
Sutton, who in 1611 endowed it as a charity under the name
of the Hospital of St. James. This foundation long ex-
isted as a hospital for decayed gentlemen and a school for
boys. The school was transferred to Godalming, Surrey,
in 1872, and the prentises are now occupied iiy the school
of the Merchant Taylors' Company. The buildings are for
the most part of the early 16th century, and the great hall
is one of the finest architectural interiors of that time. The
great staircase, great chamber, chapel, and cloister are
also of much interest.
Charter Oak, The, A tree celebrated in Amer-
ican (legendary) history, which formerly stood
in Hartford, Connecticut. According to tradition,
when Governor Andros came to Hartford in 1687 to demand
of the Assembly the surrender of the colonial charter,
the debate in that body over the governor's demand was
prolonged beyond daylight, when suddenly the lights
were extinguished, and in the darkness a patriot. Captain
Wadsworth, escaped with the charter and hid it in a hol-
low oak. There is, however, no contemporary record of
this event. The Charter Oak was overthrown by a storm
in 1856.
Chartier (shar-tya'), Alain. Born at Baveux,
France, ahout 1392: died about 1430 or 1433
(Gaston Paris). A famous French poet and
man of letters. He wrote "Le quadrilogue invec-
tif," *' L'Esp^rance," " La belle dame sans mercy," and
numerous other works. His poetry consists mainly of al
legorical and controversial love-poems and moral verse.
He is best known by the story that Margaret of Scotland
stooped and kissed his lips while he lay asleep, to the
astonishment of the attendants, for the poetry aud virtu-
ous sentiments that had issued from them.
mer county of France, in the department of Chartists (char'tists). A body of political re-
Saone-et-Loire
Charolais, Comte de. See Charles the Bold.
Charolles ^shU-rol'). A town in the depart-
ment of .Saoue-et-Loire, France, in lat. 46^
26' N., long. 4° 18' E. It was the ancient
capital of Charolais. Population (1891), com-
mune, 3.246.
Charon (kil'ron). [6r. Xapui:'\ In Greek my-
thology, the ferryman, a son of Erebus, who
transported the souls of the dead (whose bod
formers (chiefly working-men) that sprang up
in England about the year 1838. The Chartists ad-
vocated as their leading principles universal suit rage, the
abolition of the property qualification for a seat in Paiiia-
ment, annual parliaments, equal representation, payment
of members of Parliament, and vote by ballot, all of which
they demanded as constituting the "people's chartei."
The members of the extreme section of the party, which
favored an appeal to arms or popular risings if the charter
could not be obtained by legitimate means, were called
"physical-force men." The Chartists disappeared as a
party after 1S49. Also CharterUts.
ies had been buried) over the rivers of the Charton (shar-ton'), Edouard Thomas. Born
lower world. His fee was an obolos or danace, and
this coin was placed for him in the mouth of the dead
previous to burial.
Charondas (ka-ron'das). [Gr. Xopur'rfaf.] Born
at Catana, Sicily : lived about 500 B. c. A
Sicilian lawgiver who legislated for the cities
of Chalcidian origin in SieUy and Italy.
Charon's staircase. See the extract.
At the middle point of the [Greek] stage, some steps —
known as ''Chai'on's staircase," because the ghost some-
times comes up by them —lead down into what we should
call the pit. The Greeks call it the orchestra or dancing-
place. Jebb, Gr. Lit., p. 76.
Charras (sha-ra'), Jean Baptiste Adolphe.
Born at Pfalzburg, Lorraine, Jan. 7, 1810: died
at Basel, Switzerland, Jan. 23, 1865. A noted
French military writer. His chief work is a
"Histoire de la campagne de 1815" (1857).
Charri^re (shii-ryar'), Madame de Saint-Hya-
cinthe de (Isabelle Agnfes Van Tuyll). Born
at Utrecht, Xetherlaud.s, 174t): died near Neu-
chatel, Switzerland, Dec. 27, 1805. A French
authoress who wrote under the pseudonym
Abb6 de la Toiu-. Her chief works are " Let-
tres neufchateloises" (1784), " Caliste, ou let-
tres ^crites de Lausanne" (1786).
Charron (sha-roii'), Pierre. Bom at Paris,
1.541 : died at Paris, Nov. 16, 1603. A noted
French philosopher and Roman Catholic theo-
logian. His works include " Traite des trois
v^rit^s" (1594), •' Traits de la sagesse" (1601),
etc.
Charruas (chii-ro'as). The name usually given
to a numerous race of Indians who, in the 16th
at Sens, Yonue, France, May 11, 1807. A
French author. He was elected to the Constituent
Assembly in 1848, and to the National Assembly at Bor-
deaux and \'ersailles in 1871, and became a senator in
1878. He founded the '■ Magasin Pittoresque " (1833), the
" Illustration " (1853), and " Le Tour du Monde " (1860).
Author of " Les voyageurs anciens et modemes " (1855-
1857), etc.
Chartres (shartr). The capital of the depart-
ment of Eure-et-Loir, France, on the Eure
48 miles southwest of Paris : the ancient Au-
tricum, later Carnutum. it has a large trade in
grain, and is famous for its cathedral, one of the great
churches of the world, built in the 12th and 13th centu-
ries, and notable for both beauty and solidity. The old-
est part is the west front, with three admirably sculp-
tured portals, and south tower and spire considered the
finest of their type. The elegant and ornate north spire
is much later. The great triple porches of the transepts,
covered with sculpture, are matchless. The interior is
simple, but of most impressive dignity. Over 160 of the
great windows retain their 13th-century glass, fonning a
display of jeweled color unequaled elsewhere. Other
remarkable features are the rose of the west front, and
the series of sculpliu-es of the life of Christ and of the
Virgin, framed in the richest Flamboyant tracery, which
adorns the exterior of the choir-screen. Chartres was the
capital of the Carnutes, and a center of Druid worship. It
was the capital of the county and later duchy of Chartres
and capital of Beauce. Henr>' IV. was crowned here king
of France in 1694. It was taken by the Germans, Oct.,
187U. Population (1891), commune, 2;i,108.
Charxres, County of. An ancient district in
northern France, comprised in the govern-
ment of Orleanais, and partly corresponding
to the department of Eure-et-Loir. Capital.
Chartres. it was united to Champagne 1125-62, and
was purchased by St. Louis in 1234. It was afterward a
duchy and a royal appanag'
centiiry. occupied the region on both sides of Chartres (sliartr). Due de (Robert Philippe
the river Uruguay, ranging to the Parang and
the southern coast. The Bohanes, Minuanes, Yaros,
and Guenoas were subtribes : but all these names are
sometimes applied to the whole group. The Charruas
were a dark race, apparently allied to the Chaco tribes.
They were wandering hunters and robbers, very savage
and treacherous, and waged a destructive war on the
Spaniards. Solis, the discoverer of the Plata, was killed
by them. They fought principally with the bolas or
weighted Lasso; later they became skilful hi>rsenien
About 17l'>0 they were partly subdued and formed into
villages. The modem (^auchos of I'nlgu.ay have much
Charrua blood, and portions of the race remain in a nearly
pure stats. They are much employed as soldiers and
hertlsnicii.
Charter, The Great. See Magna Chartn.
Charterhouse (diiir'ter-hous). [A corruption
of Chartreuse; orig. the name of a village in
Louis Eugene Ferdinand d'0rl6ans). Born
at Paris, Xov. 9. 1840. A French prince,
younger brother of the Comte de Paris, and
grandson of Louis Philippe. He served in the
Italian army 1859, and on General McClellan's staff 1861-
1862. .\fter the revolution of Sept. 4, 1870, he returned
incognito to France, served under an assumed name in
General Chanzy's army, and in 1871. when the National
Assembly revoked the law banishing the Orleans family,
was appointed major. He became colonel in 1878, and
was in command of the l:ith chasseurs, stationed at
Rouen, when by the decree of Feb. 24, 1SS3, he was sus-
pended fi-om the active list : by the law of June 23, 1886,
he was expelled from the army. He married Franyoise-
Marie Anielic of Orleans. June 11. 1803. and has issue two
daughters and two sons, lYince Henri Philippe ilarie and
Prince Jean Pierre Clement Marie (born at Paris, Sept. 4,
1874).
Chass6
Chartreuse (shar-tri-z'). La Grande. The
leading Carthusian monastery, situated 13
miles northeast of Grenoble, in the depart-
ment of Isere, France. It was founded by St.
Bruno about 1084. It gives name to the li-
queur Chartreuse, manufactured there.
Chartreuse de Parme (shiir-trez' de parm).
La. A novel bv Stendhal (Beyle), published
in 1839.
Charudes. See Harudes.
Charybdis (ka-rib'dis). [Gr. Xdpi'.J(5(f.] In
Greek mythology, a sea-monster which three
times a day sucks in the sea and discharges it
again in a terrible whirlpool : depicted as a
maiden above, but ending below in the body of
a fish begirt -with hideous dogs. Opposite her was the
other monster Scylla. In later times they were placed
in the Straits of Messina, Scylla being identified with a
projecting rock on the Italian side. The name of Charyl)-
dis is derived by some from Semitic A urofted, 'hole of per
dition, atjyss.'
Charyllis (ka-ril'is). In Spenser's "Colin
Clout 's Come Home Again," a character in-
tended for Lady Anne Compton, one of the six
daughters of Sir John Spenser of Althorpe.
Chasdai ben Isaac ben Shaphrut (chas-di'
ben i'zak ben shiip-rot'). A Jewish statesman
and physician in Cordova, Spain, 915-970, body
physician and minister of finance under the
califs Abd-er-Rahman HI. and Al-Hakim. He was
appointed by them Xasi (prince, head) over the Jews in
the califate. He was a generous promoter of literature,
and translated the botanical work of Dioscorides from
Latin into Arabic. His correspondence with Joseph, the
Jewish king of the Khazar kingdom, near the Caspian
Sea, is extant.
Chase (chas). Philander. Born at Cornish,
N. H., Dec. 14, 1775: died at Robin's Nest, HI.,
Sept. 20, 1852. An American missionary bishop
of the Episcopal Church, one of the founders
of Kenyon College, Ohio, and Jubilee College,
Illinois.
Chase, Salmon Portland. Bom at Cornish,
X. H., Jan. 13, LSOS: tUed at New York, May
7. 1873. An American statesman and jurist,
nephew of PhUander Chase. He was United States
senator from Ohio 1849-55; governor of Ohio 1856-60;
secretary of the treasury 1861-*>4 ; and chief justice of
the Supreme Court 1864-73.
Chase, Samuel. Bom in Somerset County,
Maryland, April 17, 1741: died June 19, 1811.
An American jurist, a signer of the Declara-
tion of Indepeniience. He was appointed associate
justice of the Supreme Court in 1796 ; was impeached for
misdemeanor 1S">4 ; and was acquitted 1805.
Chase, William Merritt. Bom at Franklin,
Ind., Nov. 1, 1849. An American painter of
portraits, still life, and landscapes. He was a
pupil of the schools of the National Academy of New
York. In 1871 he went to St. Louis, where he had some
success as a portrait-painter, and in 1872 to Germany,
where he studied under Piloty at Munich, returning to
New York in 1878. He is a member of the National
Academy, president of the Society of American Artists,
and has been the recipient of many honors at home
and abroad.
Chasidim (eha-se'dim), or Assideans. [Heb.,
•pious ones, pietists.'] A party which arose
among the Jews during the period of the Macca-
bean struggles. Its object was the defense and main-
tenance of the Jewish law in all its particulars against the
encixjachments of Greek customs (Hellenism). It is not
improbable that they were the forerunners of the Essenes.
In modern times a similar sect has spread among the
Jews of eastern Europe and the Orient, which is supposed
to have originated with a certain Israel Baal Shem in the
ISth century. They strive after a closer communion with
God by means of the Kabbalah (' mysticism ') and the
mediation of a rabbi or zaddik ('just man") whom they
believe to be a special favorite of God, and to be endowed
with the power of performing miracles by prayer.
Chasles (shiil), Michel. Born at fipernon,
Eure-et-Loir, France. Nov. 15, 1793: died at
Paris, Dee. 19, 1880. A celebrated French geom-
eter, professor at the £cole Polytechnique, and
later at the Sorbonne. He was the author of 'Aper^u
historique siu-l'origine et le d^veloppement des m^thodes
en g^om^trie, etc. " (1837), "Traits de g^om^trie sup6-
rieure" (1852X "Traits des sections coniqnes" (t86!iX
" Rapport sur les progrts de la g^oro^trie " (1670). etc. He
was the victim of a literary forgeiy (by Ir^ne Lucas) in
1867, being persuaded of the genuineness of a large num-
ber of forged letters of Pascal, Dante, Shakspere, and
others. On those of Pascal he made a report to the
Academy.
Chasles, Victor Euph6mion Philar6te. Bom
at Mainvilliers, near Chartres, France, Oct. 8,
1798: died at Venice, July 18, 1873. A French
literary critic, novelist, and general writer.
His essays have been collected in eleven vol-
umes, under the title "Etudes de litterature
oomparee."
Chasse (shas-sa'), Da'Tid Hendrik, Baron.
Born at Thiel, Netheriands, March 18, 1765:
died at Breda. Netherlands, May 2, 1849. A
Dutch general. He was distinguished in the French
ChassS
Bervice in the Peninsular campaign, and in the Dutch ser-
vice at Waterlcx* in 1815. and at Antwerp lS^J0-3:i. Fi-oni
his predilection for attacitinK with the bayonet, he was
nicknamed by the soldiers "General Bayonet."
Chasseloup-Laubat (shas-io' 16-ba'), Fran-
cois, ilarquis dc. Born at St. Soruin, Cha-
rente-liif^rieure, iVance, Aug. IH, 17r>4: died at
Paris, Oct. 10, 1833. A Freuch military engi-
neer, distiugiiisbed iu the campaigns from
1792-1812.
Ohasseloup-Laubat, Justin Prudent, Mar-
quis de. Born at Paris, 1802: ilied at Paris,
Dec. 17, 1863. A Freuch general ami imliticiau,
son of FninCj'ois dc C'liasseloup-Lauliat.
Chasseloup-Laubat, Justin Napoleon Sam-
uel Prosper, Comte de. Bern at Alessandria,
Italy, March 29, 1805 : died at Versailles, March,
1873. A Freuch politician, son of Francois de
Chasseloup-Laubat, minister of marine and the
colonies 1859-67.
Chassepot (shas-p6'), Antoine Alpbonse.
Born at Mutzig, Alsace, May 4, 1833. A Freuch
mechanic, inventor of the Chassepot ritle,
adopted for the French army in 1868.
Chasta Costa (chii'sta kos'ta). A tribe of the
Pacific division of the Atliapascan stock of
North American Indians. They formerly lived in
about 36 villages along the upper Rogue River, Oregon,
and are now on the Siletz reservation, Oiegoii. Their
dialect ditfers but slightly from that of the Tutu and
other tribes on the lower Rogue River. .See Athapimcaji.
Chaste Maid in Cheapside, A. A play by
Middleton, acted about Dec. 25, 1612 (FleayJ,
printed in 1630.
Cfhastel, Jean. See Chdtel, Jeati.
Chastelain (shut -Ian'), or Chastellain,
Georges. Born near Alost, Flauders, about
1405: died at Valenciennes (f), Feb. or March,
1475. A Flemish chronicler and poet, author
of "Chronique des dues de Burgoj'ne," etc.
His collected work.s were edited by Kervvu de
Lettenhove, 1863-66.
Chastelard(shat-liir'), Pierre deBoscosel de.
Born iu Dauphin^, France, about 1.34U: exe-
cuted at the Tolbooth, Edinburgh, 1563. A
French poet at the eoiu't of Francis II. and
Mary Queen of Scots, a descendant of the
Chevalier Bayard. He was a page in the household
of the constable Montmorency, and afterw.oi-d in that of
Marshal Damvdle. When Mary went to .Scotland after
the death of her husband, in 1501, Ohastelard followed
her in the train of Damville who escorted her. He w as
violently in love with her, and she amused herself with
him and his amorous verses. He went back to France,
but returned in 15(ia. His love for her was not without
encounigcment. He was twice discovered in her bed-
chamber ; stie piu'doned him the first otfense. but for the
second sacrificed him mercilessly to public opinion, and
he was taken to the Tolbooth and hung.
Chastelard. Atragedy by Swinburne, published
in isti.').
Chasteler (shat-la'), Jean Gabriel Joseph
Albert, Marquis du. Born at Malbais, near
Mons, Belgium, Jan. 22, 1763: died at Venice,
May 7, 1825. An Austrian general, distin-
guished at Wattignies 1793, in Italv 1799, and
in the Tyrol 1800, 180.5, and 1H09.
Chastellain. See Vliaxtiidin.
Chastellux (shut-lii'), Francois Jean, Mar-
quis de. Born at Paris, 1734: died at Paris,
Oct. 28, 1788. A Freuch general and author.
He8erve<i inthe Seven Vears'and American Revolutionary
wara. His chief works are " De la felicite publique"
(1772), "Voyages dans I'Amtirique .Septentrionale " (178(1).
Chat, Nation du. See Kric
Chateaubriand (shii-to-bre-oii'), Frangois
Een6 AugUSte, Vieomte de. Born at St. Malo,
France, Sept. 14, 176s : dii-d at Paris, .July 4,
1848. A celebrated French author and states-
man. He entered the army in 178« ; traveled in America
1791-82; served in the royalist army at Thionville in .Sep-
tember, 179-2; and suliseciuently emigrated to England,
where in 17n7 he published " Kssai hialoriiiuc, politique
et moral sur les revohltions aneiennes et modernes, etc."
He returned to France in 1800. and, having been Ci)nverted
by the death of his mother from infidelity t« the Roman
Catholic faith. |inb1ishcd in 1802 a brilliant eulogy of
Christianity, entitled "Le gt-nie du christianismc." In
1803 he was appointed by Napoleon Bonaparte secretary
of legatitm at itome, ami in .Nov. of the same year
minister to (he republic of Valais, a post which he re-
signed on the exicntioii of llie Duke of F.ngliien in 18(>4. In
1814 he supported the iiourbons in a pamplllet entitled " De
Buonaparte et des Itourlums." He was created a peer of
France in 1815, was ambassador at London in 1822, and
was minister of foreign alfairs 182:i-24. Besides those
already mentioned, his chief works are "Atala" (18011,
"Rene " ,1802X "Les martyrs "( 1809), "ItincSraire de Faris
aj,!rnsalenr|1811). " LeviNatchej;" (182B). " I.esavcnturea
du dernier des Abeneerages" (182(!). ami " .Mcimoires
d outre.t-.nibe " (1849-60).
Ch&teaubriant (shil-to-bre-on'). A town in
the <lepartmeiit of Loire-Inferieure, Prance, on
the ("here 35 miles nortli-imrtheast of Nantes.
It has a castle. An edict against the Protestants, by
239
Henry II., was issued here in 1651. Population (1891),
commune, 6,52;l.
Chiteaubriant, Comtesse de iFrangoise de
Foix). Born about 1490: died at Chateaubri-
ant, France, Oct. 16, 1.537. A mistress of Fran-
cis I., king of France.
Chateau-Chinon (shii-to'she-nou'). A town in
the department of Ni^\Te, France, 20 miles
west-northwest of Autun.
ChS>teau de Meillant (shii-to' d6 ma-yon'). A
castle at St. Amand Montrond, France, now a
seat of the Due de Mortemart. it is of very ancient
foundation, but received its present great development in
the fiorid Pointed style at the end of the IBth and the be-
ginning of the 16th century. It resembles the Maiscm de
Jacques Cccur at Boui-ges in its many towers, its high
roofs and dormers, and its most picturesque and ornate
court. The interior is richly fitted out and decorated in
the style of the architecture.
Chateaudun (shti-to-duii'). A town in the de-
partment of Eure-et-Loir, France, situated on
the Loir 30 miles west-northwest of Orleans:
the Roman Castrodunum. It contains a castle of the
former counts of Dunois. It was stormed and burned by
the Germans iu 1870. Population (1891), commune, 7,147.
Ch3.teau Gaillard (shii-to' gii-yilr'). A cele-
brated ruin near Les Andelys, Eure, France,
on a cliff 300 feet above the Seine. It was built
in 1197 by Richard Cicur de Lion, and was taken by Philip
Augustus of F'rance in 1204. The castle proper represents
in plan a circle of waved outline, of very m.assive masonry.
Outside rise fianking towers, and on the river side of tlie
circle stands the huge cyliudrical donjon, with walls 15
feet thick.
Chateau-Gontier (shii-to'gou-tya'). A town in
the department of Mayenne, France, situated
on the Mayenne in lat. 47° 50' N., long. 0° 42'
W. It was the scene of a Vendean victory, Oct.
27, 1793. Population (1891), commune "7,281.
Chateauguay (shii-t6-ga'), Sieur de. See Le-
iiioi/)ie, Antoine.
Chstteaulin (shii-to-lan'). A town in the de-
partment of Finistere, France, 14 miles north
of (^uimper, on the Aime. Population (1891),
commune, 3,677.
Chateaurenault (sha-to-re-no' ) . A town in the
department of ImU'e-et-Loire, France, 19 miles
northeast of Tours. Population (1891), com-
muue, 4,397.
Chateauroux (sha-to-ro'). The capital of the
department of Lndre. France, situated on the
Indre in lat. 46° 50' N., long. 1° 42' E. it has
manufactures of coarse cloth, woolen goods, etc. It con-
tjiins the Church of St. Andrew. Population (1891), com-
mune, 23,924.
Chateauroux, Duchesse de (Marie Anne de
Mailly, Marquise de la Tournelle). Born Oct.,
1717: died at Paris, Dec. 8, 1744. A mistress
of Louis XV., 1742^14.
Chateau-Thierry (sha-to'tySr-re'). [L. Cas-
(rum Tlieodorici.] A town in the department
of Aisne, France, situated on the Marne 50
miles east by north of Paris. In isoo it was raised
to a duchy by Charles IX. It contains a mined castle,
built by Charles Miu-tel (V). It was the birthplace of La
Fontaine. Here, Feb. 12. lsl4, Napoleon defeated the Rus-
sians and Prussians. Poimlation (1S91), comuiune. 6,863.
Chatel I shii-tel' ), Ferdinand Tonssaint Fran-
QOis. Born at Gannat, Allier, France, Jan. 9,
1795: died at Paris, Feb. 13, 18.57. A French
religious reformer. He wrote "Profession de
foi do lY'glise catholiijue fran^'aise" (1831), etc.
Chatel, or Chastel (shii-tel'), Jean. Born
about 1575: executed at Paris, Dec. 29, 159-1.
A French fanatic who attempted to assassinate
Henry IV., Dec. 27, 1.594.
Chatelain (sliiit-lau'), Heli. Born at Moral,
Switzerland, 18:59. A Swiss-American Africaii-
ist. He came to the TTnited .States in 188:i, and went to
Angola in 1884 as missionary linguist. He became phi-
lologist of a United States scientific expedition to West
Afiicain 1889. ami I'nited States commercial agent in 1891.
He has published "(Irammatica do Kinibundu " (1889),
"Ornndzuge des Kimbundu" (1890), "Folk-tales of An-
gola "(1894), etc.
Chatelain de Coucy et de la dame de Fayel,
Histoire du, A French romance, of which the
personages wire real, written about the begin-
ning of the Kllhi-entury. It was published wit li
a modern version in 1.^29 liy M. ("rapelet. See
Coiicif.
Chatelet (shilt-la'), Le Grand. [K., ' the great
fort. 'J An ancient fortress in I'aris, situated
on the right b.iiik of the Seine, on the present
Place du (Jhiitelet, used for a ]irison and for
courts of .justice until 1802, when it was de-
stroye<i. Its origin is very obscure. It was at first
simply a tower eonunanding the northern approach U* the
city. There was probably a witoilen tower here as early as
88.1. The earliest mention is in a charter of Louis le
,leune in 1147. The Chatelet was the city prison of Paris
in the medieval and Renaissance perioils, atid was one of
the most terrible prlstuiBof the Old World. The prisoners
were generally of the more or less helpless class of city
Chaucer, Geoffrey
malefactors, but occasionally persons of a better class were
confined in it.
Chatelet, Le Petit. [F. , • the little fort.'] An
ancient fortress iu Paris, situated on the left
bank of the Seine, near the Hotel-Dieu, used
for a ])rison. It was <lestro}'ed in 1782.
Chatelet, Marquise du. See ]>ii chdtclet.
Chatellerault (shU-tel-io'). A town in the de-
partment of Vienne, France, situated on the
Vienne 19 miles northeast of Poitiers: the
medieval Castrum Heraldi. it is noted for its
manufactures of cutlery and firearms. Population (1891),
commune, 22,522.
Chatham (chat'am). A town in Kent, Eng-
land, ad,joining Ikochester on the Medway, 25
miles east-southeast of London. It is one of the
chief milit;\r>' stations and naval arsenals in England, and
is strongly fortified (^by the "Chatham Lines "). Its royal
dockyard (founded by Queen Elizabeth) contains exten-
sive docks, wharves, mills, etc. It contains also e.\tensive
barracks for infantry, artillery, and engineers. It was
attacked by the Dutch fleet under De Kuyter in 1667.
Population (1891), 31,711.
Chatham. A town in Kent County, Ontario,
Canada, situated on the Thames 45 miles east-
northeast of Detroit. Population (1891), 9,052.
Chatham, Earl of. See rut.
Chatham Islands. A group of islands in the
Pacific Ocean, about lat. 44° S., long. 176° W.,
connected politically with New Zealand. The
chief islands are Chathaili, or Wairikaori, and Pitt. They
were discovered by Lieutenant Broughton in the English
ship Chatham in 1791. Area, 375 square miles. Popula-
tion, about 4tX).
Chatillon (sha-te-y6n'). In Shakspere's "King
John,'' an ambassador from France.
Ch§.tillon-SUr-Seine (sha-te-yon'sUr-san'). A
town in the department of (Jote-d'Or, France,
situated on the Seine 44 miles northwest of
Dijon. It was an important town in the middle ages.
It was the birthplace of Marmont. Population (1891),
commune, 5,127.
Chatillon-sur-Seine, Congress or Conference
of. An unsuccessful conference of the Allies,
Feb. 5-March, 1814. The Allies offered Napoleon,
through his envoy, ('aulaincourt, the possession of France
with tlie boundaries of 1791. The negotiations came to
notliing in consequence of the attitude of Napoleon.
Chatimacha. See Chitimachan.
Chat Moss (chat mos). A peat bog in Lanca-
shire, England, between Manchester and Liver-
pool. A railway was built across it by George Stephen-
son, 1828-30. Areil, about 6,000 acres.
Chatrian (sha-tre-yoii'), Alexandre. See Erck-
munn-Chtitrian.
Chatsworth (chats'werth). The seat of the
Duke of Devonshire, situated on the Derwent
about 3^ miles nortlieast of Bakewell, Derby-
shire, England. This imposing Renaissance palace,
500 feet long, was begun in 16.Vs. The interior is lavishly
adorned with painting and sculpture, and contains a splen-
did collection of drawings by tlie obi niastei-s, some tine
old and modern paintings, a Venus by Tborwaldsen. and
Canova's Napoleon, Madame Li-titi:i, and Endymion. The
formal gardens are famous. They contain elaborate foun-
tains ami tine conservatories.
Chattahoochee (chat-a-h6'che). A river in
(jeorgia which forms part of its western boun-
dary, and unites with the Flint to form the
Appalachicola at the southwestern e.xtreniity
of the State. Length, over 500 miles. It is
navigable to Columbus (over 200 miles).
Chattanooga (chat-a-no'gii). The capital of
Hamilton (!ountv, 'l^ennessee, situated on the
Tennessee River in lat. 35° 4' N., long. 85°
19' W. It is an imjiortant railway and conunercial
center, with trade in lumber and grain, and manufactures
of iron, steel, nnicbinery. cotton, etc. It was a strategic
point in the Civil War. Population (189(1), 29,100.
Chattanooga, Battle of. A series of engage-
ments near Clnittaiiiioga, Nov. 23-25, 1863. The
Federals (about (iO.tXXi) umier Grant defeated the Con-
feilerates (40.000-50,000) under Bragg. Loss of Federals,
5,610 ; of Confederates, s,6M (0,142 prisoners). See further
under Looktmt MoutUmn and M imi'itarif liklije.
Chatterton (chat'er-ton), Thomas. Born at
Bristol, England, Nov. 20, 17.52: committed
suicide at London, Aug. 25, 1770. An English
poet, famous for his precocity and for his liter-
aiy impostures. Si'e Iloirli i/ I'oi ms.
Chatti (kat'i), or Catti (kat'i). [L. (Tacitus)
( 'lialli, Gr. (.Strabo) Xiirroi.] A German tribe, a
branch of the Suevi, lirst mentioned by Strabo.
They originally oecnjiied the Taunus region north of the
Main, but were assigned by Drusus to the old territory of
the Sugambri further northward, back from the Rhiiu-, in
the region about the Fuldaaml the n)iddle Weser. They
took jiart in the rising umier Civilis, and were afterwiu-d,
down into the tld century, in freiinent eontliet w itb the
Rtimans. They were one of the most i>owerfnl of the
i Jet man inlan<l trilies. Two minor tribes of the Chntti,
the Hatavi and the Ganniiu^fates, were nltimatelv merged
in the Salic Franks. Those left behlml in the old'territory
beianie, fiiniUy, the Hessians, a name which appears early
in tile sth century.
Chaucer (cha'ser), Geoffrey. [ME. Chuucer, lit.
' shoemaker,' from OF. chaucier, ML. calccariux.
Chaucer, Geoffrey
calciarius, a shoemaker from L. calceus, calcius
a shoe.] Born at London about 1340. died at
London, Oct. 25, 1400. A celebrated Enghsh
stat';:.ncnt, i„ 13^3. he bore urrns ^^^'^'^^^g's huus'eUoW
that he inarrie<l fhilipp.^ / ' l-„iH„n,. and a uative of
Payne Roet, the kiui,' at arms 'f. ^ ""'"^»'^'J S,^"^ , Phi-
Barnaul, ^vho came to tngla^^^^^^
lippaprol-a t.«*^ (J^:^';.^) «> embassies to Italy,
raised to a V'" • F^ .ire'" .. ollicial records. He was also
et«., and calle f;X\,„smsof wools. skins, and taimed
n"*! ili'V ; ,do r->' 1 -eec.veToth^ pant^ missions, and
hides in J^"'; ■ ^",.. ."iuV the younger brotlier of Prince
pensions. J"" ' ^.^'t'^'-y „[ thaucer: ii. 1396 married
^Jr°mhhrf w (e at^rire tinford, a widow, who had
wn hi, mStresi and who was the sister of Chaucer s wile.
Fn,m 3 4 to kS« " laucer lived in the Gat*-houseof Ald-
alT in 137S e was sent again to Italy, alter which he was
SpJre t y aosely conHned by his business to London tm
?^ wl en he was allowed to have a depu y in the office of
combtr n"r of customs of wool, etc. In 13S6 lie w:is elected
kniX of the shire for Kent, but was dismissed from aU
h s vilrio us offices and became poor before the end of the
year By 1399, however, he had, through the patronage of
Bmn IV.; the recently crowned son of John of Gaunt, a
rutHdellt ncome, and took a fifty-three years' lease of
Itouse on the spot in Westminster where Henry \ II. s
chapel now stands: here, however, he lived less than a
year Among his works are -Genuine works before
S- "Troilus and Cressi.la,'' "The Transla ion of Boe-
[hiSs on the Consolation of PhUosophy," "Th^^ D"=,?'^ °|
("haucer" (about 1369), "The Assembly of lowis. Of
Queen \neUd^ and FaUe Arcite," "The House of Fame,
"Chaucer-s A. B. C, called La Priere de nostre Dame -
r^nnine works after 13S0: "llie Canterbury Tales, "The
wei of Good w'!men," "The Conclusions of the Astro-
l^e " "The Complaint of Mars," " Good Counsel of Chau-
cer " "Lenvoye to Scogan," "Chaucer unto his Empty
pJke ■■" Chaucer's Words unto his own Scrivener. -
GSne»•o?ks.datesunk„o^v„:"TheComplamtofMaxs
"The Comnlaint of Venus" (a translation— S*-cal) Ihe
Fornter Ace " " How Pity is l>ead and Buried in a Gentle
&"-D:.ubtfuTworks: "The Romaunt of the Eose.''
"Orison to the Holy Vu-gin," "An Amorous Complain .
-SDurious works: "A Goodly BaUade of Chaucer, "The
iloSe"orCourtesy, with a Bilade." "La Belle Dame sans
Sercy/ "The Assemblyof Ladies.""A Praise of Women
"■The Testament of live, " "The Lamentation of Mary
Magdalen '""The Remedy of Love," "A Ballade in Com-
Sat?on of our Lady," "The Plowman's T^^"",Balade
de boil Consail," "Against Women Unconstant, Ihe
S?aft of Loveri a Ballade," "The Ten Commandments
ofLovc " "The Nine Ladies Worthy," "Alone Walking,
" Jacke Inland " "The Tale of Gamelin," "The Prologue,
or the MeriT Adventures of the Pardoner and Tapster at
?JeInn at Canterbury," "The Merchant's Second Tale or
S: History of Beiy"S? "The Testament -d C«mphunt of
240
Cbeapside
Ifith renturvX Hie ^.uckuo anu m^ .. i&wv...e,-.- v- ---
1400 perlmps, but uncertain), "The Letter of Ciipid' (by
Occle?e 40" "The Court of Love " tabout 1500), "Chau-
cer'ri>ream,'' "The Isle of Ladies^' (about 1450), and
"The Flower and the Leal " (about 1420). Loumbury.
Chaucer, Thomas. Bornaboutl3G7: diedMarch
14 1434. An English statesman, probably eld-
est son of Geofifrcy Chaucer. He was chief butler
of Richard II., constable of Wallingford Castle, steward
of the honoi-s of W^Ulingfoid and St^ Valery and of the
Chiltcrn Hundreds, successor of Geoffrey Chaucer as for-
ester of North Petlurton Park, Somersetshire, and mem-
ber of Parliament 140a 31. He was chosen speaker of the
House o^tUmons in 1407, 1410. 1411, and 1414. He was
present at the battle of Agincourt
Chaucer of France, The. A name given to
Clement Marot. .
Chaucer's Dream. l.^A name ciiice given to
•'The Book of the Duchess," in which the poet
relates his dream.- 2. The title of an inde-
pendent poem, fii-st printed by Thomas bpeght
in the 1.^97 edition of the works of Chaucer.
He prefixed to it a note saying : "That which heretofore
hath gmie un.ler the name of his Dreaiue, is the Book of
the Duchesse : on the death of Blanche, Duchesse of Lan-
caster."
There is no extant MS. of thU poem earlier than one at
LonS of about 1550. If the poem be aiaueers. it is in
i^SteTopy. with corruptions of the text, and was an early
'work of ?,^s. I leave its -thent.lty in ql.estu,_n. ^. ^^
Chaucer Society, The. A society founded by
Mr FurnivaU in 1867 for the purpose of fur-
nishing to scholars material (manuscripts,
early texts, etc.) relating to Chaucer which
was not accessible to the public, and of faciU-
tating collation. ,o. i \
Chauci (ka'si). [L. (Pliny) Chaun, Gr. (Strobo)
XurKo,.] A Gennan tribe, first mentioned by
Strabo, in the region along the North Sea, on
both sides of the Weser from tlie Ems to the
Elbe. Pliny divides them into " greater " and " lesser.
They were brought by Drusus and Tiberius ">l« ^,"^.J>^'j;
tion to the Homans. Tile nanie disappears ea ly >" "'^ »"'
century Tliey were ultimately merged in the Saxons.
Chaudes-Aigues (shod-zag'). A watenng-
nlace in the department of Cantal, France, lat.
44° 50' N long. 3° E. : the Roman Calentes
Anute. It 'is noted for its hot spi-ings.
Chaudifere(sho-dyar'). [F.,'cakiron.'] Anver
in gue bee .Canada, which joins the St. Lawrence
7 miles ;ibove Quebec. Length, about 120 miles.
Chaudifere Falls. 1. ^^''t'lraeUu the Chau-
di^ro Kiver, near its mouth. Height, about lOU
feet.— 2. A cataract in the Ottawa Kiver, near
Ottawa. Height, about 40 feet.
Chaudifere Lake. An expanson of the Ottawa
Hiver, on which Ottawa is situated.
Chauffeurs (sho-fer'), or Garrotteurs (ga-ro-
ter') [F., 'burners' or 'garrotevs. J A baiul
of French brigands, organized under the leader-
ship of Johann Biickler. suraamed '■ bchinder-
haunes," which dui-ing the Beign of Terror in-
fested the forests of Argeres, near (Thartres, and
%vhich was dispersed by the consulate in 1«03 :
so called from the practice of garroting their
\-ictims, or of burning (chauffer) their feet to
make them reveal their treasures.
Chauliac (sho-lyak'), or Cauliac .(^^o^yfl^ ).
or Chaulieu (sho-lye'), Gui de. Lived m the
second half of the 14th century. A French
sui-geon, physician at Lyons and later at Avi-
gnon He wrote a noted treatise on surgery, long an
tuthority, "Inventorium.sivecoUectorium partis clurur-
Ss mediciuas" (published 14s9 or 149^0- He has left
a description of the great plague of 134S.
Chaulieu (sho-lye'), Guillaume Amfrye de.
Bom at Fontenav, Eure, irauce, 1039 : died
at Paris, June 27, 1720. A French poet and
ecclesiastic, a member of the Ubeitme society
of the Temple (and called the "Anaereon ot
t he Temple "' ) . He was the author of light verses of an
occasional character. His work is closely associated with
that of the Marquis de la Fare.
Chaumette (sho-mef), Pierre Gaspard. Born
at Nevers, France, May 24, 1763: guillotined
at Paris, April 13, 1794. A French revolu-
tionist, appointed attorney of the commune
of Paris in 1792.
Chaumifere (sho-myar') Indienne, La. L*-,
•The Indian Cottage.'] A philosophical tale
bv BeiTianUn de St. Pien-e (1791).
Chaumonot (sh6-m6-n6'), Pierre Mane Jo-
seph Bora near Chatillon-sur-Seine, 1 ranee,
1611-\lied at Lorette, near Quebec, Canada,
Feb. 21. 1693. A French Jesuit missionary
amo'no' the Indians of Canada. He arrived at Que-
bec 1(>39, and resided among the Hurons until they were
dispersed by the Iroquois about 1650. Heleft a grammar
of the Huron language, which was published by the Lit-
erary and Historical Society of Quebec in 1835.
Chaumont (sh6-m6n'). The capital of the de-
partment of Haute-Marne, France, situated be-
tween the Maine and Suize in lat. 48° 7 JS.,
lone 5° 7' E. It was formerly the capital of Bassigny.
A ?rf;ty was made here between the AlUes, March 9, 1814.
Population (1891), commune, 13,280.
Chaumont, Treaty of. An offensive and de-
fensive alliance against Napoleon I., concluded
here between Austria, Great Britain, Prussia,
and Russia, March 9, 1814. , . / -s
Chauncy, or Chauncey (chan'si or chan si),
Charles Bom in Hertfordshire, England,
1592: died Feb. 19, 1672. The second presi-
dent of Harvard College. After having held a pro-
fessorate first of Hebrew, then of Greek, in the Imversity
of Cambridge, he became vicar of Ware in 162,. He
emigrate" to Sew England in 1638, became a pastor ,
Scittate, Massachusetts, about IMl, and president of
Harv:ird College in 1654.
Chauncey, Isaac. Born at Black Rock, Conn.,
Feb. 20, 1772: died at Washington, D. C, Jan.
27 1840. An American naval officer. He served
under Commodores Preble and Rodgera in the war with
Tripoli 1804-05, became captain in 1806, and was plxced iii
command of the naval forces on the northern lakes (tx-
cept Charoplain) in 1812. He carried General Dearborn s
army to York (Toronto) in April, 1813, and in October de-
feated an English fleet of seven vessels, capturing fiie,
on Lake Ontario. , .
Chauny (sho-ne'). A manufacturing towii m
the department of Aisne, France, situated on
the Oise 18 miles west of Laon. There are noted
glass manufactures at SU Gobain, in the neighborhood.
Population (1891), commune, 9,315.
Chaussard (sho-sar'), Pierre Jean Baptiste.
Born at Paris. Oct. 8, 1766 : died at Pans, Jan.
9, 1823. A French poet and miscellaneous
writer. He took an active part in the French Revolu-
tion, whose theories he advocated in the public prints
under the pen-name ot Publicola.
Chautauqua (sha-ta'kwa). A \-illage and sum-
mer resort situated on Chautauqua Lake, in
western New York: noted as the seat, since
1874, of the (liautauqua Assembly (religious,
educational, and social).
Chautauqua Lake. A lake in western New
York, 8 miles from Lake Erie. Ita ouUet, Cone-
waugo Creek, empties into Alleghany River. Length, 18
miles. Height above sea-level, l.'iyo feet.
UlllCS. xxi-ifeu. «..«... ..-.. — ■--, -, —
Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle.
An association for the purpose of promoting
home reading and study, founded in 1878 by
Bishop John H.Vincent of the Methodist Epis-
copal Church. It was an outgi'owth of the Chau-
tauqua summer assemblies. Its organ is " The
Chautauquan." ■ ,-.1. •
Chauveau (sh6-v6'), Pierre Joseph Olivier.
Born at Quebec, May 30, 1820 : died there, Apnl
4, 1890. A Canadian politician and man of
letters, premier of Quebec 1867-73. He is the
authorof a novel. " Charles Guerin" (1853). etc.
Chauveau-Lagarde (sho-vo'la-gard'), Claude
Francois de. Born at Chartres, France, Jan.
21, 17.1O: died at Paris, Feb. 28, 1841. A French
advocate, noted as the defender of Miranda,
Marie Antoinette, Charlotte Corday, and Bns-
Chauvenet (sho-ve-na'), 'William. Bom at
Milford. Pa., MaV24, 1819: died at St. Paul,
Minn., Dec. 13, 18'70. An American mathema-
tician, professor in the United States Naval
Academv 184.5-59.
Chaux-de-Fonds (sho-tle-f on' ), La. A town in
the canton of Neuchatel, Switzerland, situated
in a vallev of the Juia 10 miles northwest of
Neuch&tei. It has manufactures of_ watches
and clocks. Population (1888), 25,835.
Chavantes (shii-viin'tes). An Indian tribe of
Brazil, occupying most of the northern part of
the state of (.royaz, between the rivers Tocan-
tins and Araguava. They were formerly very pow.
erful, and aie stiU numerous, having several large vil-
lages Very savage and wariike, they have only recently
admitted some intercourse with the whites: for years
they were the terror of the neighboring settlements and
of travelers These Indians are generally classed with
the Crens or Botocudo stock, heUeved to be the most an-
cient in Brazil.
Chaves (sha'ves). A town in the province of
Traz-os-Montes, Portugal, in lat. 41° 45 N.,
long. 7° 33' W. : the Roman Aqua? Flavire. _ It
containshot saline springs. Population (1878),
6,524. ^ . „ . ,
Chaves (cha'ves), Francisco de. A Spanish
knight who went to America and was ■^^^th Pi-
zarro in the conquest of Peru (1532-33). He was
one of those who protested against the death of Abihualpa,
Subsequently he became one of Pizarros most trusted
captains, and about 1639 was sent to settle Conchucas.
He was assassinated with Piz;irro at Lima, June 26, loll.
Chaves (sha'ves), Marquis de (Manoel de
Silveira Pinto de Fonseca Count of Ama-
rante). Bom at Villareal in Portugal : died at
Lisbon, March 7, 1830. A Portuguese general
and absolutist politician (1823-28).
Chaves (cha'ves), Nuflo de. Bom at TruHllo,
Estremadura, about 1510: died in the Gran
Chaco, 1568. A Spanish soldier. He went with
Cabeza de Vaca to Paraguay, maiching overland from the
Brazilian coast to Asuncion, 1541-^2; took part m the
deposition ot Cabeza de Vaca ; and thereafter was a lead-
ing and very turbulent spirit in the aUairs ol Paraguay.
Chazars (cha'zaiz),orEaiazars, Kingdom of
the A Turanian power in southeni Kussia in
the 'first half of the middle ages. It extended at
its greatest expansion from the Caspian and lower Volga
westward to the Dnieper. It was at its height m the 9th
centurv. For a time the kings of this I«ople professed
Judaism, their subjects following them. It is thought by
some that the modern Jews of southern Russia are their
descendants.
Chazelles (sha-zel'), Jean Mathieu de. Born
at Lvons. France, July 24, 165( : died at Pans,
Jan. 16, 1710. A French mathematician, astron-
omer, and chart ographer, professor of hydrog-
raphv at Marseilles. ^ , . -c- 1 j
Cheaclle (che'dl). A town in Cheshire, EnglMd,
5 miles south of Manchester. Population (1891),
Cheapside (chep'sid). [ME. chepe market.]
The central, east-and-west thoroughfare of tbe
Citv of London, originally a large open com-
mon in the com-se of Watling street where the
markets and public asseinbUes were held. Dif-
ferent kinds of wares were sold separately, »"<»«>"; nani^
were nernetuated in the streets which were built up
^here^h? old booths had st<«>d. In .the middle .*es
Chene was the great street of the retail trad. . It was
biiiU with the finest houses in the city, and »;« " suP^ed
with churches, the principa one being "«• ^'"1 ^ Bow,
so called from its great vault or bow, on the south sloe.
On the south side also was the stone gallery fron. w.hlcll
royalty reviewed the tournaments which were held her^
There were two crosses in Chepe: the P'."'"P''' ""f.Tu
erected by Edward I. to mark the restmg-place of hu
queen, Eleanor of Castile. V^'=\(^'><'""^,^'"'%\d\^,^^X
iay n^n through the more southern porti..n of the iiu^ke^
place, and became known as Cheapside. Before the fire
fn KKk) it was twice as wide ^^ 'Represent s reel, and «»
lined with houses five stories h.gli, each s'"r> P^")f '"'^
over the one below, and with high gables. Cheapside is
59 feet above tide-water.
Cheatham
Cheatham (che'tamj, Benjamin Franklin.
l',i>ni at Xasb\-ille, Tenii., Oct. 'JO, isjd: dieil
thore, Sept. 4, 1886. A Confcili-iMto raajor-
gt'IuTal. He served in the Mexican war; entered the
ronfederate army in 1861, and fought at Belmont, 8hiloh,
chii-kaiiiainja, Cliattanooga, and elsewhere.
Cheat River (diet riv'er). A river in West
V'ii-jiiiiia which joins the Monongahela 32 miles
south of Pittsburg. Total length, about 150
miles.
Cheats (eliets), The. A comedy by John Wil-
son, written iu H'iG'2. This play was temporarily snp-
I)ressi.'«i, it is thnujiht on account of its ridicule of some
pt'iMMiicnt ni)iiciiMformist in the part of Scruple.
Cheats of Scapin (chets ov skii-pan'). The. A
farce by Otway, acted in 1677. It was taken
from lIoli(>re's""Les Fourbeiies de Scapin."
Chebar (ke'biir). Mentioned in Ezek. i. 3 as
a river iu the " land of tho Chaldeans," on the
banks of which the Jewish exiles lived. The
river or canal is iis yet not idcntilicd with any of the nu-
merous canals of Babylonia mentioned in the cuneiform
Inscriptions. The view, held formerly, that it was the
same as Habor, a river which joins the Euphrates near
the site of the .ancient Circessium. is now, for ]>hilological
and peopi'apliical reasons, generally abandoned.
Cheddar Cliffs (ched'Sr klifz). A picturesque
group of limestone cliffs in the Mendip Hills,
Somersetshire, England, near Wells. Height,
500 feet.
Ohedorlaomer (k6-d6r-la-6' mer). A king of
Elam who, according to Gen. xiv., in the time
of Abraham, with his three tributary kings
Amraphcl of Shinar (Shumir of the inscrip-
tions), Arioch of EUasar (Larsa), and Tidal of
Goyini, invaded Palestine and subdued the
five kings of .Siddim (around the Dead Sea).
For twelve years they remained in subjection ; in the
thirteenth year they rebelled, whereupon f'hedorlaomer
came again with his three allies and defeated the ttvc
kings, pillaging the whole country and carrying away
with him Lot, the nephew of Abraham. According to
the .\gsyrian monuments, Elandtc kings conquered Baby-
lonia and reigTied over it during the period l>etween
2300 and 207fi H. c. Among the Elaniite kings mentioned
are Kudur-Mabuk and Kudur-Nahundu. The first calls
himself "conqueror of the Westland." Ohedorlaomer,
or, as the name would have been read in the ancient Ela-
mite language, Kntlur-Lagamar, may be put about 2000
B. C. Lagamar is, as ascertained by the Assyrian inscrip-
tions, the name of an Elamitc deity, and Kudur probably
means 'servant.'
OhMotel (sha-do-tel')- Lived about 1600.
A French navigator and explorer in Canada.
Having been selected to guide the expedition of the
Maixiuis de la Roche to New France, he lauded, in 1598,
fifty men on Sable Island, whom i)n his return from an
exploring expedition along the coast of Acadia he was
compelled by stress of weather to abandon. He was
sent to their rescue by the Parliament of Rouen in 1605,
but recovered only twelve men, all that survived.
Oheduba (ched'ubii). An island in the Bay
of Bengal, west of Arakan, British India, in
lat. 18° 50' N., long. 93° 40' E. It was taken
from tho Burmese in 1824. Area, 240 square
miles.
Cheeryble (cher'i-bl), Frank. The nephew of
Charles and Edwin Cheeryble iu Charles Dick-
ens's novel " Nicholas Nicklcby." He marries
Kafc Nicklobv.
Cheeryble Brothers, The (Charles and Ed-
win). Twin lu'othcrs, mcrcliants, in Charles
Dickcn.s's story '■ Niclndas Nicklcby.'' They arc
liberal, 8imple-miniU'<l, and noble-hearted, and are friends
and patrons of Nicholas Niekleby. The originals of these
characters jire said to have been the Grant brothers, cot-
ton-spinuers, ueai' Manchester.
Chef 00. See Cliifii.
Chefren. See Khafra.
OheggS (chegz), Mr. A market-gardener in
Charles Dickens's " Old Curiosity Shop," the
successful rival of Dick Swivcller in the affec-
tions of Sophy Wackles.
Chehalis (che-'ha'lis',), or TsihaliS. A collec-
tive name api>lied to several tribes of the
Salishan stock of North American Indians,
living on Chehalis River and Shoalwater Bay,
Washington. They now number K!.">, and are
on tliePuyallup reservation, Washington. See
Siilisliitn.
Oheke (chek), Sir John. Born at Cambridge,
England, June 16, 1514: died at London, Sept.
13, 1.557. .\ noted English Greek scholar, tutor
to lOdward VI. He studied at Cambriilge (St. .Tohn's
rullfgf); was professor of Oreek there lf>-10-51 ; was
appointed tutor to Prince Edward l.'>44 ; was knighted
IT'.''.' ; and became a chamberlain of the exchequer Aug.,
I'l-'iJ. ;iiul a secretary of state .fune, 155:J. lie was a zeal-
ous i'rotestant and partisan of Lady .lane Grey, and on
.Man's accession was accused of treason anil committed
^> tile Tower, July '27, 155:i: but was pardoned Sept. I;l.
15.M, and i>ennitt«l to travel abroatl. In 15.^ili he was
arrested near Antwerp, brought to England, and again
thrown int.) the Tower, where lie was induced to renounce
his I*rote8tant beliefs. He wrote numerous works in
tatin and English.
241
Chekiang (che-kyiing'). A maritime prov-
ince of China^ lying between Kiaugsu on the
north, tho China Sea on tho east, Fukien ou
the south, and Auhwei and Kiangsi on tho
west. Capital, Hang-chow-fu ; treaty port, Ningpo. The
chief foreign export is silk. Area, 39,150 square miles.
Population, lliabS.eM.
Chelamela (chel-a-me'lii). A former division or
band of the Kalajiooian stock of North Amer-
ican Indians, probably on Long Tom creek,
Oregon. Also La-mall*;, and Long Tom Indians.
See Kalapooian.
Chelard (slie-Hir'), Hippolyte Andr^ Jean
Baptiste. Born at I'aris. Feb. 1. 1789: iljed
at Weimar, Germany, Feb. 12, 1861. A French
composer, author of the operas "Macbeth"
(1827 : te.xt bv Rouget de Lisle), " Hei'manns-
schlacht" (1835), etc.
Cheliff, or Ch61if. See Slieliff.
Chelius (cha'ie-iis), Maximilian Joseph von.
Born at Maimbelm. Baden, .Jan. 10. 17114: died
at Heideltierg, Baden, Aug. 17, 1876. A noted
German sm-geon. He wrote "Handbueh der
Chimrgie" (1822), etc.
Chelles (shel), Jean de. A French architect
and sculptor. He constructed iu 12.57 the south-
ern portal of Notre Dame de Paris as it exists
to-day.
Chelmsford (ehemz'ford). The capital of Es-
sex, England, situated on the Chelmer 28 miles
northe.ast of London. Population (1891), 11,008.
Chelmsford, Baron. See Thesiger.
Chelouels. See Xachi.
Chelsea (chel'si). [Formerly CheUei/, CItelehith,
ME. Chclchitli, AS. Cclrhf/tli, also, as the name
of another place, C'calcliijth, lit. 'Chalkport.'J
A suburb of London, situated north of the
Thames, 3 miles southwest of St. Paul's, it has
been the residence of many celebrated people, including
More, Elizabeth, Steele, Swift, Wnlpole. Rossetti, George
Eliot, and Carlyle. It contains the Chelsea Hospital for
invalid soldiers, designed by Wren, built 168'2-90. Popu-
lation (1S»1), 96,-272.
Chelsea. A city in Suffolk County, Massachu-
setts, 3 miles northeast of Boston, separated
fi'om Chai-lestowu by the Mystic River, it has
manufactures of tiles, potteiy, etc. It was settled as Win-
nisimmet in 1630, was separated from Boston in 1738, and
was incorporated as a city in 1857. Population (1890),
27,90'3.
Chelsea Village. A part of New York: a sec-
tion, originally the farm of Clement C. Moore,
lying on t lu' west side of the city. Chelsea Square,
lying between Ninth and Tenth avenues and '20th and
21st streets, still marks part of its site. The General
Theidogical Seminary occupies the square.
Cheltenham (chelt'n-am). A watering-place
in Gloucestershire, England, situated on the
Chelt 8 miles northeast of Gloucester. It con-
tains Cheltenham College and other educational institu-
tions. Mineral springs were discovered there in 171t!. It
has been a fashionable resort since the visit of George III.
ill 17SS. Population (1S91), 42,914.
Chelukamanche. See Lah-miut.
Chelyuskin, Cape. See Severo.
Chemakum. See Chimakum.
Chemawawa. See Chcmcliuevi.
Chemehuevi (shem-a-hwa've). The southern-
most of the Piute tribes of North American
Indians, its habitat formerly wa.s west of the great
bend of the Rio Colorado in Nevada and California, and
oiT the east bank of that river in Arizona, between Bill
Williams Fork and the Needles. They are now attached
to the Colorado River Indian agency, Arizona, taid num-
beraboutloo. (Sce/*i»^;.) Their own name is Tan^^Mw*.
Also Chtiiwriiira, Chimihuahua, Genigtwh, Jeniijuich,
SimojUi-V'', Tciiiqiti'ch.
Chemill6 (shc-mc-ya'). A tovni in the depart-
ment of Maine-e(-)joire, France, 20miles south-
west of Angers. Popidation (1891), commune,
4,467.
Chemnitz (cliem'nits). A city in tho district
of Zwickau, kingdom of Saxony, situated ou
tho Chemnitz in lat. .50° 50' N., long. 12° 55' E.
It is the chief manufacturing city in Saxony, and one of
the most important in Germany. It expiu-ts its manufac-
tured goods largely t4) the United States. Its manufac-
tures include gloves, stockings, machhiory, cottons, and
woolens. It was a free imperial city 13th-17th centuries.
Population (1.S90), I:i8,'.i54.
Chemnitz, Bogislav Philipp ,von. Born iit
Stettin, lici-mniiy, .May !l. I(i05: died at Hall-
stad, Sweden, May 17, 1678. A German liislo-
rian, couiu-iloraml historiogi'aphcr of Christina
of Sweden, He was a grandson of Martin Chemnitz.
He wrote "T)e ratione status In iinperio nostro Itomano-
Germanico. etc." (UMO), "Der konigliche Bchwedische in
Dcutschland gefidirte Kricg" (KMS).
Chemnitz, or Kemnitz, Martin. Bom at Treu-
enbrietzcn. I'.randrnbmg. (icrmaiiy, Nov. !).
1.5'22 : died at Hriinswick, (iermany, April 8, 1.586.
A noted German IjUthoran theologian, super-
intendent at Brunswick after 1567. Ue wrote
Chenonceaox
"Thenlogiro.Tesuitaruni pnccipua capita" (l.'f:2)."E\-amen
conciliiTrideiitini"(l.'»(>5-73)," Loci Thcologici"(l.'i91\ etc.
Chemnitzer (chem'uit-ser), Ivan Ivanovitch.
Born iu Archangel, Jan. 16 (N. S.), 1745: died
at Smyrna, March 20, 1784. A Russian fabulist :
failles published 1778-81 (ed. by Grot 1873).
Chemosh (ke'mosh). The principal deity, or
Baal, of the Moabites. In Judges xi. -24 Chemosh also
appears as the national god of Amnion. Under Solomon
his worship w.as introduced in Judah, but was abolished
by .Tosiah (1 Ki. xi. 7, 2 Ki. x-tiii. 13).
Chemsian. See TshiLshkin.
Chemulpo(che-miU'po). Atreatyport of Korea,
near Seoul. It is tne most important of the
ti-eaty ports.
Chenab, or Chinab (clie-nab'). The central
river of the Punjab, British India, which unites
with thi^ Sutlej to form the Panjnad (an eastern
affluent of the Indus), in lat. 29° 25' N., long.
71° 5' E. Length, about 750 miles.
Chenango (she-nang'go). A tributary of the
Susquehanna, which it joins at Binghamton,
New York. Length, about 100 miles.
Chenavard (she-nii-viir' ), Paul Joseph. Born
Dec. 9, 1808 : died April 12, 189.5. A French his-
torical painter, a pupil of Delacroix and Ingres.
He executed a series of cartoons for the Pan-
theon ill Paris.
ChenedolM (shau-do-la,'), Charles Julien
Pioult de. Born at Vire iu 1769 : die<i 1833.
A French poet.
Chenedolle was in production, if not in publication, for
he publislied late in life, a precursor of Laniartine, much
of whose style and manner may be found in him.
SaiuUbury, French Lit., p. 403.
Chenee (sha-na'). A manufacturing suburb of
Liege, Belgium, situated at the junction of the
Vesdre and Ourthe. Population (1890), 7,043.
Chenevix (chen'e-viks), Richard. Born in Ire-
land (of French parentage), 1774: died April
5, 1830. A chemist, mineralogist, and man of
letters, fellow of the Royal Society 1801, and
Copley medalist 1803. Besides numerous scientific
papers, he \VTote "Mantuan Revels "(a comedy), "Henry
the Seventh" (a tragedy), and poems.
Ch^nier (sha-nya' ), Andr6 Marie de. Boi-n at
Constantinople, Oct. 30, 1762 ; guillotined at
Paris, July 25, 1794. A celebrated French poet,
son of Louis Chi^nier. According to Sauite-Beuve
he is the greatest writer in French classic verse since the
days of Racine and Boileau. He went to the College de Na-
varre in France ; was in the army in 1782 ; in Switzerland
and Italy 17S3-S4 ; in P.aris 1784-87; secretary to the French
embassy in London till 1790 ; and finally reverted to liter-
ary occupations and studies in Paris. Only two poetical
compositions of Chi'-nier were published during his life-
time, "Le jeu de paume Ji David peintre " (suggested by
the great painter's " Sermeiit du jeu de paume"), and
"Uynine aux soldats de Chiiteauvieux." His pamphlet
directed against the Jacobin club, " Avis au peupie fran-
?ais sur ses v^ritables eiinemis," brought him a medal of
recognition from Stanislaus, king of Poland. Ch^nier's
plain words in political matters led to bis inscription on
the exile list, but be seems to have been of assistance to
Malesherbes in prepiuing the defense of Louis XVI., and
to the king himself in i)rep:iring the hitter's appeal to the
people. March 7, 1794, he was accused of sheltering a
political criminal, and was sent to prison. On the 7th Ther-
midor he was one of twenty-four guillotined on a clnuye
of prison conspiracy. "La jeune captive" was published
Jan. 9. 1795, in the "Decade philosophique,"witli reprints
in " L'Almanach dcs muses " .and " Le niagasin encyclop6-
dique." "La jeune Tareutine" came out in the "Mer-
curo" of March 2'2, 1801. In a note to Chfitcaubriand's
"Giinie du christianisme" several passages were quoted
from the "Eli^gies." Other fragments were inserted by
Fayollo in his "Mt^langes litt^raires" (ISKi). The first
complete edition of Clii^-nier's works was made by Latouche
in 1819, the second by D. C. Robert, the tliini and fourth
again by Latouche in 18:i3 ami 1839 respectively. Becq
de Fouquieres published the first critical edition in 1802,
and the second in 1n72. An iiididerent edition was given
byGabrieldeCheiiicr in 1S74. Hecq de Fouquieres pointed
out its shortcomings in his '■ Docunieiit.s nonveatix sur
Andrii Cli6nier " (IST.')). lie also pnblisheil in 1381 a re-
vised and enlarged edition of clicnicr's " (Euvi-es eu
prose," based on the version of Hugo and Lacroix in 1840 ;
and finally gave the results of his latest research in his
" Lettres criticples d*.\ndri5 Cht^nier " (1881).
Ch6nier, Louis de. Born at Montfort, France,
1723: died at Paris, May '2.5, 1796. .\ French
historian. He resided at Constantinople formally yeai-8,
and was eonsul-gcncral there until HiM. His works in-
clude "Recherchcshistoriqiiessurles Maiires et I'histoire
de Tempire de "Maroc" (1787), "Involutions de I'cmpiro
(Itloniaii, etc." (1789), etc.
Ch^nier, Marie Joseph de. Born at Constan-
tinople. Aug. 28, 17()-i: ilied at Paris, Jan. 10,
ISll. A Frencli poet, son of Louis Ch<^nier.
He wrote the tragedy "Charles I.X." (1789). the song
"<'liant du depart," "Tib^ro," etc. His complete works
were published 1824-20.
Chenonceaux(she-ndn-s6'). A vilhigo in the de-
part mcnt of Indre-et-Loire, France, situated
on the Cher 19 miles southeast of Tours. It is
famous for the castle built under Francois I. in a grace-
ful Renaissance style, to wliicll pictiiresqiieness is added
liy the introduction of medieval round, cone-roofed tow-
el's. Tho beautiful chapel has fine glass, and the old fur-
Chenonceaux
niture and ornflnient of the interior remain in great part.
A unique feature is the bridge over the Cher, covered
with a range of buildings.
Chenooks. See i'liinools.
Cheops (ke'ops). [Gr. Xfo^'.] See Eliiifu.
Chepenafa (che-pe'na-fji). [PI.] The Mary
Kiver Iiulians, or Mavysville Indians, a band of
the Lakmiut dirision o"f the Kalapooian .stock of
North American Indians. They formerly lived on
the forks of .St. Mary creek, near Corvallis, Oregon, and
are now on Grande Ronde reservation. They numbered
28 in 1S90. See Lakmiut.
Chephren. See Khafra.
Chepman (cliep'maii), Walter. Bom about
1473: died about 'l.')38. A printer and mer-
chant of Edinburgh, the earliest Scottish ijrinter
with the exception of Andrew Myllar.
Chepstow (chep'sto). A town in Monmonth-
shire, England, situated on the Wye 13 miles
northwest of Bristol. It contains the ruins of Chep-
stow Castle, a fortress of the 13th and 14th centuries, with
high walls and massive cylindrical towers. There are
four interior courts. Population (1891), 3,378.
Cher (.shar). A river of France which joins
the Loire near Tours. Length, 215 miles ; navi-
gable 74 miles.
Cher. A department of France, h"ing between
Loiret on the north, Ni^\Te on the east, Allier
and Creuse on the south, and ludi'e and Loir-
et-Cher on the west. Capital, Bourges. It is a
leading industrial department, and is formed from parts
of Berry and the Bourbonnais. Area, 2,780 square miles.
Population (1891), 359,276.
Cherasco (ka-ras'ko). A town in tlie province
of Cuneo, Italy, near the junction of the Stura
and Tanaro, 30 miles south of Turin.
Cherasco, Armistice of. An armistice con-
cluded between Napoleon and Victor Amadeus
III. of Sardinia, April 29, 1796. A definite
peace followed, May 1."), 1796, making great
concessions to France.
Cherasco, Treaty of. A treaty of peace, signed
April 6, 1631, which confirmed the treaty of
Katisbon, concluded between Richelieu and
Fi-vilinaud II. in 1630. The latter invested the Duke
of Nevers with Mantua and Montferrat. .savoy received
concessions. The treaty ended the war of the Mantuan
.Succession.
Cherbourg (sher'bcrg; F. pron. shar-bor'). A
seajiort in the department of Manche, France,
situated on the Ensrlish Channel in lat. 49° 39'
N., long. 1°38' \V. It is the third naval port of France,
and is a strong fortress. It has a roadstead protected by a
long dike, a commercial harbor and a nava! harbor, and con-
tains extensive docks, an arsenal, and naval establishments.
It is the Roman Coriallum, Ca-sarisburgum. After various
English occupations it was permanently held by France
from 1450. It was planned as a naval st^ition byVauban,and
the works were encouraged by Napoleon I. and completed
by Napoleon III. The fortifications were destroyed by the
English in 1758. PopuLation (1891), commune, 38,664.
Cherbuliez (shar-bii-lya'), Antoine ElisSe.
Born at lieneva, July 29, 1797: dii'd at Zurich,
Switzerland, March 14, 1869. A Swiss politi-
cal economist, author of " L'Utilitaire '' (1828-
1830), etc.
Cherbuliez (shar-bii-lya'), Charles Victor.
Bornat (ic'iH'va, July 19, 1829. A French novelist
a.nd critic. He began life as a teacher, but resigned his
professorship and traveled extensively in the East. On his
return he published in the form of a novel the result of his
studies in arclueology. The first edition was called "A
propos d'un cheval" (1800), and the second '" I'n cheval
lie Phidias " (1804), Two other works of a similar character,
"Le prince Vitale" (18(>1) and "Le grand u^uvre " (1807),
embody his views on the origin, transformation, and des.
tiny of this globe. In the " Kevue des Deux Mondes" he
has published a long series of novels, including " Le comte
Kostia "(1803), "Paule M(;r6"(l,1(>4)," Le rnniand'une hon-
nMe fenime"(lSG4). "Prosper Randocc " (IS(a), "L'Aven-
ture de Ladislas liolski" (Isoo), "La revanche de Joseph
Noirel" (1S72), •• .Meta Holdenis " (1873), "Le Uanc6 de
Mile. Saint-Maur" (1S70), ".Samuel Brohl et Cie " (1877),
" LIdiiede Jean Teterol" (1878), "Amours fragiles" (1880),
" Noirs et rouges " (1881), " La ferme du choquart " (1883),
" Olivier Maugant " (IS8r>), " La bete " (1887), " La vocation
du Comte Ghislain "(l.s88), " I'negagenre "(1890). Among
his productions in most recent years are " L'Art et la na-
ture "(" Kevue des Deux .Mondes," 1891) and " Le secret
du pr6cepteur*"(ibid., 1892-93). Both over his own name
and under the nom de plume of G. Valbert, Cherbuliez
has also contributed to the same review several papers on
foreign politics and historical literature. These articles
have been ccdlected in part and published as " L'Alle-
magnc politique ilepuis la paix de l*rague" (1870), " L'Es-
pagnepoIiti(iue"(l874), " Hommeset choses d'Allemagne "
(1877), " Homines et choses du temps present " (1883), and
"Prollls i^'trangers" (1889), His art criticisms in the
"Temps" give an account of the annual art exhibit in
Paris, the Salon of 1872, They have been published sep-
arately under the title "Etudes de litt»jrature et d'.ort "
f;is73). Two novels of Cherbuliez have been dramatized,
"Samuel Brohl" (1879) and "L'Aventure de Ladislas
BolskI " (1879), but neither scored as a play the success
attained in the original form. Cherbuliez is a distant
relative of .J. J, -Rousseau, He took out papen* as a
Frenchman after l,s7o. He waa elected into the French
Academy Dec, 8, 1S.SI.
Cherchel, or Cherchell (sher-shel' ). A seaport
in the department of Algiers, Algeria, situated
242
on the Mediterranean 54 miles west by south
of .\lgiers. Population U891), commune, 8,786.
Cherentes, or Xerentes (sliii-ren'taz). An In-
dian tribe of Brazil, on the eastern side of the
river Tocantins, in (joyaz, southern Maranhao,
and portions of Piauhy and Bahia. They are
closely allied to the Chavantes (which see), and are evi-
dently an offspring of that tribe. Like them, they are
very savage and warlike. Their numbers are now greatly
reduced.
Ch6ri (sha-re'), Rose (Rose Marie Cizos).
Bom at Etampes, France, Oct. 27, 1824: died at
Passy, near Paris, Sept. 22, 1861. A celebrated
French comedian, she first appeared at the Gymnase
ilarch ;», 1842, In 1840 the r61e of Claiisse Harlowe
placed her in the first rank of her profession. In May,
1847, she married M. Lemoine Montigny, but continued
to play under the name of Rose Ch^rL
Cheribon, or Sheribon (sher'i-bon). A sea-
port on the northern coast of Java, Dutch East
Indies, lat. 6° 45' S., long. 108° 35' E. Popula-
tion, estimated at 11,000.
Cherokee (cher-o-ke'), native Tsalaki. [PI.,
also Chcrokce.s.'\ An important tribe of North
American Indians. The name means 'upland field,'
the tribe being peculiarly upland : they may have so desig-
nated themselves to their first European visitors. They
are probably the people known traditionally to the Dela-
wares as Talligewi, a powerful body which once occupied
the valleys of the Ohio and Allegheny rivers, and afterward
was driven south by the Delawares and Iroquois. When
first known to Europeans their center was in the southern
AUegbanies, and they occupied the mountains of southern
Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and
Tennessee. Their chief settlements were on the head
waters of the Savannah and Tennessee rivers, and were re-
spectively called Elati Tsalaki, or Lower Cherokee, and
Atali Tsalaki, or Upper Cherokee, speaking two different
dialects. As the white settlements pressed upon them
they retreated westward, until by the treaty of 1835 they
sold all their remaining country, and the main body re-
moved to a tract assigned to them west of the Mississippi.
A considerable number remained behind, and, gradually
concentrating in western North Carolina, are now known
as the eastern band of Cherokees, numbering about 2,000,
Those in the Indian Territory- number atpout 17,000. Both
divisions have a large admixture of foreign blood. See
Iroquoian.
Cherry (cher'i). [A nickname of C//«r(<^.] 1.
The daughter of the landlord Boniface in Far-
quhai-'s "Beaux' Stratagem." — 2. The nick-
name of Charity Pecksniff in Dickens's '' Martin
Chuzzlewit."
Chersiphron (ker'si-fron). [Gr. Xf/w/^dpuf.]
Born at Cnossus, Crete : floui'ished about 576
B. c. The first architect of the Artemision at
Ephesus. He was associated with his son Metagenes,
and w-ith Theodorus. The Artemision was one hundred
and twenty years in building, and was finished about 4.50
B. c. This building was later destroyed by lli-e, and rebuilt
about the time of Alexander by Dinocrates,
Cherso (ker'so). 1. An island in the Adriatic
Sea, belongingto Kiistenland, Austria-Hungary,
inlat.44°40'-45°10'N.,long.l4°30'E. Length,
40 miles. — 2. The chief town on the Island of
Cherso. Population (1890), commune, 8,280.
Cherson. See Kherson.
Chersonesus (ker-so-ne'sus), or Chersonese
(ker'so-nes or -nez). [Gr. ^-fpaoi-z/oof, a penin-
sula.] The (_Treek name for a peninstila. It was
specifically applied to the following : (a) Chersonesus
Aurea, the modern peninsula of Malacca. (6) Chersone-
sus Cimbrica, the modern peninsula of Jutland (Den-
mark), (c) Chersonesus Taurica or Scythica, the modern
Crimea (Kussia). (d) Chersonesus Thracica, the modern
peninsula of Gallipoli, between the Hellespont and the
Gulf of .Melaa.
Chertsey (ehes'i or chert'si). [AS. Certes eij,
( ciirtes i(j or eg, Ceort's island.] A town in Sur-
rey, England, situated on the Thames 22 miles
southwest of London. It was the ancient capital of
the .South Saxons. It contained a Benedictine monastery
founded in the 7th eentur}'.
Cherub, The. See Wilfir, Bella.
Cherubin de la Ronda (sha-rii-ban' de la ron'-
dii), Don. Tile Baehelor of Salamanca (which
see) ill I.e Sage's novel of that name.
In this work [Le Sage's "The Bachelor of Salamanca"),
Don Cherubim, the Bachelor of Salamanca, is placed in all
different situations of life — a plan w-hich gives scope to
the author for satire as various as the classes of men
with whom his hero at different times associates. The
first part, in which he appears as a tutor, is by much the
most novel and enl«-rtaiidng.
Uuidup, Hist, of Prose Fiction, II. 478.
Ch6rubin (sha-rii-ban'). A page in " Le Man-
age de Figaro," by Beaumarchais. Timid before
the Countess Almaviva, he is extremely forward with Su-
zanne. In '-La Mere Coupable" he has overcome this
weakness, and is pi-oved to be the rival of Almaviva, the
father of his snpposeil son Leon, and the cause of the
"guilty mother's" tears.
Cherubini (ka-io-be'ne), Maria Luigi Carlo
Zenobio Salvatore. Horn at l-'loi-eiice, Sept.
14, 1761): died at I'aris, Maicli 15, 1,S42. A
celebrated Italian composer. He studied under
Sarti at Bologna, and finally established himself in Pal-is
in 1788. His w-orks inclutle the operas " Armida" (1782),
Chester
"LaFintaPrincipessa"(1785), --Ifigenia in Aulide"(1787),
"Demophou" (1788), "Lodoiska" (1791), "MM(5e "(1797),
" Les deux journees" (" Der Wassertrager," 1800), "Fa-
niska "(1806), " Ali Baba " (originally " Koukourgi " (1793),
produced in 1833), " Kequiem in c" (1817), "Requiem in
D" (183()). He also wrote many motets, masses, string-
quartets, one. act operas, etc,
Cherusci (ke-i-us'i). [L. (Caisar) Cheriisci, Gr.
(Strabo) Xi/pavBuoi.'} A German tribe, in the
time of Csesar dwelling about the middle Weser
in ten-itory extending as far east as the Elbe.
They w-ere subjugated to the Romans by Drusus and Ti-
berius, but rose against Varus under the leadership of
their own countryman, Arminius. In the time of Taci-
tus they had sunk into comparative unimportance. The
name disappears early in the 6th century. They ultimately
became a constituent part of the Saxons.
Cher'Vin (sher-van'), Nicolas. Born in the de-
partment of Rhone, France, Oct. 6, 1783: died
at Bourbonne-les-Bains, Haute-Marne, France,
1843. A French physician. He is noted for re-
searches in regard to yellow fever, on which he published
several monographs. He also wrote '- Recherches m^dico-
philosophiqucs sur les causes de la polygamic dans les
pays chauds" (181-2).
Cfherwell (cher'wel). A small river in Eng-
land, which joins the Thames at Oxford.
Chesapeake (ches'a-pek). The. An American
frigate of 38 guns, built at Norfolk, Virginia, in
1799. During the campaign of 181-2 she cruised in South
American waters. In May, 1813, she returned to Boston,
and was placed under the command of Captain James
Lawrence. The ship was repaired and remanned under
his direction, but he was obliged to make up his crew of
very unsatisfactory material. The British trigate Shan-
non, thirty-eight guns rating, commanded by Captain
Philip Vere Broke, was at this time cruising off Boston
harbor. Broke had brought his ship to a high state of
efllciency. On June 1. 1813, the Chesapeake sailed out of
Boston harbor, the Shann«in being in sight in the otfing.
The battle occurred six leagues east of Boston light. Im-
mediately after opening fire both ships fell aboard, and
Captain Lawrence was mortally wounded. He was car-
ried below exclaiming "Don't give up the ship!" Cap-
tain Broke boarded the Chesapeake, and at 6-05 P. M.,
fifteen minutes after the first gun was fired, her flag was
struck.
Chesapeake Bay (ches'a-pek ba). .Aji inlet of
the Atlantic Ocean, in Virginia and Maryland.
It enters the Atlantic between capes Charles and Henry.
Its chief afiluents are the Susquehanna. Patapsco, Poto-
mac, York, Rappahannock, and James. It was first ex-
plored by Captain John Smith in 1608. Length, about 200
miles, lireadth, 4-40 miles.
Chesebro (chez'bro), Caroline. Born at Can-
andaigua, N. Y., March 30, 1825: died at Pier-
mont, N. Y., Feb. 16, 1873, An American
novelist, author of "Dreamland bj' Daylight"
(1851), etc.
Cheselden (ches'el-den), 'Williani. Born at
Somerby, Leicestersfiire, Oct. 19, 1688: died
at Bath, April 10, 1752. A noted English sur-
geon. He was celebrated for his "lateral operation for
the stone" and for operations upon the eye. He wrote
"The Anatomy of the Human Body" (1713). "Treatise on
the High Operation for the Stone " (1723), '' Osteographia,
or the Anatomy of the Bones " (1733). A short paper
(PhU, Trans., XXXV. 447) upon the case of a boy who was
born blind and was couched at about thirteen years of
age has been much quoted by psychologists.
Chesham (ehesh'am). A to-wn in Buckingham-
shire, England, 2.S miles northwest of London.
Population (1891), 8,018.
Cheshire (chesh'ir), or Chester (ches'ter). A
maritime county in western England, lying
between Lancashire on the north, Yorkshire
on the northeast, Derby and Stafiord on the
east, Stafford and Shropshire on the south,
and Wales and the Irish Sea on the west, its
surface is generally level, and its leading pursuit is dairy-
farming. The chief city is Chester. It was made a county
palatine by Williani the Conqueror. The palatinate court
was abolished in 1830. Area, 1,027 square miles. Popu-
lation (1891), 730,058.
Chesil Bank (ches'il bangk). A long bar on
the English coast between Portland and Brid-
port.
Cfheskaya, Gulf of. See Tcheskaya.
Chesne, A!ndr6 du. See Duehcsne, Andre.
Chesney (ches'ni), Francis Ra'wdon. Born
at Annalong, County Down, Ireland, March 16,
1789: died at Mourne, County Down, Jan. 30,
1872. A British general and engineer. He ex-
amined the isthmus of Suez in 1830, and demonstrated
the feasibility of acanal across it (his report serving later
as the starting-point of De Lesseps); explored the valley
of the Euphrates in 1831 ; and later (183,i-:iO) established
an overland r(»ute to India. He commanded the artillery
at the station .at Hongkong, China, 1843-17. He published
an account of the " Expedition for the Survey of the Rivers
Euphrates and Tigris " (1850), etc.
Chester (ches'ter). [Fmm L. rnntr(i, camp.
It was the camji of the 20th legion.] The cap-
ital of Cheshire, England, situated on the Dee
15 miles south-southeast of Liverpool: the Ko-
man Deva and Castra, and the Celtic Caer-
leon. It luis an extensive trade in cheese, etc. It con-
tains many Roman anti(|uities. and is notaiily medieval
in appearance. It has a cathedral which presents every
variety of English medieval architecture, from the Nor-
Chester
man to the last Perpentlioular. It has recently been well
reslorcil. The exterior is marked by its line ranj^es of
winiiows ami its stjuare central tower. The interior is
ver\' ctfectivc, the various architecttiml styles proupinK in
such manner as to contrast aRreeably. The nave has mod-
em fan-vaulting in ojdc The south ti-anscj»t is as large
as the choir, while the Norman north transept is vorj-
small. The choir is of tlie 13th century ; its 15th-century
stalls are elalwrately canopied and piiniacled. The Lady
chapel is an excellent example of Early English. The
dimensions of the cathedral are 355 by 75 feet ; length of
transepts, 20iJ; height of vaulting. 7S. The cloister is Per-
pendicular; the rectangular chapter-house and the refec-
tory are Early English, (.'hesler was an important Roman
military station, was destmyed by .Ethelfrilhof Northuni-
bria in W~, anil was rebuilt by .-Ethcltlaed. It surren-
deretl to William the Conqueror in 1070. Wits long be-
sieged by the Parliamentarians, and was taken by them in
lIHtl. Population (isai), 37,106.
The nanieof Chester alone proves its Ri>man antiquity ;
it also proves its importance, as having come U* be known
as the cit\i or the cawp emphatically. Still the name is
historically a contr.iction. Tiie Roman Deva became in
later times the Cifita>i Lfjinnum, the Caertleon of the
Welsh, the Lriftxra-iter (in several ditferent spellings) of
the English. Hoth names, it will be seen, Welsh and
English, tnmslate CivitaJt Legionum, the two tongues,
according to their several habits, placing the qualifying
word ilrst in the English name and last in the Welsh.
And here we have to distinguish our Caerltcon, our LetJe-
eeoMer, fnun other places which might e;isily be con-
founded with them. The name of Caerlleon on the Dee
is simply the same as Caerlleon on the Usk, and Welsh
writers naturally speak of t^hester as Caerlleon,
E. A. FreetiutH, Eng. Towns and Districts, p. 231.
Ohester. A city in Delaware Covinty, Pennsyl-
vania, situated on the Delaware 12 miles south-
west of Pliilailelphia. It has important manufac
tares of cottons and woolens, and is especially noted for
it£ shipyards. It was settled by Swedes in 1643. Popula-
tion (IS'.H)), 2n,-2-.>C,.
Chester, Battle of. A battle in which iEthel-
frith of Northuinbria defeated (613 [607?]) the
Cvmry of Strathclyde under Broemael, prince
01 Powys. As a result he annexed Chester and the
surrounding district, thus sundering theCymryof Strath-
clyde from those of Wales. A thousand Cymric monks,
who prayed on the Held of battle for their countrymen,
were killetl by the order of .-Ethelfrith.
Chester, Joseph Lemuel. Born at Norwich,
Conn., April lid, lS:il: died at London, May 26,
1882. A noted American genealogist, resident
in Englanil after 1858. He engaged in various occu-
pations (teacher, clerk, commissioner of deeds, joumal-
istX and was aide-de-camp with the rank of colonel to
the governor of Pennsylvania (1855-58). His genealogi-
cal woi'k was begun in England, "yet when he died be
had no superior as a genealogist among English-speaking
people ■■ (/>iW. Sal. Bio'j.). lie compiled the "Matricu-
lations at the University of Oxford," "The Marriage. Bap-
tismal, and Burial Registers of the Abbey of St. Peter,
Westminster "(1870), etc.
Chesterfield (ches'ter-feld). A manufacturing
town in Derbyshire, England, situated on the
rivers Kother ami Hipper 11 miles south of
Sheffield. Population (ISOI), 13.242.
Chesterfield, Earl of. See stuuhoiic.
Chesterfield Inlet. An arm of Hudson Bay
in iiiitisli Auicrica, about lat. 64° N., long. 91°-
1)7° W. Length, 200 miles. Greatest breadth,
al)oiit 2") miles.
Chester-le-Street (ches'ter-lo-stret). A town
in Durham, Knf,'land, 6 miles north of Durham :
the Koman Condercum, and later Cuneeeastre.
Chester Plays, The. A "collection of mys-
teries" founiled upon ".scriptural sub,jects,"
I formerly reju'osented by the gilds of Chester
I at Whitsuntide. They were twenty-four in number,
' and were played during three days.
According to the proclamation for the holding of these
plays made in the year 1533, they were devised " of old
time by one sir Henry Francis, some time monk of this
monastery dissolved," . . . "which plays were (In the
14th century) devised to the honor of God by John Arn-
way ... to be brought forth, declared and ])]ayed," etc,
. . , A n<»te, written In a later hand, adds to the .M.S. copy
of this proclamation written at the end of the sixteenth
century, that sir .lohn Arnway was mayor ()f Chester in
1327-4*, at which time these plays were written by Randal
Higgenet, a monk of Chester Abbey, and played opeldy
In Whitsun week. Randal Higgenet is one of the cor-
ruptions of the name of Randulph or Ralph Higden, au-
thor of the " Polychronieon." . . . There are several MSS.
of the Chester Mysteries, none early. A MS. heloTigIng
to the Duke of Devonshire is dated 1.^81. A MS, once
possessed by Mr. Heber was dated 1502. The two MSS.
In the British Museum are dated 1(500 and 1(!07; that at
Oxford Is dated lt«4, A specimen of these Chester Alys-
teries was printed in 1818 by Mr. Marklainl for tin; mem-
bers of the Roxburghe Club, and in 1831 these and other
Mysteries, then unpublished, were described by Mr. Col-
liertn his " History of Dramatic Literature "; but the only
complete publication of them has been that nnide for the
■Shakesprare Smlt-ty in 1843, when they were edited by
Mr. Thomas Wright.
Mnrley, English Writers, IV. 79-^0.
Ohestes. See Susliim.
Ohetco (chet'ko). A tribe of the Pacitic divi-
sion (if the Athapascan stock of North Amer-
ican Indians. They formerly lived In nine villages
along Chetco Riverand a tributary In (irrgon. an<l are now
on thf Siletz reservation. Oregon. See Athupajtcaii.
Ohetemacha. See ('liUimnchdn.
243
Chetlessentun. See Tcftlestean.
Chettle (ehei'i), Henry. Died about 1607.
-Vn English dramatist and pamphleteer, son of
a dyer of London, and a stationer by trade.
He was the autlior or joint author of a large
number of plays.
Chetwood (chet'wiid), William Rufus. Died
March 3, 1766. An English dramatist, book-
seller, and iiroinjiter at Dnu'v Lane Theatre.
He was the author of a " General History of the Stage "
(1749), several dramatic pieces, etc.
Chevalier (she-vii-lya'), Michel. Bom at Li-
moges, France. Jan. 13, 1.S06: died at Moutpel-
lier, France, Nov. 2S, 1879. A noted French
political economist. His works include "Lettres
sur rAm^rifjue du NorU " (183G), " Des interets matericls
en Finance ■' (1838). "Cours d"6conomie polititiue" (1M2-
18.50), "F.ssaisde politique industrielle "(184,-!), 'La libcrtc
aux Etals-lnis," sevenU works on Me.vico, etc.
Chevalier k I'llpee (she-va-lya' il la-pa'), Le.
A French romance of the 12th centiiry, en-o-
neously ascribed to Chrestien de Troyes.
Chevalier au Cygne (she-va-lva' 6 senv'). Le.
LF., • Tlic Kni^dit of the Swan.'] The title of a
group of chansons the members of wliich bear
the separate headings "Antioche," "Les Ch6-
tifs," "Les Enfances de Godefroy." etc. "Antio-
che," the first of these, which describes the exploits of the
Christian host, first in attacking and then in defending
that city, is one of the finest of tlie chansons, and is prob-
ably in its original form not much later than the events it
describes, being written by an eye-witness. Saintubury,
French Lit., p. 20.
Chevalier de Maison-Rouge (she-vii-lya' de
nia-zoii'riizh'), Le. [F., 'The Knight of the
Kcd House.'] A historical novel by .AJexaudre
Dumas, published in 1S46.
Chevalier de Saint George (she-vii-lya' d6
san zhorzh). A title assumed by James Stuart,
the Old Pretender.
Chevalier d'Harmental (she-vii'lya diir-mou-
tal'), Le. A romance bj' Alexandre Dumas,
published in 1843. He wrote in collaboration with
Auguste Maiiuet, and these two authors produced a play
in 1S4'.> with the same title. D'Harmental is the type of
exaggerated honor.
Cheverel (shev'e-rel). Sir Christopher and
Lady. Two of the principal characters iu
(ieorge Eliot's novel " Mr. Gilfil's Love-Story."
Cheverus(shev'e-rus; F. prou.she-%Tiis'), Jean
Louis Anne Madeleine Lefebvre de. Born
at Maycnnc, France, ..Ian. 28, 17()S: died at
Bordeaux, France, July 19, 1836. A French
prelate, first Roman Catholic bishop of Boston,
Mass., 1S08, archbishop of Bordeaux 1S27, and
cardinal 1836.
Cheves(chevz). Langdon. Bom at Rocky River,
S. C, Sept. 17, 1776: died at Columbia, S. C,
June 25, 18.57. An American politician. He en-
tered the House of Representatives in 1811, was speaker
lSU-1.5, and was president of the National Bank 1819-22,
Cheveux Relev6s. See ottawd.
Cheviot Hills (ehev'i-ot, or chiv'i-pt, hilz). A
mountaiii-r,Lnge in Northumberland, England,
and in Ruxburghsliire. Scotland. The highest
peak isChevii.t Hill (2 s45feet). Length, 35 miles. These
hills are celebrated hi history and romance.
Chevreul (she-\Tel'), Michel Eugene. Born
at xVngcrs, France, Aug. 31, 17.S6: died at Paris,
April 9, 1KS9. A celebrated French chemist.
He was chemist at the Gobelins factory ls24-Sil, and pro-
fessor at the .Museum of .Natural History 1830-.S3. His
scientille works are numerous and important.
Chevreuse (shc-vriiz'), Duchesse de (Marie
de Rohan). Born Dec, 1600: died at Gagny,
near l';iris, Aug. 12, 1679. A French political
intriguer. She was the il.aughterof Hercule do Rohan,
due de Montbazon, and was the wife first of Charles
d'Albert, due de Luyncs, and, after his death, of the Due
de Chevreuse. She was one of the most formidable ene-
mies nt court of Cardinal Richelieu, by whom she was,
liowever, eventually forceil to leave France. On the death
of Louis XIII. she retnrne<l, hut was coldly received by
the queen regent, Anne of Austria. Having aete<l in
concert with Cardinal de Retz against ^lazarin, she was a
secfuui time sent into exile.
Chevy Chase (chev'i chiis). A famous old
English ballad which recounts the incidents of
the battle of Olterburn, though not with the
exactness of the Scotch ballad "The Batlle of
(Itterburn," which is liistorical. The name is
variously explained.
In the warfare against English settlements in France
such a raid was called by the French allies of Scotland a
chevaucht'e, and, by a common process, that name was
corrui)ted into chevy chase. It lives yet an g s<-hool-
boys as a "chivy." Now, since there are in Nortbuiidn-r-
land Cheviot Hills as well as an titterbnm, chevy chase
was interiM-elril into the Hunting of the Cheviot, The
old ballad of the ■■ Battle of otterburri," or "Chevy
Chase"— the battle of the rhevaueh'e which was its cause
-- was therefo|-c recast as, "The Hunting of the Cheviot,"
alwiiys with some confused sense of identity between one
incident and the other, {In the oldest extant version of
"Chevy Chase," the name means "the Cheviot huntlng-
Chiapas
ground," This version Is in a manuscript in the Ashmo-
lean Collection at tixford. It was printed by Thomas
Hearne, in the year 1710, in his preface to an edition of
William of Newbury's "Chronicle." Its date seems to be
about 1.500. and if not the original, it is much neaier to
the original than the version given in Percy's "Reliqnes."
— iVotc] The battle of Otterbum is an incident minutely
described by FYoissart, but there is no record whatever of
any similar battle tliat ai'ose out of a Hunting on the
Chevitits. MoHey, English Writers, VI. 233,
Cheyenne (shi-en'). [PI., also Cheycuues; from
a tSiouan word meaning 'enemies.'] A tribe
of North American Indians that claim lands
watered by the north and south forks of the
Platte River. Aljout ISOO they lived in the Black Hills
and on the Cheyenne River of Dakota. They are divided
into Northern or I'pper Cheyennes. now on the Tongue
River reservation In eastern Montana, and Southern Chey-
ennes, at the (.'heyenne and Arapaho agency, Indian "Ter-
ritory. t>thers are at Pine Ridge agency. South Dakota,
and altogether they number 3,02tS. See Alyimquian.
Cheyenne, or Sheyenne, or Shyenne. A river
ill North Dakota which joins the Red River of
the North 12 miles north of Fargo. Length,
about 350 miles.
Cheyenne. The capital of Wyoming, situated
iu lat. 41° 7' N., long. 104° 50' W. It is an im-
portant station on the Fnion Pacific and other railroads,
and the headquarters of large cattle ciunpanies. Its ele-
vation above sea-level is (i,000 feet. Poj.ulation (18901
1 1,«!)0.
Cheyne (chiln), George. Born at Methlick,
Aberdeenshire, 1671 : died at Bath, April 13,
1743. A noted British phj'sician. He wrote " A
New Theory of Fevers " (1702), ' ■ Observations on the Gout '*
(1720), 'The English Malady, Hypochondria" (1733), etc.
He began and carried on the practice of his profession in
London,
Chezy (sha-ze'), Antoine Leonard de. Born
at Neuilly, France, Jan. 13, 1773 : died at Paris,
Aug. 31, 1832. A noted French Orientalist,
author of various translations from Persian
anil Sanskrit, etc.
Chezy, Mme. de (Wilhelmine Christiane von
Klencke). Born at Berlin, Jan. 26, 1783: died
near Geneva, 18:56. A German poet and nov-
elist, wife of A. L. de Chtf'zy, and granddaugh-
ter of Karschin.
Ch§zy, Wilhelm von. Born at Paris, March
21, 1S06 : died at Vienna, March 14, 1865. A
German novelist and general writer, son of
A. L, de Ch^zy,
Chhandogya(chan-d6'gya), In Sanskrit litera-
ture, an Upauishad( which see) of the Samaveda.
The name means literally 'relating to the chhandogas'
(meter-singers), chantei-s of the Samaveda, and so (as noun)
their doctrine. Its object is to explain the various mean-
ings which the sacred syllable Om (which see) may as-
sume in the mind of the devotee till at last the highest is
reached, viz.. Brahman the Absolute.
Chhatisgarh (chut-tes-giir'). A division of
the Central Pro\'inces, British India, situated
about lat. 20°-23° N., long. 81°-83° E. Area,
24,204 square miles. Population (1881), 3,115,-
997.
Chiabrera (ke-ii-bra'rii), Gabriello. Born at
JSavona, Italy, June S, 1552: died at Savona,
Oct. 14, 1637. An Italian lyric poet.
Chiaja (ke-ii'yti), La. [it. cUUija, a dial. form,=
Sicilian chia::a for pia:::(i, place, plaza.] A
fashionable drive in modern Naples, extending
about a mile along the coast between the open
Villa Nazionale (a public park) and hotels and
other handsome buildings on the other side. It
begins at the Largo Vittoria. Its full name is
the " Riviera di Chiaja."
Chiana (ke-ii'nil). A river in Tuscany, Italy.
It is conducted by engineering works partly
intci tlie Arno, partly into the Tiber.
Chiana, Val di. The level and ft'uitful valley
of the Chiana, near Chiiisi.
Chianti (ke-iin'te). A mountain group near
Sieiui, Italy. It gives name to celebrated
wines.
Chiapa, Bishop of. The title of BartoIom6 de
las Casas, 1544-47. It is often used in speaking
of him.
Chiapanecs (die -ii-pii- neks'), or Chapanecs
(<'liii-pii-iieks' ), or Chapas (chii'piis). [I'roba-
lily from rhujKi, their name for the red macaw,
which was the totem or emblem of the tribe.]
A race of Indians formerly jiowerful in that
part of scuithern Mexico which imw forms the
state of Chiapas. They Inul considerable and well-
built towns, practised agriculture, had nmde some ad-
vances in mechaidc arts, and understood picture-writing.
The Chiapanecs were never comiuered l>y the .\ztcc8, hut
were easily retiuced by the Spaidaids. 'Remains of the
tribe exist In central Chiapas, and still speak their own
language. The Mangues of Nicaragua and the GuetareB
oi Costa Kica seem to be ancient offshoots of this race.
Chiapas (che-il'piis). The soulheasternmost
slate of Mexico, lying between Tabasco on the
north, Guatemala on the east, the Culf of Te-
Chiapas
huantepec on the south, and Vera Cruz and
244
known since the conquest, and have been studied in mod-
em times by Ctiarnay, Le Plongeou, and otiier archieolo-
pists. Le Plongeon discovered there the reniarkalile
statue which he called Chac-mool (which see).
[L. Cissx Castnwi.
AS. Cistidiiceastfr: the Eoman Kegnum, de-
stroyed in the 5th century by EUa, and restored
by his son, Cissa, king of Sussex, from whom
of it was named.] A oity in Sussex, England, 14 Chicomoztoc (ehe-ko-moth-tok'). [Nahuatl,
miles northeast of Portsmouth. It contains a noted
cathedr.a], tor the most part a Norman building of the 12th
and 13th centuries, showing many details, as the paired
lancets surmounted by quatrefoils of the central tower,
which might have been transported bodily from Normandy.
The tall, slender spire awkwardly placed on this tower is
later. The interior ha.s double aisles and naiTow nave,
and very beautiful carved choir-stalls. There are Perpen-
dicular cloisters, and a late, detached bell-tower. The
dimensions are 410 by 91 feet ; width of transepts, 131 ;
height of nave, 62. The town was refounded by Cissa in
the 6th centuiy. Population (1S!)1), 7,842.
Chichester, Arthur. Born at Rawleigh, near
Barnstable, England. May, 1563: died Feb. 19,
1G25. An English soldier and statesman, sec-
ond son of Sir John Chichester of Eaveleigh,
made Lord Chichester of Belfast, in the Irish
Oarrickfergus and sergeant-major genend of the English
army in Ireland, and was lord deputy of Ireland from
Feb. 3, 1605, to Nov. 29, 1614. After his recall he was ap-
pointed lord treasurer of Ireland.
Chichevache (MB. ehech-e-vaeh': mod. F.
shesh-viish'). [ME., as if from an OF. *chichc-
vaclic, lean cow (from ehiche, poor, lean, and
vache (L. vacca), a cow); but this is a per-
version of the OF. form chiclieface, chiiiche-
face (also chinchefaclie, simulating vache, a
"cow), lit ' ugly face.'] A fabled beast which de-
voured patient and submissive wives. The fable,
of Old French origin, became a favorite with Middle Eng
lish HTiters, who made the beast a lean cow (see etymolo-
gy), and ascribed her leanness to the scai'city of her i)ecu-
liar diet. They added another beast named Bia>rne (By-
corne) Giterally, 'two-horned '), who lived oidy on patient
and submissive husbands, and was in consequence always
fat. Lydgate wrote a poem called "Bycorne and Ciiiche-
vache."
Chichilticale (che-chel-te-ka'le). [A corruption
of the Nahuatl cJiichiUie-calli, red house.] A
name given by the Mexican Indians who fol
Oaxaea on the west. The limits with Guatemala are
disputed. Chiapas contains anticinities (at I'alenque, ^,,„^^ „„.^ ,
etc.). Capital, San Crist.'.bal. Area (claimed, 1894X 29,725 p^^- t^ x (^hich'ps-tpr)
square miles. Population (1*93), 24b,t»8. OlUClieSter (cmcU es lei),
Chiaramonte (ke-a-ra-mon'te). A town in the
proviuee of Si,Tacuse, Sicily, 30 nules west of
Syracuse. Population, 9,000.
Chiari (ke-ii're). A town in the province
Brescia, northern Italy. 14 miles west of Bres-
cia. Here. Sept 1, 1701, Prmcc F.ugcneof Savoy defeated
the French and Spaniaids imder ViUeroi. Population,
6,000.
Chiavari (ke-ii'va-re). A seaport in the prov-
ince of Genoa, Italy, 21 mUes southeast of
Genoa. It has varied manufactures.
Chiaveima (ke-U-von'na). [L. Clavcnna, G.
Clavcn or Clcjeii.] A town in the pro\'ince of
Sondrio, Italv, situated on the Mera at the en-
trance to the Val Bregaglia, in lat. 46° 19' N.,
long. 9° 24' E. It is at the junction of the
routes over the SpHigen and Maloya.
Chibchacum. Soe Bmliicn.
Chibchas(cheb'chiis),orMuyscas(mo-es'kas).
A tribe of South American Indians which, pre-
vious to the conquest, occupied the highlands
east of the Magdalena, from the head waters
of that river to the SieiTa Nevada de Merida.
They were powerful and h.ad attained some degree of civ-
ilization, living in large towns and obeying fixed though
unwritten laws. They were skilful weavers, potters, and
goldsmiths, and practised agriculture, planting maize,
quinoa, potatoes, and cotton. Their chiefs were heredi-
tary iu the female line, had absolute power, and were
treated with great ceremony. The Chibchas believed in
a Supreme Being, but worshiped the sun, stars, and other
natural objects. In 1637, while they were engaged iu a
civil war, the Spaniards under t^uesada reached their
country. They were quickly conquered, and those who
survived enslavement and persecution adopted the Span-
ish language and customs. Their descendants. mi.\ed with
European blood, form a large part of the present popula-
tion of Colombia. The word Chibcha, applied to this
tribe, is properly the name of their language. They called
themselves Mui/sca, i. e. 'men.'
Chibokwe, or Ba-Chibokwe (bii-che-b6'kwe).
See Kiol'o.
Chicaca. See Chicasa.
Chicacole. See Cicacole.
Chicago (shi-ka'go). A city of Cook County,
Illiijois. situated on Lake itiehigan in lat. 41°
50' N., long. 87° 37' W. It is the largest city in the
state, and the second city in the United States. Its chief
quarters are the North, South, and West Sides. It has a
vast commerce by many railroads and by the hike, and
exports wheat, meat, manufactured goods, etc. It has
manufactures of lumber, iron, steel, furniture, clothing,
tobacco, liquors, agricultural implements, leather, etc.
Among its largest industries are beef-packing and pork-
packing. It is the seat of Chicago University, and ol sev-
eral theological seminaries and other institutions, and has
important libraries and art collections. The site was vis-
ited by Marquette in 1673. Fort Dearborn was built in
ISW, evacuated in 1812, and rebuilt in 1816. Chicago was
incorporated as a city in 1837. Two thousand one hun-
dred acres werebm-ned, with alossof over $190,000,000 (;). in
the great fire of Oct. S-lo, 1.S71. Owing to its position it has
been the place of meeting of many national political con-
ventions. It was the scene of an anarchist riot (Old Hay-
market) May 4. 1886. The most important recent event in
its history was the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, —-.,,',., v ■■»■ t • - -sr t\ i *.,.-:«
iSting ffom May 1 to Oct. 30. Population (1890), 1.099,- Chlck (ehik), MtS. LoUlsa. Mr Dombey s SIS-
860. ter in Charles Dickens s '-Dombey and Son,'
Chicago, University of. An institution of a weak and self-satisfied woman who urged
learning in Chicago, situated between .56th and the fading Jlrs. Dombey to "make an effort."
59th streets. It has an endowment of $7,000,000 Chickahominy (chik-a-hom'i-ni). A river in
(contributed by Mr. J. D. Rockefeller and Virginia which joins the James about 40 miles
others). It had (1896-97) 1.S.S1 students, 184 - ' — •-
instructors, and a library of 290,000 volumes.
Chicaneau (she-kii-no'). One of the principal
characters iu the comedy "Les Plaideurs," by
Racine. He is a tradesman with a mania for going to law,
and is the type of the captious, Utigious plaintill, as his
name implies.
Chicasa (chik'a-sii), or Chickesawichik'e-sa).
[I'l., also Chidcesaws.'i A large tribe or sub-
dirision of North American Indians, cliiefly of
Mississippi. In the 18th century their villages were
about Poutotoc County, and their main landing-place on
the Mississippi River w.as at the present siti- of Memphis,
Tennessee, from which there was a trail Hk) miles long
to their villages. They now number about 3.500, and are
at the Union agency, Indian Territory. Also Chicaca,
Chicaho, ChicK'sair, Chickasaw, See JUuskhn^eaiu
Chichele (chieh'e-lc),orChicheley(chich'e-li),
Henry. Bom at Higham Ferrers. Northamp-
ton, England, about 1362: died at (,'anterbury,
England, April 12, 1443. An English prelate,
appointed archbishop of Canterbury Feb. 19,
1414. He was a grail iiate of Oxford, and founded
All Souls' College, O.xford, 1437.
Chichen-Itza (che-chan'et'zii), or Chlchen.
A mined city of northern Yucatan, 18 miles
southwest of Valladolid. Some of the remains indi-
cate very large buildings with elaboratt- srnlptnres, wall-
paintings, and hieroglyphics. There is a jiyramid 550 feet
square and still 70 feet high. The Chichen-lt/a ruins ai-e
connected with ancient Maya traditions. They have been
Child, Mrs.
of Cadiz, Spain, 12 miles southeast of Cadiz.
Population (1887), 12,348.
ChicomecoatKche-ko-me-ko-iitl'). ['Seven ser-
pents.'] In Mexican (Nahuatl) mythology, the
goddess of abundance and provisions. By some
she has been identified with Centoatl. the goddess of
maize ; both were worshiped at the period of sowing, and
otterings of fruits and seeds were made to them.
lit. ■ seven caves.'] A mythical place where
the various branches of the Nahuatl tribe
are said to have come out of the center of
the earth, or to have separated. The tradition
is not quite clear in regard to the real mythological sig-
nificance of the spot.
Chicopee (chik'6-pe). A town of Hampden
County, Massacliusetts, situated at the junction
of the Chicopee River with the Connecticut,
4 miles north of Springfield. It has manufacturea
of cotton goods, arms, cutlery, etc. Population (1S90),
14.050.
Chiemsee (chem'za). The largest lake in Ba-
varia, 40 miles southeast of Munich, noted for
its fish. Its outlet is the Alz (into the Inn, thence to
the Danube). Length, 7J miles.
peerage, Feb. 23, 1613. He was appointed governor of Chleri (ke-a're). A town in the province of
■ ■ ■' ' - --■ • .^. .K. x-.,,.,;,.. rpm.j^^ Italy, 8 miles southeast of Turin: the
ancient Cai'ca. It has a noted Gothic church.
It was a medieval repubUc. Population, 9,000.
Chieti (ke-a'te). 1. A province of eastern
Italy, formerly called Abruzzo Citeriore. Area,
1,138 square mUes. Population (1891), 348,805.
— 2. The capital of the province of Chieti,
Italy, in lat. 42° 20' N., long. 14° 10' E. : the
ancient Teate Marrucinorum. The order of the
Teatines was founded here in the 16th century.
Population (1891), commune, 25.000.
Chiffinch (chif'finch), Master Thomas. A
tlrinking anil intriguing minister to the plea-
sures of King Charles, in Scott's novel -'Pev-
eril of the Peak."
Chifu, or Chefoo (che-fo'), native Yen-tai. A
seaport town in the pro\-iuce of Shantung,
China, in lat. 37° 32' N.. long. 121° 22' E. it
is a distributing center of foreign manufactured g<x)ds,
and exports straw braid, pulse, and silk. A convention
between China and Great Britain was signed here in 1876.
Population, 32,500.
lo^ed Fray Marcos of Nizza to New Mexic^ m ^j^ . ^ ^^ g ^j^^ander VII., Pope.
lo39 and Coronadoinl.>40, to a rumed structure ciii|^ecto Bay (shig-nek'to ba). An arm at
built of red earth or clay, near the banks of the ^¥'efici,i,u ^aj ^ ;:, _ _
^ „ „ ^ the head of the Bav of Fundv.
It has been supposed that It was the Casa Grande, (jjiig^ell (ehig'wel). A parish in the county
GUa.
but in all probability it was some ancient ruin near
site of new Fort Grants in Arizona, along the slopes of
Mount Graham.
Chichimecs (ehe-che-maks'), or Chichimecas,
or ChichimecOS. [Nahuatl of Mexico : deriva-
tion doubtful, but possibly from chichiltk; red,
and mecayotl, generation.] An ancient term
used todesignateindisci-iminately wild and dan-
gerous tribes of Indians. It was also an honorific
title, any warrior who distinguished himself by particular
ferocity being termed a chichimecatl. The name has re-
mained in American Spanish. Misunderstood folk-lore
has given rise to the belief in the innuigration into Mexico
of a numerous tribe of barbarians under this name at
some very ancient time.
southeast of Richmond. Length, about ( i> miles.
Near it were fought the battles of Fair Oaks. Mechanics-
ville, Gaines's Mill, Savages .St.atlon, and Frayser's Fann,
1S82 : and CoM Uarbor, 1.S61, See Fair Oaks, Sewn Daiis
Balll<s, CM Harbor.
Chickahominy, Battles of the. See Seroi
Ddi/.y' JiiittUs, Fair (><//.■.<.
Chickamauga (chik-a-ma'ga). A small river
which joins the Tennessee about 7 miles above
Chattanooga. Near it. Sept, 19, 20, 1863, the Confeder-
ates (about 50,000) under Bragg defeated the Federals
of Essex, England, northeast of London.
Chihli (che-le). A province of northern China,
h-ing between Mongolia on the north, the Gulf
o"f Chihli and Shantung on the east. Shantung
and Honan on the south, and Shansi on the
west. Chief cities, Peking, Tientsin, and Pao-
tingfu. Area, 58,949 square mUes. Popula-
tion, 17,937.000.
Chihli, Gulf Of . See reU-hiU.
Chihuahua (che-wii'wa). 1. A state of north-
ern Mexico, Ijang between New Mexico and
Texas on the north, Coahuila on the east. Du-
rango on the south, and Sonora and Sinaloaon
the west . It is traversed by the Sierra Madre, and is^
rich in mineral wealth, especially silver. Area, S9,278|
square miles. Population (18'.'3), 246,740.
2. The capital of the state of Chihuahua, in lat.
28°40' N., long. 106° 30' W. it was founded in 1706.
It contains a calhedi'al. Population (18!i2X about 25,0(X).
Chikishliar (che-kesh-lyiir'). A port in the
Transcaspian Territory of Russia, situated on
the southeastern shore of the Caspian near the
Persian frontier.
CMlan Balam (che-Hn' ba-lam'), or Chil&m
Ealam. A priest of the Maya Indians of Yuca-
tan, who is supposed to have died about 1430.
He is reputed author of several Maya writings » hich have
come down to us and are known as the bt)oks of ChilAu
Uahim, and it is said that he foretold the coming of the
Spaniards. Many of the narrative songs still found among
the Indians ai-e also attributed to him.
(.5.5,000-60,000) under Eosccrans. Loss of the Federals, pjiilcat (chil'kat) orChilcatS(-katz). Atribeof
15,851; of the Confederates, 1 1,804. **iiii».««v v /_
Chickamauga, Rock of. A name given to Gen-
oral 'Thomas, commander of the Federal left
■wing at Chickamauga, for his stubborn defense
of his position in that battle.
Chickasaws. See Chicaxa.
Chickasaw Bluffs (chik'a-sa blufs). or Bayou
(bi'o). A place near Vi'eksburg, Mississippi.
Here. Dec. 29, 186-2, the Federals under .Sherman were re-
pulsed l)vthe Confederates. Loss of the Federals, 1,9'29;
-f the C.Infederatcs, 207
North American Indians. Their habitat is on Chilcav
River and Kay and Chilcwit River, in Alaska, extcndiug
into British Columbia. They number <>SS. See Kiiiischati.
Child (cliild), Francis James. Born at Bos-
ton, 182.5: died Sept. 11, 1896. An Americau
scholar. He was educated at Han'ard College, and was
professor of rhetoric and oratory there from 1851 till 18.6,
when he became professor of English literature. His
most ininortuut w.irk is an edition of " EngUsh and Sco^
tish Ballads 'which he tirst brought out m 1S5/-59 m »
'--■lunu-s. _ .
" ~ Born at
'V r 1 Z 7\--,' f l.A,^ iw^= ,„ Child, Mrs. (Lydia Maria Francis). Bom at
Chickenstalker (ch,k'en-sta-k6r) Mrs. An Vg^^«;„.,, j^\,J j,^.^ j, ^^^.,._ ji^j ^t Way-
old shopkeeper m Dickens s story ihe la^^i ji.,j,s Qet! 20, 1880. An American writer,
Chimes.
Chickesaw. See Cliii-asa.
Chicksa'w. Sic chiaiMi.
Chickweed. See .Smallweed, Bartholomew.
Chiclana (che-kla'na). A town in the province
noted a« a supporter of the abolition move-
ment. .She was editor of the " XationaJ Anti Slavery
Standard" 1840-43, and assistant editor till 1844. Her
works include " The Rebels " (1822), " The American Fru-
gal Housewife " (1829, a 3Sd ed. in 1853), " Flowers for
Child, Mrs.
Children" (1844-^6), " I-ooking toward Sunset" (1864).
"Miria, a Roiimnce of the Reimblic " U^stiT), etc., besides
her '■ Aiipenl fur tliat t'hiss of Americans called Africans "
(l&3;i), which created mueli comment.
Childebert (ehirUe-birt ; F. prou. shel-de-bSr' )
I. Born about 4U.'): ilied .5.5S. Sou of Clovis,
kiug of tho Franks, whom he succeeded (us
kinp of Paris) iu T)] 1. He inherited (524) partof the
dominions of his brother Chlodomir of Orleans, and in
conjunction with his brother (_'lothaire I. of Soissons aTid
his ncpliew Theudcbert I. of Austrasia conquered part of
HntKMiiidy in .'';J4 and part of Provence in .S3tt.
Childebert II. Born .570: ilicd ,596. Sou of
Sigebert I. of Austrasia by the West-Gothic
princess Bruneliaut. Havinf^ remained under the
regency of his niotlier, r>75-i>8o, he attempted, on reach-
ing his majority, to deprive the young son of Kredegunde
of Xeustriii, i'lothaire II.. of liis kingdom, but was himself
signally defeated by Kredf.:nnde.
Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (child liar'oUlz
pirgri-maj i. A jioini by Lord BjTon, of which
the first aud second cantos were published in
1811, the third in 1816, and the foui-th iu 1817.
Childeric (chil'dc-rik ; F. pron. shel-de-rek') I.
Died 481. Father of C^lovis, and Frankish king
from about 4r)8. He sustained friendly relations with
tho Romans, wlnt :issisted him agiiinst the West Ooths,
the Alamanni, and llie Saxons. His tomb was discovered
at Touniai in 1663, and contained, among other things,
his seal-ring and a number of gold bees, which latter haii
presumably served to ornament his mantle, and whifli
BUggesteil to Napoleon I. the adoption of the bee iis an
imperial emblem.
Childe Roland. See Roland.
Childers, Fljang. Sec Fhiimj Chihiers.
Childers, Hugh Gulling Eardley. Born at
London, .lune LT), 1827: died Jan. 29, 1896. An
F.iif;lisli politician. He was first lord of the admiralty
1;50*-71, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster 1S72-73, sec-
retary lor war ISsKKvi, chancellor of the e.\chequer 1S82-
188.^, and home secretary in 1SS6.
Childers (chil'derz), Robert Caesar. Born 1838:
died July 2."), 1876. An English Orientalist, au-
thor of '"'Pali-English Dictionary" (187.5). etc.
Child of Nature, The. A play' by Mrs. iDch-
bald. produced at Coveut Garden Nov. 28, 1788.
It is Uiken from Madame de Genlis.
Child of the Sea. Tlie legendary Amadis de
Gavd, who, being illegitimate, was set adrift
upon the sea in his cradle by his mother to
hide her shame.
Children (ehll'dren), John George. Bom at
Tunliridge, England, May 18, 1777: died at Hal-
stead Place, Kent, Jan. 1, 18.52. An English
physicist and naturalist, best known for his
experiments in electricity. He was a secretary of
the Royal Society 1826-27 and * 1830-37, and was lil)r:Lrian
In the department of antii|uities in the British Museum
1816-10.
Children in the Wood, or Babes in the Wood.
An old English ballad, of unknown aulhorslup,
preserved iu Bitsou's, Percy's, aud other col-
lections. The ballad was entered in the "Stationers'
Kegi3ter"in l.ii).'). In ICOl a play was published "of a
young clnld murtliered in a wi)od by two rufllns with the
consent of his unkle." 'llieplot of this play was undoubt-
eilly derived from tlie Italian. an<l the ballad may have
been iiroduced from the same .-ionrce. Child,
Children of the Mist. A band of Highland
outlaws in Scott's ''Legend of Montrose."
There is a famous picture with this title by
Ijandseer.
Childs (child/.), George William. Bom at
Haltimore. Md., May 12, ISi;!) : died at Phila-
di-lpliia, Feb. :i, 1S!)4. An American jiublislier
n!i(l philantliropist. Fublislier of the " Public
Le.lgcr"in Philadelphia 1864-94.
Chile (chil'o ; Hp. i.ron. che'li), or Chili (chil'i).
[Probably from the (^nichua cliiri, cold.] A
republic of Snutli America, capital Santiago,
lying between Peru on the north, Bolivia ami
the Argentine Keimblic on the east, and the
Pacific Ocean on the south aud west. It has
'^i provinces: Aconcagua, Arauco, Atacama. liiobio, tiii-
I'wi, r<ilchagua, Concepcion, t^xjuimlMi. t'nrio^, l.iinires,
I.liuninihue, Malleco, Maule. Nuble, o'lligirins, Santiago,
Taica, Tacna, Valdivi:i, Valparaiso, vVntofagasta, Magal-
lou'S. TarapacA, and Cautin. It lies between tlie cre^t
"f the Andes on the east and the I'acillc on tlie west;
In tho northern part portions cast of the western Andes
ire Inrludeil. Tlie mountains send ramitlcationsover ttie
surface, cnnnerting with a tower coast-chain, and includ-
ing extcTiHivc p1:iliis and valleys. It exports niter, copper,
silver, wool, wlic;it, etc. Tho government is a repnlilic
under a president and rongress (Senate- and Chamber of
Deputies). The prevailing religion is Rinnan ('athitlic.
The language is Spanish, and the iiiliabitants arc chielly
of Spanisli descent. The name Chili- was applied liy the
nntives only t<i the valley of Aconcagua, including Qui-
lota; it was extended tiy the Spaniards to all their con-
(|uests south of the Atacama desert. During the 17th
century the government of Chile included considerable
tracts e.ast of the Andes. After the revolution conquests
were extended south into Patagonia, and by treaty with
Argentina llie region was iliviiled between tlie two coun-
tries, the boundary t)eiiig the Andes, rhilo acquired
Atacanm and a portion of 8<aithern Peru t>y the war of
187^-83, waged against Peru and Bolivia. It was invaded
24S
by Almagro in 1535 ; and was first settled by Valdivia In
1541. Long wai-s with tile .-Vraucanians followed. Inde-
pendence was ttnally declai-ed Feb. 12, 1818. Area, atiout
250,0*^0 S(jiiare miles, though more is claimed. Estimated
population (IHUi), 3,413,776.
Chilianwalla. See ChiUianwaUu.
Chilka (chirkii). Lake. A lagoon of India, in
Orissa, near the Bay of Bengal.
Chilian _(chel-yiin'). The capital of the prov-
ince of Xuble. Chile, about lat. 36° 35' S., long.
72° III' \V. There are mineral springs in the
vicinity. Population (1892), about 25.000.
Chilliahwalla, or Chilianwalla (chii'i-an-
wal'a). A town in the Panjab, British India,
near the river Jheliim, in lat. 32° 45' N., long.
73° 35' E. Here. Jan., 1849, a battle occiiiTed between
the British army (about 15,000), under Lord Gnugh, and the
Sikhs (about 23,000). It was technically a British victoi-y.
Ixjss of the British force, 2,400.
Chillicothe (chil-i-koth'e). A city and the
county-seat of Ross County, southern Ohio,
situated on the Scioto 45 miles south of C'o-
lumbus. It was the State capital until 1810.
I'npnhition (1890), 11,288.
Chillingham (ehil'ing-am). A village in the
northern part of Nortliumberland, England,
11 miles northwest of Alnwick.
Chillingworth (ehil'ing-w6rth), Roger. The
injured and malicious husband of Hester
Prvnne ill Hawthorne's romance "The Scar-
let Letter."
Chillingworth, William. Bom at Oxford,
England, Oct., 1602: died at Chichester, Eng-
land, Jan. 30, 1()44. A noted English divine and
controversialist. He was graduated at Oxford (B, A.
1620), became a fellow of Trinity College 1628, was con-
verted to Romanism about 1630, returned to Pi'otestant-
ism 1634, was made a chancellor of Salisbury 1638, and
became a member of the Royalist army. He was captured
by Waller at Arundel Castle, Dec. 9, 1643. The most fa-
mous of his works is "The Religion of Protestants, a Safe
Way to Salvation, etc." (1637).
Chillip (chil'ip), Mr. A mild and gentle little
doctor who attended Mrs. Copperfield, in Charles
Dickens's " David Copperfield."
Chillon (she-yoii'). A castle in Vaud, Switzer-
land, at the eastern end of Lake Geneva, it cov-
ers an isolated rock on the edge of the lake, and is a
very pictures(iue combination of semicircular and square
towers and machicolated curtains grouped about a higher
central tower. Itisfamous in literature and song (Byron),
especially as the prison of Bonnivard (1530-36), a defender
of Swiss liberties against the Duke of Savoy iu the 16th
centuiy. The castle is of very early foundation, though,
as it now stands, essentially of the 13th century. Some of
the rooms preserve curious wooden ceilings, and the mas-
sive libbed vaulting of the two-aisled dungeon-crypt is
impressive. It was taken by the Bernese in 1536, and was
used for a state prison in the 18th century, and later as an
arsenal.
Chilmari (chil-ma're), Hindustani Chalamari
(chal-ii-ma're). A town in the district of Rung-
pur, Bengkl, British India, in lat. 25° 25' N.,
long. 89° 40' E., on the Brahmaputra. It is the
seat of a religions and commercial festival.
Chilo6 (che-16-a'). 1. A southern province
of Chile, including the island of Chilo6 and
the islands to lat. 47° S. Area, 3,995 square
miles. Population (1891), 79.514.— 2. An is-
land in the province of Chiloi5, west of the
mainland, discovered by the Spaniards in 1.558.
Length, 120 miles. Greatest width, 40 miles.
The chief town of island and province is .Aji-
eud, or San Carlos.
Chilon (ki'lon), or Chilo (ki'16). [Gr. X((7(ji,
\iAuv.\ Lived in the lirst part of the 6th cen-
tury B.C. A Spartan, one of the "Seven
Sages" of Greece. He was ephoreponymos at Sparta
5.^(1 1!. c, and is said to have died of joy caused by the vic-
toi7 ol his son in boxing at the Olympic games.
ChilperiC (ehll'iie-rik) I. Died 584. King of
Neiistria 561-58-1. He murdered his second wife, the
\Vest-(;olliic princess Galeswintlia, sister of Bruneliaut of
Austrasia, in order to marry his mistress Fredegunde.
tliereby bringing on a war with the husband of Bruneliaut,
his brother Sigebert I. of Austrasia.
Chiltern Hills (chil'tern hilz). A range of low
chalk 111 lis in Oxfordshire, Bucks, Hertfordshire,
ami I'.edl'ordsliin'. Kngland.
Chiltern Hundreds (chil'temhun'dredz). The
three hnn<lreds of .Stoke, Desborough, and Bn-
denham, in Buckinghamshire. The stewanlship of
the Chiltern lluinlieds (originally an olllce charged with
tile siippicssion of the mbbers who infested the ('hiltcni
Hills) is a nominal olllce, conferred upon a mcnibir of
I'ai'lianient who wishes to resign his seat, such resignation
being impossible unless the member Is disqualilled by the
acceiitance of a place <if honor and profit under the crown,
or by some other cause. The place is in the gift of the
ebanrellor of tho exchequer.
Chilula (ihil'o-lii). A division of North Amer-
ican Indians. They formerly lived in Humhoblt
County. California, but were removed to the Hiipa reser-
vation and absorbed. See Weit«pckan.
Chimaera iki-me'ra). [Gr. Xi7ia(p«.] In Greek
mythology, a fire-breathing monster of divine
Chimihuahua
origin (according to Uesiod, a daughter of Ty-
phaou and Echidna), having the fore part that
of a lion, the middle that of agoat.aud the hind
part that of a dragon : also represented as having
three heads — a lion's, a goat's, and a dragon's.
It was often shown in art as having a goat's head in the
middle of tlie back and a dragon s head at the end of the
tail. It dwelt in Lycia, and was slain by Bellerophon.
Chimakuan (cliim-a-ko'au). A linguistic stock
of North American Indians, embracing the
Chimakuin (from which it is named) and Qui-
leute tri)>es. it formerly occupied the western coast
of Puget Sound, from Port Townseiul to Port Ludlow, and
a sm.all area on the Pacific coast of Washington, thirty
miles below Cape Flattery, about Quilcute River. They
are the remnant of a once powerful body which occupied
the entire coast region from Port Townsend to the t^ui-
leute countrj- on the Pacific, the Salishan tribes separating
the two Chimakuan branches being intruders. They are
now confined to reservations in Washington, and number
about 300.
Chimakum (ehim'a-kum), more correctly
Tsemakum (tsem'a-kum). A tribe of North
American Indians which formerly occupied
the coast of Puget Sound, Washington, from
Port Townsend to Port Ludlow. Their wars with
their Salishan neighbors eiuly reduced their number, and
in 1853 they amounted to only 90 souls, living in about
15 lodges : subsequently placed on the Skokomish reser-
vation. Washington. They are now practically extinct.
See CltiiiutlnHtii.
Chimalakwe (chi-mal'ii-kwa). A tribe of
North American Indians formerly living on New
River, a tributary of the Trinity, California.
It was once a comparatively populous trilie, but chiefly
through constant aggression by the Hupa, who exacted an
annual tribute, was overpowered and as a tribe became
extinct. See Chimarikait.
Chimalpain Quautlehuanitzin (che-miil-pin'
kwa-ii-tle-wii-ne-tseu'), Juan Bautista de
San Anton Munon. Lived in the latter part
of the 16th century. A Mexican Indian, a de-
scendant of the chiefs of Amecameca. He was
educated by the Franciscans, and tanght in their college
of Santiago Tlatelolco. He wrote several works on ancient
Aztec history, and is said to have written one on the con-
quest: these are known only in manuscript. The "His-
t^jria delas Conquistasde Hernando Cortes,'" attributed to
him, is merely a translation of Oomara.
Chimalpopoca (ehe-miil-po-po'ka). The third
ruler of ancient Mexico, from 1417 to 1428. or
according to other chronologies from 1410 to
1422. He was the brother of his predecessor, Huitzili-
huitl. He interfered in a quarrel of rival Tepanec chiefs,
was seized by one of them, Maxtla, and committed suicide
while in confinement.
Chimanos. See Jumanas.
Chimarikan (chim-a-re'kan). A linguistic
stock of North American Indians, comprising
the Chimariko and Chimalakwe tribes, former-
ly living on Trinity and New rivers. Trinity
Comity, California. They were once comparatively
numero'us, but constant oppression by the Hupa Indians,
as well as by the early white settlers, has resulted in their
extinction as tribes.
Chimariko (chim-a-re'ko). A tribe of North
American Imlians which formerly inhabited
the banks of Trinity River, California, from
Burnt Ranch northward to the junction of the
north and south forks. It was reduced to about six
individuals in 1S78, and is now probably extinct. See
Chimn rikan.
Chimay (slie-ma'). A town in tho province of
Haiuaut. Belgium, 32 miles southeast of Mons.
Place of Froissarfs death. Population (1.890),
3,308.
Chimay, Princesse de (Jeanne Marie Ignace
Ther^se de Cabarrus). Born at Saiagossa,
Spain, .inly 31, 1773: died at Brussels, Belgium,
Jan. 15. 1,S35. The daughter of the Comte de
Cabarrus, married at an early age to the Marquis
de Pontenay, who obtained a divorce from her
in 1793. In ttie same year she made the acquaintance
at Bordeaux of Tallicn, whom she married, and on whose
career in tlie Convention she exercised a jirofound influ-
ence. Haviiigjnociiiedadivorce from Tallicn in 1802, she
married in iso.^t tin- Comte deCamman, wlio subsequently
became prince o( Chiinay.
Chimay, Principality of. A siuall principal-
ity in llaiiiault. It passed in 1804 to the
present possessors (Pronch family De Riipiet
de Caraman).
Chimborazo (chim-b6-rii'z6 ; Sp. pron. chein-
bo-rii'tlio). A province of western Ecuador.
l'n|iiiIation, 122,;i00.
Chimborazo. <^)ne of the Iiighest mountains of
llie ,\ii(les, situated iu Ecuador in lat. 1° 30'
S., long. 79° W. It was nearly ascended by Humboldt
ill ]S(V2, and was ascended by Whyniper in ls.so. Height
(Whvmpcr), 20,41)8 feet; height aiiove the plain of tiuito,
aboiit 1'-',0IK1 feel,
Chimfene (she-miin'). Tho faithful daughter of
Don (ionies in Coriieille's tragedy " The Cid."
Chimes, The. Dickens's Christinas story for
IS44.
Chimihuahua. See Chcmehuevi.
Cliimmesyan
246
nViimmpsvan rdiim' ma-se-an). [From the Chinantecs (ehe-nan-teks'), or Chinantlas
mime of the Tseiusian tribe, siguifpug 'on the
Ksian (Skeeiia) river.'] A linguistic stock of
North American Imlians inhabiting the region
of the Nasse ami Skeena rivers. British Colum-
bia, and nearlv all the Pacilic islands near the
coast betweeiriat. 02° 15' and -V)" N. It embraces
the N:iS(ia and Tsejiisian or rsimsliiaii ilivisiuns, whlun
comprise a imn.ber of tribes. The ,^«y"''";l","',"^f m
5 000 In 1SS7 ab..ut 1.000 removed to .iimette Island^ bO
miles north of the southern boundarj of Alaska, where they
are makinj: rajiid progress in civUizalloiL
Chimsian. See TuimshUin.
Chimu (che'mo), also as pi. CllimUS. [From
the title of their sovereign.] An ancient ci\-i-
lized nation of the Peruriau coast-valleys, be-
tween lat. 3° and 11° S. They were entirely distinct
from the Incas in language, architecture, and custonis^ Ac-
cording to tradition they came from beyond sea, and drove
out the savages who had occupied this region (about tlR
12th century) They built great cities, remarkable for the
size of some of the buUdings, the walls ornamented with
elaborate arabesiiues and paintings. Their aqueducts aiid
------ The Chimu peopl'*
^che-naut'liis). An ancient tribe of Me.xuan
Indians who at the time of the cou<iuest occu-
pied the Sierra Madre Mountains, about 200
miles southeast of Mexico City. They had little
civilization, but were bold warriors, using long lances
tipped with obsidian or copper. They liad been con-
quered by the Aztecs, and, an.tious to avenge theirwrougs,
they sent two thousand wairiors to aid Cortes in the siege
of Mexico. The Chinautecs are now amalgamated with
other tribes. Their language, which was very harsh and
guttURd, has been preserved only in the " Doctrina " of the
missionary barreda, pubhshed in 1730.
Chinantla (che-niiut'la). The ancient name
for the mountainous region in the northera
part of the present state of Oajaca, Mexico,
occupied bv the Chinantec Indians.
China Sea (ehi'nii se). That part of the Pacific
Ocean which is included between China, Indo-
Cliina, Borneo, the Philippines, and Formosa.
Its chief indentations are the gulls of Siam and Tongking.
It is noted for its typhoons, and notorious for piracy.
Sometimes the name is used to include also the Yellow
irrigation works were very extensive. _ „,-.,..
excelled in gold and sUver work and in the manufacture nhincha Islands (chin'cha or, as Sp., chen'cba
of cloth and pottery. The Incas called them \uncas. -,, _ ,„. m n ;.,i„.,.i.. i^. h^q rlonorf-
Descendants of the race still live in the same region, but
their language, called Mochica, is extinct. A gramma:
and list of words are extant. The ruins of the Chimu
cities are the most striking archteological remiUns in Peru.
The black pottery commonly seen in museums, and loosely
called "Peruvian," was of their manufacture.
Chimu. The name given by archajologists to
the ruins of the capital and chief city of the
Chimu people, on the sea-shore about 4 miles
north of Truxillo, Peru. The remains cover a space
15 miles long and 5 or 6 broad, and embrace the walls 01
vast palaces and temples, some of them ornamented with
arabesque work and paintings. An aqueduct many miles
long supplied the city with water, which was received in
large reservoirs. There are several sepulcluTil mounds
from which many objects of interest have been obtained.
China(chi'nk). [F.t'/i(nf,Sp.Pg.C/H««.It.OHn,
ML.C/ii«a,*7n«,Ar..S'iii,-int;r.,asthenanieofthe
people, Tivat, eivat (Ptolemy), a name of iiniden-
titied Eastern origin. Another name known to
the ancients was L. Sirica, Gr. Sz/pfw) (Ptolemy),
from L. Seres, Gr. Svprf, the people. In later
times Cathay {Kitai). Chinese designations,
Chung Kwoh ('Middle Kingdom'), Chung Hiai
Kicoh ('Middle Flowery Kingdom'), etc.] The
most important division of the Chinese empire,
extemling from about lat. 18° N. to Mongolia
and Manchuria on the north. It comprises IS
provinces : Chihli, Shantung. Shansi, Shensi, Kansu, Ho-
nan \nhwei. Kiangsu, Chekiang, Fuhkieu, Kiangsi, Hu-
peh, Hunan, SzVhuen, Kweichow, Yunnan, Kwangsi.
Kwangtung. The capital is Peking. The surface, except
in part in the northeast, is largely mountainous, with
many of the summits attaining an elevation of 10,000-
11 00 I feet. The chief rivers are the Peiho, Hwangho,
Yangtsz' Kiang, Min, and Pearl. The leading products
arc rice, te;i, silk, cotton, sugai-, pulse, cereals, tobacco,
coal iron, copper, etc. The chief exports are tea, silk,
straw goods, porcelain, etc. The government is adminis-
tered by viceroys of provinces, » ho report to the central
autocratic power at Peking. The principal religions are
Sinism, Buddhism, and Taoism ; the philosophical system
known as Confucianism is sometimes erroneously classed
with them. The Chinese assign a fabulously early origin
to their nation, .\inong the semi mythical kings is Fuhi.
From about the era of Confucius (in the titli century B. c.)
the datcshecome more trnstw orthy. In the 3d century B. 0.
was the Tsin dyn:usty which built the (ireat Wall. To it
succeeded the Han dynasty when the empire was consoli-
dated. Buddhism w;is introduced in the 1st century i. h.
Soon after the empire became disorganized, but wasagMn
consolidated about 600. There followed a brilliant period,
especially in literature, interrupted by Tatar alt.acks,
Jenghiz Khan occupied the nortliern portion of the em-
pire in 1215. and the Mongol dvnasty was fully established
by Kublai Khan in 12S0. The Ming dynasty followed in
Vsea. In the 16th century Portug.U obtained a foothold at
Macao. The present .Manchu dynasty of Tsing acceded in
lftt4 The empire attaineil a westward extension in the
18th century. The Opium War with (ireat Britain began
in 1810. and ended in 1SI2 with the cession of Hong-Kong
a.id the opening of certain treaty ports : ports were opened
to France and the ITnited Stites in 1844. The Taiping
rebellion (which see) broke out in 18.W, and was suppressed
in IStH. Meanwhile Anglo-French wars in 18.t«-5S anil
185»-(i0 resulted in the victor} of the allies. China cede<l
the Amur country to Kussia in 1858. In ISSl she recov-
ered Kuldja from Russia. War with France 18>4-s5 ter-
minated in favor of the French. In 1894 disturbances in
Korea, whither Chinese and Japanese troops were de-
spatched, led to the seizure of the Korean government by
Japan and a war (ileclared July 31) between that c.mnti\
and China in which the latter was completely defeated
on land and sea. A treaty of peace, which included the
payment of a h-avy indemnity by China, the cession of
Formosa, the independence of Korea, and other conces
Bions, was signed April 10, 1895. Area of cliina proper, es-
timated, 1,500.000 squaix' miles : with the territory of sin
i'landz). Three small islands in the depart-
m(?nt of Lima, Pei-u, in lat. 13° 40' S., long.
76° 20' W., 12 miles from Pisco, long noted for
their guano deposits, now exhausted.
Chinchas (chen'chiiz). Au ancient people of
Peru who occupied the coast valleys south of
the Chimu people, in the ^^einity o£ the present
site of Lima. They were of Quichua origin, and had
attained a considerable degree of civilization before they
were conquered by the Inca Tupac Yupauqui, about 1450.
Their renowned temples of Rimac and pachacamac
(which see) were preserved by the conquerors and held
in great veneration. The cemeteries of the Chinch;is w ere
of vast extent, the dead being buried in a sitting position
in baskets or sacks. Owing to the drjness of the climate
these bodies were naturally desiccated : many have been
exhumed, and are the so-called "Peruvian mummies" of
the museums.
Chinsura
It is a monosyllabic tongue, and on this ground is gener-
ally classed with the other languages of the same character
in s<uitheastern Asia, ui Further India and the Hunalayas,
as constituting the monosyllabic family. It e.xists in many
dialects, of which the so-c:dled ilandaiin is the leading
anil oflli ial one. It is composed of only about 500 words,
as wc shoulil distinguish them in writing, all of them
ending in a vowel-sound or in a nasal, although some of the
dialects still retain Hnal mutes, lost in Mandarin. This
small body of words, however, is raised to 1,600 by differ-
ences of the tone of utterance, as rising, f;dling, even,
abrupt, and so on. The languilge is without intiection, and
even without distinction of parts of speech : but words are
classed as "full" or "empty," according as they are used
with their full meaning or as auxiliariesin forming
phrases : like our iritl and have in " I «-i7/ it," " they hare
it," on the one hand, and in "they will have seen it, "on
the other. Chinese records go back to about 2000 B. c, and
the literature is immense and varied. The mode of
writing is by signs that represent each a single word in
one of its senses or in a certain set of senses. The signs
are of ideographic or hieroglyphic origin ; but the greater
part of them at present are compound, and many contain
a phonetic element along with an ideographic. They num-
ber in the dictionaries about 40,000 ; but only the smaller
part of these are in current and familiar use. They are
written in perpendicular columns, and the columns follow
one another from right to left. Tile language and mode
of writing havebeen carried tothe neighboring nations that
have received their culture from China, especially Japan,
Corea, and Annam, and have been more or less borrowed
or adopted by such nations.
Chinese Empire. An emjiire of Asia, bounded
by Asiatic Kussia ou the north, the Pacific on
the east, Tongking and India on the south, and
the Pamirs and Asiatic Kussia on the west.
It includes China proper, or the eighteen provinces, and
its dependencies, Manchuria. ' Mongolia, Tibet, Eastern
Turkestan, and Dzungaria. The independence of Korea
is now acknowledged. See China,
Chinese Gordon. See Gordon.
Chinese Tatary. A name given vaguely to a
vast region iu the northern and northwestern
parts of the Chinese empire, including Mongo-
lia, Dzungaria, Eastern Turkestan: sometimes
restricted to Eastern Tiu-kestan.
Chinchaycocha (ehen-chi-ko'cha), or Laguna Chinese Turkestan. A dependency of China,
de Junin or Reyes. A lake in the depart- sometimes called Little Bokhara, or i-ast lur-
meut of Junin, Peru, in lat. 10° 50' S., long.
75° 40' W.
Chinchay-suyu (chen-ehi-so'yo), or Chincha-
suyu (cheu-cha-so'yo). A great proviuce of
the Inca empire of Peru, comprising the re
kestan (which see).
Ching-hai (ching-lii'), or Chin-hae (chin-hi').
A seaport in the province of Chekiang, China,
12 miles northeast of Mingpo. It was taken by
the English in 1841.
gion north of Cuzco, including eventuaUyt^uito Chingiz Khan. SeeJenghis -K^'O^,
and the region of the Upper Maraiion. "' ' ■ - ■ - ' ">
Chinchero (ehen-eha'ro). A village about 15
miles north of Cuzco, Peru. It was an ancient
country-seat of the Incas, and Vira-Cocha built a palace
there. The walls of this, with the surronuding buildings,
remain in an almost perfect slate.
Chinchew, or Chinchu, or Chincheu (chiu-
Chingleput (ehing-gle-puf), or Chengalpatt.
1. A district of India, in Madras.— 2. The
chief town of the district, situated 35 miles
southwest of Madras. It was taken by the French
in 1751. by Clive in 1752, and was besieged by Hyder AU
1780^>1.
Chingii River. See Xiitgii.
chu'). i.' A name given to the city of Chang- Chin°kiang (chin-ke-ang'). Acity in the prov
I Fukien, China, 50 mUes northeast of inee of Kiangsu, China, in la
chow, in _ , ,
Amoy: formerlv an important port, and prob-
ably identical w'ith the medieval Zaitim or Zay-
ton. — 2. A name given by the Spanish and
Portuguese (and formerly by the English) to
Changchow (which see), southwest of Amoy.
Chinchilla (chen-chel'vii). Atown in the prov-
ince of Albacete, Spain, lat. 38° 54' N., long.
1° 43' \V
lat. 32° 10' N., long.
119° 28' E., ^situated at the junction of the
Grand Canal with the Yangtsz'. It is a treaty
port. It was taken bv the English July 21,
1842. Population, 135,000.
ChingtU(chiug-to'). The capital of the province
of Szechuen, China, situated on the river Miu-
Kiaug.
Chin-India. See Indo-China.
Chinchon (chen-chon'). A small town in Spain, Ohinon (she-non'). A town in the department
Tsiang sometimes rewgnized as a l»th province, alwut Chinese (clu-iies or -nez ). [from thnia and
■ •' "" '' ' -<sc; =r.ihim,is = Sp. chino = Pg.<hi)ie: = G.
Wii«<>i,sc7i, etc.] 1. sing, and j</. (plural also
formerly Chine.<te.i). A native or natives of
China; specifically, a member or inembers of
the principal indigenous race of China proper,
as distinguished from other Mongoloids, such
2,100,060 square miles ; population, 348.000,000. Area of
the whole empire, 4,200,000 square miles; population,
about 360.000,000. .
Chinalaph (she-na-laf ' ). The ancient name of
the Sheliff. . ,,-, ..^ ■ 4 ,.
Chinandega (che-nan-da ga). A town in
Nicaragua. Central America, situated about 20
miles northwest of Leon. Population (1889),
8,000.
of Indre-et-Loire, France, situated on the Vi-
enne 26 miles southwest of Tours. It contains a
ruined c:istle, a royal residence from the 12th centuiy to
the reign of Henry IV. The remains occupy a large rock-
platform. The exterior n alls are rumous. except the high
towers. The royal apartments are chiefly of the 12th cen-
LUiy, and include armory, kitchen and other cominuns,
the king's room, the great hidl, where Charles VII. first
saw Jeanne d'Aix, etc. The great keep is of the 13th cen-
tury. Chinon has a considerable trade. Population (IsSlX
commune, 6.119.
Chinook (chi-nuk'), or TcMnuk, or Tsinuk.
I PL, also Vhinooks.'] The principal tribe of
the Lower Chinook division of North American
Indians. Its former habitat was from Gray's Bay. Wash-
ington, on the north shore of I olumbia River to its mouth,
and the strip of coast north»:ird as far as and including
.•■hoalwater Bay. There » ere liiO left in 1857, There stul
remain three or four families about six miles above the
mouth of the Columbia. See CAi'ilooA'au,
Chinookan (chi-nuk'an). [From Chinook and
-an.] A linguistic stock of North American
Indians, named after the Chinook, the leading
tribe. Their former habitat was Oregon and Washing-
ton, on both sides of the Columbia River from the Dalles,
alwut 200 miles from its mouth, to the Pacilic Ocean, and
along the coast in both directions, northward nearly to
the northern extiemitv of Slio:dwater Bay, Washington,
and southw .ard to about Tillamook Head, Oregon, 20 miles
from the mouth of the Columbia River. The stock is di-
vided into t'pper and Lower Chinook. The principaJ
tribes remaining :u^ the Artsmilsh, Chinixik, and Clatsop
of the Lower Chinook; and the Cathlamet, Clackama,
Wasco, and Watlala of the Ipper Chinook. They number
betw cen 500 and 600, and are now chiefly on reservations
_ _ in Oregon and Washington,
as the Manchus, the present ruling race in the Chinsura (chin-so'ra). A town in Bengal, Brit-
Chinese empire.— 2. The language of China, ish India, situated on the Hugh 24 mUes north
southeast of Madrid.
Chinchon, Count of. Viceroy of Peru. See
Ciihrtra li'ibadiUa Ccrda 1/ il<udo::a.
Chinchon (chen-chon'), Ana^ Coun'tess of.
Born at Astorga, Castile, in 15i6: died at Car-
tagena, Dec, 1639. A Spanish lady, daughter
of the eighth Martinis of Astorga. she married
Don Luis de Velasco, marquis of S:ilinas, twice viceroy of
Mexico and once of Peru ; and, after his death, Don Luis
Geronymo de Cabrera, count of Chinchon, who »:is ap-
pointed viceroy of Peru in 1629. During her second resi-
dence in Lima she was attacked with a tertian ague, and
was cured by some powdered Peruvian bark which had
been sent to her physician by the conegidor of Loxa, Don
Juan Lopel de Canizaies. When the countess emb;uked
for Spain she carried a quantity of the b:irk with her.
She died on the voyage, at Cartagena, Dec, 1639, but it
was through her cure that the cinchona bark was first in-
troduced iuto Kurope. Inhonorof her Linna;us named the
genus of quinine-bearing plants Cinchona, or, as it should
have been written, Chinchona.
Chind'wara l,chind-wii'ra). 1. A district in
the Nerbudda dirision of the Central Prorinces,
British India, situated about lat. 22° N., long.
79° E. Area. 4.630 stpiare miles. Population
(1891). 407.494.— 2. The chief town of the
district of Chindwara.
CMnsura
of Calcutta: the seat <if lliifjli roUoffi'- It wns
nettled by thr Dutch in 1058, unci .iilicl U, tlic KiiKlish in
1H24 It is luiw iiK-llldud in liugli (wlliuli see).
Chintaniani(i'liiii-la'iua-ni). in Sanskrit folk-
lore, a •• llioufjht jewel ": a jewel that possesses
the magic power of seeiirint; that to wliich tlie
possessor has direct etl his thoughts; the philoso-
pher's stone. The word appears in the names
of a number of manuals and commentaries.
See .thhidlmiiii-iiiiiihiiiKiiii.
Chioggia (ke-od'jii). or CMozza (ke-ot'sil). A
seaport in the i)rovince of Venice, Italy, situ-
ated on the island of ChioKgia, in the Gulf of
Venice, 15 miles south of Venice. It wa.s cap-
tured by the (lenoese in 137!*. They were de-
feated in 1380 bv the Venetians. Population,
20,000.
Chios (ki'os), or Scio (si'6 or she'd). [Turk.
Saki-Jihisni.'] An island in the yEgean Sea,
west of Asia Minor, in hit. :i8° 20' N., long.
26° E., formerly celebrated for its wines and
fi^. It forms part of the vilayet .Tesairi-Balu-i-Sefld,
Turkey. It was settled by lonians ;' joined the Athenian
Confederation aliont 477 u. c. ; revolted 412 ; came under
Roman dominion in the 2d century u. c, ; and was con-
quered by the Cenoese in tlie 14th century, and by the
Turks in the 10th century. It was the scene of massacres
by the Turks in ls22, and was visited by earthquakes in
I8S1 and 18S2. Length, 32 miles. Breadth, S-I8 mUes.
Population, about :«),0uo.
Chios, or Kastro. The chief town of the islaml
of Chios, sitiuited on the east coast, it is one of
the places wliicli claimed to be the l)irthplace of Homer.
It was nearly destroyed by earthquakes in 1881.
Chippawa (chip'a-wii), or Chippewa (chip'e-
wii). A manufacturing N-ilhige in Wellaud
County. Ontario, Canada, '21 miles northwest
of Buffalo. Uere, July 5, 1814, the Americans (1,900)
under the inunediate conmiand of Scott defeated the
British (2,100) under Riall. Loss of the Americans, 335;
of the Briti>h, r.03.
Chippenham (chip'n-am). Atown in Wiltshire,
England, situated on the Avon 12 miles north-
east of Bath. It has trade in grain and cheese,
anil manufaetiu-es cloth, etc. Population (1891),
4,()1.S.
Chippewa. See Ojihwa.
Chippewa (chip'e-wa), or Ojibway (o-jib'wa).
A river of Wisconsin which joins tlie Missis-
sii)i>i 04 miles southeast of St. Paul. Length,
over 200 miles.
Chippewa Falls (chip'e-wa falz). A lumber
city in ('Inppewa County, western Wiscon-
sin, situated on Chippewa River. Population
(1S90), S,()7ll.
Chippewa^. See ojihwa.
Chipping Wycombe. Sei^ JVi/i-nmhe.
Ohiquimula (che-ke-mii'lii). The capital of a
department of the same name in Guatemala,
Central America, situated 62 miles northeast
of Guatemala. Population, about li,000.
Chiquimula Isthmus. The nanow portion of
Central Aiuericii, between the Bay of Honduras
and the Paei/ic.
Ohiquinquira (che-ken-ke-rii'). Atown in the
state of Boyacii, Colombia, north of Bogotil.
It is noted for a shrine of the Virgin which has been
visited by 80,000 pilj^rinis in one year. Population, about
12,000.
ChiiJLUitos (che-ke'tos). [Sp.,' little.' The first
whites who \isited their country observed that
the hou.ses had very low doors, and erroneously
supposed that these Indians were below the
medium size (hence the name).] A numerous
race of Indians in northeastern Bolivia, on
the lowlands bordering the affluents of the
Maileira and the Paraguay. They were gathered
Inbj mission villages in the 17th century, ami were readily
civilized. The t'tiiiiuitos sjjoke a peculiar language, and
were a gentle race, practising agriculture. They were
divided into a great number of sul)tribes, and had no
general chief. Other tribes were joined to them in the
ntissiiin villages, and adopted their language. Tile de-
scendants of all these are the modern ChiiiuiUis of tlie
same region, numbering about 20,000. Most of them
Btill ajuak their own languilge.
Chiricahua (ehe-re-kii'wii). [From two Apache
worils meaning 'great mounttiin.'] A tribe of
North American Indians near the Gila Kiver.
They are incliideil by some writers among the
(iileno, or Gila Apache. See Apachai.
Chiricahui (che-re-kii'we). [Opata, pro|)erly
t-7ii/i»(-r((/((((,turkey-niotintain; from (7i(7ih/, tur-
key, atid Cdliiii, mountain.] A mountain-range
of Houtheastern Arizona, south of the Southern
Pacific Railroad. During the wars with the Apaches,
and earlier, the ('hiricabui were the refuge ami strong.
hold of some t)f the wililcst Imnds, and they gave their
name to that band of the tril)e which has become fanu>u8
in the HUtln-eaks since ISSfl. See A/ittrfu's.
Ohiriguanos (she-re-gwii'nosi, or Xiriguanos,
<>■■ Siriguanos, or Chirihuanos (sho-re-wii-
nos'). An Indian tribe of Bolivia, of the Tupi
247
stock. They inhabited the lowlands and valleys south
and east of the present site of .Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and
were partially concpiered by the Ineas of I'eril al)ont 1450.
In 1572 they repulsed an invjision «»f the Spaniards under
the viceroy Toledo. They were Christianized in the Isth
century, and their descendants, to the munber of 1.5,ouij
or more, inhabit the eastern highlands of liolivia, in the
provinces of Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Chuquisaca.
Chiriqui (che-re-ke'). A lagoon on the north-
ern coast of the isthmus of Panama, west of
.fV.s])inwall.
Chiron, or Cheiron (ki'ron). [Gr. Xf/pwr.]
In Greek mythology, a centaur, sou of Kronos
and Phily ra. He wiis the pupil of Apollo and Artemis,
the friend and protector of Peleus, and the instructor of
Achilles. He was renowned for his wisdom and skill in
medicine, hunting, music, and prophecy. He dwelt on
Mount Pelion, and on his death was placed by Zeus among
the stars.
Chiron, A son of Tamora, queen of tlie Goths,
in Shakspere's (?) " Titus Andronicus."
Chisedec. See Mantagnuis.
Chiselhurst (chiz'l-herst). A village in Kent,
England, 9 miles south of London. It was
the residence of Napoleon III. 1871-73, and of
Eugenie until 1880.
Chisleu (kis-lii'). The ninth month of the He-
brew year, corresponding to November-Decem-
ber, mentioned in Zach. vii. 1 ; Neh. i. 1 ; 1 Mac.
i. 54 and iv. 59; 2 Mac. i. 9, 18, x. .5. in Assyro-
Babylonian, from which the Hebrew names of the months
are derived, it is Kislimu or C/iislev (R. V.). Tlie name is
explained by Haupt to mean ' month of wrath,' by tVied.
Delitzsch 'month of clouds.'
Chiswick (chiz'ik). A suburb of London, in
Middlesex, situated on the Thames 6 miles west
of Charing Cross. Population (1891), 21,964.
Chiswick House. A villa belonging to the
Duke of Devonshire, situated at Chiswick.
Fox died here in 1806, and Canning in 1827.
Chitimachan (shet-i-mash'an). [Choctaw,
' they possess cooking-vessels.'] A linguistic
stock of North American Indians, represented
by the Shetimasha, a once populous and pow-
erful tribe which inhabited the shores of (irand
or Chetimashes Lake, and bayous Plaquemine
and Lafourche, Louisiana, in 1718, after a treaty
with the French, by whom they were overcome, they re-
moved to the mouth of Bayou Lafourche on the Missis-
sippi, near the present Donaldsonville, where their vil-
lage still existed in 1784. The remnants of the tribe,
about 50 half-breeds, are now on Bayou Plaquemine and
at Oharenton, St. Mary's parish, on the southern shore of
Bayou Tfeche.
Chitradurg (chit-ra-dorg'), or Chitteldrug
(chit-tel-driig'). The capital of the district of
Chitradurg, in Maisur, British India, in lat.
14° 13' N., long. 76° 23' E. It contains a re-
markable rock-fortress. It was besieged by
Hyder Ali in 1776, and taken by him in 1779.
Chitrakuta (chit-ra-ko'tii). ['Bright peak.']
A hill and district, the modern Chitrakote or
Chatarcot, in lat. 2.5° 12' N., long. S0° 47' E.
It was the first habitation of Rama and Lakshmana in
their exile after leaving Ayodhya, and, as the holiest spot
of the worshipers of iiaraa, was crowded with temples
and shrines.
Chitral (chit-ral'). 1. A small state under the
supremacy of Cashmere, about lat. 36° N.,
long. 72° E. — 2. town in the state, on the
Kunar(or Kashgar) River.
Chittagong (chit-ta-gong'). 1. A division in
eastern Bengal, British India. Ai-ea, 12. ll.S
square miles. Population (1881), 3,r)74,04S.—
2. A district in the Chittagong tiivision, in lat.
21°-23° N., long. 91° 30'-92° E. Area, 2,563
square miles. Population (1891), 1,290,167. —
3. Aseajiort and chief town of the Chittagong
district, situateil on tli(! Karnafuli in lat. 22°
20' N., long. 91° IJO' E. It has considerable
trade. Also called Islumahad. Popidation
(1891), 24,1)69.
Chittagong Hill Tracts. A district in theCiiil-
tagong division, Jiengal, British India, east ot
the t'hittagcmg district. Area, 5,419 square
miles. Pbimlation (1891), 107,286.
Chittenden (chit'en-den), Martin. Bom at
Salisbury, ("'onn., Slarch 12, 176(1: died at Wil-
listoii, Vt., Sept. 5, 1840. An American poli-
tician, governor of Vermont 1813-15. He was
a son of Thomas Chittenden.
Chittenden, Thomas. Born at East (iuilfonl,
Coiiii., .Inn. (), 173(1: died at Willistcm, Vt.,
Aug. 2."i, 1797. j\\\ American politician, gov-
ernor of Vermont 179(1-97.
Chittim (kil'im). See Kiltim.
Chitty (ehit'i), Joseph. Born 1776: died at
Lonilou, I'eb. 17, 1H41. A noti'd linglish legal
writer and special pleader. His works include
"A Treatise on Bills of Exchange" (171111), "A Treatise on
the Law of Nations "(1812), "A 'Treatise on Criminal Law"
(1816), " A Treatise on Commercial Law " (1818), "Reports
Chocos
of Cases on I*ractice and Pleading, with Notes " (1820-23),
" On Commercial ( 'ontracts " (18'23X " A Treatise on Medi-
cal Jurisprudence" (18;i4), etc.
Chiusa San Michele (ke-6'sii siin me-ka'le).
.V village II miles northeast of Turin, Italy,
formerly called Ihe " (lates of Lombardy." It
has a noted Benedictine abbey.
Chiusi (ke-ii'se). A town in the province of
Siena, Italy, in lat. 43° 2' N., long. 11° 57' E. :
t he ancient Clusiuin( whence the modern name),
originally Camars. it has a cathedral and a museum
of Etruscan antiquities. It contains an Etruscan necrop-
olis, of great extent and variety, remarkable especially
for its architectural monuments, which are cut from the
rock, tier over tier, in the form of houses with beams and
rafters. One t*)mb has a circular chamber 25 feet in di-
ameter, with a massive column in the middle. Many
tombs consist of several chambers, and some are painteil
with curious friezes representing games, dancing, a feast,
etc. M.any painted vases, miiTors, bronzes, etc., have been
found. The town was one of the twelve confederated
Etruscan cities, and the residence iif Lars I'orsenna.
Chivasso (ke-viis's6). A town in the province
of Turin, Italy, situated on the Po 15 miles
northeast of Turin. Its fortifications were de-
stroyed by the French in 1804.
Chivery (chiv'e-ri). John. "The sentimental
sou of a turnkey" in Charles Dickens's "Little
Dorrit. He passed his time in composing heartlireak-
ing epitaphs. He was very weak and small, but "great
of soul, poetical, expansive, faithful," and ni love with
Little Don-it.
Chladni (clilild'ne), Ernst Florens Friedrich.
Born at Wittenberg, Prussia, Nov. 30, 1756:
died at Breslau, Prussia, April 4, 1827. A Ger-
man physicist, noted for his discoveries in
acoustics. His works include " Entdeckungen iiber
die Theorie des Klanges" (1802), "DieAkustlk" (180-2),
"Uber Feuermeteore"(lS19), etc.
Chloe (klo'e). [Gr. \16ii, the verdant or
blooming.] 1. A country maiden in love
with Daphnis, in the Greek romance "Daphnis
and Chloe," written in the 4th or 5th century.
— 2. Ashepherdess in Sidney's"Ai'cadia." — 3.
The ambitious wife of an honest, commonplace
citizen in Ben Jonson's comedy "The Poet-
aster."— 4. Awanton shepherdess in Fletcher's
"Faithful Shepherdess," intended as a con-
trast to the chaste Clorin.
Chlopicki (chlo-pits'ke), Jozef. Born in Ga-
Ueia, March 24, 1771 : died at Cracow, Sept. 30,
1854. A Polish general. He fought on the side of
the French in the Napoleonic wars, and joined the Russian
service in 1815, but resigned in 1818. He acted as dicta-
tor Dec. .% 1830,-Jan. 23, 1831, in the revolution which
broke out at Warsaw Nov. 29, 1830. Having resigned in
deference to the opposition aroused by his policy, which
sought to attain the objects of the revolution by diplo-
macy rather than by war, he fought with distinction
against the Russians until wounded in Feb., 1^31.
Chloris (klf/ris). [Gr. X'Aupir: ^/"P^d pale,
pallid.] 1. In Greek mythology, the goddess
of fiowers, wife of Zephyrus : identified with
the Roman Flora. — 2. In Greek legend, a daugh-
ter of Ampliiou and Niobe, who with her bro-
ther Amyclas escaped when the other children
of Niobe were slain by Apollo and Artemis.
In her terror she turned perfectly white (whence her
name). Another name for her was Melibcea.
Chlothar. See CluUure.
Chmielnicki(chrayel-nits'ke), Bogdan. Born
1593: died Aug. 25, 1657. A Cossack hetman
of Polish descent, leader of the Cossack revolt
about 1648.
Choate (chot), Rufus. Born at Essex, Mass.,
Oct. 1 , 1799 : died at Halifax, Nova Scotia, July
13, 18.59. Adistinguished American lawyer, ora-
tor, and statesman. He was graduateci at Dartmouth
in 1819, was admitted to the li;u- in 1S2:I, was elected a
representative to Congress from Massachusetts In 1830,
and was reelected in 18.i2, but resigned his seat in 18.S4.
In 1S41 he became the successor in the Senate of Daniel
Webster, who accepted the office of secretary of state
under i'resident Harrison. He remained in the Senate
until ls4.^i, when Webster was reelected.
ChochoCOis. Hoe Sh(>s]i()l:i).
Chochone. Se(< siioslioni.
Chocd (cho-ko'). A province of the Spanish
viceroyalty of New Granada, embracing the
Atrato valley and the region westward to the
PacKic. It i'orms a portion of the present de-
|iarlmeiit of Cnuea.
Chocolate, Paso de. See J'a.io tie CUm-olutc.
Chocolati^re, La Belle. The portrait by Jean
fitieiiiie Liotard of Annetlii Behlauf, a servant
ill a Vienna cafi'. She married the Prince of
Dietrichstein. The picture is in the Dresden
gallery.
Chocorua (cho-kor'u-ii). One of the principal
outlying peaks id' Ilie'While Mountains iiiNew
Il.'iiiipsliire, north of Lake Wiiinepesaukee.
Height, 3,508 feet.
Chocos (cho-kos'). A race of South American
Indians in western Colombia. They were formerly
Chocos
Bcattered over the region from the isthmus of Panama
southward probably to lat. i' N., oicupying the lacillu
coast, the Atmto v.Uley, and extending e:ist;rard in son.c
p"ac« to the Caucx It is probable that other and more
warlike tribes were interspersed over the same region.
They were divided into ni:uiy small tribes, an>l their houses,
instJid of beinn gathered into viUages, were often scat-
^?ed singly th^oiTgh the forests. It is said that in the
raShyTtrato viUh^ythey lived in trees. The descendants
S^e Choros are either civilized or lead a mUerable ex-
istence in the m.arshy forests.
Choctaw (chok'ta), or Chacatos, or Chactaws
or Chahta. A large tribe or dmsion of ^ortu
American Indian.s, whose chief lialJitat m his-
toric times was the middle aud north of Missis-
sippi. They were engaged on both sides in the French
wS English contests ending with 17C3. They coiopressed
?he heads of male infunts, whence the tenu ; Flatheads or
•■T«es plat<s, •used for them by early writers (not to l«
colSounded with the ilatheads of the Salishan stock).
inJeir I resent lands are in the soath^t angle of Indian
Territory They number about 18,000 : 9,996 of them are
stated to be of pure blood. See ifuekhogean.
Choczin. See Cliotin.
Chodzko (chodz'ko), Alexander. Born July
11 1804: died Dee. 20,^18111. A Polish poet.
Orientalist, and Slavic scholar. His works in-
clude "Oraiuraairepersane" (1852), translations
from the Persian and Old Slavic, etc.
Chodzko, Leonard Jacob. Born at Oborek,
near Wilua. Kiissia, Nov. 6, l.SOO: died at Poi-
tiers, France, March 12, 1S71. A Polish his-
torian, author of " La Pologne histonque, lit-
tSraire, etc." (1835-37), etc.
Choephori (ko-ef'o-ri). The. [Gr. Xowopo/,per-
sous offering ,roai, or libations, to the dead.J A
tragedy of ^'sehvlus: so named fi-om the cho-
rus bearing vessels with ofiferings to the tomb
of Ao-amemuou. In it Orestes returns to Argos to
aveng^ the murder of his father Agamemnon, and slays
his mother I'lytemnestra and her paramour j:gisthus.
Choerilus (ker'i-lus). [Gr. Xoipi?.og or Xo,,ii/.-
>of 1 1 An Athenian tragic poet, a contem-
porary of ^schylus.— 2. A Samian poet of the
5th century B. c.
ChterUus (of Samos also), a younger contemporary of
Herodotus, and said by Plutarch to have been intunate
with Lysander, is remarkable for having attempted a great
noveltv — to relate in the epic form the very subject with
which Herudotus founded Greek history. His Perseis sang
the struggle of Uclleiiedom with Persia.
MalMffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 14, .
248
Choi. See Khoi. , r.- ,
Choiseul (shwii-zel'), C6sar, Due de, Sieur du
Plessis-Praslin. Bom at Pans, Feb. 12, lo9b:
died at Paris, Dec. 23, 1675. A Freueh general.
He distinguished himself at the siege of La Rochel e 1628,
served in Pie.lmont 1636-45, became marshal 1W=, and
eained tlie decisive victory of Trancheron over the ^pan.
Urds 1M8. He commanded the royal forces in the war
of the Fronde, and defeated Turenne at Rethel in 1650.
He was created duke 1663. Also known as ilarshal du
Plcssis "
Choiseul, or Choiseul- Amboise.Etienne
Francois, Due de. Born June as, 1<19: died
at Paris, Mav 7, 1785. A French statesman.
He entered the'anny in his youth, and in 1759 obtamed
the rank of lieutenant-general. Through the intluence of
Madame de Pompadoui-, mistress of Louis X% ., he was ap-
pointed ainbass;idor to Rome in 1756. Some months alter
this iippointment he succeeded the Abbe Bernis as ambas-
sador to Vienna. lu Sov., 175S, he was appouited mm-
ister and created Due de ChoiseiU (having hitherto been
known as Comtc .Ic StainviUe). On bis accession to office
he continued the alliance of France with >lana Theresa
of Austria in tlie Seven Years' War. He s.,ught to prose-
cute hostilities :igainst England with vigor in Europe to
the neglect of the proper defense of the colonies : a policy
which "resulted in the loss of Canada and Cape Breton
Island to England, and of Ixiuisiana to Spain, at the peace
of Paris in 1763. He negotiated the " Family Compact
between the Bourbon sovereigns of Fnuice, Spam, and the
Two Sicilies in 1761, and in 1764 expelled the Jesuits from
France. He was dismissed from office in 1 , ,0 through the
influence of the king's new mistress, :Mailaine du Bariy.
Choiseul-Gouffier, Comte de (Marie Gabriel
Florent Auguste de Choiseul-Gouffier).
Born at Paris, Sept. 27, 1752: died at Aachen.
Germany, June 20, 1817. A French iliplomatist
and archieologist. His chief work is " Voyage
pittores<iue de la Grfeee" (1782, new ed. 1841).
Choiseul-Praslin (-prii-lan'), Comte Eugene
Antoine Horace de. Born Feb. 23, 183i. A
French statesman. He was elected representative
of Seine-et-Manie to the National Assembly Feb., 1671 ;
the same year, in March, he was sent to Italy as minister
plenipoteiiliars-, where he remained till November. He is
a republican, and supported Thiers. In ISaii he was sec
retary of state in the ministry of foreign aH-airs. lie has
been several times reelected to the legislature, and in 18»i
was sent on a boUuical mission to Ceylon and the I nited
Choisy (shwiUze'), Francois TimolSon de.
Born at Paris, Aug. 16, idi: die.l Oct. 2, 1,24.
A French ecclesiastic and lUtC-rateur. Uis works
include " Histoire de France sous Ics regnes de Saint Louis,
de PhUippe de ValoU, etc." (1750), "Histoire de madame
la comtesse des Barres" (1735), "Mimoires pour servir a
lliUtoire de Louis XIV." (1727X etc.
Choisy-le-Eoi (shwa-ze'le-rwa'). A suburb of
Paris, situated on the Seine 7i miles south ot
the city. Population (1891), commune, 8,449.
Choke (cliok), General Cyrus. In Dickens's
•'Martin Chuzzlewit,'' an American, "one ot
the most remarkable men in the coimtry," en-
countered by Martin Chuzzlewit.
Choleric Man, The. Aj>lay by Kichard Cum-
lierland. produced in li74.
Choles (chO'les). A tribe ot American Indians
of the Maya stock, formerly very numerous
in southeastern Guatemala. Alter the Spanish con-
nuest they abandoned their homes, and led a wandering
life in the mountains and forests. In the 17th century
some of them were induced to live in mission villages, ana
they gradually became amalgamated with the Spanish-
speaking popuhition. Some Indians caUed Choles, proba-
bly of the stime stock, now live in Chiapas, Mexico.
Cholet (sho-la'). A to«Ti in the department ot
Maine-et-Loire, Fi-ance, 33 miles southwest of
Angers. It has considerable trade in cattle, and manu-
fact^es of cotton and lUien. it was the scene of various
conHicts in theVendean wars, including a Vendean defeat,
Oct. 17, 1793. Population (ISUl), commune, 16,891.
ChoUup (chol'up). Major Hannibal. In Dick-
ens's "Martin Chuzzlewit," an American, a
worshiper of freedom, hmch-law, and slavery.
Cholmondeley (chum'li), George. Died May
7. 1733. The second Earl of Cholmondeley, an
English general and poet. _, , , „,
Cholovone (ch6-16-v6'ne), orTcholovone. ihe
northern division of the Manposan stock ot
North American Indians, formerly on lower
San Joaquin River, California. See Manposnii.
Cholula (cho-lo'la). [Xahuatl of central Mexi-
co, probably.] A considerable Indian town of
Mexico, inhabited, at the time of the conquest,
by an independent tribe of Nahuatl Indians.
It lies about 60 mUes southeast of the city of Mexico, about
15 miles from the foot of the great volcano on the east,
and, in a direct line, 5 or 6 mUes west of the city of Pue-
bla. At this day the town of Cholula has 6,500 inhabi-
tants and the surrounding villages contain nearly hve
times that number. All those villages except two are
modem. Previous to the 16th century Cholula had a
population of not over 25.000 souls, and these were con-
CTegated in the central settlement. The tall mound, er-
roneously called the •'Pyramid of Cholula." was probably
a very ancient settlement erected on an artificial basis ot
sun-dried brick, with a second platform of lesser extent
and greater elevation, and a central mound, the average
elev.ation of which is now 170 feet. Of the fate of this
prehistoric settlement there are not even definite tradi-
tions. There are, besides the great mound, sevenU other
sites of ruins in and around Cholula. The average eleva-
tion of the district above the sea-level is 7,000 feet.
Chonos Archipelago (cho'nos ar-ki-pel a-go).
A gi-oup of about 1'20 islandson the coast of
Chile, between lats. 44° and 4,° S.
Chons. See Klioiis. . , ^ ., .
Chontales (chon-tii'les). A department of
Nicaragua, Central America, east of Lake Ni-
caragua, noted for its mineral wealth.
Chowanoc
These are the people of Chief Joseph, who, during the Nez
PercS war, ordered his men not to molest any white non-
combatants, including women anil children as well as men.
The Chopuunish on the Nez Perce reservation, Idaho,
number 1,616. See .■^hahaiilian an.i Tii^lu'liau:
Choragic Monument of Lysicrates. See li/-
■icrahs.
sirau^eis, xuit-igxAei:?. j ^^^ "- — - c- ■
southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Nicaragua
to various Indian tribes which are not ethm-
cally related, but were originally distinguished
by the Nahnatls as difierent from themselves.
Most of them are now known to ethnologists by
other names.
Chopin (sho-pan'), Frederic Franpois. Born
at Zelazowa-Wola, near Waisaw, Poland, March
1, 1809: died at Paris, Oct. 17, 1849. A cele-
brated Polish composer and pianist. His father
was French, his mother a Pole. His earliest compositions
were dances, mazurkas, polonaises, etc. At nmetcen he
was a finished virtuoso. His masters were a Bohemian,
Zwyny, and Eisner, the director of the School of Music at
\V;u-saw. He began at this age, with his two concertos
and some smaller works, to give concerts m \ lenna, Mu-
nich, and Paris, in the latter place he settled In 183/
began his romantic connection w ith George sand. In ISJS
she took him to ilajorca for his health, and nursed hini
there. She depicted him as " Prince Karol in her novel
"Lucrezia Floriani," as a "high-flown, consumptive, aii.i
exasperating nuisance." Sheleft him alter a friendship ot
eight years, and he Uved in retirement, giving lessons and
composing. His works include two concertos for piano
and orchestra, and 27 etudes, 62 mazurkas, and many pre-
ludes, nocturnes, rondos, etc., and 16 Polish songs. Urove.
Choptank (ehop'tangk). A river and estuary
in eastern Marvland which flows into (Tiesa-
peake Bay aboiit 25 miles southeast of ^Vnnap-
olis. Length, about 100 miles. It is navigable
for 45 miles.
Chopunnish (eho-pun'ish), or Nimapu (nim -
a-po),or Nez Percd(nri per-sa'),orSnahaptan
(shii-hap'tan), or Sahaptin (sii-hap't in ). The
leadinji tribe of the Shaliaptian stock of North
American Indians. Their fonner habitat (in lacn)
was western Idaho, northeastern Oregon, and southeiist-
em Washington, on the lower Snake River and its tributa-
ries They crossed the Rocky Mountains to thehead waters
of the Missouri. Of late years the Nez Perci ('pierced
nose ■) have not pierced the nose for ornamental purposes.
Chorazin (ko-ra'zin). In New Testament ge-
ographv, a city of Palestine, situated near the
northwestern shore of the Sea of Galilee, 2i
miles north of Tel Hum : the modern Kerazeh.
Choris (cho'ris), Ludwig. Born at Yekaterino-
slaff, Russia, March 22, 1795: murdered near
Jalapa, Mexico, March 22, 1828. A Kussian
traveler and painter. He illustrated the works "Voy-
age pittoresque autour du mondc " (1821-23X " ^ ues et
pavsages des regions iquinoxiales •' (lS-26).
Chbrizontes (ko-ri-zon'tez). [Gr. Xopifoi'-tc,
the separators.] The separatists, a party among
the older critics who maintained that the Iliad
and Odyssey were by different authors and be-
longed to different ages.
Chorley (chor'li). A manufacturing town in
Lancashire, England, 8 miles southeast of Pres-
ton. Population (1891), 23.0S2.
Chorley (chor'li). Henry Fothergill. Bom at
Blaeklev Hui^st, near Billinge, Lancashire, Eng-
land, Dec. 15, 1808: died at London, Feb. 16,
1872. -An English journalist, novelist, drama-
tist, and poet, musical critic and reviewer for
the London "Athensum." His works include
"Modem German Music" (1S54X and "Thirty Years'
Musical Kecidlections " (186-2) ; also a number of unsucces^
ful novels, including "Koccabelhi," which was published
under the pseudonym "Paul Bell," and several dramas,
among them "Old Love and New Fortune."
Cboron (sho-roii' ), Alexandre Etienne. Bom
at Caen. France, Oct. 21, 1771: died at Pans,
June 29, 1834. A French musical writer,
teacher, and composer. He wrote " Pi-incipes
de composition des ecoles d'ltalie" (1808), etc.
Chorrillos (ehor-rel'yos). A coast city and
noted watering-place of Peru, 30 mUes south-
east of Lima. Here the Peruvians under Iglesias and
Cacereswere defeated by the Chilians Jan. 13,1881, Iglesias
surrendering with 6,000 men. Population, abont 3,000.
Chort (chort). [Ai-.] The third-magnitude star
ff Centauri.
ChOSroes. See Kliufmu. ,,..,^-..
Chota (cho'tii), or Chutia, Nagpur (eho'te-a
niig-por'). A di\-ision in Bengal. British India,
lying southof Behar. Area, 26.966 square miles.
Population (1891). 4.628.792.
Chota, or Chutia, Nagpur Tributary States.
A collective name for the seven states Udai-
pui-, Sirguga, Gangpm-, Bonai, Koria, Chang
and Bhakar, situated west of the Chota Nagpur
division. Area, 16,054 square miles. Popula-
tion (1891), 883,359 (chiefly aboriginal tribes).
Chotin (cho-ten'), or Chocim (cho'chim), or
Khotin (cho-ten'). A town in the govern-
ment of Bessarabia. Russia, situated on the
Dniester in lat. 48° 33' N.. long. 26° 28' E.
The Turks were defeated here by the Poles in 1621 and
1673, aud by the Russians in 1739 and 1768. Population,
•20,070.
ChotUSitZ (cho'to-zits), Czech. Chotusice. A
vUlage near Czaslau, Bohemia, 45 mUes south-
east 'of Prague. Here, May 17, 1742, the Prussians
under Frederick the Great defeated the Austrians under
Charles of Lorraine. Also called battle of Czaslau.
Chotzim. See Chotin.
Chouans (sho'anz; F. pron. sho-on'). [Per-
haps from Jea'ii Cottereau, called Choiiaii, one
of their leaders: Cliouaii being a corruption of
chat-huaitt, a screech-owl.] Dulling the French
Kevolution, a name given to the royalist insur-
gents of Brittany
Chouans, Les. A novel by Balzac, published in
1829: properly " Le dernier Chouan." It has
been diamatized.
Chouman. See Comanche.
Chouteau (shci-to'), Auguste. Born at New
Orleans, 1739: died at St. Louis, Mo., Feb.
24. 1S29. One of the founders of St. Louis.
With his brother Pierre, he joined in August, 1763, the
expedition of Laclfede to establish the fur-trade in the
legion watered by the Missouri and its tributaries ; and
was iu command of a party which, Feb. 15, 1764, began
the est.ablishmeiit of a trading post called St. Louis on
the site of the present city of that name in MissourL_
Chouteau, Pierre. Bom at New Orleans, 1(49 :
died at St. Louis, ilo., July 9, 1849. An Ameri-
can pioneer. He was associated with his brother, Au-
guste Chouteau, in the founding of St. Louis in 176*.
Chouteau, Pierre. Bom at St. Lotus, Jan.
I'J, 17s'J : ilied at St. Louis, Sept. 8. 1865. An
Americr^n fur-trader, son of PieiTe Chouteau.
Chowanoc (cho-wan'ok). [Algonquian, ' South-
landers.'] A tribe of North American Indians
formerly on the Chowan Kiver in northeast-
ern North Carolina. When first known, 15S4-85, they
Chowanoc
were theleadins tribe in that rLfiuii. They joined in the
TUBCimiru outliii'iili in 1711, and atturwiinl tin- survivors,
liix.ut "^40 in lunnlier, were settled on ii ^tnall reservation
on F'.irnictt's creek. Msu Clioimiiiielt, See /rm/i(oiail.
Chrestien (kra-te-aii'), Florent. Born at Or-
leans, l''raiK'i', l.')41: dioil at Veudome, France,
15yt). A French satirist, comjioser of Latin
verse, and one of the authors of the ''Satyi-e
Meuippee " (whicli see).
Chrestien, or Chretien, de Troyes (de trwii).
Born at Troyes (0, France, about 1140-50:
died before 1191 (?). A noted Frcncli poet
(trouv6ro) attached to the coiu-ts of Hainault
and Champagne and of Philip of Alsace, count
of Flanders. Little is known of his lite beyond the
fuel tliat he was under the patronaiie of Mary, daughter
of King Louis VII. , who was married in H<>1 to Henry I.,
count of Champagne, lie was among the Ill-st trouvercs
to write after tlie model set liy the troubadours in southern
France, and in liis Artliurian legnuLs lie set fortli the theo-
ries of love as accepted by the noble ladies of his day. ills
extant Arthurian works are " Le Chevalier ii la Chan-ette,"
taken from a prose " Lancelot du Lac " (concluded by Geof-
frey do Ligny, or Oodefroy de LagnyX "Le Chevalier an
Lyon ," fattributed by the Abbe lie la Itue to Wace), " Erec
Hud Enide " (the same legend that Tennyson used in the
"Idylls of the King"), "Le roman de Clig^s or Cliget,"
" Percevale " (a work continued iiy successive versitlers to
the extent of some Hf ty thousand lines, and probably repre-
senting in part a work of Robert de Horron). He also trans-
lated Livid, and wrote a poem on " William the Conqueror."
Chriemhild. t^ee KrUmhild.
Christ (krist). [L. Chrixtits. Or. Xiiinrii: (o Xpw-
Tir, the Anointed).] The Anointed One, the
Greek translation of Mc.s.siali (Hebrew mdii'li) :
a title of Jesus of Nazaretli
249
Christison
Christian II. Born at Nyborg, Denmark, July Christian, Fletcher. Lived in the last half of
14H1 : died at Kallnndlnirg, Denmark. .lai
-'5, 15t")!). King of Denmark andNorway 1.513-:i3,
surnained " The l!ruel," son of Joiin whom^lie
succeeded, lie married Isabella, sister of the emperor
Charles V., in 151.^. He colKpiered Sweden in l.')20 ; but
by his raa.ssacre uf the Swedish nobility at Stockholm the
same year jirovokcd an ui>rising under (.Justavus V'asa,
which resulted in the liberation of Sweden. He was de-
posed in 1523. and driven out of Denmark. He made a
descent on Norway in l.^i^l, but was captured in 1532 and
detained in prison till his death.
Christian III. Bom 1502: died at Kolding,
Denmark, .Jan. 1, 1559. King of Denmark and
Norway 1534-59. He introduced the llcf.jrmation into
Denmark and Norway,destroyed the inHuence of the iianse
towns in his dominions, and reduced Norway to a province.
Christian IV. Bom at Frederiksborg, Den-
mark, April 12, 1577: died at Copenhagen, Feb.
28, 1048. King of Denmark and Norway 1588-
1648, son of Frederick II. He carried on a success-
ful war against Sweden 1611-13. As duke of Holstein he
was invited in 1625, in the Thirty Years' War, to take the
lead in the rising of the Pi-otestants in northern Germany.
He was defeated by Tilly at Lutter am Barenberge, in
Brunswick, Aug., 1G2(;, and forced to accept the peace of
Liibeck May, 163!>. In a second war with Sweden, begun
1643, and concluded Aug., 104.'i, by the peace of Bromse-
bro, he lost the Norwegian districts of Jemtland and Her-
jeland, and the islands of Gothland and Osel, and was
forced to make other important concessions. He pro-
moted connnerce and enterprise, founded the Danish set-
tlement at Tranqnebar in the East Indies, and by his
coui-age and magnanuuity acquired in a high degree the
favor of his subjects. The well-known ballad "KingKris-
tian stood by the lofty Mast" conimemoi-ates his heroism
in the hea-tlght with the Swedes before Kiel, July, 1644.
Christabel (kris'ta-bel). 1. The daughter of Christian V. Born April 15, 1640: died at
the king who secretly betrothed herself to Sir
Cauline, in the old ballad of that naino. The king
discovered it, and Sir Cauline performed prodigies of valor
to win her. He was at length killed while freeing her
from the soldan, and she " biu'ste her gentle hearte in
twayne. "
2. The heroine of Coleridge's poem of that
name, published in 181G. The gentle and pious
daughter of .Sir Leoline, she is induced by a powerful
spell to bring into her father's castle the enchantress who
calls herself the Lady Geraldine.
Christ k la Faille. [P., 'of the straw.'] A
paintintr by Kubens, in tlie Museum of Ant-
werp, Delgium. It represents the dead Christ lying
on a stone bench covered with straw, supported by Joseph
of Arinnlthe;^ with the Virgin, St. John, and the Magda-
len grieving. On the siile panels are St. John the Apostle
and a Virgin and child.
Christ among the Doctors. A highly esteemed
painting by lnf;res, in Ihe Mus^e Municipal at
Montauban, France.
Christ bearing the Cross. A celebrated statue
by Michelangelo, in Santa Maria sopra Minerva,
Komo.
Christchurch (ki-ist'cherch). A seaport in
Hampshire, England, situated at the junction
Copenhagen, Aug. 25, 1699. King of Denmark
and Norway 1670-99, sou of Frederick III.
carried on an unsuccessful war against Sweden 1675-79,
and pnljlished in 1083 a code which hears his name.
Christian VI. Born Nov. 30, 1699 : died Aug.
6, 17-16. King of Denmark and Norway 1730-
1746, son of Frederick IV. He was completely under
the iullnence of his wife, Sophie Magdalene of Branden-
burg-Kulmbach, who squaTidered his revenue in magnifi-
cent building operations, including the palace of cliris-
tiansborg.
Christian VII. Born at Copenhagen, Jan. 29,
1749: died at Rendsburg, Holstein, March 13,
1808. King of Denmark and Norway 1766-
tlie bsth century. Master's mate and leader
of thi^ mutineers of the Bounty, younger bi'O-
ther of Edward Christian. SeeJiouJili/. .\ftcrthc
ship reached Tahiti, what became of Christian is not
known : according to Adams, the sin-viviug mutineer
found on Pitcairn Island, he was murdered by the Tahi-
tians. It is possible that he escaped and returned to
England.
Christiana (kris-ti-an'ji). [Fem. of Christian.l
The wife of Christian, and the chief female
character in the second part of Buuyan's "Pil-
grim's Progress." She also left the City of De-
struction after Christian's flight.
Christian Cicero. An epithet given to Laotan-
tius.
Christian Hero, The. A work by Richard
Steele, published in 1701.
Christiania (kris-to-ii'ne-ii). [Named from
Christian IV. of Denmark.] The capital of
Norway, and the chief seaport and city of the
country, situated on Christiania Fjord in lat.
59° 55' N., long. 10° 44' E. It has a large foreign
and coasting trade, and exports lumber, flsh, etc. It is
tlie seat of a univer.sity. It takes the place of the old
medieval and commercial town Oslo, and was founded
by Christian IV. in 1624. Population (1S91), 148,319.
Christiania. A diocese (stiff) in southeastern
Norway.
Christiania Fjord (kris-te-ii'ne-a fyord). .An
arm of the sea on the southern coast of Nor-
way, south of Christiania. It is very pictu-
res(jue. Length, about 50 miles.
Christian of Troyes. See Chrestien de Troyes.
Christiansand (kris'te-an-siind). A diocese
(stiff) in southern Norway.
?a Christiansand. [Named from Christian IV. of
Denmark.] A seaport and the capital of the
diocese of Chi-istiansand, sittiated on Chris-
tiansand Fjord in lat. 58° 10' N., long. 7° 58' E.
It has a good harbor and a large trade, and contains a
cathedral. It was founded by Christian IV. Population
(1891), 12,511.
Christian Seneca. An epithet given to Joseph
Hall (1574-1656).
Christianstad (kris'te-iin-stad). A l£en at the
southern extremity of Sweden. Ai-ea, 2,507
square miles. Population (1893), 218,752.
18, 1786 : tiled at Copenhagen, Jan. 20, 1848
King of Denmark 1839-48, and Duke of Schles-
wig-Holstein and Lauenburg : eldest son of
Frederick, stepbrother of Christian VII. He
was governor of Norway when the peace of Kiel, con
Of the Avon and Stour, 20 miles southeast of Christian VIII. ^ Born at Copenhagen, Sept.
Southampton. It contains a priory church. '^ ' "' " '" ' ~^ " " " '
Population (1891), 3,994.
duristchurch. A city in New Zealand, situated
in the countv of Sehvyn, South Island, in lat.
43° 35' S., long. 172° 35' E. Its haven is Port
lA'ttelton. Popidation (1891), with suburbs,
47,846.
Christ Church. One of the largest and most f asli-
ionable colleges of O.xford University, founded
iu 1525 by Cardinal Wolsi«y as Cardinal College,
remodeled as King Henry VlH.'s College in
1532, and refounded as Christ (Church by Henry
VIII. ill 154G. The Hue Per|>iljdicuilar gatew.iy to the
great quadrangle ("Tom ynad '), wbicli is tlie largest in
Oxford, opens beneath the Tom 'lower, whose upperstage
was built by Wren in 1612. On the .'iontli sideuf thei|Uad-
rangle is the beautiful Perpendicular hall, 115 by 40 feet,
and 50 high to the carved o:lk ceiling. It possesses many
fine old and nuidcni portraits.
Christ Crucified bet'ween the Two Thieves.
A famous fresco by Fra Angelico, in the Con-
vent of San Marco. Florence. The mourning spec-
tators include the most prominent figures of the church,
and jiarticnlarly of the order of St. Dominie.
Christ, Entombment of. A noted painting by
Titian, in the Louvre, Paris.
Christian (kris'tian). [L. Cliristinnus, Gr. Xpia-
Tiavor, F. Chrestien, Chretien, It. Sp. Pg. Cris-
tiiUio, O. Dan. Christian.'^ The hero of Bun-
van's " Pilgrim's Progress" (which see).
dhristian (kris'tian) I. Born 1426: died at
Copi'iiliagen, May 21, 1481. King of Denmark,
the foiiiiiler of the house of UUlnibiirg in Den-
mark, lie was a son of Theodoric, count of oldentiurg,
and Uedwig, heiress of Scllleswig and ilolstciii. He was
elected in 1448 to succeed Christopher ill., who had died
the same year without issue, and was crowned king of
1808, and Duke of SchleswJg-Holstoin : son ^of Christianstad. [Named from Christian IV. of
Denmark.] The capital of the la^n of Christian-
stad, Sweden, situated near the Baltic in lat.
56° N., long. 14° 12' E. its seaport is Ahus. It was
founded by Clu-istian IV. of Denmark. Population (1890),
10,670.
Christiansted (kris'te-iiu-sted), or Bassin
(bas'sin). The capital of the Danish West
Indies, situated on the island of Santa Cruz
in lat. 17° 45' N., long. 64° 41' W. Population,
about 5,000.
Christiansund (kris'te-iiu-sond). A seaport in
the amt of Romsdal, Norway, built on four
Islands in lat. 63° 10' N., long. 7° 45' E. It
e.xports fish. Population (1891), 10,130.
Christian Vergil. ±\n epithet given to Marco
Frederick V. by Louisa, daughter of George II,
of England. Christian's reason having become im-
paired as a consequence of dissipation, the royal physi-
cian in ordinary, Struensee, supported by the queen,
Caroline Jlatilda, sister of George III. of England, ob-
tained, through his appointment in 1770 as prime minis-
ter, the paramount influence in the government, stru-
ensee was deprived of power .Jan. 17, 1772, and put to
death (while the queen was banished) by the queen-dow
ager and the minister Ove Uoegh-Giddberg. The crown
prince l<'rederiek assumed the government April 14, 1784,
and had hini-self declared regent.
Girohuno Vida (1490J-1566).
eluded Jan. 14, 1814, which ceded^Norway to .Sweden, was ChristiaS (kris'ti-as). An epio poem on the
" life of Christ, written in Latin (1535) by Marco
Girolamo Vida.
Christie (kris'ti), Alexander. Born at Edin-
burgh, 1807: died May 5, 1860. A Scottish
painter, elected an associate of the Royal Scot-
tisli Academy in 1848.
Christina (kris-to'nii). Born at Stockholm, Dec.
18, 1626 : died at Rome, April 19, 1689. Queen
of Sweden, daughter of Gustavus II. Adolphus,
whom she succeeded in 1632 under a regency
cimiposcd of the live chief oflicersof the crown.
she assumed the government in 16t4, terminated by the
treaty of Bromsebi-o in 16-15 the wju' which had been
waged against Denmark since 16-1:1, and contrary to the
advice of Oxenstierna hastened the conclusion of peace in
Germany. Having in 1640 secured the election of her
cousin t'liarles Gustavus as her successor, she abdicated
the throne in 1654, and shortly after embraced the Roman
Catholic faith. She eventually settled in Rome, where
she i»atronized men of letters and science, and collected
a library which was purchased after her death by Pope
Ale.xand'er VIII.
_ epudiated by the Norwegians, .Tan. 28, 1814. Ue came
forward as the champion of the national independence,
collected an army of 12,000 men, convened a diet at Eids-
wold April 10, which adopted a constitution May 17, and
was proclaimed king of Norway under the title of Cluis.
Man I. May 19, 1814. Unable, however, to maintain his
position against the Swedes, supported by the allied
powers, he eouclnded a truce at Moss Aug. 14, and relin-
quished the crown Oct. lo, 1814. He issued a proclama-
tion July 8. 1846, in which he declared Schleswig and
Holstein to be iniilssoUibly united to Denmark.
Christian IX. Borti near Schleswig, April 8,
1818. King of Denmark, fourth son of Fi'ed-
erick, duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbui'g-
Gliicksburg. He succeeded Frederick VII. Nov. 16,
1803. He pioclaimeil himself sovereign of Schleswig and
Holstein, tlie .siucission to which duchies was claimed by
Prince I'l i-deri.-k of Sonilfiburg-Augnstenliurg, who was
8U|iportid by the iiilndiilunts, and on Nov. 18, 186:!, he rati-
fied a constitution incorporating Schleswig with Denmark.
The SchleHwig-IIolstein liispute finally involved him in a
war with Prussia and Austria, whose forces invadcil
Schleswig yell. 1, I8tU, and after an obstinnte resistance
occupied Jutland. Ity the treaty of (let. :ai, isiit. Cbristiai
formally rcnonneed all claims to .sciiii»wig, ii.iisteiii. and Christina, Maria. See Maria Christina.
Lauenburg. lie has issue I'rown Prince KredcriekOioni Qjj].jg^;jjjg ^g PisaU (kres-ten' d^pe-ZOli').
Born at Venici' about 1363: died after 1431.
A writer of Italian parentage (daughter of
.Tune 3, 1843); Alexandra, piinccss of Wales (born Dee. 1
1844); George I., king of Greece (l)orn Dec. 24, ls4.'i); Dag-
mar, dowager empress of Russia (born Nov. 26, 18-i7) ;
Thyia, duchess of Cumberland (born Sept. 29, 185S);
Prince Waldeinar (born Oct. 27, 1868).
Christian. Died at Tusculum, Italy, Aug. 25,
lis:!. ACierman prelate, made archbishoii of
Main/. Sept., 11(!5, general of Frederick Bi
bai'ossa in Italv 1167-83.
Jar-
Norway in'l460. lie took possession of (he government Christian, Edward. Died at Cambridge, Ellg-
of Sweden hi 1457, hut wi« expelled from the country by j.^,,,! March 29, 1823. All English jurist, pro-
8ten Sture in 1470. He was elected duke of Schleswig ,. ' ,• i ,„ , ..f i \,, ,,.,,;.,« P/^il^.^.., /'m.il.fl.l.r.,
and count of Holstein 1460, and founded the University of '^^^^fO' '.'' ''.'^^^''^ '^.'""" ?,*'°'i'{lP' ^""il'ridge,
Copcnliagen June L 1479. and chief justice ot the isle ot Lly.
Thomas de Pisan, councilor of the Venetian
republic and astrologer of Charles V.), edu-
cated in Paris, she wrote "Lo livro des faicts et
homios niocurs de Charles V.," and many poems.
ChristinOS. See Cristinas.
Christison (la-is'ti-son). Sir Robert. Bom July
IS, 1797: died Jan. 23, 1882. A noted Scottish
l>hvsician. He was ju-ofessor of medical jurisprudence
at i'Minburgh 1822-32, and of materia nualiea and thera-
peutics 1832-77. He received a baronetcy in 1871.
Christmas Carol, The
Christmas Carol, The. A Christmas tale by
CluiHcs Dicki'Ms, wliic-h appeared iu 1843.
Christmas Island (Uris'mas i'laud). 1. A
small islaiKl in the Pacifie,in lat. 1° .57'N.,loiig.
1.57° US' W. It is a Britisli pcisscssiori. — 2. A
small islauil 'ii the Iiuliau Oi-eaii, about lat. 10°
31' S., lonj;. 10.')° 33' E. It is a British possession.
Christophe, or Cristophe (kres-tof ), Henri.
Born t)ct. (i, 17G7: died Oct. 8, 1820. A negro
of Haiti. He took part in the revolution of tT'JO, and
became the most trustcii general of Xoussaint Louvertiue,
serviniJ against the French. Subsequently he connnaniled
under Dessalines in the black republic of northern Haiti,
and succeeded him in 1800. War with Pt'tion followed
during several years. In 1811 Cliristophe was proclaimed
king of Haiti, and was crowned .tune 2 as Henri I. His
wars with the re]>ublic of the south, and rebellions caused
by his tyramiy, brought about his downfall. Attacked by
the rebels, he shot himself at Port an Prince.
Christopher (kris'to-Kr), Saint. [L. Christo-
jjhoriix. Or. X/hctto^^i/doj-, Christ-bearer; It. Cris-
toforo, F. Cliriatoplie, Sp. Cristooul, Pg. Chris-
tovSo, G. Christojili.'] A martyr of the 3d cen-
tury. He is said to have lived in Syria, and to have
been of prodigious height and strength. As a penance
for having been a servant of tlie devil, he devoted him-
self to tlie task of carrying pilgrims across a river where
there was no bridge. Chl-ist came to the river one day in
the form of a child and ii3ked to be carried over, but his
weight grew heavier aiul heavier till his bearer w:is nearly
broken down in the midst of the stream. When they
reached the shore, "ilarvel not,"'said the child, "for with
me tliiHi ha.st borne the sins of all the world." Christo-
pher is usually represented as bearing the infant Christ
and leaning upon a great statf. The Roman and Angli-
can churches celebrate his festiv-al on July 25 ; the Greek
Church on May 9.
Christopulos (kris-top'6-los), Athanasios.
Born at Kastoria, European Turkey, 1772: died
in Wallaehia, Jan. 29. 1847. A Greek lyi'ic poet.
His lyrics were published in Paris 1833"and 1841.
Christ's College (krists kol'ej). A college of
the University of Cambridge, England, founded
in 1.505 by Margaret, countess of Richmond.
The Tudor arms remain over the gateway, but the build-
ings were renovated in the 18th century. The gardens
are celebrated for their beauty.
Christ's Hospital. Aeelebrated school in New-
gate street, London, known as the Blue float
School from the ancient dress of the scholars,
which is still retained. It was founded by Edward
VI. on the site of the monastery of tiray Friars, given by
Henry VIII. to the city near the end of his reign for tlie
relief of the poor. The gift was confirmed by Edward VI.
just before his death. Walford, London.
Christy (kris'ti), Henry. Born at Kingston on
the Thames, .luly 26, 1810: died at La Palisse,
France, May 4, 18G5. An English ethnologist,
noted especially for his exploration of the
caves iu the valley of the V^zfere, in southern
France. He began the preparation of a work containing
the results of his investigations, which was completed,
after his death, Ity il. Lartet and Pi-ofessor Rupert-. lone.s,
under the title "Reliquia! Aijuitanic* : beiTig Contribu-
tions tothe.\rchjei:>logy and Palajontologyof FeriLjord and
the adjacent Provinces of Southern France."
Chrodegang (kro'de-gang), or Godegrand
(go'de-graud). Saint. Died at Metz, March 6,
766. \ bishop of Metz. He was a native of Hasba-
nia (Belgian Limburg), and was descended from a distin-
guished family amiuig the Ripuarian Franks. He was ap-
Sointed bishop of .Metz by Pepin the Short in 742, con-
ucted the Pope on a journey from Rome to Gaul in 75:J,
and in 7t*4 brought from Rome the relics which had been
presented by the Pope to the churches and monasteries of
Gaul. He is the author of the "Vita Canonica,"a rule
borrowed in part from that of St. Benedict, and of which
there are two versions— an older one intended for the
cathedral of Metz, and a more recent one, intended for the
church in general.
Chronicle of Paros. An important Greek his-
torical inscription found iu the island of Paros,
and now preserved among the Arundelian mar-
bles at O.xford. It extended originally from the mythi-
cal reign of Cecrops, king of Athens, taken as B. c. 1582,
to the archonsliip of Diogenetus, B. c. 2«4 ; but the end is
now lost, and the surviving part extends only to B. 0. :i55.
The chronicle embraces an outline of Greek history, with
especial attention to festivals, poetry, and music. Politi-
cal and military events are less carefully recorded, many
of importance being omitted entirely.
Chronicle of the Cid. See Cid.
Chronicle of the Kings of England from the
Time of tlie Romans' (ioveriinieut unto the
Death of King .Tiimcs. The principal work of
Sir liidiard I'.aker. It was published in 1843, and its
popularity is attested by its many editions, a ninth ap-
pearing in lO'.KS. It was crontinued by another to the time
of George I., and issued in 1730.
Chronicles (kron'i-kl/.). Two books of the
Old Testament, supplementary to the books of
Kings. They formed originally one book, the division
into two having been made for convenience in the LXX.
The name Chronica (Eng. Chronu-lrsX which is given in
some copies of the Vulgate, appears to date from .lerome.
In the LXX they are called TrapaAniroMei'a ('omitted
things'), and in the Hebrew "Journals "or diaiies. 'I'hey
probably consist of materials which may have been in part
collected by Ezra, and were revised about the second half
of the 4th century B. o. by another, probably a Levite.
250
Chronicles of the Canongate. [See Cnnnn-
i/dli ,} A collection of stoi-ics by Sir Walter
Scott. The first series, published in 1827, includes "The
Highland 'Widow," "Two Drovers," and "The Surgeon's
Daughter." The second series ("The Fair .Maid of I'erth")
was published in 18*28. The tales are supposed to be nar-
rated by Mr. Cluystal Croftiuigry, to whom they are told by
Mrs. Baliol.
Chronicles of the Schonberg-Cotta Family
(shen'berg-kot'til fam'i-li). A historical novel
by Mrs. Cluirles, published in 1863.
ChrononhotonthologOS (kro-nou 'ho-ton-thol'-
o-gos). A burlesque by Henry Carey, "the
most tragical tragedy ever yet tragedi/.ed," first
performed in 1734. it was imitated to some degree
from Fielding's play "Tom Thumb." Chrononhotonthol-
ogOS is the King of Queerummauia. His name is occa-
sionally used as a nickname for any particularly bombastic
and inflated talker. See AldihoToniephoifCiiphnrma,
Chrudim (chro'dim). A town in Bohemia, sit-
uated on the Clirudinka in lat. 49° .57' N., long.
15° 47' E. Population (1890), 12,12.8.
Chrysal (kris'al), or the Adventures of a
Guinea. A novel by Charles Johnstone, pul)-
lished in 1760. chrysal is an elementary spirit whose
abode is in a piece of gold converted into a guinea. In
that form the spirit passes from man to man, and takes
accurate note of the different scenes of which it becomes
a witness. Tiickermaii, Hist, of Eng. Prose Fict., p. 240.
Chrysalde (kre-ziiUr ). A character in Moliere's
comedy "L'Eeole des femraes."
Chrysale (kre-ziir). A good, stupid citizen of
the midiUe class, the husband of Philaminte,
iu Moliere's comedy "Les femmes savantes."
See Philaminte.
Chrysaor (kri-sa'6r or kris'a-6r). [6r. Xpv-
CTuu/j.] 1. In classical mythology, a son of
Poseidon and Medusa, and father (by Callir-
rhoe) of the three-headed Geryones and Echid-
na. He sprang forth from the head of Medusa
when Perseus cut it off. — 2. The sword of
Artegal, in Spenser's ''Faerie Queene."
Chryseis (kri-se'is). [Gr. Xpi'ff;?<f.] In Ho-
meric legend, Astynome, the daughter of Chry-
ses, seized as a slave by Agamemnon. When
the king refused to give her up, Chryses prayed to Apollo
for vengeance, and the god sent a plague upon the camp
of the Greeks, which was not stayed until the maiden was
tiiken back to her father by Odysseus.
Chryses (kri'sez). [Gr. XpiTO/i;.] In Homeric
legend, a priest of Apollo at Chrysa.
ChrysippusCkri-sip'us). [Gr. X/)/imn--nf.] Born
at Soli, Cilicia, 280 B. c. : died at Athens, 207
B. c. A Greek Stoic philosopher, a disciple of
Cleanthes. He invented the logical argument called
sorites, and was, next to Zeno, the most eminent philoso-
pher of his sect. He is said to have died from an im-
moderate lit of laughter on seeing an ass eating some figs
destined for his own supper. " ' Give him a bumper of
wine,' he cried to the old woman who attended him, and
w.as so amused by the incident that he sank under the ex-
haustion of his own merriment." K. 0. Midler, Hist, of
the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 27. {Donaldson.)
Chrysoloras (kris-o-16'ras), Manuel. [Or.
Mavovi/A b Xpcati/upaf.] Born at Constantino-
ple (?) about 1355: died at Constance, Ger-
many, April 15, 1415. A celebrated Greek
scholar, teacher of Greek in Italy. Many distin-
guished scholars were his pupils. He wrote "Erotemata
sive Quicstiones," one of the tlrst Greek grammars used in
Italy.
Chrysopolis (kri-sop'o-lis). [Gr. XpuffoTToXif,
golden city.] An ancient town on the site of
the modern Scutari, in Asia Minor.
Chrysostom (kris'os-tom or kris-os'tom). Saint
John, [Gr. ^ptiCTOCTro/ioc, golden-mouthed.]
Born at Antioch, Syria, probably in 347 a. d. :
died near Comana, Cappadocia, Sept. 4, 407.
A celebrated father of the Greek Church. He
was preacher and prelate at Antioch, was patriaix'h of Con-
stantinople 398-4114, and was exiled to Cappadocia 404-
407. The chief editions of his works are tlie "Benedic-
tine" (13 vols. fol. 1718), and that of the AbbtS Migne (13
vols, 1883). He is counnemorated in the Greek Church on
Jan. 27 and Nov. 13, in the Roman Church on Jan, 27.
The last of the great Christian sophists who came forth
from the schools of heathen rhetoric was John, the son of
Sccnndus, a genenil in the imperial army, who is gener-
ally known by the surname Chrysostomus, given to him,
as to the eminent sophist Dio Cocceianus, on account ol
his golden eloquence. He was born at Antioch, about
A. D, a47, and was taught rhetoric in his native city by
Libanius, who would gladly have established him in his
school as his assistant and successor, if Chrysostom had
not been drawn away from secular pursuits by his reli-
gious convictions.
K. O. Midler, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc, Greece, HI, 341,
[{Donaldson.)
Chrysostome (kris'os-tom). A character in
Cervantes's "Don Quixote," a learned man
who died for love.
Chr2ano'ivski(chzhil-nov'ske). Adalbert. Born
in tlic waywodesliip of Cracow, 17.S,S: ilicd at
Paris, March 5, 1861. A Polish general iu the
revolution of 1830-31. He was commander of
Chupas
the Sardinian armv in the Novara campaign,
1849.
Chuana (chwii'na). A Bantu nation of South
.\t'riea, embracing many tribes, and occupying
not only British Bechuana-laiid, but most of
tlie Transvaal. The language is called Se-ehuani^ aud
differs but dialectiUly from .Sc-Suto. The Bechuaini are
tlarker, less tall and brave, but more progressive than the
Zulus. They build round houses with verandas, aiul wear
a kaross. The western Bechuaua are rather pastoral
than agricultural. The principal eastern tribes are the
Basuto, Ba-tlaka, Ba-Mapelii, Ba-Pedi ; the western are
the lia Hlapi, Ba-Tlaro(Kuruman), Ba-Rolong (.Mafeking),
Ba-Ngwaketsi and Ba-Kuena (Molopohde), Ba-Mangwato,
between Ngami and Limpopo (Khama's people).
Chuapa (cho-ii'pil), or Choapa (cho-a'pa). A
river iu Cliile which separates Coquimbo from
Aconcagua, flowing into the Pacific Ocean 100
miles nortli of Vali)araiso. Ijcngth, 120 miles.
Chubar (chii-biir'), or Charbar (char-bar').
1. A bav on the southern coast of Persia, in
lat. 2.5° 20' N., long. 60° 30' E.— 2. A port on
the Bay of Cliubar.
Chubb (chub), Thomas. Born at East Harn-
ham, near Salisbiu-y, England, Sept. 29, 1679:
died at Salisbury, Feb. 8, 1747. A mechanic
apprenticed to a glove-maker, and later assis-
tant to a tallow-chandler of Salisbury, noted
as a deistieal writer, of his various controversial
tracts the best-known is that entitled "The True Gospel
of Jesus Christ Asserted " (1738).
Chuchacas. See Kn-esan.
Chucuito, or Chucuyto, or Chuquito(ch6-kwe'-
to). A town in snutlierii Peru, situated on Lake
Titicaca 15 miles southeast of Puno. Under the
Incas this was the most important town of the Collao, and
ancient ruins still e-vist near it. Population, estimated at
5,1100.
Chudleigh (chud'le). A town in Devonshire,
Engliinil, 8 miles southwest of Exeter.
Chudleigh, Cape. A cajie at the entrance of
Hudson Strait, uu tlie northern coast of Labra-
dor.
Chuffey (chuf'i). The superannujited clerk who
saves the life of old Anthony Chuzzlewit iu
Dickens's "Martin Chuzzlewit."
Ohukiang (eho-ke-ang'). Same as Pearl Biver,
in Cliina.
Chumaia (cho-mi'a). A tribe of North Ameri-
can Iiulians living in Eden valley and on the
Middle Eel River, California. See I'ukiun.
Chumanas. See Jumanus.
Chumashan (cho'mash-an). A linguistic stock
of Nortli American Indians. It embraces a num-
ber of coast tribes formerly residing at and about the
seats of the missions of San Buenaventura, Santa Bar-
bara, Santa Ifiez, Purissinui, and San Luis Obispo, Cali-
fornia, and also upon the i.^lands of Santa Rosa and Santa
Cruz, and such other of the Sunt i Barbara islands as were
permanently inhabited. Only about 40 individuals of the
once populous stock survived in 1884 : of these about 20
live near the outskirts of San Buenaventura, Chumash,
from which the stock name is derived, is the native name
of the Santa Rosa islanders.
Chumawa (chti-ina'wii). An almost extinct
tribe of North American Indians. See Paltiih-
n ill a II.
Chumbaba. See Khumbaba.
Chumbul (chuni-l)ul'). See Cliambal.
Chun (tchiiu), Karl. Born Oct. 1, 1852. A
German zoologist.
Chunar (chun-ar'), or Chunarghur (chun-
iir'ger). A fortified town in the district of Mir-
zapur. Northwestern Provinces, British India,
situated on the Ganges 19 miles southwest of
Benares. It was taken by the English in 1763. The
treaty of Chunar between Hastings and the Nabob of
Oudh was concluded in 1781.
Chunchos (chou'ehos). 1. A tribe of Indians
in eastern Peru and northern Bolivia, about
the head waters of the Maih-e de Dios and Hutil-
laga. They have retained their indepemlence, and are
implacable enemies of the whites. Their language is lit-
tle knouii, but is said to be the same as that of the neigh-
boring Autis or Oampas, with whom some writers identify
them.
2. The name given by Tschudi to one of the
three great aboriginal races which he supposed
to have inhabited Peru from very ancient times.
The others were the Quichnas and Aymar.^s. By this
classification the name would include not only the Chun-
chos prt.pper, but a great mimber of savage tribes, princi-
pally cast of the -Andes,
Chungking (chung-keng'). A city in the prov-
ince of Szecliuen, China, at the junction of the
Kialiiig witli the Yanglsz'.
ChtingU (chon'go),orBa-ChungU (bii-chon'go).
ABanlu tribe settled on the highlaml between
Lakes Nyassa and Taugaujika, central Africa.
Chupas ((dio'pas). An elevated plain west of
Guamanga (now Ayacucho). Peru, sibout mid-
way between Cuzco and Lima. Here the younger
Alraagro was finally beaten by the royalist forces under
Vacn de Castro, Sept. 16, 1542. See Almo'jro, Diego de.
Chupra
Chupra (chup'rii). The capital of the district
of .Saran, Behar, British Imlia, situated uear
the junction of the Goj^-a ami Gauges iu lat.
25° 4<!' N., Iduj,'. 84° 4U' K. Population (1891),
Chuquisaca (cho-ke-sii'kii). A southeastern de-
partuiiiit of Bolivia. Area,39,871 square miles.
Populatiou (1888), estimated, 123,347, besides
\vil<l Indians.
Chuquisaca (city). See Sucre.
Chuquito. See Chucuilo.
Chur (choi-). See Coire.
Church (cherdi), Beojamill. Bom at Duxbury,
Mass., 11)39 : died at Little Comptou, K. I., Jan.
17, 1718. An American soldier. He took part in
King PhiUi)'8 war, including the swamp fight with tlie Nar-
ragansetts, Dec. 151. lt>7.'». and was in command ol tlie party
wliich hnntcd Kint; Philip to death Aug. 12, 1870. I ndcr
his direction antl fix>m his notes his son Thomas com-
piled "Entertaining Passages relating to Philip's War"
(1716).
Church, Frederick Edwin. Born at Hartford,
Conn., May 4, 1826. A noted American land-
scajio-painter, a pupil of Tlioiuas Cole. His hest-
knuwn works are " Xi:ig:u-a Falls from the Canadian Shore"
(1S57: in the Corcoran Gallery. Washington), "The Heart
of the Amies " (18i^.9), '-Colopaxi " (I1562), etc.
Church, Frederick Stuart. Born at Grand
Kapids, Mich., l.'vtl. An Auieriean painter.
Church, Sir Richard. Bum in the county of
Cork, Ireland. 1784: died at Athens, Greece,
March 20, 1873. A British sohlier, long a
military commander and official iu the Greek
service. He served as ensign in the Egyptian campaign
of 1801; hecame captain in the Corsican Hangers 1806;
was present at the battle of Uaida, and took jiart in the
defense of Capri and (as assistant quartermaster-general)
in varitms actions in the Ionian Islands ; and was ap-
pointed lientenant-colonel of a Greek infaiitry regiment
In 1812. When the Greek revolution began, he joined the
insurgents (March 7, 1827), and possessed great influence
as a leader of the movement and as a military commander.
Ue alSi took part in the revolution of 1843. In that year
he was appointed senator, and in 1854 general in the
Greek army.
Church, Sanford Elias. Born at Milford, N. Y.,
April 18, ISl;') : died at Albion, N. Y., May 14,
1880. An American jurist and politician. He
was lieutenant-governor of New York 18.S1-54, and chief
justice of the State Court of Appeals 1871-80.
Churchill (chereh'il), Arabella. Born 1648:
ilied 1730. Eldest daughter of Sir Winston
Churchill of Wootton liassett, Wiltshire, and
elder sister of John Churchill, duke of Marl-
borough : a mistress of James II.
Churchill, Charles. Bom at Westminster,
Feb., 1731: dicil on a visit to Boulogne, Nov.
4, 171)4. An English poet, son of Charles
Churchill, rector of Kainham, Esse.\. He wiis or-
dained a priest in 175<i, and became curate at Rainliam, and
in 1758 of St. John's, Westminster ; wasfora time a teacher
in various schools ; was sepurated from his wife (Feb.,
1761), %vith whom he had contracted a Fleet marriage at
the age of seventeen ; and thereafter devoted himself to
literature, becoming famous as a satirist through his " Ros-
clad " (1761)(which see). He also published "'The Ajjology:
addressed to the Critical Reviewers" (1761), "Night: an
Epistle to Robert Lloyd" (17U2), "The Ghost," iu which
Johnsmi is ridiculed in connection with the Cock Lane
ghost (1762-63), "The Prophecy of Famine: a Scots Pas-
toral" (17<i3), "The Duellist," an assault on the enemies
of Wilkes (1763), "The Author " (1763), "Gotham," a poet-
ical statement of his political opinions (1764), " The Candi-
date "(1764), etc. He was a friend of Wilkes, and a co-
laboi-cr witti him on the "Noi-th Briton."
Churchill, John, first Duko of Marlborough.
Born ;il .\slio, Musliury, l)evou.shire, probably
June 24, 16.)0: died near Windsor, June 16, 1722.
A famous English general and statesniau. He
sei-ved for a time as page of lionor to the Duke of York
(afterward .Tames II.), and in 14167 obtained a commission
as ensign in the Foot Guards. He served under Moinuouth
in tile French army in Handers in 1672 and suijsequently,
and eonnnunded umler Fcvcrsham at Sedgcinoor in 1685.
Rejoined William of Orange in Nov., 1688, was made earl of
Marlborough in I'l-SO, served on the Continent and in Ire-
laud 168!t-lU, anil in 161)2 was removed from his olllces and
imprisoned for complicity iu .lacobite intrigues. He was
restored to favor by William 111. in 165)8, and was ap-
pointed connnander-in-chief iu Holland in 17U1, and cap-
tain-general of all the British forces inl702. During thcWiu"
of the Spanish Succession, which brtfke out in 1701, he
was, with Kngene of Savoy and Heinsins, pensionary of
Holland, a leaiiing spilit of the grand alliance of the
naval iwwers ami the emperor against France. He con-
ducted a successful camp.tigu against the French in 170*2,
was created duke of Marlborough iu lHyZ, shared with
li^ngene the victory of Hlenheim in 1704, ilefeated Villeroi
at Hamillies in 1706, and in conjunction with Kugene
gained the victories of Oudenarde in 1708 anil Malplaquet
in 1701). He was deprived of bis command in 1711, in coii-
seipieuce of the fall of the Whig ministry and the aeces-
Bion to power of the Tories. Sec life by Coxe (3 vols.
1818-151),
Churchill, Randolph Henry Spencer (called
Urd Randolph Churchill). Born Feb. 13,
1849: died nt Lomliiu. Jan. 24, ISOf). An Eng-
lish politician, seconil son of the sixth Duke
of Marlborough. Uo entered Parliament In 1874. He
251
was Conservative member of Parliament for Woodstock
1874-85, when be was returned for South Padilington. He
was reelected for South Paiidington in 1886 and in 18D"2,
wjls secretal'y for India in Lord Salisbury s ttrst ministry
(June, 1885, ^January, 1886), and in Salisbury's second min-
istry was diancellor of the exebequer and leader of the
House of Commons from -fuly to December, 1886. He
married iliss Jerome of New XotV. in 1874.
Churchill. A river in British Ameiica whieli
Hows through various lakes into Huiisou Bav,
about lat. .58° 40' N., long. 95° W. Length,
about 700 miles. Also called Missinnippi, En<j-
lisli, and Heaver.
Church Island (Utah). See Antelope Islnntl.
Churchyard (cherch'yiird), Thomas. Born at
Shrewsbury, England, about 1521) : died April
1604. An English poet and miscellaneous wri-
ter, and soldier. He was the author of numerous
tracts and broadsides, "The Worthines of Wales,"a poem
(15S7), " The Legend of Sliore's Wife " (in the 1663 edition
of Baldwin's "Mh-ror for Magistrates"), his best-known
poem, " Churchyard's Challenge," a collection of prose and
verse (15i):J), etc. As a soldier he served in Scotland, Ire-
laud, the Low Countries, France, and elsewhere.
Thomas Churchyard was an inferior sort of Gascoigne,
who led a much longer if less eventful life. He was
about the Court for the greater part of the century, and
had a habit of calling his little books, which were numer-
ous, and written both in verse and prose, l)y alliterative
titles playing tin his own name sucli as "Churchyard's
Chips," "Churchyard's Choice," and so forth. He was a per-
son of no great literary power, and chiefly notewoltbj be-
cause of his long life after contributing to 'I'ottel's '■ Mis-
cellany, "which makes him a link between tlie old literatm-e
and the new. Sainttsburi/, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 18.
Churruas. Same as Charmas.
Churubusco (chii-ro-bos'ko). A village about
5 miles south of the city of Mexico. During the
Mexican war, Aug. 20, 1847 (after the battle of Contreras,
which see), about H.OOO Tiiited States troops under Scott
defeated there a force of 20,00,1-26,000 Mexicans under
Santa Anna. An old convent in the village, garrisoned by
about 800 Mexican troops under General Pedro Maria
Anaya, was attacked by about 6,000 United States soldiers
under Generals Twiggs, Smith, and Worth. The strong
convent walls served as a fortress, and it was only carried
after a severe battle, the anmiunition of the defenders
being exhausted. The losses were : United States, 1,053 ;
Mexico, about 7,000 (including the battle of Contreras).
Churwalden (chor'viil-den). A town, noted as
a health-resort, iu the canton of Grisons, Swit-
zerland, 5 miles south of Coire.
Chusan (cho-siiu'). The largest island of the
Chusau group, situated in the China Sea iu
lat. 30° 10' N., long. 122° 10' E. It was taken
by the English iu 1840 and 1S60. Capital,
Ting-hai.
Chusan Archipelago. The group of islands of
which Chusau is the chief.
Chutia Nagpur. See Chota Naejpur.
Chutterpur (chut-ter-por'), or Chattrpur
(chat-tr-pijr'). Acity iu Buudelkhand, British
Indi:i, iu lat. 24° 52' N., long. 79° 38' E.
Chuuichupa (cho-we-cho'pii). [Opata.] The
wihl and scarcely explored region of the sources
of the Yaciui River iu the Sierra Madre, near
the confines of Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico.
Chuzzle'wit (chuz'1-wit), Anthony. The shrewd
and cuuuiiig father of Jonas, in Charles Dick-
ens's "Martin Chuzzlevvit."
Chuzzlewit, Jonas. An unscrupulous, selfish,
and overreacliiug fellow, the cousin of Martin
and son of Anthony Chuzzlewit, in Charles
Dickens's " Martin Chuzzlewit." His slyness,
selfish ignorance, and brutality finally culmi-
nate in murder.
Chuzzle'wit, Martin. The grandfather of Mar-
tin Chuzzlewit, in Charles Dickens's novel of
that name.
Chuzzlewit, Martin. A young architect, the
principal cliarai-ter iu (jharlos Diekeus's novel
of that name. At llrst dissijiated, by dint of many
hard knocks from fortune, especially in his dreary Ameri-
can adventures with .Mark Tapley in seai-ch of wealth, he
reforms and bci ics the heir of his licli grandfather.
Chuzzle'wit, Mrs. Jonas. See I'ecksniff.
Chyatrana (chya-vii'ua). In Sanskrit mythol-
ogy, a Kislii wliom, when old, the Ashvins made
again a youth. This germ, all that is found in the
lllgveda, is variously developed In stories of Chyavana
(the later form for the earlier Chyavana) in the Sliatii-
jiatlla Brahniana and the .Mahabharata, a motive of which
is to explain how the Ashvins came to share libations of
soma.
Cialdini (ihiil-de'ne), Enrico, Duke of (iaeta.
Burn at ( 'astelvetro, Modena, Italy, Aug. 8,
1811 : died at I.egliorn, Sept. 8, 1892. An Ital-
ian general, polilieiiiii, and diplomatist. He
served with distinction in the campaigns of
1860-61, and was ambassador to France 1876-
1879 and 1880-81.
Cian(;a(the-iiirthji), Andres de. .\ Si)anisli law-
yer, a native of I'enatiel in tlie diocese of I'n-
iencia. He went with Gasca to Peru in 1540, was
made a member of the audience there, and was one of the
Cicacole
judges who condemned Gonzalo Piz.arro and Carvajal to
ileath. From Jan., 1550, to Sept., 1551, he governed Peru
as president of the audience.
Cibalae (sib'a-le), or Cibalis (-lis). In ancient
geography, a town in raiiiiiuiia, near the mod-
ern Ksseg in Shivoiiia. Here, in 314, Constan-
tiiie defeated liicinius.
Cibao (se-bii'o). [I'robably from the Indian
word ciba, a stone or rock.] A mountainous
region iu the central jiart of the island of Santo
Domingo. At the time of the comiucst it was included
in the province of Magnana, governed by Caonabo. The
Indians told Columbus that gold was found there, and he
supposed it to be the t'ipango (Japan) of Marco Polo,
ojeda entered this region in March, 145)4, and a consider-
able amount of gold was obtained there.
Cibber (sib'er), or Cibert (se'bert), Caius Ga-
briel. Born at Flensborg, in Holstein, 1630:
died at London, 1700. A Danish sculptor, resi-
dent in England, the father of (JoUey Cibber.
Cibber, Colley. Born at London, Nov. 6, 1671 :
died there, Dec. 12, 1757. An English actor
and dramatist, sou of the sculptor C. G. Cibber
by his second wife, Jane CoUej-. He began his
career as an actor about 1690, his first recorded appearance
being in 1691 at the Theatre Royal, and subsequently
played a large number of p;u-ts, of many of which he was
the original. Among his plays are "Love's Last Shift"
(1694), "She Would and She 'Would Not" (1702), "The
Careless Husband" (acted 1704), "The Double Gallant"
(1707), "The Provoked Husband "(1728), "The Non-Juror"
(acted 1717), etc. He altered and adapted " Richard III."
and '' King Lear," and other plays, the former keeping the
stage for a century. In 1730 he was appointed poet
laureate. Pope attacked him under the name of "Dul-
liess" in the "Duneiad" (1741). His "Apology for his
Life" was published in 1740.
Cibber, Mrs. (Susannah Maria Arne). Born
at London, Feb., 1714 : died at Westminster,
Jan. 30, 1766. A noted English actress and
singer, wife of Theophilus Cibber and sister o£
Thomas Ai-ne. Her first appearance was at the Hay-
market in 1732, in the opera "Amelia "by Lump^, and her
reputation was for several years chiefly founded upon her
singing. In 1736 she made her d^but as a tragic actress in
the part of Zarah, in Hill's version of Voltaire's "Za'ire,"
and rapidly became famous.
Cibber, Theophilus. Bom Nov. 26, 1703: per-
ished in a shijiwrei-k in the Irish Channel, Oct.,
1758. An English actor and dramatist, sou of
Colley Cibber. He wrote '-The Lover "(1730), "Patie
and Peggy, or the Fair Foundling " (1730), " The Harlot's
Progress, or the Ridotio al Fresco" (1733), "The Auction"
(1757), etc. He iinbli.sbeii an alteration of "Heni-y \I." In
April, 1734, he married Susannah Maria Aj-ne, afterwiu"!!
famous as an actress. She abandoned him a few years
later. Cibber was a man of unsavory reputation.
Cibob6 (se-bo-ba'). [Tehua of northern New
Mexico.] A mythical place, probably some
spring or lagoon in southern Colorado, where,
according to the traditions of tlie Tehuas, their
ancestors issued from the interior of the earth
to begin their wanderings over its sui'face. It
is the mythical cradle of the tribe.
Cibola (se' bo -la). [Origin unknow^l.] The
name given by Fray Marcos of Nizza to the
cluster of villages occupied by the Zimi tribe in
1539. He heard the word iu Sonora, and it may
have been a corruption of Shiiunui, the Ziiui
name for the range held by that trilie.
Cibot (se-bo'), Francois Barth61emy Michel
Edouard. Born at Paris, Feb. 11, 1799: died
at Paris, Jan. 10, 1877. A F'reuch painter,
noted especially for historical subjects and land-
scapes.
Cibot, Pierre Martial. Born at Limoges,
France, 1727 : died at Peking, China, Aug. 8,
1780. A French Jesuit, niissionary in China.
He was the author of many disscrtations'and treatises,
comprised in the " .MC-moirescolicernant I'histoiredesleU
tres, sciences et arts de la Chine."
Cibrario (che-brii're-o). Count Giovanni An-
tonio Luigi. Born at Turin, Feb. 23, 1802:
died at SaTo, Brescia, Italy, Oct. 1, 1870. An
Italian jurist, historian, and iiolitician, cabinet
minister 1852-56. He wrote "Storia delta monarchia dl
Savoia" (1840-17), "Origini e progressi delle institiizioni
della monarebia ili Savoia " (1864-56X "Delia economia
politica del .Medio F.vo " (1842), etc.
Cibyra (sib'i-ril). [(Jr. Kiiivjm.'] An ancient
town of Phrygia, Asia Minor, the modern Klior-
zum: called Vihi/rd Miujnti, to distinguish it
fiom a smaller town of the same name in
Painphylia. Its ruins comin-ise an odeum, 175 feet in
diameter, with thirteen tiers of seats visible abovegronnd.
The front wall is noteworthy, and is practically complete :
it has five arched iloorways hetwecn two square ones.
There is also an ancient theater of some size and consid-
erable interest, and a stadium, in part excavated from a
hillside. There are twenty-one tiers of scats in marble,
which remain in place around the curved end. There was
a monumental entrance, consisting of three lofty arches,
Cicacole ( sik-a-kol '). or Chicacole ( I'liik-a-kol').
.\ town ill the districi of (iaiijain, jladras,
British India, situated on the NagavuUi in lat.
18° 20' N., long. 83° 52' E.
Cicely Homespun *
Cicely Homespun. See Jlomespun,
Cicero, A suruame given to Johann, elector
of Bniudeubur^' 1486-99, on account of his elo-
quence.
Cicero (sis'e-ro), Marcus Tullius. Born at Ar-
pinuiu, Italy, Jan. 3. 10(5 B.C.: assassinated
near Foimia% Italy, Dec. 7, 43 b. c. A cele-
brated Koman oratoi*, philosopher, and states-
man. He served in the Social War in S9; traveled in
Greece and Asia 79-77 ; was quest^ir in Sicily in 7;') ; ac-
cused Verres in 70 ; was edile in Oi> ; pret^>r 66 ; and as
consul suppressed Catiline's conspiracy in 63. He was
banished in 58, living in Theasalonica, and was recalled
in 57. He was proconsul of Cilicia 51-50; joined the
Fompeians in 49; lived at Brundisium, Sept., 48,-Sept.,
47; pronounced the Philippics against Antony 44-43;
and was proscribed by the Second Triumvirate and slain
in 43. Of his orations 57 are extant (with fragments
of 20 more), including "Against Verres'" (six speeches, 70
B. C. : five of these were never delivered), "Against Cati-
line "(four speeches, 63 B. 0. : see Catiline), "ForArchias"
(62 B. C), "Aj^ainst Piso"(55 B. cX "For Milo " (52 B. C),
"For ilarcellus'" (46 B. c), and "Philippics" (which see).
His other wocks include "Rhetorica," "De oratore," "De
republica," "l>e legibus," "De flnibus bonoruin et malo-
rum," "Tusculame disputationes," "De natura deorum,"
"Cato major," "De divinatione," "Ltelius," "De otficiis"
(see these titlesX etc. There ai-e, besides, four collections
of his correspondence. He also wrot« puetry, including
an epic on Maj-ius.
Cicero, Quintus Tullius. Born about 102 b. c. :
killed 4o B. c. A Koniau commander, j^ounger
brother of Marcus Tullius Cicero, distinguished
in Gaul in 54.
Cicero's younger brother, Quintus (a. C52/102-711/43),
took much interest in literature, especially in poetry,
and seems to have resembled his brother in facility of
composition, but he never attained any distinction. He
undertook an annalistic work, and translated tragedies of
Sophokles and the like. We possess by him the Com-
mentariolum petitioniS; a missive addressed to his brotlier
Marcus, compnsed early in 690/64, and a few letters.
Teuffel and Sckwahe, Hist. Rom. Lit. (tr. by G. C. W.
[Warr), I. 324.
Cicogna (che-kon'ya), Emmanuele Antonio.
Bom at Venice, Jan. 17, 1789: died at Venice,
Feb. 22, 1868. An Italian histo;rian and arch^-
ologist. He "wrote *'Delle inscrizioni Vene-
ziane" (1824-53), ete.
Cicognara (ehe-kon-ya'ra). Count Leopoldo.
Born at Ferrara, Italy, Nov. 17, 1767: tUed at
Venice, March 5, 1834. An Italian antiquarian
and diplomatist, author of '*Storia della seul-
tura" (1813-18), etc.
Cid fsid; Sp. pron. theTH), The: called also El
Campeador (kam-pe-ii-dor') (Ruy or Rodrigo
Diaz de Bivar). ICid, Sp., representing ^Vi*.
Seyyki, master: el Campeador, Sp., the cham-
pion or challenger.] Born at the castle of
Bivar, near Burgos, Spain, about 1040: died
at Valencia, Spain, July, 1090. The principal
national hero of Spain, famous for his exploits
in the "wars with the Moors.
The title of Cid, by which he is almost always known,
is often said to have come to him from the remarkable
circumstance that five Moorish kings or cliiefs acknow-
ledged him in one battle as their Seid, or their lord and
conqueror ; and the title of Campeador, or Champion,
by which he is hardly less known, though it is commonly
assumed to have been given t« him as a leader of the
armies of Sancho the Second, has long since been used
almost exclusively as a mere popular expression of the
admiration of his countrymen for his exploits against the
Moors. At aiiv rate, from a very early period he has been
called El Cid Campeador^ or Tlie Lord Champion.
Ticknor, Span. Lit., I. 12.
In tliis critical age we are frequently obliged to aban-
don with regret the most charming traditions of our
chiliUmod's histories; and the Cid has not been spared.
A special book has been written by an eminent Orientalist
to prove that the rt-doubtable ChallenRcr was by no
means the hero he was supposed to l.e: that he was
treacherous and cruel, a violator of altars, and a breaker
of his own good faith. Professor Dozy maintains that the
romantic history of the Cid is a tissue of inventions, and
he has written an account of "the real Cid" to counteract
these misleading narratives. He founds his criticisms
mainly on the Aiabic historians, in whom, despite their
national and religious bias, he places as blind a reliance
as less learned peoplu havu placed in the Clironicle of the
Cid. Yet it is surprising how trifling are the ditfurences
that can be detected lietwcen bis "real Cid " and that ro-
mantic Chronicle of the Cid, the substance of whicli was
compiled by Alfonso the Learned only half a century
after the Cid's <leath, and which Kobert Southey trans-
lated into English in 1805 with such skill and charm of
style that his version luis ever since been almost as much
a classic as the originid. Everj- one can separate for him-
self the obvious.ly legundary incidents in the delightful
old Chronicle without any assistJince from the Arabic
historians, who dtiil L-Iiietly with one period alone of the
Cid's career; and the best popular account of the hero, in
discriminating hands ancl with dnc allowances, is still
Southey's fascinating Chronicle. The Cid of the Chron-
icle is not at all the same as the Cid of tlie Romauces;
and while we cheerfully abandon the latter immaculate
personage, we may still believe in the former.
Poole, Story of the Moors, p. 192.
Cid, Romances of the. 1. A Spanish poem
("Poema del Cid*') composed by an unknowii
author about 1200. it consists of more than 3,000
252
lines, and Is a bold and spirited exhibition of national
peculiarities in the chivalrous tinits of S]»ain. It was
printed tlrst by Sanchez in the first volume of his "Poesiiis
Castellanas Anteriores al Siglo XV," (Madrid, 1779-90).
Ticlcnor.
2. An old poetical Spanish chronicle ("Cronica
Rimada do las Cosas de Espaua"), nearly the
whole of which is devoted to the history of the
Cid. It is later than the "Poema del Cid," and was first
published by Michel in the " JabrbUcher der Literatur."
Vol. CXV., at \'ienna in 1846. Both these poems seem
built up from older ballads.
3. The '* Chronicle of the Cid," date unknown,
printed in 1512, the same in substance w*ith the
history of the Cid in the ''General Chi'onicle of
the Historj'' of Spain" composed and compiled
by Alfonso the Wise about 1260. — 4, A Spanish
tragedy (** Las mocedades del Cid Campeador")
by Guillen de Castro. It ai>peared in 1618. — 5.
A French tragedy (''Lo Cid") by Pien-e Cor-
neille, represented in 1636.
Cid Hamet Benengeli. See Benengelij Cid
Ham it.
Cieneguilla (the-a-na-gel'ya). [Sp., 'little
marsh.'] A place 12 miles "west or west-south-
west of Santa F^, in New Mexico. Near it are
the i-uins of an important ancient pueblo of the
Tanos.
CienfuegOS (the-en-fwa'gos). A seaport on
the southern coast of Cuba, in lat. 22° 12' N.,
long. 80° 35' W. It exports molasses, sugar,
etc. Population (1887). 40,964,
CienfuegOS, Nicasio Alvarez de. Born at
Madi'id, Dec. 14. 1764: died at Orthez, France,
July, 1809. A Spanish poet and di'amatist.
His poems were published in 1798.
CienfuegOS y Jovellanos (the-en-fwa'gos e
Ho-vel-ya'nos), Jose. Born at Gigon, Asturias,
Spain, 1768: died at Madrid, 1825. A Spanish
general. He w.as a cadet in 1777, served in the French
wars, and from April, 1S16, to the end of 1S19 was cap-
tain-general of Cuba. In 1822 he was minister of war, and
at the time of his death councilor of war and lieutenant-
general and director-general of artillery. The town of
CienfuegOS, Cuba, founded during his rule, was named in
his honor.
Cieza (the-a'tha). A small town in the prov-
ince of Murcia, Spain, near the Segura north-
west of Miu'cia.
Cieza de Leon (the-a'tha da la-6n'), Pedro de.
Born at Llerena, Spain, 1518 : died at Se\ille,
1560. A Spanish soldier, author of the '*Co-
r6nica del Peru." From about 1534 to 1552 he was
with the Spanish aimies in America, serving in New
Granada and Peru and traveling extensively. His "Co-
r6nica," or history, of Peru was commenced in 1541, and
consisted of four parts. Part 1, a general description of
the countiy, was published in 1553 ; and part 2, with a por-
tion of part 3, in modern times ; other portions are known
in MS., but several boolcs are lost. Cieza de Leon is one
of the best authorities on the early history of Peru and the
customs of the lucas.
Cignani (cben-ya'ne), Count Carlo. Bom at
Bologna, Italy, May 15, 1628: died at Forli.
Italy, Sept. 6, 1719, An Italian painter of the
Bolognese school. His chief work is an ''As-
sumption of the Virgin," painted in the cupola
of the cathedral at Forli.
Clgnaroli (chen-yii-ro'le), Giovanni Bettino.
Born at Salo, near Verona, Italy, 1706: died at
Verona, Dec. 1, 1770. An Italian painter of
the Venetian school. In 1769 he became di-
rector of the Academy at Verona.
Ciguay(se-gwi'), orHiguey (e-gway'). Tlie In-
dian name for a portion of the eastern part of
the island of Santo Domingo, bordering on Sa-
manA Bay. it was first visited by Columbus in 1493.
The natives were wai'like, and resistud the Spaniards for
some years.
Cihuacoliuatl ( se - wii " ko - wii ' tl ) . [Nahuat 1 ,
* snake-woman.'] 1. In Mexican (Nahuatl)
mythology, Tonantzin (*our mother'), the first
mother of mankind, who begat twins, male and
female, fi'om which sprang the human race.
According to Saliaguu she was the goddess of adverse
things — poverty, toil, sickness, etc. — and the patroness of
medicine and abortion. Also written Cihuatcoatl, Cioa'
coatl, Civacoatl, etc.
2, The title of the Mexican civil head chief, it
has lately been suggest-ed that his title may have been
Cihua-coatl, which would signify ' twin woman.* The civil
head of the Mexican tribe was elective as well as the wiu*
chief, and had, like the latter, religious functions con-
Ufcted with his administrative duties.
Cilicia (si-lish'ijl). [Gr. KiXiKia,'] In ancient
geography, a pro\'ince in southeastera Asia
Minor, separated by the Taurus from Lyeaonia
and Cappadocia on the north, and by the Ama-
nus from SjTia on the east, and extending to-
ward the sea. During the SjTian period many Greeks
and Jews settled in Cilicia. It was repeatedly Invaded by
the AssjTian kings, and was successively under Persian,
Macedonian, .SjTian, and R^inian dominion. The dreaded
Ciliciau pirates were subdued by Pompey 67 B. C. The
capital was Tarsus.
Cimmerian Bosporus
Cilli (tsil'le), Slovenian Celje. A town in
St\Tia, Austria-Hungary, on the Sann in lat.
46° U' N., long. 15° 15' E. : the Koman Claudia
Celeja, founded by Claudius. It is a summer re-
sort. It was governed by counts in the later
middle ages. Population (LS90), 6,26-4.
Cimabue (ehe-mii-bo'a), Giovanni. Bom at
Florence, 1240: died there, about 13012. A noted
Italian painter, called " The Father of Modern
Painting." He is mentioned as a forerunner of Giotto
by Dante, who thereby gives occasion to his own anony-
mous commentator, \vriting in 1334, to make some re-
mai'ks upon Cimabue's fame and ambition, quoted by
Vasari, Cimabue practised painting on wall-panels and
mosaics. The works acciedited to him arc simply as-
sumed by Vasari without tuirubniating testimony. They
consist of : (a) Seveml larj.'t -iladiiniias on panels with gold
grounds. The most cekbi;tted is tlmt in the chapel of
the Rucellai family in Santa Maria Novella in i<'lorence.
There is another in the Louvre, and another in the Ac-
cademia at Florence. They are etfective from their mild
solemnity and simple color, which is lively and clear in
the flesh-tints. (6) Fi-escos in the Church of San Fi'an-
cisco d'Assisi, quite similar to the panels, but slighterand
more decorative, (c) Mosaics in the ajise of the cathe-
dral of Pis:i, the only work well autheTitieated as his by
originiil documents, and probably his last.
Cima di Jazzi (che'ma de yiit'se). A moun-
tain of the Valais Alps, on the border of Italy,
east of Zermatt. Height, 12.526 feet.
Cimarosa (che-ma-ro'sii), Domenico. Born at
Aversa, near Naples, Bee. 17, 1749: died at
Venice, Jan. 11, 1801. An Italian composer of
opera. His chief opera is *'I1 matrimonio se-
ffveio " ('* The Secret Maniage," 1792).
Cimarron (se-ma-ron'). [Sp., * wild.'] A name
given to the Canadian River in northern New
Mexico (Rio Cimarron).
Cimarrones (tlie-ma-ro'nes). [Sp. cimarron,
untamed; whence ultimately E. ntaroo}!^ ma-
rooiier,'] A name given in the Spanish colonies
of America to fugitive slaves ; in particular,
the bands of fugitive negroes who collecfed on
the isthmus-of Panama abotit the middle of the
16th century. They nrmibered many hundred, built
walled towns, attacked the Spanish settlements, robbed
treasure -train 3, and made their name a terror in all parts
of the isthmus. Under their chief or "king," Bayano,
they resisted the forces of Pedro de Ursua for two yeai-s.
but were at length obliged to submit. They soon revolt-
ed. In 1572 tliey joined forces with the English adventurer
Drake, and for many years they aided the bucaneers in
their descents on the isthmus. Finally they became amal-
gamated with the Indian tribes.
Cimbebasie. See Ndonga.
Cimbri(sim'bri). [L., Gr. Kiiijipoi.'] An ancient
people of central Kiu'ope, of uncertain local
habitation and ethnographical position. They
pushed into the Roman provinces in 113 B. c, and in com-
pany with the Teutons and tiauls engaged with and de-
feated Roman armies in southern Gaul and elsewhere (the
most notable defeat being that of Cffipio and Mallius in
105 B. C.) until 101 B. c, when they were defeated and
virtually exterminated by Marius on the Raudian fields in
northern Italy. The peninsula of Jutland was named from
them the Chnbric Chersonese.
Cimmarians. See Ci)nmerian,s.
Cimmeria (si-me'ri-ji)- [Gr, Ki/ifiepia,'] The
country of the Cimmerians (which see), fabled
to be a place of perpetual darkness.
.Eschylus places Cimmeria in close proximity to the
Palus Mieutis and the liosphorus; and herein the time
of Herodotus were still existing a number of names re-
calling the fact <^f the former settlement in these regions
ot the Cimmerian nation. Haidut^on, Herod., III. 179.
Cimmerian Bosporus (si-me'ri-an bos'po-rus).
The strait between the Black Sea and tlie Sea
of Azoff. The Ciimean side was colonized by a Greek
expedition from Miletus in -138 b. c. It tiourished until
absorbed in the dominions of Slithridates, and for some
centuriL'S afterward experienced vicissitudes of hardship
and prosperity. Relations which became intimate were
early established with Athens, which sent her oil, jewelry,
and works of industrial art in return for Crimean wheat.
The chief city was Panticupivnm, the modern Kertch, the
center of the highly inip<'rt:int archteological discoveries
which have been yielded by this region as wl'H as by the
territoiy around it. The lii-st systematic excavations were
made in 1816. Since 1832 explorations have been regularly
conducted by the imperial government, and their results,
rich in Greek industrial antiquities, are in the Hermitage
Museum in St. Petersburg. The architectural remains
ai-e scanty, perhaps the chief of them being the fine revet-
ment, in (juari-y-faced ashler with margin-draft, of the so-
called Tumulus of the Czar at Kertch. Tlie sculptnrc
found, too, is scanty in quantity, late in date, and poor in
style. The great archrcological wealth of the region lies
in its abundant burial tumuli and catacombs. It was the
practice of the ancient inhabitants to bury with their dead
a large part of their possessions; hence the remarkable
harvest of jewelry, vases, implements, and even textile
fabrics and a i)air of woman's leather boots, found in these
graves. Little or nothing discovered is older than the 4th
century B. C. ; the linest specimens of jewelry and pottery
are Athenian, and inelude some of the most beautiful
work known in their classes. Many of the vases are dec-
orated in brilliant polychrome; others have gilded orna-
ment, and others bear figures in relief. The work of local
manufaeture is inferior in style, though much of it is
very beautiful, and with the advance of time Scythian in-
fluence increases. Some of the tomb-chambers bear inter-
esting mural paintings.
Cimmerians
Cimmerians (si-me'ri-anz), or Cimmarians(si-
inii'ri-:iiiz;. [Or. Ki/i/iiiiioi.'\ A {icoplo (hvell-
iug iioith of the Black Sea and the Sua of Azoff
(modern South Kussia), known already to Ho-
mer. Herodotus speaks of "Cimmerian citics,"and says
that the strait » iiicli unites tlie Azoff Sea to the Black Sea
was called CimiiwriaH Ilifnj}tirnJt, lu the 7th centurj',
pressed by the Scythiiins, the Cimmerians invaded the
KinKdom of Lydia'in Asia Minor, and were merRed, as it
seems, in other nations. Their invasion of Lydia under
King Gyges is mentioned in the annals of Ksiirhaddon
(BsO-OeS B. c.) and Asurbanipal (tk)«-62(i), where they are
calleil Giniir. The .\rmenians call Cappadocia Gamir,
which is probably a reminiscence of the Cimmerian inva-
sion in Lydia and .\sia Minor. Their name has alst> sur-
vived In the modern Crimea. In the Old Testament they
are mentioned by the name of Qomer (Gen. x. 2). Also
Kimmrrinm.
Cimmerii (si-me'ri-i). See Cimmerians.
Oimon (si'mon). [Gr. Ki/tuv.'\ Died at Citium,
Cyprus, 449 B. c. A celebrated Athenian com-
mander, son of Miltiades. Ilc defeated the Persians
on sea and land by the Enrymcdon in 4(J(), reduced Thasos
in 463, and was ostracized about 4.^9-454 (?).
Oimon. Bom at C'leona>, in Chalckiiee. A Greek
painter, famous in antiquity. lie is mentioned
in twoepifcrams of .Simonides.
Cinaloa. See iSiiialoa.
Cincinnati (sin-si-nil 'ti). [Originally called
LoxantiviUe (said to l)e from X(icking) os
('mouth') aiiti Copposite') rille, 'town oppo-
site the mouth of the Licking'); later named
from the Society of the Cincinnati.] The caintal
of Hamilton County, Ohio, on the Ohio in lat.
30° li' N., long. 84° 27' W. : the largest city of
Ohio and of the Ohio valley, surnamed "The
t^ueen City.'* It has an extensive trade by railroad
and river. Among its leading industries are porli-pack-
ing, manufactures of iron, furaiture, malt liijuors and dis-
tilled li(nn.)rs. It has a hirge trade in grain and tobacco.
Its suburl)sarc Covington and Newport(in Kentucky). It
was founded in 178M, and incorporated as a city in 1814.
P.ipnlati..n (1mm), J'.iij.imis.
Cincinnati, Society of the. An association
fomided by the regular ollicers of the Conti-
nental army at the quarters of Baron Steuben
on the Hudson Hiver, in 1783. its name, derived
from the Roman dictator L. (Juinctius Ciueinnatus, was
adopted in allusion to the approaching change from mili-
tary to civil pursuits. Its chief immediate objects were
to raise a fund for the relief of the widows and orplians of
those who fell in the Revolutionary War, and to promote a
closer political union between the States. Its members
were to consist of the officers of the Continental army and
of their eldest male descendant-s, in failure of which col-
lateral descendants were to be eligible for membci'ship. It
was divide*! into State societies, including a bi-nnch so-
ciety in i^'rance. It met with considerable opposition on
account of its alleged aristocratic tendencies. Its lirst
president was Gei>rge Washington, who was succeeded by
Hamilton and the Pinckneys. Of its State societies six
survive. The branch society in l'"rance,.which was organ-
ized under the most favorable auspices, was dispersed by
the revolution of 1792.
Cincinnatus (sin-si-na'tus), Lucius Quinctius.
Born about T)!!) B. C. A Komau legendary hero.
lie was consul sulfectus 400, an<l distinguished himself as
an opponent of I he plebeians in the strugyle between them
and the patricians. HVl-iiA. In 4."i8 a Roman anny under
L. Minncius having been surrounded by the .'Kijuians in
a dertle of Mount Algidus, he was named ilietatiir by the
senate, whose deputies, despatched to inform him of his
appointment, found him digging in the tleld on his farm
beyond tile Tiber. He gairietl a complete victoi-y over
the JiA|niaiis, and laid down the dictatorship after the
lapse of only sixteen days. In 4:ti», at the age of eighty,
he was api)ointed dictator to oppose the traitor Spurius
ilelius, who was defeated and slain. The iletails of his
story vary.
Cinco de Mayo (then'ko da ma'yo). Battle of
the. [Sp., Mifth of May.'] The name given
by Mexicans to an action fought May 5, ISGl",
before Puebla. in which the French under
General Lorencez were defeated by the Mexi-
cans. This battle did not prevent the establishment
of an empire two years later, but it was regarded as a
great national triumpli, and the amiiversai-y is still cele-
brated.
Cluaerella (sin-de-rel'il). [F. Cendrilloii, G.
Asclii iihfodfl or .UrlioijiUttcl.^ In a noted fairy
tale, a beautiful girlwhoactsashouseliolddrudge
to her ste|iniother and sisters. The prince of the
C4)untry falls in love with her at a ball which she attends
dressed liy her fairy godmother in magic Unery which will
vanish at mi<tnigbt. Fleeing from the palaceas the clock
strikes, she loses oiu; tiny glass slipper, by means of which,
as it would tit no one else, the jirince llnds and nnirries
her In the (-lerman version, instead of the fairy god-
mother two white doves l^efriend her, and her goblen
slipper is cauglit, as she runs from the palace, by pitch
spread, by order of the prince, on the staircase. The story
is of very ancient, probably Rastern, origin. It is men-
tioned in German literature in the lOth century, and a
Bimilar legend is told in Egypt of Ithodopis and I'sannneti-
chus. In France, I'erranlt and Madame d'Aunoy include
it in their "Fairy Tales" as "CendrlUon" and "Flnettc
Cendroi," and Grimm also gives it in his " Household
Tales." There are nniny English versions, and it is found
in various forms in almost every language in Europe. The
glass slipper of the English version should be a fnr slipper,
the mistake arising in the translation of roi'r ('fur'j as if
verre (' glass ').
263
Cineas (sin'c-as). [Gr. Kd'f'of.] Died, probably
in Sicily, about 277 B. c. A Thessalian politi-
cian iu the serNnce of PjTrhus, king of Epinis :
ambassador to Rome after the battle of Hera-
clea, 280.
Oinna (sin'ii), or La C16mence d'Auguste (lii
kla-mons' do-gUst'). A tragedy by P. Comeille,
jiroduced in 1640. An anonymous tragedy called
"Cinna's Conspiracy" was tiiken from this and played at
Drury Lane in 1713. Defoe attributed it to Gibber.
Cinna, Lucius Cornelius. 1. Slain in a mutiny
at Brundisiuni, Italy, 84 B. C. A Roman gen-
eral and statesman, ctdebrated as a leader of
the popular ]>arty and an opponent of Sulla.
Ho was consul with'Octavius in 87, with Marius in Sii,
and with Carbo 86-84.
2. A son of the preceding, pretor in 44 B. c,
and brother-in-law of Csesar. Though he did
not join the conspirators against Caasar, he ap-
proved of their act.
Cinna, Caius Helvius. A Roman poet, a friend
of Catullus. On the occasion of the funeral of Julius
CiESjir he was slain by the pt^pulace, who mistook him for
Lucius Cornelius Cinna.
Cinnamon (sin'a-mon). Land of. [Sp. Ticrra
de C'anelo.} A iiame given by the early Span-
ish conquerors of Pei-u to a region east of the
Andes, in the forest-eovered plains about the
Napo, where there were trees with aromatic
bark. Gonzalo Pizarro led an expedition into it in 1541, and
returned after two years of terrible sutfering. Orellana,
deserting him there, became the discoverer of the Ama-
zon. The lUst settlements were made in 1562, but the re-
gion is still a wilderness.
Cinnamus, or Cinamus, or Sinnamus (sin'.a-
mus), Joannes. [Gr. Klma/jog, or Ktj'ouof.]
Lived in the 12th centiuy. A distinguished
Byzantine historian, a notary of the emperor
Manuel Comnenus. He was the author of a history
of the period 1118-76, covering the reign of Manuel (to the
end of the siege of Iconium) and that of his father Calo-
.lohannes.
Cino da Pistoja (ehe'no dii pes-to'yii), origi-
nally Guittoncino Sinibaldi. Born at Pis-
toja, Italy, 1270 : died at Pistoja, Dec. 24, 1336.
An Italian jiu-ist and poet, author of a com-
mentary on the Justinian Code, "Rime"
(published 1864), etc.
Cinq-Mars, ou une Conjuration sous Louis
XIII. 1. A historical novel by De Vigny (pub-
lished 1826), founded on the life of Cinq-
Mars. — 2. An opera by Gounod, first produced
at Paris, April 5, 1877.
Cinq-Mars (san-miir'), Marquis de (Henri
Coif&er de Buze). Born 1620: died at Lyons,
France, .Sept. 12, 1(542. A French courtier.
He was at the age of eighteen introduced to the coiu-t
by Richelieu, and, gaining the favor of Louis XIII., rose
quickly to the posts of grand master of the wardrobe and
grand master of the horse. Richelieu having refused to
countenance his claim to a seat in the royal council and
liis aspiration to the hand of Maria de Gonzaga, princess
of Mantua, Cinq-Mars formed a conspii-acy against the
cardinal, in the course of which he entered into treason-
able comnmnication with Spain ; and with his fellow-
eonspii-ator, the youthful De Thou, was beheaded at Lyons.
Cinque Ports (siugk ports). [F.,' Five Ports.']
A collective name for the five English channel
ports : Hastings, Romney, Hythe, Dover, Sand-
wich. Winchelsea and Rye were added later. They
furnished the chief naval contingent until the time of
Henry Vll. .Most of their especial privileges have been
abolished. 'I'liey lu'c governed by a lord warden.
Cinthia. See Cynthia.
Cinthio. See (rinilili, Giovanni.
Cintra (sei'i'trii). A town in the district of
Li.sbou, Portugal, 15 miles northwest of Lis-
bon. It contains ; (a) The Cork ConvfiUj founded by the
viceroy of India, DomJoiio de Castro. It consists of about
twenty cells, each about live feet S(iuai'e, which as well as
the refectory are in part excavated from the rock, and are
lined with cork to exclude dampness. (6) A Moorish
Cattle, an extensive fortillcation on the hill above the
town, inclosing a ruined mo6(iuewith traces of ornament
in color, and a so-called bath, a curious vaulted reservoir
60 feet long. The inehised space is now a royal park and
garden, (c) The I'alacf of the Pctm, on the snunnit of the
high, st«cp hill, originally a convent, but given the as-
pect of a medieval castlo when remodeled as a royal resi-
(lence. 'The interesting mona-stic cloister and chapel re-
nniin; the carved rercdos in alabaster is beautiful, ((f)
The Jioi/fU Palace, founded by the Moors, altered and
added to later, and finished about 1600. The exterior pre-
sents a picturesque combination of Mo<u-ish and Pointed
features, and is especially characterized by the two enor-
mous conical chimneys of the kitchens. There are some
interesting rooms, in which historic scenes have been en-
acted.
Cintra, Convention of. A convention con-
chiclcd .\iij^'. :ill. I8IIS, In'twoen the French un-
der.lunut anil the Kn(;lish. By its jirovisious
the French I'vacuatcd Portugal, and were con-
vi>ved to l''rani'e in English vessels.
Ciliyumuh. See TltKai/KII.
Clone, Andrea di. See Orcagna.
Ciotat (se-6-tii'), La. A seaport in the depart-
Cirencester
ment of Bouchcs-du-Rhune, France, situated on
the MediteiTanean 1-") miles soutlicast of Mar-
seilles. Population (isyi), comninii(% 12,223.
Cipango (si-pang'g6), or Zumpango (zum-
pang'go). The name given iu ilarco Polo's
nari'ative to an island or islands east of Asia,
supposed to be the modern Japan. Columbus
imagined that the West Indies were outlying
j)ortions of it.
Cipas, Kingdom of. New Granada. See Zipas.
Cipias (tse'pe-as). A former Indian tribe of
eastern .tVi'izona. Its exact location is unknown as
yet, but the name is mentioned by Spanish authors in the
17th and ISth centiu-ies. The Zuflis also have traditions
concerning the Cipias, and call them Tzipiakwe. The
tribe is doubtless extinct.
Circars (ser-kUrz'), Northern. A non-official
designation for five ancient circars (districts)
in the northern part of Madras, British India,
in lat. 16°-20° N.
Circassia (ser-kash'iii). [F. Cireassie, KL. Cir-
cassia, G. Tscherkessien ; Russ. Zemhja Vherke-
sov, Ch-eassian land ; Cherkcs, a Circassian.] A
region in the Caucasus, Russia, lying between
the river Kuban on the north, the land of the
Lesghians on the east, Mingrelia on the south,
and the Black Sea on the west. It includes Great
and Little Kabarda, the countries of the Abkhasians and
Tsherkessians (Cu'cassians). It was incorporated with
Russia in 1829. The Circassians emigrated in large num-
bers about 1864.
Circe (ser'se). [Gr. K/pK//.] 1. In Greek my-
thology, an enchantress, daughter of Helios by
Perse, Uving in the island of .-Eaja. Odysseus in
his wanderings came to her home, and was induced to re-
main a ye:ir with her. She metamorphosed some of bis
companions into swine. Before she would let bini depal't
she sent hiiu to the lower world to consult the seer Teire-
sias.
2. An asteroid (No. 34) discovered by Chacor-
nae at Paris April 6, 1855.
Circeii (ser-se'yi). [Gr. KipKoiov.'] In ancient
geography, a town of Latium, Italy, situated
near the sea 57 mUes southeast of Rome. It
belonged to the Latin League 340 B. c.
Circeio (cher-cha'yo). A promontory or iso-
lated rock on the western coast of Italy, near
Terracina: the ancient CLrceius Mons, or Cir-
cajum Promontorium. It was a frequented resort in
ancient times. It has some antiquities of the Roman
town Circeii, and abounds in grottoes.
Circleville (ser'kl-vil). A city and the county-
seat of Pickaway County, Ohio, situated on the
Scioto 26 miles south of Columbus. It is on the
site of an aboriginal circular fortillcation (whence the
name). Population (1S90), 0,656.
Circumcellions (ser-kum-sel'ionz). [From L.
circum, around, and cella, cell.] A party of
Douatists in northern Africa, chiefly peasants,
in the 4th and 5th centui'ies: so called becatise
they wandered about in bauds from place to
place. They persistently courted death, wantonly in-
sulting pagans, and clndlcnging all they met to kill them,
looking upon such a death as martyrdom. They supported
themselves by ijlunder, and connnltted so nuiny acts of
violence, aggravated by their religious ditferences from
the orthodox, that soldiery often bad to be employed
against them. Tliey were not entii-ely extinct till about
the close of the 6tb ccntui-y.
Circumlocution OfiS.ce. The name by which
Dickens in "Little Dorrit" satirizes the red
tape of the public-office system in England.
Circus Maximus (ser'kus mak'si-mus). The
great Roman circus which occupied the hol-
low between the Palatine and the Aventine
hills. According to tradition, the site was already used
for athletic exhibitions and provided with wooden seats
under Taniuinius IMseus. Under Cicsar and Augustus it
was first largely built of stone, ami splendidly adorned.
The present obelisks of the Piazza del Pojiolo and of the
Lateran ormimented its spina. It was rebuilt by Nero,
and again by Doniitian and Trajan, and in its tlnal form is
said to have accomnn)dated 3^6,0tiO 8i)ectators. The site
is for the most i>art covered with modern structures, and
the renniins are scanty. Some of the vaulted substructions
which upheld the seats survive, and there are considera-
ble ruins about Santa Maria in Cosmediu of the carc«'e*,
or pens, from which the racers were started. The lengtli
of the arena was 2,200 feet.
Circus of Romulus or Maxentius. A Roman
circus liuill in oil -\. i)., the most i)erl'ect an-
cient circus surviving. It is l,6sO feet long and 260
wide. The outer wall reuiains almost complete, and the
central spina, S02 feet long, can be traceti throughout.
At tile west cud, between two towers, are the chief en-
trance anil twelve pens {carceres) for comjieting chariots;
the east end is semicircular.
Cirencester (sis'e-ter), or Cicester. [ME. Cire-
i-(sln\ Cirrcstrc, Viccter, etc., ,\S. circnccaster,
('i/r( nci(isl( >\ t'jirumi.iiir, from " ('ijifii, L. Vuri-
nciim, and rcdslcr, city.] A town in (ilouces-
tershire, England, silualed on the river Churn
16 miles southeast of Gloucester: the Roman
Corineum or Dnrocornovium. It has a large
trade in wool. Population (1891), 7,441.
Cirey
Cirey (se-ra'). A chateau ou the borders of
Champagne and Lorraine, which Voltaire fitted
up in 17;i4, and where he lived «ith Madame
du ChiUelet and, occasionally, her husband.
Cirrha (sir'a). In ancient geogi'aphy, the sea-
port of Cri'ssa (with which it is often con-
founded), in Phocis, Greece. It was destrojeil
on account of sacrilege in the Sacred War about
.'iHo 15. c.
Cirta (ser'tii). [Gr. Kipra: Phen., 'the city.']
An ancient citv of the Massvlii, in Nuraidia,
Africa, in lat. 36° 21 ' X., longl 6° 35' E., noted
as a fortress: the modern Coustautine (which
see). It was restored by Constant iiie the Great.
Cisalpine Republic. [L- Cisaljiiinia, from cis.
on tins side, and Jlpcs. Alps, adj. Jlj>iiius.
Alpine.] The state formed by Napoleon Bona-
parte in northern Italy in 1797, including the
previously formed Cispadane and Transpadane
republics, south .and north of the Po, with Milan
for its capital. It was abolished in 1799, restored in
1800 and in 1802 was reconstituted as the Italian Kepub-
lic-.
Cisleithania (sis-li-thii'ni-ji or sis-li-ta'ne-a),
or the Cisleithan Division. A name given
popularly (not ofticially) to those crownlands
of Austria-Hungary which are represented in
the Austrian Reichsrat: so named from the
river Leitha, part of the bouiidary between
Austria and Hungary. It comprises Lower Austria,
Upper Austria, .Salzburg, 'styria, Carinthiii, Carniola, Kiis-
tenland, Tyrol and Vorarlberg, Bohemia, Moravia, Sile-
siii, (Jalicia, Bukowina, Dalmutia. Population (1890), 23,-
S95,41:i.
Cisneros (thes-na'ros), Diego. A Spanish
(teroiiymite friar who went to Lima, Peru,
about 1785, and resided there until his death in
1812. He had been confessor of the princess Maria Luisa
(afterward queenX and her intluenee (r.ave him the pro-
tection of the viceroys. While attending to the business
of his order he opened a kind of bookstore, a small circle
of advanced thinkers gathered about him, and after en-
countering great opposition they succeeded in introducing
marked reforms in the universities and schools, and in
giving greater liberty to the press. They constantly op-
posed the Inquisition. Fray Diego's library, bequeathed
to the university, became the nucleus of the magnificent
public library of Lima.
Cisneros y Latorre, Baltazar Hidalgo de.
See Hiilnhjo ilc Cism ro>< ij Ldtnirr.
Cispadane (sis-pa'dau) Republic. [From L.
<■;.>,■, on this side, and Padiix, the river Po, adj.
I'a<Jai)tis.] A republic fonned in 1796 by Napo-
leon Bonaparte out of the dominions of Bolo-
gna, Ferrara, Modeua, and Reggio, and modeled
on that of France. In 1797 it was merged with
the Transpadane Republic in the new Cisal-
pine Republic.
Cisplatine (sis-pla'tin) Province. [Sp.Pg.Pro-
viiH'ia Cisjil<iti)ia.'] The oincial name of Uru-
guay during the last five years of its union
with Brazil (1823 to 1828). Before and after this
time it was sometimes called the Cisplatine .State (Estado
Cisplatino). .See Estado Oriental,
Cissey (se-sa' ), Ernest Louis Octave Courtot
de. Born at Paris, Dec. 23, 1811: diedat Paris,
June 1.5, 1882. A French general and politi-
cian. He served with distinction in Algeria, in the Cri-
mea, in the Franco-Oerman war, auti in the war against
the Coniinune, 1S71. He was minister of war 1871-73 and
l^rt-Ti;.
Cis-Sutlej (sis-sut'lej) states. A name former-
ly given to a temtorial division of British India,
south of the Sutlej. The states are now incor-
porated in the Panjab.
Citania (se-tii'ne-ii). A prehistoric village near
Braga, in the prorince of Douro, Portugal, it
is probably Celtic, and has recently been excavated. There
are a number of circtilar buildings, with granit« walls.
about 20 feet in diameter, and some of rectangular plan.
Streets and buildings are paved, and roofing tiles abound.
The circular structures had conical roofs. Two buildings
have been restored as specimens.
Citeaux (se-to'). A village in the department
of C6te-d"0r, Franco, 12 miles soutli of Dijon.
It is celebrated for its abbey, founded 1098,
the headquarters formerly of the Cistercian
order.
Cithseron (si-the'ron). [Gr. K/Soipuv.] In an-
cient geography, a range of mountains separat-
ing Bceotia Iroiu Mrjjaris and Attica. It was cel-
ebrated in (in-ek U-gund, and was sacred to Zeus and to
Dionysus. It is now called Klatea.
Citizen, The. A farce by Arthur Murphy
(1763).
Citizen King. [F. Itoi cifdi/cii.'l A name of
Louis I'hilippe.liiiigof the French, wlioatTected
d)cipularity.
itizen of Geneva. An occasional epithet of
.1. .1. Rousseau.
Citizen of the World, The. The signature of
Oliver tjoldsmitU in " Letters from a Chinese
254
philosopher residing in London to his friends
in the East," published in 1762.
Citlahua, or Citlahuatzin. See Cuitlahua.
Cittadella (chet-ta-del'lii). A small town in the
province of Padua, northern Italy, situated on
the Brentalla 16 miles north-uorthwest of Pa-
dua. It has a cathedral.
Cittcl della Pieve (chet-ta' del'lii pe-a've).
A town in the province of Perugia, Italy, in
lat. 42° 57' N., long. 12° E. : the birthplace of
Perugino. It has a catheib-al.
Citta di Castello (chet-fii' de kas-tel'lo). A
town in the province of Perugia, Italy, situ-
ated on the Til>erL'(i miles north of Perugia. It is
on the site of the ain-ieut Tifeniura Tiberinum, destroyed
by Totila in the olh century A. D. It has a cathedral, com-
munal palace, and picture-gallery. Population, 5,000.
Cittaducale (ehet-tii-do-ka'le). A small town
in the province of Aquila, Italy, in lat. 42° 24'
N., long. 12° .58' E.
Citta Vecchia (chet-tii' vek'ke-ii), or Cittk
Notabile (no-tii'be-le). A city in the central
part of Malta, 6 miles west of Valetta. It was
formerly the capital.
City Gallant, The. See Green's Tu Qtioque.
City Heiress, The. A play by Mi-s. Aphra
Behn, copieil from Middleton's "A Mad World,
My Masters," produced in 1682.
City Madam, The. A comedy by Massinger,
licensed in 1632, printed in 16.58. It still keeps
the stage in a modern version entitled " Riches." Fleay
thinks that Joiison wrote it. Gilford mentions an old
comedy known as " The Cure of Pride."
City Match, The. A comedy by Jasper Mayne,
produced in 1639.
City Night-Cap, The. A play by Robert Dav-
enport, printed in 1661. It was adapted by
Mrs. Behn as "The Amorous Prince "in 1671.
City of a Hundred Towers. Pavia, Italy.
City of Brotherly Love. A nickname of Phil-
adelphia, Pennsylvania (named from Pliiladcl-
phia in Asia Minor; Gr. ^i/.a6l:7.(peia, city of
Philadelphus, but taken as ij>r/.a6c'A(j>ia, brotherly
love).
City of Churches. Brooklyn, New York : so
called on account of the large number of its
churches.
City of Destruction. In Bunyan's " Pilgrim's
Progress," the starting-point of Christian in
his journey.
City of Dreadful Night, The. A poem by
James Thomson, published first in the "Na-
tional Reformer" in 1874. The title was given also
to a volume of stories by Rudyard Kipling, one of which
gives its name to the book.
City of Elms. New Haven, Connecticut : so
named from the numerous ebns which shade
its streets.
City of God, Of the, L. De Civitate Dei. A
celebrated work by St. Augustine, written 413-
426, and treating of the Christian church.
City of Magnificent Distances. A name some-
times given to Washington, District of Colum-
bia, on account of its wide avenues and fine
vistas.
City of Oaks. Raleigh, North Carolina.
City of Palaces, The. Calcutta.
City of the Blind. See the extract.
Chalkedon was called the city of the blind, because its
founders passed by the then unoccupied site of Byzan-
tium. Freeman, Hist. Essays, III. 277.
City of the Plague. -'V poem by John Wilson,
j)ublished in 1816.
City of the Prophet. Medina, Arabia, to which
Mohammed fled from Mecca in 622.
City of the Straits. Detroit, Michigan: so
named from its geographical situation.
City of the Sun. Baalbec (which see).
City of the Violated Treaty. Limerick, Ire-
land: so named on account of the frequent in-
fringements of the " Pacification of Limerick,"
concluded at Limerick in 1691.
City of the Violet Crown. An epithet applied
to Athens, the violet being the svmbol of that
city.
City of Victory. Cairo, Egj-pt.
City Point (sit'i point). A village in Virginia,
situated at the junction of the Appomatto-x
with the James, 22 miles southeast of Rich-
mond. It was a base of supplies and op<>ra-
tions in the Civil War.
City Politiques (sit'i pol-i-teks'). A comedy
by Crowne U683) in which the Whigs are ridi-
culed, and Shaftesbury, Gates, ami Sir William
Jones are exhibited, the last in the character
of Bartoline. Geneste gives the first edition
as 1688.
City Ramble, The. .\ play adapted from Beau-
Civil War, American
mont and Fletcher's "Knight of the Burning
Pestle" by Elkanah Settle.
City Wit, The, or the Woman wears the
Breeches. A comedy by R. Brome, played
about 1632, published in 1653 by A. Brome.
Ciudad Bolivar. The official name of Angos-
tura (wliich see).
Ciudad de la Frontera (the-O-THiiTH' da lii
fron-ta'rii). [Sp.,' city of the frontier.'] The
ancient name of the city of Chachapoyas, Peru.
Ciudad de los Reyes (the-o-TniiTH' ila 16s ra'-
yes). [Sp., 'city of the kings.'] The name
given by Pizarro to the capital of Peru, founded
by him in 1535. It waslong theofflcial appellation, but
was gradually supplanted by the name Lima, and was sel-
dom used after tile 17th century.
Ciudadela (the-o-thii-tha'la). A town in Min-
orca, Balearic Islands, Spain: the former capi-
tal. It contains a cathedral, of the 14th century, consist-
ing of a single Pointed nave, lofty and spacious though
<iark, with a scjuarc tower crowned by an octagonal spire.
Ciudad Guzman (the-o-THilTH' goth-miin'), or
Zapotlan el Grande (thii-po-tlan el griin'de).
A city in the southern part of the state of Ja-
lisco, Mexico. Population (1891), 23,205.
Ciudad Real (the-ij-THiiTH' ra-iil'). [Sp., 'royal
city.'] 1. A province in .southern Spain, lying
between Toledo on the north, Cuenca and Alba-
eete on the east, Jaen and Cordova on the south,
and Badajoz on the west. It corresponds nearly to
the ancient La Maucha. It is rich in metals. Area, 7,840
square miles. Population (1887). 292,21)1.
2. The capital of the pro\-ince of Ciudail Real,
in lat. 38° 58' N., long. 3° 58' W. Here, March 27,
1809, the French under S(^b.'istiani defeated the Spaniards
under Trbino. Population (1887), 14,702.
Ciudad Real. A city in Mexico. See San
CristoJitil.
Ciudad Rodrigo (the-o-THiiTH' roTH-re'go). A
town and fortress in the province of Salaman-
ca, western Spain, situated on the Agueda 48
miles southwest of Salamanca. It has a cathe-
dral, founded in 1190, which retains much excellent early
Pointed work with Romanesque decorative sculpture.
The vaulting is in pju-t domical, with ogives. The pic-
tm-esque cloister is of 13th-century architecture on one
side, and Flamboyant on the others. It was taken by the
English in 1706, by the French in 1707, and by the French
(under Mass^na) .Inly, 1810. It was invested by Welling-
ton .tan. 8, 1812, and stormed .Ian. 19, 1812. (Wellington
was created by .Spain duke of Ciudad Rodrigo.) Popula-
tion (1887), 8,330.
Civiale (se-vyal'). Jean. Born at Thi6zac, Can-
tal, France, July, 1792 : died at Paris, June 13,
1867. A French surgeon, the discoverer of the
operation of lithotrity. He wrote " De la litho-
tritie" (1827), etc.
Civilis (si-vi'lis), Claudius. A leader of the
Bataviau revolt against Rome 69-70 A. D. He
was defeated by Cerealis in 70.
Civilistas(the-ve-les'tas). The name given in
Peru to those who oppose the union of military
and civil power in the chief magistrate and
generally object to the election of army officers
to the presidency. Since i860 the Civilistas have be-
come a well-detincd political party. They call their oppo-
nents Militaristas or Milit.ares.
Civil War, The. The war Itetween Charles I.
of England and the party of Parliament.
Civil War, American, or The War of Seces-
sion. A civil war in the United States, 1861-65.
Its chief causes were the antislavery agitation and the
development of the doctrine of State sovereignty. The
former had been gaining force since the Missouri Compro-
mise, and especially since the Wilmot proviso, the Mexican
war, the Omnibus BiU, and the Kansas-Nebraska trouble
(see these titles). The latter found expression in the Ken-
tucky resolutions, nuUifleation, and especially in the teach-
ings of Calhoun, 'i'lxe immediate occasion of the war was
the election of Lincoln in 1860. which was followed by
the secession of 11 States (see Cunjederate Slater). Lead-
ing events— In 1861; Fort Sumter fired on (April 12);
surrender of Fort Sumter (April 13); President Lincoln's
call for volunteers (April 15) ; battles of Bull Run (.tuly 21)
and Wilson's Creek (Aug. io) ; seizure of Mason and Sli-
dell-"the Trent atfair " (Nov. 8). — In 1862: Battle of
Mill Spring (Jan. 19); capture of F'ort Heni-y (Feb. 6);
battle and capture of Fort Donelson (Feb. 13-16) ; battle
of the Monitor and Merrimac(MarcIi9) ; capture of New-
bern (March 14) ; battle of Sliiloh (April 6, 7) ; siege of
Yorktown (April-May) ; passage of the New Orleans forts
(April 24) ; l>attles of Williamsburg (May 5) and Fair Oaks
(May 31, .Tune 1); .Seven Days' Battles— Mechanicsville,
Gaines's Mill. Krayser's Farni, .Malvern (.Tune 25-.Tuly 1) :
battles of Ce.iar .Mountain (Aug. 9), (2d) Bull Run (Aug.
30), Cliantillv (Sept. 1), South Mountain (.Sept. 14), Antie-
tam (Sept. 17), Iuka(Sept. 19), Corinth ((let. 4), Fredericks-
burg (Dec. 1.3), aM<i Murfreesboro (Dec. SUan. 2, 1863). -
In 18(>:J : Emancipation Proclamation (.Ian. 1); battle of
Chancelloi-sville(Jlay 1-1) ; Vicksburg c:uniiaign — battles
of (irand Oulf (April 29, May 3), R-aynmnd I May 12), .lack-
son (May 14), anil Champion's Hill (-M:n Ii;i, anil the fall
of Vick.sliurg (.Inly 4); battles of (letty>bnrg (.Inly 1-^),
Chickamauga (.Sept. 19, 20), and Chattanooga (.Nov. 23-'25).
— In 18(H; Bjittles of the Wilderness and Spottsylvania
(May 5-7, etc.) ; battles of Shennan's advance in northern
Georgia (May a!nl .Tune) ; battle of Cold Harbor(.Tune 1-3) ;
defeat of the Alabama by the Kearsarge (.lune 19) ; battles
of Atlanta (.Tuly 20, il) ; navd victory at Mobile (Aug. 6);
Civil War, American
battles of Winchester ^s pt, 18) iind I'e.lur Urcek (Oct. 10) ;
reelectinii of Lincoln (Nov. 8); rauicli tlirough tieorgia
to the sea (Nov.-Dec.) : battle of .Nashville (Dec. 16, 16),—
In !««.'■> : Surrender of Fort Fisher (Jan. 1.1) ; battles of
Averysboro (March 10), Bentonville (.March 19-21). and
Five Forlts (April 1); surrender of Richniond (April 3);
surrender of Lee's army at Apponiatto.x (April 9> : sunen-
der of Johnston's army (April 21)); and the surrender of
Kirhy Smith (May 2(i). Tne theater of tlie war was mainly
in the Southern and border States. The Federal army
numbered about 1,000,000 at the close of the war, and
the number of Confederates enrolled during the war wa.s
pr^»l)ably about the 8;mie. The Federal losses amounted
to about .st(0,<JOO; those of the Confederates to about
300.000.
Civil Wars in France. A play by Dekker and
Drayton ( I.')9S).
Civis 'siv'is). [L., 'a citizen.'] The psetido-
iiviii of Sir Henry Russell in the Loudon
•■ Times" (1S4J-49).
Civitcl Castellana (ehe-ve-ta' kSs-tel-la'nii).
A town in the province of Rome, Italy, 27 miles
north of Rome, on the site of the Etruscan city
Kalerii.
Civiti di Penne. See Pcnne.
Civitavecchia, "v Civitk Vecchia (ehe-ve-tii'
vek'ke-ii). [It., • old town.'] A seaport in the
province of Rome, Italv, on the MediteiTanean
in lat. 42° 9' N., long." 11° 48' E. : the ancient
Centum Cella?. or Porttis Trajani. its port was
constructed by Trajan. It was destiwyud by the Saracens
in the 9th century. I'opulatio^i, 0.000.
Ci'rttella del TrontO ( chc-ve-tel' la del tron'to) .
A small town in ihv province of Teramo, Italy,
8 miles northwest of Teramo. It was the last
place to surrender to the Italians in 1861.
Clackama (klak'a-mii). A large tribe of the
Upper Chinook division of North American
Indians, They formerly resided in eleven villages on
and about a river of the same name, an eastern branch of
the Willamette, in Clackamas County, Oregon. There are
69 of tliis tribe at Grande Eonde agency, Oregon. See
Chhi'iiitcan.
Clackmannan (klak-man'an). 1. The smallest
county of Scotland, situated north of the Forth
and south of I'erthsliire. Area, 48 miles. Poj)-
ulation (1891), 28,4:52.— 2. The county-seat of
the county of Claekmaiman, situated 7 miles
east of Stirling.
Claes (kliiz), Balthazar. A philosopher in
Balzac's novel "La recherche de I'absolu."
He gives up his life b) a search for tlie philosopher's
stone, and is the victim of his devotion to science.
Clahoquaht. i^ee T/aokwiaht.
Claiborne (kla'boru), or Clayborne, William.
Born in Westmoreland, England, 1.JS9 (?) : died
in Virginia, 1676 (?). An American colonial
politician. He emigrated to Virginia in 1621, and in
1(5*25 liecame secretary of state for the colony. As tlie
agent of Cloberryand Company of London, he estaitlished
a trading-post in Kent Island in 1031. The trading-post
became the nucleus of a nourishing settlement, which in
1632 sent a Imrgcss to tlie OenenU Assembly of Virgini.a.
It was later (l(i34) claimed by Leoniird Calvert, governor
of Maryland, as a part of that colony, and was long a sub-
ject of di.spntes resulting in some i)loodslied. On the exe-
cution of ('liarles I., Maryland and Virginia proclaimed
Charles 11., whereupon Claiborne, at his own request, was
In ItiSl appointed by Parliament memlierof a commission
to reduce those colonies. The connnissioners reached
Virginia at the head of an English expedition in March,
165'2, overthrew the Cavalier government, and established
a Roundhead gitvernment with Richard llennet as go\'.
ernor and Claiborne as secretary of state. In 1058, liow-
ever, the province was restored to Lord Baltimore by the
comnlonwealtli.
Claiborne, William Charles Cole. Born in
Susse.K County, Virginia, 177.'>: died at Now
Orleans, Nov. 211, 1S17. An American politician.
He was governor of .Mississippi Territory 1S02-04, of the
territory of Orleans IMill 12, and of the State of Louisiana
1812 -1(1. He was elected to the United States Senate in
ISlll, but died before taking his scat.
Clairac (kla-i'ilk'). A town in the department
of Lot-et-(iaronne, France, situated on the
Lot .")6 miles .sciuthcast of Bordeaux. I'opuiation
(1891), comnnnie, 3,M2.
Clairaut,orClairault(kla-r6'),Alexis Claude.
Born at I'aris, .May 13, 1713: died at I'aris,
May 17, 17().'). .-V celebrated French mathe-
matician. He was famous both for the strength and
the extraordinary precocity of his genius. At six years
of age he is said t^i have understood L'HOpital's treatise
on intlnitesinnds; at twelve ho road before the Academy
of Sciences a paper on certain curves which he had dis
covered ; and at eighteen he became a menil)er of tile
Academy. Among his best-known works is his analytical
study of the problem "of the three bodies," and the ap
plication of its results to the study of the moon and of
Halley's comet. He also wrote *' Recherches sur les
conrbea ^ double c<uirbure " (1731), "Tln^orie de la llgtu'c
de la teiTe " (1743), "TlKiorie de la lune," etc. (17r.'2X " Be-
cherches sur les cometes des ainit'-es 1531, 1(W)7, 1(582 et
17:'.9" (17(50), etc.
Clairfait. See Cln-finit.
Clairon (kla-roii'), Claire Hippoljrt^e Jos^phe
Legris de Latude, calldl Mile. Horn near
Condo, in llaiiiaiilt. 172:>: dii'd at I'aris, .Ian.
18, 180.5. A celeliraled French actress. Origi-
2.55
nally a comedienne, she beciune a tragedienne and enjoyed
extraordimir>' pttpnlarity. She died in old age, poor and
forgotten. Her " M(?moires " were published in 1799.
Clairvanx ;klar-v6'). A village in the depart-
ment of Aube, France, situated on the river
Aube 32 miles southeast of Troves. It is cele-
brated for its Cistercian abhe.v, whose first abbot was St.
Bernard, 1115. The abbey buildings are now used for a
prison.
Clallam (klal'am). A trilie of North American
Indians formerly living on the south side of
Puget Sound, Washington, and on the southern
enil of Vancouver Island. They now number 861
souls, and are on the Puyallup reservation, Washington.
See Salishan,
Clamcoet. See Karatikatrati.
Clamecy (kliim-se'). A town in the department
of Xievre, France, situated at the .junction of the
Beuvrou with the Yoniie. in lat. 47° 28' N., long.
3° 31' E. Population (1891), commune, 5,318.
Clamet. See KUuikiIIi.
Clandestine Marriage, The. A play by Gar-
rick and Colniaii, produi'ed Feb. 20, 1766. It
was largely taken from an unprinted farce, "The False
Concord," by the Rev. James Towuley (1704).
Clap (klap), Thomas. Born at Scituate, Mass.,
June 26, 1703: died at New Haven, Conn., Jan.
7, 1767. An American clergyman and educator,
president (rector) of Yale College 1740-66. lie
was pastor at Windham, Connecticut, 1726-40.
Claparfede ,(kl;i-pii-rad'), Jean Louis Ren6
Antoine Edouard. Born at Geneva, April
24, 1S32: died at Siena, Italy, May 31, 1870.
A noted Swiss naturalist.
Clapham (klap'am). A southwestern suburb
of London, situated on the south side of the
Thames about 4milesfromAVcstmiuster Bridge.
Its houses surround a common about 220 acres in extent,
once a favorite location for fairs which were abolished in
1873. Wal/ord.
Clapisson (klii-pe-sOu'), Antoine Louis. Born
at Najiles, Sept. 15, 1808: died at Paris, March
19, 1866. A French composer of operas, songs,
and romances. His works include the operas "La Pro-
mise" (1864). "La Fanchonnette " (1856), "Madame Gre-
goire" (iH(il), etc.
Clapperton (klap'er-ton), Hugh. Born at An-
nan, Scotland, 1788: died at Sakkatu, Africa,
April 13, 1827. An African traveler. He was a
lieutenant in the navy when Dr. Oudney and Denham
started, in 1822, on their exploration of the Sudan. He
accompanied them, and retm-ned with Denham in 1824.
In the same year, as commander, he proceeded, with Lan-
der and three other assistants, to the mouth of the Niger,
and explored its course uji to Sakkatu. The "Journal "
of this expedition was published in 1829.
Clara (klar'il). [L. Clara, bright, illustrious;
It. Chiara, Sp. Pg. Clara, F. Clairc.'i 1. The
Hyacinthe of Molifere's " Fourberies de Scapin "
in Otway's "Cheats of Scapin." — 2. The lover
of Ferdinand in Sheridan's "Duenna."
Clara, S.iint. The fotmder of the order of Cla-
risses (which see).
Clarac (klii-riik'), Charles Othon Fr6d6ric
Jean Baptiste, Comte de. Born at Paris,
June 16, 1777: died 1847. A French anti<iuary
and artist, author of " Mus(-'e de sculpture an-
tique et moderne " (1826-55), etc.
Clarchen (kUir'(;hen). [G.,dim. of C?«ra.] A
simple collage girl in Goethe's tragedy "Eg-
mont," in love -with that hero. She takes poison
when he dies.
Clare (kliir). A maritime county of Munster.
Ireland, lying between Galway on the north,
Tipperary on the east. Limerick on the south,
and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. The county
town is Einiis. Areji, 1,204 sciuare miles. Population
(l.srtl), 12l,4s:5.
Clare, Earls of. See Fitzijibbon and Holies.
Clare, Ada. Born at Charleston, S. C, 1836:
died at New York. March 4, 1874. The pseu-
donym and stage name of Jane McElhenney,
an actress and writer.
Clare, Ada. The friend and charge of Esther
.Summerson in Cliarles Dickens's "Bleak
House." She marries Richard Cars! one.
Clare, Lady Clare de. An English heiress in
Sir Walt<'r Scull's ]ioc'm "Marmion," to obtain
whose liand Marmion ruins her lover, Ralph
do Wilton.
Clare, Elizabeth de. Died Nov. 4, 1360. The
third daiitxhicr of (iiUiert de Clare, ninth Karl
of Clare, she was marrieii tlu-ee times— llrst to .bdut de
Burgh, sou of the seciuid llarl of Ulster, anil after his
death to 'I'heol)ald, Lird Verdou, and again to Uoliert
Dauuiry. Iiaron of Armoy. She was the founder of Clare
Collegt", Ciiniliiidge ((.rig'inally I'niversity Hall).
Clare, John. Horn at Heljistone, lu-ar I'e-
tii-liorough, Kngland, .Fulv 13, 1793: died at
Northamidon. Kngland. jMay 20, 1864. An
English I t, son of a. poor la.l>orer: Hurimined
"Tlie Niirthamiitonshire Peasant Poet." Ho
Claretie
wrote " Poems descriptive of Rural Life and Scenery"
(1N20), "'The Village Minstrel "(1821), " Shepherd's Calen.
diu" (1827), and "The Rural .Muse" (1836).
Clare, Richard de, or Richard Strongbow
Died 1176. The second Karl of Peniljroke and
Strigul. In -May, 1170, he went to Ireland with a strong
force" to aid Dennot, king of Leinster, who had been
driven from his kingdom, and captured Waterford and
Dublin. He malTied Eva, ilaughter of Dermot, and be-
came governor of Ireland in 117;5.
Clare, Richard de. Born Aug. 4, 1222: died
near Canterbury, July 15, 1262. A powerful
English noble, (?ighth Earl of Clare, also Earl
of Hertford and Earl of Gloucester.
Clare College. A college of the University of
Camliridge, founded as University Hall in 1326,
and refounded (as Clare Hall) in "13.59 by Eliza-
beth de Clare (or de Burgh). The college
buildings were begun in 1638.
Clare Island. A small island on the west coast
of Ireland. It lies at the entrance of Clew Bay, and
forms part of the county of Mayo.
Claremont (kliir' mont). A manufacturing
town in Sullivan County, New Hampshire, situ-
ated on the Connecticut River 45 miles north-
west of Concord. Population (1890), .5,.565.
Claremont. A palace at Esher, Surrey, Eng-
land, about 14 miles southwest of Lontlon, built
by Lord Clive in 1708. it was tberesidence of Prince
Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (later king of the Belgians) and
Princess Charlotte, and of Louis I'liilippe 1848-60.
Clarence (klar'ens), Dukes of. [ME. Clarence,
from UF. Clarence; said to be from the MGr.
K/npf I'TCa (It. Chiarni:a), a once important port
in Peloponnesus, which gave his ducal title to
the eldest son of the Prince of Achaia, and to
have come into England through Philippa, wife
of Edward HI. It was first given to Lionel,
second son of Edward in. (^Chambers.)] See
riantagenet, and William IV.
Clarence, Fitzroy. One of the pseudonyms of
William Makepeace Thackeray.
Clarence Strait. A channel between AIa.ska
and Prince of Wales Island. Length, 100 miles.
Clarendon (klar'en-don), Earls of. See Uijdc
and I'illirrs.
Clarendon. A hunting-lodge near Salisbiu-y.
England, which gave its name to the Constitu-
tions of Clarendon. See Clarendon, Constitu-
tions of.
Clarendon, Assize of. An English ordinance
issued in 1106 (12 Hen. H.), which introduced
changes in the administration of justice.
Clarendon, Constitutions of. Ordinances
adoptedat the Council of Clarendon in 1 1(34, with
a view to fixing the limits between the jurisdic-
tion of the civil and ecclesiastical courts, and to
abolishing abuses due to the encroachments of
the Vatican. They provide that "disputes about ad-
vowsons and presentations sliall be tried by the King's
Court : that criminous clerks sliall be tried by the king's
courts, uidess the justice sends the case to the ecclesi-
astical courts, and clerks thus convicted shall be punished
as laymen ; that no clergyman shall (juit the realm with-
out the consent of the king ; that appeals from ecclesias-
tical courts shall go to the king, and, unless he consents
that they shall go further, the disputes are to be tenni-
nated l>y his order in the court of the archbishop ; that
no tenant-in-chief or minister of the king shall be excom-
municated without the consent of the king ; that clergy
shall liuM tbei]' lands as tciiants-in-chicf, and perform idl
till lies and :il tend (ho King's Cnurt Willi the otlier tenant s-
in-cliief ; tliateleelioiisof anjilnshnjis, liisliops, and aliliots
shall take place liy onler of the king in the King's Chajiel,
and that the man elected shall do homage for his lands
iiefore he is consecrated ; and that sous of villeins shall
not be consecrated without the consent of their lords"
{Adand and fiaii-sifiiic, F.ng. I'olit. History, p. 24).
Clarendon, Council of. Aootmcil held in 1164.
It was occasioned li.5- tlie op[)osition of Tluunas Becket to
the ecclesiastical iioli'-y of llcniy II., and comprised the
king, the arclibisliops of ( anlerliuiy and York, eleven
bishops, forty of tlie higher n.il.ilily, and numerous biu-ons.
It enacted the so calleii Coiislitutioiis of Clarendon, "a
sort of code or cmicordal, in sixteen ehaptei-s, which in-
cluded not merely a system of dellnite rules to regulate
tliedisposiJ of the criminal clergy " (the principal point
at issue), "but a method of jiroceedinglY which all quar
rels that arose between the clergy and laity might be sat-
isfactorily heard and determined " (fHiilibx, Knrly Planta-
geiiets).
Clarendon Press. A printing establishment
in Oxford, England, in which the university
has the preiiomleraling influence. It was founded
partly with iiiollta from the copyright of clarendon's
"HIs'lory of the Kebellion."
Clarens (klil-roii'). A \'illago in the canton of
\'aud, Switzerland, situated on Lake Geneva
near its eastern extremity, nortliwcst of Mon-
I reux. It is famous as the seeiie of Rousseau's
"Nolivellc Ib'lo'ise."
Claretie (kliir -!("■'), Arsfene Arnaud, called
Jules. Born iit Linioges, France. Dec. 3, 1840.
.\ French noV(disl ami journalist. He was in turn
war correspondent and dnunatie critic, and was appointed
director o( the 'rht''fttre Kranvais on the death of .M.
Claretie
Peirin. He was war correspnnilent of the " Rappel '* and
the "Opinion Rationale" in ls7i>-71, and wrote Bevenil
books on the war. lie became a member of the Aeaiiemy
in 1889. His works incUlde "Vn assassin," or "Robert
Burat " (186(0, " Monsieur le 5Iinistre " <1SS2), " I.e Prince
Zilah " (18S4), " Puyjoli " (ISIMI), and other volumes.
Olari (klii're), Giovanni Carlo Maria. Born
at Pisa. Italy, HiUSt: died proliaWy about 174.5.
An Italian composer. His chief work is a col-
lection of vocal duets and trios (1720).
Clari. An opi'ra by Hal<5vy, first produced at
Paris, Dec. 9, 182S. "
Clari, the Maid of Milan. An opera by Sii-
Henry Bishop, brought out May 8. 1823. in it
"Home, Sweet Home" (words by John Howard Payne)
was first introduced.
Olaribel (klar'i-bel). [L. elarus, bright, and hcl-
Ins, fair.] In Spenser's "Faerie Queeue," the
chosen bride of Phaon. She is traduced by Philemon.
Phaon slays her, and, Unding liow he has been deceived,
poisons Pliilemon. ii. 4.
Claribel, Sir. In Spenser's "Faerie Queene."
one of four knights who had a fray about the
false Florimel. Britomai't fights with them, and
the combat is "stinted" by Prince Arthiu-.
iv. 9.
Clarice (klar'is ; F. pron. klii-res' ; It. pron. kla-
re'che). [F. for C'tovssn.] The sister of Huon
of Bordeaux in the early French and Italian ro-
mances. She marries Rinaldo.
Olariden (klii-re'den), or Glariden (ghi-), Pass.
A glacier pass in the Swiss Alps, leading from
the Maderaner Thai to Stachelberg in Glarus.
Elev<ation, 9.843 feet.
Claridiana (kla-rid-i-an'ii). 1. One of the prin-
cipal characters in "The MiiTor of Knight-
hood." Aftermuch turmoil ami fighting she marries the
Knight of the Sun whowiis also loved by '*the fair Linda-
brides."
2. The enchanted queen in Mendoza's Spanish
£lay " (^uerer Por Solo Querer" (" To Love for
lovo's Sake"), translated by Sir Richard Fan-
shawe.
Claridoro(klar-i-d6'r6). The rival of Felisbravo
in Mendoza's Spanish play "Querer Por Solo
Querer" (" To Love for Love's Sake"), trans-
lated by Sir Richard Fanshiiwe.
Clarin (klar'in), or Clarinda (kla-riu'dii). The
trusted handmaid of Queen Radigund iii Spen-
ser's "Faerie Queene," V. 5. She betrays her
mistress, seeking to divide her from Artegal.
Clarinda (kla-rin'da). 1. Waiting-woman to
Carniola in Massiugei-'s play "The Maid of
Honour." — 2. In Fletcher's "Lover's Pro-
gress," the adroit and unscrupulous waiting-
woman of Calista. — 3. In Thomas Shadwell's
comedy " The Virtuoso," a niece of the Virtu-
oso, in love with Lougvil. — 4. The principal
female character in Mrs. Centlii.Te's play " The
Beau's Duel," in love with Colonel Manly. —
5. "The niece of Sir Solomon Sadlife in Gibber's
comedy "The Double Gallant." She "blows
cold and hot " upon the passion of Clerimont.
Clarington(klar'ing-ton), SirArtliur. Aprof-
ligate, heartless, and avaricious wTeteh in
"The Witch of Edmonton," by Dekker, Ford,
and others.
Clarissa (kla-ris'a). The wife of Gripe the
money-scrivener in Vanbrugh's comedy "The
Confederacy." She is a sparkling, luxiu'ious
woman with a great admii'ation for the nobility
and gentrv.
Clarissa flarlowe (kla-ris'il har'16). A novel
by Samuel Richardson (published 1748) : so
called from the name of its heroine.
Clarisses (klii-res'), Les. A religious sister-
hood of the order of Saiute-Claire, foiuided in
1212.
Clark(kl;irk), Abraham. [The surnames C/arA-,
Ciarka. Cleric, Clerke are from dark, clerk, a
learned man, a writer, a reader.] Born at
EUzabethtown, N. J., Feb. 15, 1726: died at
Eahway, N. J., Sept. 15, 1794. An American
patriot, one of the signers of the Declaration
of In<lependeiice.
Clark, Alvan. Bom at Ashfield, Mass.. March
8, 1808 : died at Cambridge, Mass., Aug. 19, 1887.
An American optician, famous as a manufac-
turer of telescopes (at Cambridge, Massachu-
setts). He was originally an engraver and portrait-paint-
er. The firm of Alvan Clark and Sons w.as founiled in
1846. He made telescopes f<jr the University of il ississippi
(object-glass 18S inches: finally purchased by the I'niver-
sity of Chicago), the University of Virginia (26 inches),
the United States Naval Observatory at Wsishingttm (26
inches), the observatory at Pulkowa (:io inches), the Lick
Observatory (.16 inches), anil others.
Clark, Sir Andrew. Born Oct. 28, 1826 : died
Nov. ti, 1893. An eminent Scotch physician.
He resided in London.
Clark, or Clarke, George Rogers. Born in
256
Albemarle County, Va., Nov. 19, 1752: died at
Locust Grove, near Louisville, Ky., Feb. 13,
1818. An American general in the wars against
the Indians 1777-82.
Clark, Sir James. Bom at CuUen, Banffshire,
Scotland, Dec. 14, 1788 : died at Bagshot Park,
England, June 29, 1870. A British physician.
He was physician in ordinary- to the queen froni*lS.'J7. He
wrote "The Influence of Clinnite in the Prevention and
Cure of Chronic Diseases " (1829), " Treatise on Pulmonary
Consumption " (1835), etc.
Clark, Lewis Gay lord. Born at Otiseo, N. Y..
1810: diedatPiermont, N.Y.,Nov. 3, 1873. An
American journalist. He was editor of the
"Knickerbocker Magazine " 1834-59.
Clark, Rev. T. The pseudonjTu of John Gait.
Clark University. A non-seetarian institu-
tion opened at Worcester, Massachusetts, in
1S87. It was named for Jonas Clark, its founder, and is
intended i-ather for the promotion of research than for
ordinary collegiate education.
Clark, or Clarke, William. Bom in Virginia,
Aug. 1, 1770: died at St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 1,
1838. An American commander and explorer,
brother of G. R. Clark. He was associated with
Lewis in the command of an exploring expedition from St.
lA)uis to the mouth of the Columbiii, 1804-00. He was gov-
ernor of Missouri Territory 1813-21, and was superinten-
dent of Indian affairs in St. Louis till his death.
Clark, William (Jeorge. Born March, 1821:
cUed at York, England, Nov. 6, 1878. An Eng-
lish scholar, a graduate of Cambridge, and fel-
low and tutor of Trinity College. He was the edi-
tor, with ilr. Glover O'ol- I.) and ilr. Aldis Wriglit, of the
" Cambridge " Shakspere (1883-66), and, with llr. Wright,
of the "Globe " Shakspere, and author of works of travel
("Gazpacho," "The Peloponnesus," etc.) and of poems,
".\ Scale of Lyrics," etc.
Clark, William Tiemey. Born at Bristol,
England, xVug. 23, 1783: died Sept. 22, 1852.
A noted English civil engineer. He was the
builder of the old Hammersmitli suspension-bridge (taken
down 1885), and of the suspension-bridge over the Danube,
uniting Pest and Buda (liuilt 1839-19).
Clark, Willis Gaylord. Born at Otiseo, N. Y.,
1810: died June 12, 1841. An American poet
and journahst, twin brother of L. G. Clark. He
wrote ' ' Ollapodiana " for the ' ' Knickerbocker "
(published 1844).
Clarke (kliirk). Adam. Born at Moybeg, Lon-
donderry County, Ireland, about 1762: died at
London, Aug. 26, 1832. An eminent British
Wesleyan clergyman and biblical scholar. He
wrote "Commentary on the Holy Bible" (1810-26), etc.
From 1803 to 1818 he was occupied in editing Rymer's
" Foedera. "
Clarke, Sir Alured. Born about 1745 : died at
Llangollen, Wales, Sept. 16, 1832. An English
soldier, appointed tield-marshal on the acces-
sion of William IV. He served as lieutenant-colonel
under Howe in New York 1776; succeeded John Bur-
goyne as master-gener.al of the Hessian troops ; was lieu-
tenant-governor of Jamaica 1782-90; was stationed at
Quebec 1791-93 ; went to India in 1796 ; took part in the
capture of Cape Colony in Sept. of the same year ; and
succeeded Sir Kobert Abercromby as commander-in-cluef
in India May 17, 1798.
Clarke, Charles Cowden. Bom at Enfield,
near London, Dec. 15, 1787: died at Genoa,
Italy, March 13, 1877. -An English man of let-
ters, publisher (a partner of Alfred Novello)
and lecturer on Shakspere and other di'amatic
poets. He married Mary Victoria, daughter of Vincent
Novello, July 5, 1828. He began to lectuie on Sliakspere,
(Chaucer, and other poets and dramatists in 1834, and con-
tinued this career imtil 1856. He was the author of " Tales
from (Chaucer " (1833), "Eichesof Chaucer "(1835), "Shak-
speare Chai-acters " (IS63), "Moliere Characters "(1865),
etc., and joint author with his wife of the " Sliakspcare
Key ; uidocklng the treasures of his style," etc. (1879),
editions of Shakspere, "Recollections of Writers " (1878),
etc.
Clarke, Mrs. (Mary Victoria Novello, usually
known as Mrs. Cfowden Clarke). Born at
London, June 22, 1809. An English Shakspe-
rian scholar and author, wife of C. C. Clarke,
she has published "The Complete Concordance to Sliak-
spere " (1846), wliich was compiled during the assiduous
labor of si.vteen years (it does not contain the words of the
sonnets and poems), '*The Girlhood of Shaksperc's Hero-
ines " (1850), " The Iron Cousin, " a novel (1854), " Memorial
Sonnets" (188SX and other works.
Clarke, Edward Daniel. Born at Willingdon,
Sussex. England. .Juno 5, 1769: died at Lon-
don, March 9, 1.S22. An English traveler and
mineralogist, appointed professor of mineral-
ogy at Cambridge in 1808, and librarian in
1817. His works include "Travels in Various (\)untries
of Europe, Asia, and Africa" (1810-23), and numerous
scientific papers. He made important collections of min-
erals (purchased by the University of Cambridge), nnuiu-
scripts, coins, etc. He brought to England the sio-called
"Ceres," a colossal statue (;i listnpborus), found at F.leu-
sis by Whelirin ir.TC, and now in Ilie I'ilz" illiam Museum.
Clarke, Henri Jacques Guillaume, Comte
(I'Hunebourg, Duo de Feltre. Bom at Landre-
Classis
eies, Nord, France, Oct. 17, 1765: died at Neu-
viller, France, Oct. 28, 1818. A marshal of
Kr.anee, minister of war 181.5-17.
Clarke, Hyde. Bom at London, Dec. 14, 1815 :
died there, March 1, 1895. An English engineer
and philologist. His works include " A New and Com-
prehensive Dictionary of the English Language" (1853), and
numerous philological and ethnological treatises.
Clarke, James Freeman. Bom at Hanover,
N. H., April 4, 1810: died at Jamaica Plain,
Mass., Jime 8, 1888. An American Unitarian
clergyman, theologian, and miscellaneous au-
thor. He was graduated at Harvard in 1829, preached at
Louisville, Kentucky, 18;{;i-40, and ffiunded at Boston in
1841 the Church of tlie Disciples, of which he was pastor
tnitil his death. His works include "Christian Doctrine
of Forgiveness " (1852), "Christian Doctrine of Prayer"
(1854), "Orthodoxy, its Truths and Errors" (1866), "Ten
Great Religions " (1871), etc.
Clarke, John. Born in Bedfordshire, England,
Oct. 8, 1609: died at Newport, R. I., April 20,
1676. An English physician, one of the foun-
ders of Rhode Island. He was driven from Massa-
chusetts in 16;i8, and was one of the purchasers of Aquid-
neck (Rhode Island) from the Indians. In 1639 he was
one of the founders of New^iort, where he became pastor
of the Baptist church founded in 1644. He occupied
various positions of trust in the colony.
Clarke, John Sleeper (real name John Clarke
Sleeper). Born at Baltimore, Md., Sept. 3,
1S33 (1835?). An American comedian. He
made his first appearance in Boston in 1851. He married
Asia, daughter of Junius Booth, in 1859. In 1864 he un-
dertook the management of the Winter Garden Theater
with William Stuart and Edwin Booth : this he gave up
in 1867. In 1863, with Edwin Booth, he bought the Walnut
Street Theater in Philadelphia. In 1866 they obtained
the lease of the Boston Theater. In Oct, 1867, he ap-
peared in London, where, with brief interruptions, ne
has remained. In 1872 he became proprietor of the Char-
ing Cross Theater, afterward managing the Haymarket.
His Doctor Pangloss. Ollapod, Major Wellington de Boots,
and Salem Seudder have been successful.
Clarke, MacDonald. Born at New London,
Conn., June 18, 1798 : died at New York, March
5, 1842. .An American poet, called, on account
of his eccentricities. "The Mad Poet." A num-
ber of collections of his poems have been published, in-
cluding "A Review of the Eve of Eternity, and other
Poems "(1820), "The Elisirof Moonshine, by the Mad Poet"
(1822), "The Gossip" (1825), "Poetic Sketches" (1826),
"The Belles of Broadway" (1833), and "Poems" (1836).
Clarke, Marcus Andrew Hyslop. Bom at
Kensington, Loudon, April 24, 1846: died at
Melboiu-ne, Australia, Aug. 2, 1881. .An Austra-
lian journalist and novelist. He went to Victoria
in 1863. His principal work, a novel, " For the Term of
his Natural Life," was published in 1874.
Clarke, Mary Anne. Born at London in 1776 :
died at Botdogne, June 21, 1852. An English
woman of obscure origin, mistress of the Duke
of York. She became notorious from the public scandals
which grew out of her connection with the duke. She
wrote "The Rival Princes " (the dukes of York and Kent).
She was condemned to nine months' imprisonment for
libel in 1813. After 1815 she lived in Paris.
Clarke, Samuel. Born at Norwich, England,
Oct. 11, 1675: died at London, May 17, 1729.
A celebrated English divine and metaphysical
writer, son of an alderman of Norwich. He was
a graduate of Cambridge (Caius College), and was succes-
sively rector of Drayton, near Norwich ; of .St. Benuet'a,
London, in 1706; and of St. James's, Westminster, in 1709.
He was also one of the chapl.ains of Queen Anne. His most
celebrated work is his "Boyle Lectures" (1704-05), pub-
lished as "A Discom-se concerning the Being and Attri-
butes of God, the Obligations of Natural Religion, and the
Truth and Certainty of the Christian Revelation, in answer
to Mr. Hobbes, Spinoza, etc." His metaphysical argu-
ment for the existence of God is especially famous, and he
also holds a high place in the history of the science of
ethics.
Clarke, William. See Clark.
Clarke's River, or Clarke's Fork of the Colum-
bia River. [Named for Captain William Clarke.]
A river in Montana, Idaho, ami Washington,
formed by the Bitter Root and Flathead rivers
near the Horse Plain, Montana. It joins the
Columbia in lat. 49° 3' N. Total length, in-
cliKling heail stream, about 700 miles.
Clarke- Whitfield. See Whitfidd.
Clarkson (kUirk'son). Thomas. Born at Wis-
beach. Cambridgeshire, England, March 28,
1760: died ,at Plavford Hall, near Ipswich,
England. Sept. 26, 1846. An English abolition-
ist, occupied as pamphleteer and agitator 1786-
1794. H(> wrote a " Historv of the Abolition of
the Slave Trade" (1808), etc.
Classis (klas'is). [L.] See the quotation.
The town of Ravenna was already three miles distant
from the sea (no doubt owing to a previous alteration of
the coast line), but be | .Xusnstusi improved the then exist-
ing harbour, to which he gave the appropriate name of
Clanxis, and connecterl it witli the old town by a causeway,
about which clustered another intcnnediate town called
Ciesarea. Classis, then, in the days of the Roman em-
perors, was a busy port and arsenal — Wapping and Chat-
Olassis
ham combined — capable of aflordlnf; anchoraRC to 250
Tefl«el8, reaoandlng with :ill the noises of men " whose cry
li in their ships." (io to it now, and you Hnd one of tlie
loneliest of all lonely inool-s, not a h«mse, scarcely a cot-
tage in sight : only the glonons church of San Apollinare
In Classe, which, reared in the sixth century by command
of Justinian, still stands, though the buses of its columns
are green with damp, yet rich iu the unfaded beauty of
Ita mosaics. Uodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, I. 43;>.
Clatsop (klat'sop). A tribo of the Lower Chi-
nook ilhision of North American Indians.
They formerly lived at Cape Adams, on tiie south side of
t'oliinibiii River, Oregon, up that river to Tongue Point,
and soutliwiu'd, along the I'aciflc coast, nearly to Tillamook
Head, Oregon. There are still a few survivors rcsiiling
about six miles above the mouth of the Columbia River
in Oregon, and also a few on the Gnmde Roude reserva-
tion in the same .state. .Sec Ckinookan.
Claude (klad; F. pron. klod), Jean. [P. Cktude,
from L. Claudi Ks.'i Bom at Ln Sauvetat, near
Ageii, France, 1G19 : died at Tlie Hague, Nether-
lands, Jan. 13, 1687. Acelebrated French Prot-
estant clergyman and controversialist. He was
pastor of La Treyne, then at Saint- Alfrique, and then at
Nhues where he was also professor of theology, and in IGCd
was pi'ohibitetl from exercising his ecclesiastical f uncticuis.
In lGti2 he was appointed pastor and i)r(»f essor of theology
at Montauban, but was suspended in ItilH;. lie retired U>
Holland on the revocation of the E<liet of Nantes. His
chief work is a " Defense de la refonnation " (HIT.'I).
Claude d' Abbeville (klod diib-voi'). Died at
Rouen, 1616. A French Capucliin, a native of
Abbeville. From 1612 to 16U he was a missionary i" the
French colony of Maranhao, iu Brazil. His "Histoire de
la mission des peres Capucins en ITsle de Maragnan"
i Paris, ltil4) is of great historical and ellmological value,
t is now verv i-are. There is a modern Portuguese ti-ans-
lation (.Maranhiio, 1874).
Claude Lorrain (klad lo-ran'j F. pron. klod lo-
ran') (real name, Claude Grel6e or Gellee).
Bom at Chamagiie, Vosges. France, 1600: ilied
at Home, Nov. 21, 1682. A celebrated French
landscape-painter. Taken in 1613 to Rome by a rela-
tive, he went thence to Naples, where he spent two years as
a pupil of Godfrey Wals, a painter from Cologne. From
161fl to 162.5 he lived in R*jme, working as an apprentice
and valet to Agostino Tassi, who was employed by the
Cardinal di MonUdto to decorate his palace. After this
be returned to Lorraine by Venice and the Tyrol. At
Nancy he found emplojiuent in decorating the cliapelle
dee Carmcs, for Onke Charles III., with figures and archi-
tectural ornaments, until the middle of the year 1027,
when he returned to Rome to remain for the rest of his
life. liy 1034 Claude had become a celebrity in Ronie, and
had painte<l many pictures. The " Liber Veritatis," acol-
lection of two hundreti outline drawings of his paintings
(later engraved and published) w.as begun about Ui:t4 and
nidshcd March 2ij, It'.Tf*. The "Claude Lorrain mirror" is
so called from the fancied similarity of its effects to his
pictures.
Olaudet (klo-da'), Antoine Frangois Jean.
Born at Lyons, France. Aug. 12, 1797: died at
London, Deo. 27,1867. A French photogi'apher,
resident in. Loudon after 1829 : noted for his
improvoment.s and inventions in photographic
apparatiLS and processes.
Claudia (kla'di-U). [L., fem. of Claudius.'] A
common Komiin female name.
Claudia gens (kla'di-ii .icuz). In ancient Rome,
a plebeian »u<l p;i(r!ciaii clan or house. The
patrician Claudii were of Sabine origin, and came to
Borne .504 B. G. Their surnames were Caecus, Caudex,
Centlio, Crassus, Pulcher, Itegillensis, and Sabinus. The
surnames of the plebeian Claudii were Asellus, Canina,
Centumalus, Cicero, Flamen, and Marcellus.
Claudian (kla'di-an). See i'laiiiliniiKS.
Claudianus (kla-d'i-a'nus), Claudius. Born at
Ale.\aiiili'ia, Kgypt, probably about M.'i A. I).:
died about 408 (?). A noteil Latin poet. He was
the panegyrist of Stilicho, Theodosius, Honorius. and
others. lie wrote jianegj-rics, epithalamia, " De raptu
I'ro-crpfna'," etc.
Claudia (juinta (kla'di-ji kwin'til). In Roman
logornl, a woman, probably the sister of Appius
Clautlius Pulcher. In 206 n. c, when the ship con-
veying the image of ('ybeic stuck fast in a shallow at tlie
mouth of the Tiber and the soothsayers announced that
only a chaste woman could move it, she cleared herself
from an accusation of incontinency by stepping forward
from ann>ng the matrons who bad accomi)anied .Sci|)io to
receive the image, and towing the vessel to Rome.
Olaudio fkla'di-6). 1. A young Florentine in
love with H<>ro, in Shiikspere's "JIuch Ado
about Nothing." He falls too easily into belief
in Hero's dislinnor. — 2. The lover of Juliet in
Shakspere's " Mcasin-e for Measure." According
to an old law, nowly put in force, he is about t4» be exe-
cuted for his intercour>(e with her, th4)Ugh he considers
himself her husband. He is saved by liis sister Isabella.
Claudius (kla'di-usi I. (Tiberius Claudius
Drusus Nero Germanicus). |L., 'liune'; It.
Sp. ('Iiiiiiliii, F. Cliiiiili.] IJiii-u iit Ijugiliiiiuiri.
IJaiil, Aug. 1, 10 B. c. : died ;'>4 A. D. Empi-idi'
of Koine 41-:")4. He was the grandson of Tiberius
(laudtilsXeroand Llvia, whoafttTwardmaixied Augustus,
and son of Drusus and Antonia, the daughter of Marc An-
tony. Being feeble in mind an<l body, he was excluded
from public affairs by his predecessor, although the emply
hon<u" of a consulship was best^twed on him in .*J7 by bis
nephi'W ( 'aliguhi, on whose murderin 41 he was proclaimed
emperor by the pretorian guai"ds. .Nutui-ally of a mild and
17
257
amiable disposltion.his accession was signalized byacteof
clemency and justice, which, however, under the influence
of his third wife, tlie infamous Valeria .Messalina, and his
favorites, the fieedmen Narcissus, Pallas, and others, were
subsequently obscured by cruelty and bloodshed. He vis-
ited Britain in 43. In 49, after the execution of Mcssalinri,
who, during his absence at Ostia, had contracted a public
marriage with Cains Silus, he married his niece Agrip-
pina the younger. She persuaded him to set aside his own
son Britannicus, and txi adojit her son by a former mar-
riage, L. Domitius, as his successor, jleijenting of ijiis
step soon after, he was iioisuiied by Agrippina, and L.
Domitius ascended the throne under tlie name of Nero.
The famous Claudian aqueduct in Rome is named for
him.
Claudius II. (Marcus Aurelius Claudius,
suruamed Gothicus). Boru in Darilania or
Illyria, 214: died at Sirmium, Pannonia, 270
A. b. Emperor of Rome 268-270. He defeated
the Alamanni in northern Italy in 268, and de-
feated the (ioths near Naissus, Mocsia, in 269.
Claudius, 1. The King of Denmark and uncle
of Hamlet iu Shakspere's tragedy "Hamlet." —
2. A servant of Bnitus in Shakspere's "Julius
CiBsar."
Claudius, Appius, suruamed Caecus ('the
Blind'). Died after 280 B. C. A Roman states-
matl. He was censor 312-308, and consul 307 and 290.
He commenced the Appian Way and comi)leted the Ap-
pian aijueduct. From him Roman jurisprudence, oratory,
grammar, and Latin prtise date their beginning. He
abolished the limitation of the full right of citizenship to
landed proprietors.
Claudius (klou'de-Os), Matthias. Born in
Reiufeld, in Holsteiu, Aug. 15, 1740: died at
Hamburg, Jan. 21, 181.5. A German poet.
He studied at Jena, and settled afterward in Wandsbeck,
near Altona, where, under the name of Asraus, he pub-
lished a weekly periodical, "Der Wandsbecker Bote." He
was the autlior of numerous lyrics, some of which have
become genuine folk-songs. A collection of his works
with the title "Asmus omnia sua secum portans, oder
Sammtliche Werke des Wandsbecker Boten " appeared at
Hamburg 1775-1812.
Claudius Crassus (kla'di-us kras'us), Appius.
A Roman consul, decemvir 451—449 B. c.
Claudius Nero. See Nero.
Claudius of Turin. Died 839. A bishop of
Turin. He was a Spaniard by birth, was a pupil of
Felix of Urgel, and was appointed bishop of Turin by
Louis le D(ibonnaire in 820. He denied that the monastic
vow possessed any peculiar merit, that Rome was the
special scat of penitence and absolution, and that any
special power of loosing and tiinding had been given to
Peter, and rejected the worship of images and relics.
Author of " Ai>ologeticum atque Rescriptum adversua
Theutmirum Abb.ateni," no copy of which is now known
to exist.
Claudius Pulcher (kia'di-us pul'ker), Appius.
Died iu Euboea, 46 B. c. A Roman politician,
brotlier of the demagogue Clodins.
Claus (klaz), Santa. See Niclmlas, Saint.
Clausel (klo-zel'), Bertrand, Comte. Born at
Mirepoix, Ariege, France, Dee. 12, 1772 : died
at Secourieu, near Toulouse, France, April 21,
1842. A marshal of France. He served with dis-
tinction in the Napoleonic wars, especially in Spain ISIO-
1813, and was governor-general i.-f Algeria 1S3.5-37.
Clausen (klou'zen), Henrik Nikolai. Bom
at Maribo, Denmark, April 22, 1793: died at
Copenhagen, March 28, 1877. A Danish theo-
logian. He was professor of theology at Copenhagen
1822-76, and state couiadlor 1S4-S-.51. His wttrks include
"Katholicismcns og Protcstantisinens Kirkeforfatning
Laro<»g Ritus"(182r)^ "Ciiurcdi Organization, Doctrine, and
Ritual <>i Ciitholicism and Protestantism"), etc.
Clausenburg. See Klinisoibuiy.
Clausewitz (klou'ze-vits). Karl von. Born at
Burg, i'russia, .Tune 1, 1780: died at Breslau,
Prussia, Nov. 16, is:!l. A Prussian officer and
military writer. He wiote " Ubcrsicht des Foldzugs
von 1813," etc. (1814), " Hinterhissene Wei-ke "(Is32-.'i7, in-
cluding " Vom Kriege," "Der Feldzug von 1796 in Ital-
ien, 'etc.).
Clausius(klou'ze-os), Rudolf Julius Emanuel.
Boruitt Koslin.I'omerania, Prussia, .1,111. 2.1822:
died at Bonn, Aug. '24, 1888. A celebrated Ger-
man physicist. He became professor of physics in the
tTniversity of Bonn in 1869, a post which he retained until
his deatli. Author of *' Die mechanlsche Wilrnietheorio "
(2d ed. 187(>-91), " t'ber das Wesen der Warme " (1857), and
" Die Potontialfunktion und das Potential " (1869).
Clausthal, <u' Klausthal (klous'tiil). A town
in the prcivince of Hannover. Prussia, situated
in the llarz Mountains 44 miles southeast of
Hannover. It is noted for its silver and lead-mines,
and is the seat of the mining authorities of the region.
I'opnlation (18!K)), commune, 8,736.
Claveret (klilv-nT), Jean. Bom at Orleans.
1.590: clieci 1666. .\ French poet, chiefly notable
as an adversary and would-be rival of ( 'orneille.
He vrrole a "Letire conire le sieur ('orneille,
soi-disniit nut cur ihi Ciil," etc.
Claverhouse, John Graham of. See Graham,
./iiliii.
Clavifere (klll-vyar'), Etienne. Born at Gene-
va, .Ian. 27, 1735: died Dec. 8, 1793. A Revo-
Clazomens
lutionary politician and financier, French min-
ister of finance in 1792. He was identified with the
cirondins, and on their fall was accused and jurested and
brought before the Revolutioiiarj' tribunal. He commit-
ted suicide in prison.
Clavigero (klii-ve-Ha'ro), Francisco Xavier
(Saverio). Born at Vera Cruz, 1731 : died at Bo-
logna, Italy, 1787. A Mexican Jesuit historian.
He taught rh'etoric and philosoiihy in the principalJesuit
colleges of Mexico, and sifter the expulsion of his order
(1707) founded an academy at Bologna. His "Storia .\li-
tica del Messieo" (Cesena, 1780) includes the Aztec jieriod
of Mexican histor}' and the coiapiest, and liad an immeiliate
and wide success. It was translated into various lan-
guages. His "Storia deUa California " was published after
his death (Venice, 1789).
Clavigo (klii-ve'go). A tragedy by Goethe, pub-
lislied June 1, 1 774. See Clavijo y Fajardo, Josi.
ClavijOj Don, An accomplished cavalier in
"Don tjjuixote," who was metamorphosed into a
crocodile and was disenchanted by Don Quixote.
Clavijo, Ruy (ronzalez de. Boru at Madrid :
died at Jladrid, 1412. A Spanish diplomat
and traveler in the Orient, ambassador of
Henry HI. of Castile to Tamerlane 1403-06.
He wrote "Historia del gran Tamerlan 6 Itin-
erario," etc. (printed 1582).
Clavijo y Fajardo (kla-ve'no e fa-nar'do),
Jos6. Boru in the Canary Islands about
1730 : cUed at Madrid, 1806. A Spanish offi-
cial (curator of the royal archives), journalist,
and translator of Buffon. He is known chiefly
from his quarrel (1764) with Beaumarchais on account
of the latter's sister. He was forced to sign an acknow-
ledgment of wrong-doing which cost him his lionor and
his official position. He was made the subject of a tra-
gedy by Goethe. See Beaumarchais.
Clavileno (kla-ve-lan'yo). El Allgero. ISp.,
'thewinge(lpin-(orpeg-) timber.'] The wooden
horse used by Don Quixote. It was managed
by a wooden pin in its forehead.
Clay (kla), Cassius Marcellus. Bom in Madi-
son County, Ky., Oct. 19, 1810. An American
politician, son of General Greeu Clay. He was
an antislavery advocate, and United States
minister to Russia 1861-62 and 1863-69.
Clay, Clement Claiborne. Bom in Madison
Couuty, Ala., 1819 : died near Huntsville, Ala.,
Jan. 3, 1882. An American politician. He was
United States senator from Alabama 18.54-61,
and a Confederate senator and secret agent.
Clay, Green. Born in Powhatan Coimty, Va. ,
Aug. 14, 1757 : died Oct. 31, 1826. An Ameri-
can general. He defended Fort Meigs against
a British force iu 1813.
Clay, Henry. Born in Hanover Couuty, lu'ar
Richmond, va., April 12, 1777: died at Wash-
ington, D. C, June 29, 1852. A celebrated
American statesman and orator. He was United
States senator from Kentucky 1806-07 and 1810-11 ; was
member of Congress from Kentucky 1811-21 and 1823-25
(serving as speaker 1811-14, l.sl.S-20, and 1823-25); was
peace commissioner at Ghent in 1814 : was candidate for
the Presidency in 1824 : was secretary of state 1825-29 ; was
ITnited States senator 1831-42 and 1849-62 ; was Whig can-
(lidateforthe Presidency in 1832 and 1844 ; was the chief de-
signer of the " Missouri Compromise " of 1820, and of the
compromise of 18.'»0; and was the author of the compro-
mise tariff of 1833. Complete works, with biography,
edited by Colton (1857).
Clay, James, B(uu at London, 1805: died at
Brighton, England, 1873. An English author-
ity on whist, author of "A Treatise on the
Game of Whist by J. C," affixed to Baldwin's
"Laws of Short Whist" (1864). He was a
m<>mber of Parliament from 1847 until 1873.
Clayborne, William. See ciaibomr.
Clay Cross (kla kros). A coal- and iron-rain-
ing center in Derbyshire, England, about 4
miles south of Chesterfield.
Claypole (kla'p<51), Noah. Mr. Sowerberry's
apprentice, a <diarity boy and iifterward a thief,
a characterin Charles Dickens's "Oliver Twist."
He marries Charlotte, Mrs. Sowerberry's ser-
vant.
Clays (klas), Paul Jean. Born at Bruges, Bel-
gium, Nov. 27, 1819. ABelgian marine-painter.
Ho became a member of the Royal Academy
iu 1.883.
Clayton (klil'ton), John. Bom at Fulham,
Kiiglaud, 1693: died in Virginia, Dec. 1.5, 1773.
An English-American liotanist. The genus
Clmitotiid was named in his honor.
Clayton, John Middleton. Born at Dagsbor-
ough, Sussex County, Del., .Inly 24, 1796: died
at '"Dover, Del., Nov. 9, 1856.' An Anu-rican
politician. He was TTnited States senator from Dela-
ware 1829-:<7, 1S45 49, and ls.'il-5(i. As secrotaiy of state,
1,S49 50 be negotiated the Bnlwer-nayton treaty.
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. Sei. lUihrcr-Clnyton
'rrrdhj.
Clazomense (kla-zom'e-ne). [Gr. K?oCo/;n'n(.l
All ancient Ionian city of Asia Minor, situated
Clazomense
about 20 miles southwest of Smyrna, near the
modem Vurla. It was the birthplace of Anax-
agoras.
Cllante (kla-onf). [F.] 1. The lover of An-
gelique in Moliere's "Malade Imaginaire.'' — 2.
The brother-in-law of Orgon, and brother of
Elmire, in Moliere's "Tartufe." He is as genu-
inely good as Tartufe is hj-pocritieal. — 3. The
son of Hai-pagou in Moliere's "L'Avare." He
is in love with Mariaue.
Cleanthe (kle-an'the). The sister of Siphax
in Fletcher's ''Mad Lover."
Cleantlies(kle-an'thez). [Gr. KXf(ii^r.] Bom
at Assos, Asia Minor, about 300 B.C. : died at
Athens about 220. A Greek Stoic philosopher,
a disciple and the successor of Zeno.
Cleanthes. 1. The friend of Cleomenes, and
captain of Ptolemy's guard, in Dryden's tragedy
"Cleomenes." — 3. The son of Leonides in
'"The Old Law," a play by Massinger, Middle-
ton, and Kowley: a model of filial piety and
tenderness.
Cleanthis (kle-au'this). A waiting-woman to
Alciuena, and wife of Sosia, in Moliere's ''Am-
phitryon."
Clear" (kler). Cape. The southernmost point
of Ireland, situated on the island of Clear in
lat. 51° 26' N., long. 9° 29' "W.
ClearcllUS (kle-ar'kus). [Gr. K/iap^o;-.] Bom
at Sparta: executed by Artaxerxes, 401 B. c.
A Lacedaamonian general. He fought under Min-
darus at the battle of Cyzicus 410. In 40S his tyrannous
conduct as harmost diu-ing the siege of Byzantium by the
Athenians led to the surrender of the city by the inhabi-
tants during his absence in Asia, whither he had gone to
collect a force to raise the siege. In 400 he fought under
Callicratidas at tlie battle of Arginusre. After the Pelo-
ponneslan war he persuaded the ephor to send him as
general to Thrace to protect the Greeks against the na-
tives ; and, having proceeded thither in spite of an order
for his recall which overtook him on the way, was con-
demned to deatlL Defeated by a force sent against him
under Panthoides, he fled to Cyrus the Younger, under
whom he commanded a body of Greek mercenaries in the
expedition against Artaxerxes, 401. After the battle of
Cunaxa, in which Cyrus was killed, he was treacherously
seized, with four other Grecian generals, by Tissaphernes
at a confereuce, and sent to Artaxerxes, who ordered them
to be put to death. The surviving Greeks, however, hav-
ing chosen new generals, accomplished the famous retreat
known as the "Ketreat of the Ten Thousand." SeeXen*-
phiiUf Anabasis,
Cleaveland. See Cleveland.
Cleaveland (klev'land), Parker. Bovn at
Kowley, Mass., Jan. 15, 1780: died at Bruns-
wick, Maine, Oct. 15, 1858. An American
mineralogist. He was professor in Bowdoin College
(Maine) 1805-68. He wrote " Mineralogy and Geology "
(1816), etc.
Cleaver (kle'ver), Fanny. A deformed little
dolls' dressmaker, called "Jemiy Wren," in
Charles Dickens's "Our Mutual Friend." "My
back 's bad and ray legs are queer," is her frequent excuse,
and she always describes herself with dignity as "the
person of the house."
Cleef (klaf;, Jan van. Born at Venlo, Nether-
lands, 1&46: died at Ghent, Belgium, Dec. 18,
1716. A Flemish painter.
Cleef ( klaf ) , or Cleve, Joost or Joas van. Bom
at Antwerp about 1479: died abotit 1550. A
Flemish portrait-painter, surnamed "Zotte"
('crazy'). He died insane.
Cleishbotham (klesh'boTH-am), Jedediah.
The assumed compiler of the "Tales of My
Landlord," by Walter Scott. A "Peter Pat-
tieson" is credited with the authorship.
Cleisthenes (klis'the-nez), or Clisthenes (klis'-
the-uez). [Gr. K?.ciaOii-t/c.'i An Athenian poli-
tician, son of Megacles, and grandson of Cleis-
thenes of Sicyon. He developed in a democratic
spirit the constitution of Solon (adoiited 594 B. C.) by sub-
Btituliiig ten new for four old tribes, with a view to break-
ing up the influence of tlie land-owning aristocracy, the
new tribes being composed not of contiguous demes or
local communities, but of demes scattered about the
country and interspei-sed with those of other tribes. He
was expelled in .S07 by Isagoras, leader of the aristocratic
party, allied by a .Spartan army under Cleomenes; but
was recalled in the same year by the populace, which
compelled the Spartans to withdraw and sent Isacoras
into exile. He is said to have established the ostracism,
or power of the sovereign popular assembly to decree,
without process of law, by means of a secret ballot, the
banishment of any citizen who endangered the public
liberty.
Cleland (kle'land). John. Bom 1709: died
Jan. 23. 1789. An English writer. He was the
author of the notorious novel "Fanny Hill, or the
Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure" (174H-f>0). anil "ile-
moirs of a Coxcomb" (IT.^il). He was consul at Smyrna,
and in 1736 was in the service of the East India Company
at Bombay. In the latter part of his life he wrote for
the stage and also dabbled in philology.
Clelia (kle'li-ii), or Civile (kla-le'). A romance
by Mademoiselle de Scud^ry, published in 1656,
named from its heroine.
258
C16menceau (kla-mon-s6'), Eugene. Bom at
Mouillerou-cn-1'areds, Vendee, France, Sept.
2S, 1841. A French radical politician. He studied
medicine in ?!iris, entered the National Assembly in 1871,
became president of the municipal council of Paris in
1875, and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1876.
In 1887 he declined an invitation to form a ministry. He
surt ered in the general wreck of French politicians caused
bv the Panama scandal in 1892, and failed of reelection in
1S!>::.
Clemens Alezandrinus. See Clement of Alex-
andria.
Clemens (klem'enz), Samuel Langhorne:
pseudonym Mark Twain. Bom at Florida,
Mo., Nov. 30, 1835. A noted American humorist.
He was apprenticed to a printer at the age of thirteen ;
became a pilot on the Mississippi in ISGl; went to Ne-
vada in 1861, and became city editor of the " Enterprise "
in Virginia City in 1802; removed to San Francisco in
1865; visited the Sandwich Islands in 1866; and traveled
in Europe and the East in 1S67. He resides in Hartford,
Connecticut. In 1SS4 he established at New York the
publishing.house of C. L. Webster and Co. His works in-
clude "The Innocents Abroad" (lSe9X "Houghing It"
(1872), "\ Tramp Abroad " (1880), "Jumping Frog, etc."
(1867X "The Gilded Age," conjointly with C. D. Warner
(1873: this has been successfully dramatized), ".\dven.
tures of Tom Sawyer " (1876), "Adventures of Huckleberry
Finn "(1884), "A Yankee at the Court of King Arthur"
(1889), etc.
Clement (klem'ent) I., Saint: also called
Clemens Romanus (kle'menz ro-ma'nus)
('the Komau'). [L. Clemens, merciful, mild;
It. Sp. Clemente, F. Clement, G. Clemens.']
Lived in the 1st centiuy A. D. : died probably
about 100. A bishop of Kome : according to the
common tradition, the third bishop of Rome
after St. Peter. Nothing is known with certainty
concerning his personal history, except that he was a
prominent presbyter of the Christian conyregation at
Home innuediately after the apostolical age. He is by
some identitled with the Clement mentioned by Paul in
PhU. iv. 3 as his fellow-laborer, by others with the con-
sul Flavins Clemens who was put to death by Domitian
on a charge of atheism. Ti'adition has reckoned him
among the martyrs; but according to Eusebius and
Jerome, he died a natural death in the third year of the
reign of Trajan. Numerous writings, most of which are
evidently spurious, have been attributed to him. Tlie
most celebrated among these are two "Epistles to the
Corinthians," which were held in the greatest esteem by
the early Christians. They disappeared from the Western
Church after the 5th century, and were rediscovered in the
Codex Alexandrinus (a present from Cyrillus Lucaris to
Charles I.) by Patricius Junius (Patrick Young), who
published them at Oxford in 1633. Another MS. was dis-
covered by Philotheos Bryennios in the convent librai-y
of the patriarch of Jerusalem, and pubhshed in 1S75.
Clement II. (.Suidgar). Died at Pesaro, Italv.
Oct. 9, 1047. Pope 1046-47.
Clement III. (Guibert). DiedatRavenna.Italy,
1100. All archbishop of Kaveuna, elected pope
(antipope), through the influence of the emperor
Henry IV., iu 1080. After having been expelled from
Rome, he made his submission to Paschal II. in 1099.
Clement III. (Paolo Scolari). Born at Rome.
Died March, 1191. Pope 1187-91. He preached
the third Crusade against the Saracens, who under Saladin
had retaken Jerusalem, Oct. 3, 1187.
Clement IV. (Guy Foulques). Bom at St.Gilles
ou the Rhone, France : died at Viterbo, Italy,
Nov. 29, 1268. Pope 1265-68. He held a high po-
sition at the court of Louis IX., when the death of liis wife
led him to enter the church. He became bishop of Tuy
1256, archbishop of Narbonne 12.59, cardinal 1202, and was
on a journey to England as papal legate when he was ele-
vated to the see of Rome, 1265. He favored Charles of
Anjou in his conquest of Naples, which was ruled by Man-
fred, the illegitimate son of the emperor Frederick II.,
and which bad been granted to Charles by the preceding
pontiff. Urban IV.
Clement V. (Bertrand d'Agoust). Bom near
Bordeaux, France, about 12(>4: died at Roque-
raam'c, in Languedoc, France, April 20, 1314.
Pope 130.5—14. He was elected through the influence
of Philip the Fair of France, to please whom he removed
the papal residence to .Avignon in 1309, and dissolved the
onler of Temphu's in 1312.
Clement VI. (Pierre Roger). Born near Li-
nn iges, Fraucc, 1292: died at Villeneuve d' Avi-
gnon. France, Doc, 1352. Pope 1342-52. He
established the jubilee for every fifty years, and purchased
Avignon in 1348. Huring his pontificate Cola di Rienzi
attempted to reestablish the reimblic at Rome.
Clement VII. (CouutRobertof G«nevai. Born
about 1342 : died at Avignon, Sept., 1394. An
antipope elected 1378 in opposition to Urban
VI.
Clement VII. (Giulio de' Medici). Bom at
Florence about 1475: ilicil nt Rome, Sept., 1534.
Pope 1,523-34. He was the illegitimate son of (iiuliano
de' Medici, and cousin of Leo X. He entered into a league
with France, Veneti;i, and Milan against the emperor
Chai'les v., and in 1527 Rome was stormed and sacked by
the tri>ops of the constable de Bourbon and Clement made
prisoner. He was released and fled to Orvieto Dee. 9,
1627, but concluded a peace with Charles in 1529, and
crowned him emperor at Bologna in \yM\. He forbade
(1534) the divorce of Henry Mil. of England from Catha-
rine of Aragon.
Clement's Inn
Clement VIII. (.Sgidius Nunos). Antipope
1424-29. He resigned in 1429, thus terminat-
ing the great Westem schism.
Clement VIII. dppollto Aldobrandini). Bom
at Fano, Italv, 1536: died March 5, 1605. Pope
1592-1605. He absolved Henry IV. of France in
1595, and ordered a revised edition (the '" Clem-
entine") of the Vulgate in 1592.
Clement IX. (Giulio Rospigliosi). Bom at
Pistoja, Italy, 1600: died Dec. 9, 1669. Pope
1667-69. He mediated in 1668 the peace of Aix-Ia-Cha-
l»elle between Louis XIV. and Spain, and the "Pax Cle-
mentina," which brought the Jansenist controversy to a
temporary conclusion.
Clement X. (Emilio Altieri). Bom at Rome,
JiUy 13, 1590 : died July 22, 1676. Pope 1670-76.
He was eighty years old at his election, and was completely
under the influence of his relative Cardinal Faluzzl. Dur-
ing his pontificate commenced the controversy with Louis
XIV. concerning the enjoyment, during vacancy, of epis-
copal revenues and benettces, and the right of appoint-
nieut to such vacancies.
Clement XI. (Giovanni Francesco Albani).
Born at Pesaro, Italy, July 22, 1649: died March
19, 1721. Pope 170'0-21. He was at w.ar with the
emperor Joseph I. 1708-09. and published bulls directed
against the Jansenists : " Viueam Domini "(1705) and " Uni-
genitus"(1713).
Clement XII. (Lorenzo Corsini). Born 1652:
(Ued Feb. 6, 1740. Pope 1730-40. He con-
demned the Freemasons in 1738.
Clement XIII. (Carlo della Torre di Rezzoni-
CO). Born at Venice, March, 1693: died Feb.,
1769. Pope 1758-69. He was elected through the
influence of the Jesuits, in whose favor he issued a bull ou
their expulsion from Portugal and France. In 17os the
French seized .\vignon, and the Neapolitans Benevento.
Clement XIV. (Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio ■
Ganganelli). Born at St. Arcangelo, near
Rimini. Italy, Oct. 31, 1705 : died Sept. 22. 1774.
Pope 1769-74. He suppressed the order of Jesuits by
the brief " Dominus ac Redemptor noster " (1773), and
founded the Clementine Museum at the Vatican.
Clement (kla-mon'), Frangois. Born at Beze,
near Dijon, France, 1714: died March, 1793. A
French historian, a Benedictine of Saint-Maur.
He compiled from the tables of Maurice d'Antine the im-
portant chronological work "L'Art de verifier les dates
des faits historiques depuis la naissance de Jesus-Christ "
(new revised and improved edition 1764-87).
Clement, Jacciues, called Clemens non Papa
to distinguish him from Pope Clement VII.
Died before 1558. A once celebrated Flemish
composer, principally of sacred music : chief
chapel-master to the emperor Charles V.
Clement, Jacijues. Born at Sorljon, Ardennes,
France, about 1565: killed at St. Cloud, France,
Aug. 1,1589. Afanaticalmonkwhoassassinated
Henry IH., with the consent and aid of his re-
ligious superior and other members of the
"League," Aug. 1, 1589. He was slain on the
spot, and was honored as a martyr by the
chiu'ch.
Clement, Jean Pierre. Born at Dragtiignan,
Var, France, June 2, 1809: died at Paris, Nov.
8, 1870. A French iJolitical economist and his-
toiian, member of the French Institute. His
works include "Histoire de la vie et de I'administration
de Colbert" (1846), "Le gouvernement de Louis XIV."
(1J^8), "Jacques Cceur et Charles VII." (18.53X etc.
Clement, Justice. A city nuigistrate iu Ben
Jousoii's "Kvery Man iu his Humour."
Clement (klfi'ment), Knut Jungbohn. Born
in .iVmrum, Schleswig, Dec. 4, 1803 : died at Ber-
gen, N. J., Oct. 7, 1873. A Danish historian,
resident iu the United States after 1866. He
wrote ''Die nordgcrmanische Welt" (1840),
"Die Lebens- undLeidensgeschichte dcr Fric-
sen"(1845), etc.
Clement (klem'ent) of Alexandria (Titus
Flavins Clemens). Boru, probably at Athens,
al)Out l.'iO A. I).: died in Palestine about 220.
A father of the primitive church, head of tlie
catechetical school at Alexandria 190-203, and
iiue of the most noted of the fotmders of the
Alexandrian school of theology.
Clement of Rome. See clement I., Bishop of
Rome.
Clementi (kla-men'te), Muzio. Bom at Rome,
1752: dietl at Evesham, near London, March 9,
1832. An Italian pianist and composer, resi-
dent in England after 1770. His principal work
is a series of piano studies, "Gradus ad Parnas-
simi"(1817).
Clementina (klem-en-te'uii). Lady. An Italian
lady passionately in love with Sir Charles Gran-
dison, in Riiliani'ion's novel of that name. When
she fears that hii- relatives will separate her from him.
she takes the decided step of going mad. Sir < 'hai-le.s, how-
ever, miuries Miss Byron.
Clement's Inn. An inn of court in London,
situated at the entrance of Wych street, at the
Clement's Inn
west of the Xew Law Courts, it was formerly in-
tended for the use of patients who came U> use tlie wa-
ters of SI, Clenieut's Well, which was near. Uugdalo
speaks of it as lieinp in existence in the reipi of Edward
II. as an inn of chaiicery. Shakspere speaks of it as the
home of " .Ma.-*ter .Shallow."
Clennell (klen'el), Luke. Born at Ulghara,
near .Mor]ieth, Nortliumborlaud, England, April
H, 17«1: died Feb. 9, 1840. An English painter
and wood-engraver, an apprentiee and ptipil of
Thomas Bewick. His best^known painting is the
" Waterloo Charge." For many years before his death he
was insane.
Oleobis(kle'o-his). [Gr. K?ioA<;.] See Bitoii.
Oleobulusikle-o-bu'lus). [Gr. K/fii,fou/of.] Born
at Lindus, Rhodes: died probably after 560 B. c.
One of the seven sages of Greece, the reputed
author of various riddles and songs.
Oleofas (kle'o-fas), Don. A high-spirited Span-
ish student in IJe Sage's novel ''Le diable boi-
teux." Asnioilt'tis exhibits to him the fortunes of the
iimiates of the Iiomscb of .Madrid by unrooftng them. See
Afinodnut and IHnbtf boiteitx, Le.
0I6omad^s (kla-o-mii-das'), Adventures of.
An early French poem (about tlie end of tlie
13th century), also known as ''Le ehcval de
fust" (' the Wooden Horse'), byAdends le Koi.
Its central incident is the introduction of a wooden horse,
like that in the "Arabian Xights." which transports its rider
whithersoever lie wi.sbes to go. The poem, notwithstand-
ing its length CJU.OOO lines), enjoyed very great popularity.
CleombrotUS (kle-om'bro-tus) I. [tJr- K/to//;<po-
ro;-.] Killed at Leuctra, 371 B.C. A king of
Sparta 3S0-371. He waged war with the The-
bans, and was defeated by them at Leuctra.
Oleomedes (kle-o-me'dez). [Gr. K'Atn/ii/ih/^.'] A
Greek astronomer whose birthplace, residence,
and era are unknown. He wrote a treatise on astron-
omy and cosmography, entitled " The Circular Theory of
the Heavenly Bodies," in which he maintains that tlie
earth is spherical, that the immber of the tlxed stars is
inflnite, and that the moon's rotation on its axis is per-
formed in the same time as its synodical revolution about
the earth. His treatise contains also the tirst notice of
the theory of atmospherical refraction.
Cleomenes (kle-om'e-nez) I. [Gr. K'/^eo/ievi/^.]
King of Sparta from'about 519-491 B. C. He ex-
pelleil Hippias from Athens in 510.
(Jleomenes III. King of Sparta 236-220 B. c.
He abolished the ephorate 22.5, waged war with the Achiean
League and Macedonia 225-221, and was defeated at Sel-
lasia 221.
Cleomenes. A Sicilian noble in Shakspere's
'• Wintc-r's Tale."
Cleomenes, or The Spartan Hero. A play by
Drydeii. Part of the tilth act is by Southerne.
It was acte(l in 1692.
Oleon (kle'on). [Gr. KUav.'] Killed at Am-
phipolis, Macedon, 422 B. c. An Athenian dem-
agogue. Coming forward shortly after the death of
Pericles as leader ot the democratic party, he violently op-
posed Niclas, the hea<l of the aristijcratic party, who ad-
vocated peace with Sparta and tlie conclusion of the Pelo-
ponnesian war. Having conducted a successful expedition
against the Spartans at I'ylos in 42.S, he was in 422 intrusted
with the c«unmand of an expedition destined to act against
Brasidas in I'lnilcidice. He was defeated by the latter at
Aniphipolis, and tell in the flight. He was satirized by
AristophMuea in the "Knights" (425), and in other plays.
Oleon, In Shakspere's "Pericles,'' the governor
of Tharsiis, burned to death to revenge the
supposed mur<ler ot Marina.
Oleonte (kla-onf). The lover of Luoille in
Moliere's comedy " Le bourgeois gentilhoninie."
Cleopatra(kle-9-pa'tra). [Gr.KXfon-drpa.] Born
at Alexanilria, Egypt. 69 B. c. : died at Ale.xau-
dria, 30 b. c. The last queen of Egypt, daugh-
ter of Ptolemy Attletes. She was joint ruler with
her brother I'tolemy from 51 to 49, when she was ex-
pelled by him. Her reinstatement in 48 by Ctesjir gave
rise to war between Cresar and I'tolemy. The latter was
defeated and killed, and his younger brother was elevated
to the throne in his stead. Cleopatra lived with Ciesar
at Rome from 4fi to 44, and had by him a son, Catsarion,
who was afterward put to death by Octavianus. She re-
turned to Egypt oil the murder of Cresar, and in the civil
war which ensued sided with the Triumvirate. Antony
having been appointed ruler of Asia and the East, she
visited him at Tarsus in 41, making a voyage of extraordi-
nary splendor and magiiiflcencc up the Cydnus. She
gained by tier charms a complete ascendancy over him.
On her account he divorced his wife Octavia, the sister of
Octavianus, hi ;12. (ictavianus declared war against her
in .'11. Tlie lleet of Antony ami Cleopatra was defeated in
the same year at tlie battle of Actium, which was decided
by the IHglit of Cleopatra, who was followed by Antony.
After the death of Ant<my, who killed hiniself on hearing
a false report of her death, she poisoned herself to avoid
being exhibited in Home at the triumph of Octavianus.
According to the popular belief, she applied to her bosom
an asp that had been secretly convoyed to her in a basket
of figs. She had three children by Antony. Besides ex-
traordinary charms of person, she possessed an active and
cultivated mind, and Is said to have been able to converse
In seven languaiics. Shakspere's portrait of her In his
"Antony and t'leopatra" is one of the most extraordinary
of his creations.
If Cleopatra's death had been caused by any serpent, the
small viperwould rather have been chosen than the large
asp ; hut the story Is disproved by her having decked lier-
259
self in "the royal ornaments," and being found dead
"without any mark of suspicion of poison on her body."
Death from a serpent's bite could not have been inistidten ;
and her vanity would not have lUlowed her to choose one
which would have disfigured her in so frightful a manner.
Other poisons were well understood and easy of access,
and no boy would have ventured to carry an asp in a bas-
ket of tigs, some of which he even ottered to the guards
as he passed ; and Plutarch (Vit. Anton.) shows that the
story of the asp was doubted. Nor is the statue carried
in Augustus' triumph which had an asp upon it any proof
of his belief in it, since that snako was the emblem of
Egyptian royalty ; the stiitue (or the crown) of (.Jleojiatra
could not have been without one, and this was probably
the origin of tiie whole story. |G. W.]
RawUiigon^ Herod., II. 123, note.
Cleopatra's Needles. A pair of Egyptian obe-
lisks ot pink granite which were transported
from Heliopolis to Ale.xaudria in the eighth
year of Augustus. One of them was taken to London
and set up on the Thames embankment in 1878, and the
other was soon after brought t^i New York and erected in
Central Park. The latter is (17 feet high to its sharp apex,
and 7 feet 7 inches in diameter at the base. It stands on
a massive cube of granite, on which it is supported by four
great bronze cralis, imitating the ancient originals. It
is covered on all its faces with deeply incised hieroglyphs,
which present the names of Thothmes III., Rameses II.,
and Seti II. (lOth-Hth centuries B. c).
Cl^opatre (kla-o-pii'tr). A play by Sardou
(with lloreau). It was written for Sarah Bern-
hardt, and produced in 1890.
Cleophon (kle'o-fon). [Gr. K/ietxpuv.] Died 405
B. c. An Athenian demagogue, said to have
been of Thrac ian origi n . He opposed the oligarchical
party, and successfully used his influence to prevent peace
with Sparta after the battles of Cyziciis (410), Arginusie
(406), and .Egospotanii (405). He was put to death in
405 by the Atiieniali council.
Cleopolis (kle-op'o-lis). A name given by
Spenser in his " Faerie Queene" to the city of
London.
Clerc, Jean Le. See Le Clerc, Jean.
Clerc (kliir), Laurent. Bom at La Balme,
Is6re, France, Dec. 26, 1785 : died at Hartford,
Conn., July 18, 1809. A deaf-mute, one of the
founders, with Gallaudet, of the asylum for
the deaf and dumb at Hartford in 1817.
Clerfayt (kler-fa'), or Clairfait, Comte de
(Frangois S^bastien Charles Joseph de
Croix). Born at Bruille, Hainaut, Low Coun-
tries, Oct. 14, 1733: died at Vienna, July 19,
1798. An Austrian general. He served with dis-
tinction in the Turkish war 17S8-91, and at Aldeiihoven and
Neerwinden 1793, and defeated Jourdan at Hochst Oct.
11, 1795.
Clericis Laicos ( kler'i-sis la'i-kos). The open-
ing words of a. bull published by Pope Boniface
Vlll. Feb. 25, 1296. It forbade the clergy to pay taxes
on church property without the consent of the Holy See.
It was abrogated byClenieiit V. in 1311.
ClerigO (kla're-go). [Sp., 'clergyman.'] The
name liy which Bartolome de las Casas speaks
of himself in his writings. The term is often
applied to him by Spanish and English histo-
rians.
Clerimond (kler'i-mond). The sister of Fer-
ragus the giant in " Valentine and Orson." She
marries Valentine.
Clerimont (kler'i-monl). 1. A gay friend of
Sir Dauphine in Ben Jousou's "Epicoon(\ or the
.Silent Woman." — 2. The lover of Clarinda in
Cibber's edmedy " The Double (Jallant." He
assists Atall and Careless in their schemes.
Clerk (kliirk), John. [For the surname Clerk:
see fVncA'.] Born at Penicuik, Scot land, Dec.
10, 1728: died at Ehlin, near Edinburgh, May
10, 1812. A Scottish merchant of Edinburgh".
He was the author of an "Essay on Naval Tactics" (l7iH);
second and third jiarts 1797) which gave rise to a heated
controversy, tine to the claim of the author, supported by
Professor Playfair and others, tiiat his plans (wiiieh were
circulated in manuscript before publication) had been
adojiteil by .-Xdniirjil Kodiu-y at Dominica, April 12, 1782.
Clerke (kliiik), Charles. Born 1741 : died in
Kamchatka, Aug. 22, 1779. A British navi-
gator. He served with (^ook, and comnianded
the si|uadron after Cook's death in 1779.
Clerken'well (kler'ken-wel). ['(.'lerks' well';
li.fiiiix cl< liriiniiii : so called beeau.se it was ii
place of assembly of the parish clerks of Lon-
don.] A district in London lying north of the
city proper. It formerly bore an evil reputatidh. Clerk-
enwell Oreen was in the I7th centuiy surrounded by flue
mansions, and, among many other noted men, Isaac Wal-
ton lived there, ropulation of civil parish (IS91), li5,SS5.
Clerk-Max'well (kliirk-maks' wel), James.
Born at Edinburgh, Nov. 13, 1831 : died Nov, 5,
1879. A celebrated Scotch jihysicist. He was
professor of natural iiliilosophy in Marischal College,
Abenlecn, I85t;-(H): was professor of physics ami a.stron-
oniy in King's College, London, 1800-65 ; and became pro-
fessor of experimental physics in the I'niversity of t'lun-
bridge in 1871. His woi-ks incliiile "Essay on the Stability
of .Motion of .Saturn's Kings" (18.''i7), "Thcoi-y of Heat"
(1871), "Electricity and .Magnetism' (lS7.'i), ".Matter and
Motion " (187(1), etc.
Cleveland, John
Clerk's Tale, The. -A- tale told by the Oxford
student in Chaucer's "Canterbiu-y Tales." It
is founded upon Boccaccio's story of Griselda
(which see).
Clermont (Ider-m6n'). . A former county in
France, in the government of lle-de-France. It
was situated north of Paris. Capital, Cler-
niiint-eii-Beauvoisis.
Clermont, Council of. A council (1095) con-
vened by Pojic Urbtui II. at Clermont-Ferrand.
It was attended by 4 archbishops, 225 bishops, and an im-
mense number of lower clergy and laity, it proclaimed
the first Crusade, forbade the investiture of bishops by
the laity and the assumption of feudal obligations to lay-
men by the clergy, und excommunicated Philip I. of
France, who had reputliated his queen Bertha, daughter
of Robert the Friesiaii,and espoused Bertrada, the wife of
Fulk of Anjou.
Clermont, The. The steamboat used by Rob-
ert Fulton on his first trip from New York to
Albany in 1807, in the beginning of steam navi-
gation.
Clermont d'Ambois. See Amhois, d'.
Clermont-de-l'Oise (kler-mon'de-lwiiz'), or
Clermont-en-Beauvoisis (-on-bo-vwii-ze'). A
town in the department ot Oise, France, 35
miles north of Ptiris. It is noted for its ancient
hotel de ville, also for its castle, and Chui'ch of St. SamsoD.
Population (1*91), commune, 5,617.
Clermont-Ferrand (kler-mon'fe-ron'), or
Clermont. The cajiital of the department of
Puy-de-D6me, France, in lat. 45° 46' N., long.
3° 6' E. : the Cxallie Augustonemetum (later
Averni), the chief town of the region after
the overthrow ot Gergo'ina. The first Crusade was
preached here at the council in 1095. The town was the
birthplace of Gregory of Tours ('.'), Pascal, and Delille. It
contains a museum, a university, the Church of NOtre-
Daiue-du-Port (Romanesque), and a Oothic cathedral of
the 13th century, built in a pure Northern style. The
north portal bears excellent sculptures, and both tran-
septs possess flue roses. The vaulting of the nave is over
100 feet high, and the glass is of great beauty. Popula-
tion (1891), commune, liO.llD.
Clermont -L'Herault (kler-mon'la-ro'), or
Clermont-de-Lod6ve (-i-le-lo-dav'). A town in
the department of Herault, in southern France,
23 miles west of Montpellier. Population
(1891), commune, 5,079.
Olery (kla-re'), Jean Baptiste. Born at Jardy,
near Versailles, France, May 11, 17.59: died at
Hietzing, near Vienna, May 27, 1809. An at-
tendant of Louis XVI. in his captiritv, 1792-
1793. He published a "Journal" (1798).
Clesinger (kla-zan-zha'), Jean Baptiste Au-
gUSte. Born at Besan(;on, France. Oct. 22,
1814: died at Paris, Jan. 7, 1883. A French
sculptor. His works include "Girl Bitten by
a Serpent" (1847), "Cleopatra before C»sar"
(1869), etc.
Clevedon (klev'dou). A watering-place in
Somersetshire, England, situated west of Bris-
tol on the Bristol Cliannel. Population (1891),
5,418.
Cle'Veland (klev'land). A mountainous district
in the northeastern part of Yorkshire, Eng-
land, noted jiiincipally for its iron-mines and
foundries.
Cleveland. A lake port, capital of Cuyahoga
County, Ohio, situated at the mouth of the
Cuyahoga Kiver and on Lake Erie in lat. 41°
31' N., long. 81° 42' \V. It is the second city in the
State, a great railroail and steamboat center, and the
seat of Adelbert College and of the Case School. Its chief
export is coal, and it has large iron and steel manufactures
and oil-retinerie.s. It was settled in 179(i, and was incor-
porated as a city in ls:i(i. Population (1890), 261,363.
Cleveland, Captain Clement. The pirate in
Scolt's novel of I hill ii.niie.
Cleveland, Charles Dexter. Born at Salem,
Mass., Dec. 3, 1802: died at Philadelphia,
Aug. 18, 1869. An American author and edu-
cator. He published a "Compendium of Eng-
lish Literature" (1830), a "Compendium of
.\mericaii Literature" (1858), etc.
Cleveland, Duchess of. See I'illicrs, Barhani.
Cleveland, Grover. Born at Caldwell, Essex
t'lninty, N, J., Marcli 18, 1837. President of the
United States. He studied law in Buffalo, and in 1869
was admitted to the bar; was assistant district attorney
of Erie County 18li.'t-«(i; was defeated for district attorney
in 1865; was 'sheritr of Erie County 1871-74 ; was Demo-
cratic mayiu-of liulValo in 1882 ; was elected as Democratic
candidate for governor of New York in 1882; served as
governor 18S.S-84 ; was electeil President of the I'nited
States in 188-1; served as President 1885-89; advocated a
reduction of the taritf in his message to Congress in Dec,
I\'<7; was tlefeated as Deinocratie candidate for thepresi-
dinej' in IS-'^s; was reelected lYesident in 1892; and in
1 sic: convened an extra session of Congiess, which repealed
the purchasing clause of the so-called .Slierman .silver BiU.
Cleveland, John. Born at Loughliorongh, Lei-
cestershire, .lune, 1613: died April 29, 16,58.
An English poet, an active Royalist during the
Cleveland, John
civil war, and a satirist of the Parliamentary
party. He was gradaated (B. A.) at Christ's College,
Cambridge, in ItiSl, and was elected fellow of St. John's
College in 1B34. He joined the Royalist army at Oxford,
and was made judge-advocate, remaining with the garri-
son of Newark until its surrender. In 1655 he was arrested
and imprisoned at Viirraouth, hut was soon released by
order of Cromwell. His poems were collected in 1661.
Clevenger (klev'eii-jer). Shobal Vail. Born at
.Mi.ldUtown, Ohio, 181:2: died at sea, Sept. 23,
1843. All American sculptor.
Cleves ( klevz). [F. aires, D. Kleef. G. Alci-c]
Au aufient duchy of Germany, lying along the
lower Rhine below Cologne. It was united with
Mark alwut 1400, and soon aftefraised to a duchy. CTeves.
Julich, and Berg were united in 1521. The extinction of
the Cleves line in IW», and the .jutbreak of the "Contest
of the Julich Succession," resulted in 1666 in the cession
of Cleves, with Mark, to Brandenburg. In ISOl the part
on the left bank of tbe Rhine, and in 1803 and 1806 the
other portions, were ceded to l-'rance by Prussia. After the
downfall of >apolcon, the duchy, with tbe exception of
lands bordering on the Maas and some districts toward the
north, was restored to Prussia, and now forms part of the
circle of Dusseldorf.
Cle'Ves. [<T. Kleve, D. Kleef. F. CVfiv.?.] A town
in the Khiiie Province, Prussia, in lat. 51° 47' N'.,
long. 6° 9' E., near the Dutch frontier. It has a
chalybeate spring, and contains the former palace of
Schw.anenburg and a collegiate church. It was formerly
the capital of the ancient dachyot Cleves. Population
(1890), commune, 10,409.
Cloves, Princesse de. See Princesxe de Cleirs.
Clew Bay (klo ba). A small inlet of the Atlan-
tie Ocean, on the western coast of Ireland, in
County Mavo.
01ichy-la-(Jareime (kle-she'la-ga-ren'). A
manufacturing suburb of Paris, situated on the
Seine 1 mile north of the foi^ifications. Pop-
ulation (1891), commune, 30,698.
Clifford (klif'ord). George. Born at Brougham
Castle, Westmoreland, Atig. 8, 1.558: died at
London, Oct. 30, 1605. An English naval com-
mander, third Earl of Cumberland. He fitted
out and commanded a number of bucaneering expeditions
against the Spaniards in South America, the largest of
which consisted of twenty ships aud was undertaken in
1598. This expedition plundered San Juan de Puerto Rico
in.lune, but failed to intercept the annual Spanish treastu-e
fleet, and returned to England in Oct., 1598.
Clifford, Paul. See Paul Clifford.
Clifford, Rosamond, surnamed "The Fair."
Dietl aljout 1116. A daughter of Walter de
Clifford (son of Richard Fitz Ponce, ancestor
of the great Clifford family), and mistress of
Henry II. of England, she appears to have been
publicly acknowledged by Henry as his mistress about
1175, aiid on her death was interred in Godstow nunnery.
It is said that Hugli, bishop of Lincoln, who visited
Godstow in 1191, was offended at the sight of her richly
adorned tomb in the middle of the church choir before
the altar, and caused its removal, probably to the chapter-
house. AccoriUng to a popular legend, which has no
foundation in fact, Henr>- built a labyrinth or ma^e to
conceal her from tjueen Kleanor, who discovered her by
means of a silken clue and put her to death. She Is com-
monly, though erroneously, stated to have been the
mother of William Longsword and Geoffrey, archbishop
of York.
Clifford, Thomas. Born at Ugbrooke, near Exe-
ter, England, Aug. 1, 1630: died Sept., 1673.
An EiigHsh piditieian, created first LordClifford
of Chudleigh April 22, 1672. He was a member
of the "Cabal" 1667-73. See Cahal.
Clifford, Sir Thomas. The lover of Julia in
Sheridan Kuowles's play "The Hunchback."
Clifford, William Kingdon. Born at Exeter,
Euglaud, May 4, 1845: ilied at Madeira, March
3, 1879. A noted English mathematician and
philosophical wi-iter. He was a graduate of Trinity
College, Cambridge : fellow of Trinity 1S68-71 ; and pro-
fessor of applied mathematics at University College, Lon-
don, 1871. His works include " Lectures and Essays " (1879 ;
ed. by F. Pollock and L. StephenX "Mathematical Frag-
ments" (1881X "Mathematical Papers " (1882: ed. by R.
TuckerX "Common Sense "f the E.\act Sciences" (1885:
ed. and in part written by K, Pearson), and " Elements of
liynaniics. "
Clifford Pyncheon. See Pyncheon, Clifford.
Clifford's Inn, One of the inns of chancery
in Ijciiidon. named from Robert de Clifford of
the time of Edward II. It was originally a law school,
and was first used for this purpose in the ISth year of
Edward III. Watford.
Clifton (klif'ton). A watering-place and suburb
of Bristol, Gloucestershire, England, situated
on the Avon 1 mile west of Bristol. It is cele-
brated fcir its hot mineral springs.
Clifton Springs (klif'ton springz). A \'illage
and health-resort in ( Intario County, New York,
29 miles west of Auburn. It contains medicinal
springs and a water-eure establishment.
CUm, or Clym (klim I, of the Clough. A cele-
brated archer often mentioned in the legends
of Robin Hood.
Clinch (clinch). A river of southwestern Vir-
ginia and eastern Tennessee. It unites with the
260
Holston to form the Teimessee at Kingston, Tennessee.
Lenu'th, about 250 miles.
Clincher (klin'cher). A character in Farquhar's
comedy "The Constant Couple,'' also in "Sir
Harry Wildair," its sequel: a pert London pren-
tice turned beau, and affecting travel.
Clinias (kliu'i-as). [Gr. K/.foTOf.] 1. Killed
at the battle of Coronea 447 B. C. An Athe-
nian commander, father of Alcibiades. distin-
guished at Artemisium 480. — 2. Lived about
400 B. c. A Tarentine noted as a Pythagorean
philosopher and friend of Plato.
Clink (klingk), The. A prison which was sit-
uated at one end of Bankside, London. It be-
longed to the " Liberty of the Clink," a part of the manor
of Southwark not included in the grant to the city of Lon.
don and under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Winches-
ter. The prison was for the delinquents of this manor. It
was burned down in the riots i.if 17S0.
Clinker (kling'ken, Humphrey. A workhouse
boy in Smollett's " Humphrey Clinker." He
turns out to be a natural son of Mr. Bramble, into whose
service he has entered.
Clint (klint). Alfred. Born at London, March
22, 1807 : died at London, March 22, 1883. An
English marine-painter, son of George Clint.
Clint, George. Born at London. April 12,
1770 : died at London, May 10, 1854. An Eng-
lish portrait-painter and engraver, son of a
London hair-dresser. He was elected an asso-
ciate of the Eoyal Academy in 1821, and re-
signed in 1836.
Clinton. A city in Clinton County. Iowa, situ-
ated on the Mississippi River 29 miles north-
east of Davenport. It has an extensive Itmi-
ber trade. Population (1890), 13,619.
Clinton. A manufacturing town in Worcester
County, Massachusetts, situated on the Nashua
River 33 miles west of Boston. Population
(1890), 10,424.
Clinton, A village in Oneida County, New
York, 8 miles southwest of Utica : the seat of
Hamilton CoUege (which see).
Clinton (klin'ton). De Witt. Bom at Little
Britain, Orange CJounty, N. Y., March 2, 1769:
died at Albany, N. Y., Feb. 11, 1828. An Ameri-
can lawyer and statesman, son of James Clin-
ton (1736-1812). He was United States senator from
New York 1802 ; mayor of New York 180S-07, 1809-10,
aud lSll-15, and lieutenant-governor 1811-13 ; candidate
for President 1812; and governor 1817-23 and 1825-'28.
Hewastlie chief promoter of the Erie Canal (constructed
1817-25).
Clinton, Edward Fiennes de. Born 1512:
died Jan. 16, 1585. The ninth Lord Clinton
and Saye, created earl of Lincoln May 4, 1572.
As a royal ward he was married, about 1530, to Elizabeth
Blount, widow of Gilbert, Lord Talboys, and mistress of
Heniy VIII. He served in the naval expedition to Scot-
land in l&W : commanded the fleet sent to Scotland in
1547 ; was appointed governor of Boulogne ; and became
lord high admiral May 14, 1650, an office which he held,
with an interruption at the beginning of Mary's reign,
until his death. In 1557 he commanded, with the Earl
of Pembroke, the English contingent sent to the support
of the Spaniards at St. Quentin.
Clinton, George. Died July 10, 1761. An Eng-
lish admiral and colonial governor, second son
of the sixth Earl of Lincoln. He was governor
of Newfoundland 1732-41. and of New York
1741-51.
Clinton, George. Born at Little Britain, Ulster
Couutv, N. Y., July 26, 1739: died at Washing-
ton, D. C, April 20, 1812. An American
statesman and general, son of Charles CUnton
(1690-1773). He was governor of New York
1777-95 and 1801-04,and Vice-President 1805-12.
Clinton, Sir Henry. Bom about 1738 : died at
Gibraltar, Dec. 23, 1795. An English general.
He entered the British army in 1751 ; arrived with Gener-
als Howe and Burgovne at Boston in May, lj,5; fought at
the battle of Bunker UUl in June, 1775; participated in
the battle of Lf.ng Island in Aug., 1776 ; stormed Forts
Clinton ami Montgomery in Oct., 1777 ; succeeded Howe
as commander.in-cbief in 1778; captured Charleston in
Mav, 1780 ; and resigned his command to Sir Guy Carleton
in 1782.
Clinton, Henry Fynes. Born at Garaston, Not-
tinghamshire, .Jan. 14, 1781: died at Welwyn,
Oct. 24, 1852. t\ii English classical scholar and
chronologist. He was graduated at Oxford (Christ
Church) 1803, and was a member of Parliament 1806-26.
He wrote "Fasti Hellenici "and " Fasti Eomani," standai-d
works on the civil and litemry chronology of Greece and
of Rome and Constantinople. He also prepared an epit-
ome of the chronology of Greece, and one of that of Rome
(publislu-d posthumously).
Clinton, James. Born in Ulster County, N. Y.,
Aug. 9, 1730 : died at Little Britain. N. Y., Dec.
22, 1812. An American general, son of Charles
Clinton (1690-1773). He defended Fort Clinton un-
successfully in Oct., 1777, against Sir Henry Clinton, and
took part in Sullivan's expeditiou against the Indians in
1779.
Clio (kli'o). [Gr. K'Mii), from kMiuv, iMciv, cele-
Olive, Robert
brate.] In Greek mythology, the Muse of his-
tory : usually represented in a sitting attitude,
holding an open roll of papyrus.
Clio. A pseudonym of Addison, formed from
his signatures " C." "L.," "L,"and "0."in
the " Spectator": perhaps the initials of Chel-
sea, London, Islington, and the " Office."
CUssa, or Klissa (klis'sii). A fortified -i-illage
aud strategic point in Dalmatia, Austria-Hun-
gary, 8 miles northeast of Spalato. Poptda-
tiou (1891), 3,775.
Clissau. See Klissow.
Clissold (klis'old), Augustus. Bom near
Stroud, Gloticestershiie, about 1797: died at
Tunbridge Wells, England, Oct. 30, 1882. A
clerg_\Tnan of the Church of England, identified
after 1840 (when he withdrew from tlie minis-
try) with Swedenborgianism. He translated Swe.
denborg's "Principia Rerum Naturalium, "and published
numerous works in support of liis doctiines.
Clisson (kles-son' )• A town in the department
of Loire-Iuferieure, France, situated on the
Sevre 16 miles southeast of Nantes. It has
a ruined castle. Population (1891), commune,
2.916.
Clisson, Oli'vier de. Born in Bretagne about
1332: died at Josselin, in Bretagne. April 24,
1407. A constable of France. He became com-
panion in arms of Du Guesclin in 1 370, and constable in 1380.
and commanded the vanguard at the battle of Rosbecq.
He was eventually deprived of his honors, but left a repu.
tation for great military ability,
Clitandre ou rinnocence deli'TT^e (kle-ton'dr
o le-no-sous ' da-le-\Ta ' ). A tragicomedy by
P. Comeille, produced in 1630. The name Cli-
tandre (who is the lover in this play) is frequently given
to the lover in old French comedy.
Clitandre (kle-ton'dr). 1. A man of sense and
spirit who makes fun of the "pedants" in Mo-
liere's "Les femmes savantes," and loves Hen-
riette. — 2. The lover of Ang^Uque ui Moliere's
comedy "George Dandin." — 3. In Moliere's
play "Le misanthrope," a delightful marquis, a
lover of C61imene. — 4. The lover of Lucinde
in Moliere's " L'Amour m^decin." He pretends
to be a doctor to cure her.
Clitheroe (klith'e-ro). A municipal and par-
liamentary borough in Lancashire, England,
situated on the Ribble 28 miles north of Man-
chester. It has cotton manufactures, print-
works, etc. Population (1891), 10,815.
Clitomachus (kli-tom'a-kus), originally Has-
drubal (has'dro-bal). [Gr.K'AciTO/iaxoc.J Born
before 186 B. c. : died after 111 B. c. A Cartha-
ginian philosopher. He settled at Athens before 146,
and succeeded Cameades as leader of the New Academy
in 129.
Cliton (kle-ton'). The valet of Dorante in Cor-
neUle's "Le meuteur" and its sequel: a witty.
intelligent rascal.
Clitophon. See Leucippe.
Clitor (kli'tor). [Gr. K/.Wru^.] In ancient ge-
ographv, a city of Arcadia, Greece, in lat. 37°
54' N.,"long. 22° 7' E.
Clitumnus (kli-tum'nus). A river of Umbria.
Italy, affluent of the Tiliia: the modern CU-
tumno. It is celebrated (especially through the
descriptions of the younger Pliny) for its sanc-
tity and beauty.
Clitus, or CleitUS (kli'tus) (Gr. K/rirof). sur-
named Melas (Gr. Mf?.ni) ('the Black '). Died
at Maracauda, Sogdiana, 328 B. c. A Macedo-
nian general, a friend of jVlexander, whose life
he saved at Granieus in 334, and by whom he
was slain in a drunken brawl at a banquet.
Clitus. In Shakspere's "Julius Ciesar," a ser-
vant of Brutus.
Clive (kliv), Mrs. (Caroline Meysey-Wigley).
Bom at London, June 24, 1801 : died (from ac-
cidental biu'ning) at Whitfield in Hereford-
shire, July 13, 1873. Au English writer, au-
thor of " Paul FeiToll," a sensational novel,
and other stories and poems.
Clive, Catherine or Kitty ( Catherine Eaftor ).
Born in 1711 : died at L<mdon, Dec. 6, 1785. An
actress, the daughter of an Irish gentleman,
William Raf tor. After a youth of obscurity and pov.
erty she came to the notice of CoUey Cihber, who was
manager of Drury Lane Theatre. He gave her a position
in 1727, and by 17:!1 she had established a reputation as a
comic actress. She retired fnun the stage on .\pril 24,
1769. She was in Garrick's company frimi 1746. She early
married George Clive, a barrister, but they separated by
mutual consent. Her forte was rattling conudy and op-
eratic farce. After her retirement from the stage she
lived for many years in a house which Walpide gave her,
near Strawberry Hill, and which he called Cliveden. She
wrote some small dramatic sketches, only one of which,
■ Ihe Rehearsal, or Boys in Petticoats, " was printed (1753).
Clive, Robert, Baron Clive of Plassey. Born
at Styche, Shropshire, England, Sept. 29, 1725:
Olive, Robert
committed suicide at Loiidun, Nov. 22, 1774.
An English general and statesman. He was the
son of iiti impoverished countrj- squire, ami in 1743 was
appointed a writer in the service of the East India Com-
pany at Madras. War having brolcen out lietween tlie
French and the Britisii in India in 1744, he applied for
and ol>tained an ensign's commission in the company's
service in 1747 and in 1748 (the closinR year of the
war) serveti under Admiral lioscawen at the unsnci-ess-
ful siege of I*ondicheri7. l>nring a second war with
the Krcmh (I7.'il-S4) lie captured Arcot, and success.
fully defended it against a largely superior force of
Kreiich and natives under Raja .Sahib. He visited Kng-
land 17.'>3-;'>.5, when he returned to India as lieutenant-
governor of Kort St, David. In liotj he eumnianiled an
expedition agaiust Surj'ij ml Dowlah, nawab of Bengal, to
avenge tlie tragedy n{ the Black Hole at Calcutta. He
defeated the nawab near Calcutta (1757), and, after a
short interval of peace, inllicti-d uimn him a decisive de-
feat at iiassey June 2;i, 17c>7t whcrt'ni)on he deposed tile
nawab ancl elevated .Mir J artier t^i the tlirone. He was
appointeti jiuvernorof Benj^al in 1758 ; defeated the l>uti.h
near Chinstu-a in 17i'»i) ; and, owing to ill health, returned
to England in 17Cil, in which yeju- he was raised to the
Irish peerage as Baron Clive of Plassey. He was governor
of Bengal a second time 176'>-67, when he resigned on
account of the broken-down condition of his health. His
official etniduct subsc<inently became the subject of par-
liamentary inquiry, which resulted pi-actically in his favor
in 177.i.
Cloaca Maxima (klo-a'ka mak'si-ma). [L.,
' tlie largest tlrain.'] The chief drain of ancient
Rome, built l)y Tarquiuius Prisous about 600
B. c, and still serving its purpose. The outlet ou
the Tiber is an arch 12 feet high with tliree concentric
tiers of massive voussolrs, admirably fitted without ee-
nientv
Olodion (klo-dyoii'), Claude Michel. Boru
at Nancv, France, Dec. i!0. ll'M: died March
29, 1814.' A French sculptor.
ClodiUS (kl6'di-us). Another form of Claudius
(which see).
Clodpate (klod'pat). Justice. A coarse rustic
jnstice in ShadwcU's comedy "Epsom Wells."
Ho is public-spii'ited, but a hater of London.
Cloe. tJee Chloe.
Cloelia (kle'li-ii). In Roman legend, a maiden
of Rome, delivered as a hostage to Porsena
r)U8 (i) B. c. She escaped by swimming across
the Tiber.
Cloelia (kle'li-a), or Cluilia, gens (klo-il'i-a
i'enzj. In ancient Rome, a patrician clau or
loiise of Albau origin, said to have derived its
name from Clolius, a companion of .tineas.
According to tradition, the last king of Alba was C,
. . Cluilitis or Clcelius, who led an army against Home in the
reign of Tullus Hostilius.
Olofesho. [AS. Clofen ho or hoo, appar. ' Clof 's
Point.'] In early English history, the meeting-
place of several ecclesiastical councils in the
otU and 9th centuries: identical perhaps with
Cliff, in Kent.
Clogher (kloch'er). A village in Tyrone, Ii-e-
laml, .52 miles southwest of Belfast. It has a
cathedral, and was formerly the seat of oue of the earliest
Irish bishoprics.
Cloister and the Hearth, The. A historical
novel liy Charles Reade, i)iiblished in 1861. The
hero is the supposed father of Erasmus, and
the scenes are mainly in Holland and Italy.
Olonfert (klon-terf). A town in County Gal-
way, Ireland, 42 mlilcs east of Galvvay, formerly
the .seat of one of the earliest Irish bishoprics.
Olonmel (klon-iiiel'). [Ir.,' vale of honey.'] A
municipal and parliamentary borough in Coun-
ties Wat ert'ord and Tipperary, Ireland, situated
on the Suir 2.') miles northwest of Waterford.
It is noted as the birthplace of Sterne and Lady Bleas-
iiigtoti. Poimlatioii (IHUI), s,4S0.
Clontarf (klon-tiirf;. A small eastern suburb
of Dublin, Ii-eland. Here, April an, l(il4, Brian lio-
rohma, king of Ireland, defeated the Danes and the rebels
of l.cinster.
Clootz, or Cloots (klots), Jean Baptiste, Baron.
Born at Val-de-(Jrae(^, near ('loves, Prussia,
June 24, 17.')"): giiillotiin^d at Paris, March 24,
1794. A French revolutionary enthusiast who
assumed the tiaiiie " Anacharsis" and the title
"orator of the human race." He was a mem-
ber of the Convention in 1792. See Aiiiicli/>i:iix.
Cloridano (klo-re-dil'iio). The friend of Medoro
in Ariiisto's" Orlando Kurioso." They venture into
the Held of battle to hud among the heaps of slain tile
biidy ,,t their lord.
HClorinda (klo-rin'dii). An Amazonian leader
in the ■■.lernsah^in i)elivored" of Tasso. she is
of ackmnvledged prowess in the inlldcl army, and is be-
loved liy Tancred, but cares only for the glories of war.
Tancred kills her unwittingly in a night attack, and gives
her christian baptism before she expires.
Cloris (klo'ris). A character in Buckingham's
farce "The Rehearsal." She drowns herself
because Prince Pndt yinan inai'ries old Joan.
Closse (klos), Raphael Lambert. Bern near
Tours, France, alioul 11)211: died at Montreal,
Canada, Feb. 6, 1662. A French soldier in the
261
Indian wars in Canada. He came out with Maison-
neuve, governor of Montreal, in ltU2, and became sergeant-
major of the garrison ami notary public. He was acting
governor of Montreal during the absence of Maisoiineuve
in 1055, and was invested with the ttef of St. Lambeth in
1«.'>S. He was killed in a skirmish with the Iroquois.
Closterman iklos'ter-iiiiin), John (C. Johann
Klostermann). Bom at Osuabriick,IIaiinover,
1656 : died at London, 1713. A German portrait-
painter, resident in England after 1681.
Oloster-Seven (klos'K-r-sev'n), or Kloster-
Zeven (klos'ter-tsa'ven). Convention of. A
compact concluded at Zeven (a village in Han-
nover, Prussia, 24 miles northeast of Bremen),
Sept. 8, 1757, between the Duke of Cumbi'r-
laiid and the Due de Richelieu, the French
commander. By its terms the Hanoverian
army was dispersed.
Clot (klo), Antoine Barthelemy, known as
Clot Bey. Born at Grenoble, France, Nov.
7, 1793 : died at Marseilles, Aug. 28, 1868. A
French physician, chief physician to MeUemet
All in Egypt ,1822-49. He wrote "De la peste
observ^e en Egypte" (1840), etc.
Clotaire (klo-tar') I., G. Chlothar (chlo'tar).
Borii 497 : died 561. King of the Franks, fourth
sou of Clovis I. On the death of Clovis in 611, Ins em-
pire was divided among his sons, Theodoric receiving
Austrasia, Clodoniir Orleans, Childebert Paris, and Clotaire
Soissous. Clotaire succeeded, partly by violence, partly
by inheritance, in reuniting the dominions of his father,
over which he ruled 558-501. Also Clothaire.
Clotaire II., G. Chlothar. Born 584: died at
I'aris, (328. i^ng of the Franks, son of ChU-
peric I., of Soissons, and Fredegonda. He was
four months old on the death of his father in 584. The
regency was conducted by his mother, who became in-
volved in a protracted war with Brunehilde of Austrasia
and Burgundy. The latter was, in 613, betrayed by the
nobles of Burgundy into the hands of Clotaire, who put
her to death, and possessed himself of her dominions,
thus reuniting under his sway the empire of Clovis.
Cloten (klo'ten). In Shakspere's " Cymbe-
lino," the queen's son by a former husband.
He is rejected by Imogen. In the earlier part of the play
(written later) he is a foolish and malicious braggart; but
in the fourth act, which belongs to an earlier version, he
is not deficient iu manliness.
Clotho (klo'tho). [Gr. K?.(j6u, the spinner,
from KAuOeiv, spin.] In Greek mythology, that
oue of the three Mou'ai or Fates who spins the
thi'ead of life. See Futvs.
Clotilda (kl6-til'da), Saint, G. Chlothilde
(chlo-tel'de). Born about 475: died at Tours,
France, 545. Queen of the Franks, daughter
of Chilperic, king of the Bm-gundians. Her
father, mother, and two brothers were murdered by her
uncle Guiidebald, joint king of the Burgundians, by
whom she was educated in the Christian faith. .She mai--
ried, 49a, Clovis I., king of the Franks, whose conversion
from paganism is said to have been accomplished chietly
through her instrumentality. The Koman Church com-
memorates her on June 3.
Clotilda. Died 531. Daughter of St. Clotilda.
She married Amalaric, king of the Visigoths.
Clotilda, Sainte. A church in Paris, iu the
Pointed style of the 14th century, begun in 1846.
It has lofty pierced spires. The fa»;ade has three large
sculptured doorways, and the interior is etfective, and
possesses good sciUptures and paintings. The church
measures 330 by 105 feet, and 85 from vault to pavement.
Cloud (kid). Saint. Clodvald or Chlodvald,
youngest sou of Clodoniir, the son of Clovis.
He became ii monk. See Saint Cloud.
Cloudeslie, William of. Seo WilUam.
Clouds (kloudz). The. [L. yubts, Gr. al Nf^fAn;.]
A famous comedy by Aristophanes, strepsiades
(' Turncoat ') sends his spendthrift son I'hoidippides to the
phrontistcry (' thinking-shop ') of Socrates, who appears
as a sophist, to be reformed by training in rhetoric.
Pheidippides refuses to go; so Strepsiades goes himself,
and tlnds Socrates swinging in a basket observing the sun
and ether. Socrates summons the Cloiuls, his new deities,
and undertakes to make a sophist of him and free him
from the religion of his fathers. I'nfortunate results of
his new knowledge sliow Strep8ia<les his err(n*, and he
altandons Socrates and sets the iihrontistery on Are.
Clouet (klo-iV), Francois, commonly called
Janet. Born at Tours about 1500: died 1.571 (f).
A French painter, son and jiupil of .Jean Clouet
(1485? -1.542?). He received letters of naturaliza-
tion from Francis I. in 1541 when he succeeded bis father
as painter to the king, and he held the same ottlce under
Henry II. and Charles I.\. His works include a portrait
of the dauphin Franyois at Antwerp (1.V24), a full length
portrait of Henry II. in the r,ouvre (about 1558), and a iior-
trait of Elizabeth of Austria in the Louvre (about 1570).
Clough (kliif), Arthur Hugh. Born at Liver-
pool. .Jan. 1, 1S19: died at Florence, Nov. 13,
1801. An Kuglish Jioet anil author. He went to
Rugby in 1829, and was much inlluenced by Arnold, with
whom he was a favorite. In 1837 lie went to Oxford;
accepted the headship of University Hall, I.ondon, In 1841) ;
in 1H52 eame Ut Amerlta; and in 1854 was married in
England to the daughter of Samuel Smith of Combe
House, Surrey. In 1S51) his health began to fall. Among
his works ore "The Bothie of Tober-iia-Vuolich" (origi-
Clwyd
nally Toper-na-Fuosich, 1848), ".\mb;u'vali;i," in coujuuC'
tion with ThtMiias Burbidge (184D), with other poems, etc.
Clout, Colin, See Colin Cluut.
Clove and Orange. An inseparable pair of
co.Kcombs in Jouson's "Every Man out of his
Humour." orange is the more humorous of the two ;
his small portion of juice being squeezed out. Clove serves
to stick him with commendations.
Clovelly (klg-vel'i). A Ullage in Devonshire,
England, on Barn.stable Bay 16 miles south-
west of Barnstable. It is noted for its pictu-
resque appearance and the beauty of its en-
virons.
Cloveshoo. See Clo/nho.
Clovio (kl6've-6), (jiulio, sumamed Macedo.
Born at Grizana, in Croatia, 1498: died at
Rome, 1578. An Italian miniaturist.
Clovis (klo'vis) I., G. Chlodwig (chlod'viO).
[LL. Cloris, a reduced form (I.H<liiri<'i).s being
a fuller form) of OHG. CliUnloiii;/, Clilodivi;/,
Hlodu'icj, G. Ludwiy (whence also F. Louis, E.
Lewis)!] Born about 465: died at Paris, .511.
The founder of the Merovingian line of Frank-
ish kings. He succeeded his father Childeric as king of
the Salic Franks in 481 ; defeated .Syagrius near Soissons
in 480 ; married the Christian princess Clotilda in 493 ;
defeated the Alamanni (not, as is wrongly stated, at Tolbi-
acum or Zidpich) in 400 ; was baptized by Itemigius the
same year, in fulfilment, it is said, of a vow made at this
battle ; defeated the Burgundians in 500 ; fixed his court
at Palis 507 ; and defeated the West Goths at V'oulou uear
Poitiers, in 507.
Clowes (klouz), John. Born at Manchester,
England, Oct. 31, 1743: died at Leamington,
England, May 29, 1831. A clergjonan of the
Chm'ch of England, rector of St. John's Church,
Manchester, and an influential supporter of
Swedenborgianism. He translated Sweden-
berg's treatise "On the Worship and Love of
God" (1816).
Cloyne (kloin). A small town in the county of
Cork, Ireland, 15 miles east of t!ork. It was
formerly an episcopal see, of which Bishop
Berkeley was one of the incumbents.
Club, The. A body of malcontents in the Scot-
tish Parliament 1689-90. Its chief members
were Montgomery, Ross, and Aunandale.
Clugny. See Chilli/.
Clumsy (klum'zi),' Sir Tunbelly, A eountiy
gentleman in Vanbrugh's play " The Relapse " :
a coarse, unwieldy boor, the father of Miss
Hoyden. He is retained in Sheridan's " Trip to
Scarborough," an adaptation of ' ' The Relapse."
Clunch (klunch). The husband of Old Madge
in Peole's "Old Wives' Tale." He leads home
three lost travelers, and she tells tliem a tale.
Cluny, or Clugny (klii-ne'). A town in the
department of Saone-et-Loire, France, 11
miles nortliwest of Macon. It is celebrated lor its
Benedictine abbey, founded in the 10th century, and
from which the monks were expelled in 1789. The abbey
church, now in ruins, was once the greatest in Europe,
and was surpassed among cathedrals only by the old St.
Peter's, which was larger by a few feet. It was of mas-
sive and imposing Komanesque, with seven towers, double
aisles, and double transepts. It was wrecked in the
Revolution, and now only one south transept, with its
great tower, remains, with two rich chapels. Some of
the other abbey buildings have been remodeled and
used for other piu-poses. A normal school was founded
here in 1S05. Populatinn (1891), comniune, 4,073.
Cluny, Hotel de. A former palace of the ab-
bots of Cluny, situated on the Boulevard St.-
Miehel, Paris. It was built in the 16th century on a
part of the Palais des Thermes, and became the property
of the stivte in 1843: a museum of medieval antitiuities,
called the "Musee de I'HOtel de Cluny," was placed on
exhibition in 1844.
Cluseret (kiu-ze-ra'), Gustave Paul. Born at
Paris, Juno 13, 1823. A Frencli ollicer and
communist. He served on (ieneral .McClellan's stalf
in 1862, becoming a brigadier-general : edited the "'New
Nation ' in New York 1864 ; was war minister of the
Commune in Paris Ai>ril 4-30, 1871 ; fled to England a«d
Mexico ; was condemned to death by a military tribunal
in 1872 ; and was amnestied and returned to Paris in 1880.
Cluses (kliiz). A town in the department of
Haute-Savoie, France, situated on the Arvo
24 miles southeast of Geneva. Population
(1891), 2,126.
Clusium (klo'sliium). The Roman name of
(Uiiusi.
Clutterbuck(klut'6r-bnk), Captain Cuthbert.
The name under which Scott iissuined to edit
"The Monastery," "Tho Abbot," and "The
Fortunes of Nigel."
Cluver (klo'ver), or Cluverius (kl6-ve'ri-us).
Philipp. Bornat Daiitzic,(ieriuiiny,1580: died
at Leyileii, Netherlands, 1623. A noted Gennan
geographer. Hewn>te "Introductio in universnm geo-
graphiam," etc. (1029), and other works.
Clwyd (klii'id). A small river in North Wales
which Hows into the Irish Sea at Rhyl, north
of St. Asaph.
Clyde
Clyde (klid). A river in Scotland which is
merged in the Firth of Clyde near Greeuock.
It foi-ms four falls near Lanark. Length, 96
miles ; navigable to Glasgow.
Clyde, Baron. See Camphcll, Colin.
Clyde Firth of. The estuary formed by the
river Clviie l.elow Greenoek (below Glasgow
aceonliii'c to some) and by Loch Long, it enters
the Irish Sea bctwuea the MiiU of Kintyre and Kirkcolm
Point. It lias many watering-places and shipbuiWing
yards on its banks, and contains the islands of Bute,
Arran, etc. Us greatest width is 37 miles.
Clymene (klim'e-ue). [Gr. K/.i/ihn.'] 1. In
Greek mvthology, daughter of Oceanus and
Tetliys, wife of iapetus, and mother of Atlas Coarl, or Coary (ko-ii-re'). A river
and Prometheus.— 2. Planetoid 104
Clymer (kU'mer), George. Born at PhUadel-
phia, 1739: died at Morrisville, Bucks County.
Pa., Jan. 23. 1S13. An American politician.
He was one of the signers of the Declaration of Indepen-
dence, and a member of the Constitutional Convention
17ST.
Clym of the Clough. See ciim
which joins the Amaz;on from the south in
about long. 63° 30' W.
Coast Range (kost ranj), or Coast Mountains
(kost moun'tiinz). 1. A series of mouutain-
chaius extending nearly through the western
part of California, nearly parallel with the Pa-
Oocadrille
Hansard. He at first supported the governinent, but
about 1S04 joined the opposition, with the result that he
was several times fined for libel, and in 1810 sentenced
to imprisonment for two years. He was elected to Parlia-
ment as member for Oldham in 18;i2, and again in 1834
\utlior of ■• Porcupine s\Voiks"(lS01-0-2), "A Grammar of
the English Language " (ISIS), a grammar and a diction-
ary of the i'leuch language, " Cottage Economy (1H21).
•The Emigrants Guide" (1S28), "Advice to\ouug Men
1,1, incidentally, to Young Women" (1830), etc
,v,bbler of Preston, The. A musical f
Charles Johnson, founded on the adventures ot
Christopher Sly in Shakspere's "Taming of the
Shrew." It was first acted in 1716, and altered and pro-
duced with music in lsl7. Another was produced by
Christopher Bullock at about the same time.
f T3,o,ii Cobbold (kob'old), Thomas Spencer. Bom
.,7^1, at Ipswich, England, in 1828: died at London,
March 20, 1886. An English natm'alist, noted
especially for his studies of woi-ms parasitic on
man and animals. He was appointed lecturer on
botany at St. Mary's Hospital, London, 1857 ; on JooloST »'
the Middlesex Hospital, 1861 ; and on geology at tne Brit-
ish Museum, 1S(8. In 1873 he beciime professt.r of bot-
any, and later of helminthology, at the Eoyal \ etermary
College.
262
na kat-sen'). Born about 1495: died after 1521.
Au Aztec chief, son of Nezahualpilli, lord of
Tezeuco. and brother of Cacama. who was
seized by Cortes in 1520, Cortes put another bro-
ther, Cuieuitzcatl, in Cacama"s place, but Coanaco claiined
the chieftainship of Tezeuco, and after the uoche trUU-
he was nplield by the Mexican sovereigns. He seized
and ina.ssaered a body of Spaniaids who were passing ,„,,,„e,i,ii,v lo lou..- ••^-
tbi-ough Tezcuc.an territory, but on the approach of Cortes p'T; '■,"''" f preston The A musical farce by
(Dec, 1520)he fled to Mexico, where he assisted in the de- OODDier Oix^ie&i/Oii, xuc. ^i. ^ -^
fense. He was captured with Guatemotzin, .\ug. 13, 1521.
Coanza (ko-an'za). or Quanza (kwUn'za). A
river in western Africa which flows into the
Atlantic Ocean in lat. 9° 15' S. Length, about
600 miles.
oiym ui 1.11C •./i""6". — - - citie Ocean. Width, 30-40 miles. The highest ,.„„^5,^. „. , ■■ r> ♦ tj „
Clytemnestra, or Clytaenmestra (klit-em- peak is Mount San Bernardino (11,500 feet).— Cobden (kob'den), Richard. Born at aey-
ues'trii). [Gr.K/ira(/;w/ff-/;a.] In Greek legend, g A range of low mountains in northwestern shott, near Midhuist, Sussex, Lnglantt^ June
the daughter of Tyudareus and Leda, and wife Oregon, parallel with the Pacific Ocean.— 3. 3, 1804: died at London, April 2, 18bo. An
of .•^''amemuon. "she was seduced by ^isthus dur- The mountains of southeastern Brazil, border- English statesman and political economist, es-
Ing the absence of her husband as leader of the expedi- j^,, qq tjjp Atlantic (Pg. Serra do Mar),
tion against Troy, .\ccoi-ding to the version of the legend f,„=xv_:j„- ,,. = .-,„.::; a town in Lanarkshire
most commonly adopted by the tragic p<«ts, she slew her Coatbndge (kot buj). ^ town in l.anai ksmre
husband in the bath on his return from Troy, partly to Scotland, 9 miles east of Glasgow. Its leaa-
avoid the consequences of her adultery and partly from j^g indnstrv is iron manufacture. Population,
jealousy of Cassandra, daughter of Priam, whom at the , ^y. . .^g gijg
taking of Troy Agamemnon had received as his prize, and p^ . ., ' " ' ^ ' fontliciie
by whom he had two sons. She and her paramour were Coatlan. hee LoaziWHe. „
in turn put to ,leath by her sou Orestes. CoatUcue (ko-a-tle'kwre), CohuatllCUe, or Co-
or Clytia (klish'i-a). [Gr. atlantona. [-Serpent petticoat,'] In Mexican
Clytie (kli'tf,. ^
K/.it.>a] In classical mythology, a uymph be-
loved by Apollo, and metamorphosed into a
heliotrope.
Cnidus (ni'dus). [Gr. Kvi<5of.] An ancient city
of Caria, Asia Minor, situated on the coast in
lat. 36° 40' N., long. 27° 20' E. It was settled b>
the Lacediemonians, and was a seat ot worship of Aphl-o
(Nahuatl) mythology, the mother of Huitzilo-
poehtli. She was awomaii of TuUa who, seeing a feather)-
white ball float down from the sk-y, hid it in her bosom ;
shortly after she gave birth to the war-god, fully grown
and armed, who attacked the enemies of his mother.
pecially noted as an advocate of fi-ee trade and
of peace, and as the chief supporter of the
Anti-Corn-Law League 1839-46. Hebegan, in part-
nership with others, the business of calico-printing m
1831 • entered Parliament in 1*41 ; visited the I nited
States in 1854 ; and negotiated an important commercial
treaty between England and France 1859-60. During the
Civil War in the Tnited States he was a supporter ot the
cause of the Xorth, His " Political Writings ■ w-ere pub-
lished in 1867; his "Speeches on Questions of Public
Policy " (ed. Bright and Rogers) in 1870.
Cobden Club. An association for the promul-
gation of free-trade doctrines, founded in Lon-
lon in 18(36.
and armeu, wno attacseu lue eucmico o» m^ u,u.,»w. ^.^.li ,u i^„-. -rv- i iaai i*\
According to another legend, Coatlicue was the wife of (jQ-btiain (kob'am). EleanOI. Uied 144d (,!)
d by MixcoatL The flower.dealers of Mexico annuaUy made rpug g^^vond -niJe of Humpbrev, duke of Glou-
^; f !fi"f."/4,'f.:;:^'/,.?,;^"= X"v?rmfnCo^:&Coa\° cTster. She had dealings with Roger Bo.ingbroke, who
due On its site'are7among other ruins, those of an ancient another of the same name. Also written Coallyeue, Coat-
theater. The cavea is 100 feet in diameter, with 36 tiers hjaa, Coallan, Coatlantoiian, etc.
of seats divided by 2 precinctions, and sunives almost CoatzaCOalcOS (ko-at-sa-ko-al'kos), or GoatZa-
perfect. Ih^e are .™nsiderab,e remains of the ^s^^^^^^^ COalCOS (go-at-sa-ko-al'kos). A river in the
isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico, which flows
into the Gulf of Mexico in lat. 18° 8' N., long.
Length, about 150 miles,
illiterate wat
' Every Man in his Hu-
94° 20' W.
professed the black art, and was tried for a conspiracy to
kill the king by magic, that her husband might have the
crown She was imprisoned and sentenced to perambu-
late the streets for three days bareheaded with a burning
taper in her hand. She was afterward imprisoned in
Chester Castle, Kenilworth. and the Isle of Man, and is
said to have remained in Peel CasUe till her death. She
is referred to in Shakspere's 2 Henry W. u. 3.
There are considerable remains of the stage
structure. Xear here, in 394 B. C, the Athenians under
Coiion defeated the Lacediemonians.
Cnosus, or Gnosus (no'sus), later Cnossus, or
^"f ^^TheTncient cIStal'ofTrrterin ikt^'st" Cob (kob),"01iver. An illiterate water-carrier q^^^^.^^ LordrSee Broole, Henry, and Old-
20''n lone -^5° 9' E . celebrated in the legemls in Ben Jonsou's play "Every Man in his. Mu- ^^,^,f,^^ _s,;,. John.
of Zeus, Minos, Dsedalus, and others : the mod- mpur." Before water from the XewK^^^^ Cobi (ko'be). See Gobi
ern Makro Teildio.
Cnut (knot). See Canute.
Coahuila (ko-a-we'la), orCoahuila de Sara-
goza (da sii-ra-go'tha). A state in northern
class from his position in Jonson 'splay.
Jlexico, lying between Texas on the north, Coban (ko-ban'). The capital of the depajt-
Texas, Tamuiiliiias, and Nuevo Leon on the meut of AltaVerapaz, Guatemala, in lat. lo 4o
east, San Luis Potosi and Zaeatecas on the N,, long. 90° la' W. Population (1869), lh,OUy.
south, and Chihuahua and Durango on the west. Cobb (kob),Howell. ^om at Cherry Hill, (ja.,
Capital, Saltillo. Area, .59.296 square miles. Sept. 7, 1815: died at New iork, Oct. 9, 18bH.
Population (1.S931, 214,06
Ooahuiltecan (kd-a-wel'ta-kan). or Tejano
(ta-iiii'iio ). A linguistic stock of North Amer-
ican Indians. It occupied the vjillcy of the lower
lean iliuiaus. it. occupieu vue *aney oi i«c lowc, _ ^ _ . ,, — ,, j- j :„iqiq
Rio Grande in Texas, and in ( oahuila (from which it Cobb, JameS. Bornmliob: died in ISIB
An American politician. He was member of Con-
gress from Georgia 1S43-51 and 1^55-o7 (speaker ls49-olX
iovernor of Georgia 1&-.1-53, secret^iry of the trea^mT
1857-60 and president of the Confederate Congress ls61-fei
An
was named), Suevo Leon, and lamaulipiis in Mexico. It
formerly comprised about 25 tribes, but all are extinct
save the Coraecrudo, Cotoname, and Pakawa. These are
represented bv a score or more individuals, mainly Come-
crudo, only a few of whom speak their native tongue.
CoalbrO()kdale (kdl'briik-dai). A coal- and
iron-producing region in Shropshire, England,
near the Severn.
Coalitions against France, during the Napo-
English playw-iight, author of numerous come-
dies, operas, etc.
Cobb Sylvanus. Bom at Norway, Maine, July,
1799: died at East Boston, Mass., Oct. 31
the capit.al of the Bolivian province of Atacama, but has
been held by Chile since 1879,
Ooblenz, or Koblenz, or Coblentz (ko blents).
[L. J fZ Confluen <es,ref erring to the junction here
of the Rhine and Moselle.] The capital of the
Khine Province, Prussia, situated on the west
bank of the Rhine, at its junction with the Mo-
selle, in lat. 50° 22' N., long. 7° 35' E. It has an
important trade in wine, manufactures, and champagne.
It is a strong fortress, and contains the Church of St.
Castor, a palace, and sevenil fine promenades and bridges.
It was a Roman station, and later a fort, and suBered In
the Thirty Years' War and in the wars of Louis i.1% ior
a few years it was the residence of the Elector of Treves,
before its occupation by the French in 17!M. It became a
rendezvous of the French emigres in 1792, and was granted
to Prussia in 1815. Population (1890), commune, 32,664.
1866. An American Universalist clergyman Co|,ourg, or CobuTg (ko'berg). A lake port in
and -writer. Hebecameinl838editorof the "Christian Xorthumberland County, Ontario, Canada, sit-
Freeman," which position he occupied upward of t»-enty j^ j,^ Lake Ontario 65 miles east-nortlieast
years. Author of "The New Testament, with Explana- Toronto. It is the seat of Victoria College
tory Notes (1S04), etc. - -
Sj^lyanus,, J?-„..^'!™„„?t^ ^V„?:"T"Kl CoWeTkO'^.orgK G. Koburg (ko'boro). [F.
leonic period. They were ;hefollovving:jhe Cobbr Sylvan^- "j^. Bo.-n at WaterviUe, i^!iL^J7J.^?A,,,?°PYl'''-i^'.Vif ^'l^Jw.
20, 1887. An American miscellaneous
flr;ul79^>consisted.E,glandanda„.eC,.ineut.^.^^^^^
powers "except Russia, Sweden, and Denmark, Bonaparte
won the battles of Milksiino. Mondovi, Lodi, Arcole, etc ,
and dictated the peace ot Campo-Fonnio, Oct. 17, 1797.
Tlie second (179W-lSnl) consisted of Russia, Austria, Eng-
land Portugal, Naples, and Turkey. Bonapaite won the
battles of .Montebello and JIarengo ; and Morcau, those of „ . > f\,,,y,-\
Uuchstadt. Hohenlindeii, and Traun. Peace was eon- V/ODDC (.b-ou
cludcil at Luneville Feb, 9, liOl. The third (1805) con- Dec. 4, 18J2
slsted of England, .\ustria, Russia, Sweden, and Naples
against France. Napfdeon won the battle of Auster-
liti, and dictated the peace of Presburg Dec, 26, 1806.
The foiutb (1806-1807) consisted of Prussia, Russia, Eng-
land, and S» eikn. Napoleon won the battles of Jena and
Auerstadt, Eylau, and Friedland, and dictated the peace
The Kings
(1859X "Ben
son of Svlvanus Cobb. He wrote
Talisman" (1S51X "The Patriot Cruiser"
Hamed"(lS04), etc.
Frances Power. Born at Dublin,
, An English author and philan-
,.ith Gotha the state of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.--
2. A city in the duchy, and alternately with
Gotha its capital, situated in the valley of the
Itz, in lat. 50° 15' N., long. 10° 58' E. It is noted
for iU old castle (at one time the residence of Luther), and
HumanRace"(lS74), ,
(1S7.'.X "The Duties of Women (ISSO),
Spirit of the Age " (18jS), etc.
Austrian general. He commanded against
the •Turks in 1789, and against the French 1^3-94, was
of Tilsit, .Tuly, 1807. The fifth (1809) consisted of Austria rjoVVett ( kob'et ), William. Bom at Farnham
and r.ngland, which latter country furnished a subsidy wuk-">-«» > /, ,. , „
of 100,000,0.10 francs. Napoleon was defeated at the battle
of Aspern and Essling, gained the victory of Wagram,
and dictated the peace of Vienna, Oct. 14, 1809. The
sixth (1813-15) consisted of Russia, Sweden. Austria. Eng-
lanil, and ITussia. Napoleon lost the decisive battles of
Leipsic and Waterloo.
Coan (ko'an), Titus. Born at Killingworth.
Conn., Feb. 1, 1801: died at Hilo, Hawaii.
Dee. 1, 1882. An American missionary in Ha-
waii 1835-82.
Coanaco (ko-a-nii'ko), or Coanacatzin (ko-a-
The Scientific ^„^ ^,.,^, ^ ^,^^ .„„ ^„ , _
victorious at Neerwinden in 1793, and was defeated at
Heurus 1794, . , . 41 »l,
Strrre v! England, March 9. 1 762 : died near Farn- Cobnrg Peninsula. A peninsula in the nortn-
ham,:iune 18, 1835. A noted English political ern part of Australia, west of the Gult of l.ar-
writer. He was the son of a peasant, obtained a meager pentaria. . . oi,_i.CTiAre'a
education, enlisted in the array about 1783, obtaine.l his Qobweb (kob'-web). A fairy in bhakspere 8
discharge about 1791, and in 1792 emigrated to America. .. ^ijdsummer Night's Dream."
From 1797 to 1799 he pnldished at Philadelphia Porcu „ ^^,, (ko'ka-dril). [One of the early
pme'sGazette,''aFederaU^tdailynew^spap<^He^^^^^^^^
pme
to England in ISOO. .., ,- . , „ . .
the publication of "Cobbetts Weekly Political Register,
which with trifling interruptions, was continued until his
death ; and in 1803 began to publish the "Parliamentary'
Debates," which in 1812 passed into the Bauds of 1. U
in the island of Silha, according to Sir John
Mandeville. He describes it as having four
feet and short thighs, and great nails like talons.
Cocaigne, The Land of
Cocaigne, The Land of. See Cochdi/ne.
Cocamas iku-kii' mils). An Iinliaii tribe of
(.•astern Pt'i'U. Tliey live nminly on tliir southern
siilf of the Amazon, near tile frontiers of Brazil, liy laii-
KUiige and enstonis they appear to he of the ^reiit Tui»i
nice, prohahly with some adniixtni'e of otlu-r- irihes. They
are aifrieultural, have h)Mg heen on fi-ieinily temis witli
the wliiteH, and are i-apidly heeoniin^ amalgainated with
the sftni-civilized ci»untry population.
Cocanada (ko-ka-na'clii). A seaport in the Go-
ilavcrv ilistrict, Madras, British India, in lat.
17° l''N., long. 82° 17' E.
Cocceians (kok-sO'anz). The followers of John
Cocc'uius or Koch (1603-69), professor of the-
ology at Leyden, Holland, who founded the
so-i-alled '■ Federal " school of theolof;}'. He be-
lieved that tlie whole history of the Chnstian church to
all time was jiretl^nred in the tild Testament, and so op-
posed the N'oetians.
Cocceius (kok-tsii'yos), Johannes (originally
Koch or Koken). Born at Bremen, Aug. 9,
160:J: died. -it Leyden, Netherlands, Nov. 5, 1669.
A Dutch llelnaist ami theologian. He became
professor of hitdical philology at the Academy of Bremen
in 102U, professor at the I'niversity of Franeker in lti3tj,
and professor of do(;matics at Leyden in Iti.'iO. He wrote
"Lexicon et commentarius serinonis Heb. et Chald. Vet.
Test."(tUC9), "Suiumadoctrinte" (1(548), etc.
With all its defects, the Federal thcolojry of Cocceius is
the most important attempt, in the older Protestant the-
ology, to do justice to the historical development of reve-
lation, li'. li- Stiiilk, Propliets of Israel, p. 375.
Coccia (kot'eliii), Carlo. Born at Xaples,
April 14, 1789 : died at Novara. Italy, April
13, 1873. An Italian composer of operas, can-
tatas, and masses. He visited London in 1820, where
he was an operatic conductor and also professor of com-
position at the Koyal Academy, returning to Italy in
1828. He auain visited England in 1835.
Cochabamba (ko-cha-bam'ba). 1. A central
department of Bolivia, .irea, 21,333 square
miles. Population, 196,766.-2. The capital
of this department, in lat. 17° 25' S., long. 66°
10' W, Population, 20,000,
Cochem (ko'ehem). A town in the Rhine
Province, Prussia, situated on the Moselle 25
miles southwest of Cobletiz. It has a castle.
Cocherel (kosh-rel'). A hamlet 12 miles east
of Evreu.x, France. Here in 1364 the Preneli
under Bertrand du Guesclin defeated the forces
of F.ngland and Navarre.
Cochet (ko-sha'), Jean Benoit D6sire. Born
at Sanvic, near Havre, France, March 7, 1812:
died at Rouen, Franco, Juno 1, 1875. A French
archiBologist, best known from his explorations
in Normandy.
Oochimi(k6-che-in6'). A tribe of North Amer-
ican Indians. They inhabited a region in
Lower California from 26° to about 31° N. lat.
Sfp yiimdii.
Cochin (ko-shaiV). Charles Nicolas. Born at
Paris, Feb. 22, 1715: .lied at Paris, April 29,
1790. A French en<fraver and art critic. He
wrote " Voyage d'ltalie" (1758), etc.
Cochin, Pierre Suzanne Augustin. Bom at
Paris. Dec. 12. 1823: died at Versailles, France,
March 15, 1872. A French publicist and ccon-
oiiiist.
Cochin (ko-ehen' or ko'chin). 1. A feudatory
state under tlni protection of Madras, British
India, situated about lat. 10° 30' N., long. 76°
30' E. Area. 1,3()2 si|uaro miles. Population
(1891), 722,906.— 2. A seaport in the Malaliar
district, Ma<lras, British India, in lat. 9° .58' N.,
long. 76° 14' E. it waa settled by the Portuguese in
1403, and was held by the Dutch from 18«3 to 1790.
Oochin China (ko'chin chi'nii). A name some-
times used vaguely as nearly identical with
Annaiii, iiro]>iTly reslricted to the eastern or
maritime ]iart of Annam.
Oochin China, French or Lower. A French
colony lying betwtH'ii Cambodia and Annam
on the north, the ('liina Sea on the southeast,
and the tJiilf of Siam on the west. It includes the
delta of tile MekonK. It waa cedeil to France in 18()2
(pr.ivince of Vlnh-Long I8S.I). Its chief product is rice,
fajiital, S:iii.'on. Area, 2;),082 square miles. Population
(W.il), ■Z.n-M.iKt.
Cochitemi. See Cuchitl.
Cochiti (ko-elie-te'). A tribe of North Ameri-
can Indians inhabiting a pueldo of the same
name on the west bank of the Kio (irande,
27 miles sontliwestof Sanle Fe, New Mexico.
The ililialtitants fol'tnerly successively occupied the Po-
trero (le las Vacas, the I'otreroSan .Miuuel, the now ruined
puehUj of (7uapa, and the Potrero Viejo. Ninnbor, 2tW.
t'ocliitt is the aboriginal inmie of the pueblo. The tribe
has aHo tii-i-n called i'orhilemi, Cachilino, See Keregan.
Cochitino, See Ciirliiti.
Cochitliate (ko-chit'il-at). Lake. A small lake
in Middli'sex County, Nlassachusetts, 17 miles
west of Boston. It is one of the sources of Bos-
ton's water-supply.
263
Cochlaeus (ko-kle'us), Johannes (Dobenek).
Horn at Wendelstein. near Nuremberg, 1479:
died at Bi'eslau, Jan. 10, 1552. A (iernian Ko-
man Catholic theologian and controversialist.
He liecame secretary to l)uke tieorge of Saxony in 1528,
and canon at Breslau in 1.^39. He was associated at the
diet of Augsburg (1630) with Eck, Fabcr, and VVimpina in
the composition of the Refutation of the Augsburg Con-
fession ; and, on the death of Eck, was regarded as the
leading opponent of the Keforination.
Cochrane (kok'ran), John Dundas. Born
1780: died at Valencia, Venezuela, Aug. 12.
1825. A British traveler in Russia and Siberia
1820-23. He wrote a "NaiTative of a Pedes-
trian Journey through Russia and Siberian
Tartary" (1.824).
Cochrane, Thomas. Bom at Annsfield, in
Lanarkshire, Dec. 14, 1775 : died at Kensing-
ton, Eiiglanil, Oct. 31, 1860. A Scottish noble
(tenth Earl of Dundonald) and British naval
commander. He was appointed vice-admiral Nov. 23,
18J1, admiral Jlarch 21, 1851, and rear-admiral of the
United Kingdom Oct. 23, 1864. Ou May «, 1801, in the
Sjjeedy, a small and poorly armed vessel with 54 men, he
captured the .Spanish frigate Elgamo of 600 tons and 31!)
men. lie entered Parliament in 1806. On April 11, 1809,
he attacked a French fleet in Aix roads, and destroyed
four of the enemy's vessels. In Feb., 1814, Cochrane was
accused of complicity in originating a fraudulent report
of Napoleon's death for speculative purposes, and. thou;;h
he claimed to be entii'ely innocent, was imprisoned for
a year, tlned, and expelled fi-om the na\y and from tlie
House of Commons. His constituents stood by him. and
at once returned him again to Parliament. Accepting an
invitation to organize the infant navy of Chile, he reached
Valparaiso Nov., 1818. During the subsequent campaigns,
witii only one frigate and a few old vessels, be man;xged to
neutralize the powerful .Spanish squadron ; took Valdi-
via in Feb., 1820 ; transported .Sim Martin's army to Peru ;
blockaded Callao, and performed the feat of cutting out a
Spanish frigate from under the guns of the castle (Nov.
5, 1820), and contributed greatly to the capture of Lima.
Owing to (luarrels with .San Martin and the Chilian au-
thorities, he left their service, and from Marcil, 182.'i, to
1825 commanded the Br.azilian navy : during this time he
recovered Babia and Maranhao from the Portuguese. Ac-
cused of insubordination, he resigned. In 1827 and 1828
he commanded the Greek navy, but accomplished nothing.
In 1832 he was virtually exonerated from the cliarges on
which he had been imprisoned in 1814, and was restored
to the Order of the Bath and to his rank in the British
navy.
Cochut (ko-shii'), Andr6. Born at Paris, 1812 :
died there, Jan. 18, 1890. A French publicist.
Cock, The. A famous tavern in Fleet street,
London, opposite the Temple, it still retains dec-
orations of the period of the early part of the 17th century.
Tennyson has immortalized it in his "Will Waterproof's
Lyrical Monologue."
Cock and the Fox, The. A version of Chau-
cer's " Nun's Priest's Tale," by Dryden.
Cockaigne, Cocagne (ko-kan'). [Also Cock-
iiiliif, etc., in various archaic forms, after ME.
ciiclctiiijuf, ciikiiyync, cockagiw, coMi/ite, cocaigne,
etc., from OF. cocaitpie, col-aigne, coqiiaiyne, co-
caiiii/iic, qitoquaingne, F. cocagne (= Sp. cucafta,
= Pg. curaiilia =z It. cocagna, cucagna, now
cuccagna), prolit, advantage, abundance, a time
of abundance ; pays cle cocar/ne, Land of Co-
cagne (It. " Cocagna, as we say, Lnbberland ";
"Cucagna, the epicui-es or gluttons home, the
land of all delights : so taken in mockerie " —
Plorio); ML. C'ocaHJn, an imaginary eountiy of
lu.xury and idleness; prob. Ut. 'Cake-land.'
Usually associated with cockncti, but there is
no original connection.] A fabled land of
perfect happiness and luxm'y, intended to rid-
icule the stories of the mythical Avalon, an
isle in the west, prevalent in medieval times.
Its houses were built of good things to eat; roast geese
went slowly down the streets, turning themselves and in-
viting the passers-by to eat them ; buttered larks fell in
profusion ; tlie sliingles of the houses even were of cake ;
and the rivers ran wine. The English p()ets of the Kith
century called it Lubljcrland.
Cockburn (ko'bern). Sir Alexander James
Edmund. Born Dec. 24, 1802: died at London,
Nov. 21, 1880. A noted British jurist of Scotch
descent, lord cliii'f justice of England, Ho was
graduated at Trinity Hall, t 'ambridge, where he became a
fellow in 1829; entered rarlianient as a Liberal in 1847;
was attorney -general 1851 -I'eb., 18.62, and again Dec, 1852,-
Nov., 185(i ; and became chief Justice of the Common J'leas
In 1850, and lonl chief justice of England .luiie 24, 1859.
As the reiu-esentative of the British govermneut at the
Alabama arbitration at Genevil, he dissented from the
awartl, holding that in the case of the Florida and that of
the Slienandoah tile responsibility of bis government had
not been proved.
Cockburn, Mrs. (Alicia, or Alison, Ruther-
ford), Horn at Fairnahie, Selkirkshire, about
1712: died at Eilinburgh, Nov. 22, 1794. A
Scottish lyric poet, autnor of "The Flowers of
the Forest" ("I've Seen the Smiling of Fortune
Beguiling"), and other songs.
Cockburn, Mrs. (Catherine Trotter). Born
at London, Aug. 16, 1679: died Maj- 11, 1749.
Au English dramatist and philosophical writer.
Cocoa-tree Club
wife (1708) of Patrick Cockburn, a clergyman,
she wrote " .\gnes de Castro " (acted 1090), " Fatal Vriend-
ship" (acted 1098), *" Love at a Loss," a comedy (1700^ and
"Revolutions of Sweden " (acted 1700). In 17u2 she pub-
lished an anonymous defense of Locke's philosophizing
against tlie charge of niatei-ialism, and later advocated the
ethical views of Clarke.
Cockburn, Sir George. Born at London, April
22, 1772: died at Leamington, England, Aug.
19, 18.53. An Engli.sh admiral. He served at
the reduction of Martinique in 1809, and assisted
at the capture of Washington in 1814.
Cockburn, Henry Thomas, Lord. Born at
Edinbtirgh (?), Oct. 26, 1779: died at Bonaly,
near Edinburgh, April 26, 1854. A Scottish
jurist, appointed a judge of the Court of Ses-
sion in 1834, and a lord of judiciary in 1837.
His autobiography ("Memorials of his Time")
was joiblislied in 18.56.
Cocker (kok'er), Ed'ward. Born probably in
Nortliamptonshire, England, 1631: died 1675.
An English engraver and teacher of writing and
arithmetic, and collector of manuscripts. He
was the author of various works on calligraphy, arithme-
tic ("Tutor to Arithmetic " (1604), "Compleat Arithme-
tician " (before 1009), " Arithmetic, " edited by John Hawk-
ins (1078), etc.), etc. The supposition that the famous
arithmetic is a forgery by Hawkins has been abandoned.
Cockeram (kok'ram), Henry. Flom-ished about
the middle of the 17th century. An English
scholar (of whose life nothing is known), au-
thor of the fu-st published dictionary of the Eng-
lish language. The book is entitled "The English
Dictionarie, or a New Interpreter of H;ird English Words"
(1623 ?; 2d ed. 1626 ; 12th ed., revised and enlarged by an-
other's hand, 1070).
Cockerell (kok'er-el), Charles Robert. Born
at London, April 28, 1788 : died at London, Sept.
17, 1863. A noted English architect. He became
architect of the Bank of England in 1833, and was professor
of architecture in the Koyal Academy 1840-57. He com-
pleted the Hanover Chapel in Regent street in 1825, built
the Taylor Buildings at O.xlord lS41-i'2, and designed nu-
merous other public and private buildings. Author of
"Ancient Sculptures in Lincoln Cathedral " (1848), "Ico-
nography of the West Front of Wells Cathedral " (1861), " A
Descriptive Account of the Sculptiu:es of the West Front
of Wells Cathedral " (1862), etc.
Cockermouth (kok'er-mouth). A town and
parliamentary borough in Cumberland, Eng-
land, situated at the confluence of the Cocker
and Derwent, 25 miles southwest of Carlisle.
It was the birthplace of Wordsworth. Popu-
lation (1891), 5,464.
Cock Lane Ghost. A noted imposture perpe-
trated in 1762 in Cock Lane, Smithfield, Lon-
don, by a man named Parsons and his daughter
(eleven years old) . Knockings and other strange noises
were heard, and a "luminous lady, " supposed to be the
ghost of a Mrs. Kent, was seen. Dr. Johnson, among
others, visited the house, and was maliciously attacked
for his credulity by Churchill in his long poem "The
Ghost." Parsons was pilloried.
Cockledemoy (kok'l-de-moi). An adroit and
amusing trickster in Marston's play "The
Dutch Courtezan."
Cockloft (kok'loft), Pindar. The pseudonym
of William Irving in "Salmagundi."
Cockney School, The. A name derisively
given by some English critics to a set of writers
including Hazlitt, Shelley, Keats, Leigh Hunt,
and others. Leigh Hunt was the shining light
of this coterie.
Cockpit (kok'pit), The. 1. A London theater
whi<di stood in a narrow coiu-t, called Pitt Place,
formerly (.'ockpit alley, running out of Drury
Lane. It was erected about 1016, but pulled down by
a mob in 1017. A second theater was built here, called
the Phoenix. This again gave place to the Drury Lane
Theatre.
2. See the extract.
The Master of the Rolls was at that time the presiding
.ludge of Appeal at the Privy Council, which was com-
moidy spoken of as " tlie Cockpit," because it sat ou the
site of the old Cockpit at W bitehall.
Gri-ciUe, Memoirs, II. 70, note.
Cockwood (kok'wi'id). Lady. In Etherege's
comedy "She Would if She Could," a female
Tartufe who hides a disgraceful intrigue under
a great pretense of religious devotion.
Cocles (ko'klGz). Horatius. A Roman legen-
dary hero who with Spurius Lartius and Titus
Ilerminius defended the Sublician bridge at
Rome against the entire Etruscan army under
Lars I'orsena (.508 i! is. c).
Coco (ko'ko). A tribe of North American In-
dians. Set^ AUacapan.
Cocoa-tree Club. A noted London club whieli
was the 'i'ory Cocoa-tree Choeolate-house of
t^ueeu Anne's reign, at 64 St. James street.
It was converted Into a gaming-house and a club, proba-
bly before 174tl, when the house was the heaihiuarters of
the Jacobite jiarty, and the resort of the wits of the time.
Tinibtt.
„ ,_ . 264 Counbatore
Coco-Mancopas ^°* ^t ,.
,, . riraiocfin s«B rplettiiie Coffin. James Henry. Bom at Northampton,
Coco-Maricopas ^-.^-'X^bocapa. ] A C^ fst Ss(.l-leS . AcoUaboratorof Pela- Mass!, Sept. G, 18o5f died at Easton, Pa.^Feb'.
Cocopa (ko ko-pa). [FL, alio oowjpas.j f^ ''^,"" ,° \: . j "r-pi' i /gretaenef) He was 6,1873. Aq American mathematician and me-
tribe of ^'•^';I'}.t^hTmoTth'?ftl'c^lor?d?R^™ foT^^u^JaTA^l.ictTlin^^^^^^ t^orologist, professor of mathematics and as-
Lower CiUiforma from the mouth of the Lolorauo K.yer ^^^ ^^_^^ acquitted by I'ope Zosimus in 417. Ue U said to tronomv at Lafa vette OoUese, Easton. He wrote
new the Gila, i?'^ ,i "'"^"j^, .^ have been ordained presbyU-r at Ephesus some time be- .. „.j„j3 -„j ,^^ Northern Hemisphere ■ (lS5:i), and other
COCOS. oee Aec'iHt; Jxiana*. n,„T>iTn«- tween 412 and 417. meteorological works, "Elements of Conic Sections" and
CoCOSpera (ko-ko-spa ra). L^jom tne rima. (35gig.Syria, or Cele-Syria (se'le-sir'i-ii). [Ur. "An:Uytieal Cie<mietry"(l*l9X etc.
'place of the dogs.T ^ P^f.'' >" ^o"^'"*' fi®S„°' Ko//., 2i™a, Hollow Svria.] A valley In Syria. Cofan, Long Tom. A sailor in Cooper's novel
forming a part of one of the western ramifica- ^^^ between the Libanis and the Anti-Li- •• The Pilot "
tionsof the Sierra Madre. banns, and watered by the Leontes and the Cogalniceanu (ko-gul-nich-a-an '), Michael.
Cocu Imaginaire, Le. See i,ganareuc. Orontes. Born Sept. 6, 1817 : died at Paris, July 1, 1S91.
Cocytus (ko-si tus). LV'"-^';^'",'™'^' ^2ihnTorv^^^ Coelho (kO-el'vo), Duarte de AlbUCtuerque, A Rumanian statesman and historian. He wa»
wailing.] 1. A river in J!ipirus, a rnuuiary oi q ^ ^j Pernainbuco and Marquis of Basto. president of the cabinet 1863-«1, minister of the interior
the Acheron: the modem Vuvos.— .i. in cias- tj„,.,, „* t ,;„),„„ T)p„ oo l.ioi- died at Madrid, 186S-70,minister of foreign affairs is77-7b. minister of the
«ieal mvtholoev a river of Hades, a tributary gO'^ o. ',^,..0 ' %^, {/ \ ;„" „f T^3» H» fnt^nof IS'S'-*"- andRumanian ambassador at Paris 1880-
ffi %l Sept. 24, I608. The eldest son of Jorge de jjj^^ He vn-ote "Hlstoire de la Valachie et de la Mol-
Ot the Aeueron. .„,„4.. x(„™ of t ncrr, Albuquerque Coelho. in 1627 he was made gover- davie •' (1837X etc.
Codazzi (ko-dat se), AgUStUl. JtJorn ai uugo, Peniambueo, a position which he had, by feudal Coffhetti fko-eet'te) FranceSCO Bom at
near Ken'ara, Italy, 1792: died in Colombia,18o9. ,aw, inherited from'his father. He was driven out by the ^^f^^J'^^ Ttalv Oct 4 IsTu died at Rome
An entrineer and geogi-apher in the northern Dutch invasion of 1030, and in i«i9 went to Spain res.d. ^ergamo, Italy, "ct. 4, IsiM . aita at Konie,
^rt of South America He pubUshed at Paris ing at Madrid, where he published his "ilemonasdianas April 21, 18<5. An Italian painter. His best-
P isi, *°S"LTmen de la Geoerafla de Vene- ^^ 1* e""-'"™ ^<'^ ^"^•' "" ^'^- known works are the frescos in the basilica in
in 1841 Resumen de la t^eogratia ae vene ^^^^^ GonQalo. A Portuguese navigator Savona.
nl1iji;,^«„ rWnrl'in<r t/ml William Born in who, in 1488, commanded a ship on the coast Cogia Hassan Alhabbal (ko'gya has'san al-
°i°^^f!l?,>.hCra^,,'d^ 1601^ Med^'in Rhode of Senc^ambia. It has been supposed that he had hUb'bal). A story, in - The Arabian Nights'
Liucolnshiie, England, 1601 died "> "^"^^ charge of Ihe expedition of 15U1 to explp.-e the coast of Entertainments," of a poor rope-maker who
Island, Nov. 1, IfaiS. An ±.nglisli colonist in B^aza, but of this there is no proof. It seems certain, -- , Aiamnnk in a Inwe fish and becomes
America, one of the founders of the colony of however, that he commanded the six caravels which left Mds a diamond in a laige hsn, ana oecomes
Rhode Island in 1638, and its governor 1640-47, Lisbon June 10, 1503, to seek a route to the Moluccas rich. „■•/•• x m .■ r »i.„
1(U8-4Q TTid 1(>74-7B around the southern end of Brazil, then supposed to be CogiaHoUSSam (hossam). The captain of the
n^lr^i^I-rirlkoA frS-dii rekM A codilieation ^ inland. One of his ships was wrecked ; two othei-s, thieves in ••Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves,"
Coae±TeaenC^Koana-aa-reK ;. ACOOincauon „, them having Amerigo Vespucci for commander or . ,.™, A,.„v,i„„ Nip-lits' Entertainments"
of the laws of Prussia made by Frederick the pUot, separated from Coelho and returned to Lisbon in "^ ^'^^^ AiaDian JNignts lintertaonments,
Great in 17.')1 JunS WW. Coelho himself explored as far. at least, as who, under this name. Wins the conhdence ot
Code Napoleon (kod nii-p6-la-6n'). A compi- Kiode Janeiro, and only returned in 1506. Nothing fur- Ali Baba's son. . „ ., , ♦
1„H „,^tl,^li«< nf France maile under the ther is known of Imn. CognaC (kon-vak'). A town m the department
Lns^. ces of NaDoleon Bonanartf fiiS consiS Coelho. Jorge de Albuduerque. Bom at O lin- of-Oharente, France, situated on the fcharente
a^FpZp?L nromul^ated iIm-IO u is foundrf '^^- Pemambuco, April 23. 1539 : died, probably 03 ^leg ^est of Angouleme : the ancient Con-
^ ufe^FvtlTw^Thif te^n }^^y ooj^ld' S^olher at Lisbon, some time after 1596 A Portuguese .i^j^ (i„ the middle ages Coniacus, later Coi-
countries where the civil h»w prevaUs. soldier, second son ot Uuarte Loeino reieira. ^ac). It is the center of the brandy trade of the region.
finrtp Woir ( kod nwar) FE ' black code.'l An From 1560 to 1565 he was commander of the Portuguese population (ISaiX commune, 17,892.
^edlctWouisXR'of^^a^^^^^^^ '^^rSJ'lZ^ZeT^^''rL'J^°^^^^^^ A league concluded
lating the West Indian colonies and the con- captured by the Moors in Africa at the dis.istrous battle May 22. 1526, between Pope Clement V n.,l'Tan-
dition and treatment of negro slaves and freed of Alcacer Qui^•ir (Aug. 4, 1578) ; and on the death of his ^is 1. of France, MUan, and Venice, against the
neCToes '"■°"^'''' "^x^"'"^*! ""^ captaincy of Pernambuco. emperor Charies V. Henry Aail. was in sympathy
Code of 1650 A code of laws compiled for the Coelho de Albuquerque (ko-el yij de al-bo- ^jtu the league, which is also styled the CTementine
colonv of Connecticut bv Roger LuSlow: some- ker'ke)pua.rte. . Born at Olinda Pernam- League. r„,„ vr..
times"called i«f?/()ir'v Corfe bueo, 1.537: died in Fez, Africa, about 15i9. Cogniard (kon-yar'), Hippolyte. Born Nov.
PnrtoAf TiiatiTiinn Thenrtniins Hee Justinian The eldest son of Duarte Coelho Pereira. He 20, lt507: died Feb. 6, 1882. A French theatri-
T,t?, ^,^^^^^^< iiieoaosiUS. »ee Jusnmai,, .^^^^.^^^ j,^^ captaincy of Pernambuco in 1.W4, and gov- eal director and writer of vaudevilles.
iiteonDtuif-. erned it personallv from l.'ieo to 157-2. Returning to For- p-j itil-j Rorn Anril 30 1806 • died
Codlin (kod'hn , Tom. A cymcal exhibitor of t^g^l, he followed Dom .Sebastiao to Africa, was taken VOSniaia, ilieoaore. iSoi n ApnidU, lOOD . Qieu
a Punch-aud-Judv show, in Charies Dickens's prisoner by the Moors, and died in captivity. May 14, 18. 2 A French theatrical director
"Old Curiosity Shop-" CoellllO Pereira, Duarte. Born about 1485: and writer of vaudevilles in conjunction with
Codoeno (ko-do'nyo). A town in the province died at Olinda, Pernambuco, Aug. 7, 15.54. A his brother Hippolj-te.
of Milan, Italy, 32 miles southeast of Milan. Portuguese soldier. He was the first to reach Cochin Cogoleto (ko-go-la to). A town in the pro^^nee
It ii the chief market for Parmesan cheese. China, and was sent as an ambassador to Siam and China, of Genoa, Italy, situated on the coast la imles
u™.i„t;nT, Q nnn In 1530 he was sent to the coast of Brazil, where he de- west of Genoa. It is sometimes claimed as the
ropuiation, »,uuu. ^ , „. _, j -d stroyed a French trading establishment. In April, 1534, i,;,.ti,T,la(.e of Columbus
Codnngton (kod'nng-ton). Sir Edward. Born the new captaincy of Pernambuco was granted to him '^"''}Pia''^0/,X°^^^ .p.. „„ T «t,o^ Aa
April 27, 1770 : died at London, April 28, 1851. and his heirs in perpetuity, and he speedily made it the Cogolludo (ko-gol-yo Do). DiegO LopCZ de.
AuotedEugUshadmiial. He took part in the battle most flourishing colony in BrazU. OUnda, his capital, A Spanish Franciscan who lived in lucatan
of Trafalgar, Oct, 21, ISOo, as commander of the Orion; J*'a?/o"n<ie'lm 1535. . „ ^. , , ^ m the second quarter of the 1 ith century. His
w.iswithCochrane in Chesapeake Bay and at New Orleans Coelica (se h-ka). A collection of short poems "Historia.de Yucathan'Cfol., Madrid, I6SS) is a chief au
in 1814 • became vice-admiral 1821, and admiral of the of different lengths, bv Fulke GreviUe (Lord thority on the history of that countrj- down to 16.S5. A
bjiie ia37^and commanded the aUied fleet at Navarino Brooke). It appeared" in a folio volume con- ^n fspXla'^ Yucall^ M^ ™^.f 'c"aLp^^^^
^A°S^^^7.^"A°S»mii5Thlr^S^ofo1 (|e-n7(k^^y^:Alo"n^o5anche.^^ CoSweulkJz'wel), Joseph Green. Bom at
Nov. 4, 1840 ; became a rear-admiral in 1837 ; was admiral peciaUy noted for his portraits. scholar. He was professor of mineralogy and geoIoBy
superintendent at Malta 185S-63; and was appointed ad- OoellO, ClaudlO. Bom at Madrid, lb21: died gj Harvard 1820-23; founded, with George Bancroft, the
miial ill ls'.7, and admiral of the fleet 1877. ^^ Jladrid, April 20, 1693. A Spanish histori- Round HiU School at Northampton, Massachusetts, in
CodringtOn, Sir Wimam Jonn. Born Nov. 26, , ^^jntgr l*'-3; edited the "New York Review"; was appointed
1804: died at Heckfield, Hampshire, Aug. 4, p„-.ti ricHnl Tan Pipt#rc!ZOon BornatHooru superintendent of the Astor Library, New York, in 1848;
1884. A British general,'seconcfson of Ad^ral °^^fhiSlf ^an ^ 1^7° di.^ at Bata^'a. J^^'-^--^ - supermtendent u. 1861, and as trustee in
la"r,''colfandfng'aTtTe\t^l^^^^^^^^ '''''''' '"'^'^VWrhuU^^'y lit Cl^'ii^l' Cohasset (kohas'et). A town and summer
and a division at Inkeman, and succeeded Sir .lames nor-general of the Dutch East Indies lbl8-.3. ^^^^^^ ^ Norfolk County, Massachusetts, sitn-
8imps<m as commander-in-chief in the Crimea, Nov. 11, He founded Bataria 111 1619. ated on Massachusetts Bav 15 miles southeast
1855, returning to England in 1S.S6, when he was appointed CoBUT (ker), JacqueS. Bom at Bourges, France, ^f Boston. Minofs Ledge lighthouse lies 1 mUe off
heatenant-u^jneralandgenei^ml^^^^^^^^ about 1400: died in Chios, Nov. 25, 1456. A the coast at this pohit. Popul.atTon (1890), 2,448.
Crd;^;s SS'drtr Gr K-;;^^^^^^^ noted French financier, and merchant in the Colm(k6n), Ferdinand JuliUS Born at Bres-
"l-"t",b/!?^"'^'' ^''•^""^'"^ '" ''''''''"'' ^Ts"oVthe^s?a?e1..'=Su?Llta^teSfctrd1m^T,^^ iTt'an^! prit'e^^^or-ohx^.nvtt Ciu."""*"
Cody (k5Mi"; William Frederick. Bom in ^^;, ^::::^-&^Ji!''^ "" "^^ "^' ''''''' Colmheim (konndm), JuUus FWedrich Bom
ScoTtfcount;',Iowa,Peb.26,1845. A government CcEUr d^ene (k^^r dii-lan'). [F.,' awl-heart.'] ^ e^'™ TelpsrAur U^^^^
scout. Ue became known as " Buffalo Bill " from the fact An Indian tribe living chieflv in northern Idaho. fH'^^-^tZf^i » 'ISolnll v f^r discnveries m
that he contracted with the Kansas Pacific Railway to xhey give name toalak^ river, ind range of mountains thologist, noted especially for discoveries ra
supply its laborers with butfalo meat: in eighteen months in northern Idaho. In 1892 they numbered 427. See So- regard to pus-^'Or))llSCleS. He became professor of
he killed 4,2-' 1 biitfaloes. In 1S72 he was elected a mem- Hfhan. Theu- name for themselves is Skitsurish. patholog>- and pathological anatomy at Kiel in 1888, at
buret the .Nebraska legislature. In ISSSheorganized the _,,.,,,. ..,. .^ 'lion's Breslau in 1872, and at Uipsic inlSTS.
C0^h^^''(k"-^;:::ro^'0^S;'^(^'hom), ^S,^^XaS l? | ^-P^^^o CohoeM^-h.^;) A^I^^u AU^^iy Coun^
ISal'h'n,- UU. V^ntF^'^^tUeuinet: Coffee-Hou^. Politician. IHie A comedy by Albany Jl^^J^n^-^^'^^J^^^^t^^^"^
called the Dutch Vanhorn, inventor of the Henry fielding, published in 1<30. the Cohoes Falls. 70 feet in height. Population 0890),
coehom 1674. He wrote "Nieuwe Vesting- Cofl&n (kof in), Sir Isaac. Bom at Boston, .22.509. .
bouw" ("New Fortification," 1685). Mass., May 16, 1759: died in England, July 23, Ooila (koi' la) : Latinized from Kyle. Aregion
Coel See Cole Kinq 1839. A British sailor, appointed vice-admiral in Ayrsliir'e. Scotland, celebrated in Bumss
CoelebS (se'lebz) in" Search of a Wife. A in I8O8, and admiral .lune 4, I814. He entered poem's. ^ -„ ^. vo+„,
novpl bv Hannah More nublished in 1809. the navy m 1,, 3. and became commander in I18I. In Coimbatore (ko- m-ba-tor' , or Koimbatur
no\Pl o> tiannan more, puousueu lu looa. 1788 he was accused of sign ng a f^dse mustcT, tried by ""Jt",,, i ,,;„f_:„t Vn AtaHiUsi British India.
The name is often applied to any bachelor de- conrt-martial, found guUty, and dismissed from the navf, (:«"> )• , 1 ■ ^ district in Madias, British limia.
Birous of marrying. but was reinsuted. situated about lat. 10° 30 -1 J .n., long. 11 -
Colmbatore
78° E. Area, 7,800 stiuare miles. Population
(1891), 2,004,839.-2. The c-upital of this dis-
trict, situated on the river Noyel in lat. 10°
59' N., long. 77° E. Population (1891), 46,383.
Coimbra (ko-em'brit). The capital of the dis-
trict of Coimbra, in Beira, Portugal, situated
(near the ancient Conimbrica) on the Mon-
dego in lat. 40° 12' N., long. «° lii)' W. It is
the seat of the only university in I'ortuijal, ti-ansferred
here iu l.'iOS from Lisbon (where it was founded in 1290),
and was the scene of the miu-der of lues de Castro in
IS'iii. It contains the Convent of Santa Cruz, Willi the
tombs of Alfonso llenriques and 8ancho I., an old and a
new cathednU, antl a flue library huildiug uouueeted with
the university. Population (1B78), 13,389.
Coimbra. A Brazilian frontier fort and settle-
ment on the river Paraguay in lat. 19° 55' H.
It was founded in ITV.'i, repulsed au attack of the Span-
lards iu 1801, and was taken by the Paraguayans in Dec.,
1864.
Ooin (ko-eu'). A town iu the province of
Malaga, Spain, 20 miles west of Malaga. Pop-
ulation (1887), 9,825.
Coire (kwiir), G. Chur (chor). [It. Coira, Bo-
maush Cucia.'] The capital of the canton of
Grisons, S^vitzerlaud, situated on the Ple.ssiu',
near the Rhine, in lat. 46° 51' N., long. 9° 31 ' E. :
the Roman Curia Khietorum. Itisa very old town,
and contains a eathcdi'al, an episcopal palace, and some
Roman antiquities. The cathedral is a venerable struc-
ture, in i)arts as old as the 8th century, with a still older
cryi>t. l'.)pulation (1888), 9,38a
Cojutepec iko-Ho-te-pek'), or Cojutepeque
(ko-iio-te-pa'kt). A town iu San Salvador,
Central America. 10 miles northeast of .Sau
Salvador. Population, about 10,000.
Ookayne (ko-kan'), Thomas. Born at Maple-
ton, Derljyshire, .Jan. 21, 1587 : died at Lon-
don, 1638. An English lexicographer, author
of an English-Greek lexicon containing deriva-
tions and dednitions of " all the words iu the
New Teslameut " (1658). He was educated at Ox-
ford (Coi-pus Christi College), but did not take a degree.
Daring the latt«r part of his life he lived in I.oudon
UDder the name of Browne.
Coke (kok, originally kuk), Sir Edward. [The
siuiiaino Coke is another form (archaic spell-
ing) of Cook, orig. designating a cook.] Boru
at Mileham, Norfolk, England, Feb. 1, 1552 :
died at Stoke Pogis, Sept. 3, 1634. A noted
English jurist. He was speaker of the House of Com-
mons l.')92-93, attorney-general 1593-94, chief justice of
the Common Pleas ItiOO, and chief justice of the King's
Bench 11513. He came into contlict with the king and
Bacon on matters touching the royal prerogative, espe-
cially the right of gmuting commendams, and was re-
moved from the bencli Nov. 15, 1610. Among the noted
cases which he cotiducted as prosecutor are those of Es-
sex and Southampton in 1601, of Sir Walter R^ileigh in
1603 (in which he disgraced himself by the brutality of
bis language), and of the gunpowder plotters in 1605. Iu
the later pai-t »t his life he rendercil notal>le service, in
Parliament, to the cause of English freedom, his last
important speech being a direct attack <n\ Buckingham.
Bis chief works are his "Reports" (1600-15) and his
"Institutes," which consist of a reprint and translation
of Littleton's " Tenures" with a commentary (p<ti)nlarly
known as "Coke upon Littleton"); the text of v:u-iou8
•tatutes from Magna Charta to the time of James J., with
a commentary; a treatise on criminal law ; and a treatise
on the Jtirisdiction of the dilferent law-coui*ts.
Coke, Thomas. Born at Brecon, South Wales,
Sept. 9, 1747 : died at sea, May 2, 1814. A
British preacher and missionary, fii'st bishop
of the Methodist Episcopal Church (1784). H(»
wrote a " Commentary on the Holy Scriptures "
(1807), "History of the West Indies" (1808),
etc.
Coke, Thomas William. Born May 4, 1752 :
died at Loiiglurd Hall, Derbyshire, .June 30,
1842. An English nobleman and Whig poli-
tician, created (!!irl of Leicester of Holkhani
and Viscount ("oke Aug. 12, 1837. He was the
son of Thomas Wenman, and assumed the name Coke
on sneceeding t<i the estate of his maternal uncle,
niomas Coke, earl of Leicester. Ho is best known fi>r
his improvements in agriculture on his estates about
ilolkham, Norfolk, especially in the breeds of cattle,
slu^ej), and pigs.
Cokes (koks), Bartholome'w. A foolish young
sijnire in Jonson's comedy " Bartholomew Fair.
Cokes is iMKiueatioiuibly the most flnished picture of a
simpleton that the mimclic art overproduced. Withsnf-
flelent natuial pow ers to take from us all sense of uneasi-
ncss at his exposure, he is forever wantoning on the
verge of imbecility. His childish but insatiable curios-
ity, his eagerness to possess every object within his
reach, his tot^il abandonment of himself to every amuse-
ment that offers, his incapacity of receiving more than
one of two events at a time, with his anxious fears that
the other will escaiie him, joined to the usual concom-
itants of folly, selllshness, cutiidug, and occasional tits
of obstinacy.
Qiffi'nl, Notes to Jonson (Bartholomew Fair), II. aio.
Colada iko-lii'Tiiil). [Sp.] The second sword
of till- ('i<l.
Colapur. See Kolhapur.
265
Colban (kol'biin), Madame (Adolfine Marie
Schmidt). Born at Christiania, Xcirway, Dec.
Its, 1«14. A Norwegian novelist, ller works in-
clude "Tre Noveller" (1S73), 'Tre nye Novelier "(1875),
".Teg lever" (1877), "Cleopati-a " (IHSoi etc.
Colberg. See Kuthviij.
Colbert (kol-biir'), jean Baptiste. Bom at
IJheims, France, Aug. 29, 1619 : died at Paris,
Sept. 6, 1683. A noted French statesman. He
was the son of a merchant of Itheims, entered the service
of Cardinal Mazarin in 10-18, and iu 1601, on the death of
Mazarin, was apptiinted by Louis ,\IV. ministei- of llnance,
a post which he held until his tleath. He introduced ex-
tensive Hscal reforms, as a result of which the income
of the government was neiu-ly trcbletl ; and encouraged
commerce and the industries by imposing a protective
tariff, by the building of canals, and by tlie planting of
colonies. Hefoundedthe .Academy of Inscriptions (1603),
the Academy of Sciences (ItlOO), and other institutions iov
the promotion of art and science.
Colbert, Jean Baptiste, Marquis de Seignelay.
Boru at Paris, 1651: died Nov. 3, 1690. A
French official, minister of marine : son of J.
B. Colbert.
Colborne (korborn), Sii' John. Bom at Lynd-
hurst, Hamijshire, Feb. 16, 1778: lUed at Tor-
quay, Devonshire, April 17, 1863. An English
general. He entered the army in 1794 ; served under
Wellington in Portugal, France, and Spain 1809-14 ; fought
with distinction at the battle of Waterloo in 1815 ; was ap-
pointed lieutenant-governor of Guernsey in 1825; and in
1830 became lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, a post
which he resigned on being promoted to lieutenant-general
in 1838. He returned to England in 1830, after having in
the mean time quelled the Canadian rebellion, audiu the
same year was raised to the peerage as Lord Seaton of
Seaton in Devonshire. He was promoted general iu 1854,
was commander of the forces in Ireland 1855-60, and was
created fleld-marshal in 1800.
Colbrand (kol'brand), or Coldbrand (kold'-
brand). A Danish giant, slain by Guy of War-
wick. There is some slight foundation of fact
in this legend. See Gmj of Warwick.
Colburn (kol'bem), Warren. Bom at Ded-
ham, Mass., March 1, 1793: died at Lowell,
Mass., Sept. 15, 1833. An American mathe-
matician, best known as a writer on arithmetic.
Colburn, Zerah. Bom at Cabot, Vt., Sept. 1,
1804: died at Norwich, Vt., March 2, 1840. An
American, celebrated dm-iug his boyhood as an
arithmetical prodigy.
Colby (kol'bi) University. An institution of
learning situated at WaterviUe, Maine, it was
organized in 1820, and previous to 1867 was called Water-
viUe College. It is under the control of the Baptists.
Colcampata (kol-kiim-pii'tii). [(Juichua, 'ter-
race of the gi-anaries.'] A series of artificial
teiraces at the foot of the Sacsahuamau hill,
north of and overlooking the city of Cuzco,
Peru. Under the Tuca sovereigns they were a sort of
sacred garden : every year the Inca himself broke the soil
tliere as a signal that the season of planting had com-
menced, and there he plucked the flrst ears of the har-
vest, i'hese ceremonies were celebmted by festivals.
Tlie Colcampata palace was at the base of the terraces,
and portions of it remain in a good state of preservation.
Colchester (kol'ehes-ter). A town in Essex,
England, situated on the Colne iu lat. 51° 54'
N., long. 0° 54' E. : the Roman Camuloduuuin,
and the Anglo-Saxon Colneeeaster. It has long
been faunnis for its oyster-flshery. and contains many
Roman antiquities, including Roman walls. It has a
castle and the ruins of St. Botolph's Priory aiul of a Bene-
dictine uu>nastery. The castle is the most powerful Nor-
man militai-y structure iu England. The dimensions of
the keep are 168 by 126 feet, am! its walls vary in thickness
from 11 to 30 feet. In oue portion of the walls appeal's
Roman herring-bone work in brick. The chapel is now a
museum of H'>iiian antiquities. Camulodunum wastheear-
liest Uonian rolotiy in I'.iitain, and was destroyed by the
Iceni, Init rebuilt. Later it became a stronghold, and was
taken by Fairfax iu 1618. l'o|iHlation (18111), 34,559.
The grand city of Camulodunum, cu-, as it is called in
the Itinerary, Camalodununi, the capitid of the British
princes after they had subudtted to the Romans, and the
llrst Roman city iu the islaiul which was hiuioure<i with
the rank of a colonia. Histiu-y speaks of its temples ami
public buildings; and if, at an early perioii of its history,
it was exposed t« attack without walls i>f tlcfeuce, thai
want was so well supplied at a subsetpicnt iiei-iod, thai
the ponderous masonry t)f its walls has eudiu'ed to the
present day, and ought never t(t have allowed anybody to
hesitate in placing the site of this ancient city at Col-
chester. \Vri(jht, Celt, p. 131.
Colchester, Baron. See Abbot, ('iKirkv.
Colchis (kiil'kis). [Gr. Ko'/.xk'-l In ancient
geography, a country in Asia, lying botwoen
the Caucasus on the north, Iberia on tlie east,
Armenia on the south, Pontus on the south-
west, and the Euxino on the wesi : the modern
Mingrelia. it w.as the legendary lan<l ipf Medea and
the Golden Fleece, and its inhabitants were famous for
the nuuuifaeture of linen.
Colcur (kol'kiir). Born in Ai'aucania about
1555: dieil at Santa Ouz de (^oya, 1.598. An
Araucanion Indian of Chile, grandson of the
celebrated chief ("aupolican. He was cacique of
AnKol, and one of the most determined foes of the Span-
Cole, John William
ianls. In 1592 lie was elected to<|Ui or war-chief of the
nation. He w as killed in au unsuccessful attack on Coya,
Coldbath Fields (kold'bath feldz). A part
of Jliddlesex from which the great Coldbath
Fields prison took its name. The original house of
correction here w;ls built in the reign of James I, It
w:is overcrowiled and was closed in 1!^.
Col de Balme (kol de biilm). A notably pic-
turescpie Alpine pass on the route between
Chamonix in France and Martigny in Switzer-
land. Elevation, 7,225 feet.
Colden (kol 'den), Cadwallader. Bom at
Dunse, Scotland, Feb. 17. 1688: died on Long
Island, N. Y., Sept. 28, 1776. A Scotch-Ameri-
can physician, botanist, mathematician, and
politician, lieutenant-governor of New York
1 i 61-76. He introduced the Lilnieau system into Amer-
ica, and furnished Linn:eus(who named the genus Ci'f(/e«i'a
for him) with descriptions of several hundred Americau
plants. He wrote a "History of the Five Indian Nations
of Canada" (1727), and several medical works.
Colden, Cadwallader David. Born near
Flushing^ Long Lsland, April 4, 1769: died at
Jersey City, N. J., Feb. 7, 1834. An American
lawyer and politician, grandson of C. Colden.
Col de Tenda (kol de ten'dil). A pass in the
mountains of northwestern Italy, near France,
30 miles northeast of Monaco, it is often taken as
the boundary between the Maritime Alps and the Apen-
nines. Elevation, 6,145 feet.
Cold Harbour (kold hiir'bor). [Also Cole-Har-
bour; corrupted f'0((^ifrtr6oMr.] Avery ancient
building in the parish of Allhallows the Less,
near the Thames, .stow gives a long account of the
various merchant princes and great men through whose
hands it passed till it came to the Earl of .Shrewsbury, who
in 1553 changed its name to Shrewsbury House ; the next
earl " took it down, and in idace thereof builded a nuruber
of small tenements, nowlettenout for great rents to peo-
ple of all sorts." It was at this time a sanctuary for
debtors, gamesters, etc. ; hence the plu-ase "To take sauc-
tu:u-y iu Cold Harbour."
Cold Harbor. A place in Hanover County,
Virginia, 9 miles east-northeast of Richmond,
situated near the Chickahominy. It was the scene
of two battles diu-ing the Civil War : the first, fought June
27, 1802, is better kno\vu as the battle of Gaines's Mill
(which see) ; the second was fought June 3, 1864, and the
Confederates (50,000-00,000) under Lee defeated the Fed-
erals (150,000) under Grant. Losses (June 1-12): of Fed-
erals, 14,931 ; of Confederates, 1,700.
Coldingham (kol'ding-am). A village of Ber-
wickshire, Scotland, 10 miles northwest of Ber-
wick. It contained a famous priory, bumed by
the Danes about 870.
Coldstream (kold'strem). A small town in
Berwickshire, Scotland, situated on the Tweed
12 miles southwest of Berwick.
Coldstream Guards. A regiment of British
foot-guards, first enrolled by General Monk at
Coldstream 16.59-60.
Coldstream (kold'strem), Lady Catharine.
A Scottish woman of quality in Foote's play
" The Maid of Bath " : a shrewd old woman who
tries her hand at match-making.
Coldstream, Sir Charles. A l!nigui<l man of
fashion in Mathews's farce " Used Up."
Col du Bonhomme (kol diibo-nom'). [F., 'good-
man's neck.'] 1. One of the chief ])asse8 over
the Vosges Mountains on the frontier of France
and Alsace southwest of Markirch. Elevation,
3,084 feet.— 2. A pass in the Alps, south of
Moiit Blanc, on t ho route between Chamonix and
('(lurinayenr (in Italy). Elevation, 7.680 feet.
Col du Mont-Iseran (kol dii mout-ez-ron').
A pass in the soutlieastern Alps, between the
U))lier vallcv of the Is^re and that of the Arc.
Elevation, !t.(IS5 feet.
Coldwater(k61d'wa'ter). The capital of Branch
Comity, in southern Michigan, situated on Cold-
water River in lat. 41° 57' N., long, 85° W.
Population (1890), 5,247.
Cole (kol), George. Born at Portsmouth, Eng-
land, ISIO: died at London, Sept. 7, 1883, An
English landscape-painter.
Cole, Sir Henry. Born at Bath, July 1.% 1808:
died at London, April 18, 1882. An English
otlicin!. He was a senior assistant keeper of the ree
ords 1838, liei-ame secretary of the committee on penny
Iiostage in l,s;is, edited Uit; ".lournal of Uesign " lS49-.'>2.
w;is a member of tin- exccufive comudttee of the great
exhibition of 1851, was the chief unimtger of the exhibi-
tions of 1871-74, became secr»!taiy of the Schoui of Oesign
in IS.'iI, and was secretjiry of the dejjartuu-ut of ja'actical
art l.s,'i2- 73, He published, under the psendonyni of " Kelix
Suninierly," "I'he Home Treasury " 11843-14). " I'leasure
I'.xcnrsiMUS to Croydon" (1846), " Westuuuster Abbey"
(1842), "Canterbury "( 1843), "Hampt<0) Court" (,l.s4:l), etc.
Cole, John William : pseudonym John Wil-
liam Calcraft. An English miscellaneous
writer. He has written " Kussia and the Russians"
(KS.'.l), " Lite and Theatrical Tinu-scd Charles Kean "(I860),
and "The Bride of Laiumermoor," a drama.
Cole, King
266
Cole, King. See King Cole. ,,„,.,.
Cole, Mrs. A chaiactei- played by Foote in his
comody ''The Mirror," a proeiiress whose pre-
tended reformation was intended as a slui- ou
the Methodists, she refers to her frieiul Dr. .Squintmii,
which cave meiit offense, :is he was at once l.lenllliea with
George \Vhit.;lieia. She w;is a real jiersoii, a .Mother
Cole, Thomas. Boru at Bolton-le-Moors, Lan-
casllire, England, Feb. 1, 1801 : died at Catskill,
N. Y., Feb. 11, 1848. A noted Amerieau land-
scape'-paintor. He came with his father to the United
States in 1819, settled in Ohio, and in Isi.'i removed to l)ew
York He aspued to be a jiainter of large historical, or ra-
ther alleKoiical, lands.^apes ; and some ol^his productions in
this line (as, for instance, those in the ^ew loik Histo.'l-
cal Society's rooms) will always secure him a respectable
place among the followers of the old school. He was a
great lover of the Catskills and White llount.ains.
Cole, Timothy. Born at Ijondon, April 6, 18.'52.
A noted Ainerioan wood-engi'aver, and leader of
Coleridge, Herbert. Born at Hampstead, Eng-
land, (let. 7, 1830: died at London, April 23,
l,s(il. An English lawyer and philologist, .son
of Henry Nelson Coleridge, and grandson of
Samuel Taylor Coleridge. He was one of the origi-
nal promoters and practically the llrst Reneral edilor i>f
the dictionary at first designed by the IMiib 'logical Snritl.v
to supply the Ueflciencies of Johnson's and Kiehaidson s,
but which in the hands of later editors has developed into
the " New English Dictionary, on Uistorical J^inciples,"
_, - in process of publication since 1884.
V noted Amerieau land- Coleridge, John Duke, Baron Coleridge. Born
■ .-.^-,.-..^.. j^^^^ _ g^ jj^^p. ^.jj^..^j jj^j^^ ^^^ jgg_j_ j^^ English
jurist, son of Sir John Taylor Coleridge. He
became chief justice of the t'ourt of roininon Pleas in
1873, and lord chief justice of England in 1880.
Coleridge, Sir John Taylor. Born at Tiverton,
England, 1790 : died at Ottery St. Mary, Feb.
11, 1876. An English jui'ist, nephew of Samuel
Taylor Coleridge, justice of the King's Bench
183"5-58. He edited Blackstone's '•Commen-
taries" (182.5).
the new school of wood-engraving. His most im
fi'sii^-lnT^' (t;x?;!y"^!."'j: S;an').'"'""'" ''''■ """■ CoierMf, Samuel Taylor Born at Ottevy St
- - ,ru 1833: died April 6, 1893. An Mary, pevonshu'eEnglaud, Oct. 21,lu2: died
at Highgate, London, July 2a, 1834. An Eng-
lish poet, philosopher, and literary critic. He
studied, with a short interruption, at Cambridge 1791-91,
when he left without a degree. Soon after this he formed,
Cole, Vicat. Born 1833 : died Aj
English landscape-painter.
Cole, William. Bom at Little Abington, Cam-
bridgeshire, Aug. 3, 1714: died at Milton, near
Cambridge, Dec. 16, 1782. An English clergj-
man and antiquary, an authority on the anti-
quities of Cambridge and Cambridgeshire. His
manuscripts are in the British Museum.
Colebrooke (kol'bruk), Henry Thomas. Boru
at London, Juue I.'), 176.5: died at London,
March 10, 1837. An English Orientalist, cele-
brated as the pioneer of the modern study of
Sanskrit.
Coleman (kol'man), Lyman. Born at Middle-
licld, Mass., June 14, 1790: diedat Easton, Pa.,
March 16, 1882. An American educatorand theo-
logical writer, professor of Latin and Greek at
Lafavette College 1861-68, and of Latin 1868-82.
Colenso (ko-len's6), John William. Bom at
St. Austell, Cornwall, Jan. 24, 1814: died at
Durban, Natal, June 20, 1SS3. An English di-
vine, appoiuted bishop of Natal in 1853. He was
educated at Cambridge, and was tutor in St. John's Col-
lege 1842-16. From that date until 1853 he was vicar
of Forncett St. Mary in Norfolk. He published eleuien-
tai-y treatises on arithmetic and algebra, volumes of ser-
mons, works on the Zulu language, a "Commentary ou
St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans " (18B1), "The Penta-
teuch and Book of Joshua (Jritically E.vamined "(1862-79),
etc. His writings on the Old Testament, in which he took
very advanced critical ground, awakened great and bitter
opposition; he wasexeoinmunieatedby Bishop Gray, met-
ropolitan of Cape Town (a proceeding afterward declared
to be null and void), and was subjected to attacks from
many (luarters.
Coleone, Bartolommeo. See CoUeoni.
Colepeper (kol'pcp er), John. Died in Eng-
land, Juue 11, 1()60. An English royalist poli-
ith Southey, George Burnett, and others, the project of
establishing a communistic society on the Susyuehanna
River, a scheme which was never e.vecuted owing to want
of funds. He married Sai-a Fricker, the sister of Southey's
wife, in 1795 ; and in the same year settled at Bristol,
where the first volume of his poems was published in 1796.
He began in 1796 the publication of a weekly periodical,
entitled "The Watchman," of which only ten numbers
appeared. In 1798 he published, in conjunction with
Wordsworth, the "Lyrical Ballads," contributing the "An-
cient ilariner," the " Nightingale," and two scenes from
" Osorio " (afterward "Remorse "). In 1798 he accepted an
annuity of £150 from the brothers Josiah and Thomas
Wedgwood, and in the same year went Ui Germany, where
he studied physiology and philosophy some months at the
University of Gottingen. lie returned to England in 1799,
and in 180O settled at Keswick, the home of Southey and
Wordsworth. He was secretary to the governor of Malta
1804-05. Subsequently, owing to domestic difficulties,
aggravated by his habit of taking opium, he separated
from his wife and went to London, where he lectured to
fashionable audiences on Shakspere, the fine arts, and
cognate subjects. In 1816 he became the guest of ilr.
Gillman, a pliysician of London, in whose house he spent
the rest of his life. Among his works are "Remorse, a
Tragedy" (1813), " Cliristabel" (1816), "Biographia Lite,
raria " (1817), "Aids to Ketlection in the Formation of a
Manly Character " (1825), etc. " Literary Remains " edited
by H. N. Coleridge (1836-39), complete works edited by
Shedd (1S.S3-54).
Coleridge, Sara. Born at Greta Hall, near
Keswick, England, Dee. 22, 1802 : died at Lon-
don, May 3, 1852. An English writer, daughter
of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and wife (1829) of
Henry Nelson Coleridge. She is best known
as the editor, after her husband's death, of her
father's writings.
tician, first Loi'd Colepeperr son ol Sir Jolm Coles ( I.0I.K Co^er Phipps Bom 1819 ^ost
Colepeper of Wij^sell, Sussex. He became a mem-
ber of the Long Pai'liumunt in l(j4i.i ; took part in the pro-
ceedings against Stralltinl ; suppurted the episcopacy and
opposed the Scottish demand t'l irieli^itius union ; became
a privy cnuncilor and clianccUur of the excliequcr Jan.
2, 1042 ; and was thcncefrntli an inlluential adviser of the
king. He followed Charles to York ; fought at the battle
of Edgehill ; became master of the rolls Jan. 28, 1G43 ; and
accompanied the Prince of Wales (Charles II.) U) France
in 164ti. He remained until his death a councilor aiid H/vIao T/lTTTof/1
active supporter nf lliu;>riMce. y.9^®S,^ iittWara
Colepepper, Captain John. A bully and mur-
derer iu Sir Walter Scott's ** Fortunes of Nigel."
He is sometimes known as Pcppercul.
Ooleraine (kol-riin'). A municipal Itorou^h in
at Sua, Sept. 7, 18~70. An English naval officer
who served with distinction at Sebastopol in
1854. He gave much attention to the construction of
turreted ships, and claimed to be the originator (a claim
disproved in favor of Ericsson and others) of the monitor
type of iron-clad ships. He lost his life by the capsizing
of the Captain (a ship of this class constructed under his
own supervi-sion) in a gale off Cape Finisterre, in which
523 persons were drowned.
Born in Albemarle County,
Va., Deo. 15, 1786: died at Philadelphia, July
7, 1808. An American politician, governor of
Illinois 1823--6. He prevented, after a bitter and pro-
tracted struggle, the pro-slavery party from obtaining
control of the 8tat«.
County Londondeny Ireland situated on the QqIq^ Elisha. Born at Wolverhampton, Eng-
Banu in lat. 55° 8 N., long. G° 41 W. It is land, about KUO : died at Gahvay, Ireland, Dec.
noted tor its linen manuiactures. 1 opulation —
(1891), 6,845.
Coleridge (kol'rij), Derwent. Born
„ „ at Kes-
wiek, ETiglaud, Sept. 14, 1800: died at Torquay,
April 2, 1883. An English elergyman and edu-
cator, son of Sainiud Taylor Coleridge. Ue was
master of the grammar-school at Helatoii, t'oniwall, IS'iri-
184U; priiicip,ii of St. Mark's College, Chelsea, 1841-04;
aud rector nf Huuwell 18(i4-SU.
Coleridge, Hartley. Bom at Clevedon, Somer-
setshire, Sept. 19, 179G: died at Kydal, West-
moreland, .Ian. G, 1849. An English poet and
man of letters, son of Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
He published ' ' Biographia borealis " (1833), republishea as
"Worthies of Yorkshire and Lancashire" (1830), and an q^^gX, (ko-la' ), Madame (Louise R6V0il)
edition of Massiuger and lord (1840). etc. His poetical ^ a-^. p,.„''„ o„,,t ir. isin-.li,.,! ..t
and prose remains were edited liy liis brother Uerwent ^l ^^}-' ^ 'J^'i':,^' '^yV},- ^'''. J""' •, "" " "J?
Coleridge in ISfil. His lift- was one of misfortune, due to
an exceptionally sensitive, sh>', and inelfectual character.
Coleridge, Henry Nelson. Born at Ottery St.
Mary, England, Oet. 25, 1798: died Jan. 26,
1843. An English lawyer and man of letters,
nephew of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and lius-
band of Sara Coleridge. He became his uncle's lit-
erary executor, and edited several of Ills worlfs, besides
publishing liis "Table 'talk. '
20, 1680. An English school-teacher, stenog-
rapher, and lexicographer. He was the author of a
work on shorthand (1074), " An English Dictionaiy, ex-
plaining the ditticult terms that are used in divinity, etc."
(1(576: and sever;U subsequent editions), "A. Dictionary,
English-Latin and Latin-English " (1677 : and several later
editions), ete.
Colet (kol'et), John. Born at London, 1406:
died at London, Sept. 16, 1519. A noted Eng-
lish theologian and classical scholar, dean ol'
St. Paul's (1.505), aud founder of St. Paul's
School (1512). He was the intimate friend of Erasmus
and More, and one of tlie chief promoters of the "new
learning " and indirectly of the Reformation.
Born
it Paris
March 8, 1876. A "French poet, novelist, and
general writer. Her works include "Les fleurs du
raidi " (1837), "Lul, roman conteinporain " (1859), "Les
devotes du grand monde " (1S73), etc.
Colfax (kol'faks), Scliuyler. Bom at New
York, March 23, 1823: died at Mankato, Minn.,
Jan. 13, 1885. An American statesman, Vice-
President of the United States l.S()9-73. He was
member (Kepublican) of Congress from Indiana 18£5-69,
Coll6, Charles
and speaker of the House of Kepiesejitatives 1863-69. He
was implicated in tlle Credit Mobilier scandal in 1873,
but denied the truth of the charges brought against him.
Colico (kol'e-ko). A town in northern Italy,
on l,ake Como, situated near its northern e.x-
treiiiity 27 miles northeast of Como.
Coligny, or Coligni (ko-len-ye' or ko-len'ye),
Gaspard de. Born at Chatillon-sur-Loiug,
Prauce, Feb. 16, 1517 : killed at Paris, Aug. 24,
1572. A celebrated French general and Hugue-
not leader, son of Gaspard de Coligny, marshal
of France. He was presented at the court of Francis I.
by his uncle the coustiible Anuc de Montmorency in 1537,
was knighted by Cond^ on the field of Ciirisolles in 1JJ44,
became admiral of France in 1552, and was taken prisoner
of war i)y the Spaniards at St. Quentin in 1557. On his re-
turn to liYance he openly embraced Calvinism, and, taking
a<lvantage of his oflicial position, made several attempts
to establish colonies in America as places of refuge for
the Huguenots, including the expedition of Jean Ribault
in 1502 and thatof Laudonniere in 1564. (.'ivil war having
broken out in 156'2, he was chosen second in command of
the Huguenot forces. The murder of the Prince of Cond^
after the battle of .Tarnac (1509) placed him at the head of
the Huguenot party until superseded by Henry of Navarre,
in wlutse name he fought the disastrous battle of Mon-
ciintour the same year. His victory over the Catholics at
Arnay-le-t)uc Juue 27, 1570, however, resulted in the peace
of St. Germain, concluded .-^ug. 8, 1570. On the occasion of
the marriage of Henry of Navarre with Margaret of Valois,
sister of Charles IX., he visited Paris, where, although
treated with apparent cordiality by the king, he was mur-
dered in bis chamber in the presence of the l3uke of (Juise,
falling as the first victim of the massacre of St. Bartholo-
mew.
Colima(k6-le'mii). 1. Astate in Mexico, lying
between Jalisco on the north, Michoacan on
the east, and the Pacific Ocean on the west.
Area, 2,704 square miles. Population (1892),
74,600. — 2. The capital of this state, in lat.
19°12'N., long. 103° 40' W. Populatiou (1889),
25,124. — 3. A volcano in the state of Jalisco,
Mexico, situated about 40 miles northeast of
the city of Colima. It was in eruption in 1869, in
1881, and since 1890. Height, about 12,750 feet.
— 4. A nevado,orsnowymoiuitain,on the boun-
dary of Colima and Jalisco. Height. 14.364 feet.
Colimas (ko-le'maz). [PI.] An Indian tribe
of New Granada, which lived on the right bank
of the Magdalena River and iu the valley of the
Rio Negro northwest of the present site of
Bogota. They had little civilization, but built fixed
villages. The Colimas, at the time of the conquest, were
in alliance with the Musos, Paniquitas, and other trit>es
against tlleir common enemies, tlie Chibcbas; proliably
these tribes were ethnologically related. Tliey resisted
the Spaniards fiercely, and were soon destroyed.
Colin Clout (kol'in klout). A poem by Skel-
ton: a satire against the clergy of his time.
Colin Clout 's Come Home Again. A poem by
Edmund Spenser, published 1595. Spenser took
the name from Skelton, and called himself Ct.din Clout in
all his poems. Colin Clout is also a chai-aeler in Gay's
pastoral "The Shepherd's Week."
Colins (ko-lan'), Alexander. Born at Mechlin,
Belgium, 1526 : died at Innsbruck, Tyi'ol. Aug.
17, 1612. A Flemish sculptor. His best works
are at Innsbruck (mausoleum of Maximilian
I., etc.). His works in wood aud in ivory are
also noted.
Coll (kol). An island of the Inner Hebrides,
Argyllshire, Scotland, lying west of Mull.
Length, 13 miles.
Colla (kol'yil). [From the Indian tribe of the
same name.] A province of the Inca empire
of Peru, lying south of Cuzeo, and embracing a
portion of the Titicaca basin. It eoiTesponded
to the modern CoUao (ivhich see).
Collamer (kol'a-mer), Jacob. Bom at Trov,
N. Y., 1792: died at Woodstock, Vt., Nov. 9,
1865. An American politician, postmaster-
general 1849-50, and United States senator
from Vermont 1855-65.
Collao (kol-yii'o). A region in southern Peru,
embracing the Peruvian portion of the Titi-
caca basin. The name is also extended to adjacent
parts of Bolivia. The Collao consists of elevated plains
and hilly lands, nowhere less than 1'2,IHI0 feet above the sea.
It is limited on the east and west by two great chains of
the Andean system, and northward the \'ilcaiiota cross-
range separates it from the basin of Cuzect. The greater
part of the Peruvian department of Puno is included In
the CoUao,
CoUappohyea. See Cdlapooi/ti.
Collas (kol'yiiz). An Indian tribe of BoU-via,
now known as Ayinaras (which see).
CoUa-Suyu (kol'yii-so'yii). ['Region of the
Colla.'] A name given by the Incas to the
southern quarter of their empire, embracing the
highlands of Bolivia, and Peru south of Cuzeo.
CoUe (kol'le). A small town in Tuscany, Italy,
situated northwest of Siena.
Coll6 (ko-la'), Charles. Bom at Paris, 1709:
died there, Nov. 3, 1783. A French song-writer
and dramatist.
CoUe, Rafaello dal
Oolle (kol'le). Rafaello dal, ov Rafaellino
dal. Borii at or near San Sepolcm. Tusfanv.
about 1490: died about 1540(f). An Italian
painter, pupil of Kaphael (whence his surname
RafaclUuo).
Colleen Bawn ( kol'en i)!in),The,or The Brides
of Garry-Owen. A play l>y Dion Boia-ii-ault,
founded on IJerald (irilKn's novel "The Col-
legians." It was ttrst iiliiyud on .Sept. 10, ISeo. A iiovtl
with tliii title wiis published in 18til. .See CuUei/iaitgy Ttie.
College de France (ko-lazh' do troiis), or Col-
lege Royal. An institution of learning founded
by Fraueis I. in 1529. It was designed to promote
the more advanced tendencies of the time, and to coun-
teract the scllolasticisni of the university. It at first con-
Bisttidof four chairs for instruction iu Greek and Hebrew.
Later were added medicine, mathematics, philosophy (in
the reign of Heiny II.), eloquence, botany, Arabic (lleniy
III.), and Syriac (Louis XIII.). In 1789 there were 18
chairs ; in 1835 there were '24 chairs. There are about 40
at the present time. The College Royal, or College de
France, was at tlrst dependent upon the university for
lecture-rooms. In 1610 a new building was commenced,
which has been tlnished iu the present century.
College Mazarin (ko-lazh' inii-za-raii'). A col-
lego iu Paris, founded by Mazarin, March 6,
1601. He endowed it, and gave it his library of 40,000
volumes. The building was erected on the site of the
Tour de Nesle by the architect Le Vau, and was tlnished
iu 1672. In 1674 the new college was incorporated in the
nniversity. Its object was the gratuitous instruction and
sustenance of sixty sons of gentlemen living in the four
newly acquired provinces, Piguerol, Alsace, La Flandre,
and Roussillon ; hence its name "College des Quatre Na-
tions " ('C<)llege of the Four Nations').
College of the Four Nations. See College
Sfii^iii ill.
College of William and Mary. See William
and ilunj Cullcijc.
Collegians (ko-le'ji-auz), The. A novel by
Gerald liritliu. issued anonymously iu 1829.
In 1061 an edition was produced, illustrated by Phiz, and
called "The Colleen Bawn, or The Collegian's Wife." See
Colleen Bau'iu
CoUegiants i ko-le'ji-auts). A sect founded near
Leyden, Holland, iu 1619, the societies of which
are called colleijcs. The sect spread rapidly in the
Netherlands, and "is still maintained there and in Han-
over. In doctrine and practice the CoUegiants resemble
the Quakers, having no creed or organized ministry ; but
they believe in tlie necessity of baptism, which they ad-
miidstcr by immersion.
Colleoni (kol-la-o'ne), or Coleone (k6-la-6'ne),
Bartolommeo. Born at Solza, near Bergamo.
1400: lUed Nov. 4, 1475. A noted Italian mer-
cenary commander, the foremost tactician aud
diseipliuarian of the 15th century. He was of an
ancient and noble family which exercised a minor sover-
eignty over the province of Bergamo, He served in his
youth under the i)rinciiial coiidottieri, or mercenary gen-
erals, of the time ; and in wars between Milati and Venice
followed his adviuitage by serving either side at discre-
tion. The Visconti of Milan cast him into prison, and
the Council of Ten at Venice conspired for his assassina-
tion. In 1454 he finally became generalissimo of the land
forces of Venice, and retained this post until his death.
He was a patron of the arts. The most notable works
which celebrate his greatness are the statue by Verrocchio
and Leopardi in Venice, the best equestrian stattle in ex-
istence (see Verrocchio and Leopardi) ; the castle of Mal-
paga, near Bergamo, with its frescos ; and the Colleoni
chapel in the Alta Citta at Bergamo, with the tombs of
Bartolommeo and his daughter Medea. The statue by Ver-
rocchio stands before San Giovanni e Paolo in Venice. It
was cast in 14i>6, and is the second equestrian statue of the
Italian Renaissance. It characterizes with striking nat-
uralism the haughty and formidable mercenaiy soldier.
The rich marble pedestal has Corinthian columns and en-
tablature.
1 Collet (kol'et), John. Bom at London about
17-25: died at Chelsea, Aug. 6, 1780. An Eng-
lish painter, chiefly of humorous scenes from
low life.
Colleton (kol'e-ton), James. Governor of
South (Jarolina 168()-90. Ue received with his ap-
poiiitment the tiignity of landgrave and 48,000 acres of
land. He attt-mpted in vain t() enforce the recognition
of Locke's coiiHtitution by the colonial parliament. He
was deposed and banished liy the colonists on the procla-
mation of William and Mary, 1600.
CoUetta (kol-let'tii), Pietro. Born at Naples,
Jan. 23, 1775: died at Florence, Nov. 11, 18:i:i.
A Neapolitan general. He was made intendant of
Calabria by ilurat in 1808. obtained the rank of general
in 181*2, was one of the leaders of the constitutional party
under the Bourbons, and on the outbreak of the revolu-
tion of 18'20 was sent as viceroy to Sicily. He was named
raiidster of war in Feb., 18'21, but was banished thrnui^h
Austrian intervention and retired to Florence, He wi*»^te
•' Storia del reaine di .Napoli 1784-18-26 " (1834).
CoUibertS. See Cui/nh.
Collier (kol'yer), Arthur. Born at Langford
Magna, Wiltshire, Oct. 12, 1680: died there,
1732. An English clergyman and metaphysi-
cal writer, rector of Langford after 1704. ills
chief work is his "Clavis Universalis, or a New In(|uiry
Into Truth, being a Demonstration of the Non-existence
or Impossibility of an F,xternal World" (1713X in which
he propounds a subjective idealism closely resembling
tluit of Berkeley.
267
Collier, Jeremy. Born at Stow-cum-Qui,Cam-
liridgesbire. Sept. 23, 16.50: died at London,
April 20, 1726. ^Vii English uonjuriug cler-
gyman, celebrated as a controversialist. He
was graduated at Cambridge in 1673, was rector of Ami>-
ton in Suffolk 1670-s.'>, ami removed to London in the lat-
ter year, where be was for some time lecturer at Gray's
Inn. Apolitical pamphlet in which he maintained that the
withdrawal of the king w.i8 not an abdication, and that
the throne was not vacant, caused his imprisonment for a
short time in Newgate in loss, and in 16!r2 he was again
imprisoned, for i>olitie;d reasons. In 1606 he, with two
other Donjuring clergymen, attended sir John Friend
and Sir William I'arkyns (who were condemned to death
as conspirators against the life of William) to the scalfold
and absolved them, and, having concealed himself to avoid
arrest, was outlawed (July '2), Ue wrote a large number
of controvei"Sial pamphlets, a "Historical, Geographical.
Genealogical, and Poetical Dictionary "(1701-21), alearneil
'*Ecclesiiistical History of Great Britain ... to the End
of the Reign of Charles II." (17IJ8-14), and the famous
"Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the
English Stage " (1098). The last work was a vigorous at-
tack upon the coarseness of the contemiJOrary theater,
aud produced a great impression, forcing from Dryden a
confession of fault and a declaration of repentance, and
unwilling recognition from other dramatists, and initiating
a reformation.
Collier, John Payne. Born at Loudon, Jan.
11, 1789: died at Maidenhead, Sept. 17, 1883.
An English journalist, lawyer, and Shakspe-
riau critic. He was a reporter for the "Times" 1809-
1821, and parliamentary reporter, dramatic aud literary
critic, aud editorial writer for the "Morning Chronicle"
1821-17. In 1847 he was appointed secretary of the royal
commission on the British Museum, .and continued in
that office untU 1850, when he returned to Maidenhead.
He published a new edition of Dodsley's "Old Plays"
(182&-27), a " History of English Dramatic Poetry aud
Amials of the Stage " (1831), an edition of Shakspere (1842-
1844), "Shakespeare's Library " (1844), "A Booke of Kox-
burghe Ballads " (1847), " Extracts from the Kegisters of
the Stationers' Company " (1848-49), "The Dramatic
Works of Thomas Hey wood " (1850-51), "The Works of
Edmund Spenser " (1862), a " Biographic;d and Critical
.\ccount of the Itarest Books iu tlie English Language "
(1865), " An Old Jlan's Diary— Forty Yeais Ago " (1871-72),
an edition of Shakspere (1875-78). His able and useful
work on the older English literature is marred and brought
under general suspicion by a series of liteiary frauds
which he committed, of which the most notable is his use
aud defense of spurious annotations " by a seventeenth
century hand " which he professed to have found on the
margin of a copy of the second folio Shakspere originally
belonging to one "Thomas Perkins," and since known as
the "Perkins Folio."
CoUine Gate (kol'in gat). [L. jMi-ia vullina.]
A gate at the northeastern e-xtremity of ancient
Rome. Near here, Nov., 82 B. c, Sulla defeated
the Samnites under Pontius.
Collingwood (kol'iug-wud), Cuthbert. Bom
at Newcastle-ou-Tyne, Sept. 26, 175U : died at
sea near Port Mahon, Balearic Islands, March
7, 1810. A noted English admiral, created
Lord Colliugwood iii 1805. He was appointed lieu-
tenant for his services, with a party of seamen, at the
battle of Bunker Hill ; was promoted Ui commander (suc-
ceeding Nelson) in 1779 ; served with distinction in com-
mand of the Excellent in the battle olf Cape St. Vincent
Feb. 14, 1797 ; became rear-admiral in 1799, with a com-
mand in the Channel rteet, and vice-admiral in 1804; was
second in command at the battle of Trafalgar; and on
Nelson's death, in that action, succeeded to the chief
command.
CollingWOOd. A lake port in Simcoe County,
Ontario, Canada, situated on Georgian Bay,
Lake Hui'on, 72 miles northwest of Toronto.
Population (1891), 4,940.
CollingWOOd. A northeastern suburb of Mel-
bourne, Australia.
Collins (kol'inz), Anthony. Born at Heston or
Isleworth, near London, June 21, 1676: died
at London, Dec. 13, 1729. A noted English
deist, a disciple aud friend of John Locke.
He published " .\n Essay Concerning the I'se of Rea-
son" (1707), "Priestcraft in Perfection" (1709), a "Dis-
course on Freethinking" (1713), "A Philosophical En-
quiry Concerning Human Liberty " (17ir>), "A Discourse
on the Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Religion "
(1724), etc.
ColUns, Charles Allston. Born at Hamp-
stoad, near London, Jan. 25, 1828: died at
London, April 9, 1873. An English painter (of
the Preraphaelite school) and writer, brother
of William Wilkie (JoUins. He niari'ied the
younger daughter of Charles Dickens.
Collins, John. Born at Bath, England, about
1742 : died at Birniingliani, England, May 2,
1808. An English actor and poet.
Collins, Mortimer. Born at Plymouth, Eng-
land, .luiie 29, 1S27: died at Knowl Hill, Berk-
shire, July 28, 1876. An English novelist, poet,
and miseellaneous writer. He was mathematical
master of Queen Elii',al>eth'8 College, Guernsey, 18r)0('.')-.'''6,
and after 1H62 was occupied with literary work at his
residence at Knowl Hill, He published "Idyls and
Rhymes" (18(i5), "Sweet Anne Page" (1868), "The Inn
of .Strange Meetings, and Other Poems (1871), "The Se-
cret of Long Life " (1871), etc.
Collins, Rev. Mr. A character in Jane Aus-
CoUyer, Robert
ten's novel "Pride and Prejudice." He is a
self-eoneeited toady.
Collins, William. Born at Chichester, Eng-
land, Dec. 25, 1721 : died there, June 12, 1759.
.Vn English poet. He was the son of a hatter who
was twice mayor of Chichester ; studied at Winchester
and at Oxford, where he was graiiuated K, A. Nov. 18.
1743; and about 1745 went to London to follow literature
as a profession. The later years of his life were ob-
scured by insanity. He publisheil "Pei-sian Eclogues"
(1742 : republished as " Oriental Eclogues" 1757),"Ode8"
(1746), etc. His works have been edited by J. Langhorne
(176.'i), Mrs. Barbauld (1797), A. Dyce (1827), ami others.
Collins, William. Born at London, Sept. 8,
1788 : <lii'd at London. Feb. 17, 1847. A noted
English lamiscaoc and ligure painter, father of
Wiiliain Wilkie Collins.
Collins, William Wilkie. Born at London,
Jan. 8, 1824: died there, Sept. 23, 1889. ^An
English novelist, son of William Collins (1788-
1847): author of " The Dead Secret " (1857).
"The Woman in White" (1860), "No Name"
(1862), " Armadale " (1866), " The Moonstone "
(1868), "The New Magdalen" (1873), "Man and
Wife" (1870), etc. "No Thoroughfare," in
collaboration with Charles Dickens, appeared
as a Christmas story in 1867.
Collinson (kol'in-sou). James. Bom at Mans-
field, Nottinghamshire, about 1825 : died AjU'il,
1881. An English painter, one of the original
members of the Preraphaelite Brotherhood,
which he abandoned about 1850. His work
was unimportant.
Collinson, Peter. Born in Westmoreland (f),
Englan<l, Jan. 14, 1694: died in Essex, Eng-
land, Aug. 11, 1768. An English botanist and
natural philosopher.
CoUioure (ko-lyor'). A town in the depart-
ment of Pyr^n^es-Orientales, France, situated
on the Mediterranean 15 miles southeast of Per-
pignan. It has a castle and considerable trade
in cork. Population (1891). commune. 3.411.
Colin (kelii), Georg Friedrich Wilibald Fer-
dinand 'VOn. Bom at Orlinghausen, Lippe,
Germany, 1766 : died at Berlin, May 31, 1820.
A German publicist. His works include " Ver-
traute Briefe," etc. (1807-09), " Neue Feuer-
briinde'' (1807-08), etc.
Collombet(ko-16n-ba'), Francois Zenon. Born
at Sieges, Jura, France, March 28, bSOS: ilied at
Lyons, Oct. 16, 1853. A French Roman Catho-
lic historian aud litterateur. He wTote " His-
toire de St. Jerome" (1844), and many other
historical and ei-itieal works.
CoUop Monday (kol'op muu'da). The day
before Shrove Tuesday : named from the cus-
tom of eating collops of salted meat and eggs
on that day.
Colloredo (kol-16-ra'd6). Rudolf von. Born
Nov. 2, 1585 : died Jan. 24, 1(357. An Austrian
general in the Thirty Years' War. As fleld-m»r-
shal of the imperial armyhe successfully defeluled Pi-ague
against the Swedes in 1648.
CoUoredo-Mansfeld (kol-lo-ra'do-miins'feld),
HieronymUS, Coimt von. Bora at Wetzlar,
Germany. March 30, 1775: died at Vienna,
July 23, 1822. An Austrian general, distin-
guished in the cami)aig7i of 1813.
Colloredo-Mels (mels) und Wallsee (val'sa).
Count Joseph Maria von. Born at Kegens-
biu'g, Bavaria, Sept. 11, 1735: died Nov. 26,
1818. An Austrian general. He fought with dis-
tinctioTi in the Seven Years' War, and was minister of
state and conference, and director of the council of war
1805-69.
Collot-d'Herbois (ko-lo'der-bwii'), Jean Ma-
rie. Bom at Paris about 1750: died in Cay-
enne, South iVmerica, Jan. 8, 1796. A French
actor and revolutionist, notorious for his bru-
tality. He was deputy to the Convention in 1792, and a
memberoftheCommitteeof Public Safely in 1793. In Nov.,
1793, he w as sent « itii Fouelie as jmlgc to Lyon.s, by Robes-
pierre, and evecnted bis eoi ission with great t'ruelty.
An unsuccessful attempt upon his life was made May '23,
1794. Having iK'ctime hostile to Robespierre, he joined the
successful conspiracy against him (9 Thernddor), but was
nevertheless expelled from the Convention (April, 1795)
and transported. He i>ublished " Almanach du ptre Gi-
rard"(1792).
CoUyer (kol'ver) Joseph. Born at Londcm,
Sept. 14, 1748: ilied Dec. 24, 1827. A noted
English engraver, tnember of the Koyal Acad-
emv, and engiaver to l^ueen t'harlotte.
Coliyer, Robert. Bom at Keighley, Yorkshire,
England, Dec. 8, 1823. An American Unita-
rian elergviium. Hcwas apprenticed to a blacksmith
about ls,i7;"eniigrated to the I'nited Stales in IS.IO; set-
tled at Shoemakertown, reimsylvani.a, wbeie he followed
the trade of a hammer-maker ; joined the CidlarianChui-ch
in It^.^i' ; became a missionary to Chii'ago, where in 1S60 he
founded the I'nlty Church; and in 1 ••79 b.came pastor of
the Church of the Messiah in New York city, llewi-ote " Na-
ture and Life " (1866), "I'he Life that Now is " (1871), etc.
Colman, George
Golman (kol'mau), GeorgO; the elder. Born
at Florence, Ital,v, 1732: died at Paddingtou,
London, Aug. 14,1794. An English dramatist.
His father, who was envoy at the court of Tust- any. died iu
ITXi, and his mother then brought hini to U'ndun. Wil-
liam Pultency.afterwani Earl of H;ith.un*lertook the charge
of him and sent him to Westminster School. He went to
Orford, where h*; was yraduat* d from Christ Church in 1755,
and, having been pruviously entered at Lincoln's Inn,
was called to the b:ir in the same yeai". An intimacy with
Oarrick and a natm-al taste for litei-ature interfered with
his legal work, and he produced a number of plays (at fli-st
anonymously) with the assistance of Garrick, who played
in them. In connection with the latter he wrote '*The
Clandestine Marriage,"a»d a coolness arose between them
as to Garricks part in the cast. In 1767, having received
two accessions of fortJine, he U>ught a fourth share in the
Covvnt Garden Theati-e. This completely alienated Gar-
lick, and annoyed his friends, who wished him to continue
in the law. He became acting manager. In 1774 he re-
signed thf nmn:\}>'ement, and in 1770, having been recon-
ciled to Ganick, he bou;;ht the Ha\-market Theatre from
Foote. In 178.'j lie had a stroke of paralysis, and finally grew
8o feeble in mind tliat he was put under restraint at Pad-
dington, where he died. He brought out alterations of
many old plays, most of which were successful. Among
his o^vn plays are " Polly Honeycomb" (1760), *'The Jeal-
ous Wife" (1701X '*The Clandestine Marriage" (with Gar-
rick, iu 1770). In 177B he brought out an edition of
Beaumont and Fletcher. His dramatic and miscellaneous
works have never been completely collected.
Colman, George, tlie younger. Born Oct. 21,
1762 : died at Loudon, Oct. 26, 1836. An Eng-
lish di'amatist, son of G. Colman the elder. He
took charge of the Haymarket when his father's health
failed, hut he became involved in pecuniary difficulties
and was obliged to live within the rules of the King's
Bench. He was released by George IV.,who appointed him
lieutenant of the Yeomen of the Guard, a dignity which he
sold. The lord chamberlain made him examiner of plays,
in which position he was extremely illiberal. Amonj; his
best-known plays are "The Poor Gentleman "(1802), "John
Buir(lM».'t), ••The HeLr-atLaw"(lSOS). He also wrote a
good deal of popular humorous poetry, including "ily
Nightgown and Slippers "(1797X "Kroad Grins "(18<J2), and
"Poetical Vac:arie8" (1S12). He frequently wrote under
the name of "Arthur Grifflnhoofe."
Colman, Samuel. Born at Portland, Maine,
1832. An American landscape-painter, a pupil
of A. B. Durand.
Colmar (kol-miir'), or Kolmar (kol'mar). The
capital of the district of Upper Alsace, Alsace-
Lorraine, situated on the Lauch 39 miles south-
west of Strasburg. it contains a museum (formerly a
Dominican moiiaster>), and has large manufactures of cot-
ton. It was formerly a free imperial city ; was taken ^>y the
French in 1673 ; was ceded to them in 1078 ; and in the
Revolution was made the capital of the department of
Haut-Rhin. In 1871 it again became a German city. Pop-
ulation (IbdOX commune, 30,399.
Colne (koLn). A town in Lancashire, England,
26 miles north of Manchester, it formerly manu-
factured woolen goods, an industry which has given place
to cotton manufacture. Population (iSdl), including Mars-
den, 1P,774.
Colney Hatch (kol'ni hach). A village in Mid-
dlesex, about 6 miles north of London, in which
is the Colney Hatch Lunatic Asylum, founded
in 1851.
Colocolo (ko-lo-ko'lo>. Born about 1490: killed
in the battle of Qniapo, 1560 (according to
some authorities, he died about 1570). An
Araucaniau chief of southern Chile, celebrated
in the **.\raueana"of Ercilla. Probably Ercil-
la's verses gave him nudue prominence.
Colocotronis. See Koiokotrottis,
Cologna-Veneta (ko-16n'ya-va-ua'tii). Atown
in the province of Verona, Italy, 20 miles south-
east of Verona.
Cologne (ko-16n'), Ci. Koln (beln), 1. The capi-
tal of the government lUstriet of Cologne, sitti-
ated on the west bank of the Rhine in lat. 50°
57' N., long. 6° 57' E. : the Roman Colonia
Agrippina. it is the largest city of the Rhine Province,
a fortress of the tirst class, the center of the Rhine trade,
and one of the principal commercial places in Germany.
It has manufactures of eau de Cologne, sugar, tobacco,
etc. The principal objects of interest are, besides the
cathedral (see below), the Ringstrasse, the Iron Bridge,
the Municipal and Archiepiscopal Museums, the Museum
of Industrial Art, the lUithaus (llansa-Saiil : see below),
the monument of Frederick Williamlll., and the churches
of llie Minorites, (iross St. Martin, 8t. Maria im Capitol, St.
Ge«>rge, St. .Severin, St Peter, St. Cecilia, Apostles, St.
Pantaleon. St. Gereon, St Trsula (see below). St. An
dreas, Jesuits, and St. Cunibert The cathedral, one of
the great buildinirs of the world, was begun in 1248 on
the sit« of an e:«-lier cliurch, and was &)mpleted only
in 1880, after being wholly neglected from the 15th cen-
tury uutil 1823. Its design was inspired by the cathe-
dral of Amiens, and all that is best in its architecture is
French, while the less admirable features are indige-
nous. The cathedral has doulde aisles, with polygonal
chevet. projecting transepts, and two enormous towers
and spires at the west end. These, with the fa(,'adc, have
been completed according to the original design of the
14th centur>', which still exists. The towers and spires
are so huge as to dwarf the vast cathedral. The fa^de
has three great gabled portals tllle<l wftli sculpture, and
two tiers of huge canopied and traceried windows, to
which the towers add two more 8t:i;re8 beneath the
springing uf the spires. The effect is somewhat mechan-
ical, and inferior to the best French favadea. The tran-
2G8
sept-fa^ades are of modern design, with rich tracery and
arcading, and triple portals, sculptured and canopied.
The upper part is too narrow, and its elaborate tracery
does not fill the place of the great roses of French churches.
The interior is exceedingly impressive: it is notable foritt^
splendid glass, much of it modem, but much of the 13th.
14th, loth, and 16th centuries. The fine choir-stalls are
of the 15th century. The canopied statues supported on
consoles on the pillars of the nave are architecturally a
defect The choir-chapels ai-e of great be;iuty, and con-
tain some admirable jtaiutings and sculptures. The ca-
thedral is 468 feet luug ; its area, 91,404 square feet The
nave is 48 feet wide and 145 high. The western spires
measure 512 feet, and were, until the completion of the
cathedral of I'lm, the loftiest existing. The Rathaus,
or town hall, is an interesting monument built between
the 14th and 16th centuries on Roman foundations.
The main structure is of the 14th century, battlemented,
with high roof and traceried windows ; the picturesque
tower and low spire are of the 15th. The Renaissance
portico, in two arcaded stages with engaged Corinthian
culuuins, is an admirable example of the local architectural
development. The great Hansa-Saal is adorned with good
statues uf medieval heroes, and with the emblazoned arms
of patricians, burgomiisters, and gilds. The Church of
St I'rsula is a very early foundation in honor of the ll,(XXi
mai'tjTed virgins, but often remodeled. The simple I'ointed
choir has recently been restored to its original fi 'rm. There
are curious old paintings of the legend of the virgins; and
in the treasurj", whose walls are covered with elaburate
patterns formed of the bones of the virgins, are preserved
the beautiful Romanesi|ue shrine of St. Ursula, and a great
number of other reliquaries in the form of female heads and
busts. Cologne was an ancient town of the I'bii, Oppidum
Ubiorum, and a Roman colony founded by Agrippina in 51
or 50 A. j>. Later it belonged to the Frankish empire,
and in the 13th century became a Hanseatic town, and one
of the principal commercial centers in Germany. It was
a free imperial city, and is noted in the development of
German architecture and painting. It was taken by the
French in 1794, and was granted to Prussia in 1815. Pop-
ulation (1890), 197,081 ; of commune, 281,6i>l.
2. A government district in the Rhine Prov-
ince, Prnssia. Population (1890), 826.827.
Cologne, Electorate of. A former archbishop-
ric and electorate of the German Empire, it ex-
tended mainly along the left bank of the Rhine, north
and south of Cologne, It was made an archbishopric by
Charles the Great in 785, acquired theduchy of Westphalia
in 1180, was confirmed one of the seven electorates iu 135C,
and was secularized in 1801. In ISOl the portion on the
left bank of tlie Rhine became French territory ; that on
the right bank passed in 1803 to Hesse -Darmstadt, etc.
The larger part was granted to Prussia 1S14-15.
Cologne, Three Kings of. In medieval legend,
the three magi who followed the Star of Bethle-
hem from the East to lay gifts before the infant
Jesus. Their names were Caspar, Melchior.and Balthazar.
It is claimed that their bones are deposited in Cologne
Cathedi-al. "The three days after New Years day bear
their names in the calendar, and their memorj" is pre-
served iu the feast of the tliree holy Kings — the Epi-
phany." Chambers.
Colomb (ko-lon'), or Colmnb, Michel. Bom
atSaint-Paul-de-Leou,inBretaLcne, about 1-140:
died 1512. The first great sculptor of the French
Renaissance. At averyearlyagehewenttoDijou. He
settled at Tours 146CM51. In 1472 he received from Louis
XI. an order for a bas-relief destined for the Abbaye of
Saint- Michel-en rHerme, destroyed in 1569. His most
important work is the tomb of Francis 11., due de Ere-
tague, and his wife, Marguerite de Foix, begun about 1502
by the order of Anne, queen of Lonis XII., and finished
in 1507. It is now in the cathedral of Xantes.
Colomba (ko-16n'bji). A story by Prosper M^-
rimee, published in 1830.
Colombey (ko-16h-ba')- A place in Lorraine 4^
miles east of Metz. Near it occiured the battle of
Colombey-XouiUy, Aug. 14, 1870, in which the Germans
under Steinmetz checked the French under Bazaiue. Tile
German loss was 4,906 ; that of the French, 3,608. Also
called battle of Courcelles. and of Boruy.
Colombia (ko-lom'be-il). The name was fii-st
given in ISll to what is now Venezuela, it was
proposed by General Francisco Miranda. It was after-
ward extended to the confederation of Venezuela, Xew
Granada, and Quito, and was dropped when the union was
dissolved. Later the old region of Xew Granada renewed
the name.
Colombia, Republic of. [Formerly United
Siaiefi of Colombia, Sp. EsUnlos Vnidos de Co-
lombia ; named after Columbus (It. Colombo).']
A republic of South America, lying between
the Caribbean Sea on the north. Venezuela and
Brazil on the east, Ecuador on the south, and
the Pacific Ocean and Costa Kica on the west.
It is traversed by the Andes, and is rich in agricultural and
mineral products. Its chief rivei-s are the Magdalena and
the affluents of the Amazon and Orinoco. Among its chief
jiruducts are gold, silver, and coffee. The prevailing lan-
guage is Spanish, and the prevailing religion Koman
Catholic. It is divided into nine departments : Antioquia,
Bolivar, BoyacA,Cauca, Cundinaniarca. Magdalena. Pana-
ma, Santander, Tolima. Its capital is Bogota. The gov-
ernment is republican, the executive power being vested
in a president, and the 1^'islative in a senate and chamber
of representatives. 'ITie .Spanish power was established
here in the tirst half of the Kith centuiy, and independence
was proclaimed in isll. In 181!) this territory, with Vene-
zuela and Ecuador, formed the Kepublic of Colombia, from
which Venezuela and Ecuador withdrew in 1831. In 1831
the republic of New Gran;ula was founded, in 1863 the
name "United .States of Coh.mbia" was adopted, and in
1886 the present constitution w;is formed. Area, 504,773
stpiare miles. Population, about 3,3O0,0(X».
Colombo (ko-lom'bo). A seaport and the capi-
Colorado
tal of Ceylon, situated on the western coast in
lat. 6° 55' N., long. 79° 55' E. it was fortified by
the Portuguese in 1517, was taken from them by the
Dutch in 1656, was ceded to the British in 1796, and is now
an important coaling-station. Population (1891), 126,926.
Colon (ko-ion'). See Aspiiucall.
Colonel Chabert (ko-lo-nel' sha-bar'), Le. A
story by Balzac, written in 1832.
Colonel Jack, History of. A tale by Defoe,
published in 1722. The hero is a pickpocket
who winds up his checkered career as a virtu-
ous Virginia planter.
Colonia, or Colonia del Sacramento (ko-16'-
ne-a del siik-ra-meu'to). A seaport iu Uruguay,
situated on the Rio de la Plata opposite Buenos
Ayres.
Colonia Agrippina (ko-lo'ni-a ag-ri-pi'na). See
< ologne.
Colonization Society. See American Coloni'
::ation Societi/.
Colonna (ko-lon'na). A promontory at the
southeastern extremity of Attica, Greece : the
ancient Suniinn.
Colonna (ko-lon'na), Fabio, L. Fabius Co-
lumna. Bom at Naples, 1567: died at Na-
ples about 1640-50. A Neapolitan scholar and
botanist, author of various botanical works.
He is considered the creator of genera in botany.
Colonna, Fabrizlo. Died at Naples, 1520. An
Italian military leader, lord high constable of
Naples.
Colonna, Marco Antonio. Bom 1535: died
Aug. 1, 1584. An Italian commander, duke of
Paliauo. He commanded the papal contingent in 1571
at the battle of Lepanto, in which the allied Spanish, Ve-
netian, and papal fleets under Don John of Austria gained
a decisive victorj' over the Turks. He was viceroy of
Sicily when he died.
Colonna, Prospero. Born 1452 : died 1523. An
Italian general. He commanded the united imperial
and papal forces in Lonihardy against Francis 1. of France
1521, and in conjunction with CJeory von l-Yeundsberg de-
feated Marshal Lautrec at Bicoque 1522.
Colonna, Vittoria. Bom at Marino, near
Rome, 1490: died at Rome, Feb. 25, 1547. A
celebrated Italian poet, she was the daughter of
Fabrizio Colonna. gi-and constable of Naples, by his mar-
riage with Agnesina di Montefeltro, daughter of Federi-
go, duke of Urbino. She was betrothed when four years
old to a boy of the same age, the only son of the Marchese
di Pescara. In their nineteenth ye;ir they were married
at Ischia. Pescara died in Nov., 1525. His wife survived
liim twenty-two years, si)ent partly at Ischia, in convents
at Orvieto and Viterbo, and, finally, in semi-monastic se-
clusion at Rome. She was the center of a group of cele-
brated men of letters and artists, of whom the foremost
was Michelangelo. Her poems consisted maiidy of sonnets
to the memory of her husband, or on sacred and moral
subjects. Michelangelo presen-ed a lai-ge number of
them, and composetl several madrigals and sonnets under
her intluence. Vittoria is the only woman who is known
to have touched the heart of the great sculptor.
Colonsay (kol'on-sa). An island of the Inner
Hebrides, in the county of Argyllshire, Scot-
land, situated west of Jura and north of Islay.
It is noted for its ecclesiastical antiquities.
Length, 8 miles.
Colonus (ko-lo'nus), The WMte Hill of, or
Kolonos Hippios i^ko-lo'nos hip'i-os). A site
about 1^ miles northwest of Athens, north of
the Academy on the banks of the Cephissus. It
is the birthplace of Sophocles, and is immortalized by his
description in the "Glklipus at Colonus." Tpon the hill now
stand the tombs of two noted archseologists, Ottfried
Muller and Charles Lenormant
Colorado (kol-o-ra'do). [Named from the Col-
orado River.]' One of the XJuited States of
North America, lying between "Wyoming and
Nebraska on the noi*th, Nebraska and Kan-
sas on the east, Oklahoma and New Mexico on
the south, and Utah on the west, it is traversed
by the Rocky Mountains in the center and west, the foot-
hills of which descend to the eastern "Great Plains."
Many of the highest and best-known summits of the
KoL-ky Mountains (Pike's Peak, ling's Peak, Sierra Blanca.
Mountain of tlic Holy Cii>ss) are in this state, which is
also rifted by deep ciulous (Arkansas, (innnison. Muncos).
Its leailing industries arc mining (L;uld, silver, lead, etc.)
and stock-raising, and it is noted as a health-res^irt. In
the proiluction ' "f silver and lead it ranks as the first Stale
of the I'nion. It b:is 56 counties, sends 2 senators and 2
representatives to Congress, and has 4 elector:d votes.
Capital, Denver. Its territory fonned part of the Louisi-
ana purchase and part of the countrja<M>iif"*^l ttxim Mex-
ico. Cold was discovered in 1858; the Territorj' wa8i»r-
ganized in 1801, and was admitted as a .State in 1»6.
Called the Centennial State. Area, 103.925 square mUes.
Population (1890), 412,198.
Colorado, Sp. Rio Colorado. [Rp., * colored'
(i. e. red) 'river.'] 1. A river formed by the
imion of the Grand and Green rivers in south-
eastern Utah. It flows through Utah and Aiizonftt
and separates Arizona from Nevada and California. It
empties into the Culf of t'alifornia, in Lower Califor-
nia, about lat. 32' N. It is famous for its cailons, of
which the most celebrated, the Orand Cafion, sitnated
iu the middle course of the river, and explored by Oe
Colorado
Powell survey expedititiri in 1869, has walls from 4,000 to
6,600 feet in height. L^'n^'th (from source of Oreeii River),
about 2,000 miles ; navi^:il>le to Callvillc, 012 miles. Also
called Colorado of tlie West.
2. A river iii Te.xas which flows into Mata-
gorda Bay near Matagorda. Length, about 900
miles ; navigable, e.vcept in summor, to Austin.
Called the Eastern Colorado. — 3. A river in the
Argentine Kepuljlic which flows into the At-
lantic Ocean about lat. 39° 50' H., long. 62° 10'
W. Length, about (il'O miles.
Colorado Springs (kol-o-ra'do springz). The
capital of LI Paso ('ounty, Colorado, situated
6i miles south of Denver. It is a place of summer
resort, near the foot of Pike's Peak. Population (ISOn)
11,140.
Colorados (k6-16-rii'd6s). [Sp., 'the Reds.']
A politiial party of Uruguay. See Blancos.
Oolossae (ko-los'e). [Gr. Ko/'.offoai.J In ancient
geogi-aphy, a city in southwestern Plirygia,
Asia Minor, situated on the Lyeus. It was the
seat of a primitive Christian church.
Colossa- has been genemlly supposed to have been sit-
uated at ('honos, the ancient Chomc, witli wliicli Constau-
thie Porphyrogenitus identities it (de Themat. i. 3, p. 24).
Mr. Hamilton, huwevur, seems to have discovered the
true site, at the distance of three miles from Chou68, in
the plain, on the banks of the Lycus {Tchoruk).
iiau'liiisoti, Hei-od., IV. 31, note.
Colosseum (kol-o-se'uiu), or Flavian Amphi-
theater. [L. Colosseum : said to be named from
the colossal statue of Nero which stood near it
in the Via Sacra.] An amphitheater in Rome,
begun by Vespasian (T. Flavius Sabinus) in 72
A. D., and for 400 years the seat of gladiatorial
shows. The axes of tliis chief of ampliitheatcrs are 617
and 512 feet ; of the arena, 2S2 and 177 feet. The exterior
was ornamented with four tiers of engiiged columns with
their entablatures, the lowest three inclosing arches, and
the highest walled up, with square windows in every sec-
ond intercolumuiation. The material of the interior is
stone, of the inner passages and vaults largely brick and
concrete. The interior was faced with marble. In the
substructions there is a most elaborate system of chambers,
pass.iges, dens, and dmins. Despite the euornluus mass
of the existing ruin, it is estimated that two thii-ds have
been carried away in the middle ages and later as build-
ing-material.
Colossus of Rhodes. See Chares of Lindas.
Colot (ko-lo'), Laurent. Born near Troyes,
France: lived aliout 1550. A French court
siu-geon in the reign of Heniy U. (1547-59),
noted as a lithotoniist.
Colquhoun (ko-hon'), Patrick. Born at Dum-
barton, Scotland, March 14, 1745: died at Lon-
don, April 25, 1820. A London police magis-
trate and writer on economic subjects. From
about 1760 to 1766 he lived in V'irgiuia, was lord provost
of Glasgow 17S:i-8;j, and from 17si* resided in London,
where he became (1702) a jjolice magistrate. He pub-
lished a " Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis," etc.
(1796), a " Treatise on the Population, Wealth, Power,
and Resources of the British Empire in every Quarter of
the World " (1S14), and other works treating especially
of the condition and relief of the po<»r.
Colt (kolt ), Samuel. Born at Hartford, Conn.,
July 19, 1«14: died at Hartford, Jan. 10, 1862.
An American inventor. He patented the revolver
In 1835, and established a noted manufactory of lu-ms at
Hartford In 1862.
Oolton (koi'ton), Charles Caleb. Born at
Salisbury, England, about 1780 : died at Fon-
tainebleau, April 28, 1832. An English clergy-
man and writer. Ue was a graduate of Cambridge
(King's rollege). and rector t»f Kcw and Petersham. He
led an eccentric life, and committed suicide in preference
to undergoing a sin-gicul opciatioti. He published " Lacon,
or many things in few words, iiddressed to those who
think " (1820-22), etc.
Oolton, Walter. Born at Rutland, Vt., May 9,
1797 : died at Philadelphia, .Ian. 22, 1851. An
American clergyman and writer of voyages,
author of " Ship and Shore " (183.5), etc.
Oolumba (ko-luin'bil). Saint. Born at (iartan,
Donegal, Ireland, I-)ec. 7, .521 : died at lona,
Scotland, .(une 9, •597. A Celtic missionary in
Scotland, siu-named "the Apostle of Caledo-
nia," the founder of the monastery of lona
(about .565).
Oolumba Noachi (ko-lum'bji no-a'ki). [L.,
' Nonli's Dove. 'J A constellalion in the south-
ern hemisphere, close to the hind feet of (^anis
Ma.jor. It contains, according to Gould, ll.'t sUirs visi-
ble t^i the naked eye ; but only 3 are prominent. It was
pnipusfd liy liartsch hi lil'24.
Columbanus (kol-um-ba'nus), or Columban
(ko-luiu'linn). Saint. Born in Leinster, Ire-
land, abdul 543: died at Hobbio, Italy, Nov.
21, 015. An Irish missionary in France, Swit-
zerland, and Italy. lie founded the monastery of
Luxeuil(Vo»gcs) about rl9(^-.^0^., and I hat of Bobbio (Italy).
Columbia (ko-lutn'bi-ii). [NL., from Vnlum-
biis.\ 1. A poetical name of the United States,
or o( the New World. — 2. See Vulombiu.
269
Columbia, or Oregon (or'e-gon). A river in
North America, the second in size on the Pacific
coast. It rises in the Rocky Mountains in British Colum-
bia, traverses Washington, llows between Washington lUld
Oregon, and omjities into the Pacific Ocean in lat. 46° 16'
N., long. 124'' W . Its chief tributaries are Cl;u*ke's Fork
and SniUie River. It has very important H.alnion-flsheries.
Length, 1,200-1,400 miles. It is navigable to the Cascades
(106 mil e8),from the Cascades to the Dalles(about 50 miles),
and above the Dalles for small vessels. It was discovered
In 1792 by Captain Robert Gray, and was explored by
Lewis and Clark 1804-05.
Columbia. 1. A to-wn in Boone County, Mis-
souri, 27 miles northwest of Jefferson City, it
is the seat of the University of the State of Missouri.* Pop-
ulation (1890X 4,000.
2. A borough in Lancaster County, Pennsyl-
vania, situated on the Susquehanna River 24
miles southeast of Harrisburg. It is an important
lumber-market and seat of manufactures. Population
(1800), 10,599.
3. The capital of South Carolina, in Richland
County, situated on the Congaree River in lat.
34° N., long. 81 ° 2' W. it is the seat of the Univer-
sity of South Carolina (founded in 1S04), became the State
capital in 1700. and was burned about the time of its occu-
pation by the Federals, Keb. 17, 1865. Population (180O),
15,353.
4. The capital of Maury County, Tennessee,
situated on the Duck River 42 miles southwest
of Nashville. Population (1890), 5,370.
Columbia, British. See British Columbia.
Columbia, District of. See District of Colum-
bia.
Columbian University. A university in Wash-
ington, District of I'olnmbia, incorporated by
Congi'CSS in 1819. It consists of a college department,
law, medical, dental, and graduate departments, an<l the
Corcoran Scientific School.
Columbia University. An institution of learn-
ing in the city of New York. It emprises an aca-
demic department, a law sch. lol, a medical school (the Col-
lege of Physician'! and Surgeons), aschoolof mines, a school
of politic:il science, a graduate department, and a depart-
ment of arcliitecti\ic. It was originally founded as King's
College in 1754, and its present name was adoi>ted in 17&4.
Thelawschool w:is.ipencd in 18:'i8. Itsmain library (1S97)
contains about 235,000 volumes. It has 289 instructors
and 1,921 students.
Columbine (kol'um-bln). A conventional char-
acter in old Italian comedy, first appearingabout
1560 : the daughter of Pantaloon, or sometimes
her cotjuettish maid-servant. She was the ob-
ject of Harlequin's adoration, and so appears in
English pantomime.
Columbretes(k6-16m-bra'tes). Agroupof small
volcanic rocks in the Mediterranean, east of
Spain, in lat. 39° 54' N., long. 0° 43' E.
Columbus (ko-lum'bus), Bartholome'w, Sp.
Bartolomeo Colon. Born probably in Genoa
about. 1445 : died at Santo Domingo, May, 1515.
A brother of Christopher Columbus. He was
with Bartolomeu Diaz on the West African co;ist 14S6-S7,
and went to England in 1488 to interest Henry VII. in his
brother's project. He returned to Spain in 149.3, after the
admiral had sailed on his second voyage, but followed
him in command of a supply fieet, arriving at Isabella
in .Tunc, 1403. The admiral hi.Hlcliim aili-Ijiiit ado, and from
14IHJ to 1408 he governed tin- island dm iug liis luotlier's
absence; founded Santo Duniingo 1406; su bducd an Indian
revolt; marched to Xaragui'i in 1407 ; and in 1498 had the
first trouble with Koldan. In 1600 Bobaililla sent him a
prisoner to Spain, where he was released with the ad-
miral. He was with his brother on the fourth voyage,
1.502-04, and w;us the leader where active work was re-
(juired. In the struggle with Porras at .Jamaica he was
wounded. After the admiral's death he seems to have
been in Rome, and in 1609 he accompanied Diego Colum-
bus to llispaniola. where he held important and lucrative
olh.cs.
Columbus, Christopher. [It. Cristoforo Co-
lombo, Sp. Cristoval Colon, F. Christophc Co-
lomh, L. Christiiphorus Colutnbus.'] Bom at or
near Genoa, Itnlv, jimbablv in 1446: died at
Valladolid, SlKiiil. Jl.iy 20 or 21 (O. S.), 1.506.
The discoverer of Ami'ricit. Uis parents were wool-
combers, but he was fairly well educated, and early began
U> follow the seiu In 1473 ('{) he went Ui Portugal, wliere
he malTied and bad a son, Diego; he also lived in the
islantl of I'orto Saiit^>, near Madeira. It is probable that
he Joined iu some of the Portuguese explorations on the
African coast; :ind there is some doubtful evidence of
a voyage made to Iceland. Impressed with the Idea,
founded on the known nittniility of the earth, that Asia
might be reached by sailing westward, he proposed to
the Portuguese king to make an expedition in that direc-
tion. Failing, he went to Spain (1484 'f) and offered the
entei"prise to Kerdinand and Isabella. He was repeateilly
put oil with promises or rebulfed by adverse reports of
those set to iiuiuire int^i theschenie. and lived in poverty.
His brother was sent to ask aid of Henry Vll. of F.nwiand
(1488), and Columbus himself was about jiassing to Kranee
when beobtainetl a personal interview with llu's(»vcreigns
at Cranada. The excessive grants and honors which he
dennuided in irase of success led to a refusal ; but as he was
about leaving Granada his friends made a lust elfort with
the (lueen, he was recalled, and <in Ajiril 17, 1402, the king
and ((uecti signed a paper in which all the demands of
Columbus were agreed to. He was made, for himself and
beirs, adniir.U in all the regions \^lticb he might discover,
Columbus, Diego
and viceroy In countries acquireil by him for Spain, with
full powers and a generous share of the revenues. Partly
with royal aid, partly with the help of the Pinzons, mer-
chants of Palos, three small vessels were titled out, the
Santa ^laria as fiagship, and the Is'li'ia and Pinta, com.
mandeil respectively by Vicente Vaflez Pinzon and .Martin
Alonzo Pinzon. With these and 120 (or 90"/) men Co-
lumbus left Palos Aug. 3, 149i He touched at the
Canaries, thence steered west, and on Oct 12 (O. S.), 1492,
or Oct. 22 (N. S.), discovered the island of Guanahaui or
San Salvador, one of the Bahama.s, but which one is un-
certain. He landed and took possession for Castile, had
some intercourse with the natives, and sailed on, discov-
ering various islands and coasting piu-t of the northern
Bide of Cuba (Oct. 20-Dec. 22), and Haiti or Hisjianiohi,
everywhere treating amicably with the natives, and ob-
taining small quantities of gold and island products. All
these lands, he 8ui)posed, were outlying parts of Asia.
I'he Santa Maria was wrecked on the Haitian coast, and
he left there a colony of 40 men, building a fort called
La Navidad in the land of a friendly chief. On .Ian. 4,
1493, he started to return iu the Kifla. He narrowly es-
caped wreck in severe storms, parted company with the
Pinta, touched at the Azores and in Portugal, where he
was called to see the king; and finally reached Palos,
March 15 (0. S.), 1493. t^alkd to court, he was received
with great honor, his i)rivileges conflimed, and ample
means given for a new expedition. He again embarked
at Palos, Sept. 25, 1493, with 17 vessels and 1,500 men;
discovered Dominica Nov. 3; landed on several of the
Caribbee islands and had encountere with the Caribs ;
coasted Porto Rico; and on Nov. 27 reached the harbor
of La Navidad. He found that his colony had all been
killed by hostile Indians. On a new site, larthei- east, he
founded Isabella (l)ec.X the first European town in the
New World. After some explorations in the interior he
made an expedition westward (Apiil, 1494), in which he
coasted the south side of Cuba (supposed by him to be a
peninsula of Asia), and after discnvering .Tamaica re-
turned to Isabella, Sept. 20, 1494. Ill treatment by the
Spaniards caused an insurrection of the Indians, but Co-
lumbus defeated them in a great battle on the \ega
Real, April 2.5, 1495. Shortly before he had proposed a
plan for enslaving hostile Indians, for which he has been
much blamed. There was much suffering and discontent
among the colonists, and some of them went to Spain to
make complaints ; they were supported by Hishoji Fon-
seca, an enemy of Columbus, who was at the head of co-
lonial affairs ; and in 1495 Juan Aguado was sent as a
royal commissioner to Espafiola, He collected complaints
against the admiral, who, fearing the eftect of the report,
returned to Spain at the same tune with Aguado (March,
1498), leaving his brothers in charge. He was well re-
ceived by the sovereigns, and the charges dismissed.
After much delay he started on a third voyage (May 30,
1498), in which he kept farther south, discovered Trinidad
(July 31), and the lowlands at the mouth of the Orinoco
(Aug. IX this being, in all probability, the first discovery
of the continent of South America : the Cabots had al-
ready seen North America. 'With much difliculty he passed
the two straits between Trinidad and the mainland, and
was convinced that the turbid water came from a con-
tinental (Asiatic) river. In a report at this time he argues
that the earth is pear-shaped and the highest land at the
head of this river, where also is the terrestrial paradise :
this, and some other later reports, have been supposed to
indicate temporary aberration of mind, caused by sick-
ness. On Aug. 30 he reached Santo Domingo, which had
been founded during his absence. Some of the coloiwsts,
under Roldan, had rebelled, and Columbus was forced to
make a disgraceful peace with them. Disorders con-
tinued, and on Aug. 24, 1.500, Francisco de Bobadilla ar-
rived as royal connnissioner. He deiiosed Columbus and
his brothers and sent them in chains to Spain (Oct., 1500):
they were at once released, but Columbus could not ob-
tain a reinstatement in his dignities; and only after
much delay he obtained four caravels for a final cxi)lora-
tion, in which, it appears, ho intended Ut circumnavigate
the globe. Leaving Spain March, laOJ, lie t.iuched at
Santo Domingo, thence sailed to Cenlial Anjericu, discov-
ering Honduras July 30, and coasting to the Isthmus of
Panama, seeking for a passage westward. After en-
counters with the Indians and a vain attempt to i)hmt a
colony (Feb., 1503), he returned to .lamaica. There his
ships, worm-eaten and storm-beaten, gave out, and he and
his men remained on the island, entiuring great suffer-
ings : scone rebelled, and were subdued after a h;ud fight.
A canoe sent out reached Kspallola, and at length (.Inne,
1604) ships were sent to take them off. Columbus
reached Spain Nov. 7, 1.504. Queen Isabella, who had al-
ways befriended him, died soon after. His repeated peti-
tions for reinstatement had no effect, and he passed his
remaining days in poverty and neglect. He never knew
that the regions (liscovercd by him constituted a new
continent, always supposing them to be portions of Asia.
Columbus, Diego, It. Giacomo Colombo: by
Latin writers called Jacobus. I'robably born
at Genoa about 14.50: date and place ofdeath
unknown. A brother of Christopher Columbus,
who accompanied him in the second voyage
(1493), and was at times left in command at
Isabella or Santo Dcuningo. He was sent to Spain
with his brothers in 1.5(M>. and about that time became
a priest. In 1500 he accompanied his nephew to Santo
Domingo, and probably dice! soon after.
Columbus, Sp. Colon, Diego. Born ju-obably
at Lislir)n about 1476: died at Monlnlvan, near
Toledo, Feb. 2;!, 1526. A son of Christoi)her
Cohiuibus. In 1492 (Jueon Isabella made him a page
at the Spanish coiu't, where he remained until after his
father's death. He was confirmed in 1509 as admiral of
the Indies anil governor of Hispaniida, bul uitliout the
title of viceroy. He arrived at Santo IHnniiigo. ,luly 10^
150it; but the eonflieting claims of jurisilielion, an<l dis-
satisfaction with his rule, soon nnidc the jjosilinn an un-
easy one. VeltuMplez, whom he sent to con.[iier Cuba in
1511, virtually threw off bis authority ; the eslablishment
of a royal audience at Sant.i Domingo restricted his pow-
er ; and though, in a visit to Sjiain, be obtained new favors
Columbus, Diego
C1520X he was finally called back by the Council of the
IndifS in ir>23 to answer charges against him. His wife
was left in charge of the government : but Diego followed
tht: court, vainly seeking redress, until his death.
Columbus, Ferdinand, Sp. Ferdinando Co-
lon. Born iu Cordova, Aug. 1'), 1488: died
at ye\'iUe. July 12, 1539. An illegitimate son
of Christopher Columbus and Dona Beatrix
Henriquez, a lady of Cordova. Ht- was made page
of Queen Isabella in 1498 ; was with his father on the
fourth voyage, 1502-»4 ; and by the admiral's will received
an ample income, afterward increased by royal grants.
He amassed a library of over 20,000 volumes, which
passed by will to the cathedral chapter of SevUle. where
it was known as the "Colombina "; only about 4,000 vol-
umes remain. A history of tiie Indies by him is lost, as
is the original Spanish of his biography of his father,
which was nsed by Las Casas,
Columbus, Sp. Colon (kd-ldu'),Luis. Born at
Santo Domiugo. 1521 or 1522 : died in Oran,
Africa. Fe'o. 3, 1572. A sou of Diego and grand-
sou of Christopher Columbus. In 1536 he gave up
all claims to the title of viceroy, receiving in return the
island of Jamaica in flef, a large pension, lands in Veragua,
and tlie titles of l>nke of Vera^iua and Marquis of Jamaica.
He was captiin general of Hispaniola l.>40-51. He was
iuipdsuned in 1559 for having three wives, and in 1505
banished to Oran. For descent of the titles, see Vera-
ffiia, Ditkes of.
Columbus. 1. The capital of Ohio, and of
Fraukliu County. sitTuated on the Scioto River
in lat. 39° 57' N.. long. 83° 3' W. It is an impor-
tant railway center and manufacturing place, and is re-
m:u-kable for its State capitol and other public buildings.
It was made the State capital in 1816. Population (l&itO),
88.I0O.
2. The capital of Muscogee County, Georgia,
situated on the Chattahoochee River in lat. 32°
28' N., long. 85° 5' W. It has mauufaetui'es of
iron and steel. Population (1890), 17,303.-3.
The capital of Bartholomew County in south-
ern central Indiana. Population (1890), 6,719.
— 4. A town in western Kentucky, situated on
the Mississippi River 16 miles south of Cairo.
It was a strategic point of the Confederates
in 1861-62. — 5. The eounty-seat of Lowndes
County, eastern Mississippi, situated on the
Tomblgbee River in lat. 33° 31' N., long. 88° 28'
W. Population (1890), 4,559.
Columella (kol-u-mel'la). Lucius Junius Mo-
deratus. Bom at Cadiz, Spain: lived about
40 A, D. A Roman ^v^ite^ ou agineulture. He
wrote " De re rustica," in twelve books (edited by Schnei-
der in the "Scriptores rei rusticae," 1794), and an earlier
work on the same subject, of which one book, " De Arbo-
ribus," is extant.
Column of July, F. Colonne de Juillet (ko-
lon' de zhiie-ya'). A monument in Paris,
Prance, erected on the site of the Bastille in
1840, in honor of the citizens killed in the at-
tacks on the royal government in 1830. it is a
Corinthian column of bronze, 13 feet in diameter, rising
from a square base and marble substructure, and capped
by a gilded statue of the winged Genius of Liberty. Its
total height is 154 feet.
Column of Marcus Aurelius, or Antonine
Column. A mouuujt'ut ill the Piazza Colonna.
Rome, erected in 174 a. D. in honor of the cam-
paigns against the Mareomanni. it reproduces
the type of the rolumn of Trajan, and consists of a Roman
Doric column of marble raised on a square pedestal, the
total height, without the statue of St. Paul of Sixtus V.,
being 123 feet. The shaft is sculptured in a spiral of 20
turns, with reliefs uf the wars it coninuniorates.
Column of the Congress, P. Colonne du Con-
gr^S (ko-lou' dii kon-gra'). A monument
erected in Brussels, Belgium, in commemora-
tion of the Belgian constitutional congress of
1831 . It is a Koman Doric column 147 feet high, on the
summit of which stands a statue of Leopold I. Reliefs
on tlie pedestal represent the Belgian provinces. At the
angles stand four female figures in bronze, personifying
types of liberty.
Column of Trajan. A monument in Home,
dedicated iu 114 a. D. iu honor of the emperor.
It is a Roman Doric column of marble, on a squjire base-
ment, the total height, exclusive of the pi-esent stjitue of
St. Peter, being 1271 feet The base beai-s reliefs of war-
like tropliies and an inscription ; the entire shaft is occu-
pied by vigorous and lifelike reliefs ascending in a spiral,
representing Trajan's campaigns. The reliefs contain
about 2,5'K) Inimaii tlgiires, besides those of animals and
inanimate olijects.
Column of Vendome (von-dom'), P. Colonne
Vendome. A monument in the Place Ven-
(Iniiir. I'aris, Prance, it is a R*mian Doric column
of masonry incased in lironze, in design imitating the
Column of I'rajan at Rome, and was t rected by Napoleon I.
in honor of bis victories over the Russians and Austrians
in 1305. The shaft is encircled with reliefs referring to
the campaigns in <|Ue^tioii. asiending in a spiral, the
height of the figures being :i feet. The column is sur-
mounted by a figure of the emperor. Its height is 142 feet.
and its diameter 13 feet. It was overthrown by the Com-
niuiic in is"!, but was restored in 1875.
Columns of Hercules, s*-.' r>ihn:<ofnrrrKfes.
Columns of St. Mark and St. Theodore. Two
columns in Venice, situated at the end of the
270
Piazzetta toward the Grand Canal. The massive
plain cylindrical shafts are of gi-anite. the western pink,
the eastern gray, resting on spreading, stepped bases.
The capitals are ascribed to a Lombard architect. The
Hgure of St. Theodore, with his crocodile^ was erected on
the western column iu 1329. The eastern column bears
the famous winged lion of St. Mark, in bronze, witli eyes
inlaid in precious stones. The existing lion is of the 15th
centurj'.
Colville (kol'vil). A name, of European ori-
gin, applied to a Salishan tribe formerly dwell-
intc near Kettle Falls on the upper Columbia
River, near the Canadian boundary. The tribe
now numbers 247 persons, dwelling ou the Puyallup reser-
vation, Washington. See Salishaiu
Colwell (korwel). Stephen. Born in Brooke
County, West Va.. Alarch Ho, 1800: died at
Philadelphia. Jan. 15, 1871. An American
merchant, economist, and general writer. He
wrote '*Ways and Means of Payment" (1859),
etc.
Coma Berenices (ko'ma ber-e-ni'sez). [L.,
*hair of Berenice.' See Berenice.'] An ancient
asterism (though not one of the 48 constella-
tions of Hippavchus) situated noi-th of Virgo
and between Bootes and Leo, and supposed to
represent the famous amber hair of Berenice,
the wife of Ptolemy Euergetes.
Comacchio (ko-mak'ke-o). A town in the
province of Ferrara. Italy, situated near the
Adriatic 29 miles southeast of Ferrara. Popu-
lation, 7.000.
Comana (ko-ma'na). [Gr. ra Kufiava,'] 1. In
ancient geogi'aphy, a city of Cappadocia, Asia
Minor, situated on the river Sarus. it was noted
for its temple to Ma. the moon-goddess. Also called
Chryse (' the Golden ' ).
2. In ancient geography, a citv of Pontus, Asia
Minor, situated about lat. 40° 20' X., long. 36°
50' E. It was perhaps a colony of the Cappadocian city,
and it was sacred to the same goddess. The modern Gu-
menek is on its site.
Comanche (ko-man'che), or Camanche (ka-
man'che). [PL, also Conianehes,'] A tribe of
North American Indians, well known for their
martial character. According to tradition and lin-
guistic evidence they were formerly neighbors of the
Shoshoni in Wyoming. In 1724 they were on upper Kan-
sas River, and later were south of Red River, Texas, this
southward extension doubtless being due to pressure by
Siouau tribes. Their later territorj' was the extensive
plains from the Rocky Mountains eastward into Inaian
Territory and Te.xas as far as long. 97', altliough they
raided the country from Kansas southward as far as Du-
rango, Mexico (a distance of 800 miles). They agreed to
go upon a reservation in 1868, at which date they num-
bered about 2,500. The Comanche now on the Kiowa, (.'o-
manche, and Wichita reservation, Oklahoma, number 153,
Their own name is Nurti^ ' people.' Comanche, a name of
unknown signification, was first applied by the Spanish
Mexicans, while the French form, Padouca, is adapted
from their Sioux name. They also have been known as
Chouman^ Cmnande, Kaumaitis, Xeum, Padnuca, and Pa-
ihica. See Shoshonean.
Comande. See tOmanehe,
Comayagua (ko-ma-ya'gwii). The capital of the
department of Comayagua, Honduras, situated
ou the river Humaya in lat. 14*^ 28' N., long.
87° 39' W. It was the capital of Hondui-as until 1880.
Population, about 5,000. In colonial times it had 18.000
inhabitants, but it was burned in 1827, and has never fully
recovered.
Combaconum. See Kmnbhahmam.
Combe (kom), Andrew. Born at Edinbiu-gh,
Oct. 27, 1797: dit'd at Edinburgh, Aug. 9. 1847.
A Scottish physician and wi*iter on physiology
and phrenology. He founded, with his brother George
Combe and others, the "Phrenological Magazine " (1823),
of which he remained proprietor until 1837.
Combe, George. Born at Edinburgh, Oct. 21,
1788: (.lied at Moor Park, Famham, England.
Aug. 14, 1858. A Scottish phrenologist : chief
work "An Essay ou the Constitution of Man"
(1^2."^).
Combe, William. Born at Bristol, England.
1741: died at Lambeth, June 19. 1823. An
English writer, author of **Dr. Syntax." He
was the godson (or natural son) of a Lonilou alderman ;
was educated at Eton and Oxford (where, however, he did
not tiike a degree): entered the law ; led for some time
the hfe of an adventurer, being successively a soldier, a
waiter, a lieutenant . and a cook : and for the last 43yeiu-s
of his life resided within the rules of the King's Bench
debtoi-s" prison. He published a large number of works,
including " The Diaboliad, a poem dedicated to the worst
man (Simon, Lord Inihaiu) hi His Majestv's Dominions"
(1776). "The Dt vil upon Two Sticks in England " (1790),
"The Tour of Dr. Syntax in search of the Picturesque"
(a poem ttrst published in the " Poetic sd Magazine," and
republished 1812X etc.
Comberback, Silas Tomkyns. The name
under wliiih Coleridire enlisted in the 15th Dra-
g-ions.
Combermere, Viscount. See Cotton.
Comecmdo (ko-ma-kro'do). A tribe of North
American Indians which live on the lower Kio
Grande at Las Prietas, Tamaulipas, Me.xieo.
Comines
Of the 25 survivors in 1&S6 but seven spoke their native
tongue. The name is said to signify 'raw eaters' (Sp.
come'Crudo), in allusion to their practice of cannibalism.
Also called Carrizog, See Coahuittecan.
Comedie FranQaise (ko-ma-4ie' fion-saz'), La,
The official name of the Theatre Fran^^ais. The
Comedie Kran^aise practically had its beginning in the
Th^tre de IHotel Bourgogne, established in lo52 and
made theiitre royal under Henry III. in 15S8: it was fol-
lowed bv the Theatre du Mai-ais in 1600. A few years after-
ward the company of Moliere was established in the great
hall of the Hotel Bourbon. In 1660 the Hotel Bourbon was
toni down, and in 1661 MoUere was transferred U> the
theater of the Palais Royal. In 1673 Moliere died; his
company was disbanded and went to the Theatre Gu^n^-
gaud. In 1660 there were three companies in Paris — that
of the Hotel Bourgogne, that of the Marais, and the com-
pany of Moliere in the Th^Atre Gu^negaud : the two latter
were amalgamated Oct. 21, 1680, and the Tomt^die Fran-
gaise organized by lettre de cachet of Louis XIV. as
"L'HAtel des Com^diens du Roi entretenus par Sa Ma-
jeste." The Comedie Frangaise migrated frequently. Id
1689 it had its home in the Rue des Fosses St. Germain
des Pr^s (Rue de I'Ancienne (,'om^die) : it was here and in
this year that it first took the title of Comedie Frau^aise.
In 1770 it removed to the Tuileries, and in 1782 the com-
pany played in what is now the Od^ou. It was suppressed
in the Revolution in 1793, and reconstituted hy Napoleon,
then tlrst consul, and established in the Theatre Fran^ais.
See ThtOtre Fran^ais.
Comedie Humaine {ko-ma-de' ti-man'). La.
A collection of Balzac's novels, arranged and
connected with laborious classification by him-
self to form what he called a '* complete soci-
ety." the same persons and their relatives ap-
pearine; and reappearing. "Each novel is in fact
a page of the great work, which would be incomplete with-
out it." It is a pictui'C of the manners and morals of
his own time.
Comedy of Errors, The. A play by Shak-
spere, acted at Gray's Inn, Dec. 28, 1594. lu
real title is *' Errors." It is thought that another version
not entirely by Shaksperewas acted about l.'iPO. The origi-
nal plot was probably suggested by Plautus's "Mentechmi"
and ■' Amphitr>'on,"and more directly by the " History of
Error " acted hy the chapel children in 1''76. (Fleap.)
The plot consists in the extraordinary series of mistakes
arising from the likeness between t^vin brothers, both
named Antipholus. and the likeness between their two
servants, named Dromio.
Comely Bank (kum'li bangk). See the extract.
The Carlyles. at the period of Thomas's famous ^Isit to
Jeffrey in George Street, were living at Comely Bank, in
one of a row of two-storied, uninteresting houses, calling
themselves " villa residences," at the northwest of Edin-
burgh, quite out of town even now, and facing a green
called Stockbridge Public Park. Carlyle's cottage is
numbered 21.
Hutton, Literarj' Landmarks of Edinburgh, p. 65.
Comenius (ko-me'ni-us) (otiginally Komen-
sky), Johann Amos. Bora at Nivnitz or,
more probably, at Uutjarisch-Brod, Moravia,
March 28, 1592 : died in^HoUand, Nov. 15. 1670.
A noted Czechic theologian and educational
reformer. He studied theology at Herborn and HeideU
berg, and In 1618 became pastor of a congregation of
Moravian Brethren at Fulnek. Expelled by an imperial
mandate of 16'J1, which banished all Protestant pastors
from Bohemia, he eventually settled at Lissa, Poland,
where he supported himself by teaching. In 1642 he
went to Swciien, where, at the invitation of the chancel-
lor .\xel Oienstjerna, he prepare4l apian for the improve-
ment of the educational system of the country, lie was
in 164S elected bishop of the Moravian Church at Lissa,
where, with an interruption of four years spent at Siiro»-
Patak, Hungarj, he remained until H>r>7, when Lissa was
pillaged and burned by the Poles. He subsequently set-
tled at Amsterdam. Among his works are "Janua lin-
guarum reserata," "(.)rbis pictus," and "Didactica magna
sen omnes omnia docendi artificiiuu."
Comical Gallant, The, or the Amours of Sir
John Falstaff. An alteration of " The Merrj
Wives of Windsor" bv John Dennis, plaved in
1702.
Comical Lovers, The, or Marriage k la
Mode. A comedy by Cibber. produced and
printed in 1707. it is made from the comic scenes of
I>r>'den's " Secret Love " and " Marriage h la Mode."
Comical Revenge, The, or Love in a Tub.
A comedy by Sirrieorge Etheredge,prodiu*ed iu
IGtH. It was published in the same year.
Comines, *>r Commines (ko-men'). A town on
the Lys 10 miles nortli of Lille, situated partly
in the department of Nord, France, and i)artly
in West Flanders, Belgium. Population (IftOI).
7.422.
Comines, or Commines, or Comynes, Philippe
de. Born at Comines, near Lille, France (or at
Renescure, near Hazebrouck). about 1445: died
at Ai'genton, Deux-Sevres, France, Oct. 18,
151L A noted French statesman and historian.
He entered the service of Charles the Bold, and then went
over to Louis XL, in whose household he rose to the dig-
nity of confidant and counselor. In 1486 he was arrested
for pitlitical reasons and imprisoned for over two years.
At the command of Charles VIII. he was aiTCSted again
later on. and exiled for ten years, .\fter servijig his tiaie,
he returned to court only to fall into disgnice. Finally he
retired into private life and wrote his '* Memoires." The
'•('ronique et hystoire faicte et composee par messire
Philippe de Comines " (Paris, 1524) was written from 14S8
to 1493. It deals with the history of France between 1464,
Comines
when Comlnes ciime U> the court of rharles the Bolil,
and Utili, the date of the death of Louis ,\I. The se<iu«-],
"rroniques du roy Charles huytiesnie " (i'aris, 15*2»), was
written later tlian 141)7. and contains notes on the wars
w.iKid by Charles \TII. between 141M and llttS. Complete
editions have been made t)y Denis Sauvage (ir>52), (Jode-
fnty (l(i4'-'). Lenglet-Dufresnoy (1747), Mademoiselle Du-
pont (lS40-(7), and R. Chantelauze (issl).
Comitan (kd-me-tiin'), or Comitlan (kd-met-
liiii'). A town in the state of Chiapas, south-
ern Mexico, in lat. 16° 5' N., long. 92° 25' W.
Fopuliition (ISSO), 7,000.
Oomit§ des Etudes du Haut Congo. See /»-
I- riKilioniiJ l/ririDi Associatinii.
Comitium (ko-mish'inm). [L..'plaee of assem-
bly.'] A paved area in ancient Rome, between
the northeastern side of the Forum Komanum
and the Curia, where the Comitia Ciiriata, or
assembly of the patricians, met, and where the
most important legal eases were tried, it was
sarrounded with a harrier by Tullus Hostilius. On the
Comitium stood tlie original roatra, or olficial speakers'
platform, and close to it was the ijriecostwsis, the platfonu
providol for foreign envoys.
Coinmagene(kom-a-je'ue). [Gr.Ko,i//;a;)?i7}.] In
ancient geograpliy, a district in northern Syria,
between the Euphrates on the east and Cilicia
on the west, it was at one time tributary to the As-
syrian empire, and was an independent kingdom from
65 B. C.-17 A. D. It is called Kiwimuh in the Assyrian
cuneiform inscriptions.
Oonunander of the Faithful. [-Vi-. Emir-al-
VI u' mi II ill.] A title of the califs, first assumed
by Omar (i34-()44.
Oonunemoration Ode. An ode by James Rus-
sell Lowell in memory of the members of Har-
vard College who had served in the Civil War,
read at the memorial exercises at Cambridge
in 18G.'>.
Oommendation of Our Lady. A ballade once
attributed toChuucir, but erroneously. It is not
written in balladi- form. Tyrwliitt thinks there is evidence
that Lydgate may have written it.
Oommentaries, Caesar's. See Ciesar, Julius.
Oominercy (ko-mcr-se'). A town in the de-
partment of Mcuse, France, situated on the
Mouse 20 miles east of Bar-le-Duc. It has a
castle. Population (1891), commune, 7,483.
Oommissary (kom'i-sa-ri). The. A comedy by
Foote, produced in 17(35.
Committee (ko-mit'o). The. A comedy by Sir
li. Ibiwuril, printed in 1(56.5. Evelyn saw it played
in 1*36:2. It was revised by T. Knight and produced as
' ' The Honest Thieves "in 1797.
Commode (ko-tnod'). A play by Thomas Cor-
neille, played for Louis XIV. at the Louvre in
l(i.'>9.
Commodian. See Commodianus.
Commodianus (ko-mo-di-a'nus). A Christian
poet of tlie lirst half of the 3d century. Two
poems by liim are extant, " Inatructiones LXXX adversus
gentium tleos," and "Carmen Apologeticum," a defense
of Christianity.
Commodus (korn'o-dus). Lucius .ffilius Au-
relius (also Marcus Antoninus). Boin at
Lanuvium, Italy, Aug. 31, 161 a. d.: killed
at Rome, Dec. iil, 192. Emperor of Rome IKO-
192, son of Marcus Anrelius whom he suc-
ceeded. He bought peace of the Germans at the price
of a tribute, and, intrusting tlie direction of the govern-
ment to favorites (I'crennis, Cleander, Lsutus, and iCclcc-
tusX almndoneii himself to dissipation and cruelty. Ue
put to death his wife (^rispina and nearly all the pul)lic
men wlio liitd risen to eminence under his father, is said
to have appeared as a gladiator in the amphitheater over
seven hunilred times against ilefeuseless opponents, and
to have claimed divine honors, appearing in puldic a-s
Ucrcnles nntl demanding to be worshiped as sneli. He
was strangled by the athlete Narcissus, wb<> was intro-
duced Into his sleei)ing-apartment l)y conspirators, chief
of whom was the riiijieiors mistress, -Mareia.
Common(kom'oii). Dol. In Hen .(ou.son's com-
edy "The Alchemist," the mistress of Sulitlo.
Oommon Sense. .\ iiamphlct by Thomas I'ainc.
pulilislicd in l'liiladc-li)liia .Ian. 1. 177(i. it adv..-
catcil entire sepiuatiuii from Kngland, ami its arguments
(ell in with tlie prevailing current of ftreling, ami swejit
waverers along with it. It is described liy \\'ashington as
"working a powerful change in the minds itt many men "
(Works, III. ■.'7i;).
Commonwealth of England, The. The des-
ignation applicil iifliiMally to the form of gov-
ernment existing ill Kiiglaiid from Ihc abolition
of the monarchy in IVli., I(i49. after tlie execu-
tion of (,'harlos I., till the establishment of (lie
prolcctorate nndor Cromwell in Dec., I(i53, but
often loosely used of the whole interval from
the death of Charh'S I. 1o tlie restoration of
Charles II. in May, 1660. During the former period,
or that of the real comnioiiwi-allb, Ihe government was
vest^'ii in ;( Council of State, comjioseii of un.-tnbcl-s of the
House of ('oniinoiis, and the House of l/irils was abolished.
Communes, Seven. See SiiteComuni.
Communes, Thirteen. See Trcdid Cumuni.
271
Comnena, Anna. See Annn Cnmncnn.
Comnenus ( kum-ue'nus), House of (The Com-
neni). (Mtir. K6/ti>rivo^.'\ All illustrious By-
zantine family, probably of Italian origin, which
aeiinired historical importance in the 10th cen-
tury, and from which descended six emperors
of the East, all the emperors of Trebizond, and
many statesmen, generals, and authors. See
Alexius /., Alexius II., Andronicus I., Isaac I..
.Manuel I., and Anna Comnena.
Oomo (ko'mo). [F. Cdmc, It. C'omo. L. Conium.]
1. The capital of the province of Como, Italy,
situated at the southern extremity of the Lake
of Como, 2.5 miles north-northwe.st of Milan, it
is picturesquely situated, has a noted cathedral, and man-
ufactures silk. The catliedral, one of the tinest in northern
Italy, was begun in 1396 in an excellent Pointed style, coii-
tinueii in that of the early Renaissance, and completed in
the more ornate Renaissance of the 16th century. The
front has round-arched doors, a fine rose, delicate sculi)-
ture, and rich pinnacles. The Renaissance north doorw.ay
is notable. The nave is Pointed, with good vaulting ; the
circular choir is classical. There are many beautiful fres-
cos, by Quini and Ferrari. It was the birthplace of the
elder Pliny, the younger Pliny, and Volta. Population
(1891), comiuune, 3;.,i)00.
2. A pro^-ince in Lombardy, Ital.y, bordering
on Switzerland. Area, 1,091 square miles.
Population (1891), 5.5.5,682.
Como, Lake of, It. Lago di Como (lii'go de
ko'mo), F. Lac de Come (lak de kom), t_i. Co-
mersee (ko'mer-za). A lake of northern Italy,
nearthe Swiss border: the Roman LacusLarius.
It is traversed by the river Adda, and is famous for its
beauty. It is surrounded by mountains, and its shores
are bordered with villas. At BeUaggio it is divided into
the i.akc of Como (proper) and the Lake of Lecco. Length,
311 miles. Greatest width, 25 miles. Depth, 1,330 feet,
Comonfort (ko-mon-lorf), Ignacio. Born at
Piiebla, March 12, 1812 : died near Guanajuato,
Nov. 13, 18(33. A Mexican soldier and states-
man. He joined the revolt against Santa Anna, April,
1854 ; was secretary of war under Alvarez, Oct., 1855,
and on the retirement of that leader became acting presi-
dent; under the constitution of Feb., 18."»7, was elected
constitutional president, assuming office Dec. 1, 1857. As
acting president he crushed a series of revolts led by the
church and conservative parties. .Soon after his regular
election he tacitly encouraged the project of a dictator-
ship ; was deposed after hard fighting, and fled the coun-
try in Feb., 18.58. He returned in 18(i"2, took a prominent
part against the French invasion, and was killed by irreg-
ular troops or bandits.
Comorin (kom'o-rin), Cape. The southern ex-
tremity of peninsular India, situated in lat.
8° 5' N., long. 77°30'E.
Comorn, See Komnrn.
Comoro (kom'o-ro) Islands, or Comores. A
groii]! of small islands in the Mozambii.|UC Chan-
nel, in lat. 11°- 13° S., long. 43°-45° E. The chief
islands are Great Comoro, Anjuan (Johanna), Moliilla,
and ilayotte (the last a French possession). All the isl-
ands were talien under French protection in 188fi. The
population is partly Arab, partly Malagiisy. Population,
about 60,000.
Compagnia della Calza (kom-piin-ye'ii del'lii
kiirtsii). [It., "Company of the stocking': so
named from a particular stocking which the
members wore. J A society which e.xisted in
Italy during the 15th and ICth centuries, for
the ijroduetion of public and private entertain-
ments, as games, feasts, and theatrical repre-
sentations. In the course of time this society be-
came dividiMl into ditf erent fraternities, as the Compagnia
dei l''loridi, Senipiterni, etc., each of wliich was governed
by particular laws and olUcers, and the momlicrs distiii-
guislied by a certain habit. Dunloji, Hist. Prose Fiction,
II. ■J.Z).
Company (kum'pa-ni), John. A nickname for
the East Indi.a Compan}', originating in India.
Compass (knm'pas). A soldier and schol.ar in
Hen .loiison's comedy "The Magnetic Lad}',"
"one well read in Men and Manners."
Compifegne (koii-pyany'). A town in the de-
liarliiiciit of Oise, France, situated on the <_)ise
45 miles northeast of Paris: the ancient Com-
peiidiuin. It was noted as a favorite royal residence, and
its chief building is the royal palace, a large structure
founded in Merovingian times and rebuilt in the reign
of Louis XV. and later. Tlie interior is eapecially note-
worthy for the furniture and decoration of the apartments
tltted out under Napoleon I., and contains a collection of
modern paintings. At ( Vnnpifegne, in 1130, Joan of Arc
was taken prisoner. The town has been the seat of sev-
eral counclla. l'o|iulntion (ISOl), commune, 14,408.
Complaint of Mars. A poem by ( 'haucer, writ-
ten proliahly after l.'iSO. it is full of astnmomical
allusions, and contains the story of "tlic broehe " which
Vuic^an wrought at Thelies. It is supposed to be sung tin
.St. Valentine's day by a bird. A "Complaintof Venus" has
been appended to it. The latter is of a totally dilferent
eliaraeter, and is a translation from the French of Sir otes
lie llranuson (.SVii'Wci/). It Is probahir that the Venus In
both poems refers to the princess Isabel of Spain.
Complaint of Philomene, The. A poem by
(ioorgc (i.'isciiigiii-, begun iu I5U2, but not com-
jiletetl until 1570.
Comus
Complaint of Venus, The. A poem by Chaucer,
ti"iTisl:itoil hy liiin lad- in life from tin- French
of tiraunsnn. It is made up of three independent bal-
lades : the title was given by the copyists as a counterpart
to the "Complaint of Mai-s," to which it is appended.
Complaint to his Purse. A poem by Chaucer,
attnbutoil to (ici-levo. It was printed before
tlie 1.532 edit ion.
Complaint to Pity. A poem by Chaucer, printed
bef(U'e 1532, and probably written about 1367.
SLiiil.
Complete Angler, The. A celebrated work
by Izank Walton, published in 1653.
CompOStela. Soc .Sonrmiin d< ('ihiiiidxIiIUi.
Compostela (k6m-p6s-ta'lii), Diego Evelino
de. Horn at Santiago de Contiiostcla. 1635:
died at Havana, Cuba, .-Vug. 27, 17(14. A Span-
ish jirelate. lie taught theology in the Cniversity of
Vall.idolid, and was viear of various parishes in Spain.
In 16S5 he was named bisliop of Cuba and Florida, a posi-
tion which lie luld until his death.
Compromise of 1850. See Omnibus Bill.
Compton (komp'ton), Henry. Born at Comp-
toii Wynyates, Warwickshire, 1632 : died at
Fulham, near London, July 7, 1713. An Eng-
lish prelate, bishop of London, ttnd youngest
son of Spencer Compton, second earl of North-
ampton. He studied at Oxford (Queen's College) and
at Cambridge ; was installed canon of C'hrist Cliureh in
1669 ; became bishop of Oxford in 1674, and bi.shop of
London in 1675 ; and was charged with tlie education of
Mary and Anne (later queens), daughters of James, duke
of York (James II.). After the accession of .lames he was
tried before Lord Chancellor Jeffreys, as head of tlie high
court of ecclesiastical cominissioti, for disobeying the
king (in refusing to suspend John Shai-p, dean of Nor-
wich), and suspended from the exercise of his episcopal
functions ; but was reinstated in 16*8. He was a vigorous
opponent of Catholicism and an influential &uppt.irter of
\Villi.ani 111.
Compton, Spencer. Born May, 1601 : killed
in the battle of Hopton Heath, March 19, 1643.
The second Earl of Northampton, a partizan
of Charles I. in his struggle with Parliament,
lie served actively in the king's army, commanding the roy-
alist forces at Hopton Heath, where he was slain.
Compton, Spencer. Born aliout 1673 : died
July 2, 1743. An English politician, third son
of the third Earl of Northampton, created Vis-
count Pevensey and earl of Wilmington in
1730. He was chosen speaker of the House of Commons
March 17, 171.5, and reelected Oct. 9, 172'2. Iu Feb., 1742,
he was appointed first loi'd of the treasury.
Comtat d' Avignon (koii-tii' dii-ven-yon') and
Comtat-Venaissin(-ve-na-san'). Two ancient
territories of southern France, lying between
Dauphin^ on the north, Provence on the east,
the Unrance on the south, and the Rhone on tlie
west. They were ceded to the popes in the 13th centui-y,
and were united to France in 1791. Tliey coriespond nearly
to the department «-if Vaucluse.
Comte (konf ), Isidore Auguste Marie Fran-
90iS Xa'Vier. Born at Montpellier, l''ranee,
Jan. 19, 1798 : died at Paris, Sept. 5, 1857. A cele-
brated French philosopher, founder of positiv-
ism. He studied two years at the Kcole Pol) technique
iu Paris (having been admitted in 1>^14), and about 1818
became the friend and disciple of Samt-Simon, whose
doctrines he undertook to expound in a work entitled
"Systcme de politique positive" in IS'2'2. This frientl-
ship teiininatcd in .a complete estrangement in 18:^4. He
was tutor at the Ecole rolytechniquc 183'2-51. His chief
works are "t^ours de philosophic positive" (1830-12), and
"Catechisme jiositiviste " (1852).
Comte de Boursoufle (kont de b6r-s(5'il), Le.
A comedy by Vol In ii'c, first produced as "t^iiand
est-co (|u'on nic marie f" Itwas privately played for
the lirst time uinier that title at tlie Chateau de cirey in
1734. and again in 1717 at the chateau d'Aiiet. Itwas pro-
duced at the Odeoii as " Le Cointc dc Uonrsoulle" iu 18(i2
as a p<ist humous play of \'oltJiire. It was really made from
the broader jiarts of Vanbrugh's " Kelapse." The Comte
de lioursonlle is a (iallieized Lord Foppiugton.
Comte de Monte-Cristo (koiit de moii'te-
kres'to), Le. A novel by Alexandie Dumas,
publishe<l in 1844: so nami'd from its liero.
Comte Ory (koi'it 6-re'), Le. An opera by Kos-
sini (words l)y Scribe and Delestre-Poirson),
produced in French at Paris Aug. 20, 1828, and
in Italian at London Feb. 28, 1829, and in French
June 20, 1849. Both words and music were adapta-
tions of works by the .>iame authors written some years
before.
Comtesse d'Escarhagnas (Ufni-tes' deskitr-
b!in-yiis'),Iia. Aconiedy by Molif-re, lirst played
for tile king at Sainl-tiermain in 1()91. The next
year it was played in Paris on Feb. 2. It is a study of
]iroviiici:il maniieis.
Comtesse de Budolstadt (k6u-tes' de rii-dol-
stiU,'), La. A novel by Geox-ge Sand, a seipiel
to "Consuelo," published in 1844.
Comus (ko'nnis). [Cir. K(j/iof.] In Inter clas-
sical mythology, the god of mirth, represented
as a winged youth.
Oomua
Oomus. A mask by Milton, presented at Ludlow
Castle Sept. 29, WM, before the Karl of Bridge-
water. It was printed in 11137. and iu his works in 1M5.
Milton is said Ui be indebted to Fletcher's "Faithful
Shepherdess " for the lyriciU portions, and for its central
situation to I'cele's "old Wives' Tale. " Geoi-ge Colnian
the elder produced an alteration of It at Covent Gaiden
in 1773.
Comyn (kum'in), Alexander. Died in 1289.
The second Karl of Buohaii, constable of Scot-
land.
Comyn, John, the elder. Died about 1300. A
Scottish noble, lord of Badenooh, and claimant
to the Scottish throne.
Comjrn, John. Died 1306. A Scottish noble
and claimant to the throne, son of John Comyn
the elder: surnamed "The Red." He was mur-
dered by Kobert Bruce.
Gonachar (kon'a-chiir). The son of the chief
of Clan yuhelo in Sir Walter Scott's " Fair Maid
of Perth." After becoming the chief himself
he realized that he was a coward, and killed
himself in despair.
Oonaire (ko-uSr'). See the extract.
A description of Cormac's person, on the occasion of his
entering a great assembly in state, tells us that the equal
of his form had never been seen, except that of Conaire
the (ireat, of Concholtar son of Nessa, or of Aengus son
of the Dagda. It is remarkable that the ancient writer
should mention these three, as they are adumbrations
of the same Kod as Coruiac. Thus I may here say, witli-
out anticipating the remarks to be presently made on the
Aengus to whcnn I have alluded, that lie w;is the constant
aider and protector of the snn-hero Diarmait. while Co-
naire was the subject of one of the most famous epic sto-
ries in Irish literature. The plot centers in Conaires
tragic death, which is brought about by the fairies of
Erinn, through the instrumentality of outlaws coming
from the sea and following tlie lead of a sort of cyclops
called Ingcel, said ta have been a big, rough, horrid mon-
ster with only one eye, which was, however, wider than an
ox-hide, blacker than tiie back of a beetle, and provided
with no less than three pupils. The death of Conaire at
his hands is one of the Celtic renderings of the story which
in it« Greek form describes the treatment of Zeus by Ty-
pho. lihys, Celtic Heathendom, p. lyfi.
Oonant (ko'naut), Mrs. (Hannah Chaplin).
Born at Danvers, Mass., iu 1809 : died at Brook-
lyn, N. Y., Feb. 18, 1865. An American writer,
wife of T. J. Conant. Her chief work is a
"History of the English Bible" (1856).
Conant, Thomas Jefferson. Born at Brandon,
Vt., Deo. 13, 1802: tlied at Brooklyn, N. Y.,
April 30, 1891. An American Baptist clergy-
man and biblical critic. He translated Gesenius's
Hebrew grammar (18.39), and published amiotated versions
of "Job '(ls.'i7), "Matthew" (1800), •'Genesis"(1868, IS7:iX
" New Testament, (.'omninn Version revised " (1871), "His-
torical Books of the Old Testament " (13S4), etc.
Concan, or Konkan (kon'kan). North and
South. A maritime region of Bombay, Brit-
ish India. It extends from Goa to the mouth of the
Iranian, along the Indian Ocean, and covers the modern
districts of Thanah and Katnagiii.
Concarneau (kon-kiir-no'). A seaport in the
department of Fiuistfere, France, 12 miles
southeast of Quimper. PopiUatiou (1891), com-
mune, .'j,991.
Concepcion (kon-sep'shon; Sp. pron. kon-thep-
the-6n'). 1. Aprovince of Chile, situatedabout
lat. 37° S. Its jirincipal product is wheat.
Area, 3,335 square miles. Population (1891),
223,8.50. — 2. The capital of the above province,
situated on the river Biobio in lat. 36° .50' S..
long. 73° 6' W. It is an important trading jilace,
through its seaport, Talcahuatio. It lias tieen several times
destroyed by earthiiuakes. Population (ls«5), 24,0(H).
3. A town in Paraguiiy. Population, 9.9.53.
Concepcion del Uruguay (did o-ro-gwi'). A
town in the province of Kntre Rios, Argentine
Republic, situated on the Uruguay north of
Buenos AjTcs. Population, 10,000.
Conceptistas (kon-thep-tes'tiis). See the ex-
tract.
At that time, and very nmch under the leading influ-
ence of Ledesrna, there was a well-known party in Spanish
literature called the "Conceptistas" ; — a sect composed,
in a considerable degree, of mystics, who expressed
themselves in metaphors and puns, alike in the pulpit
and in poetry, and whose influence was so extensive tliat
traces of it may be foniul iu many of tlie piincipal writers
of the time, including t^nevedo and Lope de Vega. Of
this school of the tlonccptistas, though tjuevedo was the
more brilliant master, Ledesrna was the original head.
TUkivir, Span. Lit., III. 16.
Concha (kon'cha), Jos^Gutierrez de la. Born
at Cordoba, Argentina, .) iiiic 4, 1H09. A Span-
ish general and .statesman. He went to Spain when
a child, entered the anny, and attained the grade *ii mar-
shal. He w;is captain-gener.'d of the Busipie Provinces
1843^0, three times captain-general of (-'uba (184i»-.''vJ,
18.'i4-59, and 1874-76), was nnule senator in 1860, minister
to France 18«'2, minister of war 1803, and was president
of the senate 18<>4-<18. In Sept., istw, <juecn Isaliella, then
in l^Yance, appointed him ju-esiilent of the council, with
full powers. i)nt he was immediately forced to resign by
the revolution whicli overthrew the monarchy.
272
Concha, Manuel de la, Marques de Buero.
Born at, Cnnloba,, Arjieiitiua, April 25, 1808:
killed at the battle of Muro, Spain, Juue 28,
1874. A Spanish general, brother of Jos^ de la
Concha.
Conchagua, Gulf of. Same as Fonscm, Gulf of.
Conchobar (kou-cho'bJir). See the extract.
Ill another cycle of stories, which may be ciilled trito-
niiui, the Celtic Zeus finds his representative in Concho-
bar mac Nessa, or Conor son of Nessa, king of Ulster.
... As in Cormac's case, a highly coUmred picture is
drawn of his reign, which the Enhenierists synchronize
with the time of Christ, holdly fixing the Ultoniau king's
death on the day of the criiciflxion.
hhySy Celtic Heathendom, p. 136.
Conchos (kon'chos). [Sp., *SheU river* (?);
fnna couvfia, shell (?).] A riverwhieh rises iu
southern Chihuahua and empties into the Rio
Grande from the soiith, opposite Presidio del
Norte iu Texas. The name was given to the river on
account of the many shells found on its shores. The trihe
of Conchos aftenvard derived its name from the stream.
Conchos (kon'chos). [So called from the I^io
Courho.s.^ A roving: Indian tribe of southern
Chihuahua and in part of Coahuila, Mexico, of
a low deirroe of culture. As atribeithasdisappeared,
as has also the language, almost totally. The Conchos
were converted, in the beginning of the 17th century, by
Tray Alonzo de la Oliva. They were first met with about
1564 by Francisco de Ibarra. They were always of a mild
and tractable disposition.
Conciergerie (k6n-syerzh-re')? La. The old
prison of the Palais de Justice in Paris, When
the palace, which was originally fortified, was inliabited
by the kings of France, the part of the building contain-
ing the home of tlie concierge of the palace received this
name. Distinguished personages occupied this oflBce,
which, in 134S, was called the "concierge-bailli." It ex-
isted tUI the Revolution, and was one of great responsibil-
ity. Among other things, the concierge had charge of all
royal prisonei-s. The Couciergeile became widely known
during the Kelgn of Terror. Tlu-ee huiKlred and twenty-
eight prisoners were butchered there in one week. The
cell occupied by Marie Antoinette was destroyed by the
Communists in 1S71, but the prison still exists.
Concinl, Ooncino. See Ancrcy Marquis d\
Concord (koug'kord). 1. The capital of New
Hampshire, situated on the Merrimac in lat.
43° 13' N,, loug. 71° 30' W. it has manufactures
of wagons, harnesses, cotton and wouleu goods, granite,
leather, etc. From 1733 to 1765 it was called Kumford. It
became a city in 1S53. Population (1890), 17,004,
2. A town in Middlesex County, Massachu-
setts, situated on the Concord River 17 miles
northwest of Boston, it was the residence of Emer-
son, Hawthorne, Thoreau, and other men of letters. The
bridge over Concord River was the scene, April 19, 1775,
of an engagement between British and Provincial troops
in the War of Independence. (See Concord, Battle of^ and
Lcxinyton.) Concord was the center of the " 'Tran-
scendental" movement about 1836-40, and later the seat of
the "Concord School of 'Philosophy. " Population (1890),
4,427.
Concord (Mass.), Battle of. One of the open-
ing skirmishes of the American War of Inde-
pendence. A body of 800 British soldiers under Lieu-
ten ant^Col on el Smith and Majur Pitcairn, detailed to
destroy military stores at Concord, met here, on April
19, 1776, after a slight engagement at Lexington (.which
see), an ai-med force of 300 Provincial troops under
Colonel Barrett and Major Buttrick. After a brisk fusil-
lade, in which several on both sides were killed and
wounded, the British retreated toward Boston by way of
Lexington, being harassed by the I'rovincials on the road
till the retreat becann- a rout.
Concord, Temple of. See Girgenti.
Concordat of 1801, The. An agreement cou-
cluded .July 15, 1801, between Napoleon Bona-
parte {then first consul) and Pius VII. it rees-
tablished the Roman Catholic Church iu France, and
granted to the government the right of appointing arch-
bishops and bisiiops, who were to be confirmed by the
Pope. It went into operation on April Hy 1802.
Concordat of 1855, The. An agreement con-
cluded at Vienna, Aug. 18, 1855, between Fran-
cis Joseph of Austria and Pius IX. It gave the
clergy control of public instruction, and placed cases of the
canon law. especially marriage atfairs, under the jurisdic-
tion of ecclesiastical courts. It was abrogated in July, l*7u.
Concordat of Francis I., The. A eonventicm
concluded in I51(j between Francis I. of France
and Leo X. it replaced the pragmatic sanction of
Bourgcs, a mndiflcation of the reformatory decrees of the
Council of Basel, which had been adopted at the Assembly
of Bourges in 1438. but which had never been recogni/t-d
by the Pope. It reestablished the annats, referred the
cavsie majnres to Rome, and gave to the king the right of
nominating bishops^
Concordat of Worms, The. A convention
coiicludcd in 1122 ln'tween the emperor Henry
V. and Calixliis II. Thf main point at issue between
the t-inprnirs and tbf pop.s. flic matter of the election of
bishops :nid alfbots, wus >.ettlfd in favor of the spiritind
power, the concordat piovidioL; that the investiture ehoiilii
be conferred, not with Mu- ring and staH". but with the
scepter. It was proviiled that the election should take
place in the presence of the emperor or his representa-
tives; that investiture by the emperor should precede
consecration ; and that ecclesiastics holding secular bene-
fices should perform feudal services. This instrument
Cond^, Princesse de
put an end to the contest regarding investiture between
the emperor and the Pope, and became a fundamental
r)rdinance of the Holy Roman Empire.
Concordia (kon-kor'di-ji). In Roman mj-thol-
ogy, the goddess of concord. There were sev-
ci'al temples to her in Rome.
Concordia, Marquis de la. Sec Ahascah
Condamine, Charles Marie de la. See La
Vondaminc.
Cond6 (kon-da'), or Conde-sur-Noireau (kon-
da'siir-nwii-ro'). A town in the de]>artnient
of Calvados, Normantly. France, situated at
the junction of the Noireau and Drouance 25
miles southwest of Caen. Population (1891),
commune, 6,764.
Cond6, or Conde-sur-l'Escaut (kon-da'sUr-les-
ko'). A town in the department of Nord,
France, situated at the junction of the Hayne
and Sehelde 8 miles north of Valenciennes. It
gave name to the princes of t'onde, aiid was noted for its
many sieges. Population (1&91), connnune, 4,772.
Cond6. Prince de (Henri I. de Bourbon).
Bom at Fert6-sous-Jouarro, Dec, 7, 1552 :
poisoned at St.-Jean-d^Ang^ly, France, March
5, 1588. A French Protestant leader, son of
the first Prince de Cond6.
Conde, Prince de (Henri II. de Bourbon).
Born at St.-Jean-d'Ang61v, France, Sept. 1,
1588: died at Paris, Dec, 1646. Son of Henri
I., prince de Conde, and father of *' The Great
Condt^." He headed a revolt against the regency dur-
ing the minority of Louis XIII., in consequence of which
he was imprisoned three years at Vincennes. He subse-
quently became a partizan of Richelieu.
Conde, Prince de (Henri Jules de Bourbon).
Born at Paris, July 29, 1643: died at Paris,
April 1, 1709. Only 'son of '* The Great Conde."
He served with distinction at the siege of Tournay in 1067,
and in 1674 participated in the battle of Senefte, on which
occasion he is said to have saved his father's life.
Conde (kon'da), Jose Antonio. Born at Para-
leja, Ciienca, about 1765: died at Madrid, Oct.
20, 1820. A Spanish Orientalist and historian.
He studied at the University of AlcaU, and obtained a
subordinate position in the Royal Library. Having in
1808 identified himself with the French party, he was
soon after promoted to librarian in chief by Joseph Bona-
parte. He was exiled on the departure of the French,
but returned in 1818 or 1810. His chief work is " Historia
de la dominacion de los Arabes en Espafia " (1820-21).
Cond6 (kon-da'), first Prince de (Louis I. de
Bourbon), Born at Vendome, May 7, 1530:
died March 13, 1569. A French general, yoiuiger
brother of Antoine de Bourbon, king of Na-
vari'e. He was one of the leaders in the conspiracy
of Amboise, the object of which was to remove Francis
II. from the influence of the Guises. At the accession of
Charles IX. he was appointed governoi- of Picardy by
Catherine de' Medici, On the massacre of the Hugueriots
at Vassy by the Duke of Guise in ]5(i3, he placed himself
at the head of a Huguenot army, with the result that he
was, after some preliminiu-y successes, captured at the
battle of Dreux, being, however, liberated in 1563 by the
treaty of Amboise. He was captured at the battle of
Jarnac, wtien, after having surrendered his sword, he was
treacherously shot by a Catholic officer.
Conde, Prince de (Louis II. de Bourbon).
called '-The Great Conde." Born at Paris, Sept.
8, 1621 : died at Fontainebleau, France, Dee.
11, 1686. A celebrated French general, called
during the lifetime of his father (Henri II.) the
Due d'Enghien. He defeated the Spaniards at Rocroi
May 19, 1643, the Imperialists at Nordlingen Aug. 3, 1645,
and the Spaniards at Lens Aug. 20. 1048, In the war of the
iYonde he was at flist loyal to the regency, but subse-
quently joined the Fronde. He defeated the army of tJie
court at Bleneau April 7, H>r»2, obtained inthesaineyearthe
chief command uf the Spanish army in the war against
France, was condemned as a traitor by the Parliament of
Paris, but was pardoned and restored to his dignities by
the treaty of the Pyrenees in 1051». He conquered Fnmche-
Comt^ in 1668, fought a drawn battle with the Prince of
Orange at Seneffe in 1674. and succeeded Tm^enne as com-
mander of the army of the iUiine in 1075,
Cond6, Prince de (Louis Joseph de Bour-
bon). Born at Paris, Aug. 9, 1736: died at
Paris, May 13, 1S18. A French general, son
of Louis Henri, duke of Bourbon, He entered
the army at the beginning of the Seven Years' War. be-
came lieutenant-general in 175s, and won a vii-tory at
Juhannibberg in 1762. During the popular agitation
which preceded the French Revolution he strenuously
opposed all measures designed to limit the privileges of
the nobility and the clergy. He emigi-atcd in 1789, and
organized a corps of emigrants, with which he joined the
Austrian army in 1702. After the peace of Canipo-For-
mioin 1797 he served with his corps in the Russian army
until th** withdrawal of Paul I. from the coalition against
Frame in isoii, when he reentereil the Austrian service.
Cunipelled by tbe peace of Lunt^ville to disband his corps,
he retired t() Knglanil, wheiu:e he returned to France on
the restoration in ISM. Author of "E.s.sai .^iir la vie du
grand Condi- " (iNUi).
Cond6. Princesse de (Louise Adelaide de
Bourbon). Born at Chantilly, France, Oct.
5, 1757 : died at Paris, March 10, 1824. Daugh-
ter of Louis Joseph de Bourbon (1736-1818).
Cond6, Princesse de
She became ahbeaa of Kfiniremont in 17M5, cmiRrat«d at
the IpLitiiininn of the t'renoh Kfvolution, :inil in 1S15 re-
turn«:<i to i'liris, wliere she bubseiiuently founileit the ru-
ligiouaoi'der of " ladonitionperpetnelle."
Conde AlarcOS (kon'iia ii-liir'kos). An old
bpuuish biilJail of unkuown autliorship. Bowring
and Lockhart tmnslated it, and Disraeli (vrolo a tragedy
with tliis suliject and title in 1839.
Condell (kuu'ciel), Henry. Died at Fulham,
Kuj,'l!in(l, Dec, 161i7. An English actor, and
one of tho two editors of tlie first folio edition
of Shakspere's plays. Ue was a member of the lord _ . , _, , j v, u- t u
ehaniherlain-8 company of players, to which Sliaksperc Confederacy, The. A comedy_ by bir John
and Burbaae also bclont-ed, and became a partner with Vaubru{»li, produeod Oct. 30, 170.5. It is a play of
the Uurbanea in the filobe Theatre in 1591>. Ue is men- contrivanco and intrifine, and is saiil to be adapted from
tloned in .-ibaksiitre's will. Dancourt's " .Modisll Citizens " (" Bourgeois ii la mode ").
Condell, Henry. Bom in 1757 : died at Bat- Confederate States of America. A confed-
tersoa, .June '2i. 1834. An English violinist crai-y of olevcn States which seceded from tho
273
league formed at Chinandega, Nicaragua, July
27, 1S42, by the delegates of Nicaragua, Hon-
duras, audSalvador. it was the result of an attempt
to reunite the states of the Central American Republic,
which had lately been dissolved. The scheme was to form
a confederation of the states, with an executive otlicer
called a supreme delegate, assisted by a delegate from
each state. The plan was rejected by Guatemala; and
though the confederacy installed a government, it was so
little regai'ded by the states that it never had any political
ctfect. After a year or two it was discontinued. This
abortive attempt is often called the "Pacto de ClUnan-
dega.''
and comjioser. He wrote overtures, glees, incidental
music for plays, and set various musical farces. His glee
" Lonil Blowe the Wynds " took the prize at the Cateh
Club in 1811.
Conder (kon'dfer), Josiah. Bom at London,
Sept. 17, 1789 : died at London, Deo. 27, 1855.
An English bookseller and writer. He edited
••The Modern Traveler" (182.5-29), etc.
Condillac (k6n-de-yiik'), Etienne Bonnot de.
Born at Grenoble, France, Sept. 30, 1715 : died
near Beaugeucy, France, Aug. 3, 1780. A noted
French philosopher, a leading advocate of
sensualism. His works include "Essai sur I'origine
des connalssances humaines" (1746), '*Trait<i des sys-
times" (1749), "Trait<S des sensations" (n,>4), "fours
d'^tudes (1769), "Le commerce et le gouvemement"
(1776), "Lalogique" (17S1X " Langue des calculs " (1798).
Condom (k6n-d6n'). A town in the depart-
ment of tiers, France, situated on tlie Baise
in lat. 43° 57' N., long. 0° 22' E. It has
a Gothic cathedral. Poptdation (1891), com-
mune, 7,405.
Condorcanqui, Jos6 Gabriel. See Tupac, imaru.
Condorcet (kcu'i-dor-.-^a'). Marquis de (Marie
Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat). Born at
Ribemoiit, near St. (jueutiu, France, Sept. 17,
1743: died at Hovu-g-la-Kciue, near Paris, March
28, 1794. A celebrated French philosopher
and mathematician. He was a deputy to the Legis-
lative Assembly in 1791, and its president 179^2, and a
deputy to the Convention inl79'2, where he sided with the
Qirondists. After the fall of the latter he was accused
(Oct. 3, 171)3) with livissot, and went into hiding in Paris
lor eight months to save his life. He foiiml shelter with
a Madame Vernet. He then left tho city, I>ut was arrest-
ed at Clamaft, near iiouri;-la-Ueinc, and imprisoned. The
next morning he was found dead, probably from poison.
He contributed to the "Encyclopedic," and wrote " Es-
quisse dun tableau hist^triipie des progr^s de I'esprit
hamain " (1794), and various mathematical works.
Oonduitt (kuu'dit), Jolin. Born at London,
1688: died there. May 23, 1737. An EngUsh
financier ami economist, the successor of Sir
Isaac Newton as master of the mint (1727), and
his nephew by marrijigc.
Oonecte, or Connecte (ko-nokf), Thomas.
Bumed at Rome, 1434. A French C'lirmeliti
Conkling
of Shantung), China, 550 or 551 B. c. : died 478
B. c. A celebrated Chinese philosopher. He
was descended from an illustrious l>ut inipoverislied family,
and in his youth was successively keeper of stores and
superintendent of pju^ks and herds to the chief of the dis-
trict in which he lived. In his twenty-second year he be-
came a teacher, and in his flfty-second was made chief
magistrate of the city of Chuug-tu. Ue was subse<iucntly
appointed minister of crime by the Marquis of Lu, but in
his tlfty-sixth year retired from office in consequence of
the intrigues of a neighboring prince. After thirteen
years of travel he returned in 46;t to Lu, where he spent
the. rest of his life in completing his literary undertak-
ings and in teaching. Among the numerous works at-
tributed to him, the most notable are the "Chun-Tsew"
and the "Four Books."
Congaree (kong-ga-re'). A river in South
Carolina, formed by the junction of the Broad
and Saluda rivers at Columbia. It unites with
the Waterce to form the Santee. Length,
government. The legislative power was vested in a Jioout u(l miles. . . , , ,
senate of 26 members, 2 from each .State (Kentucky and Congleton (kong'gl-tou). Amunicipal borough
Missouri being represented), and a representative house in Cheshire, England, situated on the river
of 108 members. Among the leading events in its history Da,jg o]^ xuWqh south of Manchester. Its lead-
were the passage of ordinances o£ secession by feouth :,,„;„.],,„*,.,, ;^ ti, „,,,„„,,«„*,,.„ „f „j]i5 Ponu-
Carolina, Dec. •2i], 1860 ; Mississippi, Jan. 9, 1861; Florida, {"K maiisti J is tue ruanuiacture oi siiK. ropu-
Jan. 10 ; Alabama, .Tan. 11 ; Georgia, Jan. 19 ; Louisiana, lation ( 1H!)J ), 10, ?44.
Jan. 20 ; Texas, Feb. 1 ; meeting of provisional congress, Congleton, Baron. See Parnell, Henry Brooke.
Montgoniory, Alabama, Feb. 4; adoption of provisional (Jgngo. ^ee Koiiiio. and Konao State.
constitution, Feb. 8; inauguration of provisiomU Presi- n,.°- „„ r.nnan' firanrio Sen Nnn .InhmUnr
dent Jelferson Davis and Vice-President Alexander H. OOngO, or l/OngO Uranae. f^eej^aojialvaaor.
Stephens, Feb. 18, 1861 ; adoption of a permanent consti- UongO xrangaiS (kon-go tron-sa ). iiee Kongo,
tution, March 11; bombardment and occupation of Fort Pretich.
Sumter, April 12-14; passage of secession ordinaiiccs by Qg.yg (kong'grev), Richard. Born at
Virginia, April 17; Arkansas, May 7; Tennessee, May 0; t "f,':7,',^-,\ T^,i„lW,i/l tJo^t d 1K1« At. Vna
passage of secession ordinances by North Carolina, May Leamington, England, Sept. 4, 1818. An Lng-
•20; removal of the capital to Richmond, July 20 ; election Jish essayist_and philosophical writer.
United States in 1860 and 1861 and formed a
cupation of Richniond by the Federals, April
of Lee's army, April 9, IM.'i ; surrender of Johnston's army,
April 26, 186:'). The eleven seceding States were readmit-
ted to the Criion from 1866 to 1870. Compare Civil War.
Confederation, Articles of. In United States
history, tho compact or constitution adopted by
the Continental Congi-ess in 1777, and ratified
by tho separate colonies within the next four
years. The government formed under this compact,
which went into eHect on JIarch 1. 1781, was without an
executive and judiciary, consisting simply of a congress
of one house, in which each State had one vote. It was
empowered to declare war and peace, make treaties with
foreign powers, direct the land and naval forces in time
of war, make reijuisitions upon the separate States for their
quotji of the money necessai-y for national expenses, regu-
late tlK' value of coin, control the postal service, etc. As
it had no iiower to enforce its laws upon the States, it soon
fell into contempt, and on JIarch 4, 1789, expired by limi-
tation under the provisions of the present Constitution.
Confession d'un Enfant du Sifecle, La. [F.,
' The Confession of a Child of the Century.']
A prose work by Alfred de Musset, published
in 1836. In it he says he endeavors to show how he
suffered for tliree years from the malady of the age —
doubt, disillusion, skepticism, and debancbeiy -and to
point out to others a way of escape.
Confessions of an English Opium-Eater. A
partly autobiographical work by De Quincey,
published in 1821.
monk, famous as a ju'caclier of moral reforms Confessions of Saint AngUStine, The. The
among the clergy and laity. He was put to
death on a charge of heresy.
Oonestoga (kon-es-to'gii.). [PI., also Conesto-
gnx; 'people of the forked root-poles.'] A
tribe *' " ' ' i- i: - <• i- n-
memoivs of Saint Augustine, written by him-
self. They are divided into 13 liooks; the first 10 treat
of the bad actions of his life, of his conversion, of the
love of pleasure, of glory, and of science. The last 3 are
an interpretation of the beginning of the book of Genesis.
f-T* ,,» • Ti- i* 11- an inieriiretiiiioii oi viic i^t.,^iiiiiiii^ ". v^.. ...j^... ... ..
North Amencan Indians forinerly l,v- Confessions, Les. An autobiograpliical work
l\.n.isylvan.aan(l Maryland, on the lower '',°^J,^,X,;"j,,;,,ues Rousseau. It is in 12 volumes,
lelianna liiver and at tlio head of Chesa- ^-J^f ^[^j^,,, ,^.^.,.^ written at Wootton, England, 17U6 07.
ingin
Susque
peake Bay. In 1675 they held land on the eastern bank
of the Potomac River in .Maryland. They were close allies
of the Dutch and Swedes, lint less constant to the English
of Nlarylanil. The Irotpiois, warring continuously witli
them, pressed them about 107.'> against the tribes t^> the
....d 6 at Dauphine and at Tryo, France, l,b.s-iU. It was
his intention that they should not bo published till 1800,
as tho persons alluded to in them were living ; but those in
charge of the .MS. imblished tho first « volumes in 1781-
17.'<'2. In j 7S.S a new edition appeare_d,coiitaining the whole.
•autliaml west, and involve4l them in war with Maryland ConfinCS, AudicnCCOf the. \ii\^.AudicncUl deUi.
AH. I \ri...->.. ... <i.3....> till... nKn .iil.iiii.rl flii.ir i>iii,,,tr-v a,,il -, ,,,, ,^i :..l. .^.^....1- ^P t~^r^..
and Virginia, wjien they abandoned their country and
fled to the Roanoke, but were forced to submit to the Iro-
quois and return to tlie Sus4|Uehanna. See Iroquoian.
Oonewango Creek (kon-e-wong'go krok). A
stream in western New York and Pennsylvania.
It is the outlet of Chautauqua I.ake. and Joins the Alle-
gheny River at Warren, Pennsylvania,
Coney Island (ko'ui i'land). A seaside resort
at the soutliwestern e.xtreraity of Long Island,
10 miles south of New York. It comprises the
('Dnliiiis'.l Tlie suprciiie Spanish court of Cen-
tral America. Itwasestablishedinl.'i4'2,andhcldit8flist
sitting at Gracias A bios in IM.'i; the seat was cliangeil . , _, mi,„„„ „<•
to Guatemala in 1649, transferred to Panama in 1.V4, and ConingSDUrgh, IhanO 01.
returned in 1070 to Guatemala, where it remained until the Coningsby ( kon 'ingz-lii ).
revolution. Its jurisdiction at first embraced Chiapas. •• •'•
Yucatan, all of Central America, and the isthmus; al
the end of the lOtli century the isthmal portion was trans-
ferred U> the new audience of Panama. The Audience of
the Confines freiiuently appointed temporary governors.
It is often spoken of as the "Auilience of Guatemala."
Manhattan, Brighton, and West End beaches, and has (JouflanS-rArche'Vique (kijh-flon'larsh-vak')
been developed since 1874.
Confederapao do Equador (kon-fo-de-rii-siin'
doa-kwii ili>r'). [I'g-.' League of the Equator.']
The naiiie given to a i>olitical league formed
at Pernambuco, Brazil, in 1824, witli the object
of throwing off allegiance to tho emperor, and
establishing a rejiiiblic. The revoltwaa proclaimed
by Manuel do Carvaibo I'ai^s ilu Andrade and his assnci.
atcs on July 2, I.S24. Rio Grande do Norte, t'earA, and
I'arahyba ailhered to it, and Carvaibo was made actiir.:
president. Tlie revtililtionistswere coinpiered after some
fighting In Oct., I8'24,
Confederacion Centro- Americana (kon-M-
THa-rii-l lie-oii' theii'l lo-il-iriii-re-kii'nii). [Sp.,
' Central- American Confederation.'] A political
18
itiiated 3 miles southeast of Paris.
,oui3 XI. signed a treaty making eerlain con-
.\ vilhigi
Here, in 1461, ^--
cessions to the leaders of the "League of the rnbhe Good,
ConflanS (koii-iloh' ), Treaty of. A treaty con-
cluded in Oct., 1465, between Louis XI. of
l''i'aneo and the dukes of Bourbon, Brittany,
and Burgundy, according to which Normnndy
was c(!d(Ml to the Duke of Biu'ry, and tlie ■' Wn-r
of the Public Good" ended. It was conlinned
by tlie treatv of Peronne, 1468.
Confucius (kou-fa'shius). [Latinized form of
Chin. A" ««(/-/«-<.;« (last syllable is also written
-tsc, -l:e, etc."), ' Kung the philosopher.'] Born
in the principality of iiu(the modern proviuci^
tist, one of the greatest writers of comedy.
Soon after his birth his parents removed to Ireland, where
his father became commander of the garrison at Youghal
and also agent of the E;irl of Cork. He was educated at a
school in Kilkenny (where Swift was one of his school-
fellows) and at Trinity College, Dublin. After a brief
period devoted to the study of law, he applied himself
chiefly to literature until about 1700, but after this year
wrote little or nothing. He filled several uniiii]iorf ant of-
fices—that of commissioner for licensing hackney-coaches,
from July, 1095, to Oct., 1707; that of commissioner of
wine licenses from Dec, 1705, to Dec., 1714 ; and that of
secretary for Jamaica from 1714. His plays include "The
Old Bachelor" (acted Jan., 169:S), "The Double Dealer"
(Nov., 1693), "Love for Love " (April, 1695), "The Mourn-
ing Bride " (1697), and " The Way of the Worid " (1700). Be-
sides his plays he wrote a novel (his first liter.ary work)
entitled "Incognita, or Love and Duty reconciled"; a
reply to Jeremy Collier's attack upon him in his work on
the immorality of the stage, called "Amendments of Mr.
Collier's False and Imperfect Citations" ; and a few pro-
logues and unimportant operas. The first collected edition
of his works was published by him in 1710. He is celebrated
especially for the brilliancy of his style and the wit and
vigor of his dialogues. His work is marred by the .almost
total absence of fine moral feeliug, as well as by the
coarseness common in his day.
Congreve, sir William. Born at Woolwich,
England, May 20, 1772: died at Toulouse,
France, May 16, 1828. An English engineer,
best known as tho inventor of the Congreve
rocket. He was appointe<I, April, 18U, comptroller of
the royal laboratory at Woolwich, in which olfice he suc-
ceeded his fafber, Lieutenant-General Sir William Con-
greve. lie pnlilisbed a number of works on economical
and technological topics.
Coni. See ('unco.
Conibos (ko-ne'bos). A tribe of Indians in
eastern Pern, inhabiting a region on the mid-
dle course of the river Ucayale. They are allied to
the I'ain'S, Sipiltos, and other tribes of the tJcayale. For-
merl.\ the I '.,iiibosocen|>ied a large portion of file Pampas
del s'aerainento. They were agriculturists, and had fixed
villages. The S])aniah inissionaries visited them as early
as 1683, but their inllnrnee was long resisted. In 1095 In-
dians of this tribe killed Father Richler, and later the mis-
sionaries were drivin out allogetber. The Conibos are now
partially civilized, anil are offcn enqiloyed as canoemcn
and rubber-gatherers. They are the most numerous of the
Ucayale tribes. Also formerly called Maiioas. See i'on««.
^ " See .itlitiitiinc.
J ^ ,,.. ., A political novel by
Benjaliiin Disraeli', publishefl in 1844.
Conington (ko'ning-tou). John. Born at Bos-
ton, England, Aug. I'i), 1825: died there, Oct.
23, 1869. An English classical scholar, a gradu-
ate of Oxford, where he becatue, in 18154, pro-
fessor of llie Latin latiguage and literature.
He published an edition and translation of the "Agamem-
non " of .Eschylus(184S), an edition of the "Choephori" of
.F.scliylus (1857). a translation, in verse, of the "Odes of
Horace " (1803). a translation in ballad meter of \ergirs
".Eneid " (186(i), an eilition of Vergil, etc.
Coniston (kon'is-ton) Lake. A lake in Lan-
casliiie, Knghmd, one of the system of the Eng-
lish liikc dislricl, (> tniles southwest of Amble-
side, jyeiiglh, 5J miles.
Coniston Old Man. A mountain near the head
of ('(inistoii l^ake. Meiglit. 2,.575 feet.
Conkling (kongk'ling), Roscoe. Born at Al-
banv, N. V., Oct. 30, 18'.".); died ;il New York,
April 18, 1888. An American politician. He
Conkling
was member of Congress (Ripublican) from New York
1859-63 and 1SU5-U7, and was Initeil States senator from
New York 1807-81, when he resiuiied in cnnstMiuence of a
dispute with President tJarlielil eonccrning the Federal
patronage in tlie State of New Vork, w hieh he and his eol-
league, Tlionias C. Piatt, claimed the rij;lil tocontiol. The
President having appointed William 11. Riiliertson, an op-
ponent of Conkling. to the LoUeitorshipof the port of New
York, the latter opiwsed the coJitirmatiun of the appoint-
ment by the Senate, on the ground that he and his col-
league had not been consulted by the President as to the
disposition of the colkctorship. On the contlrmation of
the appointment, both he and his C"lle;igne resigned their
seats with a view to administering a rebuke to the Pnsi-
derjt by securing a prompt reelection, but were defeated
by Warner Jliller and Elliridge c:. Laplinm.
Conn. The Shaughraun iu Dion Boucicanlt's
play of that name: a gay, careless good-for-
iiothiug.
Conn (kon), Lough. A lake in County Mayo,
Ireland.
Connaught (kon'at). [Ir. Connacht.'] Thewest-
erumost province of Ireland, lying between the
Atlantic Ocean on the north ami west. Ulster
and Leinster on the east, and Mnnster on the
south. It comprises the counties Galway, Mayo, Sligo,
Roscommon, and Leitrim. It ceased to be a kingdom and
was divided into counties in 1590. Population (1S91X
721.774.
Connecticut (ko-net'i-kut). A state in Now
England, and one of the 13 original States of the
American Union, lying between Massachusetts
on the north, Rhode Island on the east, Long
Island Sound on the south, and Xew York on
the west. It is di\ided into 8 counties, and has 4
representatives. 2 senators, and t» electoral votes. Its sur-
face is hilly. Its chief rivers :u-e the Thames, Connecti-
cut, and Housatonic, the v;illey of the Connecticut being
its most fertile region. Its chief agiaeultuml products are
cereals aud ^lbacc^', and its leading manufactures are hard-
ware, firearms, silks, cotton and woolen goods, and clocks.
The capital is Uar,ft>td. It was settled by the Dutch at
Hartford in 16;J3, and by M;issachusetts colonists in the
Connecticut valley iu !ria6-3t>. Separate English colonies
were formed at .Saybroi>k between ltS6 and Itill, and at
New Haven in 1638. Chiurles n. granted a charter to the
Connecticut and New Haven colonies in lft!2, and their
uuion was soon .after completed. The present constitu-
tion was adopted in 1818. 'Ihe Pequot war occurred iu
1637. The State is often nicknamed the " Nutmeg State."
from an alleged custom of its merchants of manufacturing
nutmegs out of wood ; also called the '* Land of .Steady
Habits," from the stringency of the so-called " Blue Laws."
which enjoined a risid code of morals on its inhabitants.
Area. 4,'.lfl0 square miles. Populatioii (1890), 716.25S.
Connecticut River. [Ind. Qimnel-tacat, long
river.] A river of New England, which rises
in northern New Hampshire, separates Ver-
mont from New Hampshire, flows through Mas-
sachusetts aud Connecticut, and empties into
Long Island Sound at Saybrook, iu lat. 41° 10'
N.. long. li° 21' W. On it are situated Northampton,
Holyoke, SpringfleM. Hartford, and Middletown. Length,
about 500 Tiiiks ; navigable for small vessels to Hartford.
Connellsville (kou'elz-vU). A borough of Fay-
ette Coiuity, Pennsylvania, situated on the
Youghiogheuy River 58 miles -southeast of Pitts-
burg. It is noted for its coke manufacture.
Population (1890), 5,629.
Connemara (kon-e-ma'ra). A ilistriet in the
western part of Galway, Ireland, noted for it.-,
picturesque scenery.
Conner (kon'er), David. Born at Harrisburg,
Pa., about 1792: died at Philailelphia, Pa..
March 20, 1856. An American naval com-
mander. He served in the War of 1812 and in
the Mexican war.
Connoisseur (kon-i-stU-' or -ser'). The. A peri-
o(U<'al begun on Jan. 31, 1754, by George Col-
man the elder and Bonuell Thornton, and
continued weekly for three years, in this peri-
odical in 17i>6 appeared the first publications of William
Cowper. His first paper wa-s (Uj " Keeping a Secret."
Connor (kon'or), or O'Connor (6-kon'or), Ber-
nard. Born in the county of Kerry, Ireland,
about 1666: died at London, Oct., 1698. An
Irish physician and historian. He was the author
of " Dissertationes Medico- Physicre "(l(j95), " Evangelium
Metlici," etc. (1697) (written to prove that the miracles of
Christ and his apostles can be explained on natural
groundsX a *' Histor>- (.f Poland "(1698), etc. He received
his technical education in France, was appinnted physi-
cian to King Johu Sobieski, lectured on contemp<trary
medical discoveries at Oxford, and acquired a high repu-
tation as a pnictitioner.
Connubio (kon-uii'be-o). [It., 'marriage.'] In
Sardinian polities, the union of the left-center
faction (luider Rattazzi), in the chamber, with
the right-center (under flavour), about 18!>2.
Conolly(kon'ol-i). John. Bom at Market Rasen.
Lincolnshire. England, May 27, 1794: died at
Hanwell. near London. March 5. 1866. An Eng-
lish physician. He was professor of the practice of
medicine in I'nivereity I'dlege, london. 1828-.iO, and di-
rector of the insane asylum at Hanwell l&t:>-44. where he
inllxMluced the principle ul "ni)n restniint ' \i.r., the aban-
donment of restraint by strait-waistcoats and the like)
in Ihe cju-e of the patients. His humanitarian labors were
widely inllnential.
274
Conon (ko'non). [Gr. Kwuv.j Died, probably
ill Cyprus, after 392 B. C. An Athenian com-
mander. He serveil in the Peloponnesian war, defeated
the Spartan tleet olf Cnidus in 394, aud restored the forti-
fications of Athens and the Pineus in .'^93.
Conoy (ko'noi). A tribe of North American
Indians, first known as Piscataway. living in
1634 on the Piscataway River in JIaryland. Its
name is derived from a word meaning 'long.'
See AUjnnquian.
Conqueror (kong'ker-or). The. A popular sur-
name of William I. of England.
Conquest (kong'kwest), Mrs. A character in
Cibber's comedy "Love's Last Stake."
Conquest of Granada, The. 1. The second
title of ••Almauzor and .-Vlmahyde" by Dryden,
by which it is usually known. — 2. .\ chronicle
by Washiiij'ton Irving, published in 1829.
Conquista, La, Duke of. See Castro y Figucroa
Salasnr, Pedro dc.
Conrad (kon'rad) I. [ML. Conradus, from
OHG. Kaimrat, Chuonrat, It. Conrado, Corrado,
Sp. Conrado, G. Konrad, AS. Cenrcd : 'bold in
counsel.'] Died Dec . 23. 918. King of Germany
911-918. On the extinction of the Caroliugian house in
Germany with the death of Louis the Child in 911. the
election fell upon Conrad, duke of Franconia. During his
reign the country was invaded by the Danes, Slavs, and
Magyars, and he was constantly at war with his own sub-
jects" iu a vain endeavor to enforce the recognition of his
sovereignty, especially from Henry, duke of Sa.xony, sou
of Otto the Illustrious.
Conrad II, Died at Utrecht, .June 4, 1039.
King of Germany 1024-39. aud Roman emperor,
called "The Salian": founder of the Franco-
nian or Salian dynasty. He marched into Italy
1026, brought the rebellious* cities of Pavia and Ravenna
to submission, aud was crowned emperor at Rome 1027.
He put down a rebellion of his stepson Ernst, duke of
Swabia, 1025-30, made an inroad into Hungary 1030, re-
gained Lusatia from the Poles 1031, and made himself
m.aster of Burgundy (i'. e., the kingdom of Aries) 1033-34.
He marched into Italy a second time 1036, but was com-
pelled by the successful opposition of Milan to acknow-
ledge by the constitution of May 28, 10,'57, the hereditary
character of all Italian fiefs, whether held immediately
of the crown or not.
Conrad III. Born 1093: died at Bamberg,
Germany, Feb. 15, 1152. King of Germany
1138-52. founder of the Hohenstaiiten d\^lasty.
He was elected in an irregular manner by the party op-
posed to the house of Saxony, which gave rise to a war
with the rival candidate Henry the Proud, duke of Saxony
and Bavaria. The war was continued after Henry's death
(1139) by his brother Welf VI., whence arose the part>
names of the Ghibellines (Itjilian coiTuption of the name
of the Hohenstaufen castle Waiblingen)and the Welfs or
Cuelphs. Conrad defeated Welf at Weinsberg in 1140, and
t'lok part (1147-19) in the second Crusade.
Conrad IV. Born at Andria, Italv, April 25 (or
27), 1228: died at Lavello, Italy, May 21, 12;>4.
King of Germany, second son of Frederick II.
whom he succeeded in 1250. The imperial crown
was contested by William, couut of Holland, who main-
tained himself by the aid of the Ciuelphs. In 1251 Conrad
undertook an expedition into Italy to enforce his right of
succession to the crown of the Two Sicilies. He is said to
have died of poison, leaving his infant son Conradin as the
l:ist heir of his race. The throne was occupied as regent
by his illegitimate brother Manfred. See Mat\fred.
Conrad (kon'rad), Karl Emanuel. Bom at
Berlin. March 30, 1810 : ilied at Cologne, .July
12, 1873. A German architectural painter and
aquarellist. His chief work is the •' Cathedral
of Cologne " (in the Vatican).
Conrad, Marquis of (Tvre and f) Montferrat.
Died at T\Te, April 28, 1192. A famous Cru-
sailer. He successfully defended TyTe against Saladin
in 1187; married Isabella, a younger daughter of Amalrie
I. of Jerusalem, in 1190: and at the time of his death by
the hand of an assassin had just been elected king of
.lerusjilem.
Conrad (kon'rad), Robert Taylor. Bom at
Philadelphia, June 10. 1810: died at Philadel-
phia, June 27, 18.58. An .Vmerican jurist and
dramatist. He published the tragedy of "Ayl-
mere" in 1852.
Conrad, Timothy Abbott. Born in New Jer-
sey, 1803 : died at Trenton, N. J., Aug. 8, 1877.
.\n American i)aleontologist. He was paleontolo-
gist of the New York lieological Survey 1838-41. His works
include *' Fossil Shells of the 'Tertiary Formations of
North America" (18:i2), -Paleontology of the State of
New York " (1838-40).
Conrade (kon'rad). A follower of Don John
in Shakspere's "Much Ado about Nothing":
the bastard lirother of Don Pedro.
Conradin (kon'rii-den ) (Conrad V.). Born near
Landsliut, (jermanv, Marc'h 23. 12.52 : beheaded
at Naples, Oct. 29." 1268. Duke of Suabia, son
of Conr.id IV.. and last of the Hohenstaufen.
In 1268 he failed in .an attempt to recover the Tw-o Sici-
lies from Ihe usurper Charles of Anjou : was captured at
Tagliacozzo; and was executed.
Conrart (koii-riir'), Valentin. Born at Paris,
1603: died Sept. 23, 1675. A French litterateur,
Constable, Henry
one of the founders of the French Academy, of
which he was secretary 1634-75.
Conring (kon'ring), Hermann. Bom at Nor-
den. East Friesland, Nov. 9, 1606: died at
Helmstedt, Briinsnick, I)ec.l2, 1681. .\German
physician, scholar, writer on jurisprudence,
and miscellaneous author. He becima prof essor of
natural philosophy at Helmstedt 1632, of medicine 1636,
aud later of politics. In 1660 he became privy councilor
of the Duke of Brunswick. He was (1658) private physi-
cian of Charles X. (iustavus of Sweden. He wrote "De
origine juris Germanici " (1643), " Exercitationes de repub-
lica (jermanica " (1675X etc.
Consalvl (kon-sal've). Ercole. Bom at Rome,
June 8, 1757: died at Rome, Jan. 24, 1824. A
Roman cardinal aud statesman. He was secretary
of state to Pius VII. IsiKMKi and 1S14-23, and concluded a
concordat with Napoleon iu 1801.
Conscience (kon-syons'), Hendrik. Bom at
Antwerp, Dec. 3, 1812: died at Brussels, Sept.
10,1883. A Flemish novelist. lie was first ateacher,
then entered the army as a volunteer. In 1845 he became
prof essor at the University of Ghent, and in 1868 custodian
of the Wiertz Museum in Brussels. In 1837 appeared his
first novel (the first, also, in modem Flemish). "In't Won-
derjaer 1566 "("In the Year of Marvels 1.t66"'). It was
followed, the same ye;u-, by "Phantazy," a volume of
short stories, and in 1S3S by the novel ''De leeuw van
Ma;mderen" ("The Lion of Haiiders"). In 1841 he was
made secretai-y of the Academy of .\rts at Antwerp, which
position he held until 1854. In 1857 he became a civil
official in Courtray. His most celebrated works are sto-
ries of Flemish life. Among them are "Hoe men schilder
wordt" ("How One becomes a Painter," 1S43), '• De arme
edelman " (" The Poor Nobleman," 1851), "Het geluk van
ryktezyn' ("The Good Fortune to be Rich," 1855). More
recent are, among others, "De burgemeester van Luik"
("The Burgomaster of Litge '), "De jungeDokter" (" The
Young Doctor"), "Benjamin van Vlaanderen," the last
from 1880.
Conscience Whigs. A faction of the ^V^ug
party in Massachusetts who were opposed to
the Cotton Whigs on the slavery question,
about 1850.
Conscious Lovers, The. A comedy by Steele,
produced iu 1722. It was taken from Terence's "An-
uria." In this play Steele attempted to free the stage
from its indecencies.
Consensus Genevensis (kon-sen'sus jen-e-
ven'sis). A confession of faith, drawn up by
Calvin, which was dedicated by the pastors of
Geneva to the syndics and council of the city,
Jan. 1, 1552. It was occasioned by Calvin's dispute
with Bolsec, who denied the doctrine of reprobation, and
was designed to unite the Swiss churches on the subject
of predestination, but failed to acquire symbolical author-
ity outside Geneva.
Consensus Tigurinus (kon-sen'sus tig-u-ri'-
nus). A confession of faith drawn up in 1549
at Zurich (L. Tigurium) by Calvin, in concert
with Bullinger and the pastors of Zurich, for
the purpose of uniting the Swiss churches on
the doctrine of the Lord's Supper. It was pub-
lished in 1551, and was adopted by aU the Re-
formed cantons except Bern.
Conservative Club, The. A London political
club established in 1.840. The number of mem-
bers is 1.200.
Conservative Party, The. See Tories.
Consid^rant ikdn-se-da-rou'). Victor. Bom
Oct. 12, 1808: died Dec. 27. 1893. A French
socialist, a disciple of Fourier. He was accused
of high treason in 1849, aud fled to Belgium ; from there he
went to TexiiS, where (after returning once to Brussels)
he sought to establish a socialistic society near San .\uto-
nio. He returned to France in 1869. His works include
"La destinee sociale" (1834-38), etc.
Consolato del Mare (kon-so-la'to del mji're).
[It., lit. ' consuliite of the sea.'] A code of mar-
itime law, supposed to be a compilation of the
law and trading customs of varions Italian
cities, as Venice, Genoa, Pisa, and Ainalfi,
together with tho.se of the cities with which
they traded, as Barcelona, Marseilles, etc. It«
precise date is unknown, but a Spanish edition of it was
published at Barcelona at the end of the 13th or the be-
ginning of the 14th century. It has formed the basis of
most of the subsequent compilations ^>f maritime law.
Constable (kun'sta-bl), Archibald. Bom at
('urnlne, Fifeshire, Scotland. Feb. "24, 1774:
died at Edinburgh, July 21, 1.827. A noted
Scottish publisher, founder of the "Edinburgh
Reriew" (1802), and publisher of most of the
works of Sir Walter Scott from 1805 until he
became bankrupt in 1826. The faUure of Constable
and Co.. with that of .lames Ballantyne and Co., printers,
involved Scott in a biss of tl20,tXI0. He edited the "Chron-
icle of Fife, being the Diary of Johu Lamont of Newton (rom^
HW9 to 1672 "(1810). and wrote a" MemoirofGe»>rgeHeriot."
Constable, Henry. Born at Newark. England,
1562 : died at Liege. Belgium, Oct. 9. 1613. An
English poet, son of Sir Robert Constable of
Newark. Ue was graduated at Cambridge (St. .lohn's
College) in 1680. becjime a Roman Otholic ; and f.ir the
greater part of his later life resided in Paris oecnpieii with
political attains and especially with schemes for promot-
ing the interests of Catholicism. In 1603 he came to Lon-
Constable, Henry
don, and was for a sliort time coiilined in the Tower. He
pu)>li8hc(l ill iriO*^ a colli-ctioii u( 2a sonnets entitled " Di-
ana : tile I'raiscB of liis ilistress in certaine sweete Son-
nets by II. r."
Constable, John. Bom at East Bergholt, iu
!Suircilk,EnKl;iii(l,.Iiinpll, 1776: died at London,
March 30, 1S37. A noted Englisli laiidscapo-
paiiiter. His fattier was a miller. In 1799 lie became
a student at the Royal Academy ; in 1802 exhibited his
first picture; in 1819 became an associate of the Royal
Academy ; and in 1829 became a royal academician. Uo
was thoroughly EiikMsIi: no foreign master inttuenced
him, and rustic life furnished his inspiration and material.
He obtained little recognition in his own country during
his lifetime, but was highly appreciated in France, where
his work produced a notable effect.
Constance (kon'stans). [ME. Ciistance, OF.
Ciistdiin, F. ('Diistinice, Sp. Costen;a, ('<<.sf«H.n,
1'K- i'oiislitnriii, It. Costamn, G. Votistanx , L.
Con.iUintUi, lit. 'constancy.'] 1. In Chaueor's
"Man of Law's Tale," the unjustly accused
daughter of the Roman emperor. She is cleared
and man-ieil to King Alia. — 2. In Shakspere's
"King .lolm," the inotlier of Ai'thiir, duke of
Bretagne. — 3. Tin* Northern Lass, in Brotne's'
play of that naino. — 4. Tlie daughter of Xone-
such, in love with Loveby, in Dryden's play
"The Wild dallant."— 5". The .laughter of
Fondlovo in Sheridan Knowles's comedy "The
Love Chase." ller love-affair with Wildrake is
not unlike that of Beni'dick and Beatrice. — 6.
The daughter of the I'rovost of Bruges, in G.
W. LovcU's iilay of that name. She goes mad
»ud dies when legally proved to lie a serf.
Constance, or Custance, Dame Christian. A
richand beautiful widow iu Udall's play " Kalph
Koister Doister."
Constance de Beverley. See Beverley.
Constance. The southeastemmost district of
Baden. Area, 1,009 square miles. Popula-
tion (1890), l'Sl,770.
Constance, (». Konstanz (kon'stants), some-
times Kostnitz (kost'nits). A city of Badeu.
situated on Lake Constance, at its outlet into
the Untersee arm. in lat. 47° 38' N.,long. 9°
11' E. It is noted for its cathedral and its merchants*
hall (Kaufhaus). The cathedral was founded in the 11th,
but rebuilt early in the Kith century. The conspicuous
tower and spire are modern. The doors of the chief en-
trance bear remarkable carvings of the life of Christ in 20
oaken panels dating from 1470. The richly sculptured
stalls are of the same date. There are other interesting
sculptures, and a handsome fragment of the cloister. In
the iith century t'onstance became the seat of a bishopric,
which was suppressed in 1802. It w:is an imperial city
in the middle ages, but was antiexed to Austria about
IMS, and was .eded to l!a<len in 180.5. Here Huss (1415)
and-lerome of Fnigne(14in)diedatthe stake. Population
(18^1), comniunc, l(3,2:i5.
Constance, Council of. An important council
of the Komaii Catholic Church, held 141-4-18.
Its objects were the healing of the papal schism, the sup-
firession of the Bohemian hei:esy, and the reformation of
he church. It condemned to death Hiiss in 141.5, anil
Jerome of Tragiie in 1410, and elected Martin V. as pope iu
1417.
Constance, Treaty of. A treaty of peace con-
cluded tictweeii Ki-ederick Barbarossa and the
Lombard Le.-igiie in llKli, at the expiration of
the truce established after the defeat of the em-
peror at Legiuino in 1 17(). Frederick renounced all
the regalian rights which he claimed in the cities of the
League, iiieludirig those of levying war, erecting fortifica-
tions, and administering civil and criminal justice. The
cities acknowledged the ovcrlordship of the emperor,
wlii.h I'anied with it the obligation to furnish the cus-
toiiKiiy triliiites of provision during his residence in Italy,
to suffer the chief magistrates in every city to receive the
investiture of olllce from an imperial legate, and to ac-
ci'pt in every city an imperial judge of appetd in civil
causes.
Constance, Lake of, g. Bodensee (bo'den-za).
A lake lying between Switzerland, Baden,
Wiirtemberg, Bavaria, ami \'orarlberg: the
Latin Brigantiuiis Lacus. Tlie northwestern nar-
rowed arm is freiiucntly known as the Uberlingersee ; the
western arm is called the tintersee or Zellersee. It Is
traversed by the Uhine. Length, 40 miles ; greatest
breadth, 6 8 miles. Area, 208 sonare miles. Elevation
above sea-level, 1,300 feet. Depth, 900 feet.
Oonstancio {kon-stAii'soo), Francisco Solano.
Born at Lisbon, 1777: died at Paris, Dee. '1\.
1H4(). .\ Portugtiese physician and atttlior.
lie traveled extensively in Lnriiiio and North America;
was illploniatic agent of Portugal in Paris 1820; and was
inlnistiT to Washington 1822-29. Subsequently he resided
in Paris. Constancio'a works are now little esteemed.
The best-known are his "Novo dlcclonario critico e ety-
inc.l.iglco da lingua Portngncza" (18;«1 and 1844) and
"llisloriii do llrasil" (2 vols. ISH'.l).
Constans (kon'stanz) I., Flavins Julius.
Horn about :i20: died near IllilitU'is (Helena),
(iinil, 3;"i0. Roman emperor, youngest of the
three sons of (Vinstantine the fireat ami
Fausta. He received, in the division of the empire In
337. Italy, .\friea, and western Illyrlrnm. In 340, hav-
ing snccessfully resisted the invasion of his brother Con-
275
Constantinople
against the Arabs in Syria. He was poisoned by his son
and successor, Romanus II. Ho was a liberal patron of
learning, an<l himself holds a high rank in literature as
the author of a treatise on the government and one on
the themes or provinces of the empire ("De adminis-
trando iiuperio"and " De thematibus "), and other works.
stantine, who fell in battle, he madehimself master of the
whole West. In 350 Magnenlius usurped the throne, and
Constans w.as slain by his emissaries.
Constans II., Flavins Heraclius (originally
Heraclius). Bom Nov. 7, 630: killed at Syra-
cuse, July 15, 668.
(iG8, son of Constant
ecus conquered Rhodes, ,...,,., ,..„.... v. ..... . - ., , . ,o ro ^i •! i' e
liyzantine dominions in northern Italy. He favored the zautine emperor 1448-53, the last emperor 01
Jlonothelites, and, in order to put an end to the contro- Constantinople. He was killed at the taking
versy between them and the orthodox, issued an edict ^.f f i.« eitv bv Mohammed 11.
■ " ""■ '" A king of Scotland
reigning at
"rsxssi'sia '•.'T'S^tB'w^s'; wrt?!. r,r a^ciS? t^
He studied UMiler Cal.anel at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, and grandson of Constantino 1.
in ISOli exliil.lted his tirst picture, "Hitmlet et le Roi," at ConStantineNikolayevitch (SOU of Nicholas).
the Salon. He b.as since exhibited "Trop tard;;^ (1870). JJorn at St. Petersburg, .Sept. 21, 1827: died
Emperor of the East 641- Co^gt^ntine XIII. PalaeologUS. [Gr. l> Ha/.a-o.
itino ill. In Ins reign the Ssu-a- """tY, i-.m. i;„ i if.,,- oo lA-.i Hit
s, and the I„imbards most of the '<"}"?■] Born 1394 : died May 29, 14.)3. By-
n northern Italy. He favored the zantine emperor 1448-53, the last
.irder to put an end to the contro- Constantinople. He was killed a
md the orthodox. Issued an edict j ^, jj ^ Mohammed 11.
wnicn loioaue nil .ooBloUS discussion. n x i- T r>- JOTO Al,;«„
Constans. The grandfather of King Arthur, C,<>OStantine I. Died 8<9. A king
celebrated in the Arthurian romances. ."°'-'l» °i ^^^J'"''^^ """^ ^^^^^^'
"Samson t-t Delilah "(1872), " Bouchers maiires JiTanger'
(1873), "Carrofour Ji Tanger" (1874), "Mohained II., le 29
Mai, UfiS" (1S7H), "Favorite de r<5mir" (1870), "La ven-
tTL-anee du ch(^rif " (1885), *■ Victrix" (1890). etc.
Constant de Rebecque, Henri Benjamin.
Born at Lausanne, Switzerland. 0(_'t. 2^, 17(>7:
(lied at Pans, Dee. 8, 1S30. A French political
writer, orator, and politician. He settled in I7!>r»
at Paris :i8 the protege of iladame de Stael, and was a
menibor uf the Tribunate 1799-1&02. when he was banished
by Napoleon Bonaparte. He returned in 1S14, but accepted
ottice under Najtoleon during the Hundred Days, with the
result that on the return of the BoiU'bons he was again
compelled to go intx) exile, whence he returned in 1816.
He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies 1819-30.
His chief works are "Cours de politique constitution-
nellc** (1818-20) and " De la religion considdrce dans sa
source, sji forme etson developpement" (1823-25).
Constantina (kou-stjin-te'na). A town in the
province of Seville, Spain. Population (1887),
11,953.
Constantina (kon'stan-tin) I. (Flavius Vale-
rius AureliusConstantinus), surnamed "The
Great." Born probably at Naissus (Nissa),
Upper Mtcsia, in Feb., 272 a. d. : died at Nico-
media, Bithynia, May 22, 337. Roman emperor.
He was the eldest son of the Augustus Constantius Chlorus
by his tlrst wife Helena, and was appointed Caesar at the
death of his father in 306. About 3u8 he was recognized
as Augustus by the Augustus ilaximlan, whose daugliter
Kausta he married (his first wife having died). In 310
(309'.'') he putto death Maximian, who was implicated in a
plot to excite a rebellion among his subjects. He de-
feated in 312, near Rtmie, the Augustus Maxentius, who
was killed in tlie pursuit. Before thiJ
Jan. 24, 1892. Grand Duko of Russia, younger
brother of the czar Alexander n. He com-
manded the fleet in the Baltic 1854-55, and
was f^ovemor of Poland 18G2-63.
Constantino Pavlovitch (son of Paul). Born
at St. Petersburg, May 8, 1779: died at Vitebsk,
Russia, June 27, 1831. A grand duke of Rus-
sia, younger brother of the czar Alexander I.
He served with distinction under Suvaroff in Italy hi
1799, was present at the battle of Austerlitz 1805. accom-
panied Alexander I. in the campaigns of 1812-14, and was
appointed commander-in-chief in Poland in 1816. He
married in 182u a Polish lady, the Countess Johanna
Crudzinsifa, having obtained a divorce from his fli-st wife,
the Princess Juliana of Saxe-Coburg ; and renounced hia
right of succession to the Russian throne Jan. 26, 1822.
His strict militiU'y rule provoktd an insurrection in Poland
(Nov. 29, 1830). In the war which followed he played a
subordinate part, and retired to Vitebsk, where he died
of cholera.
Constantine (k6n-st6n-ten'). The eastern-
most department of Algeria, lying between the
Mediterranean on the north, Tunis on the east,
and Algiers on the west. Aiea, 73,929 square
miles. Population (1891). 1,714,539.
Constantine. The capital of the department
of ('onstantine, Algeria, situated in lat. 3(1° 21'
N.. long. 6° 35' E. : the ancient Cirta. The sea
port for its foreign trade is Philippeville. ('onstantine is
a great trading center, especially for grain. It was re-
built by Constantine, and was captured by the French
1837. Population (1891), commune, 46,^81.
s battle, according to Constantinople (kon-stan -ti -no ' pi). Turk,
tradition, the BigTi^of a cro.S3 appeared in tho_heayens,_with gt^mljul (sUim-bol'), or Istambul (is-tiini-
the inscription, "In hocsignovinces," which induced him
to adopt tlie labarurn as hia standard. In 323 he became
sole Augustus l)y a decisive victory at Chrysopolia (Scu-
tari) over his colleague Liclnius, who subsequently sur-
rendere<l and was treacherously murdered. He caused
Christiaidty to be recognized by the state, convened the
Council of Nice in 325, and iu 330 inaugurated Cniistanti
bol'). [t^r. KuvGTavrivov ■kS'/.i^^ city of Constan-
tine ; Turk, ('onsfantinich ; the ordinary Turkish
name is Stfutihui or Istambul, a corruption of
the Greek n<; rf/r tvo'mi; 'into the city.'] The
capital of the Ottoman empire, situated in Eu-
nople as the capital of 'the Roman Empire. In 324 he put ropean Turkey in lat. 41° N., loug. 28° 59' E.
to death hi.4 eMest son Cris[)iis for high treason. According
to at radii inn. uhirh appi-.-iis to be without historical fouu-
datinn, (rispns w ;is tlie \ ielim of an intrigue on the jiart
of his strpiiiiilliri Fan St :i. win. was siiltiM-;ile<l in a liath as
soon us ( '(nistaiilim- (iisr..vered the iiin-.-eeiiei.- "f Crisims.
Constantine II. (Flavius Claudius Constan-
tinus). Born at Aries, Gaul, Aug. 7, 312 : killed
near A(£uileia, Italy, 340. Emperor of Rome,
secon<l son of <'nnsl ant ine the Great. Ho received,
iu the division of the enijiire in 337 between the three sons
of Constantine, (iatil, r.ritain, Spain, and part of Africa.
Being dissatislled with his share, he invaded the domin-
ions of his In-other Constans, but was defeated and killed
at Aqiiileia in 340.
Constantine IV. (Flavius Constantinus),
surnatni'd Pogonatus (' the Bearded'). Died
085. Emperor of the East G(j8-(>S5, son of Con-
stans II. He repulsed (by means of the recently invented
Greek lire) the Saracens I>ef' U'e Const an tiuoplo 672-679, and
aawembled iu *J80 the sixth general council at Constanti-
nople, by which the Monothelites were condemned and
peace rest^tred to the ehui-ch
Cc
(lied olT Selymlii-ia, Thrace, Sept. 14, n-K
Emperor of the Kast 741-775, son of Leo III.
He <lefcati'd in 74.'! Artiivasrtes, who had iisuvpcii the gov-
crnment, and aflHeinhlod a council in 7^A which i-ondcinni-d
the worBhip ef iniatres.
Constantine VI. (Flavius Constantinus).
Horn 771: killed iit Const.antinople nliont 7!17.
Hyzantine emjieror 7K((-7S)7, the last of the Isan-
riun era])erors. He was the son of Leo IV., whom he
Hiiceeedcu nnder ttie regency of his mother Irene. During
his reign a council held at Nicn;a in 7>S7 restored llio wor-
ship of images. He was put to death l)y order of his mother,
who UBurpert tht! government.
Constantine VII., snrnamed Porphyrogenitus
(|ior (i -rn-jeii'i -Ins) Cliorn in the pnr|p|e').
Horn Uliri: |iiiisoneil Nov. l-S, !».")!!. liy/.inil ine
emperor, son of Leo VI. whom he sneeeeded
911. The government was usurped in 919 by Romanus
Lt'rapenus,vvliu;iih»iriistered it — t'onstantine being nomi-
nally his eolhagiie — till 1»44, when he was deposed by his
(>wn son, anil Constantine became sole ruler. He was
noted for huinauity and for his success In arms, chielly
peace resi^uetl lo tlie riiuruii.
lionstantine V., snrnaiued Copronymus (ko-
pfon'i-mns). liorn at. Constantinople, 719:
on the Bosporus, the Golden Horn, and the
Sea of Marmora. It is the chief connnereial center
of the Levant, and since 1888 has Itad r.'tilroail connection
« itii till- lost of Kurope. It contains the sultan's palace
(sei aiilio), and is noted for its mosiiues (sec below). Its
eilief sectiotis are Pera, Galata, Stanibul (or Constantino-
ple proper), and Seutaii (the latter < eleltrated iu liistory
for its military hospitals ilm iiig tin- t'riniean wai). In 330
A. P. Constantine tile Creat niadi- IJyzantium (see llt/zan-
Hum) the capita! of the Koiiian F.mpire, and the city was
henceforth called Constantiiiople. From 396 Constanti-
nople was the capital of tlie liyzantine (Kastern) F.nipire,
Itwaarepeatedl) hesicKed li\' tile Sa] aeeiis ; and wa.stalten
liy the Latins in 12ii;i and llIOl, liy .Mieliael I'alieolo^us in
1201, and by the 'I'urks May 'J9, 146;). Tclivnit/aii Serai,
tlie chief of the imperial palaces, finished in 18(i7 by Ab-
dul-Aziz in the style of the new Turkish Kenaissance. It
is a building of great size, of marble, of a luxury and mag-
nitlcence in its interior decoration and arrangement
which are une.vcelled in F.urope, and almost surpass be-
lief. Its chief facade, about ■_*,40o feet Ioiil'. is mirrored in
the Bosporus. See also Hajazi't. Mit^qu<' <>/ ; hrm-. Church
of St.; liewrroir (if the \,00\ Columns; .'^oj'hiti. Church i\f
Saiila : Suleiman,' 31, 'xquc of. I'opulation (1886), 87.'i,665
witli suburbs, upward of 1,IX)0,0.)0.
The dominion of the Old Rome had come of Itself; lt«
dominion was the effect, not of any settle.l jilan, but of the
silent working of historical causes. Tile tlret chief who
fenced in the Palatine with a wall did not dream that bis
hill-fortress would laa-ome the head of the world. He did
not dream that it would become the head of Italy, or even
the heail of Latium. Hut the prince who fenced in I be New
Rome, the prince who bade Byzantium grow int<i Constnn-
tinople, dtd design that his younger Rome shiaild fnllll the
mission that had passed away fnim the eldiT Rome, Ho de-
signed thatitshouldfullll it more thoroughly than Milan,
or Trier, or Nikomedeia could fnltll it. And bis will has
been carried out. Ho called into being a city which, while
other cities have risen and fallen, has for llfteen liiindred
years, in whatever hands, remained the seat of linperial
rule ; a city which, as long as Kurope and Asia, as long ns
land anil sea. keep their places, must remain the seat of
Imperial rule. The other capitals of F.urope seem by her
side things of yesterday, creations of nceldent. Some
ehanco a few centuries back made them seats of govern-
ment till some otliiT chance may cease to make them seats
of government. But the city of Constantine aliides, and
must abide. Over and over again has the possession of
that city prolonged the duration of powers whieli must
otherwise have ernmbled away. In the bandsof Roman,
276
Constantinople
Frank, Oreck, and Turk, her Imperial mission has never
left her. The eteniity of the elder Eome is the eternity
of a moral iufluence ; the eternity of the younuer Rome is ^ _
the eternity of a city and fortress fixed on a spot which Constitution of the United StatCS,
nature itself had destined to be the seat of the empu-e of """ i<n,,-<lil,iih,i,
two worlds. Freeman, Hist. Essays, III. 2S1. < )(H l<>ll!>uuiuiiii.
iiighara Palace, London. Tliree attempts upon the
lift- of Queen Vict.)ria have heen made here hy insane .>r
idiotic persons in 1840, 184a, and 1849. Hare.
-■■ -■•--■• SeeFed-
Constantinople, Conference of. A conferem'e
of the six great powers and Ttu-key for the
purpose of preventing war between Turkey and
Bussia, which was championing the cause of
the Christian insurgents in the Balkan Penin-
sula. The conference was formally opened Dec. 23, 1876,
after a preliminai-y conference between the groat powers
(Dec 11-21). The powers demanded of the I'orte admin-
istrative autonomy under Christian governors for Bosnia,
Herzegovin:!, and Bulgaria ; and proposed the erection of
an internatiomd commission with power to enforce by
arms the decisions of the conference. These demands
Consuelo (kon-so-a'16; F. pron. kon-sii-a'lo).
A novel by George Sand, ptiblished in 1842.
Consulate, The. In French history, the gov-
ernment which existed Nov. 9, 1799,-May IS,
1S04. Napoleon was First Consul, and his associates
were Cambatreres and Ix'brun. See Napoleon.
Contarini, Gasparo. Born at Venice Oct. 16.
1483 : died at Bologna, Italy, Au^. 24, 1542. An
Italian carilinal (15.3.")), bishop ot Bologna, and
diplomatist. He was papal legate at the Diet of Ratis-
bon, where he endeavored to effect a reconciliation be-
tween the Protestants and Catholics.
1549:
He
Were rijictid by ilic [urks .Tan. 18, 1877, whereupon the Contarini, GiOVanni. Born at Venice,
confin^urc dissoivrd^ian. 20 ^ ^ there, 1005. A Venetian painter.
Constantinople, Councils of. These councls ^;>^^^ ^^ ^.^^^ .^ j.gO_ ^^^^^ ^^ practised por-
include : (a) The second ecumenical council, convened , -. . j--
herehytheemperorTheodosiusSSlA. D. Its chief object T.rau-Iiainiiii!,. _ , i • i „ „
was tlie settlement of the Arian difficulties. (6) The fifth Contarmi Fleming. A psychological romance
ecmncnicalcouncil, convened hy Justinian 663. Its object by Benjamin Disnieli, pul>lished in 1832.
was the condemnation of the ''three chapters." (c) The Contention between the two Famous Houses
sixth ecumenical conned, held 680-681. Its oiiject was ^j york and Lancaster. See Henry n., sec-
held 680-681,
the condemnation of the Monothelites. (d) The eighth
ecumenical council, held 869. Its object was thecondem
nation t>f rhotins.
ond and tliird parts
Conte Ory (kon'te o're), II.
__ _ Hee Comtc Ori/.
Constantius (kon-stan'shius) I., Flavlus Va- Contes Srolatiques (kout dro-la-tek'). [F..
lerius, sui'named ChlorUS ("the Pale')- Born ' Humorous Tales.'] A collection of stories l)y
Cook, Edward Dutton
Conway. 1. A small river in North Wales
which tlows into Beaumaris Bay. It is noted
for its scenery. —2. A township in CaiToll
County, New Hampshire, situated on the Saco
.56 miles northeast of Concord. It contains the
summer resort of North Conway. Population
(1890), 2,331.
Conway, Frederick B. Born at Clifton, Eng-
land, Feb. 10, 1819 : died at Manchester, Mass.,
Sept. 7, 1874. An English actor. He first appeared
on the American stage as Charles Surface in 1850. In 1862
he married Miss Crocker, a sister ol Mrs. D. P. Bowers.
Conway, Henry Seymour. Born 1721: died at
Lon<lon, Oct. 12, 1795. An English soldier and
Whig politician, second son of the tirst Lord
Conway, brother of Francis Seymour Conway,
marquis of Hertford, and cousin of Horace
Walpole. He early entered the army ; was a member of
Parliament 1741-84 ; took part in the battle of Fontenoy
as aide-de-camp to the Duke of Cumberland, and in the
battle of Culloden ; became secretary to the lord lieuten-
ant of Ireland (Lord Hartington) 1754 ; was promoted ma-
jor-general 1756 ; commanded the unsuccessful expedition
against Rochefort 1757 ; became secretary of state under
Rockingham 176.1; moved the lepeiil of the Stamp Act
Feb., 1766; retained his office under the Earl of Chatham ;
resigned Jan., 1768, and was appointed field-marshal Oct.
12, 1793. He was a vigorous opponent of the policy of the
British government toward the American colonies.
Conway, Hugh. The pseudonym of Frederick
probably 250 A. d. : died at York, England, July
25, 306. Emperor of Rome, father of Constan-
Hue the Great. March l, 292, the joint emperors, or
Augnsti, Diocletian and Ma.\imian associated with tlu-m-
selves Constantius Cldorus and Galerius as junior part-
ners under the title ot Caesars. Gaul, Spain, and Britain
were allotted to the former, who was required to repu-
diate his wife Helena and man7 Theodora, the daughter
of Maximian. After the abdication of Diocletian and
Maximian in 305, he ruled :is Augustus, or joint emperor,
with Oalerius until his death in Britain while on an expe-
dition against the Picts.
Constantius II., Flavins Julius. Born at
Sirmium, Paimonia, Aug. 6, 317: died at Mop-
socrene, CiUcia, Nov. 3, 301. Roman emperor,
third son of Constantine the Great (second son
by his second wife Fausta). The will of Constan-
tine the Great divided the empue among his three sons
Constantine, Constantius, and Constans under the title of
Augusti, and his nephews Dalmatius and Hannibalianus
under the titles of Cajsar and Nobilissimus, respectively.
On the death of Constantine in 337 Constantius ordered, or
permitted, the murder of Dalmatius and Hanmbalianns,
and the empire was redivided between himself and his
brothers. Constantine received Gaul, Spain, Britain, and
part of Africa; Constantius Thrace, Jlacedonia, Greece,
the Asiatic provinces, and Egypt; and Constans Italy,
western Illyricum, and the rest of Africa, In 340 Con-
stans repelled an invasion of Constantine, who fell in
battle, and made himself master of the West; but was
himself deposed and slain in 3,'i0 by the usurper Magnen-
tius. Constantius made war in 351 on the latter, whom
he defeated at Mursa, on the Drav^ in 351, and in Gaul in
353, after which he was master of the whole empire. He ap-
pointed his cousin Julian Ciesar and commander in Gaul
355, anil visited Rome 357. He favored the Arians, and
banished the orthodox bishops. He died while marching
tt) attack Julian, who had been proclaimed emperor by
his siddicrs.
Constant Maid,The. AplayliyShirley.printod
in KUO (reprinted in 1007 with the second title
"Love will lind out tlio Way").
Constanza (kon-stan'za). A gay and sportive
girl, in Middleton's "Spanish Gipsy," who fol-
lows her father into exile disguised as a gipsy,
Pretiosa : a sort of Rosalind.
Constellation. A vessel of the United States
navv. ,^he was built in 17itS, and under command of Com-
modore Tnixton in 1799 captured the French Insurgente.
Constituent Assembly. See National Assembly.
Constitution ' • .-- . ,,.->.->
sides).
44 gun
pounder
at Boston in 1797. The United States and President
were sister ships of the same rating. Her first com tnandcr
was Captain Isaac Hull. At the declaration of war, June
IS, 1812, the Constitution was at Annapolis. July 17 she
fell in with a squadron composed of Shannon (38 guns),
Africa ((H), ^-Eolus (321, Belvidcra (36), and Giierrifcre (38),
commanded by Commoilore Philip Vere Broke. Her es-
cape from this lleet, in a chase which lasted three days in
an ahnost dead calm, is considered one of the greatest
feats of seamanship of the war. Aug. 19, 1812. in iat. 4r
41' N., long, firr 48' \V., she fought the Guerriere. The
battle lasted from 5 to 7 P. M., when the Guem^re surren-
dered and was burned. The Constitution returned tt)
Boston; Captain Hull resigned, and was suoceeded by
t.^aptain B-ainbriilue of the Constellation. She sailed from
Boston Oct. 26, 1812, and Dec. 29 fell in with the frigate
Java (38 guns). Captain Lambert, off the coast of Brazil in
Iat. 13' 6' S.. long. 31' \V. The battle lasted from 2 to
& P. M., when the Java surrendered. Feb. '20. 1815, she
foaght and captured the Cyane and Levant (20 and 18gnn8)L
Sept,, 18.'W. it was propose<l by the secretary of the navy
to dismantle the ship and sell her. This excited much
public indignation, which found expression in the poem
"Old Ironsides, ' hy Dr. Oliver WencfcU Holmes, Sept. l!i,
1830. She wjis afterward used as a schofd-ship, and is now
a receiving-ship at rortsmouth, N. II.
Constitution Hill. An elevation near Buck-
., John Fargus.
Balzac, written in the manner and orthography Conway, Moncure Daniel. Born in Stafford
of the 16th century. They are extremely broad, in County, Va., March 17, 1832. Aai American
the style of Kahelais,"being "written lor the divereion dprcryman and miscellaneous writer. He became
i the Pantagruclists and no others. They came out m ^ jieThodist minister in 1850, but subsequently joined the
three parts, in 1S;!2, 1833, and 1837.
Conti (koii-te), Prince de (Armand de Bour-
bon). Born at Paris, Oct. 11, 1029 : died at
Pez^nas, Prance, Feb. 21, 1000. Younger
brother of "The Great Coude," and foimder of
the house of Conti. He took part hi the wars of the
Fronde, at first with the " old Fronde " against his brother.
Unit.arian denomination, and was for a time pastor of a
Unitarian church at Washington, District ot Columbia.
He was minister of the South Place Religious Society in
London 1863-84. Author of " The Rejected Stone" (1861X
"Testimonies concerning Slavery" (1864), "The Earth-
ward Pilgrimage " (1870), " Clu-istiauity " (1870)," Iilols and
Ideals " (1877), " Demonology and Devil-Lore " (1878), " Tho-
niiis Carlyle " (1881), etc.
andlattr with tlie "young Fronde" in company with his CoUWay ThomaS. Bom in Ireland, Feb. 27,
,,.„.,,„_„.;.., „i,.,„ i.„ ,„.,. „,n.„=t„,i i„ i«!;n He wns 1733 ; tfipd about 1800. A general in ths Ameri-
can service in tho Revolutionary War. He in-
trigued with members of the board of war and other influ-
ential persons 1777-78 to have Washington superseded by
Gates — the so-called " Conway Cabal." He was afterward
made goveniorofPondicherry and the French settlements
Conti. Prince de (Frangois L()ms de Bour- Conway'cabal. See under Comvay, Tlmmm.
bon). Born at Pans, April 30, 1664: diedleb. n„"„v/„^^ ,l.-„„';.lla(r^ .TnTin RornatPinhoe
22, 1709. A distinguished French general, son
brother, with whom he was arrested in 1650. He was
finally reconciled to the court, and married a niece of
Cardinal Jlazarin. In the Spanish war (16.S4) he captured
Villalranca andPuycerda, and in 1657 commanded unsuc-
cessfully in Italy. He was a man of weak character, en-
tirely under the control of his sister, the Duchesse de
Longueville.
f the Piince de Conti (1629-60).
Continental Divide. See Dhnde.
Contrat Social (kon-trii' so-se-al'). [F.,' Social
Contract.'] A jioUtieal work by J. J. Rous-
Conybeare (kun'i-bar). John. Born at Pinhoe,
near Exeter, England, Jan. 31, 1092: (lied at
Bath, England, July 31, 1755. An English di-
vine, bishop of Bristol. He wrote a noted polemical
work, " A Defence of Revealed Religion ' (1732), directed
against Tindal.
seau, published in 1762. The influence of this book Conybcare, John Josias. Born at London, June,
on the literature and life of the period was remarkable.
Its theories were at the foundation of Jacobin politics.
Contreras (kon-tra'riis). A hamlet of Mexico.
about 8 miles southwest of the city of Mexico.
Here, Aug. 19-20, 1847, the Americans under
Scott defeated the Mexicans. See, further,
Churalmsco.
Contreras, Hernando de. Bom in Spain about
1520: died on the Isthmus of Panama, May,
1550. Son of Rodrigo de Contreras, governor
of Nicaragua. After his father's downfall, he and his
brother, Pedro, conspired with a party of adventurers to
seize Panama and Pern, which they claimed to have in-
herited from their grandfather, Pedrarias : Hernando was
to he proclaimed king. They began by murdering the
Bishop of Nicaragua, Valdiviero ; seized Panama April
20, 1560, and obtained a part of the royal treasure; but
were defeated by an uprising of the citizens of P;mama.
Contreras, Pedro Moya de. See Moya y Con-
Ircni
apiiomtea gov
of Nicaragua. He sent an expedition which explored
Lake Nicaragua and its outlet, and reached Nombrc de
Dios by that route. There the men were seized by the
governor, Bobles, who tried to appropriate the region dis-
covered, but w.as driven out. Subsequently Contreriis got --.^ „ L-,„.i B„l,nr
into disputes with the bishop and with the Audience of COOCh Behar. ^ee num uennr,
Charges were made against him, and his
1779 : died at Blackheath, near London, June
10, 1824. An English divine, scholar, and scien-
tific writer. He was a graduate of Oxford, where he be-
came professor of Anglo-Saxon in 1807, and professor of
poetry in 1812. He was also vicar of Batheaston in Somer-
setshire. His works include papers on chemistiy and
geology, and " Ulustrationsof Anglo-Saxon Poetry," edited
after his death by his brother William.
Conybeare, William Daniel. Bom at London,
Jime 7, 1787: died at Itcheustoke, near Ports-
mouth, Aug. 13, 1857. An English geologist and
divine, younger brother of J. J. Conybeare, ap-
pointed dean of Llandaff in 1844. He published
notable papers on various geological and pale-
ontological topics.
Cony-Catcher (ko'ni- or kim'i-kach'fr). Cuth-
bert. The pseudonjTuunder which was written,
in 1592, "The Defence of Conny-Catching,"
an attack on Robert Greene and his several
books on "Conny-eatching," etc. It is thought
that Greene liimself wrote it.
Conyngton (kon'ing-ton), Richard, Died 1330.
An English schoolman, a graduate of Oxford,
chosen in 1310 provincial of the Franciscan
order in England. His best-known work is a
commentary on the "Sentences" of Peter Lom-
bard.
the I'onflnes. ^__ .,
rncmni'iiilas were confiscated (1.549). After vainly seek-
ing redress in Spain, he went t^i Peru.
Contrexeville (kon-treg-za-vel')- A watering-
place in the department of Vosges, France, 26
miles west ot fipinal.
Convention, The. See Nalioml Convention,
Ttir.
Conway (kon'wa), or Aberconway (ab'er-kon-
wa). A towni in Carnarvonshire. North Wales,
situated near the mouthof the Conway, 37 miles
southwest (if Liverpool. It is noted for its wall and
castle, a highly picturcsiiue fortress with an admirabh-
group of 8 cylindrical towers, built in 1'284 by Edward I.
The towers were originally sunnounted by cylindrical tur-
rets, four of which survive. The banqueting-hall was a
fine room 130 feet long. Queen Eleanor's oratory possesses
a graceful oriel-wiqdow. Population (i891X ^467.
Cook (kuk), Charles. Bom at London, May
31, 1787 : tlied at Lausanne, S-witzerland, Feb.
21, 1858. An English clergyman, one of the
founders of Methodism in France and Switzer-
land.
Cook, Clarence Chatham. Bom at Dorches-
ter. Mass., Sept. 8, 1828. An American jour-
nalist and Wl-iter on art. He has .also written "The
(Central Park" (1868), the text of a heliotype reproduction
of Durers " Life of the Virgin " (1874), "The House Beau-
tiful " (1878), and has edite.i, with notes, the translation
of Luhkc's " History ol Art," 7th German edition (1878).
Cook, Edward Dutton. Boni at London, Jan.
30, 1829: died there, Sept. 11, 1883. An Eng-
lish novelist and general writer, dramatic
critic for the "Pall Mall Gazette" and the
"World," and contributor to the first two vol-
Cook, Edward Duttrfn
umes of the "Dictionary of National Biogra-
ptlV."' He published " I'lUll Koster's DaUKliter" (18(il),
"The Trials of the Tri!U({olds"{lS(i4X and
died
277
vuriuus other
el^ mid works on the stage.
Cook, Eliza. Born at London about 1818
Cooke, Sir William Fothergill.
iug. Mi.ldlcsi'X, ISIIli: .lii'il Jiiiio
Englisli I'll
stone from
trie tolcKrapli
Born at Eal-
25, IST'J. An
Ooote, Sir Eyre
eiises" (ISSS-til), consisliug of lii.jt'nijjhies of ii.pted per.
Sons who were educated or iucorporatcd at Cambridge
l^niveiTiity.
M-trician, the associate of Wheat- (Jooper, James Fenimore. Born at Burling-
1837 till 1843 in perfecting the elee- ton, X. J.,Se|d. 1'). 1789: died at Cooperstowu,
at Tlionitou Hill, Wimbledon, Sept. 23, 1889. q^^^ Islands (kiik i'landz), or Hervey Isl-
kilied iu Hawaii, Feb. 14, 1779. A Cook's Peak (kiiks pek). A prominent peak.
An Kii^lisli [toct. she wrote for various Eut^lish
periodicals, and in 1840 published "Melaia, and other
I'oeuis." Ill 184!) she began to publish "Eliza Cooks
Journal." intended to advaiiee mental culture. Alnon^;
her books are 'Mottings from my JourniU " (IStiO) and
"New Echoes" (1S(>4) ; and among her single poems are
"The'lld Ann-Cluiir." "O why does the white man follow
inypnlh? ■ "The Old Kami Gate, "" Old Soiigs,"etc.
Cook James. Bornjit Mart<)ji,Yorksliij;e, Oct.
■17. 1728: kill
celebrated English navigator, the son of a
Yorkshire farm-laborer. He entered the navy as
able seaman in 175.'» : was appointed master of the Mer-
cury ill ITS'.i, and sailed for America, where lie was oc-
cupied in surveying the channel of the .St. Liiwreuce ;
and became marine surveyor of the coast of Newfound-
laud and Labrador in 17(l:i. In May, 1708, lie was aii-
pointed lieutenant and placed in command of the En-
deavour which cai-ried a party of scientists to Tahiti to
observe the transit of Venus. During this voyage, which
lasted from Aug. 2R, 17(18, to June 12, 1771, New Zealand
was explored, and tile east coast of Australia. Cook wiis
raised to the lank of coinniandur Aug., 1771, and on July
l:), 1772, started with two ships, the Resolution (which he
commanded) and the Adventure, on another voyage of ex-
ploration in the Taciftc, which histed (for the Resolution)
until July 29, 177ri, and dmiug which an attempt was
made tu discover the reported great southern continent,
discovered. On Aug. 9, 177.% he
ands ilicr'\'i i'laud/.). An archipelago in the
South PaciUc, iin lat. 18°-22° S., long. 157°-
1G3° W. The group, consisting of G principal islands,
was discovered by Captain Cook in 1773, and was annexed
by Great Britain in 1888. The natives hawe been con-
verted to Christianity since 1823. The chief island is
lliii-atonga, with a population of ;i,000.
Cookkoo-oose. See Kusan.
about il.'iOO feet high, in Grant County, New
Mexico, north of Deming.
Cook's Tale, The. One of Chaucer's "Canter-
bury Tales." It is an unfinished poem, and a spurious
ending was added to it in the folio of 1687. This ending
consisted of only 12 lines, aud was lejected by Urry or his
suceessore. He added, however, " The Tale of Gann-lin."
which followed "The Cooks Tale," aud has been generally
asserted to be also told by the cook : this is not now con.
sidered to be by Chaucer. (.See Gamdiiii.) The cook was
Roger or Hodge of Ware, who went with the pilgrims and
was the only man save the miller who became drunk on
the way. Thestoiyof " The Cook's Tale" is thatofVerkin
Ilevelour, an idle, riotous London prentice.
Cook Strait (kiik strat). A sea passage sepa-
rating the North Island from the South Island,
Now Zealand. It was discovered by Captain
Cook in 1769. Greatest width, 80 miles.
Cool
N. Y., Sejit. 14, 18.'il. An American novelist.
He was the son ct William Cooper, who in 178S founded
the settlement of Cooperetown on Otsego kike, removing
thither with his family in 1790. In 18u:t he < ntertd Yale
College, where he remained three yeiirs. He became a
midshipman in the navy in 180S, married Susan l)e Laiicey
in 1811, and ill the same year resigned his commission in
the navy. In 1821 he published anonymously a novel, en-
titled •■ Precaution." which attracted some attention. In
1821 he published "The Spy," which met with a success
uupreiedcnted in American literature. His chief novels
are "The Spy " (1821), "The Pioneers " (1823). " The J'ilot "
(1823), "The Last of the Mohicans" (1826X "Tli« I'rairie"
(1827), "The Pathrtnder " (1840), aud "The Deeralayer"
(1841).
Cooper, Jolin. Born at Bath before 1810 : died
at Tuubridge Wells, .liily 13, 1870. An KnglisU
actor.
Cooper, Peter. Born at New York, Feb. 12, 1791 :
ilied at New York, April 4. 1883. An American
inventor, manufacturer, and philanthropist.
He was the son of a hatter, obtained a meager education,
and learned the trade of a carriage-maker. He conducted
with success various commercial ami industrial enter-
prises, including the establishment of the Canton Iron
Works at Cantoii, Maryland, in 18-JO, which resulted in
the accumulation of a fortune. In 187(> he was (Jreeuback
candidate for President. He is, however, chietly known
as the founderof the Cooper Union (which see), the corner-
stone of which was laid iu 1854, aud which was completed
Ave years later.
and New Caledonia was tliscovered. On .\ug. 9,
became captain, and on July 12, 1776. began his last voy- pnnl o- a niipiimhpr A faroe bv William "■-'"""'"■"■""• , .^i ±t < icnn i- i
age with the Resolution (which he again commanded), \00\. aS a, t-UCUmoer. A idite uy »y iiii.iui Q^f^y^j Samuel. Born at Lon.lon, 1609: died
«Sd the Discovery under Capt;un Charles clerke. The Bhtuchard • fifilii. hrst placed in ISoi. jj^^,,.,^. jj.^^, j^ jjjyo ^ „o(ej English miniatu-
object of the expedition was to discover a passage from Coolcy (k(3 li), TnomaS MClntyrC. tSorn at .j_.. (..|ii,,;i ijv Walnole " Vandvck iu little"
the Pacitlc mund the north of America. During his Attica, N. Y. Jan. 6, 1824 A noted jtu-ist He was a pupil of his un.-lo Johi Hoskius.
He was admitted to the bar in 1846; became professor of _ _ii_. ^ ,oioi-j
law in the University of Michigan in 1859; w:is iu 1864 Cooper, Susan Femmore. Boru 1813: ched
elected justice of the Supreme Court of the State to lill Dec. 31, 1894. All Ajneriean writer, daughter
a viicancy; was chief justice 1868-69; was reelected for a qJ J Y_ Cooi)cr.
full term of eight years in 1869 ; retired from "•« l";"^'' OoOper, ThomaS. BoiTl at Leicester, England,
in 1885 ; became professor of constitutional and adminis- ," *^ .'...... Ttt-t , . tt __,__ t__i_. ,- -
trative law in the University of Michigan in 1881. and
subsequently became professor of American history, lec-
turer on constitutional law, and dean of the School of Po-
litical Science. He was chairman of the United States
Commissioners of Interstate Commerce. His chief works
are "A Treatise on the Constitutional Limitations which
rest upon the Legislative Power of the States of the Ameri-
can Union " (1868), "A Treatise on the Law of Taxation '
(1870), "A T'reatise upon Wrongs and their Remedies
northward voyage the sandwich Islands were rediscovered
(1778), and shortly after his return to them (Jan., 1779) he
was murdeiiKl by the natives in revenge for a Hogging
adininistereil Ut one of them for thieving.
Cook, Mount. The highest peak in New Zea-
land, situated on the western side of South
Island. It was first ascended in 1882. Height,
12,360 feet.
Cooke (kiik), Edward William. Bom at Lon-
don, March 27, IsU : died near Tunbridge
Wells. .Tan. 4. IS.Sd. .\n English marine-painter.
Oooke, George Frederick. Born at Westmin-
ster, England. ,\ipril 17, 1756: died at New-
York. Sept. 26, IS]]. Au English actor. He
the stage in 1776 at Brentford. His
March 20, 1805: died at Lincoln, July 15, 1892.
An English chartist, skeptic, poet, and author.
He lectured on political and historical subjects, and in
1859 lie became a Baptist preacher. He wrote " The I'ur-
gatoi-y of Suicides " (184.^), his autobiography iu 1882, etc.
Cooper, Thomas Sidney. Born at (Canterbury,
England, Sept. 26, 1803. An English painter of
animals aud landscapes.
first appeared on the stage in 1776 at ijrentiora. uis "■ ", tt't-iV- -rv i. ' v ' -r>- i i- t
principal parts were Richard III., lago, and Shylock, Sir- Cooley, William DesborOUgh. Died at Lou-
Giles Oven-each, Sir Archy McSarcasm, and Sir Pertlnax ,lon, March 1, 1883. Au English geographer.
(Vol.i., 1878), and "The General Principles of Constitu- Qooper ThomaS Thomville. Born at Bish-
ti.nial Law in the United States "(1880). opwearmouth, England, Sept. 13, 1839: died
McHycophaiit,
Cooke, Hesiod. A nickname of Thomas Cooke.
Cooke, John Esten. Born at Winchester, Va.,
Nov. 3, 1830 : died iu Clarke County, Va., Sept.
author of various works on the history of geo-
graphical discoveiy, especially in Africa.
Coolidge (ko'lij), Susan. A pseudonym of Sa-
rah t.'hauucey Woolsey.
27,18.86. An American novelist. He wrote stories Coomassie. iife Kumas.fi.
ot Virginia life, among which are "Leather Stocking and fJooner (ko'per or kup'er), Anthony Ashley.
8Uk" (1864). "The Virginia Comedians (1854X " Heniy i.,,,!,, ...TVimbomB St Giles Dorsi^t'sliire Julv
a> I„l.„ n„..tl„...«n " /1>l.-.m "Snrr..v of ParFl.>'<i \^at" tSOUiai W imOOme Ot. VjUCb, iWl SI ISll U I , O Ul.N
St. Jolln, Gentleman" (18.')9). "Surrey of Eagle's Nest
(18(!6), "Fairfax" (1868), "Virginia Bohemians" (1879),
" Virginia : a History of the People " (1883). He also wrote
the life of Stonewall Jackson (1863) and of General R. E.
Lee (1871X besides a number of stories, sketches, and
Terscs.
Cooke, Josiah Parsons. Born at Boston, Mass. ,
Oct. 12, 1.S27: died at Newport, R. I., Sept. 3,
1894. A di.stiuguished American
fessor of chemistry at Harvard
published " Elements "of Chemical Physics"
Principles of chemical Philosophy " (ls«8),
Chemistry "(1872: revised 18s4), "Chemical and Physical
Researches" (issl), etc.
Oooke, Rose Terry. Born at West Hartford,
Feb. 17, 1827: died at Pittslield, Mass., July
18, 1892. An American siuthor. she married
Bollin H. Cooke in 1873. Among her works are " Poems
by Rose Terry" (18611), "Somebody's Neighbors" (18.81),
"Steadfast," a novel (18S9), "Poems by Rose Terry ('ooke,
complete' (1888). Her most characteristic short stories
were those of New England rural life,
Oooke, Thomas. Born at Braintree, Esse.x,
Dec. Hi, 1703; died at Lambeth, Dee. 20, 1756.
22, 1621: died at Amsterdam, Jan. 21, 1683. A
noted English statesman, son of Sir John Cooper
at Bamo, Burma, April 24, 1878. Au English
traveler iu Australia, India, China, aud Tibet.
He was murdered by a Sepoy of his guard.
Cooper. A river in South Carolina, uniting
witb the Ashley at Charleston to form Charles-
ton harbor. Length, about 40 miles.
Cooper's Hill. A poem by Sir John Denham,
first published in 1(542, and published in it«
final form in 1665. Pope, who imitated Denhiuu,
also wrote in praise of " Cooper's Hill " in his poem
Windsor Forest.'"
of Rockb'orne, Hampshire, created Baron A^h- Cooperstown (ko'pfrz-toun or kiip'erz-toun).
ley iu 1661, and first earl of Shaftesbury aud A village aud summer resort in Otsego Cminty,
Baron Cooper of Pawlet in 1672. At first he sup- central New York, situated on Otsego Lake 62
ported the cause of Charles I., but in 1644 went over to miles west of Albany. It was founded l)y tile
and remained an active supporter of the Parliamentary
cause, opposing Lambert and Fleetwood and aiding .Monk.
After the Restoration he continued to take a prominent
part in political alf airs. He was a member of the "Cabal." ,, ,-
and became lord chancellor Nov. 17, 1672, but was dis- COOrg. oee /IMI';/.
opened in 1859. The plan of education provides for
free schools, reading-rooms, lecture-courses, art galleries
and collections. Also called Cuojier Jmliliitt:
...issed from olllcc Nov. 9, 1673. From that time he was
the leader of the Parliamentary opposition to the c<mrt
party, and a prominent supporter of the anti-Catholic
agitation. He was arrested on a charge tif high treason,
and acquitted. I.,ater he joined the Monmouth conspiracy.
and Hed the country. Ue was active in colonial affairs,
and w:is one of the nine to whom Carolina was granted,
March 24, 166;). It was at his suggestion that Locke
drew up a constitution for that colony (1669).
; down npoi
oulcd him in tlie " Dunclad "), and various dramatic
Works. He sueceeile.l Amhurst in the editorship of " The
CrafUnian."
Oooke, Thomas Potter. Born at London. April
23, 1786: died at liondon, April 10, 1864. An
English actor, noted for his performance of
Long Tom Collin in the "Pilot," and William
iu " Bliick-Eved Susan."
Oooke, Thomas Simpson. Bom at Dublin,
Coornhert {kr.rli'hert), Dirk Volkerszoon.
Born at Amstenlani, 1.522: died at (iouda. l-')90.
A Dutch author :iud poet, .\ftcr l.MO he lived in
Haarlem lui an engraver and etcher, and became (1561)
there notary and secretary to the bnigouiaster. Against
religions freedom, the great question of tlie day, he wrote a
vast number of tracts and pamphlets, many of wliuh have,
besiiles, a political character. In this connection he was
in 1567 imprisoned and then banished ; several times
afterward he was forced to llee. lie tinally settled in
Gouda. His principal prose work, "Zcdekunst, dat is Wol-
leveiis Kunst ' (" Ethics, that is the Art of Well Living ),
appeared in l.'.SO. Among his poetical works are "Abra-
hams Uytgang ' ("The Death of Abraham "), "Comedie
van de Uliiide van Jericho "("Comedy of the Blind .Man
of Jericho "). In his jirose writings, piutlcularly, he may
be said to have established, with Jlarnix dc St. Aldegonde,
^■. r. , - . ,, ,-, , - , the literary language of Uolhuid.
Cooper, Anthony Ashley. Born at London, „ y^^g A'imiH
April 2S, I.SOI ; .lieil :il I'olkestonc, Kent, Oet . n'g^ \i,^,^^ Crvvk
1,1885. A iioteil English philanthropist, seventh Coosa'(ko'sii). A river in Georgia aud Ala-
earl of Shal'tcslmry. He entered Parliament as Lord j,,,,,,,, forni'ed by the junction of the Ooste-
Ashloy in 18-26, and succeeded to the earldom on the death „',,„' „„,i I't.iw,,!, iit W.iiiip Geon'ia If nnltea
of his father in 1851. He was a promoter of many philan- uiiula am l-.towali at lY/"'*"' yeoi^ia. it ui Ites
thropil projects, ami was president ..f the BritiJh and with the Tallapoosa to form the Ahibania 8 miles north
F'oriign Itible Socioty^lhc Evangelical Alliance, etc._
a "Letter concerning Enthusiasm," "Sensns Communis :
an Essay concerning Wit and Humour," "An Enquiry con-
cerning Virtue," etc.
of .Montgomery.
Length, about 350 miles.
__ _ . . *-...- rori'Igtl liimc -,oeiut,i toe i,,<iii;;eoLio /iiiiunec, eie. ■ .^ , .■ ^ '
1782: died ;it London, Feb. 26, 1848. A musi- Cooper, Charles Henry. Horn at Great Mar- Coosadl. See hoiixtih.
cal composer and singer, lie was the principal low, Bucks. England, March 20, 1808: died Cooshatties. See Koasatt.
tenor at the Dniry I.ane Theatre, and look entire charge March 21, 1866. An English biographer ami Cootanie. i'lQi' hitutitihan
ot the music there in 1821. Among the many works he „„(.:,,,,„,.,, o Inii-vpr " " " " ■•■■■•"• ■" "
comprised or adapted, " lx.ve'8 Ritornella," a song from anuquai J, a lan \ ii „ . , .
" The Urigand," Is his best-known composition. Cambridge. His chief work is " Atlieme Cantabngi
n rjugiisn niograpner ami uootciuie. >^ov /wcH/rii,.,i«.
by profession, resident in Coote (kdt). Sir Evre. Born at Ash HiU.County
ef work is " Athcme Cantabngi- Limerick, Ireland, 1726: died at Madras, April
Coote, Sir Eyre
26, 1783. A British general, distinguished for
his services in India. He went tn India iu 17'>4 ;
was present at the capture of Calcutta in 17.'>6, and (as a
captain) at the battle of Plaasey ; and was appointed lieu-
tenant-colonel in Jan., 1759. In this year he took conun:uid
of the troops in the Madras Presidency, defeated the
French under Lally at Wandcwash Jan. 22, 1T(5U, and cap-
tured Pondicherry Jan., 1761, puttinj: an end t.i the French
power in India- From 171)2 till 1769 he resided in F.ng-
land, returning to India in the latter year as commander-
in-chief of the Madras Presidency, an ofBce which he re-
signed in 1770, again returning tu England. He was
appointed connnander-in-ehiet in India in April, and pro-
moted lieutenant-generiU in Aug., 1777. In March, 1779,
he assumed command in Calcutta, and on July 1, 1781,
at Porto Novo, with a force consisting of 2,000 Europeans
and 6,000 Sepoys, defeated Hyder Ali with au army of
40,000 men.
Coote, Sir Eyre. Born 1762: died about 182-1.
A British soldier, nephew o( Sir Eyre Coote
the noted frencrul iu India. He sensed as ensign
in the battle of Brooklyn and in other campaigns of the
Revolutionary War until the surrender of Yorktowu ; bj-
came major-general and commander of Dover in 1798;
led an expedition to cut the sluices at Ostend, and was
captured by the French, in 1798 ; served in the battle of
Bergen in 17iK», and in the Egyptian campaign in ISOO : and
was appointed lieutenant-general and lieutenant-governor
and commander-in-chief of the island of .lamaica in ISOo.
He was dismissed from the army on a charge of indecent
conduct.
Coote, Richard. Born 163G: died at New York,
March 5, 1701. An English official, created tirst
earl of Bollamont, in the peerage of Ireland,
Nov. 2, 1089. He was appointed colonial governor of
New England in 1695, with a special missioii to suppress
piracy. He, with others, titled out the Adventure for Cap-
tain Kidd, who was given special powers to arrest pirates.
Kidd s own pil-atical acts led Bellamont to arrest liira at
Boston, where lie had come under a promise of safety, and
send him to England for trial. See Kidd,
Copacabana (ko-pa-ka-Ba'nii). A peninsula
in the southern part of Lake Titieaca, crossed
by the boundary line between Peru and Bolivia.
It is trapezoidal in form, high luid rocky, and joined to
the mainland by a very narrow isthmus. Its area may be
50 square miles. Copacabana was a sacred place of the
Incas, connected with some of their earliest traditions,
and contains many interesting ruins of temples and other
buildings. In modern times it has been celebrated for
its chapel with a supposed miraculous painting of the
Virgin, which is yearly visited by thousands of pilgi-ims.
Copan (ko-pUu'). An ancient ruined city of
northwestern Honduras, on the Copan River.
The remains are of unknown antiquity and very exten-
sive, stretching for about two miles along the river. The
buildings are of stone, embracing a temple over 60O feet
long, with many sculptured figures. The Copan ruins
take their name from a modern town to the east of them.
This was an Indian stronghold, and was taken after a tierce
struggle by the Spaniards under Heruando de Chaves in
W30.
Cope, Edward Drinker. Bom at Philadelphia,
July 28, 1840: died at Philadelphia, April 12,
1897. A noted American l>iologist and paleon-
tologist, professor of geology iu the University
of Pennsylvania. He was professor of natural sci-
ences in Haverford College 1804-67, and subsequently
became paleontologist to the Inited States Geological
Survey. He discovered a very large number of species of
extinct and recent vertebrata. His works include "Sy-
nopsis of the Extinct Cetacea of the United States " (1867-
1868), '■ Systematic .\rrangement of the Extinct Batra< hia,
Reptilia, and Aves of North America " (1869-70), " Relation
of -Man to Tertiary Mammalia" (1875), "Drigin of the Fit-
test," etc., besides nimierous elaborate memoirs on the
extinct vertebrates of North America, principally of the
Cretaceous and Tertiary deposits.
Copehan (ko-pa'han). [From Itipai, stream or
river.] A linguistic stock of North American
Iiidians,embracingthePatwiuand\Vintutribes
(which see), with their numerous branches, in
California, its habitat extemled from Mount Shasta
to Suisun and San Pablo bays, being bounded on the east
by the .Sacramento and lower Pitt river-valleys, and on
the west by an irregular line extending from San Pablo
Bay to near Creek, John's Peak, the coast-range, and the
head waters of the Trinity and Klamath rivers.
Copeland (k(3p'land), Ralph. Born at Wood-
plumpton, Lancashire, 1837. A British astron-
omer, professor in the University of Edinburgh
and astronomer royal to Scotland.
Copenhagen (ko-pen-ha'gen). [Dan. Ejoben-
hdiii, (i. J{(ipciihii(/(ii, F. Cojieiihaf/tie : 'cheap-
haven,' i. e. ' trade-harbor.' Sir George Stephens
uses the Eng. form Chcapiiujhurcn.'] The capital
of Denmark, situated on the island of Zealand
and the adjoining island of Amager, on the strait
of the Sound and the Kalvebodstrand, in lat. 55°
41' N., long. 12° 35' E. : the Konian Hafnia.
It is the commercial ci-nter of Denmark. It has a large
trade in grain, wool, butter, leather, etc.. and some manu-
factures of machinery, poicelain, etc. It contains the
Royal Picture-gallery, Christiaid)org Palace (Royal Libra-
ry), the National Theater, the ThorwahWen Museum, the
Prinsene Palais (with the Museum of Northern Antiqui-
ties, Ethnographical .Museum, etc.), the Vor Fruekirke.
and the University. The city wiis founded in the 12tli
century, and became the capital in 1443. It developed
greatly in the 17th centur), but sulfered from the battle
of the North in 1801. It was bombarded by the English
under Cathcart Sept. 2-5, 1807. Population (1890). 312 859 ;
with suburbs, 373,123.
278
Copenhagen, Battle of. A Wetory gained near
Copenhagen bv the British licet under Nelson
over the Danish fleet, April 2, 1801.
Copernicus (ko-per'ni-kus). [A Latinized form
of Kopptniifik, Kojwniik.'i Born at Thorn, Prus-
sia, Feb. 19, 1473 : died at Frauenburg, Prus-
sia, May 24, 1543. The founder of modern
astronomy. He was probably of German descent He
entered the University of Cracow in 1491, studied law
at Bologna 1495-1500, was appointed cation of the chap-
ter of Frauenbiu-g iu 1497, lectured on astronomy at
Rome in 1500, studied medicine at Padua about 1501,
ami became doctor decrt-turuin at Ferrara in 1.^03. The
rest of his life was spent chiefly at Frauenliurg in the per-
formance of his duties as canon and in the practice of
medicine. He published in 1543 an exposition of his
system of astronomy, which has since received the name
of the Copernican, iu a treatise entitled " De orbium cce-
lestium revolutionibus."
Cophetua (ko-fet'u-ii). In ballad poetry, a
legendary Afi'icau king who wooed and mar-
ried Penelophou, a beggar maid. The ballad is
preserved in Percy's "Relic|Ucs." It has various titles.
Ciiphctua is alluded to by Shakspere (who calls the girl
Zciiclophon) and Ben Jonson. Tennyson has also writ-
ten a short poem on the subject.
Copiapo (ko-pe-ii-po'). The capital of the
province of Atacama, Chile, in lat. 27° 23' S.,
long. 70° 22' W. It is the center of a mining
region. Population (1891), about 12,000.
Copleston (kop'l/.-ton), Ed'Ward. Born at
Ottwell, Devonshire,' England, Feb. 2, 1776:
died near Chepstow, England, Oct. 14, 1849.
An English prelate and author, appointed pro-
fessor of poetiy at Oxford in 1802, and bishop
of Llandaff and dean of St. Paul's in 1828. He
wrote "Prajleetioues" (1813), " Enquiry into
the Doctrines of Necessity and Predestina-
tion" (1821), etc.
Copley (kop'li), Sir Godfrey. Died at London
in 1709. Au English baronet, donator of a
fund of £100 ''in trust for the Royal Society
of London for improving natural knowledge.''
The first award was made in 1731, the second in 1734. In
1736 the bequest was converted into a gold medal to be
awarded aunu;Uly.
C()pley, John Singleton. Born at Boston,
Muss., July 3, 1737: died at London, Sept. 9,
1815. A noted -\nglo-Amei'ican painter of
portraits and historical pieces. His parents (Rich-
ard Copley and Mary Singleton) were natives of Ireland
of English origin. His birth took place immediately
after the arrival of his parents in America. He began,
with very little instruction, to paint portraits. 'While
still in Boston he sent works (among them the "Boy
with Situirrel ") to the exhibition of the Society of Ar-
tists in London, and in 1767 was made a member of that
society at the suggestion of Benjamin West. In 1774
he went to Europe, passing through London to Rome,
and visited Germany, the Netherlands, and Paris, return-
ing to London at the end of the year IH.'i, where he estab-
lished himself. In 1776 he exhibited a conversation or por-
trait group. In 1777 he was made associate of the Royal
Academy, and in 1779 a full member. One of his most
important works is the ''Death of Lord Chatham," for
which he refused 1,500 guineas, and exhibited it privately.
Copley, John Singleton. Born at Boston,
Mass., May 21, 1772: died in England, Oct.
12, 1863. A distinguished English jurist and
statesman, son of J. S. Copley (1737-1815),
created Baron Lyudhurst in 1827. He w:is grad-
uated at Cambridge University (Trinity College), became
a " traveling fellow " of the university, and visited the
United States iu 1795-96. He rose nipidly at the bar. en-
tered Parliament iu 1S18, became solicitor-general June.
1819, was attorney-general 1824-26, and was lord chan-
cellor 1827-30, 1834, and 18-41-45.
Copmanhurst, The Clerk of. Friar Tuck, in
the Robin Hood stories.
Coppee (ko-pa'), Frangois Edouard Joachim
(called Francois). Born at I'aris, Jan. 12, 1842.
A I'rench ^vi'iter. He made his reputation first as a
poet, afterward writing for the st;ige. He was made in
1878 archivisto of the Comedic Fran<;aise, and was elected
to the .\cademy in 1884. He was made officer of the Le-
gion of Honor iu 1888. Ue has published a number of
volumes of poems, prose sketches, aiui romances. Among
his plays are "Le passant" (1869), "Fais ce que dois"
(1871), " Le luthier de Crtmoue " (1877), " La guerre de
cent ans" (with M. d'-\rtois, 1878), "Madame de Main-
tenon " (issi). " Lcs Jacobites " (1885), etc. He has col-
lected his plays iu 4 volumes, 1873-86.
Coppee, Henry. Born Oct., 1821: died March
22, 1895. An educator and author. He was
assistant professor of geography, history, and ethics at
West Point 1S50-55 ; professor of Eiiglish literature in the
University of Peimsylvania 1855-66 ; i)rcsident of Lehigh
University 186t>-75. when he exchanged this position for
the chair of history. He was made a regent of the Smith-
sonian Institution in 1^74, ami has published "Elements of
Logic " (18.->7). "Elements of Rhetoric " (1859), "Lectures
on English Literature " (1S72), He has published a " His-
tory of the Conquest of Spain by the .\rab-Moors" (1881),
besides various works on military drill, etc.
Copper Captain, The. See I'cre;, Michael.
Copperfield, Da'vid. St^e David CopperfieUh
Copper Indians. See Ahieua.
Coppermine (kop'er-min). A river in British
America which flows into au inlet of the Arctic
^ Coquimbo
Ocean iu lat. 67° 40' N., long. 115° 30' W.
Length, about 300 miles.
Copper River (Alaska). See Atna Siver.
Coppet (ko-pa'). A village in the canton of
V'aud, Switzerland, situated on Lake Geneva
9 miles north of Geneva. It was the residence
of Necker and of Madame de Stael.
Coptic (kop'tik). [NL. Copticiu^, ML. Cophti,
Copts.] The lauguage of the t'opts, descended
from the ancient Egj-ptian (of the Hamitic
family of languages), and used in Egypt till
within the last two centimes, but now super-
seded as a living language by Arabic. The two
chief dialects are the Memphitic and Thebaic. It is still
the liturgical lauguage of the Coptic (Egyptian Monophy-
site) Church, but the lections are read in -Aj-abic as well as
Coptic.
The ancient Egyptian language was nothing but Coptic
written in hieroglyphs, vv i athcr Coptic was but the lan-
guage of the Pharaohs trimscribed in Greek characters.
ilariette. Outlines, p. 167.
Coptos (kop'tos). [Gr. KoTTiJf or Kon-ru.] In
ancient geography, a city of Eg^•pt. situated on
the Nile in lat. 26° N. : the niodern Kobt or
Keft.
Copts (kopts). [Also written ('o;.<7(f (ML. Cophti,
pi.); vernacular Kiiht, Kuhti, Ax. Qoht, Kibti.
Origin uncertain: variously referred to Gr.
At; ifiTTof, Egypt ; or to Gr. Konrdf^ Kottu, mod.
Kiiht or Keft, an ancient town of Egypt, near
Thebes; or to Gr. 'laKuiicTK, Jacobite.] The
native Egyptians; the Egyptian Christians, es-
pecially those of the sect of Monophysites. The
Copts are descendants of the ancient Egyptians, and for-
merly spoke the Coptic language. After the Council of
Chalcedon (A. D. 451) the majority of Egyptian Christians
separated from the orthodox church, and have ever since
had their own succession of patriarchs. Their number is
now very small. The Abyssinian or Ethiopic Church is a
part of the Coptic communion, and its abuna or metrau is
always cliosen and consecrated by the Coptic patriarch.
CoQuelin (kok-lan'), Benoit Constant. Bom
at Boulogne-sur-Mer, Jan. 23, 1841. A noted
French actor. He made his first appearance at the
Theatre Fran^ais in 1860, and became societaire in 1864.
His greatest success has been in French classic comedy.
He is also celebrated as a reciter of poeti-y. He has pub-
lished various works in relation to poetry and the dramatic
art : "L'Art et le comWien" (Isso), "iloliire et le mis-
anthrope " (18S1), " Les com^diens par un cora^dien "
(1882), " Tartufe " (1884), " VAit de dire le monologue "
(1884 : with his brother), etc.
Coquelin, Ernest Alexandre Honors. Bom
at Boulogne-sur-Mer, May 16, 1848. A French
actor, brother of Benoit Constant Coquelin.
He made his debut at the Odt^on, but in 1868 joined his
brother at the Francais, and was made societaire in 1879.
He plays nearly all tne comic parts iu the older plays, and
in modern comedy such parts as Frederic in "L'-\mi
Fritz," and Ulrich in " Le sphinx." He has written, under
the name of Pirouette as well as his own, various mono-
logues or books on the subject of monologues, as " Le
monologue moderne " (1881), " La vie humoristique " (1883X
"Pirouette " (1888), etc.
Coquelin, Jean. Born Dec. 1, 1865. A French
actor, sou of Benoit Constant Coquelin. He has
adopted his father's roles, making his first appearance at
the Com^die Frangaise Nov. 20, 1890,
Coquerel (kok-rel'), Athanase Josu6. Bom at
Amsterdam, June 16. 1820: died at Fismes,
Marne, France, July 24, 1875. A French Prot-
estant clergyman, and theological and historical
w^riter, sonof A.L.C.Coquerel. He wrote "Jean
Calas et sa famille" (1858), "Libres etudes"
(18()7), etc.
Coquerel, Athanase Laurent Charles. Bom
at Paris, Aug. 27, 1795: died at Paris, Jan. 10,
1868. A French Protestant clergyman (in Jer-
sey, Amsterdam, Leyden, Utrecht, and Paris)
and theological wi-iter. Hewasa member of the Con-
stituent and Legislative assemblies (1848-49). He wrote
"Uiographiesacr(?e,"ctc. (ls25-26),"<irthodoxie moderne"
(1842), "Christol..gie"(lb:.S), etc.
Coquerel, Charles Augustin. Born at Paris,
April 17, 1797 : died at Paris, Feb. 1, 1851. A
French theological writer, brother of A. L. C.
Coquerel. He wrote ''L'Histoire des 6glise8
du desert, etc." (1841), etc.
Coques, or Cocx (kok), Gonzales. Born at
Antwerp, 1614: died at Antwerp, April 18, 1684.
A Flemish portrait-painter, noted for his family
groups.
Coquillart (ko-ke-yar'), Guillaume. Bom in
Champagne, France: died about 149U. AFrench
poet, author of " Les droits uouveaux," in octo-
syllabic verse, and other poems. Complete
works published 1847.
Coquimbo (ko-kem'bo). 1. A province of
northern Chile, lying between Atacama on the
north, Argentine Confederation on the east,
Aconcagua on the south, and the Pacific Ocean
on the west. Its chief product is copper.
Area, 12,905 square miles. Population (1891),
I
Coquimbo
191.901. — 2. Tlio seaiiort of La Serena (capital
of tiir ]jroviiu-(' of Coqiiiiubo), in lat. 29° 5(5' S.,
lou^'. 71° 20' VV. Population (1883), 8,440.
Cor^Caroli (k6r kar'o-lii. [NL., 'the heart
of Charles. 'J Ayi-llowish starof the third uiag-
nituJe, below aiul behind the tail of the (ireat
Bear, designated by Flaiusteed as 11! Canurn
Venatieorum, but treated as a constellation on
the globe of Senex (London, 1740), and by some
other English astronomers.
Cor Hydiae (kor hi'dre). [L.,'the heart of
Hvdra.'J A star of the second magnitude, in
the soul hern constellation Hydia.
CorLeoniS(kor le-6'uis). [L., 'the heart of the
lion.' I -Vnother name for Kegulus. a star of
thr lirst magnitude in the constellation Leo.
Cor Scorpionis (k6r sk6r-pi-6'nis). [L., 'the
heart of the scorpion.'] Another name forAn-
tares, a star of the lirst magnitude in the zodi-
acal constellation Scorpio.
Cora (ko'rii). In Sheridan's " Pizarro," the wife
of .Vlonzo, the commander of Ataliba's troops.
Cora. See Cori.
Cora (ko'rii). [PI., also Coras.'] A division
of the Pimau stock of North American Indians,
embracing the Cora proper and a number of
lesser tribes. They inhabit the tenitory cimtiguous to
the Rio de San Pedro, extending; from the Rio tirande de
Santiago to lat. *i'r, and lout:. li-)4' to 10r>° W. (except a
8mall area occupied liy tlie Huichola), in tlie Sierra de
Nayarit, .laliaco, .Me\ico. .Uthougli hostile, they are aj;ri-
culturists. E:,tiniated number, 20,0i>t}. .See Piman.
Coral Sea (kor'al se). That part of the Pacific
Ocean cNtendiug from Australia to the New
Hebrides.
Coram (ko'ram), Thomas. Born at Lyme
Regis, England, about 1668: died at London,
March '2'J. 1751. An English philanthropist.
He established the hospital for foundlings in
Ijondon in 1740.
Corambis (ko-ram'bis). The name of Polonius
in the first ipiarto Hamlet (1603). In the Herman
play (■' Fratricide I'unished ") supposed to be the ground-
woi-k of tlie 100;i quarto, it ia spelled Corambus.
Coranine. See Cunc.
Coray ( ko-ra' ), Adamantios. Born at Smyrna,
April 7, 1748; died at Paris, April 6, 1833. A
noted Ureek scholar. He endeavored to brin;,' about
the political ref^eneration of Greece by means of educa-
tion ; antl with this ol>]ect in view published excellent
editions of the Greek authors, which have been collected
in tlie "Bibliothi-(lue helWnique," 1805-20.
Oorazon(k6-rii-th6n'). [Sp.,' heart.'] Amoua-
tain in the Andes of Ecuador, l.'),871 feet high
(Whymper).
The mountain Corazon has received ita name from a re-
Beml>lanee it ts supposed tu Inive to a heart. It is a prom-
inent object from Machaehi. placed almost exactly mid-
way between Ataca/.o and Illiniza.
Wh'imper, Travels amoUKst the Great Andes of the
(Equator, p. lUS.
Oorbeil (kor-bay'). A town iu the de[)artment
of Seiue-et-Oise, France, situated at the junc-
tion of the Essonno and Seine 17 miles south
of Paris. It has a large trade. Population
(1891), commune, 8,184.
Corbenic. In the " Komauce of the Graal," the
castle Iniilt as a shrine for the Holy Graal by
the leper king (jalafres after he has been eon-
verteil and christened Alphasan.
Corbet (kor'bet), Richard. Bom at Elwell,
Sm-rey, 1582: died at Norwich, England, July
28, 1635. An English prelate and poet, elected
bishop of O.xford in 1624, and translated to the
see of Norwich in 1632. He was an intimate friend
of Ben Jons<jn, and was noted for his convivial habits. The
fll*st collected edition of hi;^ iioeins was published in 1047 :
some of them were published separately in 104K, under
the title "Poetica Stiomata."
Oorbett (kor'bet), Boston. Born at London
1832. The slayer of the assassin of Abraham
Lincoln. lie came to thi- I'nited Stales in 18311, and tc>..k
the name of " Bosttui " from the city in which he wjis baj)
tlz»'d. Heeidlsted in the 12th leuiment of N,\v York State
niititia, and later was a serKcaiit in the Kith New York
cavalry. In <iisobedience of orders, he tired upon John
Wilkes lio.ith at the time of his capture (Apiil ii;, 180r0.
and killed him. For this he Wiis cnnrt-martialed. lie
aftcrwartl became insane, and was confined in an asylum
in Kansas.
Corbie (kor-be'). A town in the department
of Somme, Prance, situated on the Somnie 10
miles east of Amiens. Population (1891), com-
mune, 4,782.
Corbould(kor'bold). Henry. Bom at London,
Aug. II, 1787: die(l at Robertsbrldgt!, Sussex,
Dec. !l, 1844. An English landscape- and min-
iature-painter and book-illustrator, son of Itich-
anl Corbould.
Oorbould, Richard. Born at London, April
18, 1757: died .Ml London, .Inly 20, 1831. An
English painter and book-illustrator.
270
Corcoran Art Gallery. An art gallery at
Washington, District of Columbia, established
and endowe<l bv William Wilson Corcoran. It
was conveyed to a board of trustees fi.T the bcnellt of the
public in ISUti, and contains a collection of l)ronzes, casts,
and statues, and a gallery of paintings.
Corcyra (kor-si'rii). [Gr. KipuviMi (Herod.
Thuc.), or Kupiiufia (Strabo).] The ancient
n;tme for Corfu.
Cordara (kor-dii'ril). Giulio Cesare. Born at
Alessandria, Italy, Dec. 17, liU4: died at Ales-
sandria, May 6, 1785. An Italian poet, and
historiographer of the Jesuits.
CordatUS (kor-dii'tus). A character iu Jon-
son's comedy ''Every Man out of his Humour"
who with Mitis performs the part of a critic witli
explanation and comment, always present on
the scene, but standing aside.
Corday d'Armans (kor-dii' dUr-mou'), Marie
Anne Charlotte (best known as Charlotte
Corday). Born at St. Saturniu, t^rne, France,
July 27, 1768: died at Paris, July 17, 1(93. A
French heroine. She was of noble birth ; was edu-
cated ill a convent at Caen; and, intluenced by the writ-
injis of the phiiosopiws, especially Voltaire ami the Abbe
Raynal, embraced the principles of the French Revolu-
tion. Filled with horror .it the excesses of the Reign of
Terror, she repaired to Paris July 1, 1793; and July 13,
17U3, having gained admission to the chamber of Jlarat,
the most bloodthirsty of the Terrorists, stabbed him to
death while in his bath. Slie was tried by the Revolu-
tionary tribunal, and was sent to the guillotine.
Cordelia (kor-de'liii). [F. C(>r<U'lU:'] The
youngest daughter of Xing Lear in Shakspere's
tragedy of that name. She offends hira by the lack
of violence in her protestations of love for him, and he
disinherits her. When, however, he is ill-treated, mad-
dened, and turned out by his elder daughters, to whom
he had given everything, she comes with an army to
dethrone them, but is taken captive, and is killed in
prison. I.ear in a last outburst kills the slave who hung
her, and dies upon her body.
Cordes (kord). A small town iu tho deparl-
ment of Tarn, France, 15 miles northwest of
Albi. It has interesting medieval ramparts
and buildings.
Cordifere (kor-dyar' ), La Belle. [P., ' The Beau-
tiful Rope-maker.'] A surname of Louise Lab6
(see Labe), wife of one Pen-in, a rope-maker.
Cordilleras (kor-dil-ya'raz). [Sp. Cordillera,
a chain or ridge of mountains, formerly also a
long, straight, elevated tract of land.] A name
applied to various portions of the central
mountain systems of America, as the Cordil-
leras of Mexico, of Central America, of the
Uuitetl States (Rocky Mountains), and of South
America (Andes), it was tlrst given to the ranges of
the Andes ("las (\>rdilleras de los Andes." tlie chains of
the Andes), then to the continuation of these ranges into
Mexico and further north. For convenience, it is now-
agreed among physical geographers to call the complex
of ranges embraced between and including the Rocky
Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, and their extension
north into ISritish Columbia, tlie Cordilleras; those ranges
occupying a similar continental position in .South America
are called simply the Andes. The entire western moun-
tain side of the continent of North America is called the
CordUleran nyuni. In its broadest part ifhas a develop-
ment of a thousand miles east and west, and embraces,
besides tho Kooky Mountains and the Sierra, a largo num-
ber of subordinate mountain-chains, some of which are
little, if at all, inferior to such chains as the Pyrenees in
length and elevation.
1 11 course of time it became apparent tliat the two
"parallel Cordilleras," which according to geographers
are the great feature of the country, do not exist. The
axis of the Andes of F.cuador, part of tho backbone of
South America, runs nearly nortli and south ; and towards
tho western edge of the main chain there is a sequence
of peaks more or less in a line with each other. (Jn the
east of these summits there is a succession of basins, of
dilfcrcnt dimensions and at various elevations, and the
nearest mountains on the eastern side occur at irrctjnlar
distances. There is no such thing as one great valley in
the interior of Ecuador. The mountains I'asochoa and
Ruminahui are the only two whiih I ie //»irrt;/'7 to the others
on the western side. The main chain of the Andes was
created by upheaval at some remote date, but 1 e can say
when this movement occurred, or whether it was an alfair
of a year or was spread over thousands of years. All of
the Great Amies of the Eciuator rise out of, or upon ami
above, the main chain.
Whijmper, Great Andes of the Equator, p. Xib.
C6rdoba (kor'do-uii). 1. A province in tho
Argentine Kepublic, situated about lat. 29°
30'-35° S., long. 62°-66° W. Area, 60,000 si|uaro
miles. Poiiulation, 380,000. — 2. The capital of
the above province, situated on the Primero in
lat. 31° 24' S., long. 64° 13' 26" W. (obscrvii-
tory). It is an important commercial center, and the
seat of a university and national observatory. Population
(1887), :iri,771.
3. A towti in the state of Vera Cruz, Mexico, 55
miles west of Vera, Cruz. Population, (i.OOll,
C6rdoba, or Cordova, Francisco Hernandez
(or Fernandez) de. Date of birth unknown:
died at Santo Kspiritu, Ciibii, May or .lane,
1517. A Spanish soldier and explorer. Ue went
Coree
to Cuba witli Velastiuez in l.'ill, acquired wealth there,
and in Keb., l.MT, commanded an expedition of 3 ves-
sels with 110 men, lifted out as a private speculation.
Sailing westwaril. he iliscovered Yucatan, followed the
coast around to beyond l 'ainjieche, and noticed many signs
of a iliglier civilization than had before been found in
America. At Chaiiiiiotan Cdrdobawas severely wounded
in a light with the Indians. He crossed over to F'lorida,
thence returned to Cuba, and died of his wounds shortly
after.
Cordova (kor'do-vii), officially Cordoba (kor'-
do-uii). [F. Cordouc] 1. The capital of the
province of Cordova, Spain, situated on the
Guadahiuivir in lat. 37° 52' N.. long. 4° 50'
W. : the Punic Karta-tuba, and the Roman
Cortluba or Patricia. It is famous for its manufac-
tures of leather and of silverware. It contains many
Moorish antiquities, and is celebrated for its catliedral,
(See below,) It was rebuilt after its partial destruction
by Ccesar, and colonized. It was the birthplace of Seneca,
Lucan, and Averroes, and from 756 to 1031 was the capital
of the western ealifate. It was the most famous center
of learning and literature in western Euroiie in the middle
ages, and had about l,0<Ki,000 itdiabitants. It was taken
by Ferdinand III. of Castile in 12."iti, and was stormed by
the French under Dupont in ISOS, The cathedral, the old
mosque of Abd-er-Rahman I., was begun in the 8th cen-
tury, and tlnished in lOUl. In plan it is nearly square,
with 18 ranges of columns, many of them antiiiue, sup-
porting low horseshoe-arcades, above which a second tier
of arches carries the modernized vaulting. The original
Moorish niihrab and its successor remain, and present
wonderful examples of decoration in sculpture and mosaic.
In the middle of the mosque a rich Renaissance choir was
built iu 1526, but the interpolation is lost in the vastliess
of the structure. There are many admirable ^loorish
doors, aud other features, all together making this remark-
able building one of the finest existing specimens of Mo-
hammedan architecture. The beautiful ( :ourt of Oranges,
on the north, forms the cloister of the cathedral. Popula-
tion (1887), 55,614.
2. A province in Andalusia, Spain. .Area,
5,190 square miles. Population (1887), 420,714.
— 3. See Cdrdoha.
Cordova, Diego Fernandez de. See Fernan-
dez de Cordova.
Cordova, Francisco Hernandez de. Born
about 1475: died at Leon, Nicaragua, March,
1.526. A Spanish soldier and explorer. In 1514
he went to the Isthmus of Panama with Pedrarias, and
in 1524 was sent by him to take possession of Nicai-agua in
detlance of the rights of the discoverer, Gil Gonzalez de
Avila. Cordova founded Granada, Leon, and other towns,
explored tlie lake, and found its outlet. He sent his lieu-
tenant, Hernando de Soto, against Gil Gonzalez hi Hon-
duras; but on the arrival of Cortes in Honduras sought
to transfer his allegiance to him, antl subsequently tried
to set up an independent government. Pedrarias, hear-
ing of the defection, came to Nicaragua, seized Cordova,
and had him belieaded.
Cordova, Gonsalvo Hernandez de. Born at
Montilla, near Corilova, Spain, March 16, 1453:
died at Granada, Spain, Dee. 2, 1515. A cele-
brated Spanish general, surnamed " The Great
Captain." Heserved with distinction in the wars against
Portugal and the itoors, and conducted the negotia-
tions which finally resulted in the union of Granada with
Castile. In 14U5 he expelled the French from Naples, for
which service he was created duke of Sant' Angelo by
Ferdinand II. Ue conquered Ostia for the I'ope in 1497,
and 160'2-0:i defended liiuietta against the French, whom
he defeated at Cerignola and on the Garigliano in 1503.
Cordova, Jorge. Born at La Paz, 1822 : died
there, (let. 23, 1801. A Bolivian revolutionist.
He was an ignorant S(ddier who acquired some importance
by his marriage with the daughter of President Helzii.
The revolutionists who drove out Belzd in 1855 proclaiined
Cordova iu his place, and lie held the position until 1858,
when he was deposed by another outbreak. His rule was
humane, but he showed little energy. He was shot dur-
ing the disorders of 1801.
Cordova, Pedro de. Born in 1483 : died at
Santo Domingo, June 28, 1525. A Spanish Do-
minican, vicar of the first colony of his order ia
Ilispaniola in 1510. He and his companions preached
against Indian slavery in 1511, and in 1512 Cordova went
to Spain to meet the junta which was employed in fram-
ing new laws with relation to the service-^ of the Indians.
In 1613 he sent a missionary colony to the coast of Vene-
zuela, and when the missionaries were killed in 1515, Cor-
dova went himself toeslablisll another colony. Ue was
a friend of l.as Casa-;.
Cordova y Figueroa (kor'do-vii e fe-ga-rd'ft)
Pedro de. Born at Concepeion, 1692: died
there, piobably after 1770. .\ Chilean historian.
He was a stddier, 'served in Araueanfa, and was alcalde of
Concepeion about 17411. Ills " Uistoriade Chile " includes
the conquest and settlement to 1717, and wius the mosl
ccunplete history of the country up to its date. The
mannscriiit was preserved at iladrid, and it was first pub-
lished from a copy in the "Coleccion de Historiadores de
Chile,"
Corea. See Korea.
Coreal (ko-ra-iil'), Francisco. The name ap-
pended lothe ''VoyageaiixIndesOecidentales,"
iiilblisheil ill Paris 1727. The author claimed to
have been born in Cartagena hi 1C4S. and to have traveled
over nearly all of Spanish and l^ortugnese America. The
work is generally believed to be tlctilious.
Coree (ko'ic). A tribe of North American In-
dians ftu-iiierly occupying the peninsida south
of the Neuso Kiver, North Carolina. The name
Coree
probably means 'they are separate.' They joined in tiie
outbreak of 1711, ami tiie survivors were settled in Hyde
County, North Carolina, until they becaiue extinct Also
called Coranine. See Iroqiioian.
Coreilt3ni (ko-ren-tiu'). [Coraw^yn of the Dutch
colonists.] A rivor of South America which
separates British and Dutch Guiana. It flows
into the AtLantic Ocean in lat. 6° N., long. hT W. Length,
40() miles: navigable l.'iO miles.
Corfe Castle (korf kas'l). A castle in Dorset,
England, 18 miles east of Dorchester. It was
the scene of the murder of Edward the Martyr
in 979.
Oorfinium (k6r-fin'i-um). In ancient geography,
a town in central Italy, near the niodeni Sol-
mona. It was the capital of the Peligui, and of the con-
federates in the Social War (90-88 B. c).
Corflambo (kor-flam'bo). A giant, a type of un-
regulated love, in Spenser's "Faerie Queene,"'
iv. 8.
Corfu (kor-fo'). 1. A nomarohy of Greece,
comprising Corfu, Santa Maura, Paxo, etc.
Area, 431 square miles. Population (1889),
114,535. — 2. The northernmost and largest of
the Ionian Islands, situated west of Albania : the
ancient Corcyra or Kerkyra. Its surface is muun-
tainons, and its prineip:il exports are olives and wine.
Length, 40 miles. Greatest breadth, lio miles.
3. A seaport, capital of Corfu, on the eastern
coast in lat. 39° 37' N., long. 19° 56' E. : the
ancient CorcjTa or KerkjTa. It has steam commu-
nication with Mediterranean ports. Corfu was culonlzed
by Corinth in 7S4 B. c. It defeated Corinth, in the first
recorded naval battle, in 0*35 B. c. ; was an ally of Athens
in the Peloponnesian war; was conquered by Rome in
229 B. C, and came under Venetian rule in 1386. The
island formed part of the Ionian Republic from 1815 to
1864. The town was defended Ijy the Venetians against
the Turks in 1716. Population (1889), commune, 28,372.
Cori (ko're). A town in the province of Rome,
Italy, situated 30 miles southeast of Eome : the
ancient Cora, it contains many Roman antiquities,
including Corinthian columns, fragments of walls, and a
temple of Hercules, so called, a Roman-Doric structure
of the time of Sulla, of unusual grace and artistic feeling.
The entire prostyle portico (prostasis) of 4 by 3 columns
remains, with its entablature and low pediment. The
shafts, with 20 flutes, have a height of 7 diameters with-
out base or capital ; triglyphs occupy the angles of the
frieze, in Greek fashion. The doorway of the ceUa is
richly framed and ornamented.
Cbrin (ko'rin). A shepherd in Shakspere's
comedy "As you Like it."
Corineus. See Gogmafjng.
Corinium (ko-rin'i-um). An important town
in ancient Britain : the modern Cirencester.
Corinna (ko-rin'a). [Gr. Kupivva.'] Bom at
Tanagra, Boeotia, Greece : lived in the first part
of the 5th century B. c. A Greek lyric poet,
sometimes called a Theban from her long resi-
dence in Thebes, she was a contemporary and in-
structor of Pindar, from whom she is said to have won
the prize five times at the public giunes. A few frag-
ments of her poems have been preserved. "There were
three of the name of Corinna, all skilled in letters. One
was of Thebes, one of Thespis, and the third of Corinth.
The last lived at the time, and is supposed to have been
the favourite, of Ovid ; but the most famous was she who,
in a trial of poetry, conijuered the great poet Pindar. Her
glory seems to have been fully established by the public
memorial of her picture exhil>ited in her native city, and
adorned with a s>^llbol of her victory. Pausanias, who
saw it, supposes her to have been one of the handsomest
women of her age. Time has left us only a few scraps
of Corinna's poetry." Orlando Furioso, bk. xx., note.
Corinna. In Vanbrugh's comedy "The Con-
federacy," the daredevil daughter of Gripe.
Corinna. A name given by Dryden to Mrs.
Thomas with whom he had a correspondence.
She fell into distress and became one of Curll's
authors, furnishing him with a fictitious ac-
count of Dryden's funeral.
Corinne OU I'ltalie (ko-ren' 6 le-ta-le'). [F.,
'Corinuo or Italy.'] A novel by Madame de
Staijl, published in 1807: named from its
heroine.
Corinth (kor'inth). [Gr. Kdpivfio^, L. Corin-
tliu/tj] A citv of Greece, situated near the
Isthmus and Gulf of Corinth in lat. 37° 54' N.,
long. 22° 52' E. : the modern Gortho. it was
originally called Ephyre (Eii>vp>)), and was noted in ancient
times as a center of commerce, literature, and art It
was founded about 1350 B. c; was conquered by the Dori-
ans in the 11th century; colonized Coroyra and Syracuse
in 734 ; prospered under the tyrant Periander about (SCO ;
sided with Sparta in the Peloponnesian war against
Athens, and later (395-387) engaged in the "Corinthian
war" against Sparta ; was defeatod by Sparta in ;i94 : was
held by the Macedonians until 243, when it joined the
Achiean League, of which it was the capital; was captured,
sacked, and burned by the Romans, under Mummius, in
146 ; and was rebuilt by Julius Ca'sar in 40 B. c. In modem
times it has been t-iken and retaken by Turks and Vene-
tians, w.as destroyed by an earthquake in 1858, and was
rebuilt on a site 3 miles distant (New Corinth). Popula-
tion (1SS9), commune. 11,150.
Corinth. A village in northeastern Mississip-
pi, 90 miles east by south of Memphis. It was
280
an important strategic point in the Civil War, and was be-
sieged by the Federals under Halleck May, l.so;i, and
evacuated by the Confederates under lieauregai-d May 29.
Here, Oct 3, 4, the Federals (over 20,000) under Rosccrans
defeated the Confederates (28,000) under Van Doni and
Price. Reported loss of the Federals, 2,520 ; of the Con-
federates, 4,838.
Corinth, Gulf of. See I^jtanto, Gulf of.
Corinth, Isthmus of. An isthmus which
connects the Morea with central Greece.
It is now pierced by a canal. Width, 4-8
miles.
Corinthia (ko-rin'thi-a). In ancient geogra-
phy, a division of Greece, lying between the
Gulf of Corinth on the north, Megaris on the
northeast, the Saronic Gulf on the east, Argo-
lis on the south, and Argolis and Sicyonia on
the west.
Corinthians (ko-rin'thi-anz), First and Second
Epistles to the. Epistles of Paul, of which
the fii'st was composed at Ephesus in the spring
of 57, and the second at some place in Mace-
donia in the summer or autumn of the same
year.
doriolanus (ko'ri-o-Ia'nus), the surname of
Cnseus (less correctly Caius) Marcius. Lived
in the fii'St half of the 5th century B. c. A
Eoman legendary hero, represented as the
champion of the patricians, and afterward as
leader of the Volscians against Rome. He was
the conqueror of the Volscian Corioli ( whence
his surname).
Coriolanus. 1. A tragedy by Shakspere, pro-
duced probably in 1G08, aiid founded on North's
"Plutarch." In the play the mother of Caius (Cnieus)
Marciua Coriolanus is Volumuia, not Veturia, and his wife
is VirgUia, not Voiumnia as in the original. John Dennis
produced a play in 1705 founded on "Coriolanus," which
he called "The Invader of his Country, or the Fatal Re-
sentment"
2. A tragedy by James Thomson, left in man-
uscript by him, brought upon the stage by Sir
George Littleton. It was published in 1748 or
1749.
Corioli (ko-ri'o-li). In ancient geography, a
city of Latium, Italy. It gave name to Coriolanus,
by whom it was conquered 493 ('0 B. c. Its exact site is
unknown, but is probably at Monte-Giove, near Ariccia.
Corisca. In Guarhii's " Pastor Fido," a woman
ruined by town life, contrasted with the Arca-
dian maidens.
Coritavi (ko-ri-ta'vi), or Coritani (ko-ri-ta'-
ni). An ancient British tribe which occupied
territory that included the modern Lincoln
and Leicester.
Strabo also, speaking of the Coritavi, a British tribe in
Lincolnshire, after mentioning their yellow hair, says,
" to show how tall they are, I saw myself some of their
young men at Rome, and they were taller by six inches
than any one else in the city." /. Taylor^ Aryans, p. 76.
Cork (kork). 1. The southernmost county of
Munster. Il'eland. It lies between Limerick on the
north, Tipperary on the northeast, Waterford on the east,
the Atlantic Ocean on the south, and Kerry on the west.
It is the largest county of Ireland, having an area of 2,890
square miles. Population (1891), 438,432.
2. A city, capital of the above county, situated
on the Lee, near its mouth, in lat. 51° 54' N.,
long. 8° 28' W. Its lower port is Queenstown. It is
the third city in Ireland, exports butter, live stock, provi-
sions, leather, etc., and is the seat of Queen's College. It
was founded about 600 ; was fortified by the Danes ; was
surrendered by its king to Henry II. in 1172 ; and was be-
sieged and taken by Cromwell in 1&49, and by Marlborough
in 1690. Population (1891), 7.5,346.
Cork, Earls of. See Boyle.
Corleone (kor-la-6'ne). A town in the prov-
ince of Palermo, Sicily, 21 miles south of Pa-
lermo. Population, l.'),000.
Corliss (kor'lis). George Henry. Born at Fas-
ten, N. Y., July 2, 1817: died at Providence,
R. I., Feb. 21, 1888. An American inventor and
manufactui'er, noted as a designer of steam-
engines. He first patented improvements in
engines in 1849.
Cormac (kor'mak). Born 836: died 908. A
king of Cashel, L-eland, who reigned 900-908.
He perished in a battle on the site of the present B.ally-
moon, in the latter year. A glossary of Irish words called
" Sanas Chormaic," " the most venerable monument of the
literature of Munster and the earliest Irish dictionary,"
is attributed to him.
The oldest extant fragment of the glossary is in the
"Book of Leinst€r,"a manuscript of about A. P. 1200, and
the oldest complete manuscript (Royal Irish Academy,
H. and .S. No. 224, s. 3167) is of the 16th century. Some
Irish writers state that the glossary was part of a large
work known as "Saltair Chaisil." This has been gener-
ally attributed to Comi.ac, but there are no safe grounds
for believing it to be his, or indeed for regarding it as
anything l)ut an ancient collection of transcripts such as
the existing "Lebor na Huidri." The "Sanas Chormaic "
was first printed by Whitley Stokes in 1862.
Die. Nat Biog., XIL 221.
Cormac Mac Art. Died 260. A king of Ire-
Cornelius
land 218-2.")4, grandson of Conn of the Hun-
dred Battles.
Cormenin (kor-m6-nan'), Vicomte de (Louis
Marie de la Haye). Born at Paris, Jan. 6,
17.SS : died at Paris, May 0, 18(>8. A noted French
.jurist and political writer. He was the author of
numerous books and pamphlets, includiug " Questions de
droit administratif" (1822), "Etudes sur les orateui-s par-
lementaircs " (183s), etc.
Cormontaigne (kor-mon-tauy), Louis de. Born
1695 : died in Lon-aine, Oct. 20, 1752. A French
military engineer. His works were published
1806-09.
Cornaro (kor-na'ro), Caterina. Bom at Venice,
1454 : died at Venice, July 5, 1510. Queen of
Cj1)rus. She manied in 1472 James of Lusignan, king
of Cyprus, on whose death in 1473 she succeeded to the
throne. She abdicated in favor of the Republic of Venice
in 1489.
Cornaro, Caterina, at Venice. A sumptuous
painting by Hans Makart, in the National Gal-
lery at Berlin. The Queen of Cyprus, enthroned, re-
ceives the homage of Venetian patricians. There is evi-
dent aim to reproduce Titian's grouping and splendor of
colter.
Cornbury, Viscount. See Hycle.
Corneille (kor-uay'), Pierre. Born at Rouen,
June 6, 1606: died at Paris. Oct. 1. 1684. Acele-
bratedFrenchdramatist. Hewas graduated witli high
honors from the Jesuit College of his native city, studied
law, and was admitted to the bar June 18, 1624. His first
comedy, " ilt*lite," was intrusted to a comedian who put it
on the stage between 1028 and 1030, and scored a marked
success. Corneille immediately wrote a second play, " Cli-
tandre," this time a tragicomedy of most extravagant and
absurd nature, produced about 1031 or 1632. Thereupon he
made a return to pure comedy with "La veuve" (1633), "La
galerie du palais " (1033), " La suivantc " (1G;J4), " La place
royale " (1634), and " L'lllusion comique" (1B36). This
series was interrupted by the tragedy '*Med6e"(1635), bar-
ring which Corneille passes at once from simple comedy
to sublime tragedy. " Le Cid." appealing toward the close
of 1636 or the beginning of 1637, marks a new era in the
history of the French stage. This masteipiece failed, nev-
ertheless, to secure universal recognition, and was the
cause of the famous " ciuerelle du Cid " r:used by the French
Academy. The year 1&40 witnessed the production of two
new tragedies, "Horace"and "Cinna." "Polyeucte," fre-
quently looked upon as Comeille's greatest work, was
produced in 1642. "La mort de Pomp6e " and CorneiUe's
finest comedy, "Le menteur," appeared in l(H:i, " ' Theodore "
and "La suite du mentem-" in 1045, and "Rodogune" in
1&16. Corneille issued " H^raclius " in 1647, "Andromede "
and " Don Sanche d'Aragon " in 1650, " Nicomede " in 1651,
and " Pertharite " in 1053. This last play was not a success,
and Corneille ceased to write for the stage for six or seven
years, concentrating his energies on rendering " L'Imi-
tation de Jijsus-Clmst " into verse (1661-66). In 1659 he
was induced to return to the old work, and brought out
"(Edipe," "La toison d'or," and "Sertorius" (1662), "So-
phonisbe " (1663), and " Othon " (1664). His works diu-ing
the latter part of his life deserve mention simply for the
name of their author: they are "Agi^silas" (1666), "At-
tila " (1667), " Tite et B(5r(5nice " (1670), '• Pulch^rie ''(1672X
and "Sur^na" (1674). Corneille ranks with Descartes as
the first to free the French language and thought from the
restrictions due to Greek and Latin influences.
Corneille, Thomas. Bom at Rouen, Aug. 20,
1625: diedatLesAndelys,Dec.8,1709. A French
di'amatist and miscellaneous writer, younger
brother of PieiTe Corneille. His plays (which noin-
ber over 40) include "Ariane" (1672), "Lefestin de Pierre"
(1673), "Lecomt«d'Essex"(167S), etc.
Cornelia (kor-ne'lia). [L., fem. of Cornelius;
It. Cornelia, F. Cornelic, G. Cornelia.'} Lived
in the 2d century B. c. A Roman matron,
daughter of the elder Scipio Africanus, wife
of Tiberius Semproniiis Graeclius, and mother
of the tribunes Tiberius and Caius Gracchus :
celebrated for her accomplishments and vir-
tues.
Cornelia gens (kfir-ne'li-ii jenz). A celebrated
patrician and jjlcbeian elan or house in an-
cient Rome. The patrician family names previous
to the empire were Arvina, Blasio, Cethegus, Cinna, Cos-
sus, Dolabella, Lentulus. Maluginensis, Mammula, Meren-
da, Merula, Kntlnus, Scaj>ula, Scipio. Sisenna, and Sulla.
The plebeian family names were Balbus and llallus.
Cornelian Laws, L. Leges Corneliae (le'jez
kor-ne'li-e). The body of laws introduced at
Rome by the dictator L. Cornelius Sulla about
80 B. c, with a view to restoring the aristo-
cratic form of government, whose integrity had
been destroyed by the democratic legislation
of the Gracchi and of Marius.
Cornelius (kor-ne'lins). [L.; It.Sp.Pg.OornpKo,
F. Cornelivs, G. Cornelia.". ] A Roman centurion,
stationed at Ca»sarea, whom Peter, in conse-
quence of a special revelation, received into
the communion of the Christian church direct-
ly by baptism, without circumcision (Acts x.).
Cornelius. Born at Rome : died at Civiti
Vecchia, 253. Elected bishop in March. 251, to
succeed Fabianus. The Novatians having refused to
recognize his election, and having chosen their leader No-
Tatianns in his stead, Cornelius convened a council at
Rome in 251, whicli confirmed his election. He was ban-
ished by the emperor Gallus to CivitJi Vecchia, where,
according to some (late) accounts, he suHered martyrdom.
Cornelius
Cornelius. 1. A fouitiur iu Shakspere's tra-
gedy ■■Jlamlet." — 2. A physiciau in SUak-
spore's play " Cymbeliuu.'' — 3. The friend of
1' aiistus in Marlowe's play " l)v. Faiistus."
Cornelius (kor-ua'le-iis), Karl Adolf. Bom at
Wiirzbiu-K, Bavaria, Mart'li 12, 181i). A German
historian. He beciuue professor of historj' in the TTni-
versity of Bonn iu lSo4. niul in llie University of Munich
iu 18atf. llis works int-lnde "tiescliiclitedes ninnKterischen
Aiifrulirs" (ISS.t-CO), ■*Kurfurst Moritz vnn Siulisen rc-
Keniiber (Ur Furstenverschwbrung im Jiiiu-e 1550-51 "
(18(17), etc.
Cornelius Nepos. See Nepos.
Coimelius, Peter von. Born at DUsseldorf,
Prussia, Sept. 23, 1783 : died at Berlin, March
6, 1867. A German painter, leader i>f the new
school of German art. He worked iii Rome 1811-19,
aud iu the latter year took ehiU'Re of tlie aeuilemy ut
Diiseeldorf. From 1825—11 he hitiored chieliy at Munich,
and after Is-tl at Berlin. His chief works are frescos in the
Glyptothek and Ludwi^jskirche in .Munich, aud cartoons
for the Canipo Santo iu Berlin.
Ooniell(k(")r-uer), Ezra. Born at Westchester
Landing, N. Y., Jan. 11, 1807 : tlicd at Ithaca,
N. Y., Dec. 9, 1874. An American philanthro-
pist. He followed the occupation of mechanic and
miller at Ithaca, Is. Y., 1828-11, and snl)se(iueutly amassed
a fortune, chieliy as a contnict«r f()r the erection of tele-
graph lines. He was a member of the State Assembly in
1862 and ISti.'t, and was a member • »f the State Senate 18G4-
1867. He is cliielly known jis the founder of Cornell I'ni-
▼eraity (winch see).
Cornell University. An institution of learn-
ing situatcil at Ithaca, N. Y. Itj) curriculum com-
prises courses ui lU-ts, litentture, philosophj', science, agri-
culture, civil and mechanical eu^ineeiin^, histoiy, political
science, etc., and extended t^radiiale courses. It was
founded by Ezra Cornell (see above), aud was opened in
18U8. Its library contains about 108,i*O» volumes.
Oornelys (kor-uii'lis), Theresa. Boru at Venice
in 1723 : died in the Fleet Prison, Aug. 19, 1797.
A noted manager of public assemblies iu Car-
li.slo riotise, Loudon. Atone thne she had the di-
rection of all the thcatei-s in the Austrian Netherlands.
Besides tlie management of balls, c<»ncerts. and masquer-
ades, she also saUK. She fell into obscurity alter a noto-
rious lite, and under the name of Mrs. Smith sold ass's
inilk at Knijihtsbridge for some time before her death.
Diet. Nat. Iliog.
Oometo (kor-ua'to), or Cometo-Tarquinia.
A town in the province of Kome, Italy, 44
miles northwest of KoiUfi. It contains a castle,
palace, and many Etruscan and Iloman antiquities. Re-
markable Etruscan tombs aud the site of the old city of
Tarquinii are in the vicinity. It is the seat of a bishop.
Populati<in, 4,000.
Oornhert, Dirk. See Voomhcrt.
Comhill (kcjrn'hil). One of the principal Lou-
don streets, once a corn-market. '■ The two great
ornaments of mcdiajval Cornhill were the Tun, a round-
house or temporary prison, aiul the Standard, a water
conduit, and point of meiisurement" (the latter was iu
nse in the second year of Henry' V.).
Oomiani (kor-ne-ii'ne). Count Giovanni Bat-
tista. Born at Orzi-Nuovi, near Brescia.
Italy, Feb. 28, 1742: died at Orzi-Nuovi, Nov.
7, 1813. An Italian literary historian and
poet. His chief work is " I seeoli della lettera-
tura italiaiia" (1804-13).
Oorniche (kor-uesh'). La, It. Cornice (kor-
ne'cho). ['The cornice.'] A celebrated coast-
road along the Riviera of Prance and Italy from
Nice to (ienoa.
Oomimont (kor-ne-m6h'). A town in the de-
partment of Vosgos, France, 22 miles south-
east of fipinal. Population (1891), coramuue,
4,821.
Corning (kor'ning). A post-village in Steuben
Oniuty, New York, situated on the Cheinuug
liivcr 13 miles west of Elmira. Population
(1S9II). HjfMll.
Com-La'W Rh3naer. Ebeuezer Elliott, author
of ••(lorn-Law Khyines."
Com-La'WS, The. In English history, a series
of laws, exleudiug from 1436 to 1842, regulating
the home aud foreign gi^ain-trad(! of Kugland.
Until the repeal of the corn-laws, the graiu-trad.-, both
export an<i import, was the subject of elaborate and
vaiymg leiiislation, which consisted in levying protective
or prohibitory duties, or in imposing restrictive conditions,
or in granting government iSounties for the encourage-
ment of exp-'riation. After a prolonged agitation for the
repeal of the corn-laws by the .\nti-('orn-Law League (or-
gardzed in 18^0), Parliament iu 184(1, under the nunistry
of Sir K*»bert I'eel, passed an act for a large immediate
reduction of the duty on imported grain, and providing
for a merely nominal duty after 1849, which was subse-
quently entirely removed.
Corno, Monte. See Gran Sanso h'ltalia.
Oornouaille (kor-nii-iiy'). A part of Brittany,
Prance, iu the vicinity of Quinip<'r.
Oornu (kor-uii'), S^bastien Melchior. Bom
at Lyons, France, 1S04: died at Ijoiigpont,
Soine-ct-Oise, France, Oct:, 1870. A French
a)aiuter. a pniiil of Ingres.
omutus (kor-uu'ttis), or Phurnutus, Lucius
281
Annaeus. Bom at lieptis, Libya : died after 08
A. I). A Koiuaii Stoic philosopher, and com-
mentator oil Aristotle.
Cornwall (korn'wiil). [ME. Cornwale, Ciirn-
W(ii/k; AS. Coniwftilu.s, Cornwall, prop. th(^
name of its iiiliabitauts, from Vvrn-, repr. a
Celtic name, ami irailiis, foreigners, i. o. Celts
(hence irdlrs).] 1. The southwestern county
of England, lying between Devonshire on the
east and the Atlantic on the north, west, and
south. Its chief industries are mining (tin, i-opper.
china-clay) and llshing(prineiiially for pilchards). Itcon-
taius many luitiquities. It was conquered from the Brit-
ons by the West Saxons from the ^th to the loth century,
and was made a duchy and appanage of the princes of Wales
in 13:{7. In early times it was called West Wales. Area,
including the Scilly Islands, l,3.'i7 square miles. Popula-
tion (1»»1), ;«2,571.
2. A port of entry in Ontario, Canada,situated on
tho St. Lawrence, opposite the frontier of New
York,about lat.45°^f. Population (18i)l),6,805.
Cornivall. The husband of Regan in Shak-
speie's tragedy "King Lear": a "gloomy, la-
conic, and powerful " man, inflexible in his de-
cisions.
Com'wall, Barry. !^eo I'rocter, Bryan Waller.
Cornwall, Earl of. Sei> riautaiicmt.
Cornwallis (koru-wol'i.s), Caroline Frances.
Born in 178(i: died at Lidwells, iu Kent, Jan.
8, 1858. An English writer, daughter of Wil-
liam Coi-nwallis, rector of Wittershaiu and El-
ham in Keut. she wrote "Philosophical Theories aud
Philosophical Experience, by a Pariah" (1842), and other
works in the series entitled "Small Books ou Great Sub-
jects." Her "Letters" were published in 18(j4.
Cornwallis, Charles. Born at Loudon, Dee.
31, 173S: ilied at (xliazipur, British ludia, Oct.
5, 1805. An English soklier aud statesman, the
second Earl Cornwallis, created Marquis Corn-
wallis Aug. 15, 1792. He entered the aiiny in 175C ;
took part in the battles of Minden, Vellinghausen, Wil-
hehustadt, and others (1758-02) ; was elected meinber of
Parliament iu .! an. , 1760, and entered the House of Lords in
June, 17(53, where he acted with the Whigs ; aud was chief
justice iu eyre south of the Trent 1766-09. In 1775 he was
promoted major-general, aud iu Feb., 1776, was sent with
seven regiments to reinforce the English army in America.
He joined Su- William Howe at Haiifa.Y, and served under
him in the campaign on Long Island and about New York.
In Sept., 1777. he gained tile battle of Brandywiue and
occupied Philadelphia, and in April, 1778, was promoted
lieutenant-general and appointed second in command to
Sir Henry Clinton, then coinmander-iu-chief in America.
At Camden. Auu'. 16, 1780, he defeated General Gates ; won
the battle of Guilford Couit House Mai'ch 15, 1781; and
surrendered to Washington at Yorktown Oct. 19, 1781. He
was appointed governor-general of ludia and commander-
in-chief in Feb., 1786; waged successful war with Tippu
Saib 1701-92; and resigned his offices in 1793 and returned
t*> England. In 1795 he was appointed master.general of
the ordnance, with a seat in the cabinet ; and was viceroy
and commander-in-chief in Ireland from May, 1798, till his
resignation, Feb., 1801, suppressing the rebellion of the
former year. The treaty of Amiens was negotiated by him
in 1802, and in 1805 he again went to India as governor-
general and commander-in-chief.
Cornwall-on-the-Hudson (koru' wal - on - THe-
hml'sou). A town aud summer resort in Or-
ange Couuty, New York, situated on the Hud-
son north of West Point.
Core, or Santa Ana de Coro (siiu'ta iin'ya da
ko'ro). The capital of the state of Falcon,
Venezuela, situated near tho Bay of Coro iu
lat. 11° 27' N., loug. G9° 48' W. It was founded
in l.''>27, and until 1576 was the capital of thi^
province of Venezuela. Population (1892),
about 9,000.
Coroados (ko-ro-il'dos). The name given to sev-
eral dill'ireut Indian hordes in Brazil, (o) A wan-
dering tribe in western Sao I'aulo, Paraui^, aud Kio (irande
do Sul. They were formerly numerous and powerful, but
are mtw reduced t*)a few thousands. Until very recently
they have kept up a predatory war with the whites. The
uame in this case is Portugnests meaning 'tonsured,' and
refers to their custom of ii-ni'iving the hair from the top
of the head, leaving a ring around the crown, {b) A tribe
of Matto Grosso, living mainlyonthe tipper Satj LoureiH^o
Kiver. They are probably the remains of the jiowerful
tribe known in the Istli century as Coroi'is or Acroas, the
name having been crjrrnptcd t^ its present fortn. These
Indians, now reduced Uy a few hnndreds, have llxed vil-
lages and practise agriculture. They have frequently
raided the settlements of Matto Grosso, but in l.'^S? made
peace with the whites, (c) A horde on tho Parahyba
River, allied to the Puris.
Coromandel Coast (kor-(}-mau'del kost). A
name applied to that part of the eastern sea-
board of the Indian peninsula which lies be-
tween Caliiiiere Point (lat. 10° 17' N.) and the
mouths of tlie KrisliMii (15° 45' N.).
Corombona (ko-roui-bo'nii), Vittoria. The
"whito devil" in Webster's tragedy of that
name. Having fascinated the Duke of Bracchiano, she
renounces evei*ythingfor pleasure. At her instigation he
procures the deaths of her husband ami the duchess.
She is brought before the Tribunal ami an-aigned for these
murders, but her guilt is not jiroved, and she retires to
a house of Couvertitos from which Bracchiano secretly
Corpus Christi College
takes her anil marries her. He is shortly poisoned by the
emissaries of the l_;reat Duke, and slie is stabbed by her
brother Flaiuineo in revenge for Bracchiano's faUure to
advance him, he having instigated his sister to her course
of conduct to that end. The trial scene is one of great
power. "Step by step, like a soldier brought to bay with
his back against a wall, she defends herself, refuting and
ilefying advocates and judges, incai)able of blenching or
quailing, clear in mind, reaily in word, amid insults aud
prtjofs, even menaced with death on the scatfold. " Taine,
I-jiglish Literature, 1. 280.
Corona (ko-rd'na), De. [L., 'on the oro'wii';
ttr. KijH Xrf^di'ou.] An oration by Demosthe-
nes, delivered 330 B. c. See iJrmoxtliciies.
Corona Australis (k^-ro'na as-tra'lis). [L.,
• the southern crown.'] An ancient southern
coiistellatiou, about the knee of Sagittarius,
represented liy a garland.
Corona Borealis (ko-ro'nii bo-re-a'lis). [L.,
' the northern crown.'] An ancient northern
constellation, between Hercules aud Bootes,
represented by a garland and two streamers.
Coronado (k6-r6-nii'Tii<)), Carolina. Born at
Alineudralejo, Badajoz, Spain, 1823. A .Span-
ish poet and novelist. She niairied Horatio
J. Perry, an American, about 1840.
Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de. Bom at
Salamanca about 1500: died iu Mexico after
1542. A Spaui.sli soldier. Probably he went to
Me.vico iu 1535 with the viceroy Mendoza, who in 1539 ap-
pointed him governor of Nueva Galicia. In 1.540 he headed
an expedition to the north in search of Cib«»la and the
Seven Cities, penetrating to what is now New Mexico,
and perhaps to Kansas. He returned w itil only a remnant
of his force.
Coronado, Juan Vasquez de. Born at Sala-
manca about 1525: drowned at sea, Oct., 1.565.
A Spanish administrator. He went to Guatemala
iu 1550; was made alcalde mayor of San Salvador and
Honduras and, later, of Nicaragua, and iu 1562 was ap-
pointed to the same office iu Costa Rica. He explored
the whole country, aud founded Cartago in 15(!3. In 1564
he went to Spain, where, in recognition of his work, he
was named hereditary captain-general of Costa Riciu He
was shipwrecked and drowned while returning.
Coronation (kor-o-uil'sbon). The. A play, li-
censed 1635 as by .Shirley, and claimed by him
as his own iu a list of his plays published by
him in 1652. On the title-page of its Hist edition,
printed 1640, it was attributed to Fletcher, and is included
in the earlier editions of Beaumont and Fletcher's works.
{Ward.) There is no reason for supposing that Fletcher
had any hand in it. liuUen.
Coronation Gulf. An inlet of the Arctic Ocean,
iu British America, south of WoUaston Laud
and west of Kent Peninsula.
Coronea (kor-o-ue'a). [Gr. Kopunem.'] In an-
cient geography, a small town in Bosotia,
txreeec, situated west of Lake t'opais. It was
famous for two battles, in one of which (447 B. o.) the
Ikeotians defeated the Athenians, and in the other (394
H. c.) the Spartans under .\gesilans defeated the Thebans
and other allied Greeks.
Coronelli (ko-ro-nel'le), Marco Vincenzo.
Boru at Ravenna, Aug. lO, 1650: died at Ven-
ice, Dec, 1718. An Italiau ecclesiastic aud
geographer, cosmogi'apher of tho Venetian Re-
public, professor of geography at Venice, and
general of the Minorite order. He published a
large number of maps aud geographical works, and founded
the Accademia degli Argonauti.
Corot (ko-ro'). Jean Baptiste Camille. Bom
at Paris, July 28, 1796: died there, Feb. 22,
1H75. A celebrated French landscape-painter.
He was a pupil of Michallon and Bertin. He first ex-
hibited at the Salon of 18-27 (" Vne prise a Narni," "La
Campugne de Pamie "). Amiuig llis most remarkable pic-
tures arc " Vue d'ltalie " (18:14), " Souvenir des environs do
Florence" (18:i9), "La danse des nymiihcs " (ISSl), "Le
Christ an Jardin des Oliviers" (1849). ".Soleil couchant
dans le Tyrol" (1860), "Matin," "Soiree" (186.5), "SoleU
couchant" (18,57), "Dante et Virgil " (1850), "OrpluJe,"
"Le repos (ISBl), "La solitude" (1866), "Pastorale"
(1,873), " Biblis " and " I'laisirs du solr" (1876), etc.
Corporal, The Little. [F. Le Petit Caporal.1
.\ nickname of N.'ipideon I.
Corporal Trim. See Trim.
Corporal Violet. [F. Caporal la Violette.'] A
nickname of Napoleon I. The uame was given by
his friends in France while he was iu exile, signifying
their iiope that he would return with the violets in the
spring. He was also called " Papa la Violette" ("Papa
Violet").
Corpus Christi (kor'pus kris'te). [L., 'body of
Christ.'] A seaport and the capital of Nueces
Cj'ounty, Texas, situated ou Corpus Christi Bav
in lat." '27° 49' N., loug. 97° 21 ' W. Population
(1890), 4,.SS7.
Corpus Christi College. 1. A college of Cam-
bridge University, fouucled iu 13.52 by a com-
bination of the gilds of Corjuis ("hristi aud the
Blessed Virgin Mary. A part of the original
buildings remains. Also called Itenct College.
— 2. A college of Oxford University, foiuided
iu 1516 by Richard Fox, bishop of VVinehester,
Its statutes were issiieil in 1517.
Corpus Christi Day
Corpus Christi Day. A festival of tl.e Roman
Cliuvch iu bouoi- of the CousecrattMl Host,
fouudt'd by I'op.- Urban IX in I'^j^l' »/f, h^'J
on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday. It f «"'.''' "".
English calendar. Religious plays were «" '»>;• ^ l";
lonned i.. the streets by crafts f «'^'','; " " !^" \^fen
Corpus thristi bay in Englandand also on tl c umtinenr
Lope de Vega raised Iheni to a high level in ^P""- ;^
C^rous Christi gild was formed in 140S in ^^rk U> celc
toate the day wi h a procession, but this liad nothing to
do '1th the pirtonnance of the plays. See Cove.Ury Mays
and I'or* Plays. *i l 1
Corpus Juris (kor'pus jo'ns). [L.. -tUe b0(i\
of the law.'] See the extraet.
In the East JuBtiuian created the so-called Corpus iuns.
ThU consists of two princip.-d parts, the law of tl'^ Jul' » »
(ius vetus) and the Imperial law (lus pnncipaleX the
after of which was lli-st executed (a. r.2S sq. ; revised and
•emodeU^d version a. iM). A coiumission was appointed
foi this purpose" the chief member being Trlbomauus
[mO) The constitutions of the Emperors were ilga.n
sifted from the extant collections and from the add -
Uons thereto, abridged and united in the twelve books
of le Codex lustinianus. 'l-he extracts from be ms vetus
were arranged in :,0 books called Digesta, a. f.30-ft33. On
the basis of the new legislation a new manual was like-
wise elaborated by Triboniau, Theophilos and Doiotheos,
the four books of Institutiones, chietly after Gams, lo
these collections of Justinian were added subsequent or-
dinances. Novellie, in several private collections, from a.
633 to about the end of the century, mostly in bretk.
Though .Tustinian, in causing these collections to be made,
besidSs the craving to immortalise his name, was go>-
erned by the autocratic idea of establishing inechanical
uniformity, foreclosing controversies among the lawyers
and debarring the judge from the exercise of his^im »■' ■
ual opinion, still it was he who rescued the treasuiis ol
ancient jurisprudence, otherwise doomed to Jestruetion,
rendered possible an historical treatment of Roman l.iw
by his Digest, and laid the foundation of all further de-
velopment of tliat law. /,,. l,„\V«rpY
Tmffel and Schivabe, Hist, of Rom. Lit. (ti. by \N arrX
282
vania, situated 26 niiles southeast of Erie. It
bus been developed since 1801 by the di_scovery
of petroleum. Population (1890), 5,677.
Corsair (kor'sai). The. A poem by Byron, pub-
lished iu 1814. .
Corsairs. [From Pg. (■())■.«(, a course or cruise. J
Sea-robbers, ehieflv from the Barbary coast,
who infested the Mediterranean for many cen-
turies.
Fiom the days when Barbarossa defied the whole
strength of the Emperor Charles V., to the early part of
the present century, when prizes were taken by Algerine
rovers under the guns, so to say, of all the fleets of t'lrupe,
the Corsairs were masters of the narrow seas, and dictated
their own tenns to all comers. Nothing but the creation
of the huge standuig navies of the present age crippled
them ; nothing less than the conquest of tlieu- too con-
venient co:ists could have thoroughly suppressed them.
Uurin- tliese three centuries they levied blackmail upon
all wlio had any trading interest in the Mediterranean.
The Venetians, Genoese. I'is;.ns m older days, the Eng-
lish J-i-cnch, butch, Danish, .Swedish, and American bov-
ernmcnts in modern times, purchased security by the pay-
ment of a regular tribute, or by the periodical presenta-
tion of costly gifts. The penalty of resistance was too well
known to need exempliBcation. Thousands of Uiristian
slaves in the bagnios at Algiers bore witness to the conse-
ouences of an independent policy. So long as the nations
of Europe continued to quarrel among themselves, instead
of presenting a united line of battle to the enemy, such
huinUiations had to he endured ; so long as a orsair raid
upon Spain suited the policy of France ; so long as the
Dutch, in their jeidonsy of other states, could declare that
Algiers was necessary to them, there was no chance of the
nlague subsiding; and it was not till the close of the great
Napoleonic wars that the Powers agreed at the Congress
of Aix la Chapelle in 1S18, to act together, and do away
with the scourge of Christendom. And even then little
was accomplished till France combined territorial ag-
grandizement with the role of a civilizing influence.
Poole, Story of the Barbary Corsairs, p. 3.
Corral (kor-riil'), Poinciano. Born m Costa
Rica about 1810: tiled at Granada, ^learagua,
Nov 8, 18.')5. A Central American general. He
defeated Castellon early in 1K.B, and WiUker in June »'
that year. In October he gave in lus adlierence to Walkci
and Rivas, and was made minister of war ; but he was de-
fected in a correspondence with the legitimist leaders,
accused by Walker, tried, and shot.
Correa da Serra (kor-ra'a da ser'ra), Jos6
Francisco. Born at Serpa. Portugal, Juje 6,
1750 : died at Caldas da Ramha, Portugal, bept.
11 1823 A Portuguese naturalist, historian,
and politician. He edited the first three vol-
umes of the ■'Collec^-ao de li\Tos meditos da
historia Portugueza" (1790-1816).
Correggio (kor-red'jo), Ajitonio Allegri da.
Born at Correggio, near Modena, Italy. 1-iJi.
died there, March 5, 1534. A famous Italian
painter of the Lombard school, probably a pu-
pil of Francesco Biauchi at Modena. His life was
nassed within the confines of Lombardy, m Correggio,
Kna^nd Parma. It is more than doulitful whether
he eve? visited Rome. " In facility of handling, in abso-
lute mastery of the difilculties of foreshortening, in the
management of light and shade as distributed over vast
spaces and affecting multitudes of figures, this great mas-
ter lias no rival. " Perkitis.
CorrSze (kor-raz'). A department of France,
lyiu" between Haute-Vienne and ('reuse on the
north, Puy-de-D6me and Caiital on the east.
Lot on the south, and Dordogne on the WMf^st.
It formed part of the ancient Limousin. Cap-
ital Tulle. Area, 2,265 square miles. Popu-
lation (1891), 328,119.
Corrib (kor'rib). Lough. The second largest
lake in Ii-eland, situated in the counties ot
Galway and Mavo. It receives the waters ot
Longh Mask, and has its outlet in the Comb
Corrichie (kor-rich'i). A moor situated west
of Aberdeen, Scotland. It was the scene of a
victorv of the Earl of Moray over the Earl ot
Huntly in 1562. • „ „*
Corrientes (kor-re-en'tes). 1. A pro%nnce of
the Argentine Republic, lying south of 1 ara-
guay and west ot Brazil and Uruguay. Aiea
32,000 sc.uare miles. Population ( 1890). about
o-o 000 — 2 The capital of the above province,
sftiiated on the Parand in lat. 27° 29' S., long.
!58° 49' W. It has some river trade, b ounded
iu 1588, Population (1889), 14.000.
Corrievrekin (kor-i-\Tek'iii), or Coryvreckan
(-an) j^. dangerous whirlpool or sound be-
tween Jura and Scarba, off the coast of Argyll-
shire, Scotland.
Corril (kor'il), Daniel. Born Vn: died at
Madras, India, Feb. 5, 1837. An English mis-
sionary in India, appointed archdeacon of Cal-
cutta in 1823, and first bishop of Madras in
1835. He went to India as an army chaplain in 180«,
and from the first added the labors of a missionary to his
oftlcial duties. He founded sevcnil missions.
Oorry (kor'i). A city ot Erie County, Pennsyl-
Corse (kors), John Murray. Born at_ Pitts
burg. Pa.. April 2.'), 1835: died at Winchester,
April 27, 1893. An American general. He
entered West Point in 1863, but left before graduating,
and studied law. .\t the outbreak of the Civil War he
entered the Union army as a major ot volunteers. He
commanded a division at .Memphis: was commissioned
brigadier-general in lS6:i : served in the Chattanooga cam-
pai-n ■ participated in the battles of Chickamauga and
Missionary Ridge ; "held the fort "at Allatoona, agsiinst
a largely superior force of the enemy, Oct. 5, ISM : was
made brevet major-general in 1864 ; and commanded a
division in Sherman's march to the sea. He was collector
of internal revenue at Chicago 1867-69, and was subse-
quently postmaster of Boston.
Cor SerpentiS (k6r ser-pen tis). [L. (ML.),
'the heart of the serpent': cor = L. heart.}
The second-magnitude star a Serpentis, more
often called Viiidtillini.
Corsica (k6r'si-ka). [F. Corse.-} An island iii
the Mediterranean, forming a department ot
Prance: the Greek Cyi-nus (Ki'praf). it is sepa-
rated from Sardinia to the south by the Strait of Bonifacio,
and lies about 50 miles ,S.W. of Tuscany Its snr ace is
mountaimms, its highest suninut being Monte Rotondo
It exports wine, olive-oil, timber, etc. The capital is
Ajacdo, and the chief town Bastia. The language is
Italian It was acquired by the Romans at the end of the
first Punic war, and was held successively by the Vandals
C.oths, Franks, Saracens, and Pisans, and from the 14th
centu -v by the Genoese. It was acquired by France in
1768 The revolt of the Corsican Paoli in 1793 placed t or-
sica under British rule; but it was regauied I'y FT^nV^^
in 1791!. It is noted for its vendettas. It was the birth-
place of Napoleon I. Length, 1» ™"'^;: JVJ'^'.^^
Area, 3 377 square miles. Population (1891), 2!>6,696.
Corsican Brothers, The. A translation by
Boucicault of a popular French play, Les
freres corses." The plot turns on the mys-
terious sympathy between Loms and l<abian
dei Franchi, who" are twin brothers.
Corso (kor'so). One of the principal streets ot
Rome. It extends for nearly a mile from the Piazza del
Pop..l.i and is the chief scene of the annual carnival.
Corssen (kors'sen), Wilhelm Patll. Born at
Bremen, Germany, Jan. 20, 1820: d^ied atLich-
terfeldc, ne.ar Berlin. June 18, 1875. A Ger-
mc-in philologist. His works include "Uber Aussprache,
Vokalismus, und Betonung der lateinischen Sprache
(lS5s-.=.9). "Kritische Beitnige zur lateinischen Fomien-
lehre " (1863), etc.
Cort (kort), ComeUs. Born at Hoorn, Nether-
lands, after 1530: died at Rome, lo/8. A
Dutch engraver. His works include noted en-
gravings after Titian, Raphael, and other
masters. ^ .^ r.
Cort (kort), Henry. Born at Lancaster, Eng-
land, 1740: died 1800. An English iron-master,
called the -father of the iron-trade." Hew-as
the inventor of the process of " puddling, aiid of the
"puddle- rolls" used to draw out the puddled ball of mm
inttj bars. .
Corte (kor'te). A town iu Corsica, 35 miles
northeast of Ajaccio. It was the headquarters
of Paoli's government in the 18th century.
Population (1891), coramnne. 5,029. .
Cortenuova ( k6r-te-ni,-6' va). A village in the
province of Bergamo, Italy, about 32 miles
Cortes, Sea of
east of Milan. Here, in 1237, the emperor
Frederick II. defeated the Lombards.
Cortereal (kor-ta-ra-al'), Gaspar. Born about
1450 A Portuguese naxagator. He cxphred
Labrador and Newfoundland in 16no, and ui 1501 under-
took a second voyage to the same regions, in the course ot
which he died.
Cortes (kOr'tes). [Sp., 'courts.'] 1. The na-
tional assembly or legislature of Spam, con-
sisting of a senate and chamber of deputies.
The Senate is composed of not over 360 members one half
princes .if tlie blood, grandees, and certain ex oftcio and
nominated members, and one half elected. The Chamber
of Deputies is composed of members in the proportion ot
one for every 50,lKK) inhabitants, elected for five years.
2 The parliament or legislature of Portugal,
consisting of an upper house of hereditary, life,
and elective peers, and a lower house ot 1(3
deputies, elected by the people for four years.
Cort6s (kor-tas'), or Cortez (kor'tez), Her-
nando, or Hernan, or Fernanda Born at
Medellin, Estremadura, Spain, 148d: died at
CastiUejo de la Cuesta, near Seville, Dec. J,
1547. A famous Spanish soldier, the conqueror
of Mexico. Iu 1504 he went to Espaiiola, and in l.=ill to
Cuba where he mm-ried. In 1518 Velasquez gave hmi
command of 12 vessels and 508 soldiers, destined to lol ow
up Orijalva's Mexican discoveries. Suspecting disloya ty
Velasquez wislied to recaU him at the last moment but
Cortes evaded him and finally left Cuba Feb. Is, 1619.
Rounding Yucatan, he had cmfiicts with the Indians of
Tabasco ; landed and founded Vera Cruz in April : and in
Aug. began his march to Mexico City, notwithstanding the
remonstrances of the messengers of Jlontezuma the chief
or "emperor" of that city. Monteznma did not directly
resist him, but he had to fight several severe battles (Sept.)
with the independent Tlascalans, who eventuaUy joined
him with a large force. At Cholula (Oct.) he massacred a
great number of natives as a punishment for a real or sup-
posed conspu-acy. and on Nov. 8 marched over the lake
causeways into Mexico, Montezuma coming out to meet
him The Spaniards were hospitaldy lodged, and received
rich presents; but on therumor of an uprising Cortesseized
and held Montezuma as a hostage. Velasquez having sent
Panfllo de Narvaez in pursuit of Cortes, the latter left 150
men under Alvarado, made a rapid march, defeated and
captured Niu-vaez at Cempoala May 28, 152(1, and enlisted
most of his men. On his return he found the Spaniards
closely besieged by the Mexicans, who had at last risen in
arms Corti5s and his men were allowed to march in, but
the fight was at once resumed. The captive Montezuma
was killed by a shower of stones whUe attempting to par-
ley and on the night of June 30 the Spaniards tried to leave
the eity secretly. They were discovered, and lost half their
force, and most of the treasure they had collected, in a
fierce battle on one of the causeways ; still hotly pursued,
they fought another great battle at otumba July /, finally
escaping into Tlascala. Here Cortes reorganized his army,
receiving many Indian allies ; and, aided by ships which
he buUt on the hUies, began the siege of ife.vico in May,
ne ouut on tne laiwct,, tt^-rian ,.it .^.^t- — ---^f
1521 Under Guatemotzin the city was desperately de-
fended, and most of it was leveled with the ground before
it was taken : Guatemotzin was captured Aug. 13, 1521.
After this success, t ortes was empowered by the emperor
to conquer all of New Spain, and in 1523 he was made
governor Mexico was rebuilt. Expeditions were sent m
various directions, and navigation of the Pacific com-
menced To settle disorders iu Honduras. CoitiSs marched
overiand to that region (Oct., I.'i24, to April, 1526), enduring
terrible suHcrings. During this loi:g absence his enemies
gained power: he was deposed from the governoi-slup
July IS'ii and in 1528 went to Spain to seek redress. Iharles
V received him with high honor ; he was made marquis
of the Valley of Oaxaca (Mexico) and niilitaiy captain-gen-
eral of New Spain, but was not restored to the governor-
ship. His first wife having died, he married alady of noble
birth, and in 1530 returned lo Mexico, wheie he lived in
great splendor on the vast estiites granted to him. But
the machinations of his enemies continued ; his explora-
tions of the west coast (1533-39) were great y hampered ;
and in 154U he again went to Spain to seek redress. In lo41
he was with the emperor in the Algerine campaign.
Charles refused or put off his demaiuls. and. despairing of
re.lress, Cortes was about going back to Mexico, when he
died His honors, bv failure of the direct line with his
great-grandson, have "passed to the dukes of Terranova and
Montcleone, in SicUy ; his Mexican estates have sevend
times been sequestrated, but portions are now held by the
heirs.
Cortes, Jos6 Domingo. Born about 1830 : cUed
1884 A Chilian author. He was long a journalist,
subsequently attache at Brussels, and finally g.ivernment
director of libriuies in Bolivia. Among his numerous
biographical and historical works are the " .P'c™»-'>""
hioSrAttco Americano." " Poetas Americanos, "Histom
de Bolivia," and " Estadistica bibliografica de Bolivia.
Cort6s, Martin. Born in Mexico, 1532. died
in Sp.ain, Aug. 13, 1589. The legitimate son
of Hernando Cortes. He went to Spain in l.i40wa»
UberaUy educated, followed the coiirt of Ihilip II. to
ITanders and England, and served with <b«''"ftl"" '" "'J
army. He inherited the title of Marques del \ a le, and
most of the Mexican estates were restored '"'"•;'•'"
1562 he went to Mexico, where he lived m Pi-e" ?Pl'='',J"J
until July. l.W. when he was accused of cohspiimg with
?he brothers Avila to make himself king. (^^^^ '' " '^
ilonzu <lr) He was sent to Spam, but was «; "e™«™
atteJ^several years. His illegitimate b™tl>er. '-> < ;«/'^^
name, was involved in the accusation and horiiblj tor-
tured. -
Cortes, Sea of. A name given, in maps and
books of the 16th century, Jo the (^ult ot Cali-
fornia, in honor of Hernando Cort6s, one of its
tirst explorers.
Oort«ze, II
Corteze (kor-ta'ze). II. [It.,- The Courteous.']
A faiiiuua Italian bouk of mauiirrs, written by
BiiMussaro Castiglioue. It was translated into
Kujjlish in loGl by Sir Thomas Hoby.
Coirtina (kor-t«'nii). The ehief phico in the
Val Ampeiszo, southern Tyrol, near the Italian
frontier.
Cortland (kort'laml). The capital of Cortland
County, New York, \i2 miles south of Syracuse.
Population (1H90;, 8,090.
Cortona (kor-to'njl). [L. ; Or. Kii/irwra.] A
town in the province of Ai'ezzo, Italy, 50
miles southeast of Florence, it is noted for its
Etruscan and other antitiuities, and its ancient wallB. It
has a catlicdral, and was the birthplace uf Luca Signo-
relli. It was one uf tlie twelve confederate Etruscan
cities.
Corona, Conde de la. See Mendo-a, Lorenzo
StKirt':: tie.
Corunna (ko-ruu'a), Sp. La Coruna (lii ko-
rou'ya). [V. La Cuioyiie.^ A province in
Galieia, Spain, lying between the Atlantic on
the north and west, Lugo on the east, and
Poutevedva on the south. Area, 3,079 square
miles. Population (1887), 013.792.
Coninna, or Coruna, La, OE. " The Groyne."
A seaport, capital of the proxince uf Corun-
na, situated in lat. 43° 23' N., long. 8° 25' W.:
the Roman Brigantium (in the middle ages
Coronium). Uexiwitscattle. peat, sardines, etc. It was
the sailinK-i'oi't "' "'" Armada in ir)88; was taken by
Drake in U>iiit; anti was the scene, Jan. 16, 1809, of the
battle of Corunni^ in wliich 14,000 llritisli troops under
Sir .lohn lloore, on tlieir retreat before the French, de-
feated JO.OOU of the enemy under .Soult. Tlie Britisli
iiiinniander was killed, but tlie defeat of the Kiench
urmy secured the retreat of his army. Population (1887X
37,261.
Oorvei, or Corvey (kor'vi). An old and cele-
brated German Benedictine abbey about li
miles from Ho.vter on the Weser. it was founded
in the reign of Ixiuis the Pious, 813, by his uncles Adelhard
and Wala. Its Ilrst occupants were monks from Corbie
(whence tile nauie Corln-ia Nova) in Picardy.
Corvin-Wiersbitzki (kor ' vOn - vers -bit 'ske),
Otto Julius Bernhard. Born at Gumbinnen,
Prussia, Oct. 12, 1812: died at Wiesbaden,
March 2, 1886. A German politician, journal-
ist, and miscellaneous writer. He published
"lUustrirte Weltgeschichto" (1844-51), etc.
Corvlno (kor-ve'no). A merchant, the hus-
band of Celia, in Ben Jonson's comedy " Vol-
pone": a mixture "of wittol, fool, and knave."
Out of piu'e covetousness he falls into Mosea's
plot to give his wife up to Volpone.
Corvinus, Matthias. See Matthias I. Corvinm.
Corvisart-Desmarets (kor-ve-zjir'da-mii-ra')
283
of Asia Minor in lat. 36° .50' N., long. 27° .5' E.
It is celebrated as tile birthplace of Apelles, Ptolemy
Plliladelplius, and Hippocrates, and also fur its vineyards.
Area, about 9.'> stniare miles. Population, about 20,000.
Cosa (ko'sii), Juan de la. Uate of birth un-
known: dii'd near the Bay of Cartagena, Nov.,
1509. A Spanish navigator, one of the most
skilful of his time. He was with Columbus in the
voyage of U03 and during the exploration of t'uba. and
he made at least Ave voyajits to the northern
Costello, Dudley
Cossacks, Province of the Don. See Don
ros.s(ii:f:s, Pronncf' of flw.
Coss6 i ko-sa' ), Charles de (Comte de Brissac).
Born in Aujou, France, about 1505: died at
Paris, Dec. 31. 1563. A marshal of France.
He was present at the siege of .Naples in 1.V28, served
against the Englisli and Imperialists in Champagne and
Flanders l.'>44-ltt, and became grand master of the artil-
lery in 1547, and marshal of France in IfiSO.
A wild and warlike
, ., . ■.,-.,, ,. ■",™'',*'' "' Cosseans (ko-se'anz).
South America: viz., with njeda. May, 1401), to June, ^"""^""^ v i ■ 'l u:f ,i '/,.,.„„ ill „«
' ■ ' people tormerly uinabiting tin- /agros Moun
1500; with Bastidas, Oct., l.iOii, to Sept., ir,02; in com-
mand of successful expeditions in search of gold, et<:.,
1604 to U>0(i, and l.'i07 to 1508; and tlmUly witli Ojcda in
1509, when he was killed by the Indians. Of La Cosa's
chaj-ts two or tln-ee have come down to us. His map of
the New World, made in l.'iOOj is the oldest known. It is
now the property of the Spanish government.
Cosigiiina (ko-se-gwe'nii). A volcano at the
extreme western end of Nicaragua, situated on
a peninsula between the (.iulf of Fonseca and
the Pacilic. It is less than 4,000 feet high, but is re-
markable for one of the most violent eruptions ever re-
corded. This bcKan on .Ian. 20, 1S35, and lasted three
days; the eluud of aslies darkened the country for a ilis-
tance of from 50 Ui 100 miles from the crater; near tlie
base they lay several feet thick, and were carried by tlic
wind to Jamaica, Oajuca in Mexico, and Bogota in Co-
lombia. The explosions are said to have been heard in
.Mexico City.
Cosenza (ko-sen'dzii). 1. A province in Ca-
labria, Italy. Also called Calabria Citeriore.
Area, 2,568 square miles. Population (1891),
464,510. — 2. The capital of the province of
Cosenza, Italy, situated in lat. 39° 19' N., long.
16° 18' E. : the ancient Conseutia. It contains a
catlledral. The city suffers severely from earthquakes.
AliU'ic died near here in 410. Population (1801), commune,
20,000.
Cosette (ko-sef). In Victor Hugo's "Les Mi-
serables," the daughter of Fantine, adopted by
Jean Valjean. Her name is given to the sec-
ond part of the story.
Cosin (kuz'in), John. Born at Norwich, Eng-
land, Nov. 30, 1594: died at London, Jan. 15,
1672. A noted English divine and writer. He
was appointed master of I'etcrlinuse, Cambridge, in 1G35,
vice-chancellor of Cambridtre t iiiveisity in 1030, dean of
Peterborough in 1040, and bisliop of Durham in 1000. He
was a churchman of tile school of Laud, and an active
Royalist during the civil war; and in 1U44 was obliged to
retire to Paris, where he ln-iame chaplain to tlie house-
hold of Queen Henrietta Maria. After the liestoration he
returned to England, and rose to a position of great inHu-
ence in the church.
Cosmas (kos'mas) and Damian (da'mi-an),
Saints. Two martyrs famous in the Eastern
Church. They worked as physicians and missionaries.
They were martyred in Cilicia under Diocletian. A basil-
ica was built in their honor at Constantinople by Justin-
ian, and one at Rome by Felix II.
Baron Jean Nicolas de. Born at Dr^court, Cosmas, stu'uamed Indicopleustes. [Gr. KoCT-
■" " ,"o'_ lrihKOTrXevaT//r ('tlie Indian voyager').]
Lived in the 6th century A. D. An Egyp-
tian monk and traveler, author of a work on
geography and theology, " Topographia Chris-
tiana."
Oosmati (kos-ma'te). A family or school of
sculptors in Rome who originated the scheme
of decorated architecture called "Cosma-
tesijue" about the middle of the 12th century.
It flourished for more than 150 years. The beauty of
the work depends mainly upon the skilful combination of
mosaics, disks of jiorphyry, and many-colored marbles
found among the ruins of llome. The principal members
of the family were Piero, odericus, Giovanni, Adeodatus,
and Paatiuale. Kxaniides of tlieir work are the Duouio of
Civita Castellana, the cloisters of Sim Foolo, und the por-
tico and pulpit of San Lorenzo.
Cosmo. Sie Miilifi.
;'mios). [Gr. Kua/iOQ, order.] A
icsciiptiou of the tiniverse" by
.■\l(!.xiinder von Humboldt, jiublished 184.5-58.
Cosmos Club. A club in Washington, D. C,
composed chieily of scientilic men, organized
in 1878. Tile club is located at the southeast corner of
Lafayette Plai-e and H street, in the house formerly occu-
pied by Dtdly Madison.
Born at Milan, May 27,
Ardennes, France, Feb. 15, 1755: died at Cour
bevoie, near Pari.s, Sept. 18, 1821. A noted
French physician. He wrote " Essai sur les
maladies du coeur, etc." (1808), etc.
OorVUS (kdr'vus). [L., 'a raven.'] An ancient
southern constellation, the Kavcn. It presents
a characteristic coiiligiu'ation of four stars of the
second or third niiignitude.
Oorvus, Marcus Valerius. See Valirius.
Corwin (kor'wln), Thomas. Born in Bourbon
County, Ky., July 29, 1794: died at Washington,
D. C, iJec. 18, 1865. An American statesman
and orator. He entered Congress in 1831. He was
Sjvenior of Ohio 1840-12, I'nited Slates senator from
hlo 184.'.-50, secretary of tlie treasury 1850-63, member
of Congress 18.'i9-01, and I'nited States minister to Mexico
18Cl-<;4.
Coryate, or Coryat (kor'yat), Thomas. Born Cosmos (k
at iJdcombe, Sonicr.set, about 1577: died at -'physieal
Hurat, India, Dec. 1617. An English traveler.
He made a Journey through France, Savoy, Italy, Swit-
zerland, and other countries of the Continent in 1008, an
account of whi<-h was published in Hill under the title
"Coryat's Crudities." In Ittl'i lie starteil on a tour of the
East, anil visited Palestine, Persia, and India, in which
last-iianieii country he fell a victim to disease.
Oorybantes (kor-i-ban'tez). The priests of the Cossa (kos'sii), Luigi.
goddess KhcM ill Phrygia, whose worship they
celebrated by orgiastic dances.
Oorydon (kor'i-don). 1. A shepherd in Ver-
gil's seventh eologuo, andiii Thi'ocritns; hence,
a conventional name in pastoral poetry for a
shepherd or a rustic swain. — 2. A shepherd in
Spenser's "Faerie Queeiie," in love with Pas-
torella. — 3. A shoemaker of Constantinople, in
Scott's "Count Robert of Paris." — 4. A slup-
herd ill Spenser's "(yOliu ('lout."
Oorygaiun. A place fouth of Poona, India, the
scene of a British victory over the Mahrattas
in 181S.
Ooryvreckan. See Corrievrckin.
Cos, or Kos (kos). [Gr. Kur, Kour, mod. Gr.
KiJrvi-; It. Slaidi), Sliiiicliio,^ An island in the
.^geau Sea, belonging to Turkey, situated west
1831. An Italian iiolitical economist, professor
of his science at Pavia from 1858.
Cossacks (kos'aks). [Said to bo of Tatar ori-
gin. ] A mililaiy people inhabiting the steppes
of Russia along the lower Don and about the
Dnieper, and in lesser numbers in eastern Rus-
sia, Caucasia, Siberia, and elsewhere. Their
origin Is uncertain, but their nucleus is supposed to have
consisteil of refugees from tlie ancient limits of Russia,
forced by hostile invasi,in to the adoption of a militiu-y
organization or order, which grew into a more or less free
tribal existence. Their independent spirit has letl to
nniiieroiis uiiBiicccssful revolts, ending in their subjec-
tion, although they retain various privileges. As light
cavalry they form an element In the Riis.slaii army very
valuable in skirniishing operations and in the protection
of the frontiers of the empire.
Cossacks, The. A novel by L. Tolstoi, published
1852. It was translated into English in 1878.
tains northeast of Babylon. They are mentioned
by Polybius, Diodorus Sicnlus, Stnibo, and others, und
are probably identical Willi the Kageu or Kaitihi of the
cuiK-iforni insciiptions. About the year 1500 li. c. they
invaded Babylonia, ruling the country for several centu-
ries; and as late a-s the time of Sennacherib (705-OSl)
an expedition against them is recorded. P<JS8ibly they,
and not the Ethiopians, are meant by Cash (to be read
C(W/i) in many passages of the Old Testament : e. ;/., Gen.
X. 7, s, where, among tile descendants of "Cush, ' Nini-
rod and the founders of other Semitic tribes appear.
Cossimbazar (kos'sim-ba-ziir'). A former im-
portant city of India, near Murshidabad.
COSSOVO. See Kosovo.
Cossutius (ko-su'shius). A Roman architect
who, under Autioehus Epiphanes (175 to 164),
built a large part of the temple of Zeus at
Athens, begun in the time of Pisistiatus and
finished in that of Hadrian.
Costa (kos'ta), Claudio Manuel da. Born
at Carmo, Minas Geraes, June 6, 1729: died at
Villa Rica (now Ouro Preto), 1789. A Brazil-
ian poet. He was a lawyer in Villa Rica. In 1789 he
was arrested for taking part in the conspiracy of Ti-
radentes, and a few days after he committed suicide in
prison. His name was declared infamous and his goods
were confiscated, but his sonnets and songs, published
long after his death, have placed him in the first rank
among Portuguese poets.
Costa, Sir Michael. Born at Naples, Feb. 4,
1810: died at West Brighton, England, April
29, 1884. A noted musician, composer of
operas, oratorios, ballets, etc., and musical
director. He wrote the oratorios " Eli " (1855), " Naa-
man " (1804), etc. The greater i>art of his life was spent
in England.
Costa Cabral (kos'tii kii-bral'), Antonio Ber-
nardo da, Duke of Thomar. Born at Foruos
de Algodres, Beira, Portugal, May 9, 1803 : died
at San Juan de Flor, Sept. 1, 1889. A Portu-
guese statesman. He was minister of justice and ec-
clesiastical affairs 1839-42, and of the interior 1842-10. In
the latter year he was overthrown by a popular uprising
against his tyranny and misgovernment. He was prime
minister again 1S49-51.
Costa Carvalho (kos'ta kar-viil'yo), Jos6 da.
Born at Penh a, Bahia, Feb. 7, 17913 : died at
Rio de Janeiro, Sept. 18, 1860. A Brazilian
statesman. He was a member of the constituent as-
sembly of 1822, and deputy in several successive parlia-
ments. At Ilrst an ardent liberal, he went over to the
conservatives in 1838. He was senator from 1S39. and or-
ganized the conservative cabinet of 1S4S. This ministry
is remarkable in South Ameriean history as having directed
the war which ended in the downfall of Rosas. Costa Car-
valho was successively named baron, viscount, and mar-
quis of Monte Alegre.
Costanoan (kos-ta'no-an). [From Sp. fosliiiio,
coastman.] A linguistic stock of North Amer-
ican Indians, whoso territory extended from
the Golden Giitu, CaUfomia, to a point below
Monterey Bay, and thence to the mountains
in the vicinity of Soledad Mission. Its eastern
boundary followed an irregular line from tile southern
end of Salinas Valley toGilroy Hot Springs and the upper
waters of Conestimba f'reeU ; thence along the San Joa-
quin to its mouth. The northern boundary was formed
by Suisiin Bay, Carquinez Straits, San Pablo and San
Francisco bays, and the Golden Gate. Prior to the Span-
ish iiiission jieriod the slock was numerous, consisting of
the Ahwaste, Altahmo, Auliiitac, Caii|Uin, Miitsnn, III-
hoiie, Romonaii, Itimisen, Tliamien, and Tuloino tribes.
There were about 30 survivors at Santa Cruz and Mon-
terey in 18S8.
Costard (kos'tard). A character in Shakspere's
"Love's Labour 's Lost,'' a clownish peasant.
CostaRica (kos'tii re'kil). [Sp.,M ho rieli coast.']
The southernmost of the republics of Central
America, bounded by Nicaragua on the north,
the Caribbean Sea on the east, Colombia on the
soutli, and the Pacific on the west and south-
west. Capital, San Jose. The surface is generally
mountainous, and the ehief exiiort is colfee. The language
is Spanish ; the religion is Roman Catholic ; and the gov-
ernnicnt is rcpnblican, the executive being n jiresident
and congress consisting of a single house. Costa Rica
was discovered by Columbus in 1.^02. Diego de .Nicuesa
fiiileil in an attenipt to colonize it in 1609. The tlrst set-
tlement WHS made by FYancisco Hernandez in 1523, and
tile country was cononered l.V2(HI6. Independence was
declared in 1821, and the territory formed jiart of the
federal republic of Central America from 1»23 to 1839.
Area (olllcial), 22,990 or, by planimetric calculation, 20,873
si|iiare miles. Population (1892), 243,206.
Costello (kos-tel'ii), Dudley. Born in Sussex.
England, 1S0:1: died al London, Seid. 30, 186.5.
A British soldier, uovt list, joiiinalist, aud mis.
Costello, Dudley
284
cellaneous writer. He wrote ■ A Tour thr" '?h the
VaUey of the Meuse, «ith the Legends of the \Valloon
Coantl-v and the Ardennes" (1««), .-Pie'lmont^a d Italj^
from the Alps to the Tiber" (IbM-^il), etc. "^ S'^"*^.,|^
ensign in the West Indies, retiring "" 1^^ ' '^^^^ !" H'e*'
latei lie was f..reign e..rrcsi>oudent ot the Mornuit aer
aid" and the "Daily News. . t i j iTOu.
Costello, Louise Stuart ?71 '?„^-'^'i"|i^tSi;
tlied at Boiilosue, Apn 24, 1870. A Bnt'sn
writer and miuiatiire-pamter, sister of UuiUey
Costello. She wrote "Songs of ^^^™;«f"^^3^1y,,t
r rPi= ol-a S^\r^t:-he »a.S Of
Pei-sfci" I1S4.".), etc.
Coster,orKoster(kos'tir),LaurensJanszooii.
[T<,«7-«.v son <;/■ ./«», suruamed (D.) ho.te,
the sextou.] A eitizeu of Haarlem who ac-
cording to Hadriauus Jimuis in his Batavia
(1588). iuventod tlio art of pnutiug with mov-
able types about 1440 (?). The claims of Coster
fwloseSentity is uncertain) to the discovery have been
„r nt .i ed with 1,'reat conlldence by the Dutch and m
Xr; 'i^rter.., bul are probably invalid. See G«<«,.fteri,.
There is no mention of Coster as a printer earlier than
the year nw. when it was placed on a pedigree then made
for (ieirifrhomaszoon, one of Costers descendants, who
had kel an inn in the house dechued to be the hirtlip ace
of the art of printing. Here it is s.ud of an ancestor who
was ester's son-in-law, Thomas Pieterzoon, that his
Tecond wife was Lourens .fans;200n '^Oft?'' ^,;1»"8",'='^',^,^^
brought the fUst print into the world in tl e year 1440.
ThJ«gureGin that entry Inis been I'^rt','; ^ "'f'^ »^"t
and transformed into 0. Observation of this fact lauseu
Dr V.a ler Linde t.. make particular search m the archives
of Ihe own and church of Haarlem, and he found, extend-
ii,K over the years from 1441. entries of payments U> Lou-
rens Jaiszoou coster (son of a /»" Foster "ho died in
U-W^ for oU and soap, and for the tallow candles burnt
durinJ Jach year in the Town Hall. After 1447, Lourens
Jaiiszuon L'oster having given up his business as a tallow
chand er to his sister, t^iertruit, Jan Coster's daughter
?,,n,..cl^vern keeper. He was paid in 14.S1 for wine sent
to he im go uaste? , n 14.S4 he was credited with seven-
teen Binilrs for "a dinner offered to the Count of Ooster.
vaut ^ he S h day of October, 1453, at Lou Coster s'; in
U75 L "l 'ens J ans«. .n Coster paid a fine for buyteii drinck.
en (drink ort the premises); and the '^t, '=nf ^ I', "^t
1°83 he paid ferry-toll for his goods when he eft the tojvii
The books of an bid Haarlem dining association, the Holy
Christmas Corporation, represent Lourens, the son of Jan
cS inherirmg a chair in the VS'^'i'^ J';" /isTwUh
lather in 1436, and having given up the chair in 1-1S4. with
dne appearance in 1497 of C.errlt Thoinaszoon, who le-
taneJalso the inn, as a successor to this festive iiiheri-
tance Lourens Janszoon Coster, the man first credited in
Gerrit Thomaszoons pedigree with the invention of print-
hiJ was. therefore, first a chandler, then a prosperous
taveni^eeper ; the wine vessels ciist out of his types were
thi i 1 pei-ter flagons proper to the tavern ; and this man
hM been wronglj confounded with Lourens Janszoon,
whose name was not Coster, but who was a rich wine
merchant and innkeeper, town councillor, sheriff trea-
surer and governor of the Hospital, who died in 1439.
surei .uiu B niortey, English Writers, VJ. 2,9.
Costigan (kos'ti-gan), Captain. InThaeke-
rav" ■ ' Pendeiiuis," a rakish, shabby-genteel old
ex-army officer. ., „, , ,
Costigan, Emily or MiUy. In Thackeray s
novul •• Fc-iuU'unis," a commonplace but bea,u-
tiful and industrious actress in the provincial
theater, with whom Arthur Pendcnms falls in
love. She is twenty-six, Vie eighteen. Her
stage name is Fotheringay.
Cosway (kos'wa), Richard. Bom at Tiverton,
Devonshire, 1740 : died at London, July 4, 18-.1.
All English artist, especially noted as a minia-
ture-painter. He resided during the greater part of
his life in London, where he was very successful in the
prl tice of his art, gaining especially the patronage of
peoiile of fashion.
Cota (ko'til), Eodrigo Cola de (Maquaque).
Born at Toledo, Spain: lived m the 15th een-
ot the department of Manche. Its capital was Cou-
tances. It was settled by the Normans and aiiuexed to
Normandy appaiently in the reign of the second Duke ol
Xoruiaudy (WiUiam Longsword).
Cotes (kots), Eoger. Born at Buibage, Leices-
tershire, England, -hdy 10, 1682: died at Cam-
bridge, England, June 5, 1716. A noted English
mathematician. He was a graduate of Cainbndge
(Trinity College), and Mnmian professor (1706) of astron-
omy and natural philosophy at that university Ue was a
friend of Newton and aided him in P''^^Pi'"''B.''^^f ',''?"
of the "Principia" which appeared m 1.13, '"■■ *l'f '' 'jf
also wrote the preface. Their •^""'^P""'!''"", r?,' ,?Mse
lished in 1860. He published only one seientillc tieatise
(■•I,ogometria") during his life: his papers were edited
by Robert Smith and published in 1722.
C6tes-du-Nord (kOt'dii-uor'). A department
in Brittany, France, lying between the Enghsh
Channel on the north, Ille-et-\ilaine on the
east, Morbihan on the south, and !■ inistSre on
the west. Its leading industries are the raising ..f
horses and cattle, fishing, and the production of hemp and
flaL Capital, St Brieuc. Area, '2,659 square miles. Popu-
lation (1S91), 618,05'2.
Coteswold. See Colxii;(iUI. ■ p'l „
Cotgrave (kot'grav), Randle. Born m C^he-
shire, England r died about 1C34 An English
lexicographer, author of a French-English ibc-
tionarv, still important in the study of English
and French philology, first pubUshetl m 1011
(second edition in 1G32, with an English-French
dictionary by Robert Slierwood: other editions
revised and enlarged by James Howell, in lO.oO,
1660, and 1673). He studied at Cambridge (St. John s
College^ and later became secretary to William Cecil,
Lord Burghley.
Cothen. See Kiitlioi.
Cotin (ko-tan' ), Charles. Born at Pans, 1604 :
Xd at Paris, Jan., 1C82. A French preacher
and author. He wtis councUor and almoner to the
king and became a member of the French Academy May
3 11.5 Having incurred the enmity o Boi emi by en -
c zing with great asperity, at the HCtel de Ka ml lU,
some of his Sarly productions, he was exposed to rid cule
bv the- latter and by Moliire, who satirized him in "Les
toimies savantes ■■ mider the chai-acter of Trissotin. Au-
thor of " Poesies chrcStiennes " (Ifiu . ).
Cotman (kot'man), John Sell. Bom at Nor-
wich, England, May 16, 1782: died at Loudon,
JiUv 'H 1842. Am English landscape-painter
and etcher, best known from his architectiu-al
drawings. He published "Specimens of Norman and
Gothic Architecture in the Couii y of V.rfo k (181. -50
nlates). "A Series of Etchings illustrative of the Aiclil-
tectSil Antiquities of Norfolk" (181S: 00 plates), etc.
He X executed the plates for pawson Turner s - Archi-
tectural Antiquities of Normandy (1822).
Cotoname (ko-to-na'ma). A former tiibe of
North American Indians, living above^ the
mouth of the Rio Grande on both sides of the
nresent Texas-Mexico border. The few survivors
now reside at La Noria Rancheria, Hidalgo County, Texas,
and at Las Prietas in Tamaulipas, Mexico, See Coahml-
Cotopaxi (ko-to-paks'i ; Sp. pron. ko-to-pii'-
He ) A volcano in the Andes, situated 4o miles
southeast of Quito, Ecuador. It is the highest
active volcano known, and was first ascended by Kenain
Cottonian Library
founded the "Uorin" (179^), and the "Allgemehie Zei-
tung" (1798), at Augsburg). ,-0,4.
Cottar's Saturday Night. A poem by Robert
Burns, Urst published in a volume of poems m
1786.
Cottbus. See Kottbus. ^, , ,., ■
Cottenham, Earl of. See I'ei>ys, ClHirlc.-< ( hris-
Cottereau ( kot-ro' ), Jean, called Jean Chouan.
Born at St. Bertheviu, Mayenne, France, Oct.
30, 1757: killed near Laval, France, July 29,
1794. Leader of the insurgent royalists (Chou-
ans) in Brittany and the neighboring regions
in 1793-94.
Cottin (ko-tan'), Madame (Sophie Eisteau).
active vuicauu Kiiuwu, »"« ""-^ •" T-^-T - -tooA
1S72 and later by Stiibel in 1873, and Wliymper in im
Noted eruptions occniTcd in 1533, 1G08, 173s, 1(44, IrlW,
tsrv A Spanish poet. He was the reputed author
of the first act of the i-omantic drama ••('elestma 1480^),
of the satire " Coplas de Mingo Revulgo, and of a Dia-
logo entre el Amor y un viejo. — . ,
Cotabanama(k6-ta-V>ii-na'mii),orCotubanama
(k,Vtr,-l>a-na'nia). Died at Santo Domingo,
1504. An Indian cacique of Higuey, the east-
ern province of Haiti. He rose against the Span-
""s in 1602, and again in 16M. FiniUly defeated, he took
lifnge in a cave in the island of Saona, was discovered,
taken to Santo Domingo, and hanged.
06te-d'0r (kot'dor'). A departnieut m Bui'-
gtrndy, France, lying between Aubo oii the
north Haute-Marne on the northeast, Haute-
Saoiie and Jura on the east, Sa6ne-et-Loire on
the south, and Yonne and Nifevre on the west.
It is esnecia ly noted for its wines, the vineyards producing
whlKre laJgelv situated in the Cftte-d'Or Mountains a
range (height, about •2,000 feet) which forms a link in t le
Sn of elevations connecting the Cevennes with the
Vosges Capital, Dijon. Area, 3,.1S3 square miles. I'opu-
cSerCkoUvl'), Jean Baptiste. Bom at
Nimes, 1629 : died at Paris, Aug. 12, 1686. An
eminent French Hellenist. He was professor of
Greek in the Royal College of Paris lO^fm "'^^^^^ '^e
author of " Monumenta Ecclesia Gi(cc.-e (1677-86).
Cotentin (ko-toii-taiV). An ancient territory
in Normandy, France, formuig the larger part
I\otea eruptions occuiieu o. iuu„, x^-^, ^.^^, -■■-•-
186B, ls77, and later. Height OVhymper), 19,(il3 feet.
Ootrona (ko-tro'nii). A seaport m the province
of Catanzaro, Italy, situated on the Ionian bea
in lat. 39° 8' N., long. 17° 9' E. : the ancient
CrotonorCrotona. It contains an old castle. It was
colonized by Acha>ans about 710 E. c and became one of
the most important cities of i agna Or»"». »°'« «"■ ''?
devotion to athletic spoHs, and at one t me the seatof the
l^thagorean school. The Crotoniats destroyed the city
if Sybaris in 510 B. c, but were defeated by the Locnans
at the river Sagras about 480 a. c and later fell to Syra-
case. Crotona was colonized by the Komans 104 ii. c.
Cots-wold (kots' wold), or Coteswold (kots -
wold). Hills. A range of hills in the iiorthem
part of Gloucestershire, England, exten.bng
southwest and northeast. Highest point,
Cleeve Hill, 1,134 feet.
Cots-wold lion. A sheep.
Cotta (kot'ta), Bernhard von. Born at Ziu-
bach, Germauv, Oct. '24, 1808: died at Prei-
berg. Saxony, Sept. 14, 1879. A Uennan geol-
ogist, professor at the School of Mines m
Freiberg 1842-74. Hisworksinclude"Geognostische
Wanderungen" (w:W--iS\ " Geologic der Oegenwai-t
(1806), "Der Altai" (1871), etc. .
Cotta, Johann Friedrich. Boni at Tubingen,
Wiii-tembcrg, May 12, 1701 : died at Tubingen,
Dec. 31, 1779. A German theologian, professor
of theology and history at Tiibingen 1739-/9.
His chief work is " Entwui-f einer ausf lihrlichen Kirchen-
historie des Neuen Testaments "(17KS-7:!). ^^ -, c
Cotta, Johann Friedrich, Baron Cottendorf.
Born at Stuttgart. Wiirtemberg, April J/, l*o*.
died at Stuttgart, Dec. 29, 1832. A German
publisher, the friend and publisher of Goe-
the, Schiller, and other celebrated writers. He
Bom March 22, 1770: died at Pans, Aug. 2.-),
1807. A French novelist. Her best-known work is
"itlisabeth. ou les Exilc^s en Sibdrie " (1806).
Cottin, Alaric. A uiekuame given to Frederick
the Great by Voltaire.
Cottle (kot'l), Amos Simon. Bomin Glouces-
tershire, England, about 1768: died at London,
Sept. 28, 1800. An English writer, elder brother
of Joseph Cottle. He wrote " Icelandic Poetry, or the
Edda of Saemuiid translated into English Verse (1797),
and other poems.
Cottle, Joseph. Born 1770 : cUed at Bristol, .June
7 1853. An English bookseller and poet, a
friend of Coleridge, Southey, and Wordsworth,
and the publisher of several of their works.
His poetiy ("Malvern Hills" (1798), " John the Baptist
(ISOI), "Alfred" (ISOI), "The Fall of Cambria (1S09),
■•Messiah "(1S15)), which was of inferior quality, is now
known chiefly as an object of BjTon s sarcasm He also
wrote "Early BecoUectiona, chiefly relating to Samuel
Taylor Coleridge " (1837).
Cotton (kot'n 1, Bartholomew de. An English
historian, a monk of Norwich. He was the author
of the " Historia Anglicana " in three books, of which tlie
first is taken literaUyfn.m Geolfrey of Moumouth, the sec-
Olid (taken in partf?om Henry of Hunting.lon) comprises
the history i.f England from 419 to 129S, while the third
is an abstract and continuation of the "De gestis p..ntlfl-
cum " of William of JIalmesbury. Diet. Aat. Biug.
Cotton, Charles. Bom at Beresford, Stafford-
shire, inglaud, April '28,1630: died at Westmin-
ster Feb 1687. An English poet, best known as
the translator of Montaigne's "Essays" (1685)
He published auonymonsly ■■Seari-omdes, or the *^t
Book of VirgU Travestie (1UU4 : reprmted with the fourth
book in 1670), a translation of CorneiUe s Horace (11.. 1),
"A Voyage to Ireland in Burlesque, a poem (10. 0), a
translation of Gerard's " Life of the Duke of Espeinon
Ioto) and of the "Commentaries of De Montluc, Mai^hal
of Fiance" (1674), a "second part" (on flyflshing) to the
fifth edition of Walton's "Complete Angler (16, 0), etc.
A collection of his poems was published in 16S9
Cotton, George Edward Lynch. Born at Ches-
ter England, Oct. 29. 1813: dro^™ed at Koosh-
tea, India, Oct. 6, 1806. An English educator
and prelate, bishop of Calcutta 1858-66. He was
appointed in 1837 assistant master at Rugby, and as such
liguresiii "Tom Brown's School-days.'
Cotton, John. Bom at Derby, England, Dec. 4,
1585: died at Boston, Mass., Dec. 23, 16.-.2 A
Puritan clergyman who emigi-ated trom h-ng-
land and settled in Boston in 1633, sometimes
called "the Patriarch of New England. He
drew up, at the request of the General Court, a" ahs'ract
of the laws of Moses, entitled "Moses, his .ludicial^
which he banded to the court in October, 1630 ; and is said
to have introduced in New .f^nglaud the practice- o keep-
ing the Sabbath from Saturday evening to that of huiiua} .
Cotton, Sir Kobert Bruce. Born at Denton,
Uuntiigton, England, Jan. 22, 1571: died May
6, 1631. A noted English antiquary, a gradu-
ate of Cambridge (JesusCollege)in 158o,famoiis
as the founder of the Cottonian Library, now in
the British Museum. He was an ai-dent collector of
manuscripts in many languages, eoius, and ant.qnities
of all kinds, and his libnu-y was consulted and his ad oh-
tiined by Bacon, .Tonson, Speed, Camden, and many other
en of le^uning of that diy. His coUeetion of or.gina
documents became so gieat as to be- regarded as " ^""rcc of
danger to the government, and after he had fiHe ' J"
disfavor at court, on political grouuds, ",■' oPP"''»»»J
was found of placing his library under seal (1W9). ,^ 1 he
never regained p..ssession of it His son. sii I lioinas
Cotton, succeeded in obtaining it, and it remained in tlie
family (though open to the use of scholars and. in l.ou,
of the public) until 1707, when it was purchased b> tlie
nation. It was kept at various places, suffering consider-
able damage by flic Oct. -23, 1731, until the founding o
the British Museiun (H.W), when it was transferred to that
institution. Cotton was knighted in 1603, and created a
barnnet in 16X1-
Cotton, Sir Stapleton, first Viscount Comber-
mere. Born in Deiibighshire,Wales, Nov 1 (7d .
died at Clifton, England, Feb. 21, 186.-). A
British general, distinguished m India, and in
the Peninsular war, especially at Salamanca
1.812. He was governor of Barbados, and commander-
in.chief of the Leeward Islands l«"r'-".^'>';;"J»i;^?'du ||
chi.t in Ireland 1822-2.S and commander-inchief in InOU ||
:iO. He captured Bhartpur in 18-26.
Cottonian Library.
liriwc.
See Cotton, Sir Sobert
Ootys
Ootys (ko'tis), or Cotytto (ko-tit'o). [Gr. IC-i-
rif, KoriTriJ.] In (intk mrtholo^. a Tliraciaii
goddess. Her festival, the Cotyttia.was riotous
and.later.liceutioHS. it was celobrateU on hills.
Ootys, [Gr. Kort'c.] KinR of Thrace 382-358
B. c. He was an cnoniy of tlio Athenians.
Oouch (kouch), Richard Quillar. Bom at Pol-
perro. Cornwall, England. March 14, 1816: died
at Penzance, England, May 8, 1863. An Eng-
lish naturalist.
Ooucy (ko-se'), Raoul or Renaud de, known
as the Chatelain de Coucy (sec roiicij-k-chii-
teau). A chevalier and French poet who is
said to have perished about lilOO in a combat
with the Saracens. Ho is tho hero of a popular le-
gend to theeffet-t that wlien (l.vilig he ordered his heart
to be sent to his mistress, t!ie fjidy of Fayel, wliose has-
band intercepted it and forced her to eat it. She made a
TOW never to eat :i^ain, and died of starvation. See ChAte-
lain (/<• Couct/.
Coucy-le- Chateau (ko-se'le-shii-to'). A vil-
lage ill tlic dtpartmcnt of Aisne, Franco, 1.5
miles soutlnvcst of Laou. It is noted for tho
ruins of its feudal castle.
Ooues (kouz). Elliott. Born at Portsmouth,
N. H., Sept. 9, 1842. A noted American orni-
thologist and biologist. Ilis works include " Key
to North American Birds" (1st ed. 1872), "Field Orni-
tholo^" (1874), "I'heck-List of North American Birds"
(1882X etc. He contrilmted the dettnitioiis of biological
and zoological terms to " The C'cntui-y Dictionary " (1889-
1891), and edited Lewis and Clark's travels, with e.\tended
noti-s(18:W).
Coulanges (ko-louzh' ), Numa Denis Fustel de.
Horn at Paris. March 18, ISliO, A French liis-
torical writer. Uis works inehnle "La cite antiiiue"
(18(M), " Histoire des institutions politiques de rancieniie
France " HSTS).
Coulin (Ko'lin). A giant in Spenser's " Faerie
(^uecue."
Oonlmiers (kol-mya')- A \-illage in the de-
partment of Loiret, France, 13 miles north-
west of (Drl^ans. Here, Nov. 0, 1S70, the French
(80,(KX)) under Aurclle ile Paladines defeated the first
Bavarian army corps (10,000) under General Von derTann.
The loss of the French was l,.iOO; that of the Kavarians
about 1,:<IM.
Coulomb (ko-lou'). Charles Augustin _de.
Bom at Angoidome, Franco, .June 11, 1736:
died at Paris, Aug. 23, ISlHi. A French physi-
cist, noted for e.vperiments on friction and re-
searches iu electricity and magnetism. He
invented the torsion balance.
Coulommiers (kii-lom-mya'). A town in tho
department of Seine-et-Marne, France, situated
on the liraiid Morin 33 miles east of Paris.
Population (IHOl), commune, 6,138.
Council Bluffs (koun'sil blufs). The capital
of Pottawattamie County, Iowa, situated on
the Missouri Kiver opposite Omaha. It is an
important railway- and trading center. Popu-
lation (189(1), 21.474.
Council of Ancients. In French history, the
upper chamber of the French legislature
(Coii>s L6gislatiC) uiuh'r the constitution of
1795, consisting of 250 members, each at least
forty vears old.
Council of Basel. See linsrl. Council of.
Council of Blood, The. In the history of the
Netherlands, a coiiit established by the Duke
of Alva to suppress the pojjular agitation
against the religious and political tyranny of
Philip II. It held its ftrst session Sept ai, 1!>67, and
put to ileatll 1,800 persona in less than three months, the
counts of EgmoDt and of Qooni being among its victims
(l.'itlS).
Yet, strange to say, this tremendous court . . . had not
been provided witli even a nominal authority from any
source whatever, 'the King had k'ratitod it no letters
f latent or charter, nor had even the Duke of Alva thought
t worth while tr) grant any commissions, either in his own
name or as Captain-General, Ut any of llie members com-
posing the board. The Blood-Council was merely an in-
fomnil club, of which the Duke was perpetual president,
while the other members were all appointed by himself.
Moilrii, Dutch Republic.
Council of Carthage, Chalcedon, etc. See
I'firfhiujt. Cliolrt ihui. e(c.
Council of Five Hundred. I" French his-
tory, during tlie giivernnient of the Directory
(1793-99), an assembly of .5(10 members, form-
ing the second branch of the legislative body,
the first branch Iieing the Council of Ancients.
Council of Seville. See Cnmi dr Conlrntni-ion.
Council of state. \V. Conseil d'Htnt.] In
France, an advisory boily existing from early
times, but develoiied es]iocially under Philiii
I\'. (1'283-1314) and his sons, it was often modi-
tied, particularly In 11117, and in Ut:{Onnder Kichelieu, and
played an important part during the tlrst empire. lUidei-
the present republican gi>vcrnment it comprises the min-
isters and about 90 other members, part of whom are
lioniinateil by the president, and the remainder are
elected by the Legislative Assembly. Its chief duties are
285
to give advice npoii various administrative matters and
legislative measures.
Council of Ten. In the ancient republic of
Venice, a secret tribunal instituted in 1310 and
continuing do^vn to the overthrow of the re-
publio in 1797. it was composed at first of 10 and
later of 17 members, and cvercised unlimited power in
the supervision of internal and external affairs, often
with great rigor and oppressiveness.
Council of the Indies. A body createil in
1511, by King Fcrditiand, for the regulation
of Spanish colonial affairs, its powers were con-
firmed and ciUarged by Charles V. and his successors
until they covered every branch of administmtion. It
nominated and removed viceroys and governors, l>ishops
and archbishops ; made or approved all laws relating to
the colonies, appointed the audiences, which were the
supreme courts in all criminal affairs, and was itself the
last court of appeal in civil cases ; regulated the coiniition
of the Indians; and, in fact, represented the crown in all
matters relating to America and the East Indies. Its seat,
after the first few years, was in Madrid.
Counter, The. The name anciently given to
two prisons under the rule of the sheriffs of
Loudon, one in the Poultry and one iu Wood
street. There was another in .Southwark which had
the same name. This name was formerly a frequent sub-
ject of jokes and puns. Baret, in the ".Mvearie" (1573),
speaks of one who had beeu imprisoned as singing "his
counter-tenor," and there are various similar allusions in
the 17th-century dram.atists.
Count Fathom. See Ferdinand.
Count Julian. A tragedy by Walter Savage
Landor. published in 1812.
Court Mantel
nearV^retz. Indre-et-Loire, France, Aug. 18,
1825. A French Hellenist and political writer.
He studied at the Artiller>- School in Chalons, and served
in the army 1792-1SH9. In the latter yeai- In- went to Italy,
and in 1812 returned to France and liveil ujKtii liis estate
at Veretz. He edite<i Longus in Isin, and published
"Pamphlets des Pamphlets (l.S'24), etc. His collected
works were published in lsi4.
Courland (kor'land), G. Kurland (kor'liind).
[F. Ciiuriitndc.y A government of Russia, the
southernmost of the Baltic provinces, it is
bounded by the Gulf of Riga and Livonia (separated by the
Dlina) on the north. \'itebsk (seitarated by the Dnna) on
the east. Kovno on the south, and the Baltic on the west.
Its surface is mostly level, and abounds in lakes, but in
part.s is hilly. Three fourths of the iidinbitarits are Letts,
but the land proprietors are mainly to nnan. The pre-
vailing religion is Protestant. Courland came under the
control of tlie Teutonic Order in the middle of the 13th
century ; became a hereditary duchy and fief of Poland
in 1561 or L5(J2 : and passed to Russia in 1795. It is
being Russified like the other Baltic provinces. Cap-
ital, Mitau. Area, 10,535 square miles. I'opulation
(1890), 893.300.
On the western shore of the Gulf of Riga and on the
Baltic, the Korses, who give their name to Courland, are
to be founil. Ramband. Russia, I. 28.
Courmayeur (kor-mii-ytr'), or Cormajeur.
[It. Conniidiiinre.} A village iu northwestern
Italy, near the foot of Mont Blanc.
Coufs (kiir). A town in the department of
Rhone, France, 33 miles northwest of Jjyons.
It manufactures cloth. Populatiou(18yi), com-
mune, 3,994.
His ILandor's] first dramatic effort made after a stomiy QoursO Of Time, The. A religious poem by
and m-regulated e.vperience of fifteen years, was the T.„u„,,t p„iinl- roiliHalio.l in IROT
.,'loomv but magnificent tragedyof"Connt.Iulian "(1812]. KoOeit 1 oUok. putiisliea ni l»-<.
Like,Shelley's"l'enci,"Byron's"Manfred,"andColeridge's Court (kort). In Shakspere's "Henry V.," a
adaptation of "Wallenstein,'' it is a dnuuatic poem rather soldier in the king's armv.
,'.'?.™J'!*"?.''.?.rL\™^"'B''i,*rtyfi'*'>^i"l'....5 Court (kiir). Antoine. Born at Villeneuve-de-
Berg. Ar<leche, Fratice, May 17, 1696: died at
Lausanne, Switzerland, June 15,1760. A French
Protestant clergjTnan, the chief restorer of the
Eeformeil Church in France.
Courtall (kort'al). A man of gallantry in Mrs.
Count Robert of Paris. A novel by Sir Walter ''"^'^y''^ "'")?.'1>' " '^'^<' ^••"^'^ stratagem."
S;^t, pt.blishcd in 1S31. The scene is laid in the Court and City. A comedy adapted from
nth eintury, when Godfrey of Bouillon was before Con- ^teele's " Tender Husband" .and Mrs. I' ran
kindred productions of the time, however, it stands like
the "Prometheus " among classic plays ; and as an expo-
sition of dramatic force, a conception of the highest man-
hood in the most heroic and mournful attitude, — as a
presentment of impassioned language, pathetic sentiment,
and stern resolve, — it is an impressive and undying poem.
Stedtnariy Vict. Poets, p. 41.
Sheridan's "Discovery,
Brinslev Peake.
ances
pi'oduced by Richard
nth century, when Godfrey
stantinople at the bead of the Crusaders. Count Robert
was a French (^rusader, one of the most famous and reck-
less of the period. ., .. -u . ., Court Beggar, The. A play by Richard Brome,
Country Girl, The. 1. A comedy attributed produced in 1(532, printed in 1633.
Country House, The. A comedy by Vanbrugh.
proiluced in 1705. It was translated from the
French of Dancourt
Country Lasses, or The
A play by (Jharles J'
It was partly taken from Fletcher and Massinger
tom of the Country," and Middleton's "A Mad World, ray
.Masters." John Philip Kemble used it in his "Farm
House " (17S9), and Kendrick in "The Lady of the Miinor."
Country Party. In English history, a politi-
cal party, in the reign of Charles II., which op-
posed the court and s\Tnpathi/.ed with the
iionconformisfs. It developed into tho Peti-
tiofiers. anil later itito the Whig party.
Country Wife, The. A comedy by Wycherley,
produced in 1073. It was taken from Molii^re's
" L'Kcole des nr.iris " ami " L'Ecole des fenmies" (" School
for Flushands," "Schoid for Wives").
Country Wit, The. A comedy bv Crowne, pro
du. ■ ■ ■ ■
11
Coupar-AngUS (ko'piir-ang'gus). A to-wn iti
Perthshire and Forfarshire, Scotland, situatetl
northeast of Perth.
Coupler (kup'ler), Mrs. A match-maker or go-
between in Vanbrugh's play "The Relapse,"
and ifi Sheridan's " "Trip to Scarljorough."
Courbet (kor-ba'), Oustave. Born at Ornans,
Doiilis. France, .Itine 1(1, 1H19: died at La Totir
de Peilz, Vatid. Switzeriand, Dec. 31, 1877. A
"Affaires de rAngletcrre ct de r.\nic'*ri<iue " (1770), " Let-
tre sur le magnetisme aninnd " (1783), "Histoire nata-
reUe de la parole, ou grammaire universelle, " etc.
hpfincsl-nmnfthpManor Courtenay (kert'na), Ed^ward. Born about
lie Oustomottne manor, igo^.^iedat Padua, Sept., 15.50. An English
Fletcher and M;is8inger's"Cu8- ^^^^<^^ tho Earl of Devonshire, son ol Jlenry
Courtenay, inatvims ot Exeter an*! earl of
Devoiislliro. lie was comniitted t() the Tower with his
father (see Henry Courtenay) in Ifiiis, att-ainted in IS.'If),
and released and restored in blood in IfjCtS, Later he be-
came an aspirant for the hand of (Jnuen Mary, and on
her choosing Philij) II. turned his attention to the Prin-
cess Elizabeth. He was suspected of complicity in
Wyatfs rebellion, and was afiaiu hent to the Tower
(1054). hut was relca.sed on paroh-- and exiled.
Courtenay, Henry. Born about 14i)(): Iteliemled
on Tower Hill. Dec 9, ir^^S. An Kufrli^h nolile,
earl of Devonshire and marquis of Exeter. He
was arrested on a chi.r'_ro of treason in Nov., 1538, tried,
_ cttndeniiu'd, and cxi-rutrd.
u,'.Tm'I('i7.5.''"'rhoplo't was partly from Mo- Courtenay, William. Bom at Exeter, Eng-
ere's •• Le Sicilien." l"°'l' about KM'J: died at Maidstone. Kent,
- July 31, 139(). An Knglish prelate, archbishop
of Canterbury 13.Sl-!)(;, fourth son of Hugh
(;;ourtenay, eai-l of Devon, and Margaret Bohun,
daugliter'of the Earl of Hereford. He studied at
Oxford, became chancellor of the iniiversity in 1387, was
consecrated liisliop of Hereford in i:!70, and was translated
to the see of Loiulon in l.f75. He was an opponent of
Ixillardisin and the prosecutor of 'Wyclif. See H'ydyf.
Courtes Oreilles. [F., ' short ears.'] See Oi-
tiiwo.
celebrateil Freiii'li i>aintcr, chief of the realists. Courtly (kort'li), Charles. In Dion Bouci
He studied tln'oloity at Uesanijon, hut aliandoneil it for the
study of art, which he pursued at Paris inuler Steuben
and Hesse. He was especially influenced hy the Flemish
ami Venetian masters. He became a member of the ('(im-
mune in 1S71, and direct<'d the ilestruction of the column in
the rlace Vendrtmc. (hi the fall of the Commune he »■•■
unit's' comedy " London Assurance," a fash-
ionable young man about town. He is the son of
Sir Haicourt Courtly, who persists in believing him a
stuilious, retiriuB hoy. Charles succeeds in securing the
heart and hand of the heiress who has been promised to
his father.
imprisoned for six months, and in 187:) was condemned to ""' }i csi- rr„.»»...j. T., r>:„„ »„„,.;,.„, ,u-^
pay the cost of rcerectinK the column. CoUrtly, Sir HarCOUrt. In D on Bt^l ficault s
Courbevoie ( kOr-be-vwii' ). A town in the de- comedy "London .Vssiu-ance, ' an elderly fop
piirtinent of Seine, France, situated on the
Seiiu' n miles norUiwest of the fortiticationt-
of raris. I'opulation (Ksni ), 17, .51)7.
Courcelles (kiir-sel')- A village of Ijorraine.
situated near Met/.. For battle of Courcelles,
sei' Colonihci/. . »— _. , ...
Courier de M6r6 (ko-rva' de ma-ra'), Paul Courtly Nice, Sir. see .S/r f'.mr//.i/ -N'cc.
Louis. Born at Faris..)an.4.177'J: assassinated Court Mantel. See lioij iiiid the Mantle.
ilevoted lo fashion, anil betrothed to a young
heiress, (ira<-e llarkaway, who finally rejects
hini and marries his son Charles.
Courtly, Sir James. In Mrs. CenllixTo's com-
iily "'T'lie Basset -Table," a gay. airy, witty, and
iiu'oiislMTit gentlenmn, devoted to gaming.
Courtney Melmoth
Courtney Melmoth. See Mclmoth, Courtnetj.
Court of Lions. A celebrated court iu the AJ-
hambra. .See the extract.
Perhaps the most celebrated portion of the entire palace
[Alhaiubra) is the Court of the Lions, which occupies a
space somewhat smaUer than that of the Court of the
Myrtles. One hundred and twenty-eight white niarlilc
columns, arranged liy threes and fours in symmetrical
fashion, support galleries wliich rise to no very lufty
height; hut the extreme gracefulness and elegance of
their varied capitals, the delicate traceries, the remnants
of gold and colour, the raised orange-shaped cupolas, the
graceful minarets, the innumerable arches, beautiful in
their labyrinthine design, the empty basin into which the
twelve stiff and unnatural "lions "once poured their con-
stant streams of cooling waters, the alabaster reservoir,
constitute a whole that [loetry and romance have lauded
even to extravagance. I'onle, Story of the Moors, p. 227.
noil, out oeiieveu i.i* ue vu litirr uiiki". u\jixx^. iLii
Courtois (kiir-twaM. Jacques, It. Jacopo Cor- name), ith
tese: railed le Bourguignon, It. II Borgo- "f Normand'
286
Coiistou. He won the grand prix de sculpture in 1607,
and w.as sent to Rome. He became celel)rated for his bold
and independent style. Among his works are the alle-
gorical figures of the Ocean and the Mediterranean at
Jlarly, the colossal statue of the Rh6ne at Lyons, those
of Bacchus,Minerva. Hercules, and Pallas, and a great num-
ber of bas-reliefs. His son Guillaunie Coustou (bom 1710 :
died .Inly 13. 1777) was also a sculptor of note.
Coustou, Nicholas. Born at Lvons, Jan. 9,
1658: died at Paris. May 1, 173.3. A French
scidptor. He learned the rudiments of his art from his
father, a wood-carver, and at eighteen entered the atelier
of Coyzevox, then president of the Academy of Painting
and Sculpture in Paris. He won the grand prix de sculp-
ture in 16S2, and went to Rome. Among his works are a
Descent from the Cross, at Notre Dame : the colossal Seine
and Mame, in the Tuileries Gardens; and many statues in
the Tuileries and Versailles. He became a member of
the Academy in 1093.
Court of Love, The. A poem attributed to Coutances (ko-tons'). A town in the depart-
Chaueer by Stone, and inserted in the 1561 e<U- meut of Manche, France, 40 miles south of Cher-
tion, but believed to be of later origin. _ bom-g: the Roman Constantia (whence the
t has a noted cathedral.one of the chief churches
Normandy. The front is fine, with large recessed
V . - portal, great traceried window opening on the nave,
.J id,un. gra^efai arcades and rosettes, and the tall spires charac-
teristic of Normandy. There is a high central tower and
lantern. The interior is beautifully proportioned, and
the vistas formed by the openings of the cholr-chapels
are highly pictnres<iue. The vaulting and decorative ar-
cading are notably good. Coutances was the ancient cap-
it:d of Cotentin, and suffered in the Norman, EnglLsh, and
religious w:u-s. Population (1S91), commune, 8,145.
Couthon (ko-toii'), Georges. Bom at Orcet,
near Clermont. France, 1756 : guillotined at
Paris, July 28, 1794. A French revolutionist.
He was deputy to the Legislative .Assembly in 1791, and
to the Convention in 1792, and was one of the Triuniri-
rate with Robespierre and Saint-.Tust. The three were
executed at the same time.
Coutras (ko-tra'). A town in the department
of Gironde, France, on the Dronne 25 miles
east of Bordeaux. Here, Oct. 20, 1587, a victory was
gained by Henr>* of Navarre over the Leaguers. It con-
tained a noted castle, now destroyed. Population (1891),
commune, 4,231.
Coutts (kots), Thomas. Bom at Edinburgh,
Sept. 7, 1753 : tUed at London, Feb. 24. 1822.
An English banker, the founder, with his
brother James, of the London banking-house of
Coutts and Co. He was the son of Lord Provost .John
Coutts of Edinburgh. His third daughter, Sophia, mar-
ried Sir Francis Burdett,
gnone. Born at St. Hippoh-te, Doubi
1621 : died at Kome, Nov. 14, 1676. A French
battle-painter. In 1655 he became a lay bro-
ther of the Jesuit order, and thereafter painted
sacred suWects.
Courtois, Gustave Claude Etienne. Born at
Piisey, ilaute-SaOue, France, March 18. 1852.
A French painter, especially of portraits: a
pupil of (Jerome. He obtained the second grand piix
ae Rome in 1877, and a gold medal and the decoration of
the Legion of H(mor at the exposition of 1889.
Court Party. In English history, a political
party, in the reign of Charles 11., which sup-
ported the policy of the court. Its successor
was the party of the Abhorrers, and later the
Tories.
Courtrai, or Courtray (kor-tra'), Flem. Kort-
ryk (kort'iik). A city in the pro\-ince of West
Flanders. Belgium, situated on the Lys in lat.
50° 49' N., long. 3° 15' E. : the ancient Corto-
riacum. It manufactures linen, lace, etc., and contains
a noted ttiwn hall (finished in 152S) and the Church of
Notre Dame. Here, July 11, 1302, 20,0:)0 Flemings de-
feated 47,000 French under Robert of Artois in the "Bat-
tle of the Spurs." It has sevei-al times been taken by the
French. Population (1S93), 31,319.
Court Secret, The. A play by bliirley, printed Coutlire''('kO-tti""r'T."Thomas. Born at SenUs.
in 1653, not a.-ted till after the Restoration.
Courtship of Miles Standish. A poem by
Longfellow, published iu 1858. See Stnndi.ih,
Mills.
Court Theatre, The. A theater in Sloane
Siiuare, London, it was opened in Jan., 1S71, for the
lighter order of dramas. The building, which was origi-
nally erected in ISIS :is a chapel, replaced an older theater.
Cousin (kij-zah'), Jean. Born at Soucy. near
France, Dee. 21, 1815: died near Paris, March
30, 1879. A noted French painter, a pupil of
Gros and Delaroche. He won the second grand prix
de Rome in 1837. He first exhibited in the Salon in 1840
("Jeune Ven^tien aprfes une orgie "). Among his works
are "L'Eufant prodigue." ''I'ne veuve." "Le retour des
champs" (1843), " Le tronvere" (1S44), " Joconde " (1847X
etc. His chief work is " Les Romains de la decadence "
(1S17).
;0USU1 (KO-zan ;, jean, corn ai oouc,. near q^^^^ Garden (kuv'ent gar'den). [For Co,,
Sens,lo01: cbed at hens about 1590. AFrench ^,:^^« Cranlen.^ A space in London, betwee.
pamter, engraver, and sculptor, noted espe- ., „. , -■ , ^ ' __,■_, __ — 1__ _
cially for his paintings on glass and minia-
tures.
Cousin, Victor. Born at Paris, Nov. 28, 1792:
died at ('aunes, France, Jan. 13, 1867. A noted
French philosopher and statesman. He began
lecturing at the Sorbonne in 1815; traveled in Germany
in 1817 ; was deprived of his position at the Sorbonne for
political reasons in 1820 ; tniveled again in Germany in
1824, and was arrested at Dresden and imprisoned for a
short time at Berlin: regained his position in 1828; and
became a member of the Council of Public Instruction in
1830, and minister of public instruction in 1840. As a
philosopher he was at fli-st a follower of the Scottish psy-
chological school, but later under German influences de-
veloped a kind of eclecticism. His works include " Frag-
ments philosophiques" (1820-28), *'Cours d'histoire de la
philosophic ' (1827-40), "Cours d'histoire de la philosophic
moderne" (1841), *' Cours d'histoire de la philosophic nu)-
rale an XVIIl" sifecle" (1840-41), "l)u vrai, du bean, et du
bien "(1854)." Des pensCes de Pascal " (1812), ' Madame de
Longueville ■ (1853), "Histoire gSnSrale de la philoso-
phic " (181V4). etc.
Cousine Bette, La. A novel by Balzac. See
Biil:ttc.
Cousin Michael (ku/.'n mi'kel) or Michel. A
nickname for the (ierman people.
Cousin -Montauban (ko-zan'mont-o-bon'). See
Pdlikii'), fiimir (k.
Cousin Pons (ko-zaii' pons). Le. A novel by
Balzac. See lifihiif.
Cousins (kuz'nz), Samuel. Born at Exeter.
England, Jlay 9, 1801: died at London, May 7,
1887. An English mezzotint engraver.
Coussemaker (kos-mii-kSr' ), Charles Edmond
Henri de. Bom at Bailleul. Nord, Fraucc,
April 19, 1S05: died at Lille. Fiance. Jan. 11.
1876. A French magistrate, and writer on the
historv of music. Uis works include "Histoire de
ITiarmonie au moycn age " (l»-'.2), "Chants populaires des
Flamands de France" (1S.")6), "L'Avt hannonii|ne an XII«
et Xlllf slides " (1885X etc.
Coustou (kos-to'), Guillaume. Born at Lyons,
April 25, 1677: died at P.iris, Feb. 20. 1746. A
French sculptor, younger brother of Nicholas
een
the Strand and Longacre. which as early as
1222 was the convent garden belonging to the
monks of St. Peter, Westminster. It was origi-
nally called Frere Pye Garden. tHarc.) At the Dissolu-
tion it was granted with neighboring properties, by Ed-
ward VI., to Edward, duke of Somerset. -After his at-
tainder in 1552 it went to John, earl of Bedford. The
square was laid out for Francis, earl of Bedford, and
partly built by Inigo Jones, whose church, St. Paul's. Cov-
cut Garden, still remains. The holdings of the Bedfords
in this neighborhood were enormous. .At one time its
coffee-houses and taverns became the fashionable loung-
ing-places for the authors, wit.s, and noted men of the
kingdom. Dryden, (>t« ay. Steele, Fielding. Peg WotBng-
ton, Kitty Clive, Samuel Foote, Booth, Garrick, and others
were among its freciuenters. See Covent Garden Market.
Covent Garden Journal. A biweekly peri-
odical issued iu Jan., 1752, by Henry Fielding,
under the name of '" Sir Alexander Drawcansir.
Knight, Censor of Great Britain." It was dis-
continued before tlie end of the year.
Covent Garden Market. A vegetable, fruit,
and tlower market held in Covent Garden.
The space began to be used for this purpose early in the
17th century by the venders from the viUages near by.
The market finally grew into a recognized institution,
but till 1S2S it was an unsightly assemblage of sheds and
stalls. .About that time the Duke of Bedford erected the
present buildings. In 1859 a tloner-market covered with
glass was built on the south side of the opera-house.
Covent Garden Theatre. A theater in Bow-
street, Covent Garden, built by John Rich, the
famous harlequin of Lincoln's Inn Theatre, in
1731 . It was opened, under the dormant patent granted
by Charles II. to Sir William Davenant, with Congreve's
comedy " The Way of the World." Dec. 7. 1732. There was
no first appearance at this house of any importance until
that of Peg Wofflngton in "Tlie Recruiting Oflicer." Nov.
8, 1740. In 174C Garrick played here. During Kicbs man-
agement pantomime reignt-d supreme. Rich died in 170!,
leaving the theater to his son-in-law John Beard the vo-
calist. In 17C7 it was sold to George Colman the elder,
Harris, Rutherford, and Powell for iOO.OOO. On March l.'i,
1773. Goldsmith's play "She Sloops to Conquer" was
brought out here. In 1774 Harris undertook the manage-
ment alone. In 1803 John Kemble bought a onesixtli
share in the patent-right from Harris for £22,000, and
Goviello
became manager. In Sept.. 1808, the house was burned.
Eight months later it was rebuilt, according to the design
of Smirke the architect, in imitation of the Parthenon (the
pediment by Fhixman), at a cost of £300,000. John Philiii
Kemble was still manager. On account of the great expense
of the undertakingKenible raised the price of admission and
liuilt an extra row of boxes which he leased for a:12,000 ('f).
This brought about the famous u. P. (old price) riots, which
lasted sixty ^)ne days and resulted in a general reduction.
On June 29, 1S17, John Kemble was followed by Charles
Kemble. In 1822 the theater was thrown into chancery.
In 1847 it commenced a new career as "The Royal Italian
Opera House," but on March 4, 1856, it was burned down.
It was rebuilt and the present house opened May 15,
1858.
Coventry (kuv'en-tri). A city in Warwickshire,
England, 17 miles southeast of Birmingham.
It has manufactures of bicycles, tricycles, watches, and
ribbons, and was formerly celebrated for its woolens ("Cov-
entry true blues "). Its chief buildings are the churches of
St. Michael, the Trinity, and St. John, Ohristchurch, and
St, Mary's Guildhall. According to legend it obt;uned its
municipal rights from Leofric about 1044 by the ride of
Godiva. (See Godiva.) It was formerly celebrated for the
Coventry mystery plays. Population (1891), 52,720.
Coventry, John. Pseudonym of John William-
son Palmer.
Coventry Plays. A series of forty-two reUgious
plays acted at Coventry from an early date till
about 1591. The first mention of them is in 1416. These
plays were some of them written in 1468, but the title is
thought to bo of later date. This title terms the phiys
"Ludus Coventrise s. Ludus Corpus Chrisli," and Corpus
Cliristi plays were performed at Coventry in the 15th ami
16th centuries. Clerical authorship is suspected in many
of them, from thestyleofwritingemployed. (Ward.) They
are far more regular in form than the Chester plays (doubt-
less written for tradesmen by tradesmen), and their versi-
fication and diction nmch better. They are to be classed
among the mysteries, although they contain one element
of the moralities.
Sir William Dugdale, in his "History of Warwickshire,"
printed in 1656, speaks of the Coventry plays as "being
acted with mighty state and reverence by the friars of this
house, who had theatres for the several scenes, very large
and high, placed upon wheels and drawn to all the emi-
nent parts of the city," and he referred to the Cotton ilS.
for authority as to the nature of their plays. The series
known as the "Coventry Mysteries " may possibly have be-
longed to the Coventrj- Grey Friars, and the Grey Friars
may have acted in the streets one set of Mysteries, the
Guilds another, though the practical ditficulties in the w,iy
of believing that they did so are considerable. Certain it
is that the plays now'called ■ ' Coventry ilysteries " are not
those which w'ere acted by the Guilds of Coventr>'.
Morley, English Writers, IV. 114.
Coverdale (kuv'er-dal). Miles. Born in the
North Riding of Yorkshire in 1488 : died in Feb.,
1568. The first translator of the whole Bible
into English. He studied at Cambridge, was ordained
priest in 1514 at Norwich, and joined the .Austin friars at
Cambridge. About 1526 he assumed the habit of a secular
priest, and, leaving the convent, devoted himself to evan-
gelical preaching. In l.i31 he took his degree as bachelor
of canon law at Cambridge. He was probably on the
Continent the greater part of the time until 1535. In this
year his translation of the Bible from Dutch ami Latin ap-
peared with a dedication to Henry VIII. In l.'-SS he was sent
by Cromwell to Paris to superintend a new English edition
of the Bible. This was known as "The Great Bible." A
second "Great Bil^le," kno« n as "Cmnnier s Bible "(1540),
was also edited by him. He returned from Paris in 1539,
but in 1540, on the execution of (.'rorowell, he was obliged
to leave England, and shortly after m.orried Elizabeth
Macheson. This repudiation of the celibacy of the priest-
hood identified him with the Reformers. He lived at Tu-
bingen for a short time, and was made doctor of divinity.
From 1543 to 1547 he lived at Bergz.abern (Denx-Pont.s) as
Lutheran minister and schoolmaster. In 154.^ he retmnied
to England, and was appointed chaplain to the king through
Cranmer's influence. In 1551 he was appointed bishop of
Exeter, of wliich office he w.as deprived in 1553 and went
again to Bergzabern. It has been said that he assisted in
preparing the Geneva Bible. In 15.59 we find him again iu
Englatid. In 1563 he received from Cambridge the degree
of doctor of divinity, and obtained the living of St. Magnus,
near London Bridge. In 1.566 he resigned this office on ac-
count of his objection to the enforced strict observance of
the liturgy. He continued preaching, however, and was
followed by crowds.
Coverdale, Miles. The relater of events in
Hawthorne's " Blithedale Romance": a charac-
ter which has many points of intellectual at-
tinitv mth Hawthorne himself.
Coverley (kuv'er-li). Sir Roger de. The chief
character in the chib professing to write the
"Spectator'": an English country gentleman.
He was sketched by Steele and developed by
Addison.
Sir Roger de Coverley is not to be described by any pen
but that of Addison. He exhibits, joined to a perfect
simplicity, the qualities of a just, honest, useful man.
and delightful companion. . . . .Addison dwelt with ten.
derness on every detail regarding him, and finally described
Sir Roger's death to prevent any less reverential pen from
trifling with his hero.
Tuekerman, Hist, of Prose Fiction, p. 182.
Covielle (ko-ve-el'). The valet of Cl^>onte in
Moli^re's comedy "Le bourgeois gentil-
homme." His subtle inventions win the hand
of Ijucille for his master.
Co'Viello (ko-ve-el'lo). The conventional down
in old Italian comedy.
Covilham
Covilham, or Covilhao (ko-vel-yiiu'). Pedro
de. Ijorn at Ciivilliau. I'urtu^al, about 14.")(( ;
iliJd in Abyssinia about 1540 (f). A Portu-
guese navif^ator. He was sunt by John II. of Portu-
gal to Asia, in H87, in search of the leKendary I'rester
Jolin. Having visited tlie principal towns of Abyssinia
iind Malal)ar, and sent h<»nie a report of his journey, he
presented himself in HUD at the court of Alexander,
Criiiee of Aliyssiniii, wlio treated him with great llindtiess,
nt constrained llini to remain in the country. His re-
port is said to have been of use to Vaseo da Gania in the
discovery of the route to India round the t'ape of Good Cowper, William
Hop.', ....
Covilhao (ko-vel-yaii'). A town in the prov-
ince of Beira, Portugal, in lat. 40'' 19' N., long.
7o:jr \V. It is noted for its cloth man ufautures.
PiMiMl.-itiiiu ( ISiiin, 17,.")6J.
Covington (kuv'ing-ton). A city in Kenton
County, Kentucky, situated on the Ohio River,
at the inouth of the Licking, opposite Cincin-
nati. It has niarmfactures of iron, tobacco, etc., and
is connected tiy a suspcnsion-bridu'c with Cincinnati.
PopnlatioTi (1S'"H 37,371.
Cowell (kou'el), Edward Byles. Born at Ips-
wich, SulTolk, England, Jan. 23, 1826. An Eng-
lish Sanskrit scholar, appointed professor at the
Presideni'y (.'ollege, Calcutta, in 1864, and San-
skrit professor at rambridge, England, in 1867.
Cowell, John. Born at Ernsborough. Devon-
shire, England. l.').'>4: died at Cambridge, Eng-
land, Oct. 11, Kill. An English jurist. He was
regins professor of civil law at Camhridge IbiM-Uill,
master of Trinity Hall in l.WS, and vice-chancellor of the
university in 1003 and l(iu4. He was the author of a legiil
dictionary entitled "The Interpreter, a booke containing
the signitlcation of words . . . mentioned in the Law-
writers or statutes, etc." (1607). Certain passages in the
book otTended both the Commons and the king ; the
author was sununoned before the council in 161o, and his
dlctionaiy was burnecl by the common hangman.
Under the heading "King" Cowell wrote: "He is
above the law by his absolute power, and though for the
better and eqn.al course in making laws, he do admit the
Three list.ites unto Council, yet this in divers learned
men's opinions is not of constraint, but of his own benig-
nity, or by reason of the promise made upon oath at the
time of his coronation."
287
l,li«i British under Tarleton.
was 7i ; that of the Britisli, 800-900.
Cowper (ko'iier or kou'per), Edward. Born in
179U: died at Kensington, Oct. 17, 1852. An
English iuv(!ntorof various important improve-
ments in printing processes, including the sys-
tem of jukiug-rollers and (with Applegath) the
four-cylinder printing-machine, lie became
professor of mechanics at King's College, Lon-
lon,
Died Oct. 10, 1723. An Eng-
Cozumel
The loss of the Americans CoX, Samuel SuUivan. Born at Zanesville,
1-900. oiii,,^ Sept. 30, 1824: died at New York Sept.
lish statesman and jurist,created Baron Cowper
of Wiugham, Kent. Nov. 9. 1706, and Viscount
Fordwiche and Earl Cowper March 18, 1718.
He entered Parliament in 1095 ; became lord keeper and
privy councilor i[i 1705; served on the eomniission which
drew up the .Act of I'nion in 170(>; became the tlrst lord
high chancellor of Oreat Britain May 4, 1707 : presideii at
the trial of Dr. SachevercU in 1710 ; resigned his office in
.Sept., 1710 ; was reappointed in Sept., 1714 ; and again re-
signed in 171S. He was a member of the Royal Society.
Cowper, William. Born at Great Berkliamp-
stead, Hertfordshire, Nov. 15, 1731: died at
East Dereham, Norfolk, April 2.5, 1800. A cele-
brated English poet, son of John Cowper, D. D.,
rector of tireat Berkliampstead. He was educated
at Westminster School, where he remained from his tenth
to his eighteenth year, was entered at the Middle Temple
in April, 174K, and was called to the liar in .Tune. 17.'i4.
In 1759 he was appointed a commissioner of banki-upts.
He early showed symptoms of melai\cholia, and in 1763
anxiety with regard t« his litness to flU au office whicli
liad been offered him brought on an attack of suicidal
mania which necessitated a temporary confluemcnt in a QoXe (koks), ArthUT Cleveland. Born at Mend-
privat* asylum at St. All,ans. In June 176n. he removed ^j.„, >^- j J^IJ^^. jq jyjg . .y^,! jy)., oq, iggfi. An
to Huntingdon, remaimng there, in the family of the Rev. . ';„,,. i, ,.'..^.'., ^e *i,„ t>„ ♦,,.....♦ i.^. .:.,,.«
10, 1889. An American politician and diplo-
matisl. He liecame editor of the Columbus, Ohio,
"Statesman " in la;''3,and gained the sobriquet of "Sunset "
Co.v by au extremely rhetorical description of a sunset
which he printed in that journal. He was a Democratic
member of i'ongress from Ohio 1857-65; from New York
city 1869-73 and 1875-35 ; was United .States minister to
Turkey 188.'i-86; wa.<, on his return to New York, electeil
to Congress to All a vacancy; and was reelected in 1888.
.\uthor of "A Buckeye Abroad " (ls52), " Eight Years in
Congress "(1805), "Three Decades of federal Legislation "
(1S80), etc.
Coxcie, or Cocxie (kok'se), orCoxis, Michael.
Born at Mechlin, liOw Countries, 1499: ilied at
.Mechlin. JIarch 5, 1592. A Flemish painter.
His best-known work is a copy of the "Adoration of the
Lamb" by the brothers Van Eyck.
Coxcomb (koks'kom). The. A play by Beau-
mont, Fletcher, ami Kowley (f), produced in
1612 and published in 1647.
Coxcox. See the e-xtraet.
The Noah of the Mexican tribes was Coxcox, who, with
his wife Xocbiiinetzal, alone escaped the deluge. They
took refuge in the hollow trunk of a cypress (ahnehuete),
which floated upon the water, and stopped at last on top
of a mountain of Cnlhuacan. They lia<l many children,
but all i,f them were dumb. The Great Spirit t4»ok pity
on tliem, and sent a dove, who hastened to teach them to
speak. Kifteen of the children succeeded in grasping the
power of speech, and from these the Toltecs and Aztecs
are descended. Halt\ Story of Mexico, p. 22.
Morley Unwin, until 1767, when, Uuwin having died, hi
removed witll Mrs, Unwin to Olney in Buckinghamshire,
where he lived until Nov., 1786, removing then to Weston,
a neighboring village. He was subject to repeated attacks
of mental disease, which showed itself, as at tlrst, in a
tendency to suicide and religious melancholy, and in his
later years became a permanent condition of insanity.
He publisheil " Anti-Tlielyphthora," a reply to a defense
of polygamy so named (1781\ "Poems" (1782), "The
Task," with "Tirocinium," "John Gilpin," and an "Epis-
tle to Joseph Hill" (1785), "Homer's Iliad and Odyssey"
American clergyman of the Protestant Episco-
]ial ('hurch. He became assistant tiisliop of western
-New York in 18(3, bishop in 1865. Author of " Saul, a Mys-
tery, and Other Poems" (1846), "Halloween, a Romaunt,
with Lavs Meditative and Devotional '■(1861I), "The Ladyc
Chace' (W7S), " Institutes of Christian History " (1887), etc.
Coxa (koks), Tench. Born at Philadelphia,
Mav ' "'^ " ' ' - . --
1824.
wrote "View of the United States" (1794), etc,
'2, 1755: died at Philadelphia, July 17,
An American political economist. He
(1(91), "The Power of Grace Illustrated, a translation of Qoxe, William. Born at London, March 7,
six lettersfrotn Van LiertoJohnKewton (1792), "Poems" ,717. ,i;„,i .,f RpmprtoTi Wiltshire Eno'lnnd
(1708), and sixty-seven of the "Olney Hymns" (1779) " + '• '"* " ''' Kemerron, Wllisnuc, lingiand.
Adawl and liatunnne, Eng. Polit. Hist., p. 84.
Cowell Joseph Leathley. Born near Tor- After his deatli appeared "Poems,"' chiefly from th
niviv All.' 7 179"- ilied near Loudon Nov French of Madame Guyon (1801), a translation of tlie
?i i-,%.; 7 ,; ,'• r 1 i^onuou, i\ov. j^^^._^ ^^^^ jj^,.^^^ j^^^^^ ^j jjjjj^ij ^jgQg^_ ^^^ edition of
13, 186.J. An Englisli actor. His real name was Wit- jiiUon (1810), and some early poems (1825).
chett. He painted portrait*, and was a clever and popular q (koks), Davld. [The surname Cox or Com-
actor. He published an amusing autobiography in 1844. Y"-»- \ >/, .L*a/»xv*. ^.
His daughter Sidney Frances (Mrs. H. L. Bateman) was IS another spelling of lock-s, a patronymic (gen-
the mother of Kate Bateman. itive) form of ('(id;.] Born near Birmingham.
Cowes, East and West. See Hast Cowes and England, April 29,1783: diedatHarborneHeath,
n>.s'< Ctiiris. nearBirmingham, June 7, 1859. A noted English
Cowgate (kou'gat). The. A noted and once landscape-painter, son of a Birmingham black-
fashionable street in Edinburgh Old Town, smith. Among his best-known pictures are " Washing
The suburb with this name, situated on the southern side Day "(184:!). "The Vale of Clwyd" (1846), " Peace and War "
of the city in a valley, through which the street runs, was (1846), " Going to the Hay-fleld," "The Challenge " (1853),
Brst inclosed within the walls in 1513. "The Summit of the Mountain "(1853), etc.
Oowichin (kou'wo-chin). A name given col- Cox, Sir George William. Born 1827. An
lectively to those Salishan tribes which for- English clergyman and historian. His works in-
merly occupied the soutlieastcrn side of Van- f'";''^''¥/,"'l*';; JH'r""'^V'?lf ?^'^'^"^"t''T,^c-^^.i'7■
■',,',., -, ■ i„„,i „„j (.i,„ thology (1861),"AManualot Mythology.etc. (180i),"The
couver Island, tue opjiosite inainland and the \ij.,i,ology of the Aryan Nations" (1870), "A History of
intervening islands, all speaking nearlyrelated Greece" (1874), "A General History of Greece from the
dialects. Thev are now on the Cowichin res- EarliestPeriodtotheDeathof AlexandertheGreat "(is7(i).
im-.tl,,,! iiiiflnV flin Vr-iser River flfrenev Rrit- "History of the Establishment of British Rule in India"
erv.l ion, lllHltl tlu ^raser Kl\er agency, ani "Intro.lnctinn to the Science of Comparative My-
18h (,oluinbia. See .Sdli.thini. thologv and Folk Line" (1881), "Life of Bisliop Coleii-
Oowley (kou'li, fonnerlv kii'li), Abraham. s.>" diss), "The church of England ami the Teaching ot Coypel, Charles Antome.
Born at London, 1618: died at Chorlsey, Snr- Hish 'olenso " (I88S). With Brandc he published "A .]„,„, u, \im: ,li,.,l .j,,,,,. 14,
rev, Jul V 28, 1667. An English poet, seventh Di'lionaiy of Science and Literatm-c" (1802-72).
and posthuin.mscliild of Thomas Cowley, a sta- CoX, Jacob Dolson. B<n-n at Montreal, (:iu-
tioner. He studied at Westminster and at Cambridge "'''V .<»!■'• -'- '«-' ■ ^n American general and
(B. A, lfl:i9, .M. A. 1(H2); rctireil to Oxford (.St. John's Col- Jiolltlcian. He served in West Virginia 1861-62, at An-
lege) in IMX ; idcniifled himself with the Royalists, and tietam in 1862, an<l in Georgia and Tennessee in 1864. He
followed the nueeii to France in ItUB, where he remained was governor of Ohio 1806-68, and secretary of the interior
In the seiTi<e of the exiled court until 1666 ; retnrueil to ISO. 1 7(1.
England in the latter year; and finally settled (1B65) at CoX, Kcnyon. Bom at Warren, Ohio, Oct
Chertaey. He enjttyed during ills lifetime a high reputa-
tion as a poet, which rapidly declined after his ileath.
TTle first ci>llected edition of his works appeared in 1668.
Cowley, Richard. See Wiiirxinj, M,in/iiis .-/•
(ki'ciiihI llarl ijf .Mi>riiiiigl()ii).
Cowley, Mrs. (Hannah Parkhouse). Born at
Tiverton, Devonshire. 1743: died there, March
U. 1809. \n English jpoet and dramatist,
daughter of a bookseller of Tiverton, and wife
of a captain in the service of the East India
Ci)mi>anv. She was the author of "The Runaway"
(acted Keb., 1770). "The I'.elle's Stratagem ' (acted Feb.,
1780), "A I'Kdd Stroke for a Husband ' (acted Feb., 178:iX
185(). An American painter, son of (xeneral
.lacob D.Co.\. He studied three years at the McMieken CoySCVOX
Art School in Cincinnati. I ti 1870 he went to the Academy
of Fine Arts in rliiladcli'hia, and in 1877 t<» Paris, where
he studied first nnd'-r 1 'andus Dllrail, and later under Ca-
banel and Gerome, in file Ecole des Beaux Arts, where he
reiiiaineii about three years. In 1883 he established himself
in New York.
Cox, Richard. Bom at Whaddon, Buckingham-
shins England. I.')00: died July 22. 1.581. An
English prelate, appointed bishop of Ely in
15.59. He was trjinslator of the Acta of the Apostles and
of Paul's Epistle to the Romans for the " Bishops' Bjble "
Under the pseudonym "Anna Matilda," which has CoX, SamUCl HanSOn. Born at Kaliway, N. J.,
etc.
become a synonym for sentimentality, she carried on a
poetical correspondence in the "World" with R^ibert
Mcrty, who adopted the signature "Delia Crusi-a."
Cowlitz (koit'lifs). .\ tribe of North American
Indians wliicli formerly lived on Cowlifz River,
at its mouth, and on the Columbia River, Wash-
ington. They were confederated In 1853 with the Up
per I'heballs, their total number then being alxuit 160,
Sec Siili.flmn.
Cowpens (kon'penz). A village in Spartan-
biu'g Coiinty, northwestern South Carolina, 8
miles northeast of Spartanburg. Here, .Ian. 17.
1781. the \niericans (about 1,000) under Morgan defeat eil
Aug. '25, 179!i: died at Broiixville, Westchester
County, N.Y., Oct. 2, IHSl. An American Pres-
byterian clergyman. Ho was ordained in 1817; be-
came piwt(u- of th'e Spring Street Church in New York in
1821, and of the l.aight Street Church in 1825; and professor
of iiastoral theology at .\uburii in 1834. In 1837 ho became
pastor of the First IM-esbyterian Church in Brooklyn, N. Y.
He was professor of ecclesiastical hi.ntory for many years
In the i'nion Theological Seminary. In 1852 he retired
from active service in thi^ cliur(di,biit frequently preached
and lectured. He favored the antlslavery movement,
though not its extreme measures, and took a strong con-
servative position with regard to the Southern ([uostion.
He was a fine and powerful orator.
June Hi, 1828. An English clergyman, historian,
and biographer. He was appointed rector of Beraer-
ton in 1788, of Stourton in ISOO, and of Fovant, Wiltshire,
ill 1811, an(i archdeacon of Wiltshire in 1804. He wrote
" A Histoi-y of the House of Austria " (1807), " Memoirs of
Sir Robert Walpole " (1798), etc.
Coyne (koin), Joseph Stirling. Born at Birr,
King's County, Ireland, 1803: died at London,
July 18, 1868. An Irish humorist and play-
wright, author of a number of successful farces
and other works.
Coyotero (ko-yo-te'ro). [So called from their
eating the coyote, or prairie wolf.] 1 . The Pinal
Coyotero. or Timto Apache. — 2. One of the
four snbtrilies of the Gileiio, or Gila Apache :
also called Sierra Blanca Apache, or White
Mountain Apache, from their habitat. These
Coyotero are a mountain tribe, dwelling southeast of the
Pinal Coyotero, and beyond the Gila River. See GUefio.
Coypel (kwii-pel'), Antoine. Born at Paris,
April 11. 1661: died at Paris, .Jan. 1, 1722. A
French painter, son of Noel Coypel.
Born at Paris,
1752. A French
diaiiilcr, son of Aiiloiiie Coyjiel.
oypel, Noel. Born at Paris, Dec, 25, 1628:
ilied at Paris, Dec. 21, 1707. A Frencli ]iainter,
an imitator of Poussin. His best-known work is the
"Martyrdom of St. James." in Notre Dame, Paris.
Coypel, Noel Nicolas. Born at Paris, Nov. 18,
1(;92: died at Paris. Dec. 14, 1734. A Erench
liaiiilcr, sti'plirother of Antoine Coypel.
(kwjis-voks'), Antoine. Born at
Lyons, Sept. 29, 16411; died at Paris, Oct. 10,
1720. A French scnliitor of Spanish lU'igin.
He went to Paris and entereil the atelier of I.erambcrt,
the celebrated scnljitor, painter, and poet. He cepietl
many antiques in marble, among them the Vi-niis di
Medici and tlie Castor and Pollux. In 1667 he \va>. called
to Stra.sbnrg to execute the decorations of the ■palace
of the Cardinal Prince de Fiirslenberg He returned to
Paris in 1071. where he enjoyed the iicrsonal friendship
of Louis XIV., who gave him large commissions at \er-
sailles, then in process of c(»nstruction. In lt>87 he made
the statue of l.oilis XIV. at the Hotel de Ville; also an
equestrian statue of the king for the city of Reniies in
Bretagne. In 17(U he made the two winged horses ftu'
the entrance (o the Tnileries gardens. Among his works
are iwrtiait-statues (Condt^ at Chaiitilly. the Dauphine
Adelaide of Savoic as Diane Chasseres!;e, the kneeling
statue of Ltniis XIV. at N'otre Dame), Hie tomb of Maz
arin in tlu^ l-'glisc des (Jnatre Nations, and the monument
to Colbert at Saint-Ensfache.
Cozeners (ku/.'ii-erz). The. A comedy by
Saiiuiel Foole. pnvlnced in 1774. See .iircdsllc.
Cozumel (ko-thii-mul'). An island 9 miles east
of the coast of Vucatan. It is 24 miles long by 7
wide, Ictw and flat, and bordered by reefs. When alscov
ered by CrlJalTa (1518) ami visited by Cord's (I519X It was
Cozumel
288
sor of Knox. He at first refused to publish the banns
between Qiieen 51ai-y and Bothwell, but finally consented.
Craig, Sir Thomas. Bom l.'iSS: died at Edin-
burgh, Feb. 26, 1G08. A Scottish jtirist and
Latin poet. He was the author of a treatise on feudal
law, ".ins feudale" (1603), still a stjmdard authority in
_ .'^eotland.
city, and pul)lished in connection Qraigengelt (kra-gen-gelf), Captain. An ad-
e paper called- The W.ne Press. ,ye„turei. i^ gif Walter Scott% novel "The
inhabited by Maya Indians, and remains of their temples
and houses still exisL At present tlie island has no per-
manent inhabitants.
Cozzens (kuz'uz), Frederick Swartwout.
Boru at New York, March 5. 181S: .lied at
Brooklyn, Doc. 23, 18G9. An American mis-
cellaneous writer. He was for many years a wine-
mercliant in New Yorlc
with his business a trade
He wrote the " Sparrowgrass Papers " (lS.'i6).
Crab (krab). The crusty guardian of the for-
tune of Buck in Foote's comedy "The Eng-
lishman returned from Paris." CraigenputtOCk(kra-gen-put'och). A farm
about 15 miles from Dumfries, Scotland, which
for some years was the home of Thomas Car
Bride of Lammerraoor." He is the friend of
Frank Hayston, and the enemy of the Master
of Ravenswood.
Crab. The dog of Launce in Shakspere
chant of Venice.''
Crabb (krab), George. Born at Palgrave, Suf-
folk, Dec. 8, 1778: dieil at Hammersmith, near
London, Dec. 4, 1851. An English lawyer and
legal and miscellaneous writer, best known as
the author of a " Dictionary of English Svno-
nvmes " (1816).
Crabbe (krab), George. Bom at Aldeburgh,
Suffolk, Dec. 24, 1754 : died at Trowbridge,
England, Feb. 3, 1832. An English poet. After
having faijed as a surgeon in liis native town, he re-
moved in 1780 to London, where, thi'ongh the patronaire of
Burke, he was rescued from extreme piiverty and enalded
Ivle. It belonged to Mrs. Carlyle before her mairiage,
and in May, 1828, they fli'st went there to live, leaving it
.and returidng from time to time. Here much of Carlyles
most brilliant work was done.
Craik (kriik), George Lillie. Bom at Kenno-
way, Fifeshire, Scotland, in 1798: died at Bel-
fast, .Jime 25, 1866. A Scottish historian and
general ^v^iter, appointed professor of English
literature and history at (Queen's College, Bel-
f;ist, in lS4!i, .\iithorofa"Comi>iiidiiin3 History ofEng-
lisli Literature and of the English Language" (1861), etc.
joUTKe, ue was resciieu iruui e.\weme iHtveii> iiim eiiai'ieu — ., « . -mr • /at a fTT 1l/r.,_
to publish "The Library" and other wcirks, whicli gave Craik, Georgiana Marian (Mrs. A. W. May
him an established position in literature. He was for a
number of years chaplain to the Duke of Rutland, and in
1789 became rector of Muston and .\ilington. His eluef
works are "The Library" (1781), "The Village" (1783),
"The Newspaper" (17S.'>), "The Pai-ish Register" (1807),
and "Tales of the Hall " (1819).
Crabeth (kra'bet), Dirk. Born at Gouda, Ne-
therlands : died about 1601. A Dutch painter
on glass.
Crabeth, Wouter. Born at Gouda, Nether-
lands : died about 1.581. A Dutch painter on
glass, I)rother of Dirk Crabeth.
Crabshaw (krab'sha), Timothy. In SmoUett's
"Sir Launcelot Greaves," a whipper-in, plow-
man, and carter, selected as a squire by Sir
Launcelot when on his knight-errant expedi-
tion. He rode a vicious cart-horse named
Gilbert.
Born at London, AprU, 1831: died at St.
Leonard's, Nov. 1, 1895. An English novelist,
daughter of the above. Her works include "River-
stone" (1857), "Lost and Won" (18.59), "Winifred's Woo-
ing" (1862X "Mildred" (ISBS), "Sylvia's Choice " (1874),
" Hilary's Love-Story " (1880), "Godfrey Helstone ■ (1S81),
"Patience Holt" (1891). etc.
Craik, James. Born in Scotland, 1731: died in
Fairfax County, Va., Feb. 6, 1814. A Scottish-
American physician. He accompanied Washington
in the expedition against the French and Indians in 17.54 ;
seiTed as physician under General Braddock in 1755 ; en-
tered the medical service of the Continental army 1775 ;
and became the family physician of Wa-iihingtoi], whom
he attended in his last illness. On his authority rests the
anecdote of the Indian chief who, at Braddock's defeat,
discharged his rille fifteen times at Washington without
effect, and who years after made a long joiu-ney to see the
man whom he supposed to enjoy a charmed existence.
Crabtree(ki-ab'tre). A mischief-maker in Sheri- Craik, Mrs^^ (Dinah Maria Mulock), usually
dan's comedy "The School for Scandal."
Crabtree, Cadwallader. A cynical deaf old
man, a friend of Peregrine Pickle, in Smollett's
novel of that name.
Craco'W (kra'ko). [Pol. Krak6w, G. Krakau,
F. Vrricavie, ML. Cracovia : from Krakim (?) :
see below.] The second city of Galioia, Aus-
tria-Hungary, situated at the junction of tlie
Rudowa and Vistula in lat. 50° 4' N., long. 19°
56' E., at the head of navigation of the Vistula.
It is an important commercial center and a fortress of the
first class. It contains a noted castle, cathedral (see
below), university, the Church of St. Mary, Franciscan
and Dominican churches, the Tuehhaus (cloth-hall), and
known as Miss MulOCk. Born at Stoke-upon-
Trent, England, 1826: died at Shortlands,Kent,
Oct. 12, 1887. An English novelist and poet.
.She was the author of "The Ogilvies " (1849), "The Head
of the Family " (1851), "Agatha's Husband " (1852), ".John
Halif:ut, Gentleman" (1857), "A Life for a Life" (1859),
"A Noble Life" (1866), "A Brave Lady" (1870), "Han-
nah " (1871), etc. She published a volume of poems
in 1859, .and "Thirty Years' Poems " in 1881, besides many
children's books, fau-y tales, etc. She married George
Lillie Craik, Jr., in 1865.
Crail (kriil). A seaport of Fifeshire, Scotland,
situated on the North Sea 31 miles northeast of
Edinburgh. In medieval times it was a royal
residence.
the Czart<iryski Museum. Near here is the Kosciuszko Crailshcim (krils'him). A town in Wurtem-
HUL The city is said to have been f.mmled by tbe mj-thi- ^^ situated on the Jagst 48 miles northeast
cal Krakus. It was the capital of Poland from 1320 to ? (?.' "'"""'^ " ^
about 16(M», and the place of coronation of her kings till ot fetuttgai't. - , -r,
the 18th century. It was captured by the Bohemians in Cramer (iCTEl'mer), Johann AndreaS. Born at
10:i9, by the Mongols in 1241, by the Swedes in 16.58 and Johstadt, Saxonv. Jan. 27, 1723: died at Kiel
1702. and by the Russians in 17(>8. It came to Austria in
the last partition of Poland in 1795. It was a part of the
duchy of Warsaw. By the Congress of Vienna it was
made the capital of the Republic of Cracow. On the in-
BUrrection of 1846 it was annexed to Austria. The cathe-
dral, consecrated in 1359, is the burial-place of the kings
and national heroes of Poland. The chapels contain a
number of magnificent moiuiments and notable sculp-
tures, among them a Christ Blessing, by 'I'horwaldsen.
In the middle of tbe church is the silver shrine of St.
Stanislaus, supported by angels. There is a Romanesque
crypt, population (1890), 74.5»:i.
A German religious
His collected poems
and his posthumous
Bora at Mannheim.
Holstein, Jnne 12, 1788.
poet and pulpit orator,
were published 1782-83,
djoems 1791.
ramer, John Baptist.
Baden, Feb. 24, 1771 : died at London, April
16, 1858. A composer and distinguished pian-
ist, son of Wilhelm Cramer : author of stiulies
crypt. ropmaHonii»uo;,,4...w.s. for the piano etc. .n iv
Craddock (krad'ok), Charles Egbert. The Cramer Karl Frie(inch. Bom at Quedlm-
pseu,lo„vm oi Miss Mary N. Murfree. btu'g Prussia, March < 17o2: <hed at Kiel
dradle of Liberty. See Fa ,wuil Uall. Holstem, Dec 8, 180< . A German wnter, son
Cradock (krad'ok). Sir. A knight in the Ar- "^ Johann Andreas Cramer.
- •• ■ • ■ the whole Cramer, Wilhelm. Born .it Mannheim, 1(4.j:
died at Lomlon, Oct. 5, 1799. A distinguished
thurian legends : the only one iu
court whose wife was chaste. See Buy and the
Ma II lie.
Craft of Lovers, The. A poem attributed to
Chaucer by Stowe, but now denied to be his.
Craft's (kriifts), Samuel Chandler. Born at
Woodstock, Vt,, Oct. 6. 1768: died at Crafts-
bury, Vt., Nov. 19, 1853. An American politi-
cian, governor of Vermont 1828-31.
Crafts, William. Born at Charleston, S. C,
Jan. 24, 17S7 : died at Lebanon Springs, N. Y..
Sept. 23. 18'.'6. An American lawyer and poet.
Craftsman (krafts'man), The. A political
periodical, originated in 172(i by Nichohis Am-
hurst under the signature of "Caleb D'Anvcrs
of Gray's Inn." Bcdingbrnke and Pulteney joined
their forces to his, and it gained a high reputation anil
proved a very powerful organ of the opposition to Sir
Robert Walpole.
Craig, Isa. See Knox, Isa C.
Craig (kitig). John. Born about 1512: died
1600. A Scottish reformer, friend and succes-
Germau violinist, resident in London after
1772.
Crampel (ki-on-!)el'), Paul. Bom in France,
1863: died April, 1891. An African explorei-.
He began his African career in 1886, under S. de Brazza.
In 1888-.S9 he made a successful journey from Madiville,
on the Ogowe River, through the Fan country to <'orisci>
Bay. In 1890 tbe Condte ile I'Afriiiue I'l-ancaise sent him
to Lake chad in order to connect the French Sahara with
the French Kongo. At the head of 30 Senegalese soldiers
and 250 carriers, and jissistcd by 3 Europeans, he lelt Stan-
ley Pool on Aug. 15, 1890. From Bangi, the last European
post on the Mohangi River, he marched northward as far
as El Kuti. between lat. 9' anil 10° N. Here be was alian-
iloned by most of bis carriers, and while attempting to
force his way to the north fell a victim to the fanaticism
of tbe Scnoussi Moslems. Of bis white companions, one
died, one was killed, and oniy one, N^bout, escaped to the
coast.
Crampton's Gap (kramp'tonz gap). A pass
in the South Mountain, Maryland. See South
Mo i( II In ill.
Cranach, or Kranach (kran'ak or krii'nach).
Cranstoun
or Kronach (kron'ak or kro'niich), Lucas,
Boru at Kronach, near Bamberg, Germany,
1472: died at Weimar, Germany, Oct. 16, 15.53.
A noted German painter and engi-aver. He be-
came in 1504 court painter to the elector Frederick the
Wise, of S:ixony. He was elected burgomaster of Witten-
berg in 1537 and in 1540. His best-known works are altar-
pieces in Weimar, M'ittenberg, and elsewhere.
Cranach, Lucas, the yoiuiger. Bom at Witten-
lierg, Germany, Oct. 4, 1515: died at Weimar,
Jan. 25, 1586. A German painter, son of Lucas
Craiuich (1472-1553).
Cranbrook (kran'bruk). A town in Kent, Eng-
land.
Cranbrook, Earl of. See Hardy, Gathorne.
Cranch (kraneh), Christopher Pearse. Born
at Alexandria. Va., March 8, 1813: died at
Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 20, 1892. An American
landscape-painter, poet, an<i translator, son of
William Cranch. He entered the ministry, but re-
tired iu 1842 to devote himself to art. Among his more
noted pictures are " Octtiber .afternoon " (1867). "Venice"
(1870), "Venetian Fishing-boats " (1871). He published
"Poems" (1844), "The Bird .and the Bell, etc." (1875),
"Ariel and Caliban " (1887), etc., and prose tales for
children, which he illustrated.
Cranch, William. Born at Weymouth, Mass.,
July 17, 1709: lUcd at Washington, D. C, Sept.
1, 1855. An American jiuist, chief justice of
the Circuit Om-t for the District of Columbia
180r>-55.
Crane (kian), Ichabod. A country schoolmas-
ter in Inning's ' • Legend of Sleepy Hollow." He
is the lover of Caterina Van Ta-ssel, and is frightened out of
the country-side and the way of his rival by his adventure
with the latter disguised as the Headless Hoi-seman.
""The cognomen of Crane was not inapplicable to his per-
son. He was tall, but exceedingly lank, with narrow
shoulders, long aims and legs, hands that dangled a mile
out of his sleeves, feet that might have served for shovels,
and his whole frame most loosely hung together. His
head was small, and fiat at top, with huge ears, large green
glassy eyes, and a large snipe nose, so that it looked like
a weathercock, perched upon his spindle neck, to tell
which way the wind blew. To see him striding along the
profile of a hill on a windy day, with his clothes bagging
and fluttering about him, one might have mistaken him
for the genius of famine descending upon the earth, or
some scarecrow eloped from a corn-field." Washington
Irving, The SketchBook (.Sleepy Hollow).
Crane, Wal'ter. Born at Liverpool, 1845. An
English genre-painter, best kno-svn by his illus-
trations for children's books, faiiy tales, etc.
Cranganore (kran-ga-nor'). A port on the
Malabar coast, British India, in lat. 10° 14' N.,
long. 70° 10' E. It was eaily held by the Portuguese,
and later by the Dutch (16th-18th centuries). It is the
traditional scene cf the labors of St. Thomas.
Cranmer (Icran'mer), Thomas. Born at As-
lacton, Nottinghamshu'e, July 2, 1489 : died at
Oxford, March 21, 1556. Archbishop of Canter-
bury. He was educated at Cambridge, where he took the
degree of B. A. in 1512 and that of M. A. in 1515. In 1529
he obtained the favor of Henry VIII. by proposing that, in
order to avoid the necessity of an appeal to Rome, the
question of the king's umrriiige with Catharine of .Aragon
should be referred to the universities. He was appointed
chaplain to the king, and in 1.530 accompanied the Earl of
Wiltshire on a mission to the Pope in reference to the di-
vorce. In 1532 he was sent on a mission to the emperor in
Germany, and in the same year infringed the rule of the
Roman Catholic Church by marrying a niece of Osiander.
He was appointed archbishop of Canterbiu^- in 1533, and
in the same year pronounced tbe mairiage of Henry with
Catharine of Aragon invalid. He abjiu-ed his allegiance
to Rome in 15:J.5, became a member of the regency for
Edward VI. in 1547, and in 1.548 w;is head of the commis-
sion which composed the fli-st English prayer-book. He
invited a number of distinguished foreign Protestants to
settle in England, including Peter Martyr. Ochino, Bucer,
and Alasco the Pole. He was induced by Edward VI. in
1553 to sign tbe patent which settled the crown on Lady
Jane Grey to the exclusion of Mary and Elizabeth, and
was in consequence committed Ui the Tower for treason
on the accession of Mal*y. He was subsequently tried for
heresy, and in spite of numerous recantations (which he
repudiated at his execution) was sentenced to the stake.
Crannon, or Cranon (ki'au'on), [Gr. Kpuwuv,
Kpaviic] In ancient geography, a city in Thes-
saly, Greece, about 10 miles sotithwest of La-
rissa (exact site not known). Here, 322 B. C,
Autipater defeated the confederated Greeks.
Cranon (called also Ephyra) was a city in tbe part of
Thessaly known as Pelasgiotis (Hecat. Fr. 112; Steph.
Byz. ad voc). It stood in a fertile pl,ain, remarkable alike
for its cereal crops (Liv. xlii. 64, 65) and tor its pasturage
(Theocr. xvi. .38). Its exact site cannot well be fixed ; but
the plain in which it stood is undoubtedly that which lies
south of the low ridge between Larissa and Fersala (Phar-
salia), watered by the Enipeus, or Apidanus (Fersaliti).
Raniin-mn, Uerod., III. 504. note.
Crans. See G^.?.
Cranston (kranz'tgn), John. Died March 12,
IftSO. Governor of Rhotle Island 1678-80.
Cranston, Samuel. Died 1727. Governor of
Rhode Ishind lt)9S-1727: son of John Cranston.
Cranstoun (kranz'tou), Henry. A character
in Sir Walter Scott's poem ''The Lay of the
Last Minstrel." He personates William of Deloraine
Cranstoun
In the trial by comlmt. and, wiuiiiiiE, reconciles the Lady
of Biiiuksume, his hereditary foe, to his nKirriagu with her
diiii;;liter Margaret.
Grantor (kran'tor). [Or. K/«i>ru/).] Born at
Snli, (.'ilifiii: liveii about 32") B.C. A philoso-
pher of the Old Academy, the tirst coniraenta-
t()r on Plato. He wrote a treatise "On Grief." from
which Cicero borrowed extensively in his "Tusculau Dis-
imtiitiriiis. "
Cranworth, Baron. See Jtni/e.
Cranz, or KrantZ (kriints), David. Burn 17'_'3:
died at Gnadenfrei, Silo.sia, June 6. 1777. A
German Moravian iiistorian. He became secretary
to Count Zinzeiiclorf in 17-17, was afterward sent on a
mission to Greenland, whence he returned I7(i2, and in
170*) w;i3 ajiiHiinted pastor at Rixdorf, near Berlin. He
wivte "Historio von <;ronland" (17tjr'), and ' Alte und
neiie llruder-Uistorie t>der kurzo Geschichte Uer evan-
gelisctien Brmler-TTnitat "' (1771).
(hraon (kron). A town in the department of
Mayeuno, Franee, 18 miles southwest of Laval.
Population (1891), eommune, 4,434.
Oraonne (krii-ou'). A village in the depart-
ment of Aisne, France, 13 miles soutlieast of
Laon. Here, March 7, iS14, Napoleon checked
the allied army under Bliicher and Wintzin-
gcrode.
wapaud (kra-p6'), Jean or Johnny. [F. n-a-
piiiid, toad.] A iiicknanie for a Frenchman.
C&ashaw (kiash'ii), Richard. Born at Lon-
don, 1616 (1612, (irosart): died 1C49. An Eng-
lish poet. He was educated at Charter House and at
Cambridge, where in 1037 he became a fellow of Peter-
house. He was, however, deprivetl of his fellowship for
not taking the covenant in 1(144, and was driven out of the
country. He went to Rome, having joined the Koinaii
Church. A canonry at LAiretto was procured for him in
1649. There were suspicions that he was poisoned. He
belonged to the anti-Puritan school which included Her-
rick, Carew, and Herbert. His secular and religious
poems were collected and published as '".Steps to the
Temple "and "The Deliahts of the Muses"inlM8. His
latest religious poems were published in 1652 and c:Uled
"Carmen Deo Nostro."
Orassus (kras'us), Lucius Licinius. Bom 140
B. C. : died 91 B. c. A Roman orator and states-
man. He was consul in 9."), and censor in 92.
He is one of the chief speakers in Cicero's
"De Oratore."
Orassus Dives (di'vez), Marcus licinius.
Born probably about lOo B. c. : died 53 v. c.
A Koman general and statesman. He seiTed
under Sulla in the civil war with Slarius. and profited by
the liberality of Iiis chief, and by the opp'trtunities which
the war olfenal for speculations in couHscated property,
to amass a colossal fortune, which he utilized to further
his political ambition. He suppressed the servile insur-
rection under .Spartacus iu 71, was elected consul with
Pompey in 70, was censor in dS. formed with Cajsar and
Pompey the First Triumvirate iu W, was elected consul
with Pompey in 55, obtained (for five years) the pmviuce
of Syria in 54. and in 5.3 undertook an expedition against
the Parthians, in the course of which he sntfered a terrible
defeat at Carrhie iu Mesopotamia. He was treacherously
killed in an interview with a Per.sian f^atrap.
Cratchit (krach'it). Bob. Sc['oi>go's poor clerk
in Charles Dickens's "Christmas Carol": a
cheerful, unselfish follow, the father of " Tinv
Tim."
Cratchit, Tim: known as " Tiny Tim." A lit-
tle crippli' in Dickens's "Christmas Carol."
Crater ' kra'ter). [L.,'avaso'; tromGr.Kpa-r/p.]
An ancient southern constellation, south of Leo
and Virgo. It is supposed to represent a vase
with two handles and a base.
Crater, The. A novel by Cooper, published in
IS47.
Crater Lake. A small lake in Oregon, situated
in the midst of the Cascade Mountains. It is
remarkable for its wall of perpendicular rock (1,01)0-3,000
feet high). With the adjoining district it is included iu
the Oregon National Park.
Oraterus (krat'e-rus). [Or. Kparepdc.] Killed
in Cappadocia, 321 n. c. A Macedonian gen-
eral. He served with distinction under Alexander the
Great, and was co-ruler with Antipater in the government
of .Macedonia, Qreecc, etc., 32:i-;)21.
Orates (kra'te/.). [6r. Kpari/^.'] 1. An Athe-
nian comic poet who flourished about 440 B. C.
He was saiii to have first been iin actor in tlie
plays of Cratinus. — 2. An Athenian (fiourished
about 270 B. f'.), tho pupil and succi'ssor of
Polerao in tlie Academy. The friendship of the two
was famous iu antl<|uity, and they were said to have been
buried iu the same tomb.
3. Born at Mallus in Cilicia : lived about WO
B. c. A Greek grammarian, founder of the
Pergamone school of grammar. His chief
work is a commentary on Homer, of which a
few fragments remain. — 4. Born in Thebes:
lived abo\it 320 B. o. A Greek Cynic philoso-
pher, a disciple of Diogenes.
OratinUS (kra-ti'nus). [Gr. Kpnrlvnr.'] A fa-
mous .\thenian I'omic poet (about .')20-423 B. c).
Heexhitdtcd twenty-one plays, and was victor idiie times,
triumphing once over Aristophanes. He was " the real
19
289
originator — the .f^schylus — of political comedy" (Ma-
tuifti). The titles and many fragments of his plays have
survived.
CratippUS (kra-tip'us). [Gr. K/wr/n-™(,.] 1.
Lived about 400 B.C. A Greek historian, the
eontinuator of the history of Thucydiiies. —
2. Lived about 45 B. c. A Peripatetic philoso-
pher of Mytilene. He was the friend and instructor
of Cicero, who acct)unted him one of the first piiilosophers
of the Peripatetic school. He accompanied Pompey in his
tlight after the buttle of Pharsalia, and endeavored to
comfort and i-ouse him by engaging him in philosophical
discourse. He opened a school at Athens about 48 H. r..
which was attended by many eminent Romans, including
Brutus during his stay in Athens after the murder of
Ccesar, Heis thouglit to have written a work on divina-
tion.
Cratylus (krat'i-lus). [Gr. Kp'irjjJ.of.] A Greek
])hiloso)>her, an elder contemporary of Plato.
He was a disciple of Heracleitus. Plato introduces him
as the principal speaker ui one of his dialogues (the " Craty-
lus ").
Craufurd (kra'ferd), Quintin. Born at Kil-
winnock, Scotland, Sept. 22, 1743: died at
Paris, Nov. 23, 1819. A Scottish essayist, long
in the service of the East India Company, and
after 1780 (except 1791-1802) resident iu Paris.
In the early (l.iys of the Revolution he was a friend of the
Fi-ench royal family, and took a prominent part in their
attempt to escape from Paris. He wrote "Sketches re-
lating chiefly to the History, Religion, Learning, and Man-
ners of the Hindoos" (17!)0), "Secret History of the King
of France, and his Escape from Paris in June, 1701" (first
published in 1885X "Essais sur la litt^ratnre franpaise,
etc." (1803), etc.
Craufurd, Robert. Bom May 5, Yldi: died at
( 'iudad Kcxlrigo, Jan. 24, 1812. A noted Eng-
lish general. He served in India 1790-92, on the Con-
tinent with the Austriaiis until 1797, with Suvaroff in
Switzerland in 1799, iu .South America in 1807, and in the
siege of Ciudad Rodrigo during the Peninsular campaign.
He died from a wound received while leading the assault
upon a breach.
Cravant (krii-von'), or Cr^vant (kre-von').
A village in tho department of Yonne, France,
10 miles soutlieast of Auxerre. Hero, 1423, the
allied English and Burgundians under the Earl of Salis-
bury defeated the allied French and Scotch.
Craven, Countess of. See Berl-dci/, Eii::ubcth.
Craven. A district in the West Riding of
Yorkshire.
Crawford (kra'ford), Edmund Thornton.
Born atCowden, near Dalkeith, Scotland, 1806:
died at Lasswade, Scotland, Sept. 27, 1885. A
not ed Scotch painter of landscapes and marines.
Crawford, Francis Marion. Born at Lueca,
Italy. Aug. 2, 1854. An American novelist, son
of Thomas Crawford tho sculptor. He studied at
Cambridge, England, and later at Heidelberg and Konie.
In 1879 be went to India and edited the Allahabad " In-
dian Herald." He returned to America in 1S80, and has
since lived chiefly in Italy. His novels include " Mr,
Isaacs " (1882), " Dr. naudius "(1883), " To Leeward " (1883V
"ARoman Singer"(1884). "An American Politician "(1884),
"Zoroaster" (1885), "A Tale of a Lonely Parish" (1886),
"Saracinesca (1887), "Marzio's Crucifix" (1887). "Paul
PatofI" (1887), "With the Immortals" (1888), " Oreifen-
stein ' (1889), "Sanf Ilario " (1.S89), "A Cigarette-Maker's
Romance " (1800)," The Witch of Prague " (1891), " Khaled "
(isiil), " The Three Kates " (1892), " TheRalstons " (1895), etc.
Crawford, Nathaniel Macon. Born near Lex-
ington, (ia.,M,-irch 22, 1811: died near Atlanta,
Ga., (_)ct. 27, 1871. An American Baptist cler-
g\nnan and eilucator.
Crawford, Thomas. Born at NewYoik, March
22, 1814; died at l>ondon, Oct. 16, 18.57. An
American sculptor. His works include "Armed Lib-
erty," bronze doors (all in Washington); Beethoven, bust
of Josiah (^linry, "Orpheus" (all in Boston); Washington
(in Richmond), etc.
Crawford. William Harris. Born in Nelson
Coimty, \a... Fob. 24, 1772: died in Elbert
County, Ga., Sept. 15,1834. AnAmerioan states-
man. He was United .States seuatorf rom Georgia 1807-13,
minister to France 181:1-15, secretary of war 1815-16, sccre-
tai-y of the trcaauiy 1816-25, and candidate for the presi-
dency 1824.
Crawford Notch. A pass in the White Moun-
tains, southwest of the Presidential Kange.
Crawfordsville (kra'fordz-vil). A city and
the county-seat of Montgomery County, Indi-
ana, 44 miles northwest of Indianapolis: tho
seat of Wabasli College (Presbyterian). Pop-
ulation (1890), 6.0,89.
Crawfurd (kr;'i'fei'd), John, Bom in Islay,
Scotland, Aug. 13, 1783: died at London, May
11, 1868. A British Orientalist and ethnologist.
His chief work is a "History of the Indian
Ai-clii|iclago" (1820).
Crawley (kril'li). "The name of a well-known
family iu Thackerav's novel "Vanity Fair."
Sir Pitt Crawley, tho heatl of the family, is a rich but sor-
did old man. fond of low society : to his house Becky
Sharp goes as governes.s. She makes herself so atti-active
that ho offers to marry her, when she is obliged t<i ac-
knowletigo her sucri't marriage with Rawdon Crawley,
ilia youngest son. The tatter is a blackleg and a gambler.
Credit Mobilier
but is fond of his wile and has a certain honor of his own.
Mr. Pitt Ci-awiey is a prig with "hay-colored whiskers
and straw-colored hair." " He was called Miss Crawley
at Eton, where his younger brother Rawdon used to lick
him violently." The second Lady Crawley, a pale and
apathetic woman, is a contrast to her sister-in-law, the
little, eager, active, black-eyed Mrs, Bute Crawley. The
Rev. Bute Cniwley is a "tall, stately, jolly, shovel-hatted
man," a horse-racing parson whose wife writes his sermons
for him. Miss Crawley, the sister of .Sir Pitt and the Rev.
Bute, is a kind and selfish, worldly and generous old
woman, "who had a balance at her banker's which would
have made her beloved anywhere,"
Crayer (kri'yer), Gaspar de. Born at Ant-
werp, Nov. 18, 1584: died at Ghent, Jan. 27,
1669. A Flemish painter. His best-known
works are "St. Catharine" iu Ghent, and Ma-
donnas in Munich, Vienna, etc.
Crayford (kra'ford). A village in Kent, Eng-
land, aliout 13 liiles southeast of London. It
is usually identified with Creccanford, where
in 457 (.') Hengist defeated the Britons.
Crayon (kra'on), Geoffrey, Gent. The pseu-
donym of Washington Irving in his " Sketch-
Book," etc.
Crazy Castle. The nickname of Skelton Castle,
tho house in Yorkshire of John Hall Stevenson,
who wrote a series of broad stories which he
called "Crazy Tales." Stevenson was the kinsman
of Sterne, and the Eugeuius of "Tristram Shandy." " One
part of Crazy Castle has had effects which will last as long
as English literature. It bad a library richly stored in old
folio learning, and also in the amatory reading of other
days. Every page of 'Tristram Shandy' bears traces of
both elements." Baijehnt, Lit. Studies, II. 117.
Creakle (kre'kl), Mr. In Charles Dickens's
"David Copperfield," the principal of the school
at Salem House where David Copperfield was
sent : a man of fiery temper who could speak
only in a whisper.
Creasy (kre'si), Sir Edward Shepherd. Born
atBe.Nley, Kent, England, Sept. 12, 1812: died
at London, Jan. 27, 1878. An English histo-
rian. His works include "Fifteen Decisive Battles of
the World " (1852), " Rise and Progress of the English
Constitution" (1856), "History of the Ottoman Turks"
(18,50), etc.
Creation (kre-a'shou). The. 1. A poem by
Blackmore, published in 1712. — 2. An oratorio
liy Haydn, produced at Vienna 1798.
Crebillon (kra-be-yoii'), Claude Prosper Jo-
lyot de. Born at Paris, Feb. 14, 1707 : died at
Paris, April 12, 1777. A French novelist, son
of P. J. de Crebillon.
Crebillon, Prosper Jolyot de. Born at Dijon,
France, Jan. 13, 1674; died at Paris, June 17,
1762. A noted French tragic poet. He lived long
in neglect and want, was appointed censor in 17;i.5, and re-
ceived a place in the Royal Library in 1745. In 1731 he
became a member of the Academy. Uis plays include
"La mort des enfants de Brutus," "IdomentSe" (1706),
"Atrde et Thyesto " (1707), "Rhadaniisto et Z^nobie"
(1711X "Electre" (1709), "Xerxes" (1714), ".Semiramis"
(1717), "Pyrrhus" (1726), "Catilina" (1749), and "Le Tri-
umvirat" (1753). Another play, "Cromwell," was not
completed.
Cr6cy (kra-se), or Cressy (kres'i). A \'illage
in tho department of Somme, nortliern Franee,
30 miles northwest of Amiens. Here, Aug. 26, 1346,
the English under Edwaid III. (about :i0,0O0^0,0OO) dc-
feate<i the French army under Philip VI. (about 80,000).
The loss of the French was about ;iO,uoo.
Credi (kr;i'de), Lorenzo di. Born at Florence,
Italy. 1459: died at Fh.rciice, Jan. 12, 1537.
A Florentine painter. He was originally a gold-
smith, but turned to painting, which he studied under A.
Verrocchio. His most noted paiuting is a Nativity, in tho
academy at Florence.
Crediton (kre'di-ton). A town in Devonshire,
England, situated on tho Creedy Smiles north-
west of Exeter. It was the birthplace of St.
Boniface. Population (1891). 4,207.
Credit Mobilier (krcd'it nio-bo'lier; F. pron.
kra-de' mo-be-lya'). [F., lit. 'personal credit':
rn'tlit, credit; muhilicr, personal (of property),
from moft(/c movable.] 1. In French history, a
banking corporation fornu'd in 1852, under the
name of the " Soci<?t<5 Gt'uerale du Ci'(>dit Mo-
bilier," with a capital of 60,(100,000 francs, for
tho placing of loans, liandling tho stocks of
all otiier companies, and the transaction of a
general banking business. It engaged in very ex-
tensive transactitms, buying, selling, antl loaning in such
a nniuner as to bring into one organized whole all the
stocks and credit of l"Yance, and was apparently iu a most
prosperous coudititui until it proposed to issue lionds to
the amount of 240,0(K),Oofl francs. This amount of paper
currency frightenecl flminclers, and the government for-
bade its issue. From this time the company rapidly do.
clined, and closed its affairs in 1867. with great loss to all
but Its proi)rietors.
2. In United States history, a similar corjiora-
tiou chartered in Pennsylvania in 1.''63 with a
I'apital of $2,500,000. in I8ii7, after passing into new
hands.and Increasing its stock to $3,7r>o,Oi)0, it became a new
company for the bnlhling of the I'ldtm I'aciflc Railroad.
Credit Mobilier
For a few years it paid large diviiiends, and its stock rose
in value. In a trial in Pennsylvania in 1873 iis to the
ownei-ship of some stock, it was shown that certain con-
gressmen secretly possessed stock, and both houses of
the Congress that met in Decemher of that year ap-
pointed committees of investigation. The .Senate com-
mittee recommended the expnlnion of one memljer, but
the Senate did nothintr. Tlie House committee recom-
mended the expulsion of two ..f its members, but the
House, instead, passed resolutions of censure.
Credner (i<rad'ner), Hermann. Born at Gotha,
Oct. 1, 1841. A noted German geologist, pro-
fessor at Leipsie from 1870. He traveled In North
America 18(«-«8. Among his scientific publications the
most notable are those relating to glacial problems.
Credulous (kred'Q-lus), Justice, and Mrs.
Bridget (brij'et). ' An ignorant, good-natured
pair in Sheridan's farce "St. Patrick's Day."
They are fooled by the scheming lieutenant who marries
their daughter Lauretta. Mrs. Bridget is a kind of Mrs.
Malaprop. She speaks of a soldier " like a colossus, with
one leg at New York and the other at Chelsea Hospital "
(St. Patrick's Day, i. 2).
Cree (kre), or Cristineaux, or Knistineaux.
An important tribe of North American Indians,
who live principally in Manitoba and Assini-
boia, between Red River and Lake Winnipeg
and the Saskatchewan River. See Ak/onqiiiaii.
Creech (krech), Thomas. Born at Blandford,
Dorsetshire, England, 1659: committed suicide,
June, 1700. An English writer, translator of
"Lucretius" (16S2).
Creed, Nicene. See Niccne Creed.
Creed, The Apostles'. See Apostles' Creed.
Creedmoor (kred'mor). A village in Queen's
County, New York, situated on Long Island 13
miles east of New York city. It contains the
riHe-range of the National Rifle Association.
Creek, or Kreek (krek). [PI., also Crccl-s.']
A powerful confederacy of North American
Lmlians which in historic times occupied the
greater part of Alabama and Georgia. The con-
^deracy seems to have existed in 154U, and to have then
embraced at least the following named tribes : Abika
(or Coosa). Okfuski, Kasi'iita, and Kawita; .afterward the
Aliltamu, Hitchiti, KoasAti, Taskigi, Yuchi, and Y'Amasi.
Dui-ing the ISth century the only important conflict be-
tween the settlers and these tribes was with the Y^masi,
which was instigated by the Spaniards ; but the Creek
war in 181:M4 was serious, and resiUted in the cession to
the United States of the greater part of the Creek land.
Between 1835 and 1843 occuixed the Seminole war, which
was very costly in life and money to the T'nited States
government. The Creek *" Nation " now holds lands in
Indian Territory, and is well organized. The population,
which contains many of mixed blood, is 14,000. Also
called MaskoH, Muskaki, Mascot/ee^ Mobilian. See Mugkho-
ijean.
Crefeld^or Krefeld (kra'feld). A city in the
Rhine Province, Prussia, 12 miles northwest of
Diisscldorf. it has a royal textile academy, is the
chief seat of the velvet and silk manufacture of Oermany,
and exports its fabrics largely to tJreat Britain, the United
States, etc. It was acquired by Prussia from ttie house
of Nassjiu in 1702. Here, on .Tune 23, 17.^8, Ferdinand of
Brunswick defeated the Krench under the t'ount of Cler-
mont. Population (1890), commune, 106,376.
Creil (kra.y)- A town in the department of
Oise, France, situated on the Oiso 30 miles
north of Paris. Population (1891), commune,
8.183.
Crelle (krel'le), August Leopold. Born at
Eichwerder, near Wriezcn, Prussia, March 11,
1780: died at Berlin, Oct. G, 1855. A German
mathematician and engineer.
Crema (krii'ma). A town in the province of
(Jremona, Italy, situated on the Serio 24 miles
southeast of Milan. It has a cathedral and an ancient
castle. It was besieged and destroyed by Frederick Bar-
barossa in 1160. Population, 8,000.
Cremera (krem'e-rii). In ancient geography, a
small river of fitruria which joins the Tiber
a few miles north of Rome. It is the traditional
scene of the defeat of the Fabii in 477 (?) b. c.
Cr^mieux (kra-mye'), Isaac Adolphe. Born
at Nimes, France, Ax>ril 30, 179(i: died at
Passy, Paris, Feb. 10, 1880. A French .jurist
and politician, of Hebrew descent, minister of
justice 1848 and 1870-71. He was appointed
life senator in 1875.
Cremnitz. See KremmU.
Cremona (kre-mo'nii; It. pron. kra-mo'na).
1. A i)rovince of Lombardy, Italy, bordering
on the Po. It has manufactures of silk. Area,
686 square miles, Popidation (1881), 302,138.
— 2. The capital of tJie above province, situ-
ated on the Po in lat. 45° 8' N., long. 10° 1' E.
It contains a cathedral (see below), the Palazzo Pubblico,
and the Torrazzo, the highest tower in northern Italy (396
feet). It has important silk manufactures, and has long
been celebrated for the manufacture of violins and vio-
las, in whicli the Amati family, Stradivarius, and others,
from the 16th to the isth centui-y, achieved repu-
tation. In the Ifith century it had a school of art. It
is an ancient Gallic town ; was colonized by the Ro-
mans about 219 a 0. ; was destroyed by Vespasian's troops
290
69 A. D. ; and flourished in the middle ages. The cathedral
was begun hi 1107. The front, in alternate coui-ses of
red and white marble, has a fine doorway, with columns
resting on lions ; the north transept has a similar porch.
The interior is rich in good frescos. The Lombard bap-
tistery is octagonal, with arcaded interior and an octagoriid
font of red marble. Population (1891), commune, 38,000.
Cremorne Gardens. A former place of amuse-
ment iu London, situated near Battersea Bridge
north of the Thames. They were closed in 1877.
Crens (kranz), or Guerens (gwa-ranz'). [Boto-
eudo, ' old ones,' ' ancients.'] The name given
by Von Martins to the e.xtensive group of Bra-
zilian Indians to which the Botocudos belong.
See Botocudos. some ethnologists call them Tapu-
yos, a name given to them by the "Tupis. All the tribes
of the Crens stock are savages of a low grade. Among
the more important ones, besides the Botocudos, are the
Cai'ahcis, Cayap6s, Chavantes, Cherentes, and Ges. The
stock is believed to be the most ancient in Brazil, and it
has lieen connected with the human remains found in
caverns with the bones of extinct animals.
Creole State. The State of Louisiana.
Creon (ki-e'on). [Gr. KptuD.] 1. In Greek
legend, a king of Corinth, father of Gl.iuce
or Creusa, the wife of Jason. — 2. A king of
Thebes, contemporary with ffitlipus.
Cr6py-en-Laonnais ( kra - pe ' on - la - o - na' ) , or
Crespy. A village in the department of Aisne,
France, 6 miles northwest of Laon. Here was
signed, Sept. IS, l,'i44, a treaty of peace between Francis
I. of France and the emperor Charles V. The former
renounced claims to Lombardy, Naples, and the suzerainty
of Flandere and Artois; tiie latter renounced claims to
Burgundy,
Crescent City. New Orleans: so named from
its position on a bend of the Mississippi River.
Crescentini (kre-shen-te'ne), Girolamo. Bom
at Urbania, near Urbino, Italy, 17G9 : died at
Naples, April 24, 1846. A celebrated Italian
singer (mezzo-soprano) and composer, profes-
sor at the Royal College of Music at Naples
from 1816.
Crescentius (kres-sen'shius), or Cencius (sen'-
shius). Died 998. A leader of the popular fac-
tion at Rome. Having obtained the dignity of consul
980, he usurped the government, and announced his in-
tention of restoring the ancient republic. He opposed
Pope Gregory V., who was elected through the influence
of the emperor Otto III,, and, supported by the Byzan-
tine court, put forward John XVI. as antipope. He was
defeated by Otto at St. Angclo, April 29, 998, and put to
death. According to the legend Crescentius was revenged
by his widow Stephania or Theodora, who, having suc-
ceeded in gaining the confidence and the love of the em-
peror, put him to death by poison.
There he (the emperor) put the rebel Crescentius, in
whom modern enthusiasm has seen a patriotic republi-
can who, reviving the institutions of Alberic, had ruled as
consul or senator, sometimes entitling himself Emperor.
Bryce, Holy Roman Empire.
Crescenzi (kre-shen'dze), Pietro. Born at
Bologna, Italy, 1230 : died at Bologna, 1307 (?).
An Italian writer on agriculture, autlior of
"Opus ruralium commodorum" (1471), one of
the first of printed books, etc.
Crescimbeni (kre-shem-ba'ne), Giovanni
Mario. Bom at Macerata, Italy, Oct. 9, 1G63:
(lied March 8, 1728. An Italian poet and liter-
ary historian, one of the founders of tlie " Ar-
cadian Academy " (1690) : author of " L'Istoria
della volgar poesia " (1G9S), etc.
Crespi (kres'po), Giovanni 'Battista, called
II Cerano (from his birthplace). Born at
Cerano, Piedmont, Italy, 1557: died at Milan,
1633. An Italian painter. His best works are
in Milan.
Crespi, Giuseppe Maria, sumamed Lo Spa-
gnuolo ('tlie Spaniard'). Born at Bologna,
Italy, 1605 : died at Bologna, July 16, 1747. An
Italian painter.
Crespo (kres'po), Joa(luin. Born in Miranda
about 1845. A Venezuelan politician. He suc-
ceeded Guzman Blanco as president (being elected as his
candidate) Feb. 20, 1882, to Feb. 20, 1886. In 1892 he headed
a revolt against Palacio, occupied Caracas Oct. 7, 1892, and
soon after was elected president. A new constitution was
adopted June, 1893, and under it Crespo was inaugurated
president for four years, March 14, 1894.
Crespy (kra-pe'). See Crcpij-cn-Laonna'is.
Cressid (kres'id), or Cressida (kres'i-da).
The mythical daughter of a Trojan priest Cal-
chas, whose infidelities make her name a by-
word for faithlessness. See Troilus and Cres-
sida.
As far as can be made out, the invention of Cressid
(culled by him, and for some time aftei'wards, Briseida,
and so identilled with Homer's Briseis) belongs to Benoist
de Ste. More, a trouvfereof the twelfth century, who wrote
a Roman de'Troieof great length, as well as a verse chroni-
cle of Nonnandy, The stoi-y is told by Benoist in no small
detail, and the character of Briseida (which Dryden has
entirely spoilt by making her faithful) is well indicated.
After Benoist, Guido delle Colonne reproduced the stoi7
in avery popular Latin work, the HistoriaTrojana. Cressid
Creuznach
is here still Briseida, or rather Briseis. From Guido the
story passed to Boccaccio, who seems himself to be re-
sjjonsiblefor the character of Pandarus, and from Boccac-
cio to Chaucer. *' Lollius," allmled to by Chaucer, is be-
lieved to be a misnomer.
Saint^bury, note in Drydeu's Troilus and Cressida (Scott's
[ed., revised 1884).
Cressid, or Creseide, Testament of, and its con-
tinuation The Complaint of Creseide. Poems
by Robert Henryson, attributed by Stowe (1561)
to Chaucer.
CressLngham (kres'ing-am). Lady. In Mid-
dletou's play "Anything for a yuiet Life," a
whimsical and attractive woman whose caprices
are accounted for by her desire to reconcile her
husband and stepson and to benefit them both.
Cresswell (kres'wel). Sir Cresswell. Born at
Newcastle, England, 1794: died at London,
July 29, 1863. An English jurist, first judge of
the English Divorce Court (1858;.
Cressy. See Crecy.
Crest (krest). A town in the department of
Drome, southeastern France, situated on the
Drome 15 miles southeast of Valence. Popula-
tion (1891), 5,569.
Creston (kres'ton). A manufacturing town in
Union County, Iowa. Population (1890), 7,200.
Creswick (kres'wik), Thomas. Bom at Shef-
field, England, Feb. 5, 1811 : died at Bayswater,
London, Dec. 28, 1869. An English landscape-
painter. His subjects were chiefly English ru-
ral scenery.
Crete (kret). It. Candia (kan'di-ii; It. pron.
kiin'de-a). [Gr. Kp'/rr/, L. Crtta, F. Candia;
mod. Gr. Kriti, Turk. Kirit.'\ An island in the
Mediterranean, situated southeast of Greece
and southwest of Asia Minor, it forms a vilayetof
the Turkisll empire. Its surface is mostly mountainous,
and it produces wheat, fruit, wool, and wine. The chief
towns are Khania and Megalo Kastron, Its inhabitants
are mainly of Greek descent. Crete was connected with
legends of Zeus and Minos, and was celebrated in anti-
quity for its laws. It was subdued by the Romans under
Metellus in 67 B. c. ; contiuered by Saracens 8'23 ; and later
was a part of tlie Byzantine empire. It was ceded to Ven-
ice in 1204. Its conquest by the Turks was completed in
1669. Its people took part in the Greek war of indepen-
dence. The government was administered by Egypt from
1830 to 1840. The island has been the scene of many re-
volts. In 1896-97 an ettort was made by a part of the
population, aided by Greek troops, to free the island from
Turkish rule and annex it to Greece. This was opposed
by the great powers, who establislied a pacific blockade
of the island. As a result of defeat in the (ireco-Turkish
war, the Greeks were obliged to withdraw. Length, 155
miles. Greatest width, .35 miles. Area, about 3,300 square
miles. Population, 294,192.
Cretin (kra-taii'), Guillaume. A French poet
who lived in the reigns of Charles VIII., Louis
XII., and Francis I.
But the leader of the whole was Guillaume Cretin (birth
and deatli dates uncertain), whom his contemporaries ex-
tolled in the nmst extravagant fashion, and whom a single
satirical stroke of Rabelais lias made a laughing-stock for
some three hundred and fifty yeai's. The rondeau ascribed
to Raminagroliis, the "vienx poete franvais " of Pantagruel,
is Crt^'tin's, and the name and charactei' have stuck. Cre-
tin was n<it worse than his fellows; but when even such
a man as Marot could call him a puHf xouverain, Rabelais
no doubt felt it time to ju'otest in his own way.
Saiiiisburn, French Lit,, p. 166.
Creusa (kre-u'sii). In classical legend, the
daughter of Priam, and wife of .^neas.
Creuse (krez). 1. A department of central
France, l.ying between Indre and Cher on the
north, Allier and Puy-de-D6mo on the east,
C'orreze on the south, and Haute-Vienne on the
west. It was formed from the ancient Haute-Marche
and small portions of Limousin, Bourbonnais, I'oitou, and
Berri. Capital, Gu^ret. Area, 2,150 square miles. Pop-
ulation (1831), 284,660.
2. A river in central France which joins the
Vienne.
Creusot, or Creuzot (kre-z6'), Le. A town in
the department of Saone-et-Loire, France, 13
miles southeast of Autun. It is the seat of Schnei-
der and Co. 's iron-works, and has t)tlier extensive manufac-
tures of cast-iron, steel, manufactured iron, locomotives,
etc. Population (1891X commune, 28,63'>.
CreutZ,Count Gustaf Philip. Born in Finland,
1731 : died Oct. 30, 1785. A Swedish politician
and poet. He was appointed ambassador to Madrid in
1763, and three years later was transferred to Paris, where
he became intimate with Franklin, with whom he con-
cluded a treaty of conimeree between .Sweden and the
United States April 3, 1783.
Creuzer (kroit'zer), Georg Friedrich. Born at
Marburg, Prussia, March 1(1, 1771 : died at Hei-
dellicrg, Baden, Feb. 16, 1858. A German phi-
lologist and archaeologist, appointed professor
of philology at Marburg in 1802. and at Heidel-
berg in 1807. He founded the Philological Seminary at
lleiilelberg in 1807. His chief work is "Symliolik und
Mvtbologie der alien Viilker, besonders der Griechen "
(1,810-12).
Creuznach. See Kreuznach.
Crenzot, Le
Creuzot, Le. Sec Cimsot.
Crevant-sur-Yonne ( kra-von'siir-yon' ), Battle
of. •'ice ( riti-iiiit.
Crevaux (kn-vo'), Jules Nicolas. Born at
Lorquiii. Ijorniiui', April 1, 1847: died in the
Gran Chaco, Bolivia, April 1'4, 18.S2. A French
Burgeon and traveler, in 1876, being stntioned in
French Guiana, he Ijegan explorations in tlie interior, twice
crossing to the Am.'izon ; later he explored tiie Japur;l
branch of the Amazon, and traveled on the tlriiioco. In
1881 he left Buenos Ayres with a number of companions,
baring planned an extended trip through the center of
South America; but while ascending the river Pilcomayo
all the company Itut two were killed by the Indians. Tlie
results of his explorations have been putilislieti in tlie
" Tour du monde,"and in the "proceedings "of various sci-
entific societies.
Cr^vecoeur (krav-ker'). A former fort near
Herzogenbusch, Netherlands, situated at the
jimetion of the Diezo and Mouse.
drSvecoeur, Hector Saint-John de. Born
at Caen, France, 1731: died near Paris, 1813.
A French agriculturist. He emigrated to America
Id 1764, and settled on a fann near New York. In 1780,
while about to sjiil for Europe, he was arrested at New
York by the British on the suspicion of being a spy, and
was detained several raontlis. Keturning from Europe
Id 1783, he was for many years French consul at New York,
and enjoyed the friendsiiip of NVasliington and Kranldiu.
He wrote "Lettres d'un cultivateur am^ricain " (1784^,
and *' Voyage dans la haute Pennsylvanie et dans I'^tat de
New York " (IsOl).
Ortvecoeur, Philippe de. Died at La Bresle,
near Lyons, France, 1494. A French general.
He commanded the French at the battle of Guinegate
(1479), in which he was defeated by Maximilian of Austria
with a large force of nemings; and became marshal of
France in 1492.
Cr^vier (kva-vya'), Jean Baptiste Louis.
Bom at Paris, 1093: died at Pans, Dec. 1, 1703.
A French historian and man of letters. He con-
tinued KoUin's "Histoire romaine," and wrote
des erapereurs jus<iu'a Constantin " (1750-.^G),
ri»iue frani^aise " (17ti5), etc.
291
stone, in which the latter conies out ahead, gives its name
to the book. "To have a cricket on the liearlh is the
luckiest thing in the world,"
Crieff (kref). A town in Perthshire, Scotland,
16 miles west of Perth. Population (1891),
4,901.
Crillon (kre-yon'). Louis des Balbes de Ber-
ton de. Born at Mvns, Provence, France, 1.541 :
died at Avignon, France, Dec. 2, 1615. A cele-
brated French general, called "L'HDmme sans
peur" ('the fearless'). He fought against the Hu-
guenots in the civil wars, taking part in the battles of
Rouen, Dreux, St. Denis, Jarnac, Moneontour, and St.
Jean d'Angtdy ; served as a Knight of Malta under Don
John of Austria at Lepanto in 1571 ; and held a high com-
mand in the army of Henry III. during the war of the
League 1580-89. Alter the death of Henry III. he entered
Critias
studied law at theUnivei-sity of I'alerrao, and in 1846 settled
at Naples. He served as a major under GaribaUli :it t'alat^-
timi in 1;!*00; was returned by Palenuo to tile Ilrst Italian
Parliament in 1861 ; l)ccame president of the t'liamber of
Deputies in 1876: was minister of the interior 1877-78;
and was prime minister lds7-91, and again 1893-96.
Crispin (kris'pin). Saint. [L. Crispiniis, Cris-
l>iniiu.s, having curly hair; F. Crispin, Crcpin,
It. Crispinn. Crispn, Sp. Crispo.] A Christian
martyr, a member of a noble Roman family,
who with his brother Crispinianus tied to Sois-
sons and took up the trade of a shoemaker. He
is said to have been so desirous of helping the poor that he
stole leather to make shoes for them. He was put to death
al)ont '287 by being tlirown into a caldron of melted lead.
He is tlie patron saint of shoemakers. His day in the Roman
and Anglican churches is Oct. 25.
the service of Henry IV., under whom he fought at the Crispin (kris'pin; F. pron. kres-pan'). An im-
hattle of Ivry in 1590. ami from whom he received the
title " le brave des braves."
Crillon-Mahon (tre-yoii'raii-oii'), Louis des
Balbes de Berton, Due de. Born 1718: died at
-Madrid, 1796. A French general. He served with
distinction at Fontenoy 1745, and in the Seven Years'
War. Later he passed into the .Spanish service, conquered
Minorca 1782, anil was ma<le captain of the Spanish armies
and duke of Malion. His " M^moires " were published in
1791.
Crimea (kri-me'a). [Russ. Knjni or Krim, F.
Crimee.'] A peninsula in the government of
Taurida, southern Russia, nearly surrounded
by the Black Sea and Sea of Azoff : the ancient
Taurica Chersonesus. in the northern portion its
surface is a plain, but south of the river Salghir it is
mountainous. Its inhabitants are principally Russians . . . . .
and TaLars. Capital, Simferopol. Its ancient inhabitants Cnspmella (kns-pi-nel a)
were the Cimmerians, afterward called Taurians. It was ' " ......
the seat of the kingdom of Bosporus (which see), and
was frequently overrun in the middle ages. It became a
dependency of Turkey in 1475. was annexed to Russia in
178:), and in 1854-55 was the scene of the Crimean war
(which see). Area, 9.928 square miles.
"A novel by Dostoyev-
^ilf^. Crime and Punishment
sky, published in 1866,
Orevillente (kra-vel-yen'ta).
province of Alicante, Spain, 18 miles south-
west of Alicante. Population (1887), 9,972.
Orewe (kro). A town in Cheshire, England, 31
miles southeast of Liverpool. It is an important
railway center, and the scat of manufactures of railway
rolling-stock, etc. Population (1891), 28,761.
Crewler (kro'ler). The name of a family in
Dickens's "David Copperfleld." The Rev. Hor-
ace Crewler is a poor clergyman with a large family, and
a wife who lias lost the use of her legs — when an>-thing
annoys or excites her it goes to her legs directly. Sopliy,
the fourth daughter, is an unselfish girl who Anally mar-
ries Tommy Traddles.
Oreyton (kra'ton), Paul. A pseudonym of
J. T. Trowbridge.
Cribb (krib), Tom. Born at Hanham, Glouces-
tershire, England, July 8, 1781 : died at Wool-
wich, Slay 11, 1848. Au English champion
Eugilist, known as "the Black Diamond" (from
is occupation as a coal-porter).
Oricca (ki-ek'ka). In Tomkis's comedy "Al-
bumazar," the honest servant of Pandolfo.
Crichanis (kro-sha-niis'). An Indian tribe of
the st;ite of Amazonas, Brazil, north of the
A town in the Crimean War. A war waged 18.53-56 between Crispino e la Comare (kres-pe'no a
pudeiit, boasting, and witty valet, a ready assis-
tant in the love-affairs of his master: a conven-
tional character in French comedy, introduced
apparently from the Italian comedy by Poirson
about 1654. if Poirson was not creator of tlie charac-
ter, he played it remarkably, and his costume has come
down to this time. Crispin was for a long time to French
comedy what Harlequin was to Italian comedy.
Crispin, Gilbert. Died about 1117. An Eng-
lish scholar and prelate, abbot of Westminster.
Two of his works have survived, "Vita Herluini," the
chief authority for the early history of Bee, and "Dispu-
tatio Juda^i cum Christiano," a dialogue betxveen a Jew
and the author.
Crispin, Rival de son Maitre. A comedy by
Le Sage, produced in 1707.
In Marston's play
The Dutch Courtezan," a sparkling, lively
girl, the opposite of her sister Beatrice.
Little Crispinella (though even less choice in her lan-
guage than Shakspere's Beatrice) is one of the most
sparkling figures of Elisabetlian comedy, and in adequate
hands would prove a source of genuine delight to any
audience. TF'arrf.
ko-
Russia and the allied forces of Turkey, France,
Great Britain, and Sardinia. It arose through the
demand on the part of Russia for a protectorate over the
Greek sulijects of tlie sultan. Among its leading events
are : liattle of Sinope 18.53 ; Russian occupation of the
Danubian principalities 18.54 ; battle of the Alma Sept. 20,
1854; beginning of the siege of Sebastopul Oct., 18.54;
battle of Balaklava Oct. 25 ; battle ol Inkerman Nov. 6 ;
attacks on Sebastopol June, 1855; battle of Tchernaya
Aug. 16 ; storming the Malakoff Sept. 8 ; fall of Sebastopol
Sept. 11 ; and the capture of Kars by the Russians Nov.
28, 18.55. The war was closed, and its issues decided, by
the treaty of Paris (which see), March 30, 1856.
Crimisus (kri-mi'sus), or CrimissUS (kri-mis'-
us). In ancient geography, a river in western „, . t i-
Sicily, probably near Segesta. Here, 339 B. c, Ti- CrispUSjkris'pus), FlaVlUS JullUS.
moleon with 11,000 men defeated 70,000 Carthaginians.
Crimmitschau, or Crimmitzschau (krim'mit-
shiju). A manufacturing town in Sa.xony, sit-
uated on the Pleisso 36 miles south of Leipsic.
Its leading industries are spinning and weav-
ing. Population (1890), 19,972.
Crinan (lo'e'nan) Canal
peninsula of Argyllshire
Loch FjTie with the ocean,
Cringle, Tom. See_Scntt, Michael.
mii're). [It., 'The Shoemaker and the Fairy
Godmother.'] A comic opera by Luigi Rieei,
first produced at Venice in 1850. Federico Ricci
assisted his brother in its composition. The words are by
Piave.
Crispinus (kris-pi'nus). In Ben Jonson's
"Poetaster," a bad poet who gives its title to
the play. He is intended for Marston, with whom Jon-
son iiad a quarrel at the time. "He is represented as a
coarse-minded, ill-conditioned fellow, albeit of gentle pa-
rentage, who, like tlie bore encountered by Horace in the
Via Sacra, is prepared to adopt the meanest stratagems
in order to gain admittance to the society of courtiers
and wits." BuUen.
Died 326
A. D. Eldest son of Constantiue the Great and
Minervina. He was made Casar in 317, and consul in
318. He distinguished himself in a camijaign against
the Franks and in the wa: against Liciniiis, over whom
he gained a great naval victory in the Hellespont in 323.
He was put to deatli by his father on a charge of high
treason.
.Amazon, near the Rio Branco. They are of Carib Cringle' (kring'gl), Tom. The pseudonym of
.lock. As a resullof their recent struggles with the Bra- -yviniam Walker, in his works on Australia.
minati,l"" " "="'"="'^""' '""" ''''"' '"=™ ''""°''' ^^'"'- Cripple Creek (krip'I krek). A mining town
Orichton (kri'ton), James (styled "The Ad- ■" El Paso Coimty, Colorado, about .30 miles
mirable Crichton"). Born in Scotland, Aug. southwest ot (olorado Springs at the base of
19, 1.560 : killed at Mantua, Italy, July 3, 1583 (?). P.ke's Peak^ Popnlat ion ( 1894), about 10 000.
A Scottish scholar and a.lventurer, celebrated Cripple of Fenchurch. See Fair Maul of the
for his extraordinary accomplishments, and
attainments in the "languages, sciences, and
arts. At the .age of seventeen he started upon his travels
on the Continent. He was then the reputed master of
twelve languages. He enlisted in the French army about
1677. In 1679 he resigned and went to Italy. Here many
debates both public and private were arranged for him.
In all of which he was victorious except with M.izzoni.
He wrote Latin o<ies and verses with ease, and his skill as
a swordsman was highly lauded. In 1,581 he disputed
with the professors of tlie university at Padua on tlieir
Interpretation of Aristotle. A misadventure led to his
being denounced as a charlatan, whereupon he challenged
the university, olfering to confute their Aristotelian in-
terpretations and to expose their errors in mathematics.
The disputation lasted tour days, and Ciichton was com-
pletely succesfifnl. He won his first laurels in Mantua by
Killing ill a duel a far-famed swordsman. His death txxik
place there in a midnight street attack. Crichton is said
to have recognized the leader of the brawlers aa his pupil,
the Bon of the Duke of .Mantua, and having drawn his
■word upon him to liave ottered it to him liy the handle;
whereupon the prince seized it and stabbed him to the
heart. />i<(. Xnt. Biog.
Orichton, The. A London artistic, scientific,
and litcrarv club, estnlitished in 1872.
Crichton, The Admirable. See Crichton,
./rtwr.s.
Cricket on the Hearth, The. A tale by Charles . . , . , .^ -p^^^^o^^
Dickens, published in 1.845. The singing-match Cn8?l (kv'^s j.e^), FranceSCO.
between a tea-kettle and a cricket on a carrier's hearth
Exrliangc.
Cripplegate (krip'1-gat), or Crepel-gate. An
old LoikIou gate. It was the fourtli from tlie western
end of the wall. The original gate was probalily built by
King Alfred when lie restored the walls, 886 A. 1). Stow
says that in 1010, wlieii tlie liody of Edmumi the Martyr,
king of the Last Angles, was borne througli this gate, many
lame persons wlio were congregated there to l)cg rose up-
right and were cured by its miraculous inlluence. The
postern was afterward a prison for debtors and common
trespassers. It was rebuilt in 1244 and in 1491, and in the
flftceiitll year of Charles II. it was repaired and a foot-pos-
tern made. The rooms over the gate were used by the
city water-liaililf. Cripplegate was pulled down in 1760.
Crish Kringle. See Criss IHniilr.
Crisp(krisp), Charles Frederick. Bornat Shef-
field, England, .lau. 29. 1S45: died at Atlanta, Ga.,
Oct. 23, 1896. Au American politician. Hcserved
as a lieutenant in the Confederate army in the Civil War ;
was arlmitteil to the liar in 1866; was appointed solicitor-
general of the southwestern judicial district in 1S72; was
reappointed for a term of four years in 1873 ; was appointed
judge of the Superior Court of the same district in 1877 ;
was elected by the general assenilily to the same office in
1878 : was reelected judge for a term of four years in 1,"80 ;
resigned in 1882; was a Deniocralic rciinseiilnlive from
Oeoigia from the Forty-eighth tlirongli the Kifly-tliird Con-
gress; and was speaker of the House in tlio Fifty-second
and Fift.v-third Congresses.
Born at Ribera,
Sicily, Oct. 4, 1819. An Italian statesman. Ue
uated southwest of Delplii. It was styled by Ho-
mer "the divine." It is often confounded with its port,
Cirrlia.
Criss Kingle (kris' king'gl). [Also Krisn liin-
(/Ic, Eriss Krinijle; coiTupt forms of *Christ-
kindcl (cf. criss-cross for Christ-cross), from the
G. 'Christ-l-indcl or 'Christ-kiniUcin or Christ-
kindchen, the little Christ-child, dim. of Christ-
hind, the Christ-child.] The Christ-child.
Cristineaux (kres-ti-no'). See Crcc.
Cristinos (kres-te'nos). In Spanish history,
the partizans of Donna Maria Christina (Sp.
Cristina). regent for her daughter Isabella Ma-
ria IT. 1833-40. Fenlinand VII , wlio iiianied Chris-
tina in 182rt, repealed tile .S:dii- law of hu.eession, intro-
duced by Philip v. 17i:!, in a. coidaiice with which females
could inherit the throne only in case of the total extinction
of the male line; and by a decree of March, ls;i0, called
the pragmatic sancliiui, established the old Castilian law
in accordance with which the daughters and graiid.langh-
ters of the king take precedence of his lirothers and neph-
ews. The pragmatic Baiicti<in was not recognizeil by the
king's brother, Don Carlos, who, sniiportid by tlii' clericids
or absolutists, began a civil war on the death of Ferdinand,
1833. See CartixU.
Crites (kri'tt^z). [Gr. KpiH/r, a judge.] A man
of "straight judgment and a strong mind," in
Jonson's play " Cynthia's Revels."
Throughout the quarto he is called Criticus. By Crites
here (1616, folio), as well a.s by Asper in "Every Man out
of his Humour," and Horace in the " Poetaster," Jonson
undoubtedly meant to shadow forth himself. This sacri-
fice to vanity, as it involved him in personalities, iiatu-
riilly increased the nilmlier of his enemies, and exAg-
gerated the hostility with which he was long pursued.
Oiffi/rd. Note to Jonson's Cynthia's Revels.
Critias (krit'i-as). [Gr. Kpjrinc.] An Athe-
nian orator anil politician, a pupil of Socrates,
Critias
and one of the thirty tyrants (404 B. C.) : noted
for liis tlissolute life, rapacity, and cruelty. He
perished in the battle of Munyciiia. Plato introduces
him in a dialogue (a fragn)ent) which bears his name.
Critic (krit'ik), The. A farce by Richard
Briiisley Sheridan, produced Oct. 30, 1779. It
is an imitation of Buckingham's ''Kehearsal."
Criticon (krit'i-kon). See the extract.
The most remarkable work of Oracian, however, is his
" C'nticon," published in tliree parts, between 1650 and
16.i3. It is an alleKOry on human life, and gives us the
adventures of Critilus, a noble J>paniard, wrecked on the
desert island of .Saint Helena, where he fintls a solitary
savage, who knows notliini; about himself, e.\cept that he
has been nursed by a wild l)east. After much cinnniuni-
cation in dumb show, they are able to understand each
other in .Spanish, and, btiiig taken from the island, travel
together through the world, t;Uking oftCH of the leading
men of their time in Spain, but holding intercourse more
with allegorical personages than with one another.
TIcknur, Span. Lit., in. 222.
Criticus. See Critai.
Critique de L'Ecole des femiues (kre-tek' d6
la-kol' da fam). A brilliant short play by Mo-
lifere, acted in 1663. It introduces contempo-
rary society criticizing his " Ecole des femmes."
Critique of Pure Reason. [G. Eritih dcr reinen
rcniitiij'l.^ A famous philosophical work by
Kant, published in 1781. A second and revised edi-
tion appeared in 1787: the later editions ai-e reprints of this.
The changes introduced in the second edition have been
the occasion of much discussion among German philoso-
phers, many maintaining that they showan essential altera-
tion of Kant's doctrines. Kant himself, however, declared
that they were made solely to secure greater clearness.
Crito (kri'to). [Gr. KpiVui'.] Lived about 400
B. c. An Athenian, a friend and follower of
Socrates. He is a prominent character in the
dialogue by Plato named for him.
Critolaus "(krit-o-la'us). [Gr. Kpird/ao^.'] 1.
Died 146 B. C. An Aehfean demagogue, last
strategus of the Achaean League, defeated by
Metelliis at Scarphea in 146. — 2. A Greek
Peripatetic philosopher of the 2d century B. c.
Crittenden (ki-it'n-den), Greorge Bibb. Born
at Russellville, Ky., March 20, 1812: (Ued at
Danville, Ky., Nov. 27, 1880. An American
major-general, son of J. J. Crittenden. He served
throughout the Mexican war. At the outbreak of the
Civil War he joined the Confederate service with the rank
of brigadier-general, and was shortly promoted major-
general. He was placed in command of southeastern
Kentucky and a part of eastern Tennessee in Nov., 1861.
He was iiefi>ated at Mill .Springs, Jan. 19, 1862.
Crittenden, John Jordan. Born in Woodford
County, Ky., Sept. 10, 1787: died near Frank-
fort, Ky., July 26, 1863. An American politi-
cian. He graduated at William and Mary College in
1607, and was subsequently admitted to the bar. He
served in the War of ISi:; ; was a member of the State
House of Representatives in 1810 ; was United States
senator from Kentucky 1817-19, 183.S-41 ; was attorney-
general under Hanison and Tyler March 5-Sept. 13, 1841 ;
was United States senator 1842-48 ; was governor of Ken-
tucky 1S4S-50 : was attorney-general under President Fill-
more 1850-53 ; was United States senator 1855-61 ; and was
member of Congress (I'nionist) 1861-63.
Crittenden, Thomas Leonidas. Born at Rus-
sellville, Kv., May, 1819: died at Annandale,
Staten Island, N. Y., Oct. 23, 1893. An Ameri-
can general, son of J. J. Crittenden. He served
in the Mexican war ; became brigadier-general of volun-
teers in the Union array Oct. 27, 1861 ; commanded a di-
vision at the battle of Shiloh April 6 and 7, 1862 ; was pro-
moted major-general .Inly 17, ls62 ; commanded a corps
at the battles of stone River Dec. 31, lS62,-Jan. 3, 1863,
and Chii^kamauga Sept. 19-20, 1863 ; and was brevetted
brigadier-general Slarch 2, 1867.
Crittenden Compromise. A measure urged
in the United States Senate by John J. Crit-
tenden 1860-61, providing for the reestablish-
ment of the slave-line of 36° 30' N., and for the
enforcing of the fugitive-slave laws.
Croagh Patrick (kro'aeh pat'rik), or Reek.
A mountain near Westport, (\mnty Mayo, Ire-
land, noted in the story of St. Patrick.
Croaker (kro'ker), Mr. and Mrs. A strongly
contrasted pair in Goldsmith's "The Good-Na-
turod Man." He is gifted in saying sadly the most
cutting things -. she is both merry and spiteful.
Croaker and Co. The pseudonym under which
Joseph Rodman Drake and Fitz-Greene Hal-
leck wrote the "Croaker Pieces" in the New
York "Evening Post," 1819.
Croatia (kro-a'shiii). [F. Croatie, Q. Eroatien,
Russ. Kri}<ii.':ii/(i. etc. ; from Croat, F. Croair,
G. Krudte.] A titular kingdom in Austria-Hun-
gary, which with Slavonia forms a separate divi-
sion in the Hungarian part of the monarchy. It
is bounded liyCaiiiiola, Styria, and Hungary (separated by
tlie l>rave)on the north, by Slavonia and Bosnia on the east,
liy Bosnia and Daltnatia on the soulli, and by the Adriatic,
Fiunje. ami Caniiola on the west. It is traversed by the
Save and I)y prolongationsof the Alps. Its soil is produc-
tive. Capital, Agrani. The iuhabitants are principally
292
Cromarty
Croats. Croatia belonged in great part to the Roman prov- Hereford in 1662, and was dean of the Chapel Boya]
ince of Pannonia. It was overrun by the East Coths; was 1668-70. His chief work is "The Naked Truth, or the
conquered by Justinian ; was overrun by the Avars ; and True State of the Primitive Church " (1675).
Born at Nether Eatington,
England, 1678: tiled at London.
An English composer of sacred
and Dalmatia. The country was annexed by Hung:iry in music. His collection of anthems, " Musica
1091. The Hapsburgs, as kings of Hungary, began torule Sacra," was published 1724.
in l.i27, but their dominion was long contested by the n-rnffurttrrrr rU-rnf ' tniio' ori I PhrTTotal The,
Turks. The ban of Croatia, Count Jellachich. was in re- Vroltangry tiaot tang-gn;, onryStai. ine
hellion against Hungary 1848-49. (See Croatia and Sla- imaginary author ot Scott's "(_hroiiieles of the
imiia, below, and Jellachich.) Canongate." He gives his autobiography in
Croatia, Turkish. The northwestern division some of the introductory chapters.
of Bosnia (which see). Croghan (kro'gan), George. Bom near Lonis-
Croatia and Slavonia (sla-vo'ni-a). A land ville, Ky.,Nov. 15, 1791: died at New Orleans,
of the Hungarian di\asion of the Austro-Hun- Jan. 8, 1849. An American officer,_ distiu-
garian monarchy. It comprises Croatia and Slavonia, guished at the defense of Forts Meigs and
and in it is incorporated the chief part of the former mili- Stephenson, 1813
taryfrontier. Capf ' ' t._ :_,..,.:...... ..,,:.,«.. _. _.
Slavs of the Serbo-
Roman Catholic and ^..^^.. .. „^..,.. „ „^.^p— — .„ ..... ^- - ,,, •, - . . ..i t,.t ■ i-.
upper house and 40 delegates to the lower house of France, 16 imles west ot St. Nazaire. Popu-
the Hungarian Reichstag, and has a Diet (Landtag) of 90 lation (1891 ), commune, 2,418.
meml)ers. It was sepaiated from Hungary and niade a Qjfyi^ (ki-sva ), CarlOS FrancisCO de, Marques de
crowhlnnd n 184S1, but was reunited to Hungary m 1868. Yi^. ^ -r, ^ t -iir ;„ t?i ~i„ „ iVnn v a t
.Area, ii;,773 square miles. Population (1890), 2,200,977. Croix. Born at Lille, m Flanders, 1699: died at
Croats I kro'atz). [See Cron(/o.J The Slavonic Valencia, 1786. A Spanish general and adminis-
race which inhabits Croatia, and from which it trator. He seized with distinction in the army ; was
pital, Agram. Its inhabitants are chiefly Qroisic (krwii-zek'), Le. A seaport and water-
rn'[Gr?ek."5rse' df^dSelto'thl ing-place in the department of Loire-Inf^neure,
takes its name.
Crockett (krok'et), David. Born at Lime-
stone, Tenn., Aug. 17, 1786: killed at Fort
Alamo, San Antonio de Bexar. Texas, March 6,
1836. An Americanpioneer, hunter, and politi-
cian. He was member of Congress from Tennessee „ . ip-„j„_„ j,,
1827-31. 1833-35. and served in the Texan war. He pub- UrOli, leoaoro QB
lished his autobiography in 1834. He was a fine shot and about 1730: died at Madi'id, April 8, 1791.
an eccentric humorist, and the story is told of his having Spanish soldier. From 1768 to 1771 he served in
treedacoonwhich.whenherecognizedClockett, called out Mexico under his brother, the Viceroy de Croix, as com-
tohim: " Don't shoot, colonel : I'll come down, as I know mandant of the interior provinces and of .Sonora. From
I'm a gone coon." This story was originally told of a April, 1784, to jMarch, 1790, he was viceroy of Peru, and is
Captain Scott who was a famous shot (Scheie de Vere). known as an upright, kind-hearted, and religious ruler.
Hotten in his Slang Dictionary says that the phrase ori- He instituted various reforms in the laws atfecting the
ginatcd in the fact that "in the American war" a spy Indians.
commandant at Ceuta and Puerto de .Santa Maria, captain-
general of Galicia, and viceroy of New Spain (Mexico)
from Aug., 1706, to Sept., 1771. His administration was
able and prosperous. In 1770 he was advanced to the
rank of captain-general in the army. After his return
from Mexico he was made viceroy of Valencia, an office
which he held until his death.
Born at Lille, Flanders,
' ' " A
dressed in raconn-skins took refuge in a tree and ad-
dressed an English rifleman in the same words.
Crockett, Samuel Rutherford. Born at Little
Duchrae, near New Galloway, Scotland, in 1859.
A Scotch Presbyterian minister and novelist.
He was educated at Edinburgh University and at the New
Theological College, Edinburgh ; and was minister of the
Free Church at Peiiicuick from 1880 until he resigned his
charge to devote himself to authorsliip. His principal
works are "The Stickit Minister ' (1893), "The Raiders"
(1894), "The Lilac Sunbonnef (1894), "Mad Sir Uchtreil
of the Hms'(1894), " Plav-Actress"(1894). "The Men of the
Moss-Hags" (1896), "Hog-Myrtle and Peat" (1895), "The
Gray Man" (1896), "Sweetheart 'travellers ' (1896). "Cleg
Kelly" (1896), "A Galloway Herd" (1896), "Lad's Love"
(1897). His first book was published as " Dulce Cor : the
Poems of Ford Bereton."
Crockford's (krok'fordz). A famous gaming
club-house at No. 50 on the west side of St.
James street, London, opposite Wliite's. It
was built by William Crockford, originally a fishmonger,
in 1827. He is said to have made a large fortune by gam-
bling. He died .May 24, 1844, but the house was reopened
in 1849 for the Military, Naval, and Country Service
Club. It was closed again in 1851. It was for several
Croizette (krwa-zef). Sophie Alexandrine
Croisette, called. Boi-n at St. Petersburg,
JIai'ch 19, 1847. A noted French actress. She
was admitted to the Conservatoire in 1867, and made her
d^but in 1869. In 1873 she was made an associate of the
Comedie Fran^aise, of which she was the jeune premiire.
In 1881 she retired from the stage, and in 1885 married
an Ameiican hanker named Stern.
Croke (kriik), or Crocus (kro'kus), Richard.
Born at London, probably in 1489: died there,
Aug., 1558. Ab English scholar and diplo-
matist. He took the degree of B. A at Cambridge in
1510 ; studied Greek under Grocyn at Oxford, and under
Hieronymus Aleander at Paris (about 1513) : lectured on
Greek at Louvain, Cologne(about 1515), and Leipsic(1515-
1517) ; began to lecture on Greek at Cambridge in 1518 ; was
ordained priest in l.')19 ; was fellow of .St. John's College iu
1523; was sent in 1529 by Cranraer to It;dy to collect the
opinion of Italian canonists in reference to the king's
divorce ; became rector of Long Buckby, Northampton-
shire, in 1631; and was subdean of King's College, Oxford,
1532—15. His most notable publications are an edition of
.\usonius (151.>), and a translation of the fourth book of
Theodore Gaza's Greek grammar (1516).
years a dining-house, " The Wellington," and is now the Qrokcr (kro'ker), John WilsOn. Born in Gal-
Devonshire Club. ^,^y^ Ireland, Dec. 20, 1780: died at Hampton,
Crocodile (krok'6-dil), Lady Kitty. InFoote's near London. Aug. 10, 1857. A British poli-
"Trip to Calais," a hypocritical, intriguing tician and general VTiter, leading contributor
wom,an of quality, intended to satirize the no- to the "Quarterly Review" after 1809 : editor
torious Duchess of Kingston, whose trial for of Boswell's "Life of Johnson" (1831).
bigamv was just coming on. The influence of the Croker, Thomas Crofton. Bom at Cork, Ire-
duchess was sufficient to stop the production of the pl.ay. j j j 15 179;;; . ^j^,] ^j London, Aug. 8,
ri j.i _ T ' /, 1 //- J' 1 / - 1- \ m 18.54. An Irish antiquary. He wrote "Researches
CrOCOdllOpOllS (krok'o-dl-lop o-hs) [Gr. jntheSouthof Ireland" (1824), "The Fairy Legends and
KpoKodei'Auv 7r(i/.(f, city of crocodiles.] 1. Ar- Traditions of the South of Ireland " (18-26i "The Adven-
sinoe. — 2. Athribis, in ancient Egypt. tures of Barney Mahoney " (1862), etc.
Croesus (kre'sus). [Gr.Kpoiaof.] AkingofLvdia, Croly (kro'li), David Goodman. Born at New
son of Alyattes whom he succeeded in 560"b. c. York, Nov. 3, 1829: died there, April 29, 1889.
He subjugated the Ionian, jEolian, and other neighboring A journalist. He wrote a "History of Reeon-
peoples, and at the close of his reign ruled over the region struction " (1868), a " Pl-imer of Positi\'ism"
extending from the northern and western coasts of Asia /-ift7fi\ Mo
Minor to the HiUvs on the east .and the T.iurU8 on the ^^ ,".''„"•• _ . -n, . i- » i-ron
south. According to Herodotus, he was visited at the Croly, GCOrge. BoiTi at Dublin, Aug., 1780
height of his power by Solon, to w hom he exliibited his ( 1785 f ) : died at London, Nov. 24. 1860. An Irish
innumerable treasures, and who, when pressed to ac-
knowledge him as the happiest of mortals, answered,
"Account no man happy before his death." Deceived by
a response of the oracle at Delphi to the elfect that, if he
marched against the Persians, he would overthrow a great
empire, he made war in 546 upon Cyrus, by whom he was ^ ■, j n ' "h
defeated in the same year near Sardis and taken prisoner. OrOly, JanC OUnninguam.
divine, poet, novelist, and miscellaneous ■nriter.
His cliief novel is "Salathiel" (1827), principal poem,
"Paris iu 1815"(1817), "Catilhie,"a tragedy (1822), "Mars-
ton," a romance (1S46), "Life and Times of George IV. "
(1830).
Born at Market
He was, according to Herodotus, doomed to be burned
alive, but as he stood upon the p>Te he recalled the words
of Solon, and exclaimed "Solon! Solon! Solon!" De-
sired by Cyrus to state upon whom he was calhng, he re-
lated the story of Solon, which moved Cyrus to counter-
mand the order for his execution, and to bestow upon him
distinguished marks of favor.
Croft (kroft), Herbert. Born at Great Thame, _ _. ., ,.. ... 1 a „ „+„ „f „„..fv,
- - -- - flipj -t Hereford Cromarty (krom'ar-ti). 1. A county of north-
Qiea ar neierora, ^^^ Scotland, comprising Cromarty proper,
Harbbrough, England, Dee. 19, 1831. A writer
under the name of " Jennie June." well known
for her efforts for the advancement of women.
She called together the Woman's Congress in New York
in 1866, and in 1868 founded ".Sorosis, " and was its prc-M-
dent 1868-70 and 1876-86. She married David Goodman
Croly in 1867.
Oxfordshire, Oct. 18, 1603:
May 18, 1691. Bishop of Hereford. He was origi-
nally intended for the Roman Catholic priesthood, but
eventu.TlIy took holy orders in the Church of England,
having obtained the degree of B. D. at 1 ixford in 16:16. He
became chaplain to Charles I. about 1640, canon of Windsor
in nwi, and dean of Hereford in 1644 ; was deprived of bis
prefennents during the Rebellion (which were restored to
him on the accession of Charles II.), became bishop of
situated south of Cromarty Firth, and 10 de-
tached portions in Ross-shire, with which it is
united for most purposes. Area, estimated,
345 square miles. — 2. Chief town of the above
county, situated on Cromarty Firth 16 miles
northeast of Inverness. Population(1891), 1,308.
Cromarty firth
Oromarty Firth ( forth). An inlet of the NdPlli
Sea. i-(iniiectiii<,' with Moray Firlh, and nearly
snrrciunileil liy Cromarty anil Ross.
Crome (krom), John. Born at Norwieh, Eng-
lau<l, l)ee. 22, 1708: (lied there, April 22, 1821.
A noted Englisli landseape-painter. He was tlie
81)11 of a poor weaver, and began hfe aa a lioetor's assis-
tant, and apprentice to a coach- and Bigri-paintcr. He
early began to study painting diicclly fioni nature in the
environs of his native town; later found an opportunity
to study drawing; and obtained entrance to a neigh-
lioiing Lolliclioii of paintings, where lie found some good
KKiiiiali i)i.tures. Ill 1803 he created the Norwich Society
o( Arts. At the annual exhibitions of this society he ex-
biliited iiiany of his works, rarely sending them to the
Rj.yal Academy at London. His pupils .illd as.sociates,
am'oiig whom were Stiirk and Cntraan, aciiuired distinction,
and formed with him the "school of .Norwich."
Cromer, Lord. See liariini. sir ErcUjn.
Crompton ( kromji'ton ), Samuel. Born at Fir-
wood, near Bolton, England, Dec. 3, 1753 : died
at Ilall-in-the-Wood, near Bolton, Juno 2G, 1827.
An English nieehanic, inventor of the spiiining-
miilo in 177!).
Cromwell ( krum' wel or krom' wel). A drama by
Vietor Hugo, ijublished in 1827. This was his
first dramatic venture, and was not intended
to be aeted.
Cromwell, Henry. Born at Huntingdon, Eng-
land, Jan. 20, 1(528: died at Soham, Cambridge-
shire, England, Mareli 23. 1G7-1. A younger son
of Oliver Cromwell, lord deputy in Irelanil 1655-
1057, and lord lieutenant 1057-59.
Cromwell, Oliver. Born at Huntingdon, Eng-
land, April 25, 1.599: died at Whitehall, Lou-
don, Sept. 3, 1G58. Lord Protector of the Com-
monwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
He studied at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, 101(3-17,
was elected member of Parliament for Huntingdon in
1(128, an(l in ItilOwas returned by Cambridge to the Short
and Long Parliaments. He was appointed captain of
Parliamentary horse in lt>12, and colonel in lt>43. In
1(>43, by enlisting only men of religion, chielly Indepen-
dents, he organized a model regiment which, on account
of its invincible courage, came to be known as the Iron-
sides. He fought with distinction at Marston Jloor July
i, 1644, and at the second battle of Newbury Oct. 27,
1644 ; was promoted to lieutenant-general, on the reorgani-
293
Born at Florence, 1457: died 1508. An Italian
architect, surnamed"Il Cronaea" ('the chroni-
cler') from his habit of story-telling, on account
of some misdemeanor he was otdiged to tiee from Flor-
ence to Rome, where he busied himself with the antique
Crowe, Captain
cellor of the Univei-sity of New York lS70-irl ; was a
member of the American committee for the revision of
the New Testament ; ami was one of the chief instru-
ments in effecting the organization (1ST7) of the Society
for the Prevention of Crime, of which he became presi-
dent.
monuments. Returning to Florence, he completed the Crosland(kros'land).MlS.(Camina Toulmin)
Strozzi Palace, begun by Benedetto da ilajano. His mas- vAwoi«,Ax«y ^ ^ ^ , ei.i . .i:.,.i ... i ,.,i...: .i.
terpiece (l.')U4) is the Church of San liartoloinnieo in San
iliniato, which was much admired by Michelangelo. He
also built the great hall of the Palazzo Vecchio. He be-
came a disciple of Savonarola.
Cronholm(kiou'holm), AbrahamPeter. Born
at Lan.lskrona, Sweden, Oct. 22, 1809: died at
Stockholm, May 27, 1879. A Swedish historian.
His chief work is "Sveriges Historia under
Gustaf H. Adolfs regering" (1857-72).
Cronstadt. See Kron^tadt.
Cronus (kro'nus), or Cronos (-°°s). [Gr.
Kpoi'of.] In (ireek mythology, a Titan, son of
Uranus and Ge. At the instigation of his mother,
he emasculated his father for having thrown the Cy-
clopes (who were likewise the children of I'ranus and
Ge) into Tartarus. He thereupon usurped the govern-
ment of the world, which had hitherto belonged to his
father, but was in turn dethroned by Zens. He was the
husband of Rhea, by whom he became the father of Hestia,
Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus. He was iden-
tified with Saturnus by the Romans.
Croo-boys or Croo-men. See Kru.
Crook (kiuk), George. Born near Dayton, Ohio,
Sept. 8, 1828: died at Chicago, 111., March 21,
1890. An American soldier. He graduated at West
Point in 1852, and entered the regular army, in which he
attained the rank of major-general April G, 1888. Sept.
13, 1861, he was appointed to a colonelcy in the volunteer
service, in which he rose to the brevet rank of major-
general .luly 18, 1SG4 ; he was mustered out Jan. 15, 1800.
He comnianded the national forces in West Virginia in
July and .\ug., 18(J4; wasiii the engagements at Snicker's
Horn at Lcimlon, June 9, 1812: died at i)nlwich,
l''eb. l(i, 1895. An English poet and writer.
Cross (kros), Mrs. (Mary Ann, or Marian,
Evans) : pseudonym George Eliot. Born at
Arbury Farm (Chilvers Colon), Warwickshire,
England, Nov. 22. 1819: died at 4 Cheyue
Walk, Chelsea, London, Dec. 22, 1880. A cele-
brated English novelist. .She was educated at Nun-
eaton and Coventry. In 1841 she moved with her father
(Roliert F.vans, agent for Mr. Fi-ancis Newdigate of Aibiiry
Hall) to Coventry. In 1851 she became assistant e<iitor of
" The Westminster Review," and retained that position till
18r>3. She lived with George Henry Lewes from 1S54 until
his death in 1878, a connection which they regarded as a
marriage, on Jlay (i, 1880, she married John Walter Cross
under the name of Siary Ann Evans Lewes. She died
within the year, and was buried by the side of George
Henry Lewes in Highgate Cemetery. She published
(anonymously at first, afterward under her real name)
a translation of Strauss's "Life of Jesus" ns4(3). "The Es-
sence of Christianity" (translated from Feuerbach "by
Marian Evans" in 1854), and, under the pseudonym of
George Eliot, " Scenes of Clerical Life " (18''>8), " Adam
Bede" (1859), "The Mill on the F'loss" (1800), "Silas
Marner, the Weaver of Raveloc" (1861), "Romola"
(1802-«S), " Felix Holt the Radical " (1866), " The Spanish
Gypsy" (a poem, 1868), "Agatha" (a poem, 1809), "Mid-
dlemarch, a study of Provincial Life ' (1871-72), " The
Legend of Jubal, and Other Poems" (1874), "Daniel
Deronda" (1876), "Impressions of Theoplirastus Such"
(1879). Alter her death in 1883, a poem, ' ' How Lisa loved
the King," was published, and "Essays and Leaves from
a Note-ljook" in 1884. Her life was written by her hus-
band, Johu Walter Cross, and published in 1S84.
Ferry July la, and Kernstown July 24; cooperated with QrOSS, Sir Richard AsshetoU. Born at Red Scar,
General Sheridan in the Shenandoah valley from Aug. % ,„„„„! •„„ i^V^7,^,«.i i\r.,V;^o isoq a,, p.,^
till Dec. of the same year; was in the battles at Her- Lancashire, England, May 30, 1823. All Eug-
ryville, Opequan, Fisher's HUl, Strasbuig, and Cedar lishpoliticiau,homesecretaryl874-80and 1885-
Creek; and commanded the cavalry of the Army of the 1886. secretary of state for India 1886, and lord
Potomac Maich 20-April 9, 1865. After the w-ar he did ■ j jj^yj, jjp ^^.^jg raised to the peerage
duty among the hostUe Indians in Idaho and Arizona. ' r' . , j,o^ '
Alter the m.assacre of General Custer's command he pur- as Viscount in lO'-^o.
sued the Sioux to Slim Buttes, Dakota, where he defeated CrOSSe (kros), Andrew. Born at Broomheld,
them. In 1886 he conducted the campaign against the Somerset, England, June 17, 1784: died there.
Apaches under (leroniino, whom he brought to a stand j, g ^^ggj ^^ English electrician, noted for
.- - - near San Bernardino, Mexico, but resigned his command " J";" "' . • . „c, ,.„„„..,.„. „ii;, .,.;„,,
latiou (after plans furnished by him) of the army, in June, before the conclusion of hostiUties. "'S experiments in eleetio-cijstallizdtum.
1646; commanded the right wing of the Parliamentary /-i_.-t«.,1 TclaTid (kruk'ed i'land) An island CrOSS KeyS (kros kez). A place m Kocking-
army at Naseby June 14, 1645, and took Basing House '^rOOKea ISiana (Kluk eu i lanu;. Jiu isi<iuu Countv Virainia 20 miles northeast of
Oct.l4, 1(M5. (in the rupture in 1647 between the_army, of the Bahamas, south of Watling Island. nam (..ounty, Vllginia, -u miles n<jrumasi- oi
Crookes(kriiks), Sir William. BornatLondon,
A noted English chemist and
June 17, 1832.
physicist. He
discovered fliallium in 1861, and in-
which was controlled by the Independents, and Parlia-
ment, w-hifh was controlled by the Presbyterians, he sided
with the army, and supported the measures by which
the Independents obtained control of Parliament. He
suppressed an insurrection in Wales in 1(>48, defeated the
Scotch royalists at Preston Aug. 17-19, 1648, and, as a
member of the High Court, signed the death-warrant
of Charles I. in Jan., 1610. On the establishment of the - -n-i-j
Commonwealth in 1(H9 be obtained, by virtue of his posi- OjrOOkS (kruks)^ GeOrge KlCharCl,
tlon as leader of the Independents and ruling spirit in the
anny, the actual eontrcd of the government. He under-
took an expedition against Ireland Aug. 15, 1649; stormed
Drugheda Sept. In, KH'.l ; was appointed captain-general
and eominander-in-chief of all the forces of the Common-
ham County, Virginia,
Staunton- Here, June 8. 18(i2, a battle took place be-
tween Jackson's army (about 8, duo) under Ewell, and the
Federals (about 18,000) under Fivmont, The loss of the
Federals was 625 ; that of the Confederates, 287.
nted the radiometer in 1874. He founded the "Cheini- CroBwell (kroz'wel), Edwin. Born at Cats
cal News" in 1859, has edited the "Quarterly Journal of , "1 -k.?" r -ni^.. .nn i tot . .i:„.l „f !>..;„„„*„„
Science" since 1864, and has published "Select Methods
of Chemical Analysis ' (1880), etc^ Knighted June, 1897.
Born at
kill, N. Y., May 29, 1797: died at Princeton,
N. J., June 13, 1871. An American journalist
and politician. He was editor of the "Albany Argus"
Philadelphia, Feb. 3, 1822: died at Madison, 18'23-54, and a member of the "Albany Regency."
N. J., Feb. 20, 1897. An American Journalist Croswell, Harry. Born at West Hartford,
and Methodist clergyman. He published with Conn., June 16, 1778: died at New Haven,
Schem a "Latin-English Lexicon" (1858). Conn., March 13, 18,58. An American Feder-
alist, .iournalist, and clergyman, uncle of Edwin
wealth Juno 20, I660; defeated the Scotch royalists at CroppieS (krop'iz). A name given to the re- alist, .iouri
Dunbar .Sept. 3, 16.50 and at Worcester Sept. 3, l(J5l; p^ijiXean party in Ireland in 1798, wlio wore Croswell.
expelled tie Rump Parliament Aprd '20, 1663 and was f, . , . ' •' , . •„.. .■„„ „.■ Vi,„ !?,.„„, 1, n-,^*-^^, /\-
appointed by the council of oiticers Lord Protector of their hair cropped in imitation ot the French Crotch (k.
the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, revolutionists. (Zrc/,//.) The name was ap- England,.
Bis protectorate was marked by religious toleration, by p]ie,J to the Roundheads in 1642.
advantageous commercial treaties with foreign nations, /-L.__.j_ 'RriHiro A loi-ilitv near Banburv
and by successful wars with the Dutch, with Algiers, LropreajT iSriagG. A KH .uilj neai Dauoury
Tunis, and Tripoli, and the Spaniards. .See Carlyles England, the scene of a Kojalist deteat ol the
"Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell," Foster's Parliamentarians under Waller, June 29, 1044.
"Life of Cromwell, ■ and Guizot's "History of the Revo- fji-nnsev (krop'si), JaSper Francis. Born at
lution " and "History of England under Cromwell. Rossville, N. Y., Feb. 18, 1823. An American
Cromwell, Richard. Born at Huntingdon, .. . „ . ...
England, Oct. 4, 1626: died at Cheshunt, near
London, July 12, 1712. Sou of Oliver Crom-
well, whom he succeeded as Lord Protector
Sept., l(i;')8. He resigned May, 16.59.
Cromwell, Thomas, Earl of Essex. Born prob-
ably alioiit 1485: died at Loudon, July 28, 1540.
An English statesman, the son of aljlacksinith
landscape-painter, a pupil of Edward Maury
He entered thi^ National Academy in 1851.
Cr0CLUemitaine(ki'6k-me-tan'). [From croquer,
to eat, crunch.] A French legendary monster
with which ntirses frighten chddren. L'Epine in
1863 publialied a " I.cgende deCroqueniitaine," a romance
relating to tlie ailviiitiires of a certain Mitaine, a god-
daughter of Cbarleniagne.
He served in his youth in the French army in Itidy, and CrOSby Hall Or Place. -Aji ancient house in
after his return to England became a lawyer. He was
appointed collector of the revenues of the see of York by
Wolsey in 1514 ; became a member of Parliament in ID'23 ;
was appointed privy councilor by Henry VIII. In 1531 ;
and was made cnancellor of the exchequer in 1533. In
1635 he was appointed vicar-general of the king to cany
Into etfect tlie Act of Supremacy, in which cai)acity he
beuan in 1.^30 the suppressi<m of the monasteries and the
contlscation of their property. He became lord privy
seal in 1536, and lord high chamberlain of England in
1539, and was created earl of Essex in l.MO. In I5:i9 he
negotiated the marriage of Henry VIII. with Anne of
Cleves, which took place in Jan., 1.^40. Having fallen
under the kings disjileasure, partly on account of his
advocacy of this inarri.-ige, he was attainted by Parlia-
ment and beheaded on the charge of treason.
Cromwell, The Life and Death of Thomas,
Lord. .An anonymous play, printed in 1613,
at one time attriiiiited to Shakspere. It was
entered on the Stationers' Register in 1602.
Cromwell Surveying the Body of Charles
I. in its Coffin. A masterpiece of I'aulDela-
roclie, in the Musi'e at Ninies, France.
Cronaea (kron'ii-kii), Simone PoUajuolo.
Bishopsgate street, London. The site was leased
from Alice Ashlleld, prioress of St. Helen's, in 1406 by Sir
John Crosby, a grocer and lord mayor. He built the
beautiful Gothic palace of which the banqueting-hall, the
throne-room and couneilroom still remain in Bishopsgate
within. The hall is now used as an eating-house, and
is famous for its beautiful wooden roof. The mansion
covered a large part of what is now Crosby Place or
Square. Richard of (Jlouccster lived here at the death
of Eilwald IV., and here held his levees before his usurpa-
tion of the crown. It was afterward bought by Sir Thomas
More, who wrote here the "Utopia" and the "Life of
liichard III." Criisby Hall is the central feature of Shak-
speie's London. Shakspere himself had a residence in the
iicigliborliotMl. It is one of the very few medieval dwell-
ing-houses still existing in Ixindon. It was restored in 18:1(5,
after having been used for various purposes.
Crosby (kroz'bi), Howard. Born at New
York, Feb. 27, 182G : died there, March 29, 1891 .
An American Presbyterian clergyman. Me was
graduated at the University of New York in 1844 ; bi-
canie professor of Greek there about 1.H51 ; was professor
of Greek in Rutgers College, New Brunswick, NcwJersiv,
18.S'.l-63 ; was pastor of the Fourth Avenue Presbyterian
Church at Now York from 1883 until his death ; was chan-
(ki'oeh), William. Born at Norwich,
England, July 5, 1775: died at Taunton, Eng-
land, Dee. 29", 1847. An English composer, or-
ganist of St. John's College, Oxford, and pro-
fessor of music in the university, and later
( 1822) principal of t he Royal Academy of Music.
Crotchet Castle (kroeh'et kas'l). A novel by
Thomas Love Peacock, published in 1831.
Croton (kro'ton), or Crotona (ki'o-to'na). [Gr.
K(}uTuv.'\ The ancient name of Cotrona (which
see). There is a Greek temple of Hera Lakinia (Juno of
the Lakinian promontory) at the extremity of Capo della
Colonna. This famous shrine has been greatly damaged by
vandalism and e.arthiinakes, but its platform of niasoni'y
and the" results of excavat ions supply data for a partial res-
toration. It was of the r.tli century H. C, Doric, hexastyle,
with 14 columns on the Hanks, and an interior range of
4 columns before the pronaos. Some of the marble pedi-
ment-sculptures have been found.
Croton. A river of southeasteru New York
which 'ioins the Hudson 32 miles north of New
York city, which it supplies with water through
the Crot"on aiiueduct (the old one was opened
for use in 1842: the new (and chief) one was
completed in 1890 1.
Crousaz (kro-zii'), Jean Pierre de. Born at
Lausanne, Switzerland, April 13, 1663: died
March 22. 1748. A Swiss philosopher and math-
ematician. His chief work is a treatise on logic (1712 :
several later editiona). Hu was a voluniiuous but not an
important writer.
Crow, or Raven, The. See Conus.
Crowdero (kron-de'io). [.V humorous name,
from rnnrd. a fiddle.] A character in Butler's
"lludilir:is":a liildler, and the leader of the mob.
Crowe (krci). Captain. A whimsical, impatient
luerchant captain in Smollett's " Sir Launcelot
(ireaves." He insists upon being a knight er-
rant with the latter.
Crowe, Eyre Evans
Crowe, Eyre Evans. Born at Kedbridge, South-
ampton, Mari-li 20, 1799: died at Loudon, Feb.
25, 18G8. An English joiunalist, historian, and
novelist. His chief work is a "History of
France" {5 vols. IS.'iS-GS).
Crowe, Mrs. (Catharine Ann Stevens). Born
at Borough Green, Kent, England, about 1800 :
died in 1876. An English wTiter, principally
knovpu by her \^Titings on the superuatiu'al :
author of "Night Side of Nature" (1848),
" Spiritualism and the Age we Live in" (1859),
and several novels.
Crowe, Mrs. See Batenian, Kate Josephine.
Crowe, William. Born at Midgeham, Berk-
shire, England, in 1745 : died at Bath, Feb. 9,
1829. An English clergyman and poet. He was
eccentric, but a populiu* preacher. He wrote •' Lewes-
don Hill" (17SS), "A Treatise on English Versification"
(ltf27), and published several volumes of sermons and ora-
tions, etc.
Crowfield (ki-6'feld), Christopher. An occa-
sional pseudonym of Mrs. Harriet Beecher
Stone.
Crowley (kro'li), or Crole, or Croleus, Robert.
Born in Gloucestershii'e, 1518 (?) : died at Lou-
don, Jime 18, 1588. An English author, printer,
and divine. He was educated at Oxford, embraced the
doctrines of the Reformation, and about 1.t49 set up a
printing-press at Ely Rents, Uolborn, which he conducted
three years. He was archdeacon of Hereford 1559-ti7, and
vicar of St. Lawrence Jewry, London, l.^TO-TS. His typo-
graphical fame rests chiefly on tllree impressions which
he made in 155U of the " Vision of Piers Plowman." His
most notable works are " An Informacion and Peticion
agaynst the Oppressours of the Pore Commons of this
Reidme " (1548), "The Voyce of the Laste Trumpet, etc."
(1549), "The Way to Wealth, etc." (1550), "Pleasure and
Payne, Heaven and Hell ; Remember these Foure, and all
shall be Well " (1551), and '■ One and Thyrtye Epigrammes "
(i;..-.u).
Crown, Oration on the. [Gr. Tvepl aTc(j)dvov; L.
de corona.l The most celebrated oration of
Demosthenes, delivered in 330 B. C. ctesiphon had
proposed that Demosthenes should be publicly crowned
with a golden crown, as a reward for public services ren-
dered after the battle of Ch.Tronea, and for this was in-
dicted liy -Eschines as the proposer of an illegal act. In
the oration Demosthenes defended his own acts and char-
acter, and attacked -Eschines, who was defeated.
Crown Biamonds. The English version of
Auber's "Les Diamantsde laCom'onne" (1844).
Crown Point (kioun point). A town in Essex
County, New York, situated on Lake Cham-
plain 90 miles north of Albany. It was strongly
fortified in the last century, was abandoned by the French
in 1759, and was taken from the British by the Americans
under Warner, May, 1770.
Crowne (kroun), John. Died in 1703 (?). An
English dramatist. Among other plays he wrote
" The Country Wit " (le7.5), ■' City Politiques " (played about
1683), "Sir Courtly Nice, or It Cannot be" (1685), "The
Married Beau, etc."(lG94), ete. Some of his plays held
the stage for a century.
Crowquill (kro'kwil), Alfred. The pseudonym
of Alfred Henry Forrester, an English humor-
ist and artist. Cliarlcs Robert FoiTester, his
brother, also used it 182(>-14. See Forrester.
Crows. See Absaroha.
Crowther (kro'THer). Samuel Adjai. Born
in Yoruba : died in 1891. The first negro bishop
of the ChtU'ch of England. He was carried off and
sold into slavery in 1821. With many others he was freed
by a British man-of-war in 1822, and landed at Sierra
Leone, where he attended school and soon distinguished
himself. His higher education he received in England.
He accompanied the first and second >'iger expeditions,
and published an account of the latter. In ISW he was or-
dained " Bishop of the Niger," and proved himself worthy
of the office. His books in and on the Niger languages
give him a prominent place among African linguists.
Croydon (kroi'don). [In Doomsday Croimlene.
cluilk hill. ] A suburb of London, in Surrey,
Englaud, 10 miles south of London. It has a
ruined palace of the archbishops of Canterbury,
used bv them from the Conquest until 1757.
Population (1891), 102,697.
Croyland (kroi'land), or Crowland (kro'land).
A town in the southern part of Lincolnsliire,
Englaud, situated on the Welland Smiles north-
east of Peterborough. It contains the ruins of
a famous abbey founded by jEthelbald of Mereia
in the 8th century.
Croysado (kroi-sa'do), The Great. In Butler's
" Hudibras," a character intended for Lord
Fairfa.v.
Crucifixion, The. Of the paintings of this sub-
ject the following are among the most notable :
(o) A large painting liy Lucas Cranach in the Stadtkirche
at Weimar, Oennuny. It contains portraits of the artist
and of Luther and Melanchthon on the right, and on the
left Christ overcomes Satan in the form of a l^-otean m0!i-
ster. (b) A small painting by Albert Diirer (1.50(1), in the
museum at Dresden, (c) An impressive painting by Man-
tegna, in the ixiuvre, i'aris. Christ is between the two
thieves ; St. .John and the holy women wait in grief <m
the left, and a Ixuiy of soldiers cast lots for the garment
on the right. This pictiu*e is part of the predella of the
294
altarpiece of San Zenone, Verona ; two other parts are in
the Mus6e at Tours, (rf) A noted painting by Van Dyck,
in St. Michael's, at Ghent, Belgium. A mounted soldier
holds out the sponge to Christ with his spear; St. .Tohn
and the Marys are gi"ouped below, and angels appear
above, (e) A painting called "Le coup de lance, "by Rubens,
in the museum at Autwei-p, Belgium. The time is even-
ing ; the three crosses stand side by side on Mount Cal-
vary. Christ is already dead, and a mounted soldier is
piercing his side with a spear. The three Marys and St
John ai-e grouped at the foot of the cross. This is said to
be the most carefully finished painting executed by Ru.
bens. (/) A fresco of Perugino, in the chapter-house of
Santa Maria Maddalena del Pazzi, Florence. It is divided
into three parts by architectural framework. In the cen-
tral part, beneath the crucified Christ, are the two Marys ;
on the right are Sts. John and Benuu-d ; on the left is an
impressive figure of the Virgin, with St. Benedict. (^) A
painting by f intoret, in the Scuola di San Rocco, at Ven-
ice. It is this painter's mastei-piece.
Cruciger (krot'sio-er), or Creuziger (kroit'sio-
er), or Creutzinger (kroit'sing-er), Kaspar.
Born at Leipsic, Jan. 1, 1504: died at Witten-
berg, Germany, Nov. 16, 1548. A German Prot-
estant theologian, a co-worker with Luther in
the translation of the Bible. He became a preacher
at Wittenberg in 1528, and professor of philosophy (later
of theology) in the university.
Cruden (kro'den), Alexander. Born at Aber-
deen, Seotlanii, May 31, 1701: died at London,
Nov. 1, 1770. A London bookseller, author of a
famous "Concordance of the Holy Scriptures "
(173/). He was eccentric to theverge of insanity. He
believed himself to have been specially appointed by God
to correct the morals of the British nation, and accord-
ingly assumed the title of ".\lexander the Corrector"
(probably suggested to him by his work as corrector of the
press).
Cruder (kro'dor), Sir. in Spenser's "Faerie
Queeue," a knight who insists that Briana shall
supply hira with enough hair, consisting of la-
dies' cm'ls and knights' beards, to purfle his
cloak before he will maiTy her. Sir CaUdore
overthrows him, and her raid on the passers-by
is stopped.
Cruel Brother, The. A tragedy by Sir William
Davenant, printed in 1G30.
Cruel Gift, The. A tragedy by Mrs. Centlivre,
produced in 1716.
Cruikshank (kruk'shank), George. Born at
London, Sept. 27, 1792: died Feb. 1, 1878. A
noted English artist and caricaturist. He was
the son of Isaac Cruikshank, who was also a Cimcaturist.
He began his career as an illustrator of children's books,
and his satirical geniu* first found expression in "The
Scourge," aperiodical published between 1811-16. Atthis
time his caricatm-es were in the style of GUIray, but
about 1819 he began to illustrate books and developed a
styleof hisown. Among his caricatures those of Napoleon,
the impostures of Joanna Southcott, the corn-laws, the
domestic infelicities of the regent and his wife, etc., are
noted. In 1S27 William Hone issued a collection of Cruik-
shank's caricatures in connection with the latter scandal,
which he called "Facetige and Miscellanies." Some of
his best illustrations were for Scott and for a translation
of German fairy tales. In 1823 he Issued his designs for
Chamisso's "Peter Schlemihl." His arrangement with
Dickens began with " Sketches by Boz " in 1836. He de-
signed also for Richard Bentley (1837-43) and Harrison
Alnsworth (1836-44). "The Bottle "(eight plates, 1847) and
"The Drunkard's Children " (eight plates, 1818) were the
first products of his satirical crusade against drunkenness.
He continued to produce etchings, etc., in rapid and bril-
liant succession till his eighty-third year: three years
after this he died. He wrote various pamphlets and squibs
and started several magazines of his own, and in his later
years undertook to paint in oils. His most celebrated
effort in this line is a large picture called "The Wor-
ship of Bacchus, or the Drinking Customs of Society"
(1862). The painting is in the National Gallery.
Cruikshank, (Isaac) Bobert. Bom at Lon-
don, Sept. 27, 1789: died March 13, 1856. An
English caricaturist and miniature-painter,
elder brother of George Cruikshank.
Cruikshank,William Cumberland. Born at
Edinburgh in 1745: died at London, June 27,
1800. A Scottish anatomist. He wrote " Anat-
omy of the Absorbent Vessels" (1786), etc.
Cruillas, Marquis of. See Monserrat, Joaquin.
Crummies (krum'lz), Vincent. In Charles
Dickens's "Nicholas Nickleby," an eccentric
actor and manager in a cheap theatrical com-
pany. He is the father of two boys and a girl, also in
the profession : the last is the " infant phenomenon."
Cruncher (krun'cher), Jerry. Man of all work
at Tellson's banking-house, who spent his
nights as a "resurrection man " : a character in
Charles Dickens's "Tale of Two Cities."
Crupp (kruj)), Mrs. In Charles Dickens's "Da-
vid Copperlield," David's landlady. She is af-
tUcteii with "spazzuma."
Crusades, The. In medieval history, a number
of expeditions undertaken by the Christians of
Europe for the recovery of the Holy Land from
the M ohammedans. The crusading spirit was aroused
thronghont Europe in 1095 by the preaching of the monk
Peter the Hermit, who wilh \Valter the Penniless set out
in 1096 with an immense rabble, which was for the most
part destroyed on the way. The first Crusade, properly
Cruz y Goyeneche
80 called, under Godfrey of Bouillon, 1096-99, resulted in
the capture of Jerusalem and the establishment of a
Clu'istian kingdom in Palestine ; the second. 1147-49,
preached by St. Bernard, was unsuccessful ; the third,
1189-92, led by the princes Frederick H;\i"barossa of Ger-
many, Ilichard the Lion-hearted of England, and Philip
Augustus of France, failed to recover Jerusalem, which
the Mussulmans had taken in 11S7 : the fourth. 1202-04,
ended in the establishment of a Latin empire at Constan-
tinople, under Count Baldwin of Flanders ; the fifth, 1228-
1229, under the emperor Frederick II.. the sixth, 1248-50,
under St. Louis (Louis IX. of France), and the seventh
and last, 1270-72, also under St. Louis, were all unsuccess-
ful. There were other expeditions called crusades, in-
cluding, in 1212, " the children's crusade," in which many
thousands perished by shipwreck or were enslaved.
Crus6 (kru-sa'). Christian Frederic. Born at
Philadelphia, 1794 : died at New York, Oct. 5,
18()5. An American Episcopalian clergjonan
and scholar. He translated Eusebius's "Ec-
clesiastical History" (1833).
Crusenstolpe (kr6'zen-stol-pe), Magnus Ja-
kob. Born at Jonkoping, Sweden, March 11,
1795: died at Stockholm, Jan. 18, 1865. A
Swedish publicist, historical writer, and nov-
elist. His works include the historical novel
"Morianen" (1840-44). etc.
Crusius (kro'ze-os). Christian August. Bom
at Leuna, near Merseburg, Prussia, Jan. 10,
1715 : died at Leipsic, Oct. 18, 1775. A German
philosopher and theologian, professor of the-
ology at Leipsic. He was noted as an oppo-
nent of the Wolfian school.
Crusoe, Bobinson. See Rohinson Crusoe.
Crustumerium (krus-tu-me'ri-um). In ancient
geography, a cit_v of Liatium, Italy, situated a
few miles northeast of Rome.
Cruveilhier (krii-vii-ya'), Jean. Born at
Limoges, France, Feb. 9, 1791: died at Jus-
sac, Haute-Vienne, France, March 6, 1874. A
French physician and anatomist. His chief
work is "Anatomie pathoJogique du corps hu-
main" (1828-42).
Cruvelli (ki-6-vel'le) (Criiwell), Sophie. Bom
at Bielefeld, Prussia, March 12, 1826. A Ger-
man singer. Her family was originally Italian. She
was successful in Vienna, and later in Paris and London.
In 1854 she appeared at the Grand Opem in Paris, and
won much applause in Verdi's "Sicilian Vespers," which
was written for her. In 18.50 she married Baron Vigier,
and left the stage.
Crux (ki'iiks). [L., 'a cross.'] The Southern
Cross, the most celebrated constellation of
the southern heavens. It was erected into a con-
stellation by Royer in 1679, but was often spoken of as a
cross before ; there even seems to be an obscure allusion
to it iu Dante. It is situated south of the western part
of Centaurus, east of the keel of Argo. It is a small
constellation of four chief stars arranged in the form of
a cross. Its brightest star, the soutlieiumost, is of about
the first magnitude ; the eastern, h:df a magnitude fainter:
the northern, of about the second magnitude ; and the
western, of tlie third magnitude and faint. The constel-
lation owes its striking effect to its compression : for it
subtends only about 6° from north to south, and still less
from east to west. It looks more like a kite than a cross.
All four stars are white except the northernmost, which
is of a clear orange-color. It contains a fifth star of the
fourth magnitude, which is very red.
Cruz (kroth), Jose Maria de la. Bom at Con-
cepcion, April 21. 1801 : died near the same
place, Nov. 23. 1875. A ChUiau general. As a
boy he was a cadet iu the revolutionary army, serving iu
most of the campaigns. He rapidly rose in rank ; became
general of division in 1839 : was twice minister of war and
marine ; was chief of staff iu the Peruvian campaign of
1838, and held various other important positions. In
1851 he was the liberal candidate for president, but his
opponent. General Montt, was elected. General Cruz then
headed a revolt in the southern provinces, but was finally
defeated at the battle of Loncomilla, Dec. 8, 1851. He
was pardoned, and thereafter lived in retirement on his
estate.
Cruz, Juana In6s de la. Born at Mexico, Nov.
12, 1651: died at Mexico, April 17, 1695. A
Mexican poet, a nun of the Convent of San G^-
ronimo: sometimes called "The Tenth Muse."
Cruz, Ramon de la. Born at Madrid, 1731:
died after 1791. A Spanish dramatist. His
chief works are farces.
Cruz, San Juan de la. Born at Pontiveros,
Old Castile, Spain, 1542: died at Ubeda, Spain,
Dec. 14, 1591. A Spanish mystical poet and
prose-wi-iter. He belonged to the Carmelite order.
He became prior at Granada, and later vicar-provincial
for Andalusia.
Cruz y Goyeneche (kroth e go-ya-na'che),
Luis de la. Born at Concepcion, Aug. 25,
1768: died Oct. 14, 1828. A Chilian general.
During the colonial period he held important civil nfiices,
and in 1806 made, at his own expense, an exploration of
the Andes. His report of this journey was published in
the Angelis collection at Buenos Ayres in 18:J5. He was
one of the leaders of the revolution of 1810, and com-
manded a division of the patriot ar.aiy, but was captured
and imprisoned until released by the victories of 1817.
Suhseiiuently he was commandant at Talca, and, during
the absence of O'Higgins. acting president of Chile ; took
part in the Peruvian campaign, and received the title of
Cruz y Goyeneche
gr&nd marshal from Peru : w;is a itictiiher of the constit-
uent coii^rruss of (.'hilt' in IS'iO, and was niiuist^r of marine
at the time of his deatli.
Cry of the Children, The. A poem by Mrs.
BrDWiiiiif.'.
Crystal Palace. A building of iron aud glass,
erected iu Hy<ii' I'itrk, London, for the great
exhibition of 1851, and reerected at Syden-
ham, near London. 1852-5^, oiiencd 1854. It was
designed by Sir Joseph Paxton, ana is used for popular
concerts and other entertainments, as well as a perma-
nent exhibition of the art and culture of various nations.
The nave is 1,608 feet long, the central transept 8D0 hy
120 feet, and 17.=l high, and the soutli transept 312 feet
long. A corresponding north transept was burned in
1866. The great nave, adorned with plants and statues.
presents a unique vista. On either side are ranged
courts, in which are reproduced the architecture and
sculpture of ditferent civilizations. In 1853 a similar
but much smaller building calle<i the t'rystjil Palace was
erected for the World's Fair in New York, on .•^ixth Ave-
nue between 40th aud 42d streets. The ground is now a
public park.
Osaba (chob'o), Hung. B^k^S-Csaba (ba'kash-
chob'o). A town in the county of Bek^s, Hun-
gary, iu lat. 46° 41' N., long. 21° 8' E. Pop-
ulation (1890), 34,243.
Csokonai (cho'ko-noi), Vit^Z Mih&ly. Born
at Dobrcczin, Hungary, Nov. 17, 1773: died
there, .Ian. 28, 1805. A Hungarian poet. Iiis
works include "Magyar-Musa" (1797), *'IX)rottya," a mock-
heroic poem (1804), ".Vnacreontic Poems " (1803), etc.
Osoma (cho'mo), Alexander, Huug. Csoma,
Sdndor. Born at Kiirii.^, Transylvania, April
4, 1784 : died at Darjiling, in tho Himalayas,
April 11, 1842. A Hungarian traveler and phi-
lologist. Ue began his travels in central Asia in 1820;
and resided in Kanam, Tibet, 1S27-30. In 1831 he went
to Calcutta. Ue published a "Tibetan-Englisll Diction-
ary" (1834), a "Grammar of the Tibetan Language"
(1834), etc.
Otesias (te'shias). [Gr. Kri/aiac.'] Born at
Cuidus, Claria, Asia Minor: died after 398 B. c.
A Greek historian, physician at the court of
Artaxerxes Mneraon. He wrote a history of Persia
(riepo-oca) in 24 books, fragments of which are extiint, and
a treatise on lndia('Ir6o<a), pai-ts of which also survive.
There are meager abridgnienbi of both works by Photius.
Ctesias, an abstract of whose works is preserved by
Photius, is very frequently quoted by ancient authors.
He was a Greek physician who accompanied the expedi-
tion led against Artaxerxes by his brother, the younger
Cyrus. Though a few years younger, he wiis contempo-
rary with Herodotus ; his testimony therefore brings the
series of evidences up to the very time of our author.
Ctesias, having fallen into the hands of the Persians at
the battle of (junaxa, was detained at the court of Arta-
xerxes, as iiliysician, during seventeen years; and it seems
that, with tlie hope of recommending liiiuself to the favour
of "the great king," and of obtaining hisown freedom, he
undertook to compose a history of Persia, with the ex-
press and avowed design of impeaching the authority of
Herodotus, whom, in no very courteous terms, he accuses
of many falsifications. The jealousy and malice of a lit-
tle mind are apparent in these accusations. Nothing can
be much more inane than the fragments that arc pre-
served of tliis author's two works -his History of Persia
and his Indian History; yet, though possessing little in-
trinsic value, they serve an important purpose in furnish-
ing very explicit evidence of the geiuiineness and gen-
eral authenticity of the work which Ctesias laboured to
depreciate. If tho account given by Herodotus of Per-
sian aJfairs had been alt^)gether untrue, his rival wanted
neither the will nor the means to expose the imposition.
But while, like Plutarch, he cavils at minor points, he
leaves the substance of the narrative uncontradicted.
Taylor, Hist. Anc. Books, p. 287.
Otesibius (te-sib'i-us). [Gr. Kr^alflioc.'] Born
at Alexandria : lived probably about 2.50 B. c.
An Alexandrian phy.sieist noted for his me-
chanical inventions. He is said to have invented a
clepsytira, a Iiydranlic organ, and other mechanical con-
trivances, and to have Ilrst applied the expansive force
of air as a nujtive power.
Ctesiphon (tes'i-fon). [Or. Kr^mi^uj'.] In an-
cient geograpliy, a city of Mesopotamia, situ-
ated on tho Tigi'is, opposite Soleucia, 20 miles
SOUthoastof Bagdad. It was one of the chief cities of
the Parthian and later Persian kingdoms. Its site is now
occupied hy ruins.
What encouragement the arts found from his [Chos-
poes 1. 1 patronage we may learn from the remains of the
great palace he erected at Ctesiphon. . . . The central
arch of this womlerful structure is 85 feet high, 72 feet
wide, and U.'i feet deep. Although nothing now exists of
this palace but the facade, we may judge from this what
must have been the size and beauty of the structure be-
fore it had l)een destroyeii by time and war.
Benjamin, Story of Persia, p. 231.
Ctesiphon. [Gr. MninKjuji'.'] Lived in tlu' 4th
century B. C. An Athenian who propose<l that
Demosthenes should be honored with a crown,
and for this was prosecuted by x'Eseliines and
defended by Demosthenes. See Crown, (Oration
on till'.
C]iaray (kwii-ri'). [Tigua name of central New
Mexico. I A village (pueblo) of Tigua Indians,
situaterl in Valencia County, New Mexico, on
the southern edge of the salt-basin of the Man-
zauo. It was abandoned in 1072 on account of the hos-
295
tility of the Apaches. The ruins of a large church of stone
stand by the side of those of the village. The Mission of
Cuai-ay was founded about 1040.
Cuauhtemoc. See Gimleini)t:in.
Cuba (ku'bii; .Sp. pron. ko'bii). [Of native
origin. See CiibanacuH.'^ An island (the lar-
gest iu the West Indies) belonging to Spain,
situated in lat. 19° 50'-23° 10' N., long. 74°
7'-84° 58' W., north of the Caribbean Sea and
southeast of the Gulf of Mexico. It is separated
from Florida on the north by tlie Strait of F'lorida, from
Haiti on the east by the Windward l*assage, and from
Yucatan on the west by the Channel of Yucatan. It is
traversed from east to west by mountains. Its leading
industries are the raising of sugar and tobacco. The in-
habitants are chietly of Spanish and African descent;
the established religion is Roman Catholic, and tho pre-
vailing language is Spanish. It forms, with its depen-
dencies, a eaptain-generalcy, and since 1878 sends depu-
ties to the Spanish Cortes, (^apital, Havana. It was dis-
covered by Columbus in October, 14£>2 (and named by him
Juana) ; was conquered by the Spaniards in 1511 ; was held
by the English 1702-<j3 ; has been the ol)ject of various
filibustering expeditions since 1&19; and was the scene of
^eb^■lliuns l>sti8-78 and 18'.».5-. Slavery was abolished in
1880. Length, 760 miles. Average width, 60 miles. Area,
41,05j sciuare miles. Population (1S!)0), 1,031,087.
Cubaes (ko-bis'). The Portuguese spelling of
liubaUs.
Cubanacan (ko-ba-na-kan'). A region, or
possibly a village, in the interior of Cuba: so
called by the Lueayan Indians who were with
Columbus when he discovered tho island. From
the similarity of sounds, Columbus, supposing himself to
be on the coast of Asia, imagined that this must be the
city of Kublai Khan, the Tatar sovereign spoken of by
Marco Polo.
Cubango (ko-baug'go), or Tonke (ton'ke). A
river in southern Africa which flows into Lake
Ngami.
Cubas, Antonio Garcia. See Garcia Cubas.
Cubillo (ko-Bel'yo), Alvaro de Aragon. A
Spanish dramatic poet, born in Grenada toward
the end of the 16th eeutmy. He was a volumi-
nous writer and successful (L'amatist.
Cuchan (ko-chan'). A tribe of North American
Indians, living iu California near and above the
.iunetion of the Gila River with the Colorado.
The number attached to the Mission agency in California
is 997, and at the .San Carlos agency in Arizona 291. Also
called Vitma or Unuik. See Yttinan,
Cuckoo and the Nightingale, The. A poem
which appeared in the printed editions of Chau-
cer of the 16th century. When first printed it
had following it a ballade with an envoy. There is no-
thing to indicate that they are by the same person. Tyr-
whitt, who considered the poem Chaucer's, could not
accept the ballade. The weight of evidence is against
Chaucer's authorship of the poem. In the Bodleian MS.
it is called "The Boke of Cupide God of Love"; anotlier
MS, is headed "Liber Cupidinis." It is based on a pop-
ular superstition that he will be happy in love during
the year who hears the nightingale Ijefore he hears the
cuckoo.
Cucuta (ko'ko-tii), San Jos6 de. A town in
Sanfander, Colomljia, situated about lat. 7° 30'
N., near the frontier of Venezuela. Popula-
tion (1892), about 9,000.
Cuddalore (kud-da-16r'), or Gudalur. A sea-
port in Madras, Eiritish India, situated on the
Bay of Bengal, at the mouth of tho Ponuar, in
lat. 11° 44' N., long. 79° 4.5' E. Itwastakenby
the French in 175H, by the English in 1700, and retaken
by tlie French in 1782 ; was the scene of a repulse of the
English in 1783 ; and was finally acquired by the English
in iiar,.
Cuddapah. See Kadapa.
Cuddy (kud'i). 1. A shepherd with whom
Colin (Jlout conducts his arguments iu Spen-
ser's " Shepherd's Calendar." — 2. A shepherd
in love with Buxorna in Gay's '' Shepherd's
Week." — 3. Tho name given to an ass or a
donkey.
Cudlip (kud'lip) Mrs. (Annie Thomas). Born
at AUlborougli, Suffolk, England, Oct. 25, 1838.
An English novelist. Slie married, 1867, the Rev.
Pender Hodge Cudlip, then curate of Yeahnpton, later
vicar of Sparkwell, Devonshire. Her first novel, "The
Cross of Honour," appeared in l'^63.
Cud'WOrth (kud'werth), Ralph. Born at Aller,
Somerset, EngLand, 1()17: died at ('amhridge,
Englaiul, .lune 26, 1688. An English philoso-
pher ami divine. He became in 1045 regiua professor
of Heljrcw at Cambridge, a position winch lie retained
until liis death. His chief works are " True Intellectnid
System of the Universe" (11178), "Treatise concerning
Eternal and Iminntatile Morality " (1731).
Cuenca (kwan'kil). 1. A province in New
Caslil(\ Spain, lying betvfoen Guadalajara on
tho north, Teruol and Valencia on the east,
Albaeeto on the south, (!)iudad Real and To-
ledo on the west, and Madrid on the northwest.
Area, 6,725 s(|uaro miles. Population (1887),
242,024. — 2. The capital of the aliove provini'c,
situated on tlie Jucar in lat. 40° 4' N., long.
2° 14' W. It has a celebrated cathedral, and was for.
merly the seat of silver manufactures, and noted in lit-
Culenborg
eratnre. It was sacked by the Carlists in 1874. Most of
the interior of the cathedral is of early-Pointed ai'chitec-
ture, with finely sculptured capitals, two rose-windows
in the transepts, and much good glass. The chapels and
furniture are of Renaissance work. Jasper of great beauty
and variety is profusely used for ornament. Population
(1887), 9,747.
3. The capital of .\zuav, Ecuador, situated in
lat. 2° 50' S. , long. 79° 10' W. It contains a ca-
thedral. I'xo'perXy Santa Ana de Cuenca. Pop-
ulation (1892), about 25,000.
Cuernavaca (kwer-nii-vii'kii). The capital of
the state of Morelos. Mexico, 47 miles south of
the city of Me.xico. It was an ancient Indian town,
was captured by Cortt^s before the siege of Mexico, and
became his favorite residence. The emperor Maximilian
had a con ntrj'.seat here. Population (1892), 8,600.
Cueva, Francisco Fernandez de la. See Fer-
nandi:: de hi Cueva.
Cueva Henriquez Arias de Saavedra (kwa'vii
on-re'keth ii're-iis da sii-ii-va'urii), Baltazar
de la. Count of Castellar aud Marquis of Mala-
gon. Born at Madrid, 1626 : died there, April 3,
1680. A younger son of the seventh DiUso of
Albuquerque. His titles came to him by marriage.
He held various important posts, was ambassador to Ger-
many, councilor of state and afterward of the Indies, and
from Aug., 1074, to July, 1078, viceroy of Peru, Cliile, and
Tierra Fimie. His rule was prosperous, and he remitted
large surplus revenues to Spain ; but an attempt to relax
the commercial monopolies caused an outcry against him.
He was ordered to turn over the government to tlie Bishop
of Lima, and was held in light ciiplivity during neiuly two
years while the charges against liiin were tried. In the
end he was exonerated, returned to Spain, and resumed
his seat in the Indian council until his death.
Cueva (kwa'vii), Juan de la. Born at Seville,
Spain, about 1550 : died about 1608. A Spanish
poet. His works include "Primera parte de las come-
dias y tragedi.as " (1683-88), " La couquista de la Biitica "
(1003), "Ejemplar poetico ' (1605).
Cuevas de Vera (kwa'vas da va'ra). A town
iu the jirovince of Almeria, Spain. Popula-
tion (1887), 20,027.
Cufa (ko'fii). In medieval history, a city on
the Euphrates, near Ctesiphon : a leading' city
of the califate iu the 7th and 8th centuries.
CufFey. A name given to negroes.
Cugerni. See Gugemi.
Cuicatlan (kwe-kat-Uin'). A river iu south-
em Mexico, in the state of Oajaca; the Rio
Grande de <3uicatlan.
CuicatecOS (kwe-ka-ta'kos). [From Nahuatl
Cuiaill, the dance.] A native tribe of the pres-
ent state of Oajaca in Mexico. They speak a
language distinct from the Nahuatl.
Cui'tlahuatzin (kwet-la-wiit-zen'), or Citla-
huatzin. Born about 1470: died at Mexico,
Sept. or Oct., 1520. A younger brother of
Montezumall., the Aztec sovereign. After Monte-
zuma had been seized by the Spaniards (1620), Cuitlahuat-
ziii was for a time in their power. He was released, and
immediately organized an attack on the Spanish ([uarters,
in wiiieh Montezuma himself was killed. Cnitlahuatzin
directed the Aztec forces during the Spanish retreat, aud
soon after was elected sovereign in Montezuma's place.
He died of a pestilence a few weeks after.
Cujacius (kivja'shius) (Jacdues de Cujas).
Born at Toulouse, France, 1522: died at Boin--
ges, France, Oct. 4, 1590. A celebrated French
jurist. He studied under Aruaud Ferricr at the Uni-
versity of Toulouse, where in 1547 he began a course of
instruction on the Institutes of Justinian. In 1556 ha
was called to the University of Bonrges, whence he re-
moved to Valence in 1557. After several clnmges he
returned in 1577 to Bonrges, where he passed the rest of
his life. He wrote commentaries on the Institutes of
Justinian, tbu Pandects and Decretals, including emen-
dations of the text of legal and other manuseripts, under
tlie title of " ( lliservationes et emendationcs." .\n incom-
plete collection of his writings, edited by himself, was
pulilished in 1577. Tho first complete edition was pub-
lished by Fabrot in 10.58.
Cujas. (kii-zhils'), Jacques de. See Cujacius.
Cujavia (kfi-ja'vi-ii). A division of the ancient
kingdom of Polanil, situated ntu'th and east of
Great Poland and west of Masovia. It lies on
both sides of the Vistula, south and west of Thorn. It
belongs partly to Prussia and partly to Russian Poland.
It was annexed to the kingdom of Poland early in the
14th century.
Culdee (kul 'de). [From ML. Culdci, pi., also in
accoru. form t'nliilci, iis if ' worshipers of God'
(from L. cohre, worship, and ilcu.i, a god) ; also,
more exactly, Kcldci, Kelcdci, from Ir. ccilede
(= Gael, ruiltcach), a Culdee, appar. from ceile,
servant, and /'<;, of God, gen. of Dia. Ooil.] A
member of a fraternity of priests, constituting
an irregular monastic order, existing in Scot-
land. !ind in smaller numbers in Ireland and
Wales, from the 9tli or 10th to tho 14th or 1,5th
century.
Culebra (ke-la'bra). [Sp.,' snake.'] A valley
in nortliern New Mexico, near the confines of
Colorado; also, the surrounding mountains.
Culenborg. See KuHinhuni.
Culiacan
Culiacan (ko-le-ii-kan'). Tlie capital of the
state of Sinaloa, Mexico, situated on the river
of tlie same name, iii lat. 2-i° i)0' N., long. 107°
20' W., on the site of the Aztec city Hucicol-
huacan. Population, 8,000.
Cullen (kul'en). A tovm in Banffshire, Scot-
land, situated on Moray Firth.
Cullen, Paul. Boru in County Klldare, Ireland,
April -27, 1803 : died at Dublin, Oct. 24, 1878.
An Irish prelate, appointed archbishop of Ar-
magh in 1849, of DubUn in 1852, and cardinal
priest in 1806.
Cfullen, William. Boru at Hamilton, Scotland,
April 15, 1710 : died near Edinburgh, Feb. 5,
1790. A Scottish physician aud chemist.
Cullera (kol-ya'rii). A port in the province of
Valencia. Spain, situated on the Jucar 23
miles south-southeast of Valencia. Popula-
tion (1887), 11,713.
CuJloden (ku-16'den), or DruDunossie (drum-
mos'i), Moor. A moor about 5 miles east of
Inverness, Scotland. Here, .\piil 16 (O. S.), 27 (X. S.),
1740, the Royalists (ubuut lO.t-iOO) under the Duke of Curaljer-
land defeated the Highlanders (about (1,000) under Charles
Edward, the Young I'reteuder.
Cullum (kul'um), George Washington. Bom
at New York, Feb. 25, 1809 : died there, Feb.
28, 1892. An American soldier and military
writer. He was graduated at the United States Mili-
tary Academy in 1833, and entered the engineer corps;
was employed in a number of engineering operations dur-
ing the Civil War, including the fortification of Nash-
ville, Tenn., in 1864 ; and was superintendent of the
United States Military Academy Sept. 8, 1S64, to Aug. 28,
1866. He was brevetted major-general ilarch 13, 1865,
He published " Biographical Register of the Officers and
Graduates of the United States Military Academy at West
Point " (1868).
Cully (kul'i), Sir Nicholas. A foolish, gulli-
ble knight in Etherege's comedy "The Comi-
cal Revenge, or Love in a Tub."
Culm. See Ktilm.
Culpeper (kul'pep-er), John. A colonial poli-
tician. He headed an insurrection in North Carolina in
1678, which deposed the president and deputies of the pro-
prietaries, and established a new government.
Culpeper, or Colepeper, Lord Thomas. Died
in England in 1719. A colonial governor of
Virginia. In conjunction with Lord Arlington he re-
ceived in 1073 from Charles II. a grant of the colony of
Virginia, of which hf acted as governor 1680-83.
Culpeper, or Fairfax. The capital of Culpeper
County. Virginia, 62 miles west-southwest of
Washington.
Culprit Fay, The. A poem by Joseph Rodman
Drake, written in 1816. It relates the adven-
tures of a faiiy who expiates his sin in loving a
mortal maid.
Culross (kul-ros'). A village in Perthshire,
Scotland, situated on the Firth of Forth near
Dunfermline.
Cumse (ku'me). [Gr. Kv/ir/, Kovfiai.'] In ancient
geography, a city on the coast of Campania,
Italy, 10 miles west of Naples. It was founded by
a Greek colony from Cyme, in Eubo^a, about 1000 B. c,
was one of the chief Greek cities of Italy until the Sth cen-
tury B. c, and became a Koman municipium in 33S B. c. It
contained the cavern of the "Cumieau Sibyl," and has
sojne remnants of antiquity, including a Roman amphi-
theater, imperfectly excavated, but displaying 21 tiers of
Beats. The axes of the greater ellipse are 315 and 255 feet,
of the arena 240 and 180 feet Ita inhabitants founded
Naples and Pozzuoli.
The verj' precise statement of Eusebius, who assigns the
foundati<m of Cumae to the year 1050 B. C, cannot perhaps
be accepted as historical, but there is no reason for dis-
trusting the tradition recorded by Straho that Curane was
the earliest Greek settlement in either Sicily or Italy.
/. Taylor, The Alphabet, II. 133.
CumanS. (ko-ma-na'), or Santa Ines de Cu-
mana (sau'ta e-nes' da ko-mii-nii'). A seaport
in Bcrmudez, Venezuela, situated at the mouth
of the river Manzanares, in lat. 10° 27' N., long.
04° 11' W. It was founded by missionaries in 1512,
abandoned and refounded by Gonzalez Ocampo in 1.^)20
(as Toledo la Nueva), and is the oldest European city in
South America. It has suflered greatly from earthquakes.
Population (1891), 12,0,^7,
Cumanas (ko-mii-niis'), Cumanagotos (ko-mii-
nii-go'toz), or Cumanacotos. An Indian tribe
of northern Venezuela, dwelling to the west of
Cuinand. They formerly occupied several hundred
miles of the coast, including Cuman/i, and extended itdand
among the mountains. Much of the earlier histoi-y of
Venezuela consists of the etfoits of the missionaries to
civilize these Indians, and their struggles with the Spanish
slave-hunters. The Cumanas were related by langua'.re to
the Carib stock, had fixed villages, practised agriculture,
and were bold and skilful warriors. Most of them are
now civilized, and have been merged in the country popu-
lation of Venezuela.
Cumania (ka-ma'ni-H), or Kumania (ko-ma'-
ni-ii). Great, A district in Huni;arv, beyond
the Theiss, now included in the county Jazygien-
Gross-Kumanieu-Szolnok.
296
Cumania, Little. A district of Hungary, this
side tlie Theiss. comprising several detaclied
(livisii>iis, now included in the county Pest-
rilis-Solt-Kleiu-Kumaiiien.
Cumans (ku'manz). A Ugrie tribe which in-
vaded Hmigary in the llth (?) century. It was
subdued and Christianized by the Hungarians in the 13th
century, and is now Magyarized.
Cumberland (kum'ber-laud). 1. A county in
northwestern England, lying between Solway
Firth and Scotland on the north, Northumber-
land and Durham on the east, Westmoreland
and Lancashire on the southeast and south,
and the Irish Sea on the west. Its surface is moun-
tainous in the southwest and east, and low in the north.
Tlie southwestern district is celebrated for its pictui-esque
scenery (Lakes I'llswater, Bassenthwaite, Derwentwater,
ThirUuere, etc.). It has mines of lead, iron, coal, plumbago,
and other minerals. Capital, Carlisle. Area, 1,515 square
miles. Population (1891), 266,550.
2. The capital of AUeghanv County, Maryland,
situated on the Potomac 'in lat. 39° 39' N.,
long. 78° 47' W. The Cumberland coal region lies
to the west. The city has some trade, and manufactures
of iron and glass. Population (1890), 12,729.
3. A southern tributary of the Ohio. It rises in
the Cnmberland Mountains, in eastern Kentucky, ilows
through Kentucky and Middle Tennessee, reenters Ken-
tucky, and joins the Ohio at Smithland, 43 miles east of
Cairo. Length, 600-650 miles; navigable to Nashville
(nearly 200 miles).
Cumberland, Army of the. A Union army in
the American C'iril War. it was organized in 1861
by Don Carlos Buell, commander of the department of the
Ohio, and was originally known as the Army of the Ohio.
On the erection of the depai-tment of the Cumberland, Oct.
24, lSli2, under the command of W. S. Rosecrans, it w.is
transfen-ed to that department, and was renamed the Army
of the Cumberland. Rosecrans relieved Buell of the com-
mand of the army at Louisville, Kentucky, Oct. 30, 1862 ;
took up liis headquarters in Nashville, Tennessee, in Nov. ,
1862 ; defeated Bragg at Stone River, Dec. 31-Jan. 3, 1862-
1863 (which gave him possession of Murfrecsboro) ; drove
Bragg from middle Tennessee in a nine days' campaign
around TuUahoma, June 24- July 3, 1803 ; and was defeated
by Bragg at Chickamauga, Sept. 19-20, 1863. The depart-
ment of the Cumberland was made part of the military
division of the Jiississippi, under command of General
Grant, in Oct., 186:J, when Rosecrans was relieved of com-
mand by George H. Thomas, and the Army of the Cum-
berland ceased to be an independent command.
Cumberland, Duke of. See Ernst August, Einff
of Hiiinidver.
Cumberland, Duke of, William Augustus.
Born at London, April 1.5. 1721 : died at Wind-
sor, England, Oct. 31, 1765. An English gen-
eral, younger son of George II. He fought at Det-
tingen'in 1743; commanded at Fontenoy in 1745, and at
CuBoden in 1746: was defeated at Lawfeld in 1747, and at
llastenbeck in 1757 ; and concluded the Convention of
Closter-Seven in 17.'>7.
Cumberland, Prince of. The title formerly
bestowed on the successor to the crown of Scot-
land when declared in the king's lifetime. The
crown was originally not hereditary. The title is given to
Malcolm in " Macbeth " by his father Duncan.
Cumberland, Bichard. Born at Loudon, July
15, 1()31: died at Peterborough, England, Oct.
9, 1718. An English divine and moral philoso-
pher. His chief work is " De legibus natura?,"
etc. (1672).
Cumberland, Eichard. Bom at Cambridge,
England, FeVi. 19, 1732: died at Tunbri<lge
Wells, May 7, 1811. An English di-amatist.
great-grandson of Richard Cumberland. His
plays include " The Brothers " (1709), "The West-Indian"
(177D. "The Fashionable Lover " (1772), "The Wheel of
Fortune " (1795), etc.
Cumberland, The. A United States sloop of 30
guns. .She was sunk by the Confederate iron-clad ram
Merrimac (Virginia) on March 8, 1862, off Newport News,
Hampton Roads, Virginia. She went down with all on
board and her colors flying, and most of her crew perished.
Her commander was Lieutenant George U. Morris.
Cumberland Gap. A pass in the Cumberland
Mouutains, situated on the border between
Kentucky and Tennessee, 4.5 miles northeast of
Kno.wiUe. It was an important strategic point
in the Civil War. Elevation, 1.665 feet.
Cumberland Mountains. A range in the Ap-
palachian system, separating Kentucky from
Virginia, and extending southwesterly through
eastern Tennessee. Width, about 50 miles.
The region is rich in minerals.
Cumberland Peninsula. The eastern part of
Baftin Land, in the Ai-ctic regions, bordering
on Davis Strait.
Cumbrae, or Cumbray (kum-bra'), Great and
Little. Two islands belonging to Buteshire,
Scotland, situated in the Firth of Clyde south-
east of Bute.
Cumbre Pass. See Vspallata Pass.
Cumbria (kum'bri-a). In early British history,
the Cymric lands between the Clyde and the
Ribble, in the west of the island; or, the south-
em portion of that region.
Cunningham
Cumming (kum'ing), John. Born in Aberdeen-
sliire, Si-otlaiid, Nov. 10, 1807: died at London.
July 3, 1881. A Scottish clergyman and writer.
His'wnrks include "Apocalyptic Sketches" (1849), "The
Great Tribulation "(1859)," Destiny of Nations "(1864), etc.
dimming, Roualeyn George Gordon. Born
March l.'i, 1820: died at Fort Augustus, Inver-
ness, Scotland, ilaivh 24, 1806. A Scottish
traveler and .sportsman, sui-named "the Lion-
hunter." He lived in South Africa 1843-18, and wrote
" Five years of a Hunter's Life in the Far Interior of South
Africa " (1850).
Cummins (kum'iuz), George David. Born near
Smyrna, Del., Dec. 11, 1822: died at Luther-
ville, Md., June 26, 1876. An American clergy-
man. He left the Protestant F.piscopal Church in 1873,
and became the first bishop of the Reformed Episcopal
Church.
Cummins, Maria Susanna. Born at Salem,
Mass., April '.), 1827: died at Dorchester, Bos-
ton, Oct. 1, 1866. An American novelist. She
wrote "The Lamplighter" (1853), etc.
Cumnock (kum'iiok; local pron.kum'nok), Old.
A town in Ayrshire, Scotland.
Cumnor Hall (knm'nor hal). An old manor-
house in the environs of Oxford, now in ruins.
Scott made it famous as Cumnor Place in "Kenilwortb."
W. J. Meicklewrote aballad called "Cumnor Hall, "which
is a lament for .\niy Rotisart.
Cunard (ku-niird'). Sir Samuel. Born at Hali-
fax, Nova Scotia, 1787 : died at London, April
28, 1865. A civil engineer and merchant,
founder of the Cunard line of steamships. The
first voyage was made by the Britannia from Liverpool
to Boston, July 4-19, 1840. Cunard was made a baronet
in 1859.
Cunaza (ku-nak'sa). [Gr. Kowafa.] In ancient
geography, a place near the Euphrates, prob-
ably about 75 miles northwest of Babylon.
Here, 401 B, c, a battle took place between Artajcerxes,
king of Persia (with 400,000-1,000,000 men), and Cyrus
the younger (with 100,000 Asiatics aided by l.'i.OOO Greeks).
Cyrus was defeated and slain ; the Greek contingent was
successful. See Anabam.
Cunctator (kungk-ta'tor). [L., 'the delayer.']
A surname of Quintus Fabius Maximus, given
him on account of his cautious military tactics
against Hannibal.
Cundinamarca (kbn-de-nii-miir'ka). A depart-
ment in the eastern central part of Colombia.
Its capital is Botjotd. Area, 79,678 square miles.
Population (1892), 59.5,000.
Cundwah. See Klinuilira.
Cunego(k6-na'g6), Domenico. Bom at Verona,
Italy, 1727: died at Rome iu 1794. An Italian
engraver. His most noted work is an engraving of
Michelangelo's " Last Judgment."
Cunegond (G. Kunigimde), Saint. Died March
3, 1038. Wife of the emperor Henry II. According
to the legend she disproved a charge of conjugal infidelity
by passing unliurt through an ordeal of fire. After the
death of her husband in 1024 she retired to the cloister ol
Kauf ungen, near CasseL
Cunegonde (kii-na-gond'). Iu Voltaire's novel
"Candide," the priestess of Candide.
Cvmene (ko-na'ne). A river in western Africa
which flows into the Atlantic north of Cape
Frio. Length, about 600 miles (f ).
Cuneo (ko-na'6). A pro^-ince iu Piedmont,
Italv. Area, 2,882 square miles. Popidation
(1891), 6.53,632.
Cuneo, or Coni (ko'ne). The capital of the
province of Cuneo, Italy, situated at the junc-
tion of the Gesso aud Stura in lat. 44° 24' N.,
long. 7° 32' E. Population (1891), commxme,
29,000.
Cunha Barbosa(k6n'ya bar-bo'zS), Januario.
Born at Rio de Janeiro", July 10, 17.80: died there,
Feb. 22, 1846. A Brazilian priest, author, and
politician. He was a renowned pulpit orator, and taught
philosophy with success. He was one of the earliest
advocates of Brazilian independence ; was several times
chosen deputy: edited thegovernment journal; wasdirec-
tor of the national library, and one of the founders of the
Instituto Historico e Geographico ; and was widely known
as a journalist and a poet, generally in the satirical vein. His
best-known poems are " Nicteroy " and " Garimpeiros."
Cunha Mattos (kon'ya mat'tos), Baymundo
Jos6 da. Born at Faro, Algarve, Portugal,
Nov. 2, 1776: died at Rio de Janeiro, March 2,
1839. A Portuguese-Brazilian soldier and au-
tlior. He joined an artillery regiment in 1790 ; served
under General Forbes in the Roussillon campaign: was
stationed on the island of Sao Thom^, near the African
coast, 1798-1810 ; and went to Brazil in 1817. He became
field-marshal in 18:M. He published accounts of his travels
in lirazil ; historical works on .Sao Thom^, Minas Gerae»,
and Goyaz ; a digest of military law : an account of the
.attack and defense of the city of Porto; and many papers
and maps, all of great value. He was one of the founders
of the Brazilian Instituto Historico e Geographico.
Cvmningham (kun'ing-am), or Cunninghame.
The northern division "of Ayrshire, Scotland,
north of the Irvine.
Cunningham, Sir Alexander
Cunningham (kun'iiiK-am), Sir Alexander.
B(irn Jan. 23, 1814: dieil Nov. L's, ISiCi. .\.i
English military engineer and arclneokigist,
son of Allan Cunningham. He scrvcJ in Iiuliu
18;i4-8.'>. His works include "An Essay on the .\rirtn Or-
,l.r "f \ichil<ctiiiu"(lMl'.), " Ladak. Physical, Statistical,
an. I ili-t..ii.;il" (islli), "Booli of Indian Eras" (18s:i), etc.
Cunningham, Allan. Born at Keir, Dnm-
fries.shiro, Seotlaml, Dec. 7, 1784: died at Lon-
don, Oct. 30, 1842. A Scottish poet and gen-
eral writer. He was apprenticed to a stone-mason ;
went to London in 1810. and became a reporter and a writer
on the " I.iterai-y Gazette " ; and in 1814 became secretary
U* tlie sculptor Chantrey. a position which he retained
until his death. He wrote "Traditional Tales of the
I'easantry " (1822), " The Soni.'S of Scotland, Ancient and
Modern" (1825). "Lives of the ilost Eminent British
Painters, Sculptors, and Architects" (lS2iKJ;J), several
romances, etc.
Cunningham, Peter. Born at London, A])ril
1, ISKi: died at St. .Ubans, Englan<l, Jlay 18,
18G9. An English antiquary and litterateur,
son of Allan Cunningham. He>vrote a "Handbook
of London" (1849), and edited the works of Drunnuond,
Goldsniilh, eti-.
Cunningham, William. Born at IlamiUon,
Scotland, (Jet. 2, 1805: died at Edinburgh, Dee.
14, 1861. A Scottish clergjTnan and theologian,
one of the founders of the Free Church, He be-
came professor of theolojjy in the Free Church t'oUege in
184:1, professor of church history in 1S45, and principal in
1847. He wrote "Historic Theology " (1862), etc.
Cunobeline (kfi'no-bedin), or Cunobelinus
(-li'nus). A semi-mythical king of the Silures,
the father of Caractacus. He is often confused with
Cymbeline, whose adventures are related by Shakspere,
who borrowed the name from Holinshed.
Cuntisuyu (kiiu'to-so'yo), or Conde-suyu
( kon'de-so'yo). The western (juarterot tlie luca
empire of Peru, e.xtendingfrom Cuzeo west and
southwest to the I'Oast. it derived its name from
Cunti. a small rej^ioa just west of Ciizco, which wag early
cotKiUered by the Incas.
Cup (kup), The. A poetical drama by Lord
Tennyson, brought out at the Lyceum Theatre,
Lon<lon, in 1881.
Cupar (ko'pjir), or Cupar-Fife (-fif ). A town
in Fifeshire, Scotland, situated on the Eden 27
miles north of Edinburgh. Popidation (1891),
4, IT)!),
Cupid (kii'pid), [L. Cupido, a personification
of cupitlit (<'iipiiUn-), desire, passion, from cn-
jiere, desire.] In Roman mythology, the god
of love, identified with the Greek Eros, the son
of Hermes (Mercury) and Aphrodite (Venus).
He is generally represented as a beautiful boy with wings,
carrying a bow and a quiver of an-ows, and is often spoken
of as blind or blindfolded. The name is often given in
art to figures of children, with or without wings, intro-
duced, sonictimea in considerable numl)er, as a motive of
decoration, and with little or no mythological allusion.
Oupid, The Letter of. A poem by Iloecleve
(Occlevc) dated 1402, two years after Chaucer's
death: attribut(Hl in the 1532 edition to Chau-
cer.
Oupid and Psyche (si'ke). An episode in the
"Itolden Ass ' of Apideius. The beauty r>f Psyche,
the youngest of three daughters of a certain king, and the
homage paid to it, arouse the wrath of Vemis, who com-
mands t'upid to avenge her. In the attempt he falls in
love with I'syche ; she is borne to a lovely valley where
every night Cupid, always invisible, visits her and com-
mands her not to attempt to see him. (Irged by her sis-
ters and liy lier own curiosity, she violates this conmiand,
ami is aliandoned by tile god. After toilsome wanderings
in search of her lover, and many sufferings, she is endowed
with immortality by .lupiter and united to Cupid forever.
Whatever may he the concealed meaning of the alle-
gory, the story of Cupid and Psyclle is certainly a beautiful
nction. Of this, tlie number of translations and imita-
tions niay be considered as a proof. Mr. Rose, in the
notes to his ver8i<ui of Partenopex de Blois, has pointed
out its striking resemblance to that romance, as also
to the Three Calendars, and to one of the Persian Tales.
Tl»e prohibition of Cupid, and the transgression of Psyclie,
has Buggesterl the Serpentln Vert of Mad. d'Aulnoy ; in-
deed the labours to which Psyche is subjected seem to
be the origin of all fairy tales, particularly Gracieuse et
Percinet. 'I'he whole story has also been beautifully versi-
fied by Marino in his poem I'Adone. CMipid is introduced
in the fourth book relating it for tire amusement of Adonis,
and he tells it in such a manner as tofonnthe most pleas-
ing episode of tli[it deliglitful poem. I need not mention
the well-known imitation by Fontaine, nor the drama of
Psyche, which wiw performed \nth the utmost nmgnitl-
ccnce at P.iris in 1«7U, and is usually published in the
works of Molidro, but was in fact the effort of the united
genius of that author, Corneillc, Quinault, and Lulli. Nor
nave the tine arts less contributeil to the embellishment
of this fable: the tnarriagc of Cupid and Psyche has fur-
nisheil Raphael with a series of paintings which are
among the finest of his works, a!id which adorn the walls
of the Farnese Palace in the vicinity of Home.
Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 110,
Cupid and Psyche. An antique copy in mar-
ble, in the Capitol, Rome, of a Greek original
of HelliMiistic date, representing a boy and a
girl embracing. Cupid is nude. Psyche draped
Irom the hips down.
297
Cupid in Waiting. A comedy by William
lJlan<-hard .Icrrnld, produced July 17, 1871.
Cupid's Revenge. A play by Beaumont and
Fletcher. It was acted in 1012, and published in lUlo.
It was attributeil, liut wrongly, to Fletcher alone, Fleay
thinks that X. Field also assisted in it. It resembles Sid-
ney's "Arcadia" in some respects.
Cura (ko'iii), Ciudad de or Villa de. A town
in northern Venezuela, southwest of Caracas.
Curasao (kii-ril-sii'o), or Curazao, or Curacoa
(kii-rii-so'ii). 1. An island of the Dutch \\ est
Indies, situated in the Caribbean Sea, north of
Venezuela, in lat. 12° 20' N.. long. 69° W. it
exports salt, and gives its name to a liqueur. It was
settled by the .Spaniards in 1.V27, and was taken by the
Dutch in 1634. Area, 210 square miles. Population (isiri),
27,2,S4.
2. A Dutch colony, eoiuprising all the Dutch
Antilles. Capital, Willem.stad. Area, 438 square
miles. Population (1890), 45,162.
Curan (kur'an). In Shakspere's "King Lear,"
a com'tier.
Curate of Los Palacios (16s pii-la'the-os). The
S|ianish historian Andres Bernaldez.
Curci (kor'che). Carlo Maria. Born at Na-
ples, Sept. 4. 1809: died at Villa Careggi, near
Florence, June 8, 1891. A Roman Catholic
theologian and writer on church politics. He
entered the order of the .Jesuits in 1826, and was editor of
the "Civiltil cattolica" lS.')0-53, He was in 1877 cupelled
from his order on account of his opposition to the policy
of the Pope toward the Italian government. He subse-
iiuently recanted, however, and was restored to member-
ship in the order. He published " Lezioni esegetiche e
morali sopra i quattro evangeli " (1874-76), " II moderno
dissidio tra la Chiesa e I'ltalia" (1877), "La nuova Italia
ed i vecchi zelanti" (1881), etc.
Cure de Meudon (kii-ra' de me-doii'), Le. A
name often given to Rabelais. He had a charge
at Meudon iu his later years.
Cure for a Cuckold. A play by Webster, as-
sisted by Rowley, published in 1661. ( IViii'd.)
Fleay thinks it was probably by Middleton and
Rowley.
Cures (ku'rez). In ancient geography, a city of
the Sabines, 24 miles northeast of Rome, in the
vicinity of the modeni Correse : a legendary
city of Numa and Tatius.
Curetes (ku-re'tez). In Greek mythology, at-
tendants of Zeus, properly in Crete: often
wrongly identified with the Corybantes, the Ca-
biri, etc.
Cureton (kiir'ton), William. Born at West-
bury, Shropshire, England, 1808 : died June
17. 1864. An English Orientalist. He was ap-
pointed to a position in the Bodleian Library in 1834 ; un-
dertook the cataloguing of .\rabic books and MS.S. in the
British Museum in lb37 (the first part of the catalogue
appeared in 184()) ; and became chaplain to the tiuecn in
1847, and canon of Westminster and pastor of St. Marga-
ret's in 1849, He is best known from his work in classify-
ing and, in pai't, editing the importantcoUection of Syriac
MS.S, obtained by the British Museum from the monas-
teries of Nitria 1841-43. His most important discovery
was a MS. of the "Epistles of Ignatius to Polycarp,"
which he edited in 1845. He also discovered parts of a
Syriac version of tlie gospels, ditfering from the Peshito
version, and now known as the "Curctonian Gospels."
Curiatii (kii-ri-a'shi-i). In Roman legend,
tliree brothers from Alba Longa, who fought
against the three Horatii. See Hoi-iitii.
Curicancha(k6-re-k;ln'ch!i),orCoricancha(k6-
re-k;Ln'chii). [Quichua, 'court of gold.'] The
great temple called the Temple of the Sun, at
Cuzco, Peru, According to tradition it was foundeil
by Manco Capac. It was probably used as a palace by
the earlier Incas. and was later turned into a temple.
The great monarch Inca Yupan<iui adorned the interior
with gold, 'i'he temple opened on a large square : it was
2911 feet long by 02 feet broad, and included the principal
temple, various minor rooms, and the garden of golden
flowers. The interior was partly lined with thin gold.
An elliptical gold plate on the wall was an emblem of
tlie deity, and it was flanked by gold and silver plates
representing the sun and moon. The roof was an elab-
orate thatch. The temple was partly despoiled by order
of Atahnalpa to satisfy the Spanish demand for gold ; the
Spaniards completed its destruction, and the church and
convent of Santo Domingo were built on the site. Por-
tions of tile original walls are still visible, forming part
of the convent structure.
Curic6 (kii-re-ko'). 1. A province of Chile,
south of Colchagua. Area, 2,913 .square miles.
Population (1891), 104,909.-2. The capital of
the above province. Population (1891), about
13.0(10.
Curio (kii'ri-o), Caius Scribonius. 1. Died
53 B. r. A Roman general and politician.
He was the fii-st Roman general to reach the Danube in
Moosia, abo\it "3 B. c.
2. Killed at Utica, Africa, 49 B. c. Son of
Caius Scribonius Curio: a partizan of Ciesar in
th(^ civil war.
Curio. A gi'utleman in attemlance on the
Duke of lllyria, in Shakspere's "Twelfth
Night."
Curtana
Curiosities of Literature, The. A work by
Isa;ic D'lsracli. It was issued anonymously, the first
volume in 1791, a second in 179;;, a third in 181T, a fourth
and fifth in 182:i, anil a si.xlh and l!>st iu 1824.
Curious Impertinent, The. An episode in
Cervantes's •' Don tiJuixole.'' Crowne wrote a play,
" The Married Beau, or The Curious Impertinent," tlie
plot of which is taken from this.
Curium (ku'ri-um). [(ir. Ko/proi'.] An ancient
city of Cyprus, west of the river Lycus, said to
have been foundiMl l)y the Argivi-s. its ruins con-
tain a I'lieniciitu feniplc, rfm;uk;iblf especially for its
crypt of four rock-hewn rbamliers, ;iljout 23 feet in diam-
eter, connected by doors atid a giUlery. The objects in
gold and silver constituting the "Treasure of Curimn,"
in the Metropolitan Museum, New York, were found in
these chambers.
Curius Bentatus, Manius. See Dentatus.
Curll (kerl), Edmund. Born in 1675: died at
London, Dec. 11, 1747. A notorious London
bookseller. He lived by piratical publishing, and he
achieved a reputation for issuing obscene literature which
was the origin of the word Curllicism. In 1710 he had a
quarrel with Pope, who pilloried him in the "Dunciad."
He published a number of standard works, however; but
of his biographies Arbuthnot said they had added a new
terror to death,
Curragh (kur'riich or kur'rii,), or The Curragh
of Kildare (kil-dar'). A plain iu County Kil-
dare, Ireland, 27 miles southwest of Dublin. It
is the property of the crown, and is the seat of a military
camp and of a celebrated race-course.
Curran (kur'an), John Philpot. Born at
Newmarket, County Cork, Ireland, July 24,
1750: died at Brompton, near London, Oct. 14,
1817. A noted Irish orator. He studied at Trin-
ity College, Dublin, and at the Middle Temple, London,
and in 1775 was admitted to the Irish bar. In 1783 he
entered the Irish Parliament, where he joined the oppo-
sition, of which Grattan was the leader. When the gov-
ernment instituted its bloody series of prosecutions
against the leaders of the Iiish insurrection of 1798, he
appeared for the prisoners in nearly every case, and con-
ducted the defense with extraordinary boldness and abil-
ity. He was master of the rolls in Ireland 1806-14, when
he retired to private life. See " Life of Curran," by his
son, W. H, Curran (1819); "Curran and his Contempora-
ries," by Charles Phillips (181s) ; and " C'lurau's Speeches "
(1806),
Current River (kur'ent riv'er). A river in
southeastei'n Missom-1 which joins the Black
River near Pocahontas, Randolph County,
northeastern Arkansas. Length, over 200
miles.
Currer Bell. See BeH, Currer.
Currie (kur'i), James. Born at Kirkpatrick-
Fleming, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, May 31, 17.56 :
died at Sidmouth, England, Aug. 31, 1805. A
Scottish i)hysician. He wrote " Medical Reports on
the Eftects of Water," etc. (1707-1805), and edited Burns's
works (1800).
Cursa (ker'sii). [Ar. til-k-iirsa, the chair or
throne.] The third-magnitude star ji Eridani,
situated at the beginning of the river, very
near Orion.
Curse of Kehama, The. A poem by Southoy,
first published iu 1810.
Curse of Scotland, The. The name given to
the nine of diamonds in playing-cards. There
are viuiousexplanationaof the name; a pre ■b;ible one traces
it to the groups of nine lo/enges in the coat of arms of the
Dalrymple family, one of tin' nuniliersof which, the .Ma.s-
ter (afterward Earl) of Stair, played an important part in
the massacre of (ilencoe.
Cursor, Papirius. See Pnpirius Cursor.
Cursor Mundi (ker'sor mun'di). [L., 'the
runner or courier of tlie world'; translated in
one ME. MS. ' the Ciirsuro the world,' in another
'the Cours of the werlde.' The last expresses
the real intention of the title.] A poem
written about 1320, and founded on Cffdmon's
j)araphrase of Genesis. It ran tluough the course
of the world from the creation to doomsday. The whole
poem has been printed by the Early English Text Society
(eil. by Dr. Itichard .Morris).
Curtain (ker'tan). The. A London playhouse
established in Shorcditch in 1576. It Is thought
that Shakspere acted here in his own i)lays. It remained
open until the accession of Charles I., after which the
drama gave way to exhibitions of athletic feats. It is
said that it was called The Cmtain beiause here the green
curtain was first used; in 1678 Aubrey calls it "The
Green Curtain. " The name is still maintnineil in "Ciu'-
tain Road." 'i'he I'hurch of St. .lames stands near the
site, and a staitied-glass winiiow was placed at its west
emi in 1886 to eonunemorate the association witli Shak-
spere,
Curtain Lectures. See Caudle.
Curtana (ker-ta'nji), Courtain (kor-tiin')i or
Curtein (ker-trm')'. [''• fi'i-lii«, broken, short-
ened.) The name originally given (o the sword
of Roland, of which, accordingto the tradition,
the point was broken olT in testing it. The name
is also given to the pointless sword carried bef<>rc the
kings of England at their coronation, and cmblematii ally
considereil as tlie sword of mercy. It is also called the
sword of Edward the Confessor.
Cortatone
Curtatone (kiir-tii-tO'ne). A village in the
provuiee of Mantua, Italy, 4 miles west of
Mantua. Here, May 29, 1S4S, a\>out 19,00o Austrians
under Radetzky Oafeated o,OUO-<;,liOO Italians
Curtin (ker'tiu), Andrew Gregg. Bora atBelle-
fonte, Pa., April 22, 1817: died Oct. 7. 1894.
An American politician, governor of Pennsyl-
vania 1861-07, minister to Russia 1869-72, mem-
ber of Congress from Pennsylvania 1881-87.
Curtis (ker'tis). [The name Curtis, also Cur-
tiss, Curtice, represents ME. curteis, courteis,
now courteous:] A character in Shakspere's
comedy " The Taming of the Shrew." This part
was originally described in the dramatis pereonae as a
serviiiK-nian. hut it is nuw played as an old woman, the
housekeeper of retrueliio.
Curtis, Benjamin Robbins. Born at Water-
town, Mass., Nov. 4, 1809: died at Newport,
E. I., Sept. 15, 1874. An American jurist, as-
sociate justice of the United States Supreme
Coiu-t 1851-57: brother of 6. T. Curtis. He pub-
lished " Keports of Cases in the Circuit Courts of tbef. S."
(1854), "Decisions of the t^upreme Court," "Digest of the
Decisions ul the .^^upreme Court" (to 1854), etc,
Curtis, George licknor. Born at Watertown,
Mass., Nov. 28, 1812 : died at New York, March
28, 1894. An American lawyer and legal wri-
ter. His works include "The Law of Copyright " (1847),
"The Law of Patents" (l!i49, 4th ed. 1873), "Life of Daniel
Webster"(1855-58), " L-ist Years of Daniel Webster" (1878),
" .\ History of the Origin, Formation, and Adoption of the
Constitution of the United States" (lSo5-5S), "Constitu-
tional History of the United States," etc, (1892, Vol I).
Curtis, George William. Born at Pro\idence,
K, I,, Feb. 24, 1S24: died on Staten Island,
N. Y,, Aug. 31, 1892. A noted American jour-
nalist, orator, publicist, and author. He lived in
the community at Brook Farm. remaining there 18 months ;
traveled abroad 184tt-50 ; on his return in the latter year
became connected with the New York "Tribune"; was
connected with "Putnam's Monthly" 1852-57; and be-
came editor of the " Easy Chair " (" Harper's Magazine ")
in 1854, and in 1863 of " Harpers Weekly "(founded 1357).
He was an inlluential advocate of civil-service reform. In
1871 he was appointed by Grant one of the commissioners
to draw up rules for the regulation of the civil service,
but resigned on account of differences with the President.
He was president of the New York State Civil Service
League in 18S0, and of the National Civil Service Reform
Ijeagne from its foundation until his death. He wrote
"Nile Notes of a Howadji " (ISolX " Howadji In Syria"
(1852X "Lotus-Eating" (1852), "Potiphar Papers" (1853),
"Prue and I "(1856), "I'rumps" (1S«2), "From the Easy
Chair" (1891X "Washington Irving" (1891).
Curtise (kor-tes'). The little hound in the tale
of ''Reinecke Fuehs."
Curtius (kor'tse-os), Emst. Born at Liibeek.
Germany, Sept. 2, 1814: died July 12, 1896. A
noted German archajologist and historian, pro-
fessor in the University of Berlin from 1863.
His works include " Peloponnesos " (1851-52), " Griechische
Geschichte " (18,')7-«7, English translation by Ward 186s-
1873), "Die lonier vor der iouisclien Wanderung " (1855),
"Attische SIndien" (186S-«), etc.
Curtius. Georg. Bom at Llibeck, Germany,
April 16, 1820: died at Hermsdorf, Germany,
Aug. 12, 1885. A German philologist, brother
of Ernst Curtius, professor of classical philol-
ogy at Leipsic from 1862. He wrote "Griechische
Schulgrammatik " (1852), "Grundzuge der griechischen
Etyniologie"(18,T8-62X etc.
Curtius (ker'shi-us), Marcus. A Roman legen-
dary hero. In :i62 b, c, a chasm having been foi-med
in the Forum by an earthquake, the soothsayers announced
that it could be closed only by the sacrifice of Rome's
greatest treasure. The people were at a loss to intei-pret
the oracle when Marcus Curtius, a noble youth, stepped
forward and, declaring that the state possessed no greater
treasure than a brave citizen in arms, leaped, mounted on
his steed and in full armor, into the chasm, which closed
after him,
Curtius Rufus, QuintUS. A Roman historian,
of the time o£ Claudius, author of a history of
Alexander the Great,
Curupira (ko-ro-pe'ra). The name given by
Brazilian Indians of the Tupi race to a mj'thi-
eal being, generally described as a dwarfish
man having liis feet turned backward. He is
said to wander in the woods, where he kills and devom-s
persons who are lost. The hunter who finds his tracks
and tries to run away from him is deceived by the direc-
tion of the footprints, and hastens to his own destruction.
The Curupira myth is found in all parts of Brazil, is very
ancient, and is connected with many goblin tales, some
of which have been published.
Curvetto(ker-vet'6). An old libertine, affecting
youtli, in Middleton's play " Blurt, Master Con-
stable." He is the butt of many practical jokes.
Curwen (ker' wen), John. Born at Heckmond-
wike, Yorkshire, England, Nov. 14, 1816: died
at Heaton Mersey, near Manchester, England,
May 26. 1880. AJi English teacher of singing
by the tonic sol-fa system.
Curzola (kor'dzo-la). 1. An island of the
Adriatic Sea, belonging to Dalmatia, sittiated
near lat. 43° N. Length, about 30 miles. — 2.
The chief to-Rm of the above island, situated in
298
lat. 42° 56' N., long. 17° 10' E. It contains a
cathedral. Population ( 1890), commuae, 6.097.
Curzon (ker'zou), George Nathaniel. Born
1840. An English politician and publicist, mi-m-
ber of Parliament : author of " Russia inCentnil
Asia, and the Anglo-Russian Question," ' ' Persia
and the Persian Question."
Cusa. See Alexandtr Jnhti, Prince of Rumania.
Cusa (ku'zii), or Cusanus (ku-za'nus), Niko-
laus (originally Nikolas Chrypffs or Krebs).
Born at Kues, near Trier. Gernianv, 1401: died
at Todi, Umbria, Italy, Aug. 11, 1464, A noted
ecclesiastic and philosophical wTiter, appointed
cardinal in 1448. His chief philosophical work
is "De doeta ignorantia."
Cush (kush). [Gr. ^rioii;.} In the Old Testa-
ment : (a) The eldest son of Ham, (6) A geographical
and ethnographical term usually rendered Ethiopia in the
Vulgate and Septuagint, Cush corresponded probably
to Upper Egypt and northern Nubia, including, perhaps,
part of Abyssinia and southern .\rabia. Also Kush.
The southern zone is described before the middle,
"The sons of Ham," it is said, "were Cush, and Mizraim,
and Phut, and Canaan." Cush embraces not only the
Ethiopia of the classical geographers, but also the south-
western coast of Arabia and the opposite coast of Africa
as well. It thus con-esponds to the land of Pun of the
Egyptian monuments, !is well as to Kesli or Ethiopia, It
was inhabited for the most part by a white race whose
physical characteristics connect them with the Egyptians
[p, 51], . . . The name Cush was of Egyptianorigin,
Kash vaguely denoted the country which lay between the
First Cataract and the mountains of Abyssinia, and from
the reign of Thothmes I, to the fall of the Twentieth
Egj-ptian Dynasty the eldest son of the Egyptian monarch
bore the title of "Royal Son" or Prince of Kash. In the
reign of Meneptah, the Pharaoh of the Esodus, one of
these Princes of Kash had the name of Mes, and may thus
have originated the Jewish legend reported by Josephns,
according to which Moses, the adopted son of an Egyp-
tian princess, conquered the land of Cush [p, 143], , . .
Kas or Cush was thus, properly speaking, the region
kno^vn as Ethiopia to the geographers of Greece and
Rome, But it was only by degrees that the name came to
cover so w-ide an extent of country, \t the outset it de-
noted only a small district on the southern side of the
Second Cataract, Near Wady Hafa an inscription has
been found enumerating the tribes conquered by Userte-
sen. of the Twelfth Dynasty, as he marched from the
boundaries of Egj-pt up the Nile, Almost at the head of
them stands the tribe or district of Kash,
Sayce. Races of the 0, T,, p, 144,
Cushing (kush'ing), Caleb. Born at Salis-
bury, Mass., Jan. 17, 1800: died at Newburj--
port, Mass., Jan. 2, 1879. An American jiu-ist.
politician, and diplomatist. He was member of
Congress from Massachusetts 1835-13, United States com-
missioner to China 1843-44, colonel and brigadier-general
in the Mexican war 1847, attorney-general 1853-57, counsel
before the tribunal of arbitration in Geneva 1871-72, and
minister to Spain 1S74-77.
Cushing, Luther Stearns. Born at Lunen-
burg, Mass.. June 22, 1803: died at Boston,
June 22, 1856, .An American lawyer. His best-
known works are "Rules of Proceeding* and Debate in
Deliberative Assemblies" (1844: known as "Cushing's
Maimal"),and "Law and Practice of Legislative Assem-
blies" (1855),
Cushing, Thomas. Born at Boston, Mass.,
March 24, 1725 : died Feb. 28, 1788. An Amer-
ican politician, speaker of the Massachusetts
House of Representatives 1763. and lieutenant-
governor of Massachusetts 1779-88.
Cushing, William. Born at Scituate, Mass.,
March 1, 1732: died at Scituate, Sept. 13, 1810.
An American jurist, appointed associate jus-
tice of the United States Supreme Com't in 1789.
Cushing, William Barker. Born in Wiscon-
sin, Nov., 1842: died at Washington, D. C,
Dec. 17, 1874. An American naval officer,
noted on account of his exploit in blowing up
the Confederate iron-clad ram Albemarle at
Plvmouth, North Carolina, on the night of Oct.
27^ 1864. See Albemarle.
Cushites (kiish'its) . The descendants of Cush ;
the inhabitants of Cush. In Gen. x. 6, Cush appears
as the first son of Ham, while in verse 7 Dedan and Selja,
Arabic tribes, are enumerated among the descendants of
Cush. and in vei-se 8 Nimrod, who is represented as the
founder of the Babylonian kingdom, appears as the son of
Cush, There ai-e evidently two kinds of Cushites in the
* ild Testament, either two different races, or at least differ-
ent settlements. The first are identical with the Kash,
Kish, or Kesh of the Egyptian monuments, a name desig-
nating a reddish or reddish-brownish people living be-
tween Egypt and Abyssinia, and between the Nile and the
sea ; in the Assyrian inscriptions called Eit»u or MUuchu.
The Greek name Ethiopia comprised originally the dark-
colored peoples of the southern countries of Africa and Asia
at large ; litter it was confined to the Nile territory south of
Egypt. The other division of the Cushites is to be looked
for in the East, and is perhaps identical with the KaHu or
Kakjd of the inscriptions. See Cosseaiis.
Cushman (kush'man). Charlotte Saunders.
Born in Boston. July 23, ISKi: died in Bostou.
Feb. 8. 1876. An American actress. She first ap-
peared at New Orleans, at the age of nineteen, as Lady Mac-
beth. She acted with Macready in New York 1842-4.3, and
in Boston in 1844. She played at the Princess's Theatre in
Cuthah
London in the autumn of 1844, and in 1845 was very sue.
cessful as Bianca. In December, 1845, she appeared at-
Romeo at the Haymarket, her sister Sus;m playing Juliet,
She reappeared in America, Oct, 8, 1849, at the old Broad-
way Theater, New York, as Mrs, Haller, Her principal
elniracters were Romeo, Wolsey, Hamlet, and Claude
Jlelnotte. In 1852 she announced her intention of retii--
ing from the stage, but occasionally acted until her last
illness. Meg Merrilies and Nancy .Sykes were her strong-
est melodramatic parts.
Cushman, Robert. Bom in England about
1580 : tUed in England, 1625. An English
merchant, one of the founders of the Plymouth
colony.
Cusis (ku'sis). A fabulous country in Sir John
MamleWUe's "Voiage and Travaile." The peo-
ple of this country have but one foot, so large that it casts
a shadow over the whole body when used as a protection
from the sun, and with this one foot they make wonderful
speed.
Oust (kust), Robert Needham. Born at Cock-
aj-ne-Hatley, BeiU'ordshire, England, 1821. A
noted Orientalist and Africanist. He entered the
civil service of India in 1843, and retired in 1869. Since
that date he has resided in London. His principal works
are ".Sketch of the Modern Languages of the East In-
dies " (1S7S), " Linguistic .and Oriental Essays " (1880-915,
" Sketch of the Modern Languages of Africa "(1883)," Notes
on Missionary Subjects " (1887), "Africa Rediviva " (1891X
Custance. See Constance.
Cus'ter (kus'ter), George Armstrong. Born at
New Rumley, Ohio, Dec. 5, 1839: died in Mon-
tana, June 25, 1876. An American soldier. He
was graduated at West Point in 1861, and was assigned to
duty as lieutenant in the Uinted States cavalry. He led
a brig.ade of volunteers in the battle of Gettysburg July
1-3, 1863 ; was appointed to the command of a division of
cavidry in the volunteer service Sept, 30, ls<>4, and took
part in the Richmond campaign in 1864, in the Shenan-
doah campaign from 1864-tl5, and in the pursuit of Lee's
army after the evacuation of Richmond in 1865, He was
mustered out of the volunteer service, with the rank of
mjxjor-general, in 1866, and in the same yeai" was appointed
lieutenant-colonel, with the brevet rank of major-general,
in the regular army. He commanded an exploring expe-
dition to the Black Hills in 1874- He led with his regi-
ment General Terry's column in the expedition agamst
the Sioux Indians in 1S76, Coming upon a large Indian
encampment on the Little Big Horn River, Montana, he
divided bis regiment into several detachments, one of
which under Major Reno was ordered to attack the enemy
in the rear, while he himself advanced with five compa-
nies in front. Major Reno was driven back, and the In-
dians concentrated upon Custer, who was killed together
with his whole force.
Custine (kus-ten'), Adam Philippe de, Cotmt.
Born at Metz, Feb. 4, 1740: guillotined at Paris,
Aug. 28, 1793. A noted French soldier. He
fought under Soubise in the Seven Years' War, and was
quartermjister-genei-al of the French forces in America
1778-S3, being present at the surrender of Yorktown, Vir-
ginia, 1781, He was deputed to the States-General in 1789,
and in 1792 was appointed to the conmiand of an army.
He took Spires Sept. 29, and Mainz Oct. 21, 1792; hut
failing in the campaign of 1793 to relieve Mainz, which
had been recaptm-ed by the -Allies, he was executed on the
chai'ge of conspiring to etfect a counter-revolution,
Custine, Marquis Astolphe de. Born at Nieder-
willer (Meurthe), France, March 18, 1790: died
near Pan, France, Sept. 29, 1857. A French
writer and traveler, gi'audson of Adam P. de
Custine. He wrote "Memoires et vovageis,"
etc. ;1830). "La Russie en 1839" (1843)1 etc.
Custis (kus'tis), George Washington Parke.
Born at Mount Airy, Md,, April 30, 1781: died
at Arlington House. Fairfax County, Virginia,
Oct. 10, 1857. .An American writer, adopted
son of George Washington.
Custom of the Country, The. A play by
Fletcher and Massiuger, produced before 1628
and printed in 1(547. it is partly from a story of Cer-
vantes and partly from a story in Cinthio's "Hecatom-
mithi." "Love makes a Man," by Cibber, and "Country
Lasses," by Charles .lohnson, were partly taken from it.
Custom of the Country, The. -A. play by Mrs.
C'entli\Te, produced in 1715. It was originally a
farce called "A Bickerstatf's Burial," said, doubtfully, to
be founded on one of Sinbad's voyages.
Custozza (kos-tod'zii), or Custoza (kos-tot'sii).
A village in the province of Verona, Italy, 11
miles southwest of Verona. It was the scene o(
two battles : (1) On July 2.5, 1848, the Austrians (about
33,000) under Radetzky defeated the .Sardinians (about
25,0u0) under King Charles Albert. (2) On June 24, 1886,
the Austrians (7.^,000?) under the archduke Albert de-
feated the Italians (130,000?) under Victor EmmanneL
Ciistrin. See Kiistrin.
Cutch. See Kachh.
Cutch Gunda'va. See Kachh &undara.
Cuthah (ku'thii). A city in Babylonia whence
Shalmaneser IV. (727-722 B. c.) brought colo-
nists into Samaria (2Ki. xvii. 24). These Cutheans,
mingling with other peoples, became the progenitors of
the Samaritans. In the cuneiform inscriptions the city is
often mentioned under the name of Kutu. It was situated
a little to the east of Babylon, and is now represented by
the ruins of Tel Ibrahim.' The statement (2 Ki, xvii. 3(1)
that the princip.al god of the Cutheans was Nergal (the
god of war) is confirmed by the inscriptions, Nebuchad-
nezzar (604-.561) records that he restored the temple of
Nergal in the city of Cuthah.
Cuthbert
Cuthbert (kuth'bOrl), Saint. Died at Fame,
.\i>rthiiTi]liria, Mareh 20, 6.H7. A iicit<><l English
muuk. He was prior of Molroso about GG4, aud
later of Liudisfame, aud bishop of Liudisfarne
Cutler (kut'ler), Manasseh. Born at Kill-
iufjly, Coun., May '.i, 174:; : ilic'ci at Hamilton,
Mass., July -S, 182o. An Auicriean botanist
aud Congregational clergyman, one of the
founders of Marietta, Ohio." in 178S.
Cutler, Timothy. Born at Charlestowu, Mass.,
about 10S4: ilied at Boston, Aug. 17, 17G.5. An
American clergyman, president of Yale Col-
lege 17iy-22.
Outpurse (kut'pers), Moll, The nickname of
a notorious woman (real name Mary Frith)
who was born in Loudon in 1580 accortling to
her life published anonymously in London
106:2, but according to Maloue in 1584. she was
a riutous " thief, pickpocket, bully, prostitute, procuress,
fortune-teller, receiver of stolen goods, and forger of
writin^rs," and nearly always wore a man's dress. She is
said to have heen the first woman who used tobacco. She
was introduced by Middletou and Dekker as the chief
personage (but in reformed character) in their play " The
R<MU'inK Oirl." Field also introduces her in his play
" Amends for Ladies."
Outtack (kut-tak'), or Cattack, or Katak. 1.
A district in tlie Orissa division, Bengal, Brit-
ish India, bounded on the east and southeast
by the Bav of Bengal. Area, 3.033 square
miles. Population (1891), 1,937,671.-2. The
capital of the above district, situated sn the
river Mahanadi in lat. 120° 26' N., long. 85° 55'
E. It was taken from the Mahrattas tiy the
British in 1803.
Cutter of Coleman Street, The. A play
by Abraham Cowley, performed in lOGl and
printed in 1663. This comedy was originally called
"The Guardian," and was written for the entertaiinuent
of Prince Charles as he passed through Cambridge in IG41.
Cuttle (kut'l), Captain Edward. In Dick-
ens's " bombey aud Son," "a kind-hearted,
salt-looking"' old retired sailor with a hook in
place of his right hand. He is a friend of Sol Gills,
the ships' instrument-maker. One of his favorite expres-
sions is " When found, make a note on."
Ouvier (kii-vya'), Fr6d6ric. Bom at Mout-
b61iard, Uoubs, France, June 27, 1773: died
at Strasburg, July 25, 18:jS. a French naturalist,
brother of Georges. He became director of the menage-
rie of the .lardin dcs Plantes in 18U4, and in 1827 was ap-
pointed professor of comparative anatomy at the .lardin des
Plantes. He wrote " Des dents des mammiferes, consid-
erties comme caracteres zooUigitjues " (ls2r,), and (in co-
operation with Geoffroy St. Uiiaire) " Ilistoire naturelle
des mammiteres " (1819-39).
Gu'vier, Baron Greorges Leopold Chretien
Fr^d6ric Dagobert. Bom at Moutb61iard,
Uoubs, France, Aug. 23, 1709: died at Paris,
May 13, 1832. A celebrated French natural-
ist, the founder of the science of comparative
anatomv- He was educated at the gymnasium at Mont-
b^liard an<l the Aeademia Carolina at Stuttgart ; was tu-
tor in the family of the Comte d'llericy 1788-94 ; became
assistant professor of comparative anatomy at the MusSe
d'Hist<jire NatureUe in 179.'i, member of the National In-
Btitnle in 179r., l)rofc8sor of natural history in the College
de Frame in ISOO. perpetual secretary of the Academy of
Sciences in 180:'., and conncilorof the Imperial I'niversity
in 1808; was appointed councilor of state by Napoleon in
1814; was admitt. d tu tin- I'n-iii h Academy in 1818; was
? iresident of till- 1 'ominittuu of tlir Interior 1819-32; received
he title of baron in 1820; was appointeil superintendent
of the h'aculty of Protestant Theology in 1822; was made
grand officer of the Legion of Honor in 182(1; and was cre-
ated a peer of France in 1->;H. His chief works are " Le
rOgneanimal" ("TheAidnial Kingdom," 1817), "Anatomic
eumpar^e " (ISOO-OS), "Recherches sur les ossements fr)9-
»lle8"(lsl2), "Uistoire naturelle des poi880u8,"conjointly
with Valenciennes (1828-19). Cuvicr was a persistent op-
ponentof the evolutionary doctrines advanced by Lamarck
and tieotfroy Saint-Hilairc.
Cuxhaven, or Kuxhaven (kuUs-ha' vu ; G. pron.
kiiks'hii-l'en). A seaport in the state of Ham-
burg, (iermany, situated at the mouth of the
Elbe .57 miles northwest of Hainbiirg. It is now
urdteil with Ritzebiittel. It is a sea-bathing resort, and
contains a castle.
Ouyabi (kwG-yii-ba'), or Cuiaba. 1. A river
in western Brazil which joins the Paraguay,
through the Sao Louren^o, about lat. 18° 8.
It is navigable to the town of (,'uyaba. — 2. The
capital of the province of Matto (jrosso, Brazil,
situatotlon the river Cuyabil. Poptdation (1892),
about 20,009.
Cuyahoga (ki-a-ho'gii). A river in northern
Oliio wliicli flows into Lake Erie at Cleveland.
Leiigtli, HO-90 miles.
Cuyamungge (kwe-yii-mung'ge). [Tehua of
hurt lii'rn New Mexico, signifying ' tlii^ village
of the rolling stone.'] An In<lian pueblo of
the 'i'elnnis. 15 miles north of Saiitn Fe, <)ti the
banks of the stream of Tezuque. It was aban-
doned in 1696, and is now a ruin. .V severe engagement
299
was fought near the place, in 16W. between the Span-
iards and the Tehua Indians who had risen against Diego
de Vargas.
Cuyo (kii'yo). A region of Spanish South
America, situated east of the Andes, and ex-
tending from about lat. 23° to 35° 3' S., and
eastward, in (larts. to long. 63° W. It was originally
settled from Chile, and remained a province of that cap-
tain-generalcy until 177(J, when it was united to the new
viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres. The limits were never defi-
nitely fixed, and the name is now obsolete.
Cu3rp, or Kuyp (koip), Albert. Bom at Dort,
Netherlands, 1605 : died at Dort, 1091. A Dutch
landscape-iiainter.
Cuyp, Jakob Gerrits. Born 1575: died 1651.
A Duteli painter, father of Albert Cuyp.
Cuza. See Alcxaiiilrr John, Prince of Rumania.
Cuzco (kiiz'ko). [(^uichua, ' navel ' or ' center,'
a name first given to the city.] 1. A department
of Peru. Area, 13,500 square miles. Popu-
lation, 238,445. — 2. The capital of the above
department, situated in lat. 13° 31' S., long.
72° 5' W., abotit 11,380 feet above sea-level.
It contains a cathedral, several convents, etc. It was
founded, according ttj tradition, by Manco Capac in the
11th century ; was the capital of the empire of the Incas ;
and was noted for its Temple of the Sun (see Curicaii-
cha) and the so-called fortress of the Incas (see Sat'-
sahitatia). It was entered by Piziuro Nov. 15, 1533, and
was besieged and partly burned by Manco Inca in 1536.
Population (estimated, 1889), 2'2,000.
Cyazares (si-aks'a-rez). King of the Medes
02.5—584 B. C. In the cuneiform inscriptions his name
is Uvakshatara. He may be considered as the founder of
Media's power and greatness. .\f ter repelling the hordes
of the Scythian invasion, he captured (Goc n. c), In alliance
with Nabopolassar, viceroy of Babylonia, Nineveh, and
destroyeil the Assyrian empire. Toward the west Cyaxa-
res conquered Armenia, and thus extended his dominion
as far as the river Halys in Asia Minor. He even at-
tempted the conquest of Lydia on the other side of the
Halys, but had to desist on account of an eclipse which
t4;)ok place during the battle (^S.')).
Cybele (sib'e-le), or Rhea (re'ii). In Greek
mythology, the wife of Cronos (Saturnus), and
mother of the Olympian gods : hence called
the ''Great Mother of the Gods." The original
home of her worship was Phrygia (.\sia Minor). Her priests
were called Corybantes, and her festivals were celebrated
with wild dances and orgiastic excesses amid the resound-
ing music of drums and cymbals. She was conceived as
traversing the mountains in a chariot drawn by lions.
From Asia her worship came to Greece, and during the
secoiul Punic war in 2(>4 B. c. it was introduced into Rome,
where the Megalesia, later also the Taurobolia and Crio-
bolia, were celebrated in her honor. The oak, pine, and
lion were sacred to her. She is usually represented en-
throned between lions, with a diadem on her head and a
small drum or cymbal, the instrument used in her rites, in
her hand. See also Atyg.
Cyclades (sik'la-dez). [Gr. KvKkaSe^, from /«''-
k'Ioi;, a circle.] A group of islands belonging to
Greece, situated in the jEgean Sea : so called
from the belief that they iformed a ring about
Delos. Among the better known islands are Andros,
Tenos, Ceos, Syras, Naxos, Paros, etc. They now form,
with neighboring islands, the nomarchy of Cyclades.
t'apital, llermopolis. Area, 923 square miles. Population
(1889), 131,608.
Cyclic poets, The. The authors of Greek epic
poems, eoiuposed Ijotween 800 B.C. and 550 B.C.,
relating to the Trojan war and the war against
Thebes. See Epic cijcle. Among these poems are
"Cypria"("The Cyprian' Lays"), "Jithiopis" ("The Lay
of ^Ethiopia ■■), "The Sack of Troy," "The Little Iliad,"
*' Nostoi " ("The Homeward Voyages"), "Telegonia"
("The Lay of Telegonus") (all belonging to the Trojan
cycle), and the "Thebais" and the "Kpigoni " (belonging
to the Theban cycle). A few fragments of these poems
are extant.
Cyclops (si'klops), or Cyclopes (si-klo'poz).
[Gr. )il. Ki'h/'iun-ff, theround-eye<l.] In Greek my-
thology, a r.ico of one-eyed giants, represented
in tlui Homeric cycle of legends as Sicilian
shepherds. S('(^ I'oUiphcmun.
Cydippe. See AnDilin.i.
Cydnus (sid'ims). In ancient geography, a
river of Cilicia, Asia Minor, which flows into
the Mediterranean Sea about 12 miles soutli
of Tarsus: now called Tersus.
Cydonia (si-do'ni-jl). \Gt. Kvduvia or Kwiunvf.]
In ancient geography, a city on the northwest-
ern coast of Crete, near the site of the modern
Caiiea. (which see).
Cygnus(sig'nus). [L.,' the Swan.'] An ancient
northern constellation representing a bird
called a swan by Ovid and others, and now
always so eonsider^Ml.
Cymbeline (sim'be-lin). A drama by Shak-
s]iere.]in>cliiced probably about 1009 or 1610; so
called from one of the chief characters, a semi-
mythical king (Cunobeline) in Britain. Part of
the play was no doubt derived from HotitiRhed ; the part
relating t^> lai-hinio Is in Boccaccio's "Decameron." It
was first publisheil In the folio of 16*23. Qarrick pro-
duced his alteration in 17(i2.
Cymocles. See I'yroclea.
Cynthus
Cymry, or Kymry ( kim'ri ). [W. ( umrii, pi. of
Ci/iiiri), aWelsliman; cf. t'l/mni, ML. Cumbria,
Wales. The origin of the name is unknown:
some connect it with W. ciiiiiiiicr, a confluence
of waters; cf. aber, iiirtr-.'] The name given
to themselves by the Welsh, in its wider applica-
tion the term is often applied to that division of the Celtic
race which is more nearly akin with the Welsh, including
also the Cornishmen and the Bretons or Armoricans, as
distinguished from the Gadhelic division. Also written
Cyinri, Cwmry,
Cynaeglrus (sin-e-ji'rus). [Gr. Kiva/jfi/jof.] An
Atlioniau soldier, brother of .cEschylus. He dis-
tinguished himself at the battle of Marathon 490 B. C, in
which, according t*> Homer, he pursued the Persians to
the sea, and, having seized one of tlieir triremes to pre-
vent its putting off, fell with his right hand severed.
Later writers add that, having lost both his hands, he
seized the vessel with his teeth.
Cynewulf (kiu'e-wiilf). Live<l probably in
the 8th century A. D. A Northumbrian (?) poet.
He was a scop or b£U"d, but there is no evidence that he
was a priest. He was the author of " Elene," "Juliana,"
"Crist," "Riddles," perhaps of "Phoenix," "Guthlac";
and the reputed author of the "Wanderer," etc. Even
"Beowolf " has been credited to him.
Cynewulf the poet was unknown until the runes were
read by which he had worked his name into his poem of
" Elene." Those runes were fljst read in the yeai- 1840 by
twoindependentworkers — by Jacob Glim m in his edition
of "Andreas " and " Elene," and by John .Mitchell Kemble
in his essay upon Anglo-;-iaxon Runes, publislied that year
in the " ArchEeologia. " Each discoverer of the name en-
deavored to find who Cynewulf was, and when he lived.
Grimm placed him in the 8th century. Kemble plaeetl
him in the end of the 10th centniy and the beginning of
the 11th, by suggesting that he was the Cynewulf who was
Abbot of Peterborough between the years 992 and InOfl,
who succeeded Aelfeage as Bishop of Winchester in the
year 1006. Morley, English Writers, II. 206.
Cynics (sin'iks). [,Seo Cynosurtji.-s.'] A sect of
Greek philosophers founded by Antisthenes
of Athens (Ijorn about 444 B. ('.), wlio sought
to develop the ethical teachings of Socrates,
whose pupil ho was. The chief doctrines of the Cynics
were that virtue is the oidy good, that the essence of vir-
tue is self-control, and that pleasure is an evil if sought
for its own sake. They were accordingly characterized
by an ostentatious contempt of riches, art, science, and
amusements. The most famous Cynic was Diogenes of
Sinope, a pupil of Antisthenes, who carried the doctrines
of the school to an extreme and ridiculous ji-sceticism, and
is improbably said to have slept in a tub which he carried
about with him.
Cynosarges (si-no-siir'jez). A gymnasium of
very early foundation in ancient Atliens, com-
bined with a sanctuary of Hercules, and pos-
sessing a gl'ove. The philosopher Antisthenes taught
here, and his school was hence called the Cynic. The
Cynosarges lay somewhat high up on the southern slope
of Lycal)ettus ; its site is now occupied by the Monastery
of the Asomatftn and the British and American schools of
archjeology.
Cynoscephalse (sin-os-sef 'a-le). [Gr. Kwof
KiijiaAai, dog's heads.] Heights in Thessaly,
(_Jreece, 10-20 miles southeast of Larissa. Here,
364 B. c, the Thebans under Pelopidas defeated Alexander
of Phene ; and in 197 B. c. the Romans under Flamininus
defeated Philip V. of Maccdon.
Cynosura (si-no-sii'ra). [Gr. Kwitampa, dog's
tail.] 1. In Greek mythology, a nymph of
Ida, and nurse of Zeus, mettimorphoseil into
the constellation Ursa Minor. — 2. The con-
stellation of the Little Bear, containing the
star which is now, but was not then, the pole-
star (which fonns the tip of the tail), iiiid thus
often the object to which the eyes of mariners
were (lirected.
Cynthia (sin'thi-ji). 1. One of the names of
Artemis or Diana, the moon-goddess, derived
from Mount Cynthus in Delos, her birthj>laee.
The name is given in Spetiser's " Colin Clout 's Come Home
Again " and in Fletcher's " Purple Island " to a sort of
personification of t^iieen Klizaijctll. Raleigh also sang
her praises as Cynthia in his poem of that name, of which
we have oiUy a few books. Ben Jvmson. under the same
name, Hatters her in "Cynthia's Ravels."
2. In C'ongreve's " Double Dealer," a flippant
lino lady, the daughter of Lord and Lady Pli-
ant, in love with Mellefont.
Cynthiana (siu-thi-a'nil). The countv-seat of
Harrison County, Kiuitucky, situated on the
South Licking River 48 miles south of Cincin-
ntlti. It wa-s the scene of engagements in Morgan's
rai.is in 1862 and 186-1. Population (1S90). 3,016.
Cynthia's Revels, or The Fountain of Self-
LOVe. A "comicall satyre"by Ben .lonsou,
acted by th<' Children of the t^ueen's Chapel in
KiOO. It" was ])rinted in ([uarto in 1001 (Bullen),
in foliii ill 1010, tln^ latter with liirgo additions.
Cynthius (sin'thi-us). An epithet of A]>ollo,
the sun-god, as the moon-goddess is called
Cynthia.
Cynthus (sin'thus). In ancient geography, a
mountain in Delos, from which are derived
Cynthia and (^'ynthius, the surnames, respec-
tively, of Artemis aud Apollo.
Cynuria
OsrnuriaCsi-nu'ri-a). [Gr. Kifot'p/n.] In ancient
geography, a liistrict in tlio eaMtorn part of tho
Pelopounesus, situated on the liulf of Ai-golis.
It probably corresponded to the region near the
modern Astros.
Cynuria, or Cynosuriii, as it is called by Thucyilicies (iv.
66 and V. il), was tlie border territory between Sparta and
Argos ui)on the coast. It was a small tract consisting of
a sinjile viOley (that of Lutu) and of the adjoining hills ;
but it was of great ini))ortance, as coninianding the passes
which formed the natural conmiuiiication between the
two countries. Hence it was (or so long a time an object
of contention between them. Rome Bnally adjudged it to
Argolis. RawUnson, Herod., IV. 313, note.
CypariSSUS (sip-a-ris'us). [Gr. Ki'T(ip)(T(Tof.] In
Greek mythology, a youth, a son of Telephus.
He accidentally iiill'ed his favorite stag, and was so over-
come with grief that Apollo metamorphosed him into a
cyi»ress.
Cypria (sip'ri-a), or Cyprian Lays (sip'ri-an
laz). One of the poems of the Trojan cycle,
anciently attributed to Homer, and later to
Stasinus, or Hegesias, or Hegesiuus : so nametl
either from the home of the author (Cyprus), or
because it celebrated the Cyprian Aphrodite.
It served as an introduction to the Iliad, relating the
first nine years of the siege of Troy.
Cyprian (sip'ri-an). Saint (Thascius Caecilius
Cyprianus). [L. CypriauHS. of Cyprus.] Be-
headed at Carthage, Sept. 1-t, 2.38. An ecclesi-
astic and martyr of the African Church, elected
bishop of Carthage in 248. He was converted to
Christianity at an advanced age. His festival was origi-
nally kept on Holy Cross Day, and was transfeiTed to Sept.
16. The present English calendar gives him .Sept. 20,
which was at one time also given to another Saint Cyprian
of .\ntioch, the magician.
Cyprus (si'prus). [Gr. Ki'-pof, F. Chijpre, G.
Cypcrn, It. Cipro, Turk. Jxibris.'] One of the
largest islands of the Mediterranean, situated
in its eastern corner, south of Cilicia, with the
range of the Lebanon on the east and that of
Taurus on the north. Its name is supposed to be de-
rived from its rich mines of copjier (Gr. fti'Trpos). It was
celebrated in antiquity as the birthplace and favorite
abode of Aphrodite, and was famous for its beauty and
wealth, but also for its licentiousness. It was early settled
by Phenicians, who were followed by Greeks. Its princi-
pal cities were Paphos on tlie western coast (a center of the
cult of Aphrodite), Salamis on the eastern, Cition on the
Boutheasteni, and .\mathus on the soutllern. In the center
of the island were the Phenician mining cities Tamassus
and Idaliuni, witli the celebrated grove of Aphrodite. For
a time Cyprus was triljutary to Assyria, Its name in the
cuneifoi-m inscriptions is Yattian. and .Sargon (722-70.') B. c.)
relates that seven kings from this island (probably the
chiefs of the Phenician colonies) brought him costly gifts
and " kissed his feet," i. e, acknowledged llis sovereignty.
He in turn presented them with a marljle stele containing
a full-length sculptui'ed portrait of himself, and an inscrip-
tion commemorating his principal deeds. This monument
was found in 184(i, well preserved, near Larnaka {tlie an-
cient Cition), and is at present in the Royal Museum of
Berlin. Cyprus was in succession subject to Persia, Mace-
don, and Egypt, and in 57 B. c. became a Roman province.
In the middle ages it belonged alternately to tile Byzantine
enipirt- ;ind the Saracens, and from 1192 formed a kingdom
rnleti by tlie huuse of Lusiguan. In 1489CaterinaCornaro
translerreil the sovereignty to Venice. In 1571 it was taken
by the Turks. Cyprus is administered by England, according
to a convention between Turkey and England in 1878. Its
chief otficer is a high commissioner, and tliere is partial
self-government. Capita], Nicosia. Area,3,584squai-emiles.
Population (1891), 209,286, In 1869 Lang discovered a bilin-
gual inscription, in Cypriote and Phenician writing, which
supplied the key to the ancient Cypriote alphabet. Opinions
on the source and origin of this ancient alphabet, which is
8yllal)ic, are divided. Dr, Deeke, for instance, derives it
from the Assyro- Babylonian cuneiform alphabet, which is
also syllabic ; while ProfessorSayce, followed by W.Wright,
would see its ultimate source in tlie supposed Hittite hie-
mglyphie inscriptions found throughout Asia Minor, (See
mttiteii.) Cyprus is frequently mentioned in the New
Testament (Acts iv, 36. xiii, 4), and is often referred to in
the Old Testament by the name of Chittim (which see). A
large immberof antiquities were uneiu'thed tltere by Gen-
eral di Cesnohi, which are now in the Metropolitan Mu-
scum, Xew York. His explorations have been the subject
of much discussion and skepticism.
Cypselus (sip'se-lus). [Gr. Ki^cAof.] A tyrant
of Corinth about C55-62.5 B. C.
Cyrenaica (sir-e-na'i-ka), or Pentapolis (pen-
tap'o-lis). In ancient geography, a country in
northern Africa, lying between the MediteiTa-
nean on the north, Marmarica on the east,
the desert on the south, and Syrtis Major on the
west. It corresponded nearly to the modern Barca, and
w,afl noted for its fertility. It was settled by Tlierians
about 631 B. c; was subject to Egypt from 321 B. c; formed
with Crete a Roman province in 67 B. c. ; and was ruined by
invasions of Persians and S:iracens in the 7th century A. p.
C3nrenaics (si-re-na'iks). [From Kvpfjvri, Gy-
rene.] A school of Greek hedonistic philoso-
phers, founded by Aristippus of Cyrene, a dis-
ciple of Socrates.
Cjrrene (si-re'ne). [Gr. Kvp^ii/.] In Greek my-
thology, a nymph, mother of Aristieus.
Oyrene. [Gr. Ki'p;/v;/.] in ancient geography,
the principal city of Cyrenaica, situated about
10 miles from the Mediterranean, in lat. 32° 45'
300
N., long. 21° 50' E. it was founded by Therians,
under IJattus, aiiout 6:^1 B. C. (see Cyrenaica), and was a
seat of Greek learning and culture. The inoiiernGhrennah,
on its site, contains many antiquities. It was the birth-
place of Aristippus, Eratosthenes, and other celebrated
men.
Cyril (sir'il). Saint, of Alexandria. [L. Cyril-
lux, Gr. Kipi'AAoc, lordly.] Born at Alexandria:
died at Alexandria, June, 444. An ecclesiastic
and theologian. He succeeded his uncle Theophilus
as archbishop of Alexandria in 412. Anim.ated by an in-
temperate zeal for tlie cause of orthodoxy, he despoiled
the Novatians of their church property, and expelled the
Jews from the city. He is said to have instigateil llis
monks to murder the pagan philosopher Hypatia (415 ?).
He began in 428 to oppose the doctrines of Nestorins, and
in 431 presided over the Council of Ephesus, at which
Nestoriuswas condemned as a heretic. His works, chiefly
controversial, were edited by .\ubert in 16;S8. He is com-
memorated as a saint in the Greek, Roman, aud Anglican
churches on Jan. 28.
Cyril, Saint, of Jerusalem. Born at or near Jeru-
salem about 315 : died about 386. An ecclesiastic
and orthodox controversialist. He succeeded Maxi-
mus as bishop of .Terusiilein in 360. He carried on a contro-
versy with Acacius, an Arian bishop of Csesarea, who pro-
cured his deposition in 357. After various changes of
fortune, he was finally restored in 331. His works, which
consist chiefly of catechetical lectures, were edited by
Tontti5e m 1720.
Cyril, Saint (or Constantine). Born at Thes-
salonica about 820: died Feb. 14, 869 (f). A
scholar and prelate, surnamed "the Apostle
of the Slavs." He engaged with his brother Methodius
in missionary labors among the Moravians, Bulgai-ians,
and other Slavic nations. He introduced the "Cyrillic"
alphabet into the Old Slavic language.
Cyril Lucar (Cyrillus Lucaris). Born in
Crete, 1572 : strangled at Constantinople, 1038.
A reforming prelate of the Greek Church. He
became patriarch of Constantinople in 1621, and sent the
"Codex Alexandrinus " to England in 1628.
Cyropaedia (si'ro-pe-di'a), The. [Gr. 'K.vpov
TTaiicia, the education oi' Cjtus.] A work of
Xenophon, in eight books, describing the edu-
cation of Cyrus, the founder of the Persian
empire, his great deeds, and his dying advice to
his sons and muiisters.
Education of CjTus [CjTopaedia], a very difluse polit-
ical novel, in which he sets forth his ideid pictui-e as a
biography of the older and greater Cyrus, in opposition to
the dreams of Plato and other theoretical politicians of
the day. This work, which is the longest and most am-
bitious of Senophon's writings, but consequently the most
tedious and the least read, seems to be our earliest speci-
men of a romance in Greek prose literature.
ilahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., II. 280.
Cyrrhestica (si-res'ti-ka). In ancient geog-
raphy, a region in northern SjTia, west of the
Euphrates and south of Commagene.
CyrU3 (si'rus). [Gr. Kipof; in the Old Testa-
ment Koresh: in the cuneiform inscriptions
Kurash, Kurshu; OPers. Kuros.'\ Died 529 B. c.
The founder of the Persian empire, called
"The Great." His birth and early youth are sur-
rounded by myths and legends (see Maiidane). The in-
formation obtained from the inscriptions, among them a
cylinder of Cyrus himself discovered in the ruins of Baby-
lon and 8epharvaini(Sippara), combined with the accounts
of the Greek historians (Herodotus, Xenophon, and Ctesi-
phon), may be summarized as follows : He calls himself
on his cylinder son of Onnibyses, grandson of Cyrus and
great-grandson of Shishpish (Theispes), "Kings of An-
shan." Anshau is evidently identical with Anzan, the plain
of Susa, and stands for Elam, which was conquered by
Theispes, the son of Achaimenes, founder of the dynasty.
In 54il Cyrus, after conquering Ecbatana, dethroned Asty-
ages, king of Media, and united Media with Persia. He
then directed his arms against the Lydian kingdom of
Crcesus (who made an offensive and defensive alliance
with Nabonidus, king of Baltylonia, and Amasis, king of
Egypt), defeated him, and captured the capital Sai-dis.
The ensuing years Cyrus used for consolidating his power
in the conquered countries. In 538 he marched with a
great army into Baliylonia. Sepharvaim (Sippara) was
captured without fighting; Nabonidus, who defended it,
fled; and two days afterward Babylon itself, which was
held by Nabonidus's son Belshazzar, fell into tlie hands of
the conqueror, likewise "without battle and tight," as he
records. Acconling to Eusebius. Nabonidus after the fall
of Babylon fortifled himself in liorsippa: the city was be-
sieged by Cyrus ; and after it had capitulated he treated it
and Nabonidus iumself with mercy, allowing the latter to
make his residence in Carmania. It is certain that he
showed gieat generosity and consideration to the con-
quered capital (Babylon), sparing its inhabitants and their
religious feelings : he even representeil himself as having
been called by Merodach (Marduk>. the god of the city, to
avenge his neglect at the hands nf llic preceding kings.
Cyrus's attitude totbeJewish exiles in Babylonia is known
from the Old Testament (Ezra i.). He permitted them to
return to their own country, rebuild .lerusalem, and re-
store the temple, and even returned to them tlie vessels
of the temple which were caiTied away by Nebuchadnez-
zar. His death, like his birth, is somewhat shrouded in
legend. The most common view is that he fell in battle
with the Messagetes on the river Jaxartes.
There is much reason io Iielieve that the tomb of Cyrus
still exists at Murg-Aub, the ancient Pasargadaj. On a
sqUiU'e base, composed of immense iilocks of beautiful
white marble, rising in strjis, stands a structure so closely
resembling the description of Arrian, that it seems scarcely
Czechs
possible to doubt its being tile tomb which in Alexander's
time contained the body of Cyrus. It is a quadrangular
house, or rather chamber, built of huge blocks of marble,
.^> feet thick, which are shaped at the t^-ip into a sloping
roof. Internally the chamber is 10 feet long, 7 wide, and
s high. There are holes in the marble floor, which seem
to have admitted the fastenings of a sarcophagus. The
tomb stands in an area marked out by pillars, whereon
occurs repeatedly the inscription (written both in Persian
and in the so-called Median), "I am Cjtus the king, the
Achiemenian. " RatrUiiaoti, Herod., I. :^33, note.
Cyrus, surnamed " The Younger. i)ied40lB. C.
Sou of Darius Nothus, king of Persia, and Pa-
rysatis. He sought to overthrow his brother Artaxerxes,
attacked him with the aid <.)f the ten thousand Greeks(8ee
Anabasis), ;niil iielislled on the battle-field of Cunaxa.
Cyrus, Le Repos de. Sci- ituxis.
Cyrus, Les Voyages de. See Voyages.
Cytherea (sith-e-re'a), or Cythera (si-the'ra).
[Gr. Ki<(ifpeia, KfOiiprj, from KiOi/pa, Cythera.]
In classical mythology, surnames of Aphrodite,
from the island of Cythera, or from Cythera in
Crete.
Cythna (sith'na). A character in Shelley's
dioem "The Revolt of Islam."
yzicUS (siz'i-kus). or Cyzlciun (-kum). [Gr.
KiJ^iKOf.] In ancient geography, the peninsula
projecting from Mysia, Asia Minor, into the
Sea of Marmora; also, the Greek town on its
isthmus. Among its ruins are : (a) A Roman amphi-
theater of the 2d centui'y a, i>. The ruins still rise to a
height of 66 feet, built of rubble faced with rusticated
masonry in granite. There are 32 arched entrances in the
lower story. Tlie longer axis of the ellipse is 326 feet.
(b) A temple of Hadrian, dedicated A. D. 167, and greatly
admired in antiquity. It was a Corinthian peripteros of
6 by 15 columns, of white mai-ble. The cella was small,
without pronaos or opisthodoraos ; there were 4 interior
rows of columns in front, and 2 behind. The temple
measured 112 by 301 feet ; the cella 70 by 140. The col-
umns were 7 feet in base-diameter and 70 high (the high-
est of any classical temple). The pediments and the cella
were richly adorned, (c) An ancient theater, apparently
contemporaneous with the amphitheater, in part built up
of rough masonry and faced with marble. The diameter
is 328 feet.
Czacki (chiits'ke), Tadeusz. Bom at Poryck,
VoLhyiiia, Poland, Aug. 28, 1765: lUed at Dubno,
Volhynia, Feb. 8, 1813. A Polish writer, and
promoter of education in Poland. His chief
work is one on the laws of Lithuania and Po-
land (1800).
Czajkowski (ohi-kov'ske), Michal. Born at
Helezyniec, Ukraine, Russia, 1808. A Polish
noveli-st, and general in the Turkish service.
His works include "Wernyhora" (1838), and
other novels of Ukranian and Cossack life.
Czarniecki (cham-yets'ke), or Czamecki,
Stefan. Born in Poland, 1599 : died at Soko-
lowka, VolhjTiia, Poland, 1665. A Polish gen-
eral, distinguished in the war against the
Swedes 1655-58, and in that against the Rus-
sians and Cossacks 1660-65.
Czars of Russia, The. The fii-st independent
Russian prince to assimie the title of czar was
Ivan rV., "the Terrible," who was crowned
czar of Moscow in 1547. The following rulers of
Russia have borne the title czar or czarina: Ivan IV.,
1633-S4 ; I'eodor L, 15S4-98 ; Boris, 1698-1606 : Basil, 1606-
1613; Michael (Romanoff), 1613-^5; Alexis, 1645-70; Feo-
dor, 1676-82 ; Ivan V. and Peter I., 1682-89 ; Peter I., 1689-
1725 ; Catharine I., 1725-27 ; Peter II., 1727-30 ; Anne,
1730-40; Ivan VI., 1740-11; Elizabeth, 1741-62; Peter
IIL, Catharine IL. 1762-96; P.iul I., 1796-1801: Alexan-
der I., 1801-25 ; Nicholas I. , 1825-55 ; Alexander II., 1865-
1881; Alexander IIL, 1881-94; Nicholas II., 1894-.
Czartoryski (char-to-ris'ke). Prince Adam
Casimir. Born about 1734 : died at Sieniawa.
Galicia, Austria, March 19, 1823. A Polish
politician and general, a candidate for the
Polish throne in 1763.
Czartoryski, I'rince Adam Greorge. Born at
Warsaw, Jan. 14, 1770: died at Montfermeil,
near Paris, July 16, 1861. A Polish general
and politician, son of A. C. Czartoryski. He was
in the Russian ministry of foreign affairs 1802-05, and was
president of the Polish provisional government in 1830,
and of the national government in 1831.
Czartoryski, Princess Isabella (Countess of
Flemming). Bom at Warsaw about 1746:
died at Wysock, Galicia, Austria, Jime 17,
1835. A Polish ^Titer aud patriot, wife of A.
C. Czartoryski.
Czaslau (chas'lou). A town in Bohemia, Aus-
tria-IIuiigarv, situated 44 miles southeast of
Prague. For battle of Czaslau, see Cliotiisits.
Czechs (chechs or eheks). [Also written Csccli,
Taerli, Tsrhecli (prop., according to the orig.,
*Chfl-k), from Bohem. (Czech) CheU (the first
letter being W( (also written c),pron. oh, and the
last kh, pron. ch) = Russ. Chekhu = Slov. Cheh
= Upper Sorbian Chekli, Lower Serbian Tickh
(whence Hung. Csch). a Czech.] The members
of the most westerly branch of the great Slavic
family of races, the term including the Bohe-
Czechs
mians, or Czechs propcr.the Moravians, and the
Slovaks. Tbcy number nearly 7,0(10.000. and
live eliielly iu Bohemia, Moravia, and northern
Hungary.
Czegl^d (tse'glad). A town in the county of
Pest, HunKary, 43 miles southeast of Buda-
pest. Population (1S90J, 27.r)4S.
Czelakowski,orCelakovsky(ehe-la-kov'ske),
Frantisek Ladislav. Bom at Strakonitz. Bo-
hemia, Manli 7, 171V.I: died at Prague, Aug. "i,
1852. A Bohemian poet and philologist. He
published "Centifolia" (1840), collection of
Slavic folk-songs (1822-27), etc.
Ozenstochowa (chens-td-ch6'va). [Russ.
Tsclinistiichoic, G. ('^nisfncliaii.l A town in
the government of Piotrkow, Poland, situated
on the Warta iu lat. 50° 50' N., long. 19° 5' E.
301
It has a noted monastery. It was successfully defended
anainst the .Swedes iu lU.W. IVipulatiuu (IslHi), 27,032.
Czermak (cher'miik), Jaroslaw. Born at
Prague, Bohemia, Aug. 1, 1S;{1 : died at Paris,
April 2:^, 1878. A Bohemian historical painter,
brother of J. N. Czermak. His best-known
works are paintings of life iu Montenegro and
Herzegovina.
Czermak, Johann Nepomuk. Born at Prague,
Hohemia, .June 17. IS'JS : died at Leipsie, Sept.
16, 1873. A noted Bohemian physiologist. He
introduced the use of the laryngoscope.
Czernowitz (cher'no-vits), or Czernowice
(chcr-no-vit'se). The capital of Bukowina,
Austria-Hungary, sittnited on the Pruth in lat.
48° 17' N., long. '2'-!° 57' E. it h.m considerable
trade and manufactures, and contains a university, archi-
Czuczor
episcopal palace, and Greek cathedral. Population (1890)
04,171.
Czemy (cher'ne). George, or Kara George
(''Black lieorge"), originally George Petro-
Vitch. Born in Servia about 17()(): murdered
near Semendria, Servia. July, 1817. The Ser-
vian leader in the rising against the Turks
1804 : driven fi-ora Servia in 1813.
Czerny, Karl. Bom at Vienna, Feb. 21. 1791:
ilied at Vienna, July 15. 1857. An Austrian
pianist and composer.
Czuczor (tso'tsor). Gergely. Born at An<I6d,
Neutra, Hungan,'. Dec. 17, 1800 : died at Pest,
Sept. 9, 18fifi. A Hungarian poet and lexicog-
rapher. His best-known poems are " Battle
of Augsburg" (1824), and "Diet of Arad"
(1828).
abaiba (da-bi'ba), orDabay-
be (ilii-bi'ba), or Davaive
(ilii-^-i'va). or Abibe (.ii-be'-
be). A name given iu the
early part of the 16th century
to A region south of the Isth-
mus of Panama, somewhere
in the vicinity of the Atrato
River. It was probably the appel-
latiou of a chief, or his title, transferred by the Spaniards
to the territorj- over which he ruled. According to re-
ports l>abail)a contained a temple lined with goUl, where
human sacrifices were made. Balboa vainly searched for
this temple in 1512 and 1515, and it was long an object
of the Spanish expeditions.
Sabbat (dab'bat). [Ar. ddbhatu 'l-ard, the rep-
tile of the earth.] In Mohammedan belief, "a
monster who shall arise in the last day, and
shall cry unto the people of the earth that man-
kind have not believed in the revelations of
God." According to the traditions he will be the third
sign of the coniini; resurrection, and will come forth from
the mountain of Sufah. Uwjhes, Diet, of Islam.
Dabih (dii'be). [Ar. sa'd-nl-ddbih, the slayer's
lucky star: "Fortuna maetantis" of TJlugh
Beigh.] The third-magnitude star li Capri-
comi. Originally the Arabs applied the name
to the two stars a and ,3.
Dablon (dii-blon'), Claude. Born at Dieppe,
France, 1G18: died at Quebec, Sept. 20, 1697.
A French Jesuit missionary. He arrived in Xew
France in 16.S5, accompanied Druillettes in 1661, was with
Marquette on Lake Superior in 1668, and was appointed
superior of the missions of the Upper Lakes in 1670. He
edited the ** Relation " of 1671-72, and compiled an ac-
count of Marquette's journey (published in the "Discov-
ery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley," by John
OUmary Shea, 1853).
Dacca (dak's ), or Dhaka (dha'ka). 1. A divi-
sion in eastern Bengal, British India. Area,
15,000 square miles. Population (1891), 9,844,-
127. — 2. Adistriet in the above division. Area,
2, 797 square miles. Population (1891), 2,420,656.
— 3. The capital of the district of Dacca, situ-
ated on the river Buriganga in lat. 23° 44' N.,
long. 90° 22' E. It was formerly of great importance,
being for many years the chief city of Bengal. It was noted
for its muslin manufactures. Population (1891), 82,321.
Dachstein (diich'stin). One of the chief peaks
of the North Limestone Alps, in the Salzkam-
mergnt, Austria-Hungarv, about 18 miles south
of Ischl. Height, 9,830 feet. It is one of the
highest peaks of this group.
Dacia (dii'shi-a). [L. Dacia, Gr. Aokiq; from
Daci, Gr. laKoi, Aanoi, Aoo(, the inhabitants.]
1. A province of the Roman Empire, lying
between the Carpathian Mountains on the
north, the Theiss on the west, the Danube
on the south, and the Dniester on the east.
It corresponded to modern Rumania, Transylvania, part
of Hungar>', and perhaps also Bukowina. The inhabi-
tants were the (5eta; or Daci. It was invaded by Alex-
ander the tJreat in 3:J5 B. C. by Lysimachus about 292
B. c, and its people defeated the genei-als of Domitian
81-96 A. D. It was conquered by Trajan in 101 and suc-
ceeding years, and made a Roman province. It was aban-
doned by the Romans in the reign of Aurelian, 270-275.
Trajan now formed the lands between the Theiss and the
Damlbe, the Dniester and the Carpathian Mountains, into
the Roman province of Dacia. The last province to be
won was the tlrst to be given up; for Aurelian withdrew
from it, and transferred its name to the Ma^sian land im-
mediately south of the Danube.
Freemany Hist. Geog., p. 70.
Cut off, as it has been for so many ages, from all Roman
influences, forming, as it has done, one of the great high-
ways of barbarian migration, a large part of Dacia, namely
the modern Kouman principality, still keeps its Roman
language no less than Spain and GauL In one way the
land is to this day more Roman than Spain or Gaul, as its
people still call themselves by the Roman name.
Freeman, Hist. Geog., p. 71.
2. A diocese in the northern part of the later
Roman prefecture of Illyricum (Servia and
western Bulgaria).
Dacier (da-sya'), Andre. Bom at Castres,
France, April 6, lfi")l : died at Paris, Sept. 18.
1722. A French classical scholar and acade-
mician. He translate<l (for the use of the
Dauphin) Valerius Flaccus, Horace, Epicte-
tus, Aristotle's "Poetics," etc.
Dacier, Madame (Anne Tannegny-Lef^vre).
Born at Saumur, France, March, 1654 : died at
Paris, Aug. 17, 1720. A French classical scholar,
wife of Andr6 Dacier. She translated the Diad.
(1699), the Odyssey (1708), and other Greek
and Latin classics.
Da Costa (da kos'tii), Izaak. Bom at Am-
sterdam, Jan. 14, 1798: died at Leyden, Neth-
erlands, April 28, 1860. A Dutch poet and
Protestant theologian. His works include ■' Prome-
theus '■ (1820), " Poezii •• (lb-21-22), " Feestliederen " (1828),
"Hagar" (1840), aud various historical and theological
treatises.
Dacota. See Dakota.
Dacre, Lord. See Fienne/>.
Dacres (da'kerz). Sir Richard James. Bom
1799 : died at Brighton, England. Dee. 6, 1886.
A British field-marshal. He served in the Crimean
war, c<)mmanding the royal hoi-se-artillery at the battle
of the Alma, and the artillery at the battle of Balaklava.
Dacres, Sir Sidney Colpoys. Born at Totues,
Devon. Jan. 9. 1805: died at Brighton, March
8, 1884. A British admiral. He entered the navy
in 1817 ; became a captain in 1S40 ; commanded the Sans
Pareil in the operations before Sebastopol, including the
bombardment of Oct. 17, 1854 ; was placed in charge of
the port of Balaklava Oct. 27, 1S54 ; and was appointed
captain of the fleet in the Mediterranean in 1859. com-
mander-in-chief in the Channel in 1863, iirst sea lord in
1868, and admiral in 1S70.
Dactyls (dak'tilz), or Dactyli (dak'ti-U), or
Daktyloi (-loi). [Gr. AnkTi/m.] In classical
mythology, supernatural and magical beings
liring on Mount Ida in Phrygia, the discover-
ers of iron and copper and of the art of work-
ing them. They were transferred, in the legends, to
Mount Ida in Crete, and were there identified with the
Curetes, Corj'bantes, etc. Their number, originally tliree,
was increased, in various accounts of them, to ten, and
even to one hundred.
Dadu. See Eamman.
D8edalus(de'da-lus or ded'a-lus). [Gr. Aa/(5a/of.]
In Greek legenil , an Athenian, son of Metion and
grandson of Erechtheus. He was regarded as the per-
sonification of all handicrafts and of ai-t, and as such was
worshiped by artists' gilds in various places, especially in
Attica, and was a central figure in various myths. He
was said to have made various improvements in the fine
arts, including architecture, and to have invented many
mechanical appliances, as the ax, the awl, and the bevel.
For the murder of his nephew Talos, of whose inventive
skill he was jealous, he was driven to Crete, where he con-
structed the famous labjTinth, in which he, with his son
Icarus, was confined for furnishing the clue of it to Ari-
adne. (In another legend a difierent account of his im-
prisonment is given.) Escaping, he and Icarus fled over
sea on wings of wax which he had made. Icarus soared
too near the sun, his wings melted, and he fell into the
se.% which was called for him the Icarian. Many archaic
wooden images were, in historic times, believed to be the
work of Djedalus.
Daegsastan, Battle of. A victory gained in
003 by the Northumbrian king ^thelfrith over
the Scots under Aidau. near the river Tees (?).
Daendels (dan'ilels), Herman Willem. Bom
at Hattem, Gelderland. Netherlands, Oct. 21,
1762: died on the Gold Coast, Africa, May 2,
1818. A Dutch general, and governor-general
of the Dutch East Indies 1808-11. He took part
in the revolutionary agitation in the Netherlands in 1787,
and was obliged to seek refuge in France. In 1793 he
aided Dumouriez in the expedition against Holland, as
colonel of a body of foreign volunteers ; and in 1794 served
with Pichegru as general of brigade. After this campaign
he entered the sernce of the Batavian Republic as lieu-
tenant-general, and in 1799 commanded a division in the
successful resistance to the Anglo-Russian invasion. In
1806 he entered the service of the King of Holland, and
was made marshal in 1807. He served also in the Russian
campaign in 1812, and in 1814 was made governor of the
Dutch cidonies on the Gold Coast.
Dafirah(da-fe'ra). [Ar. al-dafirah. the tuft of
hair at the end of an animal's tail.] A rarely
used name for the star ji Leonis, usually known
as Denrhfiln.
Da Gama, Vasco. See Gama, Vasco da.
Daggerwood, Sylvester. See Sylvester Dag-
{/(rirodd.
Daggett (dag'et), Da'Vid. Bom at Attlebor-
ough, Mass., Dec. 31, 1764: dieil at New Haven,
Conn., April 12, 1851. An American jurist.
United States senator from Connecticut 1813-
1819.
Daggett, Naphtali. Bom at Attleborough,
Mass., Sept. 8, 1727; ilied at New Haven, Conn.,
Nov. 25. 1780. An American clergyman, presi-
dent jiro tempore of Yale College 1766-67.
Daghestan (da-ges-tan'). [Turk., •mountain-
land.'] A province of the Caucasus, Russia,
bordering on the Caspian Sea. The chief town is
Derbent It submitted to Russia in 1859, and was the
scene of an insurrection 1877-78. Area, 11,332 square mUes.
Population (1892), 609,380.
Dagnan-Bouveret (dan-yon'bov-ra'), Pas-
cale Adolphe Jean. Bora at Paris, Jan. 7,
1852. A French painter, a pupil of G^rome.
He obtained the second grand prix de Rome in 1876. His
pictures first appeared in the Salon in 1877. He has ob-
tained several medals, one of the first class in 1880.
Dago (da'go). [Said to be a corruption by
American and English sailors of the frequent
Sp. name Diego (= E. Jack, James, ult. LL.
Jacnbus): applied from its frequency to the
whole class of Spaniards.] Originally, one
bom of Spanish parents, especially in Loui-
siana: used as a proper name, and now ex-
tended to Spaniards, Portuguese, and Italians
in general. [U. S.]
Dago (da'go). An island in the Baltic, near the
southern entrance of the Gulf of Finland, be-
longing to Esthonia, Russia.
Dagobert (dag'6-bert; F. pron. da-g6-bar')j
I. Born about '602 : died 638, King of the!
Franks, son of Clotaire II., by whom he was]
appointed king of Austrasia in 622. and whoml
he succeeded as king of the Franks in 628.1
He founded the abbey of St. Denis, and reduced to writ-1
ing the customar>- laws of the barbarian tribes in hial
kingdom. During his reign the empire of the Franksl
attained a wide extent, namely, from the Weser to thel
Pj'renees, and from the Western Ocean to the frontiera ofl
Bohemia. I
Dagobert, Chanson du roi. [F., ' Song of Kingl
Dagobert.'] A popular French song concern-]
ing King Dagobert I. and his favorite counsel-J
or. Saint Eloi. It was in existence before the revolu-i
tion of 1789. It is a satirical series of couplets sung to al
hunting chorus, and has been modified to suit variousl
political epochs. In 1814 it became immensely popular!
on account of the verses against Napoleon and the Kus-|
sian campaign. It was forbidden by the police, but waj
revived on the return of the Bourbons. Ever>' othe
8tan2a begins "Le bon roi Dagobert."
Dagon (da'gon). A deity mentioned in thej
Old Testament as the national god of thai
Philistines, and as worshiped espeeiallv in Gazal
and Asbdod (Judges xvi. 23. and 1 Sam, v.).|
The name is usually derived from Hebrew dag (fish), and!
it is assumed that Dagon was depicted as half man audi
half fish, and had his f,:male counterpart in Derketo, who!
was worshiped in Ashkelon (Ascalon). 1 Sam, v. 4 wouldf
seem to favor this view. On the other hand, Assyro-BabyJ
Ionian mythology also knows a divinity Dagan ; but thertT
he is. etyTnologically at least, not connected with ths
fish, as the Assyrian word for fish is not dat/ but nunq
the meaning of the name Darian has not as yet been dd
termined. At the same time the Babylonian historiai
Berosus gives an account of such a being, half man and
half fish, under the name Oatines, who in the beginning ofl
history emerged at intervals from the sea and taught thel
Babylonians civilization. This Cannes of Berosus is iden-
titled by some scholars with Ea of the Assyro- Babylonian
pantheon, the god of the ocean ; and is conceived as a
human figure with the skin of a fish on his shoulders as
a garment, a representation of which is often met on the
early monuments. In Phenicia the name of the gi>d
was connected with dajan, corn, and is accordingly ren-
dered into Greek in the fragments of Philo Bytdiiis by
criTo?. Dagon was then considered as the god of agriciU-
ture, a function which is also emphasized in the Oannea
of Berosus.
Dagonet (dag'o-net), orDagnenet (dag'e-net),
Sir. In Arthurian romances, the fool of King
Arthur, who "loved him passing well and
made him kuight with his own han<ls." He was
buffeted and knocked about a good deal, and is frequently
alluded to by the dramatists of Shakspere's time and
later.
Daguerre (dji-gSr'), Louis Jacques Mand6.
Born at Cormeilles, Seine-et-( )ise, Nov. 18,
1789: died at Petit-Brie-sur-Mame, July 12,
1851. A French painter, and inventor (with
Niepce) of the daguerreotype process. He was
at first in the internal revenue service, then devoted him-
self to scene-painting, in which he attained celebrity,
and in 1822, with Bouton, opened the Diorama in Paris
Daguerre
(burned 1839). In the Buccussful study of the problem of
ohtainiiiK permanent pictiues by the action uf sunlik'ht
he was antieipated by Mciipliure Niepee, who becan his
invcstigatiiiiis in 1814, and cuinnmnicated some ot Ilia re-
sults to Uaguene, who was then occupied with the suli-
Ject, in isiti: tlie two worked together from 1829 until
303
is the author of several romances : the principal one,
" I>er Kanipi um Rom" (''The Struggle for Rome"), ap-
I)eared in ISTti, in four volumes; " Odhins 'lYost " ('* odin's
Consolation ") in 1880. He lias written, also, a number of
dramas, among them " Markgraf Riideger von Becliela-
ren " (187.1).
Nicpces death in 1833. DaKuerres perfected process was Dahna (uiiH'ua), or Dehna (dau'ua). A large
communicated to the Academy ot Sciences by Arago, Jan.
9, 183S).
D'Aguesseau. See Aaueaseau.
Dahak. !^i<' -'-'" Duliaka.
Dahl (ilal). Oonrad. Bom near Trondhjem,
Xi>rvvay, .Jiiiio -4. 1843. A Norwegian poet
and novelist, pastor in Bergen after 1873. He
is best known for his representation of Norwe-
gian peasant life.
Dahl, Johann Kristen Clausen. Bom at
Bergen, N'i>r\viiy. Foli. i!4, 17S8 : died at Dres-
den. Oct. 14, I8"u7. A Norwegian landscape-
painter.
DaU, Michael. Bom at Stockliolm, Sweden,
in 1050: died at London, Oct. 20, 1743. A
Swedish portrait-painter. Ue was a pupil ot the
Danisli painter Klocker, and in lt)88 settled at Loudon,
where he acquired an extensive patronage among the no- Dahia (dil'ril)
bility and at court. He painted tbe portraits of the prin-
cess (afterward queen) Anne and I'riiice George, the por-
trait of Cliarles XI. of Sweden at \\ indsor, and tlie series
of portraits ot admirals at Hampton I'ciurt.
Dahl, Vlacliniir Ivanovitch: pseudonjnn Ko-
Sak Luganski. Horn at St. Petersburg, 181)1 :
died at Moseow, Nov. 3, 1872. A Russian nov-
elist, philologist, and litti^rateur. He published
a ■• Dictionarv of the Living Russian Tongue''
(1.801-60), eti".
Dahlak, or Dahlac (dji-liik'), or Dahalak
(dji-hii-liik'). [Ar. .s«/f/.] A group of islands
in the Red Sea, off the seaport of Massowa,
now belonging to Italy.
Dahlbom (diU'bom), Anders Gustaf. Bom at
uiie.xplored desert in southern central Arabia,
extending fi-om Ncjd to Hadramaut.
Dahomey (dil-ho'mi). A negro kingdom of
West Africa, capital Abomey, extending from
the Slave Coast inland to the Mahe highland.
On tlio west it borders on Togo ; on the east, on Lagos
and Yorul»a. Ttie coast towns, Kotonu, Whydah, I'orto
Novo, and Grand Popo, have been annexed by France.
The land is low and unhealthy. The chief export is palm-
oil. Tlie Dahoraeyans are intelligent, active, and polite.
The hecatombs of Iniman victims for wluch tliey are no-
torious are due to their superstition ratlier than to their
cruelty. Every man is subject to military service, liut
the famous life-guard of 800 Amazons consists of volun-
teers. In the war of 1S02-9:) with France, the Dahomeyans
were defeated by Colonel Dodds. The French, however,
find it very difficult to hold their ground. The Dahomey-
ans are also called Fan. Their language is closely allied
to Ewe. Population, about 600,000.
A mountainous region in north-
ern Algeria, situated about lat. 36° 1.5' N., long.
0°-l° E. In its caverns about 600-600 Kahyles were
suffocated by order of the French commander t'olonel
Pelissier in 1845.
Daidalos. See Deedalus.
Daill6 (da-ya'), Latinized Dallseus (da-le'us),
Jean. Born at Chatellerault, France, Jan. 6,
1594: died at Charenton, near Paris, April
15, 1670. A French Protestant divine and con-
troversialist, a voluminous writer. Hischiefwork t»„i„„_„„ /,,i; i^ ,.:i-'> ^a■^«,^^o„ T!«,.„ „t M,„.nt
is "Trait.; de Penrploi des saints pf^res pour le jugement DalayraC (da-la-r;rlv ), NlCOlaS. Bora at Muiet
des diflcrends qui sont aujourd'hui en la religion " (1632 : Haute-Garonue, France, June 13_ ' — ' • ''■"'
Latin trans. 1656).
Daily Courant, The. The first British daily
liajjcr. It was begun March 11, 1702.
Dalecarlia
warred with the gods and interfered with sacri-
fices; Titans.
Dajo (dii-jo'). [P1-] A Nigritio tribe of the
eastern Sudan, southeast of the Kuka, with
whom they have some remote affinity.
Dakiki, Abu Mansur Muhanunad. Lived
aliout 10(10 \. l>. A Persian poet, from Tus
or Bokhara, author of many odes and sonnets.
Dakiki had completed a thousand distichs of the Book of
Kings when ho was murdered. Firdusi represents liim as
appearing to him in a dream, and asking him to incorpo-
rate in his work the fragment. To Dakiki Firdusi ascribed
tile portion of the Shahnamah relating to Gushtasp and
Zartusht (Zoroaster).
Dakota (da-ko'tii). [From the Dakota Indians.]
A former territory of the United States. See
.V'»)//) Dakota and South Dakota.
Dakota (dU-ko'ta). [Pi., also Dakotas: 'con-
federated.'] A division of the Siouan stock
of North American Indians, composed of the
Dakota proper and the Assiniboin. Their former
habitat was in Montana and the adjacent part of the
Nortliwest Territory of British North America, as well as
in North and Soutll Dakota and Mimiesota. The Dakota
proper, or Sioux, were originally in seven gentes, whence
the name by wliich they sometimes call themselves, Otcetl
Cakowin (' The Seven Council-fires"). These seven gen-
tes have become tlie primary divisions of the Dakota, and
are as follows: Mdewakantonwan,Waqpekute, Sisitonwan,
Waqpetonwan, Iliafiktonwan, Ihanktonwanna, and Titon-
wan. The Mdcwakantonwan were the original Isain'ati
or Santee. but at present the Waqpekute also are called by
that name. These original divisions liave developeti into
at least 126, excluding those of the Waqpekute, wliiclihave
not been acquired. The present number of tlic Dakota is
28.440, and tlie Assiniboin numljer 3,008. {ii^t Siouan.) Also
Dakotah.
Forssa, East Gothland. Sweden, March 3, 1806 : Daimbert (dan-bar'), or Dagobert (da-go-bar').
died at Lund, Sweden, May 3, 18.59. A Swedish
entomologist. His chief work is •' Hymenop-
tera europma piweipuc borcalia" (1845).
Dahlgren (dal'gi-en). John Adolf. Born at
Philadelphia, Nov. 13, 1809: died at Washing-
ton, D. C, July 12, 1870. A noted American
rear-admiral. He became lieutenant in 1837, and was
assigned to ordnance duty at Washington in 1S47. While
there lie introduced important improvements in the naval
armament, including a gun of his own invention, which
bears his name. He liecame commander in 1855 ; made
in 18,17 an experimental cruise with the sloop ot war
Plymtjutli, to test tlie practicainlity of employing his
eleveii-incli gun at sea ; resumed command of the ord-
nance department at Wasliingtun in 1858 ; was made cliief
ofthelmreau of ordnance July 18, 1862; became rear-
admiral Feb. 7, 186:t ; and in July following was placed
tn command of the .South -Atlantic blockading squadron.
He conducted the naval operations in Charleston harbor
which began July In, ISU.'t, ami ended Sept. 7, 1863, in the
course of which, in ctioperation with the land forces un-
der General Gillmore, he took Morris Island and Fort
Wagner, and silenced Fort Sumter, but failed to capture
Charleston. He led a successful expedition up the St.
John's River in Feb., 1864, to aid in Ibmwirig a militai^
force into Fbirida. cooperated with slierniaii in the cap-
ture of Savannah Dec. 21. and entered cliarlealon with
General Schinimelpfennig on its evacuation in Feb., 1865.
He puldished various technical works.
Dahlgren (diil'gren), Karl Fredrik. Bom at
Stens-Hruk, near Norrkoping, Sweden, Juno
20, 1791 : died at Stockholm, May 2, 1844. A
Swedish poet, novelist, and humorist. His
complete works were published 1847-52.
Dahlmann (diil'miin), Friedrich Ohristoph.
I'lorn lit Wismar, Mecklenburg-Sclnverin, Mav
13, 1785: died at Bonn, Prussia, Dee. 5, 1860.
A noted (ieniian liistorian and statesman, ap-
pointed professor at Kiel in 1812, at Giittingoii
in 1829, and at Bonn in 1H42. lie was a member of
the National Assembly at Frankfort 1848-411. His works
include " Quellenkunde der deutschen Geschichte " (1830),
"Oescbichle von D.inemark ' (1840-43), "Geschichte der
engliscben Revolution " (1844). *' Geschichte der franzo-
Bischeii Hevolution " (1845), etc.
Dahlstjerna (diil-sher'nii). Gunno Eurelius.
Born at Olir. Dalsland, Sweden, Sept. 7. 1001 :
died in Pomcrania. Sept. 7, 1709. A Swedish
poet. His best-known work is " Kungaskald"
(1697), a heroic poem on Charles XII. and Peter
the Great.
Dahn (diln), Felix. Born at Hamburg. Fob.
9, 1834. X <icrniaii historian and poet. He
stuclied history and jiirtsprudence at Munich ami Iterlin.
In 18.17 he Ijecame docent in the faculty of law at the
University of Munich, and in 18(J2 was made professor.
The aucceeiling year he went in the same capacity to
Wiirzhurg. In 1872 he became professor of law at tlie
University of Konlgsberg, and tn 1888 at Hreslau. His most
important works are, in history, "Die Konige der Oer'ina.
ncn" ("The Kings of the Germans," 1801-72, 6 vols.), "I'r-
gcflchichte der germanlKclien und romaniselien V'olker"
(" I'rimitivc llist4)ry of tbe Germanic and Romance Peo-
ples," lK7y following) ; in law, " Hie Vernnnft im Recht"
(" Ueason in Law," 18711). A volume of poems, "Go-
diclite," appeared in 1857, and a second collection in 1873 ;
"Unlladen und Lieder " (■■ Ballads and Songs ') in 1878. Ue
Died in Sicily, 1107. Fu'st Latin patriarch of
Jerusalem. He became archbishop of Pisa in 1092, and
commanded the Pisan and Genoese army in the first Cru-
sade. He was elected patriarch of Jerusalem in 1099.
Daimiel (di-me-el'). A town in the province of
Ciiidad Real, Spain, situated 20 miles north-
east of Ciiulad Real. Population (1887), 11,508.
Dainiio(tli'my6). [Chino-Jap., ' great name.']
The title of the chief feudal barons or territo
rial nobles
distinguished
1753 : died
at Paris, Nov. 27, 1809. A noted French com-
poser of comic operas. His works include " Le
petit aouper" (1781), " Le corsaire " (1783), " Nina " (1786),
" Le poete et le musicien " (1809), etc.
Dalbeattie (dal-be'te). A town in Kirkcud-
bright, Scotland, situated 13 miles southwest
of Dumfries. Population (1891), 3,149.
Dalberg (diil'bero), Emmerich Joseph. Born
at Mainz, Hesse, May 30, 1773: died at Herns-
lieim, near Worms, April 27, 1833. A peer of
Prance, son of Baron Wolfgang Heribert Dai-
He was created dukeof Dalberg by Na-
berg.
poleon in 1810, and peer by Louis XVIII. in 1815.
of Japan, vassals of the mikado: Dalberg, Karl Theodor Anton Maria von.
id from shomio ('little name'). Born at Hcrnsheini, near Worms, Hesse, Feb.
the title given to the hatamoto, or vassals of
the shogun. Though exercising independent author-
ity in their own domains, the daimios acknowledged the
mikado as the legitimate ruler of the whole country.
During the Tokugawa shogunate (1603-1868) the daimios
gradually liecame subject to the shoguns, who compelled ,.,,,. ^ t t. • r.i i
them to live in Yedo, with their families and a cert^iin Dalby (dalbi), IsaaC. Born in Irloueester-
shire, England, 1744: died at Farnham, Sm-rey,
1744: died at Ratisbon, Bavaria, Feb. 10,
1817. A German prince, prelate, and litt^ra-
tem', last archbishop-elector of Mainz. He was
prince-primate of the Confederation of the
Rhine 1806-13.
number of their retainers, for six months ot every year,
and on their departure for their own provinces to leave
their families as hostages. The number of daimios dif-
fered at different times, according to the fortunes of war
and thecaprice of the shoguns. Just before the abolition
of the shogunate there were 255, arranged in five classes,
with incomes ranging from 10,000 to 1,027,000 koku of rice
per annum. In 1871 the daimios surrendered their lands
and privileges to the mikado, who granted pensions pro-
portioned til their respective revenues, and relieved them
of the support of the samurai, their military retainers.
These pensions have since been commuted into active
bonds, redeemable by government within thirty years from
date of issue. The title has been abolished, and that of
kmiiazoku bestowed upon court and territorial nobles
alike.
Dainty (diin'ti). Lady. A fashionable, frivo-
lous line lady in Cibbei-'s comedy " The Double
tialhiiil." "Dogs, doctors, and monkeys are
her favorites.'' She is courted by Careless.
Daircell, or Taircell, or Moiling. Died 690. An
Irish saint. According to an Irish account of his life,
England, Feb. 3, 1824. An English mathema-
tician, employed in the survey of England after
1791.
Dale (dal), David. Bornat Stowarton. Ayrshire,
Jan. 6, 1739 : died at Glasgow, March 17, 1806.
A Scottish philanthropist. He was the founder
and first proprietor of the Lanai-k mills, since made
famous by their connection with his son. in-law, the
socialist Robert Owen. About 1770 he retired from the
established church of Scotland, and founded a new com-
munion on congregational principles, known as the Old
Independents, of which he was chief pastor. He was
noted as a muniflcent benefactor of the poor.
Dale (dal), Richard. Born near Norfolk, Va.,
Nov. 0, 1750: died at Philadelphia, Feb.. 1826.
An American commodore. He served as first lieu-
tenant under Paul Jones on the lion Hoinmc Richard
in the b.attle with tho .Serapis, Sept. 2:t, 1771», and com-
manded a squadron in the Mediterranean 1801-02, during
the hostilities with Tripoli.
ho w:is tbe illegitimate Bon of Faelan, a farmer at Luachair Dale, Robert William. Born Dec. 1, 1829 : died
(now Slievo Lougher), near Castle Island, Kerry. His
mother, when she found herself about to give birth to a
child, lied to the wilderness, where she was prevented
from strangling her new-born babe only by a dove sent
from heaven, which flapped its wings in her face. He
was educated by St, Brendan of Clonfert, who gave him
the name of Daircell (' gathering '),:ili allusion to tho man-
ner in which the dove "gathered " him to her with her
wings. Once, when collecting alms for St, Brendan's
Church, he was attacked liy abalid of robbers, who threat-
ened to kill him. He made his escape by making three
ill which he passed over the whole of Lougher and
March 1.1, 1895. An English Congregational
clergyman and author. He became associate pastor
of theCongregational Church at Carr's l.ane, liirmiiiKbam,
in 18.5;i, and sole pastor in 1869. He was for a number of
years editor ot tho " Conglegationalist, ' and was chair-
man of the Congregational Union of England and Wales
1868-69. In 1877 lie delivered at Vale College a series of
lectures on preaching (llir llrsi Englishman appointed to
the Lyman licechei Lectureship). He has written "The
Jewish Temple and the Cluistian Church "(1803), "Sor.
mons on the Ten Commandmenta " (1871), and "The
Atonement" (ls74), etc.
leaps, j
landed in tlic third inelosurc of the church, whereupon t\' , .■• •ii'i,»~„„ nin.l „f M,>o..i;„of..m R,.it
ho received llie name of Moiling (from Umjr, leaps) of Dale^Sir ThOjnaS. DlCil at Masnlipatam. Hnt
iHingber. He founded the eliurch of Tech Moiling, or St.
MuIleiiH, at Ross Broc (?). and is the reputed author of a
Latin nianuseript of the four gospels, proseiTcd in Trinity
College, lliiMin.
Daisy (da'zi), Solomon. The boll-ringer of
Chigwell, ill Cliarles Dickens's " Barnaby
Riidge": a rusty little follow who seems all
eyes.
Daisy Miller (da'zi mil'tr). A novel by
lleiirv .lames, published in 1878.
Daitya (dit'ya). ['Son of Diti.'] In Hindu
mythology, a race of demons and giants who
isli iudia. Hi 19. A colonial governor of Vir-
ginia. He beeamo marshal of Virginia in 1609, and in
KUl succeeded De la WaiT aa governor, being relieved by
Sir Thomas liales in the same year. He was governor
a second liiio^ lilM-lO, when he returned to Ungland,
taking wilh him Thomiui Rolfo and Kolte'a wife Poca-
hontas. His administrations, which were characterized
by great severity, were attended by order and (o-o.^perity.
Dalecarlia (dii-le-kiir'lii-ii), Sw. Dalarna (dii'-
liir-iiii). A former province of Sweden, corre-
sponding to tlie liicn of Ko)ipaiberg or Fahlun.
Its surface 19 mountainous. Its people took the leading
part in the independence movement under Guatavns Vasa
Dal-Elf
Dal-Elf (dal'elf ). A river formed by the union
of the Oster and Wester Dal-Elf, which flows
into the Gulf of Bothnia 58 miles north of Up-
sala. Length, about 2,50 miles.
D'Alembert. See Alcmbert.
Dalgarno (dal-giir'no), George. Bora at Aber-
deen. Scotland, about 1627: died at Oxford,
England. Aug. 28, 1687. A British scholar and
writer, inventor of a deaf-mute alphabet. He
wrote "Deaf and Dumb Mau's Tutor" (1680),
etc.
Dalgarno, Lord. A malevolent young man m
Sir Walter Scott's "Fortunes of Nigel." He is
the secret enemy of Nigel and the favorite of Prince
Charles. Having heaitlessly betraye.l the Lady Hermione,
he is compelled by the king to do her justice. After
leaving court in disguise, he is murdered.
Dalgetty (dal'get-i), Captain Dugald. A sol-
dier of fortune in Scott's "Legend of Mon-
trose." He has Ijeen a divinity student in his youth,
and is now a mercenary. He is courageous, and not un-
trustworlhy it well paid. The original is said to have
been a man named JIunro who lielonged to a band of
•Scotch and English auxiliiU'ies in Swinemiinde (1630).
DalhOUSie (dal-hou'zi), Earls of. See Ramsay.
Dallas (dii'le-as). A town in the province of
.lUmeria, southern Spain, situated west of Al-
meria. Population (1887), 6,254.
Dalida (dal'i-da). See the extract.
The Dalila of the Book of Judges is throughout " Dalila
intheVulgate.but is "Dalida" in Chaucer, and "Dalida" '
the form used in Wyclifs Bible. Chaucer uses
"Dalida" in the "Monk's Tale" and in "The Book of the
Duchess." It is not, perhaps, without significance that
" Dalida" was the form used in ■■ The Court of Love."
Morlcy, Eng. Writers, V. 305.
Dalin (dii'lin), Olof von. Bom at Vinberga, in
Halland, Sweden, Aug. 29, 1708: died at Drott-
ningholm, Aug. 12, 1763. A Swedish histo-
rian and poet. He was the son of a clergyman. He
studied at Lund, and subsequently entered one of the
public offices in Stockholm. He began his literai-y career
by the publication of a weekly journal, "Den Svenska
Argus " (" The Swedish Argus "), modeled after the " SpeC'
304
Dalyell
Dallas, Robert Charles. Born at Kingston,
Jamaica, 1754: died at Ste.-Adresse, Nor-
mandy, Nov. 20, 1824. A British author. He
was educated in England ; returned, on coming of age, to
Jamaica to take possession of the estates left him by his
father ; and eventually settled in England. He is noted
chiefly for his intimacy with Byron, to whom he gave lit-
erary advice, and for whom he acted as agent in dealings
with publishers. He wrote " Recollections of the Life of
Lord BjToM from the yeiu- 18118 to the end of 1S14," which
was cditeil by his son A. R. C. Dallas in 1824 (V).
Dalles (dalz). [F. dalle, a flagstone, slab.] A
succession of rapids in the Columbia River,
near the city of The Dalles : also the neighboring
heights (see the quotation). "The Dalles, on the
eiistern side of the |Cascade| range, [have] an eleva-
tion of only about 100 feet. At the Dalles — so named
on account of the great, broad, flat plates or sheets of
lava which are there well exhibited on and near the river —
is the beginning, in this direction, of the volcanic pl.ateau
of the Columbia." (J. D. Whitney, iuEncye. Brit., XXIII.
800.) Dalles is also the name for cascades in the Wis-
cousin River, and in the St. Louis River in Minnesota.
Dalles, The. A city, capital of Wasco County,
Oregon, situated near the Dalles or cataract of
the Columbia, 72 miles east of Portland. Pop-
ulation (1.S90), 3,029.
Dalling and Bulwer, Baron. See Bulirer.
the form Dallmeyer (diil'mi-er). JohannHeinrlch. Bom
at Loxteu, near Versmold, Westphalia, Sept. 6,
1830: died Dee. 30, 1883. A German optician.
He came to England in 1861; became a manufacturer of
telescopes at London in 1859 ; was elected a fellow of the
Royal .\stronomical Society in 1861; and patented a single
wide-angle photographic lens in 1864. Author of "On
the Choice and Use of Photographic Lenses."
Dair Ongaro(dalong'ga-r6), Francesco. Born
at Mansue, Treviso, Italy, 180b : died at Naples,
Jan. 10. 1873. An Italian poet, novelist, and
political agitator. His " Novelle vecehie e
nuove" were published in 1869.
tator,"' which he issued anonyiiiously 1733-34. This was Dalniatia(dal-ma'shi-a). [Gr. DalnMtien,F.Dal-
hydrographer to the admiralty in 170.S. Author of "Ac-
count of Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean before
1704 " (1767), " Historical Collection of South Sea Voy-
r'r';^'fi'iv6^' i''" ^""'"'^ '^"""^ ^^^^^' ^"^ '"'°''"'' Dalrympiel'si^' David, Lord Hailes. Born at
Wli'a<=""'p.nhfrt. fihaTles. Born at Kingston, Edinburgh, Oct. 28. 1726: died Nov,
1864. An American statesman, son of Alex-
ander James DaUas. He was United States senator
from Pennsylvania 1831-33, minister to Russia 1837-39,
followed by "Tankar om Kritiker" ("Thoughts about
Critics '), and, after his return from a tour through Ger-
many and France, by the satiric prose allegory "Sagan
om Hasten "( 'The Story of the Horse"), and the satiric
poem "Aprilverk om var herrliga tid" ("April-work of
Our Glorious Time "). A didactic epos," Svenska Frihetcn,"
appeared in 1742. In 1751 he was made tutor to the
crown prince, and ennobled. In 1753 he was made priv7
councilor. In 1756, suspected of being concerned in the
revolution of that year, he was banished the court, but
returned in 1761. During tliis period he was engaged
upon his principal work, " Svea Rikes Historia " (" History
of the Kingdom of Sweden '), which extends down to the
end of the reign of Charles IX. His collected literary
works, "Samlade Vitterhetsarbeten," appeared in 1767, in
6 vols.; "Svea Rikes Historia," in 4 vols., 1747-62.
Dalkeith (dal-keth'). A towTi in the county
of Edinburgh, Scotland, situated between the
north and south Esk, (>J miles southeast of
Edinburgh. Dalkeith Palace (the residence of the
Duke of Buccleuch) is in the vicinity. Population (1891),
7,035.
Dall (dal), William Healey. Born at Boston,
Mass., Auff. 21, 1845. An American naturalist.
He took part in the international telegraph expedition in
186.i ; was iLssistant to the United States Coast Survey
1871-80 ; and was paleontologist to the United States Geo-
logical Survey 1S84-S6. His works include "Alaska and
its Resouries" (1870), "Scientific Results of the Explora-
tion of Alaska by the Parties under the Charge of W. H.
Dall " (1S76), etc.
Dallaeus. See DaiUi'; Jean.
Dallas (dal'as). 1. A village in Paulding County,
northwestern Georgia, situated 30 miles north-
west of Atlanta. Near here, at New Hope Church,
Pickett's Mill. Pumpkin Vine Creek, etc., there was con-
tinued fighting between the Federals under Sherman and
the Confeilerates under Johnston, May 25-29, 1864.
2. The capital of Dallas County, in northern
Texas, situated on the Trinity River, it has
increased very rapidly, and is a railroad center, with
important trade and manufactures. Population (1890),
:;8,067.
Dallas (dal'as), Alexander James. Bom in
Jamaica, Juiie 21, 1759 : ilied at Trenton, N. J.,
Jan. 16, 1817. An American statesman, secre-
tary of the treasury 1814-16. He was the son of a
Scottish physician resident in Jamaica. Having studied
law in England, he emigrated from Jamaica ^j Philadel-
phia in J7S:J; was admitted to the bar in 1785 ; served for
B number of years as secretary of the commonwealth of
Pennsylvania ; was attorney for the eastern district of
Pennsylvania 1801-14 ; and was secretaiy of the United
States treasury 1814-16, discharging (lsl.5-16) also the f unc.
tions of secretary of war. During his administration of
the treasury department a new national bank was incor-
porated (April :i, l^^lOX consistent with recommendations
29, 1792.
An eminent Scottish judge and author. He was
educated at Eton and at Utrecht : was admitted to the
Scottish bar in 1748 ; was raised to the bench of the Court
of Session with the title of Lord Hailes in 1766; and in
1776 became a judge of the justiciary or criminal court.
His most notable works are "An Inquiry into the Secon-
d;iry Causes which Mr. Gibbon has assigned to the Rapid
Growth of Christianity" (178()), and " Annals of Scotland"
(from ilalcolm Canmore to R«ibert I., 1776: continued to
the accession of the house of Stuart, 1779).
Dalrymple, Sir James, first Viscount stair.
Born in Carrick, in May. 1619 : died at Edin-
burgh, Nov. 25, 1695. A Scottish lawyer and
statesman. He was educated at Glasgow and Edin-
burgh ; became professor of logic, morals, and politics in
the University of Glasgow in 1641 ; was admitted to the
Scottish bar in 1648 ; was appointed a judge of the Court
of Sessions by Cromwell in 1657; was reappointed by
Charles II. in 1661 ; became president of the court in 1670 ;
was admitted to the Scottish Parliament in 1672 ; fled in
1682 to Holland to avoid the consequences of refusing to
take the test oath ; supported William of Orange in lti88;
was created Mscount Stair, Lord Glenluce and Stranraer, in
1690. His chief work is " Institutions of the Law of Scot-
land " (1681).
Dalrymple, Sir John, first Earl of Stair. Born
in 1648 : died Jan. 8, 1707. A Scottish lawyer
and statesman, sou of Sir James DalrjTnple.
He was admitted to the Scottish bar in 1672 ; was appoint-
ed king's advocate by James II. in 1685 ; supported in
1688 the cause of William of Orange, whose chief adviser
in Scottish affairs he became ; was sworn privy councilor
under Queen Anne in 1702 ; and was created e:u"l of Stair
in 1703. He is noted chiefly for his connectivin with the
massacre of the Macdonalds of Glencoe, which was under-
taken by his advice in 1692.
Dalrymple, John, second Earl of Slair. Bom
at Etlinburgh, July 20, 1673 : died there, May 9,
1747. A Scottish general and diplomatist. He
was educated at Leyden ; is said to have served in various
subordinate grades throughout the wars of William III.
in Flanders; became aide-de-camp to the Duke of Marl-
borough in 1703 ; commanded a brigade at the siege of
Lille and at the battle of Malplaquet ; was commissioned
general in 1712 ; was appointed minister plenipotentiary
to Paris in 1715 ; was raised to the rank of ambassador in
1719; was recalled in 1720; was created field-marshal in
1742; and was made general of the marines in 1746. He
is noted chiefly for the princely style in which he sup-
ported his mission at Paris, and for the comprehensive
and invaluable information which he remitted in his de-
spatches concerning the secret intrigues of the French
court and of the friends of the Pretender.
Dalsland (dals'liind). A district in the laen of
Elfsliorg, Sweden, situated on the Norwegian
frontier.
Dalton (dfil'ton). The county-seat of Wliit-
tield County, northwestern Georgia, situated
28 miles southeast of Chattanooga. Near here,
May 9, 1864, an engagement took place between part of
Sherman's army and the Confederates. Population (1890),
3,046.
Dalton, John. Born at Dean (?), Cumberland,
in 1709: died at Worcester, July 22, 1763. An
English poet and divine. He took the degree of
B. A. at Oxford in 1730, and that of JI. A. in 17S4 ; was
appointed a canon of Worcester cathedral in 1748, and
about the same time obtained the rectory of St. Mar)*-at-
Hill, London. His most notable work is an adaptation of
Milton's "Comus" for the stage, which was published in
1738, under the title "Comus, a Mask, now adapted to the
Stage, as altered from Milton's Mask."
He sent Jalton, John. Boru at Eaglesfield, Cumber-
On account of com- laud, Sept. 6, 1766 : died July 27, 1844. An
English chemist and natural philosopher. He
was' the son of a poor weaver; acquired an education
chiefly by private study ; began to teach in 1778 ; was in
1793 appointed professor of mathematics aild natural
philosophy in New College, .Manchester (which was re-
moved to York in 1799); became a member of the Liter-
ai7 and Philosophical Society of Manchester in 1794 ; was
elected a fellow of the Roy:U Society in 1822; and was
chosen corresponding member of the Paris Academy of
Sciences in 1816, and foreign associate in l,x30. He per.
fected about 1804 the atomic theory, which he propounded
in 1810 in a work entitled "A New System o( Chemical
Philosophy." He suffered from color-blindness, and on
Oct. 31, 1794, reail a paper before the Manchester Literary
and Philosophical Society, in which he gives the earliest
account of that peculiarity, which is known from him as
Daltonism.
matie.'\ A crownland and titular kingdom in
tlie Cisleithan division of Austria-Hungary. It
is bounded by Croatia on the north, Bosni:i, Herzegovinii,
and Montenegro on the east, and by the Adriatic on the
south and west. Its surface is mountainous, and many
islands lie along the coast. The leading occupations of its
inhabitants are fishing, seafaring, ship-building, raising
live stock, and the production of wine and olives. Capital,
Zara. It sends 9 members to the Austrian Keichsrat, and
has a Diet of 43 members. The prevailing religion is
Roman Catholic. A large majority of the inhabitants are
Serbo-Croatians, and there are mauy Italians on the coast.
Dalmatia formed part of the Roman diocese of HljTicum.
It was oveiTun by the Goths and Avars, and in the 7th
century by the Slavs. A Croatian kingdom of Dalmatia
existed in the 11th century. From the 11th century Dal-
matia fluctuated between Hungary and Venice until finally
the greater part became Venetian. By the treaty of
Campo.Formio in 1797 it was given to Austria; in 1805 it
was ceded to France, and wasretroceded to Austria in 1814.
It was the scene of insurrections 1869-70, and in 1881.
Area, 4,940 square miles. Population (1890), 627,426.
The earlier HlyTian war is recorded in the second hook
of Polybios. Appian has a special book on the Illyrian
wars. In him (chap, xi.) we get our first notice of Dalma-
tia as such ; the name is not to be found in Polybios.
There is also a shorter notice in Strabo.
Freeman, Hist. Essays, III. 30, note.
Dalou (da-16'), Jules, Born at Paris, 1838. A
French sculptor. He studied under Duret at the ■ril'i'iT,^ Tniiri
Ecole des Beaux Arts, and assisted Carpeaux. He sent i'*"'"", <»uiin;.
his first work to the Salon in 1867. On account of com- lauft, oept,
plicity with the Commune in 1871 he was obliged to leave
P:uis, and went to London, where he was appointed pro-
fessor of sculpture at South Kensington. He returned to
Paris, and was associated with Aubt' (see Avh') in compe-
tition for the monument to the Constitutional Assembly.
Their scheme was unsuccessful, but Dalou's sketch for a
relief upon the design attracted the attention of Gaml)ctta
and Turquet, and was developed into the great bas.relief
of Muabeau and De Dreux-Brez6 in the National Assembly,
which won the medal of honor in the Salon of 1883. It was
accompanied by another bas-relief called " Le triomphe de
la r^publique," now in theH6tel de Ville. His project of
the monument to the republic in the Place de la R<?pub-
lique won the second prize, and was ordered by the state
for La Place des Nations.
Dalriada. 1. A former name for a district in
thenorthcrnpartof Antrim, Ireland, now called - ■-- --■ , „ ,, t, +r'i,„i„,,f„,..4 Tif„o=
"The Route."-2. A former name for that Dalton, John Call. Boru at Chelmsford. Mass.,
part of Argyllshire, Scotland, settled by Dalriad
Scots from Ireland in 498. The Dalriad Scots and
Picts were united in one kingdom by Kenneth MacAlpin
about 846.
Dairy (dal-ri'). A small town in Ayrsliire,
Scotland, situated on the Garnock 21 miles
southwest of Glasgow.
porateil I Apru ;i, l^l»-> consistent wun reconHneiKiauoiiB _. , - /, i • / i, at ]..- "D/^w^ of
submitted by him to Congress, He published "Reports Dalrymple (dal-rim pi), Alexander. Born at
of Cases ruletl and adjudged by the Courts of the TTnited
States and of Pennsylvania, before and since the Revolu-
tion" (1790-1807). "Features of Jay's Treaty ' (1796), and
"Exposition of the Causes and Character of the W.ar of
1812-1' ■■
Dallas, George Mifflin.
July 10, 1792: died at
Born at Philadelphia,
Philadelphia, Dee. 31,
New Hailes, near Edinbiiigh, July 24, 1737:
died June 19, 1808. A Scottish hydrographer.
He became a writer in the F,ast India Company s ser-
vice in 1752, and in 1762 was appointed to the command
of the London, with instructions to open the trade with
Sulu. He returned to England in 176.5, and was appointed
hydrographer to the East India Company in 1779, and
Feb. 2, 18-2.5 ; died at New York city, Feb. 12,
1889. An American physiologist. He was pro-
fessor of physiology in the College of Physicians and Sur-
geons in New York city 1855-83, and was emeritus pro-
fessor and president of the college from 1S8:I until his
death. He wrote a "Treatise on Human Physiology
(1859). a " Treatise on Phvsiologj' and Hygiene 'jflSOS). etc.
Dalyell(dal-yel'),orDalzell(dal-zel'),Thomas.
Born about 1599: died Aug. 23, 1685. A British
general. He participated in the Royalist rebellion in the
highlands of Scotland in 16.54 ; entered the Russian service
about 16.55; returned to England on the invitation of Chailes
II, in lli«5;wi\s appointed commander-in-chief in .Scotland
in 1666; was sworn a privy connciloi- in 1667; entered Parlia-
ment in 1678 ; and in 1681 was conmiissioned to enroll the
celebrated regiment of the Scots Greys.
Dalzel
JMzeKdal-zeV). Andrew. Bom at Kirkliston,
Linlithgowshiro, Oct. 6, 1742: die<l Dec. S,
1806. A Scottish cliissieal scholar, ile studied
at the I'niversity of EdinhiirKh : was for some years tutor
in the L-iuderdalo family; wasappointed prof essor of Greek
in Edinburgh I'niversity in 1772; assisted in the founding
of the Royal .Society of Edinburuh in 1783 ; and became
principal clerk to the General Assembly in 17»38. Author
of " 'Ai'aA««Ta ■ EAAijnjca ijaaoca sive Collectanea Gneca Mi-
nora" 07*^)»"'-^'"^'^**'''^* ^^^'^*'"'*'*'^i*'"'''^^®^^^®*'^°®*
Oracn Majora" (1805), etc.
Daman (dil-man'), Pg. DamaO (dii'miin). A
seaport and settlement belonging to Portugal,
situated on the western coast of India 80 miles
north of Bombaj'. It was acquired by Portugal in
1558. Population, with Dlu, etc. (188;X 77,454.
Daman. A region on the border of British
India and Afghanistan, situated between the
Indus and the Suliman Mountains.
Damara (da-mii'ra). [Fem. dual of Hottentot
daman (a term of abuse).] Tho name of two
tribes of German Southwest Africa. The Cattle-
Dainara are the same as tho Ilerero (which see). The
Hill-Damara, who are subject to the Hottentots and have
adopteil their lancuafse, dilfer from thera in race. .Some
aay they are Bushmen, but they seem to be Bantu, and
related to the OvamlK). See Khoikhoitif and German
SouthKv^t Africa.
Damaraland (dii-ma'ra-land). A region in
the northern part of the German dependency
of German Southwest Africa (which see). Its
recent name is German (i>eut6ch) Damaraland. Tho Brit-
ish officials withdrew from the territor>' in 18S0, exi:ept
from Waltisch Bay, and it was annexed by Germany in
1SS4.
Damascenus, Joannes. See John of Damn^cus.
Damascenus, Nicolaus. See ^'wholas of J)a-
Damascius (da-mash'i-ns). [6r. Aa/zdo/oof.] A
Xeo|ilatonist of tho 6th century A. D. When
the school of philosophy at Athens w.os closed by the em-
peror .liistinian in 629, lie, with other Neoplatonists, emi-
grated to Tersla.
Damascus (da-mas'kus). [H^'^\>.Damcieq,AssyT.
Dimas<iH, Ar. Dimibtj or Esk Slidm. F. Damas.l
Formerly the capital and most important city
of Syria, situiited in the fertile valley of Coele-
Syria, east of the Anti-Lebanon, on the edge
of the desert. On account of its beautiful fertile sur-
roandin^, its lofty iwsition, and its richness in fresh
wat*r, Dam;iscU3 has been praised in antiquity and in
.modern times as the "panidise of the earth," "the eye
' of the desert," and " the pearl of the Orient." Originally
a Hittite city, it became the capital of Syria, and a great
part of the country was called by its name. (For its his-
tory, see Aram.) In modern times it became prominent
by the inassacreof Christians in 18IW. It retained a certain
importance through all the periods of liistory, and is even
now the seat of the Turkish wall (governor), and has a
population of between 100,0(10 and 160,000. In the Old
Testament the name of Damascus occurs as early as the
history of Abraham (Gen. xiv. 16, xv. 2). After the time of
Davitl, Damascus often came into sharp collision with
Isniel. In the New Test.ament Damascus is known es-
pecirtlly from the history of Paul (Acts i.x.).
Damaskios. See Dumnnciiis.
Damasus (dam'a-sus) I., Saint. Born prob-
ably about 306"(304f): died 384. Bishop of
Rome 366-!i84. His election was contested by the
deacon t'rsinns, who was expelled by force of arms. He
opposed Ariatiism, which was condemned in two synods
at Rome, one in 30.S and another in ;i70. He is commemo-
rated as a saint on Dec. 11.
Damaun. See liaman,
Damayanti. [Skt.] The wife of Nala, and the
heroiue of the tale of Nala and Damayanti, an
episode of the Mahabharata. See Nala.
Dambach (diim'biicli). A small town in
Alsace, situated '& miles southwest of Stras-
bupi.'.
D'Amboise. See Amhoise.
Dambolo (diim-bo'Io), or Dambul (diiTn-biir).
A village in Ceylon, situated about 40 miles
northwest of Kandy. It is noted for Buddhistic
cave-tenipli's.
Dame aux Camillas (dam 6 ka-ma-lyii'). La.
[P., ' liiuly of the Camellias.'] A novel liy
Alexandre Dumas the younger, published in
1848, and ilramatizod by him in 18.")2. The Eng-
lish version of the i>lay is called "Camille," and that is
the name of the heroine. The origin.-U French character
is ilarguerite (Jautier.
Dame Blanche (diim blonsh). La. FF., ' The
White Lady.'] A comic opera by Boieldieu
(libretto by Scribe), first produced at Paris
Dec. 10. Wift. It was plaved in English as
"Tlie White Maid," .Tan. 2."]827.
Dame Durden. See iiurrini.
Darner (da'mcr), Anne Seymour. Bom in
174!): dicil May 28. is-.'.s. An Kuglish sculptor,
daugliter of Henry Sevinour Conway. She mar-
ried .John Damer in 17(17. siie executed in 1786 two heads,
one of the river Thames atnl the other of the river I sis, for
a bridge at ilenley. near her father's house at Park Place,
which have been much admired. She also produced a
statue of George III. and a bust of Nelson.
Dametas. See Dnmietas.
20
305
Damian. See Cosmag.
Damian (da'mi-an). 1. .\ youth in Chaucer's
"Merchant's Tale" in the "Canterbury Tales."
He languishes for and obtains the love of May,
the young wife of old January. — 2. A young
squire in Scott's "Ivanhoe," an aspirant for
the holy Order of Templars.
Damianus (da-mi-a'nus), Peter (Pietro Dami-
ani or Damiano). Bom at Kavenna. Italy,
1007: died at Faenza, Italy, Feb. 23, 1072. A
Roman Catholic ecclesiastic, in loss he became
a hermit at Fonte Avellano, near Gubbio, in Unibria. and
was soon head of all the sun'onnding henuits and monks.
He was noted for his asceticism, and establislied a system
of self-Hugellation which w:is later extended among the
monastic orders and the Flagellants. He was also intln-
ential .as a reformer, condemning simony and marriage of
tho clergy. He was made bishop of Ostia and cardinal in
1058, and was the adviser and censor of a number of popes.
His works include epistles, sermons, lives of saints, ascetic
tracts, and poems.
Damien (dii-myaii' ) de 'Veuster, Joseph. Born
in Belgiiun, .Tan. 3, 1840. A Roman Catholic
missionary who devoted his life to tlie welfare
of tho lepers in the government hospital on the
island of Molokai, Hawaii. He fell a victim to
the disease April 15, 1889.
Damiens (dii-myan'), Robert Frantjois. Br.™
near Arras, France, 171.5: e.xecuted at Paris,
March 28, 17;'i7. A man of low character, who
had been both a soldier and a domestic servant,
who made an unsueeessf id attempt upon the life
of IjOuis XV., .Ian. .5, 17.57. Damiens approached
the king at Versailles, as he was entering his carnage, and
succeeded in stabbing him. The punishment inHicted
upon him was most brutal. His right hand was burned in
a slow lire ; his flesh was torn with pincers and burned
with melted lead ; resin, wax, and oil were poured upon
the wounds; and he was torn to pieces by four horses.
Damietta (dam-i-et'ta). [Ar. Damidt.'] A city
of Lower Egypt, situated between the Damietta
branch of the Nile and Lake Men/.aleh, 7 miles
from its mouth, near the ancient Tatniathis. It
was besieged and taken by the Crusaders in 1218-19, and
in 1249. Population (1882), 84,04-1.
Damietta branch. The chief eastern mouth
of the Nile.
Damiotti (It. pron. da-me-ot'te), Dr. An Ital-
ian charlatan who exhibits the magic mirror
in Scott's "Aunt Margaret's Mirror."
Damiri (dii-me'ro), or Demiri (de-me're), Ke-
mal al-din Mohammed ibn Isa. Born at
Cairo, 1341 : died at Cairo, 1405. An -Arabian
jurist and naturalist, author of a "Life of
Animals."
Damiron (da-me-r6n'), Jean Philibert. Born
at Belleville, Rhone, France, May 10, 1794: died
at Paris, Jan. 11, 1862. A French writer on phi-
losophy, professor of the history of philosophy
in the Faculty des Lettres. Paris. He was the au-
thor of " Essai sur I'histoire de la philosophic en France an
.\ IXf siifcle " (1828), " Cours de philosophic " (1831), " Essai
sur rhisti.)ire de la philosophic en France au XVIIe si^-
clc " (1840), etc.
Damis (da-mes')- An impetuous youth in Mo-
liere's play " Tartiife," the son of Orgon.
Damkina (dam-ki'uii). [Akkad., 'lady of the
earth.'] In Assyro-Babylonian mythology, wife
of Ea, the god of the ocean, whose center of wor-
ship was in Eridu (modem Abu Shah-rein), in
Damascius Dauke.
Damnation de Faust (dUm-nii-syon' de foust).
La. An opera or dramatic story in four parts
liy Berlioz, first produced at Paris in 1846.
Damocles (dam'o-klez). [Gr. Ao/io/cAz/j-.] 1.
Lived in the first half of the 4th century B. ('.
A Syracusan, a courtier of Dionysius the elder.
Cicero relates th.at Damocles, having extx>lled the good
fortune of Dionysius, was invited by the tyrant to taste
this royal felicity, and that, in the midst of a splemlid
banquet and all the luxury of the court, on looking up he
beheld above his head a sword suspended by a single
horse-hair.
2. The king of Arcadia in Greene's "Arcadia."
See Siiilicslia.
Damoda (dii-mfi'dil), or Damuda (dii-mo'da).
A river of Bcngiil, India, which .ioiiis tho Hugli
below Calcutta. Length, about 3.50 miles.
Damoetas (da-me'tas). [Gr. Ao//o/rnf.] A
herdsman in Theocrihis and 'Vergil; hence, in
pastoral poetry, a rustic. Sir Philip Sidney Intro-
duces in his *'Arcadia" a foolish country clown by that
name, which afterward seems to have become proverbial
for folly,
Damon (da'mon), [Gr. Ad/ojv.] 1. Lived in the
(ii'sl half of t'iie 4th century B. c. A Pythago-
rean of Syracuse, celcbnitiid for his friendsliip
with Pytiiias (or Phintias), a member of tlie
same sect. Pythias plotted :igainst the life of Diony-
sius I. of Syracuse, and was conilemned t«» die. As l*ythiji8
wished to arrange his atTairs, Damon ottered to place him-
self in the tyrant's hands as his substitute, and to die
in Ills stead should he not return on the a])pointed day.
At tho last moment Pythias came back, and Dionysius
Dan
was so struck by the fidelity of the friends that he
doned the
fellowship.
doned the offender, and begged to be admitted intc* their
lie p;i
o the
2. A goatherd in Vergil's Eclogues; hence, in
pastoral poetrv, a nistic.
Damon and thillida (fil'i-da). A pastoral
farce by Cibbor, produced in 1729, and pub-
lished anonymously the same year.
Damon and' Pithias (pith'i-as). A play by
Richard Eilwards, printed in 1571. Its main
subieet is tragic, but it calls itself a comedy,
linn/.
Damon and Pythias (pith'i-as). A tragedy
by John Banim and Richard Lalor Shell, pro-
duced in 1821.
Damoreau (iljl-mo-ro'), Madame (Laure Cin-
thie Montalant: also known as Mademoiselle
Cinti, and Cinti-Damoreau). Bom at Paris,
Feb. 6, 1801 : died at Chantilly, Franco, in 1863.
A noted French singer. In 1819 she maiie her flrst
appearance aa f'herubino in " I.e Nozze di Figaro " in Paris.
In 1822 she appeai-ed in London, and in 1S2(1 at the Grand
Op^ra, Paris. From this time she sang both in Europe
and the I'nited States with assured success until 1856,
when she retired from the stage. In 1834 she was made
professor of singing at the Cons<'rvatolre, Paris.
Damour. See Tamip-ais.
Dampier (dam'per), 'William. Born at East
Coker, Somerset, England, June, 16.52 : died at
London, March, 1715. An English fi-eebooter,
explorer, and author. His seafaring life began in
1068. and until 1691 he led a life of the wildest adventure,
generally as a sailor on various piratical cruises on the
western coast of America and elsewhere. During this
time he circumnavigated the globe. In 1697 hepuhlished
his " Voyage round lilie World," and this was supplement-
ed by a second volume of travels in 1699. In 1699 he was
given command of a ship in which he again went round
the world, exploring the coasts of Australia and New
Guinea. He started again on a privateering cruise with
two ships in 1703, but accomplished little, and his com-
pany was broken up; he reached England, after a third
circumn.avigation, 1707. Subsetiuently he was pilot of
the privateer Duke, and again went round the world.
Besides his travels he publislicd a well known " Discourse
on the Winds." The following were named for him :
Dampier Archipelago. A group of small isl-
ands situated northwest of Australia, about lat.
20° 30' S., long. 116°-117° E.
Dampier Island. A small island off the north-
east coast of Papua.
Dampier Land. A maritime district in west
Australia, in lat. 17°-18° S.
Dampier Strait, 1. A strait on the northwest
of Papua, separating that island from Wai-
giu. — 2. A strait on the northeast of Papua,
separating Papua from New Britain.
Dampierre (don-pyar' ). Auguste Henri Marie
Picot, M.arquis de. Born at Paris. Aug. 19,
1756 : died near Vicogne, Nord, France, May
9, 1793. A French revolutionary general, dis-
tinguished in the camjiaigns of 1792-93.
Damply (dam'pli), 'Wido'BF. A character in
Garrick's play "The Male Coquette."
Damrosch (diim'rosh). Leopold. Bom at Po-
sen, Prussia, Oct. 22, 1832: <liiil at New York,
Feb. 15, 1885. A noted conductor, solo violin-
ist, and composer. He settled in New York in 1871,
and was instrumental in the establishment of German
opera at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York. He
was its ilirector, as well as of the Oratorio and .Symphony
societies and the Arion, until his death.
Damxosch, Walter. Born at Breslau, Prussia,
Jan. 30, 1862. Musician, son of the above.
He succeeded his father as director of the Ora-
torio and Symphony societies.
Damsel of Brittany. A surname of Eleanor
of Brittany, nieceof King John of England, and
sister of .\rfhur, count of Brittany. She was
imprisoned by John, and died 124L
D'Amville (.iam'vil). The Atheist in Cyril
Tourneur's play " The Atheist's Tragedy."
Dan (ilan). [Heb., '.iudge.'] 1. A son of Jacob
by Bilhah. Gen. xxx. 6. — 2. A Hebrew tribe.
The portion allotted to the Danites, as describe<l in Josh,
xix,, was the small but fertile hilly tract west of Benja-
min and northwest of Judali to the sea, including the
cities of .laplio, Ekron, Oathrimmon, etc. But though the
tribe of Pan was originally one of the strongest numcri.
cally, ctiunting 62,ihh) to (H.OOO. it was not equal to the
task Of expelling the Ammonites, and later the Philistines,
from that territory, and only for a time prevailed with tho
help of F.ithniitn and ,Tu4lah. In consequence of this, part
of the tribe migrated to the extreme north of the coun-
try, and conquered thecityof I,aish, henceforth called Dan
(see below). That part which remained in the south,
from which the hero Samson descentied, disappeared from
histor)', anil seems to have been absorbed by the tribe of
Judali,
3. The city formerly called Laish, and named
Dan after its capture by the Danites. It is sit-
uateil on the slopes of Hermon, not far from the modern
Banias (still called Tel-el-Kadi, 'hill of the Judge), and
is often mentioned in the Old Testament as the most
northern landmark of Palestine, in the formula "from
Dan to Beersheba. ' It contained a sanctuary with nn
image the exact nature of \vhieb is not known. At the
Dan
306
division nf the kiTiRdomJcrobdam put up there one of the Homer to denote the tfroeks generally
"calves." It is llist mentioneil in Gen. xiv. 14 .is the IhuKliit
place at which chedorlaonjcr kins of Kla.n and his foj.r j, ^ajtjgg (da-lia ' i-dez). [6r. AaraMff.]
allies were overthn)wn and ilefeated tiy .Anrahani. ine j^wxAwi^^o j +- - - '- i- . _i j
occurrence in this account of the name which was given tu
the place many centuries later is variiUlsly explained. If
the Dan of (ien. xiv. is identical with that of .Judges xviii.,
and if the account of Oen. xiv. is authentic, the name Dan
nmy have been later inserted in the MS. for Laish, when
the latter was superseded hy the former.
Dan A river of Virginia and North Carolina Danakil (dii-uil-ker). A Haniitic tribe of the
which unites with the Staunton at Clarksville, Ethiopian branch, settled in
Virpiiia, to form the Boanoke. Length, about tweeu Abyssinia, Massow
200 miles.
Dana (dii'na), Charles Anderson. Born at
Hinsdale, N'. H.. Aufr. S. 1819. An American Danakil, Country of the. A region m east-
journalist and man of letters. He was one of the ern Africa, lying between the Red Sea on the
Daniel
Qpp 1346. He waged almost continuous war with Genoa 1348-
^^ l:i.'»4. He wrote '*(_'hrunicon \'enetum," a Latin chronicle
of Venice, which terminates with the yeai" 1339.
DandolO, Enrico. Born at Venice about 1108 :
Greek legend, the fifty daughters of Daiiaus, ,yg,i ^t (^lonstantinople. June 14, 1205. Doge of
by whose command they slew their luisbands. Venice 1192-120."). He was the leader of the Vene-
According to later writers, they were con- tia„s and Crusadei-s In the capture of Constantinople
demned in Hades to pour water into sieves. 1203 and 1204. He went as ambassador to the Byzantine
See Ddiiaus. court in 1173, and was blinded by order of the emperor
claim to be Arabs and Mohammedans, but are really pa-
gan. Their nntive name is Afar. Also called />n/iA'flii'.
tlamitie tnoe ot ne jj ^^jo e„„^t Vincenzo. Born at Venice,
" f nV'"!-'"" »'°^^6,'l758: died there, Dec. 13, 1819. M.
;Ti'..,?;° h„. „T'...'„uJ r.: Italian chemist and economist. He wrot« •■ Fonda-
leadei-8 in the Brook Fjirm .Association in 1842; was con-
nected with the New York " Tribune " 1847-62 ; was as-
sistant secretary of war 1^63-(>4 ; and liecame editor of
the New York "Sun" hi 1868. He has pulilished "House-
hold Book ipf Toeti-y " (1867), etc., and edited, with Kip-
ley, the "American Cyclopaidia.'"
Dana, Edward Salisbury. Born at New Ha-
ven, Conn., Nov. 16, 1849. An American min-
eralogist and physicist, son of J. D. Dana. He
was assistant professor of natural philosophy at Yale I'ni-
versity until 1890, when he became professor of physics.
Dana, Francis. Born at Charlestown. Mass..
June 13, 174li: <iied at Cambridge. Mass., April
25, 1811. An American .iurist, diplomatist, and
politician, son of Richard Dana. He was min-
east and Abyssinia on the west: also called
Afiir rn 11)1 try.
Danaus (dan'a-us). [Gr. Ani'ndf.] In Greek
legriid, a sou of Belus and grandson of Posei-
menti della flsico-chimica" (1796), "Discorsi sulla pasto-
rizia, etc." (1806), etc.
Dane (dan). Nathan. Born at Ipswich, Mass.,
Dee. 27, 1752: died at Beverley, Mass., Feb. 15,
1835. An American jurist. He drafted the ordi-
nance relating to the government of the territory north-
west of the Ohio 17S6-S7, and putilished ■ 'Abridgment and
Digest of American Law ' (18-23-211).
do'^,, the founder of Argos. and ancestor of the Danelagh or Danelaw dan 1;0. [AU,0 /W
Danai. He was the brother of ^gyptus.
Danbury(dan'bu-ri). A city in Fairfield Coimty,
Connecticut, 52 miles northeast of New York.
It is noterl for its hat manufactures. It was burned by
the British in 1777. T'opnlation (ISOii), 16,.';52.
Danby (dan'bi). Francis. Born at Wexford (?),
Ireland, Nov. 16, 1793: died at Exmouth, Eng-
land, Feb., 1861. An English historical and
landscape painter.
ister to Russia 1781-83. and chief justice of Dance (daus), George. 1700-68. An English
Massachusetts 1791-1806.
Dana, James Dwight. Bom at rt ica, N.Y., Feb.
12,1813: died at NewHaven, Conn. ,Aprill4, 1895.
A noted geologist and mineralogist, professor at
Yale from 1845. He was graduated at Y'ale in 1833; trav-
eled in the Mediterranean as mathematical instructor of
architect, designer of the Mansion House, l,on-
dou, in 17.39.
Dance, George. Born about 1740 : died at Lon-
don, Jan. 14, 1825. An English architect and
artist, son of George Dance. He designed New-
gate Prison, London, in 1770.
midshipmeninthet:uitedStatesnavyl833^36;wasassistant pance. Nathaniel. Born 1734: died at Cam
t.> Pn.fessor S man at Yale 1836-38; and took part ni the ■^•"'"^'^i , ^ " , ' ^rr- ,„,,„ ,j„„ -c-„„i„,,,i r\„t
Wilkes exploring expedition 1838^2. His important " Re- borough House near Winchester, England, Oct
ports" of the expedition (on geology, corals, and crusta-
ceans) were published 1846-,'>4. His works include "Sys-
tem of Mineralogy " (1837), "Manual of Geology " (1863),
" Text Book of Geology for Schools and Academies " (1864),
"Corals and Coral Islands" (1872), "Characteristics of
Volcanoes " (1890), etc.
Dana, Richard. Born at Cambridge, Mass.,
July 7, 1700: died May 17, 1772. An American
lawyer and patriot. He was a prominent member of
the Boston bar, an<l, as a supporter of the popular cause,
frequently presided over the Boston town meetings be-
tween 1763 and 1772, and otherwise took a prominent part
in the movements which preceded the Revolution.
Dana, Richard Henry. Born at Cambridge,
Mass., Nov. 15, 1787: died at Boston, Feb. 2,
1879. An American poet and essayist, son of
Francis Dana. He studied at Harvard 1804-07 (ex-
pelled in the latter year) ; was admitted to the bar in
1811 ; was associate editor of the " North American Re-
view " 1818-20 ; and conducted the serial " The Idle ilan "
1821-22. He published " Buccaneer, and (Jther Poems "
(1827), etc., and wrote ten lectures on the characters of
Shakspere and delivered them in 1839-40. He published
his collected works in prose and verse in 1850.
Dana, Richard Henry. Born at Cambridge,
Mass., Aug. 1. 1S15: died at Rome. Italy. Jan.
6, 1882. An American jurist, politician, and
author, sou of R. H. Dana (1787-1879). in 1S34
he shipped before the mast for a voyage on the Pacific to
rest<ire his heaRh. From this voyage came "Two Years
Before the Mast" (1S40). He was one of the founders
of the Free Soil party 1848. Among his other works are
" The Seamen's Friend " (1841), aiid an edition of Wlleat-
oii's "Elements of International Law " (1866).
Dana, Samuel Luther. Born at Amherst,
N. H., July 11. 1795: died at Lowell, Mass.,
March 11, 1808. An American chemist and
agricultural writer. He was employed as chemist to
the Merrimac Print Works at Lowell upward of thirty
years, and invented a new method of bleaching cotton,
which was generally adopted.
Danae (dan'a-e). [Gr. Aami/.] In Greek my-
thology, the (laughter of Acrisius of Argos, and
mother of Perseus by Zeus, who visited her,
while she was shut up in a brazen tower by her
father, ill the form of a shower of gold, she was
shut up with her child in a chest, thrown into the sea,
" -d by the waves to the island of Seriphos, From
15, 18il. An English painter, son of George
Dance (died 1768).
Dance of Death, Dance of Macaber (ma-kii'-
ber). [F. Daiisc Macabre, L. Clioreti Machti-
bxoriim.} Originally, a kind of morality or al-
legorical representation intended to remind the
lagh, DaiH-kuje, etc. , after ME. or M L. transcrip-
tions of the" AS. ; AS. Dena htiju, law of the
Danes: Ucnn, gen. of Dene, the Danes; Ukjii,
law.] That part of England where the Danish
influence was p.aramount during the 9th and
10th centuries. It corresponded to the modern shires
York, Lincoln, Nottingham, Derliy, Leicester, Rutland,
N'oifolk, Suit. .Ik, Essex. Cambridge, Huntingdon, North-
ampton, Buckingham, Bedford, and Herts.
Danes (diinz). [From ME. Dune (after ML.
Dani, etc.). Dene, from AS. Dene, pl.,=D.
Deen = G. Dane, etc.,=Icel. Danir, pl.,=Dan.
/>«»<>, pi. Daner, alsi3i>«H-,sA- = Sw. Dan-sU ; first
in LL. Dani, pi.; ult. origin unknown.] The
natives of Denmark. They were first described
early in the 6th century as on the western coast of the Cim-
brian peninsula, in territory fonnerly occupied by the
Heruli, whither, according to .Torilanes, they had come
from Scandinavia. The Old Danish language is preserved
in numerous runic inscriptions, the oldest of which date
from the Viking age (700-lOf.O), and in literature from the
13th century. Three piincipal dialeitic groups are dis-
tinguished, which are typically represented by the dialects
of Scania in southern Sweden, Zealand, and .f utland. The
Zealand dialect became the literary form at about the time
of the Reformation, from which period modern Danish
dates.
living of the power of death. It originated in the Danewerk (dan'e-verk), Dan. Dannevirke
14th century in Germany, and consisted of dialogues be-
tween Death and a number of typical followers, which
were acted in or near churches by the religious orders.
Soon after it was repeated in France. It became extraor-
dinarily popular, and was treated in every possible way,
in pictures, bas-reliefs, tapestry, etc. Death is made
grotesque and a sort of " horrid Harlequin," a skeleton
dancer or musician playing for dancing, leading all man.
['Danes' work.'] An ancient intrenchment or
wall erected by King Gottrik in the 9th cen-
tury as a protection of Denmark against inva-
sion from the south. It extended from the Schlei
to the Treene. It was strengthened in the 10th century
and later, and was captured from the Danes by the Prus-
sians April 23, 1848.
kind. A dramatic poem which giew out of this was DangeaU (don-zho'), Philippe de CourciUon,
imitated in Spain ni 1400 as " La Danza General de los jr„,°.„.-,. )i„ a i?,.„„„i, o.fifiin,. .i;.lo_rlr>_r.uTr.T.
Muertos." In 142.5 the French, having illustrated each
verse, had the whole series painted on the wjill of the
churchyard of the Monastery of the Innocents, where they
acted the dramx In 1430 the poem and pictures were
produced in London, and not long afterat Salisbury (1460),
VVortley Hall in Gloucestershire, and other places. In
Germany it attained its greatest popularity. The drama
was acted until about the middle of the 15th century,
when the pictures became the main point of interest.
There is a picture of this kind in the Marienkirche .at
Liibeck, and one was on the cloister wall of Klingenthal,
a convent at Basel, both of the 14th century ; the latter
disappeared in 1805. One in the Campo Santo at Pisa is
ascribed to Orcagna. In the reign of Henry YI. a pro-
cessional Dance of Death was painted around the cloisters
of old St. Paul's ni London. Holbein h:is left tlfty-three
sketches for engraving, the originals of which are in St.
Petersburg: these he called "Imagines Mortis"; they
are, however, independent, and do not represent a dance,
xte wrote a metrical translation of the poem for the
Marquis de. A French soldier, aide-de-camp
to Louis XIV. whom he attended in all his
campaigns. He wrote a volumint>us journal, covering
the period from 1684 to 1720, and giving in minute detail
tile occurrences and the etiquette of the court of Louis.
Dangle (dang'gl). An amateur critic, in Sheri-
dan's faree "The Critic." whose peculiarities
are agreeably described by his wife in the first
scene : supposed to be a satire on Thomas
Vaughan, a playwright.
And what have you to do with the theatre, Mr. Dangle?
Why should you affect the character of a critic ? I have
no patience with you ! Haven't you made yourself the
jest of all your acquaintance by yom- interference in mat-
ters where you have no business'.' Are not you called a
theatrical quidimnc, and a mock Miecenasto second-hand
authors 1 Sheridan, The Critic, L
chapter of St. Paul's, To be placed under tlie pictures in Danican (d;i-ne-koii'), Franpols Andr6, usual-
the cloister. Various explanations of the name Macaber j^. known as PMlidor. Born at Dreux, France,
or Macabre have been given.
The name " JIacabre " probably arose from the associa-
tion of this subject with a painting that illustrated a
thirteenth-century legend of the lesson given by certain
hideous spectres of Death to three noble youths wlu-n
hunting in a forest. I'hey afterwards arrived at the cell
of St. Macarins, an Egyptian anchorite, who was shown
ii] a painting by Amlrew Orgagna presenting them with
one hand a label of adnn>nition on the vainglory of life,
and with the other hand pointing to three open ci>fflns.
In one coffin is a .skeleton, in one a king.
ilorlen. English VViiters, VI. 10!).
and cjiriic. ..J ...^ .....^ — .„ — — .., -
various ililllcultics she was in the end rescued by Perseus DanCOUrt (don-kor' ), (Florent CartOn )
and brought liack to Greece. Many of the represcnta- ^^ Fontailiebleau, France. Nov. 1, H!61 :
tions of her in art are famous. Among them are : (ff) A - -
painting by Itembrandt, in the Hermitage Museum, St.
Petersburg. Danae lies, undraped,'in a bed covered with
green silk ; her unloosed girdle has fallen to the floor.
An old woman is in attendance behiTul the curtains. (6)
A painting by Correggio. in the Palazzo Borghese, Rome.
She reclines smiliitg on her couch, while Cupid before her J)a,iidie Dinmont
holds out a fold of the drapery over her knees to catch
the golden shower. (»■) A masterpiece of Titian in the
Museo Nazionale, Xaples. Danae reclines on a couch
while tlie golden sliowei falls upon her. id) A painting
by Titian, in the Imperial Gallei-y at Vienna. Danae lies,
nude, on a cushioned couch; the golden rain falls from
a cloud over her, in which the face and hand of Jupiter
Bom
lied at
Courcelles-le-Roi, Berry, France, Dec. 6, 1725.
A French comedian aiul playwright. His jdays
deal almost exclusively with the middle class. Anmng
them are "Lc chevalier k la mode" (1687), 'Us hour-
oises de qualite " (I70n), " Les trois cousins " (1700).
See Dinmont, Dandle.
Dandin, George. See iieonjc Dandin.
Dandin (don-daiV). Perrin. A name given to
an ignorant and preposterous jmlge in Racine's
"Les plaideurs" and in La Fontaine's " F;)-
bles," taken from Kribelnis's " I'errin Dendin."
appear. An old woman seeks to catch some of the shower Dandolo (diin'do-16). Andrea. Born 1310: died
iTi a dish. - - - - _ - .
Danai (dan'a-i), or Danaoi(-oi). [Gr. lavaoi.']
In ancient Greek history, the Argives : used by
Oct. 7, 13.54. Doge of Venice 1343-54. He joined
in 1343 the Crusade proclaimed by Clement VI. against the
Turks, which ended in a peace advantageous to Venice in
Sept. 7, 1726: died at London, Aug. HI, 1795.
A noted French chess-player ;ind musical com-
poser, author of "Analyse du jeu des echees"
(1777).
Daniel (dan'yel). [Heb., 'my judge is God.']
One of the prophets of the Old Testament.
According to the book which bears his name, he (prob-
ably being of royal or noble descent) was carried off ca]
tive to Babylon in the third year of .It-hoiakim (605 B. c.
and with three other Israclitish youths of noble blooi
Uananiah, Mishael. and Azariah, was instructed in the lan-
guage ami leal'Uing of the Babylonians anil educated for
the king's service. They refrained from dehling them-
selves by partjiking of the food of the king. Daniel was
especially gifted with "understanding in all visions and
dreams," and successfully exercised this gift by interpret-
ing disquieting dreams of Nebuchadnezzar, and the mys-
terious writing on the wall which ilisturbeil the revelry
of Belshazzar (Dan. v. .5). .\t the accession of Darius ho
was made "one of the three presidents" of the empire.
He was divinely delivered from the lions' den into which
he was thrown for refusing to obey a decree of the king
forbidding any one to ask a petition of God or man for
thirty days except the king. He was still prosperous un-
der Cyrus. In the third year of Cyrus he saw the vision
on the bank of the Tigris, and this is the last notice about
him in the Old Testament. He is referred to by Ezekiel
as a pattern of righteousness and wisdom. In addition to
his Hebrew name, a Babylonian one, Belleshazzar ("liich
seei, was given him. Legends about him grew up, as in
the apocryphal additions to the biblical book which bears
his name, "Belaud the Dragon," the story of Susanna and
Daniel
Daniel, etc Accnrdinp to Mohaiuraedjin tradition, Daniel
retiunfd to I'alestint', where he held the govenmietit of
Syria, and llnally died at Susj*. where liiii tomb is still
sh'Avii, and is visited by crowds *>( pilgrims.
Daniel, Book of. A book which in the English
Bible, iis in all other translations, follows Eze-
kiel as t he fourthof the fjreater prophets, while in
the original Hebrew Bible it has its place in the
third division of the Canon, the Ila^iographa.
It 18 generally divided into two i)arts. The first, chapters
i.-vi., contains liistorical incidents ; the second, cliapters
TlL-xii., visions. Chapters ii. 4-vli.. inclusive, are written
in Aramaic: the rest in Hebrew. The authenticity and
historical character of the book were early called in ques-
tion. I'orphyry, in his discourses against the Christians,
and most modern critics relegate tlte twok in its present
stiape, on historical and linguistic grounds, to the period
of tne persecutions of Anlioclms Kpiphanes (about l(i7
B. C). The writer exhibits a familiarity with the liistory
of that period, while his historical references to the time
lu whicli Daniel is Hup[>osed to have lived are vague and
in many instances incorrect: as, for instance, that Nebu-
chadne/jsar was tlie father of Belslmzz:ir, that the latter was
the last ilabylonian king, and that Dai'ius, and not Cyrus,
was the successor of Nabunidus in the rule over Baltylonia.
The language of the book contains numerous Persian and
Greek words which point to a time wnen tliese empires
had long been established. The object of the author may
have been to em-onrage his pei.'ple to c<»nst;incyand faith-
fulness in the desperate struggle for their coimtr>' and
faith, showing them how tile constancy ancl fidelity of
Daniel and his three companions were rewarded, and re-
vealing to them the glorious future which is to follow
their present sulferings. This, however, does not exclude
a historical b;isis of tlie narratives contained in the book ;
ami it is not impossible that a D:uiiel similar to the one
deacrihed in the luuik not only existed during the exile,
but that also some written materials were extant from him,
which the author of the 2d century cast, together with the
traditions, into a lit*;rary form, with a special view to the
clrcuinstances of his own time.
Daniel (diln-yer), Arnaud. See the extract.
Of the troubadours themselves none is mentioned with
higher praise tlian Arnaut Daniel, rctrarch calls liim
ffran vutestm d'uiiutre, the *'great master of love, whose
novel and beautiful style still (i. e. about the middle of
the fourteenth eentiny) does honor to his country " ; and
Dante, in his philological and metrical treatise "De vul-
gar! eloquio," ileclares himself indebted to Arnaut for the
structure of several of his stanzas. The "sestina," for in
Btance, a poem of six verses in which the final words of
the first stanza ai)pear in inverted order in all the others,
is an invention of this troubadour adopted by Dante and
Petrarch, and, most likely through the medium of French
models, by Mr. Swi[il)unie, Huejfi'r, Troubadours, p. 45.
Daniel, Gabriel. Born at Konen, France, Feb.
8, 1(349 : died at Paris, June 2;{, 1728. A French
Jesuit historian and theolof^ian, aiithor of a
famous '^Histoire do Fnuice 'f ITKt'i etc.
Daniel (dii'ne-clj. Hermann Adalbert. Born
at Kothen, Germany, Nov. 18, 1SV2: die<l at
Leipsic, Sept. 13, 1871. A Gorman geographer
and theologian. He wrote *' Thesaurus hym-
nologicus" (1841-56), **Lehrbuch der Geogra-
phie" (1845), etc.
Daniel (dan'yel), Samuel. Born probably
near Taunton, Somerset, England, 1502: died
at Beckington, Somerset, Get. 14, Kill). An
English poet and historian, author of "Books
of the Civil Wars" (1595-1009), "Musophi^us "
(1599), etc.; in prose, "History of England"
(1612). Called by William Browne '• Tiio Well-
lau^uaged D."
DSJoIel Deronda (dan'yel do-ron'dii). A novel
by George Eliot. It appeared in eight monthly parts,
beginning in Kebruary, 1876, and as a whole in 1«77. The
l>ook unfolds the author's coneeptimis of social growth,
the strength of tratlition, and the impelling force of na-
tlunulity. See DiTonda.
Daniell (dan'yel), John Frederick. Born at
London, Mar(di 12. 1790: died at London.
Mandi Kl, 1845. An English physicist and
chemist, invcntorof aliygronietcr (al)out 182(().
His works include "MetcoroloKieal Essays" (IH^-'l), ''■In-
troilueti(Ui to Chemical Philosophy " (isyo), etc.
Daniell, Samuel. Born at liomlon in 1775
(1777.'): die. I in ('eylon, Dec, ISll. An Eng-
lish nrlist and traveler, brother of William
iJnnieli.
Daniell, Thomas. Born 1749 : died at London,
March ii>. IK40. An English landseape-jiainter
and engraver, best known b}' his illustrations
of works on Eastern subjects.
Danish War, The. See ScMeswUf-Holstehi JVafy
Thr.
Danites (dan'its). 1. The members of the He-
brew tribe of I);iii. Seo/>«». — 2. The members
of a secr(*t orj^anizaf ion in I he Mormon Church,
who are sworn to support the lieads of the
chnr<"h in everyt!iin«x thai they say or do, whe-
ther rit^ht nr urrtiitr.
Dannat (dan'at), William T. Born at New
York in 1K5:(. An Amerieun li^iure-pninter.
Uf studied at Munirb and KlorLTice. and with Munkuesy
at Tarlw, and reuelvid the third-clans niudal at r;irlf= in
1S>*3.
Dannecker (dan'nek-er), Johann Heinrich
von. Born at Waldenbuch, near Stuttgart,
307
Oet. 15. 17.5K: died tiicre, Dec. 8, 1841. A Ger-
man seulpt<>r. In 1T71 he entered the Karlsschule at
Stuttgart, where he was associated with Schiller. He de-
signed at an early age some statues of children and cary-
atides which still adorn the chateau of Stuttgart and
Hohenheim. Appointed court s'-ulptor (17.M)) to Duke
Charles of Wiirtemberg, he went to Paris, where he
studied with Pajou, In ITS.'* he went to Rome, wlieit; he
met Canova, Goethe, and Herder. His statue of Ceres
and Bacchus pmcured him admission to tlie academies of
Milan and liologntu On liis return to Stuttgart (17IK)), he
was appointcii professor at the academy. His most fa-
mous work is a stutue of Ariadne on a panther. Among
his other works sue a statue of 8appho, a bust of .Schiller,
a bust of Ghick (1h<«»), etc.
Dannemora, or Danemora (da-ne-mo'rii). A
small j)arish in the l;ien of Upsala, Sweden,
situated 28 miles northeast of Upsala. It is
celebrated for its iron-mines (the best in Swe-
den).
Dannemora (dau-e-md'ni). A town in Clinton
County, northeastern New York, situated 12
miles west of Plattsburji:. It is the seat of
Clinton State piison. Population (18'J0), ;i,!)77.
Dannevirke, Dannewerk. See l)a»cwcrl:.
Dansville (ilanz'viij. A village in Livinjjston
County, western New York, situated 63 miles
southeast of Buffalo. It is the seat of a water-
cure establishment.
Dantan (don-ton'), Antoine Laurent. Born at
St. i 'loud, Dec. 8, 1798: died there. May :U, 1878.
A Freneh seiilptor, a puj)il of Bosio.
Dantan, Jean Pierre. Born at Paris, Dec,
1800: died at Baden-Baden, Sept., 1869. A
French sculptor, brother of A. L. Dantan, noted
especially for grotesque busts.
Dantas (dan'tds), Manuel Pinto de Souza.
Born in Bahia about bSii"). A Brnzili;in politi-
cian of the liberal party. He was senator from
1879, minister of justice in 1S80, and of the interior in
1S82, and prime ministerfrom June 6, 1SS4, to May 7, 1S85.
He brought forward a bill fort-mancipation, wluL-h, thnugh
lost at the time, led to complete abolition of slavery three
years later.
Dante (.dnn'te; It. pron. diin'te) (originally Du-
rante) Aligllieri. Born at Florence in May,
1265: died at Kavenua, Italy, Sept. 14, 1321.
A celebrated Italian poet. His father, Alighiero
degli Alighieri, was of an ancient family. (The name
is also spelled Aldigeri, Alaghieri, AJigeri, Alleghieri.)
He was a jurisconsult, and a member of the (_;uelph
party. After its defeat at the battle of Moutaperti, he
went hito exile. Dante, as he was called after the Kloren-
tine fashion of abbreviation, was, however, born in Flor-
ence. In the ninth yt-ar of his age he first saw Beatrice
Portinari, then only eight years old, who inspired him
with that romantic passion, or as some think impersonal
and platonic love, whicli he nan'ates in the " Vita Nuova "
and the "Uivina Comniedia." Beatrice was married in
1287 to McsserSimone de' Hardi, and died shortly after, at
the age of twenty-four. Dante expresses no disappoint-
ment at her marriage, and aeemsto have had no desire for
any intimate relation with her. About two years after
her death he married Oe:nma Donati. He became pas-
sionately absorbed in the love of countiy, and at the age
of twenty-four fought on the side of the Ouelphs at the
battle of Campaldino. He was intrusted \vith several
foreign missions, and became an important factor in the
l-'lorentine government. His political ideas eliangcd grad-
ually, and from being an ardent Guelph and yiorentine
he became " the first Italian," as has been said ; couceived
a plan of general organization for the advancement of
Italy; and endeavored toreconcilothcGuelphsanddhibel-
lines. On the ir)th of June, 130n, Dante was elected ojie
of the priors of Florence. The struggles and riots of the
Bianchi and Neri resulted in the destruction of half of
Florence, Dante's house being pillaged and destroyeil in
his absence at Koine, to which city the Bianchi had sent
him on an embassy. The Neri succeeded in establishing
a government i>f their own, and passed a sentence of tem-
porary banishment against him in 1;JU2. He succeeded
in obtniiiing aid from various courts, especially from Delia
Scala, i<»rd of Verona, his friend, who was the chief t>i
the Ohibcllines. In 1:J03 an unsuccessful attempt was
made to take possession of Florence, and, huiniliuted by
ins exile and failures, Dante withdrew from a public ca-
reer, and passed the iirstof his life in wandering fr*)m one
city to another, watching, and endeavoring to guide, the
course of events from various retrents. Finally, in i:i'20,
he went to ICitveruia, and on his return from a mission to
Venice fell ill, and, Iteing worn out by failure and dis-
appointment, died at the ago of fifty-six years. Mc
spent the years from l:iO-l to 1:10(5 in study, and all bin
works except the "ViUi Nuova" were written in solitary
exile. His chief work is the "Divjrm Commedia" (whicli
see). The " ViJ^i Nuova" is practically the history of his
love for Beatrice. It was prnbaldy finislied in i;t()7. The
'•Convito," or Bainiuet, Is almost a continuation of the
'* Vita Nuova." It gives much information about his life,
and throws light on tho " Divina Commedia." These
were written in Italian. "'De vulgar! eloiiuio sive idio-
mate" is a Latin treatise on the Italian language or vul-
gar idifim. It was begun in l.'l(>4, and is alluded to in tin-
"Convito." " De nionarehla,"a treatise contaiidng l)aiite's
creed as a (ihibellinc. was written between ISIO and i;tl 1.
There is a famnus pr>rtrait of the poet as a yomig man,
by Giotto, on the wall of tlie Hargello in Florence. It wn-*
injured by time and vandalism, and has been Ino much
restored ; fcirtuiiatrly. a tracing of it was matle liefore this
iiy an Knglisbnnui, artd this trueing has b<-eii published by
the Arundel Society. It and a death-mask arc the oidy
authentic likeneBses of Dante.
There are fair grounds for believing that ho [Dantel
himself visited Oxford. Vlllanl states that Dante, who
Danville
was one of his contemporaries and neighbors at Florence,
"went to the Iriivi-rsity istwliii) at Bologna and then at
Paris, and in other parts of the world. " Boccaccio, a little
later in point of time, mentions incitlentully that Dante
visited Kngland as well as Fnmce ; and Giovanni da Se-
ravalle. Bishop of Fermo, writing in 141t), states posi-
tively that Dante studied the liberal ai'ts at Padua and
iiologna, and theology at Oxford and Paris. Some indi-
rect evidence in supp«u't of this may be found in the " Di-
vina Commedia," which contains a description of the coast
of Flanders, an allusion to Westminster Abbey, and sev-
eral scattered notices of English alfairs. A close resem-
blanee has also been traced between some of Dante's
opinions and those of Roger Bacon, tlie great English
philosopher. The date of Dante's undoubted .^ioiourn at
Paris must be placed either between the ye:u-s 1287 and
1289, or between 1308 and 1314. Lyte, Oxford, p. 89.
Dant^s (don-las'), Edmond. The Connt of
Monte Cristo, in Dnmas's novel of that name.
He appears, for the f nrt herance of his re-
venpje, as Lord Wilniore and the Abbe Bnsoid.
Danti (diin'te), Vincenzo, Born at Pernf^ia:
died May 24, IfjTG. Au Italian goldsmith, seidp-
tor, military arcdiitect, and jKX't. He made the
"Decapitation of St. John " over the door of the baptis-
tery at Florence, and the statue of Tope Julius III. at Pe-
rugia.
Danton (don-t 6h'). Georges Jacques. Born at
Arcis-sur-Anbe, France. (Jet. 28. l7o9: gnillo-
tiued at Paris, April 5, 171)4. A celebrated
French revolntionist. He was the leader of the
attack on the Tuileries, Aug. 10, 1792 ; was minister
of justice in Aug. ; was implicated in the "September
ma3s:icres"; moved the formation of the Revolutionary
tribunal March, 1793; and was a member <>f the Com-
mittee of Public Safety April-^Supt., 1793. He overthrew
Hebert and his party with the aid of Robespierre, and was
in turn overthiowa by the latter. He was an orator of
great power.
Dan Tucker (dan tuk'er). A negro song with
the refrain "Out o' de way, ole Dan Tiicker":
said to refer to Captain Daintd Tucker ot Vir-
ginia, second governor of Bermuda.
Dantzic, or Dantsic (dant'sik). [G. DaiKig,
Pol. (hUtnak, \j. (inl(uiK/n.'\ A seaport, capital
of the province of West Prussia. Prussia, situ-
ated on the Vistula 3 miles from its month, and
on the Mottlau and Kadaune, in lat. 54° 21' N.,
long. 18^39' K. It contains the Altstadt^Rechtstadt,
Vorstadt, Mederstadt, Langgarten, and the Speicher Isl-
and, and is a strong fortress. It is one of the principal
porta of Germany, and next to Odessa has the largest gram-
trade in Europe. Its chief buildings are the Kathaus,
the Exchange (Artushof or Junkerhot), the Church of St,
Mary, and a Franciscan monastery (with a museum). It
was the capital of the duchy of rommerellen. The town
is mentioned as early as 997. It passed to the Teutonic
Order about 13K), and for a time was a Hanseatic city.
It came under the supremacy of Poland in UGti, but re-
tained a large amount of independence. By the second
partition of Poland it passed to lYussia in 1793. It was
besieged and taken by the I'Venrh under Tjcfebvre in 1807 ;
was juade a connaonwcalth in lsn7 ; was besiegeil by the
Allies in 1S13, and taki-n (1S14) after an eleven months'
sii'gc. It was restored to Prussia in 1814. Poimlatiou
(I^90), cfunmune, 120, XJS.
Danube (dan'ub). [G. Oonau, Hung. Dunn,
I J. DanuviuSy later Dannhiu.s\ Gr. Aavoi'lSiog,']
The largest river of Europe next to the Volga,
formed by the union of the Breg and Brigach
near Donanesehingen in southern Baden: tho
Roman Danubius. or (in its lower course) Ister.
It Hows through Wiirtemberg, Bavaria, and Austria-Hun-
gary; separates Austria-Hungary and Rumania on the
north from .Serviaand Hulgariaon the south ; ami emptiea
into the Black Sea by three j)rincipal mouths, abnul lat.
44"50'-45'25' N. Navigaldeto llm. It.^ chief tributaries
are, on theright hank, the lller. Lech, I-^ar, Inn, Enns, Kaab,
Drave. Save, Morava, and Timoi^ ; on \l\v left bank, the
Altmiihl. Naab, Kcgcn, March, Waag.Gran/rheiss, Temes,
Scliyl, Aluta, Arjish, Val.nnit/.a, Screth. and Pruth. Area
of basin, ab.mt Gnii.Oiiit square miles. Length, 1,770 miles.
Danube Navigation Commission, Interna-
tional. A commission appointed bj'the treaty
of Paris in isr>0, and several tinn*s continued.
It has great authority over the Danube mouths, in con-
structing engineering works, making local regulations,
etc., and to a less extentover the Oatuihe as far ujt as the
Inm (iates.
Danubian (da-nu'i»i-an) Principalities. The
former jn-ineipalities ul' Moldavia and Walla-
<'hia.. now forming the kiiiLC'lom of Kumnnia.
D'Anvers (dau'verz). Caleb. The nanu' as-
suiiM'd by Nicholas Amhurst ns editor of •'The
Craftsman"! 1721)) in citnucction with Pultcney
and Bolingbroke.
Danvers (dnn'vcr/.). A Idwii in Kssex County,
M;iss;ichusetts. silintted If) miles northeast of
I'.oston. It is the seat of tho Stiite insane asy-
hini. Population (1890), 7,454.
D'Anville. W"*'' AnrUfe.
Danville ( dan' vil ). The name of several towns
in tin- I'nited Stales. («) a city and the county seat
of Vermilion (bounty, Illinois, situated on the Vermilion
River in lat. 40^ 7 N.. long. 87" 38 W. It is a railway and
coal-mining center. Population (1S!H)). 11, (nl. (/>) The
cnunty-seat of Bi»yle County, central Kentucky. .SO mile?
.^outh of Frankfort. Population (181*0), :i,:i\t\. (c) A hoT-
ough and the county-seat of Montour ("ounty, Pennsyl-
vunia, situated on the north branch of the Susquehanna
Danville
51 mUes north of Harrisburg. It is noted for it? Jron
manufactures. Fopuhuion OSiKiX J.iws (d) A c ty m
Pittsylvauia County, Vu(,'i.iia. situated on the D«n in lat.
SB" 34 N., loufe'. 7a- 20 VV. : the center of a tobacco-grow-
ing district. Population (1890), 10,805.
Danzig. See I)iiiit;ic. , „ „ , „
Daphnae {'Ut'ne) (town). See VajihiK. 2.
Daphne (tlaf'ne). [Gr. ia^.^the lawrel.] 1.
Ill Greek mvtbology, a nymph, daughter ot the
river-o-od Peneius, or. in other aecounts, of L.a-
don an Arcadian. Her lover Leucippus pursued
her in woman's clothing, and »;a9 killed by the nymphs
at the instigation of Apollo. Wien the god in tun. pur-
sued her, she entreated that she might be transformed
into the bay-tree, and he granted her petition.
2. The first Italian opera, as distinguished
from a inusieal drama. It was produced by the So-
ciety of the Altcrati in florence, in a private house^ in
l.'iiHi The music was by Ciulio Caccmi and .lacopo Pen
(who both invented recitative), the words by Ottavio Ei-
imccini •'pi'': niade a German translation of the text,
and Ilcinrich Schutz wrote new music for it. This was
the tlrst ticrman opera, and was produced April l.i, ibii,
at Toi^au, at the court of the elector John George I.
3 An asteroid (No. 41) discovered by Gold-
schinidt at Paris, May 22. 1856.
Daphne. 1. lu ancient geography, a famous
gi'ove and sanctuary of Apollo, situated about
5 miles southwest of Antioch, Syria. It was
established bv Seleueus Nicator.— 2. A town
in ancient Egvpt, about 25 miles from Pelu-
sium: the Ta'hpenes of the Bible, and the
modern Tel Defenneh. Its site has recently
bi'cn explori-il. Also Daphnie.
Daphni, Convent of. See Jthctis (Greece).
DaphniS (daf'nis). [Gr. Ao^./f.] 1. In <Treek
nivtlii'logy. a shepherd, son of Mercury and a
Sicilian Tmnph. He was protected by Diana, and loved
the chase. "Pan gave him lessons in singing and on the
Hate and the Muses endowed him with a love of poetry,
and iic is said to have originated bucolic poetry. He was
turned into a stone according to one legend; according to
another his eyes were torn out by a nymph tor his infi-
delity to her, and he threw himself in despair into the
sea. In ancient pastoral poetry his name was frequently
given to shepherds.
2 A gentle shepherd in Beaumont and Fletch-
er's play "The Faithful Shepherdess."— 3.
An idvlbv Gesner (1756).
Daphnis and Chloe (klo'e). A Greek pastoral
romance attributed to Longiis (4th or 5th cen-
tury A D.), a Greek sophist, it recounts the loves
and'pastoral life of Uaphnis, foster-son of Lamon, a goat-
herd and Chloe, foster-daughter of Dryas, a shepherd.
The manuscript of Mont-Cassin, taken to Florence, does
not name the author. It is known principally through
the French version of Amyot (1559), revised by lourier.
It has been translated and imitated in all European
languages. Tasso's "Aminta." .Montemayor's " Diana, ''
d'l'Tfe's "Sireine," St. Pierre's "Paul and Virginia, and
Allan liaiusay's "Gentle .Shepherd" are founded on it.
Da Ponte (da pon'te), Lorenzo. Born at Ce-
neda, near Venice, March 10, 1749 : died at New
York'. Aug. 17. 1838. An Italian librettist and
author. He wrote the words to Mozart's " Fi-
garo " and " Don Giovanni."
Dapper (dap'er). In Ben Jonson's comedy "The
Alchemist," a greedy and credulous lawyer's
clerk who desires a "fly" (a spirit or familiar)
of the Alchemist to enable him to cheat at
horse-races by giWng him prior information.
Dapperwit. A vain, foolish, and boastful rake
in Wvcheriev's " 1-ovo in a Wood."
Dappes (<laii). Vallee des. A small valley m
the .Jura, canton of Vaud, Switzerland. It was
a sub.)ect of dispute between France and Swit-
zerlaiul 1815-62.
Dapple (dap'l). The name of Saneho Panza's
asH in Cervantes's romance "Don Quixote."
Darab (da'riib), or Darabgherd (dii-rab-gerd').
or Darabjird (dii-riib-jerd'). A city in the
province of Farsistan, Persia, in lat. 28° 5d N..
long. 54° '25' E. It is sometimes identified with
the ancient Pasargadffi.
Daras (dii'ras). An ancient town of Mesopo-
tamia, situated near Nisibis. It was a frontier
post of the Eastern Empire against Persia m
the Gill century A. D.
Darbhangah (du-biin'ga), or Durbunga (dur-
bun'gii). 1. A district in Bengal. British In-
dia, intersected by lat. 26° N., long. 86° E.
Area, 3,335 siiuare miles. Population (1881).
2,633.447.-2. The capital of the above district.
Population (1891). 73,561.
D'Arblay, Madame. See Arhlny.
Darboy (diir-liuii'). G-eorges. Bom at Fayl-
liillot. Haute-Marne, France, .Ian. 16, 1813:
shot at Paris, Mav 24, 1871. A French prelate,
archbishop of Paris 1863-71. He was arrested
and assassinated by the Communists.
Darby (diir'bi). John Nelson. Born at Lon-
don,Nov. 18.1800: died at Boumemouth. Hants,
England, April 28, 1882. An English theologi-
308
cal writer, for a time a minister of the Church
of England: one of the founders of the Ply-
mouth Brethren, or Darbyites. See I'lijmouth
Brcthnn.
Darby and Joan. A married pair who are said
to have lived in the 18th century m the West
Riding of Yorkshire, noted traditionally for
their long and happy maiTied life. There is a
baUad on the subject called "The Happy Old Couple
supposed to have been written by Uenry W oodfall, though
it has been attributed to Prior. A poem " Dobson and
.loan," by "llr. B.," is published with Prior's poems.
Dare, Jeanne. SecJaau »f Arc. „ ,„„,
Darcet (dar-sa'). Jean. Born Sept. <, 1*25:
died at Paris, Fel). 13, 1801. A Freiich chem-
ist, director of the manufactory at Sevres.
Darcet, Jean Pierre Joseph. Born at Pans,
Aug. 31, 1777: died Aug. 2, 1844. A Preiich
chemist, son of the preceding. He effected
improvements in the manufacture of powder.
Darcy (diir'si), Mr. The lover of Elizabeth
Bennet, in Miss Austen's "Pride and Preju-
dice." See Bcnnct.
Dardanelles (dar-da-nelz')- A strait connect-
ijig the Sea of Marmora with the ^geaii bea,
and separating the peninsula of Gallipoli from
Asia Minor: the ancient Hellespont. It is de-
fended by castles at Tchanak-Kalessi (known as the Castle
of Asia : see extract below), Kilid-Bahr(knowu as the Cas-
tle of Europe), and at the .-Egean entrance. It was crossed
bv Xerxes in 4^0 B.C., and by Alexanderthe Great in 3.MB.C
The passage was forced by the British fleet under Admiral
Duckworth in 1S07. It was closed against foreign men-of-
WM- by stipulations of 1841, 1856, 1871, and 18(8 but was
passed by a British fleet in Feb., 1878, to protect Constanti-
nople from the Russians. In 1891 an agreement between
Russia and the Porte was reached, by which the shipsof the
so-called volunteer fleet of Russia, bearing the flag of the
merchant marine, are allowed free passage of the Darda-
nelles-but when they carry convictsor8oldiers,notlce of this
fact must lie given to the Porte. Length, about 45 miles.
Average width,3to4miles; narrowest point,abontli miles.
About H m. below the western point of that bay [Maito
(Madytus)] are the famous Castles of the Dardanelles. 1 he
castles, Chmmk-kaled, the earthenware castle, from a cel-
ebrated manufacture, or Sultanieh-kalen, o" the Asiatic
side (known as the Castle of Asia), and hhilidbahn, or
EhUidi-lMhar (the lock of the sea), on the European shore
[known as the Castle of Europe), are called by the Turks
Binihazhissarlan, and by the Franks the Old Castles of
Anatolia and Roumelia. Chaimk-kalesi, commonly called
Diudanelles, is a town of 2,000 houses, on a flat point op-
posite the European fort. Ehilid-bahri is built on the
side of a projecting hUl, and its castle is of less importance
than that of ChaiMk-katesL The equipment of the forts
both on the European and Asiatic sides has recently been
entirely reorganized. On the Asiatic side the fort of sul-
tanieh has been armed with Krupp guns, which will com-
mand a large section of the Straits both above and below
the town. Some distance below the town a 40-toii Krupp
gun has been mounted behind earthworks. Above the
town are also batteries, one of which on the ^a]ara Bour-
nou point has a heavy Krupp gun. On the European side
the fort of Khaid-bahri, situated at the foot of a steep
hill, has 16 large Krupp guns, and both above and below
it aie newly-constructed earthworks heavily armed. Ihe
barrow of liecuba, or Cyiumema, where the Athenians
erected a trophy after their victory towards the end of the
Peloponnesian war (Thucydides, viii.), is, or was, close to
the European castle. , ,^„ , , ,_,,„.
ilnmiy, Handbook for Turkey, etc., p. 128 (ed. 1878).
Dardani (diir'da-ni). [Gr. Aiipiioiw.] 1. Aji an-
cient Illyrian people of the southeni highland
of MoBsia. Thev became subject to the Mace-
donians under the Antigoni, and later to tlie
Romans.— 2. The inhabitants of Dardania (1),
mentioned in the Iliad.
Dardania (dar-da'ui-ii), or Dardamce. [Gr.
Anpilowa, from the Dardani.] 1. In ancient
geography, a territoiy in Mysia, with uncertain
boundaries. It is mentioned, indefinitely, m
the Iliad.— 2. A district in the southwestern
part of Moesia. It was made a province by Dio-
cletian.
Dardanius (dar-da'ni-us). Servant to Brutus
in Shakspere's tragedv "Julius Csesar."
Dardanus (diir'da-niis). [Gr. AripiSopof.] In
(ircek legends, a son of Zeus and Electra, and
mythical ancestor of the Trojans.
Dardanus, or Dardanum (-num). [Gr. Aaprforoc
or AiipAiror.] In ancient geography, a city ot
Mysia, Asia Minor, situated on the Hellespont
about 9 miles southwest of Abydos.
Darden (dar'den). Miles. Bom in North Caro-
lina, 1798: died in Henderson County. Teiin..
Jan. 23, 1857. An American noted for his size.
His height was 7 feet 6 inches, and his weight
(at death) about 1,000 pounds,
Dardistan (dar-dis-tan'). ['Land of theDardu,
ail .\rvan race.] A region in central Asia. (See
the quotation.) Also Jahijiian ('laud of the reb-
els')
Darius I.
I<agar,Yasin the independent republics of the Indus val-
ley and other countries south of the Hindu Koosh.
E. F. Enight, Where Three Empires Meet, p. 258
Darede-vil (dar'dev"l). The Atheist in Otway's
comedv of that name. He is acowardly, bnastingfel-
low who when in danger foi-gets his principles and says
"two dozen paternosters within a half hour."
Dares (dil'rez). [Gr, Anpw-] A jiriest of He-
phaestus in Troy, mentioned in the Iliad. The
authorship of a lost work on the fall of Troy, a pretended
Latin translation of which was written about the 6lh (')
centui7 A. D. was attributed to him in antiiiuity.
Dar-es-Salaam (dar-es-sil-Uim'). The capital
of German East Africa. It has an excellent har-
bor, but is unhealthy. It rivals Bagamoyo as a meeting-
place of the caravans from the lake region. It was ceded
by the Sultan of Zanzibai' to the German East African Com-
pany ill 1885.
Dareste de la Chavanne (da-resf de lii shii-
van ' ) , Antoine Elisabeth Cleophas. Bom at
Paris, Oct. 25, 1.S2U: died at Luceuay-les-Aix,
France, April 6, 1882. A French historian, au-
thor of "Ilistoire de France" (186.5-73), etc.
Dar-fertit (dar-fer-tef). A region in central
Africa, south of Darfiu'.
Darfur ( diir'for), or Darfor (diir'for), A eoun-
trv in the eastern part of the Sudan, Africa,
situated about lat. 8°-16° N., long. 22°-28° E.
It is inhabited by negroes and Arabs, and the i-ellgion
is Mohammedan. Its chief towns are El-Fasher and
Kobeh It was conquered and annexed to Egypt in 1874,
but revolted in 1882. Area, estimated, 175,fK)ii stiuare
miles. Population, variously estimated from 1,600,000 to
4,000,000.
Darfur appears to have reasserted its independence. . . .
The greater part of . . . D:u-fur is included within the
stihere of influence of the British East African Company.
Statesman's Year-Book, 1893, p. 320.
Dardistan appears to be simply a convenient but some-
what misleading name employed by our geographers to
express a large tract inhabited by different Apan races
of somewhat similar type. It includes the districts ot
Astor and Cilgit, ... the little kingdoms of Hunza and
Dargaud (diir-go'), Jean Marie. Bom at Pa-
rav le-Monial, Saone-et-Loire, France, Feb. 22,
isbo : died Jan. 5, 1866. A French historian
and litterateur. His chief work is a " Histoire
de la liberty religieuse en France" (1859).
Dariel Pass (dii-re-el' pas). The chief pass in
the Caucasus Mountains, situated in the central
part ot the chain. It is traversed by a military road,
the route between Tiflis and Vladikavkaz. It is probably
the ancient Caucasian or Iberian Gates. Elevation, about
8,000 feet.
Darien (da'ri-en). A seaport in Mcintosh
Countv, Georgia, situated near the mouth of
the Altamaha River in lat. 31° 22' N., long. 81°
26' W. It exports lumber. Population (1890),
1 491.
Darien, Colony of. An unsuccessful Scottish
settlement on the Istlimus of Panama, founded
bv William Paterson. It was'chartered by the Scot-
tish P.arliament in 1095 ; the enterprise was begun in 1698;
and the settlement was abandoned in 1700.
Darien (da'ri-en; Sp. pron. dii-re-en'). Gulf of .
A branch of the Caribbean Sea, lying north of
the republic of Colombia and east ot the Isth-
mus of Panama. See Vrahd.
Darien, Isthmus of. See Panama, isthmus of.
The name is also used, in a restricted sense, for that por-
tion of the Isthmus of Panama (or Darien) which forms a
narrow neck between the Gulf of Darien and the Gulf of
San Miguel.
Darinel (dar'i-nel). A comic shepherd, a char-
acter introduced into " Florisel de Niquea," the
tenth book of "AmaiUs de Gaul." He strongly
excited the rage of Cervantes. i
Darius (da-ri'us) I. [Gr. Aapdoc; m the Old
Testament Daryaiciili; in the cuneiform insonp-
tions T)nniani.sh or Daryamiislt ; OPers. JRo-
raijavush.'i Son of Hystaspes, and fifth in the
descent from Aeha'menes. He succeeded Cambyses
on the Persian throne 521-18«, after defeating the Maglall
Gaumata, who claimed to be Bardiya (the t:reek Sinerdis),
brother of Cambvses. A record of his reign is given by
himself in the long trilingual inscriptions of Behistun
(which see). Besides the revolt in Persia itself, caused
bv the impostor Gaumata, he had to suppress two upris-
ings in Babylonia, led by Nidiiitu-Bcl and Araclui who
gave themselves ont for NebuchadnezKir, son of >al>om-
dus: in consequence of these uprisings he cwised the
fortifications of Babylon to be torn down. The other
countries also fell away in turn, but at last were brought
to submission. After restoring order in the empire lie
turned hi< attention to reorganization and refoniis of the
administiatiun. He divi.led the whole laiid into tweng
satrapies, introduced regular taxation and uniformity of
coinage, constructed roads, and founded a kind of po^M
system bv placing stations and relays with saddled horses
at regular intervals on Ihe road between Siisa ;';"' .^"rf '':
To the capitals Susa in Elam, Ecbatana in Media, and
Babylon, he added Persepolis in Persia I''"lf.f' ".'"™ V '
destroyed by Alexander the Great, but of which u" «8in|
ruins have survived. On account of hisattentmii to tiade
ind industry he was called "the Huckster. «." «P""-
tion over the Bosporus and Danube into Scythia »»•-""■
successful. Toward the East he extended Ins >"'IV ™'=^5,y
to the In.lus, and cmpelled North Africa to pay 'j " '""■
ute Under him began also the great struggle between
Periia a Id Greece (battle of Marathon in 49o). Ilis tomb
fs l^wn n the rock at a place called Nakkshi-Rustem near
Persepoli.,, and is adorned with f." ['""■«?/"'' '"u£
lions complementing those of Behistun. Darius I. is re-
Darius I.
/erred to in tht: Old Testiimuiit in connection with the
buihlin[?of the temple at Zeruhbahel. In tiie second yeitr
of liis reitrn be allowed the resumption of the building,
and in the sixtli it was completed (Ezi-.l vi. If)).
Darius II., suniamed Nothus. [Or. iiotfof, a
bastnnl.l Porsiaii kinfr42r) (424M05(404) B.C.
Darius III., surnamed Codomannus. The last
king of Persia, 336-3:i0 b. c, wheu he was ile-
throiieil by Aloxaiiiler (ho Great.
Darjiling,V)rDarieeling(tlar-jel'iiig). 1. A dis-
trict in tlu; liajsliahi divisiou, Bengal, British
India, situated about lat. 27° N., long. 88°-89°
E. Area, l,l(i4 square miles. Poi)ulation(1891).
22;!. 314. — 2. A town and sanatorium in the
above district, situated in lat. 27° 3' N., long.
88° 1!)' E. It is the chief health-station in Ben-
gal. Klevation. 7,000 feet.
Dark and Bloody Ground, The. An alleged
translation of the Indian word Kentucky, and a
name given to that State in allusion to its early
associations with Indian warfare.
Dark Continent, The. Africa.
Dark Lady, The. A woman, mentioned in
Shaksjx're's later sonnets, who has been
thonglit to be Mary Fitton, a maid of honor (in
159.1) to Queen Elizabetli. .She was the mistress
of William Herbert, earl of IVmbroke, who ia celebrated
in the earlier sonnets. Othei-s have suggested Penelope,
Lady Kieh.
Darlaston (diir'las-ton). A town in Stafford-
shire, England, i miles southeast of Wolver-
hampton. It is noted for its iron manufac-
tures. Population (1891). 14.422.
Darley (diir'li), Felix Octavius Carr. Born at
Philadelphia, June 23, 1822: died atClayinont,
Del., March 27, 1888. An American artist,
noted as an illustrator. He illustrated Judd's
novel "Margaret" (18.56), and the works of
Dickens, Cooper, Irving, etc.
Darley Arabian, The. One of the three East-
ern stallions from which all horses in the stud-
book trace descent. See Bijcrlii Turk and Ga-
dolpliin Biirb. He was imported about 1700 by a ilr.
Darley, of Yorkshire, through his brother, an Ilnglish
agent in the Levant. He was brought from Aleppo,
which has always been the point of export for fuU-
bloocled .Arab horses, and Wiis probably Keheileii (the
Arab equivalent of '' thoronghI)red," applied to all horses
bred in Al Khaniish, or the Hvg great strains). He was
the sire of Hying Oliilders and Kartlett's Childers, the
sire of S(|uirt, the sire of Marske, the sire of Eclipse, the
founder of the chief male line of thoroughbreds.
Darling (diir'liug), Grace. Born at Bambor-
ough, Northumberland, England, Nov. 24, 1815 :
died Oct. 20, 1842. An English heroine who
rescued nine persons from the wreck of the
'' Forfarshire " steamer near Longstone light-
house. Fame Islands, Sept. 7, 1838.
Darling, 1. A river in Australia which rises
in southeastern Queensland, flows througli New
South Wales, and joins the Murray in lat. 34° 5'
8., long. 141° 53' E. Also called Calcwalta an<l
Biirunii. Length, about 1,100 miles ; naviga-
ble about 400 (t) miles. — 2. A range of low
motintains in western Australia, running ijaral-
lel to the coast.
Darlington (diir'ling-ton), William. Bom at
Birmingham, Pa., April 28, 1782: died at West
Chester, Pa., Ajiril 23, 1803. An American
Imtanist and politician. Hewas elected to Congress
as a Democrat in ISI.^i. and again in 1811) an<l in 1821. He
wrote " Flora Cestriea " (1837), etc.
Darlington. A town in Durham, England, sit-
uateil on the Skerno 18 miles south of Durham.
It has niannfajrtures of woolens and carpets, and was the
terieiinus cjf the Stockton and Dailington Railway, the
oldest railway in the world (opened in 1825). Population
(ISJIU .'W.OfW.
Darmesteter (diir-nie-sto-tar'), James. Born
.March 28, ]84i): diecV Oct. 19, 1894. A noted
French (Jrientalist, j'rofessor of Iranian lan-
guages and literature at tiio College de Franco
from 188.">. He was the author of numerous
works on (Jrienlal subjects.
Darmstadt (diirm'stiit). The capital of the
gianil duchy of Hesse, tjermiiny, situate<l in
the province of Starkenburg, 10 miles soutli of
Frankfort-on-t he-Main. It has some trade and man-
ufactures, and contains a castle (with a large library, pir-
ture-gallei-y, atid collections), and a statue and colltmn
of lAjnin I. It passe<l to IIcknc in 147i), Iierame the capi-
tal in 16(57. and greatly developed under the grand duke
Louis I. Population (IS'.Ni), comnnnie, r>.'>,8t^.
Dam^tal (iliir-na-tiil'). A town in the depart-
nicnt of Seine-Infi'Tii'lire, France, situated on
the Aubettt^ 2 J miles east of Rouen. Population
(1891), commune, (>.4f)0.
Darnley(diinrii). Lord (Henry Stuart). Born
in England, 1541 (ITvtO ?) : killi'd near Kilinbnrgli,
Feb. 9-10, 1.507. The second husband of Mary
Queetl of Scots. Uc was the son of the Earl of Lennox,
and was cousln-gemian t^) Mary, whom ho nmrried July 29,
li^5. He was treated at llrst with nuich kindness by the
309
queen, who promised to Induce the Scottish Parliament
to grant him a crown matrimonial ; but eventually alien-
ated her atfections by his stupidity, insolence, and protli-
gaey, and especially by his participation in the murder
of her favorite, the Italian secretary Uizzi.i(M:u-ch!l, 1.58(>).
While convalescent from an attack of the smallpox lie
was removed to a solitary house called the Kuk of i'lehl,
near Edinlmrgli, wliich was Ijlown up with gunpowder by
the Earl of liothwell, appai'ently with the queen's know-
ledge, on the night of Feb. u-10, I6ti7.
Daroca (dit-ro'kil). A small town in the prov-
ince of Saragossa, Spain.
Dar Runga (diir riin'gii). A negro kingdom and
vassal state of Wadai, in central Africa, situ-
ated south of Wadai, about lat. 10° N.
Darshana (diir'sha-na). In Hindu )ihilosophy,
' ' demonstration ." The Shaddarshan-as, or six demon-
strations, are the six schools of Hindu philosophy, 'rlu-se
are the Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Sankhya, Yoga, Puivaniima-
risa, U ttaraminiarisa.
Dart (djirt). A river of Devonshire, England,
about 35 miles long, rising in Dartmoor and Ho w-
ing into the English Channel. Dartmouth is on
its estuary.
Dartford (diirt'ford). A manufacturing town
in Kent, England, situated on the Darent 15
miles southeast of Loudon. Wat Tylei^'s re-
bellion commenced hero in 1381. Population
(1891), 11,962.
Dartle (dar'tl), Bosa. In Charles Dickens's
■' l)a\id Copperiield," Mrs. Steerforth's excit-
able companion, in love with Steerforth. She
has a scar on her face, caused by Steerforth in
his youth.
Dartmoor (lUirt'mor). A granitic moorland re-
gion in Devonshire, England, situated north of
Plymouth, it abounds in British antiquities, and is the
seat of a military prison (opened in ISOii) where American
seamen were detained in the War of 1812, and where Frencll
prisoners of war were confined during the wars with Napo-
leon. Elevation, about l,r,no feet above sea-level. Length,
25 miles. Breadth, 15 miles.
Dartmouth (diirt'muth). A seaport in Devon-
shire, England, situated at the eutrauee of the
Dart into the English Channel, 26 miles south of
Exeter. It was an important seaport in the
middle ages. Population (1891), 6,038.
Dartmouth College. An institution of learn-
ing situated at Hanover, New Hampshire,
founded by Eleazer Wheelock. it was chartered
1769, and opened 1770. It had (1806-97)620 students and
48 instructors, and a library of 75,000 volumes and 20,m)0
pamphlets. It is non-sectarian. See Ley(je, Wiltiam.
Dartmouth College, Case of. In the history
of American jmisprudence, a case which de-
lives great importance from its bearing on
the law of corporations. It originated in a dispute
between the president and trustees of Dartmouth College.
The former, having been removed from ottice t)y the lat-
ter, appealed to the legislature of New Hampshire, which
passed a bill amending the charter of tlie college, where-
by a new corjjoration was created under the title of
Dartmouth University, the property of the college being
vested in the new corporation. The college trustees
brought action in the Court of Common Pleas in 1817 to
recover the property. The case came by appeal before
the Supreme Court of the United States, which in 1819
rendered a decision In favor of the trustees. The deci-
sion held that a charter is a contract between the state
and the corporation created by the charter, and that, as
the States are prohibited by the Constitution from pass-
ing any laws impairing the obligations of ci'iitracts, char-
ters are unalterable excrept by consent of the corpora-
tions created by them. The plaintiffs were represented liy
Daniel Webster.
Daru (lUi-rii'), Comlo Napol6on. Bom at Paris,
Juno 11, 1807: died there, Feb. 19, 1890. A
French politician, son of P. A. Daru. He was
vice-iiresideiit of the Legislative Assembly 1850-51, und
minister of foreign alfairs in 1870.
Daru, Comte Pierre Antoine Noel Bruno.
Born at Montpellier, France, Jan. 12, 1767:
died at Becheville, near Meulan, France, Sept.
5, 1829. A French slatesman and historian.
Ho was, although an adherent of the principles of tlie
ItYench Revolution, detained in prison 179:1-94: became
intendant-general of the army of the Danube about 17!'5 ;
became councilor of state about 1805 : became minister of
state in ISll ; and became a member of the Chamber of
Peers in IMIO. His chief work is "HIstoire de la rr^pub-
lii|Ue de Venise " (1819-21).
Darwar. Si.'O Dhuruar.
Darwen. See Orcr Ihirii-en.
Darwin (diir'win), Charles Robert. Born at
Slucwsbiirv, England, Feb. 12, 1809: died at
Down, Keiit, Aiiiil 19, 1S82. A celebrated Eng-
lish naturalist, founder of the "Darwinian"
theory of evolution. He was the grandson of Eras-
mus Darwin ; studied at [''dinburgh and Cambridge ; was
naturalist to II. M. S. Beugli', Captiiiii Kitz Hoy, on a voy-
age of exploration around the world l»31-;i(;; married his
cousin Emma Wedgwood In 1H39 ; and in 1842 t<H>k up his
residence in the secluded village of Down, in Kent, where
lie <levoted himself t^i a life of study anil sclentitlo re-
search. He piildished in 1859 his chief work, *'On (he
Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or tlie
Preservation of Favored Itaces in the Struggle for Life," in
which he propounileil his theory of biological ev<dntion.
called the •'Darwinian theoiy." He also wrote "Narrative
Daubeny
of the Surveying Voyages of H. .M. S. Adventure and Bea-
gle " (publisheilas Vol. III. of the reports of Captains Kitz
Roy and King, l.s;l9 ; second edition, ".fournal of Re-
searches into the Natui*al History and Ceology i:,f the (Coun-
tries visited during the Voyage of H. M. S. lieagle," 1845;
third, "A Naturalist's Voyage," 18(50), "Zoology of the
Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle" (1S40-43, edited by DarwinX
"The .structure and llistriluition of Coral Reefs "(first part
of "'The Geology of the Vo>age of the lieagle," 184'2),
"Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands visited,
etc. "(second part of the "Geology, etc.," 1844), "Geological
observations on South America" (third part of the "Ge-
ology, etc.," 184(1), "On the Various Contrivances by which
Orchids are fertilized by Insects, etc." (1802), " The Move-
ments and Habits of Climbing Plants" (1MJ5), "The Vari-
ation of Animals and Plants under Domestication " (1868),
"The Descent of Man, and Selection in Kelation to Sex"
(1871), "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Ani-
mals " (1872), " Insectivorous Plants " (1875), "The Effects
of Cross and Self Fertillzjit ion in the Vegetalde Kingdom "
(1870), " Different Forms of Flowers" (1877), "The Power
of .Movement in Plants " (1880), "The Formation of Vege-
table Mould through the Action of "Wiirms, with Observa-
tions on their Haliits " (1881), and a number of luonographi',
etc.
Dar'win, Erasmus. Born at Elston, Notting-
ham, England, Dec. 12, 1731 : died at Derby,
England, April 18, 1802. An English natu-
ralist, and poet, grandfather of Charles Dar-
win. He wrote the poem " The Botanic Garden " iu 1781 ;
the second i»ai-t, "Loves of the Plants," appeared in 178tJ :
the first part, "The Ecouomy of Vegetation," appeared in
1792. This was satirized in the "Anti-.Tacobin," by Canning,
In the " Loves of the Triangles." In 1704-96 he published
"Zoononiia, or the Laws of tlrganic Life," and in 1799 "Pliy-
tologia, or the Philosophy of Agriculture and Gardening."
Darwin, Mount. One of the chief peaks in
Tierra del Fuego, in King Cliarles's South
Land. Height, 6,800 feet.
Dasent (dii'sent), Sii- George Webbe. Bom
in .St. Vincent, W. I., 1820: .lied near Ascot,
Berks, June 11, 1896. An English lawyer and
author, best known as a student of Scandinavian
literature: fi-om 1845-70 he was one of the as-
sistant editors of the London "Times." He
published a translation of "The Prose or Younger Edda"
(1842), "Popular Tales from the Norse " (1859), "Saga of
Burnt Njal" (18(il), " The Vikings of the Baltic " (1875).
Dash (diish). La Comtesse. The pseudonym oi
Gabrielle Anne de Cisterni^s do Coutiras, Mar-
quise de Saint-Mars. See Saint-Mars.
Dashakumaracharita. [Skt., 'the adventures
of the ten pi-inees.'] A book of stories by
Dandin.
Dasharatha (<la-sha-ra'-tha). In Hindu my-
thology, a prince of the Solar race, son of Aja,
a descendant of Ikshwaku and king of Ayo-
dhya. Of his three wives, Kaushalyfi bore Rama, Eaikeyi
Bharata, and Sumitra Lakshniana and Sliatrughna. Rama
partook of half the nature of Vishnu. Bharata of a quarter,
and the other two shaix-d the remaining fourth.
Dashur (da-shor' ). A locality in Egypt, situated
west of the Nile and directly south of the Great
Pyramids. It is noted tor its pyramids, two of stone
and two of unburned brick. The northernmost, of stone,
is of remarkable size, measuring about 700 feet square,
originally 720, and 342i feet high, now :t26. There is a
series of three chambers beneath it. The sides of the other
stone pyramid are built in two angle.s, like a curb-roof.
Most of the exterior casing of this pyrainid remains, and
the interior chamber beneath it is SO feet high.
Dashwood (dash'wiid), Elinor and Marianne.
Two sisters in Miss Austen's novel "Sense
and Sensibility." Elinor represents "Sense,"
as opposed to Marianne's " Sensibility," or ex-
aggerated sentiment.
D'Asumar (dii-sii-milr'). Count. A character
in Ue Sage's "Gil Bias."
Datchery (tlach'er-i), Dick. Amysterious per-
son with white hair and a military air who ap-
pear.s inexplicably in Cl<)isterh:im, in Charles
Dickens's "Mystery of Edwin Drood."
Dathan (da'than). In Old Testament history,
a Ivi'ubenitocliicftain, son of Eliab, who joined
the conspiracy of Korah.
Datis (da'tis)." ((!r. A«r/r.] A Median general
who, with Artaphernes, commanded the army
of Darius which was defeated at Marathon.
Datiya (dii'to-yii), or Datia (dil'te-ii). A town
in the Bun.lelU'hand, British India, in lal,25°40'
N., long. 78° 28' E. Population, about 45,000.
Daub (doup), Karl. Born atCassel. Gennany,
Marcli 20, 1765: died at Heidelberg, Baden.
Nov. 22. 1,836. A German Protestant theolo-
gian, professor of theology at Heidelberg from
1795. His works include "Lehrbuch dcr Katcchctik"
(18ol), "Tlieologunu'na"(18lKi), " Diedogmatisehe Thi'olo-
gic jelziger /eit " (18:13), etc.
Daubenton (do-boii-toii'), Louis Jean Marie.
Born at Montliard, Cote-u'Or, France, Mav 29,
1716: died at Paris, Doe.31, 1799(Jan. 1, 1800 f).
A noted French naturalist. Hi- v.-as the <:oIliihora-
tor of Btiffon in the first part of his "Ilistoire naturelle,"
and author of numerous BclentiUc treatises and mono-
graphs.
Daubeny (dob'ne or dii'be-ni), Charles Giles
Bridle. Born at Stratton, Gloucestershire,
Daubeny
England, Feb. U, 1795: ilie.l Dec. 13, 1867. An
Engli.^h geologist and chemist : chief work,"De-
si.'1-iiition of Volcanoes" (ISIJG).
D'Aubigne. See Mcrli il'.iiiliiynt'.
D' Aubigne, Theodore Agrippa. See A uhigni:
Daubigny (do-ben-yi'). Charles Francois.
Boiii at Paris, Feb. 15, 1S17: died tbeie, Feb.
19, 1878. A celebrated French landscape-jiaiut-
er, a pupil of Paul Delarochie. In 18;« he made
his liibut at the Salon with a vievr of Xotre Dame and the
Isle .St. Louis, and was coutinuouslv represented in the
Salons, except those of lS42-4(i. At the Salon of 1S50-51
be exhibited "Tlie Washerwomen of the River Oullins."
"The Vintage, ' and other works, which created a sensa-
tion among artists and connoisseurs. He also painted
"The Harvest '• (ISol-.i;), " The Lake of Gylieu •• (1S62-.S3),
"The Sluice of ()ptevoz"(18.W), "The Graves of Viller-
Tille " (l!»9), •• Tlie Hanks of the Oise ' (185»), etc. July 1.5,
1869, he w.-is made chevalier of the Legion of Honor.
D'AubuSSOn. See Auhiissiin.
Daudet ido-dii'), Alphonse. Born at Nimes,
May i:i. 1S40. A French liiiiiiorist and novelist.
He went to school at Lyons, an<l then served a tutoi-ship
for two years. In 1857 he settled in I'aris, and published
shortly aiftervvai-d a collection of poems. "Lesamoureust-s."
The "Figaro" published his account of a tutor's hard-
ships, 'Les gueux de province." A series of papers con-
tributed to the same journal came out in book fonii as
"Le chaperon rouge "(ISOl). .\ second collection of poems,
"La double conversion," was published in 1859. Daudet
wrote his -'Leltrcs sur Paris" to "Le Petit Mouiteur"
under the nom de plume of Jehan de I'lsle iu 18t35. His
"Lettres de mon nionlin,' signed with the name Gaston-
Marie, were addressed to "L'Eveneinent" in 1866, Dau-
defs publications include " Le petit chose " (1868), " Let-
tres ii un aitsent " (1871), " Les aventures prodigieuses de
Tai-tarin de Taniscon " (1872), " Les petit5 Robinsons des
caves "(1872)," Oontes du lundi " (1873), "Contes etrf^cits"
(187.S), " Roliert Helmont"(1874), "Les femmes dartistes "
(1871), 'tYoraont jeune et Risler ain^ " (187t)," Jack "(1876),
"Le nabab " (1877), "Les rois en exil" (1879), "Contes
choisis, la fantaisie et I'histoire " (1879), ."Nunia Roumes-
tan "(1S81), " Les cigognes " (188:!), "L'Evangeliste"(18S3),
" Sapho ' (1884), "Tartarin sur les Alpes"(18S6), "La belle
Nivernaise " (1886), "Trente ans de Paris " (1887). "L'Im-
moitel " (1S8S). ' Port Taj-ascon " (1890). Either unassisted
or in collaboration with others he has dramatized a num-
ber of his works, leaving to them their oiiginal title. In
like manner he has brought out " La deniifere idole "
(1862), "Les absents " (186:i). " L'CEillet Mane " (1864), "Le
n*re ain6"(186.S). "L'ArMsienne '(1872),"LiseTavemier"
(1872), and Anally "La lutte pour la vie," based on his
novel "L'Immortel."
Daudet, Louis Marie Ernest. Born at Nimes,
France, May :il, ls:j7. A French journalist,
historian, aud novelist, brother of Alphonse
Daudet. He wrote "Histoire des conspirations royal-
istes du Midi," etc. (1881). "Histoire de la restaumtion "
(1882X " Histoire de lemigiation " (1886-89), etc. .\niong
his numerous novels are "Tlier^se" (1S59), "Fleur de
pech6 " (1872), "Daniel de Kerfons" (1878), "Dolores"
(1879), " DcJfroqu^ "(1882), " Gisele Rubens " (1S87), etc.
Daudin (do-daii'), Frangois Marie. Born at
Paris, March 2.5, 1774: died at Paris. 1804. -V
noted French natiu-alist, author of numerous
works on the various branches of zoology.
Daughter (da'ter). The. A play in verse by
,J. Sheridan Knowles. produced in 1836.
Daughter of the Regiment, The. See IWc ilu
liiyiittciit.
Daulatabad. See Douiatahtul.
Daulatshah (dou-lat-shil'). A Persian writer
of the 1.1th century, author of the biography of
the celebrated poets of Persia.
Daulis (da'lis). [Gr. Anv/.'i:'] In ancient geog-
raphy, a city of Phoeis, Greece, situated 12 miles
east of Delphi. It was the scene of the myth
of Teieus. Philomela, and Procne.
Daumas (do-iniis'), Melchior Joseph Eugene.
Born Sept. 4, 1S0;1: died near Bordeaux, Frauce,
May 6. 1871. A French general aud diplomat,
and writer on Algeria. He was consul iu Algeria
1837-39, and was occupied with important administrative
duties during the struggle with Abd-el-Kadir. He wri>te
" Le Sahara algerien," etc. (184.^), " Les chevaux du Sahara
et les m^eurs du desert " (.'.tli ed. 18.58), etc.
Daumer (dou'mer), Georg Friedrich. Born at
Nuremberg, Bavaria, March 5, 1800: died at
Wiirzbnrg. Bavaria, Dee. 13, 1875. A German
poet and philosophical writer.
Daumier (dO-mva'), Honore. Born at Mar-
seilles. Feb. 20,"1808: died Feb. 11, 1879. A
French caricaturist. His father was a glazier who
published a small volume of verses in 1823. Iu 1832
Honors was condemned to six months' imprisonment f(>r
a lithograpli di.sie^pectful to Louis Philippe. He subse-
quently joined "t'liarivari," founded by Philipon. He be-
came completely blind between 18.50 and 1860.
Daun (doun), Count Leopold Joseph Maria
'70n. Bom at Vienna, Sejit. 24, 170:3: died at
Vienna, Feb. 5, 1766. A noted Austrian field-
marshal, lie was distinguished in the Turkish war
1737-39. imd in the Silesian wars 1741-12, 1744-4.1; defeated
Frederick the Great at Kolin iu 1757, and at Hochkiroh in
1758 ; captured Fink's army at Maxen in 17.''»9 ; and was de-
feated by h'rederick at Torgau in 17tjO.
Daunou (do-no'), Pierre Claude Francois.
Born at Boulogue-sur-Mer, France, Aug. 18, 1761:
310
lied at Paris, June 20, 1840. A French historian
and politician. He was deputy to the Convention 1792-
1795, first president of the Council of Five Hundred in 1795,
and a member of the Tribimate I81H1-02. His chief work is
"Cours d'etudes historiques' (lS3;>-49).
Dauphine (da'fin), Sir Eugene. In Ben Jon-
sou s comedy '■ Epiccene, or the Silent Woman,''
tlie lively and ingenious nephew of Morose. He
concocts the plot by which a portion of his uncles money
is given to him and his debtfa are paid. See Epifo'iie.
Dauphine (do-fe-na'), E. Dauphiny (da'fi-ni).
[ML. Jhlpliinatus; from diiujiliiii, Pi", daljiii, a
dolphin. The lords of the province bore three
dolphins on their crest.] An ancient prov-
ince of France, boimded by the Rhone on the
west and north, by Savoy on the north, Piedmont
on the east, Provence on the south, and Comtat-
Venaissin on the southwest. Itstenitoryformedthe
departments Iscre, Driime, and Hautes-.ilpes. Its capital
was Grenoble. Its surface is generally mountainous. In
the middle ages it belonged to the kingdom of Aries.
Later the counts of Vienne bei-anie prominent, and in
l:i49 it w;is sold to France, but guarded some of its liber
ties for many years. From it is derived the title of the
dauphin.
Daura (dou'ra). See Uausa.
Daurat. See Dorat.
Dauria (dii-o're-ii), orDaur(da-6r'). A region
in Trans-Baikal, Siberia, situated southeast of
Lake Baikal on the Chinese frontier.
Davalos (da'va-los), Gil Ramirez. Born at
Baeza. (Castile, about 1505: died at Riobamba.
near t^uito. after 1.561. A Spanish soldier. He
went to Peru with the viceroy Meudoza in 1551, was cor-
regidor of Cuzco in 15.'i3, and was expelled from the city
byGiron and his followers. Hetook part in the campaign
against Giron, and in 1556 was made justicia mayor of
t/uito. subdued the Canaris Indians in 1557, and from 155S
to 1561 was governor of Quijos, or the Land of Cinnamon,
on the river Napo. He founded there Baeza, Archidona,
and other towns.
Da'7enant (dav'e-nant). Charles. Born 1656:
died Nov. (5. 1714. An English wiiter on po-
litical economy, son of Sir William Davenant.
Davenant, or D' Avenant, Sir William. Born
at O.xford, England, Feb., I(i06: died at Lon-
don, April 7, 1668. An English poet and dram-
atist. Oldys is chiefly responsible for the stoiy that
Davenant was the son of Shakspere, which seems to rest
mainly on the fact that the latter used the inn of John
Davenant (the father of 'William) at Oxford on his jour-
neys to aud from Warwickshhe. About 1620 Davenant
became page to the Duchess of Richmond, aud then to
Fulke Greville. Lord Brooke. In 1628, after the murder of
OreviUe, he began to write plays, etc. In 1638 he was made
poet laureate. About this time he had a severe illness
which resulted in the loss of his nose, a fact frequently
adverted toby the witty writers of the time. He was man-
ager t)f Drury Lane 'Theatre for a time, but, becoming im-
plicated in the vaiious intrigues of the civil war. he fled
to France. Returning in 1643, he was knighted at the
siege of Gloucester. He was imprisoned for two years in
the Tower for political offenses, aud expected to be hanged.
Wliile there he published "Gondibert " (1651). This epic
poem consisted of fifteen hundred four-line stanzas. After
the Restoration he was in favor at court, and continued to
write till his deatlL Among his pl.ays are "Albovine,"
published in 1629, "The Cruel Brother "(1630), "The Just
Italian" (1630), "The 'Wits" (1036), "The Infortunate
Lovers " (U>43), " The Siege of Rhodes " (1666), " Love and
Honor" (1(U9), "Law against Lovers" (played in 1662),
"The Rivals" (played in 16«), etc. He produced altera-
tions of "The Tempest " (with Dryden, 1667) and of " Jlac-
beth" (printed 1674) and "Julius Caisar."
Davenport (dav'en-port). A city and the
countv-seat of Scott Coiuitv, Iowa, situated on
the Mississippi iu lat. 41° "30' N.. long. 90° 38'
W., opposite Rock Island. It is an important
distributing center. Population (1890), 26.872.
Da'Venport, John. Born at Coventry. Englaml,
about 1.">9S: died at Boston, Mass., March 13,
1670. A Puritan clergyman who emigi-ated to
Boston in 1637. He was one of the founders of
the New Haven colony in 1638.
Daventry (dav'en-tri ; commonly dan'tri). A
town in Northamptonshire, England, 12 miles
west of Northampton. Population (1891), 3,939.
D'A'Vezac. See Avezac.
David (da'rid). [Heb.. 'beloved one.'] The
second king of Israel, 1033-993 B. O. (Dimcker):
born at Bethlehem. Youngest (seventh ) son of
.Tesse of the tribe of Judah. His pedigree is found
in Ruth iv. His e;irly youth was spent as shepherd of
his father's flocks, where he had opportunity to develop
his musical talent aud to exeicise his courage. .After his
disagreement with Saul, the prophet Samuel secretly
anointed him king of Israel. He must then have been
al)out eighteen years old. .According to one account, he
Itrst came into contact with Saul when he was drawn to the
court as a musician to drive away by his music the melan-
choly humor (" evil spirit ") of the king, who then made
him his armor-bearer : according to another (1 Sam. xvii.),
.Saul came to know him after he killed the giant Goliath
and decide<l the battle between the Israelites and the
Philistines. In 2 Sam. xxi. 19 it is stated that Goliath was
killed by Elhanan : Jerome (Quarxt. Hebr. ad loc.) makes
Elhanan the same as David, similarly to Sayce who as-
sumes that Elhanan was David s first name. Wellhausen.
Stade, and others consider the whole accouut of this com-
Datrid n.
bat as legendary. His successes and the praises accorded
to him by the people ari»used the suspicion and the jeal-
ousy of Saul (whose daughter Michid he mairied), which
subsequently turned into deadly hatred, so that he was
often in jeopardy of his life. He first sought refuge with
Samuel, then with the priests in Nob, which resulted in
their massacre by Saul, and was filially driven to seek
safety with the eneinis of his people, the Philistines.
There rallied around liitii "men who were in distress, in
debt, and discontented." At the head of these freebooters
or outlaws he undeitviok many expeditions aud fi.iught
many skirmishes, which made him increasingly popular
with the people. All this time he was pursued by Saul,
whose mind became nioie aud more darkened : twice the
king came into his power, but becallse ot his awe of the
" anointed of the Lord * he did not avail himself of these
opportunities (1 Sam. xxiv. 4 fi., xxvi. 7 H). He was coin-
pelled to become the vassal of the Philistine king .Acliish
of Gath, who gave him for his support Zikl.ig on the fron-
tier of Philistia. From here he undeiiiKik expeiiitions
against the nomadic tribes of the border, while Achish
believed that they were directed against Israel (1 Sam.
xxvii.). The Philistines gathered a large army against
Israel. In the battle of Gilboa (which see) Saul and his
host lost their lives. To David, who was then aboui thirty
years old, the crown now fell. For seven and a half years
his reign was limited to Judah, with his seat at Heliron,
while the other tribes were under the scepter of Ishbo-
slieth, son of Saul, residing in Mahanaim, east of tne Jor-
dan. Ishbosheth, however, was murdered, and all the
tribes recognized David as king : over the whole of Israel he
reigned for thirty-three years. He removed his rei iilence
from Hebron to Jerusalem, which he took from the Jehu-
sites, and there established himself in the " city of David,'
the oldest quarter of Jerusalem, on Mount Zion. Here also
the temporary sanctuary was put up (2 Sam. vi.), which
made the city the political and religious center of the na-
tion, and gave to David's reign a genuine royal character.
Through a series of successful wars against the Philis-
tines, Ammonites, Moabites, Edomites, Syrians, .Amale-
kites, etc., and by the introduction of a regular adminis-
tration and organization of court and army, he became the
real founder of the monarchical government of Israel. The
constitution of the tribes remained intact, but the uiilitai'y
organization was .a national one. Each tribe sent a con-
tingent of men (over twenty years of age) to the national
army, which stood under one commander-in-chief, Joafo,
David's nephew. The body-guard was formed, it seems,
of foreigners, the Cherethites and Pelethites (supposed to
be Philistines). TTic nucleus of the army consisted of the
bimd of heroes (ffihhoriut) who rallied about David while
he was still an exile. 'The king presided over judicial
cases, and was surrounded by a regular statf of military
and administrative counselors and otficei-s. David was also
the actual founder of a sanctifying, divine woi-ship, retlning
and enriching it by the infiuence of music and psalmody.
The last period of his reign was much darkened by national
misfortunes and domestic rebellions — the rebellion of his
son Absalom, the uprising of Sheba ben Bishri, a drought
and famine lasting three years, and a pestilence induced
by the counting of the people. Even in his last days,
when he was prostrated with the infirmities of age, his
son Adonijah attempted to secure the succession to which
David had appointed Solomon. 'This rebellion, how*ever,
like all the others, was successfully repressed, and David
died peacefully at the age of seventy. He became the ideal
king of Israel," the pattern and standard by which all suc-
ceeding rulers were measured, the prototype of the last
perfect ruler, the Messiali, who is sometimes simply called
David. As regards the Psalms, modern criticism denies
him the authorship of many psalms bearing in the bibli-
cal Book of Psalms the superscription "of David." But
there is no reason for entirely disconnecting David from
this kind of Hebrew poetry. The probability is that not
only did the psalm-poetry develop and floiu-ish under his
favor, but also that he himself composed many hymns.
Da'Vld, or Dewi, Saint. Died in 601. The pa-
tron saint of Wales. He was bishop of Slenevia (after-
ward called St. David's), where he founded a monasteiy.
According to an account which has no historical founda-
tion, he was appointed metropolitan archbishop of Wales
at a synod held at Brefi. He is commemorated as a saint
on the 1st of March.
David. 1. Acolossalstattieby Michelangelo, in
the Accadeinia. Florence. The youthful hero stands
in a position ot repose, holding his sling in his left hand
aud a pebble iu the right. The form is still undeveloped
and boyish, but full of power.
2. A statue by Donatello, iu the Bargello,
Florence. David stands resting, nude, with his shep-
herd's hat on his head, and his left foot resting on the
helmeted head of Goliath, whose sword he still holds.
David. The name given to Cliarleniagne by
Alcuin in the learned academy established at
the former's court. See F/iiirux.
David I. Died at Carlisle.England.May 24, 1153.
King of Scotland, sou of Malcolm Caumore. He
succeeded his brother F.dgar as earl or prince of Cumbria
in 1107, and ascended the throne of Srotland on the death
of Alexander I. in 1124. He refused to recognize Stephen
as king of England, and invaded that country in supjuiit
of the claim of .Mathilda who was his niece, but was sig-
nally defeated at the Battle of the Standard at Cutton Moor,
near JJorthallerton. Aug. 22, 1138.
David II. Bom at Dunfermline. Scotland,
Slarch 5, 1324 : died at Edinburgh, Feb. 22, 1371.
King of Scotland, son of Robert Bruce whom
he succeeded in 1329 under the regency of the
Earl of Moray. The incompetent Earl of ilar h.nviiig
succeeded to the regency on the death of Moniy in l:J32,
the kingdom was invaded by Edward Raliol, who seized
the throne with the assistance of Edward III. of England.
David took refuge in France 1334-41, when he was restored
by the successes of his adherents Sir Alexander Murray of
Bothwell, Robert the steward of Scotland, and Sir William
the knight of Liddesdale. He invaded England in 1346,
was defeated and captured at Neville's ( "rnss, Oct. 17 uf that
year, and was detained in captivity until 1357.
/
David
DaTid. A small town in the United States of
<'iiloinl>ia, situated on the Isthmus of I^anaina,
mar the Paeilie ooast and the frontier of Costa
i;i.-a.
Darid (da-ved'), Felicien Cesar. Born at Ca-
dcuet, Vaucliise, Franee, Ajiril l:i, 1810: died
at St. (Jermaiu, near Paris, Aug. 21t, 1876. A
French composer. Jle early became a disciple uf St.
Simon and of Kiifaiitiii. In 1833 he went t<> the Kust. He
remaineil in obscurity till 1844, when he brought out his
chief worl5, a chonil syTniihony, " Le desert."
David (dii' veil), Ferdinand. Bom at Hambiu-g,
Jan. 19, 1810: die'l near Klosters, Grisons, Swit-
zerland, July 18, 1873. A noted trerman violin-
ist, teacher, and composer, leader of the hand at
the Gewandhaus, Leipsic, 183G-73. Among his
pupils were .loachim and Wilhelmj.
David (dii-ved'), Jacques Louis. Born at
Paris, Aug. .31, 1748: died at Brussels, Dec.
29, 1825. A historical painter, pupil of Bou-
cher and Vien, and founder of the French clas-
sical school. He was educated at the College des
Quatre Nations. In l77-i he won the grand prix de Rome
l2fter three unsuccessful attempts, and remained in Rome
until 1780, when he returned to Paris, and was elected
associate member cjf the .\cadeiny (full member in 178:i).
Tlie first picture c posed under the influence of his clas-
sical ideas was " Belisarius. " He was made court painter
to Louis XVI., and in 17s4 painted for him the " Horatii."
He entered heartily into the Revolution ; wjis associated
with Robespierre ; and voted for the death of the king.
After Robespien-e's downfall he was imprisoned for seven
months. On his release he painted the " Rape of the
Sabines." Napoleon made him court painter.
David, Pierre Jean, called David d' Angers.
Born at Angers, France. March 11', 178',): died
at Paris, .Jan. .i. 18.51). A French sculptor. He
executed works for the Pantheon (Paris).
David, Toussaint Bernard, or fimeric-David.
Born at Ai.\, in Provence, Aug. 20, 1755 : died
at Paris, April 2, 1839. A noted French ar-
cha?ologist. He became "docteur eu droit" at Aix in
1776, and went to Paris to uomplete his studies in juris-
prudence. A prolonged visit to Italy developed a taste
for the arts. He occupied himself with law, business,
and ai'chaiological studies until the Revolution, when he
escaped death by (light (179:!). After the 9th Thermidor
- he returned to Paris, and in 18)W won the first prize of the
Institute with his essay on the causes of the perfection of
sculpture in antiipiity. On April 11, 1816, he was elected
member of the Institute. On Oct. 14, ls2,'i, he was callf<l
to take part in the continuation of " L'Histoire litt^raire
de France." His i)rincipal works are *' Recherche sur
I'art statuaire, consid^rt^ chez les anciens et les mo-
demea" (Memoirs of ISOii), "Discours historique sur la
peinturc moderne," " Discours historique sur la gravure
en hois," '' Discoure historiijue sur la sculpture frantaise."
" Histoire de la peinture au nioyen .'ige," etc.
David Copperfield (da'vid kop'er-feld). A
novel by (Jharlcs Dickens. It came out in twenty
monthly parts, the first of which appeared in May, 1849.
It was Dickens's favorite work : in it he portrayed in
tnany important scenes his own history. Tne character
from whom the book takes its name is a timi<t boy re-
duced to stupidity and finally to desperation by a cruel
stepfather, Mr. Mur4lstone, by whom also his mother, a
weak, atfectionate woman, is crushed, lie is sent at ten
years of age to a warehouse iu London, and employed in
Tough work at a trilling salary. Unable to bear this life.
be runs away to his father's aunt, Miss Betsey Trotwood,
an eccentric hut kind-hearted woman, who adopts him.
He becomes an antlior, and nian-ies a chihlish, affection-
ate little woman, l)()ra Spenlow. whom he calls his " child
wife." .Vfter her tieath he marries Agnes Wickfleld.
Davideis (ila-vid'e-is). An epic poem by Cow-
ley, on the subject of David, king of the He-
brews, piildishcd in 1G56.
Da'vid Elginbrod, A novel by George Mac-
douald, i.iiMishcd in ISGIi.
David Garrick (gar'ik). A play translated by
T. W. Kobertson from a French play, "Sulli-
van." in 18f>l.
Davids(da'vidzVThoinas William Rhys. Born
at Colchester, Knglaml, May 12, 1M4:1. An Eufj-
lish lawyer and Orientalist. He studieil at the Uni-
versity of Ureslau ; was appointed writer in the Ceylon civil
service in ISfit'.; was admitted to the bar in 1S77 ; and be-
came editor of the journal of the Pali Text Society (18S:<).
and professor of I'ali and Huddltist literature in I'niversity
t'i>llege. London. Author of "'hi the Aricient Coins and
.Mcasurcsof Ceylon "(lS74)."Uuddhisni ; being a Sketch of
the Life and 'reachings of Can tama the liuddha" (1877), etc.
Davidson, Hatry. Born at Philadelphia, Pa.,
Marcli 25. I.S58. An American wood-cngravci'.
Among his pi-incipal works are "Israel" (after Kenyon
Cox), ''Cantcrbuiy Cathedral" (Pennell), '''I'lie (iolden
r.afe ' (Cbicagti Kxiiosilion, after Caataigne), "An old
Mill "(Caslaigne).
Davidson(da'vid-son),LucretiaMaria. Born at
I'lallshuri;, N. Y.,Sept. 27, 180S : ilicd at I'lalls-
biir:;, .\utc. 27. 1825. An .\merican poet. " Amir
Kiiaii and nllicr poems" was published in 1K29.
Davidson, Margaret Miller. Born at Platts-
liiir;;, N. v., March 2li, 182:>: died at Sai'atoga,
N. Y., Nov. 25, 18:!8. ..Xn American poet, sis-
tor of Lucretia Maria Davidson. The works of
the two sisters were pulilislird in 1850.
Davidson, Samuel. Born nearBallymona,Ire-
311
land, 1807. An English biblical scholar, author
of " Introduction to the New Testament " ( 1848-
1851).
Da'vidson^ William. Born in Lancaster Coun-
ty, Pa.. 174(i: killed at Cowan's Ford. Mecklcn-
liurg Count y, N. C. Feb. 1. 1781. An .\inerican
brigadier-^cueral in the Revolution. He was de-
tached byOeneraUireeneto interrupt the passage of Corn-
wallis across the Catawba. .Ian. 31, 1781, aiul fell in the
engagement on the following day.
Da'Vies (dii'viz), Charles. Born at Washing-
ton, Litchfield Count V, Conn., .Jan. 22, 1798:
died at Fishkill Lan.li"ng, N. ¥., Sept. 18, 187C..
An American mathematician, author of a series
of matliematieal te.xt-books. Professor at Co-
lumbia College 1.857-C5.
Da'Vies, John. Born at Hereford, 1565 (?) : died
at London, l(il8 (buried July 6). An English
writing-master and poet. He was said to be a skil
ful penman, and some specimens of his work are pre-
served. Among his works are "Mu"um in Modum,"ete.
(!(i02), " Microcosmos, ' etc. (1003), "The Wittes Pilgrim-
:ige " and " The Scourge of Folly " (Kilo or 1611), " Wit's
Bedlam " (1017).
Davies, Sir John. Born at Tisbury, Wiltshire,
1509 (baptized April 16) : died Dec. 8, 1626. An
English poet. He was ciUled to the bar in 159.5, dis-
barred in ims, and readmitted in 1601. In that year he
was returned to Parliament for Corfe Castle. In 1603 he
was made solicitor-general for Ireland, and in 1606 suc-
ceeded to the position of attorney -general for Ireland. In
1614 he was member of Parliament for .Vewcastle-lmder-
Lyme. For the Last ten years of his life he was a sergeant-
at-law in England. He was made chief justice in 1626,
l)ut died before taking possession of the office. Among
his works are "Orchestra" (on dancing, l.'ilMi), "Nosce
Teipsum" (lo9M), "Hymns to Aslrtea" (159&), acrostics to
Queen Elizabeth.
Da'Vies, Samuel. Born in New Castle County,
Del., Nov. 3, 1724: died at Princeton, N. J.,
Feb. 4, 1761. An American Presbyterian cler-
gyman, president of the College of New Jersey
(Princeton) 1759-61.
Da'Vies, Thomas. Bom about 1712: died at
London, May 5, 1785. An English bookseller.
He tried acting from time to time, but without success.
He introduced Boswell to Johnson in 1763 : the latter was
particularly kind U^ him. He republished a number of
old authors, inchnling William Browne, .Sir John Davies,
Lillo. and Massinger. In 1785 he published his " Dramatic
Miscellanies."
Daviess (da'vis), Joseph Hamilton. Bom in
Bedford County, Va., March 4, 1774: died near
Tippecanoe, Ind., Nov. 8, 1811. An Ameiican
lawyer, mortally wounded at the battle of Tip-
pecanoe, Nov. 7, 1811.
Davila (da've-lii), Enrico Caterino. Bom
near Padua, Italy, Oct. 30, 1576: killed near
Verona, Italy, Aug. 8, 1631. An Italian soldier
and histoiian. His ancestors, from 1464, bore the title
of Constable of Cyprus : and from this island his father
was driven when it was captured by the Turks. Davila,
when seven years of age, was taken to tYance, became a
page of Catharine de' Medici, and later fought in the civil
wars until the peace of 1598. He was appointed governor
of Crenia in 1598, and on his way to that place in 1631 was
jissiissinated by a man with whom he had had a dispute
about post-horses. His chief work is "St«jria delle guerre
ci\ili di Francia" (10311).
Davila y Padilla (dii've-lii e pii-Tueryii),
Agustin, Born at Mexico, 1562 : died at Santo
Doiuiugo, 1604. A Mo.xiean prelate and histo-
rian. He was prior of the Dominican convent at Puebla
de los Angeles, and a celebrated lecturer on theology.
From 1599 until his death he was bishop of Santo Domingo.
His principal work, "Historia de la provincia de Santiaizo
de .Mejico. " is a history of his order in Mexico and Fhuitia,
with mucli of general mterest. First published at Madrid
1500, it was republished at Valladolid 1034, wilh the title
" Varia historia de la Nueva Espaua y Florida."
Davin (dii-van' ). F61ix. A pseudonym used by
Balzac in the introduction to the "Etudes
pliilosophiques."
Da Vinci, Leonardo. Spc Leonardo da Vinci.
Da'vis (da'vis), Charles Henry. Born at Bos-
ton, Mass., .Ian. 16, 1807: died at Washington,
D. C., Feb. 18, 1877. An American naval ofli-
cer. He entered the navy in 18'23, obtained the rank of
commander in 1854, aiul served as chief of statf and cap-
tain of the fleet in the expedition under Dupont whii^h
captureil Port Royal, South Carolina, in 1861. Having in
the mean time been placctl in conmiand of the Mississippi
gunboat flotilla, he gained a victory over a Confeden'.te
fleet off Fort Pillow, May H), 1802, and another, .Inne 0,
1862, before Memphis, whose surrender he received on
the same day. He was promoted to the rank of rear.ad-
rairal Feb. 7, 1803. He wi'ote '*The Coiist Survey of the
I'nited Slates " (1849), and " Niu-rative of the North Polar
Expedition of the V. S. S. Polaris ' (1876).
Davis, Da'vid. Borti in Cecil County, Md..
March 9, 1815: died at Bloomington, 111., .June
26, 1886. An American statesman and .jurist.
He was associate justice of the t^nited States Siipreme
Court 186'2-77, Ihuted States senat^)r from Illinois 1877-
1883, and acting Vice-President 1881-83.
Davis, Ed'win Hamilton. Born in Uoss Coun-
ty. ( )hio, .Ian. 22, 181 1 : died at New York, May
15, 1888. An American physician and archn>-
Davout
ologist. His works include " .Monuments of the Missis-
sippi Valley" (in "Smithsonian Contributions to Know
ledge," 1848), etc.
Davis, Garret. Boifi at Mount Stirling. Ky..
Sc|it. 10. 1801: <lied at Paris. Ky.. Sejit. 22,
1872. An .\mericaii politician. United States
scfuitor from Kentucky 1861-72.
Da'vis, Henry. Born at East Hampton, N. Y.,
Sept. 15, 1771 : ilied at Clinton, N. Y., March
8. 1852. Au American clergyman and educa-
tor, president of Middlebury College 1809-17,
and of Hamilton College 1817-33.
Da'vis, Henry Winter. Born at Annapolis,
Md., Aug. 10, 1817: died at Baltimore, Md,,
Dec. 30, 18(j5. An American politician. He was
a Republican member of Congress from Mju-ylatul 1855-
1861 and 1863-05. Author of " The War of Onnuzd and
Ahriman in the Nineteenth Centm-y " (1852).
Da'vis, Jefferson. Born in Christian County,
Ky., June 3, 1808: died at New Orleans, La.,
Dec. 6, 1889. An American statesman. He
gnuluated at West Point in 1828 ; was Democratic member
of Congress from Mississippi 1845-16 ; served in the Mex-
ican war 1846-47 ; was United States senator from Mis-
sissippi 1847-51 ; was secretary of war 1853-67 ; was United
•States senator 1857-61 ; resigned his seat Jan. 21, 1861 ;
was inaugurated provisional president of the Confederacy
Feb. 18, 1801, and president Feb. 22, 1862 ; was arrested
near Irwinsville, Georgia, May 111, 1865 was impri^oned in
Fortress Monroe, Virginia, 1865-67; aud was amnestied
1868. He wrote " Rise and Fall of the Confederate Gov-
ernment " (1881).
Davis, Jefferson C, Born in Clarke Cotmty,
Ind., March 2, 1828: died Nov. 30, 1879. A
Union general in the American Civil War. He
served in the Mexican war 184(>-I7 ; was stationed at Fort
Sumter when it was bombarded by the Confederates April
12-13, 1861 ; commanded a division at Pea Ridge March
7-8, 1862, at Stone River Dec. 31, 1862,^an. 3, 1863, and
at Chickamauga Sept. 19-20, 1803: and led a corps in
Sherman's march to the sea in 1864.
Davis, or Davys, John, Bom at Sandridge,
Devonshir<', England, about 1550: killed in the
Strait of Malacca, Dee, 29, 1605. An English
navigator. He commanded expeditions in search of the
northwest passage in 1585, 1.586, and 1587, on the first of
which he discovered Davis Strait. He discovered the Falk-
land Islands in 1592. He took service in 1604 as pilot in the
Tiger, Captain Sir Edward aiichelbome, destined for a voy-
age to the East Indies, on which he was killed by Japa-
nese pirates.
Davis, John. Born at Plymouth, Mass., Jan.
25, 1761: died at Boston," Jan. 14, 1847. An
American jurist. He was appointed comptroller of
the United States treasury in 1795, and in 1801 became
judge of the United States District Court in Massachu-
setts. He was the youngest member in the convention
of 1789 which adopted the Federal constitution, and sur-
vived all the other members.
Davis, John Chandler Bancroft. Born at
Worcester, Mass., Dec. 29, 1822. An Ameri-
can jurist and diplomatist. He was agent of the
United States at the Geneva tribun:d 1871-72, and min-
ister to Germany 1874-77.
Davis, Sir John Francis. Born at Loudon,
1795 : died near Bristol, Nov. 13, 1890. An Eng-
lish diplomatist, and writer on China, author
of "The Chinese" (1836), etc.
Davis, Richard Harding. Born at Philadel-
phia, April 18, 18ti4. An American journalist
and author. He has written "Gallegher, and Other
stories" (1891), "Van Bibber and Others" (1892), "The
West from a Car Window" (1892), "Exiles, and Other
,Stories " (1894), " Our English Cousins " (1894). " Riders
of the Mediterranean " (1S94X " Princess Aline " (1895),
"Cinderella, and Other Stories ' (1896), "Three Gringos
in Venezuela and Central Amciica " (1890), " Soldiers of
Foitune" (l.'-07), etc.
Davis, Thomas Osborne. Bom at Mallow,
Oct. 14, 1814: died at Dublin, Sept. Ki, 1845.
An Irish poet and politician. He grailuated at
Trinity College in 1836; was admitted to the bar in 1838;
became joint editor with John Dillon of the "Dublin
Morning Register" in 1S41: and founded, with Duffy and
Dillon, the " Nation " in lst2. He joined in LH:iii the Re-
I>eal .\srtOciation, within which organization he founded
the party of Young Ireland in opjiositiou to OConnelVs
leadership. His poems, collected after his death, form a
volume of Duffy 8 "Library of Ireland" for 18)0.
Davison (da 'vi -son), William. Died about
161)8. A British diplomatist. Asa secretary of state
he procttred Elizabeth s signature to the death-wiu'rant of
Mary Queen of Scots in 15S7.
Davis strait (da'vis strat). .\n arm of the At-
laiilic. seicnatifig {Ircenlaiid from ( 'iiniberlatid
Peninsula, atid coiniecting Ballin Hay v.illi the
Atlantic. Width in the narrowest part, about
200 miles. Named l'oritsdi.scoverer,.Johii Davis.
D'Avolos (dav'o-los). In Ford's "Love's Sacri-
fice," the duke's secretary (modeled on Sluik-
spere's lago), a spy and "pander to the bad
j>assions of olhers,"
Davos (dii'vos). An Al])ine valley in the can-
ton of Grisons, Switzerland, 15 miles south-
east of Coire, Its chief place is Davos-Platz,
a noted liealth-resort liaving an elevation of
5,000 feet,
Davout (dii-v6') (often erroneously written
Davout
Davoust), Louis Nicolas,
312
a. Due d'Auerstadt
aud Pi-iuce d'Kekuiulil. Born at Annoux,
Yonue, Fiancf, May W, 1770: died at Paris,
JuTie 1, 1823. A noted Freiieh mai-shal. He
was a lieutenant in a caTalry regiment in 1788 ; served Day, Jeremiah
as chief of battalion under Dumouriez 1792-93 ; was bng- . ., ^j--^ j
adier-gencral in tlie army of the Moselle ; fought under
l-iclie,'ru and Moreau in thi- army of the Khine ; went to
Egypf and fousht with distincti.>n, especiaUy at Abukir;
was made genenil of division in IsM ; and fought at Aus-
Urlitz (IsuS). Aueretadt (lbo«), Eckmulil, Wagram (1809),
and in the Russian campaign (1812). Hewas minister ot -^ ?„>,V, ' fivprf nhont If.OO An English
war during the ■' Hundred Days" in 1S15. He became Uay, Jomi. l.nea aDOUt luuu. An ji,u„n»u
sacred rhetoric in Western Keserve CSoUege in 1S40, and
president of the Ohio Female t'ollege in 1854, and re-
moved to New Haven in IStM. He was a nephew of Jere
miah Day. His works include " Logic " (1»67X "Jithics'
(1876), "Ontology " (1S78X etc.
Bom at New Preston, Conn.,
Aug. 3, 1773: died at New Haveu, Conn., Aug.
22. 1867. All American matliematieiaii, presi-
dent of Yale College 1817-46. He pubUsbed
an "Algebra" (1814), "Navigation and Sur-
veying" (1817), etc.
dramatist and poet. He was educated at Cambridge,
and from 1598 collaborated with Uaughton, Cheltle,
Dekker, and others in numerous plays, all of which re-
maine<l nnprinted except " The Blmd Beggai- of Bethnal
Green." His chief work is '• The Farliament of Bees " (1607).
Day, Mr. In Sir R. Howard's play " The Com-
mittee," the chairman of the committee, a kind
^ of Tartufe, uuder the thumb of his wife.
studied at the Penzance grammar-school and finished his ~. DaVC Stephen. Boru at London about
education un.ler the Eev. Dr. &irdew at mro. i'^^'?'>^<: ,'i^X.'^~'f^lp7^^ Mass Dec ""> 1668
,»„. «,mrentinH,l to John Bingham Borlase, a prominent IblU : died at Lampnage, luass., i^ei. -_. loo. .
A pioneer of printing m isew l!,nglaiul. He was
duke of Auerstadt in ISOi, and prince of Eckmiihl In 1809.
DaTUS (da'vus). A conventional name for a
slave in Latin comedies.
Davy (da'vi). Sir Humphry. Born at Pen-
zance, Cornwall, Euglaud. Dec. 17, l(/8: died
at Geneva, May 29, 1829. A celebrated English
chemist . He was the son of a wood-carver at Peiizauce,
was apprenticed to John Bingham Borlase, a prominent
surgeon at Penzance. He was appointed an assistant in
the laboratory of Beddoes's Pneumatic Institution at Bris
tol in 1793 ; became assistant lecturer in chemistry at the
Eoyal Institution, London, in 1801; was promoted profes-
sor in 1802 ; was made director of the laboratory in ISOo;
discovered the decomposition of the fixed alkalis in 1807 ;
was knighted in 1812 ; resigned his professorship at the
Koval Institution in 1S13; invented the safety-lamp in
181S; was created a baronet in ISIS ; and was elected presi-
dent of the Koyal Society in 1H20. His chief works are
"Elements of Chemical Philosophy" (1812), and "Ele-
ments of Agricultural Chemistry " (1813).
Davy Jones. See Jones. Dnvy.
Daw (da). Sir David. A foolish baronet in
Cumberland's "Wheel of Fortime."
Daw, Sir John. In Ben Jonson's comedy
"Epica'ue, or The Silent Woman," a cowardly,
foolish coxcomb.
Dawdle (da'dl), Davy. The factious "compan-
ion, counsellor and buffoon " of Squire Syca-
more, in Smollett's "Sir Launcelot Greaves."
Dawes (daz). Henry Laurens. Born at Cum-
miugton, Mass., Oct. 30, 1816. An American
politician, member of Congress from Massa-
chusetts 1857-75, and Republican United States
senator 1875-93.
Dawes, William Rutter. Bom at London,
March 19, 1799: died at Haddenham, Bucks,
Feb. 15, 1868. An English astronomer. He was
educated at the Charter House school 1811-13 ; settled as a
surgeon at Liverpool in 1826 ; was for a time pastor of an
independent congregation at Ormskirk, Lancashire; had
charge (1S39-44) of the observatoi-y at South Villa, Regent's
one of tluee pressmen engaged in 163S by the Rev. Joseph
Glover to operate a printing press which he was about to
introduce into the colony of Massachusetts. Glover died
on the vovage. The press was set up in the house of Rev.
Henry Diinster, first president of Hanard College. The
first book printed in the British-American colonies was
issued from it in 1640: "ThewholeBookeofPsalmes, faith-
fully translated into English metre. ' See Bay Psalm Book.
Day, Thomas. Born at London, June 22, 1748 :
died Sept. 28, 1789. An English author. He was
educated at Oxford and the Middle Temple, and in 1775
was admitted to the bar. Having inherited a competent
fortune, he did not seek practice, but devoted hunself to j/i i/ • jx
literature and to the study of phUosophy. He marrie.l UeadWOOjl (ded ^vud)
Sliss Esther Miliies in 1778, and in 1781 settled on a farm at " "
Anningsley, Surrey, where he wrote his chief work, '-His.
tory of Sandford and Merton " (1783-89).
Dayr-el-Bahari. See Der-el-BaJiri.
Dayton (da'tqn). 1. A city and the county- in the vicinity in 1874. Population (I89bx 2,366.
seat of Montgomery Count}', Ohio, situated on jjgae Matres (de'e ma'trez). [L., Ut,
Deane, Charles
surface is 1,312 feet below the level of the Mediterranean.
Length, 46 miles. A\ idth, 6 to9'. miles. Depth varies fion)
1.300 feet to 3 or 4 feet in the shallowest section.
Dead Souls. A novel by Gogol, which appeared
in 1841. He began to wTite it in 1837, and left it unfin-
ished, destrojTng the concluding portions in a tit of reli-
gious mani;u A certain Dr. Zahartchenko, of Kietf, pub-
lished in 1857 a continuation of it. An English transla-
tion, entitled " Tchitchikolf 's Journeys, or Dead Souls," by
Isabel F. Hapgood, was published in New York in 1886.
At the time of serfdom a Russian proprietor's fortune
was not valued according to the extent of his lands, but
according to the number of male serfs which were held
upon them. These serfs were called "souls." . . . The
proprietor paid the capitation tax for all the souls on his
domain ; but as the census was rarely taken it happenetl
that he hud long to pay for dead serfs, until a new otficial
revision struck them out from among the number of the
living. It is easy to see what these dead souls must have
cost a proprietor whose lands had been visited by famine,
. . . and his interest in getting rid of them will be expU.
cable. What seems more sui-prising is that there were
people ready to purchase them.
Dujmi/, Great Mastersof Russian Literatiire(trans.),p.8J.
Tchitchikolf, the hero of the book, an ambitious and evil-
minded rascal, made this proposition to himself : "I will
nsit the most remote comers of Russia, and ask the good
people to deduct from the number on their lists every serf
who has died since the last census was taken. They will be
only too glad, as it will be to their interest to yield up tome
a fictitious property, and get rid of paying the tax upon it
I shall have my purchase registered in due form, and no
tribun.al will imagine that I require it to legalize a sale of
dead men. When I have obtained the names of some thou-
sands of serfs, I shall carry my deeds to some bank in St.
Petersburg or Moscow, and raise a large sum on them.
Then I shall be a rich man, and in condition to buy real
peasants in fiesh and blood."
De Voffiii^, Russian Novelists (trans.), p. 75.
.,. A city, and the county-
seat of Lawrence County, South Dakota, sit-
uated in the Black Hills in lat. 44° 21' N.,
long. 103° 43' W. It is an important trading center
and mining town, gold and silver having been discovered
the Great Miami River 48"niiles northeast of
Cincinnati. It has manufactures of railway-
cars, paper, stoves, etc. Population (1S90).
61,220.-2. A town in Rhea County, East Ten-
nessee. Population (1890), 2,719.
Dayton, Elias. Born at Elizabethtown, N. J..
July, 1737: died at Elizabethtown, July 17.
1807. An American revolutionary officer. He
served throughout the War of the Revolution, and partici-
pated in the battles of Springfield, Monmouth, Brandj -
wine, and Yorktown. After the war he was made major-
general of militia in Sew Jerse.v, aud was a member of
the Continental Conjiress 1787-88.
Park, Londou, belongmg to George Bishop ; fitted up an jjo-toi, Jonathan. Born at Elizabethtown.
nl,c..rv.fn,-i- at Camden 1 i,ilL'e. near Cranblook. Kent, in ■KrJ''i""'„"""rU" .±:.'„ ,. , , -r^, ■ •■. -ii_i
observatorv at Camden Lodge, near Cranbrook, Kent,
184.T ; and discovered fifteen new double stars 1840-59.
Dawison (da've-son), Bogumil. Born at War-
saw, May 15. 1818: died near Dresden, Feb. 1,
1872. A Polish actor, of Hebrew descent. He
first appeared in America in 1866. He at one time played
Othello to Edwin Booth's lago. He played both tragic
and comic parts.
Dawkins (da'kinz), John. A young pickpocket
in the employ of Fagin, in CTiarles Dickens's
" Oliver Twist": called " the Artful Dodger"
from his expcrtness.
Dawkins, William Boyd. Born at Butting-
ton, Welshipool, Montgomeryshire, Wales, Dec.
26, 1838. An English geologist and paleontolo-
gist, author of "Cave-Huutlug" (1874), "Early
Man ill Britain" (1880), etc.
Dawlish (da'lish). A watering-place in Devon-
shire. England, situated ou the English (Chan-
nel 10 miles south of Exeter. Population
(1891), 4,210.
Dawson (da'son). Bully.
sliaiper, a contemporary
ill the 17th century.
Dawson, Captain J'ames.
officer, of good family, in the service of the
Young Pretender. He was hanged, drawn, and quar-
tered, and his heart burned, July 30, 1746, for treason.
His betrothed wife was present, and, when «11 was over,
died in the arms of a friend. Shenstone made this the
subject of a ballad, "Jemmy Dawson."
Dawson, Sir John 'William. Bom at Pictou,
Nova Scotia, Oct., 1820. A Canadian geologist
and naturalist. He became principal of Mcfjill
College (Montreal) in 1855. His works include
"Acadian Geologv" (1855), etc.
Dax (dilks). A town in the department of
Landes, France, situated on the Adoui- in lat.
43° 44' N., long. 1° 3' W.: the Roman Aqu»
'god-
desses mothers.'] See the extract.
We now come to a class of divinities which have a pecu-
liar interest in connection with the e:irly history of our
island, the deities of the auxiliary- races who formed so
important an element of its population. Among these
we must place, first, a class of deities commonly known by
the title of the de» malres. Altars and inscriptions to
these deities are very numerous In Belgic Gaul and Ger-
many, and more especially along the banks of the Rhine,
where they are often called matroiiie instead of matref,
and they seem to have belonged to the Teutonic race.
Not more than one altar to these deities has, I believe,
been found in Italy, and we do not trace them in the
classic wTiters. When the deie matres are figured on the
altars or other monuments, they aie always represented
as three females, seated, with baskets or bowls of fruit
on their knees, which were probably emblematical of the
plenty which they were believed to distribute to mankind.
Wright, Celt, p. 281
N.J., Oct. 16, 1760: died at Elizabethtown,
Oct. 9, 1824. An American politician, son of
Elias Dayton. He was speaker of the national House
of Representatives 1795-99, and United States senator from J)g^ (da'iik), FerenCZ. Born at Sojtor, Zala,
New Jersey 1799-1805.
Dayton, William Lewis. Bom at Basking-
ridge,N. J.,Feb. 17, 1807: died at Paris. France.
Dee. 1, 1864. An American jurist and states-
man, nephew of Jonathan Dayton. He was asso-
ciate judge of the Supreme Court of New Jersey 1838-12,
United States senator from New Jersey 1842-51, Republican
candidate for Vice-President 1856, and minister to France
1861-64.
Daza (da'za). A tribe of the Sahara.
Daza (da'tha), Hilarion. Bom at Sucre about
Hungary, Oct. 17, 1803 : died at Budapest, Jan.
29, 1876' A Hungariau statesman. He entered
the Reichstag in 1832: wasmiuisterof justice in 184S; and
was the chief instrument in the construction of the Aus-
tro-Hungariau monarchy on the dualistic basis in 1867.
Deal (del). A seaport and sea-bathing resort
in Kent, England, situated on the Downs 8
miles northeast of Dover. It was formerly one ol
the C^que Ports, and contains Deal C.istle. Near here
Julius Caesar is supposed to have made his first landing
inSSB. c. Population (1891), 8,898.
1838. A Bolivian general and politician. His De Amicis(de a-me'ches),Edmondo. Born at
A notorious London
of Etherege, living
father's name, which he dropped, « as Grossoli. From 1858 he
took part in various revolutionary disturbances until May,
1876, when he was proclaimed president of Bolivia. Owing
to the seizure of .^Vtacama he declared war on Chile. March 1,
1879, ami in April joined the Peruvian forces at Tacna ; but
his incompetence and cowardice led to a mutiny of the
troops (Dec. 27, 1879), and this was quickly followed by a
revolution at La Paz, by which Campero was declared presi-
dent. He was killed by a Bolivian mob March 1, 1894.
A young volunteer Dazzle (daz'l). In Dion Boueicanlt's comedy
■ • ■' ^. „ ^v. •' London Assiu-ance," a man who lives by his
wits, aud cleverly contrives to be an in\ited
guest at OakHall, the home of Squire Harkaway.
Deacon (de'ku). Thomas. Bom in 1697: died
at Manchester. Feb. 10. 1753. An English phy-
sician and uoujuring bishop. He became a priest
in 1710, settled at Manchester as a physician in 1719 or
1720, and about IT.a was consecrated a nonjuring bisllop by
Bishop Archibidd C.impbell. He publishetl " The Doctrine
of the Chuich of Home concerning Pui-gatoi-y proved to be
Oneglia, Italy, Oct. 21, 1846. An Italian >VTiter
of travels. He entered the Italian army in 1866, and
fought at the battle of Custozza in 1866. After the cap-
ture of Rome in 1870 by the troops of Victor Emmanuel,
he retired from the anuy in order to devote himself to lit-
erature. His works Include " Ricordi di Londra " (1874X
"L'Olanda" (18741, "iLu-occo" (187.'.), "Constantinople"
(1877), " Pagine sparse " (1877), "Ricordi di Piirigi," etc.
De Amicitia (de am-i-sish'ia), or Lxlius (le'li-
us). [L..'onfiiendship.'] Atreatiseby (Mcero,
■ in the form of a conversation between Lselius
and his sons-in-law, C. Fannius aud Q. Mucins
Seasvola, devoted to the praise of friendship.
Dean (den), Amos. Bom at Barnard, Vt.. Jan.
16, 1803: died at Albany, N. Y., Jan. 26, 1868.
An American jurist. He became chancellor and pro-
fessor of history in the University of Iowa in 1855. He
has published "Medical Jurisprudence" (1864), "Bryant
and stratton's Commercial Law " (1861), etc.
I
contrary to Catholic Tradition " (171>^),
Comprehensive View of Cliristianity ' (1747), etc.
Dead Heart, The. A play by Watts Phillips,
produced in 1859. It was revised by Walter
Herries Pollock for Henry Irving in 1889
ri-XSue; and Dean, Forest of. A forest in Gloucestershire,
Tarbellic», or Aqure. It is a noted watering-place Dgafi Sea (ded se). [LL. Mare Mortiium, Ai:
__...., . ,,..„.,... „....K„.,.„.^. „ jj^f^^._jj^f p ^^^ jj^^,^_ Q Todtes-Meer.-\ A
salt lake in Palestine, situated 16 miles south-
east of Jerusalem in tlie ancient "Vale of Sid-
dim " : tlie Lacus Asphaltites of the ancients,
and the Sea of the Plain or of the Arabah, Salt
Sea, or East Sea of the Scriptures. Its waters
are Intensely salt, and of great specific gravity. Its prln
cipal tributary is the Jordan, but it has no outlet, and its
and winter resort, and is celebrated for its hot baths. It
was the ancient capit.il ol the Taibelli ; was conquered by
the Goths, Franks, Vascous, Charlem:igne, the Normans,
anil the Saracens, and in the later middle .ages was held
by the English. Population (1891), commune, 10,240.
Day (da), Henry Noble. Born at Washington.
Conn., Aug. 4. 1808: died at New Haven.
Conn.. Jan. 12, 1890. An American educator
aud philosophical writer. Ue became professor of
England, situated between the lower Wye aud
the Severn, southwest of Gloucester. It is In part
a crownland, and is noted for its production of coal and
iron. Its chief trees are oaks and beeches.
Dean, Julia. Bom July 22, 1830 : died at New
York, March 6, 1868. An American actress. She
flist appeared at the Bowery Theater as Julia in "The
Hunchback." She was the original Nomia in Epes Sar-
gent's " Priestess," and also the original Leonor in Bokera
tragedy '■ Leonor de Cuzniiui." She married Dr. Hayne id
185',, from whom she was divorced.
Deane (den), Charles. Born at Biddeford,
Maine, Nov. 10, 1S13: died at Cambridge. Mass.,
Nov. 13, 1889. All American historical student
J
Deane, Charles
After liaviiig been a iiiciclmiit ijj Huston for many years,
in; retireil from Imsineas in lH«i4, and suttluil ;it t'aniliridKu,
Mass. lie c"lloi;teil a valuable lihi-;iry of books relating
to early New EnKlaJiil history, and edited " Bradford's HiB-
tory of I'lynioulli Plantation " (Ib-'jO), " WingUeM's Dis-
course of Vir(iririia"(lb<>f)). and other liistoricid docmiientg.
Deane, Henry. Died at Lambeth, Feb. 15, 1503.
Ar<-libislio]M)lTaiitorbiiry. lie was chief of the Eng-
li.^h commissioners who concluded the marriage treaty l)e-
t ween Margaret, (laughter of llenry VII. of England, and
James IV. of Scotland, in 1502.
Deane, Lucy. In George Eliot's novel " The
Mill on tbc Floss," a pretty, amiable girl, the
lousiii aixl rival of Maggie TiiUiver.
Deane, Richard. Born in lOlO : died Jiuie 3,
1(153. An English admiral, and one of the regi-
cides.
Deane, Silas. Bom at Groton, Couu., Dee. 24,
1737: died at De.al, England, Aug. 23, 1789. An
Aiueriean statesman and diplomatist. Ue was
a delegate from Connecticut to the Continental Congress
1774-76, and was sent to France as a secret tlnancial and
political agent in 1770. Having made unauthorized prom
Ises to indulge Krench cifflcers to join the American service,
lie w;ia re<^dlcd Ifv Congress in 1777.
Dean of St. Patrick's (Dublin). Specifically,
.lonathan JSwil't. Hoe Kici/I.
Deans (denz), Douce Davie
Sciitt's novel -'Tim Heart of Midlothian.'' H
is the father of .leanie and Effle, and is distracted between
his religious princiides its an ardent Cameronian and his
desire to save bis ilaughter Eflie's life.
Deans, EfB.e or Euphemia. In Scott's " Heart
of .Midliitliian.'' a beantiful and erring girl, the
half-sister of .Jeanio Deans, she is tried for the
murder of her illegitimate child, which had disappeared.
She will make no (:onfe!^sion, and is sentenced tu be
hanged. Through the elforts ( >f her sister she is pardoned
and bauishetl for fourteen yoai-s. She llees fl-om her angry
father, and her lover, Stiiuuton, marries her. She is edu-
cated and becomes a court beauty, and finally, after ten
years of social success, retires li-om the world on account
of the death of her husband.
Deans, Jeanie. The heroine of Scott's novel
"The Heart of Midlothian," the half-sister of
Effie Deansi In her devotion to her sister she walks all
313
of Jabin, prophesied for him succes-s, and sang a famous
8i>ng <)f ti-iumpb after the victory (Judges v.). This song is
considered by critics to be one of the most ancient pieces
Id the old Test^iment.
But the priestess of Artemis still continued to be called
"a bee," reminding us that Deborah or "Bee" was the
name of one of the greatest of the jiropbetessesof ancient
Israel; and the goddess herself continued tu be depieled
under the same fonu as that which had belonged to her
in Ifittite days. Sayce, Hittites, p. 7'J.
Dehorah. A German drama by S. H. Mosen-
thal, the original of " Leah."
De Bow (Je 1)6), James Dunwoody Brown-
son. iSorn at Charleston, .S. C, July lU, 1820 :
died at Elizabeth, N. J., Feb. 27, 18G7. An
the nay to Ix)ndon to obtain pardon (or Effle from the
queen. Her good sense, calm heroism, and disinterested-
ness move the Duke of Argjll to procure her the desired
hiterview, which is successful.
Dearborn (der'born), Henry. Born at Hamp-
ton, X. 11., Feb. 23, 1751: dieilatKoxbury, Mass.,
Jime 6, 1829. An American general and poli-
tician. He served through the Revolution; was secre-
tary of war 1801-09; captured York (Toronto) in 1813; and
was minister to INu-tugal in lS22-:i4.
Dearborn, Henry Alexander Scammell. Born
at Exeter, N. H., March 3, 1783: died at Ko.x-
bury, Mass., July 29, 1851. An American poli-
tician, son of Henry Dearborn. He was collector
of the port of Boston 1812-29; was elected to the Massa-
chusetts legislature in 1820 ; became a State senator in
1830; was in 1881 elected to Congress, where he served one
term; and was made adjntant-gener-al <»f Massachusetts in
1835, from which post be was iem>>ved in 1843 for having
furnished arms to Rhode Island daring Dorr's rebellion.
He was mayor of Ko.vhui-y from 1817 until his death. He
wrote " Internal Improvements and Commerce of the
Wcst"(18(»),
Death of Blanche. See Jiook- oj the VucIkhs.
Death of Caesar. A painting by Gi5r6nio (18G7),
in tlie galliTv 111 .1. .J. Astor, Now York. Ciesar's
body lies at tln'footof I'ompey's statue ; the conspirators,
«Ull' holding tliiir .biggers, are grcuiped in the background,
Uld all the senators but one have lied from their Seats.
Death of General Wolfe, The. A painting by
Sir Benjamin West (1771), in (Irosvenor House,
Lonilon. The general lies on the ground supported and
surromided by soldiers, one of whom holds the union jack.
In tin: distance a soMier runs toward the group, bearing a
captured Freiu:h flag.
Death of Marlowe, The_. A tragedy by R. II.
Home, pulilisljed in 1S37.
Death's Jest Book, or The Fool's Tragedy.
A tragedy by T. L. Boddoes, published in 18.50,
the year after the author's death, it is the true
•lory'of the slabbing of a duke in the 13th centuiy by bis
court fool.
Death Valley (deth val'i), or Amargosa Des-
ert (a-miir'go-sii dez'6rt). A desert region in
Inyo County, eastern California, near the Ne-
vada frontier, lying 160 feet below the sea-level.
Deauville (do-vel'). A watering-place in the
deparlmenl of Calvados, Prance, adjoining
Tnmville.
Debatable Land. A region on the border of
England and Scotland, betweeu tlie Esk and
Sark, forinerlv chiimeil by botli kingdoms.
Debbltch (deb"'i('h), Deborah. In Sir Walter
Scott's novel " I'everil
ornaiite of Alii^e Bridge
i|iiillish and d itful.
Debit and Credit. See ffoll und Hahrn.
Deborah (d<b'o-rii). fneb.,'aboo.'] A prophet-
ess and judge of Israel. Sbelived on Mount r.|)hraim,
between Itnnnih anil Bethel. She summoned Barak to ile-
llTer Uie tribes under her Jurisdiction from the tyranny
American journalist and statistician. He es
tablished "De Bow's Commercial Eeview" in
New Orleans in 184C.
Debreczin (de'bret-sin), Magyar Debreczen.
A royal fi'oe city situated in the county of
llajdiikeu, Hungary, in lat. 47° 32' N., long.
21° 37' E. It is one of the chief places in Hungary,
and an important commercial center, having foui' annual
fairs ami a noted horse-market. It contains a I'rotestant
college, and in 18-)9 was the seat of the Hungarian revolu-
tionary govermuent. Population (1890), 56,940.
A cow-feeder in Debrosses (de-bros' ), Charles. Born at Dijon,
"■■""•'•••'■■" " France, Feb. 17, 1709 : died at Paris, May 17,
1777. A French man of letters. He wrote
"Lettres sur Hereulaueum " (1750), " Lettres
sur I'ltalie," etc.
De Bry, Theodore. See Bry.
Decameron (de-kam'e-ron). [It. II Thcamc-
rone: ; from Gr. dtKa, ten, and yfiipa, day.] A
famous collection of 100 tales, by Boccaccio,
published in 1353. of these tales ten are represented
as told each day for ten days, near Florence, during the
j>lague of 1:^48. They were written from 1344 to 1350, and
are preceded by a masterly description of the plague at
Horence. They range from the pathetic to the grossly
licentious. " There are few works which have had an equal
influence on literatui'e with the Decameron of Boccaccio.
Even in England its effects were powerful. From it
Chancer adopted the i "
im-losed his tales, an^
Decius
22, 1820. An American uaval officer, son of
Stephen Decatui*. He entered the navy as a midship-
man in 1798, and became a lieutenant in 1709. He gained
distincti.m in Ihe Tripolitan war bysurprishig and burning
in the liarbnr of Tripoli, Feb. 10, 1804, the frigate I'hila-
dclpbia, wliieb bail been captured by the enemy. For this
exploit he was promoted captain, his connnission being
made U) date from Feb. 15, 1804. At the beginning of the
war of 1812 he commanded the frigate United States, which
captured the British frigate Macedonian Oct, 26, 1812.
Attempting, Jan. 15, 1815, to leave the port of New York,
which wius blockaded by the British, his vessel, the I'resi-
dent, » as pursued by four British vessels, and after a sharp
engagement with the Endymion compelled to surrender.
He commanded in 1815 the expedition against the Dey of
Algiers, wlio was forced to renounce all claims to tribute
from the United States. He was killed in a duel with
James Barron.
Decazes (de-kaz'), Elie, Due. Born at St. Mar-
tiii-d('-Laye, Gironde, France, Sept. 28, 1780:
died at Dccazeville, France, 0<^t. 25, 1860. A
French jurist and statesman. Ilebecame minister
of police Sept. 24, 181.5, and premier and minister of the
interior in 1818. He resigned in 1820, and became amba-ssa-
dor at London. He was raised to a hereditary dukedom
in the same yeai', and founded Dccazeville about 1827.
Decazes, Louis Charles Elie Amanieu, Due.
Born at Paris, May 9, 1819: died at his Chateau
La Grave, Gironde, Se]>t.. 10, 1886. A French
statesman, eldest son of Elie Decazes. He was
minister of foreign affairs 1873-77.
Decazeville (de-kaz-vel'). A town in the de-
partment of Aveyron, France, in lat. 44° 33'
N., long. 2° 13' E. It is noted for iron manu-
factures, and is the center of the Aveyron
coal-fields. Population (1891), commune, 8,871.
Deccan(dek'kan),orDekhan(dek'han). [Hind.
diiksliiii, the south.] A non-official designa-
tion for the peninsular portion of India lying
south of the river Nerbudda, betweeu the Bay
of Bengal on the east and the Arabian Sea on
the west; in a restricted sense, the country
between the Nerbudda on the north and the
Krishna on the south.
while in some instances,
versifled the novels of "
ter printed many of Boccaccio's stories in English, in his
work called the ' Palace of Pleasui'e.' This first translation
contained sixty novels, and it was soon followed by an-
other volume, comprehending thirty-four additional titles.
These are the pages of which Shakspere made so much
use. From Burton's 'Anatomy of Melancholy' we learn
that one of the great amusements of our ancestors was
reading lioccaccio aloud, an entertainment of which the ef-
fects were speedily visible in the literature of the countiy. "
Duiliop, lUst. I'rose Fiction, II. 148.
The seven hnaginary ladies and tliree gentlemen whom
Bocca<xio supposed to shut out the horrors of the great
plague of Florence, in 1348, by enjoying themselves in a
106 A. D. A Dacian king, at war with the Ro-
mans in the reigns of Domitian and Trajan.
Deceleia (des-e-le'yil). [6r. AnKif.cia.] In an-
cient geography, a city and strategic point in
Attica, Greece, situated 14 miles northeast of
Athens. Itwasoccupiedby theLacedtemonians
from 413 to 404 B. c.
Decel^a was situated on the mountaui-range north of
Athens (Parnes), within sight of the city, from which it
w!ia distant 120 stades, or about 14 mUes. The road from
Athens to Oropus and Tanagra passed through it.
Kmcliiuntn, Herod., III. 471, note.
garden with a ten-day feast of story-tellmg, presented— tw.-.i.:-- -iTT-ar Mas p Ip'vnti w-ir) A name
in the best and easiest, though nearly the first, Italian i>eceleia,n War (Ues-e-le yan wai). A name
prose -among their hundred tales the choice tales of the treciuenlly given to the third or final stage 01
day from the French fabliaux, from incidents of actual (he Pelopouiiesian war, on account of the oc-
life, or from whatever source was open to the author. (.uT>;i(ioii of Deceleia.
Even the machinery in which the tales are set came t»„''„v.n-/ ir .„,.,'4,i,.\ rT 'tlintn.>tli mroifli '1
from the East, and had existed in a Latui form two centu- December ( de-seiu ber). [L., the tenth month. J
ries before. The number of the stories also was per- That month ot the yearin which the siui touches
the tropic of Capricorn at the winter solstice,
being then at its greatest distance south of
the equator; the twelfth and last month ac-
cording to the modern mode of reckoning time,
having tliirty-one days. In the Roman cal-
endar it was the tenth month, reckoning from
March. Abbreviated Dec.
haps determined by the previous existence of the "Cento
Novellc Antiche." Morleif, English Writers, I. 22.
Decamps (de-koii'), Alexandre Gabriel. Born
at Pans, March 3,1803: died (as the result of
an accident) at Fontaiuebleau, Aug. 22, 1860.
A noted French painter, a pupil of Abel de
Pujol. He visited Greece and the coast of Asia in 18;
and all his later work exhibits his iH-eterence lor Oriental Decem'Vrlrate (de-sem'vi-rat). In Roman his-
snliiects,
De CandoUe. See Candolle.
Decapolis (de-kap'o-lis). [Gr. AiKuvih^, the
ten cities.] The name of an ancient confed-
eration of cities west and east of the Jordan,
inliabited for the most part by a non-Jew-
ish jiopidatiou which probably enjoyed certain
privileges and I'ranchises. Poinpey put them un-
der the inimediali- jnrisdielinn of the governor of .Syria.
Among the eilies belonging to this confederacy are
CTunneraleil S. ylhc.]inlis (I'.ctb-Shean), on the west of the
.Jordan; on llieeii.st. Hippos on the Sea of Galilee, i'ella,
Oailara, I'biladeli.hia (Kabboth-Anmion), Canatha, and
Oenisa (IJalasa).
Decatur (de-ka'ter). The name of several towns
and cities in-the United States, the principal of
which are : (a) A town In Slorgan County, northern
Alabama, sitnateil on the Tennessee River. l'oi)ulation
(1800), 'i7tiO. (It) The county-seat of De Kalli ('onnty,
Georgia, situated 8 miles northeastof Atlant4i. (For l»attle
of .Inly 20, 1804, see I'lacMrre Crffk.) I'ojiulation (Isiioi,
l,01.f. (c) A (Uty and the county-seat of Jlacnn t'ounty,
Illinois, situated on the Sangamon River :iS miles cast of
_ Hpringfleld. Population (1800), 10,841.
oTthi; Peak," the gov- Decatur, Stephen. Born at Newport, K. I.,
:enorth. She was co- 1751: died at Frankford, near Philadelpliia,
Nov. 14, 1808. An American naval officer. Ho
was placed in command of the Delaware in 1798, anil
afterward commiuided a squadron on the Guadeloupe
station. Me was discbargeil in 1801.
Decatur, Stephen. Born at Sinnepuxent, Md.,
Jan. 5, 1 (79 ; died iioarBladensburg, Md., March
tory, the coinmissifui of ten, presided over by
Appius (Ilauilius, sent about 4.50 H. c. to Greece
to study Greek law and codify the Roman law.
It was renewed the next year, and drew up the Twelve
'I'ables (which see). Din-ing its existeni^e it supereeded
provisiomilly the regular machinery of government, and
was overthrown on aci:ouMt of its tyranny by a popular
insuiTection. See Virijiitia.
Deception Island (de-sep'shon i'land). A vol-
canic island in the Siiuth Shetland group, south
of Cajie Hoiii.
Dechamps (de-shon'). Adolphe. Born at
Meile, Belgium, June 17, 1807: died near Ma-
nage (near Brussels), July 19, 1875. A Belgian
Catholic statesnnin. He became a member of the
second ehambe]- 1834, govel nor of the province of J^uxem.
burg 1841, an.l minister of public works 1843, and was
minister of foreign alfairs 1845-40.
Dechamps, Victor Auguste. Born at M( lie,
P.clijiuni, Dci-.ti, ISlll; diid at Mecbliu, Sept.
128. I,S,S3. A Bi'lgiaii Ivcdeniiitorist and I'ltra-
moiitane leader, brother of Adolphe Dechamps.
He became bishop of Namnr in 1806, archbishop of Mechlin
in 1S07. and eai-dinid in 1S75.
De Charms, oiDe Charmes (de shiirmz), Rich-
ard. Horn at I'liiladeljihia, Oct. 17, 1796: died
at P'hilailelphia, March 20, 1864. An American
Swedeiiborgian clerg^^nan and author.
Decius (de'slii-us). Caius Messius Quintus
Trajanus. Born at I'.ubalia. raiiiionia: killed
iu iiallle with the (joths, near the Danube,
Decius
314
'>r)l A. D. Emperor of Koine 249-251. Having been
Bent 1.V the emperor Wiilippus to restore suboi (liiialion in
the revolted army of .\la^si:^ he was ™u'.P>: '" .^, ' "-
anuy to assume the purple aiui march apun>,t 1 h'lil P"».
t",o tell in battle near V.iona in 249 He v^-? > J "^<"»
and slain in 251, iieai- Al.riciuu. by the «->'>'\« h" ''^' '"■
vadea his cloniii.ions. Kurins; his reign ablowlj persecu-
tion of the Christians took place. !,.,,„., „* iu„
Decius MUS (m»,), PubllUS. 1. Killed at he
biittlo of VesuNius, :!40 B. c. A Komati plebeian
ooiis.il. cUstinguishcd in the lirs^t Saiimite ami
Latin wurs.-2. Killed at the battle ot Senti-
nnm 2!).') B. c. A Koraan consul, son of Decius
(died 340).— 3. Killed at the battle of Ascu-
lura (f), 279 B. C. A Roman consul, son ot
DeciiLs (died 295). .,,.,-,., „ <^„
De civitate Dei (de siv-i-ta'te de i). [L., on
the citv of God.'] A celebrated treatise by
Aueust'ine. Its theme is the permanence of the City of
God -'which abiJelh forever": a thought made doubly
tapkssive by the overUifow ot Eome, the • eternal city,
o'ecize't J''-sez')- A. town in the department of
Ni6\Te, France, situated on an island m the
Loire 18 miles southeast of Nevers: the an-
cient Deeetia. It has a ruined chateau. Pop-
ulation (1891), coniuuiiie,4.9n.
Decken (dek'keu), Karl Klaus von der. Bom
at Kotzen, Brandenburg, Gei-many, Aug. »,
18:J3: died 1865. An African explorer. Until
1S6.) he w:is in the military service. In that year he sailed
trmu Hambm-g to East Alric:i, and gave the rest of hi»
island meaurtothecxplor-..tion of what is now British
East Africa. His ttl-st attempt was fruitless. ">' 'f ^fV
end expedition, 18lil-62, he explored Lake Jipe and KUi-
man^ar^o. In lS«t he led a great expedition to the explo-
ration of the Sabaki, Taiul, and .Tub rivers. On the lat-
ter, he and almost all his companions were tailed by the
Somalis. His material was published in K. K. ^. aei
Deckel's Reisen in ( .su Afrika " (1S69-79V His collections
were given to the National Museum of Berlin.
Decker, Jeremias de. See Delkcr.
Decker, Thomas. «ee VtU-cr.
Declaration of Independence. The public
act bv which the Continental Congress on
July 4, 1776, declared the American colonies
to be free and independent of Great Britain
A resolntion of independence was ,»«",<=f ^''^'i'; ^V Xc'
June 7 1776. The committee appointed to lii-alt trie aec-
iaTition consisted of Jefferson, Franklin John .^.dams
Roger Sherman, and K. R. Livingston, and the document
waf written for the most part by Jelterson. It was signed
by Sfi members. , , , ,
Declaration of Independence, Mecklenburg.
See M,rl:l,iibiini Ikrlmafwit Oj liKlcpciidcnce.
Declaration of' Right. An affinnation of the
ancient constitutional rights of the English
nation, prepared by the convention of tbe
Commons, assented to by the Lords, and by
William and Mary (who thereupon were de-
clared king and queen, Feb. 13) in >eb., 1089
It was confirmed by Parhament as the Bill of
Rights in Dec. 1()89. „ ^ , , j
D6cle (dakl), Lionel. A French traveler and
etlmological collector. Accompanied by Ph. de La-
^ e he started in July, 1891, from Mafeking, Bechuana.
S^d and Sed Palapi-e, Shesheke, failed to enter the
Br-rotse country, returned to Matebele and Mashoua
Slid where he explored the subteiTanean lakes of
Sinov'a. and again re.ached the Zambesi on his way to
nS ISe. rhence he proceeded up the Shire to
L^ke^Nylssa and Tanganyika (1S93), intendmg to come
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. A
celebrate.l hist.'ry by Edward Gibbon, pub-
lished l776-,ss. .
De consolatione philosophise (de kon-s9-la-
shi-6'ne fil-6-s6'li-e). [L., ' on the consola-
tion of philosophy.'] A celebrated Latin work
in i.rose and verse, ■vvritten by Boetlmis about
5'^5 A D. It was translated into Angl<v.Saxon by Alfred
the areat. Chaucer translated it into English prose be-
fore !»'. Caxton published it in 1480. See /?<«-(/i.i«.
Boethius was not put to death at once, bat was kept
ne^K a year in prison. After his condemnation he » rote
Sr t f in. .usbook, "TheConsolationof I'h osj.piy. which
," he II ■ one o all his works that stdl Hmls rea.le,>_
it is l"t exactly a literary masten>iece, but as a book
writtc". from the hoirt, as the record of the niedi tations
br«hich a brave and ''iB^™inJ-^d 'nan consocH bini-
self when, fallen suddenly froni the height of weid h and
power to he lowest abyss of misery, he was looking or-
Ward to an ignominious death, it has a deep iiiterest, and
wm always be counted among the worlds classics. It
hasbeen ti-anslated into every lang«;we in Europe : and
ani..ngst the English translators have been King Alfred,
Chancer anil, we are told. Queen Elizabeth.
' Brad/e.v, story ot the Ooths, p. 183.
Decumates Agri (dek-u-ma'te/. ag'ri). [L.,
from ,lccum„, tithe: tithe lauds.] The name
eiven bv the Romans to the lands east of the
Rhine ind north of the Danube. About the
be.'inning of the 2d century A. D. they were in-
corporated in the Roman Empire as a part ot
Rhtctia.
We have seen that the history of Rome in her western
provinces was. from an early stage of the Empire, a
struggle with the Teutonic nations on the Rhine and the
Danube. We have seen that all attempts at serious con-
oucst beyond those boumlaries came to nothing, me
R.,nian possessions beyond the two great rivei-s were mere
outiwsts for the better security ot the land within the
rivei-s The district beyond thein, fenced in by a wall and
known as the A'ln Dmanale», was hardly more than
such an outlying post on a great sc:Ue. , „ ai
Freeman, Hist. Oeog., p. 854.
Dedan (de'dan). [Heb., perlmps 'beloved,'
• darling.'] 1. A son of Raamah, son ot Ciish,
sou of "Ham (Gen. x. 7), and his descendants.
— 2. A son of Jokshan. grandson of Abraham
andKeturah (Gen. xxv. 3). In the prophets the
Dedanites are referred to as being settled now m Edom
ndumea), now on the Persian Gulf. Some scholars (Gesen-
ius, Winer) infer that the Cushite Dedanites and those
from Keturah were in some way amalgamated by in-
termaniage, and formed a widely spread trading tube.
There are still ruins of a city in the northern Hedjas (see
,lraW(i) bearing the name of Iledan. . >t c ,i
Dedham (ded'am). The capital of Norfo k
( '„unt v, Massachusetts, situated 10 miles south-
we-<t of Boston. Population (1890), (,1L3
Dedlock (ded'lok). Lady. The wife of hir
Leicester Dedlock in Dickens's novel • Bleak
House ": a haughtv woman of fashion, secretly
consumed with teri-or, shame, and remorse. She
has an illegitimate child, Esther Summerson, but marries
Sl> Leicester, who is ignorant of her history. Her secre
becomes known to Mr. Tnlkinghorn, her husband s legal
adviser, who tells her of his design to revesd it to him
She leaves home and dies from exposure and remorse at
the gate of the graveyard where Captain Hawdon, the
father of her child, is buried.
Dedlock, Sir Leicester. An extremely cere-
monious and stately old baronet in Dickens s
novel " Bleak House." He is perfectly honorable,
but prejudiced to the most unreason,able degree, with a
genuine affection and admiration for Lady Dedlock.
Dee (de). [L. Dcm (which see).] 1. A river
in Xorth Wales and Cheshire, flomng past Ches-
ter into the Ii-ish Sea northwest of Chester.
Length. 90 miles.— 2. A river in Kincardine-
shire and Aberdeenshire. Scotland, flowing
into the North Sea at Aberdeen Length, 8-
miles —3. Ariver in Kirkcudbrightshire, Scot-
land, which flows into the Solway !• irth at
Kirkcudbright Bay. Length, 48 miles.
Dee John. Bom at London, July 13, lo2( : died
in Dec, 160S. An English mathematician and
astrologer. He took the degree of B. A. at Cambridge
in 1,^45 -was appointed one of the foundation fellows of
Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1546 ; lecture<l on the Ele-
ments of Euclid at Palis about l.iSO ; returned to England
in 15.il • was prosecuted on the charge of magic about Isx:
!..ave exhibitions ot magic at the courts of vari..us princes
to Poland and Bohemia 1.5»3-»S ; and was appointed warden
of Manchester College in l.W.=.. He was patronized by
Queen Elizabeth, who received instruction from him lu as-
trolo-y in 15«. According to the "Athena Cant^ibrigien-
ses" he wrote 79 works, most of which have never been
prmted. His mostnotable work is " Monas Hieroglyphica
Deec or Dig (deg). A fortified place in British
India, in lat. 27° 25' N.. long. 77° 15' E. It was
captnred by the British in ISW. It contains a palace
built bv Surai MuU toward the middle of the ISth cen-
tury The portion completed is about 700 feet square,
and is traversed by a garden with beautiful architectural
adornment. The north pavilion contains a fine audience
hall 77 by 541 feet, divided by a central range of arches
An adioining'side of the court is occupied by a great hall
108 by S7 feet open on two sides and including four ranges
of columns with arcades edged with sharply cut cusps.
The cornices are particularly noteworthy : they aie wide-
spreading, often double, and supported by very richly
sculptured brackets. . t> ,.-■
Deems (demz), Charles Force. Born at Balti-
more, Md.. Dec. 4, 1820: died at New lork
city, Nov. 18, 1893. An American clergjTnan
and writer, pastor of the Church of the Stran-
gers in New York citv. He founded the Ameri-
can Institute of Christian Philosophy in 1881.
Deep River (dep riv'er). A river of North
Carolina which unites with the Haw to form
the Cape Fear River 26 miles southwest ot
Raleigh. Length, over 100 miles.
Deer (der), Old. A village in Aberdeenshire,
Scotland, about 30 miles north of Aberdeen.
It is noted for an ancient manuscript (" Book of Deer )
containing St. John's gospel and parts of the other three,
belomring formerly to the old abbey, and now in the
lainbri.lffc I'nivcrsity library. „ ■ , ,. ^
Deerfield (der'feld). A town in Franklin Conn-
tv. Massachusetts, situated at the junction of
the Deerfield River with the Connecticut, 32
miles north of Springfield. It was sacked and
burned by French and Indians in 1704 : and South Deer-
Held w.as the scene of the " Bloody Brook massacre in
187r.. Population (1S9U), 2,910.
Deerfield River. A small western tributary of
till- Conneetieut in Massachusetts.
Deerslayer (der'sla er). The. A novel by
(■ooper. published in 1841. (See Leatlurxtock-
iiiii.) It is the first of the " Leatherstocking
Tales," though published last.
D66s or D6s (dii'ash or dash). The capital of
Hie coimty of Szolnok-Doboka, in Transylvania,
De Forest
Hungarv situated on the Szaiuos 32niilesnorth-
east of Klansenburg. Populati-m (1890) 7,728.
Defarge (de-f iirzh' ). Therfese. In Dickens's
''Tale of Two Cities," the wife of Ernest De-
farge. the keeper of a wine-shop: a tjTe ot the
renTorseless women of the St. Antome quarter
duriu" the French Revolution.
Defence of Poesie, The. The title given to Sir
Phmp Sidifev's "kpologie for Poetiie" when
printed for the second time in the third edition
of the "Arcadia" in 1598.
Defence of Poetry. A volume in verse by Isaac
D-lsraeli, published in 1790: liis first work.
Defender ( de-fen'der). A sloop-yacht built at
Bristol R. i., bv the Herreshoffs. and owned
bv C. Oliver Iselin and others. Her le'igth on
load water-line is 88.45 feet. She defeated
Valkvrie HI. in competition for the America s
cup, Sept., 189.5. See VaUyrie III.
Defender of the Faith. [L. Fidei DefeMor.^
A title confen-ed in 1.521 by Pope Leo X. upon
Henry VIII. of England, in recognition of the
latter's treatise '-Assertio septem sacramento-
rum" (1521), retained by succeeding English
sovereigns.
Defender of the Faith of Gkid. A title as-
sumed bv Abd-er-Rahman in 929.
Defenneh. See Td Dcfcnueh.
Defensa, Partido de la. See Blancos.
Deffand, or Deffant (def-foh'). Marquise du
(Marie de Vichy-Chamrond). Born at the
Chateau de Chamrond, France, in lh9( : died
at Paris, Sept. 24, 1780. A witty and cynical
Frenchwoman, a leader in Parisian literary and
philosophical circles, she was married to the Marquis
du Deffand in 1718, but soon separated from him and lived
somewhat notoriously. In 175:i she became blind. She
is noted for her correspondence with A oltaire, Henaiul,
Montesquieu, Horace Walpole. and other great men of
Jier time.
Defiance (de-fi'ans). A town and^the county-
seat of Defiance County, northwestern Ohio,
situated on the Maumee" 50 miles southwest of
Toledo. Population (1890). 7,694,
De finibus (bonorum et malorum) (de fin'i-busV
[L.. 'of the boundaries (of good and evil).']
A treatise in five books by Cicero, in the form
of a dialogue, consisting in a presentation ot
the doctrines of the Greek schools concerning
good and evil. It was written 45 B. c.
De Flores (de flo'iezV In Middleton's play
"The Changeling," an ill-favored, broken gen-
tleman in the serriee of Vermandero. the fa-
ther of Beatrice- Joanna. He loves Beatrice, who
loathes him, Tiusting in his devotion and poverty, she
induces him to murder Alonzo de Pivacquo, to whom her
father-has betrothed her though she loves Alsemero. In
a powerful scene he declares to her that she shall never
marry Alsemero unless she first yields to him. He never
relents, and after killing Beatrice dies triumphant, by his
own hand, when the double discovery of the liaison and
murder is made. "He is a study worthy to be classed
with lago, and inferior oiUy to lago m then- class,
Saintsbury.
Defoe (sometimes written De Foe) (de-fo ),
Daniel Bom at liOudon, probably in 1661:
.Ued at London, .\pril 26, 1731. A celeVirated
Eno-lisli novelist and political writer. His father,
whose name originally was Foe, was a butcher in St
Giles, Cripplegate. Daniel change.1 it to De Foe, or Defoe,
about 170:i Little is known of bis eariy life. He aban-
doned the idea ot being a dis-sentiug minister, went into
business in 16S5, and in 16S8 was with King Williams
army. He traveled a good deal on the Continent. In
1692 he became bankrupt, but afterward paid his debts.
He then secured a position as secretary to a pantile fac-
ton- and was accountant to the commissioners on glass
duties. From 169S he distinguished himself as a pam-
phleteer in favor of William IIl.'s policy. His ironical
treatise "Tlie Shortest Way with the Dissenters in 170S
occasioned his anest, and he was sentenced to be fined, to
stand three times in the pillory, and to be "imprisoned
during the (Jueens pleasure." During this imprisonment
he wrSte constantlv, and began his "Reriew;,"anewspaper
issued at first once, afterward twice, and ultimately thnce,
a week. It was published from Feb. 19, 1704, t.. . une 11.
17i:! During this time he also wrote about eighty other
works In 1704 he was released and went to St. Edmund s
Burv and then back to London, where he took a prominent
part in political intrigue. Finding himself genei^ly ob-
iected to as a time server and iiirncoat, he made an apol-
ogy "An Appeal to Honour and Justice' (1715), which
did'not remove the impression. From this time until his
death he wrote iiidustrionsly,"Robinson Crusoe appear-
ing in 1-lii. Among his other novels are " Life and Adven-
tures ot Duncan Campbell' (1720), •Capt.iin Singleton _
fl7"n> " The Fortunes ami Misfortunes oi Nb'Il Hanutre
(1722),' "Journal of the Phlgne Ye:u-" (2d e.l., entitled
"History of the Plague." n'2-2X"Histop- of V.,l..T.el Jack
07-22X "Koxana"(17-24), etc. Among his political wntmgs
ire "The rrue-Born Englishman" (1701), "1 he shortest
Way with the Dissenters "(170:i), "Political History of the
the Devil" (1726X etc. See his Lite by Minto (18.!>), In
"English Men ot Letters" series.
De Forest (de for'est). John William. Bom
at Sevmour, Conn.. March 31. 182ti. An Amer-
ican novelist, miscellaneous writer, and soldier.
i
De Forest
He serve*! through thf ^.'ivil War from 1861 to 1H65, in the
Southwest, aiMt with sheritlan in the shcnandoali Valley.
He received the brevet rank of major. From 1865 to
1868 he was adjutant-general of the veteran reserve
cori)8. Among liis works m-e *• Uistoi-y of the Indians of
Connectieut," etc. (185;i), •'Oriental Ac(tuaintance " a856),
".Seacliff" (ls5ii). "iliss Ravenel's Conversion " (lh(i7),
"Tlie Ddilest of Courtships," etc. (1881), and many mili-
tar>' sketclies, essays, etc.
Deformed Transformed, The. A dratna by
ByvDii, |)iililislieil in isi;4. It wa.s partly fouinli.'il
oil (nirtlir's ■■ Faust."
De G^rando. See dirinido.
Deggendorf (deij'gcii-ddi-f'*. A town in Lower
Bavaria, situated on the Danube .30 miles
nortliwest of Passaii. It has long been eele-
brated jus a shrine for pilgrims. Population
(1890), 6.i')0.
De Grasse. Soo (irasse.
De Haas. See /luas.
Dehn (dan), Siegfried Wilhelm. Born at Al-
tona, (Serraany, Feb. i"), 1799: died at Berlin,
April 12, 1858. A German musical writer,
librarian of the musieal works iu the royal
library in Berlin 1842-48.
Dehra Dun (deh'ril dtin). A district in the
Jlirat division of the Northwest Provinces,
British India, situated about lat. 30°-31° N.,
louj;. 78° E. Area. 1,193 square miles. Popu-
lation (1891), l(i8,13,i.
De imitatione Christi (de im-i-ta-shi-6'ne
kris'ti). A religious treatise commonly as-
cribed to Thomas a Kempis, but about which
there has been much controversy it places the
rule of life in seclusion and renunciation, other
candidates Iiave been put forward, among tliem .Tolin tJer-
son. the famous chancellor of the I'niversityof Paris, and
an unidentitie*! .tohn (iersen, ahljot of Vercelli (supported
by the Benedictines), whose name appears as that of tlie
author in one manuscript. For Gerson are lu-ought forward
a number of early MSS. and editions in France and Italy.
" In favour of Thomas a Kempis has l>een alleged the testi-
mony of many early editions hearing his name, including
one about 1471 which appears to be the first, as well as a
general tradition from his own times, e.vtcnding over most
of Europe, which has led a great majority (including the
ftorbonnc itself) to determine the cause in his favour. It
Is also said that a manuscript of the treatise De Imita-
tione bears these words at the conclusion : ' Fiiiitus et
completus per inanum Thomtc de Kempis, 1441'; and that
in this nianusciipt are so many erasures and alterations
as to give it the appearance of his original autograph.
Against Thomas a Kempis it is urged that he was a pro-
fessed calligrapheror copyist for the College of Deventer;
that the clirotiicle of .St. Agnes, a contemporary work,
says of him : Scripsit Bibliam nostram totaliter, et multos
alios libros pro doino et pro pretio ; that the entry above
mentioned is more like ttiat of a tl-anscriber than of an
author; that the same chn^nicle makes no mention of his
having written tlie treatise De Imitatione, nor does it ap-
fiear in an early list of works ascribed U> him." Ilallain,
ntrod. Ui Lit. of Europe, II. ii. § 0:i.
Deimos (di'mos). [dr. (hiiioc, fear, teiror? per-
Bonilied in the nia<l, and later regarded as a
son of Ares (Mars).] A satellite of Mars, re-
volving about its primary in thirty hours and
eighteen minutes. It was <liscovered by Pro-
fessor Asaph Hall.of Washington, in Aug., 1877.
Deinokrates. See Uinncratcx.
Deioces (dc-i'o-.sez). [Gr. A;/»iw/r.] Accord-
ing to Herodotus, the fotmder of the Median
dynasty (about 709-0.% B. c), and the builder
of Ecbatana.
DeiotarUS (<le-i-0t'a-rus). [Gr. Ai/iiWafio^.']
I)i(ui about 40 B. C. A tetrarch and king of
Galatia, and au ally of the Komans. Ho was
defended before Ca!sar by Cicero 45 B. o.
Delphobus (de-if'o-bus). H'lr. Sr/itpoihr.'] In
classical legends, a Ti^ojaii warrior, son of
Priam aiirl Hecuba. He appears in Shakspere's
"Trollus and Cressida."
Deipnosophists (dip-nos'o-fists). [From Gr.
^ci-mnii0ir,7iu, Deipiiosophista), the name of a
work of Atheuaius (see the def.): lit. 'the
learned men at dinner,' from (!fi7rvoi>, dinner,
anil aiKj)iaTt/r, a leai-ned man.] See the extract.
The Deipnosophists, or "learned guests," of Athemeus
is a polyliistorical work chiclly made up of extracts from
laM)ks in the library of Alexanilria, and put into the form
of a dialogue, or series of dialogues, sui>po8ed tit have been
earrifd on in the house of a learned ami opulent Roman
named Larensius or Laurentius, dni-ing an entertainment
prolonged thr<jugh nmny days. The guests are twenty-
nine in number, and not only draw upon their memory
for qnotatituis suggested by incidents of the feast, but are
expectcMl by their entertainer to come furnished with ex-
cerpts from thc! best authors, which are prodtieed and
read when the occasion offers. This machinery enables
Athenjeus tti give a sort of fi-amework and external cohe-
rency to the carefully aiTanged contents of his note book ;
biU, as in the well-known I'.iiglisli bO(»k8 called " the Doc.
tor "and "the Pursuits of Literature," the ventilation of
the author's learning is the main object <tf the book. 'The
Work begins, like several of Plato's dialogues, with a con-
vor'*Htion between Athennjus and a frienil of his. one
Timocrates, to whom he narrates "the cliaconrses of the
learned men," with all their iiuotations and extracts ; and
ho sometimes interrupts the sujiposed dialogue, in order
315
to address himself directly to Timocrates. Among the
supiiosed guests are some of the most eminent men of the
day, especially .Masurius.Habinus, a descendant of the great
jurist of the Au'.-ustan age, and himself one of the leading
lawyers in the reign of .Mexamler Severus; I'lpian, whose
death is supposeii to take place soon after the enter-
tainment; and (lalen of Pergamum, " who h:is published
so many writings on philosophy and medicine !\s to sui--
pass all ins preilecessoi-s, and who is ojual iti style to any
of the ancients." These "learnetl guesta " pour forth an
inibroken stream of quotations extending tlirough llfteen
books, and touching on every subject which could be
suggested by a baiuiuet, and nuuiy others which are
brought in by the head and shoulders, so that the work is
a eomidcte treasury of information on Creek literature,
especially poetry, natural history, medicine, public and
social usages, philology and grammar. The authors quoted
by Athenajus are about 800, of whom about 7tK: would have
been unknown but for him ; and he sometimes gives us
as many .as 50 quotations from one author. The titles of
books which he mentions are about 2, MM), and lie tells
us himself that he had made extracts from more than 800
comedies belonging to the period of tlie middle comedy
only. The extent t^i which this one liook has cuntribiiteii
to reiiair the ravages of time, and especially to save choice
fragments from the wreck of the great Alexandrian .Mu-
seum, in which Athemeus pui-sued his studies, is shown by
the test to which .Schweighaeuser appeals, namely, that
if we look into any collection of the fragments of Greek
poets, we shall see how large a proportion is due Ut the
Deipnosophists.
A'. 0. iliiller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. •28.1.
[{Donaldmn.)
Deira (de'i-rJi). In the 6th centiu-y A. D., an
Anglian kingdom in the present Yorkshire,
England, extending from the Humber to the
Tees. It was united with Beruicia to form the kingdom
of Northumbria about 6tiO, and was later created an
earldom.
Deir-el-Bahari. See Dcr-d-Bahri.
Dejanira (dej-a-ni'rii), or Deianeira (de-ya-
id'rii). [Gr. A;/iiiie(/j(i.] In (ireek mythology,
a daughter of CEneus and Althaea, sister of
Meleager and wife of Hercules, she inadver-
tently caused his death by giving him the blood-steeped
shirt of Nessus to wear — the latter having told her that
she could compel the love of any one wearing it. It
burned him to death, and she killed herself for sorrow.
Dejazet (da-zhii-za' ), Pauline Virginia. Born
at Paris, Aug. 30, 1798 : died at Paris, Dec. 1,
1875. A celebrated French actress, .she went
on the stage almost from her cradle. She appeared for the
last time Oct. 2, 187,1.
Dejean (de-zhoii'), Pierre Frangois Aime
Auguste, Corate. Born at Amiens, France,
Aug. 10, 1780: died at Paris, March 18, 1845.
A French soldier and entomologist. He served
with distinction at Ligny and Watertoo, and was ap-
pointed general in 1810, aide-de-camp of N.apoleon in
1813, and general of division in 1814. He was the author
of a catalogue of his collection of insects (18"21-33), "His-
toire g^n^rale des col6opteres " (I825-31>), etc.
De Kalb (de kalb), Baron Johann (properly Jo-
hann Kalb). Born at Huttendorf, near Bay-
reutli, Bavaria, June 1^9, 1721 : died near Camden,
S. C, Aug. 19, 1780. A general in the American
Revolution. He entered the French service in 1743, and
the American service in 1777, and was mortally wounded
at Camden Aug. 16, 1780. lie was u peasant by birth.
Dekker (dek'er), Eduard Douwes: psoudo-
njiu Multatuli. Born at Amsterdam, March
2, ISl'O: died at Nieder-Ingelheiin, Feb. 19,1887.
A Dutch writer. His works inclmle "Max Havelaar"
OsCO), and other works on the Dutch Indies.
Dekker, or Decker (dek'er), Jeremias de.
Born at Dort, Netherlaiuls, about 1010: died
at Amsterdani, l(i66. A Dutch poet, author of
a satire, "Lof der Geldzucht" ("Praise of Ava-
rice"). His collected works wore published
in 1726.
Dekker, or Decker, Thomas. Born at Lon-
don about 1570 (i): died at London (!) after
1637. An Englisli dramatist, collaborator of
Middleton, Webster, Massinger, Rowley, etc.
Little is known of his life. He is first noticed in Hens-
lowe's l)iai-y in l.'i9H : in Feb. of that year he was iin-
prisoiied in the Counter. Between 1598 and lti02he wrote
eight plays alone and many others in collaboration. In
1602 he published " Satiromastix, or the Vntrussing of the
Humorous Poet," a satirical attack on Ben .lonson, with
whom a quan'el had broken out before ItKHl, when Jon-
son reilected upon him In "Every Man out of his Uii-
mour" and "Cynthia's Kevels." In 1001 .lonson attacked
Dekker and Marston vigorously in "'I'hc Poetaster."
"Satiromastix" was Dekker's retoi-t. From 1613 to 1616
ho seems to have been imprisoned in the King's hench
prison. He wrote many pamphlets ridiculing the fob
lies of the times, and in the plays written with others
he excelled in good shop scenes and those laid in inns,
tjiverns, and suburlian pleasure-houses. He also had a
poetical and luxuriant fancy. He wrote alone "The
Gentle t'raft" (produced in li'iiH): published anonymously
in 1600 as "Tlie Shoemaker's Holiday, or tlie (lentle
Craf t "), " Bear a Brain " (I.IBI)), "Old Fortunatus" (lU(HI),
etc.; and, with Chi-ttle, "Troilus and t'rcssida," "Aga-
memnon," and "The Stepmother's Tragedy " (KiHO) ; witli
Chettle and Hallghton, " Patient (Irissel " (1690) ; with Day
and Hiiughton, "The Spanish Moor's Tragedy" (1600).
With Wehster and otliers ho Joined in 1602 in a play in
two parts on Lady .lane Grey, which probably appearetl
as '"I'lie Famous History of Sir Thomas Wyat" in 1607. The
llrst part of '* the Honest Whore," etc., he wrote with
.Middleton in 1604. The earliest edition known of the
De la Bam^e
second part is dated 1630. and there is nothing to show
that Middleton was coneerned in it. "The Seven Deadly
Sins of London " he published in 1606, and " News from
Hell " in the same year. He also wrote " \\estward Hoi"
before lIWi, and "Northward Ho!" "The Hillman of
London "(180S),"Lanthorne and Candlelight " (the second
part of "The Bellman" 1608), "The Gull's Hornbook"
(1609), "The Hoariiig Girl," with Middleton (1611), "If
it be not Good the Devil is in it" (1612), "'Phc Virgin
Martyr," with Massinger (1622), ".Match Me in London"
(publislied 1031). "The Sun's Darling," with Kord, was
published in 16.'')6 (the lyrical jiorlioiis are thought to be
Dekker's); "The Witch of Edmonton," with Ford and
llowley, ])robably written in 1021, published in 16.^8; and
in 16.'i7 Dekker republished "Lanthorneand Camllclight"
as "English Villainies": this was the last of his numerous
work-s, the most important of which have been mentioned,
and it is thought that he died shortly after its juiblica-
tion. Di4-t. Xnt, liioy.
De Kock (de kok), Paul. See Kock, CIkiiIcs
I'fiul ill-.
De la Beche (de lii bash), Sii' Henry Thomas.
Born near Loudon, 1796: died;it London, April
13, 18.55. An English geologist. Ho was the
author of "The Geidogical Observer" (1851),
etc,
Delaborde (de-la-bord'), Henri, Vleomte. Bom
at Kennes, May 2, 1811. A French painter and
writer on the history of art. He was a pupil
of Paul Delaroche. His principal works in jiainting are
"La conversion de Saint-Augustine," and "La mort de
Sainte Monique " (is:i8). Asa historian he has published
numeiousandnotableworks.especiallyon the Renaissance.
He was collaborator with Charles Blanc on thc "Histoire
des peintres de toutes les (■coles." He has also written
" La gravure " (1882), " La gravure en Italic " (1883), and
" L'.Acadciiiie des Beau.x-Arts, etc." (1S91), etc.
Delacroix (de-lii-krwii'), Ferdinand Victor
Eugene. Born at Charenton-St. -Maurice, near
Paris, Apejl 26, 1799: died at Paris, Aug. 13,
1863. A noted French painter, a leader of the
"romantic " school. Among his works are "Dante
et Virgile " (1822), ".Massacre de Scio " (1824), " Femmes
d'.\lger " (1834), " Prise dc Constantinople " (1841).
De Lacy. JSee Lacii.
De Laet, Johannes. See Laet.
Delagoa Bay (del-a-go'a ba). An inlet of the
Indian ( )ceau, on the southeastern coast of
Africa, about lat. 26° S. It was discovered by the
Portuguese in 1498. In 1823 tlie natives ceded it to the
Englishman Owen; but by arbitration of Pi-esident Mac-
Mahon of France it was in IS?.*! awimled to Portugal. It
is the terminus of a railway connecting the Transvaal with
the seaboard, 75 miles being open to ti-alhc in 1893.
Delambre (de-lofi'br), Jean Baptiste Joseph.
Born at Amiens, France, Sept. 19, 1749: died
at Paris, Aug. 19, 1822. A noted French as-
tronomer, appointed permanent secretary of
the Institute in 1803, and professor at the Col-
lege de France in 1807. His works include "His-
toire de I'astronomie" (1817-27). ''Methodes analytiques
pour la determination d'un arc du mi^-ridien " (1799),
"Base du systeme iin!'trique diJcinial, ou mesnre de I'arc
du mi^ridien compris entre les paralleles de Dunkcrque et
Barcelone, execiitee en 1792 et uimees suivantes par MM.
M^chain et Delambre, etc." (ismno), etc.
Deland ( de-lam T), Mrs. Margaretta Wade
(Campbell). Bom at Alleghany, Pa., Feb.
23, 1857. Au American writer. Among her
works are "Thc Old Garden and other Verses"
(1886) aud " John Ward, Preacher" (1888), and
a novel, " Philip and his Wife" (1894).
Delane (de-lan'), John Thaddeus. Born at
London, Oct. 11, 1817: died Nov. 22, 1879. An
English journalist, son of W. A. F. Delane :
editor of the London "Times" 1841-77.
Delane, William Augustus Frederick. Born
about 1793: died at Norwich, England. .July 29,
18:57. An English journalist, manager of Ihe
Liiniliiii " Times."
Delany (de-la'ni), Mrs. (Mary Gran'srille).
Born May 14, 1700, at Cloulslon, Wilts: died at
Windsor, April 15, 1788. An English woman of
literary tastes, she llrst married Alexander Pendarves.
and afterward became the wife of I'atriek Delany. Sliewas
the friend of the Duchess of Portland, and was called his
" dearest Ml-s. Delany " by George II 1. He gave her a house
in Windsor, and a pension of JE;iOO a year. She presented to
tlie queen some of the "paper mosaic" for which she was
famous, and became a great favorite with the royal family.
She left six volumes of ailtobiograjihy and letters, which
contain much interesting gossip of the society of thc time.
Delany, Patrick. Born in Ireland about 1685:
dieilat Balii. .May (i, 1708. A popular jireacher.
afterward dean of Tlowii, in Ireland. He is
noted as having been the ilitimale friend of Swift. In llhl
he began U) iiublish a paper calleil the " Humanist." advo
eating the prevention of cruelty to animals. He wrote a
number of volumes of sermons," Uellectionson Polygamy,'
etc. (17:i8), "The Life and Keign of David. King of Israel'
(1740-12), "A Humble Apologv for Christian (lrthodo.xy "
(1701), etc.
De la Ram^e (de lii rii-ma'). Louise: pseudo-
nym Ouida. Born at Bury St. Edmunds, Eng-
land, in 1840. An English novelist, of Frencli
extraction. (ler works include "Stralhmore" (180.'.),
"Chandos" (1860), "Idalia" (1807), ■"Iricodin " (1868),
" I'.ascarel " (187:)). "Ariadne "(1880)," .Moths ' (1880)," Prin-
cess Napraxine" (1884), etc.
De la Rive
De la Rive. See La lUce.
Delaroche ide-la-rosh'), Paul (Hippolyte).
Buiu at Pai-is, July 17, 17U7 : died there, Nov. i,
l.Su6. A Freni-li historieul aud portrait paiuter.
He be);an by stud) iuj; laudscape under Watelet, which he
gave up for history after enteriiip the studio of Baron l^ros.
He tirst attrauteiiatteiitiun l>> his picture of "Ju:isli saved
from Death liy Jehosliabelli (1S22). He received the gold
medal in lSi4, bec;uue kni^'ht of the Legion of Honor in
1S28, ollicer in l&U, member of the Institute in 1832, and
professor at the Academy in 1833. The tullon ing j ear he
went to Italy, und on his retuni painted the famous hemi-
cycle of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. At the time of his
second visit in July, 11H4, he was made a member of the
Academy of St. Luke.
Delarue (de-iu-rii'), Gervais, Abb6. Born at
Caen. France, 1751: died 1835. A French his-
torian aud antiquarian, professor in the L'ni-
ver;;ity of Caen. He wrote "Essajsbistoriquessurles
banles, les jongleurs et les trouv^res normauds et anglo*
normands " (1S3J), etc.
De la Rue, Warren. Bom in Guernsey, Chan-
nel Islands, Jail. 18,1.815: died at London, April
22, 1889. An English astronomer and physi-
cist, best known for the application of pho-
tography to astronomy. He was the collaborator
of Balfour Stewart and Loewy in "Researches
on Solar Physics."
Delaunay (de-io-na'), Charles Eugene. Born
at Liisigny, Aube, France, April 9, 1816:
drowned near Cherbourg, France, Aug. 5, 1872.
A Fi'ench astronomer, author of "Th^orie de
la lune" (1860-67), etc.
Delaunay, Le Vicomte. See Girardin, Delphine
de.
De Launay, Mademoiselle. See staal, Ba-
ron ne de. -'
Delavigne (de-la-veuy'), Jean Frangois Casi-
mir. Born at Havre, France, April 4. 1793:
died at Lyons, France, Dec. 11, ISiS. A French
dramatist and poet. He began his studies in his na-
tive city, and completed them in Paris. .\s eai-ly as ISll
he attracted the attention of Napoleon B«naparte by his
" DithjTambe sur la naissimce du roi de Rome." He com-
peted twice, but without success, for prizes of the French
Academy : his subjects were in 1S13 "Charles XII. ?i Nar-
va," and in 1815 "* Decouverte de la vaccine. " The events
connected with Napoleon's downfall led Delavigne to write
three elegies, "Les Messeniennes." Two of these, viz.
"Waterloo" and "La devastation du mus6e," were sub-
sequently published with an article "Sur le besoin de
s'unir apres le depart des Strangers," and in this form
they widely attracted attention and favor. "La vie,et la
molt de Jeanne d'.\rc," " T>Tt*;e," " Le voyageur," " A Na-
poleon," and" L<n"d BjToii," were well received in 1824.
The following year was spent in Italy, where Delavigne
wrote the "Nouvelles Mess6mennes." After the stormy
days of the revolution of July, 1S30, he composed "La
Parisienne," set to music by Auber ; also the " Dies irae
de Kosciusko" aud "La Varsovienne." In 1843, in col-
laboration with his brother Gei-main, Casimir Delavigne
wrote the libretto to Halevy's opera "Charles \T." His
contributions to the stage include the " Vepres siciliennes"
(1819),"Les conn;.liens"(18-20i. "Le paria" (1821), "L'Ecole
des vieillards " (1823), " La princesse Aur^lie " (1828)," Ma-
rino Faliero" (182!(), "Louis XI. ' (1332), "Les enfants
d'Edouard ' (1833). "Don Juan d'Autriche" (1835), "TJne
famille au temps de Luther " (1836), " La popularite ' (183SX
" La UUe du Cid " (1839), and "Le conseiller rapporteur"
(1840). He was elected to the French Academy Feb. 24,
1825. His works were edited in full by his brother in 1845.
185.5, and 1863. A separate reprint of his poems and plays
was als<) made in 1863.
Delaware (del'a-war). [PI., also Delawarcs.']
A diWsion of the North American Indians,
classed as a tribe, but in many respects a con-
federacy. They fonnerly occupied the valley of the
Delaware' River in Pennsylvania, and the greater part of
New Jersey and Delaware. The name was given by the
English from the river where they were found, their coun-
cil-flrc being near the site of Philadelphia. They call
themselves Lenni-Lenape (* original men ' or * preeminent
men"). The French called them Loups (* wolves 'X from
their chief totemic division. In 1726 they refused to join
the Irotiuois in a war np<jn tiie English, and were stigma-
tized by the Iroquois as ■■women." In 1742 and later they
were i)ressed successively to the Sns<|uehanna and Ohio
rivers, afterward to Missouri and .\rkans;is. Most of them
are now in the Indian Territory, connected with theChero-
kees. Tlieir number is al>out 1,700. See Algonquian.
Delaware (del'a-war). 1. One of the Middle
States, and, next to Rhode Island, the smallest
State of the American Union, lying between
Pennsylvania on the north, Delaware River and
Bay (separating it fi-om New Jersey) and the
Atlantic Ocean on the east, and Maryland on
the south and west. The surface is generally level,
but hilly in the north. The leading productions are
wheat. Indian corn, and fruit (especially peaches). The
State is divided into three counties : the capital is Dover,
and the chief place Wilmington. It sends one represen-
tative and two senators to Congress, and has 3 electoral
votes. It was permanently settled by Swedes under Peter
Minuit in Iti-'is ; j)assed uiider the rule of the Dutch in
1655, and nf the English in 1664. In 1683 it became united
with Pennsylvania ; in 170:'. it received a separate assem-
bly, but had a governor in common with Pennsylvania
until the Revolution. It is one of the thirteen original
States, and was the fil^st State to ratify the Federal Con-
stitution, Dec. 7, 1787. It was a slave State, but sided
with the Union in the war of 1861-65. Area, 2,050 square
miles. Population (1890), 168,493.
316
2. A river of the United States which rises in
Delaware County, New York, and separates
Pennsylvania aud Delaware on the west from
New Vork and New Jei-sey on the east, it ex-
pands into Delaware Bay about 40 miles below Philadel-
phia. On its banks ai^e Trenton, Easton, Philadelphia,
Camden, Chester, and Wilmington. Its chief tributimes
are the Lehigh aud Schuylkill, on the west. Length. 350
miles ; navigable for ocean steamships to Philadelphia ;
tidal as far as Trenton.
3. A citv and the ecimtj'-seat of Delaware
Cotinty, Ohio, situated on the Whetstone (Olen-
tangy) River 23 miles north of Columbus. It
is the seat of Ohio Wesleyan University. Pop-
tdation (1890), 8,224.
Delaware, Lord. See Delawarr.
Delaware Bay. An ann of the Atlantic Ocean
and estuary of the Delaware River, which sep-
arates Delaware from New Jersey, its entrance
to the Atlantic, between Capes May and Heulopeu, is
about 13 miles in width. Length, about 55 miles. Great-
est width, about 25 miles.
Delaware Water Gap. A village and sum-
mer resort in Monroe County, Pennsylvania.
65 miles northwest of New York. Also, the name
of the adjoining gorge, 2 or 3 miles in length, by which
the Delaware River pusses through the Kittatinny Moun-
tain (between walls 1,400 feet in height).
Delawarr, or Delaware, Baron. See /!>.<<.
Delbriick (del'briLk), Martin Friedrich Ru-
dolf. Born at Berlin, April 16, 1817. A Prus-
sian statesman. He entered the ministry of com-
merce in 1848, and was president of the chancery of the
North German Confederation 1867-70, and of the imperial
chancery 1871-76.
Delectable Mountains, The. A range of
mountains in Buiiyan's "Pilgrim's Progress,"
from which a view of the Celestial City is to be
had. They are "Emmanuel's Land," and the sheep
that feed on them are those for whom he died. See
Isa. xxxiii. 16, 17.
Delemont (de-la-moii'), G. Delsberg (dels'-
bero). A small town in the canton of Bern,
Switzerland, situated on the Some 18 miles
southwest of Basel.
Delescluze (de-la-kliiz'). Louis Charles. Bom
at Dreiix, France, Oct. 20, 1809: kiUed at the
barricades, Paris, May 28. 1871. A French
journalist and political agitator, leader of the
Commune of Paris March-May. 1871.
Delessert (de-le-sar'). Baron Benjamin. Born
at Lyons, Feb. 14, 1773 : died at Paris, March
1, 1847. A French naturalist and philanthro-
pist. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies
1817-38, and contributed largely to the introduction of
sa\-ings-banks in France. He was a collaborator of De
Candolle in the publication of " Icoues selectee planta-
rum " (1820-46).
Delfshaven (delfs-ha'veu), or Delftshaven
(dek'ts-ha'ven). A seaport in the province of
South Holland, Netherlands, situated on the
Maas 2 miles southwest of Rotterdam, of
which, since 1886, it has formeii a part. Here,
July 22, 1620, the PUgrim Fathers embarked for
Southampton.
Delft (delit). A town in the pro\'ince of South
Holland, Netherlands, situated on the Schie 5
miles southeast of The Hague. It was formerly
celebrated for the manufacture of pottery and porcelain.
It contains some interesting buildings, the old and new-
churches, Prinsenhof andStadhuis. It was the birthplace
of Grotius, and the place of assassination of Williimi the
Silent in 15^. Population (1^94), commune, 31,135.
Delhi (del'hi), or Dehli (dS'le). 1. A division
in the Panjab. British India. Area, 5,610 square
miles. Poptilation, 1,907.984. — 2. A district in
the above division. Ai'ea. 1,276 square miles.
PoptUation, 643,515. — 3. The capital of the di-
\ision and district of Delhi, situated on the
Jumna in lat. 28° 40' N., long. 77° 18' E. xiie
city of Indraprastha (which see) is said (Maliabharata) to
have been built near the site of Delhi in the 15th century
B. o. Delhi was captured by Mohammed of Glior in 1193
A. I>., and a few years later became the capital of a Mo-
hammedan monarchy. It was sacked by Timur in 1398,
and captured by Baber in 1526. Delhi became the cap-
ital of the Mogul empire, and was rebuilt by Shah Jeh:in
in 1638-5.S. It was s;icked by Nadir Shah in 1739, and
occupied tjy the British under Lake in 1803, although it
continued to be the residence of the titular Grand Mogul
down to 1857. It was captured by the Sepoy nmtineers
May 11, 1867, an<i was besieged in June by the British
and retiiken Sept. -20, 1857. Among the notable structures
in Delhi are : (a) The tomb of Humayun Shall, completed
by his successor .\kbar in the second h:Uf of the 16th cen-
tury. The plan is aliout square ; the tomb-chamber is
octagonal, with great cancipied portals on four of its sides
and smaller octagonal chambei's on the four others. Tlie
central space is covered by a graceful dome. The decora-
tion is much simpler than that of the later Mogul archi-
tecture, consisting chietly of keeled arcades of different
sizes framed in rectangular panels, (b) The palace built
by Shah Jehan in the middle of the 17th century. It
has been called the most splendid of Oriental palaces.
The massive towered wall incloses an area of aljout l.tXK)
by 3,300 feet. The main entrance opens on a noble vaulted
hall 375 feet long, from which are reached in succession
Delia Crusca, Accademia
two spacious courts. (»it the second of these faces the
hall of public audience, an open arcaded structure with
scalloped arches and coupled columns in the exterior
range. On another court, toward the river, is the hall of
private audience (Dewan i-Klias), similar to the first, but
with square piers to its aithes and beautiful inlaying in
colored stones. On the river side stands also the Rung
Mehal, or Painted Hall, an admii-able structure, which in-
cludes a bath, (c) The Jami Musjid, or Great Mosque,
built by Shah Jehan in the middle of the 17th century. It
is very large, and the grouping of the three lofty- monu-
mental gates and the ki^.sked angle towers of its court
with the lofty minarets, the great entrance-arch, and the
three flue bulbous domes of the sanctuary produces an
unusually impressive architectural effect. The court is
raised on a high basement, and is surrounded by graceful
open arcades. The minarets rise from the ends of the
facade of the mosque proper, and between them and the
central arch there are on each side five tine arcades sur-
mounted by paneling in red sanilstone and white marble.
Above the cornice are placed a range of close-set, round-
headed battlements. Population (1S91X 192,579.
Delia (de'li-ii). [Gr. A7//ia.] 1. A name given
to Artemis, from the island of Delos, her birth-
place. Similarly Apollo, the stin-god, was
called Delius. — 2. A shepherdess in Vergil's
Eclogues.
Delian Confederacy. See Delos, Confederacy of.
Delight of Mankind. An epithet of the em-
peror Titus.
Delilah (de-U'la). [Heb., -weak," feeble'; Gr.
\a'/.i'/.i].'\ A woman of the valley of Sorek, mis-
tress of Samson. She discovered the secret of
Samson's strength, and betrayed him to the
Philistines. Judges xvi.
Delille, or Delisle (de-lel' ). Jacques. Bom at
Aigueperse, Puv-de-Dome. France, Jtme 22,
1738 : died at Palis, May 1, 1813. A French di-
dactic poet and translator. His works include
" Les jardins "( 1780), •• La piti6 "( 1803), a trans-
lation of Vergil's Georgics (1769), etc.
Jacques Delille and his extraordinary popularity form,
perhaps, the greatest satii-e on the taste of the eighteenth
century in France. His translation of the Georgics was
supposed to make him the equal of Virgil, and brought
him not merely fame, but solid reward. His principal
work was the poem of "Les Jardins." which he followed
up with others of a not dissimilar kind. Though he emi-
grated he did not lose his fame, and to the day of his
death was considered to be the first poet of France, or to
share that honour with Lebrun-" Pindare," Delille has
expiated his popularity by a full half centurj- of contempt,
and his work is, indeed, valueless as poetry.
SainUOury, French Lit. p. 398.
Deliniers-Bremont. See Liniers y Bremont.
Deliro (de-le'ro). A character in Ben Jonson's
comedy "Every Man out of his Humour": a
good, doting citizen, a fellow sincerely in love
■svith his own wife, and so wrapt with a conceit
of her perfections that he simply holds himself
unworthy of her.
Delisie (de-lel'; often Anglicized to de-lil'),
Guillaume. Born at Paris, Feb. 28, 1675 : died
there, Jan. 25, 1726. A French scientist, one of
the founders of modern geography.
Delisle, Joseph Nicolas. Bom at Paris, April
4, 1688 : died at Paris, !?ept. 11, 1768. A French
astronomer, brother of Guillaume Delisle. His
works include "M^moires pour servir k niistoire et au
progrfes de I'astronomie," etc. (1738), " M^mou^e sur les
uouvelles d^coavertes au nord de la Mer du Sud " (1752),
etc.
Delitzsch (da'litsh). A town in the province
of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the Lobber 12
miles north of Leipsic. Population (1890), com-
mune. 8.949.
Delitzsch, Franz. Bom at Leipsic, Feb. 23,
1813 : died there, March 4, 1890. A noted Ger-
man exegete and Hebraist. He became professor
of theology at Rostock in 184t>, at Erlaugen in 1S55, and at
Leipsic in 1867. He represented strict Lutheranism. His
numerous works include commentaries on "Habakkuk"
(1843), "Genesis" (1852), "Hebrews" (1857), 'Psalms"
(1859-60), "Job" (1864), etc.; also "Sakrament des wah-
ren Leibes und Blutes Jesu Cluisti " (1844), " System der
biblischen Psychologic " (185.5X etc.
Delitzsch, Friedxich. Bom at Erlangen, Ba-
varia. Se)it. 3. 1S.")0. A German Assyriologist,
son of Franz Delitzsch, appointed professor of
Assyriology at Leipsic in 1877, and at Breslau
in 1893. His works include an Assyrian gram-
mar, an Assyrian dictionary, etc.
Delimn (de'li-um). [Gr. lli7.tov.'\ In ancient
geography, a place in Boeotia, Greece, situated
on tile coast 24 miles north of Athens. Here,
424 B. c, the Btcotians defeated the Athenians.
Delius (dc'li-us). [Gr. Hf/.ioi.'^ A surname of
ApoUo. from his liirthplace in Delos.
Delius (da'le-os), Nikolaus. Bom at Bremen,
(Jermany, .Sept. 19, 1813 ; ilied at Bonn, Nov.
18, 1888." A (terman philologist and Shakspe-
rian scholar, professor at Bonn 185.")-80: author
of a critical edition of Shakspere (1854-61 and
1H82), et.'.
Delia Crusca, Accademia. See Accademia delta
Crusca.
Delia Oruscan School
Delia Oruscan School ((lel'a krus'kan skol).
A small clique of Knglish poets of bott sexes
who ori<ji!ially iu<'t in Floreiu'O about 1785.
Their prudiK-ttons, whicli were atfected and sentiraental,
were piihliahedin F.iiKl:>i>d in the "World "and the "Ora-
cle." They were attacked by Gifford (1794-«t>) in "The
Baviad"an'd "Tlie .Mwviad " (which see). Robert Merry
adopted the pseudonym " Delia Cruacjl," ilrs. Hannah
Cowley "Anna Matilda "(which see), and Kdward .TerniiiK-
hani "The Hard." These, with Edward Topham, the Rev.
Charles Este, James Koswell. Mrs. liozzi, and others,
formed the school. They took their name from the Flor-
entine .Accadeniia dclla Crusca (which see).
Dellys (cicl-lez'). A small seaport m Algeria,
situated east of Algiers.
Delmar (del'miir). Alexander. Born at Now
York, Aug. 9, 1H36. An American political
economist, statistician, and mining engineer.
He was the founder of the ".Social Science Review," and
its editor from IS<H-«0. In 1S67 he was director of the
Bureau of Statist ics, and in the same year president of the
Washington Statistical Society. His works include "Gold
Money and I'apcr Money "(1862)," Ess.iyson Political Econ-
omy " (IStifi). " \Vli:it is Vree Trade? " ns(iS), ' ' The Resources,
etc., of Esiypf (1S74), " History of the Trccious Motals"
(18Si(i;^ "A llistoi-j' "f Money, etc."(1886), etc.
llelmonte y Tejada i^dal-mon'ta e ta-Ha'da),
Antonio. Horn at Santiago de los Calialleros,
Santo Domingo. Sept. 29, 1783: died at Hava-
na, Nov. lit, 1861. A Spanish-American histo-
rian, liriven fiiim hisconntiyin 1804 by the revolution-
ists, he resiilcii in Havana after 1806. practising law and
occupying several government positions. The first vol-
ume oidy of his " Ilistoria de Santo Domingo" was pub-
lished in Havana IS.'i;}.
Delolme (de-161m'), Jean Louis. Bom at Ge-
neva, 1740: died in Switzerland, July 16, 1806.
A Swiss con.stitutional WTiter. Having offended
the (Jenevan government by the publication of a pamphlet
entitled " Examen des trois points des droits," he emigrated
to Rnglajld, wliere he lived many years. He returned Ui
Switzerland in 1775. His worksinclude "Constitution de
I'Angleterre "(1771), of which an English translation, pre-
pared by himself, appeared in 1775 as " 'i'he Constitution
of Englantl."
De Long (de long), George Washington. Born
at New York, Aug. 22, 1.S44: died in Siberia,
Oct. 30, 1881. An American exi)lorer. He was
graduated at the United States Naval .\cademy in 18()5,
and obtained the rank of lieutenant in IsUii, and of lieu-
tenant-coninnuider in ISTIi. He accompanied Captain D.
L. Braine on his Arctic expedition in 187:i. Having been
appointed to the command of the .leanctte, fitted out by
James Gordon Bennett, Jr., for a three years' voyage of
exploration in the Arctic waters, and placed under the
authority of the United States government, he sailed from
San Francisco, July 8, 1879, and proceeded to Cape Scrdze
Kamcn. Siberia, whence he steamed northward until beset
by the ice in about 71' 35' S., 75° W., Sept. 5, 1879. The
vessel drifted to the northwest, and was crushed in 77"
16' S., 15.V !•;., June 13, 1881. With fourteen others he
reached the mouth <)f the Lena, Siberia, whore the whole
party perished of cold and starvation, except two men
sent forward to obtain relief. His body and those of
his companions were discovered Slarch '23, 1882, by Chief
Engineer George W. Melville, who with nine comp-anions
bad been detached from the main party and'had succeeded
in reaching a small village on the Lena,
Deloraine (del-o-ran'), William of. In Sir
\V;ill(T Scott's poem " Ijay of the Last Min-
strel," a borderer and trusty vassal of the
Bnccleuch family. He is sent by the Ladye of Brank-
8on>e to fetch the magic iKwk from the tomb of Michael
Scott, the wizard.
Delord (de-lor'). Taxile. Born at Avignon,
Franco, Nov. 2.5, 181.5: died at Paris, May 16,
1877. A French journalist, historian, and poli-
tician. Mischief work is a "Histoiredu second
empire" (18(iK-7r)).
Delorme, or de Lorme (d6 lorm), Marion.
Born near Chalons-sur-Marne, France, 1611:
Kai<l to have dic(l at Paris, 1650. A celebrated
French courtezan, mistress of the Marijuis de
Cin(i-Mars. In l&Wi she was ordered to he arrested by
Mazarin for her complicity iu the Fronde, and was found
dead by the othcers. Tills, however, is thought to have
been a ruse. She is even said to have lived to the age of
ISTycars. she was the friend of Ninon de I'Enclos. Victor
Hugo wrote a novel with her name as title, and Bulwer
Introduces her in his [day "Richelieu"; she was also the
Bubjecl ot a drama, " ( inci- Mars ' (1»2(S), by Alfred de V igny.
De rOrme (de lorm), Philibert. Bom at Lyons,
lul.'i: died at Paris, Jan. 8, l.'i70. A noteil
French architect. He was court architect un-
der Henry II.
Delos (de'los), modem Gr. Mikra Dilos ('lit-
tle I )elos'). [(ir. A?//.oc.] The smallest island
of the Cydades, situated in the vl'Igean Sea in
lat. 37° 2:t' N., long. 25° 18' E.: the ancient
Asteria or Ortygia. According to (Jrcek legends it
was originally a floating island, and was the birthplace
of Apollo anil Artemis. It was the seat of a great sanc-
tuary in honor of Apollo, one of the most famous religious
fuundatioiis of antiquity. From the time of Solon, Athens
Bent an annual cniliassy to the Dclian festival. (Sec Dflo»,
Confethracii of.) In 454 H. c. the sacred treasure of Ddos
was removed to the Athenian .\cropoliH. The island was
an Athenian dependency down to the Macedonian period,
when It became semi-independent, and in the 2d century
B. c. it again became subject to Athens. The city of Ile-
loB was made a free port by the Romans and developed
317
into a great commercial mart. The sanctuary of Apollo
has been excavated by the French school at Athens since
1873. Tlio work has advanced slowly, and is not yet
complete ; but it has been pursued with little interrup-
tion, and ranks as one of the chief achievements of its
kind. The buildings described lie for tlie most part within
the inclosure or temenos of .\pollo, which is of trapezi-
form shape, and about tiSO feet to a side. In aclilition to
the interesting finds of architecture and sculpture, epi-
graphical discoveries of flic highest importance have been
made, beiU'ing upon history and particularly upon the
cereinouial and aiiministratiou of tlio siuictuary.
Delos, Confederacy of. A Hellenic league,
formed probal.ily about 477 B.C., with its politi-
cal center at Athens and its treasury at Delos
(removed later to Athens). It was formed by
Athens .and various other maritime states (.^-^gina, Me-
gara, Naxos, Thasos, Lesbos, Chios, Samos, etc.). Many of
them were soon al>8orbed by Athens, and the league de-
veloped into an Athenian empire.
De Loutherbourg. See jMUfherhourii.
Delpech (del-pesh'), Jacques Matthieu. Bom
at Toulouse, France, about 1775: mui'dered at
Montpellier, France, Oct. 29, 1832. A French
surgeon, author of "Traits de I'orthomorphie "
(1828-29), etc.
Delphi (del'fi), modem Kastri. [Gr. Af^^(.]
In ancient geogi-aphy, a town in Phocis, Greece,
situated 6 miles from the Corinthian Gulf, at
the foot of Motmt Parnassus: the seat of a
world-ronowned oracle of Pythian Apollo, the
most famous of antiquity. The oracle was of pre-
historic foundation, and wiis still respected when silenced
by Theodosius at the end of the 4th century A. D. Through
the gifts of stiites and individuals who sought or had ob-
tained the aid of tlie oracle, the Delphic sanctuary became
enormously rich, not only in architecture and works of
art. but in the precious met^ils. Its treasures of the last
kind were plundered in antiquity, and Nero and other
emperors robbed it of an almost incredible number of
statues and other art works. There is, however, reason
to hope that much in the way of sculpture, ai'chitecture,
and historical inscriptions wiU be found by the French
official excavatiirs who began work in 189'2. But little ex-
ploration had before beeu possible, because the village of
Kastri covered the site of the sanctuary. The village has
now been removed, preparatory to the French exploration.
Besides the splendid temple of Apollo, the inclosure of
the sanctuary contained a theater, the council-house, the
Lesche, the Portico of the Athenians, a number of treasu-
ries belonging to different states, and almost innumerable
statues and other votive offerings. Buildings only second
in importance were ranged outside of the inclosure.
Delphin Classics. [Prom L. delphinKX, a dol-
phin (whence P. (Inuphin).'] An edition of the
Latin classics prepared by order of Louis XIV.
for the use of the Dauphin ("In usum Del-
phini," 'for the use of the Dauphin'): first
works published in 1674 under direction of Bos-
suet and Huet. They are sometimes called
"dauphins."
Delphine (<lel-feu'). A novel by Madame de
Stael, published in 1802: so named from its
principal female character. She dies of a
broken lieart.
DelphinUS (del-fi'nus). [L., 'a dolphin.'] One
of the ancient constellations, representing a
dolphin. It is situated east of Aquila.
Delpit (del-i)e'), Albert. Bom at New Orleans,
Jan. 30, 1849 : died at Paris, Jan. 4, 1893. A
French dramatist, journalist, and poet. Among
his plays are "Jean Nu-1'ieds '(1K75) and "Les chevaliers
de la patrie " (1873). He afterward publisheil a novel, " Le
iils de Coralie " (which was successful and was drama-
tized 1879), "Le piire de Martial" (1881), and "La mar-
(|uise" (1S8'2), "Passion^ment," a comedy (1889), "Comme
dans la vie" and "Tons les deux" (1890).
Delta (del'ta). Any tract of land, inclosed by
the mouths of a river, in shape like the Greek
letter delta (A) ; specifically, the delta of the
Nile.
Herodotus considers the Delta to end at Heliopolis (ii.
7), which brings the point of the Delta nearly opposite the
present shoobra. Here the river separated into three
branches, the I'elusiac or Bubjistite to the E., theCanopic
or Heracleotic to the W.. and the Sebcnnytic, which ran
between them, corititniing iu the same general line of di-
rection noifhward which the Nile had up to this point,
and piercing the liclta through its centre. TheTanitic,
which ran out of the Schi-nnytic, was at first the same as
theBusiritic, but afterwards received the name of Tanitic,
from the city of Tanis (now Sun), whicli stood on its east-
ern bank : and between the Tanitic and Pi-lusijic branclu-.s
was tile isle of Myecphorjs, which Henidotus says W!W«>p-
jiosite Bubastis (ii. l(Ki). The .Mendeslan, which also ran
eastw.ard from the Sebemiytic, passed by the modern
town of Mansoorah, and thcnc)- rnnning by Mendes (from
which it was called), entered the sea to the W. of the
Tanitic. The Bolbitinc mouth was that of the modern
Itosetta bninch, as the Itucolic or Pliatmetic was that of
Damictta,andthc lower parts of both these branches were
artificial, or matie by the h:in<l of man ; on which account,
though Herodotus Iiiientions seven, he confines the num-
ber of the mouths of the Nile to five. These twoartitlcial
outlets of tlic Nile are the otdy <uies now remaining, the
otliei-8 having either disapjiearcd, or being dry in most
places during the summer.
liau-linitnn, Herod., II. '26, note.
Deluc (de-liik' ). Ouillaume Antoine. Bom at
lieneva, 1729: die.l nl Genevn, Jan. 26, 1812.
A Swiss naturalisl. lirollier of J. A. Deluc.
Demetrius
Deluc, Jean Andr6. Horn at Geneva, Feb. 8,
1727: died at Wimlsor. England, Nov. 8, 1817.
A Swiss geologist and physicist, nis works in-
clude " Recherches sur les modiiications de I'atmospht're "
(1772), "Lettres physiques et niondes sur I'histoirc de la
terre " (1778-80), "Traits 6K-mcutaire do g<!ologie' (1809),
etc.
Delyannis (de-li-an'is), or Delijannis, Theo-
dore. Born at Kalavryta, in the Peloponnesus,
in 1826. A Greek statesman. From 18(a he was fre-
quently ill office as minist4.-r of foreign affairs, finance, or
the interior. He represented Greece at the C«.ngrcss of
Berlin, and obtained anextensioiuif (Ireek territoi-y on the
Thessalian frontier. He has been premier 188.5-8<'.. 1890-92,
lS9.i-April, 1897.
Demaratus (dem-a-ra'tus). [Gr. Ai7//dfiarof .]
A Spartan king of the Eurypontid line, who
reigned from about 510 to 491 B. C. He shaied
with his colleague Cleomeues the command of the army
sent in 510 to assist the Athenians in expelling Hippias.
He was deposed in 491 by Cleomeues. whi> elevated Leo-
tychides to his place. The last years of his life were spent
at the court of Xerxes, whom he accompanied on the ex-
pedition against Greece in 481—180.
Demas (de'mas). [Gr. Ai/iidr, perhaps a contrac-
tion of Ari/j//Tpioi:, Demetrius.] A companion,
for a time, of St. Paul. See 2 Tim. iv. 10. 1 1 .
Deina'vend(dem-a^vend'),orDainavand(dara-
a-viind'). An extinct volcano, the liighest
mountain of the Elbiu'z range, situated in north-
ern Persia about 50 miles northeast of Teheran.
Height, 18,200 feet, or 19,400 (?) feet.
Dembea. See T:nna.
Dembe Wielke (dem'be ve-el'ke). A ■village in
Poland, situated on the Vistula near Warsaw.
Here, March 31, 1831, the Poles under Skrzynecki defeated
the Russians under Diebitsch-Sabalkanski.
Dembinski (dem-bin'ske), Henryk. Born at
or near Cracow, May 3, 1791: died at Paris,
June 13, 1864. A Polish general. He served in
the Polish revolution 1830-31; conducted a celebrated re-
treat tlirough Lithuania in 1831 ; was commander of the
Hungarians in 1849; and lost the battles of KApolua and
Temesviir in 1849.
Deinerara(dem-t-r!i'ra), orDemerary(-ri). 1.
A river in British Guiana which flows into the
Atlantic Ocean at Georgetown. Length, about
200 miles; na\'igable about 100 miles. — 2. A
county of British Guiana, formerly a separate
colony.
Demeter (de-me'ter). [L., from Gr. A^/ii/Tt/p,
Doric Aa/iaTT/p, usually explained as for ''Vriii7/Ttii>,
from yfj, = Doric rfn, earth. and //vr)?p=E. mother;
but the identification of <5n, which is found in-
dependently only in a few exclamatory phrases,
with ;//, earth, is very doubtful.] In ancient
Greek mythology, the goddess of vegetation
and of useful fruits, protectress of socitil order
and of marriage : one of the gi'eat Olympian
deities. She is usually associated, and even confounded,
in legend and in cult, with her daughter rersephoiie
(Proserpine) or Kora, whose rape by Hades (Pluto) sym-
bolizes some of the most profound phases of Hellenic mys-
ticism. Tiie Romans of the end of the republic and of
the empire assimilated to the Hellenic conception of De-
meter the primitive Italic chthonian divinity Ceres.
Demeter of Cnidus. A Greek statue of the
school of Scopas, now in the British Museum,
London. The figure is seated, fully draped.
Demetrius (de-me'tri-us) I., surnamed Poli-
orcetes ("Taker of Cities.' or 'Besieger'), [(jr.
At/fii/Tpioc, belonging to Demeter; F. Drmi'-trius,
Sp. Pg. Demctno.'\ Born about 338 B.C.: died
at Apamea, Syria, 283 B. c. King of Macedonia
'294-287, son of Antigonns. He liberated Athens and
Megara in 307, defeated Ptolemy in 306, unsuccessfully be-
sieged Rhodes 3116-304, ami was defeated at Ipsus in 301.
Demetrius II. I>ipd about 229 B. c. King of
Macedonia, sonof Antigoiius tionatas,whom he
succeeded about 239.
Demetrius I., surnamed Soter ('tbe Savior').
Born about 187 B. c: killed about 150 B. C.
King of Syria from tibout 162 B. C, gi-andson
of Antiochus the (ireat.
Demetrius II., surnained Nicator. Killed at
Tyre alioul 1'25 B. c. King of Syria, sou of
Demetrius I.
Demetrius III. King of Syria 94-88 b. c, son
of Antiochus (irypus.
Demetrius I., Knss. Dmitri or Dimitri. Killed
at Moscow, May 17, l(i06. A usurper of the
throne of Kussia l(i0,5-06, usually called Pseudo-
Demetrius.
Demetrius II. . Murdered Dec. 11, 1610. A
usurper of the throne of Kussia 1607-10,
Demetrius. 1. In Shal<s]ii're's "Miilsnminer
Ni^dit's Dream," a Grecian gentleman, in love
widi ll<'riinii. — 2. In Shakspere's (i) "Titus
Anilroniciis," a son of 'I'ainora, c|ueen of the
(ill) lis. — 3. In Shaksiiere's "Antony iind Cleo-
patra," a friend ot Antony. — 4. The son of
the king in Fletcher's "Humorous Lieuten-
ant," in love with Celia.
Demetrius Fannius
Demetrius Fannius. In Beu Jonson's play
••Tlie Poetaster," ii sliifty "dresser of plays
about the town here," iiiteuded to humiliate
Thomas Dekker, with whom Jonson had a
quarrel.
Demetrius Phalereus ( ' of Phalerus '). Boru at
Phalerus, Atti.-a, ;i4.') B. C. : died iu Upper Egypt,
283. An Athenian orator and politician. He en-
tered public life ;ilKmt 325 as a supporter of I'hociou, and
in 317 was placed hv I'lmcion's successor, Cassander, at the
head of the adniiliistiation of .\thens. Expelled from
Athens in 3ii7 liy llernetrius Poliorcetes, he retired to the
court of I'toleniy l.asi at Alexandria, where he devoted
himself wholly to liter.arj- pursuits. He was exiled by
Ptolemy s successor lo Tpper Egypt, where he is said to
have died of the bite of a snake.
Demidoff, or Demidov (dem'e-dof), Akinfi.
Died aliout 1740. A Russian niauufai-turer,
son of Xikita DemidoiT.
Demidoff, Prince Anatol Nikolaievitch. Bom
at Moscow, 1812 : died at Paris, April 29, 1870.
A Russian noljle and philanthropist, son of N.
N. Demidoff.
Demidoff, Nikita. Born about 1665 : died after
1720. A Russian manufacturer, founder of the
family of Demidoff. The son of a serf, he rose into
favor under Peter the Great by his skill in the manufac.
ture of anus. He established the first iron-foundry in
Siberia in X6;i9, and received a patent of nobility in 1720.
Demidoff, Count Nikolai Nikititch. Bom at
St. Petersburg about 1773 : died at Florence,
182S. A Russian capitalist.
Demidoff, Paul Grigoryevitch. Born at Eeval,
Russia, 1738 : ciied at ifoscow, 1781. A Russian
scholar and patron of science.
Demir-Hissar (dil-mer'his-siir'). ['Iron Cas-
tle.'] A small town in European Tm-key, situ-
ated abi>ut 50 miles northeast of Salonika.
Demme (dem'me), Hermann Christoph Gott-
fried: pseudonym Karl StiUe. Born at
Miihlhausen, Thuiingia, Germany. Sept. 7, 1760:
died at Altenburg, lirermauy, Dec. 26, 1822. A
German poet and novelist, author of "Paehter
Martin und sein Vater" (1792-93), etc.
Demme, Wilhelm Ludwig. Bom at Miihl-
hausen, Thuringia, March 20, 1801: died at
Wiirzljurg, Bavai'ia, March 26, 1878. A German
jurist, son of H. C. G. Demme. He wrote
" Buch der Verbreehen" (1851), etc.
Demmin (dem'men). A town in the province
of Pomerania, Prussia, situated on the Peene
in lat. 53° 54' N., long. 13° E. It is an ancient
Wendish town, and was frequently taken and retaken by
Swedes and Germans in the 17th centui-y. Population
(I8i10|, commune, 10,8.-)2.
Democedes (dem-os'f-ilez). Born at Crotona,
Magna Grajcia, Italy: lived in the second half
of the (ith century B. c. A Greek physician.
Demochares (de-mok'a-rez). [Gr. Ai/fioxa/ir/^.l
An Athenian orator, nephew of DiTiiosthenes.
He came forward in 322 B. c. as an orator of the anti-
Macedonian party, and after the restoratinn of democracy
by Demetrius Poliorcetes in 307 became the leader of the
popular party. He was several times expelled by the anti-
democratic party, returning the last time in 287 or 286.
He was sent as ambassador to Lysimachus about 282, and
disappears from view in 280,
Democratic party. In United States history,
a political pai'ty whicii arose about 1792. It was
called first the Republican, later the Democratic-Repub-
lican, ancl afterward simply the Democratic pai-ty. It has
opposed a strong central government, and has generally
favored a strict construction of the Constitution. It has
controlled the executive or the national government un-
der the following administrations: Jefferson's, Madison's,
Monroe's; Jackson's. Van liuren's. Polk's, Pierce's, Bu-
chanan's, and t-'leveland's. Its principal founder was Jef-
ferson. It may be regarded as the successor of the Anti-
Kederalist party.
DemocritUS (de-mok'ri-tus). [Gr. Ar/jiSKpiToc.]
Born at .\liilera. Tliraee, about 460 B. C. : died
about 357 B. c. A Greek philosopher, surnamed
"The Abderito" and "The Laughing Philoso-
pher." He inherited an ample fortune, which enabled
him to visit the chief countries of .-Vsia and Africa in pur-
suit of knowledge. Headoptedarid expanded the atomistic
theory of Leucippus, which he expounded in a number of
works, fragments only of which are extant. He is said to
have been of a cheerful disposition, which prompted him
to laugh at the follies of men (hence the surname ''The
Laughing Philosopher"). According to tradition he put
out ins eyes in order to be less disturbed in bis philo-
sopliical speculations.
DemocritUS Junior. The pseudonym under
wliicli Kohert Burton published his "Anatomy
of .\l<-lanflioly" (1621).
DemodocuS (de-mod 'o-lms). '[Gr. A>ifi66oKO(.']
hi the Odyssey, a famous bard who, during the
stay of tflysses at the court of Aleinous, de-
lighted the guests by recounting the feats of
the Greeks at Troy ami singing the amoiu's of
.\res anil Aphrodite.
Demogeot (ilem-o-zho'i. Jacques Claude.
Born at Paris, July 5, 1808. A French literary
historian and miscellaneous writer, professor
318
at the Sorbonne. His chief work is a "His-
toire de la litterature fran^'aise " (1851).
De MoiTre. See Moirrc.
Demonio (de-m6'ne-6), U. [It.,' The Demon.']
An opera ijy Rubinstein, words by Wiskowa-
toff from Lermontofl's poem. It was produced
at St. Petersbm'g Jan. 25, 1875, and at London
.Tune 21, 1881.
De Montfort (de mont'fort). A tragedy by
.Inanna Baillie, produced in 1800. Kemble and
Mrs. Siddons played in it.
De Morgan (de mor'gan), Augustus. Born at
Madura, Madras, June 27, 1806: died at London,
March 18, 1871. A noted EngUsh mathemati-
cian and logician. He was educated at Cambridge
and Lincoln's Inn, and was professor of mathematics in
London University 1828-31, and in University College,
London, 1836-66. .\uthor of " Elements of Arithmetic "
(1831), "Elementsof Algebra " (1835), " Elementsof Trigo-
nometry " (1837), "Essay on Probabilities " (1838), " Differ-
ential and Integral Calculus" (1842), 'Formal Logic"
(1847), and "Budget of Paradoxes " (1872),
Demosthenes (de - inos ' the - uez) . [Gr. Aijfiua-
dhr/^.l Died at Syracuse, 413 B. C. An Athe-
nian general. In 425 he defended Pylos against the
Spartans, and made the dispositions by which the enemy
was forced to capitulate, although the glory of the ex-
ploit was claimed by Cleon, who relieved him in the com-
mand. He commanded under Xicias in the unsuccessful
expedition ag.ainst Syracuse in 413. Having been cap-
tured in the retreat, he was put to death by order of the
Syracusan assembly.
Demosthenes. [Gr. Ariiwudcv?/^.'] Born at Pa"-
ania, Attica, iu 384 or 385 B. c. : died in 322
B. 0. The greatest of Greek orators. He is said
to have been the pupil of the orator Isteus, and entered
public life as a speaker in the popular assembly in 355. In
352 lie delivered the first of a splendid series of orations
directed against the encroachment of Philip of Macedon,
three of which are specifically denominated "Philippics."
In 346 he served as a member of the embassy which con-
cluded with Philip the so-called peace of Philocrates.
As Philip immediately after broke this treaty, Demos-
thenes came forward as the leader of tlie patriotic party
in opposition to the Macedonian, which was headed by
-Eschines. In 340 he caused a fleet to be sent to the re-
lief of Byzantium, which was besieged by Philip. On the
outbreak of the Ampbictyonic war, he persuaded the
Athenians to form an alliance with Thebes against Philip,
who defeated the allies at Chieronea in 338. and usurped
the hegemony of Greece. He was one of the leaders of
the xnisuccessful rising which took place on the death of
Philip in 336 ; was exiled by the Macedonian party in 324 ;
was recalled by the patriotic party on the outbreak of a
fresh rising at the death of Alexander in 323 ; and on the
capture of Athens by Antipater and Craterus in 322 fled
to Calauria, near .\rgolis, where he took poison to avoid
capture, ifis chief orations are three "Philippics" (351,
344, 341), three "Olynthiacs" (349, 349, 34S), "On the
Peace " (346), "On the Embas.sy " (343), "On the Affairs of
the Chersonese " (341), "On the Crown " (330). The first
printed collective edition of his orations is that published
by Aldus at Venice in 1504. The best modern editions
are those by Bekker (1823), Sauppe and Baiter (1841), Din-
dorf (1846-51), and Whistcui (1853-68). See Schafer's
" Demosthenes und seine Zeit " (1856-58). There is a por-
trait-statue of Demosthenes, one of the finest of antitiuity,
in tlie Vatican, Rome. The expression of the close-
bearded face is anxious, but full of strength and high
resolve. The position is easy, the clothing a full, plainly
di-apcd himation.
Demotika, or Demotica (de-mot'i-ka). A
town in Rumelia. European Turkey, situated
on the Maritza 23 miles south of Adrianople.
Population, estimated, 8,000-10,000.
Dempster (demps'ter), Janet. A woman, iu
George Eliot's novel "Janet's Repentance,"
who is rescued from a passion for drink Ijy her
friend and pastor.
Dempster, John. Born at Florida, Fulton
County, N. Y., Jan. 2, 1794: died at Evanston,
ni., Nov. 28, 1863. An American Methodist
clergyman, founder of biblical institutes at
Concord, New Hampshire, and Evanston, Illi-
nois.
Dempster, Thomas. Born at Cliftbog. Aber-
dei'iisliire, Scotland, Aug. 23. 1579 (f): <lied
near Bologna, Italy, Sept. (i, 1625. A Scottish
scholar. He was educated at the Jesuit seminary at
Douay and at the University of Paris, and about 161!) was
appointed professor of humanities in the University of
Bologna. Author of "Historia ecclesiastica gentis Sco-
torum " (1627).
Denain (de-nan'). A town in the department
of Nord. France, situa.te<l at the junction of
the Selle and Schelde, 7 miles southwest of
Valenciennes, it has considerable manufactures, and
there are coal-mines in the neighborhood. Here the
French under Slai-shal Villars defeated the Allies under
Prince Eugene, July 24, 171'2. Population (1891), com-
mune, 18,258.
De natura deorum (de na-tu'rii de-6'rura).
[L., 'on tlie nalure of the gods.'] Dialogues
by Cicero, in tliree l)ooks, treating of the exis-
tence, nature, and providence of tlie gods.
Denbigh (den'lii). 1. A maritime county of
North Wales, lying between the Irish Sea and
Flint on the north, Flint, Chester, and Salop
on the east, Montgomery and Merioneth on the
Denis, Saint
south, and Merioneth and Carnarvon on the
west. It is rich iu minerals, and contains prehistoric
Roman and Celtic antiquities. Area, 664 square miles.
Population (ISSil). 117,950.
2. The capital of the above county, situated on
the Clwyd 22 miles west of Chester. It has a
ruined castle, which was taken by the Parlia-
mentarians in 1()45. Population (1891), 6.412.
Denderah, or Dendera (den'der-ii). A tovm in
L'ljper Egx-pt, situated on the Nile in lat. 26° 9'
N., long."32° 39' E. : the ancient Teutyra or
Tentyris. it. is celebrated for its temple of Hathor,
which, notwithstanding its late date (it was begun by the
11th Ptolemy, and the great pronaos was added only
under Tiberius), is one of the most interesting buildings
in Egypt, owing to its almost perfect preservation, even
to the roof. The imposing hexastyle pronaos has four
ranges of Hathoric columns: on its ceiling is a noted
sculptured zodiac, combining Egyptian and classical ele-
ments. Next to the pronaos is a hypostyle hall of six col-
umns, from which three chambers open on each side, and
beyond this is a vestibule before a large hall in which
stands an isolated cella. This hall is surrounded by a
series of chambers, one of which in the middle of the
back wall contained the emblematic sistrum of the god-
dess. The whole interior surface is sculptured, the art,
however, being inferior. On the roof there is a small six-
chambered temple to the local divinity Osiris-An.
On the celebrated zodiac of Dendera, the date of which
is believed to be about 700 B. c., the signs of the zodiac ai'e
exhibited in a primitive pictorial form, which leaves no
doubt as to their significance. Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 7.
Dendermonde (den-der-m6n'de),F. Termonde
(ter-mohd'). A fortified town in the province
of East Flanders, Belgium, situated at the junc-
tion of the Dender and Schelde, 17 miles north-
west of Brussels. In 1667, being besieged by Louis
XIV., the town was defended by opening its sluices and
flooding the adjacent country. It was cajitured by Marl-
borough in 1706, and by the French in 1745. Population
(18;)0), 9,600.
Dendin (don-dan'), Perrin. An ignorant peas-
ant, applied to as a judge, in Rabelais's " Pan-
tagruel." His method was to let people fight till they
were tired of it — a satire on lawyers who prefer the ruin
of their client to the slightest concession. He loved eating
and drinking, and settled the disputes of his neighbors
while indulging these tastes.
Deneb (deii'eb). [Ar.rfrtH«ft, the tail.] A word
used as the name of several stars, in reference
to their situation in the constellation to which
they respectively belong. The principal are
the folloT\-ing: (a) Deneb Algedi (deneb al jf-de).
[At. al-jedi. the goat.] The third-magnitude star & Cap-
ricomi. (6) Deneb Algenubi (den eb al-j^-nu be). [Ar.
al-jennbi, the southern.) The third-magnitude star »?
Ceti, at the root of the monster's tail, (c) Deneb-al-okab
(den'eb-al-6-k^b'). lAr. al-'oqab, the eagle.] The third-
magnitude star £,' Aquilie. The name is also applied to «
AquilK, close by. ((7) Deneb al-Shemali (den eb al-she-
ma'le). [Ar. al-semuli, the iiortheni.] The fourth-mag-
nitude star I Ceti, at the tip of the northern fluke of the
monster'stail. ("'') Deneb Cygm (deneb sig'ni). [Ar. and
L., 'the tail of the swan.'] Tlie bright second-magnitude
star o Cygni, otherwise known as ArideiL (/) Deneb
KaitOS (den eb ki'tos). [Ar. qiloii is an Arabic trans-
literation of the Gr. «:^To5, L. Mi, of the whale.] Tho
third-magnitude star fi Ceti, at the tip of the southern
fluke of the tail. Otherwise called Diphda.
Denebola (de-neb'o-lii). [Ar. <l(iiiab al-'anad,
the tail of the lion.] "The second-magnitude
star /3 Leonis, also sometimes caUed Dafirali and
Serjiha.
Denham (den'am). Dixon. Born at London,
Jan. 1. 1786: died in Sierra Leone, May 8, 1828.
An African explorer. As a British officer he took
part in the continental wars against Napoleon I. In 1821
lie was sent to .\frica with Dr. Oudney and t^lapperton.
From Tripoli they went over Murzuk and Fezzan to Lake
Chad, and stayed some time at Kuka, the capital of Bornu.
In a war with the ronqnering Fulbe, Denham was t^ken
prisoner, but contiived to escape. After exploring the
south end of Lake Cliad, he accomp.anied Clapperton to
Sokoto, and returned in 1824. He died iu 1828 as lieuten-
ant governor of Sierra Leone.
Denham, Sir John. Bom at Dublin, 1615: died
at Lonilon. in March, lti69. An English poet.
He took up arms for the king when the civil war began,
and was made governor of Farnham Castle, from which
he w,'is driven and sent a prisoner to London. His for-
tunes varied, but revived at the Kestoration. He was
falsely accused iu 1<X~ of murdering his wife by a jwi-
soned cup of chocolate. Author of "The .Sophy " (a tra-
gedy, 1642), "Cooper's Hill "(a poem, 1642), "Cato Major"
(■from Cicero, 164«), etc.
Denia (da'ne-ii). A seajiort in the province of
Alicante, Spain, situated on the Mediterra-
nean in lat. 38° 50' N., long. 0° 7' E. It
ex])orts raisins. Population (1^*^*^)' 11.591.
Denina (dji-ne'nii). Carlo Giovanni Maria.
Born at Revello, near Saluzzo. Italy, Feb. 28,
1731: died at Paris, Dee. 5, 1813. An Italian
historian. He was professor at Turin anil later at Ber-
lin, became university librarian at Turin in ISOii, and was
imperial librarian at Paris after ls04. Hewi-ote "Istona
delle rivolnzioni d'ltalia " (1769), etc.
Denis, or Denys(den'is;F.de-ue'), Saint. Apos-
tle to the Gauls, and patron saint of France,
beheaded, acoortiing to the legends, at Paris,
Denis, Jean Ferdinand 319 Derbent
Denis(iie-iit''j, Jean Ferdinand. BornatParis, trator. ne wrote ■• voyage dans la Basse ct la Hauto De Peyster, John Watts. Born at Now York,
\iii: i;i 1798:<liiiltli<'n, Au;;.-, 1S!»((. A Froiirh fepte ' (iso-j), " .Mmiunienta des arts du dcssiii, etc.' Jiuix'li 9, lS-1. .Ui Amork-an military ami his-
uiith.ir' Hi' imvpJed ill AiiiiTiL'u fruni IKIH tu 18"! and ^i^**"?'' , , _, ... -mr ^ tiirioal writer. Ills work.s iiK-lude a " llisto!-)' of the
"ubJeqa^ntiy i'rspiin a,,d Po«ug^. " Uh the ik]ect «( DentatuS (.l.-..-ta'tus> MamUS (or MarCUS Life of Leonard lorsten.on • (1*6,.), " Uistory of Carau-
studyioK the literature of those countries. After 1S38 he CuTlUS. Lived mtlie first part ol tlio .id »ius, the Dutch AiiRUstus and I-,mp.ror of I!rit:un (is.'rti),
was prominently connected with the lihraries of Paris, L-euturv B. c. A Koman tribune, consul, lire- »"<' '' T,'.'" '^"^^^^ ^ ""^ ^ ■"".• " !,"' SP*""' «■ ference to
especially the .saintet;enevii.vc, of which he heca.ne con- j^^. and fensor, celebrated as a model of the "'.Lf'^'^ Operations aad lulluence of the Swedes
Bervator in ls41.aiuiaiiinnii8tmtor in ls(i5. Ilewrotenu- i u • . c • v ■* *■ i-. (Inm).
LeTuus works, historical and descriptive, on Bra.il, the early Roman virtues of simplicity truf,'a lt_.N , 15.;^ j^ Madame. See £pi„a,/, Jfllrf«)»f rf'.
Platine States, (iuiana, and Portugal, and on the literature and patriotism. He defeated Pyrrhus in 2/;), T<x„ft a^'n,,rp,,T fda-ne' a-mo-r6") Le TF
of PortuRal and Spain : also a great numl.er of Mographi- and the Samuites and Lucanians in 274. •"??" amoureux (ua pe a mo it ; ije. Lr .,
cal and historical artidcsf..r various encyclopedic works, p 4 Blanche (don blonsh). [F.. 'white ' 1 he Loving ^^pl e. J A eomedj bjMolKic,
and a series of h..st..ncal novels. tootU '1 A inoimt'lin in the Alps of Valais Pi-"'l"ff<i at Wotitpellier ill lGo4, and at I'aris
Denis, Louise (Mignot). Bom about 1710: died n...;* '. .i.,„,i situated noi-th of the Malteihoni' "I 165*^- It was not printed until 1663. Many authors
ill 17<J0. The niee^', companion, and friend of rr ll t 14 ' IS feet l'"™ ^"'".'f '' "'") ,r""""-"'' "v'^'r' ^K'^ '" '""^'>'
■.-,,.■ , ,. , , . , ,. r. ■ 1 1- 1 1 lieigllt, 14. .11" leei. borrowed from "Llntiresse nl Nicolo hecchl.
^/^'"^^uJ^^Z^IiJi'^^i^^;.::!':^:^^::. Dent de Jaman (don d6 zha-mon') A mou,.- Deposition from the Cross, with the Virgin,
kept for him until his death in 1778. In 17711. when in tain in \ and, hmtzerland, situated east ot the ji,g Magdalen, St. John. Josejih of Ainmathea,
her seventieth year, she marrieil a .Sieur du Vivicr, who Lake of Geneva. Height, 0,165 feet. and Nicodemus. A i)aintiiig by Penigino, in
"I^ct'uette o,^■^i^^^';u^her^iT;X\a^,>far""'^^^^^^^^ Dent de Vaulion (don do v6-ly,m'). A peak of f,,^ Acoademia. Florence. The expression and dif-
In'fheTemor^ o Ver e atta ^ ' '"l J'"'^'' '" '^Vt"''','' "'V^iil f"". '' "'"•"'^^■'=^' ferentiation of.charac.orin thegrou,, of n.ourners is .uas-
TV • o ■ 4. -c-**!- ...f G„<. v,.„> 7V,.;o ofLausainie. Height. 4,.SS0 feet. terly. The painting is among I'erugino s best.
Denis, Samt Battle of. see -s,, «f-/VH,.s. ^^^^ ^^ j^.^. ^ ^^^ ^..^ me-<le'). [F., 'south Depping (dep'ping), Georges Bernard. Horn
Denis Duval (Ion is du-val ). An unfinislied t„„„^ -i .\ „ioiiiitain in the canton of Valais, at Miiuster, Germany, May 11. 17,S4: died at
novel by Thackeray, published in 1804, alter Switzerland, situated northwest ot Martigny. Paris, Sept. ,5, IRHB." A French historian, of
his death. Height, 10,7.')0 feet. German parentage. He wrote "Histoire gin^rale de
Denison (ilen'i-son). A citv in Grayson County, D'EntrecasteaUX Channel (don-tr-kfis-to' I'Espagne "asil), "Ilistoiredu commerce entrele Levant
northernTe.xas,inlat.:).3°40'N.,loi,g.9(l°32'W. ,.|ian'ol). A strait between Tasmania and etlEuropc' (l8a2),"Hist«ii-cdela>;ormandic"(l83!i),etc.
It has a large trade. Population (1890). 10.958. Bruni Island to the south. Depres. See Jo.q,,,,, Dcxprc.-.
DenizU(den-i/,-le').orDenisliiiden-is-le'). A D-Entrecasteaux Islands. A group of small Depretis (da-pra tes), Agostino Bornat^lez-
town in Asiatic Turk..y, i,i lut. 37° 45' N., long. ishmdVl Wng east of Papua, belonging to Great ';=">'^i'^''*';:P''"=^r;"" "t"i ^"?^\ n ^'
'•9' 10' E I' -'t- n " Jan. 31, 181J: died there, .July 29, 188(. An Ital-
D'enman '(den'man), Thomas, first Baron Den- D'EntrecasteaUX Point. A cape at the south- \^'^^'fj^'^^' P'""™'*^'' l«7(>-77, 1877-78, 1878-
man. Born at London, Feb. 23. 1779 : died at western oxtremitv of Australia. _^(n'- /i- -> t a ii
Stoke Albany, Xorthan.pton, England, Sept. Denver (don'ver)." The capital of Colorado and De Prie(de pre), Jaques. A sj^ipposed beggar
22, 1854. A noted English jurist. Ue defended of Arapahoe (^ountv, situated on the South '" Ben Jonson s comedy ''fhe Case is Alter^
^^z^^v^t^'^^n^^^z^iS^t'''^''- i-i-"^ - '-'■ =*«" ^''' N- i<?"g- 105° w It is an ^i^r'^:^::^:^?^^"^::^^:!^'^
and lordchief justice of the King s Bench 183.1-50. important railway and commercial center, and has large ,,i3 ducats and his daughter.
Denmark (den'miirk). [AS. Dencmcarc, t . smelting-works. It was Hrst settled in 18!iS-59, and lias _,.-,, ,,,.-,, ■p„,.„,„,,i,. n town in Kent
nauemnrk- Dan Ihtnmnrii G. IMnvmurl: Icel. become noted for its dry climate. It is often calle.l the Deptford (dot^loid). l^oimeilj a town m Aent
iW»f»«( A, J», 11. //r «m M, u. X"«(m^ "Queen City of the Plains.- Population (1890), liiii,713. and Sun'oy. England, now a part of London,
Da„morl:. inarcli or bouiidar> , of the Danes.] ^ ,,ip,,',in Guv In Sir Walter Seotfs situated on the south bank of the Thames, 3*
A k,ng.hmi in northern Europe, comprising part ^™ /^;^,^''';, fj^y.i^jpf ,,f^^^^ miles southeast of St. Paul's: long noted for
of the peninsula of Jutland, and a group of >sl- oem "^l^^ >,; \f ^^ ^^"^ ' .'^"^^^^f ™^f ^^^^^^^ ,ts dockyard, which was closed in 1869.
andsof which the pnncip.al are Zealand, Ftineu, J"^"'^ lip iV" ,',V ..n^rl, -r. n ■ \^-^ ■ i ■\ mi u *
Laaland, Hornho Im. Falster, Langeland, and Deobancl (de'o-baml). A to^yn m the North- De Qumcey de kwm zi) Thomas Born at
Moen. m surface is generally level. The capital i.s west Pnnances of British India. Population, Greenheys, Manchester Aug 1.. 1/8.5 : died a
Copenhagen. The government is a constitutional heredi- 22.000. Edinburgh, Dee. 8, 18.59. An English essayist
tary monarchy, with a liigsdag composed of an upper De OflB.ciis(de 0-fish'i-is). [L., 'of duties.'] A and miscellaneous writer. He wa-s the son of
house (Laiidsthing) of 6<i nienibers and a lower house trpoHse ill three books by Cicero on moral obli- Thomas De Quincey, a wealthy merch.int, who died about
(Kolkethiiig) of 102 members. The established religion .. ... „-h^,,i a± -a n .'. ti. i • 1792. He was sent to the Manchester grammar-school in
is Lutheran. Tlie army nunibered in 1892 (on a war gations, wrirren aooiir. ** H. (.,. ine moral views igoi, but ran away in the following year, and, after a pe-
footing) :,9,hiii. Its foreign possessions arc the Faroe are those of a practical pohtuian, and for this very reason j^gtrian tour in Wales, lived s,.me time in extreme pov-
Islands, Iceland, i:reenland south of latitude 73' N., not niueh higher than the conventional Roman Stan- g,.^y ;„ London, lie subsequently studied at Oxford,
Santa Crliz, St. Thomas, and St. .Tohn. In the early mid- aard. „ v! ^, , ^ .. without taking a degree. About 1808 he made the ac-
dle ages it w:u( famous as the home i>f i>irat.s. The dif- D Eon, CheVallCr. See Eon, Cliarles Irenevieve, quaintance of Coleridge and Wordsworth, which induced
ferent kingdoms in Denmiuk became eoiiscdidated into ,.t(._ him to settle at Grasmere. He married Margaret Simp-
one in the »th century. During this period Christianity -nonrvrod ^eo Dpiiinriniitnn son in 1816. .Some years later he lost his fortune, and in
was intro.lueed, being conllrnied in the reign of Canute ir''"i''*S' '^\^ ^"^ '£-/ •:'•'"■ , „ . . t,n 1821 went to London in search of literary woik. During
(die.l 103:'.), who reigned also over England and Norway. US OratOre (de or-a-to re). ILi., 01 tne orator. J ,,jg gj^j, .^^^ o\!uti he had cimtractert the habit of opium-
It was separated from the other kingdoms after Canute's A rhetorical work by Cicero, in tliree books, eating, which grew upon bim t^i such an extent that at
death. Danisli eonciuests extended over the Baltic Wends w'ritten (55 B. c.) in the form of a dialogue, the one time he took 340 grains daily, and which evcntnally
In the 12tb and l:;th centuries, .and for short periods over __:,,„;,-„i „i,.,,.a,.to,.a hoino- T, f'nssiis and IM disabled him from protRieteil application to literary work.
Esthonia, Kni;en. and various (iernian districts. Sorwav, pnucipal chaiai teis oeing ij. (..rassus ana lu. j_^ ^^,,^ j^^ _^^.^^,^, ,_;^ experience with this drug the basis
Sweden, and Denmark were united by the I'liion of Kalmar Antoninus. "The work is far from attaining the dra- of a narrative, entilled "Confessionsof an English Ojiium-
in 1397, but Sweden was llnally separated from Denmark in niatic art of a Platonic dialogue; nevertheless it ranks Eater," wliiili ap|.(ared in the "London Magazine," and
1623. Protestantism was introduced in the niidille of the with the most llnished productions of Cicero on account which estalilisb.d bis reputation. He subsequently wrote
16th century, and the country took part, on the Protestant of its varied contents and its excellent style." much for " P.lackwood's Magazine" and the "Edinburgh
aide, in the Thirty Years' War. Dago, (isel, and Goth- Deorham (de-6r'hiim). At this place (identi- Literary Gazette," and eventually took up his residence at
land were lost to Sweden in 104.5, as were also the Danish ,.,j,, ,,.;ti, n.„.ol,oT.i filmif-oafprsliire FncrlaTid) Edinburgh. His only separate publications werc"Klo5-
poMessiona in southern Sweden in 16.-,8. Absolute power lea w IIU in 1 eliam, Uioticesiersnill , r.ugiami) tg^heim " (ISaiO, and "Logic of Political Economy"
was ohlained by the kings in 1060. Denmark having as- ( oawliu, kmg^ot the West baxons, aeieatea tne (i,s44). The most complete edition of his works appeared
sunied a position of armed neutrality witli respect to Eng- Britons in 577. in 1852-55.
Iaiicl,berll.etwa8.attaekeda.id defeated by Nelson in 1801, DepaZzi (da-piid'/.o). A character in Shirl(>y's TJera Ghazi Khan (der'il ghii-ze' khiln). 1. A
:al;e,^:ii.;^wr:^?^my;(^^;l^l,';:!;ayS;^itl^E V^h "The Hn,norous courtier.- aistrict in .lie Lerajat division of the Panjab^
wig and Ilolstein, sec those names.) The .Schleswig-llol- j.^^ outi-ageously idi.dic Depazzi, whose self-delusion British India, situated west of the Indus, and
•teln war in ise,4.wagedun8uecessfully by Denmark against endures to the last (after he li.as been offered the choice of intersected by hit. 30° N.. long. <0° 30 E.
Prussia and Austria, resulted in the loss of .Sclileswig- „(„j,f ^^ live several deaths," not one of which he can be Area, .5,606 siiuaro miles. Population (1891).
"i;:H;:rin'y^rS'™c?nth!:^,ri;^sVeent!:'i<;:!'i;ya ;«;?,:;;S'V^=''''''""'™"'"''""''"'""^!1^ 409,965.-2. Tho..hief t,nvn of thoabove.fe-
.■.institutional struggle between the government and the '""' '"i- ' ■ trict, situated on the Indus m hit. .10° 5 N.,
people. Area, including the Karoe Islands, 16,289 square DepeW (de-jiu' ), ChaUUCey MitchoU. Born ill long. 70=51' 10. Population, about 22,000.
nlesTls9<'))'''ii4' 2''»' '"'''"^' ^•'''•'•*'*- l'"!"''*""" "' ™'"- Peekskill, N. Y., April 2:i. 1S34. An Anierieiin Dera Ismail Khan (der'ii es-mii-el' khiln). 1.
nns( '' • - • ^ , .,, . ., lawyer, oral (U-, and politician. He was gradnatol A district in 1 he Dcrajat division of the Pan.jab,
DenneWltZ (den ne-vits). A village in the at Yale in 18r,ti; was a member of the New York Assembly pri| isli India, intorsocteil by hit. 32° N., long.
province of Brandenburg, Prussia, 41 miles 18C1-62; was secretary of state for New York 1803 U.'i : and 710 u \, o aan .^..o-n-e ioiles Poiuibition
ionthwest of Berlin. H^ e the Prussians under in 1869 beean,eeoUMselfortlieN>w York Central Railroad *-• 4;;,':,; J ^T 'n 1 1 i'" vvn of tW
Billow with 111., lid of Rii»«inii« anil Swi-rtcB under Uenia- "' which he has li.'cn iiresiiient since ISK,5. lie was an ( IS.U), -WU.-Ol. — ^. 1 Me . 111. 1 lOVMi oi iin^ iioov i
doterd^f^t 1 \i •\.' .^h aVTv unller^^^^^^ "[d.'e 1813. unsuccessfnl cmnlidatc forthe Republican nominati.m for ,listri,-t . sit uato. lyar t lie ,u us in hit .1° 49'
T» • ,1 ,-, T V I," . i> . -M President in 1S88, V i,,n.' 70° .55 E. Popuhition, about 22,000.
Pf^'^-fn ,-r.'N'^T?pVi rVl T - r^Ti'o De Peyster (do pls'tfer). Abraham. Bom ai De'raiaf doi-a-jiif). A .livision in tliePan.jab,
A«ig^.5(1,l,l.8:,li,HliiPhila.lelphia, Jar,., 1,812 jj^.,vAnistor,laii. (New York). July 8, 1658: .iie.l if.^fi'^ri,, i;;.^ A,ea, 17.681 square miles.
An .\merican.i..i.rna 1st: edited the •'P.irttol.o ^t New York, Aug. 10, 1728, An A.nori..a,i p , ,1 ,i„ , (1881), 1,137,.572.
(in Phi a,lel,,h,a) 181)1-12. merchant and official, son of Johannes I... Ue^yyeh do..-i'e), <n' Deraiyeh. A ruined
DenniS(.len is), l. servant to Oliver in Shak- Peyster. He was mayor of New York 1601-i).i, an.l town in N.id Anibia, silualed about lal. 24"
spores ".'Vs you l/ike it." — 2. A hangman in afterward he.ame .hief justice of the province and presi- .,, >t 1,,,,,, 4(;o •'n' ].; H was Iho .•apital of
lliekens's novel - Btirnaby Kudgo." iT^r.'iVig.'iven,;;',''!;,'',",,, "' "'"'"" """'"'"' ""''""'■ the wliliabis UMtifits destruction in 1818.
^T^'^IS, John. Hon. at Lon.lon. lft.7: die.l De Peyster, Arent Schuyler. Born at New Derbe(d6r'be). [Cv.Mvihi.-] In ancient geog-
.lan () 1,.,4 .An English .-nlic. lie graduate.l at York.Jiin.' 27. 1736: died at Dumfries, Scotland, raphv, a town of Lycaonia, Asia Minor, near
Canihriilge with the degree of H. A. in 10711 unil devoteil .V ,,,.>> \,. i- . «= 1 e »l 1 „„ 1..,. ..r 1 Slw.lu mi.l rvii the liin'hwnv from
himself to lit.-ratur.-. lie wrote a number .it Indilfer- Nov., 1832. A Ifoyalist ofticor, grandson of the horder .d (llicia. and on tlie nignna\ irom
enlly sucee^sfnl plays, but Is chiefly rememluTed as a Abraham De Peyster. He eommanded at Detroit, Cilicia to l.'oinum. _ , , ,, ,,.
critic, in which character he incurr.Ml thi-innilty of Pope. Macklna.', and various places In I'pper (^una.la .luring the DerbOUt (iler-boni '). or Derbend (der-beild ).
by whom he was ridicule.l in the " Duniia.r' Anumg Rcvolntioiiary War, an.l by his taet and eoneiliatory mca- f^ se'lporl in Da.'hestail, Russia, situated on
Iwe'U^S'v^so'' (iHm and ^'^r^r^' ixi^r^'' " '" 'Z:t^"t:l^u imd'^ni'liig H;:;;;'wm; nle'l^Vir""' tH- Caspian sea in lat, 42° 2' N.. l.mg. 48° 16'
Denon (de ,,.^n'), Bar.m Dominique Vivant. De Peyster, Johannes. >\'-;;'' '.'-'■•'-■',•,"';'; ^;^^:r-^^I^Z^K'^t::i^:'^X
Born at Chalon-siir-Saone, Prance, Jan, 4, liind: died at New York about 1(),8,). A Uiitcli ,|,„ Mongols about IJ20, and by the Russians In 1722 and
1747 : died at Paris, April 27, 1825. A French colonist in Now Amsterdam, where he settled j^^y . and was formaily Incorporated with Russia In 1813.
artist, archreologist, diplomatist, anil aiirainis- in 1640. Population (1S91), ufiXt.
Derty
Derl)y(<l^r'biordar'l)i). [Dan. J)forfl-6y.] 1.
Derbyshire, a midland county ot tnglaud,
h-ing between Cheshire and Yorkshire on the
nortb, Nottingham and Leicester on the east,
Leicester on the south, and Cheshire and Staf-
ford on the west. It is noted for the picturesque
scenery of the highLinds, or High Peak region. It con-
t^nsTead, iron. CO.U, etc. Area, 1.029 square mUes.
Population (1891), 528,033. ■, .^ ^ j
2 The capital of Derbyshii'e, England, sitiiated
oi the Derwent in lat. 52° 56' N., long. 1° 29
W. It has manufactures of silk, porcelain, iron s^.
cotton, etc. It anciently belonged to Pevenl son of \\ il-
?£5n I and wm one of the Five Boroughs of the Danes.
It was the 8.inth. rnmost point reached by the toong
Pretender in 1T4.S and was the birthplace of Samuel Rich-
ardson. It returns two members to Piu-liament. Popula.
Uon (1*91), 94,»«- „„. . „ rr
8 (der'bi). A citv (from 1894) in New Haven
Countv, Conneoticut. situated at the junction
of the"Naugatuck with the Housatonic, 9 miles
west of New Haven. It comprises the former
towns ot Derby and Birmingham. Population,
(1S93), about 7.000.
Derby, Earls of. See Stanley.
Derby (der'bi), Elias Haskett. Born at Salem,
Mass., Aug. 16, 1739: died at Salem, Sept. S,
1799. Ad American merchant in the India and
China trade, prominent in the equipment of pri-
vateers during the Revolutionary \\ ar.
Derby. EUas Haskett. Bom at Salem. Mass.,
Jan 10, 1"6<5: died at Londondern-, iS. ±1..
Sept 16, 1826. Au American merchant, son
of E. H. Derby (1739-99). He introduced me-
rino sheep into the ITnited States.
Derby, Elias Haskett. Bom at Salem Mass
Sept ai, 1S03: died at Boston, March 30, 1880.
An American lawyer and writer, son of E. H.
Derby (1766-1820).
Derby, George Horatio : pseudonj-m Jolm
Phoenix Born at Dedham, Mass., AprU A.
1823: died at New York, May 15, 1861. An
American soldier and humorist. He was a gradu-
ate of West Point, and served iu the Mexican w-ar, after
which he had various positions in the topographical bu-
reau at Washington, tiiLillj- becoming a captam of engi-
neers and having ch;»rge of Ughthouse ?o.'>stru<;tion on the
southern coast. Author of "Pha;niiiana (1855) and
"The Squih.3b Papers" (1859).
Derby, Orville Adelbert. Bom at Kelloggs-
vilb-; k. Y.. July 23. ISol. An American geolo-
eist. He was graduated at forneU University, and was
instructor there 187S-75 ; made short visits to Bnml
l"4o and 1S71: and in 1S75 t.«k a place on the Brazilian
ge-iloKical commission. Si..ce that time he has been en-
saced in gclogical and geographical work in Brazil, act-
ineon various commissions, and for some years as curator
of the geological department of the national museum.
Since 1& he has been chief of the geographical and geo-
logical survey of .Siio Paulo. He is the author of various
papers on geology, paleontology, etc.
Derby The. A race for three-year-olds at Ep-
som, established in 1780 by the Eari of Derby.
The first Derby was won by Diomed, the property of Sir
Charles Bunbury: afterward sent to Amenca. ^^l'«J''y
Day- is the last Wcdi.ts.iay of May (sometimes the first
of June). It is the great Cockney holiday, and 300^^
320
of mummies of the Pharaohs, including those of some of
the most famous of Egyptian kings, among them Ihotn
mes II. and Thothmes III., the conqueror of Assyria,
Seti I., and the great Rameses II., the "Pharaoh of the
Oppression." These mummies are in remarkable preser-
vaHon, and supply a not inadequate picture of the fea-
tures of the sovereigns in life. The discovery- was made
through a quarrel of some Arabs, who had found a pit
near the Sheikh Abd-el-tiournah hill, and were surrep-
titiously removing the contents. The mummies had evi-
dently been brought from the royal tombs, which lie at
no great distance, and placed in this pit for safety during
some threatened danger. They are now preserved m the
Gizeh Museum, Cairo. A second important discovery of
concealed mummies was made iu 1S91.
of June). It is me gicai >^uvinirj .■«..««..," ;-.-
neoDle are supposed to go to the Derby each ye.ar. Ihe
Derby has been twice won by fillies : in ISiJl by Eleanor
and in 1S67 bv Blink Bonny, each of which also won the
Oaks "f her year. The course is now 1} miles, wide at the
start and with steep ascent, then level for three furlongs,
descending agaiTi to " Tattenhani Comer," where it turns
and goes straight home. The "iOiO guineas." the Derby,
and the St. Leger constitute the " triple crown.' which has
been won by Ave horses. West Austnilian, Gladiateur, Lord
Lyon, Ormonde, and Common. Bice.
Dercetas (der'se-tas). A fi-iend of Antony in
Sliakspere's "Antony and Cleopatra."
DercetO (der-se'to). [Gt. Aepicer&.'i The prin-
cipal Philistine female deity, worshiped es-
pecially in Ascalon. she was represented in the form
of a woman terminating in a flsh. and is considered the
female counterpart of Dagon. She was a nature goddess,
the principle of generation and fertUlty, and corresponds
in her attribules and the mode of her worship to Ashtoreth
( \starte) of the Canaanites and SjTians (the Assyro-Baby-
loniaii Ishtar). Also Drrketo. See AtargatU.
Dereham (der'ara). A small town in Norfolk,
Kii'-laiid, 16 miles west of Norwich.
Der-el-Bahri (der-el-bah're), or Deir-el-Ba-
hari (dar-el-ba'ha-re). A locality west of
Thebes, Eg\-pt, near the western bank of the
Nile, famous for its ruins. Among the ruins is a
temple built by Hatshepsu. sister of Thothmes n. and III.
(alxmt li,iiO B. c). I'he inclosure is preceded by a dromos
1600 feet long, between lines of sphinxes, at the end of
which rose two obelisks. •|he inner court is entered by a
fine granite pylon, and behind it is tlie temple itself. 1 he
plan is peculiar, as the buildings extend up the slope of
the mountain in stages c.unectrd by flights ot steps, rile
masonry is of a beautiful line limestone, and the sculptures
are of great imiwrtance, representing especially sacriflcial
scenes, military triumphs .and captives, and pa>Tnent of
tribute. A number of the inner chambers and passages
are covered with pseuilo-vaulting of stones corbeled out
from the walls. Here, in ISSl, Maspero made by chance
a remarkable archeeological discovery— that of a number
De RepubUca (de re-pu'bU-ka). [L^ '« tbe
Eepublic.'] A philosophical political treat ise m
sis books, by Cicero, iu the form of a dialogue
between Africanus the younger (in whose gar-
dens the scene is lai<l), C. Lselius, and others^
The theme is the best form of government and toe duty
of the citizen. It was written about 64-51 B. c. About
one third of it has survived.
De rerum natura (de re'rum na-tu'i-a). [L..
■ of the nature of things.'] A didactic poem
by Lucretius.
Dereyeh. SeeDerayeh.
Derfflinger (derf'fling-er), Georg von. Born at
Neuhofen, Upper Austria, March 10. 1606: ilied
at Gusow, near Kiistrin, Prussia, Feb. ■!, 169o.
A Brandenbirrgian general in the Thirty 1 ears
War. He served at the battles of Warsaw (16.^) and
Fehrbellin (1675X and in the campaign against the Swedes
167S-79.
Derg (derG), Lough. 1. -An expansion of the
Shannon, separating Connaught fi'om Mun-
ster Ii'eland. Length, about 24 miles. — 2. A
lake in County Donegal, Ulster, Ireland, 6 mUes
east of Donegal. It contains a shrine. St. Patrick's
Purgatory, situated at first on Saint's Island, but now on
-Station Island. Length, about 3 mUes.
Derham (der'am), William. Bom at Stough-
ton, near Worcester, England, Nov. 26^ 16oi_:
ilied at Upminster, near London, April o, l(3o.
An English divine and natural philosopher.
His chief works are " Physico-Theology" (1713),
•' Astro-Theology" (1715),'-Christo-Theology '
(1^30). „ , „
Dermody (der'mo-di), Thomas. Bom at En-
nis, Countv Clare, Ireland, Jan., 17(o: died at
Sydenham", near London, July 15, 1802. An
Irish poet. He published "Poems" (1792), "Poems,
Moral and Descriptive" (1800), and "Poems on Various
Subjects " (1802). His works were pubUshed as ine
Harp of Erin " in 1807.
Dernier Chouan (der-nya' sho-on'), Le. [E.,
' The Last CJhouan.T A novel by Balzac, pub-
lished in 1829: sometimes called "LesChou-
ans "
Deronda (de-ron'da), Daniel. The hero of
George Eliot's novel '' Daniel Deronda. He is
a Hebrew, and when he discovers his parentage he resolves
to devote his whole Ufe to restoring the Jewish nation to
its lost political position.
D6ronl6de (da-ro-lad'), Paul. Bom at Pans^
Sept. 2, 1846. A noted French man ot letters
and politician. In 1882 he organized the League of
Patriots (La Ligue des Patriotes), which had many ramifi-
cations throughout France. In 18S» when Boulan^er
became minister of war, he endeavored to excite feeling
against Cermanv, and farthered a rigorous foreign policy
The league under his direction gave B^"''»»g" » 1^^^
majority in the election of Jan. 27, l*®. »"? ?"«^ '^^
condemnation of the latter Deroulede was elected Boulan-
gist deputy.
Derr (der or dar), or Dehr. A town in I pper
E<n-pt, situated on the Nile about lat. _L 4U
N?" It is noted for a small rock-temple of
Rameses H.
Derry. See Limtionderry.
De Ruyter. See nuyter. .
Derwent (der'went). The name of several riv-
ers, as follows: (o) A river of Cumberland England,
which flows into the Irish Sea 7 mUes north of Whitehaven.
Length, over 30 miles. ((-) A river of Derbyshire, England
which joins the Trent 7 miles southeast of Derby. It is
noted for its scenery. Length about ■-* ""'"• W,^ ",*,"
of Yorkshire, England, which joms the Onse « miles
southeast of York. Length, over 60 mUes. (d) A nver in
Tasmania which rises in Lake St. Clair, ?■"! fl"»f '"'".'^
ocean a short distance below Hobart. Length, 130 mdes.
Derwentwater (der'went-wa'ter). one of the
chief lakes in the Lake District, in Cumberland,
England, Iving directly south of Keswick. It
is an expansion of the river Derwent. Length,
3 miles.
Derwentwater, Earl of. See Rfxi'-I'.fe.
Derzhavin, Gabriel Romanovitch. Bom at
Kny.:m. Russia. -Tuly 14. 1743: dud at ^vaiika.
near Xoygorod. Russia. .July 21 (N. b.), 1816.
A Russian lyrical poet. His best-known poem is
"Ode to God" "(1784). besides which he wrote " tf}}j^:^
" Mon.Hly on ITince Mestchereki, " "The Nob eman, Ihe
Takingoflsmail." The Taking of Warsaw, etc. Hiscol-
lected works were published 1810-15.
Desaguadero (des-a-gwa-Tna'ro). 1. A nver
Descent from the Cross
in Bolivia, the outlet of Lake Titicaca, -which
Hows into Lake Aullagas (^vith no outlet).
Length, 190 miles.— 2. A plateau in southern
Peru and westem Bolivia, a depression between
two ranges of the Andes, it includes Lakes Aullagas
and 'nticaca. Also called the Titicaca Basin, or Plateau
of BoUvia, or Altiplanicie. It is the highest table-land m
the world except that of Tibet
DesaiX de VeygOUX (de-sa' de va-go') (or Voy-
goux), Louis Charles Antoine. Bom at
St.-Hilaire-d"Ayat, near Riom, Puy-de-Dome,
France, Aug. 17, 1768: killed at Marengo,
Italy June 14, 1800. A noted French general.
He served in the battle of the Pyramids 1T9S, conquered
Upper Egypt 1798-99, and decided the victor} at Slarengo.
DIsaugiers (da-z6-zhya'), Marc Antoine
Madeleine. Born at Frejus.Var. France, Nov.
17, 1772 : died at Paris. Aug. 9, 1827. A French
song-writer and author of vaudevilles.
Desault (de-z6'), Pierre Joseph. Born at
Magny-Veraais, Haute-Saone, France, 1 eb. 6,
1744 : "died at Paris, June 1, 1795. A French
surgeon and anatomist.
Desbarres(da-bar'), Joseph Frederick Walsh
or Wallet. Bom 1722: died at Halifax, Nova
Scotia, Oct. 24, 1824. An English officer and
hydrographer. He pubUshed "Atlantic Nep-
tune ""( 1777). etc. ,
Desbordes-Valmore (ds-bdrd'val-mor ),Mar-
ceUne FeUcite Jos^phe. Bom at Douai, June
20. 1786: died July 2.3, 1859. A French port
and singer. She married the actor Framois Prosper
Lanchantin, who was caUed Vahnore, in 1817. Her poetry
is distinguished for sweetness and pathos, without art ecta-
tion. .Author of "Elegies et rom^mces " (1S18) and " Ele-
gies et poesies nouvelles " (1824).
Desborough (dez'bur-o). Colonel. The "bru-
tally ignorant " brother-in-law of Oomwell in
Seotfs novel "Woodstock."
D'Escarbagnas, Countess. See Com to.ve (TEs-
ciirbfuinas. • - ,t. j.
Descartes (da-kait'),Rene(LatinizedBenatus
Cartesius). Bom at La Haye, Tourame,
France, March 31. 1596: died at Stockholm,
Feb. 11, 1650. A celebrated French philoso-
pher, founder of Cartesianism and of modem
phUosophv in general. He was graduated at seven-
teen from the Jesuit college of La Fleche, spent five
years in Paris (1613-18), and then roamed about in search
of knowledge in Germany, Italy, Holland, and Poland.
In 1628 he attended the siege of La Kochelle as a volun-
teer From 1629 to 1649 he led a retired life in Holland,
spreading and defending his philosophical ideas. He
finally went to Stockholm on the invitation of Queen
Christina of Sweden : five months later he died there of
pneumonia. The work that has made him famous as a
philosopher Is a short treatise entitled "Discours de la
miSthode " (Leyden, ItiST). It was published in French
together with three essays in support of his theories,_
"La dioptrique," "Les meteores," and "La gi^ometne.
In it he revolutionized the science of thought. Descartes
hmiself published during his lifetime "Meditationes de
prima philosophia " (Paris, 1641 ; Amsterdam, \iyii : trans-
lated into French, 1647X 'Principia philosophiffi " (Am-
sterdam, 1644), "Traite des passions de I'ame" (.Amster-
dam, 1649X and a polemic pamphlet entitled " EpistoU
Renati Descartes ad Gisbertum Voeitum " (Amsterdam,
1643). After his death his friends published his "D«
ITlomme" (1664), "Traiti de la formation du fietus "(1664)k
"Le monde on traits de la lumicre de Descartes " (16M),
"Lettres' (1657-67), and "Opuscula posthuma, physica
et mathematica" (Amsterdam, 1701). Descartes ranked
among the foremost mathematicians of his day. A sep-
arate reprint was made of his geometry, and the work
itself was translated into Latin in 1649, and reedited in
165') with notes and comments. In this form it consti-
tuted a classic standard throughout Europe, and pre-
sented an entirely new basis for the study of algebra and
geometry.
Descent from the Cross. 1. A painting by
Sodoma (Bazzi) (1504), in the Accademia at
Siena. Italv. The group of mourning women is espe-
cially admire"d for the beauty of its conception and exe-
cution. ^
2 A fine painting by Gerard David, in the
Chapelle du Saint Sang at Bmges, Belgium.
The Virgin and Marv Salome are grouped with .St. John
about the body of Christ, which is supp<irted by Nicode-
mus. In the background the cross is seen. The Slagda-
len and Joseph of Arimathea arc painted on the » ings.
3. A noteworthy painting by Cavazzola. in the
Pinacoteca at Verona. It unites the naturalism
of the 15th century with the freedom of the following
period. With its companion pieces, the "Bearing of the
Cross ■• and the "Agony in the Garden,' it is the painters
masterpiece.
4 A painting bv Correggio, in the Pinacoteca
at Parma, Italy.— 5. A painting by Titian, m
the Accademia, Venice. It has been injured by
restoration, but shows great invention and power of ex-
pression. It is remarkable as having been piiinted in
Titian's ninety-ninth year (1576), the year of his death.
6 A painting bv Rubens (1614). considered his
masterpiece, in Antwerp cathedral, Belgium.
The l>odv has been detached and is being lowered by men
on ladders ; it is received below by St, John, beside whom
kneel Mary .Salome and the Magdalen. The ^ irgin stands
behind.
Deschamps
Deschamps (ilii-slion'K Eustache, called Mo-
rel. B'liii :it Vi-rtus, MaiUf, France, in the tirst
pari of the 14th I'entiiry. A i'l-ench poet, lie
vfits the author of ballades "(1,176 in number), rondeaux,
virelais, etc.; of one loiifj: poem, the "Miroir Ue iimriiige ";
and of "Art de dieter" (a treatise on Krench rhetoric and
|ii-os"dy).
Deschamps de Saint Amand, Emile. Boru
at Bourges, Feb. 20, 1791 : died at Versailles,
April, 1871. A French poet.
Deschanel, Emile Augustin Etienne Martin.
Born at Paris, Nov. 14. IslLI. A French winter
and journalist. In 1^2 ho was nnule professor of
rhetoric at Bour^os, and shortly after occupie<l the same
chair at Taris. He enteretl journalism as a liberal, and
wtks imprisoned and exiled in 1S51. lie returned in 1859,
and liecanie one of the e<iitorsof the "Journal des Df^bats,"
III 1870 he was electetl to the chamlier as a republican,
and in isal he was elected a senator for life. He has
published a number of anthologies with comments, " Les
courtisanes grecques," " Le nial qu'on a dit des femnies,"
"Le Itien qu'on a dit des femmes, ' etc. (lSo5-oS), " La vie
des comediens " (1800), " Etudes sur .Aristophane " (1807),
"Le peuple et la bourgeoisie " (1S81), "Benjamin Frank-
Ua "(1882). From 1882 to 188(S he pulilished his lectures
at the College do France, called " Le romanticism des claa-
Biques," much enlarKetl and revised.
Deschapelles (da-sha-pel'). Born 1780: died
1847. A celebrated whist-player. Ho published
a treatise on whist in 18.39.
I)escl6e (da-kla'). Aim6e Olympe. Born Nov.
18, 1S36: died at Paris. .March 9, 1874. A French
actress. She excelled in the modern ilramas
"Frou-Frou,'' "Diane de Lys," etc.
Desdemona (dez-de-mo'nii). In Shakspere's
tragedy " t)tliello," the wife of Othello the
Jloor, and the daughter of Brabautio, a Vene-
tian senator. Othello smothers her in an outburst of
rage produced by a belief in her unfaithfulness, carefully
instilled by laffo. According to M:Uone, the first woman
(name unknown) who appeared iu any regular drama per-
formed the part of Desdemona.
The one characteristic which belongs to Desdemona,
that highest chaiiu of the womanly nature, which lago
names not, because he knows it not or believes not in it :
namely, her humility, her harmless ingenuousness, her
modesty and innocence. The miiTor of this soul has never
been darkened by the breath of an impure thought ; it ab-
hors her to speak the mere word of sin ; her name is clear
and " fresh as Dian's visage." The genuineness of her soul
and mind culminates — and this is the highest point of
her nature — in a perfect freedom from suspicion too
deeply rooted in her for this suspicious world.
Qervinug, Shakespeare ('onHnentaries(tr. by F. E. Bunnett,
(ed. 1881)), p. 61(3.
Desden con el desden, El. ['Disdain met
with disdain.'] A play by Moreto (1618-69),
the idea of which was taken from Lope de Vega.
It is not known when it was first produced, but it is still
Stayed, and is one of the four classical pieces of the older
painsli drain:u Under the title of " Donna Diana " it is
familiar in Germany, and in 1864 Mr. Westland Marston
produced it under the same name in England, his version
neilig a translation of that of Schreyvogel. Molitre's ver-
-iin, "La princesse d'Elide," w:is a failure. Count Carlo
'■"TJA protluceil it in It;ilian as "La I*rincipessa Filosofta
■ ' il Contraveleno " (" The Philosophical Princess or the
Antidote").
Desdichado (dos-di-eha'do). ['Disinherited.']
Ill .Sir Waiter Scott's novel " Ivanhoe," the de-
vice assumed by Ivanhoe in the tournament at
Ashby.
De senectute (de sen-ek-tu'te), or Cato Major
(ka'to ma'.jor). [Ij.,'on old age.'] A short
treatise by (Jicoro, in the form of a conversa-
tion, devoted to the praise (in the person of
Cato the I'oasor) of old age. It was written
4.T or 44 B. (;.
Desenzano (dfi-sen-zii'nd). A small town in
northern Italy, situated at the south(>rii end of
the Lake of tiarda. 16 miles southeast of Brescia.
Deseret (dez-e-ret')- The name of Utah in its
earlier history, under which various attempts
were made to gain for it admittance to the
Union.
Desertas (da-ser'tiis). Las. A group of small
islands iu tho Atlantic, lying southeast of
Madeira.
Deserted Village, The. A poem by Oliver
(■ioldsinitli, l)ci;u!i in 17(iH and imblished in 1770,
It is an elegjint verwi-'ii of the popular declamation of the
time agidnst Inxui-y an<l depopulation.
Desfontaines (da -foil -tan'), Ren§ Louiche.
Born at Trcinblav, Ille-ct-Vilaine. France, Feb.
14, 1750: died at Paris, Nov. 16. 1833. A French
botanist. His chief work is " Flora Atlantica "
(l79s-is;oo).
Deshouli^res (da-zB-lySr'), Madame (Antoi-
nette de Ligier de la Garde). Born at Paris,
Jan. I, ICas: ,li,.,l ut Paris, Feb. 17, 1694. One
of the i-hicl' t'enialc jniels of France, author of
verse, for the most part of the occasional order
(idyls, odes, elegiacs, songs, etc.), and two un-
Bucccssful tragedies.
Desiderius (des-i-de'ri-us). The last king of the
Lombards: reigned 756-74.
31
321
D6sirade (da-ze-riid'), La, or Deseada (des-
e-il'dii). \u island of the French Wi-st Indies,
sitiuited y miles east of Guadeloupe, of which
it is a dependency. Area, 10 square miles.
Population (1889), 1,398.
Desjardins, Catherine. See Villcdieu, Ma-
(1(1 nw (Il .
Des Moines (de moin). 1. A river in Iowa
which rises in southwestern Minnesota, and
joins the Mississippi at the .southeast extremity
of Iowa, 4 miles below Keokuk. Length, from
the unionof the east and west forks(in Humboldt County,
Iowa), about 300 miles ; total length, about 600 miles ;
navigable to the city of iJes Moines.
2. The capital of Iowa, and eoimty-seat of Polk
County, situated on the Des Moines Hiveriu lat.
41°36' N., long.93°39' W. It h.a8 considerable trade,
and is a center of extensive and varied manufactures. It
became the State capital in 18.67. Population (1890),
.6(1,003.
Desmond, Earls ami Countesses of. See Fitz-
(/(■(■((Id.
Desmoulins (da-mo-lah'), Benoit Camille.
Born at Guise, Aisne, France, 1700: guilkitined
at Paris, April .5, 1794. A celebrated French
revolutionist, prominent as a pamphleteer and
journalist. In 1789 his impassioned harangues
contributed powerfully to the popular excite-
ment which culminated in the storming of the
Bastille. He was a deputy to the Convention
in 1792.
Desnoyers (da-nwa-ya'). Baron Au^ste Gas-
pard Louis Boucher. Bom at Pans, Dec. 20,
1779: died at Paris, Feb., 1857. A French
engraver. His best-known works are copies
after Raphael ("La belle jardiniiire" and the
" Transiiguratioii." etc.).
Desolation Island. See Kcrguelcn Land.
Desolation Land (des-o-la'shon land), or
Desolation Island. Tlie northwistenimost
island of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago. It
has belonged to Chile since 1881.
Desor (dii-zor'), Eduard. Born at Friedrichs-
dorf, near Homburg, Prussia, Feb. 11, 1811 :
died at Nice, France, Feb. 23, 1882. A Swiss
geologist, zoologist, and archceologist.
De Soto (dii so 'to), Hernando. See Soto,ner-
ikdkIi) (le.
Despair (des-par'). Giant. A giant in Bunyan's
"Pilgi'im's Progress" who takes Christian and
Hopeful while they are asleep and imprisons
them in his diuigeous in Doubting Castle.
Despard (des'piird), Edward Marcus. Born
in Queen's County, Ireland, in 1751 : died Feb.
21, 1803. An Il'ish conspirator. He entered the
army in 1766, obtained the rank nf c;iptain about 17S0, and
in 1784 was appointed superintendent of his llajesty's
alf airs in the Spanish peninsula of Yucatan. Having been
dismissed from this otfice on a frivolous charge, he organ-
ized a conspiracy against the government, in consequence
of which he was lUTested Nov. 16, 1802, and hanged at
London.
Despenser (de-spen'ser), Hugh le. Died Aug.
4, 1265. A justiciar of England. He first appears
in 1266, when he w.as intrusted with Harestan Castle, Derby-
shire. The first mention of him as justiciar is found in
the Fine Rolls in 1261. He joined the baronial party at
the outbreak of the war with Heiu'y III. in 1263, and fell
in the battle of Evesham.
Despenser, Hugh le. Born about 1262: died
Oct. 27 (?), 1320. An English court favorite. Ho
was the grandson of the justiciar Hugh le Despenser, who
fell in the baronial ranks at Kveshain. He was with the
king in Oascony in 121)4, was present at the battle of Dun-
bar in 121)6, accompanied the expedition to Flanders in
121)7, was sent on a mission to I'oite Ctenn'iit V, at Lyons
in 1306, anti was created earl of Wini'hesler in 1322. On
the death of the favorite Piers Gaveston in 1312, he became
the leiuier of tho court party in opposition to the liiu'onial,
and together with his son Hugh le Despenser obtaineil a
complete ascendancy over Edward 11. 'The unscriiinilous
manner in which tho favtirites used their power to further
schemes of self-aggrandizenicnt caused them to be ban-
ished 1321-22, anil brought about a rising of the barons
under Ijlleen Isabella in 1326, which endetl in tbt? dejKisi-
tion of the king and the execution of the favorites. The
elder Despenser was captured at the sun'ender of Bristol,
where he waa tried and executed on the charge of treason.
Despenser, Hugh le. Died Nov., 1326. An Eng-
lish court f:iv(irite, son of Hugh le Despenser,
earl of Winchester. Ue was appointed chamberlain
t<i Edward II. in 1313. (Iriglnally an adherent of the ba-
ronial party, he joined his father (whom see) in the sup-
port of the king about 1317, and obtained in an especial
degree the royal favor. He was banished with his father
in 1321, returning with him in l:i22. On tho rising of the
barons under liiieen Isabella In 1326, caused by tile iiistv
lence and self-seeking of himself and his father, he lied
with Edward from I.ondon, Oct, 2, 1326, but wa-s captured
at Llnntrissaint Nov. 10, 1326, and was tried and executed
on the charge of treason.
Des P6riers, Bonaventure. See iVrio-n.
Des Plaines (da plan), or Aux Plaines (o
pliin). A river in southeaslern Wisconsin and
northeastern Illinois, which unites with the
Detaille
Kankakee to form the Illinois 40 miles south-
west of Chicago. Length, about 150 miles.
DespobladO (daz-po-bUl'do). [Sp., • uninhab-
ited.'] The name given in the Andean regions
of South America to any barren plateau which
is so high and cold as to be practically unin-
habitable. Also called i'Hffrt. Specifically — (o) In
southern Peni, the region between the central and west-
ern Cordilleras, an undnlatiin; tract from 14,01X1 to 18,000
feet high, with a general lireadlli of about 160 miles, nar-
rowing northward and extending southward on the borders
of cliib- and Bolivia, (b) A desert plateau in southern
Bolivia (department of Pot^isi), on the borders of Argen-
tina.
Desportes (da-porf ), Philippe. Born at Char-
tres, 1545: died Oct. 5, 1606. A French poet,
ecclesiastic, and diplomatist, a disciple of Kon-
sard, suniamed by his contemporaries " tho
French Tibullus."
Dessaix (de-sii'), Joseph Marie. Born at
Thonon, Hante-Savoie, France, Sept. 24, 1764 :
died Oct. 26, 1834. A French general in the
Napoleonic wars, surnamcd by Napoleon " L'ln-
trepido" after the battle of Wagram (1809).
Dessalines (de-sa-leu'), Jean Jacques. Born
at Grande Eivi^re, 1758: died near Port-au-
Prince, Oct. 17, 1806. A negro revolutionist of
Haiti. He was a slave, joined the servile insurrection
of 1791, rose Ut be second in command under Timssaint
Louvei-ture, and fought against the mulattos ; he was
notorious for savage courage and cruelty. In 1N02 lie re-
sisted Leclerc's army in the west, but finally submitted.
After Toussaint had been carried to France he headed
another revolt, and, aided by the English, drove out the
French (1803). On Jan. 1, 1804, he was proclaimed gover-
nor-general of Haiti for life, and on .Tune 16, 1806, empe-
ror, as .Jean Jacques I. His ilespotisni incited hatred, and
he was eventuidly waylaid and killed.
Dessau (des'sou). The capital of Anhalt, Ger-
many, situated on the Mulde near its junction
with the Elbe, in lat. 51° 50' N., long. 12° 14'
E. It contains the ducal palace (with art collections),
several other art collections, and the Schlosskirche. It
was founded by Albert the Bear, and was the birtliplace
of Hoses llendelssohn. Population (1890), 34,6.68.
Dessolles, or DessoUe (de-sol'). Marquis Jean
Joseph Paul Augustin. Born at Audi, Gors,
France, Oct. 3, 1767: died at Paris, Nov. 4,
1828. A French general and politician. He
served with distinction under Moreau in Italy in 1799,
in Germany in 1800, and was minister of foreign affairs
1818-19.
De Stael, Madame. See Stael, de.
D'Este. See Este, d'.
De Stendhal. The pseudonym of Marie Henri
Beyle.
Desterro (daz-ter'ro), or Nossa Senhora do
Desterro, or Santa Catharina. A seaport
and the capital of the state of Santa Catharina,
Brazil, situated on the western side of the island
of Santa Catharina, in lat. 27° 36' S., long. 48°
30' W. Population, about 0.000.
Destiny (des'ti-ni). A novel by Miss Ferrier,
dedicated to Sir Walter Scott, and published
anonymously in 1831.
Destouches (da-tiish'), Philippe N6ricault.
Born at Tours, France, Aug. 22, liiSO: died
near Molun, France, July 4, 17.54. A noted
French dramatist. His works include "Le curieux
impertinent" (1710), "Le philosophe marid " (1727), " Le
glorieux " (1732), etc.
Destouches wrote seventeen comedies ; and, if bulk and
general merit of work are taken together, he deserves the
first place aniong the comic dramatists of the century in
France. Sidnlsl/urt/, French Lit., p. 409.
Destutt de Tracy (de-stiif de trii-s6'), (\)mto
Alexandre C6sar Victor Charles. Born at
I'aris, Sept. 9, 1781: died at Paray-le-Fri>8il,
Allier, France, March 13, 1804. A French offi-
cer, jiolitician, and writer : son of Antoino
Destutt.
Destutt de Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude,
Conite de Tracy. Horn at Paris, July 20,
17.')4: died March 10, 1S30. A French philoso-
pher, deputy to the Constituent Assembly in
1789. His chief works are "Kl<>ments d'idi^idogie"
(1801-16), " Commentaire sur I'esprit des loi8"(18U and
18111).
Desvres (da'vi'). A town ill the department of
Pas-de-t!alais, France, 12 miles east of Bou-
logne. I'opulation (1891). commune, 4,801.
Detaille (de-tily'), Jean Baptiste Edouard.
Horn at Paris, Oct. 5, 1H4S. A French baltlc-
painter. During the Franco-Prussian war he was tho
secretary of General I'ajol, and later of General Appert,
Many of his pictures show the result of his studies from
life at this period. Among them are " En Ketniite " (1873),
"Charge du !H""»«' cuira.ssiera il Morsbronn " (l.'^74), " Le re-
giment qui passe" (1876), "Saint aux blesses "(1877), " Le
nWe" (ISvSS), "Charge du I'-r hiissards" (bought for the
Lnxeinbourg in 1891). Besides some minor illustrations
he furnished designs in 1886-^ for a book contftluing all
the types and uniforms of the French army.
Detmold 322
Detmold (det'mold). The capital of Lippe, Ger- Deva (da'va). [Skt., ' heavenly.' and, as a sub-
raanv, situated on the Werre 4C miles south- stautive, 'god.'] A deity. The Devas were
west of Hannover, it has a Kcsidenz-Schlosa and a later reckoned as 33: 12 Adityas, 8 Vasus, 11
New Palace, and is the birthplace of Ireiligrath. Three Eudras. and 2 As\-ins.
miles southwest is the GrotenburK (height I.IW feet) with JJova (de'va). The ancient name of Chester
.1... II _ „- I. I , o — TT .,.,«.. rtanifvnn] Pnnii- *^^ , . , ^.. ' . , i. ji t^
(which see), and also of the Dee.
the Hermanns Denkmal, ?.ei! Uermanns Denkmal. Popu-
lation (181)0), SI. 73.'!.
Detmold, Johann Hermann. Bom at Han-
nover, Oennany, July 24, 1807: died there,
March 17. 1856. "A German politician and satiri-
cal writer. He was elected tii the national assembly
in 184S, and in 1849 was tor a short time minister of justice
and of the interior. He wTote " Anleitimg zur Kunstken-
nerschaft"(lS3a),'Kandzeichnungen" 0843), and "Thaten
und Meinungen des Herrn Piepmeier ' (1849).
De ToCQUeville. See TocqueiiUe.
Detroit (de-troif). [From F. ilt'troit, strait.]
A port of entry and the capital of Wayne Coun-
ty, Michigan, situated on the Detroit River in
lat. 42° 20' N., long. 83° 5' W. It is the first city
in Michigan, and has a large AmericaD and Canadian
trade in grain, wool, copper, pork, etc
D6va (da'vo). A small town in Transylvania,
Hungary, situated on the Maros 37 miles south-
west of Karlsburg.
Devanagari (da-va-na'ga-re). [Skt. , ' of the city
of the gods or Brahmaus.'] The mode of writ-
ing Sanskrit employed in Hindustan proper, and
alone adopted by European scholars: a name of
doubtful origin and value.
Devaprayaga (da-va-pra-ya'gS), or Deoprag
(dil-cj-priig' ). A sacred city of the Hindus, sit-
uated in Garhwal, British India, in lat. 30° 9'
N., long. 78° 39' E., where the Alaknanda and
Bhagirathi unite to form the Ganges.
k,r.g^"fcri Devarshis (da-viir'shiz). [Skt.] In_ Hindu re-
ligion, Devarishis or sages who have attained
perfection upon earth, and have been exalted as
demigods to heaven.
Devens (dev'ens), Charles. Bom at Charles-
tovrn, JIass., April 4, 1820 : died at Boston, Jan
manufactures are car-wheels. It was first visited by the
French in 1610 ; settled by them under Cadillac in 1701 ;
ceded to the British in 1763 ; besieged by Pontine 1763-64 ;
ceded to the United States in 1783, but nut occupied until
1796 ; surrendered by Hull to the British in 1812 : and re-
covered by the United States in 1813. It was the State
capital from 1837 to 1847. Population (1890). 20.'i,876.
Detroit River. A river which flows from
Lake St. Clair into Lake Erie, and separates
Michigan from the province of Ontario, Can- jJeventer (de'ven-ter), or Demter (dem'ter).
ada. Length, about -T miles. A to\ra in the province of Overvssel, Nether-
Dettmgen (det ting-en). A village m Lower - - . ^^ . „ . ,, •„
1891. An American jui'ist and general. He t). Vibtiv See riiiiiii
TTjoil wJtl, iU«tini.Hon in thp Armvnf thR Pntnninc ISfil- —^ .-O .«*,,r .», •' -'
Devil upon Two Sticks, The
Beading, relieved Gloucester, and gained the first battle
of Newbury in 164;! ; htst his army in the unsuccessful
campaign in Cornwall in 1644 ; and resigned his command
on the passage of the Self-Denying Ordinance in 1645.
Devereux, Walter, tirst Earl of Essex. Born
in Carmarthenshire, Wales, probably in 1.541 :
died at Dublin, Sept. 22, 1576. Aii English
nobleman. He raised in 1X'.I a troop of soldiers to assist
in suppressing the northern rebellion under the earls of
Northumbria and Westmoreland, for which service he was
created earl of Essex in l.'t72. He made an unsuccessful
attempt to subdue and colonize Ulster 1.S73-76.
Deveron (dev'e-ron). A river in Aberdeen-
shire and Bauffsliire, Scotland, which flows into
Moray Firth at Banil. Length, about 60 miles.
Devi (da've). In Hindu mythology, "the god-
dess " or Mahade vl { ' the great goddess '), wife of
the god Shiva and daughter of Himavat (that is,
the Himalaya Mountains). She is mentioned under
a number of names in the Mahabharata, but is specially
developed in the Puranas. As the .'ihakti or female energy
of Shiva, she has two characters, one mild, the other
fierce, and it is under the latter that she is especially wor-
shiped. She has various names, referring to her various
forms. In her terrilile form she is Durga (' the inacces-
sible'). It is in this ch:iracter that bloody sacrifices are
offered to her. that the barbarities of the Durgapuja and
Charakpuja are perpetrated, and that the orgies of tlie
Tantrikas are held in her honor.
served with distinction in the Array of the Potomac 1861-
1865, and was attorney-general of the United States 187"
1881.
Franconia, Bavaria, situated on the Main 16
miles southeast of Frankfort. Here, June 27, 1743,
the Anglo-German army under George II. of England de-
feated the French under Noailles.
Deucalion (du-kii'li-on). [Gr. &evKa'/.iuv.'\ In
Greek legend, a king of Phthia in Thessaly, a
son of Prometheus and Clymene, who with his
wife Pyrrha was saved from a deluge sent by
Zeus. On the advice of his father he built a wooden
chest in which he and his wife were saved. After float-
ing for nine days he landed on Mount Parnassus and sac-
rificed to Zeus. To renew the human race, destroyed by
the deluge, he and Pyrrha were directed to veil their
faces and throw behind them the bones of their mother.
Through a misunderstanding they threw stones, and those
thrown by Deucalion became men and those thrown by
Pyrrha women ; and with these Deucalion founded a king-
dom in Locris.
Deuteronomy (dii-te-ron'o-mi). [LGr. dniTcpo-
vofiiov, the second law.] The lifth and last book
of the Pentateuch, containing the last discourses
of Moses, delivered in the plain of Moab. it be-
gins with a recapitulation of the events of the last month
of the forty years' wandering of the Israelites in the des-
ert (i.-iv. 40) ; then follows the main body of the book, set-
ting forth the laws which were to regulate the Israelites
when they should become settled in the promised land ;
while chapters -\xvi.-xx.\iii. contain the farewell speeches
of Moses. Deuteronomy is a manual of religion and social
ethics. Compared with the other books of the Pentateuch
it is distinguished by a warm, oratorical tone. The laws
of the preceding books are modified, and their presenta-
tion is more spiritual and ethical. On account of these
ditferences Deuteronomy is now assigned by many critics
to a different author and date from the rest of the Penta.
hands, situated on the Yssel 22 miles northeast
of Arnhem. It produces "Deventer honey-
cakes," butter, iron, etc. (See the extract.)
Population (1889), 22,293.
Devil "(dev'l). The. -^ noted tavern in Fleet
street, London, near Temple Bar. The Apollo
Club was held here. It was presided over by Ben Jon-
son. Shakspere, Beaumont, Fletcher, and other celebrities
frequented it. The tavern has been absorbed by Child's
Bank, one of the oldest banks in London, which occupied
the next house.
Devil, The White. See White Devil.
Devil and his Dam, The. See Grim the Col-
lirr of Vriiiiileii.
Devil is an Ass, The. A comedy by Ben Jon-
son, first acted in 1616. Jonson evidently had in
mind the title of Dekker's play (published 1612) "If it
be not Good the Devil is in it " ; the devil in Jonson 's
play being an ass in comparison to the characters who
buffet and completely overreach him.
A proof of this character was given in an institution of
considerable influence both upon learning and religion,
the college or brotherhood of Deventer, planned by Gerard
Groot, but not built and inhabited till 1400, fifteen years
after his death. The associates of this, called by different
names, but more usually Brethren of the Lite in Common
(Gevieiiiedeben^), or Good Brethren and Sisters, were dis-
persed in different parts of Germany and the Low Coun- -, '1 rT\ »A» mx.^ TT„...»* 'D..4. 4.» TT»,.
tries, but with their head college at Deventer. They bore DeVll Of Dowgate, The, Or U SUry Put tO Use,
an evident resemblance to the modern Moravians, by their See y,i<iht-]\ atkir, 1 he (by 1 letcher).
strict lives, their community (at least a partial one) of Devil of EdmOUton. See Merry Devil of Kd-
goods, their industry in manual labour, their fervent devo- ,.i,,,, f,,,,
tion, their tendency to mysticism. HnHam, Lit., p. 75. _. -n * « • . /.ii •
' ' Deville, Sainte-Claire,
De Vere (de ver'), Sir Aubrey. Born at Cur-
ragh Chase, County Limerick. Ireland, Aug. 28,
178S: died there, July 5, 1846. An Irish poet.
He was the eldest son of ."^ir Vere Hunt, and took the an-
cestral name of De Vere in 1832 by letters patent. He pub-
lished "Julian the Apostate "(1822), "The .Song of K.aith,"
etc. (1842), "Mary Tudor" (1847: posthumously pub-
lished), etc.
De Vere, Aubrey Thomas. Bom at Cm-ragli
Chase, County Limerick, Ireland, Jan. 10, 1814.
An Irish poet, son of Sir Aubrey De Vere.
has written "The Waldenses," etc. (1842), poems in 1843,
l&iS, 1857, 1861, 1864, " Irish Odes " (1869), " Alexander the
Great" (1874), " Legends of the Saxon Saints" (1879), etc.
His prose works consist of "English Misrule and Irish
Misdeeds " (1848), " Pleas for Secularization " (1867), "The
Church Establishment of Ireland " (1867), etc., and several
See Sainte-Claire Dc-
-il/r
volumes of essays (1887-89).
teuch. Owing to the fact that the so-called reformation T)g Vere. Maximilian Scheie. Born near
of King Josiah appears to carry out the principles of ,xt ... o' „,,„„ x'.w 1 ISOO At,
T^„„t.™„.„.- it U.r„„„li.ileil thnf "thphnoknf tbelnw" \V CXIO. OWecleU, i> OV. J, 1^_U. An
Deuteronomy, it is" concluded that " the book of the law
discovered by the priest Hilkiah in the temple in 622 B. c,
which began the reformation of Josiall, was Deuteronomy.
But its composition must certainly have originated at an
earlier date. This is put by many critics in the reign of
Menasseh, 698-(M3 B. C.
Deutsch (<loich), Emmanuel Oscar Mena-
hem. Born at Neisse, Prussia, Oct. 28, 1829:
.lied at Alexandria, Egyjit, May 12, 1873. A
German Orientalist, of Helirew descent, assis-
tant in the British Museum library.
Deutsch-Brod (doich'brot). A town in Bohe-
mia, situated on the Sazawa 60 miles sotttheast
of Prague. Population (1890), commune, 5,735.
Deutsch-Krone (doich'kro'ne). A town in the
province of West Prussia, Prussia, 62 miles
north of Posen. Population (1890), 5,782.
Deutz (doits). A town in the Rhine Province,
Prussia, situated on the east bank of the Rhine
opposite Cologne : the Roman Divitia, later
(after the 10th century) Tuitium. Population
(1890), 17,081.
Deux Amis (de-zii-me'), Les. [F., 'the two
frien<ls."J A play by Beaumarehais, produced
in 1770.
Deux-Ponts (de-p6n'). [F., 'two bridges.']
Si:-e /jrrihriicken.
Deux-S6vres (de-savr'). [F., 'two Sfevres':
from the two rivers Sfevre Nantaise and S6vre
Niortaise.] A department of France, bounded
American phi-
lologist, professor in the University of Virginia.
He has published "Comparative Philology "(1853). "Stray
Leaves from the Book of Nature "(1856), "Americanisms,"
etc. (1871), " Romance of American History " (1872), a num-
ber of translations from Spielhagen, and " Myths of the
Rhine," translated from X. B. Saintine (1874).
Devereux (dev'e-ro). A novel by Bulwer, pub-
•n^vPTMiTr PpTiflnnp A ladv loved bv Sir De'vil's Lake. A lake in the northea!
p\Tp's^in^- -md^eiebfttedt Mm und Jr the ^3^\ Pl^ota.^ Le_n_gth.^50 tniles.
name of Stella
Devil's Bridge. A stone bridge over the Reuss,
in the canton of Uri, Switzerland, on the St.
Gotthard Pass, near Andermatt. It was partly
destroyed by the French in 1799. A new bridge (near
the original one) was built 1828-30.
Devil's Bridge, or Pont-y-Mynach (pont-e-
niun'ach). A bridge over the gorge of the
Mynaeh, near Aberystwith, in Wales.
He Devil's Dyke. An ancient earthwork. 18 feet
high (of prehistoric date), in Cambridgeshire,
England, extending fi-om Reach to Wood-Dit-
ton. There is another natui'al " Devil's Dyke "
near Brighton, England.
The Devil's Dyke, as this barrier is called, is clearly a
work of defence against enemies advancing from the
Fens : and as a defence to the East Anglians it was of
priceless value, for, stretching as it did from a point
where the country became fenny and impassable to a
point where the woods equally forbade all access, it
covered the only entrance to the country they had won.
But if the dyke be the work of the conquerors of this part
of the coast, its purely defensive character shows that
their attack was at an end ; and that it was rather as as-
sailants than as a prey that they regarded the towns of
Central Britain. Green, Making of England, p. 5L
A lake in the northeastern part
See Aatrojihrl.
De'vil's Law-Case, The. A romantic comedy
by Webster, piinted in 1623.
Devereux, Robert, secon.lEari of Essex. Bom »y."eosier pnnteu HI io.;o
at NethTi'wood, Herefordshire. England, Nov. Devil S Parliament. [L. Parhamenium 2h»-
" '>fi 1601 bnlictaii.] A nieknanie given to the English
Parliament -svliich met at Coventry, England,
10, 1567 : beheaded at London, Feb. )ii),
An English nobleman, son of the first Earl of
Esses, and a favorite of Queen Elizabeth. He
was appointed in iri85 general of the horse to the expedi-
tion sent under Leicester to the aid of the States-General.
In 1587 he attended the court of Queen Elizabeth, who at
this time began to show him unmistakable sicns of atten-
tion, lie married the widow of Sir Philip Sidney in IfiiH),
became a privy councilor in 1593, commanded tlie land
forces in the expedition against Cadiz in l.'i96, was ap-
pointed earl marshal of England in 1597, and became
chancellor of Cambridge rniversity in 1598. In 155*9 he
was appointed lord lieutenant of Irelaitd, in which post
he aroused the queen's anger by the failure of his opera-
tions against the Irish rebels. He returned to England to
lay his defense before the queen in person, and, failing to
regain his stamling at court, formed a conspiracy to com-
pel her by force of arms to dismiss his enemies in the
council. He was arrested and executed on the charge of
treason.
in 14r>9. It attainted the leading Yorkists.
Devil's Thoughts, The. A short poem by Cole-
ridge and Southcv, sometimes known as **The
Devil's Walk."
The famous "Devil's Thoughts" had appeared in iU
tlrstforra on 6 Sept. 1799. The Hi-st tiiree stanzas of four-
teen were by Southey, This amusing doggerel was re-
printed in Coleridge's "Sibylline Leaves" (1S17), and in
his collected poems. 1820 and 1S34, with due statement of
Southey's sliare. It was imitated by Bjtou and claimed
for Porson. In Southey's poems it is reprinted with many
additional stanzas, mcluding some referring to the Porson
story. Diet, Xat. Bing., XI. 308.
DeviVs Wall. A popular name for the south-
ern portion of the Roman fortification called
the Pfahlgraben (which see).
:, Robert, third Earl of Essex. Born Devil upon Two Sticks, The. A comedy by
east, Charente and Charente-lnf^ricure on the at London. 1591: died Sept. 14. lG4r6. An Eng- p^ote first nlaved Mav 30 176S. and printed in
by Maine-et-Loire on the north, Vieune on the Devereux, Robert, third Earl of Essex. Born
south, and Vendue on the west. Capital, Niort.
It was formed chiefly from parts of Poitou, Aunis, and
Saintonge. Area, 2,317 square miles. Population (1891),
364,282.
lish general, son of the second Earl of Essex,
He was appointed general of the Parliamentary army "U
the outbreak of the civil war in 1642 ; fought the Royalist
forces in the drawn battle of Edgehill in 1642; captured
1778. Foote' took it from Le Sage's *'Le diable
l>oiteus," and himself played the part of the
devil. See Asmodeus.
Devimahatmya
Devimahatmya (lia-ve-ma-hat'my-ii). [Skt.,
■till' :.'r(Mtii(ssiif Devi.'] A poem of seven huii-
drcil verses, celebrating the triumph of De\i
over various Asuras : the text-book of tlie wor-
shipers of Devi, and read daily in her temples.
It is an episode of the Markandeya Parana.
Devizes fde-Wzez). [Formerly also De 1'ics
{whence the mistaken forms The Vie.t, The I'ize,
The Ices-) ; ME. * Deritie.'i, ML. I>ivis!e, orig. Cas-
tritm IHfisiirum, city of the borders (ML. rli-
visa;).] A town in Wiltshire, England, 27 miles
soutlieast of Bristol. It has a trade in grain.
Population (1891), 6,426.
Devon. See Dreonxhire.
Devonport (dev'ou-port). A seaport and mu-
nicipal anil parliamentary borough in Devon-
shire. England, situated on the estuary of the
Tamar, known as the Hamoaze, 2 miles west
of Plymouth, it has an important naval arsenal, and
Is noteti for its dockyards. Until 1824 it was called I'ly-
moutli Dock. Population (1891), 54,736.
Devonshire (dev'on-shir), or Devon (dev'on).
[ML. Dm iischire, AS. Defeua scir, shire of'the
Devons (/><;/<;««.*), the inhabitants of the region. ]
A maritime county of southwestern England,
lying between Bristol Channel on the west and
north, Somerset and Dorset on the northeast
and east, the English Channel on the south-
east and .s(mth. and Cornwall on the west.
Dartmoor and the Vale of Exeter are noted natural fea-
tures. Its chief mineral products are copper and tin, and
mnty is noted for itscattlo and cider. County town,
the.
Exeter. Area, 2,<iO.T square miles. Population' (1891),
631.80S.
Devonshire, Earl and Duke of. See Blount.
Oiio'lciKiif, < 'iimnlish,
Devonshire Club. A Liberal club at 50 St.
James street, London, established in 1875.
Devonshire House. A house in Piccadilly,
London, near Berkeley street, it is the residence
of the Duke of Devonsliire, and has for more than a cen-
tur>- been one of the headquarters of the leaders of the
Wliig party.
De Vit. Bom in 1810 : died in Aug., 1892. An
Italian philologist. He was for many years a profes-
sor in the seminary at Padua. He published '* Onoiuas-
ticon," and a Latin dictionary (1858-79).
Devrient (dev-ryoiV), Gustav Emil. Born
at Berlin, .Sept. 4, 1803: died at Dresden, Aug.
7, 1H72. A German aetor, brother of K. A.
Devrient.
Devrient, Karl August. Born at Berlin, April
5, 1797: die<l at Lauterberg, in the Harz, Ger-
many, Aug. 3, 1872. A German aotoFj nephew
of Ludwig Devi-ient.
Devrient, Ludwig. Born at Berlin, Dec. 15,
17S4:(licdat Berlin, Dec. 20,1832. A noted Ger-
man actor. He llrst went on the stage at Gera, May
18, 1804, under the name of Herzberg, as the Messenger
In "The Bride of Messina." He first appeared in Berlin
In 1815, and was at once successful. He was particularly
Bne as Shylock, Lear, Richard III., Mercutio, Falstatf,
Franz Moor in " Fieseo," etc.
Devrient, Philipp Eduard. Born at Berlin,
Aug. 11, 1.801: (lied at Karlsruhe, Baden, Oct.
4, 1877. A German actor, dramatic writer,
and playwright : brother of Karl August Dev-
rient. His chief work is a " (leschichte der
deiitschen Schauspielkunst" (1848-74).
Dewangiri (da-w^an-ge're), or Diwangiri (de-
wiiu-ge're). A place in Bhutan, situated in
lat. 26° 55' N., long. 91° 20' E. it was the scene
of engagements between the BhutiJls and English troops
In I8C,5.
D'EweS (diiz). Sir Simonds. Bom at Co.xden,
Dorsetshire, Engliunl, Dec. 18, 1602: died at
Stow Langtoft Hall, Suffolk, April 8, 1650. An
English anti(|uary and chronicler. He collected
journals of all the Parliaments during the reign of (^ueen
Ellzahetli (puhlislied 1(>S2). Uis nuinuscripts were sold,
after Ills deatli, to .Sir Kohert Harley (afterward Karl of
Oxford), and are now in tlie Britisli MusiMmi.
De Wette (de wet'te or vet'te), Wilhelm Mar-
tin Leberecht. Born at Ulla, near Weimar,
Germany, .Ian. 12, 1780: died at Basel, Switzi'r-
land, .Tune 16, 1849. A celebrated German
Protestant theologian and biblical critic, pro-
fessor at Heiilclherg 1807-10, at Berlin 1810-
1819, and at Hnsi-l 1822-49. His chief works are
"Beitnigeziir KinlfitungiTidas Alte Testament " (IHOtMiT),
"Kornntcntar iil)er die Psalnien " (1811), " Lehroucli der
hel.raixilijii.lischen Archaologie " (1814). " (tber Religion
und ■|b.-..logi,-"(i816), " Lehrbuch der Chrlstllchen Uog-
nialik"(181»-I«), etc.
Dewey (dii'i), Chester. Bom at Sheffield,
Mass., Oct. 25, 1784;: died at Koehester, N. Y.,
Dec. 15, 1867. An American clergyman and
botanist.
Dewey, Orville. Bom at Shemeld, Mass.,
March 28, 1794: died at Sheffield, March 21,
1882. An American Unitarian clergyman and
323
writer. His works include "Human Nature,"
"Human Life," "Unitarian Belief," etc.
De Winter (de vin'tcr), Jan Willem. Bom
in Texel, Netherlands, 1750: died at Paris. June
2, 1812. A Dutch admiral, commander at the
battle of Campcrdowu, Oct. 11, 1797.
De Witt (de vit'), Cornelius. Born at Dort,
Netherlands, 1623: murdered at The Hague,
Aug. 20, 1672. A Dutch politician and naval
officer, brother of Jan De Witt.
De Witt, Jan. Born at Dort, Netherlands,
about 1025 : murdered at The Hague, Aug. 20,
1672. A Dutch statesman. He became grand pen.
sionary of^HolIand in 1653; terminated the war with Eng-
land (which h.ad broken out in 16.')2) by a treaty with
Cromwell in 1654 : carried on a war with England 1605-67 :
procured the passage of the Peiiietual Edict (directed
against the house of Orange) in 1667 ; and in 1668 nego-
tiated with England and .Sweden the Triple Alliance,
which frustrated the design of Louis XIV. to annex the
.Spanish Netherlands. He was overthrown by the Orange
party in 1672, and with his brother Cornelius was murdered
at The Hague by an infuriated niol>.
Dewsbury (diiz'ber"i). A town in the West
Riding of Yorkshire, England, situated on the
Calder 8 miles southwest of Leeds. It is the
center of the shoddy manufacture. Population
(1891). 29,847.
Dexileus (dek-sil'e-iLs), Monument of. A mon-
ument on the Street of Tombs at Athens. It is
a beautiful stele bearing in relief a youthful horseman
who has ridden down an enemy. Dexileus fell before
Corinth in 394-393 H. c.
Dexippus (deks-ip'us), Publius Herennius.
[Gr. Atf/TJTof.] Died about 280 A. 1). A Greek
historian. He conwiianiUd a band of patriots in 262
against the Goths or Scythians who invaded (.recce and
captured Athens. He wrote an account of this invasion,
entitled 2*cu&i»cci, fragments of which are extant.
Dexter (deks'ter). A dark-bay trotting gelding
with white legs and a blaze, by Hambletonian
( 10 ) , dam Clara, by Seely's American Star. June
21, 1867, he won the fastest trotting record in 2:17], and
lost it to Goldsmith's Maid (2:14) in 1874.
Dexter, Henry Martyn. Born at Plvmpton,
Mass., Aug. 13, 1821: died at New Bedford,
Mass., Nov. 13, 1890. An American Congi'ega-
tional clergyman and historian, editor of tlio
"Congregationalist" (at Boston) 1851-66 and
from 1867. His works include "The Voice of the
Bible," etc. (1858), "Congregationalism," etc. (1865),
"Church Polity of the Puritans," etc. (1870), "The Con-
gregationalism of the last Three Hundred Years," etc.
(1S80; this has a liiblinKnipby of over 7,000 titles), "Com-
mon .Sense as to Woman Siilirage" (18S5). "A Bibliogra-
phy of the Clnireh Struggle, in England during the Six-
teenth Century" and "A History of the Old Plymouth
Colony " were in preparation at his death.
Dexter, Samuel. Born at Boston, May 14, 1761 :
died at Athens, N. Y., May 4, 181(3. An Amer-
ican jurist and politician, secretary of war in
1800, and secretary of the treasury in 1801.
Dejrra Dun. See Dehra Dun.
Dhalim (THii'lim). [Ar. .:«/(»(, the ostrich. See
Bc'id.} The bright third-magnitude star /i Eri-
dani: the brightest in that part of the constel-
lation which is visible in Europe. More often
called (Vr.w (which see).
Dhammapada (dham-ma-pa'da). [Pali, 'pre-
cepts of the law,' or ' steps of the law.'J A por-
tion of the Buddhist Scriptures, the second di-
vision of the Khuddakanikaya, or Collection of
Short Treatises. It is translated by Max Miil-
ler in the "Sacred Books of the East," Vol. X.
Dhanvantari (dlian-vau'ta-ri). [Skt.] 1. A
Vedic deity to whom offerings at twilight wore
made in the nortlii»ast quarter. — 2. The phy-
sician of the gods. — 3. A celebrated physician,
one of " the nine gems " of the court of VUcrauui.
Dhar (dhilr). 1. A native state in Malwa, Brit-
ish India, situated about lat. 22° 40' N., long.
75° 15' E. It is under British supervision. — 2.
The capital of the above state. Popul.ation,
about 20,000.
Dharmashastra (dhiir-ma-shsis'trii). [Skt., ' a
law-book. 'J The whole body of Hindu law;
more csiieciiilly, the laws ascribed to Manu,
Yajnavalkya, and other inspired sages. These
works are generally in three parts: (1) achara, rules of
conduct; (2) vyavahara, judicature ; (3)prayasbrhiltii, pni-
ance. The inspired lawgivers are spoken of as ei^'hleeii,
lint forty-two are mentioned. Manu andVajnavalkyastaini
at their head. A general collection of the Dharniashas-
tras ha-s been printed at Calcutta by Jivananda under the
title of HbarniashastraHangraha.
Dharwar (dhiir'wiir), or Darwar (diir'wiir), or
Dharwad (dhiir'wiid). 1. A district in Bom-
bay, British India, intersected by lat. 15° N.,
long. 75° 30' K. It produces cotton. — 2. The
chief town of the above district, situateil in
lat. 15° 28' N., long. 75° 4' E. it was taken by
Hydor AH in 1778, and retaken by the Mahrattas and Eng-
lish in 1791. Population, about SU.OOO.
Dial, The
Dhawalaghiri (liha-wol-a-gher'e), or Dhwal-
agiri (dhwol-a-gher'e). A peak of the Hima-
layas, in Nepal, in lat. 29° 10' N., long. 82° .55'
E. Height, 26,826 feet. It was once supposed
to be the highest mountain in the world, but
now takes fourth or fifth j)Osition.
Dhegiha (dha'ge-hii). ['Autochthon.'] A di-
vision of the Siouan stock of North American
Indians, composeil of five tribes — the Ponka,
Omnlia, Kwapa, Csago, and Kansa — number-
ing 4,071. See tShiuati.
Dholpur (dhol-por'). A native state of Eajpu-
tana, India, under British supervision and a
Jat d.vnasty, situated about lat. 26° 45' N.,
long. 78° E. Area. 1,156 square miles. Popu-
lation (1891), 279,890.
Dhritarashtra (dhri-ta-riish'tra). [Skt., 'whose
kingdom is firm.'] THe eldest son of Vichitra-
virya or Vyasa, and brother of Pandu. He had
by Oaiuihari a Ilundrcd sons, of whom the eldest was Duryo-
dlianx Dhritarashtra was blind, and Pandu was affected
witli a disease supjjosed from his name, "the pale," to be
leprosy. The two brothers renounced the throne, and the
great war recorded in the Alabalibarata was fought be-
tween their sons, one party lieing called Kauravas from
an ancestor Kuru, the other Pandavas from their father
Pandu.
Dhurjati (dlior-jii'to). [Skt., 'having heavy,
matted locks.'] A name of Kudra or Shiva.
Dhyani Buddha (tlhyii'ni bod'dha). [Skt. (Ihi/d-
na, VaMjhdna, meditation.] The earlier Buddhism
teaches that above the worlds of the gods there are six-
teen Brahmalokas, ' worlds of Brahma,' one above another.
Those who attain on earth to the first, second, or third
dhyanas, or stages of ' mystic meditation," are reborn in the
lower of tliese worlds, three being assigned to each stage or
dhyaua. Those wlio attain the fourtli enter the teuth and
eleventh Brahmalokas. The remaining five are assigned
to those wlio attain to the thii<i path oti eurtli, and who will
reach Nirvana in the new existenee, the tliiid path being
that of those who will never return to this witrld, in whose
hearts, the last remnants of sensuality and malevolence
being destroyed, not the least low desire for one's self, or
wrong feeling toward others, can arise. To each of these
five groups of worlds tlie Great Vehicle assigns a special
Buddha, called Dhyani Hnddha. Tliese five Buddhas ct>rre-
spond to the last four Buddhas, including Cuutama, and
the future Buddha, Maitreya (see lioiihisattra). Each of
these human Buddhas has his corresponding Bodhisattva
and Dhyani Buddh.a, the latter being his pure and glori-
ous counterpart in the mystic world, free from tin- debas-
ing conditions of the material life. The materiiil I^.udtiha
is otdy the emanation of a Dhyani Buddha li\ing iti the
ethereal mansions of mystic trance.
Diable, Robert le. See Robert, etc.
Diable boiteux (de-ii'bl bwii-t6'), Le. [F.,
' The Lame Devil.'] A satirical romance byLe
Sage, published in 1707. it was an imitation of a
Spanish work entitled "El diablo cojuelo," written by
Luis Velez de Guevara, and first printed in 1641, and of
other satires (by Cervantes and others) long current. In
Guevara's production, "the student Don Cleofas, having
accidentally entered the abode of an astrologer, delivers
from a glass bottle, in which he had been confined by the
conjurer, the devil (diablo cojuelo), who is a spirit nearly
of the same description as the Asmod^e ("diable boi-
teux ") of Le Sage, and who, in return for tlie service he
had received from the scholar, exhibits to him the inte-
rior of the houses of Madrid." {Dunlop, Hist, of Prose
Fict., II. 477.) "In the French version . . . an addltionid
human interest is imparted by a fire, in which the good-
natured and grateful demon takes the shape of Cleofas
in rescuingayoung lady of high birth, and thereby secures
for his liberator a prosperous marriage." {Saintuburi/,
French Lit.) The whole work is in dialogue form Foote
took from it his play "The Devil on Two Sticks." The
title "Le diablo boiteux " has been given to a number of
other publications, newspapers, etc. See Asmudeus.
Diablerets (dyilb-le-rii'). A group of moun-
tains in Switzerland, on the borders of Vaiid,
Valais, and Bern, northeast of St. Maurice.
Highest point, 10,()50 feet.
Diablintes (di-a-idin'tez), or Diablindi (-di).
A tribe of northwestern CJaul, allies of the Ve-
lU'ti against Cii'snr iu 56 u. V. They lived
])robalily near Le Mans.
Diadoctii (di-ad'o-ki). [Gr. (!(d(!o;i;<".sucoessor8.]
The Macedoiuau generals of Alexander the
Great who. after his death in 323 B. 0., tiivided
his empire.
Diadumenos (<li-a-du'me-nos). [Gr.AoAii'ywi'Of,
biniliug up his hair.] An athlete binding his
brow with a tillet, a good Koman reproduction
of a famous statue by Polvclitus, found at Vai-
son, France, ami now in t^ie British Museum.
DiafoirUS (de-ii-fwii-riis'). The naiue of the
pliysi<'ian iu Moli6re'8 "Malade imaginaire"
to whose son Thomas Argan wishes to betroth
his daughter Angt'dique. The father is very
comical, and the son, full of folly and erudi-
tion, no less 80.
Diagoras (di-ag'o-ras). [Gr. Amjripaf.] Born in
Melos. -Kgean Sea : lived last half of 5th century
li. c. A Greek j>liilosoplier, accused bythe Athe-
iLrans of imiiioty : surnamed "The Atheist."
Dial, The. An American literary quarterlyand
organ of the Transceudentalists (published at
Dial. The
Boston), edited by Margaret Fuller, assisted by
324
Eipley. Emevsou, and otbere, 1S40-42, and )))
Kiuersou 1H42— 44. ,tt-,i- t!.,i
Dialogue of Death. A book by W.lham Bul-
leiii publislied 1564-65. The «hole title is, A Dia-
logue I. tlu- i.leasaunte and pielifull, wlu-rein « a goodly
re|toe,lt ("iJu.i.st the fever Pestilence, with aconsolacion
and comfort against death." .
Diamantina (de-a-man-te'na), to™f J T^^CO
(ta-zhb'ko). A town m tbe state of iUiia^
Geraes. Brazil, in lat. 18° 25' S. long. .43° -o
W It is the eenter of a diamond district, dis-
covered abont 1728 and now little worked.
Population, about lo,000.
Diamantino (de-a-man-te'uij . A town m the
stal?™°to Grosso, Brazil, situated near the
head waters of the Paraguay, in lat. 14° 24 ^.,
long 56° 7' W. It is the center of an abandoned
diamond .listriet. Population, aboiit 3,000.
Diamond, or Dyamond (di a-nu.nd). One ot
three br'.thers, sons of the iairy Agape, in
Spenser's " Faerie Queene." When he is slain
by Camballo, his strength passes into his sui--
viving bvotliers. t -n i
DiamSnd Necklace Affair, The lu French
history, a celeljrated episode whu-li discreditetl
the court. A necklace (valued at about *:iOO,000), ori-
ginally ordered for Madame du Barrj, was }'^±^J!:«";
tiated for by fardinal deEohan through an mtermediaiy,
the advent"iress t^onntess de Laraotte. The cardinal who
hone t^ gain tlie affection of Marie Antoinette, was duped
? pretended signatures of the queen. It was believed
(p'r,!i;aUy witli injustice) that the queen waa involved in
the affair.
Diamond State, The. Delaware.
Diana (di-au'a or di-a'nii). An ancient ItaUan
divinity, goddess of the moon, protectress ot
the female sex, etc., later identified with the
Greek Artemis.
Diana. See Dimia EnamoraiJa.
Diana. [F.Difi)ic.'\ 1. A character in D'Urf6's
" Astrea," taken from the " Diana Enamoratla
of Montemavor.— 2. In Shakspere's "All s
Well that Ends Well," the daughter of tbe
Florentine widow with whom Helena lodges.
She reconciles Bertram and Helena by a
stratagem.
Diana, or Die, Vernon. See Vcrmn.
Diana, Temple of (in Epbesus). See Ephesus.
Diana and Actaeon. A paiutmg by Titian
( 1559), in Bridgewater House, London. The hun-
ter and liis dogs come suddenly upon the startled goddess
and her nvmpl.s at tlie bath. Diana looks angrily at
the intruder, but has not yet taken action.
Diana and Callisto. A painting by Titian, in
Bridgewater House, London. The goddess sits on
a bank beside a stream, and at her command several of
her njmphs hold the offending Callisto forcibly, while
another tears away her drapery.
Diana Enamorada (de-a'nii a-nii-mo-rii'THa).
f Sp., ' Diana enamoured.'] The chief work of
Jor<'e de Montemayor: an important pastoral
ronTauce, the most popular one pubhshed m
Spainsinee "Amadisof Gaul." It was first printed
at Valencia in 1542. It was left unflnislied, but in loM
Antonio Perez of Salamanca wrote a second part. In the
fame year Caspar Gil Polo of Valencia wrote another con-
tinuation. Tliere were many other imitations. Sir Pliilip
Sidney translated some of the short poems. The original
work was m.Kleled to a degree on Sannazaro s Arcadia.
Diana of France, Ducbesse de Montmorency
and d'Angouleme. Bom at Piedmont, Italy,
1538- died .Ian. 3, 1619. An illegitimate daugh-
ter of Henry II. of France, who played an in-
fluential part in French politics. Her mother
was a Fiedmontese.
Diana of Poitiers, Comtesse >l^'.Brez^ Ducbesse
de Valentiiiois. Born Sep . 3 l^f = ^^ijd at
Anet. Orleanais, France, April 22 lo6fa. A
mistress of Henry II. of France, noted for her
influence at the French coiu-t. She was a menihcr
of a noble ^unily of Dauphin^, and married (1.S12) Louis
de I!i"z6 grand seneschal of Normandy, who died in lo31.
Diana of Versailles. A celebrated Greek statue
in the Louvre, Paris, commonly regarded as
a companion piece to tbe Apollo Belvedere,
though inferior in execution. The goddess is ad-
vancing, clad ill the short Dorian tunic and hmiation
girded at her waist; she looks toward the right, as with
raised arm she takes an anow from her quiver.
Diana -writh her Nymphs. A painting by
Domenichin... in the Palazzo Borghese, Rome.
The goddess stands in the middle, with bow and quiver;
one nymph has just transHxed a pigeon raise.l as a mark
on a pole; others bear in a dead stag. Tliere is great
v;uiety in the attitmles and motives, and the Uindscape
background is pleasing,
Dianora and Gilberto. One of Boccaoeio s
tales, the fifth novel of the tenth day of the
Decameron. Chaucer took his "Franklyns
Tale "from this story, {ilorley.) &eeirankUn's
Tale.
Diarbekir (de-iir-be-ker'), or Diarbekr (de-ar-
bekr') 1 A vilayet in Asiatic Turkey, in the
valleys of the upper 'l'ig"s^ a";! "PP;^'' n^/'"
phrates. Population (1880), 471,462.-2. The
capital of the above vilayet, situated near the
Tigris in lat. 37° 56' N., long. 40° 9^ E. : also
called Kara Amid: the ancient Amida. It is
a trading center, and has manufactures of red and yellow
morocco, etc. It was a Roman colony about 230 A. B., was
™cke.l by Timur near the end of the Uth century, and
was captured by the Turks in 1E.15. Population, estimated,
about 40,000.
Diary of an Ennuy6e. A diaiy by Mrs. Jame-
son (Anna Muiphv), pubhshed m 18..b.
Diary of a Late Physician. See rassa,jesjnm
tlif Jliiini, etc. „ „ , r.-
Dias, Antonio Gongalves. See Goni-alvcs Dias.
Dias (de'iis), Bartholomeu. Born about 1445:
died May 12 (?), 1500. A Portuguese navigator.
He was a gentleman of the royal household, and in 14S6
was made commander of one of two smal vessels (Infante
commanding the other) destined to explore the coast of
Afiicr They passed Cape Negro, the farthest point al-
lied by Wego Cam; followed the coast to la . 29' S ;
thence sailed south in the open sea for thirteen days, suf-
fering greatly from cold ; turned eastwaid m search of
a™, and. not finding it. bore to the north stnk.ng the
coast east of the Cape of Go..d Hope, and following it to a
noint bevond Algoa Bay. The sadors refused to go far-
Kr ; S°liter tSking possession of the land for Portugal,
thev returned around the cape and reached home in safetj .
Some accounts say that Dias was driven, beyond the cape
by a storm without observing it: in any case, he and his
companions were the first to double the south end of
Africa In 14W Dias sailed with the expedition of Oama^
but remained trading on the West African coast. In IM
he commanded a ship in Cahral's Beet, and was lost in a
storm after leaving the Brazilian coast
Diavolo, Fra. See Era Diatolo.
Diaz, Bernal. See Dia- del Castillo.
Diaz (de'ath), Porfirio. Bom in Oaxaca, Sept.
15 1830 A Mexican general and statesman.
He served as a soldier in the war with the United States
in 1847, led a battalion against Santa Anna in 185^. ^d
in 1858 adhered to Juarez and the liberal par y. In 18bl
he was a deputy, but soon took the fleld and won a vic-
tory over the reactionist Marquez. During the Fiench
nvLion he was one of the leaders of the defense, was
captured at Puebla, May, 1863, but escaped and headed
the army of resistance in Oa.xaca. Forced to surrender,
Feb , 1805, he again escaped and raised new forces. Alter
the withdraw:U of the French army he rapidly gained
ground against ilaximilians generals, taking Puebla April
2 1867, and finally entering Mexico June 21. 1S67. Soon
after he was a candidate for the presidency, but Juarez
was elected. GenenU Diaz kept up a continual opposition
to Juarez and his successor, Lerdo, and headed several re-
volts In 1876 he finally drove Lerdo out, and m May,
1S77 became president of Mexico. He quickly restored
order and started an era of prosperity for the country.
Not being by the constitution eligilile to immeiliate re-
election, he was succeeded by his friend General Gonzalez
in Dec, 18S0. He was .again elected in 1884, and reelected in
1888, 18!t2, and 1896, the constitution haviug been amended
to permit this. _ _
Diaz de ArmendAris (de'ath da iir-men-da -
res). Lope, Manpiis of Cadereita. Born m
Quito about Vuo : died, probably at Badajoz,
after 1641. A Spanish naval officer and atL
miuistrator. He commanded various fleets from 1603 to
16"3. He w as ambassador to Germany and Spain, major-
domo to Queen Isabel de Borbon, and viceroy of Mexico
16.S5-40. Subsequently he was bishop of Badajoz.
Diaz de la Pena (de'ath da lii pan'yii), Na,r-
cisse Born at Bordeaux, France, Aug. 10,
1807:* died at Mentone, France, Nov. 19, l.Si6.
A noted French landscape and genre painter
of the Fontainebleau school. He made his d(:but
at the Salon in 1S;S1. In 1844 he obtained a medjU of the
third class, in 1846 one of the second class, and in 1548
one of the first class. He became a chevallerof the Legion
of Honor in 1S61.
Diaz del CastiUo (do'iith del kiis-tel'yo), Ber-
nal Born at Medina del Campo about 1498 :
died in Guatemala about 1593. A Spanish sol-
dier and author. He went to Darien with Pedrarias in
1.'.14 ■ thence crossed to Cuba : was with Ciirdoba in the
discovery of Yucatan in 1,'.17. and with Grijalva in 1518 ;
subsequently joined (\nU-s: served through the c..n.|nest
of Mexico 1519-21; and went to Guatemala will, Alvarado
in 1524. In all these campaigns he was a cominon soKlier
or at most a subaltern ..thcer. DiM settled in (.uatemala,
at Santiago de l..s Caballeros, where he began wri ing his
'• Historia de la Conquista de Nueva Espafta in Ib.iS. it
waa first published at >Iadrid in 1632. and has remained a
standard historical antli..rity for the conquest of Mexico.
The literai-y style is very lough.
Diaz de Soils, Juan. See Solis.
Dibdin (dib'dinj, Charles. Bom at South-
ampton, England, March, 1745: died at Lon-
don, July 25, 1814. An English song-wi-iter
and composer, especially noted for sea-songs.
He went on the stage as a "singing actor" when about
fifteen years old, and soon began to write operas and other
dramatic pieces, for which he sometimes wrote the words
as well as the music, and in which he also played.^ In
1787 he began his series of "table entertainments, of
which he was composer, narrator, singer, and acconipany-
iBt ■' Nearly all his best songs— "The nowmg tan
••Ben Backstay," "Tom Bowling," etc. -were written by
him for these enterUlnmenta, which were called The
Dick Tinto
Whim of the Moment." "Oddities," "The Wags," "The
Quizzes," etc. He wrote several novels and "The His-
toi-y of the Stage" (about 1800), his own " Professiona
Life" (1^03), poems, etc, and about seventy operas and
musical dramas. _
Dibdin, Charles Isaac Mungo. Born in 1 < as :
died in 1833. An English dramatist and song-
writer, sou of Charles Dibdin.
Dibdin Thomas. Born at London, March 21,
1771 : die.l at London, Sept. 16. 1841. An Eng-
lish song-writer and dramatist, son ot Charles
Dibdin. ,, „ ^ /-, , ..i
Dibdin. Thomas Frognall. , Born at Calcutta,
1776: died at Kensington, Nov. 18, 184i. An
English bibliographer, nephew of <-uarles Dib-
din He published "Bibliomania" (1809-11)-
"Tyiiograpbical Antiquities of Great Bntem
(1810-19), etc.
Dibon (di'bon). 1 . A city of Moab which was
fortified by tbe Gadites (Num. xxxii. 3, 34), biit
allotted to the tribe of Eeuben (Josh. xiu. 9, 17 ) :
the modern Dbiban, situated east ot the Jordan
and north of tbe Aroer. In 1868 the stele of the
Moabite king Mesha (2 Ki. iii. 4) was discovered
there —2 A place in southern Judea, toward
Edom (Neb. xi. 25), probably identical with
Dimonab of Josh. xv. 22. .■ t t, „a
Dibong (de-bong'). One of tbe chief head
streams of the Brahmaputra.
Dibutades (di-bii'ta-dez). A Greek sculptor
of Sieyon, the reputed inventor of work m re-
lief
Dicaearchus(>H-se-ar'kus). [Gr. A/«amM«f-] A
Greek geographer, historian, and philosopher
of tlie 4th century B. c. : a ilisciple of Aristotle.
Fragments of his "Life of Hellas" (an account of the
geography and political and social life of Greece) have
been preserved.
Dice (di'se), or Dike (di'ke). [Gr. A/kt?.] In
Greek mythology, the personification of justice,
daughter of Zeus and Themis (law).
Dicey (lU'si), Albert Venn. Born 1835. An
Eno-lish iurist, brother of Edward Dicey. He was
graduated" at Balliol College, Oxford in 1868; was called
to the bar in 1863; and was appoiiited Vmerian professor
of English law at Oxford in 1882. He has published Lec-
tures Introductory to the Study of the Law of the Consti-
tution " (1S86X etc. , XT ,1 T •
Dicey, Edward. Born at Claybrook Hall, Lei-
cestershire, England, May, 1832. An English
ioumalist. He was graduated at I'rinity College Cam-
hridire. in 1854 • was called to the bar at Gray s Inn in
1?65^ and in 1870 became editor of the London "Ob-
eTver." He has written " Eome in 1860 ■■ (1801), " Cavo^^^
a Memoir" (1861), "Six Jlonths ill the Federal states
(18"-Llchletwig.Holstein War "(18.U),;;Th^^^^^^^^^
Fields of 1866 " (1S66), " England and Egypt (1881), etc.
Dichtung und Wahrheit aus Meinem Leben.
[G., 'poetry and truth from my Me.'] A not
entirelytrustworthv autobiographical history of
Goethe's life, from bis birth till his settlement
at Weimar. The first five books appeared in 1811, the
next five in 1812. and the third instalment in 1814 ; the con-
clusion appeared after Goethe's death.
Dick (dik), Mr. A mildly demented gentleman,
whose real name is Richard Babley, in Dickens 8
•■David Copperfield." ^ *i i
Dick Thomas. Born near Dundee, bcotlaiul,
Nov' 24. 1774: died at Broughty Ferry, near
Dundee, Julv, 1857. A Scottish writer on as-
tronomical and religious subjects. He pub-
lished "Tbe Christian Philosopher" (1823), etc.
Dick Amlet. See Jmht. JHcl:
Dickens (dik'enz), Charles. Born at Landport,
near Portsmouth, England, Feb. 7, 1812: died
at Gadshill, near Rochester, England, June 9,
1870 A celebrated English novelist. He was the
son of John Dickens, who served as a clerk in the navy p^
oflice anfl afterward became a newspaper reporter. Ue re-
ceived an elementary education in private schools, served
?„J a time as an attorneys clerk, and in 1835 became re-
n,irter for the " London Morning Chronicle. In 18SJ ne
S>ed in the "Monthly Magazine" his first story en-
titled " A Dinner at Poplar W alk." which proved to be the
beginning of a series of papers punted collectively M
'Sketches by Boz" in 1836. He marned Catherine,
d^mghter of George Hogarth, in 1836.. In 1S3«W7 he pub-
lished the " IMckwick Papers." by which his litf^fy '^P^
tation was established. He became editor of Hou«*
hold Words" in 1849, and of "AH the Y^r Ro"nd '»
18.59, and visited America in 1842 and 186j-«>. His cmei
works are " Pickwick Papers " (1837) ' Ohver IwUt
(llss), "Nicholas Nickleby"a838-3»)," Master Hum.
phrey's Oock " (including " Old Curiosity Sh°P ,.^1.^
nabyRudge," 1840-41), " American Notes Q8?,2). J,*^^
iiMs Carol" aS43), "Martin Chuzzlewit nS4.i--44),
" "hinies"a844) "Cricket on the Hearth "(1845)" Dom-
bev and Son" (1846-J8X "David C'oPPe'?';'.'! (lSf»r^»^
■Bleak House" (1852-53X "Hard Times (18.54 LHUe
Dorrit ■■ (18.55-67). " Tale of Two Cities (.^^^^X.-Vw.^^
mercial Traveler" (1860), "Great Expectations (18»?-«1),
"Our Mutual Friend ■•(1864-6.5X ''My^'e^ ^'J^For
Drood ■ (1870, unfinished). See his " Life by John For
ster (1871-74)," Dickens Dictionary." by Pierce 11872X Let-
ters of Dickens" (1880).
Dick Tinto. See Tinto, Dick.
Dickinson, Anna Elizabeth
Dickinson (ilik'in-son ), Anna Elizabeth. Bom
at Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. LIS, 1S4L'. .Vii ATiieri-
cau lei'turer aud advocate of woman sulYraife,
labor reform, etc. she lectured duriiiu the civil Wnr
on war isBUea, iind afterward generally on political SHlijects,
"Women's Work and Wages," etc. In 187t> she went on
the stAKe, but did nut meet with suceess. She wrot« a play,
"An Amerii-an dill" (ISSii), and "What Answer Y" (a novel,
1868), " A Payini; Investment " (lS7(i). " A Itagged Register
of People, I'laees, and Opinions" (1879).
Dickinson, Emily. Horn at Amhui-st, Mass.,
Dec. 10, IHSO: died there, May 15, 188G. An
American poet. She was the daughter of Kdward
Dickinson, treasurer of Amherst College. Her life was one
of singular 8eelusi4in. Her p(M'm8 were piihlished in IStK)
and ill 1M92, and her letters in I81M.
Dickinson, John. Born at Crosia. Talliot
County, Md., Nov. 13, 1732: died at Wilming-
ton, Del., Fetj. 14, 1808. An American states-
man. He wjifl a member of the Colonial Congress of
176&, and of the first Continental Congress of 1774, and
EreBident of Pennsylvania 17S2-8ri. He w;i8 also a meni-
erof the Fedend Convention of 1787. He wrote the " Fa-
bius" letters in 17SS, aud was the founder of Dickinson
College.
Dickinson College. An institution of learning
situated at Carlisle, Pemisylvania, founded by
John Dickinson in 1783. Since 1833 it lias been
coutrolled by the Methodist Episcopal Church.
Dick's Coffee House. An old colfee-house, No.
8 Fleet street (on the soutli side, near Tem-
ple Bar), originally " Richard's ": named from
Rii'hard Torner, or Turner, to wliom tlie house
was let in 1080. The colfee-room retains its old panel-
ing, and the staircase its original balusters. Richard's, as
it was then called, was freiinented by Cowper when he
lived in the Temple. Timhtt.
Dickson (dik'.son), Samuel Henry. Born at
Charleston, S. C.. Sept. 20, 1798: died at Phila-
delphia, March 31, 1872. An American physi-
cian and medical writer. He was professor of the
practice of medicine in .tofferson Medical College, Phila-
delphia, from 1S.S8 until his death. He wrote " Dengue :
lt« History, Pathology, and Treatment" (182()), etc.
Dicquemare (dek-miir'), Jacques Franijois
Abu^. Born at Havre, France, Marcli 7. 1733:
died March 29, 1789. A French naturalist aud
astronomer, professor of experimental physics
at Havre. He invented several instniments
used in astronomy and navigation.
Dictum of Kenilworth. An award made be-
tween King Henry III. and the Commons in
1266 during the siege of Kenilwortli. It reestal)-
llshed Henry's authority ; i)roclainied amnesty; amiulled
the provisions of Oxford ; and provide<l that the king
should keep the charter to which he had sworn.
Dictys (dik'tis) Cretensis ('"f Crete'). [Gr.
A«rt'<;.] Thereiiuted author of a Latin narrative
of tlio Trojan war, entitled "Ephemeris Belli
Trojani," the introduction to which represents
him as a follower of Idomeneus. Tliia narrative was
one of the chief amrces from which the heroic legends
of Greece passed into the literature of the middle ages.
It was probably composed by ti. Septiinius about ;U)0 A. li.
Didache. See TcacJiitifi i>f tlm Tin Ire .l/uw^/ra.
Didapper (di'dap-er). Beau. In Fielding's "Jo-
sejih .Vndrc'ws," a rich, we:ik-niinded fop with
designs on Fanny.
Diddler (ilid'lcr), Jeremy. A needy spongo
in Kennoy's fan^o "liaising the Wind'': a tyjjo
of the swindler. He docs everything at other people's
expiTise, jiartieularly dining. He devours his friends'
food and bnrrouH tlii-ir rnonfy with amusing nonclnUanee.
Diderot (de-dro';, Denis. Born iit Ijangres,
Haute-Marne, Franco, Oct. 5, 1713: died at
Paris, July )!1, 1784. A eelobrated French phi-
losopher and writer. His father, a cutler by trade,
gave him a classical education. After completing his
studies in Paris, he spent two years In a law ofHee, but
devoted most <»f his time t« Orcek, Latin, mathematics,
Italian, and Knglish. Thereby he ineuiTed his fathei-'s
displeasure, and was cut off without a cent. He gave
less'ms in matheniaties, and, when at the lowest ebb of
fortune in 174,'i, married. His literary labors date fi-oin
this same period. In 174;j he published " ilistoire de la
Orfece" (,1 vols.), translated from Temi)lc .Stonyan ; and in
1746-48 "DIctionnaire uidversel dc niedecine, de chimie.
de botani(|uo." etc. <(i vols.), translated with the :iid of
three collaborators frmn Kobert ,Tames. This latter pub-
llcation gave him the idea of the great work, in which he
aB8ociate<l with himself the niiithcmatician d'Alembert,
" L'Encyclop(';diir,"a repository of the results of seieiditlc
research in the middle of the l.sth century. The publica-
tion w:is repeatedly cheekeil in its progress, and was car-
ried over more than twenty years (17.'')l-7'2). To the twen-
ty-eight volumes published within that period were joined
■IX volnnu;s of atldenda (1776-77). ana two volumes of
tables (17S0). Ditlerot received financial sui)port from
Catherine II. of Russia, who bought his valuable lilirary
but left him the use of it during his lifetime. He went
t4) St. Petersburg in 177:1-74, to return thanks to the
"northern Semiramis." Among his works are " Penstjes
philosophi(iues " (174ti), "Hijoux indiacreta "(1748), "Mf-
nv)ire sur illlffTents sujeta de mathimatiqnes" (1748),
"hettre sur lea aveugles fi I'nsage de ceux ipii volent"
(1749)," L'lllstoire et le secret di^ la peinturc en eire " (llt'l),
"he flls naturol" (17r)7), " I.e ptrc de faniille" (17,')S),
"Entretieu d'un pfere avec ses enfants " (177:*). " I-es deux
imis de Bourbonne " (177S), "Voyage en llollande,'.' "Pro-
Jet d'une uoiTeraiUS pour la Russle," " Le r^ve de d'Alem-
325
bert," " Jacques le fataliste, " " La religieuse," " Le Veveu
de Rameau," " Kssai sur les regnes de Claude et de N6-
ron" (1778 and 178'i), etc. Diderot's art criticisms in the
" Salons " (170;i-0'.») are of superior merit, and his coiTe-
spondence with -Mademoiselle Volland affords the best
available insight into the character of the writer as a man,
Diderot ranks in point of originality and versatility of
thought among the most fertile thinkers of France, and
in point of felicity and idiosyncrasy of expression among
the most remarkable of her writers.
SaiiUsburi/, JVench LIL, p. 481.
Didius Salvius Julianus (did'i-us sal'vi-us
.j()-li-ri'nus), Marcus, called later Marcus
Didius Commodus Severus Julianus. Died
at Koine, .iuue 1. 193 A. ». Emperor of Home
March-.! uiic. 193. He served with distinction in the
army, and twice hehl the consulship, the last time in 17i).
On the murder of the emperor Pertinay by the i)retorian
guards in li»;J, the glLards sold the imperial dignity to Did-
ius, who had as his competitor Sulpitianus, tlie father-in-
law of Pertinax. His elevation was not recognized by
Septimius Severus, who mai-clied with an army against
Retme, whereupon the pretorian guards hastened to pur-
chase the favor of Severus by putting the emperor to death.
Dido (dl'do), [Cr. A/cii.').] A surname of the
Plienician goddess of the moon (Astart.e), wlio
was worsliipe<l as the protecting deity of the
citadel of Carthage. The goddess was in later time
ccmfounded with the Tyrian Elissa, founder of Carthage.
See Wm'rt, ^IClu'iih
Dido, Queen of Carthage, The Tragedy of.
A tragedy liy Marlowe, pulilislied m 1594.
Nashe is said to have iinislied it after Mar-
lowe's death. Dido has been the subject of many plays
in Knglish and in French — notably by .lodelle in 15:i2, La
(Jrange in 1570, Hardy in IGO.'l, Scudei-y in 1036, and Franc
de Pompignan in 1734. Cristobal de Virnes, a Spanish
poet of the 15th century, and Metastasio in Italian, also
wrote tragedies on the subject. See Dulo)ie.
My own opinion is, that the play is in the main by Mar-
lowe, and that Xaahe's work lay chiefly in completing cer-
tain scenes which Marlowe had sketched in the rough.
BuUcn, Introd. to Marlowe's Works, p. xlvii.
Dido building Carthage. A large painting
Ijy Turner, in tlio National Cfallery, London.
The scene is on a river-bank, with classical buildings in
course of erection. Dido and her attendants are seen on
the left.
Didone Abandonata (de-do'ne a-biin-do-ua'-
tii). [It., 'Dido Forsaken.'] A tragedy by
Metastasio, produced in Naples in 1724: his
first dramatic work, it had great success, and is
probably the best modern play on the sultject. It has
been set to music liy more than forty comiiosers.
Didot (de-do'), Ambroise Firmin-. Born at
Paris, Dec. 7, 1790 : died at Paris, Fob. 22, 1876.
A French putjlisher, son of Firmin Didot. He
published with his brother Hyacintbe many important
works, including "liil)Iiothe(lue (ii-H an teurs greC8,""L'Uni-
vers pittoresque," " Nouvelle biographic gi'-nerale," etc.
Didot, Firmin. Bom at Paris, April 14, 1764:
(lied April 24, 1836. A noted French pulilisher,
jirinter, type-founder, and author: brother of
Pici-re Didot.
Didot, Frangois. Born at Paris, 1689: died Nov.
2, 17.57. A French printer anil Ijookseller,
founder of the firm of Didot at Paris in 1713.
Didot, Franpois Ambroise. Born at Paris,
.Jan. 7, J73I): died July 10, 1804. A French
printer and pulilishor, sou of Frani^ois Didot,
celeljrated lor improvements in type-founding
an<l printing.
Didot, Henri. Born 1765: died 1852. A French
type-founder, son of Pierre Fran(,-ois Didot:
pulilislii'd editions in microscopic types.
Didot, Hyacinthe Firmin-. Born at Piiris.
March 11, 1794: died at Dandon, Urne, France,
Aug. 7, 1880. A French publisher, lirothcr of
Amljioiso Firniin-Didot, and his business as-
sociate after 1827,
Didot, Pierre. Born Jan. 25, 1761: died Dec.
31, 1853. A French publisher and ]irinter,
eldest son of F.A.Didot. He jiuljlislied "Vir-
gil" (1798), " Horace" ( 1799), " Kacino" (1801-
1805), and otiii-r classics.
Didot, Pierre Francois. Bom at Paris, July
9, 1732: died Dec 7, 1795. A Prencli jiriiiter,
puldisher. and pii|ier-ni;iker, brother of F. A.
Didot.
Didron (de-droh' ), Adolphe Napoleon. Born
at llaulvillers, Mariie, France, Marcli 13, 1806:
died at Paris, Nov. 13, 1867. A Fnuich arclm>-
ologist, aullKU' of "Manuel d'iconographie
clii-etic'iine" (1845), etc.
Didymus (did'i-mus). [Gr. AMd/mc, tho twin.]
A surname of tln^ a.iiostle Thomas.
Didymus. liived in tlie second half of tlio 1st
century is. i\ -Vn .Me.xandrian grammarian and
critic. He was a follower of tho school of Aristarehus,
and a contemporary of Cicero and tlte emperor Augus-
tus. His works. e<nisisting ohielly of ciunpilatlons, cov-
ered a great variety of subjects, and were estimated by
Seneca at four tllousand ; none of them is extant,
Didymus, surnamed '' The Blind." Bom 308,
Dies Irse
309, or 3U a. D. : died 394, 395, or 399. An Alex-
andrian scholar and tlieologian. He lost his sight
in childhood, but neveitheless became one of the moat
learned men of his time. He was a teacher in the cate-
chetical school of Alexandria upward of fifty years, and
numbered among his pupils ,Ierome, Palladins, Ambrose
of Alexandria, Kvagrius, and Isidore of Peliisinin. He
opposed the Arians with great spirit, but supported Ori-
gen. His extant works include a treatise on the Trinity,
translated into Latin by Jerome.
Die (de). A town in the department of Dr6me,
southeastern France, situated on the Drome 27
miles soutlieast of Valence: the ancient Dea
Vocontiorum. Population (1891), commune,
3,729.
Diebitsch Sabalkanski (do'bich sa-biil-kiin'-
ske), Count I'yan Ivano'^tch (originally
Hans Karl Friedrich Anton von Diebitsch
undNarden). iio™ al Crossleippe, near Bres-
laii, Prussia, May 13, 1785: died at Kleczewo,
near Pultusk, Poland, June 10, 1831. A lius-
siau general. He served with distinction at Leipsic in
1813 ; took Varmi in 1828, and Silistria in 18*29 ; crossed
the Balkans in 1820 (hence surnamed " Sabalkanski,"
' Balkan-crosser '), and eomniamied against the Poles at
Orochow and Ostrolenka 1831.
Diedenhofen (de'den-ho-fen), F. Thion-Tille
(te-oii-vel'). A fortiiied town in Lorraine,
Alsace-Lorraine, Germany, situated on tlie Mo-
selle 18 miles north of Met/,. It was taken by the
French in 15.''i8 and lt>43, and was bombarded and taken
by the Germans Nov. 24, 1870, Population (ISilo), com-
mune, 8,923.
Diefenbach (de'ten-biieh), Lorenz. Born at
Ostheim, Hessen, Germany, .July 29, 1806: died
at Darmstadt, March 28, 1883. "A German plii-
lologist, etlmologist, and novelist, lilirarian at
Frankfort 18().5-76. His works include "Celtica"
(1830-42), "Origines Europaiie " (1861), " Vergleichendes
vVorterbuch der gothischen Sprache " (184t>-,M), "Vor-
schule der Volkerkunde" (1864), the novel "Ein Iflger
und seine Genossen " (1851), etc.
Dieffenbach, Johann Friedrich. Bom at K6-
iiigsberg, Prussia, Fell. 1, 1795: died at Berlin,
Nov, 11, 1847. A German surgeon, professor
at Berlin from 1832. He wi'oto "Die opera-
tive Chirurgie " (1844-48).
Diego (de-a'go). [Sp., fi-om DL. Jacobus, Jacob,
wlienee ult. E. Jacob, Jack; and Jumci.] A
waggish sexton iu Fletcher aud Massinger's
"Spanish Curate." He longs for a less healthy
parisli and more funerals.
Diego, Don, See Fonntil, James.
Diego Garcia (de-a'go giir-se'ii). An island
of tlie Cliagos gi'oup, iu the Indian Ocean.
Diego Suarez (swa'ras). A French colony iu
tho nortlieru part of Madagascar, on the Bay of
Diego Suarez. It is the seat of the governor.
Population, about 5,000.
Diegueno (de-ii-gwil'nyo). A tribe of North
American Indians dwelling in the region about
San Diego, California. They number .5.5,5, aud
are under tho Mission agency, California, See
Yiiukiii.
Diekirch (de'kirch). A small town in Liixem-
luirg, situated on the Sure 18 miles north of
Luxemburg.
Diel du Parquet (<le-el' dii piir-k.a'), Jacques.
Born in France about 1600: dii'd at Saint
Pierre, Marliniiiue, Jan. 3, 1658. A French sol-
dier and administrator. He was governor of Marti-
nique from 10;)8, fomied the first settlement in Grenada
1651, and had several bloody wiu-s with the Caribs.
Dielmanidel'man), Frederick. Born at Han-
over, Germany, Dec. '25, 1847. AGerman-Amer-
icanfigure-jia'i liter. Among his works are many
etchings and illustrations.
Dieppe (de-ep'). [OF. Dieppe, prob. from an
OLG. form represented by AS. dijpe, D. (//('/),
iiej)th, tlie deep.] A seaport in the department
of Soine-Infcrieur(% France, situated on the
English Channel, at tlie mouth of the Arques,
in lat. 49° .56' N.. long. 1° 5' E. It is a celebrated
watering-place, is the terminus of the Dieppe- Newhavcn
channel route, and contains a ca.stle and the Church of St.
.lacques. It has some trade, especially in fish. Toward
the close of the midille ages it had a largo commerce, and
sent expeditions to Africa, etc. It auirered severely in the
English andreligiouswars; was bombarded by the Knglish
and Dnlcli .Inly, lOiH ; and was occupied by tho aemians
in lh70-71. Population (ISfll), commune, 22,771.
Diersheim (ders'liim). A village in Baden,
situated near the Hhine 8 miles northeast of
Strasburg. Here, April 20, 1797, tho French
under Moreau defeated the Austrians.
Dies Irae (di'ez i'lo). fL., 'day of WTaili.'] A
Be(|Ueni-e appoinleil in tlie Uoman miss;il to be
sung between the E]iislle and the (iospe! in
masses for I lie ilead : luinicd from its lirst words.
It was written ]>robably by Thomas ile Celano, the friend
of Saint Francis of Assist, and is a hymn in triple rimed
stanzas. Its subject is Ibi' .lay of Judgment. The Iransi-
tiou from the terror of the day of wrath (dies hie) to
hope in salvation Is used " as a natural preparation to the
Dies Irse
concluding prayer for eternal rest." Sir Walter Scott's
translation in "The Lay of the Last Minstrel," beginning
"O day of wrath, O dreadful day,' is well linown. There
have been numerous versions and translations. The au-
thor of the old ecclesiastical melody to which it is sung
is not known, but it was adapted to the words at the time
they were written. It has been a popular subject with
modern composers, notably Colonna, Bsssani, Cherubini,
Berlioz, Verdi, and Gounod in "Mors et Vita." It is also
introduced with tnagniiicent effect in Mozart's "Re-
quiem." Grove,
This old Latin chant was accepted by the Roman Church
as one of the sequentia of the reijuiem, before the year
13^. The original text is engraved upon a marble tablet
in the Church of .St. Francesco in Mantua. The present
form of the chant is supposed to have been given by Felix
Hammerlin (in the early part of the loth centurj'X who
omitted the foi-mer opening stanzas and added some others
at the close. In this form it has appeared iu the Catholic
missals since the Council of Trent. The chant has been
translated upwards of seventy times into German, and fif-
teen times into English. One of the closest versions, of
the few in which the feminine rhymes are retained, is
that of Gen. John A. Di.x. Taylor, Xotes to Faust.
Dieskau (des'kou), Ludwig August. Boi-n in
Saxony, 1701: died near Paris, Sept. 8, 1767.
A German general in the French serHce. He
became brigadier-general of infantry and commander of
Brest in 174S. and in IT.'iS was sent to Canada with the rank
of raajor-general to conduct the ciunpaign :igainst the Eng-
lish. With 1.200 Indians and Canadians and 200 regulars
he undertook an expedition against Fort Edward in 1755.
He was opposed by William Johnson, with 2,2i;tO men. en-
camped on Lake George. Having ambushed audi routed
a detachment of 1,000 men under Colonel Ephraim Wil-
liams, he was himself totally defeated and captured in
the ensuing attack on the British camp.
Diest (dest). A fortified town in the province
of Brabant, Belgium, situated on the Demer 32
miles northeast of Brussels. Population (1890),
8,531.
Diesterweg (des'ter-veo), Friedrich Adolf
Wilhelm. Bom at Siegen, Westphalia, Prus-
sia, Oct. 29, 1790 : died at Berlin, July 7, 1866.
A German educator and writer on pedagogics.
He was a teacher in various institutions at
Worms, Frankfort, Elberf eld, Mors, and Berlin.
Diet of Augsburg, Frankfort, Nuremberg,
etc. See Aiigsburff, Frankfort, S'lircmberg, etc.
Dieterici (de-te-ret'se), Friedrich. Bo"m at
Berlin, July 6, 1821. A German Orientalist
and philosophical writer, son of K. P. W. Die-
terici. He published "Chrestomathieottomane " (1854),
and various worlds on Arabic philosophy and literature,
etc,
Dieterici, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm. Bom at
Berlin, Aug. 23, 1790: died at Berlin, July 29,
1S59. A noted German statistician and politi-
cal economist, director of the Prussian bureau
of statistics from 1844. His works include ".Sta-
tistische Uhersicht der wichtigsten Gegenstande," etc.
(1838-57), "Der Volkswohlstaud im preussischen Staate"
(1846), etc.
Dietrich(de'trich), Christian Wilhelm Ernst.
[See Tlieodrtric.'] Born at Weimar, Germanv,
Oct. 30, 1712: died at Dresden, April 34 (23 f),
1774. A German painter and engraver, noted
especially for landscapes.
Dietrich von Bern (fon bern). In German
legend, Theodoric the Great, king of the East
Goths, whose residence was at Verona (Bern).
His life and adventures are the subject of the Old Norse
Thidreks saga, "Saga Thidhreks konungs af Bern," also
called the Vilkina saga, whose material is from German
sources, and is an element in vju*iou8 Jliddle High German
poems, among them the " Nibelungeulied," "Biterolf,"
the " Roseiigarten," and "Ermenrichs Tod." His birth
and death are mysterious : he is descended from a spirit,
and disappears, ultimately, on a idack horse. His name
is still preserved in popular legends. In the Lausitz the
"Wild Huntsman, "the mythical beingwho rides in furious
haste across the heavens in violent storms, is called Dietrich
von Bern. The name is also given to " Kuecht Ruprecht. "
Many large buildings in ditferent parts of Italy, among
them the amphitheater in Verona and the Castle of St.
Angelo iu Rome, have been popularly ascribed to him.
Dietrichson (de'trik-son), Lorentz Henrik
Segelcke. Born at Bergen, Norway, Jan. 1,
\>H. A Norwegian critic and poet, professor
of the history of art at the University of Chris-
tiauia from 1875. His works include "Omrids af den
norske Poesies Historic " (1866-69, " Outline of the His-
tory of Norwegian Poetry "), etc,
Dietz, or Diez (dets). A small town in the
province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situated on
the Lahn 19 miles east of Cobleuz.
Dietz, Feodor. Bom at Neunstetten, Baden,
May 29, ISlli: died at Gray. Haute-Saone,
France, Dec. 18, 1870. A German historical and
battle painter. His works include "Death of
Gustavus Adolphus," " Storming of Belgrade,"
etc.
Diez, Friedrich Christian. Bom at Giessen,
Hesse, Germany, March 15, 1794: died at Bonn,
Prussia, May 29, 1876. A noted German philol-
ogist, the founder of Romance philology : pro-
fessor at Bonn from 1823. Among his works are
326
" Grammatik der romanischen Sprachen " (1836-42), " Ety-
mologisches Worterbuch der romanischen Sprachen"
(1853), etc.
Difficulty, The Hill. A hiU in Bunyan's ' ' PU-
grim's Progress '' encoimtered by Christian in
his journey to the Celestial Country.
Digby (dig'bi). A small seaport, and seat of the
hen-ing fishery, situated in Nova Scotia on An-
napolis basin, 17 miles southwest of Annapolis.
Digby, Sii- Everard. Bom May 16, 1578 : died
Jan. 30, 1606. An English conspirator. He in.
herited lai-ge estates in Rutland, Leicestershire, and Liu-
colnshire from his father, Everai-d Digby of Stoke Dry,
Rutland ; and in 1G03 \v;is knighted by James I. He was
one of the leading conspiratoi-s in the " Gunpowder Plot "
(1605), being intrusted with the task of preparing for a ris-
ing in the midland counties to take place simultaneously
with the destruction of the Parliament house. He was
apprehended on the discovery of the plot, and was executed
at London.
Digby, Sir Kenelm. Bom at Gothurst, Bucks,
England, 1603: died at London, June 11, 1665.
An English natural philosopher and student of
the occult sciences. He was the son of the conspira-
tor Sir Everard Digby ; was educated in the Roman Catho-
lic faith ; was iu IWS banished from England as an ad-
herent of the Royalist cause; and subsequently became
chancellor to Queen Henrietta Maria, which post he re-
tained after the Restoration. Author of "Observations
upon Religio Medici" (lt>13), "A Treatise of the Nature
of Bodies" (1644), "A 'Treatise declaring the Operations
and Nature of Man's Soul," etc. (1644), and "A Discourse
concerning the Vegetation of Plants' (1661).
Digby, Kenelm Henry. Bom 1800: died
March 22. 1880. An English antiquarian. He
graduated, with the degree of B. A., at Cambridge in 1819,
and spent most of his subsequent life in literary pursuits
at London. His chief works are "The Broad Stone of
Honour, or Rules for the Gentlemen of England ' (1822,
anonymous ; enlarged edition, with second title omitted.
1826-27), and "Mores Catholici, or Ages of Faith" (1831-
1S40).
Digest of Justinian. See Corpus Juris.
Diggers. [That is, "root-diggers,' 'root-eaters.']
A name given to a number of tribes of North
American Indians in California, Oregon, Ida-
ho, Utah, Nevada, and Arizona, which speak
widely different languages and comprise a
number of distinct linguistic stocks. The name
is used especially to designate the Bannock, Piute, and
other Shoshonean tribes known to use roots extensively
for food, and who are hence " diggers " (in English) ; but
it is a coincidence that the terminal syllables dika or tika
are common in Shoshonean band and tribal names. See
Shoghoko.
Digges (digz), Leonard. Died about 1571.
An English mathematician. He was the son of
James Digges of Digges Court, in the parish of Barham,
Kent ; studied at Oxford without taking a degree ; and in-
herited a competent fortune, which enabled him to devote
himself to scientific pursuits. His chief w-ork is "X Booke
named Tectonicon, briefly showing the exact measuring
and speedie reckoning all manner of land, squares, tim-
ber, stone, etc." (1556).
Digges, Thomas. Died Aug. 24, 1595. An
English mathematician, son of Leonard Dig-
ges. He graduated, with the degree of B. A., at Cam-
bridge in 1551 ; became a member of Parliament in 1572 ;
and was rauster-master-general of her Majesty's forces
in the Low Countries 1586-94. His works include "A
Geometrical I'ractice, named Pantometria " (1571), "A
Prognostication . . . contayning . . . Rules to judge the
Weather by the Sunne, Moone. Stars." etc. (1578), and
"An Arithmeticall Militare Treatise, named Stratioticos "
(1579).
Diggon (dig'ou). [A variant of Diccon, dim.
of Dick.'] A traveled shepherd in Spenser's
■• Shepherd's Calendar."
Diggory (dig'o-ri). A loutish servant in Gold-
smith's comedy "She Stoops to Conquer."
Dighton (di'ton). A town in Bristol County.
Massachusetts, near Taunton. Near it is the
Dighton Rock, with an inscription formerly (and
erroneously) attributed to the Northmen.
Digne (deny). The capital of the department of
Basses-Alpes, France, situated on the Bl^one
in lat. 44° 6' N., long. 6° 13' E. : the ancient
Dinia. It contains a cathedral and a church
of Notre Dame. Population (1891), commxme,
7,261.
Dignity and Impudence. A painting by Sir
Edwin Landscer, in the National Gallery, Lon-
don. It is a group consisting of a large, solemn-looking
bloodhound and a pert Scotch terrier.
Digoin (de-gwan' ). A town in the department of
Saone-et-Loire, France, situated on the Loire
35 miles east of Moulins. Population (1891),
commune. 4,880.
Dihong (de-hong'). A name given to the Brah-
maputra in its middle course.
Dijon (de-zhon'). The capital of the depart-
ment of Cote-d'Or. France, situated at the
junction of the Ouche and Sujon in lat. 47° 19'
N., long. 5° 3' E. : the Roman Divio, Dibio, or
CastraniDivionense (whence the modem name).
It is an important fortified town and the emporium for
Burgundy wines, and has considerable manufactures and
Dimetian Code
a large trad^ in grain, etc. It contains a cathedral of St
Benign^ (see belowX the churches of Notre Dame and of St
Michel, an old ducal palace (now the hotel de ville. with
an important museum), a palais de justice, and remnants
of the castle and convent of Chartreuse. In early history
it was a Roman camp, and it was burned by the Saracens
in the 8th century. It had its counts and was the capital
of Burgundyfrom the 12th century to 1477. when it passed
to France. It was besieged by the Swiss in 1513, was
occupied (after a struggle) by the Germans from Oct. 31
to Dec. 27. 1870, and was subsequently defended by Gari-
baldi against the Germans in Jan., 1871. The cathedral
is of moderate size, but noteworthy for its excellent de-
sign and the beauty of its 13th-cent'ui-j- traceiy and orna-
ment. The west front has a good porch and 2 low towers.
Behind it are the ruins of a curious circular church of the
Templars. Population (1891), 65,428.
Diksmuide. See TUxmutle.
Dilettanti Society, The. A London society
devoted to the encoiu'agement of a taste for the
fine arts, founded in 1 734.
Dilke (dilk), Charles Went-worth. Born Dec.
8, 1789 : died Aug. 10, 1.S64. An English jom'-
nalist. editor of the London ''Athenff um " ( 1830-
1846), and of the " Daily News " (1846-49). He
wrote much on the Letters of Junius.
Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth. Bom at Lon-
don, Feb. 18, 1810 : died at St. Petersburg, May
10, 1869. Son of C. W. Dilke : promoter of the
exhibition of 1851, commissioner to the New
York exhibition 1853, and one of the royal com-
missioners for the London exhibition 1862. He
was made a baronet in 1862.
Dilke, Sir Charles Went'worth. Bom at Chel-
sea, near London, Sept. 4, 1843. An English
politician and author, son of Sir C. W. Dilke.
He graduated at the head of the law tripos at Trinity Hall,
Cambridge, in 1866 ; was called to the bar at the Middle
Temple in 1866 ; was elected member of Parliament for the
borough of Chelsea in 1868 ; was appointed under-secretary
of state for foreign atfairs in 1^80 ; became president of the
Local Government Board witha seat in the cabinet in 1^2.
He lost his seat in Parliament in 1886, but apiin ttecame a
member in 1892. He has published "Greater Britain : a
Record of Travel in English-speaking Countries during
1866 and 1867" (18681, "Parliamentai-y Reform" (1879),
"Present Condition of European Politics" (18S7X 'The
British Army " (1888), " Problems of Greater Britain " (1890).
Dillenburg (dil'len-boro). A small town in the
province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, 41 miles
northeast of Coblenz. It was the birthplace
of William of Orange.
Dillenius (dil-la'ne-os), or Dillen (dil'len). Jo-
hann Jakob. Bom at Darmstadt, Germany,
1687 : died at Oxford, England, April 2. 1747.
A celebrated German botanist, professor at
O-xford from 1728. He wrote "Catalogus Plantarnm
Sponte circa Gissam Nascentium " (1719), " Hortus Eltba-
mensls " (1732X " Historia muscorum " (1741).
Dillingen (dil'ling-en). A town in Swabia and
Neuburg, Bavaria, situated on the Danube 23
miles northwest of Augsburg. It was formerly
the seat of a universitv. Population (1890),
5,734.
Dillmann (dil'man). Christian Friedrich Au-
gust. Bom April 25, 1823 : died July 4, 1894.
A German Orientalist and Protestant theolo-
gian, an authority on the Ethiopian language
and literature and Old Testament criticism:
professor at Berlin from 1S69. His works include
a grammar (1857) and lexicon (]8t;5) of the Ethiopian lan-
guage, commentaries on Job, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticos,
etc.
Dillon (dil'on), Charles. Bom in England in
1819: died 'there, June 27, 1881. An English
actor. He excelled in the romantic drama, in
such parts as Belphegor.
Dillon, John. Bom 1851. An Irish politician,
one of the leaders of the Irish National party.
He entered Parliament in 1880. and was impris-
oned 1881-82 and again in 1891.
Dilman (dil-mUu'). A town in the province of
Azerbaijan, northwestern Persia, 73 miles west
of Tabriz. Population, estimated, 6,000 (•).
Dilmun ( dil-mon' ) . An ancient city situated on
an island, or rather peninsula, in the Persian
Gulf, now included in the lowlands of the coast.
Sargou II.. king of .\ss>Tia 722-705 B. c. relates on his mo-
nolith, found in Cj'prus, that he received from I' peri, king
of Dilmun, gifts and homage.
Diman (di'man), Jeremiah Le'wis. Bom st
Bristol, R. I.,"May 1, 1831 : died at Providence,
R. I., Feb. 3, 18*81. An American historical
writer and Congregational clergyman, professor
of history at Brown University. He wrote
"Theistio Argument" (1879), "Orations and
Essays" (pulilished 1882).
Dimanche (de-monsh'). Monsieur, [F., 'Mr.
Sunday.'] In Molidre's "Don Juan" or "Le
festin de Pierre," a tradesman who tries to col-
lect money due him, but is never allowed to
even ask for it, being constantly iutemipted.
Dimetian Code (di-me'shi-an kod). See ex-
tract on following page.
Dimetian Code
The custom [that the yuiinKest thilJ should have the
dwelling- house when the property came to ilivisiuiil ap-
Jiears in Wales in what was probably its most piiniitivo
orm. According to the laws of Hot-l the (Jood, ilating
from the ttnth century at latest, the inheritance was to
be BO divided that the hnniestcad, with eiKht acres of land
and the best iinplenienls of the household, should fall tu
the youngest son. The ditferent editions of these laws are
contained In the Dimetian Code for .South Wales, and in
the Venedotian Code for "(Jwynnedd" or the nortliern
porta of the principnlily.
klton. Origins of Eug. Uist., p. IBL
Dimitri (de-me'tre), or Dmitri (dme'tre). The
KuHsiau form of Demrtrms (which see).
Dimitri Roudine (<le-m("''tro ni-deu')- A novel
by Turfjeuieff, publislieii in 18r);>. It lias been
translated into French, German, and Kn^^lish.
Ditnitai is a cosmox>olit;ui who affects to scorn lius.stan
habits. He is ttie victim of his own error, and his disciples
fall away from him.
Dimmesdale (dim/'-dai), Arthur. A Pm-itau
cler<?jnnan in Hawthorne's tale "The Scarlet
Letter.' He has a delicately sensitive nature, unable
to bear the stniin of the concealment of his sin with Hester
Prynne, and e<iuaUy unable to confess it and beai- public
obloquy.
The Puritan clergyman, reverenced as a saint by all his
flock, conscious of a sin which, once revealed, will crush
him to the eaith, watched with a malignant purpose by
the husband whom he has injured, unable to sunnnon up
the moral courage lo tear 4}tE the veil and make the only
atonement in his power, is undoubtedly a striking flgurc,
powerfully conceived and most <lelicately (lescribed.
L<:ftlu' St,'phi-ti, Hours in a Library, p. 22.'J.
Dimoch, or Dymoch, or Dymoke, or Dimocke
(dim'ok). The name of a Lincolnshire family
which has held since 1377 the feudal office of
"chamjiionof England."
Dimsdale (dimz'dal), Thomas. Born in Essex,
England, May 6. 1712: died in Hertford, Eng-
land, Doc. 30, 1800. An English physician,
known chiefly as an advocate of inoculation for
the smallpox. He took up the practice of medicine at
Hertford, mul in 17ti7 published " The Present Method of
Inoculation for the Small Pox," which obtained for him in
17fl8 an invitation to At. Petersburg to inoculate the em-
press Catherine and the grand duke Paul.
Dinah (<U'n:i), [Heb., 'judged' or 'avenged.']
The daughter of Jacob by Leah, SeeGen. xxx.,
xxxiv,
Dinah, Aunt. Tn Sterne's *' Tristram Shandy,"
the aunt of Walter Shandy, who occupies him-
self with schemes for spending the money she
leaves liim.
Dinah Morris. See Morrfs.
Dinajpur (de-niij-por'), orDinagepore (de-naj-
por'). 1. A district in the Kajsliahi division,
Bengal, British India, intersected by lat. 25° 30'
N., long. 88° 30' E. Ai-ea, 4,118 square miles.
Population ( 1K91), 1,555,835.— 2. The capital of
the above district, situated in lat. 25° 37' N.,
long. 88° 32' E. Population (1891), 12,204.
Dinan (de-noii'). A towTi in the department of
C6tes-(iu-Nord, France, situated on the Ranee
29 miles northwest of iionnes. It was defended
against the Enp^lish by Du Guesclin in 1359.
Population (1891), commune, 10,444.
Dinant. In Fletcher and Massinger's "Little
French Lawyer,'* a gentleman who formerly
loved and still pretends to love Lamira.
Dinant (de-noii' or de-nilnt'). A town in the
Srovince of Namur, Belgium, situated on the
[euse 14 ndles soutli of Namur. it is fortified,
and was formerly nott-d for its copper ami brass wares. It
wasaaclcedby theBurKUndiansin 14(10, and l)y tlie French
In 1554 and 1675. Piipuhition (iSiW), 7,048.
Dinapur (de-nii-por'). A town in the district
of l':itn:i, liongal, British India, situated o!i tlie
Ganges 5 miles west of Patna. It is an important
military station, and was tlie scene of tbe mutiny <if the
Sepoy ruKiments in July, 1857. Poi)ulation, about :i7,o(>i(.
Dinaric Alps (di-uar'ik alps). [Named from
Jhii'trii, tln^ highest summit.] A name given
to those mountain-ranges in Dalmatia, Bosnia,
Herzegovina, and Croatia which are clearly a
continuation of the main Alpine system.
Dinarzade. The sister of Scheherazade in "The
Arabian Ni;:iits' Kntertainments." Sho juissl-h the
nlKht ill tbe l.ridiil clianih.-r, and asks lier Bister daily, just
before .layhn':tk, t<. r.l:i(r for the bwt time one of her
"agreeatde tales." Scr Sclu-herazadi:
Dindigal (din-di-fcal'), or Dindiglll (din-di-
Kid'). A small town in Matlras. Bi-itish Imli;),
in lat. 10° 20' N., lonj:. 77° 57' K.
Dinding Isles (din-dint^' ilz). An administra-
tive division of the British colony of Straits
Kettleinents, situateil on the western side of the
Malay peninsula ahont lat. 4° 20' N,
Dindorf (din'.h.rl), Wilhelm. Bom at Leip-
sic, J;in. 2, 1S02: died at Leipsic, Anp. 1, 1Hk:{.
A noteil (iernian chiMsical ]ihihdni;ist. llr was
one of the collaborators in tbe rrvi.srnii of stc'phaiuis'a "IIr--
8Buru8 linRUiu Orrccro" (18;il-(i'.), and i-dlU-d " Dt-niosthe-
nee " (1846-61X "Poet» sccenici Gncci " (1830), etc.
327
Dindymend (din-di-me'ne). [Gr. SivAvfi^ur;, of
Dindymum.] Cybele. Also called " the I)iu-
dymeniau mother."
Dindymum (din 'di-mum). [(jt. Aivth'/wv,"] Inan-
cieut fjeography, a mountain in Galatia, sacred
to Cybele.
Dingelstedt (ding'el-stet), Franz von. Born
at Halsdorf, ITesse, Germany, June 30, 1814:
died at Vienna. May 15. 1881. A German poet,
novelist, and theatrical director, iiis works In-
clude "Lieder eines kosniopolitischen NathtwaL-hters"
(1841). "Nacht und Morgen " (1851), the tragedy "Das
Haus dfs Barneveldt " (1850), the novels " Unter der
Erde"(lS4U), " Die Araazoue " (1868), etc.
Dingwall (lUug'wal). The capital of Ross-
shire, situated on Cromarty Firth 11 miles
northwest of Inverness. J^opulation (1891),
2,283.
Dinias and Dercyllis (tUu'i-as and d^r-sil'is).
Tlio chief characters of an old Greek novel
entitled *'0f the incredible Things in Thule."
The book called "Wonders beyond Thule" was written by
oneAntonius Dio;,'enes, who probably lived in Syria in the
2nd century before Christ, though it was the opinion of
Photius that the work was written soon after tbe death of
Alexander the Great. It was current as late as the ftth
century, when its twenty-four volumes were summarised
by the I'atriarch Photius, wliu compressed the works of
neariy three hundred authors into one volume to beguile
the tedium of a residence in Uagdad. Our knowledge of
the novel is gained partly from tliis epit^jme and partly
from the fragments which can be gathered from the later
classical writings, 'liieplut turns on the loves and adven-
tures of a Syrian maiden and Dinias, a traveller from Ar-
cadia, the story of whose lives was recorded in a manu-
script which Alexander the Great was supposed to find m
their tomb. Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 7S.
Dinka (diu'ka). A great Nigi-itie tribe dwell-
ing on both sides of the White Nile between
G° and 12° north latitude. Their territory is a vast
and fertile plain covering 60,000 square miles. They differ
from the Shilluk and Nuer (with whom they largely inter-
live, but wbiiin tiny liate) by theii" higher stature, promi-
nent forohL'ads, and their black, almost bluish, complex-
ion. They are intelligent, skilful in the making of house-
hold articles, and frugal. Like the Shilluk, they are both
pastoral and agricultural. Each village is under a chief
who has little authority and recognizes no suzerain. The
Dinka language is said to be related to that of the Bari,
and to have prefixes like the Bantu tongues.
Dinkard(den-kiird'). [Pahlavi: properly Df/m-
kiirto, the deeds or enactments of the religion.]
The largest and most important Pahlavi work
in existence, containing a vast amount of in-
fonnation regarding the legends, writings, doc-
trines, and customs of the Zoroastrian religion.
In its present state much of the work consists of a deaciip-
tive catalogue of the contents of the original compilation,
interspersed with extracts in detail. The date of its lat-
est revision must have been subsequent to the Moham-
medan conquest of Persia.
Dinkelsbiihl (dink'els-biil). A small town in
Middle Franeonia, Bavaria, situated on the
Wornitz 44 miles southwest of Nm*emberg. It
was fonnerly a free iuaperial city,
Dinmont (din'mont), Dandie (Andrew). A
Border fanner in Sir W:ilter Scott's novel
"Guy Mannering": the grateful fnend of
Brown, who had saved his life. Sent by Meg Mer-
rilies, he protects Brown in the Tortanferry jail, and after
their escape helps hira, under the guidance of Meg, to
capture Hatteraick. He is the owner of Mustard and Pep-
\n:r, the progenitors of the Itandie Dinmont terriers.
According to Mr. Shortreed, this good man [Willie El-
liot) of Mill()urnbolm wiis tlie great original of Dandie
l)iiuuo!it. As he seems to have been thetlrstof theseup-
land sheep farmci's that Scott over visited, there can be
little doubt tlnit he sat for some parts of that iidniitable
portraiture; and it is certain that the James Davidson
who carried the name of Daiuiie to his grave with him, and
wbose thoroughl)rcd deathbed scene is t<dd in the Notes
to (iuy Maniuring. was first pointed out to Scott by Mr.
SbortiL-'d liiiiisilf, several years after the m)vol had es-
tablislKti tbe iiKiii's celebrity all over the Border; some
accidental report about Ins terriers, and their odd names,
having alone been turned to iiccount in the original coni-
positi<in of the tale. But I have the best reason to Iie-
lieve that tbe kind and manly character of Dandie, tlu^
gentle and delicious one of his wife, and some at least of
the most picturesque pectiliarities of the m/naffe at ("bar-
lieshope. were filled up from Scott's oliscrvation, years
after this peritxi, <»f a family with one of whose members
he had, through the best part of bis life, a close arul atfec-
tiimate conm-xion. To tlnise wbo were familiar with him,
I have perhaps already sulHeiently indicated the early
home of his dear friend, William Laidlaw, among "the
braes of Yarrow." Lockkart, Life of Scott, I. H7.
Dinocrates (ili-nok'ra-te'/). [Gr. Ae/voKfuiTT/c.']
The ablest of the architects of Alexander the
Great. Ife planned the new city of Alexaiulrla. and re-
built the Artemisium of Ephesus after its destruction by
tire. This architect ai)peara under eight different names
Civen by Brunn.
Dinorah (de-no'rii). The original Italian title
of itn oiicra. by Meyerbeer, first produced ut
Pnris as '*Le panlon de Ploermd," April 4,
is:.!).
Dinter (din'ter). Priedrich. Born at Borna,
ISaxony, Feb. 29, 1760: died at KOnigsberg,
Diodorus
Prussia, May 29, 1831. A German writer on
pedagogics, professor of theology at Konigs-
berg from 1822. His chief work is the *• Schul-
Irhrerlnbcl" (1825-28).
Dinwiddle (diu'wid-i), Robert. Bom in Scot.
land about 1690 : died at Clifton, England,
Aug. 1, 1770. A British official, lieutenant-
governor of Virginia 1752-58. Shortly after his ap-
pointment he transmitted a report to the Boaiil of Trade,
reconnneiiding the annexation of the Ohio Valley and the
erection of forts to secure the western frontier iwainst the
French. In 1753 he despatched (JeorRe Washington to
the l«"renc!i forts on the Ohio and Allegheny to lemon-
Btrate with theii* connnanders for taking possession of
British territory, and was subsequently one of tbe most
strenuous supporters of the old French and Indian war.
Diodes (di'o-klez). [Gr. AwK?.f/c,'\ A Syra-
cusan popular leader, the reputed (chief) au-
tli<)r of ;i code of laws named for hira.
Diodes Carystius (*of Carystus'). A cele-
i)rated (Ireck physician of tlie*4th century H. c,
born at Carystus Ln Euboea.
Diodetian (tli-o-kle'shian) (Caius Aurelius
Valerius Diodetianus : sumamed Joviua),
Born at Dioclea (whence his name), Dahnatia,
245 A. D.: died near Salona, Dalmatia, 313.
Emperor of Rome. He entered the army at an early
age, and. although of obscure origin, rose to important
commands under jprobus, Aurelian, and Cams. On the
death of Numerianus, joint emperor with C'arinu8,he was
proclaimed emperor by the army at C'haleedon in 284,
and advanced against Carinus who was killed by one of
his own officers. In 286 he adopted Maximian as his
colleague in the government. In 292 the joint emperors
appointed Galerius and Cunstanlius Chlorus as their asso-
ciates. Diocletian and Maximian retained the title of
Augusti, while Galerius and t^onstantius were denomi-
nated Cajsars. Each of the rulers was independent in the
local administration of his province, but the three junior
rulers acknowledged Diocletian as the head of the em-
pire. The empire was divided among them as follows:
Diocletian received Thrace, Egypt, Syria, and Asia, with
^'icomedia as his capital; Maximian, Italy, Africa, Sicily,
and the islands of the Tyrrhenian Sea, with Milan as his
cnpital; Galerius, Illyricum and the countries of the
Danube, with Sirmiinu as Ins capital ; and Constantius,
Britain, Gaul, and Spain, with Treves as his capital.
Diocletian subdued a revolt in Egypt in 296; Constantius
restored the allegiance of Britain in the same year; and
Galerius forced the Persians to sue for peace in 297. In
303 Diocletian, persuaded, it is said, by the false accusa-
tions of Galerius, ordered a general persecution of the
Christians thioughout the empire. He abdicated in 305,
compelling Maximian to do the same, and retired to Sa-
lona in Dalmatia, where he spent his remaining years in
the cultivation of his gardens. Diocletian and iliixiniian
were succeeded as Augusti by Galerius and Constantius,
who in turn appointed Severus and Maximinus Ciesars.
Diocletian inaugurated . . . the period of the Partnership
Emperors. Himself bonu; to power by something not
very unlike a mutiny of tlie troops on the Persian fron-
tier, he nevertheless represented and gave voice to the
passionate longing of the world tlmt the age of mutinies
might cease. With this intention he renuKJelled the in-
ternal constitution of the state ami moulded it' into a
bureaucracy so strong, so stable, so wisely organised, that
it subsisted virtually the same for more than a thousand
years, and by its endurance prolonged for many ages the
duration of the Byzantine Empire.
llodijkin, Italy and her Invaders, I. 16.
Diocletian, Baths of. Baths in ancient Rome
founded by Maximian at the junction of the
Quirinai an<l Viminal hills, and de<licated 305-
306 A. D. A plan was made by Pallaiiio in the IfUh cen- ■
tury, but the remains, though scattered over an area a mile
in circuit, are now very scanty, apart from tbe splendid
tepidarium, now the Church of Sta. Maria degli Angeli,
and one of the domical India which occupied tbe an;ile8,
now the Church of San Beiiiardo.
Diodati (de-6-dJt'te). Domenico. Born at Na-
])lcs, 1736: died at Naples, IStH. An Italian
arclueolo^ist. His works include *'De Christo
praM-e loquente exercitatio" (1767), etc,
Diodati, Giovanni. Born at Geneva, June 6,
1576: died at (ieiieva, Oct. 3, 1049. A Swiss
Protestant thc()l()<^^ian, professcu* of Hebrew
and later of theolof^v at iieneva. He trans-
lated the Bible into Italian (1607).
Diodorus (tU-o-do'rus), surinimed Siculus (*of
Sicily'). [Ur. A/oJw/jo*;.] Born at Af^yrium,
Sicily: lived in the second half of the 1st cen-
tury B. C. A Greek historian, author of a
history in 40 books entitled a ''Historical Li-
brary" (Utf^hoOfjKf/). See the extract.
The historical library of Dittdorus consisted of forty
hooks, divitied into tbree great sections. The Ih-wt of
these sections, containing the mythical period down to
the taking of Troy (wliich ho places with Apollndorus
408 years before the commencement of the olynipiuds,
t. e. In B. c. Il:i8), occupies the first six hooks. Tbe scrtma
section, from the seventh to the eighteenth b(Pok, con-
tains a cliri>nob)gical history from the taking of Troy to
tlie death wf Alexander the Great. The thini period, oc-
cupying tbe twenty-three remididng books, carries the
history down to the llrltish expedition of .luUns Osar.
Of these forty books, we have tudy a portion complete,
namely books 1-5, contaiidng tbe history of the r<gyi)tian8,
Assyrians, .l^thiopians, ami (.'reeks; and l)ooks 11-20,
containing the period from the invasion of Xerxes down
to the year b. c. 302. The rest of the work Is either lost
328
The great work of Dion Cassius was a history of Rome
. . . from the foundation of the city to the year A. D. 229.
Besides this, a number of worlis, now lost or incorporated
in his history, are attrilmted to him by Suidas and otliers.
The history consisted of eighty books, of which Boolis
XXXVII.-LX. have come down to us complete or nearly
so, the remainder of the work being represented by
fragments of different kinds. In the 10th century, when
the whole work was in existence, excerpts were made
from it by the order of Constantine PorphjTogenitus,
and in the 12th century Zonaras undertook an abridg-
ment cif the first 2(1 books, which, with those from the
3iith book to the end, were then extant. The latter part
Diodorus
altogether, or represented only by a series of fragments
and extracts, of which the most considerable refer to
books 3IJ-40. The following is a general analysis of the
remains of Diodorus ;— Book 1. On Egypt ; its mythology,
geography, and history; its laws, literature, and customs;
and the Greeks who have travelled in the country. II.
The legendary historj- of Assyria, from Niuus to Sarcla-
napalus; the Mcdes, Chaldeans, Indians, Scythians, Hy-
perboreans, Arabians, with an account of the island of
Ceylon III On the .*thio|pians, and other nations of
Libya. IV. The mythology of Greece. V. On the Greek
islands, and the Phcniciaii settlements in the Mediterra-
nean. He also treats of the islands of the Atlantic, and
of Arabia and iU seas. XI. tVoin the invasion of Xerxes
(01. T.'!, 1) down to the war of Cyprus (01. 82, 2), with
contemporary notices of Sicily, Egypt, and Rome. XII.
From the war of Cyprus (01. 82, 3) to that of Syracuse
(01 91 1), with notices of .Syb:iris, of Charondas, and Za-
leucus, and the Decemvirate at Rome. XIII. From the
war between .Syracuse and Athens (01. 91, 2) down to that
between Syracuse and the Carthaginians (I )1. 93, 4). XI\ .
From the time of the thirty tyrants (01. 94, 1) to the taking
of Rome by the Gauls (01. 98, 2). XV. From the war be-
tween Artaxerxes and Evagoras (01. 98, 3) to the accession
of Philip (01. ICS, 2). XVI. Reign of Philip of Macedon.
XVII. Reign of Alexander the Great. XVIII. Successors r"l,-n^c,^o+«Tniic (L-i-
of Alexander down to the domination of Agathocles in DlOn CnrySOStOmUS (.K|
Sicily (01. ll.";, 3). XIX. Events in Greece, Sicily, and
Italy down to the battle of Himera (01. 117, 2). XX.
From the war of Agathocles in Sicily (01. 117, 3) down to
the coalition against Antigonus (01. 119, 3).
A'. 0. Miitler, Ilist. of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 117.
UDmuUdgon.)
Diogenes (di-oj'e-nez). [6r. Afoyti^c] Born
at Siiiope, Asia Minor, about 412 B. c. : died at
Corinth, 323. A Greek CjTiic philosopher, fa-
mous for his eceentricities. He emigrated to Athens
in his youth, became the pupil of Antisthenes, and lived
Dipsodes, The
carnassus, Caria : died at Rome about 7 B. c.
A Greek rhetorician and historian, author of a
history of Kome (Archwologia).
Dionysius of Halicarnassus (25 B. c), in his Archaeology,
i. e. Early History, of Rome to 264 B. c, aimed at writing
an Introduction to Polybius. He maintains, on fanciful
grounds, that the Romans, who deserve to rule the world,
are no "barbarians," but of Greek descent. We have
Books I.-X., going down to 4.'i0 B. c, and fragments of
Book XI. He did a better work in his rhetorical wriU
ings, and above all in his excellent essays on the Greek
orators. Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 148.
of the work, from the 36th to the 8oth book, had been
aljridged in the 11th century by a monk named Joannes X)ionysiUS PeriegetCS (per"i-P-je'tez).
XiphiliTias. There are detached fragments, more or less
considerable, of the 3.'ith and 36th books, referring to the
campaign of LucuUus against Jlithridates, and I'ompey's
war with the pirates. On the other hand, there are many
gaps in the 37th, 65th, 66th, 67th, 6Sth, 59th, and 60th
books. The work was continued down to the time of
Constantine the Great by some Christian writer, who is
supposed to have liecn .loannes Antioehenus,
[Gr.
l{Do)iald3on.)
sos'to-mus). [Gr.
XpvmaTo/iO(.~\ Born at Prusa, Bithynia, about
50 A. D. : died at Rome about 117. A Greek
rhetorician and philosopher. His 80 extant ora-
tions were edited by Reiske 1784.
Dione(di-o'ne). [Gr. A«Jr/7.] 1 . In Greek my-
thology, a female Titan, daughter of Oeeanus
and Tethys, and mother by Zeus of Aphrodite.
— 2. A pastoral tragedy by John Gay, published
in 1720. — 3. The fourth satellite of Saturn, dis-
covered by Cassini, March, 1684.
in his youtn, became tne pupuoi AniisuieuBs,Biiu iiveu, . •' ,- - . ,. ... r,^„ a,„,,,„,„ T An
according to Seneca, in a tuk While on a voyage from DlOnySia (dl-o-nis 1-a). [Gr. Aiovvam.^ An-
Atheus to -Egina, he was captured by phates who ex- ' '< -'- '--'- •"■■•- "'
poseil him for sale on the slave-market in Crete. When
asked what business he understood, he replied, "How to
command men," and requested to be sold to some one
in need of a master. He was purchased by Xeniades, a
wealthy citizen of Corinth, who restored him to liberty,
and in whose house he passed his old age. At Corinth
he was, according to tradition, visited by Alexander the
Great. Alexander inquired whether he could oblige him
in any way. "Yes," replied Diogenes; "stand from be-
tween lue and the sun."
The author of the ro-
llepiTiyr/TTJc, a guide, cicerone, or showman : so
named from the title of his book. See the def.]
Lived about the 4th (1st?) century A. D. The
author of a geographical poem, "Periegesis"
(Gr. nty»?/}7/mf rr/f );?[•, a geographical descrip-
*'°'^ °^ ^^'^ earth).
ArrS.' J/u7Kr"uist.' of rheUtVorAnZ Greece, III. 261. Dioiiysius the Areopagite. Aji Athenian, a
„r, ...ij . member of the Areopagus, converted by St.
cient Greek festivals m honor of Dionysus. Of
these, those of Athens were the most important, and are
generally held to have been four in number : the Lesser
or RiuTil Dionysia, the Lensea, the Anthesteria, and the
Greater or City Dionysia. It now seems proved, how-
ever, that the Lenrea and the Anthesteria were, in historic
times at least, identical, and merely interchangeable
names for the festival which centered about the Lenaeum,
or sanctuary of Dionysus in the Marshes, whose shrine
Paul about 50 a. D. He was the reputed author of
several Greek treatises (" The Celestial Hierarchy. ' " The
Ecclesiastical Hierarchy," "Concerning the Names of
God," "Of Mystical Theology," " Epistles " and a Liturgy)
which appeared in the 6th century and were probably
written in the 5th. They have been the subject of much
theological and critical discussion.
Dionysus (tli-6-ni'sus). [Gr. Aiovvao^ or Aiuw-
(Tof.] In Greek mythology, the god of wine.
He was, according to the common tradition, the son of
Zeus and Semele, the daughter of Cadmus of Thebes.
Hera, jealous of the attention which Zeus bestowed on
Semele, persuaded her in the guise of a friendly old
woman to request him to approach her in the same ma-
jesty in which he approached his wife. Zeus appeared in
thunder and lightning, with the result that Semele in her
fright gave birth to Dionysus, whom Zeus rescued from
the flames and sewed up in Ills thigh until he came to
maturity. He was brought up by Ino and Athamas at
Orchomenos ; spent many years in wandering about the
eaith, introducing the cultivation of the vine; and even-
tually rose into Olympus. He was also called, both by the
Greeks and the Romans, Bacchus, i. e. the riotous god,
which was originally a surname of Dionysus.
Diogenes, Antonius.
mance "Dinias and Dercyllis" (which see).
Diogenes Laertius (la-er'shi-us). [The sur-
name Aatpnog or Aaeprievg is probably from
his birthplace (?) Laerte in Cilicia.] Lived
proliably about 200 A. D. A historian and bi-
ograjiher, author of lives of the Greek philos-
ophers in 10 books, from the early schools to
the Epicureans. His work is chiefly valued as
containing information preserved nowhere else.
Diogenes of ApoUonia. Born at Apollonia,
Crete : lived in the 5th century B. c. A Greek
nal'iiral jihilosopher, a pupil of Anaximenes.
Diomed (di'o-med). See Diometies.
Diomed. A chestnut thorouglibrod horse, foaled
in 1777, by Florizel, dam by Spectator, second
dam by Blank, third dam by Cliilders. Florizel
by Hero traces directly to Byerly Turk. Diomed won
the tlrst Derby in 1780, and died in 1807. He was the sire
of Duroc, sire of American Eclipse, also the sire of Sir
Archy, sire of Timoleon, sire of Boston, aire of Lexington.
Diomed, Villa of. See Pompeii.
Diomede Islands (di'o-med i'landz). A group
of small ishinds in Bering Strait.
Diomedes (di-o-me'dez). [Gr. A(0/;^(5//c.] 1.
In Cireek legend, a king of Argos, and one of
the most famous of the Greek warriors at the
siege of Troy. He was the son of Tydeus who fell in
the expedition against Thebes. He went with Sthenelus
and Euryalus to I'roy as the commander of a fleet of
80 ships carrying warriors from Argos, Tiryns, Her-
iniune Asine, Trcozene, Eionie, Epidaurus, JSgina, and
Mases. He was, next to Achilles, the bravest of the
Greeks before Troy, and fought with the most dis-
was opened on only one day in the year. The date of -rkj _ „ ,1= „ „;',hi !„ Shaksnere's "Peri.
this festival was from the 11th to the 13th of Anthesterion "^^^^^^ ( "^^ 7 ° ' ™^ 3- > ' ^ blial^spere S ren
(about M:u-ch 2^). The Lesser Dionysia were a wine- cles," the "mfe of Cleon, governor of Iharsus.
feast of very early origin, held throughout the Attic denies [^l,e attempts the murder of Marina, and with
between the 8th and ilth of Poseideon (about Dec. 19-22), jjgj. husband is burned to death in revenge,
accompanied by drinking, boisterous processions, and ... . „ ,, , ^„ ^ /l ,i
dramatic performances, of which those at the Pira!us had DlOphantUS (di-o-fan tus). [Gr. Ai6(j,avTo(.\
the chief reputation. The Greater Dionysia were cele- Lived at Alexandria, probably in the 4th cen-
brated in Athens, probably from the 9th to the 13th of ^^.y ^_ p ^ Greek mathematician, reputed in-
Elaphebolion (about March 28-April 2). On the first day A t nli^ebra His chief work is " Arith-
thel e was a grand procession and a feast, besides a choral ventor Ot a Ige Ijra. ills CUiei WOrK IS Al un
daneearound the Altar of the Twelve Gods in the Agora; metica" (edited by 1 ermat, Ifa/O).
on the second day were held lyrical contests between DioSCOlideS (ili"os-kor'i-dez). PedaciuS (pe-
choruscs of boys and men : and on the last three days Ja'shi-us) or PedaniuS (pe-da'ni-us). [Gr.
dramatic contests in the Dionysiac theater.
Dionysius (di-o-uish'i-us), sumamed "The
Elder." [Gr. Kmv'raioQ, from AiivvaoQ, Diony-
sus: the name has become Denis (which see).]
Born about 430 B. c. : died at SjTacuse, 367.
Tyrant of Syracuse. He contrived in 405 to have
himself appointed sole general of the forces of the re-
public in the w:ir against Carthage, whereupon he sui--
rounded himself with a strong body-guard of mercenai ies
and usurped the government. He strengthened his posi-
tion by marrying the daughter of the deceased party
leader Hermocrates. and concluded peace with Carthage
in 404. He declared war against Carthage in 397, and was
besieged in 396 in Syracuse Ijy the Carthaginians, who
were compelled by pestilence and a successful sally of the
Syraeusans to raise the siege after an investment of eleven
months. He concluded an advantageous peace in 392. He
captured Rhegium in 387, and Croton in 379, which gave
him a commanding influence among the Italian Greeks.
His power and influence are said to have exceeded those
of any other Greek before Alexander the Great. He en-
couraged letters, invited Plato to his court, and himself
AioaniivpiAiK, snrnamed nciamo^ or Ilftidivo!,'.]
Born probably at Anazarba, Cilicia: lived in
the 1st or 2d century A. D. A Greek physician,
author of a treatise on materia medica.
Dioscuri (di-os-ku'ri). [Gr. A(6aKoppoi .'] Cas-
tor and Pollux, according to Greek legends
the sons of Leda and Zeus, or of Leda and
Tyndareus (whence their patronjinic Tyndari-
dse), and brothers of Helen. See Castor and
Pollux.
Dioscurus (di-os-ku'ms). Died at Gangra,
Paphlagonia, 454. Bishoj) of Alexandria 444-
451. Having sided with the heretic Eutyches against
Flavian, bishop of Constantinople, he convoked a synod
at Ephesns in 449, which sustained the former and con-
demned the latter. This synod, over which he presided,
was conducted with so much viidcnce that it was stigma-
tized as the "Robber Synod." He was condemned and
leposed by the Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon in 451.
:d Plato to nis couri. ana lumaeii • • , _ ,. . ,„ . , -, „-i„ .»
gained the chief prize at the Lenrea with a play entitled DlOSpollS (dl-os po-lis). [Gr. A(oa7ro/(f, City 01
"The Ransom of Hector." Zeus.] See 7.i/<?rffl.
Dionysius, snrnamed "The Younger." Born Diospolis. Thebes in Egn>t; hence, Z)iosj)o/i7e
about 395 B. c. : died at Corinth (?) after 343. dynasty, a Theban dynasty. See Tlwhes.
Tyrant of Syracuse, a relative of Dion, and Diotima (dJ-o-ti'ma). [Gr. Amri/zo.] A priest-
Greeks Deiore iroy, aim lougni miiii mc 11,1,0^ mo- ^.^luui^ v^a »_-j h«^ va.j^ , « ^^..^-.^ — , — .r«v»*— « x — ; - .;. ,. < ^ re.
tinguished among the Trojans, including Hector and son of Dionysius the Elder whom he succeeded ess of Maiitinea, the reputed teacher of ooc
Mne&s.
2. A legendary Thraoian king, son of Ares. — 3.
In Shakspore's "Antony and Cleopatra," an
attendant of Cleopatra.— 4. In Shakspere's
" Troilus and Cressida," a Grecian commander.
Dion (di'on). [Gr. Muv.'] Born at Sj-racuse,
aliout 408 B. C. : assassinated at Syracuse, 3.54
or 353 B. c. A Syracusan philosopher, a dis-
ciple of Plato. He expelled Dionysius tlie Dionysius, Pg. Diniz. Bom at Lisbon, Oct.
Younger from Syracuse in 356, and became 9, 1261: died at Santarera, Portugal, Jan. 7,
ruler of the city in 355. 1325. Kingof Portngan27<)-1325. He founded
Dion. 1. A Sicilian noble in Shakspere's "Win- the University of Coimbra.
tcr's Tale."— 2. The father of Euphrasia in Dionysius ExigUUS (eks-ig'u-us). [L., the
Fletcher's "Philaster." Little.'] Born in Scythia: lived in the 6th
in 367. He was expelled in 356, restored in rates, mentioned in Plato's " Symposium." She
346, and finally expelled in 343. is probably fictitious.
Dionysius, Saint. Born at Alexandria in the Diphda (dif'dii). [Ar. difihi' nl-thdnf, the see-
List part of the 2d century A. D. : ilied at Alo.x- ond frog, the star Fomalhaut being the first.]
andria, 265. A theologian, called "the Great," An often used name for the star ji Ceti. Also
bishop of Alexandria about 247. He was con- called Ilcnrli Kaitos.
verted by Origen. Only fragments of his works DipMlus (dif'i-lus). [Gr. Ai>Xof.] Born at
remain. ""-— '^■- "'■*'•' ' '
Beaumont and Fletc
Dion Cassius (kash'i-us), snrnamed Cocceia-
nus (from some person named Cocceins or
Coeceianus, perhaps his grandfather). Boni
at Niciea, Bithynia, about 155 A. D. : died at
Nictea, after 230. A celebrated historian of
Rome. He was consul :ib()ut 220 and 229, and
wrote in Greek a history of Rome in 80 books.
See the extract.
Siiiope. One of the chief Athenian poets of
the New Comedy, a contemporary of Menander.
He is said to have exhibited a hnnihed plays.
Fragments of his works are extant.
Diplomacy. A plaj- adapted by Bolton and
Sa\nlp Rowe from Sardou's "Dora," produced
_j ^^j — - in 1878.
century A. D. A monk and scholar of the Dippel (dip'pel), Johann Konrad. Bom at
Western Church who, in his "Cyclus pascha-
lis," introduced the annunciation of the birth
of Christ as the startiiig-])oint of modern chro-
nology, thus establishing the Christian or
Dionysian era. He placed the birth of Clu'ist
from three to six years too late.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus. Born at Hali-
Frankenstein, near Darmstadt, Germany. Aug.
10, 1673 : died at Berleburg, Prussia, April 25,
1734. A (xerman mystic and alchemist. He
invented Dippel's aiiimal oil, and discovered
Prussian blue.
Dipsodes(dip's6dz),The. [Gr.(!i;V"i''w, thirsty.]
A people in Rabelais's "Gargantua and Panta-
Dipsodes, The
gruel." They were ruled by King Anarehe, and
many of them were giants. Pantagruel sub-
dued them.
Dipylon Gate (dip'i-lon gat), The. [6r. (iiVw-
'/Mc, double-gated.] The chief gateway of an-
cient Athens, traversing the walls on the north-
west side. As it* uame indicates, it was in fact a double
gate, consisting of a strongly toititled rectangular court
between an outer and an inner portal Each portal also
was double, having two doors, each Hi feet wide, sepa-
rated by a central pier. The foundations of this gate,
329
Una. It ertcnds from near Norfolk 80 to 40 miles south-
ward. It contains Lake Bruinuiond, and is tniverseil by
the Dismal Swamp canal, which connects t'hcsapeake Bay
and Albemarle Sound. Part of the swamp baa been re-
claimed.
Dismas (dis'mas), or Desmas (des'mas). The
legendary name of the penitent thief cnieified
with Christ. lie is also sometimes known as
IleiiKi.s and lli/f/iiiiix.
Disowned, The. A novel by Bulwer Lytton,
)uihlished in 1829.
alone among those of ancient Athens, survive in great Tii-raoli lAW riT li nr ,}i-, .-u'liN !?„„;-«,;_
part, and from it toward the southwest eltends a beauti- •H,^^'^*^^ i'"'' ™ „ ", S"^ '"/--le ll), Benjamin,
ful stretch of the origimil wall of Themistocles. built under
Peloponnesian menace after the Oreek victories over the
Persians in 480 and 479 B. c. This wall, in Its contrasted
construction of adminibly titte<l blocks and rough stones,
confirms Iiter,ary witness to the haste of work spurred on
by emergency. The Dipylon is identical with the Sacred
Gate, and among the roads diverging from it is the Sacred
Way to Eleusis. It was long held that an opening in the
wall immediately southwest of the Dipylon was the Sacred
Gate, but Dorpfeld h;ia shown that this was a pjissage for
the stream which he identifies as the Eridanus.
Dirs (ili're). The Furies. See Fiirisp.
Dirce (der'se). [(ir. .i//)fc//.] In Greek mj-thol-
ogy, the second wife of Lycus, put to death
by Amphion and Zethus, sons of Antiope, in
revenge for her ill treatment of their mother.
See Antiope. she was bound to the boms of a bull and
draped to death. Her execution is represented in the
famous group "Famese Bull" (which see). Her body
was changed by Dionysus into a well on Mount Cithseron.
Directory, The. The body of five men who
held the executive power in France from
Nov. I, 179.'), to the coup d'etat of 1799 (18th
Brumaire, Nov. 9). it succeeded the Convention.
During this period occurred the campaigns of Napoleon
in Italy and Egypt, and other campaigns in Germany,
etc. ; French influence became powerful in Italy and
Switzerland ; the treaty of Campo-Formio was concluded
with Austria; and France was nejirly embroiled in a war
with the United states. The personnel of the Directory was
modified by a coup d't-tat, 18th P'ructidor (Sept, 4\ 1797, in
which the republicans triumphed over the reactionaries.
Toward the close of the period the Directory became dis-
credited by defeats in Italy, and was overthrown by Na.
poleon and succeeded by the Consulate. See Brumaire.
Dirschau (der'shou), Pol. Szczewo(shehev'6).
A town in the province of West Prussia. Prus-
sia, situated on the Vistula 19 miles southeast
Dixmude
Dive Bouteille (dev bo-tay'), La. [F., 'the
divine bottle.'] An oracle to which Pamirge in
"Kabelais" makes a long .iourney in order to
determine whether he shall marrv. The oracle
responds with one word. " Trinq. " The Order of the Dive
Bouteille was instituted in France in the Kith century by
the most ■' illustrious drinkers " in honor of Kabelais, and
in (inier to put in practice their " iiantagruelisin."
Diver, The. A poem bv Schiller.
Dives (di'vez). [L., 'wealthy.'] B^B Lazarus.
Dives (dev). A small town in the department
of Calvados, France, 17 miles southwest of Le
llavre. it was formerly a seaport of some importance.
Divide, Continental. The elevated ridge or
water-parting in the Rocky Mountain region of
the United States which separates the streams
tributary to the Pacific Ocean from those tribu-
tary t() the Atlantic ; in a more restricted sense,
a portion of the main divide, in the Yellowstone
National Park, where it has about its narrowest
. crest,
was premier 1874-80; was created earl of Beaconsfleld in Divina f!oTnmo/Uo /rls ,ro'.,K 1,„™ ™;:'/i;; k\
1876; and was plenipotentiary at the Congress of Berlin r.nKW, o ( < , n ^ a ^^, v fT""" '^®'*^-
in 1878. His administration was noted for its a-gressivo J- ^""e l^omeUy. J A celebrated epic poem
... - by Dante, m 3 parts — Inferno (Hell), Purga-
torio (Purgatory), Paradise (Paradise) — writ-
ten dxiring the period 1300-18. it has been trans-
lated mto English by Cary, Longfellow, Norton, and others.
Earl of Beaconsfield. Born at Loudiin, L>i
21, 1804: died at London, April 19, 1881. An
English statesman and novelist, son of Isaac
D'Israeli. He entered the House of Commons in 1837,
and became one of the leailers of the Young England
party, and leader of the I*rotectionist Tories against Peel
from about 1846. He was chancellor of the exchequer
and leader of the house in 18.')2 and 1858-59; became
chancellor of the exchequer in 1866 ; carried the Reform
Bill of 1867 ; became premier in 1868 ; resignetl in 186S ;
aggr
foreign policy (in regard to the Eastern Question, India,
and South .\frica). He wrote "Vindication of the British
Constitution " (1835) (the theories of which were afterward
expounded in "Coningsby " and "Sybil"), "Vivian Grey"
(1826: second part in 1827), "The Young Duke" (1831),
"Contarini Fleming" (1S32), " The Wondrous Tale of Al-
roy" (1833), "Kise of Iskander," "Eevolutionary Epic"
(18.34), " Letters of Runnymede " (1836), " Venetia"(1837),
"Henrietta Temple " (1837), " Tragedy of Count Alarcos "
(1839), "Coningsby" (1844X "Sybil" (ISih), "Tancred"
(1847), " Life of Lord George Bentinck " (1852), "Lothair"
(1870), "Endymion"(1880).
D'Israeli, Isaac. Bom atEnfield, England, May,
1766: died at Bradenham House, Bucks, Eng-
land, Jan. 19, 1848. An English miscellaneous
writer. His chief works are " Curiosities of Literature "
(1791-1824, 6 vols.), "Miscellanies" (1796), "Calamities of
Authors" (1812), "Quarrels of Authors " (1814), "Literary
Character'^ (1816), "Charles I," (1828-31), "Amenities of
Literature "(1841).
Diss (dis). A townin Norfolk, England, 22miles
north of Ipswich. Population (1891), 3,763.
Distaffina (dis-ta-fi'na). The beloved of Bom-
bastes Furioso in Rhbdes's burlesque opera of
that name. She jilted Bombastes for the king.
Dante called it a comedy only because the 'ending was
not tragical, and the epithet divine was given to it in ad-
miration.
And so the spiritual sense of these works [the " Vita \u-
ova " and " Convito "J proceeds by deflnite steps upward to
the higher mysteries of the " Divina Commedia." Here,
after the early days of faith and love, and when, after the
first passage of emotions of youth to the intellectual en-
joyments of maturer years, enthusiasm al.-io for philosophy
has passed away, Dante, or the .Soul of Man represented
in his i)erson, piisses through worldly life (the wood of the
first canto of the "Divine Comedy ") into sin, and, through
God's grace, to a vision of his misery— to the " Hell. " But
by repentance and penance — " Purgatory "—the marks of
the seven deadly sins are effaced from his foreheiui, and
the bright vision of Beatrice, Heavenly Love, whose hand-
maids are the seven virtues, admonishes him as he attains
to "Paradise." There Beatrice the Beatifler, Love that
brings the Blessing, is his guide to the end of the soul's
course, the glory of the very presence of the Godhead,
where a love that is almighty rules the universe.
Morley, English Writers, III, 404.
ofDantzie. It has a notable lattice-work iron Distaff's Day, Saint. The 7th of January: so Divine Doctor, The. [L. doctor (livinus.'] A
bridge. Population (1890), 11,541.
Dis (dig). Iji Roman mythology, a name of
Pluto, and hence of the lower world.
Disco (dis'ko). An i.sland belonging to Den-
mark, situated in Baffin Bay, west of Green
land, in lat. 69° 30' N. " "
of Godhavn.
Disco Bay. A bay on the west coast of Green-
land, southeast of Disco Island.
Discobolus (dis-kob'o-lus). [Gr. StaKofl6>M^,
thrower of the discus.] An antique copy, in
the Vatican, Rome, of a famous statue by My
called because on that day the women who have surname of Ruysbroeek,
kept the Christmas festival till Twelfth Day (the Divine Tragedy, The. A poem by Longfellow
6th) return to their distaffs, or ordinary work. _published in 1871.
As a distaff is also called a rock, it is sometimes
_ called Rock Day.
It coiitains the harbor Distant Prospect of Eton College, Ode on a.
A poem by Thomas Gray, written in 1742, pub-
lished auonjTnously by Dodsley in 1747.
Distich (dis"'tik), Dick. A poet and satirist
met in a madhouse by Sir Lauucelot Greaves,
in Smollett's novel of that name. Pope used
this signature in " The GuartUan."
ron. The body is bent forward and turned toward the Distressed Mother, The. A tragedy by Am
'rj' The. 1, A small shii, which un<ler District of Columbia (ko-lum'bi-a). The fed-
..a of aptain George Waymotith was ^ral district which contains the national capital
it by the hast India Company to "find ^t fi,„ TT„i.„,i «t„(.,„ ,. ,= .. ..^_. , .', . .
right as the heavy discus is swung back, wonderful art
being shown in the choice and expression of the moment
of rep'fse when, the backward motion completed, the pow-
erful cast forward is on the point of execution.
Discordia (dis-k6r'di-il). In Roman mythology,
the goddess of dissension, corresponding to the
Greek Eris.
Discours de la m6thode. See De.icartcs.
Discovery, The.
comma
sent out liy the hast India Company
the ]iassage best to lye towards the parts or
kingdom of Cataya or China, or the backo
side of America." She sailed with the Godspeed
from the Thames May 2, lt[02, intending to make the coast
of Greenland ; but the voyage had no important result,
though Waymouth probably paved the way for Hudson's
discovery. In April, 1610, the latter sailed in the Dis-
covery, and entered the strait which bears his name in
June. Early in August he entered Hudson Bay. He
spent three m<mths in exploring it, and in November the
vessel was frozen in. In .lune of the following year she
was released, :md shortly after a mutiny occurred. Hud.
ftiii anil others were set adrift, and were never again seen.
The lliscovery was taken home by the mutineers, and
In-ose Philips, ])roduced in 1712. It was adapted
from Racine's "Andromaque."
Distresses, The. A play by Davenant, thought pline."
to have been the same as "The Spanish Lov- Dix, John Adams.
ers," licensed in 1639. ' ' ^ '
D'Istria (des'treii), Dora, Cotmtess. The pseu
donym of Heleue Ghika, I'rincessKoltzoff Mas-
salskv
Divitiacus (div-i-ti'a-kus). An ^duan noble,
brother of Dnmnorix. He was an ally of Rome, and
a warm personal friend of Ca:sar. He was the guest of
Cicero during a political visit to Rome. He rendered ser-
vices to C.xs:u- against Ariovistus and against the Belgte.
Through his intercession Dumnorix's treason in 68 B. 0.
was pardoned by Ca?sar.
Dix (diks), Dorothea L3mde. Born at Wor-
cester, Mass., ISO") : died at Trenton, N. J., July
19, 1887. An American philanthropist, noted for
her exertions in behalf of paupers, the insane,
and prisoners. .She published several children's
books, and in 1845 "Prisons and Prison Disci-
capital
of the United Statics, it lies on the eastern bank of
the I'otomac, between Maryland ami Virginia, and con-
tains, besides the city of Washington, with Georgetown,
various villages. It is under the control of the Federal
Government through 3 commissioners appointed by the Dixie's Land
President and confirmed by the .Senate. It was formed of
cessions made by Miuyland in 1788 and Virginia in 1789,
comprising 100 square miles. It was organized in 1790-
1791, and the seat of government was removed thither in
1800. Washington was incorporated in 1802. The Virgin-
ian porti(m (west of the Potomac) was retroceded in 1846,
Territorial government was established in 1871, a provi-
sional government succeeded in 1874, and the present form
was established in 1878. Area, 70 scpiare miles. Popula-
tion (1800), 2;!li,:i!l2, See Washington.
two years after this she was again sent to the Northwest Dithmarschen (dit'miir-shen), or Ditmarsh
with the Res-dntion umlcr command of .Sir Th..inaa (liifmiirsh). A territorv in western Hoist ein.
Button. He discovered Nelsrm 8 River, which he called - ^u • « c i i - tt i . . V. ■ '
Port Nelson, and several points. In 1016 the Discovery ".' the province of Schleswig-Holstein, Pnissia,
set out with William Baffin and Robert Bylot. and again Situated between the EUx^ and the Elder. It
In 1610. In both these voyages many important discov- was incorporated in Ilolstein in 1559, and an-
gles and explorations were made. See Iltidfun, Ilmnj. ncxed to Prussia, in 1806.
exp
of
Disentls,
in the canton of (irisons, .Switzerlan((, situated
on the Fiirllier Rhine 35 miles southeast of
Lucerne. It is notcil for its Benedictine ab-
bey, foundeil about 614. from which it received
the nam(^ Muster ( L. .MiDidstrriiiiii.)
Dismal Swamp, Great. A morass in south-
eastern Virginia and northeastern North Caro-
poetry Dili is a dauu'bterof Daksha and wife of Kashyapa,
The race of liaityas. or implacablceneniiesof the gods, are
described as her progeny or descendants.
Ditton(d it 'on), Humphrey. Horn at Salisbury,
England, Mav2'.), 1675: di,-d Oct. 15, 1715. An
English niatiiematician. He wrote "General Laws
of Nature and Motion " (1706), "An Institution of Hui-
ioua " (1706), etc.
Born at Boseawen, N. H.,
July 24, 1798 : died at New York, April 21, 1879.
An American statesman and general. He was
United States senator from New York I84f>-1!) ; was sec-
retaiy of the treasuiy in 1861 ; served during the Civil
tt ar 1801-66 ; was minister to France 1866-69 ; and wiis
governor of New York 1873-76.
Dix, Mount. One of the principal summits of
theAdirondacks, New York. Height, 4.842 feet.
Dixie (dik'si). A poiiularname of the (Southern
Stati's of the AmericanUnion. See Dixir'sLand.
Said to have been originally a
negro name for New York or Manhattan Island,
later ajiplied to the South. The plirasc originated
in New York eiuly in the 19th century : it developed into
a Bong, or rather into many songs, the refrain usually con-
taining the word "Dixie " or "Dixie's Ijiiid." In the South
Dixie is regarded as meaning the Southern States, the
word being 8Ui>i)osed to be derived from " .Miuson and
Di.xon's line," wliii li formerly divided the free and slave
states. It is said to have first come into use there when
Texas joined the I'nion, and the negroes Bang of It as
*' Dixie."
In the popular mythology of Now York City, Dixie was
the Negro's panuiise on earth in times when slavery and
the slave-trade were nourishing in that quarter. Dixie
owned a tract of land on Manhattan Islimd, and also a
large number of slaves ; and his slaves increasing faster
than his land, an emigration ensued, such as liaa taken
place in Virginia and other States. Naturally, the Negroes
who left it for distant (larta looked to it as a place of un-
alloyed happiness, and it was the "old Virginny"of the
Negroes of that (lay. Hence Dixie became synonymouB
with an ideal locality combining ineffable hapiiiness and
every imaginable re>|uisito of earthly beatitude.
nnjant. Songs from Dixie's Land, note.
Dixmude (de-mtid'), Flem. Diksmuide. A
small town in the province of West Flanders,
Belgium, situated ou the Yser 20 miles south-
west of Bruges.
Dixon, George
Dixon (dik'sou), George. Died about 1800.
An English navigator. He served as a pettyofflceron
the Resolution UuruiK Cook's last voyage. In 1786 he was
appointed to the cominauil of the Queen C'hajlotte in Na-
thaniel Portloek's exploring ospeditiou along the north-
western eo-ist of America. He was detached for the pur-
pose of independent e.vploration, May 1-1. lVo7. and shortly
after discovered the Queen Charlotte Islands. He pub-
lished " A Vovaire round the World" (IVb!)).
Dixon, William Hepworth. Boru at Xewtou-
Heath, Kugluml, June 30, 18:21 : died at London,
Dec. 27, 1879. An English author and journal-
ist, editor of the "Athena-um" 1853-69. Hewrote
•'New America •■ (1S6D, "Spiritual Wives" (1868), "Free
Russia ' (ISTO), " Her Majesty's Tower " (1869-71), etc.
Dixon Entrance. A sea passage, west of Brit-
ish Columbia, which separates Prince of Wales
Island from the Queen Chariotte Islands.
DiXViUe Notch (diks'vil noch). A noted ravine
in tlie northern part of New Hampshire, near
Colebrooke.
Dix well (diks'wel), John. Bom 1608: died at
New Haven, Conn., March 18, 1689. An English
regicide, a refugee in America after the Res-
toration.
Dizful (dez-fol'), or Desful (des-fol'). A city
in the province of Khuzistan, Persia, situated
on the river Diz in lat. 32° 10' N., long. 48°
3.5' E. Population, estimated, 30,000.
Dizzy (diz'i). 1. A character in Garriok's play
"The Male Coquette." — 2. A nickname of Ben-
jamin Disraeli.
Djinnestan, or Jinnestan (jiu-nes-tan'). The
land of the Djinns or Jinns in Persian and
Orii'utal fairy lore.
Dmitri. See DimitrJ.
Dmitrieff (dme'tre-ef), Ivan Ivanovitch.
Born in the government of Simbirsk, Russia,
Sept. 20 (N. S.), 1760: died at Moscow, Oct.
15 (N. S.), 1837. A Russian poet and politi-
cian, minister of justice 1810-14. He was the
author of a translation of La Fontaine's fables,
etc.
Dmitroff (dme'trof). A town in the govern-
ment of Moscow, Russia, 43 miles north of Mos-
cow. Population, 9,298.
Dmitrovsk (dme'trovsk). A town in the gov-
ernment of Orel, Russia, in lat. 52° 29' N., long.
35° 15' E. Population (1888), 6,878.
Dnieper (ne'per; Russ. pron. dnyep'er), or
Dniepr (ne'pr). A river of Russia, after the
Volga and Danube the largest in Europe : the
classical Borysthenes, and the later classical
Danapris, the TlU'kish Uzi. It rises in the govern-
ment of Smolensk, and Hows into the Black Sea by the
Dnieper Liman, east of Odessa. Its leading tributaiies
are the Desna, Soj, Pripet, and Berezina. KieH and Yeka-
terinoslatf are on its banks. Length, about 1,200 miles ;
navig-able from Dorogobush.
Dniester Knes'ter; Russ. pron. dnyes'ter), or
Dniestr (nes'tr). A river in Galicia and Rus-
sia which rises in the Carpathian Mountains,
and flows into the Black Sea 30 miles south-
west of Odessa: the ancient Tj-ras or Danas-
tris, the Turkish Turla. Length, about 800
miles. Its navigation is interrupted at the
Yampol rapids.
Doab (dii-ab'), or Duab. ['Two rivers.'] In
India, a name given to a tract of country be-
tween two rivers. It is applied especially to the region
between the Ganges and the Jumna, of great fertility,
about 500 miles in length.
Doane (don), (Jeorge Washington. Born at
Trenton, N. J., May 27, 1799: died at Burling-
ton, N. J., April 27, 1859. An American bishop
of the Protestant Episcopal Church. He pub-
Ushed "Songs by the Way" (1824), etc.
Dobberan. See Dobcran.
Dobbin (dob'in). Major William. A modest
young officer in Thackeray's novel "Vanity
frair." He marries Amelia Sedley after the
deatli of her first husband, George Osborne.
Dobbins, Humphrey. A rough but grateful
servant in Colman's comedy " The PoorGentle-
man.''
Dobell (do-bel' ), Sydney Thompson. Bom at
Cranbrook, Kent, England, April 5, 1824: died
at Nailsworth, Gloucester, -\ug. 22, 1874. An
English poet. He was a wine merchant at Cheltenham
from 1848 until his death. His works (a complete edition
of which appeared in 1875-76) include "The Roman"
(1860), "Balder " (1854), and "England in Time of War"
(18!i6).
Dobeln (d^'beln). A town in the kingdom of
Saxony, situated on the Miilde 28 miles west
of Dresden. Population ( 1K9I1). 13.86'2.
Doberan (do'be-ran), or Dobberan (dob'ber-
iin). A to^rn and watering-place in the grand
duchv of MecklenlMirg-Sehwerin, Germany,
situated near the Baltic 9 miles west of Ros-
tock.
330
DSbereiner (d6'be-ri-ner), Johann Wolfgang.
Born near Hof, Bavaria. Dee. 15. 1780 : died
at Jena, Germany, March 24, 1849. A German
chemist. He was professor of chemistry, pharmacy,
and technology in the I'niversity of Jena from 1810 mitil
his death. He discovered that spongiform platinum has
the property of igniting hydrogen. Author of "Zur pneu-
matischen Chemie " (1821-25), etc.
Doboobie. See Alusco.
Dobrentei (de'bren-ta-e), G&bor. Bom at
NagyszoUos. Hungary, Dec. 1, 1786: died near
Budapest, March 28, 1851. A Hungarian
scholar and poet. He published "Old Monu-
ments of the Magyar Language" (1838-42).
Dobrizhoffer (do'brits-hof-er), Martin. Bom
at Gratz, in Styi'ia, Sept. 7, 1717: died at Vi-
enna, July 17, 1791. A Jesuit missionary and
author. From 1749 until the expulsion of the Jesuits
in 1767 he resided in Paraguay, and seven years of this
period were passed among the savage Abipones Indians.
After 1767 he resided in Vienna, where he published his
Latin " Historia de Abiponibus eqnestri " in 1784. A Ger-
man edition appeared in the same year, and an English
translation by Sara Coleridge in 1822, with the title "An
Account of the Abipones" (London, 3 vols. 8vo). The
book is of great ethnological value.
DobrO'WSky (do-brov'ske), Joseph. Bom at
Gyermet, near Raab, Hungary, Aug. 17, 1753:
died at Briinn, Moravia, Jan. 6, 1829. A noted
Hungarian philologist, the foimder of Sla^-ic
philology. He became a member of the order of Jesuits
in 1772. ills works include "Geschichte der bohmischeu
Sprache und .altem Literatur" (1792), '• Institutiones lin-
gua? slavicie dialecti veteris" (1822), ".Scriptores rerum
Bohemicarum " (178a-&4), etc.
Dobrudja, or Dobrudscha (do-bro'jii). [Bulg.
Dobriicli.] The southeastern portion of Ru-
mania, botinded on the east by the Black Sea,
on the north and west by the Danube, and on
the south by Bulgaria. It is a marsh and steppe re-
gion, and is ti-aversed by the ancient wall of Ti-ajan. It
was occupied temporarily by the Russians in 1828 and
1854, and by the tYench in 1854, and was incorporated in
Rumania in 1878. Area, 6,102 square miles. Population
(lf.89X 199,711.
Dobschau (dob'shou), orTopschau (top'shou).
Hung. Dobsina (dob'she-no). A small town in
the county of Gomor. Hungary, in lat. 48° 50'
N., long. 20° 24' E., noted for its ice-cavem.
Dobson (dob'son), Austin. Bom at Plymouth,
England, Jan. 18, 1840. Au English poet. He
has published "Vignettes in Rhyme," etc. (1873-80),
"Proverbs in Porcelain " (1877X "Old World Idyls "(ls83X
" Thomas Bewick," etc. (1Sj>4), " .\t the Sign of the LjTe "
(1885), "Ballade of Beau Brocade," etc. (1892). He has
also written the life of Sir Richard Steele (" English Wor-
thies," 1886), "Oliver Goldsmith "("Great Writers," 1888),
etc.
Dobson, William. Bom at London, 1610: died
at Oxford, Iftie. An English portrait and his-
torical painter, apupil and imitator of Van Dyck
whom he succeeded as painter to Charles I. He
painted the portraits of Charles I., the Prince
of Wales, Prince Rupert, and various courtiers.
Doce (do'sa), Rio. A river of Brazil which
flows into the Atlantic Ocean in lat. 19° 35' S.
Length, over 600 miles ; na\-igable for 90 miles.
Dockum. See Dvklum.
Doctor, The. A romance by Southey . published
in 1834, in 7volumes. It was at first published anony-
mously, and he explicitly denied his authorship. In it he
exhibits his vast store of learning in a rambling manner.
Doctor's Tale, The. One of Chaucer's "Can-
terbuiy Tales," told by the Doctor of Physic.
The Roman story of Virginia in it was expanded from the
same story in the"RomandelaRose,"thoughtheacconnt
purports to l)e direct from Livy. See Appius and ViriHnia.
Doctor Syntax. See Tour of, etc.
Doctor DodipoU (dok'tor dod'i-pol). A comedy
the author of which is unknown (1600). Dr.
Dodipoll is a foolish, doddering creature.
Doctor of Alcantara, The. An opera by Julius
Eichberg, produced in 1862.
Doctor of the Incarnation. A title bestowed
on CntII of Alexandria.
Dod (dod), Charles Roger Phipps. Born in Ire-
land, May 8. 1793: died Feb. 21, 1855. Compiler
of the "Parliamentary Companion" (1832-).
Dodd (dod), James William. Bom in London
about 1740: died 1796. An English actor. He
was a member of Garrick's company, and was especially
successful as sir Andrew Aguecheek and Abel Drugger.
Dodd, William. Bom at Bourne, Lincolnshire,
England, May 29. 1729 : died June 27, 1777. An
English clergj-man and author. He studied at Cam-
bridge, was ordained deacon in 1751, and was appointed
chaplain to the king in 1763. In 1777 he forged the name
of Lord Chesterfleld, his former pupil, to a bond for
£4,200, and in spite of the efforts of Dr. Johnson and other
influential persons was executed at London. He wrote
"Beauties of Shakspere" (1752), "Thought* in Prison "
(1777). etc.
Doddridge (dod'rij), Philip. Bom at London,
June '26, 1702: died at Lisbon, Oct. 26, 1751. Aw
English dissenting clergyman. He was pastor of an
Dod'well, Henry
Independent congregation and tutor of a seminary for the
education of dissenting ministers at Nortiianipton from
1739 until his death. He is known chieHj' as the author
of " Rise and Progress of Keli^ion in the Soul " (1750) and
" The family Expositor " (1739-5li), and for his hynms.
Doderlein (de'der-lin ), Lud'Wig. Born at Jena,
Germany, Dec. 19, 1791 : died at Erlangen, Nov.
9, 1863. A German classical philologist, pro-
fessor at Erlangen from IS 19. His works include
" Lateinische .Synonymen und Etyniologien " (1826-38),
" Homerisches Gloss;u'ium " (l*50-:i&x editions of Tacitus,
Horace, and the Iliad, etc.
Dodge (doj), Mary Abigail: pseudonym Gail
Hamilton. Born at Hamilton, Mass., 1830: died
at Wenham, Mass., Aug. 17, 1896. Au American
writer. Her works include "Country Living and Country
Thinking "(18C2). "Gala Days" (IstB). "New Atmosphere"
(1864), "Woman's Wrongs, etc."(186S), "Twelve Milesfrom
a Lemon "(1873), "OurC'ommon School System " (ISsOX etc.
Dodge, Mrs. (Mary Elizabeth Mapes). Born
at New York, 183S. Au American authoress,
editor of the " St. Nicholas " magazine since
1873. .She has written "Hans Briuker, or the Silver
Skates " (1865), " Donald and Dorothy " (1883), "Along the
Way "(poems, 1879). etc.
Dodge, William Earl. Born at Hartford, Conn.,
Sept. 4, 1805 : died at New York, Feb. 9, 1883.
An American merchant and philanthropist,
noted for his efforts in behalf of the freedmen,
temperance, foreign missions, etc.
Dodge City (doj sit'i). A city in Ford County,
southwestern Kansas, situated on the Arkansas
River. Population (1890), 1,763.
Dodger (doj'er). The Artful. See Dawkins,
John.
Dodgson (doj 'son), Charles Lut'widge : pseu-
douj-m Le'Wls Carroll. Born in lb32. An Eng-
lish clergyman and writer, mathematical lec-
turer at (ihrist Church, Oxford, 1855-81. He has
written " A Syllabus of Plane and Algebraical Geometry "
(I860), "Guide to the ilathematical Student," etc. (1861),
" Elemeutary Treatise on Determinants " (1867), "Euclid
and his Modern Rivals" (la79), " Curiosa Mathematica,"
etc. (1888), and several children's books under the pseu-
donym of Lewis Can-oil : " Alice's Adventures in Wonder-
land " (1865), "Through the Looking Glass," etc. (1871X
"The Hunting of the Snark " (ls70), etc.
Dodington (dod'ing-ton), George Bubb (later
Baron Melcombe). Born in Dorset, England,
1691 : died at Hammersmith, July 28, 1762. An
English politician. He was the son of George Bubb,
but adopted the name of Dodington on inheriting an estate
in 1720 from an uncle of that name. In 1715 he entered
Parliament, where he acquired the reputation of an as-
siduous place-hunter. Ue was created Baron Melcombe
of Melcombe Regis, Dorsetshire, in 1761. He patronized
men of letters, and was complimented by Edward Young,
Fielding, and Richard Bentley. He left a diary covering
the period from 1749 to 1761, which was published in 1784.
DodipoU. See Doctor DodipoU.
Dodo (do'do). The name of a deity (tUscovered
on the Moabite Stone) who is supposed to have
been worshiped by the ten tribes alongside of
Y'ahveh. (Sayce.) This is, however, veiT un-
likely.
Dodona (do-do'na). [Gr. ^uduw/.] In ancient
geogi-aphy, a city of Epirus, probably situated
near the modern Mount Olytzika, southwest of
Janina. It was the seat of the oldest Greek
oracle, dedicated to Zeus.
The temple of Dodona was destroyed B. c. 219 by Dori-
machus when, being chosen genend of the -Etolians. he
ravaged Epirus. N'o remains of it now exist. It stood at
the base of Mount Tom:u-us, or Tmarus (Strabo, vii. p. 476 ;
Plin. ii. 103), on the borders of Thesprotia, and was said
to have been founded by Deucalion.
Raiclhison, Herod., II. 99, note.
Dods (dodz), Meg. The landlady of the inn,
in Sir Walter Scott's " St. Ronaii's Well."
Dodsley (dodz'li), Robert. Born probably at
Manstield, Nottingham. England, in 1703: died
at Durham, England. Sept. 25, 17l>4. An Eng-
lish bookseller and author. He wrote a number of
plays, poems, songs, and other works, but is best known
for his " Select Collection of Old Plays," which was pub-
lished in 1744 in 12 volumes, beginning with a morality
play. It has been several times edited, revised, and en-
larged.
Dodson (dod'son). The family name of the
three aiuits in CJeorge Eliot's "Mill on the
Floss," Aunt Pullet. Aunt Glegg, and Aunt
Tulliver. Their inherited customs and peculiarities are
amusing, and are always referred to with respect by the
phrase " Xo Dodson ever did " so and so.
Dodson and Fogg. In Charles Dickens's ' ■ Pick-
wick Papers," the legal advisers of Mrs. Bardell
in the celebrated breach-of-promise case.
Dodwell (dod'wel), Edward. Bom about 1767:
died at Rome, May 14. 1832. An English anti-
quarian and artist. He published "Classical and
Topographical Tour through Greece" (1.^19), "Cyclopean
or Pelasgic Remains in Greece and Italy " (1834). etc.
Dod'well, Henry. Born at Dublin, Oct., 1641 :
(lied at Shottesbrooke, Berkshire, England,
June 7, 1711. A British classical scholar and
in 1101. lusiiuiL-uiiii ii.i,i.-jii.ii»iK:a.iuvaiuuuiciioucii<:». ^-j ^ jyyy^ A Kussiaii Writer, exalBcl On accoun
Doggett (ilos'ct), Thomas. Born at Dublin: of his work "La v<5rit6 sur la Russie" (1860).
died Oct. (Sept. 21? 22?), 1721. An English Dollallolla (dol-a-lol'ii), Queen. The wife o
actor. He was before the public from 1691 to 1713. He Kiii£r Arthur and mother of Huneamunea i
Dodwell, Henry 331 Domdaniel
controversialist. Ue studied at Trinity College, Dub- It wa« the ancient capital of Franche-Comt^, resisted the Dukkehjem") by Henrik Ibsen, produced in
lin : removed to London in 1874 ; and was Camdin professor i'rench in H7i>. and was llually ceded to France in 1678. London in 1889. The original pla V was broueht
of history at Oifoid lesi-al. His chief work is •' De ve- Ppf"'"'""' (!*")• '••""'""""'• l^.^sa. _ nut in Cliristiqui-i about 1879
teribusgnecorumromanorumquecyclis"(t701). Dole, La. One of the highest mountains of t^ 11 T» reboot tsT
Doe (do), John. Tbe name of the fictitious the 5ura, situated in the canton of Vaud, near i<°i} Jn.iol'izr ^ well kno^' t.,vern in Pn
plaiutilf in actions of ejectment. See Boe, the Fren^.h^bo^.der, 17 mdes north of Geneva. ^^^^.eV Iw^' LotJoi^Utl^I^ h^om
hicluiKl. - , ,T 1 rm, u- r .r» , . ,',-' ,-,> .s. . ., „ ,, of Uuecn Auue, and stlll in existeiicc. WUccUr.
Doeg (do CKJ. [Heb., 'fearful.'] 1. The chief Dolet (do-la'), Etienne. Born at Orleans, Dollv Varden See ranlcii
of the herdsmen of Saul. He slew fourscore France, 1509: hanged audtlien bunied at Paris, Dolomieu (do-lo-mve'), D6odat Guy Sylvain
and five priests of Nob.-2. In the second Aug 3, lo4<i. A French scholar and printer, TancrfedeGratet de. Born at DolomieiUsere,
part of Dryden and Tales -Absalom and condemned as a heretic. France, .June 24, 1750: ilied at Chfiteauneuf
Fll n^ I 'ttf '^'''"■'"'*®'" •"t"''^!^^' t« represent ^^^^^ ^^^^ ,^,j^_. ,^^^^ .^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ .^ ^^^^ ^^^^ Sa-'-ue-et-Loire, France, Nov. 26, 1801. A noted
aiKanan oettie. j r> t a *. * typical representative of the time. Etienne Dolet was French geologist and mineralogist. His works
noes (oos). Jacobus van aer. oorn at Amster- born at Orleans in 150U, lived a stormy life divcrsifled by include "Voyage aux ilcs de Lipaii" (1783) "M(;nioires
dam, March 4, 162L1: died at Sloten, Nov. 17, many quarrels, literary and theological, did much service sur Ics lies Ponces" (1788), "Philosnphie min^ralogique"
1673. A Dutch landscape and animal painter, to literature both m Latin and French and, falling out (isiij), etc. D.ilon.ito was named fur him.
Tfc _ 1. /]- -./.-, * 'i Tir 1. with the powers that were, was burnt (having flrat been, T^-^ -j. ■»«• x • /i ,/- -.. /.- \
DogaU (do-ga le). A place near Massowah, ^ ^ nj^tter of grace and in consequence of a previous I>Olonilte Mountains (dol o-iuit moun tanz).
eastern Africa. Here, Jan. 26, 1S87, the Italian force recantation, hanged) in the Place Maubert, at Paris, on his [Dolomite (mineral), fi'om the geologist IMo-
ander Genfi was defeated and nearly destroyed by the birthday, August 3. 1544 [mc]. Dolet had wTltteu many wjcm.] A group of limestone mountains in the
Abyssinians under Has Alula. Latin speeches and tractates in the Ciceronian style- ^jpg ^ gouthem Tvrol, on the Italian frontier.
Dogberry (dog'ber-i)^ ,^V^-rf^ T'''^^" ^ ^^^^r^r^X.:^:^^:^''^^:^^''"'''''''' Hi'ghest peak, Marmola.la (11,045 feet),
bhakspere s Much Ado about Nothing. ' Saint»ln,ry. French Lit., p. 233. Dolon-nor (d6'lon-n6r'),or Lama-miao(lil'ma-
Doge S Palace. The palace of the doges of \ en- j, , „ (dol-geth'li) The chief town of Mer- ™«-'^>^' )• ^ city in Mongolia, situate! north
ICC. The present building was begun by Marino Faliero ■V"^6™y.v""„6"^'',""-'% iue umei lowu oi mei nf p„ui,io' in l-it doo if;/ tS t» ■ i , ■.
in 1354, but only the south and west facades retain their lonetlishire, North Wales, Situated on the Wmon "Lt^^ „, "i?i" 'iJiJr^^*^ N. it is renowned fonts
characteristic Pointed architecture. The basement is a in lat. 52° 44' N., long. 3° 53' W. Population tofd vh 'tts e'^^frrnVothe? workT^
noble and massive arcade with cyUndrical columns; above n891) "467 toi^oivimties, etc.), and other woiks of art, lopulation,
this is another aieadc, with twice the number of columns, -ri-i— vl- / i' i "i -\ t— _ ai — •—•i v t> t ii_ ' , -r,
and graceful, sharpcusped arches with a range of quatre- DOlgOrukl (dol-go-ro ke), IvaU AlexeiOVltCh. Dolopathos. A French romance of adventure,
foils above theiu. The upper part of the building is a E.xccuted at Novgorod, Russia, Nov. 6, 1739. A the work of Herbers, a trouvere of the 13th
Kiuaremass, with later enriched balconies in the middle Russian noble, accused of conspiracy against century. He says that he translated it from an old
p/each facade, broad pointed windows irregularly placed a ^j Czarina Anna, Latin manuscript of Dom JcShans, a monk of the Abbaye
line of small circles above and flamed battlements The T) , ^j j Mikhailovitch Born Acrfl d'Hauteselve or HauteseiUo. Th^ subject and style both
superstructure IS m itself tooheavj, but is rendered elf ec- i'OlgorilK.l, IVdll iXi.lJlUd,uuvllil.u. ooiii .fipiii orienini i,,flnen..A Tt ia H,^,,,,i;t th^t it li . «„™
ti/ebytheeolorofitsdiaper.workofpinkaud«0,itemar- IH, 17(>t: died Dec^ 1( . 1S23. A Russian poet. tZ^Zfl^''"itJl'L%Zlu^n ■■"''" ^ ''''^
ble. The allegorical and biblical sculptures of the capitals He was governor of Vladimir from 1802-12. The t».„„^„ ,,- ,-, n a • • V, , j ,
of the lower arcade and of the three angles of the palace ^ ^ p.lition of his Doetical works anneared in -Dolotes (do-lo res). A nver m Colorado and
are famous. The great entrance, the Porta della Carta, the ^J^t edition Ot Ms poetical works appealed in ytah, a tributary of tlie Grand River. It Hows
court, ami the (iiatits' Staircase with its colossal flpures of • AoUo. tlirmnrli q ^nrimi "^ ono f n^t in Hontli T oTirr+i.
MarsandNeptune are excellent works of the Eenaissauce. DolgOrukl, Kathariua MlchallOWna, Prin- *XTt '--SirnXs ' "^ Length,
TliehaUs of the interior ai-e adorned with the masterpieces cess .Turjeffskaya. The second wife (July 31, •,ri"'i„„y,"]"^^^ r„ ... , ,_, „
of T,nt«ret, Titian, Paolo Veronese, and other great Vene- ^ggy ^ ilexander II., emperor of Russia. Sh^ ^Ti^f l^J.^f^*" ^% l^''P,V ^''- •''T 2^ ^°^?''««- ^
T^ V,-,, /.v ix A A^ ^ ■ published, under the pseudonym Victor Laferte, "Alex- The farst signal ot revolt against Spanish rule
Doggerbank (dog er-bangk). A sand-bank m andre U.: diStaUs iniJdits sur sa vie intime et sa mort" m Me.xieo, and hence the visible beginning ot
the North Sea, in about lat. 54°-55° 30' N., long. (1882). the war for independence. On Sept. 16, isin, the
1°-.')° E. It was the scene of an indecisive naval battle Dolgoruki, Peter Vladimirovitch. Born at parish priest of Dolores, in Guanajuato, Sliguel Hiiial'go y
between the English underSirHydeParkerand the Dutch Moscow, 1807: tUed at Berne, Switzerland, Aug. Costilla, headed a band which freed some p.jlitical pris-
inl781. It is noted for its extensive and valuable fisheries. 17 igfig A Russian writer exiled on account o°«rf- . Hidalgo, after celebrating mass in the church,
— .. ,, , ., ™-, -r. . T^ ■,,■ i(, louo. ji riussian wiuei, exaieu on dCLOuni, proclaimed a revolt : the raising of a banner was greeted
). with loud shouts against the government, and the outbreak
I of soon assumed formidable proportions.
. .- ^ ^^ ,^ r, - Jamunca in Dolores Hidalgo, fonuerlv Dolores. Acityin
liten 'every y'eaJon ufe 'S of ilfgJ^""!? w^Tr,'ge: i^J^l^li^g's burlesque " Tom Thumb," altered by the northern part of the state pt Guana,iuato,
colored livery and a badge, and was given in honor of U Hara. She is entirely faultless, except that she is a Me.xieo, near the Kio de la Laja, Population
George I. The custom is still kept up under the super- little given to drink, is a little too much of a virago (1889), 7,220. See Dolores, Grito (le.
vision of the Fishmongers' Company. toward her husband, and is in love with Tom Thumb. DolorOUS Garde. See Joi/eiisc Garde.
Doggrell (dog'rel). A foolish poet in Cowley's Dollar (dol'ar). A small town in Clackmannan- Dolorous Valley (dol'q-rus val'i). See the ex-
play " The Guardian." He was omitted in " The shire, Scotland, 11 miles east of Stirling. tract.
Cutter of Coleman Street," a re\-ision. Dollar Law (dol'ar la). A mountain in the .u -. ,^ ., , , .v
Dog Of MontargiS, The. See Auhry de Mont- county of Peebles Scotland, sitnated about „an,'''S"LVum"pu\Tla'rfin^^^^^^^^^
didier. 10 miles southwest ot Peebles: 2,680 feet in Castle of Maidens and Dolorous Valley, in Ihc Romances.
Dogs (dogz or dogz), Isle of. A peninsula height. SUmrt Glfnuk, Arthurian Localities, 111. 1.
in southeastern London, projecting into the DoUart (dol'iirt), The. [D. Dolhtrd.'] An arm -nn™,™ „ Vallp (rkVmKs e vHl'vl^ Tn=i Ptm-n
Thames opposite Greenwich, and out off by of the North Sea at the mouth of the Ems, be- %,St J»Jna S^na n Tout 1717^- died irCif-Tte
the canal of the West India Docks. tween the province of Hannover, Pnissia, and ^ala CUv Oct 9 1^03 A Soinis a^^^^^
Dokkum, or Dockum (dok'kom). A small theprov'inceofGroningen,Netheriands. It was ^^."^^ lY'*f^,t™toV it h ,^^^^^^^
tn^in .\-;,.,.lnn,l NBthprl-m.l^. ill lat .530 19' fonned by inundations in 1277 and subsequently. Length, aiid administrator. He distinguished himself as chief
town in !■ iR'slaud, iNetnerianus, in lai. OJ XJ 10 miles. Breailth 4-8 miles. of squadron on the coasts of Spain and Italy ; coimnandcd
N., long. 6° K. T% IT ' J /^ ' / 1 1 ' -/ J . 1 .. A . /x Ti Ileets in the West Indies during the war with England
Doio (do'kO) See Piwmies. Dollier de CaSSOn (dol-ya de kas-son ),Fran- i77S-8n; was at the taking of Pensaeola nsi, and the
SnW.lon A town ill fhB dennrtment of Tile- QOIS. A 1 rench missionary m Canada. He siege of Gibraltar 1783. From 1781; U) 1704 he was gover-
"'iKi'\-'- ,, , , !-"« "«P»''^"'«"'' "'^ ^"^^ spent a winter among the Nipissings about 16(18, and in nor of Panama, and from 1794 to 1801 captain genci-al of
et-Vllailie, France, 14 miles SOUtUeast ot fet, laail accompanied La Salle on an exploring expedition to Guatemala.
Malo. Here, in 1793, the Vendeans repulsed the repub- the Ohio River. He separated from the expedition in the Domat or Daumat (do-in jl') Jean Born at
licans. It has a cathedral of the 1:1th century, with aciuare same year, with the object in view of establishing a mis- ('i,,,,,,,,',. 4, ,,.„,.,„,, I,',.,,,,,' v ,. ' -in ifi-ic;.
chevet, and clustered columns some of whose shafts are sion among the Pottawattamies who inhabited the region Y. , , ' . 'r t-, ''•'""' ^^"> • •>"> ID.J .
detached. There is some good glass, interesting details of the upper lakes ; but, llnding the Held occupied by died at Pans. Jlarch 14, 169b. A I-rench jurist,
of design, sculpture of exceptional delicacy considering the .lesuits, returned to the Sulpician seminary at Mou- author of ''Los lois civiles dans leur ordre
the material (granite), ami two line porches. Population treat He wrote a "Histoire de Montreal." naturel " (1689-97) etc
(18111) commune, 4,814. Dollineer (d61'ling-er), Ignaz, Born at Bam- Dombey and Son (ilom'bi and smi). A novel
Dolabella (dol-a-bel a), PubllUS Cornelius, berg, Bavaria, May 24, 1770: died at Munich, bv Dickens, issued in nuiiibers, the first of
Born about 70 B.C.: died at Laodicea, Asia j.^,,. 14, 1841, A German pliysiologist and w-'hich appeaiv.l in Oct., 1S46, 1. was brought
Minor, 43 B.C. A Roman patrician, noted comparative anatomist, professor successively out in one volume in 184S. The (.riginal tiilc was "Deal-
chiefly as the son-in-law of (Mcero. Ruined by at Bamberg, Wiirzburg, Landshut, and Munich. ''>K» with the Finn of Dombey and .Son, Wiiolcsale, Re-
his prolligate habits, he sought to restore his fortunes by He wrote "(irundziige der Physiologie " (1835) " Werth tail, and for Exportation." Mr, llombey, the father of
joining the standard of Cicsar in the civil war. He com- m,j Bedeutung der vergleichenden Anatomio" (1814) '""'-■ ''""' and Florence, is a cold, unbending, pompous
manded Ciesars fleet in the Adriatic in 49, and in 48 par- gt^ merchant. His chief ambition is to perpetuate the flrm-
tlcipated in the battle of Pharsalus, He obtained the ^1-,',. ^_ T«l,„-« T«„„.,T. T™,„ -d name. After the death of his only son. Utile Paul, and
consulship after the death of C«;siu- in 44. At flrst he i»Omnger, JOnanU JOSepU igUaZ VOU. Bom the loss of his money, however, his obstinacy and pride
acted in support of the senate, but was subsequently in- at Bamberg, Bavaria, 1 cb. 28, 1799: dicil at ai'cabatcd. Little Paul, the"Bon " in Ihetitleof the flrm,
Uucnccd by bribery to join the party of Antony, He re- Munich, .Tan. 10, 1890. A celebrated (ieriiian '^ " delicate child who dies young. Horence, his devoted
ccived from Antony the province of Syria aa his procon- f>,„nlniHiin son nf Toiin'/ niillinirnr ■. l..i,l.o- in sister, marries Walter (!ay, a clerk in her father's bank.
Bulate, but was defeated at Laodicea by Ciusius. Ho was, ^ ® l??!! 1 V- .1 r ™ L-omHM 1 , .1 H ,lil« 1 in j-j;,,, „,„„,,ey. the beautiful and scornful sec.uui wife of
at his own request, killed by one ot his soldiers in order the Uld tat hone movement. He published .Mr. lionibey, elopes with Ciuker, his manager,
not to fall into the hands of the enemy. "Kirche und Kirchen, Papstthum uud Kirchenstimt " -nnrnhrnwqki (dom-brov'ske) or Tin hrowslri
T««i„„ /I 1' 1 \ T«J«.m-«« T«,.,.., „* V^ni.,c (1S61), "I"apstfabelnde8Mittelalters-(1863), otc.,audop- i'OmDroWSKl (iioin mo\ sKe;, or i»a,DrOWSKl
Dolce (dol die), LodoviCO. Born at Venice J,,,;,,./,' .lecees of the Vatican council ISUS^TO. HewSa (dii-brov'ske), JanHenryk. Born at Pierszo-
about 1:)08: died at Venice, 1;)()8. An Itaban excommunicateil ls7l. wice, near Cracow, Aug. 29, 175;'i : died at Wiua-
noet and miscellaneous and voluminous writer. DolUver Romance, The. A fragment by Haw- Gora, Posen, Prussia, June (i, 1818. A Polish
He was by profession a corrector of the press, thonie, tlie beginning of which was published general. He served in the campaign of 17H2-94 ; organ-
aiid died in gi'eat poverty. in the '• Atlantic Moiitlily " .Tuly, 1864. l7,ed the Polish legion at Milan in 171HJ; and served with
Dolci (dol'cho), or Dolce (dol'che). Carlo or Dollond ((lol'omi), John. Born at London, distinction at Kriedbuid in ISOT. against the Austrians in
^ i. T. ' i iTT -sr or iXii. 1- 1 I 10 iTir " 1- 1 * T 1 XT •>A \^i-i ISOll and in the campaigns of 1812-13.
Carlino, Bomat Florence, May 25, Kilo : died .liiiic 10, 1 /Od : died at London, Nov. .50, liOl. _. ' . ,,, , , ,, ,11
there, .Ian. 17, 1686. A Florentine painter of An English oi.tician, the inventor of the achro- Domdaniel (dom-dan yel). In the coiitiniiation
religious subjects, a pupil of Jacopo Vignali. mati.. telescope (1757-.'-.8). «f ?''^- -Vrabian Tales, a seminary f.,r evil ma-
Dol Common. See fV.,»,»„». Dollond, Peter. Morn Feb. 24, 17.30: died at Kicians founded by the great magician Ilal-il-
D61e (dol). A town ill the department of .Tura, Kensington, .Inly 2, 1820. An English optician, ^''^'K™ '.V. It was an immense cavern "under the
T^ \ '., . , ., ,, ,' .,- ., ., i, 1 1 IX n 1 roots of the ocean otf the const of Tuni.H. the resort of
I' ranee, situated on the Doubs 2. miles south- son otJolui Dullcind. evil spirits and enchanters. It was Anally destroyed.
east of Dijou : the ancient Dola Sequanorum, DoU S House, A, A translation of a play ("Et Soutliuymakesit8deatruotloDtbethemeothi8"ThalaI)a,"
Dome de ChasseforSt
Ddme de Chasseforet (ilom de shas-fo-ra').
The central jioiut of the Vanoise range, iu
I he Tarentaise Alps, in southeastern France.
Height, 11,800 feet.
Domenech (dom-e-nek'), Emmanuel Henri
Dieudonne. Bom at Lyons, i'rance, Nov. 4,
lSL\i. A Freuoh traveler and writer. He was
an honorary canon of Montpellier, with the
title of al>b6.
Domenichino (do-meu-e-ke'no), Domenico
Zampieri. Born at Bologna, Italy, Oct. 'Jl,
15S1 : died at Naples, April 13, 1641. A noted
Italian painter. AmotiK his works are "Communion
of St. Jt-rome " (in the Vatican)," Martyrdom of .St. Agnes "
(in liulcijiiia), "Diana anil her Nymphs "(in Rome), "Adam
antl Eve," tie.
Domesday Book. See Doomsday Bool;.
Domett (dom'et), Alfred. Born at Camber-
well Grove. Surrey, May 20, 1811: died Nov. 12,
1.SS7. j\ji English poet and colonial statesman.
lie was educated at Camliridge, and called to the bar in
1841. In 1842 he went to New Zealand, where he filled
many of the chief otiices of the colony. In 1871 he re-
turned to England, where he died. He was the intimate
friend of Robert Browning, who writes of him in "War-
ing" and "The Gnardiim An-.tel." --Vmonjr his works are
volumes of poems published in 1833 and 1839. His " Christ-
mas Hymn" appeared in "Blackwood's Magazine" about
that time. In 1872 he published "Ranulf and .\molia,"
and in 1877 "Flotsam aiul .1 etsam. " He also wrote several
otlici."U publications relating to New Zealand.
Domeyko (do-ma'ko), Ignatius. Born at
Niedzviadka, Lithuania, July :!1. 1802: died at
Santiago de Chile, Jan. 23, 1889. A Polish
scientist. He was involved in the Polish revolt of 1S30 ;
was compelled to leave the country, taking refuge in
Paris ; and was for several years engaged in mining work
in Alsace. <)n invitation of the government of Chile he
went to that countiy in 183S, founded a school of chem-
istry and mineralogy at Coquimbo, and was professor at
the I'niverBity of Santiiigofrom 1839, and rector from 1867.
Through his influence improved methods of mining were
introduced into Chile, and the resources of the country
greatly developed. Besides numerous scient ilic papers and
class-books, he wrote "La Amucauia y sus liabitantes"
(Santiago, 1845); a book on Chile in the Polish language ;
etc.
Domfront (dou-fron'). A town iu the depart-
ment of Orne, France, situated on the Varenne
20 miles north of Mayemie. It has a ruined castle,
and was long one of the chief Norman strongholds. It
was captured by William the Conqueror in 104S, and was
often besieged in the English and religious wars. Popu-
lation (1891), commune, 4,932.
Domingue (do-mang'), Michel. A Haitian
general and politician, of African race. He be-
came president of the republic in June, 1874, and, after a
period of .almost unequaled auarehy and tyranny directed
against the mulatto party was forced to resign in 187''.
Dominic (dom'i-nik), Saint: called de Guzman.
Bora at Calahon-a, Old CastUe, Spain, 1170:
(Ued at Bologna, Italy, Aug. 6, 1221. The
founder of the order of the Dominicans. He
studied at the IT Diversity of Palencia, and in 1194 became
a canon of the cathedral at Osma. In 1204 he removed
to Languedoc, where he preached with much vehemence
against the Albigenses and founded the order of the Do-
minicans, which received the papal confirmation in 1216.
He was subsequently appointed maguter sacri palatii at
Rome.
Dominica (dom-i-ne'kii), F. La Dominique
(dom-e-nek' ). An island in the Lesser Antilles.
West Indies, belonging to Great Britain, it is
situated north of Martinique and south of Gu.adeloupe,
and is intersected by lat 15° SU' N., long. 61° 25' W. Capi-
tal, Roseau. The island, which is of V(dcanic origin, was
discovered by Columbus in 1493 ; was ceded by France to
England in 1763 ; but was occupied by France 1778-83 and
later. It forms part of the eolony of the Leeward Isl-
ands. Its cliief product is sugar. Length, 29 miles.
Breadth, 16 miles. Area, 291 square miles. Population
(1891), 26.841.
Dominican Republic, often, hut incorrectly,
called Santo Domingo or San Domingo. [Sp.
Rejiublica Domiiiic<iii((.'i A republic occupying
the eastern and larger part of the island of Santo
Domingo, or Haiti, in tlie West Indies. It is broken
by several raoxintAin-chains, and in the interior there are
elevated plains (especially the Vega Real) of great fertility
and beauty. The majority of the inhabitants are of mixed
Spanish, Indian, and negro blood, with some of pure Afri-
can descent, and comparatively few whites. Spanish is
the commnii language, though French and English are
spoken in the coast towns. Roman Catholicism is the
state religion, Iiut utlier cults are tolerated. Agriculture,
cattle raising, and timber-cutting are almost the only in-
dustries. The principal exports are sugar, cottee, tobacco,
hides, and cabinet woods. 'ITlie republic was fonued in
1844, after a revolution by which it was separated from
Haiti. From IStU t.> ISKV it was held by Spain. In 1869
the president (Baez) signed with President Grant a treaty
of annexation with the Cnited States, which the Senate at
Washington refused t^) ratify. Tllere have been various
wars with Haiti, political revolutions, and changes of the
constitution. By the present amended ccmstitution (adopt-
ed 1887) the president is elected for four years by univer-
sal snlfn\ge, and there isa national congress of 22 members
elected by restricted suffrage. Capitjil, Santo Itoiniugo,
Area (claimed), 18,045 square miles. lVtpuIation(estimated,
1893). 417,000.
Dominie Sampson. See Sampson.
332
Dominis (dom'e-nes), Marco Antonio de.
Born in the island of Aj'be. Dalmatia, l.itiO:
died at Rome, Sept., 1624. An Italian theolo-
gian and natural philosopher. He wrote "' De
republica ecclesiastica" (11)17), " De radiis vi-
sus et lucis in vitris perspectivis et iride"
(1611), etc.
Domino Noir (do-me-no' nwSr), Le. [F., ' The
Black Domino.'] A comic opera by Auber,
words bv Scribe, first produced in Paris in
1837.
Domitian (do-mish'ian) (Titus Fla'Tius Do-
mitianus Augustus). Born at Rome, Oct.
24, 51 A. D. : lUed at Rome, Sept. 18, 96.^ Ro-
man emperor 81-96 : the second son of Vespa-
sian and Flavia Domitilla, and the brother of
Titus whom he succeeded. He undertook a cam-
paign against the Chatti in 83, in the coui-se of which he
began the construction of a boundary waU between the
Danube and the Rhine. 'This wall was guarded by sol-
diers settled upon public lands (a^n decumates) along
its course. He cuTied on unsuccessful wars against the
Dacians under Decebalus 86-90, when he purchased peace
by the promise of a yearly tribute. He recalled Agricola,
whose victories in Britain, 78-84, aroused his jealousy.
The last years of his reign were sullied by cruelty and
tyranny. He was miu"dered by the freedman Stephanas, at
the instance of the empress Domitia and several officers
of the court, who were in fear of their lives.
Domitilla. In Shirley's play " Tlie Royal Mas-
ter, " a girl of fifteen years who, in an innocent
delusion, fixes her love upon the king, mistak-
ing his promise to provide her with a husband
for a proof of personal affection.
Domitilla (dom-i-til'ii), Fla'via. 1. The first
■wife of Vespasian. She had three children,
Titus. Domitian, and Domitilla. — 2. Wife or
niece of the consul Flavins Clemens, said to'
have been banished to Pandataria by Domitian.
She is regarded as a saint in the Roman Catho-
lic Church.
Domleschg (dom'leshk). A valley along the
lower part of the Hinterrhein. in the canton of
Grisons, Switzerland, south of Coire.
Domo d'Ossola (do'mo dos'so-lii). A town in
the pro\-ince of Novara, Italy, situated on the
Toce at the Italian end of the Simplon Pass,
near the Swiss frontier. Population, about
3,000.
Domremy-la-Pucelle (d6n-ra-me'lii-pii-ser),
or Domremy. A village in the department
of Vusgcs. France, situated on the MeuSe 29
miles southwest of Nancy. It is celebrated as
the birthplace of Joan of Arc.
Don (don). The name of several rivers, the
chief of which are : (a) A river of Russia which rises
in the government of Tula and flows into the Sea of Azotf
in lat. 47° 15' N., long. 39" 20 E.: the ancient Tanais. Its
chief tributary is the Donetz. Length, about I.IUO miles ;
navigable for about 700 miles, (p) A river iu the West
Riding of Yorkshire, England, which joins the Ouse 18
miles south of Yorli. Length, 55 miles ; navigable to
Sheffield (39 miles), (c) A river of Aberdeenshire, Scot-
land, which flows into the North Sea IJ miles north of
Aberdeen. Length, about SO mUes.
Donaghadee (don'a-chanle'). A seaport in
Coiuity Down, Ireland, situated on the North
Channel 16 miles northeast of Belfast.
Donalbain (don'al-ban). In Shakspere's " Mac-
beth." son of Duncan, king of Scotland.
Donaldson (don'ald-son), James. Bora at
Aberdeen, Seotlaiid, April 26, 1831. A Scottish
Hellenist. He became principal of the united colleges
of St. S:Jvator and St. Leonard in the University of St
Andrews in 18S6, and in 1890 principal of the university.
He has edited, in conjunction with Alexander Roberts,
Aute-Nicene Christian Library " (1867-72), and is the " The
author of "Critical History of Ctu-istian Literature and
Doctrine from the Death of the Apostles to the Nicene
Council •• (1864-66).
Donaldson, John William. Born at London,
June 7, 1811: died at London, Feb. 10, 1861. An
English classical philologist and biblical critic.
His works include "New Cratvlus " (1839),
•■ Varronianus" (1844), "Jashar" (1854).
Donaldson, Thomas Leverton. Bom at Lon-
don, Oct. 19. 171I.T : died there, Aug. 1, 188.5. An
English architect and author. He was professor of
architecture in I'nivci-sity College, London. 1841-6.5, and
emeritus professttr from 1865 until his death. His works
include " Pompeii " (1827), and " A CoUectiiui of the Most
Approved Examples of IXxirways from Ancient Buildings
in (Jreece and Italy" (1833).
Donar (do'niir). The German form of Tlior.
Donashben Labrath (do-niish' ben liib-rath').
A Jewish grammarian and ])oet of the 10th
century, native of Bagdad. He lived and wrote in
Fez, and was an i»piKtnent ,>f Men.achem hen S.aruk : l»oth
of them may be eonsiilered as among the earliest scien-
tific Heltrew gnimmarians. Donash was the first to apply
the .\niltic tneter to Hebrew verse.
Donatello (don-ii-tel'lo) (properly Donato di
Niccolo di Betto Bardi). Born at Florence
about 1386: died at Florence, Dec. 13, 1466.
Donatus, .£lius
A Florentine sculptor, one of the leading re-
storers of sculpture iu Italy. His work may be
divided into three periods : (a) That of realism (1410-24).
The statues of the Campanile at Horence (including the
famous Zuccone and Poggio). the St. John of the National
Museum, and the bust of Niccolo da I'zzano, ch:u-acterize
this period. (&) That (1125-33) marked by the partnership
with the sculptor-architect Michelozzo, with whose assist-
ance he made tlie mausoleum of Pope .John XXIII. in the
baptistery at Florence, that of Cardinal Brancacci at Na-
ples, and that of Biuiolommeo Aragazzi in the Duomo at
Montepulciano, and the bas-reliefs of the pulpit at Prato.
(c) That (143:i-66) in which the infiuenee of antiquity be-
came prominently manifested, as shown in the David and
the Cupid in bronze at the National Museum in Florence,
and numerous other productions. He may be considered
as the precursor of Michelangelo.
Donatello. A character in Hawthorne's ' ■ Mar-
ble Faim," a young Tuscan count whose like-
ness to the statue of the faun by PVaxiteles
fives the title to the book. He is rumored to be a
escendant of an ancient faun, and is described in the
opening of the tale as possessed only of the happy, spon-
tjineous life of such creatures. He impulsively comuuts
murder for the sake of Miriam whom he loves, and is
awakened to the higher responsibilities aud life of man by
his remorse and his passion.
Donati (do-nii'te), Giovanni Battista. Born
at Pisa, Italy, Dec. 16, 1826 : died at Florence,
Sept. 19, 1873. A noted Italian astronomer.
He discovered the comet named for him, June
2, 1858.
Donation of Constantine. A medieval forgery,
<if unknown date and origin, which pretends to
be an imperial edict issued by Constantine the
Great in 324 conferring the sovereignty of Italy
and the West on the papal see. It was probably
composed about the middle of the 8th century. " It tells
how Constantine the Great, cured of his leprosy by the
prayers of .Sylvester, resolved, on the fourth day from his
baptism, to forsake the ancient Stat for a new capital on
the Bosphoms, lest the continuance of the secular gov-
ernment sliould cramp the freedom of the spiritu.al, and
how he bestowed therewith upim the Pope aud his suc-
cessors the sovereignty over Italy and the countries of the
WesL But this is nt)t all, although this is what histo-
rians, in admiration of its splendid audacity, have chiefly
dwelt upon. The edict proceeds to grant to the Roman
pontiff and his clergy a series of dignities and privileges,
all of them enjoyed by the Emperor and his senate, all of
them shewing the same desire to make the pontifical a
copy of the imperial otfice. The Pope is to inhabit the
Lateran palace, to wear the diadem, the collar, the piu^tle
cloak, to carry the sceptre, and to be attended l»y a body
of chamberlains. Similarly his clergy are to ride on white
horses, and receive the honours and immunities of the
senate and patricians." Bryce, Holy Roman Empire.
DonatistS (don'a-tists). [From Dontitun the
Great.] An early Christian sect in Africa
which originated in a dispute over the election
of Cieeilian to the see of Carthage, A. D. 311,
occasioned by his opposition to the extreme
reverence paid to relics of martyrs and to the
sufferers for the Christian faith called confes-
sors, and by the rivaliy of Secundus, primate of
Numidia. Secundus and the Numidian bishops de-
clared C.-ecilian's consecration invalid because conferred
by P'elix of .\ptunga, whom they chatted with being a
traditor. They excommunicated Cajcilian aud his party,
and made one Majorinus bishop in opposition. The name
Donatist came either from Donatus of Cj\sse Nigne, who
headed the pai-ty of Majorinus at the Lateran Council in
313, where it was condemned, or (more prol)ably) from
Donatus the Great, who succeeded Majorinus in 315,
and under whom the schism became fixed. Repressed
under Constans, the Donatists revived under the favor of
Julian the Apostate. Repressive measures, provoked by
their frequent acts of fanatical violence, were resorted to
from time to time. These measures, internal schisms,
the conciliatory conduct of the orthodox clergy at a con-
ference held at Carthage in 411, and the arguments of St
Augustine caused many to abandon Donatism, and the
sect became insignificant, though not entirely extinct till
the 7th century. The Donatist party held that it con-
stituted the whole and only true church, and that the
baptisms and ordinations of the orthodox clergy were in-
valid, because they were in comnninion with traditors.
They therefore rebaptized and reonlained converts from
Catholicism.
Donatus (do-na'tus). Bishop of Casse Nigra?
during the Diocletian persecution, and leader
of a party which courted martjTdom with fanat-
ical enthusiasm, and regarded with horror the
"traditors,"' or those who to escajie their per-
secutors delivered up to them the sacred books.
This division was the starting-point of the Donatist
schism, though the party was named from Donatus the
(ireat.
Donatus, suraamed "The Great." Bishop of
Carthage 315, elected by the rigorists or op-
ponents of the moderate party or "traditors"
(see Z)<(«rtJi.sfo) to succeed "Majorinus who
had been elected by them in opposition to
(jfecilian, elected by the moderates and de-
posed bv the rigorists in a council assembled
at Carthage. It was for this Donatus that the
Donatist party was named.
Donatus, .£lius. Lived in the middle of the
4th centiu-y A. D. A Roman grammarian and
rhetorician, of his works we possess a Latin grammar,
Donatus, ^lius
"Ara granimatica," a L-onimuiitary on Terence, and the
preface luid intriKliietion (with other fragments) of a com-
mentary on Vergil.
The only bh)ck-book without pictures of which we have
any knowledKc is the Donatus [tlie full title of the book
1b Donatim de octibwi pariihuis urationu, or Donatus on
the Eight Part^ of Speech. It is sometimes designated
as D'inatus pro jtueriiig, " Donatus for Little Boys"], or
Boys' Latin liranimar. It received its name from its
author, .-Klius Donatus, a Roman grammarian of the
fourth century, and one of the instructors of St, Jerome.
The block-book is but an abridgment of the old grammar :
as it was usually printed in the form of a thin i(Uarto, it
could with propriety be classitied among primers rather
than with boi>ks. When printed in the largest letters, it
occupied but thirty-four pjiges; when letters of small
size were used, it wa.s compressed within nine pages.
De Viniie, Invention of Printing, p. 254.
Donau (do'nou). The Gorman name of the
Danulio (wliioh see).
Donaueschingen (il6'non-esh''ing-cn). A small
town in the Black Forest, in Baden, 30 miles
east of Freiburg, situated at the union of the
Brigach and Brege. It contains the palace of
the Prince of Fiirstenljerg.
DonaumooS (do'nou-mos). A marshy district
in Bavaria, lying south of the Danube, near
Ingolstadt. Formerly called Schrobenhcimer
Moos.
Donauworth (do'nou-vert). A small town in
Swabia and Neuburg, Bavaria, situated at the
junction of the Wiiruitz and Danube, '25 miles
north of Augsburg. It was formerly an imperial city ;
was outlawed in 1607 ; was taken by Gustiivus Adolphus
in 16;i2, and by Ferdinand II. in 1634 ; and was incorpo-
rated with Bavaria in 1714. Here, OcL 6, 1805, the French
untler Soult defeated the Austrians under Mack. The
battlc-tkld of Blenheim is in the vicinity.
Don Benito (don ba-ne'to). A town in the
province of Badajoz, Spain, in lat. 38° 55' N.,
long. 5° .51!' W. Poi)ulation (1887), 16,'J87.
Don Carlos (don kiir'los). 1. A tragedy by
Otway, produced in 1070. The story is taken from
the Abb6 do St. Real, and the plot is simpler than in
Schiller's play.
I think we should be justified in calling "Don Carlos" the
best English tragedy in rhyme; by one leap the young
Oxonian sprang ahead of the veteran Dryden, who there-
upon began Ui "weary of his l«»ng-loved mistress, rhyme."
Oosse.
2. A play by Schiller, completed in 1787.— 3.
An opera by Costa, words by Taranlini, pro-
duced in London June 20, 1844. — 4. An opera
by Verdi, words by IVK-ry and Du Locle, first
prodiiceil at Paris March 11, 1867.
Doncaster (dong'kas-ter). [AS. Donccester,
"Jhiucccii.stir, from L. Ihiiium and AS. ccaster,
city.] A town in the West Riding of York-
shire, England, situated on the Don: the ancient
Danum, and the Saxon Donecester (whence the
modem name). It is the scene of the St Leger and
other races (in September). Population (1891), 26,930.
Don C6sar de Bazan (doh sa-ziir' d6 ba-zon').
1. A French comedy by Dumanoir and Den-
nery, from an episode in Victor Hugo's play
"Ruy Bias," produced in 1844. The comedy is also
played in English. Don ('(^Siir is the ruined Count of Ga-
rofa : be assumes the name of Zafari, and retains in his rags
his frank, gay nonchalance.
2. A comic opera by Massenet, first produced
at Paris Nov. 30. 187"2.
Don Cossacks (Jon kos'aks), Pro'vince of the.
A government in southern Russia, situated in
the valley of the lower Don. Cajjital, Novo
Tcherkask. Area, 61,886 square miles. Pop-
ulation (1891), 2,078,878.
Donderberg (don'der-bi'Tg), or Dunderberg
(dun'der-berg). ['Thunder Mountain.'] The
chief mountain at th(< southern entrance to the
Highlands of the Hudson, New York, opposite
Peekskill. Height, 1,090 feet.
Donders (don'chTs), Frans Cornells. Bom at
Tilburg, Netherlands, May 27, IS 18: died at
Utrecht, March 'M, 18S9. A Dutch oculist.
Ills chief work is " Anomalii'S of Accommodation and Re-
fraction of the Bye "(published by the Sydenham .Society,
mK>).
Dondo (don'do). A town of Angolaj West
Africa, situated on the right bank of the Coanza
River, and at the head of river navigation, a
few miles from Cassoalala, a station of the
Loanda Kailroiul. It Is the terminus of several cara-
van roads, anri the prineipal nnirketof the C'azengo colfee.
Population, about fi.ooo.
Dondra Head (ilon'drS. hed). The southem-
niost cape of Ceylon.
Donegal (don'e-gal). A maritime county of
Ulster, Ireland, lying between Lough Foylo,
Londonderry, and Tyrone on the east, Tyrone,
Fermanagh, Leitrim, and Donegal Bay on the
south, and tlic Atlantic Ocean on the north and
west. Its surface is generally niountainous. Capital,
LIITord. Area, 1,870 suuare miles. Population (1881),
186,(U6.
333
Donegal Bay. An inlet of the Atlantic Ocean on
the western coast of li-eland, in lat. 54° 30' N.
Donelson (don 'el-sou), Andre'w Jackson.
Born mar Nashville, 'renn., Aug. 25, 1800: died
at Memphis, Tenn., June 26, 1871. An Ameri-
can diplomatist and politician. He was United
States minister Uj Prussials-H>— 19, and was the unsuccessful
candidate of tlie American partyfor Vice-President in 1S66.
Donelson, Fort. See Fort Donelson.
DonetZ, or Donez (do-nets'). Ariverin Russia,
the chief tributary of the Don, which it joins
in lat. 47'^ 35' N., long. 41° E. Length, about
500-600 miles.
Dongan (dong'gan), Thomas (afterward Earl
of Limerick). Born at Castletown, Cotuity Kil-
dare, Ireland, 1634: died at London, Dec. 14,
1715. Colonial governor of New York 1083-88.
Dongan Charter. A charter for the city of
New York, granted by Thomas Dongan, lieu-
tenant-governor and vice-admiral of New York
and its dependencies under James 11. of Eng-
land, dated April 27, 1080. It remained in force
until 1730. An early charter of the city of Albany, by the
same authority, is known by the same name.
Don Garcia (don giir-se'ii). A tragedy by Al-
fieri, produced in 1785. it isdrawn from the history
of the Medici family. Don Garcia was one of the sons of
t'osimo I,
Don Garcia de Navarre (d6 nii-var'). A play
by Moliere.
(It) may be called Molifere's only failure. He styles it a
cojtudie h^ro'ique. and it is in fact a kind of anticipation
of Racine's manner, but applied to less serious subjects.
The jealousy of the hero is, however, the only motive of
the piece, and its exhibition is rather tiresome than any-
thing else. The play is monotonous and unrelieved by
action. Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 309.
Don Giovanni (don j6-van'ne). An opera by
Mozart, first produced at Prague Oct. 29, 1787.
The words were by Da Ponte. See Don Jiinn.
Dongola (dong'go-lii). A province (mudiriyeh)
of Egj'jjt, in Nubia, previous to the Mahdist
revolt.
Dongola, New, native Ordeh. A town in
Nubia, situated on the Nile in lat. 19° 10' N.
It was built about 1820, and was the capital of the former
Egyptian province of Dongola. It was abandoned by the
Anglo- Egyi>tian forces to the Mahdists in 1886.
Dongola, Old. A ruined town of Nubia, situ-
ated on the Nile 76 miles southeast of New
Dongola.
Doniphan (don'i-fan), Alexander William.
Born in Mason County, Ky., July 9, 1808 : died
at Richmond, Mo., Aug. 8, 1887. An American
officer in the Mexican war. He conducted a
regiment of Missourians from Valverde, New
Mexico, to Chihuahua, Dec, 1840, -March, 1847.
Donizetti (do-ne-dzet'te), Gaetano. Born at
Bergamo, Italy, Nov. 25, 1'797 : died at Bergamo,
April 8, 1848. A celebrated Italian operatic
composer. He composed about 65 operas, among which
are "Anna Bolena" (1830), "L'Elisire d'Aniore" (1832),
' ' Lucia di Lammermoor " (183B). " Lucrezia Borgia " (1834),
"LaFavorita"(1840), "La Fille du Regiment, " afterward
"LaFigliadelReggimento" (1840), "LindadiCharaounix"
(1842), and " Don Pasciuale " (1843).
Don Juan (don jii'an; Sp. pron. don Ho-iin').
A partly legendary character of Spanish origin.
Don Juan Tenorio, who lived in the 14th century, the son
of an illustrious family ot Seville, killed the conunandant
UUoa after having seduced his daughter. The Franciscan
monks, wishing t^ put an end Ut the debaucheries of Don
Juan, enticed him to their monastery and killed him, giv-
ing out that the statue of his victim (which had been
erected there), incensed at an insult offered him (in the
plays be is jeeringly invited to supper), had come down
anil dragged binl to hell. Both Spanish and Italian plays
were written on the subject, and Dorimon introduced him
to the Frelich stage. Don Juan is the typo of skei>tieal
lihortinism, and as such h.as been made the subject of the
drama " El burladordo Sevilla'C'The Deceiverof Seville "),
by Tellez (Tirso de Molina) (17th century) ; of Moliere's
comedy "l)(m Juan on Ic festin do Pierre" (10(!.^>) ; of
Mozart's opera "Don Giovanni" (which see); of Byron's
poem "Don Juan " (1819-24) ; of (Irabbe's Gernnm drama
" Don Juan nnd Faust" (1^28); and of works by Corncille,
Shadwell, Zainora, Goldoni, Gluck, Dumas, Zorilla, etc.
Don Juani An incomplete poem by Byron,
written in 1818 and published 1819-24.
Don Juan, ou Le Festin de Pierre (le fes-tan'
de pviir'). [F. : see tlie def.] A comedy by
MoliiVe, first played in 1005. in 1878 it was turned
into verse by 'niomas Corncille. The second title is a
mistake of Dorimon who first introduced Don Juan to the
French stage in 10;'iS in a play called " Le festin de Pierre "
'The Feast of i'lerre"). which he translated from the Span-
' " lodepiei'
stone guest,' referring to the statue of the commaiHlant
("Th
ishpl
hrflse " El convidado depiedra'de
dcpifrre.'thc
[see Dun Junn] whom he named Pierre to explain it).
MolliTc, llnillng the title established, adopti'd It.
Donna del Lago (don'nii del liv'go), La. [It.,
'Tlie Lady of the Lake.'] An opera, based on
Scott's poem, bv Rossini, first proiluced at
Niqiles Oct. 4, 1819.
Donndorf (don'dorf). Karl Adolf. Bom at
Woimar, Germany, Feb. 10, 1835. A German
Don Quixote
sculptor, professor of sculpture at the art school
in Stuttgart from 1877.
Donne (<ion ), John, Born at London, 1573 : died
at London, March 31, 1031. An English poet
and divine. Ue studied at Oxford and Lincoln's Inn,
and in 1596 was appointed secretary to Sir Thomas Eger-
ton, keeper of the great seal, which office he lost about
1600 by a clandestine marriage with the lord keeper's niece.
In 1610 he published a work entitled " l'scudo-,Martyr,"
which jirocured for him the favor of James I., who per-
suadcHl him to take holy orders in 1015, made him a royal
chaplain in the same year, and in 1G21 appointed him to
the deanery of St. Paul's. Besides his poems, a collec-
tive edition of which appeared in 1633, and his theological
writings, the most notal>le of his works is " Bc,i9ni-aTo9.
A Declaration of that Paradoxe or Thesis, That Self-homi-
cide is not so naturally Sin, that it may never be other-
wise, "etc. (1644).
Donnelly (don'el-i), Ignatius. Born at Phila-
delphia, Nov. 3, 1831. An American author and
politician. He was admitted to the bar, and in 1857 re-
moved to Minnesota, where be was elected lieutenant-gov-
enior in 18.'.9 and in 1861. lie was a Republican member
of Congress from Minnesota 1863-09. Author of "The Great
Cryptogram I Francis Bacon's Cipher in the so-called
Shakespere Plays " (1887), "Atlantis " (I8S2), "Ragnarok"
(1883).
Donner (don'ner), Georg Raphael. Born at
Essling, Austria, May 25, 1092 : died at Vienna,
Feb. 15, 1741. A noted Austrian sculptor. He
entered the imperial service in 1724, and in 1729 that of
Prince Ksterhjizy. His greatest works are the fountain on
the .Mehlmarkt and the fountain of Perseus at the old
town hall, Vienna.
Donner Lake (don'fer lak). A small lake in
Nevada County, eastern California, in the
SieiTa Nevada.
Donnithorne (don'i-thorn), Arthur. In George
Eliot's novel "Adam Bede," a vain, weak,
good-natured young man, whose remorse for
Hetty's ruin lies chiefly in his chagrin at being
foimd out and losing the approbation of his ac-
quaintances.
Donnybrook (don'i-bruk). A village in Coimty
Dublin, Ireland, 1^ miles southeast of Dublin.
It was formerly famous for its fair (held in August), pro-
verbial for its good-humored rioting, established under
King John (1199-1216), and suppressed in 1855.
DonosO (do-no'so), JustO. Born at Santiago,
1800: died at La Serena, Feb. 22, 1868. A Chilean
bishop. He was rector of a theological seminary in Santi-
ago, lecturer at the university, and judge of the ecclesiasti-
cal court. He was named bishop of Aneud in 1844, and was
translated to the see of La Serena in 1855. His works on ca-
nonical law are authoritative throughout South America,
Donoso Cort6s (kor-tas'), Juan Francisco
Maria de la Salud, Marquis of Valdegamas.
Born at El-Valle, Estremadui'a, Spain, May 6,
1809: died at Paris, May 3, 1853. A Spanish
politician, diplomatist, and winter. His works
include "Consideraciones sobre la diplomacia"
(1834), "La ley electoral, etc." (1835), etc.
Donovan (don'o-van), Ed'Ward. Died at Lon-
don, Feb. 1, 1837. An English naturalist con-
cerning whose personal history little is known
except that he was in early life possessed of a
considerable fortune, which enabled him to
travel and make collections of objects in natu-
ral history. His chief work is "General Illus-
trations of Entomology."
Don FaSQ^uale (don pas-kwii'le). An opera by
Donizetti, first produced at Paris Jan. 4, 1843.
Don Quixote (Sp. pron. don ke-Ho'te; E. don
kwiks'ol). A Spanish romance by Orvantes,
printed at Madrid in two parts, thi^ first in 1605,
the second in 1615. in 1614, when the second part
was nearly completed, an impudent attempt to malign the
character of Cervantes was made by AIoiiso Fernandes de
Avellaneda of Tordesillas (thought to be a pseuilonym of
Luis de Aliaga), who produced a pretended continuation
of the first part. Translations of "Don Quixote" have
appeared in every European language, including 'I'urkish.
llle priiicipid English translations are those of Shelton
(1612-20), Mottenx (1719), .laivis (1742), Smollett (175.5),
Bowie (17S1), Ormsby (1885), Watts (1888). The book is
named from its hero, DoiUJuixotede la Mancha, a Spanish
country geiitleniaii, who is so imbued with tales of chivalry
that he sets forth with his squire Saiicho Paiiza in search of
knightly adventure with very amusing results. At the be-
ginning of the work Cervantes announces it to be his sole
purpose to break ilown the vogue and authority of books
of chivalry, and at the end he declares anew that he had
"had no other desire than to render abhorred of men the
false and absurd stories contained in books of chivalry,"
exulting in his success as an achievement of no small mo-
ment. See Cermntta.
These two (Don Qnlxoto and .Sancho Panza] sally forth
from their native village in search of adventures, of which
the excited imagination of the knight, turning windmills
into giants, solitary inns into castles, and galley-slaves
into (ipinesscd gentlemen, Ilnds abundance, wherever lie
goes; while the eB<iulre translates them all into the plain
prose of truth with an admirable simplicity, ijliitc uncon-
scious of its own humor, and rendered the mt>re strikhig
by its contrast with the lofty anil ccnirteoiis dignity and
niagiiiltcent illusions of the superior personage. 'There
could, of course, be hut one consistent termination t4) ad-
ventures like these. I'he knight and his estpiire suffer a
series of ridiculous discomtltures, and are at last brought
Don Quixote
home, like madmen, to their native tillage, where Cer-
vantes leaves them, with an intimation that the story of
their ailventures is hy no means emled.
Ticktwr, Span. Lit., IL 141.
334
He was editor of " Notes and Queries " from 1869 until his
death His works include " Lives of the Queens of Eng-
land of the House of Hanover" (185.')), and "Their Majes-
ties'Servants" (1864).
Dornbirn
Baden-Baden," "The Neophyte" (1868), "The Trimnph
of Christianity," " Christ leaving the Pr»tonum, etc.
Don Quixote in England. A comedy by Field-
ing, produced in 17o4. , , ,
Don ^altero's Coffee House. A "joted house
fovinerly standiu- lu 01ie>Tie Walk, Chelsea,
London. It contained not only an eating-house but a
museum of natural curiosities. It was f?""'''^^^/ J°l»°
SalUT aliout 1690. It was torn down m 1866. » aifora.
Don Sanche d"Aragon. A comedy by Cor-
neille, produced iu l(i50. It was partly taken from
a. Spanish play "El Palacio confuso." Don Sanche, the
heir to tlie tlirone of Aragon, is supposed to be dead. He
appeal's .a Don Carlos, and believes himseU to be the son
of a flshennan.
Don Sebastian© (don sa-biis-te-a no). An
opera by Donizetti, first produced at Pans m
Doo (do), George Thomas. Bom at Christ-
chuiTh, Surrey, Euglan.l, Jan. 6, 1800: died at
Sutton, Surrey, Nov. 13, 1886. An Engbsh en-
craver and painter. He was historical engraver in
Ordinary to WilUam IV. 18;)6-.S7, and to Queen Victoria m
1842. His first pUbUshed engraving, "The Duke of York,
appealed in 1824.
DooUn, or Doon, de Mayence. A French
chatison de geste of the 14th century, adapted
as a iirose romance in the loth century. It was
first published in 1501. Alxinger, a German poet made
in 1787 a translation in the form of an epic poem. Doolm,
(,r Donn, was the son of Guy of Mayence, and the ancestor
of (l^'ier the Dane.
Doomsday Book. [Written archaically Domes-
(laii Book; from ME. Domcsfleie Booh; etc.: so
called because its decision was regarded as
final ] A book containing a digest, m Norman
French, of the results of a census or survey of
England undertaken by order of WUliam the
Conuueror, and completed in 1086. It consists of
two volumes in veUum, a large folio containing 382 pages
and a quarto containing 450. They form a valuable rec-
ord of the ownership, extent, and value of the lands of
England (1) at the time of the survey, (2) at the date of
bestowal when they had been granted by the king, and
(■i\ at the tune of Edward the Confessor, when a some-
what simUar survey had been made : the numbers of ten-
ants and dependents, amount of live stock, etc., were
also retumeei: The book was long kept under three dif-
ferent locks in the exchequer, along with the king s seal
but is now kept in the Puljlic Record Office. In 1,83 a
facsimUe edition, printed from types made for 'he pur-
nose, was issued by the British government. The coun-
ties of Northumberland. Cumberland, Westmoreland, and
Durham were not included m the survey. There existed
also local doomsday books.
Doon (don). A river in Ayrshire, Scotland,
which flows through Loch Doon and falls mto
the Firth of Clyde 2 miles south of Ayr. It is
celebrated in the poetry of Burns. Length,
about 30 miles. „, t,, • u r
Doornick (dor'nik). The Flemish name of
Tournay, Belgium, whence the English word
dornick. See Tournay.
Dor. See Bongo.
Dora (d<yra). 1. A play by Sardou, produced
in 1877, and played in English under the title
" Diploraacv."— 2. A poem by Lord Tennyson.
Dora Baltea (do'ra biil'ta-a). A tributary of
the Po in Piedmont, Italy. It rises in the Mont
Blanc group, and joins the Po east of Turin. Length, about
100 miles.
Dora dlstria (do'ra des'tre-ii), pseudon>-m of
Helene Ghika, Princess KoltzofE Massalsky.
Born at Bukharest, Rumania, Feb. 3 (N. S.),
1828: died at Florence, Nov. 17, 1888. A Ruma-
nian writer. Among her works are "La vie monas-
tique dans V-^glise orientale" (1855)^ '',!;? ,Sf ,?J,'|;
mande" (18.S6), "Les femmes en Orient (1860), ues
femtnes par une femme " (1864), etc.
Dorado (dd-ra'do). A small southern constel-
lation, created by Bayer, north of the great
Mii-'cUaiiic claud.
Dorado El. See El Dorado.
Dorak-4l-Atik (do'rak-cl-ii-tek'). A town in
the proWnce of Khuzistan, Persia, situated
about lat. 30° 40' N., long. 49° E. Population,
estimated, 6,000-12,000.
DoraUce (do-ra-le'che). 1 A tale an o Wformof
the Cinderella story, m Straparolas Nights,
i 4.— 2. The daughter of the King of (tranada
ill Ariosto's " Oi-lando Furioso." She beconiesthe
wife of Mandricardo, hut is also loved by Rodomont to
whom she had been betrothed. After the death of Man-
dricardo she is willing to give herself to his victor Rogero.
3 An opera by Mereadante, first produced at
Vienna iu 1824.— 4 (dor'a-lis). The wife of
Rhodophil in Drvden's comedy '• Marriage a la
Mode,"' remarkable for her brilliant philosophy
of flirtation in the last act.
Doran (do'ran), John. Bom at London, March
11, 1807: died at London, Jan. 2.'i, 18/8. An
English journalist and miscellaneous writer.
Dorante (do-ronf). The name of three com-tly
and witty gallants, somewhat dififering in char-
acteristics, in Moliere's comedies " Le bour-
geois gentilhomme" (where he is a coui^ en-
amoui-edof the Marquise Dorim&ne), "L'Ecole
des femmes," and "Les facUeux."
Dorante. The Liar in Corueille's comedy " Le
menteur." He surpasses even the women of the play
in dissimulation. He seems to lie in a spirited manner for
the s.>ike of lying, not from self-interest In the sequel
to "The Liar '("Suite du menteur") he has reformed.
Dora Riparia (do'rii re-pa're-a). A head
stream of the Po, which it joins near iurm.
Dora Spenlow. See Spcnlow, Dora.
Dorastus and Fawnia. See Paxdosfo. i^rastus
is the origimU of Shakspere's Florizel m "The Winters
Tale."
Dorat, or Daurat (do-ra'), Jean, L. Auratus.
Born at Limoges, France, about lo08: died
at Paris, Nov. 1, 1588. A French poet and
scholar, a member of the "Pl«ade," called by
his contemporaries "the modern Pindar." He
was appointed professor of Greek m the Royal
College in 1560. ^ , , .
Dorax (do'raks). A renegade m Dryden s tra-
gedy "Don Sebastian": a noble Portuguese,
formerly Don Alonzo de Sylvera, governor of
Alcazar. He has been thought to be the best
of Dryden's tragic characters.
D'Orblgny, Alcide. See Orhigny.
Dorcas (dor'kas). [Gr. (Sopmc. gazelle.] In the
New Testament (Acts ix. 36), a woman who
was fuU of good deeds, and made coats and gar-
ments for the poor; hence a Dorcas Society, a
societv for supplying the poor with garments.
Dorcas. In Shakspere's "Winter's Tale, a
shepherdess.
Dorcas Zeal. See Zeal.
Dorchester (dor'ches-ter). [ME. "Dorchestre
AS. Doniwara ceaster, city of the people^ot
Dorset; from Dorn-sxte. Dor.^sete, Dorset, bee
Dorset ] The chief town of Dorset, England,
situated on the Frome in lat. 50° 44' N., long.
2° 27' W. : the ancient Duruovaria. The remains
of a Roman amphitheater and other antiquities are in the
vicinity. It was the scene of .lettreys's "bloody assize,
1686. Population (1891), 7,946.
Dorchester. [ME. Dorchestre, Dorcestre, AS.
Dorecacter, Dorce-ceastcr, Dorces ceaster, Dorca-
ceaster (ML. reflex Durocastriim).'] A village
in Oxfordshire. England, situated near Oxford,
important in the early middle ages.
Dorchester. Formerly a town of Norfolk Coun-
ty, Massachusetts, situated on Massachusetts
Bay 4 miles south of Boston. It was annexed
to Boston in 1869.
Dorchester, Baron. See CarUton.
Dordogne- (dor-don'; P. l)ron. dor-dony ). 1.
A river of France which joins the Garonne 14
miles north of Bordeaux. Length, 305 miles ;
na\-igable for steamships to Libourne.— 2. A
department of France, lying between Haute-
Vienne on the north, CorrJ'ze and Lot on *"«
east, Lot-et-Garonne on the south, and Cha-
rente, Charente-Inferieure, and Gironde on the
west. It is noted for its production of niinei-als, wines,
and truffles. Capital, Pi'rigueux. It corresponds to the
former P6rigord and parts of Limousin, Angonmois, and
.Saintonge. Area, 3,546 square miles. Population (1891),
478,471. ^
Dordrecht (dor'dreeht), or Dort (dort). A
town in the province of South Holland, Nether-
lands, situated on an island of the Maas 11
miles southeast of Rotterdam. It is a seaport,
and has extensive trade in timber. It contains a museum
and the Croote Kerk. It was buUt in the 10th ceiitory,
and is reputed to be the oldest city in the Netherlands.
Dordrecht was the leading Dutch commercial center in
the middle ages ; the independence of the United Prov-
inces was declared here in 1672 : it was the seat of the
Synod of Dort (which see) 1018-19. Population (1889),
commune, 32,375.
Dore, Mont. See Mont Dore.
Dor6 (do-ra'), Paul Gustave. Bom at Stras-
burg, Jan. 10, 1833 : died at Paris, Jan. 23, 188,5.
A French artist. From 1848, when he made his first
series of sketches for the ".lournal pour Rire, he exe-
cuted a great number of designs, paintings, and statues,
and in 1850 had made his reputation. In 1861 he was dec-
orated with the cross of the Legion of Honor. He illus-
trated "(Euvres de Rsibclais" (1854), "Wge'ide du Juif
errant" (18.56X "C.uitcs drolatiques de Balzac .,(1^8),
" Contes de Perrault " (1861), " Essaisde Montaigne (18.->7),
" Voyage aux Pyr(5n^cs de M. Taine " (18.69), " Dmna Corn-
media de Dante" (1861), "Don Quichotte' (1863) "The
Bible • (1S66-66). " Fables de La Fontaine (1867), Tenny-
son's poems "Elaine " and "Vivien " (1866-«S), etc. Among
his oil-paintings are "Paolo and Francescada Rimmi,
"Rebel Angels cast down" (1866), " Gamblmg-HaU at
oi cnristiamiy, -^.^nriaL leawn^ i«c ii^^v,^*..^"^ — .
Doria (do're-a), Andrea. Born at OnegUa,
Italy, Nov. 30, 1468: died at Genoa, Nov.
15, 1560. A celebrated Genoese admiral and
statesman. He was styled the "Liberator of Genoa."
which he freed from the French in 1528. He served with
distinction against the Turks, and achieved the cap-
ture of Tunis in 1.636. There is a celebrated portrait of
him, by Sebastiano del Piombo, in the Palazzo Dona,
Rome.
Doria Palace. See Patazzo Doria.
Doricourt (dor'i-kort). A brilliant man of the
world in Mrs. Cowley's comedy "The Belle's
Stratagem." His wit, humor, and courtliness make
him the fashion, while his taste for French piquancy ren-
ders him impervious to the charm of English beauty.
See Hardy, Latitia,
Dorigen (dor'i-gen). In Chaucer's "Frank-
lin's Tale," the faithful wife of Arviragus. she
was beloved by Aurelius, "a lusty sciuire," and to escape
his Importunity said she would never listen to hun tiU
all the rocks on the sea-shore were removed. He having
by magic removed them, Arviragus sacrificed her to her
promise When Aurelius beheld' her gentle obedience to
her husband's overstrained sense of honor, he gave her
back her word. Chaucer took the story from Boccaccio 8
"Dianora and Gilberto."
Dorimant (dor'i-mant). In Etherege s comedy
" The Man of Mode, or Sir Fopling Flutter," a
witty and fashionable libertine, intended as
a portrait of the Earl of Rochester.
Dorimfene (do-re-man'). 1. InMoli&re's "Le
cocu imaginaire," the wife of Sganarelle. A Do-
rimf^ne is also introduced in a later play, " Le mariage
forei?." where she consents to marry Sganarelle, who is
much older than she, with the iiiteution of deceiving him.
2. A lady of rank in MoliJ-re's comedy "Le
bourgeois gentilhomme," loved by Dorante.
Dorinda (do-rin'da). 1. In Guarini's " Pastor
Fido," an 'impulsive, passionate girl. Also
Dorine.— 2. The sister of Miranda in Dryden
and Davenant's version of "The Tempest."
Like Miranda, she has seen no man but her
father.— 3. In Farquhar's comedy " The Beaux'
Stratagem,'' the daughter of Lady Bountiful.
She falls in love with and marries Aimwell,
whose stratagem to win a rich wife thus sue-
Dorine (do-ren'). 1. See Dorinda, 1.— 2. In
Moliere's comedy "Tartufe," the caustic but
faithful waiting-woman of Marianne. This
name was given in the old French theatrical
nomenclature to an intriguing soubrette.
Doris (do'ris). [Gr. .iup/f.] 1. In classical my-
thologv, the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys.
She married her brother Nereus, and her fifty daughters
were called the Nereides. The name Doris is sometimes
given to the sea by the poets, as by Vergil.
2. An asteroid (No. 48) discovered by Gold-
schmidt at Paris, Sept. 19, 1857.
Doris. [Gr. Aupf'c.] In ancient geography : (n)
A motmtainous territory of central Greece,
surrounded by Phocis, Locris, JEtolia, and
Malis. (fc) A part of the coast of Caria, Asia
Minor.
Dorking (dor'king). A town in Surrey, Eng-
land, 22 miles southwest of London. It is famous
for its breed of fowls, and is the scene of the fictitious * ' Bat-
tle of Dorking" (which see). Population (1891). ~.Vf2.
Dorking, Battle of. (" The Battle of Dorking,
or Reminiscences of a Volvmteer.") An im-
aginary naiTative of an invasion and conquest
of England by a foreign army, written by Gen-
eral Sir George T. Chesney in 1871. It called at-
tention to the need of an improved system of national
defense, and attracted much notice.
Dorl6ans, or D'0rl6ans (dor-la-on'), Louis.
Born at Paris, 1542: died at Paris, 1629. A
French poet and satirist. In 1594 he was prose-
cuted by Henry TV., and fled to Antwerp, remahiing in
exile nine years. .
Dormitor (dor-me-tor'), or Durmitor (dor-me-
tor'). The highest summit iu the mountains
of Montenegro. Height, 8,146 feet.
Dom (dorn),Heinrich Ludwig Edmund. Born
at Konigsberg, Prussia, Nov. 14, 1804: died at
Berlin, Jan. 10, 1892. A German operatic com-
poser, conductor of the Royal Opera in Berlin
1847-68. His chief opera is ' ' Die Nibelungen "
(1854). , „
Dom, Johann Albrecht Bemhard. Bom at
ScheuerfeUl, Coburg, Germany, May 11, 1805:
tiled at St. Petersbiu'g, May 31. 1881. A Ger-
man Orientalist, professor (1835), and later
(1843) chief librarian of the imperial public
librarv at St. Petersburg. His works include " His-
tory of- the Afghans" (1829-36), "tTier die Sprache der
Afghanen " (1840), " Chrestomathy of the Pushtu or AI-
ghan Language " (1S47) " Caspia " (1875), etc
Dornbirn (dom'bem). A town m V orarlberg,
Austria-Hungary, situated near Lake Con-
stance 7 miles south of Bregenz. Population
(1890), commune, 10,678.
Domer
Domer (dor'ncr), Isaak August. Bom at
Neuhauscu. near Tuttlingeu, Wiirtemberg,
Juno 20. 1809: died at Wiesbaden, I'russia,
July 9, l.S,t4. A noted German Protestant the-
ologian, professor at Berlin from 1861. His chief
works are '* Entwickelunpsccschichte der Lelire von der
Person L'hristi " (18.ia, ISJ.S-.'ili ; "History o( tlie Develop-
ment of the Doctrine of the Person of Christ.'" 1859),
" Gesfhichte der protestimtischeu Theologie " (1S07), " Sys-
tem der eliristlirhen Glauljenslehre " (1880-81).
Dornoch (lUir'noeh). The capital of the county
of Sutherland, Scotland, situated on Dornoch
Firth in hit. 57° ."iS' N. It contains a cathedral.
Dornroschen (dorn'ri'S-chen). [tr., 'little
thorn-rose. 'J The German name of "The
Sleeiiinj-f Beauty" (which see).
Dornton (dom'ton), Harry. The son of Old
Dornton in Ilolcroft's "Koad to Ruin." nis ex-
ploits irivc the name to the play. Ho is saved from ruin
hy Sulky, liia father's friend-
Domton, Old. A fond, confidinfc. t>ut justly of-
fendeil father in Holeroft's "Koad to Kuin."
Dorogobush (do-ro-go-biish'). A town in the
fjovernment of Smolensk. Russia, situated on
the Dnieper in lat. 54° 55 N., long. 33° 15' E.
Population, 8.4%.
Dorogoie, or DorohoiU (do-ro-ho'e). A town in
Moldavia. Ruiuania, situated in lat. 48° N.,
long. 2G° 22' E. Population ( 1889-90), 9,313.
Doron (do'ron). A character in Greene's
"Menaphon." which Simpson, in his "School
of Shakespeare," attempted to identify with
Shakspere.
Dorotea (do-ro-ta'ii). ['Dorothea.'] A dra-
matic prose romance by Lope de Vega, writ-
ten in his youth, but revised by him with care,
and first printed in 1632. He calls it "the most
beloved of his works." The career of the hero Fernando
is to some degree autobiographical.
Dorothea (dor-o-the'il). [Gr. AupoOia, gift of
God ; F. Dorothi'c, It. 8p. Dorotea, Pg. Dorothea,
G. Dorothea. Dimiimtiye, Dolor Dolly. ~\ 1. A
virgin martyr. She was tortured and decapitated in
the persecution of Diocletian. Her festival is celebrated
Feb. 6 in the Roman Church. She was said to have sent
roses and apples miraculously from paradi.se to a doubt-
iuK spectator of her martyrdom, '1 lu-opliilus, who jestingly
asked her to do so. He was converteii I'y this miracle,
tortured, and afterward decapitated. Dijrotliea was intro-
duced as a character of mucli grace and tenderness by
Massinger and Dekker in " The Virgin Martyr."
2. A very beautiful and imfortunate woman in
an episode of Cervantes's "Don Quixote." — 3.
The principal female character in Goethe's
poem "Hermann and Dorothea." — 4. The
"peerless Queen of Scots" in Greene's play
" James the Fourth." Slie escapes from her unfaith-
ful husband in man's attire. War is made on account of
her disappearance, and she returns and gives herself up
to insure peace for her country.
5. In Fletcher's comedy "Monsieur Thomas,"
a bright, affectionate English girl, the sister of
Monsieur Thomas. — 6. See Dorotea.
Dorothea. A vessel which was sent under com-
mand of Captain Buchan, with the Trent under
JVanklin, in 1818, on an expedition to the Arc-
tic regions.
Dorothea Brooke. See Brooke.
Dorotheus (do-ro'the-us). Lived in the 6th cen-
tury. A .iurist in fierytus, Syria: one of the
ciimpilirs of Justinian's " Digest."
Dor6zsma (rl6'rozh-mo), or Dorosma (do'rosh-
mo). A town in the county of Csongr^d, Hun-
gary, 4 miles northwest of Szegedin. Popula-
tion (1890), 12,325.
Dorp (dorp). A miinufacturi:ig town in the
Bhine Province, Prussia, situated on the Wnji-
per 17 miles northeast of C!olngne: united Jan.
1, 1KS9, with Solingen.
Dorpat (dor'piit), or Dorpt (derpt). [Russ.
Der/it, ORuss. ri/riff/", Esthonian TartoKH.] A
city in the government of Livonia, Russia,
sitiiated on the Embach in lat. 58° 24' N., long.
26° 42' E. It is noted for Its university (founded by
Gustavus .\dolphus in Ii'jS'I), which contains a celebrated
observatory and a lil>rary of over .'too.OOO volumes. It
was coii(|ucrcd by tile Teutonic Order in the 13th century,
anil in the 1-ltli century liecame one of the Ilanse towns.
Topulation (IsiU), 31.:;14 Oargely tJi^rrnan).
Dorr (<lor), Benjamin. Born at Salisbury,
Mass., Marcli 2'2, 1796: died at Germantown,
Pa., Sept. 18, 1H69. An American clergyman
of the Protesiant EpiscO|)al Church. lie was
rector of Christ Church, riiiladelphia, from 1837 until his
death. His works iiu'lude "Tlio History of a Pocket
l'ray(T Itook, \Vrittc?i liy Itself," " A Memoir of Jolln
Kainiing Watstm," etc.
Dorr, 'Thomas Wilson. Born at Providence,
K. I., Nov. 5, 1805: died there, Dec. 27, 18,54.
An American politician. He was a member of the
assemldy of Rhode Island 18:i3-37 ; was the leader of
" Dorr's reltellion " (which sec); was elected governor by
the ■' .SnfTrage party " in 1842 ; was convicted of high trea-
son and sentenced to perpetual imprisomnent in 1844 ;
335
was rclea.sed under a general amnesty act In 1847; and
was restore<l to his civil riglils in 1851.
DorregO (doi-ra'go), Manuel. Born at Buenos
Ayres, 1787 : died there, Dec. 13, 1S28. An Ar-
gentine statesman. In Aug., 1827, he was elected
governor of Buenos Ayres. His elforts to estulilish aeon,
federation of tlie provinces were at llrfit successful, and
the war with Brazil was brouglit to a close (1828), both
countries recognizing the independence of Uruguay. 'I'he
revolt of Lavalle ilrove Dorrego from Buenos Ayres: he
was defeated in an attempt to recover the city, captured,
and shot without trial.
Dorriforth (dor'i-forth). In Mrs. Inchbald's
"Sinipli' Story," a Roman Catholic priest. He
is the guardian of Miss Milner who falls in l<»ve with him.
He becomes the Earl of Elmwood, is released from his
vows, and marries lier.
Dorrit (dor'it). Amy, called Little Dorrit.
In Chiirles Dickens's "Little Don-it," the un-
selfish daughter of the debtor William Dorrit,
born in prison.
Dorrit, William. The father of Little Dorrit,
in Charles Dickens's story of that name: a
weak, seltish, good-looking man confined in the
Marshalsea prison for a long time for debt, and
hence called "The Father of the Marshalsea."
Dorr Rebellion, The. In United States history,
a revolutionary movement under the leadership
of T. W. Dorr to introduce a new State consti-
tution in Rhode Island, it was caused by dissatis-
faction with the existing fundamental law (a charter
granted by Charles II. in 1663), which placed a heavy
property qualification on the suffrage. A party, the so-
called Sutfrage party, was organized under the leadership
of T. W. Dorr in 1840. It held a mass-meeting at Provi-
dence July 6, 1841. and authorized the calling of a con-
stitutional convention, which met at ProTidcnce Oct. 4,
1841. The constitution proposed by this convention was
submitted to the people Dec. 27-21(, 1841, and received a ma-
jority (?) of the popular vote. A government with Dorr at
its head was elected under this constitution April 18, 1842.
It made an unsuccessful attempt to seize the arsenal at
Providence May 18, 1842, and was dispersed June 25, 1842.
D'Orsay. See Orsai/.
Dorsetjdor'set). [ME. Dorseie, AS. Dorsiete,
Dornaxte, prop, the name of the inhabitants,
from (torn-, dor-, W. dicfr, water, and s^te, set-
tlers.] A county of England, lying between
Somerset and Wilts on the north, Hants on the
east, the English Chamiel on the south, and
Devonshire and Somerset cm the west. Itis trav-
ersed by chalk downs, and is noted for it.s breed of sheep.
It contains many British and Koman antiquities. Area,
988 S(|uare miles. Population (1891), 194,517.
Dorset, Earl of. See Sackrille.
Dort. See Dordrecht.
Dort (dort), Synod of. An assembly of the
Reformed Church of the Netherlands, with
delegates from England and other countries,
convened by the States-General for the purpose
of deciding the Arminian controversy, and held
at Dort (Dordrecht) 1618-19. It condemned the
doctrines of the .Arminiaus or Remonstrants.
Dortmund (dort'mond). A city in the province
of Westphalia, Prussia, situated near the Em-
scher in lat. 51° 31' N., long. 7° 28' E. It is the
centerof a mining region, and has manufactures of railway
machinery, etc. It was mentioned in the flth century,
and was a free imperial city and llaiiscatic town, and the
seatof the supreme courtof the Veliiiigerieht. It was an-
nexed to I^russia in 1815. Population (18i»0X 89,663.
Dorus(d6'rus). [Gr. Aupor.] In Greek mythol-
ogy, the ancestor of the Dorians, generally rep-
resented as the son of Hellen by the nymph
Orseis.
Dorus. In Sidney's romance "Arcadia," the
name under which Musidorus, in the disguise of
a she]>Iierd, pretends to love Mopsa.
Dorus, Prince. See Prince Dams.
Dory (do'ri), John. 1. i^ee John. Don/. — 2. A
vociferous ami faithful servant of Sir George
Thunder, in O'Keefe's "Wild Oats."
Dorylaeum(<lor-i-16'um). [Gr. AoprAcfov.] The
ancient name of Eski-Sliehr (which see). Here,
.fuly 1, 1097, the Crusaders under Bohemond, Tancred,
Robert of Normandy, (iotlfrey of Bouillon, and others, de-
feated Bolimau, the Turkish sultan of Iconium.
Doryphorus. See Pohjclctus.
Dositneans (do-sith'e-iinz). A Samaritan sect,
named from Dositheus, a false Messiah, who
appeared about the time of Christ. The sect,
though small in numbers, existed for several centiu'ies.
DostMohammedKhan(d6stra6-hiim'edkhiin).
Born alumt 1770: dieil May '29, 1863. Amir of
Kabul. He ascended the throne in 1826. In 1N39 tlio
India government, being determined to chastise him on
accoinit of Ilia refusal to become the ally of the British,
sent an army into Afghanistan, drove him from his throne,
and placed shah Shujah upon it. In 1841 an insurrection
broke out in Kabul, and in 1842 the British army was mas-
sacred in its retreat. This was followed by a seiMind In-
vasion by the British, who decided to reinstate Di>st Mt»-
haniincd {l.S-12). He captured Herat from the Persians in
ISCIi.
Dostoyevsky (dos-to-yef ske), Feodor Mi-
khailovitch. Born at Moscow, Nov. 11 (N. S. ),
Doubs
1822: died Feb. 9 (N. S.I, 1881. A Russian
novelist and journalist. He was arrested for par-
ticipation in a conspiracy in 1849, ami eondenmeii to
death. His sentence was counnuted to exile, and he was
pardoned on the accession of Alexander II. His works
include "The Poor People," published also in French as
"The Degraded and Insulted '(1846), " Memoirs from the
House of Death, ' also published as "Buried Alive "(his
memories of silieria, 1S.')8X "Crime and Punishment"
(186(i), etc.
Dot (dot). See Peerybinqlc, Mrs.
Dothan (do-thiin'). In Scripture geography, a
place in Samaria, Palestine, situated 10 miles
north of Shechem.
Dotheboys Hall (do'the-boiz hal). ['Do-the-
boys Hall'; implying tllat the boys are taken
in and 'done for.'] The Yorkshire school in
Dickens's " Nicholas Nickleby," kept by Mr.
Squeers, in which Nicholas .ser\-ed a short time
as an under-master. The exposure of the methods of
schools of this class by Dickens led to the reformation or
abolition of many of them.
Dotterel (dot'ter-el ), Mrs. A character in Gar-
rick's play "The Male Coquette."
Douai, or Douay (dO-a'). [L. Duacum.J A
town in the department of Nord, France, sit-
uated on the Scarpe 18 miles south of Lille.
It is an important fortress, and has an arsenal. In the
middle ages it belonged to the counts of ilanders, and
after l:i84 to the dukes of Burgundy. It formed part of
the Spanish Netherlands and was conquered Ily the French
in 1667. It contains a Roman Catholic university founded
by Philip II. in 1562, and a noted seminary for English
priests. At Douai was printed the English version of
the Bible for Roman Catholics. It has manufactories of
cotton, linen. lace, paper, leather, embroideries, delft-
ware, glass, salt, etc.. and contains a number of breweries
and distilleries. Population (1891), commune, 29,909.
Douarnenez (dwilr-na'). A seaport in the de-
partment of Finistfere, France, 21 miles south-
east of Brest. It is noted forits sardine fisheries.
Population (1891), commune, 10,021.
Douay. See Douai.
Douay (dii-a'), Charles Abel. Bom at Besan-
(jon, Franco. March, 1809: killed atthe battle of
Weissenburg, Aug. 4, 1870. A French general,
distinguished at the stoi-niing of the Malakoff
in 1855, and at Solferiuo in 1859.
Douay, T6]ix Charles. Bom at Besan^on,
France, Aug. 24, 1816: died at Paris, May 4,
1879. A French general, brother of Charles
Abel Douay, distinguished at Sedan in 1870, and
in the struggle with the Communists in 1871.
Douban (do-ban'). In the story of "The Greek
King and Douban the Phj'sician," in "The
Arabian Nights' Entertainments," a physician
who cures the king of leprosy. Believing him to
be a traitor, the king orders his execution. Douban gives
the kinga book, assuring him that his head, after it is cut
off, will answer any questions if he will first read a certain
line on the sixth page. The pages are poisoned, and the
king, moistening his fingers to turn them, instantly dies.
Scott introduces a royal slave and physician of this name
in "Count Robert of Paris."
Doubleday (dub'l-da), Abner. Born at Ball-
ston Spa, N. Y., June 26, 1819: died at Mend-
ham, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1893. An American gen-
eral. He graduated at West Point in 1842 ; served in the
Mexican war; was appointed brigadier-general in the
Union army Feb. :i, 1862 ; commanded a division at the bat-
tle of Antietani, Sept. 17, 1862 ; and was made major-gen-
eral of volunteers Nov. 29, 1862.
Doubleday, Ed'ward. Born at Epping, 1811:
died at London, Dec. 14, 1849, An English
naturalist. He was appointed an assistjint in the lirit-
ish Museum in 1839, witii special charge of the eollectitjns
of butterllies and moths. His chief work i^ " On tlie Gen-
era of Diurnal Lepiiloptera."
Double Dealer, The. A comedy by Congreve,
produced in 1693. See Md.il^-wcll.
Double Falsehood, The. A jilay jniblished by
Theobald in 172S as by Shakspei'c. Itisfounded
on the story of »_'anlenio in " I>on tjuixote." and is tbouglit
to bavi! been very i>n)bably written by Shiiley. \i'tir<f.
Double Gallant, The, or The Sick Lady's
Cure. A comedy produced in 1707. compiled
by Colley Cibber from Mrs. Contlivre's "Love
at a Venture" (whii'h owed something to
Thomas Corneille's " Le galimt double") ami
Burnaby's "The Ladv's Visiting Day" and
"The K"el'.)nned Wife.'"'
Double Marriage, The. A tragedy by Fletclier,
assisted liy Massinger, ap])aren(ly produced
after Burbage's di'ath. wliich tiuik place in
March, 1619. It was printed in 1647.
Doubs (dii). [L. Didii.i.] 1. A river of east-
ern France wliich joins the Saone at Verdun.
Length, 267 miles. — 2. A department of east-
ern France, lying between Haute-Saone and
Haut-Kliin on the north, Switzerland on the
east and south, and Jura and llaute-Saonc on
the west. It is traversed by the Jura. Capital, Besan-
con. The department was formed from part of the ancient
rYanche-Comt^i, Area, 2,018 square miles. Population
(1891X :)03,081.
Doubs, Falls of the
Doubs, Falls of the. [F. *(«^ du Douhs.'] A
noteil catiu'act iu tlie Doubs, on tlie border of
France and Switzerland, 13 miles northwest of
N.-iK-hritel. Heiijht. 86 feet.
Doubtful Heir, The. A romantic comedy by
Shirley, originally produced at Dul)lin under
the title of "Rosania, or Love's Victory," and
licensed in lfi40 under that name.
Doubting Castle. The abode of Giant De-
spair, iu Bunyan's "PilRrim's Progress," in
which he locked up Christian and Hopeful.
Douce (dons), Francis. Born at London, 1757:
died at London. March 30, 1834. An English an-
tiquarian. He was for n time keeper of the raanuscripts
336
ished for political reasons, and was well received at the
court of Henry VIII. uf England. His chief work is a
trauslatiuu of the ^Kueid into Scottish verse (1513, printed
16.13).
Douglas, George, fourth Earl of Angus. Died
1462. A Scottish nobleman. He remained loyal to
James II. in a rising of his kinsmen against the king, and
commanded the royal forces at tlie battle of Arkinholm
May 1, 1455, in which the insurgents were defeated. He
received asareward larm' giants of land from the con^
cated estates, and may he regarded
position of the e;uls of Angus as border chiefs.
Douglas, George. In Sir Walter Scott's novel
" The Aljbot," the seneschal of Lochleven Cas-
tle during his father's absence. Falling in love
with his prisoner, Mary IJueen of Scots, he aids her es-
cape, and dies at tlie battle of Langside.
Dover
!^tSo^^i;i^,^'LaSa':;^a^e?e^;s?^^^.^Jti;^
logue of Harleian M.SS. Having been left one of the re- land, July 1, 1776 : died at iunbriuge Wells, ot Seme-et-Oi
siduary legatees of tlie sculptor NollekensinlS23, he came
into possession of a competent fortune, which enabled him
to make a tine collection of books, manuscripts, prints,
and coins. This collection was bequeathed to the Bodleian
Library. His chief work is " Illustrations of Shakspere "
(1807).
DougaKdci'gal). A wild, shock-headed follower
of 14ob Koy, in Scott's novel of that name.
Doughty (do'ti), Thomas. Born at Phila-
delphia, .July 19, 1793 : died at New York, July
'24, IS.W. An American landscape-painter.
Douglas (dug'las). A tragedy by the Rev.
John Home, first produced in Edinburgh Dee.
14, 17.')6. It is partly founded on a Scottish
baUad, "Childe Mauiice." See .iVorro?.
"Douglas" was first produced upon the regular stage
on the 14th of December, 175(i, at the (.\inongate Theatre
(of which there is no sign now), in Tlay-house t'lose, 2U0
Canongate. According to tradition, however —and very
misty tradition — it was performed privately some time
before at the lodgings of Mrs. Sarah Warde, a professional
actress, who lived in Horse Wynd, near the foot of the
Canongate, and with the following most astonishing ama-
teur cast : Lord Randolph, Rev. Dr. Robertson (principal
of the University of Edinburgh); Glemalvon, Dr. David
Hume (historian); Old Norval, Rev. Dr. I'arlyle (minister
England, Nov., 1861. An English general and
military writer : author of a " Treatise on Naval
Gunnery" (1819), etc
District 1881-86, and United states minister to Haiti 1889-
IS'.tl. He also published '* The Life and Times of Frederick
Douglass, from 1817 to 1882, Written by Himself " (1882).
DouUens (dii-lou'). A town in the department
of Somme, France, situated on the Authie 19
miles north of Amiens. It is a manufacturing
town, and contains a citadel. Population (1891),
commune, 4,631.
Douloureuse Garde. [F.] See Joyeusc Garde.
the founder of the j)oune («lou). A village in Perthshire, Scot-
land, situated on the Teith 7 miles northwest of
Stirling. It contains the ruined Doune Castle.
Dour (iliir). A manufacturing town in the
province of Hainault, Belgium, 9 miles south-
west of Mons. Population (1890), 10,603.
don'). A town in the department
Oise, France, 25 miles southwest of
Paris. It contains a church and a ruiuod castle.
Population (1891), 3,108.
Douro. See Duerii.
Douglas, Sir James, called "The Good Sir Dousa (dou'sii), Janus: Latinized from Jan
James" and " The Black Douglas." Killed in
Spain, probably Aug. 25, 1330. A Scottish
nobleman. He joined the standard of Bruce in 1306,
and commanded the left wing of the Scottish army at the
battle of Bannockhirrn, June 24, 1314. In accordance
with the dying request of Bruce, he set out on a journey
Van der Does. Born tit Noordwi.jk, near Ley-
den, Netherlands, Dee. 6, 1545 : died at Noord-
wijk, Oct., 1604. A Dutch scholar, poet, his-
torian, and patriot. He defended Leyden 1574-76, and
became first curator of the University of Leydeu in 1575.
„ .. . . .;. , - ^ . ,, * - He published " Annals of Holland '■ (1591)), etc.
to the Holy Land, carrying with him Bruce s heart in- i. i ,]••/ i i» t4 i. i , i »
cased in a casket of gold. Arrived in .Spain, he otTered his Dousabel (do sa-bel), or DOWSabel (dou sa-
services to Alfonso, king of Castile and Leon, against the liel). [F. dnuce et belle, sweet and pretty.] A
' common name for a rustic sweetheart in old
pastoral poems.
Dousterswivel (dos'ter-swiv-el), Herman. In
Sir Walter Scott's novel "The Antiquary," a
Saracens of Granada, and fell in battle.
Douglas, James, second Earl of Douglas. Died
in 1388. A Scottish nobleman, sou of William,
first Earl of Douglas. He commanded a force of
300 horse and 2,000 foot which ravaged the eastern border
in 1388, and probaldy on the 19th ot Aug. in that year
(on the 9th according to the English chroniclers, on the
16th according to Froissart) defeated a superior force of
the levy of the northern counties under Lord Henry
Percy at Otterburn, himself falling at tlie moment of vie- „;,,pn to Snuryheim
tory. His fame is celebrated in the Scottish ballad "The .^^^ ^,',0 *PFf !?f/™
Battle of Otterburn
Chase,
German adventurer who tricks Sir Arthur
Wardour by a pretended magical discovery of
treasure, and is himself similarly tricked by
Ochiltree. The nickname Dousterswivel was
ated in the Scottish ballad "The «•> "^ >" .^ - :^l A T^,^ TJ,,.tic+»
nd the English ballad "Chevy DoUVlUe (do-vel ), Jean BaptlStO.
Hambie, Manche, France, Feb. 15, 17£
High church of Edinburgh). Adam Ferguson as Lady
Randolph .and Hugh Blair as Anna must have added an
if Scotland 1462-6.6, in conseciuence of which he was ban-
ished and deprived of his estates.
unexpectedly comic element t<i the tragedy. It is not DoUglaS JohU. Born at Pittenweem, Fife,
more than iustice to sav that Ducald Stewart, the liiog- a....4.i — .'i t..i^ ^^ itoi . .li«.1 n+ ftalio'hii».\T
more than justice to say that Dugald Stewart, the liiog-
rapber of Principal Robertson, asserts that the Randolph
of this cast "never entered a play-house in his life."
Hutton, Literary Landmarks of Edinburgh, p. 28.
Douglas (dug'las). 1. A seaport and the capi-
tal of the Isle of Man, situated on the eastern
coast iu lat. 54° 10' N., long. 4° 27' W. It is a
noted watering-place. Population (1891), 19,-
515. — 2. A village in Lanarkshire, Scotland,
8 miles southwest of Lanark. In the neighbor-
hood are St. Bride's Chiu'ch and Douglas
Castle.
Douglas, Archibald, fourth Earl of Douglas.
Died Aug. 17, 1424. A Scottish nobleman,
second son of Archibald, third Earl of Douglas.
He was captured by the English in a border raid in 1402,
and was kept a prisoner until 140S. In 1423 he commanded
a Scottish army sent to the support of the French against
the English, and in the same year was created duke of
Touraine by Charles VII. of tYance. He fell in the battle
of Vernenii, in France.
Douglas, Archibald, fifth Earl of Angus : sur-
nam<'d "Hell the Cat." Died 1514. A Scot-
tish nobleman, son of George, fourth Eai'l of
Angus. He w.a8 one of the disaffected nobles who over-
thr(
Scotland, July 14, 1721: died at Salisbury,
England, May 18. 1807. A British prelate ami
Bom at
'94: died in
Brazil about 1837. A French adventtrrer. He
published in 1832 a book entitled "Voyage au Congo et
dans rint^rieur de I'Afrique ^quinoxiale," which purport-
ed to lie an account of explorations made by himself in
central Africa between 1828 and 1830. The gold medal of
the Geographical Society at Paris was awarded to him for
the most important discovery in 1830, and he was made
secretai7 of the society for 1832. It was, however, shown
that tlie "Voyage " was a mere fabrication based on early
Portuguese expeditions.
general writer. _ He was appointed bishop of Carlisl^e ^^^^^ ^^, ^^^ ^^^^^^^^ Gerard. Born atLeyden.
in 1787 (being translated to Salisbuiy in 1791) and dean
Winilsor in 1788. Among his works are " Milton vindi-
cateil from tlie Charge of Plagiarism " (1761), and a book
attacking Hume's argument on the miracles, entitled
"Tlie Criterion "(1762).
Douglas, Stephen Arnold. Born at Brandon,
Vt., April 23. 1S13 : died at Chicago, June 3,
1861. An American Democratic politician. lie
learned the trade of a cabinet-m.iker, but afterward stud-
ied law and was admitted to the biu-. He was elected a
judge of the Supreme Court of Illinois in 1841; was a
member of Congress from Illinois 1843-47 ; and wiis United T)ove
States senator 1847-lU. He adv.anced the doctrine of pop-
ular or " squatter " sovereignty in relation to slavery in
the Territories, and reported the K.ansas-Neliraska Bill in
1864. He was an unsuccessful candidate of the Democr.itic
party for the presidency in 1860. He was nicknamed "The
Little Giant."
Douglas, Sir William. Killed in 1353. A
Netherlands, April 7, 1613: died at Leyden,Feb.,
1675. A noted Dutch painter of genre scenes,
a pupil of Rembrandt. His best-known work is
the "Woman Sick of the Dropsy," at the Louvre.
Dove (dov). A river iu England which forms
part of the boundary between Derby and Staf-
ford, and joins the Trent 3 miles northeast of
Burton. Length, about 45 miles. It is cele-
brated in the writings of Izaak Walton.
)ove. A pinnace of about 50 tons, one of the
vessels (the other being tlie Ark) in which Lord
Baltimore sent out a colony of "gentlemen ad-
venturers," including his brothers George and
Leonard Calvert, to Marj-laud in 1633. They
landed at St. Clement's Island in the Potomac
in 16,34.
threw and murdered James III.'s favorite, the Earl of DouclaS William first Earl of Douglas. Died
Mar, in 1482. At a meeting of the nobles to concert a ■ ,?,„ , ' . o„„ttia'l, ..nblenrin Tienhew of " the
plan of attack on the favorite. Lord Gray compared the "' i*^*-. ^} ^cottibU nobleman, nepnew oi me
good Sir James." He was trained in arms in France
returned to Scotland about 1348 ; recovered his paternal
estates from the English; conducted numerous raids on
the English border ; was, along with the Earl of JIarch, ap-
pointed warden of the east marches about 1356 ; and was
„.. .._ ^. _ ^ created earl of Douglas by David II. in 1358.
1 Lady Clare at his castle by command of the king. DoUglaS, William, eighth Eiirl of Douglas.
plai
meeting to that of the mice in the fable who proposed
to string a bell round the cat's neck, and asked, with refer-
ence to tlie favorite, "Who will bell the cat'.'" Douglas
answered, "I will hell the cat'' (whence his surname).
He was chancellor of the kingdom 1493-98. In Scott's
poem "Marmion" he is represented as entertaining Mar-
mion ami Lady Clare at his castle by command of the king.
Douglas, Archibald^ sixth Earl of Angus.
Died in .Tan., 1557. (Jrandson of the fiftli earl.
He married in 1614 Margaret, widow of .Tames IV. and
sister of Henry VIII., by whcmi he had Margaret, countess
of Lennox, tlie mother of Danlley.
Douglas, Da'Vld. Born at Scone, Scotland,
1798: killed in the Hawaiian Islands. July 12,
1834. A Scottish botanist. He visited the United
States as botanical collector for the Royal Horticultural
Society in 18'23, and subsequently made several scientific
Scottish nobleman. He sided with David II. against ri'^J^J^'ri^^t. rri „ „v.:„f «i,o «„«<-<,_ in c«„fV.nir'a
Edward Baliol, and obtained as a reward the lordship DOVO, DoCtor. The chief character m Southey 8
of Liddesdale, whence he was suniamed "The Knight of "Doctor.
Liddesdale." He was killed during a hunt in Ettrick forest J)Qyg Lady. In Cumberland's play "The
i'L!?L^ll-''-{yi'°i^-™'''i:l"'?^'f,'J*?"'l^I;^^^ Brothers," a termagant and the mother of So-
^^.^ j^^^^^ ^^^ .^ ^^^ principal female char-
acter.
Dove (do'fe), Heinrich Wilhelm. Born at
Liegnitz, Prussia, Oct. 6, 1803: died at Berlin,
April 4, 1879. A German physicist, professor
at Berlin from 1829: noted for his researches in
meteorology and electricity, llis chief works are
" Meteorologische Untei-suchungen " (1837), " tlber die
nicht-periodischen Anderungeii der Teniperaturverteil-
Ullg " (1840-69), etc.
Died in" 1452. A Scottish nobleman, son of
.lames, seventh Earl of Douglas. He conspired
against James II., by whom he was decoyed by a safe-
conduct to Stirling Castle and put to death.
Douglass, Da-Tid Bates. Bom at Pompton,
N. J., MiircU 21, 1790 : died at Geneva, N. Y.,
Oct., 1849. An American engineer. He was
engaged on the Croton aqueduct 1833-36, on
^_^ ^^ Greenwood cemetery (Brooklyn) 1837-40.
journeys inAmerica" spending the years 1821^-32 chietly DoUglaSS, Frederick. Bom 1817 : died Feb
in California. He contributed a number of papers to scien-
tific journals.
Douglas, Ellen. The daughter of the outlawed
James Douglas, in Sir Walter Scott's poem
"The Lady of the Lake." Going to Stirling with
the signet ring given her by the Knight of Snowdon (the
king), she obtains the pardon of father and lover, though
the generous king tiiniself had loved her in disguise.
Douglas, Ga-wain or Ga'vin. Born about 1474 :
died at London in Sept., 1.522. A Scottish poet,
younger son of the fifth Earl of Angus. He ap-
pears to have studied at St. Andrews 1489-94, and became
l)l8hop of Dunkeld in 1515. He was subsequently ban-
20, 1895. A noted American orator and
Dove, Richard Wilhelm. Born at Berlin, Feb.
27, 1833. A German canonist, son of Heinrich
Willielm Dove: professor successively at Tii-
biugen (1862), Kiel (1865), and Gottingen (1868).
He was elected a deputy to the Reichstag in
1871.
Dovedale (duv'dal). The picturesque valley of
the Dove in Derbyshire and Staffordshire, Eng-
land, northwest of Burton.
journalist. He wasthesonof anegressby a white man, -nn-n-pr dio'ver) TME Dorer Bnrrre AS Dofre.
and was bom a slave on the plantati.in of Colonel Edward ""^S^ ^"^ ^ .':....'• tt t"! !.■ /v„Z.'.r; J.^i.„„^
..loyd. Having escaped from his master in 1838, he even-
tually settleil at New Bedford, Slassachusetts. and in 1841
became an agent of the Massachusetts Auti-.Slavery Soci-
etv, a post which lie retaineil four years. He foundeil in
1847, at Rorluatii, New Vork, "Frederick Douglass's Pa-
per, " the title of wbiclivvasi'lianged to "The Korth .Star,"
and which was lontinucd a iinmlier of years. In 1870 he
founded at Wasliingtcjn, District of Columbia, "The New
National Era," which he turned over to bis sous Lewis
and Frederick. He was United States marshal for the
District of Columbia 187«-81, recorder of deeds iu the
Doferc, F. Douvres, LL. Dubrin, Duhra; ; perhaps
fi'om W. dwfr, etc., water.] 1. A seaport in
Kent, England, situated on the Strait of Dover
in lat. 51° 7' N., long. 1° 18' E. : the French
Douvres. and the Roman Dubrai or Dubris. It
is the chief of the Cinque Ports, a favorite health-resort
and sea-bathing place, and the terminus of packet-lines to
Calais and Ostend, and is on one of the main lines between
Ixmdon and the Continent. Its chief points of interest
include Dover Castle, Shakespeare CUB, and the Admiralty
Dover
Mer. It was burned by the Normans in 10fi6 ; became an
Important naval station ; resisted tlic French in 121tt; and
fell into tile hands of the Parliamentarians in ltM2, It Is
strongly fortillcd. Jf'opulation (181(1), :u,iU.
8, The capital of Delawuro ;iml coimty-seat of
Kent Comity, situated ou Jones ("rook in lat.
390 8' N., long. 75° 32' W. It lias important
fruit-preserviiig industries. Population (1890),
3,061. — 3. A city and the county-seat of Straf-
ford County, New Hampshire, situated ou the
Cochoco 11 miles northwest of Portsmouth. It
has uiannfaeturcs of prints, cotton anil woolen goods,
shoes, etc., and is the oldest town in the State, having
been settled in 1U23. Population (ISiW), 12,790.
4. A town in MoitIs County, New Jersey, about
32 miles northwest of New York. Population
(1890), 2,880.
Dover, Strait of, F- Pas de Calais. A strait
separatiiij,' England from I'nmco, and connect-
ing the Knglisli Channel with the North Sea:
the Roman Frotum Gallii'um, or Fretum Oeeani.
Width at Dover, 21 miles. Steamers cross daily
from Dover to Calais and to Ostend.
Dover, Treaty of. A secret treaty concluded
May 22, 1()70, at Dover, between Charles II. and
Louis XIV. The former was to aid in the designs of
France against Holland, and the hitter was to fnrnisli sub-
sidies and troops. The province of Zealand and the adja-
cent islands were to be reserved for England. Charles w.aa
to receive £200,000 a year if he declared himself a Roman
Catliolic.
Dovre (do'vre), or Dovrefjeld (do'vre-fyeld).
A spur of the Scandinavian Jloiintains, situated
in Nonvay about lat. C2°-03'' N. It separates
northern and southern Norway. Highest peak
(Snehaettan), 7,570 feet.
Dow, Gerard. See Vouic.
Dow (ilou ), Lorenzo. Born at Coventry, Conn.,
Ci-t. 10, 1777: died at Washington, D. C, Feb.
2, 1834. An Amoricau itinerant preacher, of
the Metliodist belief. Uc made two missionary tours
in Engl.and and Ireland — one in IVilDaml one in 1S05. Ue
was noted for liis eccentricities of manner and dress. His
".lournal and .Miscellaneous Writings" were edited by
John Howling in 1836.
Dow, Neal. Bom at Portland, Maine, March 20,
1S04. An American advocate of prohibition.
He drafted tlic noted "Maine (prohibitory) Law"in 1851,
and w.as the candidate of the Prohibition party for Presi-
dent in Ib^.
Dowden (dou'den) Edward. Born at Cork,
Ireland, May 3,1843. A British critic and poet,
professor of tlie English language and literature
at Trinity College, Dublin (whore ho studied),
in 1889 hrst Taylorian lecturer in the Taylor
Institution, O.vford. He has published "Shakspere,
bis Jlind anil Art " (1872), " Poems " (1876). " Studies in Lit-
erature: 178!>-1877"(187s),"Southey" (1879), an edition of
Shaksgere's sonneta with notes, " Shelley" (1886), etc.
Dowgate (dou'gat). The original water-gate
of the city of London.
It was situated at the mouth of the Wallbrook where it
enters the Thames, and just UTider the great licjnian cita-
del. The Watling St. or Prctorian way crossed tlic river
here by a Trajcctus before the London Bridge was built.
Lo/lie, History of London, ISSt.
Dowlatabad(dou-la-ta-b!id'), or Daulatabad.
A city and fortress in Hyderabad, India, in lat.
19° '>')' N., long. 75° 14' E. : the ancient Deoghir
■ or Deogliur. It is notedfor its strong position
on an isolated rock.
Dewier (dou'ler). Captain. A retired military
man in Dickens's " Pickwick Pajiers," notc<l for
his bluster and brag, and his extraordinarily
(ieric and disjointed manner of talking.
Down (doun). A maritime county in Ulster, Ire-
land, lying between Antrim and Belfast Lough
on the north, the Irish Sea on the east and south-
east, and .\rmagli on the west, it is one of the lead-
ing agricultural counties. Capital, Downpatrick. Area,
1167 siiuare miles. Population (18!»1), 221,008.
Downes (<lounz), John. Born at Canton, Mass.,
17H() (1784 ?) : died at Charlestown, Mass.. Aug.
11, 18,55. .Vn American naval commander. He
served as licutcTiant in the Essex under Captain Porter
In the W.ar of 1S12, and commanded the Epervier in the
war against Algiers. In 18.'i2 he obtained command of a
84|n:idron in the PaciHc Ocean, and bombarded Qu.'dl.ah
Itatoo, on the coast of Sumatra, in retaliation for an out-
rage I'oniniitted on an American vessel. Me commanded
the- navy.yaT-d at Boston ls:i7 -12 and lsr.O-f.2.
Downing (dou'ning), Andrew Jackson. P-'irn
at Newlmrg, N. Y., Oct., 1815: drowned near
Yonkers, N. Y.. July 28, 1852. An American
Ininlscapo-gardener and pomolngist. He pub-
limbed '■Thct)ry and Practice of Landsc:iiic (Jaidening"
(IMll, "C.ittagc Itesiilences" (1842), "Fruits an. I Fruit
Trees ..f America" (Iglf.), etc.
Downing, Major Jack. The pseudonym of
Selm Siiiitli, in his letters in Yankee dialect.
Downing, Sir George. Burn jirobably in Aug.,
1023: (lied in llis4. An English soldier and
{>olitician. He emigrated with bis pari'utstei New Eng-
and in 10:i8, but subsequently returned to Knglantl, anil
In 16.^)0 was scout-master-general of CroniwcU's army in
337
Scotland. He was appointed resident at The Hagae In
1667, in which ofllce he was retained by Charles II. on
the Restoration in 16<i0. Ho was created a baronet ia
1663. Downing street, Whitehall, derives its name from
him.
Downing, sir George. Born about 1684: died
in CaiuljridgeshLre, Juno 10, 1749. The founder
of Downing College: grandson of Sir George
Downing (d. 1684). Ue was a member of the Parlia-
ments of 1710 and 1713, and kept his seat from 1722 until
liis death.
Downing College. A college in Cambridge
University, England, founded by the will of
Sir George Downing (dated 1717). It was char-
tered in 1800, and opened in 1821.
Downing street. A street in the west end of
London, leading from Whitehall. It contains the
treasury building and the foreign offlce (hence the name
Downmg street has come to be used for the administration).
The south side of Downing street is formed by the mag-
nificent pile of modern Italian buildings by Sir Gilbert
Scott, erected in 1868-73 to include the Home Olllce, For-
eign Office, Colonial Offlce, and East India Ofllce.
Hare, London, IL 223.
Downpatrick (doun-pat'rik). The capital of
County Down, Ireland, situated near Strang-
ford Lough 21 miles southeast of Belfast. It
is reputed to be one of the oldest towiis of Ire-
land.
Downright (doun'rit). A rude but manly and
consistent squire in Ben Jouson's comedy
"Everj' Man in his Humotir." Ho is coura-
geous, of plain words and plain actions.
Downs. See Xfirtli J)i>u-ii,<! and •South Downs.
Downs, Battle of the. An indecisive battle
between the Englisli and Dutch fleets, in the
first days of June, 1666, off the eastern coast of
Kent. The English were commanded by Slonk, and the
Dutch by De Ruyter and Tromp. It is sometimes claimed
as an English victory.
Downs, The. A portion of the North Sea east
of Kent, England, forming a roadstead pro-
tected by Goodwin Sands.
Dowse (dous), Thomas. Born at Charlestown,
Mass., Dec. 28, 1772 : died at Cambridgeport,
Mass., Nov. 4, 1856. An American book-col-
lector. He bequeathed his collection to the
Massachusetts Historical Society.
Dowton (dou'ton), William. Born at Exeter,
1764: died at Brixton, Surrey, 1851. An Eng-
lish actor. He made his first appearance in 17S1, and
came to New York in 183G. He had two sons, William and
Hciuy, both of whom became actors. The former after-
ward became a brother of the Charter House, and died
there at the age of nearly ninety.
Doyen (dwii-yan'), Gabriel FranQois. [F.
(loi/cn = E. (k(i)i ; L. dcvnntni.'] Born at Paris,
1726: died at St. I'etersbtirg, Juno 5, 1806. A
French painter, a pupil of Van Loo.
Doyle (doil), A. Conan. Born at Edinburgh in
18.59. A Scottish novelist and physician. Among
his works are "Micah Clarke," "A Study in Scarlet," "The
Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" (two series), "The Ref-
ugees," "The White Company."
Doyle (doil), Eichard. Born at London, 1824:
died at London, Dec. 11, 1883. An English ar-
tist. He was a rcgiJar contributor to "Punch" 1841-
1850. Among bis best-known works are the illustrations
to Thackeray's " Ncwcomes " (18r)3-55), and a series of elUn
scenes entitled " In Eairy-Land " (1870).
Dozy (do'/.e), Beinhart. Born at Levden,
Netherlands, Fell. 21, 1820: died April 29,
1883. A Dutch Orientalist and historian, pro-
fessor of history at Leyden from 1850. His
works include " Ilistoire des Musulmans d'Espagne," etc.
(1861), " Reeherchcs anr I'histoire et la litteratui'o d'Es-
pagne pendant le moycn ilge" (1849), "Supplement aux
dictionnaiica arabes" (lS7!)-80), etc.
Drachenfels (driich'cn-felz). [G., 'dragon's
rock.'] Tlie steepest of the Siebengebirge
range of nmuntains, situated on the eastern
bankof llie Kliine, near Kiinigswinter. Itisnow
ascended by a mountain railway. In its side is the Drach-
enbohlc (dragon's cave), where lived the legendary ilragon
slain by Siegfried. Height, l.OO:. feet.
Drachmann t driich'miin ), Holger Henrik Her-
holdt. liorn at Coiienliagen, Oct. i), 1846. A
Danisli ])oet and author. FYom I860 to 1S7(I he
studied art in Coi>enhagen, and began bis career as a
painter of marine sniijeets. In 1872 be published a vol-
ume of poems. This was followed by "Dajmpede .Melo-
dier" (" Repressed .Melodies," 187.'>), " Sange ved Havct"
("Songs lpy the Sea." 1877), " Itjinker og Roser" ('Vines
and Roses") and " Ungdom I Digt og Sang ("Youth in
Poetry and Hong " 187;)). The ronnmtic poems " Prindses-
Bcn og det halve Kongerige " ("The Plinccss and Half the
Kingdom") and "Oesten for Sol og Vesten for jMaarie "
(East of the Sun and West of the Moon") appeared 1878
and 1880 respectively. In prose be has written, among
other long stories, " En Overkomplet" (1876). "Tamdniu-
ser" (1S77). The shorter tales " Ungt Blod " ("Young
Blood ") and " Paa Somands Tro og Love " ("On a Sailor's
Word ") appeared in 1877 and 1878 respectively. The most
popular of bis prose works is the series of sketches " De-
rovarfra(JiTend8en"("From the FYontier," 1871). A trans-
lation of Byron's " Don Juan " appeared in 1881.
Drake, Sir Francis
Draco (dra'ko), or Dracon (dra'kon). [Gr.
Apu/cui'.] Lived in the last half of the 7th century
B.C. An Athenian legislator. He fornmlated the
first written code of laws for Athens in 024 or about 621
B. c. On account of the number of offenses to which It
afll,xed the penalty of death, his code was said to have been
written in blood.
Draco. [L.,' the dragon.'] An ancient northern
constellation. The figure is th.at of a serpent with
several small coils. It appears at a very ancient date to
have had wings in the space now occupied by the Little
Bear.
Dracontius (di-a-kou'shi-us), Blossius iEmil-
ius. A Christian jioet of the 5th century, an
advocate in Carthage.
One of the most gifted African poets is Blossius Mmi-
lius Dracontius of Carthage, by whom we possess a Chris-
tian didactic poem " De laudibus dci" in three books,
short epics of wiiich the subjects are taken either from
ancient legends ("Uylas," " Raptus Heleiue," "Medea")
or from rhetorical school exercises ("Verba Herculis."
"Deliberativa Acliillis," " Controversia de statua viri
fortis"), two epitbalainia. and an elegiac poem ("Satis-
factio')in which the author asks pardon of the Vandal
king Gunthanmnd (a. 4s4— liKi) for having written a poem
in honour of one of his enemies instead of himself.
Teuffd and Schwabe, Hist, of Rom. Lit. (tr. by Warr),
III. 50:s.
Draft Biot. A riot in New Y'^ork city, July 13-
16, 186^, against the enforcement of the draft
for the Federal army. During its progress several
negroes were murdered and many maltreated. The riot,
which cost about a thousand lives and the destruction of
considerable property, was finally suppressed by the police
and military.
Dragon of Wantley, The. An old ballad, pre-
served by Percy, which describes the victory
over this dragon (who devoured damsels,
houses, trees, etc.) by More of More Hall, who
provided himself with armor covered ■with
.spikes. It is a parody on some ancient Kamipevise.
In a key appended to the ballad in the improved edition of
the " Keliques," an attempt is made to explain it as an
allegory. Henry Carey produced a burlesque opera with
this title, Oct. 20, 1737 : the music was by J. F. Lampe.
Dragonades (drag-q-nadz'). [Also -written
JJnujoniiarlcs; from l'*. dragonnade, from dragon,
a di'agoon : from the use of dragoons in such per-
secutions.] A form of persecution inflicted by
the government of Louis XIV. upon the French
Protestants in the period preceding the revoca-
tion of the edict of Nantes. It consisted in bil-
leting troops upon the inhabitants as a means
of converting them, license being given to the
soldiery to commit all manner of misdeeds.
Dragontea (drii-gon-tii'ii). La. A poem by Lope
de Vega on the subject of Sir Francis Drake's
last exj)edition and death.
The Dragontea. however, whose ten cantos of octave
verse are devoted to the expression of this national hatred,
may be regarded as its chief monument. It is a strange
poem. It begins with the prayers of Christianity, in the
form of a beautiful woiuan, who presents Spain, Italy,
and America in the court of Heaven, and prays Ood to
protect them .all against what Lope calls " that I'rotestant
Scotch pirate." It ends with rejoicings in Panamfl be-
cause "the Dragon," as he is called through the whole
poem, has died, poisoned by his own people, and with the
thanksgivings of Christianity that her prayers have been
heard, and tliat "the scarlet lady of Babylon" — meaning
tjueen Elizabeth— has been at last defeated.
TicktuiT, Span. Lit,, 11. 171.
Dragllignan (drii-gen-yon'). The capital of
the department of var, France, situated in lat.
43° 33' N., long. 6° 28' E. Population (1891),
commune, 9,810.
Dragut (drii'got ), or Torghud (tor'ghod). Died
at Malta, July 23, 1565. A Turkish corsair. He
was a native of Asia Jlinor, and became a lieutenant of
Kheyr-ed-Din, on whose death in 1.^4(i be became governor
of Tripoli. He defeated tlie Spaniards at Uerlies in 1660,
ami was killed at the siege of Malta.
Drainesville (dranz'vil). A village in Fairfax
County, Virginia, 21 miles northwest of Wash-
ington. Here, Dec. 20. 1861, part of the Army of the Poto-
mac under Ord defeated the (^infederates under Stuart.
Drake (drak), Daniel. Bornat PlainUeld.N. J.,
Oct. 20, 1785: died at Cincinnati, Ohio, Nov.
5,1852. An American Jihysician. He published
a "Treatise on the rrinciiial Diseases of the Interior
Valley of North America" (IS.ICKM), etc.
Drake, Sir Francis. P'Oi-n jirobably at Tavis-
tock. Devonshire, about 1540: died olT Porto
Hello, Jan. 28, 1596 (G. S.). An English naval
hero. In l.^67-e'8heeouimandeil i snutU vessel, one of two
which escajied from the destruction otsir John Hawkins's
lleet by the Spanisli, He visited the West Imlies and the
Spanish main in 1.'. 70 and l.'>71, and became convinced that
the towns tliere would fall an ea.sy prey to a smalt iirnu'd
force. Aceordiiigl,\,iiii;i72, hclllted out « liat \v:is properly
afreebootiugexpedition, England licing tlieii a( pc;icewith
Spain. Willionly 3 vessels and loiiinni lu'lonk Nomine de
Dios and an immense treasure ; but be was badly wounded
in the attack, and his men abandoned both town and trea-
sure. In return he burned a Spanish vessel at Cartagena,
captured many ships, and intercepted a train loaded with
silver on the Isthinns. He also crossed to Panama, and
was the first English commander who saw the Pacific.
Drake, Sir Francis
Ifrom his return, in Aui.-., 1573, t.i Sept., 1676. Drake served
under the Earl i>f Essex in Ireland. In Dec., 1677, he
start eil on another freebooting e.xpeditioii, in which he
passed the Strait of Magellan, obtained an ininiense booty
on the Paciric coast of Spanish America, crossed the Pa-
ciflc, and returned to England by way of the Cape of t;ood
Hope, arriving in .Sept., 1580. This was the first English
circumnavigation of the globe. (Jueen Elizabeth knighted
Drake on his own ship, and gave him important com-
mands. In 16S4-85 he was a member of Parliament.
From 1585 to 1586 he commanded a powerful e.\pedition to
the West Indies and the Spanish main, in which he took
and ransomed Santo l)i>minKO and Cartagena, ravaged the
coasts of Florida, and on his way back brought otf the
remnant of the English Virginia colony. In 1687 he made
a descent on the coast of Spain, and destroyed numerous
UDtlnished vessels intended for the Spanish Armada, he-
sides capturing a rich Portui.'Uesc East Indiaman. In
July, 1.5SS, he commanded under Ixird Howard in the
combat with the Spanish .\rmada, and next year he was
one of the commanders in a descent on the Spanish and
Portuguese coasts, which proved unsuccessful. For sev-
eral yeai-s thereafter he was engaged in peaceful pursuits,
and in 1593 was again elected to Parliantent. In 1595 he
commanded another West India expedition, which met
with little success, and in which both he and Sir John
Hawkins died.
Drake {dra'ke),Friedrich. Bora at Pynnont,
Wakleek, Germany, June 23, 1805 : <licci at Ber-
lin, April 6. 1.S82. A noted German sculptor,
best known from his portrait-statues (Fred-
erick William III. and others).
Drake (drak), Joseph Rodman. Born at New
York, Aug. 7, 1795: died at New York, Sept. 21,
1820. An American poet, author of ''The Cul-
prit Fay" (1816), "The American Flag" (ll*19)-
Drake, Nathan. Born at Y'ork, England, 1766 :
died at Hadleigh, Suffolk, England, Jime 7,
1836. An English physician and author. He
practised medicine at Hadleigh, in Suffolk, from 1792
until his death. His most notable work is "Shakspere
and his Times " (1817).
Drake, Samuel Gardner. Born at Pittsfield,
N. H., Oct. 11, 17i)S: died at Boston, June 14.
1875. An American antiquarian. He published
"Book of the Indians" (1833), "History and Antiquities
of Boston " (1856), • • Early Historj- of New England " (1861),
"Annals of Witchcraft in the Tnited States " (1869), "His-
tory of the French and Indian War" (1870), etc.
Drakenberge (drii'ken-ber-ge), or Drakens-
berg, or Kathlamba. A range of mountains
in SoTitli Africa. It lies partly on the border between
Cape Colony and Natal on one side and Basutoland and
the Orange Free State on the other, and culminates in
Champagne Castle (111,367 feet) and Mont aux Sources
(about 11 ^XK) feet).
Drakenborch (dra'ken-borch), Arnold. Born
at Utrecht, Netherlands, Jan. 1, 1684: died at
Utrecht, Jan. 16, 1748. A Dutch philologist.
He edited " Silius Italicus" (1717), "Lix-s""
(1736-4.'<), etc.
Drake's Bay. An indentation of the Pacific
in Marin County, California, northwest of San
Francisco.
Drama of Exile, A. A poem by Mrs. Brown-
ing, puV)lis]u'tl in 1^^-14.
Dramatic Poesy, Essay of. A work by Dry-
den (1667), written in the form of a dialogue
between four friends: Neander (Dryden). Lisi-
deius (Scdley), Crites (Sir Robert Howard), and
Eugenius (Buckliurst: or Dorset, according to
Prior).
Dramburg (diiim'boro). A town in tne prov-
ince of J'oraerania, Prussia, 52 miles east of
Stettin, P'opulation (1890), 5,647.
Drammen (<lram'ineu). A seaport in the amt
of Buskeruil, southern Norway, situated on the
Draminens Elv 22 miles southwest of Cliris-
tiania. It has an extensive commerce, its principal ex-
port being tirai)er ; and it has manufactures of beer, to-
bacco, leather, etc. It was partly destroyed by fire in
1866. Population (1891), 20,141.
Drams Elv (driimz elv), or Drammens Elv
(driim'menz elv). A river in soutliern Norway,
the outlet of Lake Tyrifjord. It flows into
the Drammen Fjord at Drammen. Length. 163
miles.
Drangiana (dran-ji-a'nS.), orDrangiane. [Or.
A/)ii; ;'«'■'/■] 111 ancient geogi'aphy, a region in
central Asia, in the modern southwestern Af-
ghanistan and eastern Persia.
Draper (dra'per), Henry. Born in Prince Ed-
ward County. Va.. March 7, 1837: died at New
York, Nov. 20, 1882. An American scientist,
son of J. W. Draper, especially noted for his
labors in I'clistial photography.
Draper, John William. Born at St. Helen's,
near Liverpool, England, May .5, 1811: died at
Hastings-on-the-Hudson, N. Y., Jan. 4, 1882.
A chemist, physiologist, and historian, noted
for researdies in spectrum analysis, photogra-
pliy. etc. He emigrated tu America in 1832; graduated
in the medical department of the University of Pennsyl-
vania in 1836 : was appointed professor of chemistry in
the University of New York in lH:i9: and was president
of the Medical College l;:50-73. lie continued to lecture
338
at the university until 1881. He wrote "Text Book on
Chemistry" (1816X and on "Natural Philosophy" (1847),
"Human Physiology " (1856)," History of the Intellectual
Development of Europe " (1862), " History of the American
Civil War "(1867-70), " .Scientific Memoirs " (1878),
Draper, Lyman Copeland. Born at Hamburg
(now Evans), Erie County, N, Y., Sept. 4, 1815:
died at Madison, Wis., Aug. 26, 1891. An Ameii-
can antiquarian. He was coiTesponding secretary of
the State Historical Society at Madison, Wisconsin, 1853-
1SS7, with the exception of two years (1858-,59), when he
was State superintendent of instruction. Editor of "Col-
lections of the State Historical Society" (1853-87).
Draper, Sir William. Born at Bristol, Eng-
land, 1721 : died at Bath, England, Jan. 8, 1787.
An English officer. He took the degree of B, A. at
King's College, Cambridge, in 1740, and was subsequently
fellow of his college. In 1744 he entered the army, and
in 1762 commanded, with the rank of brigadier-general, a
successful expedition against Manila. He published in
176& a letter, dated Jan. 26 of that year, defending the Mar-
quis of Granby against the aspersions of "Junius," which
led to a spirited controversy. He was promoted major-
general in 1772. The correspondence between Draper and
"Junius" was published separately under the title of "The
Political Contest " (1769).
Drapier's Letters. A series of letters pub-
lished in 1724 liy Dean Sw-ift, under the pseu-
donym M, B. Drapier. They were directed against
the acceptance in Ireland of a copper coinage the patent
for supplying which had been accorded to William Wood,
who with the Duchess of Kendal, the king's mistress
(who obtained him the privilege), was to divide the profit
arising from the difference t)etween the real and the
nominal value of the halfpence (about 40 per cent.). Owing
to the public excitement raised by these letters the patent
was canceled. Wood was compensated with a pension,
and Swift gained a popularity which he never lost till bis
death. A large reward was" ottered at the time for the
discovery of the author.
Draupadi (drou'pa-de). [Skt.] Daughter of
Drupada, king of Panchala, and wife of the
five Pandu princes. She plays an important
part in the story of the Mahabharata.
Drave (tlra've), G. Drau (drou). A river in
Austria-Hungary: the ancient Dra^^ls. It rises
in Tyrol, traverses Carinthia and Styria, forms the boun-
d;uy bet\veen Hungary and Croatia-SIavonia, and joins the
Danube 8 miles east of Essek, Its chief tributary is the
Mur, Length, 465 miles; navigable from Villach (about
375 miles).
Dravida (dra'vi-da). The country in which
the Tamil language is spoken, extending from
Madras to Cape Comorin.
Drawcansir (dra'kan-ser). In Buckingham's
burlesque " The Rehearsal." a boasting and
vainglorious bully. Almanzor, Dryden's favorite hero,
was parodied in this character. The name has become a
synonym for a braggart.
Drawcansir, Sir Alexander. A name assumed
by Fielding in conducting the " Covent Garden
Journal " in 1752.
Drajrton (drii'ton), Michael. Born at Harts-
hill, Warwickshire, England, 1.563: died at Lon-
don, 1631. A noted English poet. He was buried
in Westminster Abbey, and his epitaph is said to be by
Ben Jonson. His chief works are " Mortimeriados " (1596 :
this afterward appeared with many alterations as "The
Barons Wars," 1603), " England's HeroiciU Epistles " (1597),
" Poems, Lyric and Heroic "(16(t6, containing "The liallad
of Agincourt"), "Poly-Olbion" (1613-22), "Nymphidia"
(1627), " The Muses' Elysium " (1630),
Drayton, William Henry. Born at Draj'ton
Hall, on the Ashley Kiver, S, C, Sept., 1742:
died at Philadelphia, Sept. 3, 1779. An Ameri-
can iiatriot. He became chief justice of South Carolina
in 1776, and in the same year delivered to the grand jury
a charge which gave great impetus to the cause of inde-
pendence. He was a member of the Continental Congl-ess
from 1778 until his death.
Dream, The. A short poem by Lord Byron,
composed at Diodati in 1816.
Dream, Chaucer's. A poem, probably spuri-
ous, added by Speght in 1.598 to his edition of
Chaucer. The proper title is "The Isle of ladies."
(Not the same as "The Dream of Chaucer," which is genu-
ine.)
Dream of Chaucer, The, See Cliaucer's
Urraw.
Dream of Eugene Aram, The. A poem by
H 1, published in 1S29. See Arum, Eugeitr.
Dream of Fair Women, A. A i)oem by Lord
Tennyson.
Drebbel (dreb'bel), Cornells van. Born at
Alkmaar, Netherlands. 1572: died at London,
1634. A Dutch natural philosopher. He pub-
lished "De natm'a elementorum" (1621), etc.
Dred i dred). A novel by Mrs. Haniet Beecher
Stowe. jiublished in 1856. It shows the state of
alarm ami miserj' in which the slave-owners (as well as
slaves) lived. Dred is a runaway negr<» living in the I*i&-
mal Swamp. A new edition, called "Nina Gordon," was
published in IStk;.
Dred Scott Case. In American history, a cel-
ebrated decision by the Supreme Court of the
United States, whii-h derived its importance
from its bearing on the constitutionality of the
Drew, Mrs.
Missouri Compromise of 1820. Dred Scott, a Mis.
souri slave who had been taken to the territory covered
by the Missouri Compromise, and had therefore sued for
his freedom, was sold to a citizen of another State, He
then transferred bis suit from the State to the Federal
courts, under the power given to the latter to tiy suits be-
tween citizens of dilferent States ; and the case came by
appeal to the Supreme Court, The decision of the Su-
preme Court, which w:is published in 1857, put Scott out
of court on the ground that a slave, or the descendant of a
slave, could not be a citizen of the United States or have
any standing in Federal coiu-ts. The opinion of the chief
justice also attacked the validity of the Missouri Com-
promise, on the ground that one of the constitutional
functions of Congress was the protection of property ;
that slaves were recognized by the Constitution as prop-
erty ; and that Congress was therefore bound to protect
slavery in the Territories.
Dreiherrnspitz (dri'hern-spitz). One of the
chief peaks of the Holie Tauern, Austrian Alps,
southwest of the Gross- Venediger. Height,
U,4S0 feet.
Drelincourt (dr6-lan-k6r'), Charles. Born at
Sedan, France, July 10, 1595: died at Paris,
Nov. 3, 1669. A French Protestant clergyman.
He wrote "Consolations de I'ame fidele centre
les fraj'eurs de la mort" (1651), etc.
Drenthe, or Drente (dren'te). A province of
the Netherlands, hing between Groniugen on
the north and northeast, Prussia on the east,
Overyssel on the south, and Friesland and
Overvssel on the west. Area, 1,030 square
miles". Population (1891), 134.027.
Drepanum (drep'a-num), or Dreijana (-na).
[Gr. TO Api-aior, Ta Apt /rani. J The ancient
name of Trapani (which see). Here, 249 b, c, the
Carthaginian admiral Adherbal defeated the Koman fleet
under Publius Claudius,
Dresden (lU'ez'den). [F. Dnsde.'] The capital
of the kingdom of Saxony, situated on both
sides of the Elbe, in lat. 51° 3' N., long. 13° 44'
E. It comprises the .\!tstadt, Friedrichstadt, Neustadt,
Antonstadt, etc. It has considerable trade by the Elbe,
and diversified manufactures, and is celebrated for its art
collections, which are among the richest in the world.
These include the Museum (containing the picture-gal-
lery, engravings, and drawings), the Zwinger (containing
the mineralogical, zoological, and ethnographical collec-
tions), the Palace (with the Green Vault: which see), the
Museum Johanneum (collection of porcelain and historical
museum), and the Japanese Palace(collection of antiquities
and royal library). Dresden was an ancient Slavic town,
and was meutioned as early as 1206, It became the resi-
dence of the Saxon sovereigns in 1485, and was greatly de-
veloped under Augustus II. and Augustus III. It was
bombarded by the Prussians in 1760, and was occupied by
them in 1866. Here, Aug. 26-27, 1813, the French (about
120,0lX)) under Napoleon defeated the Allies (about 200,000),
under Schwarzenberg. Population (1890), 289,844; with
the suburbs, 322,633.
Dresden, Treaty of. A treaty concluded Dec.
25. 1745, between Prussia, Austria, and Saxony,
ending the second Silesian war. Frederick the
Great was confirmed in the possession of Silesia.
Dreux (dre). An ancient county in northern
France, west of Paris, whose chief town was
Dreux : united to the crown 1.551.
Dreux. A town in the department of Eure-et-
Loir, France, situated on the Blaise 45 miles
west of Paris : the Koman Durocassis or DrociB.
It contains a ruined castle, hotel de ville_, Church of St.
Pierre, and the chapelle Rojale (the burial-place of the
(.trleans family). The chapel wa^ completed by Louis
Philippe. It consists of a dome so feet high and 43 in
diameter, surrounded by an elaborately pinnacled and
traceried screen in the Pointed style. The interior dis-
plays superb glass and magnificent tombs, with statues by
the best sculptors of the century. It was formerly the
capital of the county of Dreux. It was besieged anti taken
by Henry IV. in 1,593, and was taken by the Germans >'ov.,
1870. Population (18!il), commune, 9,361.
Dreux, Battle of. Dec. 19, 1562, Montmorency
with iiljoiit 15,1100 men defeated an equal num-
ber of Huguenots under Condd, who was taken
prisoner.
Drew (drfi), Daniel. Born at CaiTnel, N. Y., in
17.S8: died at \fw York. Sept. 19, 1879. An
American capitalist. He gave hu-ge sums to Methodist
schools and colleges, and founded the Drew L;idies' Sem-
inary at Camiel, and the Drew Theological Seminary at
Madison, N. J. (186(>). The latter Inis 135 students, 8 in-
structors, and a libraiy of 30,000 volumes.
Drew, John. Bom at Dublin, Sept. 3, 1825:
died at Philadelphia, May 21, 1S62. An Irish-
American comedian. He made his first appearance
in 1845 in New York, and in 18.52 in Phihulelpbia, where
he became a great favorite. In lsr>3 he became (with WU-
Ham Wheatley) manager of the Arch Street Theater, He
played in England in 1855, in California in 1»5S, in Austr»-
lia in 1859, ami made his last appearance in 1862,
Drew, John. Born at Philadelphia, 18.53. An
American comedian, son of .lolin Diew (1825-
1862). He is successful in light comedy.
Drew, Mrs. (Louisa Lane). Bom at London,
Jan, 10, l.s2n: dii-.lnt I .nrdiinont. \, Y.. Ang.31,
1897. The wife of John Drew (lS25-(;2). She
man ieil Henry Hunt, a singer, in lS.i«, and after separat-
ing from him inarried George Mossop, an Ii-ish actor, who
died in 1849. In 1850 she married John Drew. She went
Drew, Mrs.
on the staRi; very > i piiiij^. eanie Ut Aiiielica in 1828. and acted
iualltlie important citlfs in t he coiinlry. Inl8*'Uliebeciinit'
Bolf numai-'fr <if the Ari-h Street 'I'lleater in Philadelphia.
Drew, Samuel. Bom at St. Austell, Cornwall,
Euf;l;uiil, Mart-li li, 17(i5: died at Helstoii, Corn-
wall, Murth L'y, 1!S:J3. An English Methodist
clersynian and theoluf^an. He wrote "Essay on
the Iinmateriahty and Innncirtality of the .Soul" (1802),
" Ess;iy mi the Identity and (_:eneral Kcsiurection of the
Body ■ (ISW).
Drezel (<lrcks'el), Anthony Joseph. Bom at
Philadelphia, ta., in ISliG: died at Karlsbad,
June 30, 1893. An American banker, son of
Franci.s Mni-tiu Dicxcl. He contributed largely to
Shilatitliroiiii; and educational causes, and was intcresteil
I the iiriiinotiun of tlie line arts. He founded the Drexel
Institute of Ai-t, Science, and Iiulustry iu Philadelphia
(1891).
Drezel, Francis Martin. Born at Dombirn,
Austrian Tyrol, April 7, 1792 : <iiiMl June 5, 1863.
A banker. He founded the banking house of
Drexel and Co. at Philadelphia (1837).
Dreyschock (dn'shokj, Alexander. Bom at
Zavk, Bohemia. Oct. 1.5, 181S: died at Venice,
April 3, 1869. A pianist and coinposer, profes-
sor (from 1862) of the pianoforte at the con-
servatory of St. Petersburg, director of the
imperial school of theatrical music, and court
pianist.
Dreyse (dri'ze), Johann Nikolaus von. Born
at Siimmerda, Prussia, Nov. 20, 1787 : died Dec.
9, 1867. A Oerman mechanician, inventor of
the nuizzle-loading needle-gun ( 1827), and of the
breech-loader (1836).
Driburg (ilre'borG). A watering-place in the
province of Westphalia, Prussia, 11 miles east
of Paderborn.
Driffield (drif 'eld), or Great Driffield. A town
in Yorkshire, England, 18 miles north of Hull.
Population (1891), 5,703.
Drin (dren). A river iu Turkey which flows
through northern Albania, and empties into
the Adriatic near Alessio. Length, about 200
miles.
Drina (dre'na). A river which rises in Monte-
negro, flows through Bosnia and along the
Servian-Bosnian frontier, and joins the Save at
the frontier of Servia, Bosnia, and Slavonia.
Length, about 300 miles.
Drisneen City. A name popularly given to the
city of ('ork. A drishecn is an article of food made of
the* gcrnm of the blood of sheep mixed with milk and
seasoned with pepper, salt, and tansy. Wheder.
Drogheda (droch'e-da). [' The bridge over the
fortT.'] A seaport in Leinster, Ii'eland, situ-
ated on the Bojne 26 miles north of Dublin.
It forms with the surrounding distri(!t (i> squjire miles) a
county. '* Poyninffs's Law " (see T)r*»jhcthi, Statute of) was
gassed liere in 1494. Tlie town was defended against
'Xeill H»41-42; was stormed by rroni well and the garrison
massacred Sept., 1C49; and surrendered to William III.
after the battle of the lioyne (which see), 1690. Population
(1891), ll,87:i.
Drogheda, Statute of. A statute passed by the
parliament of Drogheda, Sept. 13, 1494, com-
monly called Poynings's Act (or Law), from the
name of its author, the lord deputy of Ireland,
Sir Edward Poynings. It enacteil that no Irish jiar-
lianient should be held without the consent of the King of
England, and that no bill could be brought forward in an
Irish parliament without his approvaL It waa repeided
in 1782.
Drogio (dro'ji-o). A name given by Antonio
Zeno to an imaginary country said to be south
and west of Estotiland. It was of vast extent, and
hasbc<-n thoughttoincIudeNovaScotiannd New Kngland.
Drohobycz (dro'ho-biich). A town in Galicia,
Austria-Hungary, situated in lat. 40° 23' N..
long. 23° 28' E". It has considerable trade
and salt-works. Population (1890), commune,
17.916.
Droitwich (droit'ich). A town in Worcester-
shire, England, 6 miles northeast of Worcester,
famous for its salt-springs. Population (1891),
4.021.
Drdme (<lr6m). A do))artment of France, lying
between Isero on the north, Isere and Haiites-
Alpes on the east, Bassos-Alpes on the south-
east, an<l Vancluse on the south, and sepa-
rated by the Khone from Ardeche on tlui west.
Its chicrf" products are wine an<l silk, t'apital, Valence.
It was fr,nned from portions of Dauphiiu!-, Provence, and
('<Mntat Venaissin. Area, 2,.M8 s<iuarc miles. Popula-
tion (ln91), 300,419.
Dromio of Ephesus ami Dromio of Syracuse.
Ill Sh;iks|i.'re's "('omedyiif I'.rrors." twin bro-
thers, servants respectively of Antipliolus of
Eiihesus iiiid Antipliolus of Syracuse. The I)ri>
niio of Ephesus is a stupid servant, the Dromio of Syra-
cuse a witty one. See Cmiifdij of Krrorit.
Dromore (dro'mor). A town ill County Down,
Ireland, on the Lagan 16 miles southwest of
Belfast. It has a cathedral.
339
Drona (dro'na). [Skt.] The teacher of the mil-
itary art to the Kaurava and I'andava iirinces.
In the great war of the Mahabhai-ata he sided with the
Kauravas, and after the death of Bhishiua became their
commander-in-chief.
Drontheim. See Tioiidlijcm.
Drood, Edwin. See Mustcn/ of Jul win Druod.
Droste-HiilshofF, Baroness Annette Elisa-
beth von. Born at Hiilshoff, near Munster,
Prussia. Jan. 10, 1797: died at Morsbm-g, on
Lake Constance, Mav 24, 1848. A Gennau
poet. She published" "Poems" (1838, etc.),
•' Das geistliche Jahr" (18.')2), etc.
Drottningholm (ibot'ning-holm). ['Queen's
Island.'] A Swedish royal palace near Stock-
holm, on the islaml of Lofo in Lake Miilar.
It was built for (Jueen Hedwig Eleonora (died 1715), and
was improved by (Iscar I.
Drouais (drii-a'), Jean Germain. Bom at
Paris, Nov. 25, 1763: died at Kome, Feb. 13,
1788. A French historical painter, a pupil of
David.
Drouet (dro-ii'), Jean Baptiste. Born at
Sainte-Menehould, Marne, Fr.iuee, .Ian. 8, 1763 :
died at Macon, Prtmce, April 11, 1824. A
French revolutionist. He caused the arrest of Louis
XV'I. at Varenncs .Tune 21, 1791, and was a member of
the Convention in 1792 and of the Council of Five Hun-
dred in 1795.
Drouet, Jean Baptiste, Comte d'Erlon. Bom
at Rheims, France, July 29, 1765: died at
Paris, Jan. 25, 1844. A marshal of France,
distinguished iu the Napoleonic wars, particu-
larly at Jena 1806, and Friedland 1807: gov-
ernor-general of Algeria 1834-35.
Drouyn de Lhuys (tho-an' de Hies' ), Edouard.
Born at Paris, Nov. 19, 1805: died at Paris,
March 1, 1881. A French diplomatist and pol-
itician. He was minister of foreign affairs Dec. 20,
lS4S,-.Tune 2, 1849; Jan. 10-24, 18.'.1 ; July 28, 1852,- May
3, 1S5;'); and (let., 1862, -Sept. 1, lSt>6.
Droysen (lU-oi'sen), Johann Gustav. Bora
at Treptow, Pomerania, Prussia, July 6, 1808:
died at Berlin, June 19, 1884. A German his-
torian, professor at Berlin from 1859. His works
include "Geschichte der preussischen Politik " (1855-81),
translations of " .^schylus " (1832) and "Aristophanes"
(183(i), "Geschichte Alexanders des Grossen" (1833X
' ' Geschichte des Hellenismus " (1836-43), " Grundriss der
Historik" (1858), etc.
Droz (dro), FranQois Xavier Joseph. Born
at Besan<;on, France, (let. 31, 1773: died at
Paris, Nov. 5, 18.50. A French moralist and
historian. He published " Histoire du rJgne de Louis
XVI. " (1839-42), "De la phUosophie morale " (1823), etc.
Droz, Gustavo. Born at Paris, June 9, 1832 :
died (Jet. 31, 1895. A French novelist. His
works include " Monsieur, madame. etb^b^ "(1866), "Entre
nous" (18(J7), "Le cahierbleu de Mile. Cibot" (1867), '• I'ne
femine g^nante " (1875), "Tristesses et sourires " (1884),
"L'Enfant"(lSS5), etc.
Droz, Henri Louis Jacquet. Bora at La Chaux-
de-Fouds, Switzerland, Oct. 13, 1752: died at
Naples, Nov. 18, 1791. A Swiss mechanician,
son of Pierre .lacquet Droz.
Droz, Pierre Jacquet. Born at La Chaux-de-
Fonds, Swilzi-rland, July 28, 1721: died at
Bieune, Switzerland, Nov. 28, 1790. A Swiss
mt^chanician, especially noted for the construc-
tion of a writing automaton.
Drugger (drug' I'r). Abel. In Ben Jonson's com-
edy "The Alchemist," a cunning but credu-
lous tobacconist and grocer, who believes that
his shop will prosjier if he can purchase of the
Alchemist ])lanetary symbols for its construc-
tion. Originally a minor character, it was made by Gar-
rick, who revived the jjlav. one of his best parts.
Druid (drii'id), Dr. Tlie Welsh tutor of Lor<l
Abberville, in Cumberland's play '"The Fashion-
able Lover.''
Druids (dro'iilz). [Of Old Celtic origin.] 1.
The priests or ministers of religion among the
ancient Celts of (laul, Britain, and Ireland.
The chief seats of the Druids were in Wales, IJrittany,
and the regions around the modern Dreux and Chartrcs
in France. The Druids are believed to have i>osse8sed
some knowledge of geometry, natural philosophy, etc.
They superintended the alfairs of religion and nionility,
and performed the olllcc of judges. The oak is said to
have rcpresi'ntcil to them the one supreme God. and the
mistletoe when growing upon it the dependence of man
upon him ; and they aeconilngly held these in the high-
est veneration, oak-groves being their places of worship.
They are said to have had a common superior, who was
elected by a majority of votes from their own members,
and who enjoyeil his dignity for life. The Druids, as an
order, always o])posed the Romans, but were ultimately
exterminated liy them.
2. The meiiilii'i-s of a society called the United
Aijcieiit Order of Druids, founded in liondmi.
in 1781, for the mutual benelil of the members,
and now com])rising numerous loilges, called
(jniris, in America, Australia, Geiniaiiy, and
elsewhere.
Druses
Drumclog (drum-klog'). A place in Lanark-
shire, Scotland, 16 miles south bv east of
(ilasiTow. Here, June 1 (O. S.). 1679! the Scot-
lisli (V>venaiiters defeated the Ivoyalists.
Drummer, The, or the Haunted House. A
play by Addison. It was first played in .March, 1716,
and not known to be .Addison's till Steele published the
fact, after the author's death. Duran, Eng. Stage, I. 231.
Drummond (di-um'ond), James, Earl of Perth.
Burn in 164S: diedat St.Gormain,France,March
11,1716. A Scottish nobleman. He was appointed
chancellor of Scotland by Charles II. in 1684, and was re-
tained in office on the accession of James II., whose chief
agent he became in the Roman Catholic administration
of Scotland. He was banished on the deposition of Jamea,
Drummond, James, Earl of Perth. Born in
1675: died at Paris in 1720. A Scottish noble-
man, sou of James Drummond (1648-1716), earl
of Perth. He participated in the Jacobite rising of
1715-16 in Scotland, dtu-ing which he conducted an un-
successful expedition against Kdinburgh Castle and led
the cavalry at the battle of Sheritfmuir. He escaped
from Montrose with the l*retcnder in 1716.
Drummond, Henry. Bom Dec. 5, 1786: died
at ^Ubiuy, Surrey, Feb. 20, 1860. An English
politician and general writer. He was for many
years partner in Drunnnond's bank, London ; was member
of Parliament for Plylnpton Earle, Devon, 1810-13, and for
West SuiTey from 1847 until his death ; founded the pro-
fessorship of political economy at Oxford in 1825; and was
one of the founders of the Irvingitc Church, in which he
held the rank of apostle, evangelist, and prophet. Among
his works are "Condition of Agriculturid classes" (1842)
and " History of Noble British Families " (1*46).
Drummond, Henry. Born at Stirling, Scot-
laud, 1.S51: died at Tnnbridge Wells, March
11, 1897. A Scottish clergyman and author.
He was appointed professor of natural history and science
in the Free Church College, Glasgow, in 1879. He has
written " Natural Law in the Spiritual World " (1883),
"Tropical Africa " (1888), etc.
Drummond, Thomas. Born at Edinburgh,
(_)ct. 10, 1797: died at Dublin, April 15, 1840.
A British engineer, inventor of the Drummond
light (1.S25).
Drummond,William, of Ha'wthornden. Born
at Hawthornden, near EfUnburgh, Dec. 13,
1585: died at Hawthornden, Dec. 4, 1649. A
Scottish poet. He took the degree of M. A. at the
University of Edinburgh in l(i05, and studied law at
Boiu-ges and Paris 1007-08. On succeeding his father, John
Drummond, as laird of Hawthornden in 1610, he retired
to his estate, and devoted himself to literature and me-
chanical experiments. He published " Tears on the Death
of Meliades" (1613), "Poems" (1616), "Notes of Ben Jon-
son's Conversations," "Flowers of Zion," and "Cypress
Grove " (1623).
Drummond, Sir William. Born in Scotland
about 1760: died at Kome, March 29, 1828. A
British dijilomatist and writer. He published
" Origines, or Remarks on the Origin of several Empires,
States, and Cities" (1824-29), etc.
Drummond Island, 'i'he westernmost island
of the Manitouliu group in Lake Hm-on. It
belongs to Chippewa (bounty, Michigan.
Drummond Lake. A lake in southeastern
Virginia, in the middle of the Great Dismal
Swamp.
Drunken Parliament, The. A nickname of
the Scottish Parliament which met iu 1661.
Drupada (ilrci'pa-d.a). [Skt.] Tlie King of Pan-
chala, father of Dhrislitadyumna jmd Krishna,
called Draupadi. He was beheaded on the fourteenth
day of the great battle by Drona, who on the next day waa
killed by Dhrishtadynmna.
Drury (dn'i'ii ) Lane. A street in London, near
the Strand, with wliich it communicates through
Wych street. "It is one of the great arteries of the
parish of St. Clement Danes, an aristocratic part of Lon-
don in the time cif the Stuarts. It takes its name from
Drury House, built by Sir William Drury in the time of
Henry VIII. Near the entrance of Drury Lane (mm the
Strand, lui the left, an old house, now a Mission House,
still exists, which st4>od in the Lane with the old house of
the Drurys', before the street was built. . . . The re-
spectability of Driny Liuie began to wane at the end of
tlic seventeenth century." Hart-, Uuidon, II. 9-1.
Drury Lane Theatre. One of the jirincipal
theaters of London, situated on Knssell street
near Drury Lane. It was opened under Killigrew's
patent 16i>:{ ;"rebnil t by Sir Christopher Wren and reopened
in 1674; and reopened 1791 and 1812.
Drury's Bluff (drii'riz bhif ). A point on the
James liiver. near Fort Darling, 8 miles south
of Kiehmond, Virginia. Here, May 10, 18(H, the Con-
federates under lieaiiregard repulsed the Federals under
Butler. Loss (May 12-16) of the Federals, 3,012 ; of the
Confederates, 2,M>.
Druses (dro'zez). [Turk. Dr«j(.] A people and
religious sect of Syria, living (diielly in the
niouiilain regions of Lebanon and Aiili-liibaiius
and the district of Haiiran. The only name they
acknowle<lge is t'uitarians (}fvtthnliii): that liy which
they are known Ut others is probably from Isitiail Darazi
or Durzi. who was their Ilrst apostle in Syria. They are
fanatical ami warlike, and have had bloody conMicts with
their neighbors the Maroiiites.
Drusilla
Dnisilla (di-o-sil'a). l
340
Dubuisson
A rloiicrhfpr of frRr- Friar," " Tyrannic LoTc," and Others. His life is in John- DubnO (ilob'no). A town in the government of
7- ■ ,. .- . J • J^^ 1 • ^fTo sons "Lives of the Poets." His works were edited by Scott -- ■ • - - - - ■^-- -
maimnis and .\gni>pina, and sister and mistress j„ jg volumes (1S08).
of Calif^a.— 2. The daughter of Cahgula by -nTOfoQHalo r.lrifz'dan. .Tasner. In Sir Wal-
•. ^ •■ The daughter of Caligula by i,i.yfesdale (ilrifz'dal), Jasper.
his wife Cffisouia.— 3. ;^ .Ja"?,^,'*^^ ot^Herod ^_^^ y,.„tt-s novel '"The Abbot," the revenge
Agi-ippa I., wife lirst o£ Azizus, king of Emesa,
and then of Felix, procm-ator of Judea. She
is mentioned in Acts xxiv. 21.
Drusilla, Liyia. The wife of Augustus and
mother of Tiberius.
Drusius (dro'se-iis), Johannes (Jan van der
Driesche). fiorn at Uudeuarde, Flanders,
Jiiue L'S, l-loO: diedat Franeker,Friesland,Feb.
12. lliK). A Dutch Orientalist and e.xegete.
Drusus, Arch of. See Arch of Drusiis.
Drusas (dro'sus) Caesar. Bom about 10 b. c:
died 23 a. d. Sou of Tiberius and Vipsania. He
quelled a mutiny of the legions in Pannonia in 14 ; was
consul in 15 ; was appointed governor of Ill>Ticura in IG ;
was consul in '1 ; and in 22 was invested with the tribu-
iul old steward at Lochleven Castle, who en-
deavors to poison Queen Mary and her atten-
dants.
Dryope (dri'o-pe). [Gr. ApfS^rr/.']
mythology, a shepherdess, daughter of Dryops
or of Eurvtus. She was the playmate of the Hama-
dryads, and was changed by them into a poplar. By
AjkjIIo she was the mother of Amphissus.
Dry Tortugas (dri tor-tii'gaz). A group of coral
keys iu the Gidf of Mexico,'about lat. 24° 36' X.,
long. 82° 54' W., included in Monroe County, Dubois, Jacques, Latinized Sylvius,
Florida. A penal station was established on '
one of them, at Fort Jefferson, during the Civil
War.
nicia pnlegtai, whereby he was declared heir apparent to Dualla (do-al a), ihe principal tribe, 01 JJantu
the throne. He was poisoned by the favorite Sejanus, who
aspired to the succession.
Drusus, Marcus Livius. Died probably 109 B.C.
A Ki>m:ni politician. He was tribune of the plebs con-
jointly with Caius Oracchus in 122, his election having been
procured by the senate, whose members were alarmed at
the democratic innovations of the latter. In collusion with
the senate he opposed his veto to the bills brought forward
by bis colleague, and introduced instead bills of similar
import, but making more extravagant concessions, which
were passed by the senate. He was consul in 112, and while
governor of Macedonia, which he obtained as his province,
defeated the Thracian Scordisci.
Drusus, Marcus Livius. Died at Rome, 91 b. c.
A Roman politician, sou of Marcus Livius
Drusus. He became in 91 tribune of the plebs, whose
favor he won by largesses of corn and by the introduction
of a bill providing for a new division of the public lands.
This bill, together with another which restored to the
stock, in the German Kamerun, West Africa.
Formerly slave-dealei-s, the Dualla are still given to trade,
acting as middlemen between the whites on the coast and
the natives of the interior. Owing to missionary efforts
there are several native churches ; many natives c:m read,
and a few have acquired wealth. They are ruled by petty
chiefs, and subject to the German governor. The B.a-sa and
Ba-kume are neighliors of the Dualla in the Kamerun.
Duane (do-an'). William. Born near Lake
Champlain, N. T.. 1760: died at Philadelphia,
Nov.24,1835. An American journalist and politi-
cian. He was educated in Ireland, and lived a number of Dubois, Paul.
yearsinlndiaandEngland. He returned to America in 17M, France, Julv 18.
and from 1798-18-22 was editor of the 'Aurora,' published
at Philadelphiii, which under his management became
tlie leading newsp.aper of the Democratic party. He pub-
lished 'A Militarj- Dictionary " (1810), "A Visit to Colum-
bia" (1826 : the record of a trip to South America in 1S22-
1S23), etc.
Bom at Clonmel, L-e-
land. May 9, 1780 : died at Philadelphia, Sept
senate the places on the juries of which it had been de-
prived by C. Gracchus was passed by the comitia;, but DuanC, William John.
declared null and void by the senate. He was assassmated -^ ""t»^j ." *t:">;' — ^ ,.
as he was .about to bring forward a proposal to bestow the
citizenship on the Italians. His death gave the signal for
the outbreak of the Social "War.
Drusus, Nero Claudius. Bom 38 b. c. : died
in Germany, 9 B. c. A Koman general, brother
of Tiberius. He was the son of lavia by Tiberius Clau-
dius Nero, and was born shortly after the marriage of his T»„„_4.„ / 1,-, -^-f^x A !,_„,,« l^„f ,-o;r,Mr,mmia
mother with the emperor Augustus. He was adopted, to- Duarte (du-ar te). A brave but vainglonoUb
Volhynia. Russia, in lat. 50° 25' N., long. 25°
47' E. Popidation. 7,482.
Dubois (dii-bwa'). Baron Antoine. Bom at
Gramat, Lot, France, 1756 : died at Paris,
JIareh, 1837. A French surgeon, noted as an
obstetrician. He accompanied Xapoleon in
, p , the Egyjitian campaign.
!^rZltVl Dubois," Guillaume. Bom at Brives-la-Gail-
,.^nT,c jg^j.,|p^ Con-J'ze, France, Sept. 6. 16.56: died at
Versailles, France, Aug. 10, 1723. A French
cardinal and statesman. He was councilor of state
in 1715 ; negotiated the triple alliance between England,
France, and Holland in 1717 ; and was prime minister Id
1722.
Bom at
Amiens. 1478: died at Paris, Jan. 13, 1555. A
French physician, professor of medicine at the
Royal College (now College de France). His
collected works were published in 1530.
Dubois, Jean Antoine. Bom at St. Ramfeze,
Ard^che, France, 1765 : died at Paris, Feb. 7,
1848. A French missionary. He published a " De-
scription of the Character, etc., of the People of India,
etc." (London, 1816), *' Pantchatantra, ou les cinq rases,
fables de Wichnou-Sarma, etc." (1826).
Dubois, John. Bom at Paris, Aug. 24, 1764:
died Dec. 20, 1842. A French-American bishop
of the Roman Catholic Church. He founded
Mount St. Mary's College, Emmettsburg, Marv-
land, in 1809.
Bom at Nogent-sur-Seine,
1829. A noted French sculp-
tor. At eight years of age he entered the CoU^ge Louis.
le-Grand in Paris. After leaving college he took up the
study of law, which he abandoned later for sculpture, en-
tering (1S56) the studio of Toussaint. In 18a9 he went to
Rome. In 1861 he exhibited a bronze statue of the young
John the Baptist. His most noted works are the sculp-
tures on the tomb of General Lamorici^re in the cathe-
dral of Nantes. He is also a successful painter.
26, 1865. An American lawyer and politician, Dubois, Paul Antoine. Bom at Paris, Dec
_UTTT:n; TV .-., TF ^ ;..i„j .„^ . T 1 TO"^ . .ll^.l of P<i,.it, T^ii/i 1*i71 A T^T.ani,l
son of William Duane. He was appointed secretary
of the treasury by President Jackson in 18.S3, but was dis-
missed in the same year for refusing to remove the gov-
ernment deposits from the United States Bank without
authority from Congress.
gether with his brother Tiberius, by the emperor ; and at
an early age married Antonia. the daughter of Harcus
Antonins. He subdued a revolt in Gaul in 13, and, start-
ing in 12 from the left bank of the Rhine, undertook four
campaigns in Germany proper, in the course of which he
led the Roman armies to the Weser and the Elbe. He died
on the way back, in consequence of a fall from his horse.
Dryander (drii-iin'der), Jonas. Bom in Swe-
den, 1748: died at London, Oct. 19, 1810. A
Swedish botanist. He catalogued the library of
Sir Joseph Banks 1796-1800. He was also li-
brarian to the Royal Society
man in Fletcher and Massinger's ' ' Custom of
the Country." Cibber introduces him in a somewhat
modified fortu in his "Love makes a Man," taken from the
former play.
Duarte Coelho. See Coclho.
Duban (dii-boh' ). Jacc[aes Felix. Born at Pa-
ris, Oct. 14. 1797: died at Bordeaux, France.
Dec. 20, 1870. A French architect. From
184.S-54 he was architect of the Louvre.
Du Barry. See Barry.
Du Bartas. See Bar'tns.
Dryasdust (dri'as-dust). Rev. Dr. A prosv Du Baudrier(diibo-die-a'), Sieur. A pseudo-
person who is supposed to write the introduc- u.vm of Swift in " A New Journey to Pans
torv letters to several of Seotfs novels. He also _(1711)-
1795: died at Paris, Dec, 1871. A French
obstetrician, son of Antoine Dubois.
Du Boisgobey. See Boistiohry.
Du Bois-Reymond (du bwa-ra-mon'), Emil.
Born at Berlin, Nov. 7, 1818: died there. Dec.
26, 1896. A noted German physiologist. He
became professor of physiolo;iy in the University of Ber-
lin in 1S55, .and in 1867 was elected perpetual secretary
of the Academy of .Sciences at Berlin. He is best known
from his researches and discoveries in animal electricity
and the functions of the nen es. His works include " In-
tersuchnngen iiber tierische Elektricitat "(1848-W)X " Ge-
s.ammclte AVihandlungen zur allgemeinen Muskel- und
Nervenphysik " (1S75-77), etc.
Dubos (dii-bo'), Jean Baptiste. Born at Beau-
vais, France, Dec, 1670: died at Paris, March
23, 1742. A French critic, historian, and diplo-
mat. His works include ''Reflexions critiques sur 1&
po^sie et la peinture" (1719),"Histoire critique de I'^tab-
lissement de la monarchie fran^aise dans les Gaules"
(1734X etc.
wTites the conclusion to "Redgauntlct." Tlienamewas Dubbhe, or Dubhe (dob'he). [.Ar. (?!(6/i. a bear.] DubOSC (dii-bosk'). In "The Lyons Mail" (for-
used by Cariyle as a s>Tionym for dreary platitude (espe- fiig bright second-magnitude star a Ursse Ma- merly Stirling's "The Courier of Lyons"), a
daily in historical writing).
Drybob (dri'bob). In Thomas Shadwell's com-
,loris, the northern one of the " two pointers
iu the consteUation.
edy "TheHuraourists,''afantastiecoxcomband Dq Bellay. See Bellay.
would-be wit.
Dryburgh (di-i'bur-o) Abbey. A highly pic-
tui'csque ruin 4 miles southeast of Melrose,
Scotland, whose fragments exhibit excellent
Norman and Early English architectural de-
tails. In the south aisle is the tomb of Sir
Walter Scott.
Dryden (dri'deu), John. Bom at the vicarage
of AUlwinklc All Saints, Northamptonshire,
England, Aug. 9 (f ). 1631: died at London. May
1, 1700. A celebrated English poet and dram-
atist. He was graduated at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, in 16.W. In 1603 he married Lady Elizabeth How-
ard, the sister uf his friend Sir Robert Howard. Original-
ly a Parliamentarian, he went over to the Royalist side,
and was poet laureate and liistoriographer l-oyal 1670-88.
In 1679 he had a quarrel with Rochester, which caused
him to be cudgeled in the street by masked bravus. The
unsettled state of public feeling after the Popish plot,
which iii.blced him to write his series of satires (of which
".\bsal"m and Aehitophel" was the first), brought down
UI1.II1 him a stcinu of libels. He was converted to Roman
Catholicism in 168H, but his sinceritybas been impugned.
His critical writings were immeri>us aiid on various sub-
jects. He wrote many pridogues, epilogues, and dedica-
tions, and after his conversion to Koman Catholicism em-
ploved his i»en in defense of his faith. His chief poi-rns
are" Heroic Staiiz.as ' on the death of Cromwell lit;.',*).
"Astr!BaReclus,'celebratingtheRest<iration(16»i)." Annus
Mirabilis"(16«7), "Absalom and Aehitophel" (KSl : the
'second part witli Tate, 1IS2). " Tlie .Medal " (16S 2), " Mac-
Flecknoe " (1682), " Religio I.:iici " (ll«2), "The Hind and
the Panther '(116*7), "lYanslation of Vii-gU " (1697), "Alex-
ander's Feast" (1697); also translations of Juvenal, Ovid,
etc. His chief plays are "The Indian EmpeDr," " .\1-
manzor and Almahide, or the Conquest of Granada,"
"Anrengzebe," " All for Ixive," " Secret Love, or The Maid-
en IJueen," *'Sir Martin Mar-all," " Don Sebastian." "An
Evening's Love, or The Mock .\stroIoger," " Mairiage h la
Mode," " The Kind Keeper," " Amboyna," " The Spanish
brutal highwayman who murders the courier
and robs the mail. His extraordinary likeness to
the mild and noble-minded Lesurques causes the latter to
be arrested for the crime. Heniy Irving has been sncceas-
ful in the dual part, playing both characters.
1 A maritrme Dubossary (do-bos-sa'ri). A town in the gov-
1. Amdunmc pj.jjj^pjjj ^^ KJierson. Russia, situated on the
Dniester iu lat. 47° 17' N., long. 29° 10' E. Popu-
lation. 9,697.
Dubovka (do-bof'ka). A town in the govern-.-
ment of Saratoff, Russia, situated ou the Yolga
in lat. 49° 15' N., l<mg. 44° 50' E. Population,
14..543.
Gabriel. Bom at
factiues are porter, whisky, and poplin. It contains DuWin ^ "l,''. '■'■■'■ -' .^- " •.' *ft?,*'' "-'li*- *-^f^
Castle, Trinity College, a Roman Catholic University, the A French sculptor, a pupil of Kamey. His best-
Bank of Irelaiul (formerly the Parliament House), the Cus- known works are 16 reliefs in bronze for the memorial to
tom House. Phienix Park, and the Four Courts. It was Joan of Arc at Orl(5ans, and portraits of Xapolcon III, . |
probably the Eblana of Ptolemy. It was seized by the Josephine, and others.
Danes in the 9th century, and was taken by Strongbow in T)nt)g (dobz). Jakob. Born at Affoltem, nea*
Its castle was commenced in 1-W.__A massacre of „„ • ,, Sivit^erlnnd " '
Dublin (dub'lin). [Ir. Duhh-linn, black-pool,
orig. the name of that part of the river Liffey
on which the city now stands.]
county in Leinster, Ireland, bounded by the
Irish Sea on the east, Wicklow on the south,
Meath and Kildare on the west, and Jleath on
the northwest. Area, 354 square miles. Popu-
lation (1891), 419.216.— 2. The capital of Ire-
land, situated ou the Liffey at its entrance into
P"''^^o^.?.T''?*«;;(°^°^*''T!,°'^-^.^Tf'^-' Dubray (du-bra'). Vital
long. 6° 20 W. It has a large trade : its chief manu- •^"'^"•'„\ .-,-. ic,a.,ii,„i
factures are porter, whisky, and poplin. It contains DuWin fans, ieo. _i, ICMO. tuni
1170.
the English resiilents occurred on Black Monday in 120V.
The city wiis occupied by William III. in 1689. It was the
scene of a conspiracy in 17i)8, of Emmet's insurrection
in lSO:i, and of the Phicnix Park political ass:issinations
(see C«r.nrfi'.»A, L'Til Frederick), May 6, 1882. Population
(1*91), 21,'..0iil : with suburbs, 361,891.
Dublin, University of. See Trinity College.
Dublin Bay. An inlet of the Irish Sea. Length,
atiout S miles.
Dublin Castle. -■^JI ancient fortification of the
13th century, in the city of Dublin. It is now
restored, and is the residence of the viceroy.
DUbner (dub'ner), Friedrich. Born at Hor-
selgau, near Gotha. (iermany, Dec. 20. 1802:
died at Paris, Oct. 13. 1867. A Gemian classi-
cal philologist and critic. He was professor at the
gvmnasium in Gotha lS2ft-;!l, and in 1832 went to Paris
to take part in the editing of Stephanus's " ThesaiuTis lin-
gua) Gncc«."
Zurich, Switzerland, July 26, 1822: died at
Lausanne, Switzerland, Jan. 13. 1879. A Swiss
statesman and jurist, president of the confed-
eration in 180)4.
Dubufe (du-biif). Claude Marie. Bom at
Paris about 1790: died at Paris, April 21,
18(>4. A French painter.
Dubufe, Edouard. Bom at Paris, March 30,
1820: died at Versailles, Aug. 11, 1883. A
French historical and portrait painter, son of
Claude Marie Dubufe. He was a pupil of his
father and of Delarochc.
Dubufe, Edouard Marie Guillaume. Bom
at Paris, May 16, 1853. A French painter, son
of Edouard Dubufe.
Dubuisson (dii-biie-s6n'), Paul Ulrich. Born
at Laval, France, 1746: guillotined at Pans,
Dubuisson
March 23, 17£H. A I'loiicli dramatist of infer-
ior merit. He was a \'i(>leiit revolutionist, a
follower of Hebert, whose fortunes he shared.
Dubuqae (dS-biik')- The county-seat of Du-
buque C'ountv, Iowa, situated on the Missis-
sippi in hit. 42" 29' N., Ions- 90° 44' W. It is
the center of a lead district, and an important commer-
cial city, witli a large trade in lumber and grain. It is
the oldest place in the State (settled 1833). Population
(1S90X 30,311.
Due (dilk), Joseph Louis. Born at Paris, Oct.
25, 1802: died .Jan. 22, 1879. A French archi-
tect. His chief work is the Palace of Justice
in Paris.
Dncamp, or Du Camp fdtt-kon'), Maxime.
Bom at Paris. I''(l>. S, 1S22: died there. Feb. 9,
1894. A French author, journalist, traveler, and
artist. He wasDiicof thefonndersof the*'Revnede Paris"
(IS&I ; suppressed in 1S5S), and has been a contributor to
the" Revue dcs l)eux Mondes." His chief \v(nk is '• Paris ;
ses organes, ses fonctious, sa vie*' (1800-7.^).
Du Cange (dii konzh'), or Ducange, Sieur
(Charles du Fresne or Dufresne). Born at
Amicus, France, Dec. 18. 1010: died at Paris,
Oct. 23, 1688. A noted French philologist and
historian. He published "Glossarium ad scriptores
medise et intima.-latinitatis"(l(i78). "Glossarium ad scrip-
tores nicdiie et intlinie jir.'Ccitatis" (1688). "Histoire <ie
I'empire de Cunstanlim'plu snus U"s empereurs frari^ais "
(lt;:.rX '■Hist..ria I'.y/antina' (KW"). etc.
Ducange, Victor Henri Joseph Brahain. Bom
at The llague, Nov. 24, 1783: died at Paris,
Oct. I.'). 1833. A Frencli novelist and dramatist.
His works include ".-^Kathe' (1819), "Valentine " (1S21 :
an att.ack on the Royalists which brought a six months'
impri8.)nment), " Leonide" (18*J3X " Marc Loricot" (1832),
etc. He was several times imprisoned.
Ducarel (dU-ka-rel'), Andre Coltee. Bom in
Normandy, France, about 1713: died at Lon-
don, Jlay 29, 178o. .iVn English antiquarian.
His chief work is "Anglo-Norman Antiquities"
(17.')4-67).
Ducas (do'kiis), Michael. Lived in the second
half of the loth century. A Byzantine his-
torian. He wrote a history of the Byzantine empire for
the period 1341-1402 (first printed at Paiis in 1U49).
Ducasse (du-kiis'), Jean Baptiste. Born at
Bern about 1040: died in France, July, 1715.
A French naval commander. In 1691 he was made
governor of the French colony in Santo Domingo. He
attacked and laid waste the English settlements in Jamaica
in 1094. His own colony was ravaged by the English in
169.^. and in 1097 he commanded the land forces in the ex-
pedition which sailed from Santo Domingo aiul took Car-
tagena. In .\ug. , 1702, he fought with the English fleet of
Benbow for four days. lienbow llnally retiring. He served
in Spain during tile War of Succession, aiuI commanded
the naval forces in the attack on Barcelona in 1714.
Du Casse, Pierre Emmanuel Albert, Baron.
Born at Bourges, 1813: died at Paris, March 15,
1893. A Frendi soldier and niilitiiry writer.
'He was placed on the general staff in 18'>4, and for a time
was adjutant to l*rince J6r<'»me Napoltjon. He has pub-
llehcd nunierr)us works on military affairs and on French
military history.
Ducato (do-kii'to). Cape. Aeape at the south-
em extremity of Santa Maiu-a, Ionian Islands,
Greece.
Duccio di Buoninsegna (do'eho de bw6n-en-
sen'yii). A Sienese jiainter. Heisflrst heardof in
1282, 'and was then a master in Siena. His famous altar-
filece in the cathedral of Siena was begun in 13U8, and on
Is completion was c(»nveye<l, like the ilucellai .Madonna of
riniabne, from the workshop to the church in solemn pro-
ccHsion to the s«>un!i of Iiell and drum. He adheres to the
l'.y/.'iiitine types and motives, but enriches them by more
liicasiiig proportions and better exeouti-d hands and feet.
Du Chaillu (dii chil-yii'), Paul Belloni. Born
;tt Paris, July 31, 183.5. An African e.xplorer,
son of a Frendi trader of Gabun, West Af-
rica. In Isftl. when (|nite young, he made simie exjdo.
ratory tours around his father's trading factory, and be-
came ac<iuainted with the oist^ims of the Mpongwe. In
1855 he came to America, which he made his home. Un-
der the auspices of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, he umierbjok a botanic and zoologic explo-
ration of the (tgowe basin. This he coatiiuied success-
fully for f«»ur years. His accounts of the gorillas and
Ohongo dwarfs were contradicted by Gray and Harth, but
later explorations liave contlrmed them. In ISOl he piib-
lishid his " i'.xploratioMS and Adventures in I',<ina(orial
Africa." In 1803 he started on a second exphiralion : he
visited the Ngunye Kalis and Ashango-land, and returned
In bso.n. His principal works are "A .Tourney to Ashango.
land " (1.S07), "My Aping! Kingdom "(1870), "The ('cam.
try of the Dwarfs" (1872). "The Land of the Midnight
8nn" (1881). This la-st book was the result of a several
years' stay in Sweden ami Lapland.
Du Chatelet (dii chiii-la'), Marquise (Gabri-
elle Emilie le Tonnelier de Breteuil). Horn
at Paris, Dec. 17, 1700: died at Lun(5villc.
France, Aug. 10, 174!l. .\ French autlior and
scholar, mistress of Voltaire.
Duchesne (dU-shan'), Andr6. Bom at Tle-Bou-
clmrd, Touraine, Franco, l.')84: died May .30,
1640. A noted French historian. He published
numerous works, anumg them *' H Istorlffi Francorum scrip-
tores "(IttKMO), " Historian Normannorum scriptores an-
tlqul" (1619), etc.
341
Duchesne, Jean Baptiste Joseph. Born at
(ii.sms, F.ure. France, Jlei'. s, 1770: died at
(iisors, M:irch 2.'), ISoO. A French enamel and
miniatiu'e ipjiinter.
Duchesne, Pfere. See Ilcbert, Jacquen Ecni.
Duchess, The. The pseudonym of Mrs. Mar-
garet ^Vi'gles Uungerford.
Duchess of Devonshire. 1. A portrait by Sir
.loshua Reynolds, at Althorp Park. En(;laiid.
The figure is shown in full length, wearing a plumed
turban, and about to descend a flight of steps.
2. A noted portrait by Gainsborough, stolen
from the gallery of the New British Institu-
tion, London, in 1K7(), The duchess is represented in
full length, standing in a garden walk, and wearing a broad-
brimmed plunicil liat.
Duchess of Malfi, The. A tragedy by Webster,
Iilaye<i about 1012, printed iu 1623. There is a
dianiatic vei-sion of the story among Lope de Vega's works,
and it forms the subject of one of Bandello's "Novelle."
It is Webster 8 most popular play, the one oftcnest read,
and the most original. The crime for which the duchess is
reduced by her family to insanity and death is her secret
marriage with her steward whom she loved.
This refinement of a noble mind by suffering is the key-
note to the Duchess o/ MalJ'tj, and the wretchedness that
comes upon her only illuminates and purifies her lovely
character. ... In Webster's version the Duchess is pre-
sented before us as a woman of supreme rank and high
spirit, whose power of mind and healthiness of pui-pose
have kept her uncontaminated by the frivolous conven-
tionality of a ccjurt life. She dares to act for herself ;
though a sovereign, she does not forget she is a woman,
and sees nothing ignoble in the faithful love of a subject,
Gosse, Seventeenth Century Studies, p, 55.
Bogota. ... I'll describe her [the Duchess).
She 's sad, as one long us'd to't, and she seems
Rather to welcome tlie end of misery,
Than shun it ; a behaviour so noble.
As gives a majesty to adversity :
You may discern the shape of loveliness
More perfect in her tears than in her smiles :
She will muse for hours together ; and her silence,
Methinks, expresseth more than if she spake.
Webster, Duchess of Malfl.
Ducis (dii-se'), Jean Frantjois. Born at Ver-
sailles, France, Aug. 22, 1733 : died at Ver-
sailles, March 31, 1816. A French dramatic
poet, best known as an adapter of "Hamlet"
and others of Shakspero's plays to the French
stage. His best original work is "Abufar"
(1795).
Duck'worth (duk'werth). Sir John Thomas.
Born at Leatherhead, Sm-rej', England, Feb.
28, 1748: died at Devonport, England, Aug.
31, 1817. An English admiral. He commanded a
vessel under Lord Howe in the action with the French
olf Ushant, .Tune 1, 1794; was appointed rear admiral of
the white in 1799; was made coniniandii-iii-ciiief at Ja-
maica in 1804 : duected the operations wbirb led to the
surrender of the French under Rorhanilii-au in Santo Do-
mingo; was promoted vice adiniral in 1>04 ; defeated a
French scjuadron otl Santo Domingo Feb. o, 1800 ; was pro-
moted admir.al in ISIO; was created a baronet in 1813;
and was commander-in-chief at Newfoundland 1810-13.
Duclos (dii-klo'), Charles Pinot. Born at
Dinan, Brittany, France, Feb. 12, 1704 : died
at Paris, March 26, 1772. A noted French his-
torian and man of letters. His earliest works were
romances, among them " Confessions du Comte de . . . "
(1742). He also published "tlonsid^rationssurlesmoenrs
de ce siecle " (1749), " Mtimoires secrets des rogues de
Umis XIV. et de Louis XV." (1791), etc. As secretary of
the Academy he supervised the publication of its cele-
brated dictiouaiy.
Ducornet (dii-kor-na'), Louis Cesar Joseph.
Born at Lille, Franco, Jan. 10, 1800: died at
Paris, April 27, 1856. A French historical and
portrait painter, a pupil of G6rard. He was
iicirn without arms.
Du CroiSV (dii krwil-se'). The lover in Mo-
liere's " Les ])recieuses ridicules." He and La
tJrange, his frienil, send their valets, disguised as le Mar-
tinis de Mascarille and le Vicomte do Jodilet, to make
love to "les pr(;cieu8es"and tench them that fine phrases
ilo not make a gentleman.
Ducrot (dii-kro'), Auguste Alexandre. Bom
at Novels, Franco, l''eb. 24, 1817: dieil at Ver-
sailles, France, Aug. 10, 1882. A French gen-
eral. Ho receivetl command of the Ist division of the
Ist army corps under MacMabon at the bcgiindng of the
Franco-German war (1870), and served at the battle of
Worth, and at Sedan where he was taken prisoner. He
went to Pont-h-Mousson on parole, but fled to Paris
where he took command of the second army. He nuidc
inisuccessful sorties Sept, 19, Oct. 21, and Nov. 30- Dee, 4,
1»70, and .Tan. l!l, ls71 (battle of .Mont ValiSrlon). He was
given command of the -stli army corps by Thiers in Sei>t.,
1872.
Ducrotay de Blain'ville (du-kro-tii' d* blaii-
vel'), Henri Marie. Born at Arquos, near
Dieppe, Franco, Sijit. 12, 1778: died near
Paris, Mav 1, 1H50. A French naturalist. He
published "Faune frani;alsc" (1821-30), " De I'organisa-
tion dcs iinimanx" (18'22), " Osti'ographie " (18.39-191, etc.
Duddon (dud'on). A small riveroii the bordor
ot Cumberlanil and Ijancashii-e, Englaml, flow-
ing into the Irish Sea 20 miles northwest of
Dudley Diamond, The
Ijancaster. It is celebrated in the poetry of
Wordsworth.
Du Deffand. See Dcffand.
Duderstadt (do'der-stiit). A small town in
till- ]iioviuce of Hannover, Pru-ssia, 14 miles east
of Giittingen.
Dudevant (dud-von'), Mme. (Armandine Lu-
cille Aurore Dupin). See tiand, Ocorye.
Dudley (dud'li). A town in Worcestershire,
England, 8 miles west-northwest of Birming-
ham. Noted for iron manufactures. Near it are the
ruins of Dudley Castle. Population (1891), 4,'i,740.
Dudley, Arthur. A pseudonym of Madame
Blaze de Bury.
Dudley, Benjamin "Winslo'w. Born in Spott-
sylvania Count)'. Va., Ajiril 12, 1785: died at
].ie-xinf;ton, Ky., Jan. 20. 1870. An Amerieau
surgeon, especiall)' noted as a lithotoinist.
Dudley, Charles Ed'ward. Born at Johnson
Hall, Stairordshire,England,May 23, 1780: died
at Albany, N. Y., Jan. 23, 1841. An Ameri-
can politician. United States senator from New
York 1829-33, DutUey Observatory (Albany)
was fomided by his widow.
Dudley, Sir Edmund. Bom about 1462: e.xe-
cuted at London. Aug. 18, 1510. An English
politician. He was educated at Oxford and at Gray's
Inn, is said to have been made a privy councilor at
twenty-three, ami was chosen speaker of the House of
Commons iu 15l>4. He was employed as a fiscal agent by
Henry VII. , and incurred popular odium by the rigor witll
which he enforced the extortionate claims of the crown.
On the death of Henry VII. iu 1509, he was beheaded on
the charge of treason, in company with Sir Richard £mp-
son, another of Henry VII. 's fiscal agents.
Dudley, I^ord Guildford. Executed at lion-
don, Feb. 12, 1554. Son of the Duke of Northum-
berland. He maiTied Lady .Tane Grey May 21, 1653.
He was implicated in his father's ill-starred attempt to
place Latly Jane on the throne on the death of Edward
VI. (July 6, 1553), and was executed on the charge of
treason.
Dudley, John, Duke of Northumberland and
Earl of Warwick. Bora 1502: beheaded Aug.
22, 1553. An English politician and soldier,
son of Sir Edmund Dudley. He was nuule warden
of the Scottish marches and great admir:ll by Henry VIII.
in 1542, and was created earl of Warwick and high cham-
berlain of England on the accession of F.dwald VI. in
1547. In 1549 he overthrew the protector Somerset, and
assumed the chief control of the government. He was
created duke of Northumberland in 1551. With the ob-
ject in view of transferring the crown from the Tudors to
his own family, he persuaded Edward VI. to grant letters
patent excluding Edward's sisters, 5Iary and Elizabeth,
from the successi<m and appi lititiiig Edward's cousin. Lady
Jane Grey, lieir presumptive to tlie crown, wliereupon he
married Lady Jane to bis son, t.'uildford Dudley. At the
death of Edward, he found bitiiself unable Ut prevent the
accession of ^Itiry, and was executed for treason.
Dudley, Joseph. Born at Roxbury, Mass., 1(547 :
died at Ixoxlniiy, April 2, 1720. An American
politician. He took part in the battle with the Nami-
gansetts in 1075; was one of the conunissioners for the
united colonies of New England lt}77-81 ; was appointed
presidcTit of New England in 1686; was appointed chief
justice of the Supreme Court in 1687; was chief justice of
New York 1090-93; and was governor of ^lassachtifetts
1702-15.
Dudley, Paul. Born Sept. 3, 1675: died at
Koxbury, Mass., Jan. 21, 1751. An American
.jurist, son of Joseph Dudley. He graduateil at
llarvard in IfiOO, anil stuilied law at the Temide iu lA)n.
don. He was made chief justice of Jlassachusetts in
1745. Ho is known chiefly as the founder of the Dndleiau
Lecture at Harvard College, for the erection of which he
bequeathed £100.
Dudley, Robert, Earl of Leicester. Bom .Tune
24, 1532 or 1533: died iit CornViury. OxI'tu'dshire,
England, Seiit. 4, 1588. An English courtier,
politician, and general, son of John Dudley,
duke of Northumberland. He participated In the
attempt of his father and brother to jilace Lady Jane
Grey on the thrtuie at the dcatli of Edward \I. in 15.'i3,
and was in consc4incncc sentenced to death on the charge
of treason in 1554, but was pardoned later iu the same
year. On the atx-ession in 1.'.58 of Elizabeth, whose affec-
tions he had gained during the ascendancy i»f his father
at the court of Ktlwaril VL, be became her chief favorite,
ami lidrigucd, though nnsucccssftdly, t<i obtain the consent
ot the great nobles to a marriage, iu the Interest of which
project he was said to have i>rocured the murder of his
wife Lady Amy (IfiOO)- He was created earl of Leicester
in 1504, and in 157.'> entertained Queen Elizabeth with
great magrdficenee at Kcnilworth, In 1585 he was ap-
p<dnted to the eoninutiul of the English army sent to the
aid of the States-i;eneral against the Spaniards, but was
recalled in 1587. owing to incompetence. He was, how-
ever, restorcil to favor on Ills return, and in l.''8S was ap-
pointed lieutenant and captain-general of the tineen's
armies and companies to resist the Spanish .Vrmada.
Dudley, Thomas. Born at Nortlmnipton, Eng-
land, 1570; died at Roxbury, Mass,, July 31,
1652. A colonial politician. HecameloMas-
sucliusetts as di 'put V governor in l(i30; governor
l(i:!l-35, I(i4ll-ll, ll'i45-4(>^ ]()50-51.
Dudley Diamond, The. A di.imond found in
Africa iu 1868, aud bought from Nie Kirk, tlie
342 Duluth
master of TLZ ^oZ^ U^ Hunt ana Dufour, Jea^Marie L^^U B<.n atJt-S^r ^rSl^S^'f-^^lla^ifllllloSl^
Koskell for £ 1 2.U1)0. The Earl of Uu-lky bo.;Rht it .a.i.^s i ™H^ ^l^^, ,^;- ' ^^.fl^, ""'^ '' ^ the i^rovinee of Zeahuul. Netherlauds.
from them (or £3u,0.x.. It is heart-shapea «,ren>e y^^^^^ T^--/*'^^o ^t ^frrV.! Init'^e The highest Dujardill (du-zhav-.lan'). Felix. Bon. at Tours,
lia..t, and weighs 44; earats cut : ongmaUy it weighed Sb, Dufour Spitze clu-lor ^p t se) I he tuguest ■"*«*' ""'^^jj ,3 jj^^j . ^,(^.,1 ,„ Keinies, France,
carats. Brewer. . . . . , .,,,, peak of Monte Kosa (.Which see). ■^ '., o',.!,.,, '. i,",.,:,,.,.!, ,,.,tm-qli<it iirofcssor
Dudon (do'don). A kuight in Ai-.osto s "Or- j^^f j.ia.foi'). An impertinent French ser- ^P^^.f'^f "" ^'^j^" He is best 1^
fi-ss-r ...=."— -».—- =^r^'K»i^:^l^;';i:;«S l^^^ri^^t.
SIVO
idu (dii-do'). In iiyrons i^on o ua,u, «, ir=^- Love in a Tub." He is the sul.ject ol "»» "'■ ^-'''fc;''' '"'J'' "'{."": 1?' A,„,t„.dam ibout
vo 1 eauty of seventeen. the ™mical revenge, being fastened in a wooden tub with Dujardin, Karel. . ^"' " '^^oo ?fi78 A Di^^ch
.L-, f=i„P„inff Venus seemed Dudu. vi. 42 holes for the head .ind arms by some women, as a pun- lo2:i : died at \ emee, I\ov. JO, Ib/H. A Uutch
A kind of sleeping %_enusseemeauu. !,,,i,unt for his boasting and railing against their se.v j.^Untor.
Dudweiler dod'vi-ler). f J°™™^°f, /"JX Dufr6noy (du-fra-nwii'). Pierre Armand. i^u^as. See i>».«...
Khine Province ^"'•"«^'^' ^^,,7^t( 's'90) 10 .'^ Cn a" Sev^an, Seine-et-Oise, Fratice, Sept o Ouke Humphrey's Walk. See H»»,,;/,m/.
eastulSaarbru..to>. Population OSJO^^^ ^,y,. ^,j^j ^^ p,^^;,^ ji,^,,h 20, 1857. A noted jj^j^g ^f Exeter^S Daughter, The. The rack.
Duel after the M.asqueraae. ^^ pa ui'"S ^ French mineralogist and geologist. He was the ,vbicli the Duke of Kxeter introduced as an en-
G6r6me, now in the W alteib couccuou .u. d.u ^„„^,jp^.j,„r of Elie dc Beaumont in the preparation of a ^^j^ ^^ torture in the Tower of London m 144/.
timore. The duellists ami their seconds have come .^al geological map of France (published 1841), and ^ , , GnUp The A tragedv bv Dryden
gir/e7e%'w^uni:i''Vn,r7;is'T,tl^^^^^^^^^ a^^°ee, publishlun 1GS2. n w:as an attack on
hSesaw^y a tended a harlequin, to his carriage. Du Fresne. bee />» ffJ'O^- ^^r,hr,n'^f, Shaftesbury and Monmouth. In "The Vhidcation '■ by
hurries away arte , ^ comedy bv Wil- Dufresnoy (dii-tra-nwa'),. Charles AlphOnse. Dry.ien alone, he did what he could to excuse himself.
Duellist (':^"/^-^V'.Bf;m3 Three editions Born at Paris, 1611: died at \ ilhcrs- e-Be , p^ ^ Milan, The. A tragedy by Massin-
lianiKenrick, ro ueedinl-M. Three editions ^^^^ ^ggg A French painter and poet '^'Jf.^^^a^fed hi' 1G23. it is a variation of the theme
were printe^lm the ^'I'^f y;*^}; , Jerrold author of a Latin poem "De arte graphica Sfshakspere's "Othelb..- The duke is a passionate, weak
Duellists, The. A play by Uouglas Jtrroui, man, without Othello's noble traits.
eremnliHurr'^waspHK^uuSlll^^^^^^^^^^ liufresny (dii-fra-ne' ), Charles Riviere Born Luke's Mistress, The. A play by Shirley,
ADi'l r"8n-\^^^^^^ atParis 1654: died there,Oct. 6. 1724 A French produced in 1636. .
nWyed in Piu-is, retranslated by Mr. Kenney, and played dramatist, a descendant of "La Belle Jardi- Duke'S MottO, The. An adaptation ot Paul
at the Olympic as "lighting by Proxy." It contained ^^^.^ „ .^ jj^gtrpss „£ Henry IV. He wrote a F^val's play " Le bossu," by John Brougham,
much sparkliiig dialogue and a good plotof the low-com- ^^^^^^^^ ^^ comedies, in some of which Reguard produced in 1863. Feehter played the duke ;
edy kind. X>lc^ Aaj. y...w. oomedv inter- collaborated. Brougham, Carrickfergus.
^ue^M4hUonJ\a^usicatmXige^ho,S^ A London theater which was
speised ""» ^°"f^ •' '^ ; , si.erfdin wo- stoke, Warwickshire, England, Sept. 12, IbOo: ),„iit, i„ lOGll. it was destroyed in 1666 iu the great
sometimes called an opera, by blieiuian^ pio ^J'"^''; , j^, ^ j^ Feb. 10° 1686. AnotedEng- fire, and rebuilt in 1671 by Sir fhristopher Wren. Itstood
ISSirs;^^'""^'""""^"""- ""^^''"" KSi:a^"^2^M^HiXJj^j's^aca!^S"i^Seid,^^ i^^:;^-^^^^-.,^
Tinpi^(da"er) John Born at Albany, N.Y.,Oet. (iG58),etc. ^ ■■ ■ „ -o A T>.^. . town in Cheshire, England, on the Tame 7 miles
7 178''- died ouStaten Island, N. Y.. Aug. 8, Duguay-Trouin (dii-ga-tro-an ), B,en6. Born ^j^^^ ^f Manchester. It has important cotton
8^,8 C American iurist. He published "Law at St.-Malo, France, June 10, 16,3: die^ at n^annfaetures. Population (1891), 17,408.
of Repr^sSitaT",! in Marine Insurance" (1S45), "Law Paris, Sept. 27, 1736. A French naval officer jjujaure (dii-lor'), JacqueS Antoine. Bom at
and I'ractice of .Marine Insurance" (1845-^6), "Duers and general. From 1691 to 1697 he commanded a pri- Clermont-Ferrand, France, Sept. 3, 175o: died
Reports." , .„ ■ t,j v ^ vateer, and in the latter year entered the French navy p ; ^ .^g -jggrj ^ Frenidi archifiolo-
Duer William Alexander. Born m New York. Among his noted deeds were the capture ot an English ^^ -^ - , • ? ■ 'j ^^ member of the
'i'tpV. S,'\780: died May 30, 1858 JnArner. ^y^^^:^^:i;^^^^^^l^^^ !," io'nalctvendon" Hrpubllshed •' Histoir'e
can jiu-ist, brother of John »"« pres dent of s-P'-. i;J,i- ^^e ^^ ^.^X„^,l„^,,^i, .^^ physique et morale de Paris " (1821-22),
Columbia College 1829-42 He \yrote Consti- (| ,j ^^ DuguescUn (dii-ga-klaii'), etc. '^' ^
tutional Jurisprudence of the United States •^g^.^jg^^^ 'Uorn n?ar Kennes, Brittany, Dulcamara (dol-ka-ma'ra). Doctor. A char-
(l.S.->6). etc. ,i-,„Ki A ^u.or France, .about 1320: died at Chateauneuf -de- laf an in Donizetti's opera "L'Elisir d'Amore"
I>uero(d6-aro),Pg. Douro(dorQ. Am^ RandoA, Languedoc, July 13, 1380. A French (.^ The Eli.xir of Love ").
in Sjiam and northern Pot tugal which rises m ^^^^^^Jj^ distinguished in the campaigns Duigg (dijl'sa or dol'tha). 1. A river in the
the proviuee ot bona, bpam, toims pait 01 lue j ^ ^j^^ Englisli and Pedro the Cruel. He Argentine Republic which rises in the province
boundary between the two countries, and flows a^,^^^ ^^_^ ^^^^^^ ^b Pocherel, May, 1364, and lost that of ^ Tucuman, becomes salty, and is finally lost
into the Atlantic OceanS miles west of Oporto. l„ray, .Sept., 1364. HewasnuadeeomtedeLonguevilleand salt-marshes of Lake Porongos, lat. 29°
the Roman Durius (whence the modern name), marshal of Nonnandy m 136*. and constable of Fi-anee in m the saU marsn^s ^ .^^ ^^^^^ g^^^^^^^ .^ .^
Length, about 500 miles; navigable 90 miles 1*9^ ,^, j Baptlste. Born at called the Saladillo.-2. A gulf on the Pacific
Duessa(du-es'sa). [L. .;«o,two, and tern -c.,'.] ^^ falde (du am , Jean ^ V ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ America.- 3 A
A loathsome old woman, m SP^^i^/''^ Faerie ^^^^^^ -^j^^j^'^^? *^„j geographer. He published lake in Guatemala, in lat. 15° 25' N., long. 89°.
Queene," who under the guise of Fnlessa a A^^^'J-^nelijesim^^^^ ^^, W., which communicates with the Bay of
young and beautiful woman, typifies tnetaise- ,,.^,1^ ,iun..ise"(l73.U etc. „ . „ * * Honduivas by the short river Dulee. Length,-
S "k^elL^iv'e^s^ ^:;lJS^^t^t:^^ atTart, April 29, 1872. A French mathe^na- p^^;^; ^ Garl/('M'tha e ga-ri'). DomingO.
Knight- but all her ignominy and loathsomeness are laid tigjan, author of " tours d analyse (lh4U-4i;. jiarqius of Castell-Fhu-it. Born at Sotes, Lo-
bare by Arthur who is sent by Una to the reseu^^^^ ,. Cours de m6c.ani(iue" (1845), "Des m^tho^U^^s -^ ^j 7 ^y^g . ^j^^j ^^ Amelie-les-Bains,
"ti;e'S™si™fs^^ipXMerdi^^^^^^^^^^ dans les sciences du ra.sonnement" (1866-- 2. f,^^^^' Dec.', 1869. A Spanish general and
r .l,t«l from the •■ "S'Hlo Furioso."'' Duhamel duMoUCeaU (du-a-mel' du mon-so ) ^.tministrator. He took part in the Carlist war, and
n«f=>nro r,lii f6rM Jules Armand Stanislas. Henri Louis. 15<u'n at Pans, 1/ 00 : died at ^jj^,, „,j, revolution of 18.'.4, being then captain-general
Dufaure (du-tor ;, dUies Arma^^^ 12,1781. A noted French author- of Catalonia. From Dec, 1862, to May, 1866, he was cap-
Born at Saujon, harente-Inteiietne, 1 ranc, i aiis, f^"^" ^-' , ! jp^jj ,,rp He wrote " De tain-genenU of Cuba, .ind distinguished h mself by his
Dec. 4, 1798: died at Pans, June 28, Itol. A ity on botany ana agnemnire xic w activity in suppressing the slave.ti-ade. He was again
French statesman. He was minister of the interior la physique des arbres ,(,!'*'»>' f <'•„„, . ., captaiu-gener:il of Cuba in June 1869, but the success of
Oct 13 Dec -^0 1848 and June 2-- let. :n, 1649 ; minister Duhr (dor). [Ar. :>lhr aI-'(IS(ld, the back of the ^^^ insiir. ection and his ill health forced hlni to resign,
of justice Feb. 19, 1871,-May -24, 18?:?, and March 11, 187.-.,- [j^,,,-] The third-magnitude star<!Leonis,onthe jjuicjguo (dol-chen'yii). [Turk. Oltiiiii, Mha-
Aug. 1-2, 1876; and premier MiU-ch9-Dec. 2, 1876, and sept. ,.,„„,, „f tlie animal. Sometimes called Zosw». „;j^,, liLjin.'] A seaport in Montenegro, situ-
rl'-ff 'i'"nVii^'T,Hpr Bom at Moulin Perth- Dilhring (<lu'ring), Eugen Karl. Boni atBer- ^j^,, „„ ^j^^ Adriatic Sea in lat. 41° 56' N.,
Duff (du ), Alexander. J^o™ »* died at Etlin- H", Jait. 12, 1833. A (iennan poht ical econo- j ^yo 10- e. : the ancient Olcinium . Here the
shire, Scotland, April -.&, ^""'':. "'*'":,.^^^'"" ^i^t and philosophical writer, a .lisciple of Venetians were defeated by the Turks Aug. 4, ITI8; he
burgh, Feb. 12,1878. A Scottish raissionaij '^'^^ ^, (^ He h.as published " Kritische plaeewas stormed by the Montenegrins in 1878, and ceded
in India, belonging to the Church of Scotland g^^^^j^^^j^t^'^der Nationalokonomie und des So- by Turk.-y to Montenegro in I88O. Population, estimated,
latertotheFreeCh^mdi. Hevy,-ote''Ind.aand ^iXrusr(18-f) etc. ^, ,, , ^ Dulcinea del TobOSO (dul-sin'e-a del to-bo'-
n\\ffl;;in'ardAva(UfV.r-in and ii'va), Mar- Duhshasana (doh-slia'sa-na) [Skt., 'hard to Dul«>mea ael ^^OX„Vadelt6-bo'so).- The
nSf b°e/1?To1.-iw^/rc*T^^^^^ "'''■•'] *-'>"' '" *'"' •"'""■•"l f "'' °5 i"^ '*": lady beloved by Don Quixote in Cervanles's
qUlSOt. bee ;.««/.« , 1 nishlra. When the Pandavas lost then- wife Dranpi-ai j,„jj^j^„pp_ Her real name was Aldonza, but Don Quix-
'"""■ ,,. _. , ri Ti^..,, .,f in gambling with Duryodhanl^ Dubsha.^aiia cli:i-„'geii nci oy , .j :,„,),,,( ^),,i(.inea was more uncommon
Duffy (duf'i). Sir Charles Gavan. , Born at „,« _^^._. ,^^^^ ^,^,^,,,^^^ („.„,„, her : f„r this I'l";;'""''?^ ° ,^, "™,anthf ("Jom Xlce, sweet); and. as she was bom
Mona'dian, Il-eland, 1816. An Irish journalist i,e would drink his blood, a vow perfornud on the six- Jo ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^.|, ^ ^,,.^,„j ,.|dy on the spot with the
•Mid liillitici-in He aided in 1812 in founding the teeiith day of the great battle. . . " Jel"
'•Nation " an organ of the Young Ireland party, and was Duida (dwe'dii). A precipitous mountain in ^^ j^j^^^ ^^j^. j^.^^ Daniel Greysolon. Boni in
a member of Parliament l352-5rt, when he enngraled t.. southern Venezuela, situated near the wipoeo France about 1645 (?) : died near Lake Superior,
Austnilh. He 7;'. P',;'°:,"'''^^'fjJ nl'w o"V ctori.'" about lat. 3° 20' N., long. 66° 15' W. Height, ^ ^^^ yume^v. He came to Canada about
/°d .^"1^"?, " vlnr^^^^^^^^^^^ about 8,500 feet. , . ^, „, 1070, and became a'^trader and a leader of bushrangera
<tiry 18^0" (l^lV'-Fot; Years o History, 184..- DuiU^s (.lii-iri-us), CaiUS. L ved m «>%3d He established the sitesot Detroit aiidl^^^
S'" (18831, etV „ . ■„ , century B.C. A Koman genera . consul in 260 J^^XVri' 'T(l87ai fcm^i^m^^
Dufour (du-fiir'>,Guillaume Henri. Born at „ p. He defeated the Carthaginians near Mvl* •Jlf^.^ririiam^ kTe? hiT . „,
Constance, Baden, Sept. 15. 17S7: died at Con- ;„ 26O. This was the first naval success gained jj^j^^jj (du-loth'). A city and lake port m St.
famines, near Geneva, July 14, 1875. A Swiss by K(jm<'. Louis County, Minnesota, situated on Lake Sii-
gcneral, chartographer, and military wnter. D^igburg (do'is-boro). A city in the Bhmo .^^^^ .^^ j.^^ ^go 48' >j., long. 92° 6' W. : the
He suppressed the Sonderbund insurrection in 184,: p|.j,viuee. Prussia, near the Rhine 1-) miles j.i . ,pj.mj„u>; of the Northeni Pacific Railway,
and superintended the P:-P^"fi;™ "' ''„'?i;'Se''"M2 north of Diisseldorf : the Roman Castrum. It is j, , ^^ extensive trade in wheat, and consid-
':^ :;-;^si^^t:;^;^^;^.r ^iiie^d;:^,,,^. zr'^.^^^&i^^^'^^^^^^' eUw-hip-bmiding. population (i890), 33,115,
Age " (1840), etc.
i
Dulwich
Dulwich (dul'ich). A suburb of London, situ-
ateil in SuiToy "> miles soufb of St. Paul's, it
is the seat >tt I>uiwich <'i»lleKe, foumltMl by EUwjud Alleyn
and upcnctl in 1CI9. Thu college cuiitains a outed picture-
gallery. See Alley n.
Dumain (tlu-man')- A French lord in atten-
dance on the King of Navarre, iu Shak.spere's
" Love's Labour 's Lost."
Dtimanoir (dii-man-war'), Philippe FranQois
PineL Born in (TUadcloupr, West hulii-s, Julv
:n, ISOti: ilied at Pan. France, Nov. 16, 1S65. A
French i)lay«Tifjht, noted particularly as a
writer (if vaudeWUes.
Dumarsais (du-mar-sa'), Cesar Chesnau.
Born at Marseilles, France, July 17, ll)7(J: ilit J
■ at Paris, June 11, 1750. A French grammarian
and m-iter on philosophy, author of ''Traite
dcs tropes," etc.
Dnmas (do-mil'; 1". pron. dii-mii'). Alexandre
Davy de la Pailleterie, known as Alexandre
Dumas p6re. Born at Villers-Cotterets, .^isnc,
France, .Tu ly -4, 1803 : dicil at Puys, near Dieppe.
Dec. 5, 1870. A noted French dramatic author
and novelist. His t.ither, General Aleiandrede la Paille-
terie Dinnas, was the natural son of the Marquis Alexandre
Davy de la Pailleterie, a rich colonist of Santo Domingo,
and of a negress whose name was Dumas. He came to Paris
In 1823, and olitained a clerkship through the, assistance of
General Foy. One of his first essays was an "Eleirie sur la
mort du General Foy "ns2't). As "his name attracted atten-
tion, it was often attached to hooks with which he himself
had had either verj' little ornothinj? to do. Both indepen-
dently and in collabor.it ion with others, Dumas wrote for
the stage many plays which are collectetl in the " Tht^atre "
(6volume!*, 18;J4-36 ; 15vohnne8, lS(J;t-74). He took an active
J art in the revolution of 1S30. After the insurrection of
une, 18^-2, he traveled, and published a nimiber of books
as the result of his journeys. He pul)lished three col-
lections of stories: "Nouvelles contemporaines " (18'2C,),
"Souvenirs d'Antony" (18.'i.">), and "La salle d'arines"
(1838). His novels were composed either independently
or in coUalxiration with others, and include "I.e capi-
taine Paul " (1838), ' Act^ " (18i9), " Aventures de John
Davy" (1840), -'Le capitaine Pamphile" (1840), "Maitre
Adam le Calabrais" (1840), "(5thon I'archer" (1840),
"PraxMe" (18I1X ".^ventures de Lyderic " (18)2),
"Oeorces " (1813), "Ascanio"(1843), "Le chevalier d'Har-
mental" (1843). ''Fernande" (1844), "Amuury" (1814),
" Gabriel Lambert " (1844), " Le chateau d'Eppstein "
(18I4X "Wcile " (1844), " Les trois mou'qnetaires" (1814 :
with its scKiuels, "Vingt ans aprfes" (ISl.'i) and " Di.x ans
plus tard ou le vicomte de Bragelonne " (1848-50)), " Le
comte de Monte-Cristo" (lS44-4.'>), "Les freres corses"
S845), "fne nilo du reagent" (1845), "La reine Margot"
845), " La guerre des feniires " (184.'>-4ti), " Le clievalicr
i Maison- Rouge" (1S4(V). "La dame de Monsoreau"
a Sin) and its sequel "Les guarante-cinq " (1848), " Le
itard lie Mauk'on "(1840)," M^moire d'un raMecin (1846-
1848: with its sequels "Ange Pitou" (18.-,3) and "La
comtesse de Chamy " (18o3-.S.^)), "Les mille et un fan-
Wmes" (1840). "La femme an collier de velours" (1851),
"Olympe de Cleves' (ls.'i2). *'Un Gil Bias en t'alifornie"
S8.V2), " Isaac Laquedem " (1852), "Le pastcur d'Ash-
)urn " (IS.'i:)). " El 8:dt(;ador (18.W).
" " ' " " ''nsr,.
343
the Directory, and was called by Napoleon "the Hora-
tins Codes of the Tyrol." He coiniuanded the JYench
cavalrj- in the Egyptian eipeditiou.
Dumas, Jean Baptiste Aiidr6. Born at Alais,
(iard. Franc, .Inly 14. ISIIO: died at Cannes.
France, April 11. 1S.S4. A distinguished French
chemist and physiologist, jirofessor of organic
chemistry in the Ec.ile de Medeciuc, Paris
(1834). He published •• Traite de chiraie ap-
pliqut^ aux arts" (1828-l."i), and various other
works.
Dumas, Comte Matthieu. Born at Montpel-
licr, France, Deo. 23, 1753: died at Paris, Oct.
IG, 1837. A French general and historian.
He wrote "Precis des ev^nements militaires"
(ISlti-L'ti), etc.
Du Maurier (dii mo-rya'), George Louis Pal-
mellaBusson. Born at Paris, Xlarcli (i. 1S;J4:
died at Loudon, Oct. 8, l.SDti. An P^nglish artist.
He was e<lucated in Paris, and came to England at the age
of 17. sttidying later at Paris with Gleyre. He was noted
for his illustrations in "Punch" and other perioilicals.
In 1S92 he putilished "Peter Ibbetsen," a novel, and in
1S1I4 ■ Trill>y," liotli with his own illustrations.
Dumbarton (dum-bar'ton). 1. A county of
Scotland, bounded by Perthshire on the north,
Stirling and Lanark on the east, the Clyde on the
south, and Argyll and Loch Long on the west.
Area, 241 square miles. Population (1891),
98,014. — 2. A seaport and the capital of Dum-
barton, situated at the junction of the Leven
Duncansby Head
des assemblies legislatives" (lsl5), " Preuvcs jndiciairea"
<1823), "lie rorL';iiiis;ition judiciaire," etc. (1s-„N).
Dumont d'Urville (diir-vel' ), Jules Sebastien
Cesar. Born at Conde-sur-Noireau, Calvados,
France, May 23, 1790: killed near Paris, May
8. 1842. A Frcncli navigator and rear-admiral.
He took part 1819-20 in an expedition to the Grecian
archipelago and the Black Sea, and circumnavigated the
globe as commander of two expeditions ("Astrolabe,"
1826-20, and "Zel6e," 1837-40). He wrote narratives of
his voyages.
Dumouriez (dti-mo-rya'), Charles Francois.
Born at Cambrai, France, .Tan. 25, 1739: died at
Turville Park, near Henley-on-Thames, Eng-
land, March 14, 1823. A celebrated French gen-
eral. He served in the Seven Years' War ; obtained the
rank of captain in 1763 ; served as quartermaster-general
in the expedition against Corsica in 17(a ; was sent by
Choiseiil to Poland on a secret mission in 1770; and was
promoted major general in 1788. At the beginning of the
French Revolution he pronounced in favor of political re-
foriu without abandoning his loyalty to the court, and in
1792 held for ashort period eachthe ministries of foreign
affairs and of war. He was subsequently appointed to the
command of the north as lieutenant-general under Marshal
Luckner, and in conjunction with Kellermann indicted a
decisive defeat on the troops of the coalition at Valmy
.Sept 20, 1792. He conducted an expedition against the
Austrian Netherlands 1792-93, in the course of which he
gained a victory over the Austrians at Jenimapcs Nov. 6,
1792, but was signally defeated at Xeerwinden March 18,
1793. Estranged from the republican party by the exe-
cution of the king, he was recalled by tlie Convention,
when he fled to the Austrian camp, and passed the rest of
his life in exile.
and Clyde, 13 miles northwest of Glasg(,w. its Diina (dii'na), or Southern Dwina (dve-na'):
called by the Russians the Western Dwina.
[Russ, l)ri)ia. Lettish VaKf/airii.'] 1. A river
of Russia which rises in the government of
Tver, and flows into the GuH of Riga 5 miles
north of Riga. Length, 500-600 miles; navi-
gable only for small vessels. — 2. See Uwiua.
Diina. See Du-hm.
Duna (do'uo). The Hungarian name of the
Danube.
Diinaburg (dii'nii-boro). A city and fortress
in the government of Vitebsk, Russia, situated
on the Diiiui in hit. 5.5° 54' N., long. 2(i° 29' E.
It was founded by Livonian knights in the 13th century,
and incorporated in Kussia in 1772. It is strongly fortified.
Population, 72,518.
most important itidustry is the building of iron steamers.
It contains a celeljrated castle. Population (1891), 17,026.
Dumbarton Castle. Acelebratedfortress over-
hanging the river Clyde in Scotland. It has
been called the Gibraltar of Scotland.
Dumbiedikes (dum-bl-diks'). An awkward
Scottish laird in Scott's novel "The Heart of
Mid-Lothian." He ■wantstoman-yJoanie Deans,
but on Vicing refused promptlj' marries another.
Dumb Ox, The. A nickname of Thomas Aqui-
luis iu early life.
Dumdum (dum'dum). A town and military sta-
tion 4i miles northeast of Calcutta, British liidia.
Dum^ril (dii-ma-rcl'), Andre Marie Constant.
Born at Amiens, France, Jan. 1, 1774: died at
•El 8:Ut«''atlor'*(1853). "Conscience I'inno-
cent ■ (ls53), " Catherine lilum '' (18.M), " lng(>nue " (1854),
" Les Mohicans de Paris " (lS54-.^8) and its sequel " Salva-
tor" (I8.".5-.'in), "Les compugnons de Jc-hu " (18.=>7), "Les
louTCs de Machecoul" (18.'t0), ".Madame de Chamblay"
0883), " I.a San Felice" (18(H-65), and " Les Blancs et les
fileus" (1867-418). Ho published also a number of works
embodying personal reniiitis'-ences of himself and of his
friends, and various historical studies,
Dumas, Alexandre, known as Alexandre Du-
mas fils. Bornat Paris, .July 27, 1824: diedNov.
27,1895. A French dramatic authorand novelist,
son of Alexandre Dumas. His first poems, published
In " La Chroniqne"! 1S42), appeared later as ■ 'Pacini's de jeu-
neaae "(18-47). Twoothercollectionsof hisyouthfnl writings
were given out at a later (late, viz., "Thdr^se " (1875) and
** Entr'actes "(1878-79). Among his novels are "Aventures
dequatrc femmes et d'un pcri-oqnet" (1;^7), "C(?8arine"
(1848), "La dame aux camclias" (1818), "Le docteur Ser-
Tan " (1849), " Antoninc " (1349), " Tristan le Ronx " (1819),
"Henri de Navai-rc " (1851)), " Trois hommes forts "(18.50X
"Les deux Frondes " (1S51), "Diane do Lys" (1851), "Le
rtgcnt Mustel " (18.52)t "Contes et nouvelles "(18.53), "Un
cas de rupture " (1354), " La dame aux perles " (1854),
" L' Affaire ('U'-menceau, mdmoiro do I'accuati " (1806), etc.
His writings for the stage have been gathered togetjierin
•n edition of six voliunes (l»68-7'.o, and ritdited in 188^-
1888. They include "La dame aux caniilias" (1852)," Diane
de Lys" (1853), "Le demi-tnotide" (1855), "La question
d'argent" (1857). " Le fils naturel " (18.^*8), "Vn pere pro-
dlgue" (18.59), "L'Aini des femmes" (1864), "Les Idfcs
de Mme. Aubray" (1867), "Une visite do noces" (1871),
" La prlncesse Georges " (1871), " La feninie do Claude "
(1873), "Monsieur Alphonse" (1873), " L'Etrangtre"(187ii).
"La prlmessc de Hagdad" (1881), " Denlse " (1885),
" Francillon " (1S^87). Dumas fih has also adapte<l or col-
laboratijd in " I.,e marquis de'Vlllemcr " (1601), " Le snp-
plice dime femme " (ls65), " IKdoiae Paranquet " (1800),
" Le fllb'ul de Ponipignac" (1809), "La jeunesse de Ixinis
XIV." (1874), "Les Danichell " (1876), "La comtesse Ro-
mani " (1870), and ' Joseph Balsamo " (1878). He has also
published " Lettre sur les choscs du jour" (1871),
"LHomine-Femme"(lH72), " Question du divorce "(18'<0I,
and " Recherche de la natcniitii " (1883). He was elected
a member of the Frencn Academy ,lan, .'m, 1874.
Dumas, Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie.
Burn at Jci'cmie, Santo Domingo, March 25,
1702: died at Villers-Cotti'rets, France, Feb.
26, 1.80f). A French general, son of Marquis
Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie and a negress.
He was distinguished in the wars of the Revolution and of
Paris, Aug. 2, 1860. A French physician niid Duna-Foldvar (do'no-feld'var). A town in
- ! . the county of Tolna, Hungary, on the Danube
48 miles soutli of Budapest. Population (1890),
12.3(U.
Dunbar (dun-bar'). A seaport in Haddington-
shire, Scotland, near the mouth of the Firth of
Forth, 27 miles east of Edinburgh, it has a mined
castle, celebiated in Scottish histoiT. It was besieged by
the English in 133V. Queen Mary was abducted thither
byBothwell in 1567. Population (1891), 3,64.5.
Dunbar, Agnes, Countess of. Born 1312 (f):
died in 13UU. A Scottish heroine, known as
"Black Agnes" from her dark skin, she is noted
for her successful defense of Dunbar Castle in 1337-38.
Dunba,r, Battle of. A battle, April 27. 1296,
in which the Scots under John Baliol were de-
feated by the English under Warrenne, earl of
Surrey, with the result that Baliol resigned the
crown of Scotland, and that the government
was placed in tlie hands of an English regent.
This name is also given to the battle between the Parlia-
mentary army under Cromwell and the Scottish Royalists
under Leslie, w hich was fought mar Dunbar Sept. 3, 1650,
and iii which the .Scots were totally .Kfiatcd.
Dunbar, William. Born, probably in East Lo-
thian, .Scotland, about 1460: died" about 1525.
A Scottish poet. His works include "The 'I'histleand
the Rose "(l.50.-i), "The Golden Taige,"" Dance of the Seven
Deadly sins," ":ML'ileand .Nightingale."
Dunbarton.
zoologist. He published "Erp^tologie g6n<5-
rale" (1835-51), etc.
Dumeril, Auguste Henri Andr6. Bom at
Paris, Nov. 30, 1812: liied at Paris, Nov. 12,
1870. A French naturalist, son of Andre Mai'ie
Constant Dumeril. He wrote " Histoire natu-
relle des poissoiis" (1865-70), etc.
Dumfries (dum-fres'). The capital of Dumfries-
siiire, Scotland, situated on the Nith iu lat, 5.5°
5' N., long. 3° 30' W. it was the place of Buins's
death. It has n)anufactures of tweeds, hosiery, etc., and a
large trade in live stock. It was famous in early border
warfare. Population (1801), 17,821.
Dumfries, or Dumfriesshire (dum-fres'shir).
A county of southern Scotland, lying between
I..anark, Peebles, and Selkirk on the north,
Ro.xburgh on the northeast, Cumberland on the
southeast, Solway Firth and Kirkcudbright on
the south, and Ayr and Kirkcudbright on the
west. It contains the valleys of Eskdale in the east,
Annandale in the center, and Nithsdale in the west. Its
leading occupation is the rearing of live stock. Area, 1,063
square miles. Population (1891), 74,245.
Diimichen (du'me-chen), Johannes. Born at
Weissholz, Silesia, Oct. 15, 1833 : died at Stras-
burg, Feb. 7, 1894. A German Egyptologist.
He was appointed professor of Eg>'ptology at Strasburg
in 1872, and published " Bauurkunde der Tetnpelanlagen
von Dendera" (1805), "Geographische Inschrifteu alta
See iHiiiilxirldii.
gyptischer Denkmaler" (18iW), ■' Altagyptische Kai'eii','liTi Dunblane (duu-blan'). A town in Perthshire,
inschriften" (I860), " Historische Inschiiften altagyp- Scotland, situated on the Allan 5 miles north
tischer Denkmaler '(1867-68), "Resultateeincranfliefehl ,,f Stilling. It has a noted cathedral.
.Sr. Majestat des KonigsWilhelm von Preussen 1868 nach T|,,_„„_ Ciluix' ' k')ii) T Kiiii» of Sc.itlnDil
AgyptengcBendeteuaichaologiach-photographischenEi- ■'^P"'^^" [ , ,^., iV ' ", ..V,,?, i '^' "'"*"",•
pedition'' (1871), etc. » »< *> 1 He succeeded to the ihtx-nphout 1)34, and was «^^^^^
D* _V , /_ , \ T_ --I- -D i. T> nate<l by .Macbeth, ncai- F.lgm, in 10411 or 1039. 11
ummer (dummer), Jeremiah t!^'-" of li^o- . j. .
Born at Bos-
peiu's ill Sbaksjieii
ncai-
-.Macbeth.'
ap-
t on, Mass., about 1680: died at Plaistow, Eng- Duncan, Adam, lirst Viscount Camperdown.
land, May 19, 17.39. An American scholar. Ho
was agentfor Massachusetts in England 1710-21, and ^vrote
" Defence of the New England Charters " (172M).
Dumnorix (ilum'no-riks). Killed in Gaul, .54
li. c. .\ chief of the ..Etlui, brother of Divitia-
cus.
Dumont (dii-tndii'), Jean. Died at Vienna,
1 726. A French publicist and historical writer.
historiographer to the Emperor
" Nouveau voyage an Levant"
tifines pour servir k la parfaite I
de la paix de Ryswlck " Jl8!)9), etc.
Born at Dundee, Scotland, July 1, 1731: died
in Scotland. Aug. 4, 1804. A British admiral.
He gained the victory of Camperdown over the
Dutch tiect, Oct. 11, 1797.
Duncan, John. Born at Gilcomston, near Aber-
deen, Scotland, 179(!: died at KdinViurgli, Feb.
20, 1870. A .Scottish Hebraist and clergyman
of tlie PresbvtoriiUi Church.
rth-
lin-
biirgh, Sfav 25, 1845. A Scottish historical
inernr it 1 1- i ol tlio I'reslivtiriaii t liurcli.
(llMr-'MOmoTres polS- Duncan, Thomas. Born at Kinclaven, Peri
Intelligence de rhistolre shire, Scotland, May 24, 1807: died at Edi
Dumont, Pierre Etienne Louis. Bom at and portrait painter. Among ins best-known workt
(ierieva, July 18, 1759: died at Milan, Senl. 30, "^ "Charles Edward Asleep," "Charles Edward and the
1,829. A Swiss .scholar, literary coa.liutor of n"'^'''L":':C' wL'I'h 'f l", l^^^^^^^^ „ l>i l„n Tin
'm;..,i„.,,. .1 . •• ■ , n .. \. Duncansby Head (dung kanz-bi hed). The
.Miralieau. He wasa dmciple of Bentham, whose sys , ,,,,.,|, ,,,,.;.,,,.„ ,.vt,-(.niitv of tionHnTi.l nour Tolin
tem he eipimnded iu "Traite de la U'-glslation" (Isoi). ","'"" ",,',' ' ''""""^ "' '^"Otlana, Iltar Jonn
"Tb^oriedc9pelnc8etdesr(icompen8es"(l8ll),"Tactlque o (jroat s House.
Dunciad, The
Dunciad (dun'si-ad ), The. A satiiieal poem by
Alexander Pope ( 1728-41), directeii agiuust van-
ous fOiitPIiiiioravv writers. The giKldess of ihiUness
elects Thechi.lii iiP.i hiureate of tliat realm. Owmi; to a
iiuarrel bet«',en cil.l.er ami Pope, tin- latter sulistitnteil
I'ibber for T'liec.balil in the fourth part.puhlishe.l in IMl.
The best..«al of the huueateship on I'ibber may have
added to Pope's venom. . t> ^■
Duncker (diinK'ker), Karl. Boruat^Berim,
March 2o, ITfil : die.l at Berlin, July lo, 18&9.
A German publislier in Berlin.
Duncker, Max Wolfgang. Born at Beiain
Oct. 15, 1811: died at Ansbacli, July 21, 1886.
A German historian, son of Karl Duiieker. He
was Drotessor at Halle 1S42-57, and at TubiiiKen 1857-.'iU.
Tn the SJear he entered the service of the govern-
meut. His works include " Ori^gim^s German.cn; (1^0 ,
"Geschichte des Altertums" (18o2-67: 5th ed. 18,8-83).
Dimdalk (dun-dak'). A seaport in County
Louth, Ireland, situated on the river Castle-
town, near its mouth, in lat. 54° N., long. 6°
24' W. Population (1891), 12,449,
Sir John de Berruiughani, the victor of Athenry, push-
ine northward at the head of 15,000 chosen troops, met
thi younger Bruce at Dund.alk. The combat was hot,
short^ and decisive. The Scots were defeated,'Edward
Bruce himself killed, and his head struck off and sent to
London. Laickfs, Story of Ireland, p. 110.
Dundas (dun-das'). A town in Wentworth
County, Ontario, Canada, situated on Bm-lmg-
ton Bay at the western extremity of Lake On-
tario. Population (1891), 3,546.
Dvindas, Henry, first Viscount Me viUe. Born
at Edinbiir-h, April 28, 1742: .Ued May 28,
1811 A British statesman. He was lord advocate
of Scotland 177.1-83. He was an intimate fi-iend and trusted
lieutenant of Pitt, durin;; whose first administration he
was home secretary (1791-94) and secretary of war (1,94-
1801) In 1802 he was raised to the peerage as v iseount
Melville by AildiiiKton ; and in 1804, on the accession of
Pitt's second ministry, was appointed first lord of the admi-
ralty He was impeached in 1800 on the charge oJ ap-
propriating public money, but was acciuitted by the House
of Lords. During the impeachment he resigned his posi-
tion in the cabinet.
Dundas Islands (dun-das' i'landz). A group
of islets off the eastern coast of Africa, about
lat. 1° S. , ^ .^
Dundas Strait (dim-das' strat). A strait
which separates Meh-ille Island from Coburg
Peninsula in northern Australia.
Dundee (duu-de'). A seaport in Forfarshire,
- ■ • '• yirthof Tavinlat.56°2/N.,
344
Scotland, on the I . --., .- -, ^, ,•
long. 2° 58' W. : the third city m Scotland.
It has important commerce and extensive docks, and is
the center of the British linen and jute manufacture. It
is the seat of a university college. Dm-ing the Reform.i-
tion it was called the ".Scottish (3eneva." Itwas stormed
by the Jlarqiiis of Montrose in 1645, and by Monk in 1651.
Population (1891), 153,086.
Dundee, Viscount. See Graham.
DunderlDerg. Sec Donderberg.
Dundonald, Earl of. See Coclirane.
Dundreary (dun-drer'i). Lord. An indolent,
foolish, and amusing Englishman in Tom Tay-
lor's comedy "Dm- American Cousin." To this
part originally only 47 lines were given ; but E. A, Sothem,
to whom it was assigned, introduced various extrava-
gances to suit himself. He became famous in it, and the
whole play hinged on it.
Dundrennan (dun-dreu'an) Abbey. .An an-
cient monastery near Kirkcudbright in bcot-
land. It was built in 1140, and is now in ruins.
Dundrum Bay (dun'di'um ba). A bay of the
Irish Sea, on the coast of the County Down,
Ireland. ^ „,. , , -, ,
Dunedin (dun-e'din). [See Edmhurgh.^ A
poetical name of Edinbui-gh.
Dunedin. A seaport of the South Island, New
Zealand, situated on Otago Harbor in lat. 45°
52' S., long. 170° 33' E.: the chief commercial
city of New Zealand. It was founded in 1848.
Gold was discovered in its neighborhood in
ISGl Population (1891), with suburbs, 4o,86o.
Dunes (dunz), Battle of the. A victory gamed
by the allied French and English under Tu-
renne over the Spaniards, on the sands (dunes)
near Dunkirk, June 4 (O. S.), 1658.
Dunfermline (dun-ferm'lin). A town in Fife-
shire, Scotland, 14 miles northwest of Edin-
burgh, It has a noted abbey and was formerly a royal
residence. Here Charles II. signed the Covenant in 1660.
Population (1891), 19,647.
Dunfermline, Baron. See Ahercromby.
Dungannon (dun-gau'on). A to-vra in Coimtv
Tyrone, Ireland, 35 liiiles west-southwest of
Belfast. It was the ancient seat of the O'Neills.
Dungarvan (dun-giir'van). A to\\Ti in County
Waterford, Ireland, 38 miles northeast of Cork.
Population (1891), 5,263.
Dungeness (dunj-nes'). A headland at the
southern extremity of Kent, England, south-
east of Rye.
Dungi (dun-ge'). A Babylonian king of about
the 27th century B. C. His capital wm in Ur. Many
temples are extan't undertaken by him and Ins .father
aiid pre<lecessor Urgur, who called themselves Kings of
Ur, Kings of Shumir (Shiniu-) and Akkad (Acca<l).
Dunglison (dung 'gli- son ),Robley. Born at
Keswick, England, Jan. 4, 1798: tUed at Phila-
delphia, April 1, 1869. An American physician
and medical writer, author of "Dictionary ot
Medical Science and Literature " (1833). _
Dunkeld (dun-keld'). A town in Perthshire,
Scotland, situated on the Tay 13 miles north-
northwest of Perth. It was a seat of the Culdees
8th-12th centuiT. The cathedral, built m the 14th and
IMh eenfu-ies. is roofless except "» ^^--'.^j;'"^ !, ''f
lately been restored and serves as the parish church.
There is a square western tower with turrets
Dunkirk (dim'kerk). iF.Vunl-erque, G-DunTar-
chcn, church on the dunes.] A seaport in the
department of Nord, France, situated on the
Strait of Dover in lat. 51° 2' N., long. 2° 22
E. It is :in important fortress, and has an e.vtensive
trade It was founded near the Church of St. Eloi, by
Siwin count of Flanders, in 960 ; was bunded by the
En-lish in 138S; belonged successively to llandersBui-
gimiy and Spain; was captured from the Spaniards by
the English in 1540 ; w.as conquered by the French in 1.^.58
and restored to Spain ; was besieged and taken by i omlc
in 1646; and was retaken by the Spaniards in l(.o2. In
consequence of the battle of Dunkkk or the Dunes, it was
ceded to England in 1658. It was sold by Charles II. to
France in 1662, and was unsuccessfully besieged by the
Duke of York in 1793. Population (1891), 39,498.
Dunkirk. A city and lake port m Chautauqua
County, New York, situated on Lake Erie 3o
miles southwest of Buffalo. It is the terminus
of a division of tlie Erie Railway. Population
(1890), 9,416. .^ ^ T> .-L
Dunlap (dun'lap), -William. Born at Perth
A^bov, N. J., Feb. 19, 1766: died Sept. 28.
1839. "An American painter and author. He
published a " History of the American Theatre (lo32),
"Arts of Design in the United States" (1834), etc.
Dun-le-Roi (dun'le-rwii'), or Dun-sur-AuTon
(dim'siir-o-roii'). A town in the department
of Cher, France, situated on the Auron 17 miles
southeast of Bourges. It has manuf aetiu-es and
coal-mines. Population (1891), commune, 4,123.
DunloeCave. See Gap of Diaihie.
Dunmail Eaise (dun-mal' raz). A pass m the
Lake District of England, situated on the bor-
ders of Westmoreland and Cumberland, on the
route between Ambleside and Keswick. Ele-
vation, 780 feet. , . t i
Dunmore (dun-mor'). A borough m Lacka-
wanna Countv, Pennsylvania, 2 miles east-
northeast of Scranton. Population (1890), 8,31o.
Dunmo-W (duu'mou). Great. A town m Essex,
England, situated on the Chelmer 31 miles
northeast of London: famous m connection
with the Dunmow flitch of bacon (-svhich see).
DunmOW Flitch, The. Aflitch of bacon award-
ed to any married pair who could take oath at
the end of the first year of their married lite
that there had not only been no ,iar or quaiTel,
but that neither had ever wished the knot un-
tied. The custom was originated in Great Dunmow, Eng-
land, by Kobert Fitzwalter, in 1244. The flitch of bacon
has bee'n claimed as late as 1876.
Dunning (dun'ing), John, Baron Ashburton.
Born 1731 : died 1783. An English lawyer and
politician, chancellor of the duchy of Lan-
caster in 1782. , . /,, A
Dunnottar Castle (dun-not tiu- kas 1). a ru-
ined castle in Kincardineshire, Scotland, situ-
ated near the North Sea li miles south ot
Stonehaven. It was captured by Wallace about
l'^97
Dunois (dii-nwa'), Jean.Comte deDunois: sur-
named "The Bastard of Orleans." Born at
Paris, Nov. 23, 1402: died at St. Germain-en-
Lave, near Paris, Nov. 24, 1468. A natiu-al son
of Louis, duke of Orleans, and Manette dLn-
ghien, celebrated for his military prowess and
his gallantries. He defended OrWans 1428-29, con-
quered Normandy and Guienne from the English, and
joined the "League of the Public Good" (1465X He is
introduced in Scott's "Quentiu Durward."
Dunoon (dun-on'). A watering-place in Argyll-
shire, Scotland, situated on the Firth of Clyde
9 miles west of Greenock. Population (1891),
5 285.
Dunrobin Castle (dun-rob'in kas'l). The seat
of the Duke of Sutherland, near Golspie, Scot-
land. The building is modern, but mcoi-porates
remains of an llth-contury stronghold. _
Duns, or Dunse (duns). A bui-gh in Berwick-
shire, Scotland, 13 miles west of Berwick.
Population (1891), 2,198.
Dunsinane (dun-si-niin'), or Dunsinnan (<tun-
sin'an). One of the Sidlaw Hills in Perthshire,
Scotland, 9 miles northeast of Perth. Height,
Dupetit-Thouars, Abel Aubert
1,012 feet. Here, 10.')4, Siward, earl of North-
umberland, ilefeated Macbeth.
DunsScotus(dunzsk6'tus),Joannes,suniamed
Doctor Subtilis. Born at Dunse, Scotland,
about 12()5 ( f ) : (Ued at Cologne, Nov. 8, 1308 (?).
A famous scholastic. He was the founder of the
scholastic system called Scotism, which long conteiideil
for supremacy among the schoolmen with the system
called Thomism, founded by Thomas Aquinas. Nothing
is known with certainty concerning his personal history.
Acconling to the commonly accepted tradition, he was
born at Duns or Dunse, Berwickshire, Scotland, about
1265; was a fellow of Merton CoUege, Oxfcu-d ; became a
Franciscan f rial- ; was chosen professor ot theology at Ox-
ford in 1301 ; removed in 1304 to Paris, where, in a disputa-
tion on the immaculate conception of the Vu-gin Mary he
displayed so much ingenuity and resoiu-ce as to n in the
title of Doctor Subtilis, and where he rose to the position
of regent of the university ; and died at Cologne, her-
many, Nov. 8, 1308, while on a mission in the interest of
his order. His name, Duns, Dunse, Dunte, came to be used
as a common appellative,' a very Icained man, and, being
applied satirically to ignorant iind stupid persons, gave
rise to ilunce in its present sense,
Dunstable (dim'sta-bl). A town in Bedford-
shii-e, England, 33 miles northwest of London.
It is noted for manufactures of straw-plait hats
and bonnets. Population (1891), 4,513.
Dunstan (dun'stan). Saint. Born near Glaston-
bury, England, Oii or 925: died at Canterbiuy,
England, May 19, 988. Archbishop of Canter-
bury. He was the son of Heorstan. a West-Saxon noble,
and "was brought up at the abbey of G lastonbury and at the
court of .■Ethelstan, by whom he was appointed abbot ol
Glastonbmy not later than 945. He beeanic the chief ad-
viser of Eadred (reigned 946-955), but was banished by Ead-
red's successor, the young king Eadwig, whose ill will he
mcurred by refusing to consent to a marriage between Mm
and .Elfgif u: and by rudely bringing him back to the ban-
nueting-h.all when, at his coronation, he left it for her
society. He was recalled by Eadwig's successor, Eadgar,
by whom he was created archbishop of Canterbury in 969
and restored to political power. He retained his influence
at court during the reign of Eadward, but appears to have
lost it on the accession of /Ethelred II. in 978.
Dunster (dim'ster), Henry. Born in Lanoa-
shii'e, England, about 1612: died at Scituate,
Mass., Feb. 27, 1659. The first president of
Harvard College. He was inaugtu'ated in 1640,
and resigned in 16.54. , r> en
Dunton (duu'ton), John. Born at GraftTiam
Himtingdonshire, England, May 4, 1659: died
1733. An English bookseller and author. He
wrote " Life and Errors of John Dunton " (1705), " Letters
from New England " (published 1867), etc. _ . , _
Diintzer (diiut'ser), Johann Heinrich Jo-
seph. Born at Cologne, July 12, 1813. A Ger-
man literary historian and philologist, libra-
rian of the public library of the Catholic College
of Cologne from 1846. He has published numerous
critical works on. Goethe, 'Homer und der epische
Cyclus " (is;!9), etc. _ , , . „ .
Dupain (dii-pan'), Edmond Louis. Born at
Bordeaux, Jan. 13, 1847. A French historical
and genre jiainter, a pupil of Cabanel and Gu(^.
Dupanloup (dii-pou-lo'), Felix Antoine Phi-
libert Born at St.-Felix, near Chambery,
France, Jan. 3, 1802 : died Oct. 11, 1878. A
French prelate. He was made bishop of Orleans in
1849 ; was elected deputy to the National Assembly m
1871 ; and became a life senator in 1875.
Du Parquet, Jacques Diel. See Did dii Par-
quet. .. »
Dupaty (dii-pii-te'), Charles Marguerite Jean
Baptiste Mercier. Born at La Kpehelle,
France, May 9, 1746: died at Pans. Sept. 1(,
1788. A French jurist. He yn-ote " Reflexions
historiques surles lois eriminelles" (1788), etc.
Dupe (dup), Lady. An old lady in Dryden s
comedy " Sir Martin Mar-all._
Duperfey (dii-pe-ra' ), Louis Isidor. Bom at
Paris, Oct. 21, 1786: died Sept. 10, 1865. A
Freucli naval officer and scientist. He served m
hvdrographer in the Uranie, under De Frej-cmet, who
made explorations in the North I'^SiA" l^J'i" •. » '^
1822-25 commanded a scientiflc expedition to Oceania ad
South America. He determined the Po^'",';"* ° .™
magnetic poles and the figure of the ra.agnetie equa on
Author of the volumes on hydrography and pfi}S^V»J
fcience in " Voyage autour du moudo, exdcut^ par ordre
du roi surla corvette La CoquiUe pendant les annees
1822, 1823, 1>24, et 1825 " (1826-30).
Duperron (dii-pe-r6u'), Jacques Davy. Born
at St.-L6. France, Nov. 15, 1556: died at Paris.
Sept. 5, 1618. A French canliual, instnimeutal
in converting Henry IV. to Catholicism.
Dupes, Day of. [F. Jourv^c drs Dupcs.^ .A
name given to Nov. 11. 1630, when the enemies
of Kiclielieu were foiled in their lutngues
against him with the king. a-u i *«
Dupetit-Thouars (diip-te'to-ar ), Abel Au-
bert. Born at Saumur, France, Aug. 3, 1/9.5 •
died at Paris, March 17, 1864. A French rear-
admiral. He circumnavigated the globe ISf-^O, and
extended a French P^tectorate over TahiU and the Ma^
quesas Islands in 1842 (see J'ntchard% and over the entire
Society group in 1843.
Dnpetit-Thouars, Louis Marie Aubert
346
Dupetit-Thouars, Louis Marie Aubert. Born Rambouillet, France, July 8, 1535. A French
iit Bouiniiis, near .Suuuiur, Fiaiicf, Nov. .'), ciirdinal ami politician. He became chancel-
17.j8: ilieil at l^ai'is, May 11, llSlil. A French lov ami iniinc niiiiistcr in 1515.
Ixitanist anil traveler. He visited Mauritius, Duprat, Pascal Pierre. Born at Uagetmau.
Ma.lapiscar, and Ketinion 179-2-1 S02. Landes, France, March 24, 1815: died Aug.
Dupill(tlii-I>ah'). Andre Marie Jean Jacques: l". 1885. A French politician and journalist,
called "The Elder." Born at Varzy, Nievre, He tuuk pait iii the Keliruary revolution in 18JS; fouudcit
France, Feb. 1, 1783 : died at Paris, Nov. 10,
1865. A French lawyer and politician. He
w:is presiiient nf the t'huniher "f Deputies 1832-10, and of
the I.el.-lsl:ltive AsseMllily 184'.t-.M.
Dupin, Har.>n Pierre Charles Frangois. Bom
at varzy. Nifevre, France, Oct. 6, 1784: died at
Pari.s, Jan. 18, 1873. A French political econo-
mist and politician, brother of A. M. J. J.
Dupin. He pnlilished "Voyages dans la (Jrande-Bro-
tagne " (1&20-24), " forces productives des nations " (1851X
etc.
Dupleix(dii-plaks'), Marquis Joseph Frantjois.
Born at Landreeies, Xord, France, .Ian. 1,
1097: died at Paris, Nov. 10. 1764. A French
general, t^overnor-general of the French East
Indies 1742-54.
Duplessis (dii-ple-.-^e'). Georges Victor An-
tOUie Gratet-. Bo™ at Chartres, March 19,
1834. .\ French critic ami historian of art,
ctistodian of the department of prints in the
National Library, lie has published mnnerous
works.
DuplessiS-Momay. See Murntiy.
Duplin (diip'Uii), or Dupplin. A moor in
Perthshire, Scotland, 7 miles southwest of
Perth. Here, 1332, Edward Baliol defeated the
Scottish Koyalists under the Earl of Mar.
DuponQeau (dfi-pon'so; F. pron. dU-pon-so'),
Peter Stephen. Born at tle-de-E^, France,
June 3, 1760: died at Philadelphia, April 1,
1844. A French- American lawyer and philolo-
E"8t. Ho pul)lished "Memoir on the Indian
anKuages of North America" (1835). etc.
Dnpont (dii-poii'), or Dupont de I'Eure (dii-
p6n' de Icr), Jacques Charles. Born at Xeu-
bourg, Eure, Feb. 27, 1767: died on his estate
with Lamennais, " Le peuple constituant "; opposed tlie
coup dVHat in 1851, and was anested and oi>l)ged to
leave France ; edited various journals ; was a member of
tlie National .\s.senibly in 1871, and, later, of the Chamber
ot Deputies ; and was sent as ambassador to Chile ia 1883,
and died on the return journey.
Duprato (dii-prii-td'), Jules. Bom at Nimes
in 1S27 : ilied at Paris, May 19, 1892. A French
composer. He gained the Roman prize in 1848, and be-
came professor of harmony at the Conservatoire in 1806.
.Among his operas are "Les trovatelles" (1854), " Pa-
querettes" (1856X "Salvator Kosa" (1861), "Le cerisier"
(1874), etc.
Dupray(dii-pra'), Louis Henri. Bomat Sedan,
Nov. 3. 1841. A French military painter, a
pupil of Pils and Leon Cogniet.
Dupr6 (dii-pra'). Giovanni. Boi'u at Siena,
Italy, March 1, 1817: died at Florence, Jan. 10,
1882. An Italian sculptor. Among his works are
"Abel" and "Cain" (Pitti Palace, Florence), "Sappho,"
" Giotto," the Wellington monument, etc.
Dupre, Jules. Born at Nantes. France, April
5, ISll : died at LTsle Adam. Oct. 6, 1889. A
noted French landscape-painter. He was original-
ly a poreelain -piiintei- in his father's manufacUjry. At the
age of eighteen he went to Paris, where his talent was at
once recognized. In 1831 he sent his first picture to the
Salon. In 1B3:J he went to England and also to Beny with
Jules Andrt^ and Troyon. In 1849 he w.as made ehev;Uier
of the Legion of Honor, and officier in 1870. He received
a seconil-chiss medal at the Exposition Universelle in 1867,
a second-class medal in 1883, and a medal of honor at the
Exposition Universelle in 1889. He spent his winters in
Paris from 1876-82. He was the tlrst and last of the group
of Fontainebleau artists of 1830, called the Romantic- or
Natural .School (Rousseau, Delacroi.x, Corot, Diaz, Millet,
Troyon, etc. ). His studio was for some years in the Abbey
of Saint Pierre in the forest of Fontainebleau, and after-
ward in L'Isle Adam. Several of his pictures are in the
Luxembourg iluseura, one at Lille, and a number are
owned in the United States.
Rouge Pierre, Normandy, March 3, 1855. A Duprez (dii-pra'), Caroline (Madame Van den
French politician. He became president of the im- Heuvel). Born at Florence, 1832 : died at Pan,
Eerial court at Rouen in 1811; was a member of the Cham- France, April 17, 1875. A French opera-singer,
erof Deputies 1817-18; was minister of justice about si.K fj.i„«lift.v ni' (^ T, 'niii^rp'/
months in l s.m : iiml was nresident of the nrovisional auv- _"'"'«"'■«'_". ^'^^ .Mi ^".P^ c/^^
ernmei
Dupont
23, 1821 , . . . -
1870. A French Ivrical poet. He was collaborator ' du chant" (1845), etc
on the <lictionaryof tiie Academy 1842-17. His works in- 'Dupuis (dii-piie'
elude "Les deux anges" (1842: crowned by the Academy), '^ '
*'Lc8 beeufs" (1846), "Le chant des nations," "Le chant
des ouvriers," etc.
Pierre Dupont . . . seemed at one time likely to be a
poet of tlie tlrst rank, but unfortunately wasted his talent
ID Bohentian dawdling and disorder. His songs were the
delight of tile young generation of 1848, and two of them,
" Le Chant des Ouvriers " and " Les Buiuls," are still most
remarkable compositions. Sainfxfjurtt, French Lit., p. 548.
Adolphe. Bom at Paris,
Aug. 16." 1824 : died at Nemours, Oct. 25, 1891.
A French actor.
Dupuis, Charles Frangois. Born at Trie-le
Chateau, Oise, France, (Jet. 16, 1742: died at Is-
sur-Tille, C6te-d'0r, France, Sept. 29, 1809. A
French scholar and man of letters. He ^vi'ote
" L'Origine de tous les cultes, on la religion
universelle" (1795). etc
Dupont (du-ponf), Samuel Francis. Born at Dupuytren (dii-piie-tran'), Baron Guillaume
Bergen Point, N. J., Sept. 2/, 1803: died at Born at Pierre-Buf ^
Philadelphia. June 23, 18G5. An American ad
miral, grandson of Dupont de Nemours. He
entered
conunandi
with SI
president of a l)oard convened at Washington to devise a
plan of naval (operations against the Confederate States.
He commanded tlie naval expedition which, in conjunc-
tion with a land army under (leneral Thomas W. Shor
man, captured Port Royal, .South Carolina, Nov. 7, 1861 ;
was pi-omoted rear-admiral in 1862] was repulsed in an
ffifere, Haute-Vienne, France,
Oct. 6, 1777: died at Paris, Feb. 8, 1835. A
noted French surgeon and anatomist.
1 tlie navy as a midsliipman in 1815; was promoted ■r^,.^..^™^.^ /,l.-; l-.^..'\ "M..^..,,: . Al^«.n'Knm R,^*,„
.nder in 1842 :commanlled tlie Cyane during the war DuqUCSne (du-kan ) Marquis Abraham. Born
cxico; and at tlic outbreak of the Civil War became at Dieppe, France, 1610: died at Pans, 1' eb. 2,
1688. A French naval commander, distin-
guished in the wars against the Spanish and
Dutch . He defeated the combined Spanish and Dutch
lleets under De Ruytcr off the Sicilian coast April 22,
was pi-omolea rear-aumirai in louz ; was repuiseu in an _J*^'*^- ,«t...i,. , i, -i^
attack on Fort Sumter, April 7, 1863; and was relieved Duquesne, Fort. A fort formerly on the site ot
of his command July 6, 1863. I'ittsljurg, Pennsylvania, erected by the Frencli
Dupont de I'^tang (dU-p6ii' de la-toii'), Conite in 1 754. It was taken by the English 1758. See
Pierre. Born at ('liabanais.Charente. France, liraitilml;.
July 14. 1765: died at Paris, March 7, 1840. Duquesnoy (dii-ka-nwii'), Fran(J0iS_, or Fran-
A i'rench general, distinguished at Marengo gois Flamand._ Born at Brussels, lo94: died at
and other battles, especially Friedland (1807). ' ' " . ^^ . .
He caiiilulatcd :it Haylen iii 1808.
Dupont de Nemours (dii-p6n' d6 ne-m8r'),
Pierre Samuel. Born :it Paris, Dec. 14, 1739:
died near Wilmington, Del., Aug. 6, 1817. A
French political economist and politician. Ho
uaistcd Turgot 1774-76; was a deputy to the States-Gen-
eral in 17^9 ; and became a member of the Council of the
Ancients in 1795. He wrote " Physiocratic. ou constitution
naturelle dii gouveniement le plus avantagenx au genre
hiiiiiain " (176s). " Philosophic de ruiilvers " (1796), etc.
Dilppel (diip'pel). A village in Schleswig,
Prussia, op])osite Sonderburg. 2S miles nortli-
northeast of Schleswig. The allied (lerniaii troops
were defeat((d here by the Danes May 28, 1.H4K, and again on
.luiie 5. The redoimts were stornied liy the Saxons and
Bavarians Ajiril l;i, 1S49, and by the Prussians Ajiril 18, 1864.
Dilppel, Lines of. A cliain of Danish fortiti-
cations west of Sondcrburg in the island of
Alscu. Tliev were stormed by the Prussians
April 18, 1864.
Duprat (dii-prii'), Antoine. Bom at Isaoire,
I'uy-dc-Domc, France, Jan. 17, 1463: died at
Leghorn, .liily 11!, 1646. A Dutch sculptor, son
of an excellent sculptor from whom he received
his first lessons. At an early age he made the flgure of
Justice on the portal of the Chancellerie at Brussels, and
two angels for the door of the Jesuit church. In 1619 he
was sent by the archduke Albert to study in Rome, He
is especially famous for the children which he executed
in marble and bronze, hut more fre(|UentIy in ivory, for
ilrinking-ciips, etc. The sculpture of the Baldachino at
St. Peter's is by him. His friend Le Ponssin reccmiineiided
him to Richelieu, ami he was on the point of starting for
Paris when he was poisoned by his brother (JdrOme Du-
(luesnoy, born 1612 : burned for unnatural crime Oct. 24,
16.M), also a very clever sculptor.
Dura Den (dci'rii den). A small glen near St. An-
drews, Fifesliii-e, Scodand, noted for tlie num-
ber of the fossil tish found in its sandstone.
Duran (do-riin'), AgUStin. Bom at Madrid,
Oct. 14, 17S9: died there, Dee. 1,1802. A Sj.an-
ish critic and litterateur. He wrote ".Sobre la dec;i-
dencia del teatro espaftol" (1828), etc., and edited old
Spanish romances ami comedies.
Duran (dii-ron'), Carolus (Charles Auguste
Emile Durand). Born at Lille, July 4, 1837.
Durbin
A French genre and portrait painter, a pupil of
Souchon. He studied in Paris, and afterward in Italy
and Spain. He has painted portraits, especially of women,
with great success, and is also a sculptor. Uc received
medals in 1866, 1869, 1870, 1878, and 1879.
Durance (dii-roiis'). A river ot southeastern
Europe which joins the Ehone 3 miles south-
west of Avignon: the Roman Druentia. Lengtli,
224 miles.
Durand (dU-ron'), Madame (Alice Marie Ce-
leste Fleury): pscudonvm Henry Greville.
Born at Paris, Oct. 12, 1842. A French nov-
elist.
Durand (du-rand'), Asher Brown. Bom at
South Orange, N. J., Aug. 21, 1796 : died there,
Sept. 17, 1886. An American landscape-painter
and engraver.
Durandana (do-riin-da'nii). The sword of
Koland (t)rlando). It is also called ViirinuUil,
DuroHla, Diiriiiduna, etc.
He (Roland) had fought all day in the thickest of the
fray, dealing deadly blows with bis good eword Durenda;
but all liis prowess could not save the day. .So, wounded
to death, and surroumled by the bodies of his friends, he
stretched himself on the groimd, and prepiu-ed to yield up
his soul. Hut first he drew his faithful sword, than which
he would sooner have spared the arm that wielded it,
and Baying, " O sword of unparalleled brightness, excel-
lent dimensions, admirable temper, and hilt of the whit-
est ivory, ilecorated with a splendid cross of gold, topped
by a berylline apple, engraved with the sacred name of
God, endued with keenness and every other virtue, who
now shall wield thee in battle, who shall call thee master?
He that possessed thee was never coiuiuered, never
daunted by the foe ; phantoms never appalled him. Aided
by the Almighty, with thee did he destroy the Saracen,
exalt the faith itf Christ, and win consummate glory. O
happy sword, keenest of the keen, never w.as one like
thee ; he that made thee, made not thy fellow I Not one
escaped with life fl-om thy stroke." And lest Durenda
should fall into the hands of a craven or an intldel, Rohuid
smote it upon a block of stone and brake it in twain.
Then he blew his horn, which was so resonant that all
other horns were split by its sound ; and now he blew it
with all his might, till the veins of his neck huret. And
the
blast of that dread horn.
On Foutarabiau echoes borne,
reached even to King Charles's ear as he lay encamped
and ignorant of the disaster that had befallen the rear-
guard eight miles away. Poole, Story of the Moors, p. 36.
Durandarte (do-ran-dar'te). A legendary
.Spanish hero whose exploits are related in
old Spanish ballads and in "Don Quixote," II.
23. He was the cousin of Montesinos, and was killed at
the battle of Roncesvalles. One of the ballads, a frag-
ment, can be traced to the "Cancionero" of 1511. and one,
"Durandarte, Durandarte," to the old "Cancioneros Gene-
rales." Ticknor.
Durandus (du-ran'dus), Gulielmus (Guil-
laume Durantis or Durand). Born at Pui-
raisson, near Beziers, France, 1237: died at
Rome, Nov. 1, 1296. A prelate and jurist,
surnamed "The Speculator." He wrote "Specu-
lum judiciale" (1474), "Rationale divinorum oftlciorum "
(ll.v.i), etc.
Durango (do-riin'go). 1. A state of northern
Mexico, lying between Chihuahua on the north,
Coahuila on the east, Zacatecas on the south-
east, Jalisco on the south, and Sinaloa on the
west. Area, 37,600 square miles. Population
(1893), 265,931.-2. The capita! of the state
of Dm-ango, situated near the foot of the Sierra
Madro Mountains. Also called Vietoriii. for-
merly Giuididna. Population, 24.800. — 3. A
small town in the pro\anee of Biscay, Spain,
14 miles southeast of Bilbao. It is a military
stronghold.
Durante (do-riin' te), Francesco. Bom at
Frattamaggiore, near Naples, JIarch 15, 1684:
died at Naples, Aug. 13, 1755. An Italian com-
poser of sacred music. In 1742 he succeeded
Porpora at the Conservatory of Santa Maria di
Lorelo at Naples, where he died.
Durantis (dii-roii-tes'), Guillaume. See Ihi-
rtniflHs.
Durazzo. A facetious and lively old man in
Massinger's play "The Guarilian." He is the
guai'di:in of Caldoro.
Durazzo (d6-rat's6). [F. Duras, It. Diira:zo,
Turk. Didlfh. Slav. Viirt:: ; from L. Ih/n-hn-
rliium.} A seaport in the vilayet <if Scutari,
Eurojiran Turkey, situated on the Adriatic in
hit. 41° -0' N., "long. 19° 26' E.: the ancient
Epidamnus, later Dyrrhachium. It was founded by
Corcyreans about 625 11. c, and became the termiiiiis ot a
great Roman road. Ca'sar was repulsed hero by Pompey
48 n. o. ; and here Robert Guiscaml defeated the emperor
Alexius ill lo81, and took the city in 1082.
Durban, or D'Urban (d.''r'ban). A town in
Xalal, South ,\frica, sitmited near Natal Bay
ill lat . '29° 52' S., louu'. 31° 2' E. It is theterniinus
ot the railway to the interior. Population (1891). 2.5.512.
Durbin (der'bin), John Price. Born in Bour-
bon County, Ky., 1800: died at Philadelphia,
Durbiii
Oct. 18, 1876. An Ameriean clergyman of the
Methodist Episcopal Church, president of Dick-
inson College 1834-45. He was secretary of the
Uissionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Churcli
1850-72. He wrote "Ohservations in Europe" (1S44),
'■ observations in E^pt, et€."(is45).
Durden (der'denj. Dame. A notable housewife
in a famous English song: hence the nickname
given to the careful and conscientious Esther
Sumraerson in Dickens's *' Bleak House."
Durdles (der'dlz), stony. "A stone-mason,
chietly in the gravestone, tomb, and monument
way, and wholly of their color from head to
foo\»" in Charles Dickens's "Mystery of Edwin
Drood." He is usually dnink, and has wonder-
ful adventures in the crypt of the cathedral.
Diiren (dii'ren). Atown in the Rhine Province,
Prussia, situated on the Roer 23 miles south-
west of Cologne : the ancient Marcodurum.
It has manufactures of cloth, iron, paper, etc. It was
the scene of a victory of Civilis over the IHiii in 69 A. i». ;
and was the seat of councils and assemblies in the 8th
century. Population (1890), 21,5ol.
Durenda. See Durandana.
Diirer (dii'rer). Albrecht. Bom at Nuremberg,
Bavaria, May 21, 1471: died there, April 6,
1528. A famous (xerman painter and engraver,
the founder of the German school. He was the son of
a goldsmith who first instructed him in his trade and then
apprenticed him to the painter Michael Woljiemuth for
three years and a half, after which (1490) he visited Stras-
burg, Colmar, Basel, and Venice where he was much im-
pressed by tlie works of Mantegna. He returned in 1494
and married Agnes Frey. He probably worked in the
studio of Wolgemuth until 1497, when he removed to an
atelier of his own. From 1505 to 1507 he lived in Venice.
Then followed his most active years in Xureraberg. From
1512 he worked for the emperor Maximilian, who made
him his court painter, and whom he attended at Augsburg
in l.'ilS as deputy for his native city to the assembled Diet.
In 1521-22 he visited the Netherlands. He attended the
coronation of Charles V. at Alx-la-Chapelle, and obtained
the appointment of court painter before his return to
Nuremberg, where he continued to work until his death.
He may be regarded as the inventor of etching. As a de-
signer of w<x)ilcuts and an engraver he ranks higher than
as a painter. His woodcuts number nearly 200, including
"The Apocalypse" (16 subjects), "The Greater Passion"
(12 subjects), and "The Lesser Passion " (37 subjects). His
copperplates number over 100, including "Melancholia,"
•' Death and the Devil," "The Little Passion "(16 subjects),
" St. Jerome in his Study," etc. Among his paintings are
"Adoration of the Trinity " (Vienna), "Adam and Eve"
(Florence), " Four Apostles " (Nuremberg), etc. He wrote
" Von Menschlicher Proportion " (lri28). and works on
" Measurement "(1525) and " Fortiflcation " (1.S27). Diirer
never employed fresco, although he furnished the designs
for the mural decorations of the city hall at Nuremberg,
the " Calumny of Apelles " and the " Triumph of Maxi-
milian."
D'Urfe, Honore. See ZTrfi, D\
Durfee (der'fe), Job, Bom at Tiverton, R. I.,
Sept. 20, 1790: died there, July 26, 1847. An
American jurist and philosophical writer, chief
justice of Rhode Island Supreme Court 1835-47.
He wi'ote "Panidea" 0846), etc.
D'Urfey (der'fi), Thomas, called "Tom
D'Urfey." Born in Devonshire, England, about
1650 (?): died at London. 1723. An English
dramatist and humorous poet. His songs were
published as ''Pills to Purge Melancholy"
(1719-20).
Durga (dor'gii). [Skt.,' the inaccessible.'] In
Hindu mytholog}', the wife of Shiva. See Dein.
Durham (dur'am). [ME. Dureniy Duresme^
altered from Uuuhohn^ AS. Dunholm (ML.
reflex DHnholmum^ Ihoiflmxtn, Dioiehnia), hill-
isle, from dun, hill (do^\^l), and hohu^ island:
applied orig, to the rocky peninsula on which
the first church was built,] 1. A county in
northern England, lying between Northumber-
land on the north, the North Sea on the east, and
Westmoreland and Cumberland on the west.
It is separated from Yorkshire by the Tees on the south.
It is monntainous in the west, is rich in minerals, particu-
larly coal and lead, and is noted for its breed of cattle.
It was a county palatine until 1836. Area, 1,012 square
miles. Population (1891), 1.016,559.
2. The capital of the county of Durham, situ-
ated on the Wear in lat. 54° 46' N., long. 1°
35' W. It contains a castle founded in 1072 by William
the Conqueror, and rebuilt by Bishop Ilvigh of Puiset a
hundre<l years later. The interior possesses many fea-
tures of interest, as the beautiful Norman arcade, door.
and g:dler>'. the Norman chapel beneath the 14th-centur>'
keep, the refectory of the 14th century, and a 17th-cen-
tury carved staircase of oak. Tlie castle is now occupied
by Durham University. The cathedral of Durham is a
monument of great intrinsic importance, which is en-
hanced by its impusinv; position on the brink of a steep
iiill above the river Wear. The west front is flanked by
two ma.ssive 8<iuare towers, and a tower of similar form
rises hijih over the crossing. Tlie present church was
foundid at the end of the 11th centurj', and was practi-
cally cnmpleted by the middle of the 12th. The Lady
chapel or Galilee is later, and the curious east transept
called the Nine Altars, at the eastern extremity of Ihe
choir, is of the early l:Uh. The clnister is Perpendiculnr.
The Norman interior is exceedincly impressive. The
piers o( the nave are alternately cylindrical and square,
346
with engaged shafts ; the former are covered with zigzag
and other line-patterns. The aUai--screen and episcopal
throne arc of the 14th centuiy, the stalls of the 17th.
The eastern or Nine Altars tmnsept is aichitectunillj
beautiful, and is very skilfully joined to the older work.
The Galilee chapel, projecting in front of the western
facade, has four interior walls resting on round chevron-
molded lU'ches which spring' from slender clustered col-
umns, the whole supporting the roof in a manner rather
Saracenic than Noithern. The dimensions of the cathe-
dral are 510 by 80 feet, length of transepts 170, heiL^ht uf
vaulting 70, of central tower 214. The old monastic build-
ings :u-e still almost coraplet*'. and are of high interest.
Durham was, perhaps, a Koraan station. It became the
seat of the old bishopric of Lindisfarne in !>t>o, and its
bishops were, in the middle ages, nearly independent
rulers over the palatinate of Durham. Populatitm (1891),
14,863.
3. A city in Durham Coimty, North Carolina,
northwest of Raleigh. It has important tobacco
manufactures. Population (1890), 5,485.
Durham, Earl of. See Lambton.
Durham Book, The. See the extract.
The Durham Gospels, t»»o, known as St. Cuthbert's or
the Durham Book, belonging to the close of the seventh
centui-y, have Northumbrian Saxon glosses of the age of
those of the Ritual upon their Latin text.
Morley, English Writers, II. 175.
Durham Letter, The. A letter written in 1850
by Lord John Russell (premier) to the Bishop
oi" Durham, denouncing the newly established
Roman Catholic hierarchy in England and
Wales, and the ritualistic tendencies in the
Church of England.
Durham Station. A place in North Carolina,
29 miles northwest of Raleigh. Here, April 26.
1865, the Confederate general J. E. Johnston surrendered
with 29,1*24 men to General W. T. Sherman.
Durinda, Durindana. See Durandana.
DiiringSield (dii'rings-feUl ), Ida von. Born at
Militsch, Silesia, Prussia, Nov. 12, 1815: died
at Stuttgart, Wiirtemberg, Oct. 25, 1876. A Ger-
man poet and novelist. Her works include
'*Skizzenaus der voniehmen Welt" (1842^15),
"Antonio Fosearini " (1850), etc.
Diirkhelm (dUrk'him), A town in the Palat-
inate, Bavaria, 13 miles west of Mannheim. It
is frequented for its grape-cure and salt baths.
Population (1890), 5,902.
Durlach (dor'laeh). A town in Baden, situ-
ated on the Pfinz 3 miles east of Karlsruhe.
It was formerlv the cai:)ital of Baden-Durlach.
Population (1K90), 7.999.
Duroc (dii-rok'), Gerard Christophe Michel,
Due de Friuli. Born at Pont-a-Mousson,
near Nancy, France, Oct. 25, 1772: killed near
Markersdorf, Saxony, May 22, 1813. A French
general and <iiplomatist. He became in 17% aide-
de-camp to Bonaparte, whom he accompanied to Eg>-pt
in 1798. He took a prominent pait in the overthrow
of the Directory in 1799, and was employed by the first
consul in diplomatic missions to Berlin. St. Petersburg,
Stockholm, and ropenhagen. He accompanied the em-
peror in the campaigns of 1805-06 and 1807, and was killed
by his side near Mai'kersdorf. He wjis the favorite ofhcer
of Napoleon.
Durostorus (dii-ros'to-rus). or Durostorum
(-rum). The Roman name of Silistri;i.
Diirrenstein (dur'ren-stin), or Diirnstein
(diirn'stin), or Timstein (tirn'stin). A vil-
lage in Lower Austria, situated on the Danube
41 miles west-northwest of Vienna. Richard I.
of England was imprisoned in its castle 1192-93. It was
the scene of a battle between the Russians and the French
under Mortier in 1805,
Dur Snarrukin (dor shar-ro-ken'). [Assyr.,
' fortress of Sargon.'] A city of Assyria, north-
east of Nineveh, built by Sargon 11. : the mod-
ern Khorsabad.
Duruy (dli-riie'), Jean Victor. Born Sept. 11,
ISU: died Nov. 25, 1894. A French historian
and statesman, minister of public instruction
1863-69. In the latter year he became senator. His
works include "Histoire des Romains, etc." (184^-44),
"Histoire de France ' (18D2),"Histoire de la Grtce an-
cietnie" (1862), "Histoire moderne ' (1863). "Histoire iles
Grecs"(1887-81>). Several of his works f»>rm part of the
"Histoire universelle " pnblished under his direction.
Durvasas (dor'va-sas). [Skt./ ill-clothed.'] A
sage noted for irascibility. Many fell under his
curse. In Kalidasa's drama lie curses Shakuntala for
keeping him waiting at the door, and so causes the sepa-
ration between her and King Dushyanta.
Durward (der' ward), Quentin. A young
archer of the Scottish Guard in Scott's novel
'■ Quentin Durward." After many adventures
he manies Isabelle de Croye.
Duryodhana (dor-yo'dha-na). [Rkt., 'hard to
conquer.'] Eldest son of Dhritarashtra, and
leader of the Kaurava pnnces in the great war
of the Mahabharata. I'pon the death of his brother
Pandu, Dhritarashtra took his five sons, the Pandava
princes, to his own court, anil had them edncated with his
hundred sons, .realousies sprang up, and Dur5-odliana
took a special dislike to Bhinia from his skill in the use of
the club. He poisoned lihinia, who was rest^ired to life by
the Nagaa. He waa the occasion of the exile of the Fan-
Dutertre
davas. After their return he won in gambling from Yu-
dhishthira everything he had, including liis own freedom
and that of his brothers, and his wife Draupadi. The re-
sult of the gambling was a sectuid exile of thirteen years.
In the great battle he fell by the hand of Bhima, who had
vowed to break his thigh in consequence of the insult to
lUaupadi.
Duse (do'sa), Eleanora. Bom at Vigevano,
isiil. An Italian tragedienne. She is the grand-
daughter of Luigi Duse who established the Garibaldi
Theater at Padua. She began to play, when h:u'dly twelve
years old, in wandering companies and minor theatt-rs,
until she compelled recognition by her adcuirable tragic
genius in Naples. She played in the I'nited States 1892-93.
Juliet, Francesca da Rimini, Camilla Fernande, etc., are
her most important parts.
Dushenka (do'shen-kii), A romantic poem
by Bogdanoviteh, published in 1775.
Dushrattu (dosh-rat'tii), or Tushrattu (tosh-
rat'tii). A king of Mitani mentioned in the Tel-
el-Amarna tablets. From his diplomatic correspon-
dence with the Egyptian king Amenophis III. (of the l^th
dynasty : about 1500 B. c), it appeai-s that there existed an
old friendship between Egypt and Mitani, and that Amen-
ophis had maiTied Duslu-attu's daughter.
Dushyanta (dosh-yan'ta). [Skt.] A king of
the lunar race, and descendant of Puru and
husband of Shakuntala, by whom he had a son
Bharata. The loves of Dushyanta and shakuntala, her
separation from him, and lier restoration tlu-ough the dis-
covery of his lost ring in the belly of a fish, form the plot
of Kalidasa's drama "Shakuntala."
Dussek (do'shek), Johann Ludwig. Bom at
Czaslau, Bohemia, Feb. 9, 1761: tiled at St.-
Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, March 20, 1812.
A Bohemian pianist and composer.
Diisseldorf (diis'sel-dorf). 1. A city in the Rhine
Province. Prussia, situated on the east bank of
the Rhine in lat. 51° 13' N., long. 6° 4G' E. it
is an important commercial and manufacturing town, and
is especially noted for its school of art (landscape and re-
ligious painting), founded in 1767, and developed under
Cornelius and Schadow. Its famous picture-gallery was
removed t^i Munich in 1805. It contains the electoral
palace, the Church of St. Lambert, the Church of St. An-
drew, the Kunsthalle, and a RejUschule. It is the Ipirth-
place of Heine and Cornelius. Dusst-ldorf belonged to
the grand duchy of Berg in Napoleonic times. It was an-
nexed to Prussia in 1815. Population (1890), 144,642.
2. A government district in the Rhine Prov-
ince, Prussia. Population (1S90), 1,973,107.
Dustwick (dust'wik). Jonathan, The pseu-
donym under which Tobias George Smollett
wrote *' The Expedition of Humphrey Clinker"
(1794).
Dutch (duch). 1. The Teutonic or Germanic
race; the German peoples generally: used as
plural, (a) The Low Germans, particularly the people
of Holland, or the kingdom of the Netherlands : the IHitch-
men ; the Hollanders: called specifically the Lou- DuU'h:
used as plural. (&) The High Germans; the inhabltantsof
Gernumy ; the Germans: formerly called specifically the
High Dutch: used as plural.
2. The Teutonic or Germanic language, in-
cluding all its forms, (a) The language spoken in
the Netherlands; the HoUandish language (which differs
very slightly from the Flemish, spoken in parts of the
adjoining kingdom of Belgium): called distinctively Lms
Dutch, {h) The langujige spoken by the (Jermans; Ger-
man ; High German: formerly and still occasionally called
distinctively lli'jh Dutch.
Dutch Courtezan, The. A comedy by Mars-
ton, printed in KiOo.
Dutch East India Company. See East India
Dutchman's Fireside, The. A novel by J. K.
Pauldinjj. published in 1S31.
Dutch West India Company. A commercial
association formed in the Netherlands in 1021.
Among other important grants it received from the gov-
ernment the exclnsive right of tniding with a large part
of the coasts of America and Africa, planting colonies,
building forts, employing soldiers and fleets, and nmkiiig
treaties, as well as attacking the colonies and commerce
of Spain and Portug;d. To this company were due the
extensive colonies uf the Dutch in Brazil (l(J2.'^'-54), New
Netherlands (finally given up in 1674), the West Indies,
Guiana, and the Gold Coast of Africa. Its jtowerfnl llcets
made numerous descents on the coasts of Spanish and
Portuguese America, captured ships, and obtained an im*
mense amount of booty. Owing to the expense of its
wars and the loss of some of the colonies, the company
was dissolved in 1674. A new one was formed in 1B7S,
and existed until 1791, but was never very prosperous.
Dutens (dii-toh '), Louis. Born at Tours,
France, Jan. 15, 1730: died at London, May 23,
1812. A French antiquary, numismatist, and
miscellaneous ^^^•iter. He published "Recherches
8ur I'origine des d^couvertes attributes aux modernes"
(1766), ''M^moires dun voyageur qui se repose" (1IM)6),
eU-., and edited Leibnitz's works (1769).
Dutertre (du-tar'tr), Jean Baptiste. Born at
Calais, 1610: died at Paris. ICST. A French Do-
minican missionary and author. He served in the
army and na\'y before joining the Dominicans in 16.35;
fr«mi ItviO to 16.^7 most of his time was spent in the
French Antilles, where he witnessed many events of the
Caiib wars. His " Hist')ire g^n^rale des iles Saint Chris
tophe, de la Guadeloupe, etc." (1654) was enlarged and
republished as "Histoire g^n^rale des Antilles habit^ca
par les Fran^ais" (Paris, 1667-71, 4 vols. 4to).
Dutrochet
Dutrochet(ilu-tro-shii').Rene Joachim Henri.
Lim-ii :it NiJon. Poitou. Fiiiin'c, N..\. 14. ITTli:
(lied n( Paris, Fell. 4, 1847. A I'roiu'li pliysi-
oloRisI iind pliysii'ist. H«> wrote '• NouvcUos w-
clierclu'.s siir I'l'iiilosiiiose et I'exosiuose" (18i;8),
etc.
Dutteeah. See Datiya.
Du'UZU. ^i'" Tttmiiiu:.
Duval (ilii-viil'). Claude. Born at Doiiifront,
Noniiiiiuly, in KU:!: extcuteil .at Tyburn. Jan.
21, l()70. A noted liiKhwaynian. Plis adven-
tures I'lirin the siil)ject of a number of novels
and liallads.
Duval, Jules. Born at Rodez, Aveyron, France,
IHU: killed in Franee, Sept. 20. 1870. A French
347
Dickschiiilcl" (1882), "Wanda" (1876), " Der Bauer eiii
ftclU'lm ■■ (1877). " I>iinitrij " (1H82). These were all in-«>
tliiced at I'niifiie. He has written also a series of piano-
forte duets ".slaviache Tanze "(1S7S), a collei-tion of v(»eal D^pa ^.liy i A IpYQTiHpr
ducts"KlangeausMahriii/ ■■•ZieKcunerliediT,"ete.,"The "}l^^ V', V-,T7^ ,• i 7'
- -..,.in,ii„ ■■„■,,„.«.,■. June .iO, liilS: died at
built on piles ; and an'
of titad InintinLz.
Dyamond, or Diamond.
Dzungaria
l)ecia]ly noted for their custon)
'Zie^euneil
Spectre's Kiiile," a cantata (18s^), ".St. hudniila," an oi-ato-
rio (188tl), "Re(iuieni Mass "(1891). a symphony entitled
"From the New Wtirld" (produced at New Vork 1893), a
number of symphonies ^Xo. ;j is the best-known), concert* >s,
string quartets, songs, impromptus, intermezzos, chamber
music, etc. He has intn)duced two original liohcmian
forms, the " Dumka'" (elegy) and the "Furiant '(a scherzo)
in hi.'t symphonies and chamber nuisic.
See ViaiiKiiKl.
Born at Kdiiiburgh,
e -H), l(!ifs: (lied at London, May l"), 1869.
A British literary crilie and Sliaksperian
.scholar, lie took the degree of A. B. at (ixfonl in 1819,
entered the ministry about 1822, aliandoned the clerical
profession in 1820, and devoted himself to literature. He
edited a number of Knglish classics. iiRludiiiu' l'fele(1828-
:S39)licaiimont anil Fletclier(l!vl3-lH), anil W. lister (1830),
liut is chu-Ily known for his edition of shakspere (1857).
Dwamish (dwii'mish). A name properly be- Dyce, William. Born at Aberdeen. Scotland,
longing to a small tribe of Xorth American In
dians near Seattle, Washington, and improperly
given collectively to a number of distinct
bands in the neighborhood. See Saiisliini.
political economist. Hepublis^hed -Histoirede pwaraka (dwii'ra-ka), or Dwarka (dwiir'ka)
1 emigration europeeniie asiatique et afncaine ,„. jj ^ (jg-giit'). A tomi in (iujerat, British
an \LV|"-- siecle" (1862K etc j,,,];.^ i,/j'.„-ooo' ig' N., long. 68° 59' K.. cele-
Duveneck (du yen-ek Frank Born at Cov- ,„..,f,,,, ,,^ „,,, ,.p,i,i,,,u.o of Ki-ishna, and a sacred
ington, Kv., t)ct. 9. 184S. An American hgure- ]iiii,lu city
painter, a pupil of Dietz and of the Munich jy^^n^^ of'the Threshold, The. In Bulwer's
schools. ,.,,.. "Zanoni," a powerful and malignant being,
Duvergier de Hauranne (du-^ver-zhya' d6 o- ' ., . ... ,7
riin'), Jean. Burn at Bayonne, France, 1581: W hose form of giant mould
died at Paris, Oct. 11, 1643. A French Janseu-
ist theologian, abbe of St. Cyran
director of Port lioval iu 1635.
Duvergier de Hauranne, Prosper. Born at road accident in Vermont, Jan. 25, 1862. An
Kouen, France. .Vug. 3, 171IS: died in the Cha- American Congregational clergyman, mission-
teau Herrv, near Samerques.Cher, France, May ary to the Armenians.
19,1881. A French royalist politician and pub- Dwight, John SuUivan. Born at Boston,
Heist. He was imprisoned by Napoleon in 1851, and ban- Mass., May 13, 1813 : died at Boston, Sept.
No niort:il eye can tixed behold.
Sept. 19, 1806: died at Streathani. England,
Feb. 14, 1864. A British historical jiainter,
founder of the I'reraphaelite movemeni in the
English school of painting. Ue graduated with
the degree of A.M. at the University of Aberdeen in
1822 ; exhibited his first picture, '■ Bacchus nursed by the
Nymphs of Nyssa." at the Royal Academy, Ixuidon, in
1827 ; painted a " Madonna and child " in the Preniphael-
ite style of painting iu 1828: lived as a portrait-painter at
F.dinliurgh lsaa-37 ; was head-master of the School of De-
sign at .Somerset House, London, 1840-43 ; was appointed
professor of ilno arts in King's College, London, in 1844 ;
and painted the cartoon '■ Baptism of Etbelliert " for the
House of Lords in 184,i. Ue published "Theory of the
Fine Arts" (1841), "The National Gallery, its Formation
and ilainigenient "
: ' He became Dwight (dwit), Harrison Gray Otis. . Bom at Dyer(d?erC Sir Edward. Died in 1607. An
Conway, Mass., Nov. 22, 1803 : killed m a rail- English poet an
ished for a brief period. He published " Histoire du gou
vernement parlemeutaire en i'rance " (1S57-72), etc.
Duvemey (du-ver-ua'), Guichard Joseph.
Born Aug. 5, 1648: died Sept. 10. 1730. .\
French aii;itomist.
Duvernois (dii-ver-nwii'), Clement. Born at
Paris, April 6, 1836: died there, July 8, 1879.
A French politician and publicist.
Duvernoy (<iu-ver-nw!i'), Georges Louis.
Born at Montbeliard, France, Aug. 6, 1777:
died at Paris, March 1, 1855. A French ii.itu-
ralist , a collaborator of Cuvier.
Duveyrier (dii-va-rya'), Anne Honor e Jo-
seph : pseudonym Melesville. Born at Paris,
Nov. 13, 1787: died at Paris, Nov., 1865. A
French dramatist, a collaborator of Scribe and
others.
Duveyrier, Charles. Born at Paris, April 12,
1S93. An American musical critic, editor of
English poet and courtier. He was employed in
several embassies by Queen Elizabeth, by whom he was
knighted in l.'igti. He was the friend of R:deigb ami Sidney,
and wrote a number of pastoral odes and madrigals. He is
known chiefly as the author of a poem descriptive of con-
tentment, beginning "My mind to me a kingdom is" (set
to music iu William Byrd's "Psalmes, Sonets, and Songs,"
ir.8""
■Dwight's .Journal of Music" (published in Dyer, George. Born at Loudon, March 15. 1755:
Boston) 18.')2-S1.
D'wight, Sereno Edwards. Born at Greenfield
Hill, Conn., May 18, 1786; died at Philadelphia,
Nov. 30, 1850. An American Congregational
clergyman and author, son of Timothy Dwight :
president of Hamilton College 1833-35. He
wrote "Ihe Hebrew Wife " (1836). "Life of Edwards"
(183U), and edited Edwards's works (1829).
Dwight, Theodore. Born at Northamjiton,
Mass., Dec. 15, 1764: died at New York, June
12, 1846. An American journalist and poli-
tician, brother of Timothy Dwight. He seivcd
as P'edcralist representative from Connecticut in the 9th
died at London, March 2, 1841. An English
scholar. He graduated at Cambridge University in 1778,
and subsequently became pastor of a dissenting congrega-
tion at Cambridge. Having abandoned the clerical pro-
fession, he settled in 1792 at London, where he devoted
llimself to literature. His chief works are "History of the
University and Colleges of Cambridge "(1814) and "Privi-
leges of the University of Cambridge " (1824).
Dyer, John. Born at Aberglasney, Carmar-
thenshire, Wales, 1700 : died July 24, 17.58. An
English poet. He became vicar of Calthorp, Leices-
tershire, in 1741, and subsequently held several livings in
Lincolnshire. He published "Grongar UiH"(1727), "Ru-
ins of Koine " (1740), " The Fleece " (1757).
Hartford Convention in 1814 ; and founded about 1817 the
"New York Daily Advertiser," with which he was con-
nected until 1835.
1803 : died at Paris, Nov. 10, 1866. A French Dwight, Theodore. Born at Hartford, Conn.
dramatic author. He was an adherent of Saint
Simouisin.
Duveyrier, Henri. Born at Paris, Feb. 28, 1840 :
killed himself at Se\Tes, April 25, 1892. An Af-
rican explorer and geographer. He made a prelim-
inary tour to the .Sahara, .\taicb-April. 18.'i7. and published
valuable contriljutions to lierlier ethnology and linguis-
tics (1859). In la'iS be undertook, in the service of the
French government, bis exploration of the Sahara, which
lasted until 18tll. He did much to extend French influ-
ence. In 1874 be made another expedition to the south
nf Tunis; iu 18711 he w:ui sent on a political mission to
Morocco. Most of his works are found iu German and
French scicntitlc jonrn.als. His principal book is "Ex-
pliiration dn Sahara" (18(14).
Duxbury (duks'bu-ri). A town in Plymouth
congress, Dec. 1, 180(), -March 3, 1807; wassecretary of the Dyer, or Dyar, Mrs. Mary. Died at Boston,
Mass., Juno 1, 1660. A (Quaker fanatic. Shewas
twice banished from the Massachusetts colony on pain of
death, anil, as she persisted in returning, was hanged on
Boston Conimon.
Dyer, Thomas Henry. Bom at London, May
4, 1804: died at Bath, Jan. 30, 1888. An Eng-
lish histoi'ian. He was for some time employed as a
clerk iu the West India House, and eventually devoted
himself wholly to literatiu-e. He wrote "History of Mod-
ern Europe " (1801-64), " A History of the City of Rome "
(ISO.'i), etc.
March 3, 1796: died at Brooklyn, N. Y., Oct
16, 1866. An American author, son of Theo-
dore Dwight. He wrote a "History of Con-
necticut" (1841), etc.
Dwight. Theodore William. Born at Cats-
kill, N.Y., July 18, 1S22 : died at Clinton, N. Y.,
June 29, 1892. An American jurist. He was Dyfed (duv'ed). The old British name of the
graduated at Hamilton College. Clinton. New York, in country of the Dimeta?, a region in the south-
1S40, and was professor of municipal law in Columbia Col- ^..p^t of Wales
lege 1858-91. when be became professor emeritus. He—..' at' j_ *i ji-iiai- r^ i
published " Argument in the Court of Appeals in the Rose Dying Alexander. A head, held tO be a Greek
Will Case" (isiii), and "Cases extractedfrom the Report original of Hellenistic date, very remarkable
if the Commissioners of Charities in England, and the
Pispiisition of I'roperty for Charitable and Public Uses"
(1SIJ4).
luuly.
Massachusetts, situated on the coast Dwight, Timothy. Born at Northampton,
31 miles southeast of Boston. It is the tei-minus
of the French Atlantic cable, laid from Brest in
1869.
Duyckinck(di'kiiigk). Evert Augustus. Born
at New York, Nov. 23, bSKi: died there, Aug.
13, 1878. An American author. He published,
conjointly with his brother, a " Cyclopajdia of American
Literature " (18.ili ; suiipli-nient 1S«6).
Duyckinck, George Long. Bm-n at New York,
Oct. 17, 1823: died there, .March 30, 18()3. An
.Vmerican biographer and critic, brother of
E. A. Duyckinck.
Duyse (iloi'ze). Prudens van. Born at Den-
dornionde, I'.rlgiuin, Sept. 17, 1SI14: died at
tjheiit, Belgium, Nov. 13, 18.59. .\ Flemish poet
and essayist, curator of the archives at (iheut:
poems collected iu " Vaderlandsche I'oezv "
(1840), '-Ilet Klaverblad " (1848), etc,
Dvofik (dvor'zhiik), Antonin. BomatMUhl-
hauseii, Bohemia, Sept. 8, 1841. A noted Ho-
heniian coni])oser. In 1867 he went to Prague and
jollied the organ scliixd there. In 1873 his hymn " Die
Eriien lies Weissen Bergis" ("The Heirs of the While
Mountain "), for chorus and orchestra, brought him jironii-
ucutly Iti-fore the public. He soon received a state sti-
pend. He conducted his ".Stabat Mater" in London in
lHs:i, and In 1881 at the Worcester musical festival. In
1892 he was elected director of the National Conservatory
of Music ill New York. Among his works are the operas
" Uer Konig and der Kohler " (I'roduced in 1874), ' l)lo
Mass., May 14, 1752: died at New Haven
Conn., Jan." 11, 1817. An American Congrega
tional divine, educator, and author, a gi'and
son of Jonatlian Edwards: president of Yale
College 179.5-1817. He wrote "Theology E.xplaiucd
for the intensify of its expression of pain, and
of admirable execution.
Dying Gaul, The, formerly called The Dying
Gladiator. A celebrated anti({ue statue of
the Perganiene school, iu the Cajiitolinc Mu-
seum, Kome. The warrior, nude, sits ou the ground
with bowed head, supiiorting himself with bis right arm.
The statue is especially fine in the mastery of anat^iiny
displayed, and in its chai'acterization of the racial type.
D'wight,
Nov. 10, 1S28. An American scholar, grandson
of Timiithy Dwight (175'2-1817). He was graduated
at Vale College in 1S49 ; stndteil divinity at Vale lfi'51-55,
and at Bonn and Berlin 1.^50- .58 : became profes-^or of sacred
literature and New Testament llrcek iu the divinity school
at Yale in 1858 ; was appointed jircsident of Vale College
in 1886 ; and was a member of the .New Testament Revision
Company. He has published "The True Ideal of an
American University ' (lw72>, etc.
Dwina (dwe'uii), or D'vina (dve-nii'): called
also the Northern D'wina. A river of nortli-
ern Kussia. I'ornied by the union of the Su-
khona and Witeliegda in (he government of Vo-
logda, flowing into the Dwina Bay of the White
Sea 25 miles below Archangel. Length, includ-
ing the Witeliegda, about 1.000 miles.
Dwina, Western or Southern. See DUim.
Dyak (di'ak). [PI., also Di/nks:'] A native
race of Horueo, usually believeil to lie its alio-
rigines. Their own name is OIo-Ngaju. They are small
In stature ; are brown-haired and gray-eyed ; live in huts
Essays
raper «
la ry society of the Peace Society, il is chief work i
on the Principles of Morality" (,18-in).
Dyveke (dii've-ko, or Duveke, L. Columbula
(kol-iim'bu-la). [' Little Dove.'] Born at Am-
sterdam. 1491: died, judbably by poison, 1317.
The mistressof Christian II. of Deunnirk. Chris-
tian met her iu 1507 at Bergen, where her mother kept «
small inn. she accompanied him to Oslo as his mistress,
a relation which she maintained even after his elevation
to the throne in 15l;i, and his marriiige to Isabella, sister
of tile emperor Charles \'., in 1515. Slie has been made the
subject of a tragedy by Samsoe (ISth century), and of va-
rious novels and poems.
Dyrrhachiiun (di-ra'ki-um). Tlic Koman name
of Durazzo.
Dysart (di'-ziirt). A seaport in Fifeshire, Scot-
land, sifiiafed on the Firth of Forth 12 miles
north-uorfheast of Edinburgh. Population
(1891), .'!,022.
Dyur (ilyru). See ShiUuk.
Dzungaria. See Sungaria.
a (a'a). One of the supreme
gods of the AssjTO-Babvlo-
iiiaiis.emuneiateil ill the first
triad of the 12 great gods.
Tie is the god of the ocean and the
suhtermnean springs. As god of
the people he is also "lord of pro-
found wisdom " and counsel, and
patron of sciences and arts. His
wife was Danikina (' lady of the earth'), and both are iden-
tified with Oaos and Danke of Daraascius. Their son was
Merodach (Marduk). Tlie city of Eridu (modern Aim Shah-
rehi) was especially sacred to him. In spite of his promi-
nent place in the pantheon. Ea seems not to have held an
important position in the cult of the AssjTO-Babylouians.
£a-bani (a-a-bii'ue). One of the heroes in the
so-called Izduhar legends, or the Bahjlouian
Nlmrod epic. He is depicted as a bull-man living in
the desert Enticed l>y sensual pleasure, he comes toErech
(modern Wark.a), and'with his assistance Izdubar (or, as
his name is now read, Gilfiamesh) slays Khumbaba, the
Elamite usurper of tlie throne of Erech. But Ishtar, in
her wrath against Izdubar for refusing her love, causes
him to be stricken with a dire disease and his friend Ea-
bani to die. Izdubar betakes himself to his ancestor Pir-
napishtim, who "at the mouth of the rivers lives with the
gods," by whom he is cured of his leprosy and also en-
dowed w'ith the gift of immortality, and on his return to
Erech implores the gods for the restoration of Ea-bani to
life. His prayer is answered : Ea-bani returns from the
nether world, and relates his experiences there.
Eachard (ech'sird), John. Born in Suffolk,
1636 (?): died at Cambridge, July 7, 1697. An
English divine and satirical writer. He was chosen
master of Cathai-ine Hall, Cambridge University, in 1675,
and vice-chancellor of the uiuversity in 1679 and 1695.
He wrote " The Grounds and Occasions of the Contempt
of the Clergy and Keligion " (1670 : anonymousX etc.
Eadbald. See JEtlielhaW.
Eadbert (ed'bert), or Eadberht (e-ad'bercht),
Sabit. Bishop of Lindisfarne 6.SS : the successor
of Saiut Cuthbert.
Eadburga (ed'ber-gii), or EadbuTgh (e-ad'-
borch). Lived about 800. Daughterof Offa, king
of Mercia, and wife of Brihtrio (Beorhtric ), king
of the West Saxons. She attempted to poison a favorite
of Brilltric, but the cupwas accidentally tlrained by her hus-
band. She fled to Charlemagne, who appointed her abbess
of a nunnery, a post from which she was later dismissed for
immorality. She died a beggar in the streets of Pavia.
Eadfrid(ed'frid).orEadfrith(e-ad'frith). Died
721. Bishop of Lindisfarne 698-721.
Eadie (e'di), John. Born at Alva, Stirling-
shire. Scotland, May 9, 1810 : died at Glasgow,
June 3, 1876. A Scottish theologian and bibli-
cal critic, appointed professor of biblical liter-
ature in the United Secession Di\'iuity Hall 1843.
He wrote commentaries on Ephesians, Colossians, Philip-
pians, and (Jalatians (18.-.4-69X " Bible Oyclopa;dia "(1S16),
"The English Bible: an external and critical History of va-
rious English Translations of Scripture, etc. "(1S70), etc.
Eadmer, orEdmer (ed'mer). Diedll24(?). An
English historian, a monk of Canterbury and a
companion and intimate friend of Anselm. He
was the author of the "HistoriaXovoruni,"andof livesof
Anselm, Dunstan, and others.
Eads (edz), James Buchanan. Bom at Law-
renceburg, Iml., May 23. Is20: died at Nassau.
New Providence,Bahama Islands, March 8, 1887.
An American engineer. He designed and construct-
ed ft number of United .States ironclads and mortar-boats
for use on the Mississii>pi River during the Civil War ; con-
structed the steel arch bridge across the llississippi at St,
Louis lS«7-74 : and was subsequently employed by Con-
gress in (leepening and rendering permanent the channel
of the ilississippi liy means of jetties, according to a plan
propo-L-d by himself.
Eadward. See ICdward.
Eadvrtne. See Edwin.
Eaglehawk (e'gl-hak). A mining town in Vic-
toria. Australia, about 100 miles northwest of
Melbourne.
Eagle of Brittany, The. A surname of Ber-
traud Du Oucselin.
Eagle of Divines, The. A surname of Thomas
.•\(liunas.
Eagle of Meaux, The. A surname of Bossuet.
Eagle Pass (e'gl pas). A place in Maverick
County, southwestern Texas, on the Eio Grande
about 140 miles southwest of San Antonio.
Here the Mexican International BaUroad meets
the Southern Pacific.
Eagle's Nest. A celebrated rock, about 1,200
feet in height, among the Killarney lakes in the
county of Kerry, Ireland. Wheeler, Familiar
Allusions, p. 155.
Ealing (e'ling). A town in Middlesex, England,
9 miles west of St. Paul's, London. It is the
birthplace of Huxley. Population(1891),23,978.
Ealred of Rievaux. See Ethelred.
Eames(emz i. Emma. Bomat Shanghai, China,
1868. An American soprano singer, she made
her first appearance as Juliet in Gounod's opera "Romeo
and Juliet," at the Gnmd Opera House, Paris, in 1889 ; and
married Sir. Julian Story, Aug. 1, 1S9I.
Eamuses. See Yamasi.
Eanfled (en'fled), orEanflaed (e-iin'flad). Bom
April 17, 626. Daughter of Eadwine, king of
Northumbria, and wife of Oswiu, king of North-
umbria. She was baptized in infancy by Bishop
Paulinus, and was the first Northumbrian to re-
ceive the rite.
Eard'WTilf (e-iird'wiilf), or Eardulf (er'dulf).
Died 810. King of Northumbria 796-810. He
was driven from the throne in 808, btit was re-
stored through the influence of Charlemagne in
809.
Earine (e'rin). In Ben Jonson's play "The Sad
Shepherd," a beautiful shepherdess, beloved by
Jiiglamour.
Earle (erl). John. Born at York, England,
about 1601 : died at 0-xf ord, England, Nov. 17,
1665. An English divine, appointed bishop of
Worcester in 1662, and translated to the see of
Salisbmy in 1663. He wrote various poems ( 'On the
Death of B'eaumont, 1616," " Hortus Mertonensis, ' written
while a fellow of llerton College, etc.) and "Microcos-
mographie, or a Peece of the World Discovered in Essayes
and Characters " (1628 : anonymous), a homorooB work
which enjoyed great popularity.
Earle, John. Born at Chui-chstow, South Devon .
Jan. 29, 1824. An English scholar. Hegr.iduated
at Oxford in 1815 : became a fellow of Oriel in 1848 ; was
ajipointed professor of Anglo-Saxon in 1849 for 5 years ; and
was college tutor in 1852. He was presented to the rectory
of Swanswick, ne.ir Bath, in 1857, and was prebend of Wan-
stow in Wells Cathedral in 1871 and rural dean of Bath 1873-
1877. He was reelected professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford
in 1876, the professorship having been made permanent.
Among his works are ' ' Two of the Saxon Chronicles Paral-
lel " (1865), •• The Philology of the English Tongue "(1866),
"Book for the Beginner in Anglo-Saxon" (lS6(i), " English
Plant Names, etc."(18SOX"Anglo-SaxonLiterature"(lS*4).
"A Hand Book to the Land Charters, etc. " (ISSS), " English
Prose, etc." (1890), etc.
Earle, Pliny. Bom at Leicester, Mass., Dec.
17, 1762: died at Leicester, Nov. 19, 1832. An
American inventor. His chief invention was
a machine for making cards for cotton- and
wool-carding.
Earle, PUny. Born at Leicester, Mass., Dee.
31, 1809: died at Northampton, Mass., May 18,
1892. An American physician and -writer on
the treatment of the insane, son of Pliny Earle
( 1762-1 832). He was appointed professor of psychology
in Berkshire Medical Institution at Pittsfield, Mass., in
1852, and was superintendent of the Massachusetts State
Hospital for the Insane 1S&4-85, when he retired. Author
of ■' .\ Visit to Tliirteen .\svlums for the Insane in Europe "
(1839) and "The Curability of Insanity" (1887).
Earle, Thomas. Born at Leicester, Mass.. April
21, 1796: died at Philadelphia, July 14, 1849. An
American lawyer and writer, son of Pliny Earle.
He practised his" profession at Philadelphia many years ;
was an intluenti.al member of the State constitutional
convention in 1837 ; and was the vice-presidenti.il candi-
date of the Liberty party in 1840.
Earlom (tr'lom), Richard. Bom at London,
1743 : died there, Oct. 9, 1822. An English mez-
zotint engraver.
Early (er'li). Jubal Anderson. Bom in Frank-
lin County, Va., Nov. 3, 1816: died at Lynch-
burg, Va.."March 2, 1894. An American general.
He graduated at West Point in 1837, and served as a lien-
tenant in the Honda war 1837-38, when he resigned his
commission and became a lawyer in "V'irginia. In the war
with Mexico he ser^'ed as a major of volunteers 1S47-48.
He was appointed to a colonelcy in the Confederate ser-
vice at the beginning of the Civil "War, and commanded a
division of Lee's army at Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863. Hav-
ingbeen ordered to the valley of the Shenandoah in 1S»J,
he invaded Maryland, defeated General Lewis Wallace at
348
Monocacy Junction July 9. and threatened Washington
Jidy 11. Toward the end of July he sent a body of cavalry
on a raid into Pennsylvania, which destroyed Cluimbers-
burg. He w.as defeated by Sheridan at Winchester Sept. 19,
and at Fisher's Hill Sept. 22. He surprised the Union
forces at Cedar Creek Oct. 19 in the absence of General
Sheridan, who returned in time to rally his troops and gain
a decisive victory. He was relieved from the command in
the valley of the Shenandoah in 1865. Author of "A Me-
nioii* of the Last Year of the War for Independence in the
Confederate States " (1867).
Earn (em). A tributaiy of the Tay in Scot-
land, the outlet of Loch Earn.
Earn, Loch. A lake in western Perthshire.
Scotland, northeast of Loch Katrine. Length,
(34 miles.
Earth (erth). [Usually, but without much
))robability, referred to y/ *ar, plow.] Tin-
teiTaqueous globe which we inhabit. It is one of
the planets of the solar system, being the thu-d in order
from the sun. The figure of the earth is approximately
that of an ellipsoid of revolution or oblate spheroid, the
axes of which measure 12,7.56,506 meters and 22.71.'i.fH2
meters, or 7,926 statute miles and 1,041 yards and 7,899
statute miles and l,o23 yards, respectively, thus making
the compression 1:293. The radius of the earth, consid-
ered as a sphere, is 3,95S miles. The mean density of the
whole earth is 5.6, or about twice that of the crust, and
its interior is probably metallic. The earth revolves
upon its axis in one sidereal day, wliich is 3 minutes and
55.91 seconds shorter than a mean solar day. Its axis
remains nearly parallel to itself, but has a large but slow
gyration which produces the precession of the equinoxes.
The whole earth revolves about the sun in an ellipse in one
sidereal year, which is 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, and
9 seconds. 'The ecliptic, or plane of the earth's orbit, is
inclined to the equator by 23° 27' 12" .68 mean obliquity
for Jan. 0, 1S90, according to Hansen. The earth is dis-
tant from the sun about 9:!,000,000 miles.
Earthly Paradise, The. -A. collection of nar-
rative jioems bv William Morris, published
1868-71.
Easdale, or Eisdale (ez'dal). An island in the
Firth of Lom, west of Argyllshire, Scotland,
situated 11 miles southwest of Oban: noted
for slate quarries.
East (est), The. 1. In the Bible, the countries
southeast, east, and northeast of Palestine, as
Moab, Ammon, Arabia Deserta, Armenia, As-
syi'ia, Babylon, Parthia. The countries designated
by the term" in particular passages must be discovered
from the context.
2. The countries comprised in the Eastern or
Byzantine empire. — 3. In church liistory, the
chiireh in the Eastern Empire and countries
adjacent, especially those on the east, as "the
West" is the church in the Western Empire. —
4. One of the four gi'eat prefectures into which
the Roman Empire was di\-ided in its later
historv. It comprised the dioceses of Asia, Pontus,
the East, and Egypt, and the diocese of Thrace (from the
.Sgean to the Danube).
5. A diocese in the prefecture of the East, in
the later Roman Empire. It was somewhat
more comprehensive than S>Tia. — 6. in mod-
ern use, jVsia ; the Orient (which see).
East Africa, British. A British protectorate
in Afi-ica, flouting on the Indian Ocean from
the eqtiator to about lat. 5° S. On the northeast
and north it is bounded by the Itjdian protectorate of
SomalUand and the Italian possessions in Abyssinia (ac-
cording to treaty of 1S91). On the southwest and a<iutn
it is separated from German East Africa by Victoria
>'yanza, and by boundaries settled by agreements of 1836
and 1890. Westwai-d it extends to the Kongo Free Stlt«,
and northwestward indefinitelv. It is exploited by the
Impeii:U British East .\frica Company. The capital is
Mombasa. Area of Ibea (the part under the InipeniU
British East Africa Company) and the vague "Hinterland,
over l,0i>1.0iXi sipiare miles. See Zanzibar.
East Africa, German. A German dependency
in Africa, acquired in 1885-90, ami administered
bv an imperial governor. On the north it borders
oi) British East Africa. (See above.) It fronts on the In-
dian Ocean. Southward it is bordered by Portugti-ra«
East .-Vfrica fline settled by agreements of ISSt! and 1880),
and by the Syassaland Protectorate (settled by treaty with
Great Britain 1890). Westward it borders on the Kongo
Free State. The possessions of the sultan of Zanzibar on
the coast were purchased by the Geinians in 1890. Xn in-
surrection in 1888-90 was suppressed by Wissmann. Area,
about 380,00(1 square miles. Population, about 2.900,CXX)C*
East Africa, Portuguese. A Portuguese de-
pendencv in East Africa, formed in 1891 out
East Africa, Portuguese
of the colony of JIoz;imbique uiuler the name
of Esta<lo d'Africa Oriental. It is administered by
a cominissioner. It is IxHindeU north by Gernian East
Africa, suulh and west by the British possessions and
sjjheres of influence (deliniiteii in IslH), and by the South
AfiiL-an Keimblic. It fronts on the Inilian Ocean. Porlu-
guese settlements on the eastern coa.st of .\frica began
eaily in the lUth ccntui-j-. When the recent partition
of the counti-y hegan, Portugal came into collision with
Great llritain, but the rival claims were adjusted in 1891.
.\rea, -JOl.TOO stiualc miles. I'uliulati-'n, about 800,000.
East Africa Company, British. See Uritish
Kdxt Afririi ('iiiiijKiiiii. Impcriiil.
East Africa Company, G-erman. A German
companv founded in 1885 for the exploitation
of the Clonnan Sphere of Influence in East
.\frica.
East Anglia (est aug'gli-ii). An ancient Eng-
lish kingdom, corresponding to the modern Nor-
folk anil Suffolk. Redwald was its first historical king
(ftbont .S93-617): if 8 las^ under-king was Kdnmnd (killed
870). It formed later a part of the Danelagh, and was one
of the four earldoms of Canute.
East Anglian. A general term for the dialects
of Englaiul spoken in the eastern districts (those
northeast of London).
Eastbourne (est'bem). A watering-place in
Sussex, England, situated on the English Chan-
nel 1!) iiiiU's east of Biighton. It is strongly
fortiliiMl. Population (1891). 34,977.
East Cape (est kap). 1. A cape at the eastern
e.xtremity of Madagascar. — 2. A cape at the
eastern e.xtremity of the North Island of New
Zealand. — 3. [Kuss. rosiohlini.'] A cape in
Siberia, the easternmost headland in Asia.
projecting into Bering Strait in lat. 66° N.,
long. I(i9°4-1' W.
Eastcheap (est'chep). [ME. Estclwpc, Eastern
Market. See (lir(q)!iidc.] Origin.ally, the east-
ern market-place of the city of London, located
at the junction of Watliug street and Ermine
street. It was ([uite large, including the site of modem
Ilillingsgate and Leadenhali markets. Eastcheap is now
u small street running east and west near the northern
end of London Bridge.
East Cowes (est kouz). A small town in the
Isle of Wight, England, opposite West Cowes.
Near it is the royal residence of Osborne.
East End (est end). That part of London
which lies oast of the Bank, including a large
and tliicklv settled region noted for its poverty.
Easter Island (es'ter i'land). An island in
the eastern Pacific, west of Chile, in lat. 27°
30' S., long. 109° 30' W. It is noted for its
gigantic prehistoric statues.
Eastern Archipelago. See Mnhii/ Archipehujn.
Eastern Empire (es'tern em'plr), or Byzan-
tine Empire ibiz'an-tin or bi-zau'tin em'pir),
or Greek Empire (gi"ek em'pir): also called
the Lower Empire. The eastern division of
the Roman Empire, and. after 476, the Konian
Empire itself, with its capital at Constantino-
ple, and with greatly varying boundaries. It in.
eluded at its greatest extent southeastern Europe, western
Asia, northern Africa, part of Italy, and various isl.ands.
After SitO its rival in the West was the Empire of the
West, and the Roman Empire of the German nation.
The leading facts in its history are : foundation of Con-
stantinople a;JO A. I). ; final sei)aration of the Eastern and
Western empires on the death of 'I'heodosius, 39.') : reign
of .Justinian, .'>27-.''tl5 : reign of Heraclius (restoration of
the lloman power, duel with Persia, beginning of the
S;iracen coiu|Ue3ts). 4>10-Otl ; reign of Lett the Isaurian,
717-741 : the Maceilonian dynasty (Basil I., Oonstantine
VII., Nieephonis II.. .John I., Basil II., etc.), 867-10.'i7;
dvtiasty of Comneims (Alexius I., Crusades, Manuel I.,
etc.), 1081-118:'! ; Isaac II. (Angelas), 118.'i-!i."i ; fall of the
empire under Alexius III., conquest of i'onstantinople,
and ilivision of the empire by the Venetians and Orusa-
ders, 120;M)4 ; Latin empire at Constantinople, 1206-(J1 ;
the tireek empire continued at Nit;n;a, 12il4-<il ; the fireek
empire at Con8t;nitinoi)le reestablished tuider the <iy-
naiily lA I'alieologus, 12(J1 ; overthrow of the empire ini-
der Constantine .\1., anil capture of t'onstantinople by
the Turks under Mahomet II., 14.'»3.
Eastern Question, The. The collective name
given tci tlie several jiioblems or complications
in the international politics of Europe gro^^■ing
out of the presence of the Turkish power in
the southeast.
Eastern Rumelia (es'tern ro-me'liji). The
soMtlicni pi)rtioii (if Bulgaria. It lies south of the
Balkans, and south and east of Bulgaria proper. It was
formed by the treaty of Berlin (1878) out of rnrkisli ter-
ritory, and niaile an autonomous province with a 'I'ln-k-
ish. appointed governor-general. By the revolution of
Sept. 17, ls.'<.".. the government was overthrown, and tniion
with Bulgaria proclaimed. The new arrangement was
recognized by Turkey in 1886. The chief city is I'hilip-
pitpolis. Area, estimated, l;i,r,00 siimire miles. Popula-
tion (1.88s). !K>0,441.
Eastern States. A popular designation of the
six Xi'w England States: Maine, New Hamp-
shire. Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
and Connecticut.
Eastern Turkestan. Same as rAtst Turlccstan.
349
Eastern War. See Crimean War.
East Flanders. See Flanders, East.
East Friesland (est frez'land). A region in
the western part of the province of Hannover,
Prussia : formerly a princiiiality. It included ori-
ginally the Dutch proviiice of Groniiigen, and northern
ohienburg- It passed to Prussia in 1744, to Holland in
1807, to Hannover in ISLI, and to Prussia in IStW.
East Goths. See Ostrogoths.
Easthampton (est-hamp'ton). A manufactur-
ing town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts,
12 miles north-northwest of Springfield. It is
the seat of Willistou Seminary. Population
( 1890), 4,:i9r>.
East Hartlepool (est har'tl-pol). A seaport in
Durham, Eugland, 16 miles east-southeast of
Durham. Population (1891). L'1,.j21.
East India Company. The name of various
mercantile associations formed in different
countries in the 17th and 18th centuries fortius
purpose of couductingunderthe auspicesof the
government a monopoly of the trade of their re-
.spective countries with the East Indies, (a) The
Banish East India Company was organized in 1018 ; was
dissolved in lC'i4 ; was reorganized in 1670 ; and was finally
dissolved in 17-9, when its possessions, the chief of wliich
was lYanqucbar on the Coromandel coast, were ceded to
the government. (&) The Dutch East India ( 'ompuny was
formed by the union of several smaller trading compa-
nies March 20, 1602. It received from the state amon^ipoly
of the trade on the further side of the Strait of ilagellan
and of the Cape of Good Hope, including the right to
make treaties and .alliances in the name of the states-
General, to establish factories and forts, and to employ sol-
diers. It founded Batavia in Java on the site of a native
city in 1019, and in the middle of the 17th century held
the principal seats of commerce throughout the Indi.-m
archipelago, incluiling Ceylon, .Sumatra. Java, and Bor-
neo, and had flourishing' colonies in South Africa. It was
dissolved and its territories transferred to the state Sept.
12. 1795. (c) The English East India Company, com-
posed originiilly of London merchants, was incorporated
by Queen Elizabeth Dec. 31, 1600, under the title of "The
Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading
with the East Indies." It obtained from the court of
Delhi in 1612 the privilege of establishing a facUii7 at
Surat, which continue<l to be the chief British st:ition in
India until the organization of Bombay. In 1645 it re-
ceived permission of the natives to erect Fort St. George
at Madras. In 1661 it was invested by Charles II. with
authority to make peace and war with infidel powers,
erect forts, acquire territory, and exercise civil and crimi-
nal jurisdiction in its settlements. In 1668 it obtained a
grant of the island of Bombay, which formed part of the
dower of Catharine of Portugal. In 1675 it established a
factory on the Hugh in Bengal, which led to the founda-
tion of Calcutta. In 1749 it inaugurated, by the expul-
sion of the Rajah of Tanjore, a series of territorial con-
quests which resulted in the acquisition and organization
of British India. A government board of control was
established by Parliament in 1784, and in 1858 the com-
pany relinquished altogether its functions of government
to the crown, (rf) The French East India Company was
founded by Colbert in 1664. It established a factory at
Surat in Aug., 167.% and acquired Pondicherry, which be-
came the capital of the French possessions on the Coro-
mandel coast. It was dissolved Aug. 13, 1769, when its
territories were ceded to the crown, (e) The Swedish
East India Company was formed at Gothenburg, Sweden,
in 1741, and was reorganized in 1806.
East India United Service Club. A London
club estalilished in 1848. The club-house is at
16 St. .James's Square, Loudon.
East Indies. [Formerly sometimes .Eos* /ndw/s;
so called in distinction from the newly dis-
covered countries in America, supjiosed at first
to be remoter parts of India, and called the
il'cst Indies or ll'vst ludiiis. See ll'cst Indies.}
A vague collective name for Hindustan, Farther
India, and the Malay Archipelago.
Eastlake (est'liik), Sir Charles Lock. Bom at
Plymoulh, England, Nov. 17, 179:!: died atl'isa,
Italv, Dec. L'^, 18().'>. An English painter. lie
liveJat Rome IKKKio. and at London 1830-65; waskeejier
of the Nationiil Gallery 1843-47 ; was presidentof the Uoyal
Academy from ls5o until his death ; ami was knighted" in
1860. liis best jjainting is " Pilgrims in Sight of Home"
(1828).
East Liverpool. A town in Columbiana County,
Ohio, situated on the Ohio River 35 miles north-
west of Pittsburg. It has manufactures of pot-
tery. Pojiulation (1890), 10,9.56.
East London. A seaport in Cai)e Colon v, lat.
:v.i° -2' S.. Imig. 27° .').')' E. Population, 6,8.-)8.
East Lothian. Same as If(id<lin(jt<insliire.
East Main. A jiortion of the NortlnvesI Ter-
ritories 111 Canacla, lying east of Hudson Bay
anil west of Labradcu' proper.
East Main. A river in Canada which Hows
into .lames Bay. Longtli. about 400 miles.
Eastman (est'inan), Charles Gamage. I'-orn
at Fryebiirg, Maine, .June 1, 1816 : died tit Bur-
lington, Vt., 18(il. An American poet and jour-
Ilillist. He was for many years proprietor ami editor of
the "Vermont l^atriot," published at Moutpelier,\'ermoii(.
In 1848 he jiublished a vdiune of pitetiy.
Eastman, Mrs. (Mary Henderson). Born ,at
WarriMiliin. Va., in 1817. .\n American novel-
ist, wife of Srili I'^astmaii. Among her works arc
Eaton, Theophilus
"Dacotah"(1849),'Komanceof Indi.in Life "(1852), "Aunt
I'hillis s Cabin " (1862)," Tales of Fasluonable Life "(1856).
Eastman, Seth. Born at Brunswick, Maine,
Jan. 24.1808: died at Washington, D.C.,Aug.31,
187"). An American brigadier-general, ne was
employed (1850-5,'>) in the bureau of the commissioner of
Indian atfairs to illustrate the work entitled " History,
Condition, and Future l*rospects of the Indian Tribes of
the I'ldted States," published by order of Congress 1850-
1867.
East New York. The easternmost district of
Brookljii.
Easton' (es'ton). A city and the capital of
Northampton County, Pennsylvania, situated
at the jimction of the Lehigh with the Dela-
ware, 52 miles north of Philadelphia. It has
considerable manufactures, is the center of an iron-ore
region, and is the seat of Lafayette College. Population
(1890), 14,4SL
Easton, Nicholas. Born in England, 1593: died
at Ne%vport, K. 1., Aug. 15, 1675. A colonial
governor of Hliode Island. He came from Wales in
1634, and resided successively at Ipswich (Massachu-
setts), Newbury (.Massachusetts), Hampton (New Hamp-
shire), and Newport (Uhode Island). He was governor
of the united colonies of Rhode Island and Providence
1650-52.
Eastport (est'port). A seaport in Washington
County, Maine, situated on iloose Island in
Passamaquoddy Bay, in lat. 44° 54' N., long.
66° 59' W. It is the easternmost town of the
United .States. Population (1890). 4,908.
East Retford. A town in Nottinghamshire,
England, situated ou the Idle 22 miles east of
Shetlield. Population (1891), 10,603.
East River. A strait Ijetween New York and
Brooklyn, connecting Long Island Sound •nith
New York Bay. Length to the entrance of the Harlem,
9 miles ; to Fort'Schuylcr, 16 miles. Width between New
York and Brooklyn. \ to ^ mile.
East River Bridge. See BrooTcJyn Bridge.
East Saginaw. A eity iu Saginaw County,
Michigan, situated on Saginaw River, it is a
center of the lumber and salt trade. It is now cousoli-
dated with Saginaw (which see).
East Saint Louis. A town in Saint Clair
County, Illinois, situated on the Mississippi op-
posite" Saint Louis. Population (1890), 15,169.
East Saxons. See Saxons and Essex.
East Shore. Tlio part of Maryland which lies
east of Chesapeake Bay.
East Turkestan (also Ituown formerly as Chi-
nese Turkestan or Little Bokhara). A de-
pendency of the Chinese empire iu central
Asia. The Thian-Shan Mountains separate it from Asi-
atic Russia : sungaria lies on ilie north ; the Kwen-Lun
Mountains separate it frrmi Tibet and Kashmir on the
south ; and the Pamirs and Asiatic Russia are on the
west The chief river is the Tarim ; the chief eity, Yar-
kand. It forms the Chinese Lu, or southern circuit of
Hi. Length, about 1,250 miles. Area, 431,800 square
miles. Population, estimated, 580,0*30.
Eastward Ho! A comedy written chiefly by
Chapman and Marston, with contributions by
Jonson. It was written and acted during the winter
of 1604-06, and was entered upon the Stationers' Register
Sept. 4, 1605. The aiUhors were imprisoned for satirizing
the Scots in,this play, and sentenced to have their ears and
noses split, .lonson, though not resptmsible for the ob-
noxious passages, gave himself up with his friends. At a
feast given by him after their delivery, his mother drank
to his health and exhibited a package of "lusty, strong
poison" which, had the sentence of nuitilation been ciu--
ried out, she was io " have niixt in the prison among his
drink," and to have first drnnk of it herself (rani/). The
play was revived iu 1751 as "The lYentices," and In 1775
as "GUI City Manners."
Easy (e'zi), Sir Charles. The " careless hus-
band "in Cibber's comedy of that name, neis
dissolute and lazy, but not entirely vicious, and is fln^Uly
brought back to the path of virtue by Lady Easy, his wife.
She makes it a i>oint never to ruffle him with jeiUousy.
Easy, Midshipman. See.l/r. Midshipman Ea.<t!i.
Eaton (e'ton), Daniel Cady. Bom at Fort
Cratiot, Mich., Srpl. 12. ]8:!4: died at New Ha-
ven, .lune 29, l.s!l.">. An American botanist,
granilson of .\nios Eaton. He graduated in ISIi? at
Yale College, in which institution he became professor of
b.itany in iM;4. lie published " Ferns of the Smlthwest"
(" I'niteil States (ieological Survey," Vol. VI, 1878) and
" Kerns of N..rth .\me>ic:i " lls7S-70y.
Eaton, (Jeorge W. Born at Henderson. Hun-
tingdon Comitv, Pa., .Inly 3. 1804: died at
Hamilton, N. Y., .\ug. 3, 1872. An American
edticator and Baptist clergyman. He w
dent of Madison Cmvcrsity lllainilton) ls.16-6i
Hamilton Theological Semimuy 1861-71.
Eaton, Nathaniel. Died in London after KiliO.
Till' lirst head-niasler of Harvard College. He
was ajipointed in \(a^. In 1«.M) lie was lined lixi marks
for gross brutality to one of his ushers, Nathaniel Briscoe,
whereupon be lied to N'irginia, leaving debts to the
;uoollnt ..f ,tl,(100.
Eaton, Theophilus. Died at New Haven,
Conn., .Ian. i, 1()58. First governor of the
eolonv of New Haven. He came in 10.'!7 from Lon-
ilonto"New England with .lohn Davenport, whom ho as-
as presi-
16-68, and of
Eaton, Theophilns
Slated in the purchase of Quinipiuk in-na the Indians as a
8it« for the colony of New Haven, which w;i8 planted in
1638. In 1639 he was elected governor of the colony, which
post he retaiiied until his death.
Eaton, William. Born at Wood.stock, Conn.,
Feb. 23, ITW : tiled at Brimfield, Mass., June 1,
1811. An American officer and adventurer,
consul at Tunis 1799-1803. He was subsequently
appointed United States naval agent to the Barbary states,
and during the Tripolitari w:u- organized a movement
among the natives to restore Haruet. the brother of the
reigning pa.«ba, Vussuf far.mialli With the assistance
of the American squadron he took Derne in 18(15, and was
about to march on Tripoli when peace was concluded in
1806 between the United States and the reigning bey.
Eaton, Wyatt. Born at Philipsbnrg. Canada,
May G. 1849: died at Newport. R. I.. June 7, 1896.
An American figure and portrait painter. He
studied at the National Academy of Design in New York,
and with (lerome in Paris.
Eau Claire (6 klar). [F.. 'clear water.'] A
city ill Kau Claire County, Wisconsin, situated
on the Chippewa Kiver 83 miles east by south
of St. Paul. It has an important lumber trade.
Pcipiilation (1890). 17,415.
EaviX Bonnes {6 bon). [F.,' good waters.'] A
watering-place in the department of Basses-
Pyrenees, France, about 28 miles south of Pau.
It is noted for its springs (chloridof sodium).
Eauze ( 6z). A town in the department of Gers,
France. 29 miles northwest of Auch. It is on
the site of the Roman Elusa. Population (1891),
commune. 4,110.
El)al (e'bal). A mountain in Palestine, form-
ing the northern side of the fertile valley in
which Ues Nablus, the ancient Shechem. Mount
Ebal rises to the height of 2,986 feet (or, according to some,
3,077 feet). I-'rom Ebal the curse Un disobedience to the
law was pronounced, the blessing for obedience being
given from ilount Gerizim, which lies opposite on the
south of the valley. Upon Ebal Joshua erected the first
altar to Jehovah after conquering Canaan. Its modern
.Arabic name is Jebel Eslamiyab.
Ebbsfleet (ebz'flet). A hamlet in the Isle of
Thanet. Kent, England, 3| miles west-south-
west of Ramsgate. It was the landing-place of
Hengist and Horsa in 449, and of St. Augustine in 597.
Sbel (a'bel). Hermann Wilhelm. Bom at
Berlin, May 10, 1820: ilied at JUsdroi, Pom-
erania, Prussia, Aug. 19, 1875. A German
philologist, especially distinguished in Celtic
philology: professor at Berlin from 1872. His
chief work is a revision of Zeuss's "Grammatica
celtiea"' (1871).
Ebeling (a'bel-ing). Adolf. Born at Hamburg,
Oct. 24, 1827: died July 23, 1896. A German
writer. He traveled in Brazil; lived in Paris as a teacher
and newspaper correspondent till 1870 ; and then lived suc-
cessively in Diisseldorf, Cologne, Metz, Cairo, and Cologne.
His works include *" Lebende Bilder aus dem moderaen
Paris " (1866-76), " BUder aus Cairo " (1878), etc.
Ebeling, Christoph Daniel. Born at Garmis-
sen. near Hildesheim. Prussia, Nov. 20, 1741:
died at Hamburg, June 30, 1817. A German
geographer. He contributed to Biisching's
"Erdbeschreibuug" the volumes on America
(1794-1816).
Ebelsberg (a'belz-bero), orEbersberg (a'berz-
bero). A small place in Upper Austria, on the
Traun southeast of Linz. where the French in
May, 1809, defeated the Austrians.
Ebenezer(eb-e-ne'z&r). [Heb., 'stone of help.']
A stone set up by Samuel, after a defeat of the
Philistines, as a memorial of divine aid.
Eber. See Btber.
Eberbach (a'ber-biich). A smaU town in Baden,
i>u thi- Neckar 14 miles east of Heidelberg.
Eberhard (a'ber-hiirt) I. Boi-n Dec. 11, 1445:
died Feb. 24. 1496. First Duke of Wiirtembcrg,
1495. He consolidated the country, framed its
constitution, and established the University of
Tubingen (1477).
Eberhard, Christian August Grottlob. Bom
at Helzig, Prussia. Jan. 12. 17G9: died at Dres-
den, May 13. 1S45. A German poet and prose-
writer. He wrote '■ Hannchen und die Kiichlein " (1&"22 :
a domestic idyl), " Der erste Mensch und die Erde " (1»28),
etc.
Eberhard, Johann August. Bom at Halber-
stadt, Prussia. .Vug. 31. 1739: died Jan. 6. 1809.
A German philosopher, professor at Halle from
1778. He published "Neue Apologie des Sok-
rates" (1772K etc.
Eberhard, Konrad. Bom at Hindelang, Ba-
varia, Nov. 25, 1768: died at Munich, Mardi
13, 1859. A German sculptor. His most nota-
ble works are at Munich.
Eberl Ti'berl). Anton. Horn at Vienna, June
13. 17(36: iliert IlKie. March 11, 1807. A Ger-
man pianist and composer.
Eberle (eb'er-le). John. Born at Hagerstown.
Md., Dec. 10. 1787: died at Lexington. Ky.,
350
Feb. 2, 1838. An American physician and
medical writer.
Ebers (a'bers), Carl Friedrich. Bom at Cas-
sel, March 20, 1770: died at Berlin, Sept. 9,
1836. A German musical composer.
Ebers, Emil. Bom at Breslau, Dec. 14, 1807:
died at Beutheu on the Oder, 1884. A German
painter.
Ebers, Georg. Born at Berlin, March 1, 1837.
A German Eg^-ptologist and novelLst. He first
studied jurispradeuce at Gottingen, then Oriental lan-
gu.iges and archteology at Berlin. In 1865 he became do-
cent in Egyptian language and antiquities at the Univer-
sity of Jena ; in 1870 he was called to Leipsic as professor
in the same field. His first work. "Agypten und die
Biicher Moses "('* Egypt and the Books of Moses"), ap-
peared 1867-68. In 1S69-70 he made a journey to Egypt,
which was repeated in 187*2-73, when he discovered the
so-called " Papyrus Ebers, " published in 1S74 under the
title " Papyrus £., ein hieratisches Haudbuch der agyptis-
chen Medizin." " Duivh Gosen zum Sinai" ("Through
Goshen to Sinai ") appeared in 1872 ; "iAgypten in Wort und
Bild"(" Egypt in Word and Picture ")in 1S78. Among his
romances are '"Eine agyptische Konigstochter " ("An
Egyptian Princess," 1864), " tarda " (1877), ' Homo Sum "
(1878), "DieSchwestem" ("The Sisters," 1880), " Der Kai-
ser" ("The Emperor," 1881), "Serapis" (1885), "Die Nil-
braut " (1887), " Joshua " (1889), etc.
Eberswalde (a'berz-val-de). A town in the
prorince of Brandenburg. Prussia, 28 miles
northeast of Berlin. Population (1890), 15,977.
Ebert (a'bert), Adolf. Bom at Cassel. Prussia,
June 1, 1820: died July 1, 1890. A German
Romance philologist, professor at Leipsic from
1862.
Ebert, Friedrich Adolf. Bom at Taucha, near
Leipsic, July 9, 1791: died at Dresden. Nov.
13. 1834. A German bibliographer. He was li-
brarian at Wolf enbiittel (1823). and later ( 1825) at Dresden.
His principal work is an "' Allgemeines bibliographisches
Lesikon " (1821-30).
Ebert. Karl Egon von. Bom at Prague, Bohe-
mia, June 5, 1801 : died there, Oct. 24, 1882. A
German poet.
Ebingen (a'bing-en). A town in the Black
Forest circle, Wiirtembcrg. Population (1890),
6.864.
Ebionites (e'bi-on-its). [From LL. Ebionitse.
pi., Gr. 'E.iiuvaioi, from Heb. 'ebyonim (pi. of
'cbijihi), lit. "the poor'; the origin of the appli-
cation of the name is uncertain.] A party of
Judaizing Christians which appeared in the
church as early as the 2d century, and disap-
peared about the 4th century. They agreed in (a)
the recognition of Jesus as the Messiah. (6) the denial of
his divinity, (c) belief in the universal obligation of the
Mosaic law, and (d) rejection of Paul and his writings.
The two great divisions of Ebionites were the Pharisaic
Ebionites, who emphasized tlie obligation of the Mosaic
law, and the Essenic Ebionites, who were more speculative
and leaned toward Gnosticism.
Eblis (eb'lis), or Iblis (ib'lis). In Arabian my-
thology, the chief of the evil spirits. Beckford
introduces him in " Vathek." See A^a:el.
His person was that of a young man whose noble and
regular features seemed to have been tarnished by malig-
nant vapours. In his large eyes appeared Iwth pride and
despair ; his flowing hair retained some resemblance to
that of an angel of light. In his hand, which thunder had
blasted, he swayed the iron sceptre that causes the mon-
ster Oiii"anabad, the Afrits, and all the powers of the
abyss to tremble. Beckford, Vathek, p. 192,
Eblis, Hall of. See the extract.
In the midst of this immense hall, a vast multitude was
incessantly passing, who severally kept their right hands
on their hearts [which were on fil-e], without once regard-
ing anything around them. They had all the livid paleness
of death. Their eyes, deep sunk in their sockets, resem-
bled those phosphoric meteors that glimmer by night in
places of interment Some stalked slowly on, absorbed in
profound reverie; some, shrieking with agony, ran furiously
about, like tigers wounded with poisoned arrows; whilst
others, grinding their teeth in rage, foamed along, more
frantic than the wildest maniac. Beckford, Vathek, p. 191.
Eboli (a'bo-le). A town in the province of Sa-
lerno, Italv, 45 miles east-southeast of Naples.
Population (1881). 9.089.
Eboli, Princess of (Anna de Mendoza). Bom
in June, 1540: died at Pastrana, Spain. Feb.
2. 1592. Daughter of Don Diego Hurtado de
Mendoza, viceroy of Peru, and mistress of
Philip II. of Spain. She married in 1559 the favorite
Rui (iomez de Silva, prince of Eboli. \\ hile mistress of
the king she sustained similar relations to the minister
Antonio Perez. She was. in coTisequence of a jM^litical in-
trigue, betrayed by Escovedo, the secret agent at the court
ttf Don John of Austria. Escovedo being murdered stwin
after by Perez, she was suspected of complicity in the
crime, and was banished from court in 1579. She figures
as one of the characters in .Schiller's "Don Carlos."
Eboracum (e-bor'a-kum ), or Eburacum ( e-bur'-
a-kum). The Roman name of York.
Eburacum is the spelling given in the Itinerary of An-
toninus, in Ptolemy, and in the geognipher of Itavenna,
while an inscription formerly found in York, hut not prr-
served. as well as the Koman hist*trians who mention this
place, call it Eboracum. The weight of authority, Imw-
Echidna
ever, seems to be turned in fa^ our of the former by an iu-
scription more recently discovered, and certaiidv reading
EBVR. Wriyhl, Celt, p. 128.
Ebrard (a'brart), Johann Heinrich August.
Born at Erlangon, Bavaria, Jan. 18. 1818: died
there. July 23, 1888, A German clergyman of
the Reformed Church, and theological and
miscellaneous writer.
Ebro (a'bro). \\j. Iberus,Y. 6bre.'\ A river in
Spain which rises iu the province of Santander
and flows into the MediteiTaneau in lat. 40° 42'
N., long. 0° 51' E. Length, about 440 miles.
Saragossa is situated on it.
Ecbatana (ek-bat'a-nii), or Agbatana (ag-
bat'a-nii), or Achmetlia (iik'me-thii). [An-
cient Persian Hauijmatdnn ; in Babylonian in-
scriptions Agamatanu or Ayamtanu ; modem
Hamaddn.} The capital of Media. built. accord-
ing to fable, by Semiramis. it was captured and
plundered by Cyrus in 550 B. c. , and was used by the Per-
sian monarchs as a summer residence. Alexander the
(ireat spent some months there in ;^24 B. c. It is men-
tioned in the Bible (Ezra vi. 2) as the place in which the
decree of Cyrus permitting the Jews to rebuild the temple
was found. Hamadan is one of the most important cities
of modern Persia.
Eccard (ek'kiird), Johannes. Born at Milhl-
hausen, Thuringia, in 15,53 : died at Berlin in
1611, A Gennan musician, noted as a com-
poser of church music. In 1589 he was made kapell-
meister to the margrave of Brandenburg at Konigsherg;
in 1608 he was given the same position under the Kurf iirfit
at Berlin. He wrote both sacred music and songs.
Ecce Homo (ek'se ho'mo). [L.. 'behold, the
man!'] The name given (from the words of
Pilate) to representations of Chi-ist with the
crown of thorns. Among the best-known paintings
of this subject is one by Titian (1543). in the ImperCftl
Gallery at Vienna, Chrfct, bleeding and crowned with
thorns, is led out from the palace above a fiight of steps
by soldiers. Below are a mocking comp.'my of soldiers
and people, in which a portrait of the sultan Suliman is
conspicuous.
Ecce Homo : A Survey of the Life and Work
of Jesus Christ, The cliief work of Professor
.lohn Robert Seeley of Cambridge, England. It
was first published anonymously in 1865. It created much
excitement among various Protestant denominations, and
elicited a number of replies.
Eccelino da Romano. See E^xeUno da Ilo-
maiii),
Ecclefechan (ek-l-feeh'an). A village in Dum-
fries. Scotland, 13 miles east of Dumfi-ies. It
is noted as the bu-thplace of Thomas Carlyle.
Ecclemach. See Eslen.
Ecclesfield (ek'lz-feld). A manufacturing town
iu Yorkshire, England, near Sheffield.
Ecclesiastes, or The Preacher. [Gr. ciiK?.riat-
aariKoi;, a member of the ecclesia (cKK/j/aia), an
ecclesiast: a translation of Heb. qaheleth.^ A
book of the Old Testament, commonly ascribed
to Solomon, but probably of later date.
Eccleston (ek'lz-ton), Samuel. Born in Kent
County, Md,, June 27, 1801; died at George-
town, D. C, April 21. 1851. An American prel-
ate of the Koman Catholic Church. He became
archbishop of Baltimore in 1834.
Ecclesiazusae (ek-kle-zi-a-zii'se). A comedy of
Aristophanes, exhibited in 392 B. c. in it the
women meet in parliament (whence the name), and de-
cide to take control of the state, with community of gouda
and husbands. The play is inferior in literary quality,
and is marked by obscenity.
Ecgberht. See Egbert.
Ecneetee. See Bitchiti.
Echeloot (e'che-lot). A tribe of the Upper
Chinook di\"ision of North American Indians,
first encountered by Lewis and Clarke near
the Dalles of the Columbia River, and probably
extinct. See C'hiiionlaii.
Echenique (a-cha-ne'ka), Jos6 Buflno. Bom
at Puno, 1808: died at Arequipa. Oct. 18, 1879.
A Pcni^nan general and statesman. He served
under Santa Cruz, but after the defeat at Yungay (Jan.,
Ia39) he gave his allegiance to Gamarra. Iu 1S43 he wa«
one of the leaders of the revolt against Vivaneo. He wa»
elected president of Peru April 20, 1851, Revolts against
him, l>cginning iu 18.5:1. resulted in his defeat by Castilla
and exile, Jan., 1855. He returnetl in 1862 ; aided in the
defense of Callao in 1886 ; and was again a presidential can-
didate iu 1872.
Echeverrla (a-eha-va-re'ii), Est^ban. Bom
in Buenos A_\Tes. 1809: died at Montevideo,
1851. An Argentine poet. He published lyrical
poems and others, including "La Cautiva," "El Angel
Caido, ' and "Elvira." He was banished by the dictator
Rosas.
Echeverria, Francisco Javier. Bom in Jalai)a,
July 2.5. 1797 : died at Mexico, »t'\>t. 17. 18.52. A
Mexican financier. Ue was secretai-y of the treasury
in 18,34. again in 18.18, and finally from l>39 to 1S41. In
1839 be succeeded in funding the Me.viean debt. He was
actjn;r president for a short time in 1*41.
Echidna (e-kid'nii). [Gr. "Ev"'"".] In Greek
mythology, a monster half maiden, half ser-
Echidna
pent, daughter of Chrysaur aud Callirrhoo {or of
Tartarus aiiiKic), and mother of the Chimn'ras,
the Sphinx, Cerberus, ami other mousters. Slie
was shiiii by Argos while sleeping.
Echinades{e-kin'a-dez). In aneient geograpliy,
a group of islands west of Afaniauia in Ureeeo,
situated about lat. 38° 25' N., now reunited, iu
part, to the mainland.
Echo(ek'6). [Gr. 'll^<j.] In Greek mythology,
a nyniph who by her prattling prevented Hera
from sui-prising her husband Zeus in the eom-
pany of the nymphs. The godilras puniahcd her by
condemiiiiiK lier never to speak iirst and never tu be silent
when any one else spoke. She pined away to a bodiless
voice (echo) for love of Narcissus.
Echo Canon (ek'o kau'ypn). A remarkable
eaiion in the Wahsateh Mouutaius iu nnrthern
L'tah, traversed by the Union Paeitie Railroad.
Echo Lake. The mime of various small sheets
of water, (a) A lake in New Hampshire, in the Kran-
coniu Niitrh, (h) A lake near North Conway, New liamp-
shire.
Echternach (eeh'ter-nileh). A town iu LiLxem-
burg, ou the Sure 18 miles northeast of Iju.\-
emburg. It has a noted abbey church. The yearly
religious *' dancing-procession, '" or dance-feast, held at
Whitsuntide, is celebrated. It originated in a super-
Btitious effort to prevent a return of an epidemic of St.
Vitus's dance which visited the place in the 8th century.
Echuca (e-eho'kii). A town iu Victoria, Aus-
tralia, at the junetiou of the Campaspe and
Murray.
Ecija (a'the-Ha). A city in the province of Se-
ville, Spain, situated on the Jenil 47 miles east-
northeast of Seville : the Roman Astigi or
Augu.sta Firraa in Ba^tiea. Pojjulatiou (1887),
23,615.
Eck (ek). Johann von (originally Maier or
Mayr). Born at Eck, Bavaria, Nov. 13, 1486:
died at Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Feb. 10, 1543. A
German theologian, one of the most active op-
ponents of Luther and the Reformation. He be-
came professor of theology at Ingolstadt in 1510. He dis-
puted at Leipsic with Karlsta<lt and Luther in 1519, and
procured the papal bull against Luther in l.'i'ZO.
Eckermann (ek'er-mUn), Johann Peter. Born
at Winsi'ii, Hannover, Sept. 21, 1792: died at
Weinuir, Dec. 3, 1854. A German writer, a
friend and literary executor of Goethe. He is
kTiowTi chiefly from his "Gesprache mit Goethe" (**('on-
versatioria with Ooethe," 1836-18).
Eckersberg (ek'erz-bero), Christopher Wil-
helm. Born at Varniis, near Apcurade, Schks-
wi^, Jan. 2, 1783: died at Copenhagen, July 22,
1853. A Danish historical, portrait, and marine
painter.
Bckert (ek'ert), Thomas Thompson. Bora at
St. Clairsville, Ohio, .\pril 23, 1825. An Ameri-
can telegraphist. He organized the militiu-y telegraph
service of the I'nited States in l»(i*2 ; was brevettcd briga-
dier-general in l.Sti.'i ; was jissistant secretary of war 18Ct>-
I^tJT; and became president of the .Atlantic and Pacific
Telegraph 4'ompany in 1875, president of the American
' nion 'lelegrajih Company in 1880, and vice-presitient an<l
irciieral nninager of the Western Tnion Telegraph Com-
[latiy in 1M^1, and jiresidi-nt in IS'.-S.
Eckford (ek'ford), Henry. Born at Irvine,
Scotland, Marcli 12, 1(7."): died at Constantino-
ple, N'ov. 12, 1832. An American ship-builder.
lie came to New York city in 17!»! ; was employed by the
I'nited States government t<i ctnistruct ships of war on
the Great Lakes during the Way of 1812 ; was apixdnted
naval conHtructi>r in the Tniteil States navy-yard at Brook-
lyn in lH-20; and in lH:tl became chief naval constructor
for the llttonian empire.
Eckhardt (ek'hiirt), or Eckart, The trusty.
[G. rlir Iri lie IC<'l,liiinll.'\ An old man iu Ger-
man traditionary lore, in the legend of Fran
Hollo or llolde (Venus). He appears in the Mans-
fcid country on the evening of Maundy Thursday with ii
white staff toaave the people fi-om the furious host which
travels in Holies train. His ilnlies differ in different
traditions. Sometimes he is the i-omiianion of Tannhan-
■er, and has even been considered to be the same person.
He is also said to be in the service f»f lioUe, and to sit out-
side the Veiuisberg to warn passing knights of the dan-
gwa therein, to which the enamoured Tanidiauser had
abandoned himself. He is als(j doomed to abide at the
Vonuslierg till tin- judgment.
Eckhart, or Eckart, or Eckardt: generally
styleii Meister. Born, probnblv at Strasburg,
about 12li(l: dicrl about 1328. The founder of
German mystic ism. lie was accused of luTcay in i:«7,
but deided the (-barge and appealed to the I'opt;, who de-
clared in li-lll (bull '■ In Co-na Domini," March 27) that
Eckhart's doctrines were partly heretical.
Eckmiihl (ck'miil >, nr Eggmlihl. A village of
Lower I'.nvariii, sitiinted nn the Grosse Labor
13 fniles soiitli-siiiilheasi of Katisbon. Here.
April ^^■:, i.snii. Napoleon def(!atecl the Anstrians nniler
the arch.lukrCliarlci, Kor his fiart in the battle Duviait
was cri'at,-il prince of Kekmnhl,
Bclemach. See Kslm.
Eclipse (o-Ulips'). [So iiauo'd because ho was
foalod during I he eclipse of I7(i4."l A famous
race-horse, a desceudaut, in the male line, of
351
the Darley Arabian. He was a chestnut horse with
a tjlaze and one white leg. Americau Eclipse was an
American horse foaled iu 1S14.
Eclympasteyre. A name given by Chaucer in
■•'I he Book of the Duchess" to the heir of Mor-
pheus, the god of sleep.
" Morpheus, and Eclympasteyre
That was the god of slepea heyre."
It is supposed to be a name of his own invention. Frois-
siu-t uses the s;une name in his " Paradis d'Amour,"but
he is merely copying Chaucer. Skeat.
Ecnomus (ek'uo-mus). [Gr. "E/cro/iof.] A hill
near t he modern Licata. southern coast of Sicily.
Here, 311 B. c, the Carthaginians defeated the Syracusau
tyrant .Agathocles. Near here, 256 B. c, the Roman fleet
defeated the Carthaginians.
£cole des Femmes, L' (la-kol' da fam'). [F.,
■ The S(-ho(il of Wives.'] A comedy by Moliire,
produced Dec. 2(), 1062.
£cole des Femmes, Critique de 1". [P.,' Cvi-
tiquc (if the School of Wives.'] A play by
Moli(-r(', retorting on the critics of his play, and
l>articiilarly the critical marquis, his favorite
iiiitl, produced June 1, 1663.
Ecole des Maris, L' (la-kol' d-a ma-re'). [F.,
' The School of Husbands.'] A comedy by Mo-
liere, produced in 1661. Sganarelle, as the guardian
of a yoiuig girl, is the hero of this play, the plot of which
is itartly taken from Terence, Boccaccio, and Lope de Vega.
Ecole Polytechnique. A French school of
technology, founded by decree of the Conven-
tion, March 11, 1794. From its origin and object of its
foundation it w;(h dcvittcd to instruction in purely scien-
tifle and te. Iiiiii al branches, such as artillery, military
and civil engineering, the building of roads and bridges,
ship-building, etc. There were at first 360 students, and
the course was 3 years. The number was later decreased
to 200, and the term shortened to 2 years. After gradua-
tion the students choose between a military and a civil
ciu-eer. The military students go to the Ecole d'Appli-
cation at Metz for 2 years, after which they enter the
army as lieutenants. The others enter various special
schools in Paris, such as the Ecole des Ponts et Chauss^es,
Ecole Sp^ciale des Mines, Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manu-
factures, Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, etc.
Economy (e-kon'o-mi). A township 17 miles
northwest of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania : the seat
of a community of Harmonists. Population
(1890), 1,029.
Ecorcheurs (a-kor-sher' ), Les. Bands of armed
adventurers who, favored by the Hundred
Years' War, ravaged France and Belgium in
the 15th eentury.beginning about 1435. Among
their leaders wereVillandras and Crabannes the Bastard.
They were called Ecorcheurs, or flayers, probably because
Ihey *' not only waylaid and plundered their victims, but
stripped them of every vestige of clothing, leaving them
n(jthing but their shirts,"
Serins (ak-rau'), Barre des. The highest peak
of the Pelvoux range, in the Alps of Dau-
phin('-, France. Height, 13,460 feet.
Ecselen. Sec iCsUn.
Ecstatic Doctor. A surname of Ruysbroeck.
Ector (ek't()r), or Hcctor, Sir. In the Arthui--
iaii romance, a faithful knight who with his wife
brouglit up tlie infant Arthtu'. He was the
father of Sir Kay.
Ector, or Hector, de Maris, Sir. In Arthurian
romance, the brother of Sir Lancelot. He mourned
his death with a bitter lament, and afterward went with
Sir Bois and sevefi other knights to the Holy Laud, where
they died on a Good Friday.
Ecuador (ek'wa-dor; Sp. pron. a-kwa-dor').
fSp. Ilipiiblira <l(t Ecuador, Republic of the
10(|uator.] A republic of South America, lying
iietween Colombia ou the north, Peru on the
south, afid the Pacific Ocean on the west. East-
ward its claims extend to the confines of Brazil, but Co-
iomliia and Peru dis]>nte all the territory to the eastern
liase of the Andes. At present (1.SH4) the actual jurisdic-
tion of Ecuador extends to aluait long, 73^ W., on the river
Napo, and does not inclinle any part of the Marafion or
upper Amazon. The country is traversed from north, to
S(nith by the Andes, which form a coutinuous eastern
range and a roughly parallel but much broken western
range, e(Uitaining some of thehighest peaks iu S((Uth Amer-
ica and numerous volcanoes. Between the mountains there
are several high table-lands <)r l)aain8. The coast regions
and those east of the mountidns are low, hot, and covered
in great piu't with forest. The principal products and ex-
ports are cacao, hides, sugar, and rubber. The inhabitants
are whites (of Spanish descent), Indians, and mixed races.
The executive is vested ill a president elected for 4 years,
and congress consists of 2 chambers. Tlu'r(^ arc 16 prov-
inces la-sides the iJalapagos Islands. The Kniiian Catho-
lie is the state religion, and the only one tolerated. Capi-
tal. ()iiito. At the time of the con(iuest, the greater piu'f
of Ecuador was subject to the Incas of Peru, It wjui con-
(jucre'l by the Spaniards 15;i:f-34, and under the name (»f
Kingdom of t)uif<( was a presidency attached to the vi(a'-
royalty of I'l-rn. The Spanish rulers being expelled with
the aid of liolivar t,s-2:i--J3, the emintiy was united to tic
Coloinbiaii Confederation until lu;tO, when it seceded and
adopted its present liann;, Sineethen It has suffered great-
ly from politicid rc\()lulions. Area in jurisdiction, about
],''>5,(l()0 s((iiare miles ; clainied, 27.'i,tKM square miles. Popn-
lalioii. about I LU'iO.iMlO.
Edam (e'dam). A town iu the province of
Eden, William
North Holland, Xetherlaiids, situated near the
Zuider Zee 11 miles northeast of Amsterdam.
It is noted for its cheese. Population (1891)
6,424.
Etlda (ed'a). [ON. Jidda, poetics. Etymolo-
gically eoniieetod with ON. odlir, poetry, meter,
mind, .soul.] A work written (in prose and
verse) by Suorri Sturlusou (born 1178: died by
assassination 1241), containing the ohl mythol-
ogy of ScatnUuavia and the old rules lor verse-
making; also, a collection of ancient Icelandic
poems. The name Edda (whether given by Snorri him-
self is not known) occurs in the inscription of one of the
manuscripts of the work. Snon-i's Edda :\s it was origi-
nally written consisted of three parts : the Gylfaginning
(delusion of Gylfi), an epitome of the old niytludogy ;
Skaldskaparinal (art of poetry), an explanation of poetical
expressions and periphrases ; and Hattatal (list of meters),
a laudatory p(jem on the Norwegian kitig Hakon Hakons-
son, and Jarl Skuli. in which all forms of verse used in the
old poetry are exemplified. To this was ultimately added
a Fonnali (preface), and the Bragaroedhur (sayings of
Hragi), describing the origin of poetry, and in some manu-
scrijits Thulur, or a rimeil glossal^ of synonyms, lists of
poets, etc. The work was intended as a handbook of
poets. In the year 1643 the Icelandic bishop Brynjulf
SveiuBson discovered a collection of old mythological
poems which was erroneously ascribed to Siemund Sig-
fnsson (horn 10,^)6: died 1133), and hence called from him
.Steinumlar Edda hins Krodha. the Edda of Sa;mund
the Learned. The poems that compose this Edda are of
unknown origin and authorship. They are supposed to
have been collected about the middle of the 13th century,
but were composed at widely different periods down from
the 9th century, to the first half of which the (ddest is to
be assigned : hence the name now given to this collec-
tion, the Elder or Poetic Edda, in tiistinction from the
Younger or Prose Edda of Snon-i, to which alone the
name Edda legitimately belonged. The Elder Edda ia
usually considered to include 32 poems (some of them
fragmentary), 29 of which are in Brj-njulf's MS,, the Co.
dcx Kcgius of the Edda, and three from other sources.
Eddystone (ed'i-ston) Rocks. [' WHiirlpool
rocks,'] A reef in the English Chaunel, south
of Cornwall, in lat. 50° 10' 49' N., long. 4° 16'
W, On them a famous lighthouse was erected 1696-99,
and has been rebuilt in 170U, 1766-.'i9,and 1879-82. In the
present structure the light (159,600 candle-power) is 133
feet above the sea, and can be seen for 17A miles.
Eden (e'den). [Traditionally derived from
Heb. 'edcii, delight, pleasure, probably con-
nected with Babylonian edinii, field or park.]
In biblical history, the name of the first abode
of mtin, in the midst of which a garden, the
garden of Eden (the "paratiise"), was planted.
The position of Eden is described in Gen. ii, 8 If. by four
rivers that go out from it, and by the countries they sur-
round or pass in their course. Of these two, the Euphrates
and Tigris (Hebrew Perath and Hiddekel), are the well-
known rivers of Mesopotamia ; the other two, Pishon and
Gihon.have been identified with various streams. One of
the latest hypotheses, that of Friedrich Delitzsch, assumes
that the narrator iu Genesis thought Eden located near
the city of Babylon and meant by the rivers Pishon and
Gihon two cana'ls: he also attempts to identify the coun-
tries mentioned in this passage with teiTitories in that
region. It is generally agreed that the description iu
Genesis alludes to the Mesoitotaniian valley.
Eden. A river in Westmoreland aud Cumber-
laud, England, which flows into Sohvay Firth
8 miles northwest of Carlisle. There are other
small rivers of this name in Great Britain.
Lcfigtli, about 65 miles.
Eden, Emily. Born in GUI Palace Yard, West-
tiiinstcr, March 3, 1797: died at Kichmond,
Englaiul, Aug. 5, 1869. An English novelist
and traveler, daughter of William Eden, first
Barofi Auckland, she resided in India 1835-l'2, and
wrote " I'ortraits of the People and I'rinces of India"
(1844), "The Semi-detached House " (IS.W), "The Senil-ut-
tached Couple " (1860), etc.
Eden, George, Earl of Auckland. Born near
Heckeuhaiii, Kent, Aug. 25, 1784: died Jan. 1,
1849. An Efiglish stiilesman. son of William
Eden, first Lord Auckland. He was president of
the Board of Trade and master of the mint in Lord Grey'«
cabinet (18311-34), first lord of the admiralty ls;)4and ISSli,
and goveriKU-general of India ls:if>-42. He ordered the
dejiosition of Post Mohammed in 1S3S, and thus com-
meiiccd the Afghan war. He was created earl of Auek-
l,jnd In 18:«1,
Eden, Richard. Bom about 1521: died 1576.
An English liafislator. He studied at Cambridge;
held a position in the treasury l,'.44-lil : was private secre-
tary to Sir \V, Cecil l.'J52 ; and was appointed to a place in
the English Ireasuiy of Prince Philiji of Spain in l.'M, a
position wl)i<'l) he lost soon after, ownig to an accusation
of heresy. In K(a be entered the service of a French
nobleman, with whom he traveled extensively. Eden's
name as a translator ia apgicmled to many hooks on geog-
raphy, travels, navigation, etc. Among these are "A
Treatysc of the Newe llnlia '(1553: a translation of part of
Mmistcr's " Cosmograiihia "), which ia the first intelligible
description in English of America; ami "Decmies of the
Newe World '(1555; inaiidy a translation of Peter Martyr's
W(.rk).
Eden, William. Bm-n .April 3, 1744 : died May
L'S. ISI I, '['he first Lord .Vucklnnd, s(.u of Sir
luilicrl Kdefi of Wiiiderslone I hill, Durham,
He entered Parllannnt in 1774 ; was one of the ciunmls-
sloners sent to America in 1778 ; held various ortices in
ttu' ministry ; was employed to negotiate a comliiereinl
Eden, William
treaty and other agreements with France 1785-87 : and
was ambassador to Spain and to Holland. He was raised
tu the peerage in 1789. He wrote " Trinciples o( Penal
Law '■ (1772), "History of New Holland " (i787), etc.
Edenhall (e'du-hal). The scat of the Mus-
gi-aves of CumberlaDd, England, near Penrith.
Eden Hall, Luck of. See Lucl- of Eden Mall.
Edenkoben (»-den-k6'ben). A toivn in the
Palatimito, Bavaria, 15 miles west-southwest
of Spires. Near it is the roval villa Ludwigs-
holie, built in 184C. ropiilation (1890), 4.914.
Eden of Germany. An epithet of Baden.
Edessa (e-des'sS i. or .Sgae (e'je). In ancient
geography, the early capital of Macedonia, rep-
resented by the modem Vodena, 47 miles west-
northwest of Saloniki.
Edessa. A citv in Mesopotamia, in the vilavet
of Aleppo, Turkey, in lat. 37° 13' N., long. 38°
25' E. : the modern Urfa or Orfa. Its ancient
name was also Antioclua or Callirrhoe. It became the
capital ot an independent kingdom in 137 B. c, and under
Trajan was made tributarj' to Rome. In the 4th and 5th
centuries it was an important seat of Christian learning.
It lielonged to Mohammedan powers, except in the Hth
centm^-, when it was held by the Byzantine empire, and
iu 1097-1H4, when it was held by the Crusaders and was the
capital of a Latin principality of Edessa. It was sacked
by the Turks in 1U7, and was ftnally possessed by them
ill 1637. Population, estimated, 40,000.
Edfu (ed'fo). A town in Upper Egypt, situated
near the left bank of the Nile iu lat. 24° 59' X. :
the ancient ApoUinopolis Magna. Coptic Atbo.
The celebrated temple of Edfu is the most perfect exist-
ing example of an ancient Egyptian religious edifice. It
was founded by rtolemy Philopator in 222 B. 0. The en-
tnmee is by a massive double pylon 250 feet wide and ll.^
high, from which the strong inclosing wall is carried
around the temple. Within the pylon lies the great court
with its peristyle of columns. Behind it lies the hypostyle
hall, to the rear of which is a second hall with 3 ranges
of 4 columns, from which opens the double vestibule of
the isolated sanctuary, on the passage around which are
placed, as usual, a number of small chambers. The abun-
dant sculptures, though in style mere imitations of the
older Pharaonic work, are from their subjects both inter-
esting and instructive. The length of the temple is 450
feet.
Edgar (ed'gar), or Eadgar. Born 944: died
July S. 975. A kiug of England, son of Edmund
(Eadmuud) and .^Ifgifu. He ascended the throne
in 958 as successor to his brother Eadwig (Edwy). He
ruled the whole nation (West S.axons, Sorthumbrians.and
Mercians), and his quiet reign gained for him the surname
" The Peaceful." He is said to have ceded Lothian
(northern Bemicia) to Kenneth of Scotland.
Edgar. In Shakspere's "King Lear," the son
of tlie Earl of Gloster.
Edgar. See Raiensicood. Edgar.
Edgar, Sir John. A pseudonym of Sir Richard
Steele, under which he conducted "The Thea-
tre" from Jan., 1720. till April. 1720.
Edgar, or Eadgar, .^theling. [AS. sethelinq.
the prince.] Born in Hungary before 1057:
died in the first part of the 12th centirry. An
English prince, grandson of Edmund Ironside.
Edgartown (ed'gar-toun). The chief town of
Dukes County, Massachusetts, situated on Mar-
tha's Vineyard 74 miles south-southeast of
Boston. It is a summer resort. Population
(1890). 1.156.
Edgecote (edj'kot). A place in Northampton-
shire, England, 17 miles southwest of North-
ampton. Here, July 20, 1469, the insurgents
under Robin of Redesdale defeated the royal-
ists under tlip Eari of Pembroke.
EdgeMU (ej'hil). A ridge in "Warwickshire,
EiiLrland, situated 12 mUes south of Warwick.
Ueix', Oct. 23, 1642, was fought the first battle of the civil
war, between the Royalists under Charles I. and the Par-
liamentarians under the Earl of Essex : result indecisive.
Eligeworth. (cj'werth), Maria. Born at Black
B.oirfon. O.xfordshire. Jan. 1. 1767: died at
Edgeworthstown, Longford, Ireland. May 22.
1849. An English novelist, daughter of Richard
Lovell Edgeworth. She wrote, in conjunction with
her father, " Essays on Practical Education " (1798) and
an " Essay on Irish Bulls "(ISOiX Her chief independent
works arc "Castle R.ackrent " (ISOOX "Belinda" (ISOl),
"Moral Tales" (1801), "Popular Tales" (1804), "Tales of
EiUihionablc Life" (1809-12), "Leonora" (1806), " Patron-
age " (1814), "(>rmoiid"(1817). and "Helen" (1S34).
Edict of Nantes. See Xantes, Edict of.
Edin. A ])octical name of Edinburgli.
Edinburgh ((■d'n-bTn--o), or Edinburghshire,
or Mid-Lothian. A county of Scotland. l\Tng
between tin- Firth of Forth" on the north. Had-
dington, Berwick, and Roxburgh on the east.
Selkirk, Peebles, and Lanark on the south, and
Linlithgow on the northwest. Area, 362 square
miles. Population (1891), 434.276.
Edinburgh (ed'n-bur-o). [Formerly Edinho-
roir, Edixhro, ME. Kdinhuriih, Eilrnborow,
earlier Ediriiir.'<hunh, Edirincshiini, AS. *E<id-
tcines biirli, Edwin's castle.] The ancient cap-
ital of Scotland, in the coimty of Edinburgh,
2 miles south of the Firth of Forth, in lat.
352
Edrei
55° 57' N., long. 3° 12' TV.: often called "the Edmund (ed'mtmd), or Eadmund, Saint. [AS,
modern or northern Athens," both from its to-
pography and as a seat of learning. See Dune-
din. It is noted for its picturesque situation on ridges
near Calton Hill and .Arthur's Seat. It is the seat of the
judicial and administrative government of the countrj',
and an important pubhshing and literary center. It con-
tains a university, castle, Holyrood Palace, Scott monu-
ment, St. Giles's Church, the Parliament House (with the
Advocates' Librar}-), the Royal Institution, the Xational
Gallery, St. Marj-'s Cathedral, and various ch:iritahle and
educational institutions. The castle, a citadel and palace,
occupies a high rock in the middle of the city. The
exterior has been greatly moditied, but much in the in-
terior remains as of old, including some of the royal
apartments and the Romanesque chapel. Here are pre-
served the royal regalia of Scotland. The Parliament
House is now occupied by the Supreme Law Courts. It
is a large Renaissance building, with porticos of Ionic
colvunns over an arcaded and rusticated basement. The
great hall luis a handsome roof of oak, and contains in-
teresting portraits and statues. The cathedral (St. Giles's
Church) was founded in the 12th century, hut the pres-
ent structure is of the 15th. The interior has high nave-
pillars and Pointed arches. The transept is Xorman, with
ni.assive piers supporting the tower. The fine recessed
and sciilptured west doonvay is modem. St. Slary's Ca-
thedral, the masterpiece of Sir G. Gilbert Scott, was com-
pleted 1879. It is a spacious structiu-e in the Early Eng-
lish style, with an imposing central spire 295 feet high.
Edinburgh was fortified by the Northumbrian king Edwin
(whence its name Edwin's Burgh) about 617 ; succeeded
Perth as the capital 1437 : was taken and sacked by the
English in 1.^44, and again (by Cromwell) in 1650 ; and was
occupied by the Young Pretender in 1745. It is famous in
the litcrarj- history of the last half of the 18th and first half
of the 19th century, through its connection with Hume,
Robertson, Dngald Stewart, Adam Smith, Burns, Scott,
■n'ilson, the "Edinburgh Review," etc. Population (1891),
■:oi,'2i;i.
Edinburgh, Duke of. See Alfred.
Edinburgh, University of. A famous seat of
learning, founded in l-i82 by James VI. it com-
prises the faculties of arts, divinity, law, and medicine.
Its librarv contains about 178,000 volumes and 3,000 man-
uscripts. " There are 50 professors, besides lecturers, and
the number of m.itriculatcd students in 1896-97 was 2,8.50.
Conjointly with the I'niversity of .St, Andrews it sends a
member to Parliament. The large university building is
of the ISth century. The celebrated medical school occu-
pies a magnificent modem Renaissance building.
Eadmund, L. Edmundu.'i, i\ Edmond, It. Ed-
mondo, Sp. Pg. Edmundo.'] Bom about 840:
killed by the Danes 870. King of East Anglia
855-870.
Edmund, Saint. Bom at Abingdon. England,
Nov. 20, probably between 1170 and 1175 : died
at Soisy, France, Nov. 16, 1240. Archbishop
of Canterbury. He was the son of one Edward or Rei-
inild Rich, studied at Oxford and Piuis, and iu 1233 was
appointed archbishop of Canterbury'. lie came forward
as a champion of the national church against papa! en-
croachment ; but, finding himself unable to resist the ap*
pointment of 300 Italians to as many English beneflcea,
abandoned his archiepiscopal see in 1240 and took refuge
in the monaster}' of Pnntigny, in 1-Yance. He died at Soisy,
whither he had gone for the benefit of his he.ilth. and was
canonized in 1247, He is also called Edmund Jiich and
£dmuiui of Ponti'jny.
Edmund I., or Eadmund, sumamed Magnifi-
CUS ('the Magnificent'). Born about 922:
killed at Pucklechurch, Gloucester, England,
May 26, 946. King of the West Saxons and
Mercians. He was the son of Edward the Elder, and a
brother of Athelstan whom he succeeded in 940. He
subdued Cumbria (;>45), which he bestowed on Malcolm I.
of Scotland. He was killed by a robl)er named Liofa
while keeping the feast of St. Augustine of Canterbury at
Pucklechurch, Gloucestershire. The robber having en-
tered the hall unbidden, the king ordered a cup-bearer to
remove him, and when the robber resisted came to the
cup-bearer's relief. In the struggle that ensued he was
stabbed to death with a d.agger.
Edmund 11., or Eadmund, surnamed Iron-
side. Born probaldy about 989: died, prob-
ably at London, Nov. 30, 1016. King of the
West Saxons. He was the son of Ethelrcd "the Un-
ready," whom he succeeded in April, 1016. .After many
victories over the Ii-.mes, he was defeated in a bloody
battle at Assandun (Ashington) in Essex by Canute, with
whom he was forced to divide his kingdom, provision
being made, it is said, that the survivor should be sole
king. He retained Wessex, Essex, East Anglia, and Lon-
don, while Canute received Northiimberland :md Mercia.
His death, which was probably due to natui-al causes, has
been attributed by later tradition to poison administered
by Eadric Streona at the instance of Canute. After his
death Canute took possession of the whole kingdom.
Edinburgh Ee'Tie'W. A literary and political Edmund. In Shakspere's "King Lear,'' a bas-
review. founded at Edinburgh iu 1802 by Jef- tard son of the Earl of Gloster.
frey. Sydney Smith, Brougham, Homer, and Edmunds (ed'mundz),_ George Franklin.
others.
A knot of clever lads (Smith was 31, Jeffrey 29, Brown
24, Homer 24, and Brougham 23) met in the third (not, .as
Smith afterwards said, the " eighth or ninth ") storey of
a house in Edinburgh, and started the journal by acclama-
tion. Leslie Stephen, Hours in a Library, III. 140.
Edison (ed'i-son), Thomas Alva. Born at
Milan, Ohio, Feb. 11, 1847. A celebrated Amer-
ican inventor. He became at the age of twelve a news-
Bomat Richmond, Vt., Feb. 1, 182S. An Amer
ican statesman. He was a Republicnn senator from
Vermont to Congress 1S66-91 : was a member of the Elec-
toral Commission in 1877; and was acting Vice-President
lSS:3-85. He is the author of the Edmunds Act of 1882
for the suppression of jiolyg.amy in Utah, and of an act
passed in 1SS7 pertaining t^j the same subject.
Edmunds, John. A felon, the principal char-
acter of the tale ''The Convict's Return," in
boy on the Grand Trunk Line runnmg into Detroit, and Cj" v^*"^ ■?'"^'5?Y''-'^^^'''?*'•L^T'JiCi=in. nf
subsequentlv a telegraph operator. He came in ISTl to Edoh^We (ed'o-hwa). A tribe or division of
New York, where he perfected the duplex telegraph (1872), North American Indians, formerly Imug on
and invented the printing telegraph for gold and stock Klamath River, Siskivou Countv, California,
quotations, for the manufacture of which latter appliance , „ f.-. „„,^ reniain In 1851 it had 24
he est-ablished a workshop at Newark, N. J. In 1876 he ";""<' » Kf" ^'^^ lemaiu, in ±o.;j. ix. uau.j.-t
removed to Menlo Park, X. .1., and later to West Orange, villages, with an estimated population ot 1,44U.
N. J., where he has devoted himself to inventing, .\mong See Sasfean,
his inventions are his system of duplex telegraphy (which Edom (e'dom), or Idumoa (id-U-me'a). [Heb.,
he subsequently developed into quadruplex and scxtuplex . _„,, j:„i, > :'„,,„4,iv '1 T1,p rp<rion in the lowland
transmission), the carbon telephonetransmitter,the micro- reddisli, murtdj . J iue legion in tne lowiana
tasimeter, the aerophone, the megaphone, the phonograph,
and the incandescent electric lamp.
EdistO (ed'is-to). A river in South Carolina,
formed by the union of the north and the south
branch, and flowing into the sea by two chan-
nels about 25 miles southwest of Charleston.
Length, over 150 miles.
Edith (e'dith). [ME. Edith (ML. Ediiha), AS,
Eddijith.'] Died at Winchester, Dec. 19. 1075. An
Anglo-Saxon queen. She was the daughter of God-
wine, earl of Wessex, and married Edward the Confessor
in 1045, receiving Winchester and Exeter as her morning
gift. She is saidto have planned the murder of Oospatric.
one of the king's thegns, in WW, at the instigation of her
brother Tostig, call of Northumberland. She founded a
church at Wilton, which was consecrated in 10<>5; and on
the death of her husband retired to Winchester, in the
quiet possession of which she was allowed to remain by
William the Conqueror,
Edith. 1. One of the principal characters in
Beaumont and Fletcher's " Bloody Brother."—
2. The Maid of Lom in Scott's poem ' ' The Lord
of the Isles,"
Edith Dombey. See Domheij.
Ediya (ed-e'ya). The black tribes which in-
habit the island Fernando Po. West Africa.
Physically degenerate, they also live in a very low state of
culture. They speak a Bantu language which is related
to those of the fronting mainland and subdivides itself
into a number of <lialects. Some authors call it Fenian
dian. From their fomi of salutation, the Ediya are gen
south of the Dead Sea. bounded on the west by
the desert of Paran, and on the northeast by the
mountains of Moab: the modern Wadi el Arabah
and the surroiuiding mountainous country, ex-
tending southward to the .^lanitic Gulf, and
including the seaports Elath and Eziongeber.
The most important cities of this rugged barren territory
were Bozrah, the capital Maon, Phunon, and Sela, after-
ward called Petia, from which the whole district wa«
named Petnea. The Edomiles were descendants of Esan,
the brother of Jacob, and were, therefore, designated sa
"brothers of Israel" (Num. xx. 14, Dent. ii. 4, 8), but be-
came later the hereditary enemies of Israel: Saul attacked
them (1 Sam. xiv. 47) and subdued them (2 Sam, viii. 13X
After the division of the Israelitish kingdom they came
under the supremacy of Judah, but made fretiuent and
sometimes successful attempts to regain their indepen-
dence. They were for the last time subjected by I'zziah
about the middle of the Sth century B. c. I'iglath-Pile-
ser III. niade(al>cmt 743) Kans ilalik, king of Edom, tribu-
tary. Es;u-haddon (6.MM1(;>) mentions KauS Gabri of Edom
among the tribut;uy kings. In the time of Nebuchad-
nezzar (i'iiM-.'.01) Edom, still ruled by a king. w.as attacked
by the Babylonians. Pnring the captivity they took pos-
session of portions of .Tudea. w hile their own territory WM
occupied by .\rabie trilies, the Nabatha;ans, and was called,
after the city of Petra, .\rabia Pctra;;i. Ihe Ila-nione«n
king .loliii Hyrcanus took Dora and Morissa and forced the
Idumeans to accept Judaism about l.'iO b. c. .tfterwanl
they became the rulers of the Jews in the pcrs<'U of An-
tipaterand his desccmlants the Ileiixlians. The last king
iif this race, Herod Agrippa II.. ilie.l about lOO .K. P., but
the name of Idumea vanishes fnun historj- with the fall
of Jmleu.
erally known by Ihe name of Biibis. Those who have TJdred orEadred(ed'red). DiedatFrome.Eng-
adopted Christianity are making progress in eiv11iz:ition
Edmonton (ed'mon-ton). A village in Middle-
sex, England, north of London.
Edmonton, The Devil or Merry De'vil of. See
Mirni, etc,
Edmonton, The Witch of. See mtch, etc
land. S'ov. 23. 955.' A king of England, young-
est son of Edward the Elder and Eadgifu, and
brother of Edmund I. whom he succeeiied in 946.
His government was controlled by his mother and Dnn-
stan ; his reign was marked by revolts in Northumbria.
Edrei (ed're-i). [Heb., 'strong,' 'mighty."]
Edrei
In Old Testament liistorv, the capital of Og,
king of BasliHii. Near it Og was defeated by tlie Israel-
ites. The city was with the territory assigned to tlic tribe
of Manasfieli.
Edric (eU'rik), or Eadric, Put to death by
Canute. 1017. An Kuglish nobleman, ealdor-
man of Mercia, chief adviser of ^thelred the
Unready.
Edrisi. Boe hh-isi.
Edrisites. Sec hlhsites.
Edward (ed'wUrd), surnamed "The Elder."
[AS. Edfhccardl guardian of property, L. Kd-
vtirdu-s, F. I^donard. It. Eduardo, EdoardOy Odo-
ardoj 8p. Eduardft, Pg. Eduardo^ Dtoirtp, G. Edu-
ard."] Died at Karndon, Northamptonshire, in
925. King of the West Saxons, son of Alfred
the Great whom he succeeded in S)01. He de-
feated his cousin Ethelwald, who diaputtd his title to the
throne. On the death of his sister EthelIlt'da(EinedaX the
widow of .tthelix-d, ealdorman of Merciii, he incorporated
Mercia (which had lunir acknowledged the ovcrlordship of
the West-Saxon kind's) with Wessex. He completed the
cuntiuest of the l»an<lai;h, or i'ive BortmKhs of the Danes,
conquered East Aii^lia and Essex, and received the sub-
mission of Sti-athclyde and all the Scots. At his death he
nUed Wessex, Kt-nt, and Sussex by inheritance : Mercia,
Essex, and East Anplia by conquest ; and Nortlmniberland,
Wales, .Scotland, and Strathclyde as overlord.
Edward, surnamed ** The Mart}T." Bom prob-
ably in 963: murdered March 18, 979. King
of the West Saxons, son of Edgar whom he suc-
ceeded in 975. Ue was elected by the witan throuph
the influence of Saint Dunstan, primate of England, in spite
of the measures taken !>y bis stepmother, Elfrida, to secure
the crown for her son -Ethelred. He was murdered by her
order, and was succeeded by his stepbrother, -Ethelred II.
Edward, surnamed " The Confessor," from his
reputed sanetitv. Born at Islip, Oxfordshire,
about 1004 : died Jan. 5, 1066. King of the West
Saxons, son of /T*]theli'ed II. and Emma of Nor-
mandy. Ue lived chiefly in N'onnandy during the Dan-
ish supremacy, and was elected to tJie throne of his fa-
ther through the intliience of Godwine, earl of Wessex,
on the death of HartliacMUt, in 1042. He married Edgitlui,
daughter of Uodwine, in IfU.'i. He died without issue, and
was succeeded by his wife's brother llandd.wliosetitle was
disputed by William, duke of Normandy. A notable event
of his reigti was the compilation, in 1070, of the so-called
"Laws of Edward the Confessor." Uewascanonizedin 1161.
Edward I., sumamed '* Longshanks," Born at
Westminster. England, June 17-18, 1239: died
at Burgh-on-the-Sauils. near Carlisle, England,
July 7," 1307. King of England 1272-1307, He
was the son of Henrj' III. and Eleanur of Provence. In
1264 he married Eleanor of Castile. He took an active
part in the struggle between his father and the barons,
Inflicting a decisive defeaton their leader, Simon de Mont-
fort, at Evesham in 1265. He engaged, 1270-72. in the
seventh Crusade, and was returning from the Holy Land
when he heard of his accession to the throne. He reached
EoKland in 1274, in which year he was crowned. In 1276
he began the conquest of Wales, which liad become prac-
tically irnlependrnt during the barons' wars, and in 1284
anui-xed that cuuntry to England. Ue expelled the Jews
from Englaml in 1290. On the death of tlie Maid of Nor-
way-, granddaughter of Alexander IH. of Scotland, the
Scottisii estates were unable to decide between the two
chief claimants to the throne, Baliol and Bruce, with the
result that Edward was appointed arbitrator. Ue decided
In (avin- of Haliol, whose homage he received. In 1294 he
became involved in a war with France, which formed an
alliance with Scotland. In 1296 he defeated the Scots at
Dunbar, compelled Baliol to resign the crown, carried the
Scotch coronation-stone to I.ondon, and placed Scotland
uniler an English regent, who was, however, defeated by
the patriot Sir William Wallace in 1297. Edward defeated
the Scots under Wallace in the battle of Falkirk, .July 22,
12!t8. In i:i03 he concluded the peace of Amiens with
France, having married in 1299 Philip IV. 's sister, Marga-
ret, Invading Sccitland in 130;J, he received the submission
of Bruce, and in i;j(»6 he ordered the execution of Wallace,
who had been betrayed to the English. Ue died on the
way ti> Scotland, where a new insurrection had placed
Bruce un the throne in l.'J06. Among the chief internal
events of his reign were the publicati<m of the first stat-
ute of Winchester In 127;'.; the s.paration of the old King's
Court into thret- tribunals (the Cmrt of Exchequer, Court
of King's Bemh, and ruurt of ('..niMion I'leas); the de-
velopment i.f the jurisdiction of the Koyal Council (later
the SUIT Cbanilier) and <>f the chancellor ; the publication
of the statnte of rnortniain in 127ft, and the statute of Win-
chester in 12h5 ; and the summons in 121*0 of the first per-
fect Parliiiment.
Edward II. Born at Carnarvon, Wales, April
25, l'JS4: murdcnHl at Berkeley Castle, near
Gloneester. P'litcUind, Sept. I'l, 131^7. Kinfj of
Eni^land l!i07-27. lie was the fourth son of Edward I.
by his first wife, Eleanor of Castile. Ue was created in
1301 the first Prince of Wales. On his accession to the
throne he recalled his favorite, Piers Oaveston, who had
beenbanislied by Kdwani I. He married Isabella of France
in lattH. Tlie insolence of (iaveston having aroused the
atiger of the barons, the favorite was banished thmugh
their inlluence in laos, only to be shortly recalled by the
king. In l.'iio, in consequence of the incompetence of
Edward, who was completely under the ascendancy of
Gnvcsttui, the government was intrusted by the liarons to
21 ordaiiu'rs, who procured the passage i>( the <»rdinances
of the Parliament of IHll. in accordance with which Oaves-
ton was exiled, and provisions were made for annual Par-
liaments and f«)r the refonn of administrative abuses. In
1312 the biu-ons liroutrlit aliont the execution of Oaveston,
who had been recalled by the king. In 1314 Edward was
defeated by the Scots under Robert Bruce at the battle of
2:<
353
Bannockburn (June 24). The exile of his new favorites,
the two Despensers, by Parliament in 1321 involved him
in a war with the liarons. who were defeated at the battle
of Boroughbridge in 1322. In i:i2.i, after an unsuccessful
invasion of Scotland, he concluded a peace for thirteen
years with Bruce, whose jissumption of the roy;d title was
passed over in silence. His<|ueen, Isabella, having in l:^2,'>
been sent to France to negotiate withchaile:^ I\'. concern-
ing the English llefs in France, intrigued with Roger Mor-
timer and other disalfected barons, landeil in England in
1326, captured Bristol, executed the Despensers, and im-
prisoned Edwm-il. who was deposed by Parliament aiul
murdered in Berkeley Castle.
Edward III. Born at Windsor, England, Nov.
1.1, 1311^: difd at Shone (Richmond). En^'land.
Juno 21, 1377. Kintr of Enrtland 1327-77. Ue
was the son of Edward II. and Isabella of France. (>u
the deposition of his father, he was proclaimed king un-
der a council of regency, the actual government being
exercised by the queen and her favorite, Roger Mortimer.
Ue married" I'liilippa of Uainault in 132S, and in the same
year concluded the treaty of Northampton with the Scots,
in which Robert Unice w:is recognized as king. In 13:10 he
took the governnieTit into his own hands, securing the ex-
ecution of Mortimer and imjirisoning the (|ueen-mother.
On the death of Bruce in 1329, Edward Baliol seized the
crown, to the exclusion of Bruce'a infant son David. Baliul
did homage to Edward, and a revolt of the nobles drove
him across the border. Edward defeated the national party
at Ualidon Uill in 1333, and restored Baliol. In 133S he
Ijecame involved in a war with Fraiice(the Uiuidred Years'
War), whose throne he claimed in right of his mother.
In 1346, at the battle of Neville's Cross, his army defeated
the Scots under David II. (Bruce), who had recovered the
Scottish throne in 1342 ; the Scots, however, succeeded in
maintaining tlieir independence. He gained with his son,
the Black Prince, the victory of Cr^cy over the French in
1346, and reduced Calais in 1347, while the Black Prince
gained the battle of Poitiers in 1356. In 1360 he concluded
with the French the peace of Eretigny, by which he re-
nounced the French crown and Normandy, Anjou, Maine,
and Touraine, in return for the cession in full sovereignty
to England of .A.quitaine, Ponthieu, Guisnes, and Crdais.
He subsequently, in awarwith Charles V., lost all his pos-
sessions in France, with the exception of Bordeaux, Calais,
and Bayonne. During his reign occurred several visita-
tions of the "black death" (1348-49, 1361, and 1360).
Edward IV. Bom at Rouen. France, probablv
April 29, 1441: died April 9, 1483. King of
England 14()l-83. He was the son of Richard, duke
of York, and Cecily Nevill. daughter of the Eaid of
Westmorelantl. He was known as the Eai'l of March pre-
vious to his accession, and played a prominent part in the
struggle of his house (the house of York) with that of
Lancaster for the possession of the throne. In conjuuc-
tion with the Earls of Salisbury and Warwick he defeated
the Lancastrians under Henry \*I. at Northampton in 146C,
and took the king prisoner. His fatlier, the Duke of
York, was defeated and killed at the battle of Wakefield
later in the same year, whereupon Edward succeeded to
the title, defeated the I.ancastriansat the battle of Morti-
mer's Cross in 1401, and was proclaimed king at Loudon
March 4, 1461. The early part of his reigu was dis-
turbed by constant attempts of the Lancastrians to re-
gain the throne. In 1464 he secretly married Elizabeth
Grey, daughter of Richai'd Woodville, Baron Rivers, and
widow of Sir John Grey, a LaTieastrian, which caused a
revolution under the Earl of Warwick, who joined forces
with the Lancastrians and proclaimed the deposed and
captive Henry VI. king. Edward suppressed the rising
in the battles of Barnet (April 14, 1471) and Tewkesbury
(May 4, 1471), in the fonner of which Warwick was slain.
Edward V. Bom in Wostminster Abbey, Nov.
2 or 3, 1470: murdored in the Tower of London
in 1483. King of England April-Jnne, 1483.
He was the son of Edward IV. by Elizabeth Woodville.
He succeeded to the throne under the regency of his
uncle Richard, duke of Gloucester, who secretly put him
and his Iprother to death and nsiirped the government.
Edward VI. Bom at Hampton Court, Eng-
land. Oct. 1:^, 1537: died at Greenwich, near
London, Jnly 6, 1553. King of England 1547-
1553. He wasthesonof Henry VIII. by his third (lueen,
Jane Seymour, and succeeded to the throne under the re-
gency of his un<rle, the Duke of Somerset, who was sup-
planted about 1.^5(f by the Duke of Xnrthumberland.
Durhig his reign oeeuiTcd the priblication of the 42
articles of religion ami the introduction of the Hook of
Common Prayer. Before Ins death he was intluced by the
Duke of Xorthumberland to assign the crown to Lady
Jane Grey, to the exclusion of Mary and Elizabeth.
Edward. T'rincc of Wales, called '* The Black
Prince. Born at Wood.stock, England, June
15, 1330: died at West minster, England, June
8, 137G. Sen of Edward III. Ue fought with dis-
tinction at t'recy in i:i46 ; gained the victory of Poitiers in
1356 ; was created ihike of Aquitjiine in 1^0:1 ; defeated
the Castilians at N'avaiTCte In 1367 ; and stormed Limoges
in 1369.
Edward I. A play by Peele, printed in 1593,
This wiirk uccnides a very notewortliy i)osition in the
progress of Kuglish tragedy ; for it marks the transition
from the Chronicle Histories, of whieii we met with an
example in Bale's " Kynge Johan," where elements of
tlie ujorality are still present, to the Histories of Shak-
spere. Ward, Hist. Dram. Lit.
Edward II. A tragedy by Marlowe, entered
on the Stationers' Register Jnly fi, 1593. it was
probably written alu'Ut l.^iOO. but was* not publisheti till
l.'S'tS, jifter Marlowe's death. Charles Lamb remarks that
"the reluctant pangs of abdicating royalty in Edward fur-
nished liints which Shakspere since improved in Iuh
Uirhard in."
Edward III. A trairedy attHbnted to Mar-
lowe, founded on Holinshed's "Clironicle.'
Eeckhout
acted in 1590. it was entered on the Stationers' Re-
gister in l.v.»5 ; was printed anonymously in 1596; and at
one time was attributeil to shakspere.
Edward IV. A play by 1 ley wood, printed in
KHM).
Edwardes (ed'wjirdz). Sir Herbert Benjamin.
Born at Frodesley, Shropshire, England, Nov.
11', 1819: died at London, Dec. 23. 186S. An
Kn^lish general and author, distinguished in
the Sikh wars in India 1845-49. He published
'* A Year on the Punjab Frontier" (1S51^, etc.
Edwards (ed ' wiirdz). Amelia Blandford.
Horn at Lomlon in 1831: died at Weston Super
Mare, Somerset, April 15, 1892. An English
novelist, miscellaneous writer, and Egyptolo-
gist. She showed talent for drawing and music, and in
1S53 began to write for periodicals, and devoted herself
from 1880 to arehiccdogical slu'lies. In lS8;i she became
the honoraiy secretary of the Egyptian exidoratiun fuml.
She received the title of dt»ctor <jf iilnlusophy from Colum-
bia College. New York, and lectured on the antiquities of
Egypt, etc., in 18^9 and in succeeding years in tlie United
.States. ''A Thousand Miles up the Nile" (1877) was il-
lustrated from her own sketches. Among her novels are
"Barbani's History " (l«tM), "Lord Brackeubury" (18S0),
"Debetdiam's Vow "(1870), "Half a ^lillion of Money,"
" Miss larew " (1865). '* Hand in Clove, " etc. She also
wrote "A Summary of English History" (1^56). "An
Abridgment of French History " (i.s'is). " Pharaohs, Fel-
lahs, and Explorers" (isUl), etc., and in 1S05 published
a volume of ballads.
Edwards, Bryan. Bom at Westbury, Wilt-
shire, May 21. 1743: dietl at Southampton, July
15. 1800. An English West India merchant
and historian. He lived in .lamaica 176(>-9-2, when he
returned to England. He establislied a bank at Southamp-
ton, and in 1796 was elected to P:irliament. He is best
known for his "History of the British Colonies in the
West Indies," of which tlie first two volumes were pub-
lished in 1793 : later editions are greatly enlarged, the
best being that of 1819. His " Historical Survey of St.
Domingo,"' first published in 1797. is generally appended
to the later editions of the '* History."
Edwards, George. Born at Stratford. Essex,
Enirland, A]iril :>. 1093: tiled at Plaistow, near
London. July 123. 1773. An English natnralist.
He published a' " History of Birds" (174&-ol), "Gleanings
of Natural Histor}' " (1758-64: 3 volumes additional to
the "History"), etc.
Edwards, Henri Milne. See Mifne Edirards.
EdwardS} Jonathan. Born at East Windsor,
Conn., Oct. 5, 1703: died at Princeton, N. J.,
March 22, 1758. An eminent American theo-
logian and nn'taphysieian. He was pastor of the
Congregational t'litirih at Northampton, Massachusetts,
1727-50 ; missionaiy to the Indians at Stockbiidge, Massa-
chusetts, 1751-58 ; and president of Princeton Cidlege in
1758. He published ''A Treatise concerning tlie Religious
Affections" (1746), "Qualifications for Full Communion
in the Visible Church " (1749), " An Essay on the Freedom
of the Will" (liis most eelelirated work, published 1754).
"Doctrine of Original Siu Defended" (1758), "History of
the Kedemption " (1772).
Edwards, Jonathan, called "The Younger."
Born at Northampton, Mass.. Mav 26, 1745:
died at Scheneetady. N. Y., Ang. 1, 1801. An
American Congregational clergyman, son of
Jonathan Edwards. He was president of Union
College (Schenectady) 1790-1801.
Edwards, Justin. Born at Westhampton,
Mass.. April 2.'i. 17S7: died at Virginia Springs,
Va., .Jnly 2:i, lS/i;j. An Americun clergyman,
author of various tracts on teni](erance. etc.
Edwards, Matilda Barbara Betham-. Born
at Wostertield. Kngland. \K\il An English
writer, noted as a novelist. Furherworkson Fi-nnee
(editions of Arthur Vnung's " Tr.avels," etc.) she was iu
1891 made Ottlcier de I'liistruction Publique de France.
Edwards, Richard. Born in Somersetshire,
England, about i:)2;i: dii'd Oct. 31. loOrt. An
English dramatist. In V^tn he was appointed mas-
ter of the Children of the Chapel. He wrote a dranm '■ Da-
mon and ^thias" (1571: reprinted l>y Dodsley), and a
mnnbfr of poems, some of which appeared in "The
Ifftradyse of Daynty Devises " (1570).
Edwin (ed'win). or Eadwine. Born probably
in 583: died in VtX\. King of Xorthnmbria 617-
033, son of King EUa of Deira. He was the fifth
Bretwalda, and his overlordship extended over all Teu-
tonic Britain except Kent. He was defeated and slain
in the battle of Heathlleld iu liSlt by the rebellious Mer-
cians under Penda in alliance with Cadwallon of Wales.
Durinp his reign Christianity was introduced into Noiih-
unibria.
Edwin and Angelina. A imllad hy Oliver
(inhisniith. privatrly i>rinted originnlly for the
('ountcssof X()rtlininhorland. Tlic ballad was
lirst published in " Tlie Vicar of Wakefield,"
and is also called "The II<'nnit."
Edwin and Emma. A ballad by Mallet, writ-
ti-n in 17(J)».
Edwin Drood. J^<'c .yfifstrrt/ of Edwin Dnind.
Edwy(t'd'\vi).(trEadwig,surnamed'*Tlu'Fair."
j^.oni nbout i»;jS: di.-d Or)S. Son of Edmund I.
lb' bccnnie king of Wessex H'l.'i.
Eeckhout (ek'hout), or Eckhout, Gerbrand
Eeckhout
van den. Born at Amsterdam, Aug. 19, 1621 :
died at Amsterdam, Sept. 22. 1674. A Dutch
painter, a pupil of Rembrandt.
Eecloo (a-kl6'). A town in the .t>roviuee of
East Flanders. Belgium. 12 miles northwest of
Ghent. Population (1890;, 11,642.
Efik (ef 'ik). An African ti-ibe dwelling around
the estuary of the Cross aud Old Kalabar rivers
in West Airica. It largely consists ot a fusiou of va-
rious tribal elements !»rouiiht in by the slave-trade. The
country is ruled by a few wealthy native freemen and mer-
chants, styled "kings," wliose extensive trade in pulm-oil
is dependent on the labor of numerous slave subjects.
Under Scottish Presbyterian missionaries the Ellk people
have made encouraging progress in Christianity and civ-
ilization. Tlie mission press has issued a considerable lit-
erature in Etik. This language has preserved few Bantu
elements, and is gener.dly classed with the Xigritic branch.
Iboko and Ibibio are its principal dialects. Duketown, one
of the largest native settlements of the West Coast, is now
the capital of the British Oil Rivers Protectorate. The
neighboring Creektown is also an important place. It is
said that the export of slaves from this region and Bonny
used to equal that of all the rest of tipper Guinea.
Ega. See Tf/f.
Egalit6(a-gal-i-ta'), Philippe. fF.,' equality,']
The name given during the French Revolution
to Louis Philippe Joseph, due d'Orl^ans. See
Orleans.
Egan(e'gan), Pierce. Bom at London 1772 (?):
died there, Aug. 3, 1849. An English writer
on sports. He was the author of a monthly serial,
" Boxiana : or Sketches of modern Pugilism " (lSlS-24),
" Life in London," a serial illustrated by George and Isaac
R. Cruikshank (IS21X etc.
Egan, Pierce. Born at London, 1814: tiled
July 6, 1S80. An English novelist and artist,
son of Pierce Egau the elder. He wrote "Wat
Tyler" (ISol), "Paul .Tones" (1842), "The Snake in the
Grass " (ISoS), etc'.
Egana (a-gan'va), Juan. Born at Lima, Peru,
1709: died at Santiago, Chile, April 13, 1836.
A Chilian jm-ist, statesman, and author. He took
an active part in the revolution of 1810, and was a leading
spirit in the first Chilian congress ; was imprisoned by the
Spaniards in 1S14 at Juan Fernandez ; was released in
1817 ; aud shortly after was again a member of the Chilian
congress. Among his numerous published works are
" Tratados juridicos," "Descripcion geologica y niiueralo-
gica de Chile," '•i[emoriaspoliticas,"and " Tratado de ed-
uciicion." His writings have been collected in 10 volumes.
Egba (eg'ba). A trilie of Yoruba. See.lfteo-
Iciitit.
Egbert (eg'bert). IAS. Ecgberht] Born about
77.5 : died 837. King of Wessex 802-837. He
received the submission of Mercia and Northumberland
in S27, and became lord of all England.
Egbo (eg'bo). A secret societv among the
Efik tribe of Old Kalabar, West Africa. The
Egbo-mea form the aristocracy and rule the countr>'.
They have an annual festivity in which an ox is slaugh.
tered and allowed to putrefy before it is eaten. The
principal participants wear masks and paint their bodies.
Egede (a'ge-de), Hans, .surnamed "The Apostle
of Greenland." Bom in Senjen, Noi-way, Jan.
31, 1686 : died in the island of Falster, Den-
mark, Nov. 5, 1758. A Norwegian missionary.
He was stationed 1721-36 among the Eskimos of Green-
land, where in 1721 he founded the colony of Godthaab.
He IJecame superintendent of the Greenland mission in
1740. and resided many years at Copenhagen. He wrote
several works on the history of Greenland.
Egede, Paul. Bom in Vaagen, Norway, 1708 :
died at Copenhagen, 1789. A Norwegian mis-
sionary, son of Hans Egede. He was stationed in
Greenland 1734—40 ; succeeded his father as superinten-
dent of the Greenland mission ; and lived many years in
Copenhagen. He completed a translation, begun by his
father, of the New Testament into the Eskimo language.
He also compiled a catechism and a ritual in that lan-
guage.
Eger (a'ger). A river in Bohemia which joins
the Elbe 33 miles northwest of Prague. Length,
160 miles.
Eger. [Bohem. r/ifft.] A city in Bohemia, situ-
ated on the Eger in lat. 50° 5' N., long. 12° 22'
E. It contains a castle, built by tYederick Barbarossji
about 1180 on a rock above the river, and long an imperi-
al and royal seat, now forming an imposing ruin. There
is a double chapel, Romanesque in the lower stor>' and
Pointed aljove. Eger was the scene of Wallenstein's mur-
der in ic:i4. It was formerly a free imperial city and a
fortress. Population (1891), 18,6.i8.
Eger (in Hungary). See Erhni.
Egerdir (eg-ei-der'), or Egirdir. A lake in the
vilayet of Konieli, Asia Minor, in lat. 38° N.
Length, aboiit 30 miles.
Egeri. See .'t</cri.
Egeri, Lake. See ^geri. Lake.
Egeria, or .Algeria (e-je'ri-ji). l. In Roman
mythology, one of the Cameua?, by whom Nuiua
was in.structed with regard to the forms of
worship he was to introduce. — 2. An asteroid
(No. 13) discovered at Naples by De (Jasparis,
Nov. 2, 1850.
Egerton fej'er-ton), Francis. Bom 1736: died
at London, March 3, 1803. The third and last
354
Duke of Bridgewater, younger son of the first
duke by his second wife. He is notable as the pro-
jector ofa canal from Worsley to Manchester (the first in
England, throughout its course entirely independent of a
natural stream), and of one from .Manchester to Liver-
pool. He was surnamed " The Father of British Inland
Navigation.".
Egerton, Francis. Born at London, Jan. 1.
ISOO: died there, Feb. 18, 1837. An English
politician and man of letters, first Earl of Elles-
mere (known as Francis Leveson-Gower until
1833), son of George Granville Leveson-Gower,
marquis of Stafford and duke of Sutherland.
He was a member of Parliament 1822-I0 ; a lord of the
treasury in 1827 ; under-secretary of state for the colonies
in 1828; chief secretary for Ireljind 1828-30 ; andsecretaiy
at w.ar in 1830. He was created Viscount Brackley of
Brackley and Earl of Ellesmereof Ellesmere in 1846; and
was president of the Koyal Asiatic Society in 1S49, and of
the Royal Geographical Society 1854-55. He wrote " Medi-
ten-anean sketches " (l!yi;-:), etc.
Egerton, Francis Henry, eighth Earl of Bridge-
water. Born Nov. 11, 1756 : died at Paris, Feb.
11. 1829. An English nobleman and clergy-
man, founder, by his wiU, of the "Bridgewater
Treatises" (which see).
Egerton, Sir Thomas, Baron Ellesmere and
Viscount Brackley. Born in Cheshire, England,
about 1540 : died at London, March 15, 1617.
An English jurist, lord chancellor of England
1603-17.
Egeus (e-je'us). The father of Hermia in Shak-
spere's "Midsummer Night's Dream."
Egg (eg), Augustus Leopold. Boi-n at London,
May 2, 1816: died at Algiers, Algeria, March
26, 1863. An English painter of historical and
genre scenes.
Egga (eg'ii). A town in Gando, in the British
Niger Territories, on the lower Niger. Popu-
lation, 10.000-15,000 (?).
Eggischhorn (eg'ish-hom). A mountain in the
Alps, near the head of the Rhone valley, canton
of Valais, Switzerland. Height, 9,625 feet.
Eggleston (eg'l-ston), Edward. Born at Ve-
vay, Ind.,Dee. 10, 1837. An American author.
In 'l8o(i he became a Methodist preacher, and has been
editor at different times of '■ The Little Corporal," " The
Sunday School Teacher," the New York " Independent,"
"Heai-th and Home," etc. In 1879 he retired from the
pastorate of the Church of the Christian Endeavor in
Brooklyn, N. Y., and devoted himself entirely to litera*
ture. His chief works of tiction are "The Hoosier Schiiol-
master "(1871), "Tlie End of the World " (1872). "The Mys-
tery of Metropolisville "(1873), '•TheCircuitRider"(1874),
"Roxy" (1878), "The H<x)sier Schoolboy" (1883), "The
Graysons" (1887), 'The Faith Doctor" (1891), "Duffels"
(18'>:^). He has also written a " Household llistoiy of the
I'nited States ' (1888), a " History of the United states for
S -hools " (1888), and a "First Book of American History."
He has been for many years engaged on a " History of
Life in the I'nited States."
Eggmiihl. See Eckmiihl.
Egilsson (a'gilz-son), Sveinbjom. Born at
Innri-Njardrik, Iceland, 1791 : died at Reykja-
vik, Iceland, Aug. 17, 1852. An Icelandic philol-
ogist. His chief work is a " Lexicon poetieum
antiqufe linguse septentrionalis" (1854-60).
Egina. See jEgina.
Eginhard. See Einhard.
Egirdir. See Eijmlir.
Eglamore (eg'la-mori, or Eglamour, Sir. A
valiant knight and heroic champion of the
Round Table, in the Arthiu'iau cycle of ro-
mances. There is a popular ballad which re-
counts how he "slew a terrible huge great
monstrous dragon."
Eglamour (eg'la-mor). In Shakspere's "Two
Gentlemen of Verona," the agent for Sylvia's
escape.
Eglantine (eg'Ian-tin). In the stoiy of " Val-
entine and Orson," the bride of Valentine and
daughter of King Pepin.
Eglantine, Madame. In Chaucer's " Prioress's
Tale," the prioress.
Full well she sang the service divine,
Entuntd in her nose full seemely.
.\nd French she spoke full fair and fetisly,
After the school of Stratford-atte-Bow ;
For French of Paris was to her unknow.
Eglinton, Earl of. See MonUjomcrie.
Eglon (eg'lon). In Old Testament history, a
king of the Moabites who captured .Jericho and
occupied it for IS years, during which he op-
pressed the Hebrews and obliged them to pay
frilmte.
Egmont (eg'mont), or Egmond, Lamoral,
Count of Egmont and Prince of Ga\Te. Born
at La Hamaide, Haiuaut, Nov. 18, 1522: died
at Brussels, June 5. 1568. A Flemish general
and popular hero. He fought under Charles V. in
Algiers, Germany, and France, and led the cavalry at St.
Quentin in 16:,7, and at Gravelines in 15Da He was for a
Egypt
time governor of t landers and Artois, and was a member
of the counfii of state under Mai'garet of Parma. Al-
though a Catholic and a courtier, he opposed the absolute
government which Philip II. attempted to intruduce into
the Netherlands under cover of religion. He was treach-
erously Seized by the I>uke f»f Aha Sept. 9, 1567, and exe-
cuted in company with the Count of Hoorn.
Egmont. A tragedy by Goethe, published in
17SS.
Egmont, Mount. An extiuet volcano in the
North Island, New Zealand, situated about lat.
39^^ 16' 8., long. 174° 5' E. it was discovered by
Cook Jan. 13, 1770, and named iu honor of Count Egmont,
Height, 8,3lX) feet.
Egremont (eg'r-mont). A town of Cumber-
land. England, on the Eden south of White-
haven. Population (1891), 6,243.
Eguiara y Eguren (a-ge-a'ra e a-go-ran'),
Juan Jos6, Born in Mexico City about 1695:
died there, Jan. 29, 1763. A Mexican author.
He took orders, and was professor of theology and rector
of the I'liiversity of Mexico. His most important work is
the "Biblioteca Mexicana," a bibliographical dictionary,
of which only a part was printed (Mexico, 1755). He also
wrote numerous philosophical and theological treatises,
etc
Egypt (e'jipt). [Heb. Mizraim, Assyr. Mugur^
At. Mi^r, Coptic Keme^ Gr. Ar/virrog, L. ^gyptus,
F. Egypte, G. Agypten, It. Egitto.'] 1 . A country
in northeastern Africa, now a dependency of
Turkey, famous for the great antiquity and
former splendor of its civilization, it is bounded
by the Mediterranean on the north, and extends south-
ward, including the delta and the valley of the Nile, to
the first cataract (lat. 24° 6' X.). On the east it is bounded
by the Gulf of Suez and the Red Sea, and on the west by
the desert. It includes also the Sinaitic peninsula and a
strip on the western coast of Arabia. The present south-
em limit of its possessions is in the neighborhood of the
second cataract. Egj-pt proper consists practically of the
delta and a narrow strip on each side of the Nile. The
soil has been celebrated for its productiveness, due to the
inundations of the river, and it was long the granary of
Rome. Modem Egypt has 14 mudiriyehs or provinces,
with Cairo as the capital and Alexandria as the seaport.
The government if a hereditaiy vieeroyalty, ruled by a khe-
dive, subordinate to Turkey. The inhabitants are Egyi>-
tians tfellaheen, town-people, and Bedawin), Nubians,
Abyssinians, Levantines, Turks, negroes, Armenians, Jews,
and Europeans. The leading religion is Mohammedan,
but there are many Copts. The prevailing language is
Arabic. The histoiy of ancient Egj-pt was given by Mane-
tho under 31 dynasties. (See Manetho.) These dj-nasties
are tlms grouped by Marietta : the Ancient Empire, dynas-
ties I.-XI. ; the Middle Empire, dynasties XI.-XVIII. ;
the New Empire, dynasties XVIII. -XXXI. The 1st dy-
nasty was founded by Menes in 5004 B. c, according to
Mariette. During the early djuasties Memphis was the
center, and in the time of the 4th occurred the building of
the Pyramids (about 40*0 B.C.— Mariette). The construc-
tion of Lake Mceris and the Labyrinth are assigned to the
12th dynasty. Thebes now became the center, and later
the invasion of the Hyksos occurred (in the 15th dynasty).
After a period of confusion and obscurity Egypt was united
under the great Theban 18th dynasty, and under this and
the 19tli reached its highest point in extent and in the
grandeur of its monuments. Among the great sover-
eigns were Thothmes III., Seti I., and Rameses II. The
"Pharaoh of the Exodus" has frequently been identified
with Menephtah of the 19th dynasty, and the date stated
approximately at about 1300 B. c. With the next dynasty
began the decline. There were some revivals of power, and
in the 7th and 6th centuries Greek settlements began ; but
in 527 B. c. Egy])t was conquered by Cambyses, and this
Persian dynasty ranks as the 27th. Fi'om 406 B. c. native
rulers again lield power, but in 340 B. c. a short-lived Per-
sian dynasty (the 31st and last of Manetho) began ; this was
overthrown in 332 B. c. by Alexander the Great. After his
death Egj-pt was ruled by his general Ptolemy aud Ptole-
my's successors down to the death of Cleopatra (30 B. c),
when Augustus aimexed it to tlie Roman Empire. Egypt
was an important center of Christianity. In about 640 it
was conquered by the Saracens, and formed in later times
part of the Ommiad and Abbasside empires. The Fatimites
ruled it from 9'>9 to 1171. and thereafter the Ayubites until
1250 : to these succeeded the Mamelukes, who iu turn were
overthrown by the Turks under Selim I. in 1517. Egj-pt
w.is invaded by Bonaparte in 17if8, but the French were ex-
pelled in isiil. In 1806 Mehemet Ali became pasha, and
the countrj- developed greatly. A successful war with
Turkey was cut short in 1S40 by the intervention of the
powers. In 1869 the Suez Canal was opened. From 1879
tYance and England exercised a joint supervision over the
khcdive ; but a native revolt, begun under Arabi Pasha In
1881 and suppressed by England in 1882, was followed in
1883 by the abolition of the joint control, and the appoint-
ment of an English financial adviser. The Malidists in
the Sudan revolted in 18S1-S5, and in spite of the resist-
ance of Gordon at Khartum and the campaigns of Wolseley
and others the provinces south of the second cataract were
lost. Area, 380,000 square miles. Population, 6,817,266.
,,Eg)'ptU8 was in old times the name of the Nile, which
wassocalledby Homer (Odys.iv. 477; xiv. 257): andStrabo
(xvii. p. 601) says the same was the opinion of Nearchus.
Manetho pretends that the country received the nanie
from .Egyptus. a surname of King Selhos(or Sethi). Aris-
totle thinks that ".Egypt was fomierly called Thebes,"
and Herodotus stixtes, in opposition Ut the opinion of
the "Ioni:ms," that "Thebes (i. e. the Thebaid) had of
old.the name of Egypt." And if this is not conflnned by
the monuments, tlie word '' Egypt" was at all events con-
nected with Coptos. a city of the Thebaid. From Kebt
Koft, or Coptos. the modem inhabitants have been called
Copts: its ancient name in hierogl>'pliiLS was Kwbt-hor;
and Mr. Poole is evidently right in supposing this to be
the same as the Biblical Caphtor. He thinks the name
" Egj'pt' is composed of .\(a," land," and Tvino<; ; and is to
Egypt 355 Elagal)al\is
be traced In the Al-Caphtor, "land (or coast) of Caphtor," In originally Eistet A town in Middle Pranconia, "on '"to a dauRhttr of ihiirles the Great. He wrote a Ufa
JemMiah(xlvii.4). ThewordCoptitlci8f.mndinaC)i,o9tlc Bavaria/silimti-d on the Altmiihl 3K miles south "f •■Imrlea the Ore,it(" Vita Caroli Magni").
li;il>jriis, supiiiiaeil to lie of the second century (sue note! , », , TtiTiaipHpln (TnVp-iioliil Ui iTiiiiv tn T enli
inch. St). Kwpt issiiid to have been called oriRiiially "1 Niiii'iiib.Tt;. It h:,s a cathedral and WalpnrKis ■binsieaem (m ze-.lt InJ. Ht., . quiy. to L,. soli-
Aetia, and the NUe Aetos and siiis. Ipper E«T>t. or the church. It was formerly an independent bishopric, secu- tariiim. a hermitage : aeeordniK to the legends,
Thebald, h:is even been confounded with, and called, lariEed In 1802. Population (ISiKi), 7,.'^6. St. Meiurad (9th eentviry) lived here as a lier-
Ethiopia: perhaps to') by Pliny (vi. 3.-,; see notes on eh. Eichwald (ich'viild), Karl Eduard. Born at mit.] A town in the canton of Schwvz, Switz-
""): -'*,"''"!'' <!''-'')?'iV'f'''"P'^?''''?t7i;"''?,^''''-'','«'''. .Mitau, Kussia, Julv 4 ((). S.), 17i»."): died at St. erland, 22 miles east-northeast of Lucerne, it
i^ un^e 't^U t'^dV.pia'r: ,ry';;;eS^^'i;et!s"''\'^^ Peter.sl.urg, Nov. 1(), 187(i. A Russian natural- i-neof the nv.st celebrated of pil.rin, resorts. T.,e ,„o„
am" Musr or Misr is the same as the Biblical Mi^raim, ist, author of ■' ZooloRia specialis" (1829-31), ^^^'llZt'^l'l i:! i!r'\ V''"'f '" ■"' ? ''
dies notoccur on the monuments. Elder (I'der). A nver in Schleswig-Holstem, erj- have suffered many rebuildmRs the last early n. the
Jtaivlimon, Herod., II. 23. Prussia, which flows into the North Sea about J8V> '^"''"■7 ;»'"'.•''"";■'•'''' erf'-',''^''';™'."'^"'-;^"''^'^'"''"
' .T- ., ' ., »., ,, «,, T^,, T ^1 Is m an unmterestinc Itjdiun Style. 1 he larce church has
2 A diocese of the prefecture of the East in ^''^ilesuortnott lie mouth of the Elbe. Length, two slender towers; its interior is tawdry with gildint- and
^' , . „. : „*: T^f*i ij . .. T,'... • .! 1 10 miles. ornament in questionable taste. In its iKirtraits, library.
the later orgaiu/.ation of the Kom.iu tmpiie. Eifel(i'fel),The. A volcanic mountain and pic- »'»1 ■""teri-'l resources, the venerable monastery is still
Egyptian Expedition, The. An expedition ,„resquo region in western (icrm.mv, between J."^"- l'"Pulation (1888), 8,506.
^inh'u.h''" l^ ,'" If'"'"', ^-.""f ', ^f^Tl "' thevallevs <7f theKhine,Moselle,and'Hoer. It is Eirene See Jre„<^.
179«-l.**'.'l' "•'"' .tl>e 111 unate objc't of attacking ^^-^..^^^^ ;,,j,, ,^^ Schnee-Eifel and the Vorder- Eisenach (i'ze-uiich). A town in Sa.xe-Weimai-
the Britisn empire m India. It was corninamled by T?:f„i Wnitrlit of the TTnlio Aclit ■> 400 feet Liscmich, Gerraanv, situated at the lunction
Napoleon Bonaparte; sailed from Toulon with :«,iKlo men J'^"C"- rteignr 01 tue none ACnt, -,iau leet. „f ti,„ kt,,„„,, „,„1 •Ti;:.„,.i ;,, !„* >;no r,j;- v
Ma?19,17»8;con.|uere,i .Malta.Iune 12, 1798 ; defeated the Eiffel (i'fel; F. a-fel'), Alexandre Gustave. !„,, „ .no fq' v ,, "ff , . ' ,*' ,'f ^.i
Mamelukes in the battle of the Pyramids .Tuly 21. 1798; Born at Diion, Dec. If), lK;i2. A noted Frencli "" *?' '" .^, , ■.J,\"' ""i '".'■"•P';''? "'J- '^v"""^'?;
eanturcd Cairo Julv '2 179s- sutferod the loss of its (leet ""'. **' "'■>",.' ,"' -, , ' ^ "- , ' A ,,.„ , and is a.ssociated with the early days of Luther. Near It
S th™ictr;of .Vjrs;,n at\\burir AiVri, nol^ engineer. His b.-st-kiiowu work is the Littol is ,|,e Wartburc It was formerly the capital of Saxe-
1799 Invaded Syria, but was in the same year repulsed liy Tower (which see). Eisenach, ropulation (18»iJ), 21,399.
theTurksandtheEni»li,shatSt..Teand'Acre, and retreated Eiffel Tower. A tower, 984 feet high, built of Eisenbcrg (i'zen-bero). A town in the duchy
to Cairo. In Auc. 1799, Bonaparte returned to Krance, jron framework, in the Champ-de-Mars, Paris, of Saxe- Alt enbuig, Germany, situated 33 miles
iTwTsuc™S:d by Men™;."Merurn^^^^^^^ f-' «- exhibition of 1889. The genend form is that southwestof Leipsic. Population (1890), 7,.349.
with the Ei.Klish at Cairo in 1801, in acc.rdance with "? '<■ concave pyramid. The base consists of 4 inclined EigenerZ (i'zen-ertz). A town in Styria, Aus-
whlch EKypt was restoicd t-j the Ottoman I'orte, and the piers set at the angles of a squiu-e of 336 feet The piei-s ti.j,,.n , „ . . oQ miles northwest of Binick
Vr.ii,-h aniiv triiisnorted to France bv the F.iifflish fleet. '^<' connected on the sides of the square by huKe arches. ,"■' riui)gai>, .iu mues uoitnwcsi oi I51-U K,
Krtnchann> tr.insported to trance by the hnglisnileet. After rising about 600 feet, the 4 piers are mersed into famous for its iron-mountaiu. Population
Egyptian I'nnceSS, An. liT..l(l!liitif!clie Aoiii<i.i- „„«. There aie 3 platforms at different heights : the top (1890), commune, 5,740.
tochtir.] A novel bv Ebers (18G4). The scene one, over 900 feet from the ground, is surrounded by a ti.„„i„i,_ ,;, „ , -„> a,,™-* tj t -yt
is I'.id in F.'vot iiid' Persia aliout r>'^2 B C balcony and covered with a glass pavilion !,l feet square. ElSenlOhr (l zen-lor), AUgUSt. Born at Mann-
is lai.l in "V.) I'f •'"'' ' ' i^^"- aoouc .> .. B C. Above this rises the lantern, which is fitted for scientiHc heiiii, Baden, Oct. (i. 1S;!2. A ( ierman Egyp-
Egyptian Thief, The. liyamis, the lover of observations. tologist, professor of Egyptology at Heidelberg.
(Jliariclea. referred to in bhakspere s Twelfth jjiggj. (i'f,er). One of the highest mountains of He has published "Der grosse Papyrus Harris"
Night, V. 1. _ t]je Bernese Olierlaiid, Switzerland, northeast (1872), ete.
Ehatisaht (a-ha ti-sat) or Ayhuttisaht (a- of the Jungfrau. Height, 13,042 feet. Elsenlohr, Wilhelm. Born at Pforzheim, Ba-
hot i-sat). A tribe ot ^ortl, American In- Eigg (eg), or Egg (eg). One of the Hebrides ,len, .Ian. 1, 1799: died at Karlsruhe, Baden,
dians, living about Esperanza Inlet, ^yest coast i.ian.is, belonging to Invemess-shire, Scotland, .July 10, 1872. A German physicist, professor
of Vaucouver Island^ British Columbia. They south of Skye and southeast of Rum. Length, of physics in the Polytechnic Institute at
n.imbered 14.i m 1884 See AJO^ 6* miles. Karlsnihe 1840-65. His chief work is •' Lehr-
Ehingen (a mg-en . A town ui Wuitemberg, on Eighteen Hundred and Seven, or Friedland. i ,u,Oi .ier Phvsik " ( 1836).
the Danube lo miles southwest^ot t^m. . A large painting bv Meissonier (1876), now in Eispimtadt (i'zen \f-it) Hun- Kis Martni,
Ehrenberg a'ren-boiMi , Christian Gottfried, the Metropolitan Museum of Art New York ■'^jsenstaat i zen-stat) Hung. jiis-Marton.
u I iif.inv,.,.!, p,.n^iin \„ril HI ITO-,- .li,.,l V, ^"t ' ' "I""" ■ " J>i"i-""" V'^ •^"' . ^^' " ,, A towu lu the countv of Odonburg, Hungary,
Born al l)ojH/.scll, fuissia, .i\priL ly. l/y.i. illcil it represents a regiment <pf cuirassiers passing at a gallop „- •, i, .-it. • ,. .". ,, ^ •"
at Berlin, Juno 27,1876. A German naturalist, in a grain-fleld before .Napoleon, who sits on a white horse -;' ""lebsoutu ot Vienna. It contains the cas-
especiallv noted for his studies of Iiil'iiiiorid. at the left, attended by his marshals and staff. tie ot Prmee Esterhazy. Population (1890),
He wri>te'"I)ie Infusiimstierchen als vollkominene Or- Eikon Basilike (i'kon ba-sil'i-ke). [Gr., 'royal -,972.
ganismen ■• (18:«), "Mikro-Geologie" (1864). likeness.'] A book describing the sufferings Eisfeld (is'feld). A town in Saxe-Meiningen,
Ehrenbreitstein (a-ren-bilt'stin). A town in of Charles I. of England, published in 1649. Germany, on the Werra 23 miles east-southeast
the Kliiiie Province, Prussia, situated on the It is usually attributed to Bishop Gauden. of Meiningen.
Bbine opposite Coblenz. It is noted for its for- Elkonoclastes (i-kon-6-klas'tez). ['The Icon- Eisleben (is'la-ben). A town in the province
treiis, situated on an almost inaccessiljle rock 3Sr, feet oclast.'l A pamphlet written by Milton in of Saxony, Prussia, 39 miles west-northwest of
fhenn'nmi'ansUinirafan^^^ answer to ( iauden's " Eikou Basilike." Leipsic. It is the center of a copper- and silver-minlng
LtMn:278."^''7'''7'""";''"'^;"- '"■' EildonHills(el'donhilz). ThreepeaksinEox- ^:^Z.^'l^:^^i^,:^"'- ^^ ^'^^^-"^
BhrenfeM (a ren-fekl). A manufacturinK sub- burghshire, Scotland, near Melrose famous m Eisteddfod (i-ste?n'v6d). [Welsh. 'a sitting of
■irl.otCologne. Population (18!)0), 21, <4;.. Scottish legend. Height, 1,385 feet. learned men.'] An annual musical and litenirv
EibenstOCk (I'ben-stok). A town in the king- Elleithyia, er Hebent. In ancient geography, festival and competition which originated iii
dom of Saxony, in the Erzgebirge in hit. .50° 29' a town in Egypt, on the Nile between YAfn and ^],^ triemiial assemblv of Welsh bards : the lat-
N., long. 12° 36' E. It is noted for its tambour Esueh, on the site of llie mo.lern El-Kab: one ter dates back to an earlv period. An Eisteddfod
ombroidei-y. Population (1890), 7,166. of the oldest of Egypt lan towns. It is now is mentioned as laving been held in the 7th century. They
Eichberg (ik'berfi), Julius. Born at Diissel- noted for its rock-lombs and -temples. are now held every year at various places in Wales, ('on-
dorf in 1824: died at Boston, Jan. 19, 1893. A EHenburg (i'len-boro). A town in the prov- :;:!;:t,^,:;:::X^'lr^:'^S:^:^^
iieriiiau-.American composer. Ue was professor in nice ot Saxonv, Irussia, situated mainly on an f,,inis they are no longer strictly national G'roiv
';!;::^>:':^:^^^i'^!:"'^:?it^^Z^::^!:^a:::::^ i^^']:'' *•'!• M..Me,14miles northeast of Leip. Eitherside (e'Tller-si.l or i;THer-sid), Sir Paul,
tn. at the Bostnn Museum for seven years. In 1867 he f" ft contains an aneieiit castle 01 w). «J';ont'<=rf^^^^ III Urn Jonson's comedy " The Devil is all .A.-s. '
eslablishclthe Host ■onservatory of .Music, of which he tress against tlie « ends. I opulation (189o), l-,44,. a hard, unfeeling justice and superstitious wise-
reiiiaiiied the head until bis death. He cimiposcd, among EimeO (l ine-o), or AimeO, or Morea. One of
acre.
other works, four opeiettas: "The Doitor of Alcantani,- the Societv Islands, belonging to France (since p.ithorsiHp SprirpnTit A eliavncter in Mack
■•The Koseof Tyrol," "The Two la.lis," an.l "A Night 1880), sit.uttcd in the PacilTcOcean in lat. 17° 30' , n's " Nul! olMh. World " *''''"-^'*" "' "" ''
Bichendorff (i'cheii-.16rf), Joseph von. Horn ^.-'t^'f ° ,. I'oi.ulatioii, about 1,,.00. Ekaterinburg. See y,l:atcn,<h„rg.
at Lubowilz (his father's estate), near Kalibor, Einbeck (m bek), or Eimbeck (im bek). .\ Ekaterinodar. See YckaUrinoiiar.
in Silesia, March 10, 17S8: died at Neissc, Nov. town in the province of Hannover, Prussia, Ekaterinograd. See Yekatirintujmd.
26, 1H57. A (ierman poet and author. In 1813- sit"!ited 37 miles south ot Hannover. It was Ekaterinoslaff. See Yekakriiioslaff.
WV. he serve.1 in the War of Liberati..n, Hist as a volun. foumled by pilgrinis t.. a chapel at Munster which con- Ekhmim. Sei^ Ahhmini.
!ss;;r^!ri;;rarie^ii';:;;i'^ig;b;;r"in?8^'he tz:ir^^vi^:^^^::^^^^M^^:^<^:^^
w™t [:, Berlin. Ilo wrote "Ahnung mid' tiegenw'irt •' '-'- '- •'---') l'"P"l«tion (1«K.), 7,676. Sche Tel, published m 1857. The scene .8 laid .n
('•Presage and Presence," 181.5), the dramatized fairy tale Elu fcste Burg (in fes'te liiiro). [G.,'a strong "'e lOtli century.
''Krlegilen l'hillstem"("Waron the I'hillstines," 1821), fortress.'] The lirst wonis of ahvnin bv Martin Ekron (ek'rou). [Heb., 'uprooling.'] One of
JhSM^''^^''^''''V^'■''■v '!,''■"'"" '','Z'?N'''''''i'''.C^''''u''" Luther C'Ein teste Burg ist unsefGott''), aver- the live chief cities of the I'liilistines, situ-
the Life i)f a (ft>od-f'>r-Nt)thing, 1820). A first collec- . ,. ,, , , ■ .,,.,•, .i . ,• « i i i .i i
lion of poems appeared in 18:i7. His comidetc poetical sioii ot Psalm xlvi. The hymn wa.s probably written iltcd 12 miles northeast ol Asluloil . the moilern
wcirkB."SaniintllchepoetisehcWerke,"werei8siieilat Her- in 15.30. The tune seems to h.ave appeaieil in K<q)lil's ,\kir. It contained an oracle. " Aci-.>rdiiig to the As-
llnln I842.in4 V(diime5;"Vernii8elite.Sclirifteir'("MisceI- "I'salmen und geistliche I.ieder, " probably in 1.5:)8. Tile gyiian inscriptions, when most of the towns in Palestine
laneoui Writings") at Paderboni, iscd, In .'. volumes. form now used is by Sebastian Bach, given in various can- revolted on the death of .Sargon, I'adI, king of Ekron,
Eiphhorn 'ich'hornl Tohatin Oott.fripd Born tatas, and differing slightly frt>m Luther's original. The remained faithful. His subjects, however, rebelled and
XUCnnorn vl< » nol n;, jonann UCJllinea. I^OI n ^._,j.,,^ ,,.j^,^. ,,|^„ |,„^.„ ......(..rm^^.j. handed him over t,. King Hezekiah, at ,lerusalein. who re-
at Dorrenzimiiieni, in lloheiiloli(>-()hringeii. Einhard(in'liiird),incorrcctlvEginhard Born tained him a pris.mer until he wiui released and reseated
(W.rMia_ny,(>ct. I(;,1752:di(Hlal^(i6tlingeii,.luiie ;„ ^usl .,sia about 770: diinl at Selige'nsladI on the throne by Sem.aeherlb" S,,,;,/,,mct._ of the Bible.
2(,I82(. A (.eniiaii scholar, hislonaii, and lub- „„ t,|j,. Main Germany March 14 840 (f) A Elagabalus (e-la-gali a-lus), or HellOgabalus
heal critic, professor at (Jiittingen from 178K. ip,,^,,!^!^], scholar and biographer of Charles (he li-o-gab':i-l.is) (originally Varius Avitus
Among Ins critical works are "Elnleltllng In das Altc . , , , , .. , , , , ... , , , , , TtaQftianils) Born at Eniesa S\'na (l.i \. li. ;
Tesliitiienf flTso s-o •• Kinbitiini? In dn« Nuifa Tonlji. thedfeat. He wiw of noble lirth, anil was educated at XSaSbldUUB). i>oi u ai_i ,iin sa, .->.\ ii.i,
nii'it" 1»M iif ' '^''"""""^ '" ""' ^""*^° ^'*"' the niona.,tery of K.ilda. He removed not later than 79(1 died 222. Emperor of K'ome. He was the son of
TH VI, tr 1T7-J-V T> it n t<i the ccpiirt of Charles the (treat, by whom he was ap- .Sexins Varius Maicelliis and .Inlia .Soa'inias, and llrst cou-
XilCnnom, Jlari X neflncn. Uoni at .lena, tier- ,„ii„|,.,i niinisti r of imbllc works, and was sint in soil ils sin ot Caracalla. He became while very young a priest in
many, Nov. 211, 17S1 : ilied at ('ologne, July 4, imperial legale t.i Koine. He was retained in i>(llie by the temple of the sun-god Rlagabalus at I'.niesa. Being
I8.')4i ,\ German iiirist son of J G Eiehhorn Louis le Delionnalre, l.i whose son Lothalre he became put forward a» the son of Caracalla. he was iiroclaimed
Hisclii,.fwo.-Hu"Ilni.t«<.)inStnnf<i iind Rnelita' t" tor ill 817. He retired in S30 to .Mnlinheim (which he emperor by the soldiers in 21S, in oiq...siti..ii t,. Macrinue
, • 1 , o , , Lou IJ^UtsehO StaatS-una Koehts- ^^^^^^ Sellg.nstadt), where he erected a monastery. He who was defeated on the borders of S> i ia and Plienicia in
gescliiclite (1808-_J). ^gg married to Iinina who was the sister of Bernhanl. the same year. He gave himself up ti> (he most infamous
Eichstadt (ich'stet), or Eichst^tt (i(ih'stet), biahopof Worms, but who »a« transformed by later tradi- debauchery, and abandoned the government to his mother
Elagabalus
356
and erandmother. He adopted his cousin, Bassijmis Alex-
SSifThoTuccecded to the tlinjne .,. Seven.s Alexander.
Ue was put to death at Kouie by the pretoiians.
El^ le'lii). Valley of. [Heb • va ey ot the
terebintli".'] The valley in which the Israel-
tes were euoamped when the .lue between
David and GoUath occurred : the modem Wady
Vl^np°(e-lan'). In the Arthurian legends : (a)
'rrhatter of King Arthur She bore a son
Mordred, to Arthur. (.(-) The daughter of Kong
PeUe^ She ^vas the mother of Lattcelot s son
Sir Galahad. (<•) The "hly ma"! of Astolat
who pined and cUed for Lance o. Tennyson
makes her storv the subject ot his '-Elaine.
(d) The daughter of King Brandegons, wlio
bore a child to Sir Bors de Gams. In Malory s
"^toM •■ the statement Is so worded that Elaine imght be
thTname of the chUd. (f ) The wife of Ban of
Benoic (Brittany), mother of Sir Lancelot.
She was also called Elein. „ , , .
Elam (e'lam). [In the Assyro-Babyloman in-
scriptions £/«»<(«, highland: OPers. Vm<M,u
(from which the modem Cliu:if:tu>i arose), witli
the Greeks Kieala (Herodotus), .Skskiiki (""""?
the Macedonian period). andiVvmfli.'.(Strabo).J
The eountrv and ancient empire east ot tUe
lower Tigris, south of Media, and north ot the
Persian Gulf. It is a countrj- of fertUe and picturesque
mountains, valleys, and ravine^ the mily flat tr,>a b«ng ou
the shores of the Pers an Gulf; and was lu very higli an-
tiqutfy toe sLat of a mighty empire of which Susa was he
capital, the oldest hisloriciU informati,.n about Uam is
that it subiuKated Babylonia .al>out 29X>--2o,b B. c. The
iflamite dynast is identic^U with the Median of lierosus.
which ruled over Babylonia about 2»iO-207« B. c. Among
These Elandte kings is also very pr«ba dy to he conn^
ChedorUiomer iKudur-Lawmnru) of (.eu. xn. Uie next
mstorici notice is that Elam was subdued by>ebuchad-
nei-ijl kiu" of Babylonia, about 1130 B.C. From the 8th
«Xry E c "" Elam was conneete.! with the riv^Uiy be-
tween Assyria and Babylouia, supporting the Wter against
the former. Elam was defeated by Sargon m , 21 and ,10,
and by Sennacherib ill several campaigns, especially in tlie
decisive battle at Ualule on the llgris about 091 In W.i
Asurbanipal destroyed Susa. .Soon after this catastrophe
Elam is met with under the dondnion of Theispes^ In
miion with iledia and Persia it helped to bring about the
fidl of Assyria and Babylonia. It shaicd thenceforth the
fate of the other Assyrian provinces, and had no h stopM^'
iUown. The ancient Elamites were not Semites. This is as-
CCTUUned by the names of then- kings, which are ^len to
aU of the Semitic dialects, and by their representations
Sn the monuments, which exhibit a type wnlcly different
from the Semitic. The enumeration of Elam am<"ig the
sons of Sheiu in Gen. X. 22 may perhaps be accounted for
bv the fact that the Ehimite vaUey was early settled by the
Semites, who predominated over the >"'»:»<--n""%e'<'".'^"'
of The population, and also by the fact that the Elamltes
on the other hand had lor more than two centuries the
upper hand in Semitic Babylonia.
El-Araish (el-U-rish'), or El-Arish (el-a-resh )
or Larache. A seaport in Morocco, situated
on the Atlantic in lat. 3o° W ^., long. 0° 9
W. Population, about 5.000.
El-Arish (el-ii-resh'). A town of Egypt on the
SvTiin frontier, situated on the Mediterranean
in lat 31° 7' N., long. 33° 46' E. It was taken by
the French in 1799, and retaken in 1799. A convention
WM signed iere between Kl«ber and the grand vmr m
Elath (e'lath), classical .ffilana. In scriptiu-al
ffeocTaphv. a town of Iduma>a. situated at the
head of t lie Gulf of Akabah. It was taken by David,
and was the headquarters of Solomon's fleet. It was for-
tified bv I'zziah.
Elathasi (el-a-thii'si). [Ar.. probably conrupted
from -,/ atluili. the tripod.] The htth-magni-
tude star f Draconis. The name is of rare oc-
Elba (el'ba). [Gr. Aldi^^ta, A'M?.n, L. Itva,
Ilmi 1 An island belonging to the provmce of
Leghorn Italy, situated in the Mediterranean,
east of Corsica, and about 5+ miles froni'l iiseany .
lU surface is generally mountainous. It ,n.,auces iron
and other minerals, wine, and fruit. Ihe chief t « n ,s
Porto Eerraj... Elba was granted as a residence ami do-
m"nion to sipoleon, May 4, 1814, and he continued to live
Siere until ^^eb. 26, 1815. It reverted t« Tuscaiiy m 181...
Length, 18 mUes. Area, 90 square mUes. Population
Eibe\erbe). [= F. Elbe, It. Elba UomG.
Elbe, OHG. Elba. Alba, Bohem. Label.. Alh-s.
Gr. ';\/'. J(f, "X'/.^iioi.l A river of northern Lu-
rope: the Roman Albis. It rises in the Riesenge-
biree, Pohemia, flows through Bohemia and Germany,
cenendly in a northwesterly direction, and empties into
the North Sea about 65 miles below Hamburg. Its chief
tributaries are the Moldau, Eger, Mulde, Saale, and Uayel
(with the Spree>. On its bauks are Dresden, 1 organ, «il-
tenlierg, Magdebiir-, and Hamburg. Length, about T--
miles- navigable for ocean vessels to Hamburg, and lor
others to Melnik in Bohemia (oTer i<*> miles).
Elberfeld (el'ber-feld). A city in the Rhine
Province, Prussia, on the Wupper 24 miles
northeast of Cologne. It forms with Rarmen (which
adjoins it) Elberteld-Barmen, one of the most important
manufacturing centers in Europe Among the manu-
lactures of the two cities are riblions, chemicals, lace,
thread, silk, cotton, etc. Population (1890), of Elberfeld,
125,899; of Barmen, 116,144.
Elberich. See Obtnm. .__ ^
Elbeuf (el-bef). A town in the department
of Seine-Inferieure, Prance, on the Seine 13
miles south-southwest of Rouen. It has im-
portant cloth manufactures. PopulaUon (1891),
commune, 21,4t>4. .
Elbing (el'bing). A town in the province ot
West Prussia, situated on the Elbing. near the
Frisches Half. 34 miles southeast of Dantzic.
It is a manufacturing .and tniding center. It was a colony
from Lubeck. Population (ISW), 41,49o.
Elbingerode (el'bing-e-ro-de). A mining town
in th?pro%-ince of Hannover, Prussia situated
in the Harz 15 miles southwest ot Halberstadt.
Population (1890). 2.936.
Elbow (el'bo). In Shakspere's "Measure for
Measure." a constable, an inferior Dogberry.
Elburz(el-borz'), or Elbruz (el-broz ), Arange
of mountains in northern Persia, connected
with the Caucasus and mountains of Ariuenia
on the west, and with the Paropamisan Moun-
tains on the east. Highest summit, Moimt
Dema vend (which see). .
Elburz, or Elbruz. The highest momitain of
the Caucasus, situated in lat. 43° 21' ^., long.
42° 25' E. Height, 1S..526 feet.
Elcano, Juan Sebastian de. See Cano, Jium
El Capitan (el kiip-i-tiin'). [Sp.,' the captain ]
One of the most noted heights surrounding the
Yosemite VaUey. It rises 3,300 feet above the
EVcesaites (el-se'sa-its), or Elkesaites (el-ke'-
sa-its). Apartvorsectamong the Jewish Llu-is-
tian^ of the 2d centurv. They derived their name
from Elkasai or Elxai, either their founder or leader, or
the title of the book contiiinUig heir doctrines «hlc
they regarded as a special revchition. Their belief and
practices were a mixture of Gnosticism "od Judaism,
with much that was pcciiliiu-. They were flnaUy con-
founded with the Ebionites.
P.lphe (el'che). A town in the province of Ali-
ci^ite. Spain, in lat. 38° 14' N., long. 0°42' W
noted for the ciUtivatiou of date-palms : the
ancient Hid. Population (1S87), 23.8o4.
Elcbingen (el'ehing-en). A viUage in Bavaria,
situated near the Danube 7 miles northeast ot
Vim. Here, Oct. 14, 1805, the Austrians were defeated
by Sey (created afterward due dElehingen). The battle
was followed by the capitulation of tlm.
Elder Brother, The. A comedy by Fletcher
pvobablv re^-ised by Massinger^ It was acted
after 1625, and published in 1637. Cibber used
it in his "Love makes a Man."
Eldon, Earl of. See Scotf. -ij^in
El Dorado (el do-ra'do). [Sp-.;t^egil4fi-|.
The reputed king or chief of a fabulous city ot
great wealth (JIanoa) which, during the loth
century, was suj ^osed to exist somewhere in
the uorthem part cf South America. According
to the story, the chief was periodically smeared with oil
or balsam, and then covered with gold-dust untdhs
whole body had a gilded appearance. Beginning about
loS-' ■Teat numbers of expeditions were made by tlie
Spani^uds in search of this nliantom : the explorers su
fered teiTible hardships, auS hundreds died. Ihe con-
quest and settlement of New Granada resulted from the
quest the mountain regions ot Venezuela, the Orinoco
and Amazon, and the great forests es^t. "* ^^e Ande^ were
made known to the worid ; and later m the IGth century
the English, led or sent by Sir Walter Ealeigh. penetrated
into Guiana, obtaming a claim on that comitry which re-
sulted in their modern colony. It has been supposed
that the storj- of El Dorado arose from a yearly ceremony
of an Indian tribe near Bogoti. The chief, it is said was
smeared with balsam and gold-dust, aiter »;liich he th e»
gold emeralds, etc., into a sacred lake and then bathed
there. But this ceremony was never witnessed by the
Spaniards, and the 8tor>- maybe simply ano her version of
the Dorado myth. In common and poeticiil language the
name El Dorado has been transferred to the city or
countiy which was the object of the quest.
Eldsib (el-dzib'). [Ar. il dib (Ulugli Beigh),
the wolf or jackal.] The third-magnitude star
:Dnicoms: a name rarely used. ,.„.,,
Eldsich (el-dzik'). [Ar. el d!j (Clugh Beigh).
the hyeua. ] A rarely used name for the third-
magiiitude star ' Draconis.
Eleanor (el'a-nor), or Alienor, of Aquitaine.
rit. EleOHora. G. Ekoiioie. F. Atioii,,: bee
Helen.] Bora 1122 (f ) : died at Fontevrault,
ilaine-et-Loue. France. April 1. 1204. Heir-
es-; of the duchv of Guienue. She married Lou^
^^I ot France in 1137, was divorced in 1152, and mamed
Henry n. of England in 1152. She was imprisoned by
him 117S-89.
Eleanor of Castile. Died at Grantham, Eng-
lanii. Nov.. T290. Sister of Alfonso X. of t^as-
tile and wife of Edward I. of England.
Eleanor of Provence. Died at Amesbur>-, Eng-
land, 1291. Daughterof the Count of Provence,
and viile of Henry Ul. of England.
Eleusis
Eleatics (e-le-at'iks). [From i,7«(i, Gr. •EAio,
L. also relia and Helia.] A school of Greek
philosophy founded by Xenophanes of Colo-
phon, who resided in Elea, or Yelia. in Magna
Gra-cia. The most distinguished philosophers of thi-
school were Parmenides and Zeno. The mam Eleatic doc-
trines are deveh>pmeuts of the conception that the One
or Absolute, alone is real.
Eleazar(el-e-a'zar). [Heb.,'Godhathhelped.']
The third son of Aaron, and his successor as
high priest. . „,.,.,
Eleazar. 1. In "Lust's Dominion," a lustful
and revengeful Moor, passionately loved by
the sensual t^ueen of Spain. In his villainies
he resembles Marlowe's "Jew of Malta."— 2.
A famous magician in Le Sage's "Gil Bias.
Eleazar Williams. See lyntiamg.
Electioneer ^e-lek-sho-ner'). A bay horse by
Hambletonian ( 10). dam Green Mountain Maid,
foaled Mav 2, 1868: died Dec. 2. 1890. He was
second .mlv t".. Hambletonian (lu) as a trotting su-e. He
was owncd'bv Scn:itor Stanford of California.
Elective Aflanities. See niihlrerindidsehaffen.
Electoral Commission, The. In Umted btates
history, a bnard of commissioners created by
act of" Congress (approved Jan. 29, 1877) for
the purpose of deciding disputed cases in the
presidential election of 1876. its members were
justices of the Cnited States Supreme Court Sathan
Cliflord (president of the commission), .S. J. Miller, K J.
Field, W. Strong, and J. P. Bradley; senators G. P.
Edmunds, O. P. Morton, F. T. FreUnghuysen, T. F. Bay-
ard and A. G. Thurman (replaced later by Kemau) ; and
representatives H. B. Payne, E. Hunton, J. G. -^hbott,
G F Hoar and J. A. GarBeld. It was in session leb. 1-
March " 1877 ■ and its decisions resulted in the seating
of Rutherford B. Haves, the Reiiublican candidate. The
electoral votes in dispute were those of Louisiana, South
Carolina, Florida, and Oregon. The members of the com-
mission voted on party lines (8 KepubUcans and 7 Demo-
ETectoral Rhine Circle. See X</M-er Shine
Electra (e-lek'tra). [Gr. 'HJA-rpa.] 1. In
Greek legend, the daughter of Agamemnon and
Clvtemnesti-a, and sister of Orestes. The events
of "her life have been dramatized by jEschylus, by Sopho-
cles in his "Electra," by Euripides in his "Electia, and
by various modem poets. See Ore/let.
2 In Greek mvthology, one of the seven Plei-
ades.—3. The"44-magnitude star 17 Pleiadum.
Electrides (e-lek'tri-<lez). [Gr. ai 'H?fNTpi<lff
i7/(T0i.] 1. In Greek legend, the Amber Islands
(where the trees weep amber), situated at the
mouth of the fabulous Eridanus (later identi-
fied with the Po).— 2. See the extract.
But the later Greeks have called all the Islands froin
Jutland to the Rhine '• Electrides." or Amber Islands; and
some s.ay that there are others called SctunUa, Duniiii, and
Bergi, and Nerigo, the largest of all, from which the voy-
age to Thule is made.
Pliny (quoted in Elton's Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 41),
Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. An
elegiac poem l)y Thomas liray, published in
17.51. It went tlirough 11 editions in a short time and
has been many times pirated, imitated, and parodied. It
has also been translated into Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Ital-
ian, Portuguese. lYeuch, and German, and there are seT-
eral polyglot editions.
Eleonora (el-e-6-n6'ra). The daughter of Geof-
frov, third soil of Heni-y 11. of England. Geofrroy
was' duke ot Brittany through his wife Constance, the
daughter and heiress of Duke Couan IV. Hence Eleonon
was called "The Damsel of Brittany."
Eleonora. -^ poem wi-itten by Dryden, in ItiSK,
in memiirv of the Countess of Abingdon.
Eleonora of Este. Born June 19, l.=i37: died Feb.
10 l.'i^l. An Italian princess, a friend of lasso.
Elephanta (d-e-fau'ts) Island, Hind. Ghara-
puri. -V small island in Bombay harbor, 6 mUes
east of Bombay, famous for its caves with Hindu
sculptures. „ . .
Elephantine (el-e-fan-ti'ne). [Gr. 'E/f^i-rii^
iv/rro-.] In ancient geography, an island in the
>ile, opposite iSyene (Assuan), in lat. 24°?' N.:
the modem trezeeret-Assuan. F'l-om it came kings
oftheothdvnasty. (?,te Egypt.) « ':»"«^'''\™<""""?!"'J
of Thothmes III. and Amenhotep UI., and a >UometeroI
Ptolemaic date. _ . , . j ,»
Eleusis (e-lii'sis). [Gr. 'E/.ffff<f.] A deme of
Vttica, Greece, the seat of a very ancient cult
of Demcter, and of the famous Eleusinian mys-
teries. The most important monuments lay within the
sacred inclosure, which consisted of a spaeions terrace on
the eastern slope of the Acropidis, surrounded by a mas-
sive wall. Tlie precinct was entered by two pn.pyhra or
monument;d gateways in succession, and its chiel t.uii.iing
was the temple of the mysteries, whose unique iU'^-tit^
tiu-e and successive transformations, as well as <h"Sc "' "»
entire precinct, have been revealed by the e^f 7''°°»»
the Archaological S.K-iety of Athens, Pro^™"'"' f '"^JT
vnls since 188-2. Thepropylica were two iiionumcntal gaie-
wiysto tie Tacred inclosure. The lesser V^^VJ^-^^
stitnted a comparatively simple structure, with thi^
doonvavs separated r.y aito. before which ^'""^ oniate co!
umns. the ^^eaterwere a ■'eproduction.bv Afprnst UudnH
Pulcher in 48 B. c, of the famous propyla-a of the Athenian
Eleusis
Acropolis. The temple (aektts) of the mysteries of Demet«r
and Kora was rebuilt in the .'tth centni-j- B. c. anil altered
later. It nieasui-ed within 178 tiy 170 feet, and was 8Uf-
ri'iindetl along the walls by 8 tiers of step-seats for spec-
tators of the eereiuouies. In every side e.vcept the north-
ea-'it there were two doors. Alon<; the southeast side was
e:in'ied tile ^reat rX)rie portico of Philon, of 12 by 2 col-
ilinn.s.
Eleusis, Bas-relief of. A work of high artistic
importance in the National Sttistnim, Athens.
It represents Demeter, Koni, and Triptoleiuus, and is most
delicate in execution and expression. It dates from the
early Ttth century i*. c.
Eleuthera (e-lu'the-rji). An island of the Ba-
hamas, east (if the Anilros group.
Eleutheropolis (e-lu-the-rop'o-lis), or Betho-
eabris (beth-o-gab'ris). [(>r. 'E^.fi'rtf/wn-o/d;,
free city.] In ancient geography, a town in
Palestine. 22 miles southwest of Jerusalem:
the niiiilcrn Beit-Jibrin.
Eleutherus (e-lu'tho-rus). Bishop of Rome
174-1 7(i: an opponent of the Montanists.
Eleutherus. [Gr. 'EXfittpof.] In ancient geog.
raphy, a river of Pheuieia, the modei'n Nahr
el-Kebir (' Great River'), north of Tripoli. Un
its banks .Jonathan the .iVsmonean met aiidile-
feateil Demetrius.
Elevation of the Cross. 1. A painting i)y
liubons (1610), in Antwerp cathedral, Belgium.
The cross is beiiip raised to position by a number of men
Sushini; in front and others hauling* by a mpe behind.
n the side panels :u-e seen the holy women, soldiers, and
the execution of the two thieves.
2. A painting by Van Dyck (1G32), in Notre
Dame at Courtrai, Belgium. (Muist is already fixed
on the cross, which is being put in position by four men,
attended by soldiers.
Elfleda, Elflida. See Jithclflcdn.
Elfrida (el-fri'dii). [AS.jWlihri/tli.'i Born about
945 (?) : died about 1000. The second wife of Ed-
gar, king of England, whom she maiTied about
964. She was the mother of .lEtheli-ed the
Unready.
El Gallo. See .s«h I{iif<(H.
Elgin Icrgin). or Moray. A maritime county
■f northern Scotland, lying between Moray
1 irth and the North Sea on the north, Banff on
' lie east and southeast, Inverness on the south-
west, and Nairn on the west. Area, 476 square
Miiles. Population (1891), 43,471.
Elgin. The capital of Elginshire, Scotland, sit-
uated on the Lossie in lat. .'57° 38' N., long.
:i^ 19' W. It contains a catheilnil, founded 12-24, but
UTeatly dam.tped by lire and partly rebuilt toward the end
■ >t the 14th century. The arcrhitccture is chiefly Early
ijiglish. The ornunient is rich, and the tracery of espe-
■iril beauty. There arc two western towers, and a good
liapter-houso. Population (IS91), 7,799.
Elgin (el'.jin). A city in Kane County, Illinois,
situated on the Fox Kiver 3.5 miles west-north-
west of Chicago. It has important manufactures of
watches, and of butter and cheese. Population (1890),
17,82:!.
Elgin, Earl of. See Ih-uce.
Elgin (el'giii ) Marbles. A collection of Greek
■ii-ulplnrcs ciiioprising tlie bulk of the surviv-
ing pliistic decor;ition of the I'artlicnon, and a
I !iry;tl id and column from the Erechtheum, and
recognized as containing the linest existing pro-
ductions of sculpture. Tlie marbles*wero brought
I fmni Athens between 1801 and ISiKj by the Earl of Elgin.
The Parthenon sculptures were executed under the dil'ec-
tlon of Cliidias, about 440 u. 0. The i(»lleetion includes
remains of the pediment st-itucs in the round, a great
part of the frieze, in low relief, about .'',25 feet long, which
■urrounded the exterior of the cella, and 1,5 of the metopes
of the exterior frieze, carved in vci-y high relief with epi-
sodes of the contest between the Centaurs and the l.a-
piths. Among the chief of the pediment figures are the
grand reclining figure of Theseus, Iris with wind-lilown
arnpery, and the group of one reclining and two so.'ited
female figures popularly called the "Three Fates." The
cella frie-ze represents the idcali/t-d I'anathenaic proces-
sion to the Acropolis, made uji of youthful cavalrymen,
chariots, led saerificial victims, y<iuiig girls with utensils,
magistrates, and speetatorfl, who set out from the scnith-
west angle of the cella and proceed by both hmg sides to
the e:wt front, wbei-c in presence of an assembled com-
pany of the gods the chief priest prepares to jierform his
solemn rites. The skill with which the exceedingly low
relief of this frieze is carried out is unitaralleled in art.
£l-Qolea (el-go-la'ji). A town and caravan
station in southern Algeria, in lat. 30° 3.')' N.,
loni;. 3° 111' !■:.
El Hakim, Adonbeck. See Saladin.
Elhanan(el-ha'nan). [Heb.,' God is gracious.']
Accoriling to 2 Sam. xxi, 19, tho slayer of Go-
liath. See David.
Eli(e'li), [Hob., 'elevation.'] Anebrewjudge
and liigh priest, nc failed to punish the sins of his
two S4ins Ilophni and Phineha-s, and the destructitui of his
house ensued. At the news of a defeat of the Israelites
by till- Pliilistiues, in which his smis were killed ami the
ark of the covenant taken, he fell liackward from his seat
and brokt^ his neck, lie jndgi il Israel fortyyears, and was
ninety eight years ol.l when he died.
Eli. An or.atorio by Sir Micliael Costa, with
357
words by Bartholomew, produced at the Bir-
mingham festival. Aug. 29, 1855.
Elia (e'li-iij. The pseudonym of Charles Lamb
in his essays contributed to the "London Mag-
azine," commencing in 1820. They were collected
as '* Essays of Ella "in 1823, ami " Last Essays of Elia " In
18^3. The name was that of a clerk in the .South Sea
House, which Lamb remembered having heard there as
a boy, and wafi at first used as a jest at the end of "llec-
olloctions of South Sea House," the lirst of his essays.
The Bridget and James Elia of the essays are Mary and
John Lamb, the brother and sister of the author.
Eliab (e-li'ab). [Heb.,'my God is father.'] The
name of several jiersons mentioned in the Old
Testament, including David's eldest brother.
Eliab. In Dryden and Tate's ''Absalom and
Achitophel," Henry Benuet, earl of Arlington.
Eliakini(e-li'a-kim). [Heb., 'God establishes.']
In the old Testament, the name of several
persons, of whom the most notable is the son
of Hilkiah and master of Hezekiah's household.
Elian's Well, Saint. See Saint Elian's Well.
Eliante (a-lyoiif). In Moli&re's comedy " The
Misanthrope," a reasonable, lovable girl: con-
trasted with Celimene, the coquette.
Elias (e-li'as). Sec Elijah.
Elias, Mount Saint. See Saint Elias, Mount.
Elias Levita ("the Levite"). Born near Nu-
remberg. Bavaria, about 1470: died at Venice,
l.")49. A Hebrew scholar. Jle wrote a critical com-
mentary on the bililiial teNt " Massoreth llaniniassoreth "
(15:js), etc. His full name was Elias ben Asiifr llalevi.
Elidure (el'i-diir). A mythical king of Britain,
brother of Ai'tegal or Arthgallo.
Elie de Beaumont (ii-le' de bo-mdn'), Jean
Baptiste Armand Louis Leonce. Born at
Canon, Calvados, i'l-ance, Sept. 25, 1798: died
at Canon, Sept. 22, 1874. A celebrated French
geologist. He became professor of geology at the Ecole
des Mines in 1829, and at the College de France in 1832,
and perpetu.al secretary of the Academy of Sciences in
'1853, He published '■ Carte geologique de France " (1843),
"Recherches sur quehiues-uncsdes rijvolutions dc la sur-
face du globe" (1829-:J0), ''Notices sur les systfemes de
montagnes " (18'>2), etc,
Eliezer (el-i-e'zer). [Heb., 'God is help.'] In
the ( )ld 'Testament, the name of several persons.
The most notable are : (a) The chief servant of Abraham,
called Eliezer of Damascus, (b) The second son of iloses
and Zipporah.
EligiUS (e-lij'i-us), or Eloi (a-lwii'). Saint.
Born near Limoges, France, about 588 : died
Dec. 1, 6.59. Bishop of Noyou. He came to Paris
in 611), and gained the favor of t'iotaire II. and Dagobert
I. both by his skill as a goldsmith and by his piety, which
he displayed in founding churches and monasteries an<l
in distributing alms to the poor. Although a layman, he
was made bishop of Noyon by Clovis II. iu C41 (040?).
Elihu (e-li'hvi). [Heb., 'God is He.'] The
name of several persons in the Old Testament,
of whom the most notable is one of the friends
of .Job. Ho describes himself as tho youngest
of tho interlocutors.
Elijah (e-li'jil). [Heb., 'Yahveh is my God';
in the New 'restament Elias, Gr. 'IIAtmf.] A
Hebrew prophet of the 9th century B. c. An
account of him is given iu 1 Ki. xvii.-x.\i., 2 Ki. i.-xi., and
2 Chron. xxi. 12-15. He appears before Ahab, king of Is-
rael (who had given himself up to the idolatry of his
Plienician wife Jezebel), and iiredicts a great drought.
Compelled to seik refuge in flight and concealment, he is
miraculously led Ity ravens in the ton-ent-bcd of the stream
Cherith, and by tlie widow (pf Zarephath, whose dead son
he restores t^) life. In the extremity of the famine he re-
appears before Ahab, before whom he calls down lire from
heaven to consume a sacrifice to Jehovah, with the result
that the king orders the extermination of the proi)liL-ts of
Iia:il, who are unable to call down fire to coiisnnu' tlie of
ferings to Bnal. He then puts an end to the drnuglit liy
prayers to Jehovah. Later ho denounces Ahab and ,Ieze-
nel for h.aving iiesp<uled and murdered Naboth, and is
eventually carried to heaven iu a chariot of lire.
Elijah, An (uatorio by Mendelssohn, with words
from the Old Testament. He was assisted by Shu-
bring in selecting the words, and by Bartholomew with the
English worils. It was first performed at Birmingham.
Aug. 2«, 1840.
Elim (e'lim). A station in tho waiuh'rings of
the Israelites, noted for its fountains: not
iilentilicd.
Elimelech(e-lim'a-lek). [Heb.,'(iodi8 king,']
In the Old Testament, the husbaiui of Naomi,
Ello (a-16'6), Francisco Javier. Born in Pam-
plona, March 4, I7()7: died at Valencia, Sept.
4, 1822. A Spanish general. In ISori, having at-
tained the grade of c<donel. he was sent to the Rio de la
Plata, and given <.'onnnand of the forces operating against
the English. In April, 1810. he was recalled to Spain, but
returned at the enil of the year as viceroy of Buenos Ayrcs,
apiKiinted by the Spanish junta of tlie regency. The
junta of Buenos Ayrcs refused to recognize his conimls-
si<m, war followed, and Ell<t was besieged in Montevideo,
but eventually arranged a treaty with the revolutionists
by which both parlies recognized the authority of Ferdi-
nand VII. and the unity of the Spanish nation, and agreed
to refer their ditferenceB to the Spanish t^ortes (Oct, 20,
1811), Ello was recalled to Spain two months after, and
Elishah
in 1812 and 1813 commanded against the French in Cata*
Ionia and Valencia, winning a series of brilliant vietories.
In 1814 he waa made governor :uid captain-general of Va-
lencia and Murcia, The revolution of 18-JO caused his
deposition and imprisonment. Some of his fiieiuls made
an armed attempt to liberate him: the plot failed, and Elio,
accused of instigating it, was found guilty by a court mar-
tial and executed.
Eliot (el'i-ot), Charles William. Bom at
Boston, Mass., March 20, 1834, An American
educator. He was graduated at Harvard in 1853, he-
came professor of analytical chemisti-y in the Massachu*
setts Institute of Technology in 1865, and wius eliosen
presiilent of llarvani College in 1869. He has published
" A Compendious ilanuol of tjualitative Chemical Analy-
sis ' (1S74), etc.
Eliot, George. See Cr^.s-.s, Mrs.
Eliot, or Elliot, George Augustus, first Baron
HeathlieM. Horn at Stobs,Ko,\burghsliire, Scot-
land, Dec. 25, 1717: died at Aix-la-Chapelle,
JiUy 6, 1790. An English general. He became
in 1775 governor of (iibraltar, which he defended against
the Spaniards and French 1779-83. He was raiscii to the
peerage as Ixird lleatlifield, baron of (Jibmltar, in 1787.
Eliot, Sir John. Born at Port Eliot, on the Ta-
mar, England. April 20, 1592: died in the Tower
of London, Nov. 27, 1632, An English patriot.
He was educated at Oxford, studied law in Ixmdon. and
in 1626, as a member of the first Parliament of Charles I.,
came into prominence by the vehemence and irresistible
eloquence with which he supported the measures of the
constitutional party. As the leader of the opposition iu
the second Parliament (1020) he was sent to piison, in com-
pany with Sir I>udley Digges, by the king ; but w as released,
together with sir Dudley, when Parliament refused to
proceed to business without them. In the third Parlia^
ment (1028-29) he had a principal share in drawing up the
Remonstrance and the Petition of Right. He was arrested
on the dissolution of I'arliament in 1029, and sentenced, on
a charge of conspiracy against the king, to a fine of ,k:2,*K)0,
and to imprisonment until he should acknowledge his
guilt.
Eliot, John. Born at Nasing, Essex, England,
1604: died at Roxbury, Mass., May 20, 1690.
A missionary to the Indians of Massachusetts,
surnamed "the Apostle of the Indians." iiis
principal work is a translation of the Bible into the Indian
language (1001-63). He also wrote an Indian catechism
(1653) and gramm.ir (1060).
Eliot, John. Born at Boston, May 31, 17.54 :
died at Boston, Feb. 14, 1813. An Ameri-
can clergyman and biographer. He ]iublished
the " New England Biographical Dictionary ''
(1809), etc.
Eliphalet (e-lif'a-let), or Eliphelet. [Heb.,
' God is deliverance.'] The name of several
persons in the Old Testament, of whom the
most notable are two sons of David.
Eliphaz (el'i-faz). The chief of the three friends
of ,Joli, surnamed "the Temanite."
Elis (e'lis), orEleia (e-Ie'yji). [Gr. 'Il/'/f, Doric
'A/(f.] In ancient geogi-aphy, a country in the
western part of the Peloponnesus, Greece, ly-
ing between Achaia on the north, Arcadia on
tho east, Messenia on the south, and the Ionian
Sea on tlie West. It comprised three parts : Elis
proper or Hollow Elis, Pisatis, and 'lYiphylia. It contained
the temple of the Olympian Zeus. It forms with Achaia
a nomarchy of modern iireece.
Elisa (iX le-sii'). An opera by Cherubini, words
by Saint-Cyr. produced in Paris Dec. 13, 1794.
EUsa. Sei' Elissn.
Elisabeth. See ICIi-ahetli.
Elisabeth, ou Les Exiles en Siberie. [F.,
'Elizabeth, or the E.xiles in Siberia.'] A ro-
mance by Madame Cottin, published in 1806.
The subject is the same as Xavier de Maistre's ".lennc Si-
bi?rrenne"— a young girl going on foot from Siberia to St.
Petcrsbuig to "bi-g for the pardon of her c.viled father.
Elisabetta, Regina d'Inghilterra. [It.,' Eliza-
beth, yueen of England?] An opera liy Kos-
sini, written in 1815 for the .San Carlos at Na-
ples, and produceil March 10, 1S22, in Paris.
Elisavetgrad, or Elisabethgrad. See i'vli.sn-
rctiir<iil.
Elisavetpol, o?' Elisabethpol. See YcUsnvctpol.
tlise (u-lOz'). In Moliere's "L'Avare" ('The
Miser"), the daughter of Harpagon, in lovo
with Val6re.
Elisena (el-i-se'nii). In the Spanish cycle of
romances, a jirincess of Brittany, the mother
of Aniadis of (iaul.
Elisha (e-li'shii). [Heb,, 'God is salvation.']
Lived iu the 9th century B.C. A Hebrew pro-
iiliet, the attendant and successor of Elijah.
Elishah (e-li'shii ). In Gen, x. 4, the oldest son
of .lavan: ideniiliod with the .^Eolinns, with
Sicily, and willi the north coast of Africa,
Cyprus, too, would seem to be meant in flciu'sis, since
we arc told that the "sons of Javan " were I'tishah and
Tai-sbish. Kittim and Dodanim, Elishah is doubtless
Hellas, not Elis. as has been sometimes supposed: in
r.zck. xxvii. 7 it is said that "blue ami nuriile " were
brought to Tyre " from the isles of Elishah,' that is to say, .
from the isles of Greece, Sayce, Races of tlie U. T., p 47
Elisire d'Amore, L'
Elisire d'Amore, L". ['The Elixir of Love.']
All opera by Donizetti, tii-st pi-oiiuced at Milan
in 1S29 or 1832 (Grove). The English version was
called " The Love .Spell," and was produced at Drury Lane
iuls39.
Elissa (e-lis'sa). or Elisa. Under the siiruame
Dido, the heroine of the fourth book of Vergil's
.Sineid. According to the tradition she was the daugh-
ter of King Matgcn, grandson of Eth-Baal of Phenicia.
.She was nian-ied to her uncle Sicharbaal or Sichiu-bas
(the Creek Acerbas and the Sychxus of Vergil). After her
husl>aiu1 was munlertd by her brother l>yginalion, she
set out at the head of Tyfiaa colonists to Africa, where
she founded Carthage. To escape wedding the barliarian
king Tarbas she erected a funeral p>Te and stalibed her-
self upon it. According to Vergil her death was due to
her despair at her desertion by -Eneas. In the popular
mind she became confounded with Dido, a surname of
Astarte as goddess of the moon, who was also the goddess
of the citadel of Carthage.
Elissa. In Spenser's " Faerie Qneene," the eld-
est of three sisters who were always at odds.
See iliilina.
Eliud (e-li'ud). A Jew mentioned in the ge-
nealogy of Christ.
Eliza (e-U'zii). See Elisabeth.
Elizabeth (e-liz'a-beth). [Heb., prob. 'God
of the oath'; Gir. 'E/./ird/Jfr, 'EAf((7a,?tr, also
•v:Ai(fi,hth, F. EUsiibeth, It. EUsabetta, G. Elina-
hclli.~i The wife of Aaron.
Elizabetbi. The wife of Zacharias and mother
of .Tohn the Baptist, she remained childless till the
decline of life, when an angel foretold to her husband the
birth of a son. The angel Gabriel discovered the fact of
this miraculous conception to the Virgin Mary, as an as-
surance of the birth of the Messiah. See Mary.
Elizabeth, Saint, of Hungary. Bom at Pres-
bnrg, Hungary, 1L'07 : died at Marburg, Ger-
many, Nov. 19, 1231. Daughter of Andrew 11.
of Hungary, and wife of Louis, landgrave of
Thuringia, celebrated for her sanctity.
Elizabeth. Born at Greenwich, near London,
Sept. 7, 1533: died ■at Richmond, near London,
March 24, 1603. Queen of England 15.58-1603.
She was the daughter of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn ;
was brought up in the Protestant faith ; studied the classi-
cal languages under Ri:iger Ascham ; and is said to have
been proficient in French and Italian. On her accession
she app< pinted as secretary of state Sir William Cecil (later
Baron Burleigh), who remained her chief adviser for forty
years, until his death in 1598. She repealed the Roman
Catliolic legislation of the previous reign, reenacted the
laws of Henry VIII. relating to the church, published the
Thirty-nine -\rticles (1563), and completed the establish-
ment of tlie Anixlican Church. In 1564 she concluded the
treaty of Troyes with lYanee, by which she renounced her
claims to Calais in consideration of 220.000 crowns. In
1587 she signed the death-warrant of Mary Queen of Scots,
who, expelled by a rebellion of her subjects, had taken
refuge in England in 1.''68, and who, by means, it is said, of
forged documents, had been involved by the government
in a conspiracy of Saviuje, Ballard, Babington, and others
against Queen Elizabeth. In 15S8 her admiral Howard,
assisted by Drake, Hawkins, Frohisher, Winter, and Ra-
leigh, defeated the Spanish Airuada in the English Chan-
nel, and prevented an invasion of England. Her reign,
which was one of commercial enterprise and of intellectual
activity, was made illustrious by Shakspere, Sidney, Spen-
ser, Tyndale, and Ben Jonson.
Elizabeth, or Isabella, of Valois, Queen of
Spain. Bom at Fontaincbleau, France, April
13, 1,545 : died at Madrid, Oct. 3, 1568. Daugh-
ter of Henry II. of France, and wife of Philip
II. of Spain.
Elizabeth, or Isabella, Queen of Spain. Born
at Foiitainel)leau, France, Nov. 22, 1602: died
at Math-id, Oct. 6, 1644. Daughter of Henry
IV. of France, and wife of Philip IV. of Spain.
Elizabeth, iladame (filisabeth Philippine
Marie Hel^ne). Born at Versailles, France,
May 3. 17(>4 : guillotined at Paris. May 10, 1794.
A French princess, sister of Louis XVI.
Elizabeth, Charlotte. See ChnrlMc Elisabeth.
Elizabeth, Pauline Ottilie Luise, Queen of
Kumaiiia: pseudoinnn Carmen Sylva. Born
at Neuwied, Dec. 29, 1843. Daughter of Prince
Hermann of Wied, and wife of L'harles of Eu-
mania, whom she married Nov. 15, 1869. she
has published "Sappho" (1S80X " Hammerstein " (1880),
'* Stiirine " (*' Storms," 1881), *' Leidens Erdengang "
("Sorrow on Earth," 1882X etc. In 1882 she published in
French "Les pens^es d'une reine," revealing her name:
"Pelesch .Manhen." etc. (1883), "Le pic anx regrets"
(Paris, 18S4), " Es Klopft" ("Some One Knocks," ISST :
this was translated into French in 1889, with a preface by
Pierre Ixiti). She has also wTitten with Madame Chrem-
nitz, under the signatures " Ditto " and "Idem," "Aus
zwei Welten " (lss2) and " Astra" (1886).
Elizabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Orleans.
Bom at Heidelberg, Baden, Mav 27, 1652: died
at St.-Cloud, France, Dec. 8, 1722. A Palatine
princess, second wife of Philip, duke of Or-
leans (brother of Louis XIA'.).
Elizabeth Christine, Queen of Prussia. Bom
Nov. 8, 1715: died Jan. 13, 1797. A princess
of Brunswick, wife of Frederick the Great,
whom she married June 12, 1733.
358
Elizabeth Famese, Queen of Spain. Bom
Oct. 25, 11)92 : died 1766. A princess of Parma,
wife of Philip V. of Spain.
Elizabeth Petrovna. Born Dec 29, 1709 : died
Jan. 5, 1762. Empress of Russia 1741-62,
daughter of Peter the Great and Catharine I.
She took part against Frederick the Great in the .Seven
Years' War, in the course of which her army entered Berlin
(1760) and pressed him so hard that he would probably
have been overcome by the Allies except for her timely
death. She founded the I'niversity of Moscow, and the
.\cademy of Fine .\rts at St. Petersburg.
Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia. Bom
at Falkland, Scotland, Aug.. 1596: died at Lon-
don, Feb. 13, 1662. Daughter of James VI. of
Scotland (James I. of England), and wife of
Frederick, elector palatine (later king of Bo-
hemia). She was grandmother of George I.
Elizabeth Woodville. Bom probably in 1437 :
died at Bermondsey, Jiuie S, 1492. Queen of
Edward IV. of England, and daughter of Sir
Richard Woodville. ,if ter the death of her first hus-
band. Sir John Grey, she married in 1464 Edward IV., by
whom she became the mother of Edward V. and Eliza-
beth, queen of Henry VII.
Elizabeth. A city and the county-seat of
Union Coimty, New Jersey, situated oh New-
ark Bay ami Staten Island Soimd, 12 miles
west-southwest of New York. Population
(1890), 37,764.
Elizabeth, Cape. A headland in Maine, pro-
jecting into the Atlantic 8 miles south of Port-
land.
Elizabeth City. The county-seat of Pasquo-
tank County, North Carolina, situated on Pas-
quotank River 39 miles south of Norfolk. A
naval victory was gained here by the Federals under
Commodore Rowan, Feb. 10, 1862. Population (1890),
3,251.
Elizabeth Islands. A group of 16 small isl-
ands, forming the town of Gosnold, Dukes
County, Massachusetts, lying between Buz-
zard's Bay and Vineyard Sound.
Elizondo (a-le-thon'do). A town in the prov-
ince of Navarre, Spain, situated on the Bidas-
soa 22 miles northeast of Pamplona.
El-Jezireh (el-je-ze're). See the extract.
The plain of Mesopotamia, now kno\vn as El-Jezireh, is
about 250 miles in length, and is intei-sected by a single
mountain-ridge, which rises abruptly out of the plain and,
branching off from the Zagros range, runs southward and
eastward under the modern names of Saraziir, Ilamrin,
and Sinjar. Sayce, Anc. Empires, p. 91.
El-Kab (el-kiib'). A place on the Nile north
of Edfu. on the opposite bank.
El-Karidab(el-kar'i-dab). [At.] Avery rarely
used name for the third-magnitude star 6 Sa-
gittarii, more commonly called Kaus media.
lilkhart (elk'hart). A city in EUdiart County,
Indiana, situated at the junction of the Elk-
hart and St. Joseph rivers, in lat. 41° 40' N.,
long. 85° 55' W. It has considerable manu-
factures. Population (1890), 11,360.
Elk Mountains, and West Elk Mountains.
Ranges of mountains in western Colorado, west
of the Saguache range. Height of Castle Peak,
14,115 feet.
Ella. See ^lla.
Elland (el'land). A town in Yorkshire, Eng-
land, on the Calder 9 miles southwest of Brad-
ford. Population (1891), 9.991.
Ellandun (el'lan-don). [AS. Elian dun, prob.
Ella's well.] A place in Wiltshire, England,
near Wilton, where Egbert defeated the Mer-
cians in 825 (or 823).
Ellangowan, Laird of. See Bertram, Godfrey.
EUasar (el-la'sijr). A city or district in Meso-
potamia, the king of which (Arioch) was allied
mth Chedorlaomer in Ms expedition against
the cities in the valley of Siddim (Gen. xiv.
1. 9). It is identified by most Assyriologists with the
Babylonian Larsa, situated about half-way between t^r
(modern Mughier)and Erech (Warka), on the left bank i>f
the Euphrates, now represented by the ruins t)f Senkereh.
EUaury (el-vou're), Jos6. Bom in Montevideo
about 18311 died Dec. 1894. ^Ui Uruguayan
statesman. He was a lawyer, took part in politics, and
in March, 1874, was elected president. In Feb., 1875, he
w.as (leposed by a military revolution.
Ellen Douglas. See Dnufilas, Ellen.
Ellen's Isle. An island in Loch Katrine, Scot-
land. It is famous in early romance, and Scott makes it
the favorite haunt of the Lady of the Lake.
EUenborough, Baron and Earl of. See Law.
EUery (il'cr-i), William. Bom at Newport,
R. I., Dec. 22. 1727 : died at Newport, Feb. 15,
1820. An American politician, one of the
signers of the Declaration of Independence.
Ellet (el'et), Charles. Born at Penn's Manor,
Bucks County, Pa., Jan. 1, 1810: died at Cairo,
m., June 21, 1862. An American engineer.
Ellis, George
He introduced the use of wire suspension-bridges into
America, erecting one at Faimiount, Pennsylvania, in 1842,
and another across the Niagara below the falls in 1847. He
became a colonel of engineers in the I'uion army during
the Civil War, and converted a fleet of Mississippi steam-
ers into rams with which he sank or disabled several Con-
federate vessels in a naval engagement off ^lemphis June
6, 1862. He died from the ettects of a wound received in
this engagement
Ellet, Mrs. (Elizabeth Fries Lummis). Bom
at Sodus Point, X, Y., Oct., 1S18: died at New
York, June 3, 1877. An American author, wife
of W. H. Ellet. She wrote ' ' The Women of the
American Revolution" (1848), etc
Ellet, William Henry. Born at New York,
1806: died at Now York, Jan. 26, 1859. An
American chemist.
Ellice Islands (el'is i'landz). A group of small
coral islands in the South Pacific, north of the
Fiji Islands, and northwest of Samoa. They
were discovered by Captain Peyster, an Ameri-
can, in 1819.
EUichpur (el-ich-piir'). 1. A district in Berar,
British India, intersected by lat. 21° 20' N.,
long. 77° 30' E. Ai'ea, 2,(523 square miles.
Population (1881), 313,805.-2. The chief town
of the EUichpur district. Population, with can-
tonment (1891), 36.240.
EUicott (el'i-kot), Charles John. Born April
25, 1.S19. An English biblical commentator,
bi.shop of Gloucester and Bristol from 1863.
He graduated at St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1841,
and was Hulseau lecturer in 1859. His lectures appeared
as " On the Life of Our Lord Jesus Christ," and he lias also
published, besides minor works, a series of "Ciitical and
Grammatical Commentaries "on most of the Pauline epis-
tles. He was for eleven years chairman of the scholare
who produced the revised version of the Kew Testament.
Ellicott City. The coimty-seat of Howard
County, Maiyland, situated on the Patapsco 8
miles west of Baltimore. It is the seat of St. Charles's
and Roch Hill colleges (l)oth Roman Catholic). It was for*
merly named Ellicott's Mills. Population (1890), 1,488.
Elliot (el'i-ot), George Augustus. See Eliot.
EUiotson (ei'i-ot-son), John. Bom at London
about 1790 (?):"died at London, July 29, 1868.
An English physician and physiologist. He wrote
"Principles and Practice of Medicine" (1839), "Human
Physiology " (1840), etc.
Elliott I el 'i-ot ) , Charles Loring. Born at Scipio,
N. Y., Dec, 1812 : died at Albany, N. Y., Aug. 25,
1868. An American portrait-painter: elected
national academician in 1846.
Elliott, Charles Wyllys. Born at Guilford,
Conn., May 27, 1817: died Aug. 20, 1883. An
American miscellaneous ^i-iter. He published
"Saint Domingo, etc."(18.^5), a "New England History"
(IS.")?). "Book of American Interiors" (1876), "Pottery and
Porcelain " (1877).
Elliott, Ebenezer. Born at Masborough, York-
shire, England, March 17, 1781 : died near
Bai-nsley, England, Dec. 1. 1849. An English
poet, surnamed ''the Corn-Law Rhymer." Author
of "Corn-Law Rhymes" (1831), "The Village Patriarch"
(1829), "The Kanter," " The Splendid ViUage," etc., and
many miscellaneous poems.
Elliott, Sir Henry Miers. Born at Westmin-
ster, 1808 : died at Simon's Town, Cape of Good
Hope, Dec. 20. 1853. An English historian,
long in th& service of the East India Company.
He wrote a supplement to Wilson's "Glossary of Indian
Terms," "Bibliographical Index to the Historians of Ma-
hammedan India " (Vol. I, 1849), "History of India," etc
(in 8 volumes, lS(;7-77), etc.
Elliott, Jesse Duncan. Bom in Mar\-laud,
July 14, 1782: died at Philadelphia, Dec", 1845.
An American naval officer. He wiis second in
command under Commodore Perry at the battle of I.ake
Erie, Sept. 10, 1813. and the following month succeeded
Perry in the command on Lake Erie, lie cvmuiianded the
sloop of wai- Ontario in Decatur's squadron employed against
Algiel-s in IsU'.
Elliott, Stephen. Bom at Beaufort, S. C, Not.
11, 1771: died at Charieston. S. C. March 28,
1830. An American botanist. He published
" Botanv of South Carolina and Georgia " (1821-
1824), etc.
Elliott, Stephen. Bora at Beaufort, S. C, Aug.
31, 1806: died at Savannah, Ga., Dec. 21, 1866.
An American bishop of the Protestant Episco-
pal Churfh. son of Stephen Elliott.
Elliott, William. Born at Beaufort, S. C,
April 27. 1788: died at Beaufort, Feb., 1863.
An ./Vmeriean politician and wi'iter.
Ellis (el'lis), Alexander John (originally
Sharpe). Born at Hoxton, near London, Jime
14,1814: died at London.Oct. 28,1890. Anoted
English phonetician and mathematiciau. He
wrote "Alphabet of Nature" (184.-.), "The Essentials of
Phonetics" (1848), "On Early English Pronunciation,'
with especial reference to Shakspere and Chaucer (180^
1871), etc.
Ellis, Cteorge. Bom at London, 1745: died
April, 1815. An English author. He published
\
Ellis, George 359 Eltekeh
" Specimens of the EiulyKhKluililYUXlT*^^ Aug.-Sppt. In Absyro-Babylonian, from which the Villiers, vario.|s persons „f ,,uality meet and attaelc the
S?^u 'rl°'S'-^?r' {"vH^liw 1 'i Englf' Komances names of the months were adopted by 'the Jews, its form r.-,,ul„ti,.n of El.m.i.e (Mnli.fe).
ui Metre (180a: edited liy Hulliwell m 1S4»), etc. in rhdii T^^t * ipx.^ r\^J tur \ -^i ^ ^ r
■Biij. r-^V^^z, r-j^o-j u„ AC 101 1 Jf, Eloquent. The Old Man. An epithet of Isoc-
ElllS, George Edward. Bom Aug 8 1814: Ellwangen (el'vaug-eu). A town i.i the Jagst rates.S.t.Coleridge, J. O.Adams, and others,
died Dec. .11, lh!l4. .\ji AnuTicau Unitanuu eiicl.-, Wurtemberg, situated ou the Jagst 45 Elora. See ElloraT
'<^^^^.^%^^^:i^^^^'^,Ji^^^ ;u;'::S^!car';;^inoi^^ U was formerly ElPasoCelprso). [Sp., 'tl^n-ass.'] A t,mn
fis»,.r „f systematic theolot-v i.i ll;irv:inl Hivinity School "" '^' .^ Icbiastical pnneipality. It lias an oM iii LI Paso County, Texas, situated on the Rio
lS57-«3. Hcwrote"AUalf."(>ntui7i.f tlieliiitarianfon- eliureli. i'opiUatlon (ISDO), 4,606. (iiande opposite El I'aso del Norte. Popula-
teoTer8y"(ls57), and contrilmted to tlie " Nai-rative and EllwOOd (el'wild), ThomaS. Born at Crowell tion, about 12,000.
Optical History of Amenca. edited by Justin Wiiisor i>.xtordshive, England, 1639 : died at Amersham El Paso del Norte (el pa'so del nor'ta). [Sp.,
BUlS, Sir Henry. Born at London, Nov. 29, Marc-h 1, 1714. .-\ji English Quaker, friend of 'the pass of the north.'] A town in the state
1,//: died at l.ou.lon Jan. lo, 1809. An Eng- Milton. He wrote ''Saored History of the Old of Chihuahua, Mexico, situated ou the Kio
Ush autiquaiuiu, chief librarian ot the British Testament and New Testament" (1705-09), his Graudo in lat. 31° 45' N., long. 106° 32' W.
f*"?.'?"'!; i!^,-'"™; ''^,1'"'.'^'"* Bnmd's ■• I'opular An- autobiography (1714), etc. Population, about 8,000.
JS."' asn&"n,tiZ'e rntrSuS:i?'t ••Z'Jesday Elm (elm). A village near Glan.s in Switzer- Elpkn(el'fin). A town In Roscommon, Ireland,
Book"(l8l«),andpubli8he<i "Orik'in^ili.etterslllustrative hind, noted for the fatal landslip of the lo miles north of Roscommon. It is the seat of
of English History ■•(18J-t-l(i), mostly from material iu the Tschingelberg, Sept. 11, 18S1. a bishopric.
museum „ ^„ Elmalu (el-ma'lo),or AlmalKal-niii'le). A city ElpMnstone (el'fiii-ston), George Keith, Vis-
Ems, Robinson. Born at Barming, Kent, Eng- of the vilayet Koiiieh, .Vsiatic Turkey. Popu- eount Keith. B.irn at Elphinstcne Tower, near
hind, bept.o, 18J4. AnLnghshclassicalphilolo- lation. about 12,000. Stirling, Jan. 7, 1740: died at TuUvallan, March
'^''l','- Hehaseditedaiidtr«nslatea"CatulIns,''aiidiul87« Elm City. New Haven, Conneetieut: so named 10, 1823. A British admiral. ll,."was in isM ap.
R»hld »'„ ed t ,r;??rvM'^ -nuil- ^^ " "" f^m """ number and beauty of its elms. pointed comman.ler-in-chief in the Mediterranean, where
BUis. Mrs. (Sarah Stickney). Born at London, Elmes (elmz), James. Born at London, Oct. ^Itfr^Lri.'lir.'jIn'tr^nili^VopSlfs'LV"^^;^*
1812: died at Hoddesdon, Herts, Juno 16 1870 '■'■^^ 1'**-= '"«'^i at Ureenwich, near London, tained the ranlc of admiral in isoi, and m 1814 was created
An Eiiglisli authoress, wife of William Ellis April 2, 1862. An Engbsh architect and writer Ms^unt Keith ut the fnitcd Kingdom.
(1794-1872). She WTote "Women of England" "Po^art. He published " Sir Christopher Wren ElphlBStone, Mountstuart. Born Oct. 6, 1779:
(18'J8) '•I)iu"hters of En"l-ind" (1842) etc and his Times" (1823), "Dictionary of the Fine died at Limpslield, Sun'ey, England, Nov. 20,
Ellis, William. Born at London, Aug. 29. 1794 : ■p^!"^\^^'^)vf '''a „t.-.-ii- i ^ff{ ^. J^I^g'i^'Y^at'^l'^f " 'i"'' •'H^'^'V.''''' ""^
Xd'at Hoddesdon, Herts, England, J^ie 9, ^^!*ilT^- ^.^"^'^"Bntisi kingdom con- of the chief tonnders o the Anglo-Indian em-
187'> An EnWish missionary in T'olviipsii 'li'ered by Edwin, kmg of Northumbria, about pire. He entered the civil service of the East India
n I ill TtI,^ ■ "".?*'""'ary in ' olj lesia. ^^5 Company in 1790 ; wiis appointed ambassador to tlie court
He published ''Missionary .Nanative of a T^^^^ , , i,, . „ ., ,., ,. of Kalml inl8.J8; was resident at the court of I'oonalslO-
Hawail (18:;,). I'olynesiaii Researches (1820, "History , The kingdcjm of l^lmet then answered, roughly speaking, 1817; and was governor of Bombay 1819-27. Autlior of
?!J}^'^''^'^''.V (IhJt,), "Three \isit3 to Madagascar" to the present West Elding of \orkshire "Account of the Kingdom ot Cabul" (1815) and " History
(1858), and other wurlis on missions. G^ree«, Malung of England, p. 247. of India" (llyll).
Ellis, William. Bom Jan. 1, 1801 : died at Lon- El Mina (el me'na). The seaport of Tripoli in Elphinstone, William Born at Glasgow in
don. ieb. IS, ISSl. An English \ynter on social Syria. Population, about 7,000. 1431 : died at Edinburgh, Oct. 25, 1514. A Seot-
s<'ience. Hebecameanassistantunderwriterof theln- Elmina (el-me'na), Pg. Sao Jorge da Mina tish prelate and statesman. HeCTaduatedwith the
demnity Mamie Insurance ' ompauy in 1824, and chief (siiu zhor'zhe da mO'nii). A town OU the Gold degree ot M. A. at the University ot Glasgow in 1452, and
hlTS'Birklleck sVh'o"^ A^nt^^o?" OuUi^^^^^^^^^^ Coast, West Africa, in lat. 5° 5' N., long. 1° 21' sul,se„ueMtly studi^ed law at tlie University of Paris, where
lun.imcQ .irKntLKsinools Auinorol outlines 01 soci.u ^ jt ,„„.«„„, ,10.4 >, .1, c . ' & he lectured for a time on this science. He returned to
t.c.inomy (ls4i.), "Education as a Means of Preventing " . It was founded by the Portuguese; was conquered Glasffow in 1474- was annointedl)isbon of Aberdeen in 14f« ■
hestitution ••(18.^1). and "Philo..Socrates"(lS«l). ?n%'s^A ''"x'he natif/^a"°^" n.''"''' if '"1 ',° "'^^^^^ hll?^e\ZaptiyyZ7F^"u^2.^^^
Ellison (el'i-son), Mrs. A character in Field- 'f"^*.'" The native name is Dena. Population, 6,000. bullforthe founding of King's College at Aberdeen, which
ini''.s •'Amelia " Elmita (el-mi rii). A eity and the county-seat was completed in 1500.
ElUston (.I'is-to.i), Robert William. Bom at °^ Chemung County Newjork situated on the El Rosario (el ro-sa're-o). A town in the state
Bloomsburv, London, April 7, 1774: died at Chemung River in lat. 42° 7' N., long. 76° 51' of Sinaloa, Mexico, 35 miles southeast of Ma-
Blaekfriars, London, July 8, 1831. Acelebrated ,L^3„'Jn,';5T^'^"''^T'\?'''''"'f f.,!'^"; f "v''"'' '' t,^,'^"^"- , ^, ^ ^
El' 1 . ] „ , , theseatof Elmira I iniale College and of the State reforma- TUqaoo .md Tlltsaoo Ln+brinirpn Co '/iiii nt'vinir
nglish actor and manager. He made his first ap- tory. Population (18!io) 3n,,K93 iiisass .mu iiisaSS-JjOturmgen (,<-! zas-lot iing-
pearance April 14, 17111, at the Bath Theatre as Tressel -111-11,- /', „-„,, t , i, .-a • .it i c ,.41, ^°)- 1 he Ciorman names tor Alsace and AJsace-
In " KicharJ III," and after a career showing great versa- -timite (el-mer ). In Molidre s " Tartufe,' the Lorraine respectively.
tUity and power, together with many excesses and atisur- young witoof Orgon and sister of Cleante. Elshender (el'shen-der). [Scotch form of Alex-
ditles, he died the first comedmn o his day. Some of his ElmO, Castle Of Saint. A castle at Naples „,i,lfr ^ The Black nwTrV in SoottV i„wb1 ^f
bestcharactersin comedy were Doricourt.Charles surface, .,,,,1 . fort nt Mlll'i snid tn be sn nntned frn.., <'''"f' -J iUe iSlacK Ll\\art lU M Ott h llOVel Ot
aover, and Itanger, and in tragedy Hamlet, Komeo, and '}, '^ fit at iMall.i, said to tie so named tro m tliat name. Also called " Camiy Elshie."
Hotepur. J;'"}'N an Italianized cormption of Erasmus (a Elsie Venner. A novel by Oliver Wendell
BUora, or Elora (e-16'ra), or Elura (e-lo'ra). v^-!!''!:" '"■"■,'•'■'' -"^^''f.^'U''''*"'?.''- <,„ Holmes, published in 1861.
A town in Hyderabad, British Imlia, in lat. 20° '\\"1°^*'^ (el-mo-rau ). The native name of the Elsinore (el-si-nor'), Dan. Helsingor (hel'sing-
2' N., long. 75° 10' E. it contains a Dravidian rock- -ri'i '^'""' / w - x •»«■ i. t t ii> 1 gi-'f)- A seaport in Zealand, Denmark, on the
cut temple, anterior in date to lu;«) . I. !>., remarkable not Xiimore (el mor), Margaret. In LoveU 8 play naiTOWest part of the Sound, lat. 56° 2' N
only in itself, liut Ijeeause the rock is cut awav outside as "Loves baerilice, Matthew Elmore's daugli- ]nncr T'oiS'V Tt s - ,. . ■ .■,'
';^:ic:^i^;J:ri^^:;^^T:'^s^^,:^yZ 'r-- ''-^ ^r' ''"'■ '?'^"t.*° ^i^^ p^'^^ ^^ ^r- 1— ^t I5oi„^ !.j^i"iS'r;^iai:;!i';s^i;:i'si;:?;^
? inantwHh apKamida;"Z':.;L'{8" L^^^^^^^ !""« '«■■ ^!]J'''^' S^'-^S him up because of her "^^^"J^:^.^^-^^^^"^^'^^'''^,^-^''' «" 'o'"
by an inclosed |«jreh of l(i columns, before which are 2 father's guilt. e^n (except Swedish) ships to 1!,67. Population (1890),
laolated pylons in succession, reached liy bridges. The Elmshom (clmz'hAm). A town in the prov- tii ' ' TJ v-j. u r> i . /-/
court is snn-ounded liy a peristyle within which there is a ;„,.« ,,f w,.liloawi<r TT/^lafni,, P,»i,at;:., to 7.,;i . JtilSmere, ICODert, i^ee lioocrt LLsmere.
•eries of cells. The sculptured decoration is elaborate, '"'^•, '" oi-mLswij^-rioisttin. rrussia, IJ miles jjlsDeth (el'siictli). FA contraction of ICIi~a-
combininggcmctrical and arabesque motives with figure: northwest of Hamburg. It has important X^ri T , s .,,tt's '' AmH<,ii ii v " tlie^
sculpture manufactures and trade. Population (1890), ,[:' ^ ' '^'^''» '^ Antiquai}, the old mother
»ii / 1- /\ Til / 1.. /\ « i • iL o r;QQ ^ ■" ot Saunders iMuckle laekit. she is apathetic and
Ellore(e-lor') orElip(e-lor'). Atwninthe 9,533 ,,., .„ . „ ,„,, ,. ^ ^ deaf, and keeps secret the crime of her mUtrC in whi^^^^
Godavari district, Madras, British India, situ- ilmsley (elmz li), reter. Born Id J: died at she hail assisted, till just before her death.
Bted in lat. 16° 43' N., long. 81° 10' E.. on the < )-\l"rd, M;uch 8, 1825, An English philologist, Elssler (elz'ler), Fanny. Born at Vienna, June
.Tammaler River. Population, about 2.5,000. principal ot St. Alban Hall, 0.\iord, and pro- o;{ j.sk). died there Nov '>7 1884 A noted
Ellsworth (elz'wf-rth). A city and the county- f^f,?,":'''^ ancient history in the university dancer.' She was the daughter' of Joiiann Elssler,
seat of Hancock County, Maine, situated on 182J-J.>. Ho is known chiefly lor his critical Haydn's factotum, .'^he abandoned the stage in is.il. Her
the Union Kiver 20 miles southeast of Bangor. stuJu's <>f Sophocles and Euripides. sister Thcrese (l8u8-78), also a dancer, coiitraeteii a mor-
Population(lK90), 4,Hn4. ^ Elnasl (.'l-nas'l). [Ar.r/ Hay', tiie arrow-point.] R^-^^''-^ "■■^^'^'Ke «'<h '-'^ce •'IM^^^^^^
EUsworth Ephraim Elmen Born at Me- '[^^:^!;^l:^']^:;:]:^:j'^ «'- >' ^'^^'"-i. -me- Elster (el J.r , or Bad-Els^r^^O^ d ste,,
t:::^:i^t^^^.\^-:'}^:i^i:!^ ^Heb.,' God hath J-^"y;^;i"---Hu.Bc.h.^^^
of Zouayes nt the be-innin.' of the Civil War Kiven.'] The maternal grandfather of Jelioia- Ulster, Black. A rner in eentral Germany
„'-'"''^,r ... '" „i"iJiii,, oi uiB vjivu vvai. -1 ir. which loiijs the Elbe near Wittenberg. Length,
Hcremoved to! bloai;o at an early age, and became a solid- < nin. * rto 'I . e, o j
tor of patents. He accompanied Lincoln to Washingtf)n in ElnC (eln). A town in the department of Pv- tI',?" TilJ".'.''*' . . . ^ • «
March, 1881. InApril.i8(ii,lico,gaT,izedinNewVorkcltv remJes-Orientales, France, 13 miles southeast Elster, White. A river m (■•entral Germany
a^ouaveregiinentoffirenien(the nth .New\ork), of which f p„,.„i„„„,, . ti,,> „„„i„„t iiiii„.,.;„ i„f,„. ii., wliiili loins the Saalo near Halle. liPngth,
heliecamocolonel. HeoecnpiedAle.vandria,Virginia,with 'I l^OIpigian . tlie am lent Ulibeiis, later He- io,)„,n„«
hiBreginient.\lay24,lS(!l. HeeingaConfederateHagflying leua. It has a cathedral. Population (1891 ), J,' • i/ - -'i ^ a c t ' i i
from the Marshall House, he ascended to the roof to re. commune, 3,233. " Elswick (clz wikl. A manufaotunng suburb
move It, and on descending was shot by James T.Jackson, 'PI DbpiH dl-nb-ilil'^ The Tiriiu.ii.ul fnw„ of of Newcastle-on-ryne, England.
the keeper of the hotel. K," lofui nortlie''st;.r.i Air.^ca hi 1 ,t 13° 11' El Teb (el teb'). A locality between Tokar and
V ^^^J?^^!-.9"^?'-, P?^;.' 1* ^'Ji'''""'A^*^T^n-' N- I''-I."l"ti°". fro.n":io.OO<, to 40,rKX), 'drawn ivom many '^'i"'"'^'*'!^' "' ""^ '''''^'<"'" ^"'^""' '" *''" ^<'""*y
April 29, 1 (45 : di(.d at W indsor, Nov. 26. ISO, . sun-ounding tribes, liefore its occupation by the .Mahdi of Suakim. Here, Keb. 21), 1&'<4. the nritish under Gen-
An ,\mi'rican.iui'ist and .statesman. He was United (1883), El-Obeid was the great market of the Egyptian eral Crahain defeated the -Mahdists under Osnian Digma.
States senator from Connecticut 1789-BO, chief Justice of trade in gums and ostrich feathers. Now these articles Eltekeh (cl'le-ke). Ill ancient geography, one
the I niled States Supreme Court 179(1-1800, and envoy ex- go to Tripoli bv way of Wadai Near here, Nov. 3 (and „,■ , |,„ ,.,,),,,< on the bordi-r of Dan : the modem
Iraordmary to I'raiici' 17'.I9. the following daysl, 1883, the Mahdista exterminated an t> -4 r i • ... „ ....
Ellsworth William Wolcott Born at Wind- ''syt'ti'"' army under Hicks Pasha. B*''' Likia. Near here Sennacherib defeated an Egyp-
uuswuiKU, vviiiKiiu vvuiuuLb. ijoiii.ii viinn -c, . ^, . . ^, ,„. . tian army which was cimiing to the relief of Ekron.
sor. Conn., Nov. 10, 1/91: died at Hartford, Eloi, Saint, See A/i,7,«x. „„ ,,,,,. , ,,..,,,„„
frt«.. 1.... If: iQflu \„ \. ;...,. ^ i:f • w, .,-,-- #» . , ... W hen the .lewish embassy arrived at Lacbisb. the Egyp-
Conn,, .Ian. 1.), 1868 An American politician Elomire (a-lo-mer'). An anagram under which tlan party seems still to have been In the ascendant, fn
and jurist, son of Oliver Ellsworth. He was Moliere was attacked by Le Boulanger de Clial- spite of the prophet's warning, envoys had been sent to
governorof (.Connecticut 1838-42. lussav, an unknown author, in a scurrilouH ^WPt (Isa. xxx, xxxl.) and had returned full of confi-
EUul (el'ul). [Etym. uncertain.] The sixth play ;'ftlo,nire hypocondre, ou les m^'decins 'r:::;:\,S/Zf^S^:^'^'ZL:Z:^'JZlrr^;Z.J}::^
month ot the Hebrew year, corresponding to veng^s ' (16(0). in loss. In a play "Z(!llnde," by He The battle of Eltekeh dissipated their hopes. This wa»
Eltekeh
360
Emilia Galotti
tered by a great gateway liuilt by Bishop Arundel in Embla. See Ask:
1388. John of Gaunt died here, ajid during the Common- Em'bmii (on-bnm')
wealth it was used as a prison and a hospital for wounded — - —
soldiers. In 1772 it was torn down, and a chapel of the
13th century is all that remains.
Eltham (el'tham). A town in Kent, England, Elyria (e-lir'i-a). The county-seat of Loram
7 miles southeast of London. ^* — toi^= t),B . ... v>i,;. ■ „:..,„*„^ „„ ti,„ -rIo^l- Riv^v •:>^
fought after the capture of Lachish, when Sennacherib
was endeayouriiig to take the neighbouring fortress of
Libnah (2 Kings xix. 8, 9).
Sayce, Anc. Monuments, p. 147.
It contains the
ruinsof Eltham Palace (formerly a royal resi-
dence). , , „
Elton (el'ton). A salt lake in Astrakhan. Rus-
sia, in lat."49o n., long. 46° 40' E. : noted for
its production of salt. Length, 10 miles.
Eltville (elt'vel), or Elfeld (el'feld). A town
in the province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, on
the Rliine between Bingen and Mainz: the
Roman Altavella. It was formerly the capital
of the Rheingau. Population (1890), 3,503.
Elras (al'viis). A fortified town in the distt
of Portalegre, province of Alemtejo, Portugal,
11 miles west of Badajoz (Spain). It is the strong-
est fortress in Portugal, and was a strategic point of great
importance in the Peninsular war. Population (1878),
10,471.
Elvira (el-^^'ra). 1. In Dryden's "Spanish
Friar." a young wife who by the aid of the
Spanish friar attempts to inti'igiie with Lo-
renzo, who turns out to be her brother.— 2.
The sister of Don Duarte in Gibber's "Love
makes a Mau."— 3. The mistress of Pizarro
in Sheridan's (Kotzebue's) "PizaiTO."— 4. The
A town in the department
i Hautes-Alpes. France, near the Durance, 19
miles east of Gap : the ancient Ebrodimum.
It has a medieval cathedral. Population (1891),
commune, 4,017.
Embury (em'bur-i), Philip. Bom at Bally-
garan, Ireland, S<'pt. 21, ITl'O: died at Camden,
Washington Coimty, X. Y., Aug., 1775. The
iii-st Methodist preacher in America. He began
preaching in New York citv in 1766.
A
prea
County, Ohio, situated on the Black River i;o
miles "west-southwest of Cleveland. Popula-
tion (1890), 5,611.
£lys6e (a-le-za'), Palace of the. [F., ' Elysi-
um.'] A palace in Paris, built in 1(18, and
since the reign of Louis XV. the property of ,,, . tivj , i'i\
?he state it was used as a private residence by Napo- Emden (em den), or Embden (emb den).
l«>n I and Napoleon III. to e'^cape the publicity of the seaport in the rro%-ince ot Hannover, Prussia,
Tuikries- and doi-ing the republic of 1848 it was the of- situated on the Dollart, near the mouth ot the
flcial residence of the ITesident, as it is under the pres- -£j^^^ i,j j^t. ,53° 22' N., long. 7° 12' E. It became
,i7i, . u ov,,^ *"' republic. . . a free imperiiU city under Dutch protection in 1595. and
A fortified town in theliistriet Elysian Fields. A name giyento a region near passed to Hannover in ISlS. Population (1S9.1X 13,4i4.
A fortified town in the district ^^or^ ancient town of Baise, Italy, which is par- Emerald HiU (em'e-rald hU). A suburb of
tieularly fertile and delightful, and is therefore Melbourne, Australia, "li miles south of that
supposed toresemble the ElysianFields of Greek ^^^^
mythology. See Champs-Eh/sces and EUisium. Emerald Isle (em'e-rald fl). The. Ireland: so
Elysium (e-liz'ium). The abode of the souls of named on account of its verdure,
the good and of heroes exempt from death, m j. j jj^vid (am-rek'dii-ved'), Toussaint
Bernard. Born at Alx. France.j^ug. 20, 1 1 0.3 :
ancient classical mvthology. It is described, par-
ticuliu-ly by later poets, as a place of exceeding bliss. Some
have thought it to be in the center of the earth, some in the
Islands of the Blest, and some in the sun or mid air. In
the Odyssey it is a plain at the end of the earth "where
life is easiest to man. No snow is there, nor yet great
storm nor any rain." It is often called the Elysian Fields.
- ^^r rin. aU^leX;ac.r^ ^^e^^^rieSr^K^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^
ber's opera " Masaniello." Bellini's " Puritani."
and Verdi's "Ernani," and in Molifere's "Don
Juan."
Elwend (el-wend'), or Elwund (el-w6nd'), or
AJrwand (ar-wiind'). A mountain in north-
western Persia, a few miles south of Hamadan
(Eebatana): the ancient Orontes. Height,
nearly 9.0(iO feet.
Elwes (el'wes), or Meggott (meg'ot), John.
Born at Westminster, April 7, 1714: died at
Marcham, Berkshire, Nov. 26, 1789. A noted
English miser, son of a brewer named Meg-
gott. Elwes was his mother's name, which he took in
1750 He inherited wealth and was well educated, but
was controUed by a morbid disinclination to spend money
upon his personal wants, which manifested itself m vari-
ous estraordinari- ways. In other respects he was not il-
liberal, and he was extravagant in speculation and gaming.
Ely (e'li). [ME. Ely, Eli, AS. Elig. eel island,
from *el. xl, eel, and ii/, island.] A city in Cam-
bridgeshire, England, 15 miles north-northeast
of Cambridge. It contains a famous cathedral, abuild-
ing of i're.at size, begun in 1083. The nave and west tower
were completed toward the end of the 12th century . and the
west porch or galilee dates from about 1215. The Norman
choir was replaced by the existing presbytery m the middle
of the 13th century, and the octagonal central lantern was
finished in 1328. The large Lady chapel adjoining the north
transept, with elaborate vaulting and ornate arcading
under the large windows, was built in the middle of the
14th century. The exterior of the church is distinguished
bv its high, castellated west tower. Under the tower is
a'curious galilee or entrance-porch, which opens into an
unttnished west transept The nave is imposing, with its
Inng ranges of Norman arches and its lofty triforium-
gallery. Its roof is of wood. The vaulting of the octa.
gon forms the only existing Pointed dome of its type.
The presbytery is among the most excellent achieve-
ments of i)ecorated work. The cathedral measures 520
by 77 feet ; length of transept, 1785 ; height of nave, 62 ;
of choir-vaulting, 70. Population (1891), 8,017.
Ely, Isle of. A marshy plain in Cambridge-
shire, England, north of the Ouse. It forms part
of I'.pdf.M-d Level. It was a stronghold of the Saxons un-
Ely Chapel. The chapel ot the former palace
of the bishops of Ely, in the city of London.
It is a fine example of Decorated architecture.
Elymais (el-i-ma'is). In ancient geography, a
ri .;ion in western Asia. The name was used
oitlirr as an equivalent of Elam or for a part of it.
Elymas (el'i-mas). [Gr. 'E>.i>ac.] A sorcerer,
Anhalt, Germanv, May 22, 1821: cUed at Halle,
Jan. 21. 1889. A Gei-man literary critic, pro-
fessor of the English language and literature
at Halle from 1875. He published critical editions of
"Hamlet" (1857, 18S2), of Chapman's " Alphonsus, " and
of Kowley's "When you see me, ' etc., "Essays on Shak-
spere," "William Shakspere " (1876 : English translation
18SS), " Notes on Elizabeth.au Dramatists " (lSSo-84), etc.
Elzevir (el'ze-vir), or Elsevier, or Elzevier
(el'ze-ver). A famous family of Dutch print-
ers, celebrated especially for their editions of
classical authors, and of French authors on
historical and political subjects (a series known
as "Lespetitesr^publiques"). The original name
was Elsevier or Elzevier: in Latinized form it was El
zeverius, which was finally comipted into Elzevir.
Louis, the founder of the famUy, was born at Louvam,
near Brussels, about 1540, .and died at Leyden, Feb. 4,
1617. The first book he printed was " J. Drusii Ebraica-
runi nuiestionura, sive (|U»estionum ac responsionuin libri
duo '(15S3), but the first book he published at his own
risk was a Eutropius by P. Hernia (l.'S92). He had seven
sons live of whom followed his profession: Matthieu
(15C4(.i;)-lMo), Louis (15«xr0-1021(;)), Gilles (died 1651>,
Joost (1576(6;)-1617(?)), and Bonaventure (1.tS3-1B,i2). The
last was the most celebrated. In 1626 he took into part-
nership his nephew Abraham, a son of Matthieu. In 1647
Jean (1622-61), son of Abraham, joined them, and :lfter
their death Daniel (1626-SOX son ot Bonaventure, came
into the firm. He left it in two years, and .lean continued
died at Paris, April 2, 1839. A French archae-
ologist and critic. Hepublished "Recherches sur I'art
statuaire, etc" (crowned by the Institute 1800, published
ISO.i), "Jupiter'" (1833), etc.
Emerson (em'er-son), George Barrell. Born
at Kennebunk, Maine, Sept. 12, 1797: died at
Newton, Mass., March 14, 1881. An American
educator, and -ivriter on education. He taught at
Boston many years, and in 1831 assisted in the organization
of the Boston Society of Natural History, of which he be-
came president in 1837. He wrote a " Report on the Trees
and Shrubs Growing Naturally in the Forests of Massachu-
setts ' (1846).
Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Born at Boston,
Mass., Mav 2.'i, 1803: died at Concord, Mass.,
April 27, 1882. A celebrated American essay-
ist, lecturer, and poet. He graduated at Harvard
College in 1821. and was a Initaiian clergyman in Boston
1829-32. In 1833-34 he commenced his career as lecturer
(which continued between thirty and forty years) on such
subjects as "Human Culture," " Human Life," "The Phi-
losophy of History." "The Times, ' "The Present Age,;'
etc. In 1834 he settled at Concord, and edited " The Dial
1842-44. He was the author of "Natuie" (1836X "Es-
s.ays" (1S41 and 1S44), "Poems ' (1846), "Representative
Men ■ (IS-iO)," Memoirs of Margaret Fuller " (1S52), " Eng-
lish Traits" (1836), "Conduct of Life ' (ISCfl), "May Day,
and Other Pieces " (1867), "Society and Solitude " (1870),
"Letters and Social Aims" (1876), "Poems' (1876). He
also compiled and edited " Painassus," a volume of poems
" selected from the n hole range of English Literature."
Emerson, William. Bom at Hurworth, near
Darlington, England, Mav 14, 1701: died at
Hurworth, Mav 20. 1782. An EngUsh mathe-
matician,
alone tUl his death. Daniel went to Amsterdam in 16.^4, Emesa (em'e-sii). See Hums.
and entered into p.artnership with Louis (1604-70). the +,„.,„,„,- „,= "' 5/^ t „_ rp 'tbopmiirinnts '1
third of his name. The latter had established a printing- Emigres (a-me-gra ) LCS. L* -. tlie emigl ants J
■ In French history, the royalists who left France
Lu 1789 and succeeding yeai-s, and took refuge
in Germany, Switzerland, Great Britain, and
other countries. Part of them fongbt against the
French revolutionary armies, and many had their head-
qu.arters at Coblenz. Some returned during the consul-
ate or empire, others not until the Restoration. Nearly
all bad lost their property, but after the Restoration some
of them received for a few yeare a government grant
press there in 1638. Isaac, a son of Matthieu, establisht<l
a press in Leyden which was in existence from 1016 to
1025 The last printers of the n.ame were Peter, grandson
of Joost, who printed a few volumes iit rtrecht between
1667 and 1672, and Abnduuu, the son of Abrah:uu the Brst,
who was university printer at Leyden 1681-1712.
Many of the Elzevir editions bear no other typographi-
cal mark than simply the words Apud F.lzcrerios. or hx
ofictiia ElxetnTiaiia. under the ruWiqtte of the town.
Is-aac took as typographical mark the branch of a tree snr- i>ij„„„4.i„_ /^i. U^lii
rounded by a vine branch bearing clusters of fruit, and Emile (a-mel'), or DO 1 CdUCatlOn (de la-Uu-
below it a man standing, with the motto >inn wiiiw. The kji-svou'). [P.,' of education.'] A treatise on
third Louis adopted Minen-awith an olive branch, and p^^ipajiou jn the form of a romance, by Jean
the motto ne extra olea>. When the Elseviers d,d_not j^^^^^^^ Kousseau, published in 1762: named
wish to put their name to their works they generally
marked them with a sphere, but of course the mere fact
that a work printed in the 17th century be:irs this m:»rk
is no proof that it is theirs. The total number of works
of all kinds which bear the name of the Elseviers is 1213,
of which 968 are in Latin, 44 in Greek, 126 in J'rench, :i2
in llemisb, 22 in the Eastern languages, 11 in German, and
10 in Italian. Enctic. BnL
Emanuel. See Immanuel.
whose real nanie was Bar-Jesus, mentioned in Emanuel (e-man'u-el) I., Pg. Manoel (ma-no
the New Testament (.\cts xiii. 6).
Elyot (el'i-ot), Sir Thomas. Born probably
in Wiltshire, before 1490: died at Carlton,
Cambridgeslure, March 20, 1546. An EngUsh
scholar and diplomatist. He was educated at home.
In 1511 he was clerk of assize on the western circuit, and
in 1.V23 Cardinal Wolsey g.ave him the position of clerk of
the privy counciL He was sheriff of Oxfordshire and
Berkshire in 1527. In 1531 he published "The Boke ,„,.,.._.. t. , « c:
named the Governour," which related to the cducati.m Emanuel Phlllbert, I>uke ot havoy.
of sUatesnien and was dedicated to Henry VIII. This sc- - . , .-.,., ,. ^
cured royal patronage, and he was appointe<l amb,ass.ador
to Charles V. In 1536 he was again sent to the emperor,
following him to Naples. He was member of Parliament
for Cambriilge in 1.M2. He also wrote " Of the Know.
ledge which maketh a Wise M.an" (1.533), " PasquU the
Playne " (1.53.1), "The Castel of Helth " (1534), "Biblio-
theca "(a Latin and English dictionary, 1538), "Defence
of Good Women " (1545), etc.
Ely Place (e'li plas). A place on Holbom
Hill. London, the entrance to which is almost
opposite St. Antlrew's Church. The town house
of the bishops of Ely stood here, and the place was en-
from its chief character.
Emilia (a-mel'e-ii), L. .ffimilia (e-miri-a).
[The Roman province iEiiiilia was named from
the censor JEmilius Lepidiis, builder of the Via
J5milia.] A division of northeni Italy forming
a compartimento, lying south of the Po and
north of Tuscany. It comprises the provinces of Bo-
logna Ferrara, Forli, Modena. Parma, Piacenza, Ravenna,
and Eeggio nell' Emilia. Area, 7,967 square mUcs. Pop-
ulation (1891X 2,260,848.
Emilia (e-mil'i-ii). [L. JEmilia, fern, of Jimi-
liiis.^ 1. .-V ch:i"racter in Chaucer's " Knight 8
Tale," Dryden's "Palamon and Arcite,"' Beau-
mont and Fletcher's " Two Noble Kinsmeu,"
and other versions of the same story. She is a
very beautiful woman, loved by both Palamon and Arc'tt
and won by the former. The name is variously speUeO
Emelie, Kmrhie, EmUy, etc.
2. In Shakspere's tragedy " Othello." the -^iie
of lago. She reveals his perfidy, and he kills
her.— 3. An attendant on Hermione in Shak-
spere's ' • Winter's Tale."— 4. The woman loved
by Peregi-ine Pickle, in Smollett's "Adventures
, , oi' Peregrine Pickle."
EmiUa Galotti (a-me'le-iig»-lot'te). A tragedy
P-mba (em'lm) A river in Uralsk, Asiatic bv Lessing, produced in Germany in 1/ --. ana
R^i^L: which flowiiiio the Caspian Sea from produced on the English stage by Thompson
the northeast. "' 1^94.
el' ), surimmed " The Great " and " The Happy .
Born Mav 3, 1469: died at Lisbon, Dec. 13.
1521. King of Portugal, cousin of John II.
whom he succeeded in 1495. He promoted the
expeiUtions of Vasco da Gama, Cabral, Corte-
ical, and Albuqueniue.
Emanuel, Paul. In Chariotte Bronte's novel
Villitte." a lecturer in Madame Beck's school.
Born at
Chambilrv, Savov, Julv 8, 1528 : died Aug. 30.
1580. An Italian general, son of Charles lU.
of Savov. He entered the service of the emperor
Charles V." in 1W8, and in 15.53 obtained command of the
imperial army in the war against the French, whom he
defeated at S'aint-Quentin in ir.57. He recovered by the
treaty of Cateau Cambresis concluded April 3, 15.59 the
duchy of Savoy, which had been taken by lYancis I. of
France from Charles III. ,
river in Uralsk, Asi;
i
Emilian Way
Emilian Way. Sof I'la .Emilia.
Emilio. Sec Jiniiliu.i.
Emily (cin'i-li). [F. £miUe, It. Sp. Pg. Emilia,
U. Emilic.y 1. The heroine of Mrs. Kadcliffe's
" ifysteriivs of Udoljiho." By her iheail of real dan-
gers'she is skilfully made to believe in unreal ones.
2. In I)iokpiis'.s " I)ii\nil CopperfieUl," Mr. Peg-
gdtty's niece, called "Little Emily." she is af-
fianced to Ham Peggotty, and is afterward betrayed by
Steerforth.
Eminence Grise (a-me-nons' grez). L'. [P..
' The Gray ( anlinal.'] A painting l)y (Jt^rome,
DOW in the .Stebbins coUeftiou, New Y<n'k. It
represents the noted confesstjr of I'sirdinal de Uielielieu
descending a palace staircase, feiKuedly oblivious of the
cringiiiu before Iiini and the gestures of hatred behind
bun of :x bo4ly of brilliant courtiers.
Emin Pasha (a'men pash'a) or Bey (ba) (Ed-
nard Schnitzer '. Bom at Oppeln, ticrmany,
March lis, 1S40: killed near Xyaug^ve by the
Arabs in IK'.)-. A noted African explorer.
Born of .Jewish parents, he became a I*rotestaut in 184(i,
and professed Islainism when he entered the service of
Mohainincdan governments. After studies in medicine
and ornitliitloiry he went, in 1865, to Turkey, where he ac-
companied a high ofllcial in his journeys until 187;i. In
187.T he made a short visit to tJermany. In 187tl he joim-d
Gordon Pasha, then governor of the Sudan, explore<l the
Nile up to Lake Albert, and visited Mtesa in 1S77. In
1878 he was made bey and governor of the K(iuatorial
Provinces. In a few years he raised his ruined prov-
inces to relative prosperity, made rich scientitlc collec-
tions, and completed the accounts of Sehweinfurth and
Junker. Ki-om 1^'i he was cut off, by the Slahdi, fnun
communication with Rgj-pt, .and his position soon became
precariems. Stanley went to his relief, and both reached
the east coast in 1889. In the service of Germany he re-
turned to the lakes in 1891J, accompanied by Dr. Stuhl-
mann and tieutenant Langheld. He established the sta-
tion of Bnkolia, and left it in charge of Lieutenant Lang-
held. With l»r. Stnhlmann he then proceeded westward,
intending, despite contrary orders, to make his way to
the west coast by way of the Shari. At Morafu, west of
Albert Nyanza, the rebellion of his carriers compelled
bim to change his route (ISftl). Dr. Stuhlmann returned
to the coast with the richest harvest of scientific data
ever gathered by an African expedition. Eniin was killed
by the Arabs, by order of chief Kibonge, near Nyangwe,
in October, 18i>i Two of the murderers confessed their
crime to R, Dorsey Mtphun, Ignited States agent in the
Kongo Free State, in April, 1894.
Emma ('eni'a). A novel by Jane Austen, pub-
lished in 1SI(!.
Emmanuel, or Emanuel (e-man'fi-el). See
I m Hum in I.
Emmanuel College. A college of Cambridge
University, tounded in l.')84, on the site of a
convent of (he Black Friars, by Sir Walter Mild-
may for 1 he defense of Puritanisiu. Some of the
buildings of the convent were ailapted to the uses of the
college. Thechapel wasbnilt by Wren. Over the cloister
there is a gallery of portraits. The library possesses many
treasures.
Emmanuel's Land. See Delectable Mountain.'!.
Emmaus (em'a-us or e-raa'iis). [Gr.'E//,H«oi'c.]
In scriptural geographv. a village of Palestine
not far from .Jerusalem. Its exact position is mi-
known. It was long identified with a city (Emm.ins, lattT
Nicoptdis, modern 'Amwas) about 20 miles from .lerusa-
leni.
Emmendingen (em'men-ding-en). A town in
the circle of Freiburg, Baden, situated near the
Elz 10 miles nortli of Freiburg. Here, Oct. 19,
17%. the Austrians defeated the French under
Moreaii. P.ipulation (IHilO), 4,039.
Emmenthal (cm'men-tiil). Avalleyin thecan-
tiiii of Bern. Switzerland, east of Bern, noled
for its fertility and beauty. It is traversed by
a tributiirv of the Aare, the Emiue. The chief
town is Lanjrnau.
Emmerich (em'mer-ich). A town in the Khiuo
Province, Prussia, situated on the Khino, near
the Itutch frontier, in lat. 'A° oO' N., long. 0°
14' E. : the ancient Embrica. It has a minster.
Population (ISilO). S.i;:!7.
Emmet (em'et ). Robert. Bom at Dublin in
177S: lianged at Dublin, Se))t. :20, lHO:t. An
Irish revolutionist, brother of Thomas Addis
Emmet. Ile was, like llis brother, a leader of tlle I'liitt'd
Irishmen, and in .)uly, 180,S, put himself at the head of an
QiiHuccessful rising in Dublin. He es(;aped to the Wick-
low Mountains, but returned to take leave of bis afilanced.
Sarah 4'uiTan, with the result that he was cajdurcil ami
hanged. Mis attachment to Miss (!urran is celebrated
by Moore in his famous poem "She is far from the land
wln-re her young hei-o sleeps."
Emmet, Thomas Addis. Born at Cork, Ire-
land, April L' 1, 1 7114 : diid at New York, Nov. 14,
1S27. An Irish law.yer and politician, brother
of Kobert Emmet. He was admitted to the Irish bar
in 17»n, was idected seeretaiy of the Society of Uiiiteil
Iiisbnu-n in 179.'), and became <unj of the direct^n-s of the
society in 1707. Ile was implicated in the rebellion of
1798, in wliicli year he wiw arrested, together with the
othiT directors. He was Imprisoned until 1802, and in
18iM emigrated to .Now York, wln^re he practised law, and
in 1812 became att^irney-general of tlle State.
Emmez. Sce Jcmtz,
361
Emmittsburg (em'its-berg), or EmmettsbuTg
(eni'cls-lirrg). A town in FreilericU County,
Maryland, 4S miles northwest of Baltimore. It
is the scat of Mount St. Marv's College (Roman
Catholic). Population (1S90). 844.
Emmons (em'ouz), Nathanael. Born at East
lladdam. Conn., April Di), 174.i: died at Frank-
lin, Mass., Sept. 2H, 1S40. -Ui American Con-
gregational elergjTiian and theologian. His
collected works were published in 1842.
Emory (em'o-ri), William Hemsley. Born in
yueen Anne County, ild., Sept. 9, 1811. An
American soldier. He graduated at West Point in
18;U : became lieutenant of topographical engineers in
18.f8; served on the staff of Oeneral Keaniy during the
Xlexican war; was appointed brigadier-general of volun-
teers March 17, 1862 : commanded a division under Gen-
erjU Hanks in Louisiana in 1863 ; commanded the 10th
army corps in the Red Kiver expedition in 18*>4 ; and fought
with ilistinction at Opequaii Creek, Sept. 19, 1864, and at
Fisher's Hill, Sept 22. 18IU. Ue wrote " Notes of a .Mill-
t,ary Keconnoissancc iu Missouri and California" (1848),
and •' Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary
Survey ' (lS.^8-,^iO).
Emory College. An institution of learning at
Oxford, (ieorgia, incorporated in 1836. It is
under the control of the Methodist Episcopal
Church (South).
Empedocles (em-ped'o-klez). [Gr. 'E/ijmio-
^v ;/;■.] Born at Agi-igenttim, Sicily : lived about
490—130 B. c. A Greek philosopher, poet, and
statesman. He was a supporter of the democratic partj-
in his native city against the aristocracy, and possessed
great intluence through his wealth, eloquence, and know-
ledge. He followed Pythagoras and Parmenides in his
teachings. He professed magic powers, prophecy, and a
miraculous jxiwer of healing, and came to have, in popu-
lar belief, a superhuman character. He was said to have
thrown himself into the crater of Etna in order that,
from his sudden disappearance, the people might believe
him to be a god.
The figure of Empedocles of Agrigentum, when seen
across the twenty-three centuries which separate us from
him, presents perhai>s a more romantic appearance than
that of any other Greek philosopher. This is owing, in a
gre.'it measure, to the fables which invest his life and death
with mystery, t^) his reputation for magical power, and to
the wild sublimity of some of his poetic utterances. Yet.
even in his lifetime, and among contemporary Greeks, he
swept the stage of life like a great tragic actor, and left to
posterity the "fame of genius as a poet, a physician, a pa-
triot, and a philosopher.
Si/moiuls, Studies of the Greek Poets, I. 207.
Empedocles on Etna. A classical drama by
Matthew .Vruoid, published iu 18.53 and 18G7.
Empire City. A name sometimes given to
Xew Vork as the metropolis of the Empire
State.
Empire State. A name popularl.v given to New-
York on account of its leading position in re-
spect of population, wealth, and industrial en-
terprises.
Empoli (em'p6-le). A town in the province of
Florence, Italy, on the Arno 15 miles west-
southwest of Florence. Population (1881),
commune, 17,487.
Emporia (em-po'ri-ii). The county-seat of
Lyon t'ounty, Kansas, situated on the Neosho
Kiver 5i! miles southwest of Topeka. Popula-
tion (1S90), 7,551.
Empson (einp'son),orEmson, Richard. Exe-
cuted at Ijondon, Aug. 17, 1510. An English
])oliticinn. He was associated with Eilmnnd Dudley in
the execution of tlu! obnoxious financial policy of llcni-y
V 11., and ticcanie the oliject of popular hatred Ijy the rigor
with whicli be collected the taxes and penalties due to the
crowir. After the death of Henry he was executed with
Ids associate on the chai-ge of treason.
Empusa (om-pti'sji.). [Gr."K/OTooffa, ono-footed.]
In (ilreck legend, a cannibal monster sent by
Hecate (iiiKlcr various forms) to frighten trav-
elers. The Lamiie were reckoned among the Empns;c.
An Empusa is mentioned in "The Frogs "of Aristophanes,
and .also iu the life of Apollonius Tyanrens by I'hiloslratu.s
anil tJoethe introduces one in the second part of " Faust."
The last has not the same habit of transformatiim as the
others, tnit surpasses them all in her hideous appearance
and lier cainubalistie habits.
Ems (I'mz). [t;r. (Strabo) 'A/Jaainc, (Ptolemy)
Wiiiiamr; L. .Imisia, .lniixiii>i, later Kmisa, Emr-
.w.] A river of Prussia wliich rises in West-
phalia near Paderborii, and flows through the
Dollart into the North Sea at the Dtitch fron-
tier. Length. 180 miles.
Ems, or Bad Ems (biid emz). A town and
watering-place in the province of Hesse-Nas-
s;i\i, Prussia, on the Laiin 7 miles southeast of
Coblenz. it is one of the nH)St frequented bc;ilth-re-
sorts in Gernumy, on account of its hot mineral springs.
Here ,)ccniTed the fanntus interview, .Inly i;i, 187o, be-
tween William I. of Prussia and the French andias.sador
lienecletti, which precipitated the Franco-Gorman w:ir.
Population (180(0. r>.472.
Emser (em'zer). Hieronsnnus. Born at Ulm,
Germany. Maridi 20, 1477: died at Dresden,
Nov. 8, 1527. A German theologian. He became
Encyclopedie
in l.^>04 secretary to Duke George of S:iXony, who gave hira
a lirncllce iu Dresden. An account of the ilisputation at
l.cipsic (1.M9), which he gave in an open letter addressed
to .b)hn Zack of Prague, occasioned a violent controversy
witli Luther. He attacked Luther's translation of the
Bible, ami publisheil in 1527 a translatitm of the New
Testament after the Vulgate.
Enambuc (a-nnh-biik'), or Esnambuc, Pierre
Vandrosciue Diel d'. Born, prtibably at
r)ie]>pe, about 1570: died on tlie island of St.
Christopher (St. Kitts), West Indies, Dec.,
163C. The founder of the French West Indian
colonies. Ho engaged in privateering cruises, and in
16'2;'> established a colony on .St. Christopher, at the same
time that the crew of an English vessel settled there.
D'£naml>nc was aided by Richelieu, and though his colony
was driven out for a time by the .Spaniards (l(i20), and
passed through nmny vicissitudes, it ultimately prospered.
He fountled others in vai-ious islands.
Enanthe (e -nan 'the). [See (Enanthc.'] In
Fletclier's "Humorous Lietitenant," the name
uniler which Celia disguises herself.
Enara (a-n;i'rii). or Enare (ri-nii'ra). Lake.
.\ large lake in the extreme northern part of
Finland, with an outlet into the Arctic Ocean.
Enarchus(e-niir'kus). In Sidney's " Ai-cadia,"
the King of Macedon. He is the father of Pyro-
cles and uncle of Musidorus.
Enarea (e-nii'ra-ii). A region in the Galla
countrv, Africa, south of Abyssinia, about lat.
8° 30' N., long. 37° E.
Encalada, Manuel Blanco. See Blanco En-
rifliffhl.
Enceladus (en-sel'a-dus). [Gr. 'E; at /tacSof .]
1. In (ireek mythology, one of the hundred-
ai'med giants, a son of Tartarus and Ge. — 2.
The second satellite of Satm-n, discovered by
Hersehel Aug. 28, 1789.
Enchanted Horse, The. A fabulous horse in
'• The .\rabian Nights' Entertainments." Firouz
Schah, the Prince of Persia, is carried by the enchanted
horse to the palace of the Princess of Bengal, and persuades
her to return with him. The Indian who owns the horse
abducts her. The Sultan of Kashmir rescues her. Firouz
Schah follows them, disguised as a dervish, and by a clever
ruse gains possession of princess and horse.
Enchanted Island, The. Dryden's alteration
of Shakspcre's "Tempest."
Encina, or Enzina (en-the'nii), Juan de la or
del. Born at or near Salamanca. Spain, about
1409 : died at Salamanca, 1.534. A Sjianish poet,
founder of the S])anish drama. He was for a time
in the household of the first Duke of Alba : went to Rome,
entered the cbnrcb, and became chapel-muster to Leo
X.; visited tiic Holy Laud; and bi oiinc prior of Leon.
He publislicd a collection of hisdrauKitic ami lyric poems,
"Cancionero" (1496 : enlarged iriOO).
Enciso (en -the 'so), Martin Fernandez de.
Born about 1470: died after 1528. A Sjianish
lawyer. He went to America with Bastidas in iriOO,
and settled as a lawyer at Santo Domingo, lu l.'ilK) he
joined the enterprise of Ojeda for colonizing Tierra
Firnie. Ojeda sailed in Nov., 1509, and Enciso followed
with another shij) in 5Iay, 1510. Ojeda having left the
colony, Enciso b>ok connuand of the survivors au<i found-
ed Antigua (Darien), but he was soon ilepiised and ban-
ished by Balboa and others. He went to Spain, ami in
1.^,14 returned U^ Darien as alguacil mayor of I'cdrarias's
exjiedition. Late in l.'J14 he led an expedition against the
Intliaus of Cenn. Pi-ohaldy he soon returned to Spain.
In l.'ilO he published there his "Sunni de geografta,"
which gives the first account in Spanish of the New
World.
Encke (i^ng'ke), Johann Franz. Bori\ at Ham-
bui'g, Sept. 23, 1791 : died at S|iaiidau, near
Berlin, Aug. 2(i, 1805. .\ (icrnniu astronomer.
He became in 18'2.^» si'cri'tary of the Aciidcmy of Sciences
and <lirector of the Observatory in Berlin. He is best
known from his investigation of the comet named for
him.
Encke's Comet. A comet discoven-d by Pons
at Mni'seilles, Nov. 2(!, 1818, ami more fully
investigated by J. F. Encke, tor whom it was
n;imi'd.
Encratites (en'kra-tits). [Gr. 'EvKparirai, lit.
•the self-disciplined,' 'continent.'] In the early
histiuy of the church, especially among the
Gnostics, those ascetics who refrained from
marriage ami from the use of flesh-meat and
wine. They were members of variiins heretical sects, al*
though sonn-Iimes spoken of as a distinct Itody founded
by the ajiologist Tatian of the 2d century. They wore
also called C:,iii;iifnli-:
Encyclopaedia Britannica (en-si-kl(}-p6'di-a
bi-i-lan'i-kii). An i''.nglish " dictionary of arts,
sciences, and gemntl literature," first pub-
lished, in parts, at Edinburgh 1708-71. The
publication, of the last (91 h) edition was com-
meni'ed in 1875 ami completed in 1888.
Encyclopedia, The. See Eiicjidopt'dir.
Encyclop6die (on-so-klo-juX-de'): full title,
■• Du'iioiiuaii'e raisonnti dcs sciences, des arts
ot des metiers" ('Methodical Dictionary of
the Sciences, -Arts, and Trades'). A French
encyclopedia. See the extract.
Encyclopedic
It was a French ti-anslation, by John Mills, of Cham-
bers's "CyclDptedia" which originally formed the basis
of that famous *' Encyclopedie " which, becoiuiug in the
hands of D'Alenibert and Diderot the organ of the most
advanced and revolutionary opinions of the time, was the
object of the most violent persecution by the conservative
party in church and state, and surtered egregious mutila-
tions at the hands not only of hostile censors but of timor-
ous printers. So thorouglUy was it identified with the
philosophic movement of the time that the term eticijdo-
pidiste became the recognized designation of all at-
tached to a certain fonu of philosophy. Appearing at
Paris in 28 vols, between 17ol and 1772. it was followed
by a supplement in 5 vols. (Amst. 1776-77), and an ana-
lytical index in 2 vols. fP;uis, 1780). Voltaire's "Ques-
tions sur I'Encyclopi^die (1770) formed a kind of critical
appendix. La Porte's "' Esprit de I'Encyclop^die " (Paris,
17b8) gave a resume of the more important articles, and un-
der the same title fieunequiu compiled a similar epitome
(Paris, 1822-23). Chambers's Encyc, IV. 333.
Encyclopedists, or Encyclopaedists (eu-si-
klo-pe'dists). The coUaliorators in the eiicy-
elopeilia of Diderot and D'Alembert (1751-65).
The Encyclopedists as a body were the exponents of the
tYench skepticism of the 18th century.
Endeavor, The. A British sliip commanded by
Captain Cook, then lieutenant. It was sent out
in 1768 by the Royal Society to the Pacific to observe the
transit of Venus. Captain Cook returned in 1771, having
made important explorations and discoveries. See Cook,
Jamfs.
Endea'70r Strait. [Named from the Endeavor,
Captain Cook's ship.] A strait in north Aus-
tralia, east of the Gulf of Carpentaria, between
Cape York and Wolf Island.
En(ler (en'der), Johann. Born at Vienna,
Nov. 3, 1793: died at Vienna, March 16, 1854.
An Austrian historical and portrait-painter.
Enderby Land (en'der-bi land). [First dis-
covered by Dirk Gberritsz (1599), and named
for him: later (1831) named by the English
captain Biscoe of the whaler Tula for his em-
ployers.] A district in the Antarctic region,
about lat. 67° S., long. 50° E.
Endicott (eu'di-kot), John. Born at Dorches-
ter, England, 1589: died at Boston, Mass.,
March 15. 1665. A governor of the Massachu-
setts colony. He emigrated to America in 16'28 ; con-
ducted an e.xpedition against the Pequot Indians in 1636 ;
and was made deputy governor in 16il, governor in 1044,
and major-general of the colonial troops in 1645. From
1649 until his death he was governor, except in 1650 and
in 1654, when he was deputy governor. He was a zealous
Puritan, and persecuted the Quakers, four of whom were
executed in Bt»ston under his administration.
Endicott, William Crowninshield. Born at
Salem. Mass., lSl!7. An American politician
and jurist. He was judge of the Massachusetts
Supreme Coiu-t 1873-82, and Democratic secre-
tary of war 1885-89.
Endimion. See Endtjmiim.
Endlicher (end'lich-er). Stephan Ladislaus.
Born at Presbm-g. Hiuigary, June 24, 1804:
died at Vienna, March 28, 1849. A noted Hun-
garian botanist and Linguist, professor of bot-
any at the Vienna University from 1840.
He published "Genera plantarum" (1831-41),
"Synopsis coniferarum" (1847), etc.
Endor (en'dor). [Heb., 'spring of Dor.'] In
scriptui'al geography, a village in Palestine,
near Tabor, 13 miles southwest of the Sea of
Galilee. Here Saul consulted a female soothsayer
("witch of Endor") on the eve of bis last engagement with
the Philistines.
Endymion (en-dim'i-on). [Gr. ''Ev6vinuv.'\ In
Greek legend, a beautiful youth whom, while
he was sleeping in a cave on Moimt Latiuus, Se-
lene (the moon) kissed. The legends about him vary
greatly. He is described as a king, and .also as a shepherd
and a hunter, and various accounts of his parentage are
given. He had aj^ked Zeus for immortality, eternal slum-
ber, and undying youth, and had fallen asleep on Latmus,
never to awake.
Endjrmion. A poem by John Keats, published
in 1818.
Endymion. A novel by Benjamin Disraeli,
Lord Beaconsfield, published in ]H80.
Endymion, Sleeping. A classical statue in
Parian marble, found in Hadrian's Villa at
Tivoli, and now in the National Museum at
Stockholm, Sweden.
Eneas. See JSneas.
Enfantin (oii-fon-tan'). Barth61emy Prosper.
Born at Paris. Feb. 8. 1796 : dieil there, Aug.
31, 1864. ,\ French socialist, one of the lead-
ers of Saint-Simouism. He published "Traits
d'^eonomie politique" (1830), "La religion
saint-simonienne " (1831), etc.
Enfant Prodigue (on-fon' pro-deg'). [F. . ' Prod-
igal Child.'] An opera by Auber, libretto by
Scribe, produced at Paris in 1850.
Enfants de Dieu (on-fon' de dife). [F.,'Cniil-
drtii of God.'] The Camisards.
Enfield (en'feld). 1. A town in Middlesex,
362
England, 10 miles north of London. It contains
the ruins of a royal palace, and is the seat of the manu-
facture of Miutini-Henry ritles. Po|)Ulation (1S91), ;il,532.
2. A town in Hartford County, Connecticut,
situated on the Connecticut Kiver 14 miles
north-northeast of Hartford, it has noted manu-
factures of carpets and powder. It contains a community
of Shakers. Population (1890), 7,199.
Enfield, William. Born at Sudbury, England,
March 29, 1741 : died at Norwich, England,
Nov. 3, 1797. An English dissenting diWne. He
published " Preacher's Directory " (1771), "The Speaker "
(1774)^ and other compilations.
Engadine(en-ga,-den'). [G. Eitt/tuUii, Komansh
Eiii/idiliiia.'} A valley in the canton of Grisons,
Switzerland, traversed by the Inn, noted for
its health-resorts and high elevation, it is di-
vided into the X'pper and Lower Engadine, and is sur-
rounded by mountains. It contains Sils, Silvaplana, St.
Moritz, Samaden, Pontresin.a, Tarasp, etc. The prevailing
language is Romaiish. Length, 60 miles.
Engagement, The. In English history, an
agreement between Charles I. and the Scottish
commissioners, made at Ne%vport,Isle of Wight,
Dec. 26, 1(547. The Scottish army was to restore
Charles, who consented to an establishment of
Presbyterianism in England.
Engedi (en-ge'di or en'ge-di). [Heb.,' spring
of the goat.'] In scripttiral geography, a place
abounding in caverns, situated on the western
shore of the Dead Sea, 26 miles southeast of
Jerusalem : the modern Ain-Jidy. In the desert
of Engedi David hid from Saul.
Engelberg (eng'el-bero). A health-resort in
the canton of Uuterwalden, Switzerland, south
of Lucerne. It has a BeneiUctine alil)ey.
Engelhardt (eng'el-hart). Johann Georg Veit.
Born at Neustadt (an-<ler-Aisch). Nov. 12, 1791 :
died at Erlangen, Sept. 13, 18.55. A German
church historian. He became professor of theology at
Erlangen in 1822. He published "Die angeblichen Schrif-
ten des Areopagiten Dionysius, iibersetzt und mit Abhand-
lungen begleitet" (18'23), "Handbuch der Kircbenge-
schichte"(1838), and " Dogmengeschichte " (1839).
Engelmann (eng'el-mUn), George. Born at
Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germanv, Feb. 2, 1809:
died at St. Louis, Mo., Feb. 13,' 1884. A Ger-
man-American botanist and physician.
Enghien (on-gian'). 1. A town in the province
of Hainaut, Belgium, 18 miles southwest of
Brussels. It has manufactures of lace. Popu-
lation (1890), 4,313. — 2. A watering-place near
Paris on the north.
Enghien, Due d' (Louis Antoine Henri de
Bourbon-Conde). Born at Chantilly, Oise,
France, Aug. 2, 1772: executed at Vincennes,
near Paris. March 21, 1804. A French prince,
son of Louis Henri Joseph, duke of Bourbon.
He emigrated from France in 1789, and fought under his
grandfather, the Prince of Cond6, 1792-lbOl, when he re-
tired to private life at Ettenheim in Baden. Here he was
arrested March 15, 1804, though ou neutral territory, by
French troops under orders fr» >m Napoleon. He was tried
before a military tribunal during the night of March 20-21.
on the charge of complicity in the conspiracy of Cadoudal
against the life of Napoleon, and, although no (evidence
was taken, was sentenced and shot at \'incennes at day-
break March 21, 1804. This proceeding excited general
indignation throughout Europe, and, aside from its moral
aspect, is considered one of the gravest political blunders
which Napoleon committed. Fyj^e.
Engis (on-zhe'). See the extract.
A more favourable specimen of this type is the cele-
brated skull (index, 7052) which was found seventy miles
south-west of the JJeanderthal in a cavern at Engis, on the
left bank of the Meuse, eight miles south-west of Liege.
It was embedded in a breccia with remains of the mam-
moth, the rhinoceros, and the reindeer. It has usually
been referred to the <[uaternary period, but as a fragment
of pottery was found in the same deposit it is possilde
that the contents of the cave may have been swept in by
water, so that the skull may be only of neolithic age.
Taylor, Aryans, p. 107.
England (ing'gland). [Early mod. E. also Eiit/-
loiitl, Iiif/lond. JlE. EngUind, Eiujloiid, lufllond,
earlier Engklontl, AS. EnijJii-liDid, land of the
Angles; G. EiiijUind, F. AtKjleterre, It. Iu<i1ii1-
tirra, Sp. Pg. Inijhdtrra. D. EiKjcUind.'] A
country of Europe, which forms with Wales
the southern portion of the island of Great
Britain, it is bounded by Scotland (partly separated by
the Tweed, Cheviot UiUs, and Solway Firth) on the north ;
the North Sea on the east ; the Strait of Dover and the
English Channel (separating it from France)on the south ;
and the Atlantic Ocean, Bristol Channel, Wales, and the
Irish Sea on the west. It includes the Isle of Wight and
a few smaller islands. The surface is generally level or
undulating in the east, south, and center ; and mountain-
ous in the north west (Lake District), near the Welsh border.
and in the southwest. The highest mountain is Scafell
Pike (3,210 feet). The chief river-systems are those of
the Thames. Humber, and Severn. It h.as important agri-
culture, but its chief interests are commercial, manufac-
turing, and mining. It (with the rest of Great Britain) has
almost a monopoly of the oi-ean carrying-trade of the world.
The largest commercial cities are London. Liverpool, Man-
chester, Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield, Bristol, and Brad-
English Channel
ford. The chief manufactures tu'e cotton and woolen
goods, iron and steel, hai-dware, leather, etc. Its mineral
products :u'e iron and coal, tin, copper, etc. England has 40
counties (Northumberland, Durham, Vork, Cumberland,
Westmoreland, Lancashire, Cheshire, Stafford, Derby, Not-
tingham, Lincoln, Norfolk, Camljridge, Huntingdon, Rut-
land, Leicester, Shropshire, Hereford. Worcester, Warwick,
Northampton, Bedford, Sutftdk, Essex, Hertford, Middle-
sex, Buckingham, Oxford, (iloucester, Monmouth, Wilt-
shire, Berkshire, Surrey, Kent, Sussex, Hampshire. Dorset,
.Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall) ; -its capital is London,
and its government a constitutional hereditary monarchy.
The .-Vnglican Church is established, and there are many
Protestant dissenting bodies and a large following of the
Roman Catholic Church. (For its foreign possessions, see
Great Britain,') There are some monuments of its prime-
val inhabitants before the Celts, of whom, however, but
little is kno^vn. .\mong the leading events in English his-
tory are invasions by Julius (['iesar, .'i.'> and 54 B. c; sub-
jugation of the Celtic liritons by the Romans, 43 A. D. and
succeeding years (.\gric«da's campaigns, 78-84); abandon-
ment by the Romans. 410 : invasions by the Jutes, Angles,
and Saxons, beginning in 449 (?) and extending through the
6th centm-y ; Christianity introduced from Rome in 597,
and from Scotland soon after ; the early English kingdoms
of Kent, Northumberland, Mercia, Wessex, East Anglia,
etc. , merged u nder Egbert of Wessex as " king of the Eng-
lish " in 827 ; division of England between Alfred and the
Danes by the treaty of Wedmore, 878 : consolidation of the
country under Edw.ard, Athelstan, etc., in the 10th cen-
tury; second Danish invasion under Sweyii, about 1000;
rule of Canute the Dane and his sons, 1016-42 ; Norman
conquest under William i., 1066 ; commencement of the
Plantagenet line under Henry n., 1154 ; separation of
Normandy and other French provinces, about 1204 ; grant-
ing of ^lagna Charta, 1215 ; beginnings of parliamentary
government, about 1264-65 ; Hundred Years' War, about
1337-1453 : kings of house of Lancaster, 1399-1461 ; kings
of house of York, 1461-85 ; Wars of the Roses, 1465-85 ;
Tudor dynasty (beginning with Henry VII.), 1485 ; intro-
duction of the Reformation under Henry VIII. and Ed-
ward VI., Roman Catholic worship restored by Mary,
Church of England restored by Elizabeth (1558-1603) ; ac-
cession of the Stuart line and personal union with Scot-
land under James I., 1603 ; beginnings of the colonial em-
pire, 17th century ; civil wars between Charles I. and
Pai-liament, 1642-J8 : period of the Commonwealth and
Protectorate, 1649-59 ; restoration of the monarchy under
Charles II., 1660; revolution of 1688, and accession of
William of Orange and Mary, 1689 ; Act of Settlement,
1700-01 ; union with Scotland, 1707 ; accession of the Hano-
verian dynasty (with George I.), 1714 ; lai-ge territorial
acquisitions in America and India, 1763 ; loss of the I'nited
States, 1783 ; union with Ireland, 1801 ; wars with France,
1793-1802, 180:S-14, and 1815 : passage of Catholic Emanci-
pation Act, 1829 ; Electoral Refonn .\cts, 1832, 1867-68, and
1884-85 : abolition of slavery, 183:; ; accession of Victoria,
and separation of Hanover. 1837 ; Afghan war,lS38-42 : Chi-
nese war, 1840-42 ; Chartist agitation,Irish agitation (about
1S45) ; repeal of the English Corn-Laws, 1846^ Crimean war,
1854-56 ; Chinese wars, 1S56-5S and 1860 ; Indian mutiny,
1857-58 ; act for disestablishment of the Irish Church, 1869;
Irish Land Act, 1870; Elementary Education Act, 1870;
Ashantee war, 1873-74 ; Afghan war, 1878-80 ; Zulu war,
1879 ; Transvaal war, 1881 ; Irish Land Act, 18S1 ; wars in
Egypt and Sudan, 1882-85. Area, 50^40 square miles.
Population (1891), 27,483,490. See Great Britain, Wales.
Scotland, Ireland,
England, John. Born at Cork, Ireland, Sept.
23. 17.SG: died at Charleston, S. C, April 11,
1842. An Irish-American prelate of the Roman
Catholic Church, appointed first bishop of
Charleston 1820.
England, S. A pseudonym under which Rich-
ard Porson published some of his more ephem-
eral articles. It was adopted in ridicule of
Ireland and his pretended discoveries.
England's Helicon. An anthology published
in KiOl).
Englefield (eug'gl-feld). Battle of. A battle
at Englefield, Berkshire, England. 871, in which
the English under the ealdorman Ethelwulf
defeated the Danes. Sidroe, one of the Dan-
ish .iarls, was slain.
Englewood (eng'gl-wud). A township in Ber-
gen County, New Jersey, 14 miles north of
New York." Population (1890). 4,78.5.
English (ing'glish), George Bethune. Born
at Cambridge. Mass., March 7. 1787: died at
Washington, D. C, Sept. 20, 1.S28. An Ameri-
can adventmer and writer. He joined Ismail
Pasha in an expedition against Sennaar in 1820, and gained
distinction as an otticerof artillery. He published a "Nar-
rative of the E.xpedition to Dongola and Senn:uir" (1822).
English, Thomas Dunn. Born at Philadel-
phia. June 29, 1819. An American poet and
novelist, .\fter having been a lawyer ami a journalist
he took up the practice of medicine in 18.^9. He published
"Poems " (lS''.i). "American Ballads "(1879). " Boys' Book
of Battle I.jTics, etc." (ISS.^!), and w.as the author of the
poems " Ben Bolt " and "'I'he Gallows-Goers."
English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. A
satirical poem by BjTon, directed against those
who had put him, as he imagined, on the de-
fensive. It was published in 1809, and was said by him-
self, in a manuscript note in the edition of 1816, to be a
" miserable record of misplaced anger and indiscriminate
acrimony."
English Channel i ing'glish ehan'el), F. La
Manche (Ui mohsh). An arm of the Atlantic
t>cean which separates England from France,
anil communicates with the North Sea through
the Strait of Dover. Greatest width, about iso miles.
English Channel
Prlucipal islaiidB, tliL-rliiinncl Ishuids (which see). It has
played a vui'y iuipoi-tjuit pait in Kiiglish and Freiit-h Iiis-
tory. It was ttiu Kiunie uf the tight witli the Armada, uf
(lie ijallk- of l.a Uui-lK-. t-lc.
English East Africa, etc. See British East
Afni'i. rtc-.
English Harbour (ing'glish har'bm-). A sea-
port 111' Aiili;,'iui, Briti:<h West Liilies,
363
Ephesus
Englishman in Paris, The. A comedy by Ennodius (f-no'di-us), Magnus Felix. Hon
1 . . 1 1 :.. 1 "•^O .. ...I ,...: ..*^.1 :.. XT^a .. ♦ \ ..l..^. ^n. Xfiln „ n Ki^nf ±'i'\' A'\i,i\ '\i I 'o \-i -i
Fiiotf, [irodiiciHl ill 1733, and ijriiited in 17,56
Both MackJiii and Foote played Buok in this
_plav.
Englishman Returned froin Paris, The. A
I'liiriiily liv Foutf, iiroilucfd in \1.\{>.
English Merchant, The. A c- omedy by Gc-orgo
Colnian the elder. It was founded on Vol-
taire's " L'ficossaise," and was produced at
Dniry L;ine Feb. lil, ]7()7. EnnS, or EnS (ens). A river of Austria whicl
James j^j^^^ ^^^^ Danube near the town of Eiins. it sep
lirought him to Rome, where he taught Oreek and trans- EnvermeU (on-ver-nie'). A small town in the
(|c|iiirtnii'ut of Seino-Inferieure, France, 10
miles east of Dieppe. It contains many anti-
(|iiities.
Enzeli (en-zel'e). A port in the pro's-ince of
(iihui, I'eisia. situated on the Caspian Sea
about 17 miles northwest of Kesht.
Enzeli, Lake. An arm of the Caspian Sea, sit-
iialicl iii'ar Knzeli.
Enzina. See Enchm.
Enzio (en'ze-6). Born at Palermo about 1225:
iliecl in prison at Bologna, Italy, March 14,
lated liiufk plays. He gained Ruinan citizenship in VH.
He was the authur of " Annides" (in 18 books, only frag-
ments of which survive), an epie poem on the early history
of Rome, desiif ned as a pendant to the Homeric poems ; of
tragedies ; and of miscellaneous poems in various meters.
"He was a missionary of culture and free thought, and
he turned the Roman language ami poetry into tlie iiaths
which they continued for centuries afterwards."
at .\rles or Milan, about 473: died at I'avia,
.Inly 17. .')21. Bishop of Pa\ia (Ticinum). He
was raised to the bishopi-ic about .'ill, and was sent by the
Pope to Constantinople in 515 and in 517 for the purpose
of negotiating a union between tlie Eastern and Western
churches, in which he failed. The best printed etlition
of his works, wliich include some poems and letters, a
panegyric on Theodoiic, a ilefense of Pope Symmachus,
and a life of .Saint Epiphanius of Pavia, is that by .Sir-
moiidi (Paris, IGll).
English Monsieur, The. A play by
Howard, produced in ItiGG and printed in 1674.
The principal character, Frenchlove. admires everything
French, even t*) the " French step" with which a Frencli
lady scornfully walks away after rejecting him.
English Pale. See I'ale.
English River (ing'glish riv'er). 1. Same as
CliKrrhill Hirer. — 2. An estuary in Delagoa
Bay, South Africa.
EngStligenthal (engs'tle-gen-tal), or Adelbo-
denia''li-l-li6-den). An Alpine valley in the can-
ton of Bern, Switzerland, connecting with the
Kanderthal, 1.5 miles southwest of Interlachen.
Enguera (eu-gwa'ra). A town in the province
ofValencia, eastern Spain, 43 miles southeast
of Valencia. Population (1887), 6,256.
Enid (e'nid). A character originally appearing
in the romance of "Erec and Enide " by Chres-
tien de Troves. This was probably his first poem. She
reappeju'sin the "(Jeraintof theiIabinogion,"and Tenny-
son has useit lier story iu "Ueraint and Enid," one of his
" Idylls of the King."
Enif(en'if). [At. e«/, the nose.] The bright
third-magnitude star e Pegasi, in the nose of
the hipiiogriCf.
Enim (e'nim). or Enin (e'uin). A fabulous
country of great wealth, which in the 16th and Enos(e'nos). [Heb.]
17th centuries was supposed to exist somewhere son of Adam.
on the tributaries of tlie upper Amazon. Various
expeditions were made in quest of it. In 1035 a Peruvian
adventurer called Francisco Bohorquez asserted that he
had actually visited Kidm and seen the king in a palace
adorned w ith gt Id and precious stones. Bohorquez agreed
to lead a party to this country, but was arrested after com-
niittiug various atrocities in the Indian missions.
Enimagas (a-ne-mii'gas). or ImacoS (e-raii'-
kos), or Inimacas (e-ne-mii'kiis). A savage
tribe of Iniliaiis in northern Argentina, on the
east side of the Pilconuiyo
with the Mataco stock.
Enkhuizen (enk'hoi-zen). A seaport in the
province of North Holland, Netherlands, on the
Zuyder Zeo 28 miles nortlieast of Amsterdam.
It "was an important commercial and fishing
town about KiOO. Population (1889), 5,780,
ates, in part, tipper Austria ("ob der Enns ") from Lower
Austria C'unter der Enns "). Length, about 135 miles.
Enns. A town in Upper Austria, on the Enns
near the Danube, 9 miles southeast of Linz:
the Roman Laiu-eacum. Population (1890),
ccmnnune, 4,674.
Enobarbus (en -6 -bar 'bus). In Shakspere's
•'Antony and Cleopatra," a friend of Antony.
Ho is a blunt, rough-spoken man, with a sort of
humorous sagacity.
Enoch (e'nok). [Heb., 'dedication.'] 1. One
of the patriarchs, the son of Jared and father
of Methuselah. He lived 365 years, and "was trans-
lated that he should not see death." (Heb. li. 5, Oen.
V. 24).
2. The eldest sou of Cain. A city which Cain
built was named for him.
Enoch Arden (e'nok ar'den). Apoemby Alfred
Tennyson, published iu 1864, named from its
hero, a sailor who retiu'ns from an enforced
absence of years to find that his wife, thinking
him dead, has married his friend. For her
sake he does not reveal himself, and dies bro-
ken-hearted.
Son of Seth and grand-
Enos (a'nos). A seaport in the vilayet of Adri-
anople, Turkey, situated on the .3Sgean Sea
iu lat. 40° 41' N., long. 26° 4' E. : the ancient
>;Eiius. population, estimated, 6,000-7,000.
Enriquez. See Henriquez.
Enschede (ens'che-da). A town in the province
of (Jvcrvssel, Netherlands, in lat. 52° 13' N.,
1272. An illegitimate son of the emperor Fred-
erick II. of (lermany, and titular king of Sai-
ilinia. He defeated the Genoese near .Meloria. Slay 3,
1241, and was defeated and imprisoned by the liolognese
in 1249.
Eoiae (e-oi'e). [Gr. iii 'UoUu : so called because
each sentence began with ;/ n'a/, ' such was she.']
See the extract. The work was attributed to
Hesiod.
This poem, the** Eoiae " . . . , celebrated the heroines of
Bieotia and Tllessaly from whose union with gods had
sprung heroes; and formed a fourth book to the "Catalogue
of Women," an epic history of Dorian and ^Eolian women,
famous indeed, but not of that half-divine rank which be-
longeil to the " heroines." These uames of poems show
how the Hesiodie school was connected with Dorian Lo-
cris, where the position of women was peculiarly high.
Jebb, tireek Lit., p. 45.
Eolus. See .Tiilns.
Eon de Beaumont (a-6n' do b6-m6f>'), Charles
Genevieve Louis Auguste Andr6 Timoth^e
d' (generally called the Chevalier d'Eon).
Born at TonneiTe, Yonne. France, tict. 5, 1728:
died at Loudon, May 21. 1810. A French diplo-
matist, a secret agent of Louis SV. He served
the king at the court of the empress Elizabeth of Russia
176.'>-t)lJ, and latei- in London. He was particularly noted
for his success in assuming a female disguise.
Eos (e'os). [(ir. 'Iltir.] In Greek mythology,
the goddess of the dawn, daughter of Hy])eriou,
and sister of Helios and Selene : called by the
Romans Aurora.
Eostra (eos'tra). [AS. Edstra (Beda), for Kds-
trc. Cf . AS. ecistcr, OHG. ostara, Easter. ] The
goddess of spring (the dawn of the year). Her
cult was probalily cuninioii to the 'West-fieniianic tribes,
altlit>ugh 11(1 spccilic mention is made of licrc.Mcpt among
the Aiigli)-Sa.\ons, 'I lie name has been perpetuated in
Baxter, which is supposed to have been originally applied
to the spring festival held in her honor.
Eothen (e-6'then). [Gr. i/uHn; from the dawn.]
A book of travels in the East, by Alexander
William Kinglake, published 1844.
faclures. Population (1889), 7,079,
They are classified Ensched6. A noted Dutch family of printers
and type-founders. Isaac EnschedS. its founder, es-
tablished a press in Haarlem in 1703. His son Johannes
(July lll,17u8,-Nov. 21, 1780) succeeded him in the business,
and was the most noted member of the family. His col-
lection of dies and matrices (of the 15th-17th ceiiturics),
only part of which is presei-ved, was famous,
ness (an extensive one) is still carried on.
Enna (en'it), or Henna (hen'ii). The ancient Ensisheim (en'sis-him). A towTi in Upper Al-
name of ('iistrogiovanni. It wiis cidled the navel of sace, Alsace-Lorraine, situated on tlie IU 16
Sicily, from its position in the center of the island. It was miles south of Colmar. Population (1890), 2,709.
connectcl with the inyth of Persephone, aiul^vvas^from Entlebuch (ent'li-lidCdi). A pastoral valley in
Switzerland, west of Lucerne
long. 6° 53' E. It has important cotton manu- jig|..ygg (et-vesh). Baron Jozsef. Born at
Budapest, Hungary, Sept. 3, 1813: died at Bu-
dapest, Feb. 2, 1871. A Hungarian novelist,
publicist, statesman, and orator, minister of
worship and public instructi
wrote the novels "Karthausi" ("Thi
ion 1867-71. He
farthnsian," 1838),
A' falu' jegyzoje"(" The Village Notary," 1844), "JIag.
Thebusi- yarorsziig l.'il4-lien"(*' Hungary in 1514," 1847).
Epaminondas(c-pam-i-non'das). [Gr. 'E7ra/jei-
wii'(l(ir,'Eirij///i'ui''iaf.] Born about 418 B. C: died
at Mantinea, Arcadia, Greece, 362 B. c. A fa-
mous Theban general and statesman. He de-
feated the Spartans at Leuctra in 371 ; invaded the Pelo-
mieii'i.t times a seat of the worshio of Demeter It be- ."" "f c u uv,u y "' .•-—■■-..,. -. f— .- — punnesus; founded Megalopolis (in Arcadia); and was
fongeil tn the [iXa^-fniJ^^s and f^eii into the i.aiids of Switzerland, west ot Lucerne ^ „ , , victorious and was mortally wounded at Mantinea mS62.
the Koinans in the tlrst Punic war. In 869 it was taken Entombment, The. A painting by Kapliael Epanomeria (a-lia-no-ma-re'ii). A town on the
by the Siu-ai-cns, and in 1080 came into the possession of (1.5117), ill tin* Palazzo Borghese, Rome. The ij\„,„l ,,(• Santorini (Thera), in the Grecian Ar-
body of Christ is borne by two men, attended by St. .John, „'i,':,,„i.,,,,, ' it ;,i roio'irk-ible for its nosition on
St. .loseph of Arimathea, and the holy women. The com- cliipelago. It is umaiKaUle toi Us poslliou on
position is remarkably skilful, and theexpression of emo- iireci|Utous rocks,
tion dramatic. EpeirOS. See lijnrv.t.
Entragues, Catherine Henriette de Balzac Eperies (a-par'yes), Hung. Eperjes (e per
de. See l'(rii(iiil, Maniuist dc ' ■
the Normans.
EnnemOSer (en'e-m<5-zer), Joseph. Born at
Hintersee, Tyrol, Nov. 15, 1787: died at Egern
by the Tegernsee, Upper Bavaria, Sept. I'J,
18.54. A Tyrolese writer on medicine and jilii-
loxophy. He published "Der Magnetisiuus "
(1SI9), etc.
Ennis (en'is). The capital of County Clare,
Ireland, situated on the river Fergus 20 miles
northwest of Limerick. Population (1891),
0.500.
Enniscortby ( Cn-is-kor'thi). A town in County
Wexford, li;eland, situated on the Slaney 13
miles northwest of Wexford. It was taken by Crom-
well in Kmi, and by the insurgents in 1798. Population
(ISill), 5,IH8.
Enniskillen (cn-is-kil'en). The capital of
tloiinty Fermanagh, Ulster, Ireland, situated
on an island betw<'en Upper and Lower Lough
Erne, in lat. .54° 21' N., long. 7° 39' W. For
th(* battle (1689), see Ne-wtown Jfutlir. Popu-
lation (1K91). 5,!570.
Enniskilleners (eii-is-kil'en-6rz). The Oth
Dragoons in the I'.ritish service: so named
from its origin among the defenders of Ennis-
killen in 16H9.
Ennius (en'i-us), Quintus. Bom at Rudias in
Calabria, 239 B. c. : died at Rome (f), 169 B. C.
A famous Uonian epic poet, one of the founders
of Latin literature. He served in the Roman anny In
Sardinia (204 n. c), and there met M. Poicius Cato. who
r(jHi!<t'
EntrecasteaUX. See D'Entreciistctinx.
Entrecasteaux (onti-kas-to'), Joseph Antoine
Bruni d'. Horn at .\ix, France, 1739: died at
sea, July 2(1, 1793. A French navigator. He en-
tered the" naval service in 1754, became commander of
the French fleet in the East Indies in 1785, and was ap-
ixiinted governor of Manritins and the Isle of Bourbon in
1787. In 17i»l lie was sent, with the rank of rear-admiral.
in search of the lost navigator La Pdrouse. He failed in
the main object of his expeilition. but made important ex-
plorations abing the east coast of New Caledonia, the west
and southwest coast of New Uollantl, and the coast of Tas-
lecounts of which have been published by lie 1
yesli). The' capital of the county of Saros,
Hungary, situated on the Tarcza in lal. 4«°
.59' N., long. 21° 17' E. It was founded by a Ger-
man coliuiy, and was the scene of the execution of l-rot-
estants by the Imperialist Caralfa iu l(iS7. Population
(181)0). 10,371.
l&pernay (a-per-mi'). A town in the depart-
iiieiit of Marne, France, situated on the Marue
19 miles northwesi of Chalons-sur-Marne. It is
the chief center of the trade iu champagne, the wine
being stored here in vaults in the chalk rock. Popula-
tion (1801), commune, 18,301.
Ephesiaca. See llahrwnnias and AiiDiia.
Billardiire (ISnO), De Rosael (lies), and De l-iemenviUe EphCSUS (ef'e-.SUS). [t<r. I'.^fffor.J In ancient
""■'^^ ' of (he twelve Ionian cities of
lia, situated on the Cavster,
lat. 37° .57' N., long. 2^° '21'
(ls:i.H),
Entre-Minho-e-Douro (en' tre - men'yij - e - do'-
rii). .\province in thenorthempart of Portugal,
noted for' its fruitfulness. it contains 3 districts:
Vianna do CasloUo, Braga, and Porto. Area, 2,807 sciuaro
miles.
Entre Rios (en'tra re'os). [Sp., J between riv-
ers.'] A province in the Argentine Re)iublie,
lying between the Parana on the west and south
and the Uruguav (se|iaratiiig it from Uruguay)
on the east, ami liouiided by ('orrientes on the
north. Its chief iudusti7 is the rearing of live stock.
Capital I'aranil. Area, estimated. 30,IKX1 square miles.
Population, estimated (KSS7), :i00,00(l.
geogi'apliy, one of (
Asia iFinor, in Lydi
near its nioulli,
E. It was concluded by Lydia, Persia. Alexander the
flieal, and the Uomans. It was celebrated for its temple
of Aiteinls. anil as a great (commercial city, but was un-
important In the middle ages. It was a place of residence
of Paul, and the seat of the third general council in 431,
anil ot the Uobber Synod In U». On its site arc Ayasa-
luk and other sruall villages. Among its ruins arc ; (a)
The great Iheater mentioned in Acts xix. 2:i. It is Oreek
In plan, with Roman moditlcations. The cavea, 4115 feet
in diameter, hastwo prcclnctions, with 11 eunei in the two
lower ranges, ami 22 iu the highest, which Is skirted by
a colonnaded gallery. The orchestra Is Ito feet In diam-
Ephesus
eter, and the proscenium 22 feet wide, (b) The odeum,
ascribed to the 2d century a. d. In plan it is a half-
cii'cle 163 feet in diameter. There is one precinctiou,
with 5 cunei below and 10 above it, ami a rich Corinthian
gallery around the top. The orchestra is 30 feet in diam-
eter ; the stage has 5 doors and t'orinthifin columns, (c)
A stadium, ascribed to the time v( Autrustus. It is 850
feet long and about 2i->0 wide. The north side and semi-
circular eiist end are supported on vaulted substructions,
the south side on the rock of the hillside. 'A double col-
onnade was carried alon^ its entire leTigth, and communi-
cated with the upper gallery of the stadium by a series
of stairways, (rf) A temple of Artemis (Diana of the Ephe-
sians), a famous sanctusu-y founded in the 6th century
B. c, and rebuilt in tlu- 4th. The temple was Ionic, dip-
teral, octastyle, with 21 columns on the fianks, and mea-
Btired 164 by 342^> feet. The base-diameter of the columns
was 6 feet, their height 55. The base-drums of 36 col-
arons of the front and rear were beautifully sculptured
with figures in relief: there are examples in the British
Maseuni. The cella had interior ranges of columns,
Ionic in the lower tier, Corinthian above.
Ephesus, Council of, 1. The third eeumenical
couucil. called by Theodosius 11. in conuectiou
with Valeutinian III., held at Ephesus under
the tlireetion of Cyi'il of Alexandi'ia in 431 a. d.
It opened with 160 bishops (increased to IDS), and included
for the fli-st time papal delegates from Riime, who were
instructed not to mix in the debates, but to sit as judges
over the opinions of the rest. It condemned the heresy
of Nestorius without stating clearly tlie correct doctrine.
2. The so-called Robber Council, convoked by
Theodosius, lield at Ephesus under the presi-
dency of Dioseunis of Alexandria in 449. It in-
cluded 135 bishops. It reinstated Eutyches in the office
of priest and ai'chimandrite, from which he had been ex-
pelled by the Synod of Cnnstantinujile (44S), and deposed
Flavian, patriarch of Constantinople, who was 30 rouglily
handled that he died of his injuries shortly after.
Ephialtes (ef-i-al'tez). [Gr. 'Kcud/ -//<;. } In clas-
sical mythology, a blind giant who was deprived
of his left eye by Apollo, and of his right by
Hercules.
Ephialtes. Died 456 b. c. An Athenian states-
man and general. He was the friend and partizan of
Pericles, and was the principal autlRir of a law which
abridged the power of the Areopagus and changed the
government of Athens into a pure democracy. He was,
according to Aristotle, assassinated by Aristodicus of Ta-
nagra, at the instance of the oligarchs.
Ephorus (ef'o-inis). [Gr. "E^opo^.] Bom at
Cumie : lived in the first half of the 4th century
B. c. A Greek wi-iter, author of a universal
history, fragments of which have been pre-
served.
Ephraem (e'fra-em) Syrus ('the Syrian').
Born probably at Nisibis, Mesopotamia, about
308 A. D. : tlied at Edessa, Mesopotamia, about
373. A theologian and saered poet of the Syr-
ian Church. The chief edition of his works
was publislied at Rome 1732—43.
Ephraim {e'fra-im). [Heb., 'double fiodtful-
ness.'] 1. In Old Testament history, the younger
son of Joseph, and founder of the tribe of
Ephraim. — 2. One of the twelve tribes of Is-
rael: so called from its founder, Ephraim, the
son of Joseph, it occupied a central position in Pales-
tine, being hounded on the east by the Jordan, on the
west by the Mediterranean and the tribe uf Dan, on the
south by the tribe rif Benjamin, and on the north by that
of Manajsseh. After the death of Saul the tribe of Ephraim,
together with all tlic other tribes except Judah, recog-
nized Eshba.al (Ishbosheth) as legitimate king in op-
position to David ; but on the murder of Eshbaal submit-
ted in conmion with the other tribes to the hegemony of
Judah under Darid. On the death of Solomon it revolted
(probably ab()ut 1)75 B.C.) under Jeroboam from Rehoboam,
the son of Sohimon, and f(»rined, in conjunction with all
the tril)es except Judah, Siniet>n, part of Benjamin, and
the Levites. a sepaiate kiii'.;doiii. which retained the name
of Israel, and atlopted sbeehem ;is its capital. This king-
dom was destroyed by the Assyrians in 722 B. C.
Ephthalites. The White Huns. See Jhtus.
Epic Cycle, The. See the extracts.
There was amass of songs and legends about Troy which
the two great epics left untouched. This material was
worked up. between 776 B. c. and BfiO B. c, by a number
of epic poet-s of the Ionian school, who aimed at linking
their poems with the Iliad and Odyssey as introductions
or continuations. In later times, compilers of niythob.gy
used to make abstracts in prose from these epics, takintr
them in the clironological order of the events, so as t<i
make onecoimected story. Such a prose compilation was
called an epic cycle (or circle), and the compilers them-
selves were called cyclic writers. In modern times the
name "cyclic" has been transferred from the prose com-
pilers to the poets. Jebb, flreek Lit., p. 37.
It was once ct>mmonly believed that thcreinaining ei)ic
poets etjually avoided touching upon one another, that
they composeii their own poems upon a fixed chroiioloiri.
cal plan, each resuming where the other had finished, and
BO completing an account of what is called the epic cycle,
from the birth of Aphroiite in the "Cypria" down t*^» the
conclusion of the " .Nosbii," or " Telegotda," of Engammon.
But it seems clearly mmle out now that no such fixed sys-
tem of poems existed ; that the authors, widely separated
in datean<l birthplace, were no corporation with fixed tra-
ditions ; that they did overlap in suliject, and repeat the
same legends ; and that the epic cycle does not mean a
cycle of poems, but a cycle of Ic^'onds, arranged by the
grammarians, who illustrated them by a selection of poems,
or parts of poems, including, of course, the Iliad and Odys-
sey, and then such other epics as told the whole story of
364
the Thebian and Trojan wars, down to the conclusion of
the heroic age.
Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit, I. 86.
EpicharmUS (ep-i-kar'mus). [Gr. *Err/^'ap^of.]
Born in the island of Cos about 540 b. c. : died
at Syi-acnse at an advanced age (ninety or
ninety-seven). A Greek comic poet. At an early
age he was carried to Megara, in Sicily, and thence, when
Megara was sacked by (lelon, to Syracuse. Thirty-five
titles of his comedies are extant, and he is said to have
written 52 plays.
The notice that he (EpicharmusJ added letters to the
alphabet arises either from some later letters being first
adopted in his works, or from his intimacy with Simonides
at Syracuse. It is not impossible, as Simonides did adopt
some additions, that he persuaded Epichannus to spread
their use in copies of his very popular plays.
Mahapj, Hist, of Classical tireek Lit., L 402.
Epicoene (ep'i-sen), or The Silent Woman.
[Gr. i-iKo/vogy of either gender^ promiscuous.]
A comedy by Ben Jonsou, produced in 1609.
Epicoene was a supposed silent woman who really spoke
softly and in monosyllables. She was brought to Morose,
who had an insane horror of noise, by his nephew who
wished to play him a trick. After the wedding Epictene
scolds, screams, and develops into a virago; but after many
noisy, rough tricks and jokes which drive Morose to the
verge of distraction, he is relieved by his nephew Sir
Dauphine, who, in consideration of the payment of his
debts and the promise of a proper allowance, reveals the
trick, which is that Epicoene is really a boy in disguise ;
consequently there never was a *'8ilent woman." Colman
the elder wrote a version of this play. It was produced
by Garrick in 17T6.
Epictetus (ep-ik-te'tus) of Hierapolis. [Gr.
'E-(/iT//ro(\] A celebrated Stoic philosopher.
He was a native of Hierapolis in Phrjgia, was a freednian
of Epaphroditus (the freedman and favorite of Nero), was
a pupil of Musonius Ruf us. and taught philosophy at Rome
until 94 (89?) A. I)., when he removed to Nicop<ilis in Epi-
rns, in consequence of an edict of Domitian banishing the
philosophers from Rome. Although he left no written
works, his essential doctrines are preserved in a manual
compiled by his pupil Arrian. He taught that the sum of
wisdom is to desire nothing but freedom and contentment,
and to bear and forbeai*; that all unavoidable evil in the
world is only apparent and external ; and that our happiness
depends upon ourown will, which even Zeus cannot break.
Epicure Mammon, Sir. See Maonnon.
Epicurus (op-i-ku'rus). [Gr. 'E-iKovpog.'] Born
in Samos, M2 B. c. : died at Athens, 270 B. c.
The founder of the Epicurean school of philos-
ophy. He was the son of Neocles, an Athenian cleruch
settled in Samos, and belonged to the Attic deme of Gar-
gettus (whence he is sometimes called the Gargettiau). He
is said to have studied under Xenocrates at Athens, and
subsequently taught at JSIytilene and Lampsacus. In 3t>6
he opened a school in a garden at Athens, where he spent
the remainder of his life. He is said to have written
about 3iX) volumes, fragments only of which are extant.
His will, 4 epistles, and a list of 44 propositions containing
the sul)stance of his ethical philosophy, have been pre-
served by Diogenes Laertius. He taught that pleasure is
the only possible end of rational action, and that the ulti-
mate pleasure is freedom. He adopted the atomistic
theoiy of Democritus, while bringing into it the doctrine
of chance.
Epidamnus (ep-i-dam'nus). An ancient name
of Duraz/o. See Ihtra^^o.
Epidaurus (ep-i-dii'rus). [Gr. 'KT/tkr/^o^.] 1.
A maritime town ctf IlhTicum. It was destroyed
some time after the reign of 'Justinian, and was replaced
by Ragusa. It was a Roman colony.
2. A town on the eastern coast of Pelopones-
siis, in the district called Argolis under the
Romans. Throughout the flourishing period of Grecian
history it was an independent state, possessing a small
teiTitory ('ETrtSawpta), bounded on the west by the Argeia.
on the north by the I'orinthia, on the south l)y the Trte-
zenia,andon the east by the Saronic Gulf. {Smith.) Itwas
the most celebrated seat of the ancient cult of .-Kscula-
pius. The sanctuary occupied a valley among hills, at
some distance from the city. An inner uu-losurc con-
Uiined a temple to .Esculapius, the architectundly impor-
tant tholos of Polycletus, extensive porticos wliich served
as hospitals to the sick who came to seek the aid of the
god ami his priests, and many votive offerings. Outside
of this inclosure were the stadium, one of tlie most im-
ptirtaTit of ancient theaters, a gynmasium, pn>pylKa, and
other buildings, the arrangements for the collection and
distribution of water being especially noteworthy. Almost
all our knowledge of this sanctuai-j' comes from the exten-
sive excavations conducted by the Arclneolugical Society
of Athens since 1881, which are still (IgrtS) incomplete.
Epidaurus Limera (li-me'rjj). [Gr. *E;r/f^arp»f
// A//i///j(i.] In ancient geofn*apliy, a town on
the eastern coast of Laconia, Greece, 22 miles
north-northwest of Cape Malea.
Epigoni (e-pig'o-ni). [Gr. i-iyovoi^ descen-
dants.] In Greek mythology, tlie seven sons
of the seven Arrive chiefs who had \insnccess-
fully attacked Tliobes. The Epigoni, ten years after
the first attempt, defeated the Thebans and avenged their
fathei-s. This was supposed to have occurred shortly be-
fore the Trojan war.
Epigoni. A Greek epic poem of the Theban
cycle, by Antimachus of Claros, relating to the
renewal of the mvthical war between Argos
and Thebes by the ^'descendants" of its heroes.
Epimenides (ep-i-meu'i-dez)- [trr. 'KTrtfin'Uh/i;.']
Lived in the 7th century B. c. A Cretan poet
and prophet.
Eponym Canon
Epimetheus (ep-i-me'thfis). [Gr. 'E7rtfir/8ei'^^
afterthought.] In Greek mythology, the bro-
tlier of Promethfus and husband of Panvlora.
Although warned by Ids brother, he accepted Pandora as
a gift from Zeus, with the result that througli her curi-
osity she liberated evils peculiar to man, which Prome-
theus had concealed in a vessel.
£pinac (a-pe-nak'). A town in the department
of Saone-et-Loire, France, 11 miles east -north-
east of Autun. It is the center of a coal-min-
ing region. Population (1891), commime, 4,061.
spinal (a-pe-nal'). The capital of the depart-
ment of Vosges, France, situated on the Mo-
selle in lat. 48° 10' N., long. 6° 26' E. it has
some manufactures, and contains the departmental mu-
seum and a library. It was occupied by the Germans
Oct. 12, 1870. Population (1891), commune, 23,223.
Spinal Glossary. An Anglo-Saxon and Old-
Saxon glossary jn-eserved at Epinal. France.
It was originally from the Abbey of jMoyen Moutier, near
Lenones. "The type of its writing is of the time of tlie
Culdees: its letters being of First- English, as written by
the Celtic priests who laboured for the conversion of the
English, It is ascribed l)y Mr. Sweet to the end of the
seventh century." {Morley.) Mr. Sweet has edited a fac-
simile of this glossarj', published at London in 1883.
fipinay (a-jie-na'), Madame de la Live d'
iLouise Florence Petronille Tardieu d'Es-
clavellesj. Born at Valenciennes, March 11,
1726: died April 17, 1783. A French author,
an intimate friend of Grimm and Jean Jacques
Rousseau. For the latter she erected a cottage, the
Hermitage, in the garden of her chateau. La Chevrette,
near Montmorency. Her "M^moires et correspondance "
was pubUshed in isiS, and her collected works in 1869.
Epiphanius (ep-i-fa'ni-us), Saint. Born near
Eleutheropolis, Palestine, about 315 a. d.: died
at sea near C^'pnis, 403. A father of the East-
ern Church. He became in 367 bishop of Constantia
(the ancient Salaniis) in Cyprus. He took a prominent pai-t
in the theologicid controvei-sies of his day. and was pres-
ent at the synods of Antiuch (376) and Rome (SS'l), where
questions pertaining to the Trinity were debated. He died
on the return voyage from (.'onstantinople, whither he had
gone to oppose tlie heresy of Origen. He wrote a treatise
against heresies entitled "Fanarion," a dogmatical work
entitled "Ancoratus," etc.
Epipsychidion (tp-i-psi-kid'i-pn). [*A little
poem on the soul'; from Gr. e-i, upon, i'v^^j
soul, and dim. -Uhov.'] A poem by Shelley, pub-
lished in 1821.
Epirus, or Epeiros (e-pi'rus). [Gr. ''Hxe/pof.]
In ancient geograpliy, that part of northern
Greece which lies between Illyria on the north,
Macedonia and Thessaly on the east, .^tolia,
Acarnania,andtheAmbraeianGidfonthesouth.
and the Ionian Sea on the west (to the Acroce-
raunian promontory), in earlier times the name
was given to the entire western coast southward to the
Corinthian Gulf. Thekingdomof Epirus was at its height
under Pyn-luis (235-272 n. c). It was ravaged by .-Emilius
Faulns in 167 B. c. ; was a pait of the Roman Enijuie 146
B. 0.-1-^04 A. I>. ; was overruti by Albanians in the 14th cen-
tur>' ; was conquered by the Turks in the 15th centui7 ;
and now forms p!\rt of the Turkish \ilayet Janina, and
part of the territory ceded to Greece in 1851.
Episcopius (ep-is-ko'pi-ns) (Latinized from
Bisscnop or Bischop), Simon. Bom at Am-
sterdam, Jan. l,loS:.J: (lied at Amsterdam, April
4, 1()43. A Dutcli theologian, one of the leaders
of Arminianism. He published "Confessio"
(1621), *'Apologia"(l()29),*' Institutiones Theo-
loofiea^," etc.
Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum. [L.,* Letters
of Obscure Men.'] A collection of forty-one
anonymous letters, first published in 1515. satir-
izing the ignorance, hypocrisy, and licentious-
ness of the Roman Catholic monastics at the
time of the Reformation, it was occasioned by the
controversy bet ween Reuchlin and Pfeffcrkom, a converted
Jew, who advocated the destruction, as heretical, of the
whole .Jewish literature, except the Bible, and who was
supported by the Dominicans of I'ologne, Theautliorslup
of the letters is attributed by some to llrich von Hutten,
(Yotus, and Huschins.
Epithalamium (ep*'i-tha-la'mi-um). A poem
by Sponsrr. published in 1595: a mairiage song
for his own bride.
For splendour of imagery, for harmony of verse, for deli-
cate taste and real ]>assion, the " Epithalamium "excels all
other poems of its class.
Saint^ibuni, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 87.
Eponym Canon (ep'o-nim kan'on). The name
given by Assyriologists to the list of archons
or ehief ni;iiristrates in Ass\Tia. This otlice of
archon, called in Assyrian liwmu, passed in rotation ever)*
year to different hiy;h dignitaries. Each king was linmm
in the second year of his reign, and he was followwl by
the general of the anny. or tartan. The linnnu gave the
name to the year in which he held this office (hence the
term eponyinuit, in Greek "one from whom someltody or
something is named '). l>ocuments and events were dated
with these names (as. in Rome with tlie names of the con-
suls of each year). The lists of the limmus were carefully
and accurately kept. The custom probably goes back to
a remote date, but the four lists of limnnis found which
are known by tlie name of Eponym Canon cover the
Eponym Canon
years DlI-*34Sti B. t\ As each kin;; w;ts liiiiiim in thu second
year of his rei^rn, the Ei»jiiyni (-'uriuii lieciinie i>{ tlie preat-
efit iinp<trlance f*ir the chnMinlopy of the Assyrian kin^s.
Further and still more interestiii;? infonnution has been
derived from these tables, which contjiin alongside of the
Dame of the lininiu a short notice of the principal events
of his yejir. Thns, for instance, duriiiff the reif^u of Asur*
dan III. <"7'2-".'>4) an eclipse of the son in Nineveh is re-
cordeil, and according to the c:Uculatinns of the astnm-
omerssuch an eclipse took place on the 15thof Jnne, 7t>3, so
that this not ice is of prime importaiicefor early chronology.
Epping U'!>'i"P)- -^ town ill tlio county of
Essi'X, Kntjlaiid, 16 miles nortlieast of Loudon.
Poimlalicm (1891). 2,56.5.
Epping Forest. A royal forest in sonthwostern
Essex, KiiLrlaini, formerly called Waltham For-
est. Its area formerly was about tlO,CK»0 acres : it now
contains .'.,600 acres, preserved by London, and opened to
the public as a pleafure-grouml in 1882.
£prein^iul. See Es]>rcmet.nil.
Epsom (cp'som). [Supposed to bo ecjuivalent
to Ebha's home: so named from Saint Eljba,
queen of Surrey, A. v>. 600.] A market-town in
tne county of Surrey, 15 miles southwest of
Londim. in IttlS the mineral spring from which Epsom
salts were rti'st made was discovered, and in the latter part
of the 17th centui-y Epsom became a fashionable resort,
and remained so until 1736, when the tiile turned to Bath
and Cheltenham. It w:is especially artcuted by Charles II.
Races Were run on the downs a mile and a half south of
the town probably a-s cirly as the reign i-f James 1., but its
Importance as a race-course begins with the establishment
of the Daks and the Derby in 1779 and 1780. The spring
meetinf? occurs yearly about the middle of April, and the
Derby and Oaks are run about the end of May. Population
(1891), .S,)17.
Epsom Wells. A comedy by Thomas Shad-
well, [iroiiueed in 1675.
EpWOrth (ep'werth). A small tomi iu Liueoln-
suire, Entrland. 24 miles northwest of Lincoln :
the birthiilnce of Joliii Wesley.
Equador, ConfederaQao do. See Con/ederagSo
fill l:'ijiiiiiliir.
Era of Good Feeling. In United States his-
tory, a name ijiven to the period from 1817 to
about 1824, which was marked by internal har-
mony and the absence of strong party feeling.
£rard (a-riir'), Sebastien. Born at Stras-
burg, April 5, 1752: died at Passy, near Paris,
Aug. 5, 1831. A Frencli manufacturer of
pianofortes, harps, and organs. He invented the
double-action harp in 1808, and made improvements in
pianos and organs.
Erasistratus (er-a-sis'tra-tus). Bom probably
in the island of Ccos: lived about 300 B. c. A
Greek physician and anatomist.
Erasmus (e-ra/.'mus), Desiderius (originally
Gerhard Gerhardsctierhanl's son'). I). Geert
GeertS). [Ur. iimnum;, beloved, desired: the
L. (kxiilcri K.f has the same sense.] Born at
Eotterdam, probably Oct. 28, 1465: died at
Basel, Switzerland, July 12, 1586. A famous
Dutch classical and theological scholar and
satirist. He was the illegitimate son of Gerhard de
Praet, was left an orphan at the age of thirteen, and was
defi'auded of his iulieritaiice by his guai-dians, who com-
pelkil lilni to enter the monastery of Stein. He entered
in H'.U the service of the Bishop of Ciuubray, under whose
)>atronage he w.as cnalileil to study at the I'niversity of
I'aris. He subsequentlv visited the chief European coun-
tries, inilii.ling England (1198-lKI and 1510-14). and in
l.VJl settled nt Basel, wlience he removed to tVeiburg in
Breisgau in 1620. Refusing all olfei-sof ecclesiastical pre-
feriiieiit, he devoted himself wholly to study and literary
eomposition. He aimed to reform without dismeinbcr-
ing the Kiiman I atholie Church, .llul at first favored, but
subseiiuently i-jiposeti, the Reformation, and engaged in a
controversy "uith Luther. His chief i»erformance was an
edition of the New Testament in Greek with a Latin
translation, published in 1010. Besides this edition of the
New Testament his most notalile jiublications are "Cob
lotiuies" ami " Knconiiuin ^lorite." A collective edition
of his works was published by Le Clerc 170S-O6.
Eraste (a-rsisf). 1. The exasperated lover in
M 1 .1 iei-e's comedy " Les f aeheux " ( ' The Bores ').
He h;Ls an appointment with Orphise whom he loves, and
every person in the play comes in ami prevents it.
2. The lover of Julie in Moliire's "M. de
Pourceaugnac." — 3. The lover of Lucille in
Molicre's comedy "' IjO depit amouicu.x," usu-
ally called "Lovers' (Quarrels" in English.
Erastians (e-ras'tianz). Those who maintain
the doctrines held by or attiibuted to Thomas
Erastus, a German polemic (1524— .83). author of
a work on excommunication, in whidi he pro-
posed to restrict the iurisdiction of the church.
Erastiaidsm, or the doctrine of state supremacy in eccle-
siastical matters, is often, but erroneously, attributed to
him.
Erastus (e-ras'lus). Thomas (Greeizod from
Lieber or Liebler). ['■'"• ii'<'"''k, lovely, be-
loved.] Born at Auggen, near Badenweiler,
Germany, 1.524 : died at Basel, Switzerland, 1583.
A phyrucian and Protestant controversialist.
His chief work, a collection of theses on excom-
jnunicatiou, was publisheil in 15.89.
365
Erato (er'a-to). [Gr. E/wru.] In Greek my-
thology, the Muse of erotic poetry. In art she
is often represented with the lyre.
Eratosthenes (er-a-tos'the-nez). [Gr. 'Epnrna-
tlhi/c.] Born at Cyrene, Africa, about 270 n. c. :
died about liKi B. c. An ^Vlexandi-ian astrono-
mer, geometer, geographer, grammarian, and
philosopher: "the founder of astronomical ge-
ography and of scientific chronology." ne mea-
sured the obliquity of the ecliptic, ancl introduced a
method of computing the earth's magnitude. Fragments
of his '■(,'eiigi-apliica"(rcii,ypa0(ica)areextant.
Erbach (er'lilich). A small town in the jn'ovince
of Starkenburg, Hesse, situated in the (Jden-
wald 21 miles southeast of Darmstadt, it has a
castle, and was formerly the seat of an independent
eountship. I'oimlatiou (1S90), 2^788.
Ercilla y Zuniga (tir-theryii e thon-ye'gii),
Alonso de. Born at Madind, Aug. 7, 1533: died
t here, Nov. 2it. l.'iW. A Spanish soldier and poet.
In 1554 he t4»ok service with.len>nyino de Alderete, wlio had
been apjtointed governor of Chile. He led an adventu-
rous life in .South America until 1562, when he returned to
Spain. In 1500 he published the first part of '• La .\rau-
cana" (followed later by the second and third parts), the
finest heroic ptiem in the Spanish language. It Inis also his-
torical value.
Erckmann-Chatrian (crk'mau-shii-tre-on').
The signature of the literary collaborators
fimile Erekmaun (born at Phalsbourg, Meui-the,
May 20, 1822) and Louis Gratien Charles Alex-
andre Chati-iau (born at Soldatenthal, Meurthe,
Dec. 18, 1826: died at Kaiucy, Seine, Sept. 3,
1890). Iu 1848 these two men became associated in lit-
erary labors, the former writing chiefly and the latter ed-
iting and adapting for the stage. Among their tlrst pub-
lications are "Science et gi^nie" and "Schinderhannes"
(1850), and many short stories. The series of novels to
which Erckmann-Chatrian owe, in great part, their repu-
tation includes "Le Fou Y(5gof ' (1862). "Madame Th^-
r^se, ou les volontaires de 1792 " (1803), " Ilistoire d'un con-
sent de 1813 " and "L'Ami Fritz " (1864), " Waterloo " and
"Hist<5ire d'un liomme du peuple" (1865), "La guerre"
and " La maison forestiere" (1860), and many others. Their
dramatic compositions and adaptations are "Georges, ou
le chasseur des mines" (1848), "L'.Usace en 1814 "(1850),
" Le Juif polonais " (1869), " L'Ami Fritz " (1876), " Madame
Th(5ri;se" (1882), "Les Rantzau " (1884), etc. Erckmann
claims the sole authorship of the novel "Les brigands
des Vosges 11 y a soixante ans " (1850), a totally different
version of which was published by liim in " La Revue
de Paris" under the title " L'Hlustre docteur Math»?us"
(1S57), Since Chatrian's rleath, Erckmann has contriliuted
to " Le Temps" two publications, "Kaleb et Khora" and
"La premiere campagne du grand-pfere Jacques," the
latter being the first in a series of stories dealing with
the wars of the empire.
Ercles (er'klez). A corruption of Hercules.
Bot. . . . Yet my chief humour is for a tyrant : I could
pljiy Ercles rarely, or a part to tear a cat in, to make all
split . . . This is Ercles' vein, a tyrant's vein : a lover is
more condoling. Shak., Midsummer Night's Dream.
[Ercles — Hercules — was one of the roarers of the old
rude stage. Thus Greene, in his "Groatsworth of Wit,"
1592 : "'The twelve labours of Hercules have I terribly
thundered ou the stage." Hudson, Note to M. N. D.]
Ercta (erk'ta), or Ercte (-te). [Gr. E'cpuT!/,
'EfiKTi/.] In ancient geogi'aphy, a mountain in
northern Sicily, about 4 miles north of Paler-
mo : tlie modem Monte Pellegi-iuo. It was a
stronghold of Hamilcar Barca in the last part of the first
Punic war.
Erd61yl (er'dal-ye), Jinos. Born atKapos,Ung,
Hungary, 1814: died at Sdrospatak, Zemplin,
Himgary, Jan. 23, 1.S6S. A Hungarian writer.
His chief works are collections of Hungarian
folk-songs (1846-48) and folk-tales (1855),
Erdmann(er(l'm!in), AxelJoachim. Born at
Stockholm, Aug. 12. 1814: died at Stockholm,
Dec, 1, 1.869. x\- Swedish geologist and miner-
alogist.
Erdmann, Johann Eduard. Born at Wolmar,
Livonia, Kiissia, Juno 13, 1805 : died at Halle,
Juno 12, 1892. A Gorman philosopher, pro-
fessfu" at Halle. He published "N'ersuch einer wis-
scnschaftlichen DarsteUung der Geschichte der neuern
Philosophic " (is.'!4-6:i). etc.
Erdmann, Otto Linn§. Bom at Dresden, April
11. 1S1)4: died at Leipsic, Oct. 9, 1869. A Ger-
man chemist . He published " Lehrbuch der Chemie "
("Manual of Chemistry," 1828), etc., ami fouiuled the
"Journal fur praktische Chemie" in 18.'i4.
Erebus (or'e-bus), or Erebos (-bos). [Gr. "!■>-
V. I in (ireek mylhology, the son of Cliaos
and brother of Nyx.
Erebus. An active volcano in Victoria Land,
.Vntarctic regions,about lat. 78° S., long. 108° E.
Height, about 12,367 feet.
EreC (e'rek) and Enid (6'nid). See the extract
and Enid.
One of the most beautiful of these metrical tales is
"Erec and Eniile," by Chresticn de 'lYoyes. Erec van-
oulshes a knight who hatl itisuUed an attendant of Queen
Geneura at a mitlonal hunt. After tlie battle, Erec dis.
covered on the domains of the person he hail comiuered
his beautiful idece, called Enide, who resided near her
uncle's castle, but hail been allowed by him l^i renuiin in
the utmost poverty. Erec marries this lady, and soon
Eric the Red
forgets all the duties of chivalry in her embraces ; his
vassals complain bitterly of his sloth, and Eukle rouses
him to exertion. Attended by her alone, he sets out iu
quest of adventures, of which a variety are related.
DutUop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, 1. 264.
Erech (e'rek). One of the four cities of the
kingilom of Nimrod, iu Shinar or Babylonia:
the Greek Orchoe. It was iilentical with T'ruk of the
inscriptions, and is m>w represented by the monnd of
ruins of Warka, situated on the left tiank of the Euphnites
southeast of Babylon. It was one of the oldest seats of
Babylonian civilization, an<l had a college of learned priests
and a large libi-ary. It was also the chief seat of the wor-
ship of Ishtar as the evening stiu", and of Nana. Accord-
ing to an inscription of Asur4)anipal (t'^8^i26 B. c.) Erech
was, in 2280 ii. c, invaded by the Etamite king Kudur-
naclmudi, who carried otf the image of NaiuL to Elain,
where it remained for l.(i35 years, till he (Asurbanipal), in
tM.\ at the conrjuest of Susa, returned it to its ancient seat.
Around the ruins of Erech are fouiul nniny tombs, so that
it would seem that it served as a kind of necropolis.
Erechtheum (e-rek-tho'um). An Ionic temple
iu Athens dating from the end of the 5th cen-
tury B. c, remarkable for its comiilex plan and
architectural variety, as well as for its techni-
cal perfection. It included a shrine to Athena I'olias
(as guardian of the city), altars to several other divinities,
the tomb of Erechthens(whenee its name), the salt spring
evoked by Poseidon, ami severtd other peculiarly sacred
memorials. The shrine of Athena faced the east, and had
the form of a prostyle hexastyle cella. On the north side,
at a lower level, there is ai>ortic<»of four by two delicately
sculptured column-s, with access by a momimental door-
way to a hall traversing the building behind the cella of
Athena. The west wall of this hidl was ftirmed of a high
basement-wall, upon which stood four piei-s having on
their outer face the form of Ionic semi-columns. The
wall is usually restored as having windows in the interco*
lumniatious. At the west end of the south side is the
famous Porch of Caryatids, whose rich entiblature rests
on the heads of six female figures, four in front, ranking
as the finest of architectural sculptures. On the west side
of the temple was the inclosure in which grew the mirac-
ulous olive-tree of Athena, and on which lived the priest-
esses and the high-horn maidens who were selected every
year to serve the goddess.
Erechtheus (e-rek'thus), or Erichthonius
(e-rik-tho'ni-us). In Greek legend, a sou of
Hephiestus, and an autochthonous hero of
Athens : often confounded with another of the
same name, sometimes represented as his
grandson.
Eregli (e-reg'li), or Erekli (e-rek'li). A town
in the vilayet of Kastamuni, Asiatic Turkey,
situated on the Black Sea in lat. 41° 17' N.,
long. 31° 25' E. : the ancient Heraclea. It is
the center of a coal-mining region. Popula-
tion, about 4,000.
Eretria (e-re'tri-a). [Gr.'Ephp/a.'] In ancient
geography, a city ou the island of Euboea,
Greece, 29 miles north of Athens. It was a rival
of Chidcis, was destroyed by the Persians iu 490 B. c., and
w.as afterward rebuilt. An ancient theater has been ex-
cavated on its site by the American School at Athens. The
cavea is supported on an artificial embankment. It was
divided by radial stairways into 11 cunei, and is 200 feet
in diameter. The orchestra, 81.) feet in di:uneter, pre-
sents a highly important feature, here first recognized, in
an underground pas.sage leading from its center to the in-
terior of the stage-stnicture. This explains several ob-
scurities in the classiciU drama.
Erfurt (er'fort). A city in the province of Sax-
ony, Prussia, situated on the Gera in lat. 50°
58'' N., long. 11° r E. Itisfamousforits horticulture,
and has varied nnmufactures. It contains a noted cathe-
dral, a church of St. Severus. and an Augustine monastery
which has a cell once occujiied by Luther. The tt)wn was
founded very early, and was a member »)f the Hanse League.
It was an object of strife betwi-eii Sa.vony and the electorate
of Mainz, and passed filially to the latter. Itwas ac(|Uired
by Prussia in i8ii2, wiis lakeii by the French in 1806, and
was ceiled to Prussia in ISl.'i. It hail a university from
the 14th century to 1816. In 1808 it wiis the scene of a con-
ference between Napoleon, Alexander I., and German
princes, and iu 18,50 was the seat of the Gennaii Uuions-
parlaiuent. Population (1890), Ti/Hm.
Eric (e'rik), Sw. Erik (a'rik). Saint. Died near
Upsala, Sweden, May 18, 1 160, King of Sweden,
elected to the thi'one of Upi>er Sweden in 11.50.
He undertook in 1157 a crusade agiiinst the heathen Finns,
part of whom he couiiuered and baptized. .Soon after his
return to I'jisala he was attacked by the Danish prfnce
.\liigiius Hemlrikson, luul fell in battle.
EricXIV., King of Sweden. Born Dec. 13,1533:
poisoued Feb. 26, 1577. Son of Gustavus Vasa
whom he succeeded in 1560. He elevated his mis-
tress, Katrina MAnstlotter, to the throne, after having
niBilc niisiU'i-essful iivertures of nnirrlage ti> t^ueen Klizji-
beth of Engbmil aiid Mary t)ueen of Scots. His violence
anil misgovcrnnient causeil his ilepiisition in 15tl8 by a
conspiracy of the nobles headed by his brothers John ami
Charles. He was, accoi'ding to tradition, put to death iu
prison by poison.
Eric the Red. The fotmder of the first Norso
selllemeiit in Greenland (f). According to the Ice-
landic sagas, he killed a man in Norwiiy and tied to
Iceland, wlience he was sent into tenipiirary banishment
for a similar outrage; wherenpiin, in 982, he set sail
toward the west in quest of a strange land sighted in 876
by the N»)rse sea-rover Gnnnbiorn. He discovered the
Ciiuntry which he mimed iircenland, and li^ed there throe
366
of Sappho, and her companion in Mytilene.
Fragiuf iits of a poem, entitled " The Spindle," and some
epigrams are all that reiuain of her work.
£rinyes (e-rin'i-ez). [Gr. 'Epa'i'rf.] In Greeli
mytliology, female divinities, avengers of ini-
(|uity. According to Hesiod they are daughters of Ge
(earth), sprung from the blood of the mutilated I'r.anus ;
according to others, of night and darkness. They were
also called the Eumenides and, hy the Romans, Furiee or
Dirre. In later times their number was limited to three,
Alecto (* the unresting *), Megaira (' the jealous "), and Ti-
siphone (' the avenger ').
Eriphyle (er-i-fi'Ie). [Gr. 'Epi<t,h/.v.} In Qreek
mythology, the wite. of Amphiarans and sister
of Adrastus. She was slain by her son Alcmteon for
persuading hisfather to join the expedition against Thebes,
in which he met his death.
Eris (e'ris or cr'is). [Gr. "E/)(f.] In Greek my-
thology, the goddess of discord, sister of Ares
and, according to Hesiod, daughter of Nyx.
In revenge for not having been invited to the nuptials of
Peleus and Thetis, she threw among the guests a golden
apple bearing the inscription "To the Fairest." Adispute
arose between Aphrodite, Hera, and Athena concerning
the apple, whereupon Zeus ordered Hermes to taiie the
goddesses to Mount Gargarus, to the shepherd Paris, who
should decide the dispute. He awarded the apple to
Aphrodite, who in return assisted him in carrying off the
beautiful Helen from Sparta, which gave rise to the Tro-
jan war. In Vergil Discordia takes the place of Eris.
Erith (er'ith). A town in Kent, England, on
the Thames 13 miles east of London.
The official name, since
1S90, of the Italian colony on the Red Sea.
The first annexation by Italy was that of Assab in ISSO.
Massowah, the natural harbor of Abyssinia, is the capital.
The population of Eritrea is estimated at 450,00<1. The
boundaries on the coast are Ras Kasar and Raheita. The
inland boundary is undefined, but in a general way it extends
southwestward from Ras Kasar to the Atbara, thence
along approximately the line of .S.*!" E. long, to the upper
Juba Kiver in 6° N, lat.. and down the latter to its mouth.
The lower portion of this boundary separates the region
from the British Sphere of Influence. Italy claims a pro-
^ , . tectorate over Abyssinia, but the latter disclaims it.
the modern Abu Shahrein, situated on the left Erivan (er-i-van'). A government of Trans-
bank of the Euphrates, not far from Mugheir. Caucasia, Russia, north of Persia and Turkey,
nearly opposite to the Arabic city ouk es- u jg known also as Russian Armenia, and was ceded to
Sheyuli. It was the principal seat of Ea, the Russia by Persia in 1828. Area, 10,745 square miles.
Assyro-Babylonian god of the ocean. Population (1887-89), 677,491. ^ , t, •
Erie (e'ri). A tril)e of North American Indians Envan. The capital of the government of Eri-
formerly living in western New York and along van, situated_on the banga in lat. 40° 12 N.,
Eric the Red
years, when he returned to Iceland for colonists and sup.
plies for a permanent settlement, which he founded ap-
parently in 985.
Ericht (er'icht), Loch. A lake in Scotland, sit-
uated on and near the border of Perthshire and
Inveriifss-shire. It is the outlet to Loch Ran-
noch and the Tay. Length, nearly 15 miles.
Erichthonius. See Ercchthrus.
Ericson (er'ik-sgn), Leif. A Norse adventurer,
son of Eric the Red. Acccirding to the Icelandic sagas,
he sailed from Greenland with 36 companions about Iniio
A. p., in quest of a straiigeland to the west which had l)cen
sighted in 986 by the Norseman Bjarni Herjulfson. He dis-
covered the country which he nan\ed Vinland from the
grape-vines he found growing in it, and spent a winter
there. The coast on which he landed has been variously
identified — by some as that of Labrador or Newfoundland,
and by others as that of New England.
Ericsson (er'ik-son), John. Bom in the parish
of Feruebo, Wermland, Sweden. Julv 31, 1S03:
died at New York, March 8, 1889. A famous
Swedish-American engineer and inventor. He
went to England in 1826, and to the llnited States in 1839.
He constructed the caloric engine in 18;i:J ; applied the
screw to steam navigation 1836-41 ; and invented the tur-
rcted ironclad llonitor 1862. (See Monitor.) His later
inventicms include a solar engine, the torpedo-boat De-
stroyer, etc.
Ericsson, Nils. Born Jan. 31, 1802: died at
Stockholm, Sept. 8, 1870. A Swedish engineer,
brother of John Ericsson. He became second lieu-
tenant in the engineer corps of the Swedish army in 1823; -, .. ,. -,-,..,
was promoted lieutenant in 1828, captain in 1830, and tritrea (a-re-tra a;.
major in 1832 ; and in 18.^0 was appointed colonel in the
mechanical corps of the navy. He was du-ector-in-chief
of the state railways 1865-62, and was knighted in IS.^.
EridanUS (e-rid'a-nus). [Gr. 'H^i/rfai'Oc.] In
Greek legend, the name of a large river in
northern" Eiu'ope, later identified with the
Rhone, or, usually, with the Po. It was con-
nected with the myth of Phaethon. See Phae-
thon. . . _ , ,
Eridu (a'ri-do). An ancient city m Babylonia,
long. -t4° 31' E. It was stormed by the Russian gen-
eral Paskevitch in 1827. It contains the palace of the
Persian viceroys, now appropriated to the needs of the
Russian authorities, a lai"ge building with several courts.
One of the halls has been restored in the original style,
and is decorated with paintings of Persian heroes, as
Abbas Mirza and Kadir Shah, and with inlaid work in
the southern shore of Lake Erie from the Gene
see to the Cuyahoga River in Ohio. The word is
derived from their Huron name, signifying 'Cat people,'
from which the French called them A'allon du Chat. In
1663 the Seneoas conquered and absorbed them. See Ira-
quoUin,
Erie.
Erie
Erie
OTCupi?s'th'rsitr"irFOTt'"deTrfte"si'Iu'TsI'ei*b^^^ Erkelenz (er'ke-lentz). A small town in the
1749. Population (1890), 4(i,U34. Rhine Province, Prussia, 24 miles northeast
Erie, Lake. The southernmost and shallowest of Aix-la-Chapelle. Population (1890), 4,066.
of the Great Lakes, lying between Ontario on Erlangen (er'liing-en). A university town in
the north. New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio Middle Francouia, Bavaria, situated on the
on the south and southeast, and Michigan on Kegnitz 11 miles north-northwest o£ Nurem-
the west. It communicates with Lake St. Clair by the berg. It has manufactures of gloves, hosiery, beer. etc.
Detroit River at its upper end, and discharges its waters jj ,,^3 developed largely by French refugees, and was
into Lake Ontario liy the Niagara River. It receives the ^^.^ed to Bavaria in 1810. Population (1890), 17,660.
Maiimee. On its hanks are Butfalo, Cleveland, Sandusky, , m , ti ti_._ / ' ,\ ti,„ „ .„
and Toledo. Length, ahout 260 mUes. Average lireadth, ErlaU (er lou), Hung. Eger (eg er). The cap-
about 40 miles. Area, 9,600 square miles. Height above ital of the county of Heves, Hungarv. situated
sea-level, 673 feet. _ on the Erlau in lat. 47° {j.")' N., long." 20° 22' E.
Erie Lake, Battle of. A naval victory gained It has a cathedral, and is noted for its red wines. It was un-
near Put-in- Bay, Lake Erie, Sept. 10, 1813, by successfully besieged by the Turks in 1552. but afterward
the American tleet^ (9 vessels._ 54^ gu",**' 490
men
(6
1 A ■ *i * /n «..^«.r.ii. KA «.^.iii, -ion caiiH- uihIlt Turkish sway. I'onulatinn
he American fleet (9 vessels. 54 guns. 490 „ , TTiiiff /.oruiniri a Prl Knni
.en) under O. H. Perry over the British fleet ^^K ng (ol kin,,. G. E^^^^^^^^^
6 vessels, 63 guns, o02 men) under Barclay. i ,, 11 ii- „i
rie Canal. The 'chief canal in the United ^.5:?'™?- .^?!"lLf°'j^°iZ
Erie Canal
States, extending from the Hudsou River at
Albany to Lake Erie at Buffalo. Its construction
w.is due' mainly to the efforts of De Witt Clinton 1817-26.
Its present length is 3501 miles. Width at surface, 70 feet ;
at bottom, 66 feet. Depth, 7 feet.
Erigena (e-ri,i'e-na), Johannes Scotus. IKri-
t/ciia, born in Ireland.] Born j)robably in Ire-
land between 800 and 81.5 : died probably about
891. A notiMl scholar of thcCarliivingian period.
Ho came to the court of cliarlea the Bald before 817, and
became director of the p.ilatial school, during the incurn-
bency of which ollice his chief literaiy work was done.
He is said by William of Malmesbury and others to have
been invited to England by Alfred the Oreat (about 8S3V),
to have been appointed teacher at the school of ( >xf ord and
abbot of Malmeslmry, and to have been killed by his own
pupils. His chief work was the translation of Dionysius
Areopagita, and the consequent introduction itf N'e<)pla-
tonisin into western Europe. The most notable of his
original productions is "l)e Divisione Naturae" (edited by
dale 1U81, Schbiter 1^8, and Floss 1863).
Erigone(e-rig'o-m-). IQr. 'Hpiyivi/.] InGreek
mythology, the daugliter of Icarius. She was
changed to a constcllaliini (the Latin Virgo).
Erin (e'rin). See Irilinid.
Erinna(e-rin'a). [Gr. "ll/Kira.] Bom at Rhodes
or Telos: lived about 600 B.C. .dying at the age of Erminia (er-min'i-ii).
nineteen. A celebrated Greekpoetess, a friend character in Tasso's
under Turkish sway. Population (ISilO), 22,427.
G. Erl-Konig I erl'ke-nio).
g of the elves.]
who haunts the
forests and lures people to destruction. He is
particularly addicted to destroying children. This is the
subject of tioethe's well kin.'wn j)oem.
Erman (er'man), Georg Adolf. Bom at Ber-
lin, May 12, 1806: died July 12, 1877. A Ger-
man physicist, son of Paul Erman : professor
of physics at Berlin from 1S34. He conducted
magnetic observations in a journey round the earth, de-
scribed in "Reise um die Erde " (1833-42).
Erman, Paul. Bom at Berlin, Feb. 29, 1764:
died there, Oct. 11, 18.")1. A German physicist,
professor of physics at Berlin from the found-
ing of the university (1810).
Ermine, or Ermyn (cr'niin), street. A Roman
road from London northward to Lincoln and
York. It left London at Bishopsgate, where a branch, the
\icinal Way, was thrown off to Essex. The first stop-
ping-place on the northern road was Adfiues, in Hertford-
shire ; thence it went to Durolipons, now Oodmanches-
ter, on the Ouse; thence to Durobrivie, near tlie village
of Castor ; thence due north to Causennie, now Ancaster :
thence to Lindum or Lincoln; thence to Segclocum, now
Littleborough; thence to Danum, now Doncaster ; thence
to Calcaria. the modern Tadcaster ; and thence to Etiora-
cum or York, From York it went northward to the wall
of Hadrian.
The principal female
Jerusalem Delivered."
Erpenius
She loved Tancred, and cured him of his
wounds.
Ermland (erm'land), or Ermeland (erm'e-
liind), Pol. Warmia (viir'me-ii). A district in
the western part of the province of East Prus-
sia, Pi-ussia. Its V>ishopric, of the Teutonic Or-
der, was ceded to Poland in 1466.
Ernani (er-na'ne). An opera by Verdi, first
]>roduced at Venice in March, 1844. Itwas found-
ed on Victor Hugo's " Hernani." When it was produced
in France in 1846, the title was altered to " II Proscritto"
and the characters were made Italian at Victor Hugo's
request.
Erne (em), Lough. A hake in County Fer-
managh, Ulster, Ireland, consisting of the up-
per or southern lake (12 miles in length), and
the lower or northern (20 miles in length). It
is traversed by the river Erne.
Ernest August, G. Ernst August, Duke of
Oumberlaiid. Born at Kew, near London,
June 5, 1771 : died Nov. 18, 1851. King of
Hanover 1837-51, fifth son of George III. of
England. He was created duke of Cumberland in 1799 ;
commanded the Hanoverian army in the campaigns of
1813 and 1814 against Napoleon; was made field-marshal
in the British army in 1815 ; married Frederica Caroline
Sophia Ale.\andrina, daughter of the Duke of Mecklen-
burg-Strclitz, in 1815 ; and on the accession of Queen
Victoria to the throne of England succeeded under the
Salic law to that of Hanover. He immediately revoked
the liberal constitution granted by William IV. in 1833,
but granted another, based on popular representation, in
1840.
Emesti (er-nes'te), Johann August. Bom
at Tennstedt, Thuringia, Germany, Aug. 4,
1707: died at Leipsic, Sept. 11, 1781. A noted
German philologist and theologian, jirofessor
at the University of Leipsic from 1742. He
edited various classical authors, including Cicero (1737-
1739), and wrote " Institutio Interpretis Novi Testament! '*
(1761).
Emesti, Johann Christian Gottlieb. Bom
at Arnstadt. Thuringia, Germany, 17.'>6 : died
at Kahnsdorf, near Leipsic, June 5, 1802. A
German classical scholar, nephew of J. A.
Emesti.
Ernestine Line. The older of the two lines of
the house of Saxony. It was founded by Ernest,
elector of Saxony (died 14S0), and held possession of elec-
toral Saxony until 1.'"'47, when the bulk of the Ernestine
domiinons and the electoral ilignity were transferred to
the Albertine line. It consists at present of the houses
of .Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.Saxe-Meiningen, and
Saxe-.\ltenburg. See Albertine line and other names
mentioned.
Ernest Maltravers (er'nest mal-trav'erz). A
novel by Bulwer, published in 1837.
Ernst (ernst), Heinrich Wilhelm. Bom at
Briinn, Moravia, Austria-Hungary, 1814: died
at Nice, France, Oct. 8. 1865. A noted Ger-
m.an violinist and composer.
Ernulf (er'niilf ), or Arnulf (iir'nulf). Born in
France, 1040: died March 15, 1124. An Eng-
lish prelate, abbot of Peterborough 1107-14,
and bishop of Rochester 1114-24. He was edu.
cated at the famous monastery of Bee, and was a close
friend of Lanfranc and Anselm. He was an authority on
canon law, and left a lalge number of documents bearing
on English ecclesiastical and legal history ("Textus Eol-
fensis," preserved in R/)chester cathedral).
Eroica Symphony, The. The third and great-
est of Beethoven's symphonies. It was first per-
formed publicly in Vienna April 7, 180.1, and was con-
ducted by Beethoven. Its original title was "Bonaparte,"
but when Napoleon assumed the title of emperor, Bee.
thoven lost faith in him and changed the title of his
symphony. It is in full "Sinfonia eroica, composta per
festeggiare il souvenire di un grand' nomo : dedicata a
Sua Altezza Serenissima il Principe di Lobkowitz da Luigi
van Beethoven."
Eros (e'ros). [Gr. 'Epuf.] In Greek m.vthol.
ogy, the god of love. According to Hesiod he is the
offspring of Chaos, coeval with Earth and Tartarus, and
the companion of Aphroilite : in later myths he is the
youngest of the gods, son of Aphrodite and Ares or
Hermes, represented as a thoughtless and wayward child,
armed by Zeus with bow and arrows or llaming torch. In
the older view he was regarded as one of the creative
powers of nature, the principle of union among the diverse
elcEucnts of the world, more especially as the power of
sensuous love, and also of devoted friendship. He was
worshiped at Thcspiie in Bicotia, where a festival, the
Erotidia or Erotia, was celebrated every live years in his
honor.
Eros. 1. In Shakspere's "Antony and Cleo-
patra." the freed slave of Antony. He is devoted
to Antony, and kills himself with his own sword when
ordered by Antony to slay him in fultUment of an oath.
2. In Beaumont and Fletcher's play "The
False One" (taken from "Antony and Cleo-
patra"). Cleopatra's waiting-woman.
Erostratus. See Hemslrntu.i.
Erpenius (er-pe'ni-us) (Latinized from Van
Erpe), Thomas. Born at Gorkum, Netherlands,
Sejit. 1 1. 1.584 : died at Leyden, Nov. 13, 1624. A
noted Dutch Orientalist and traveler, a friend
Erpenius
of SealigerandCasaLbon. He was professor of Ara-
bic and later of Hebrew at LeyJen, and was the author of
an Arabic grammar (1613), a Hebrew grammar (1«J21X etc.
Errai (tT-rii'e). [Ar. ar-ra'i, the sliepUord.]
The tliird-magnitude star y Cephei, in the king's
right foot.
Errizuriz (ar-rii'tho-reth), Federico. Born at
Santiago, Marfli 27. 1825: died tliere, July 20,
1877. A Chilean statesman. Under I-resident Pe-
rez (1861) he was minister of justice, religion, and pul)-
ilc instruction, and later of war and marine. In the lat-
ter position he directed the war with Spain in 186.'i. From
1871 to 1876 lie was president of »;hile. He published
"La Constitucion de ls28" and " Los Fincheiras." histoli-
cal studies.
Erieizuriz, Isidoro. Bovn at Santiago. 1835. A
Chilean journalist. He became editor of " El Consti-
tucional" in 18til, and founded ''La Patria" in Valparaiso
in 1863. .'^ince 18ii7 he has been almost constantly a mem-
ber of the t-'hamber of Deputies. In April, 1803, he was
made minister of the interior, but was compelled to resign
in August, owing to iU feeling caused by his support of
>Ir. F.gan, the ,\meiican minister.
Errors, Comedy of. See Comedii of Krrors.
Ersch (ershj, Johann Samuel. Born at Gross-
glogau, Prussia, June 23, 176G: died at llallc,
rrussia, Jan. 16, 1828. A German bibliograjiher
and eneyclopedist, the founder of (ierman bib-
liography. In association with J. G. Gruber, he origi-
nated the '• AUgemeine Encyklopadie der Wisaenschaf ten
und Knnste" (1818-90).
Erskine (fersk'in), Ebenezer. Bom at Dry-
burgh, Berwickshire, Scotland, June 22, 1680:
died at Stirling, Scotland. June 2, 1754. A
clergyman of the Established Church, and after-
ward" of the Seeession Church in Scotland. A
seraion which, as mndcr.itor of his synod, he preached at
Stirling, Oct. 18, 1732, caused such dissatisf:icticiii, fnirii his
censure of prevailing doL-trinal cirors and nf t.vraimous
exercise of patronage, that hcaii'itlnL-eadlu'ri-Tits,\Vil]iam
WUson, Alexander Moncrielf, antl .Tames Fisher, were in
Nov., 1733, removed froni their pastorates. These four
"Secession Fatli.;rs," the earliest dissenters from the na-
tional church, formed themselves into a presbytery at
Uairiiey Bridge, Kinross-shire, Dec. .% 1733.
Erskine, John. Born in 1695: died at Cardross,
near Dumbarton, Scotland, March 1, 17G8. A
Scottish .jurist. His chief works are "Principles of
the Ijn'x of Scotland" (1764) and "Institute of the Law
of .Scotland ■■(1773).
Erskine, John. Born at Edinbtu'gh, June 2,
1721: died at Edinburgh, Jan. 19, 1803. A
Scottish clergyman and theological writer, sou
of John Krskiue (1C95-17G8). He was the leader
of the evangelical party of his time, and edited for publi-
cation in Scotland the works of Jonathan Edwartfs and
other .Americans.
Erskine, Ralph. Born March 15, 1685 : died at
Dunferijiliue, Scotland, Xov. 6, 1752. A Scot-
tish clergyman, brother of Ebenezer Erskine.
He was the author of "Gospel Sonnets," which
reached Ihe 25th edition in 1795.
Erskine, Thomas, of Liulathen. Bom at Edin-
burgh. Oct. 13, 1788: rlicd there, March 20, 1870.
A Scottish theological writer. He wrote "In-
ternal Evidence for the Truth of Revealed Ke-
ligion"(I820).
Erskine, Thomas, Baron Erskine. Born at
Edinburgh, Jan. 21, 17.50: dieil at Almondell,
near Edinburgh, Nov. 17, . 1823. A British
jurist and forensic orator. He was the youngest
son of the tenth Earl of liuchan. He attained celebrity
as a pleader in sujiporting charges of corruption advanced
against ixtrd Sandwich, and su))sequeiitly distinguished
himself especially in his defense of stockdale (1780),
Tllomas Paine (17'J2), and Uardy, Home Tooke. etc. (1704).
He reprcseriteii Portsmouth in the House of Connnons
from 1791) till raised U> the peerage as Baron Erskine, of
Restorniel, on his being made lord chancellor in Lord
(ireiiville's administration (Feb., 1806, -April, 1807).
Erstein (er'stin). A town in Alsace, on the
III 13 miles south-southwest of Strasburg.
Population (1890), 4,807.
Ertang (er'tang). See the extract and Muni.
But Maneo went a step further. He avowed himself to
be the Paraclete or fomfolter foretold by the Saviour,
and coinposcil a gospel which he called the Ertang, which
was illustrated by pictures drawn by his own hand : he
claimed that the Ertang should take precedence of the
New Testament. It was this false niovc that really led
to the violent oj)position which the Christian church dis-
played towards the Persian prophet.
Benjamin, Story of Persia, p. 18ti.
ErtOghrul (er'to-griil). Died in 1288. A Tur-
kish chief, father of Othman the founder of the
Ottoman empire. He wastlieebiefof abamlotOghni:
Turks which had left Khorasan under his father, and wiliell
under the leadership of Krtoghrtil entered the service of
Ala.ed-Din, sultan of Iconium. He defeated a mixcti anny
of Greeks and Mongols in a great battle between Brusa
and Venischecr.
Erycina (er-i-si'nii). [Gr. 'EpvKivii : from Mount
Ery.x, in Sicily.] A surname of Aphrodite or
Venus.
Erymanthus (er-i-man'thus). [(ir. 'K/n'KdiOdf.]
A mountain-range on the border of Arcadia
367
and Achaia, Greece, the haunt of the fabled Ery-
inanthian boar, killed by Hercules.
Erythr8e(er'i-thre). [Gr. '£pi</pai.] In ancient
geography, an Ionian city of Asia Minor, situ-
ated opposite Chios 35 miles west of Smyi'na.
Erythraea. See Eritrea.
Erythraean Sea. [L. Mare Enjthrxum, or Mare
UuhriLiii, Ked Sea.] In ancient geogi-aphy, a
name given to the Arabian Sea, or to the Indian
tX'eau including the Ked Sea and Persian Gulf.
Eryx (e'riks). [Gr. ''E^iif.] In ancient geog-
raphy, a city and mountain in western Sicily,
the modern Monte San Giuliauo, 41 miles west
of Palermo. It contained a temple of Venus. Itwius
captured by Pyrrhns in 278 u. c, and was hebl tiy Ilamil-
car in the tlrst Punic war. See iloiite San Giuliann.
Erzeriim (<'i'z-rom')- 1. -■V vilayet of Asiatic
Turkey, bordering on Transcaucasia, Russia.
Area, 29,614 square miles. Population (1885),
64.5,702.-2. ' The capital of the vilayet of
Erzeruni, situated on the Kara-Su (the north
branch of the Euphrates), over 6,000 feet above
sea-level, in hit. .39° .56' N., long. 41° 15' E. It
is an importaiit trading center and fortress, and is noted
for its met]il-work. Its early name was Theodosiopolis.
It belonged in the middle ages to the Byzantine empire,
the Arabs, the Seljuks, and the Mongols in turn. In 1829
it was taken by the itussian general Paskevitch, but was
restored to the Turks. It was surrendered to the Russians
in Feb., 1878, but was again restored to the Turks. Pop-
ulation, estimated, tjo,000. Also spelled Er:crinan, Erz-
room.
Erzgebirge (erts'ge-ber-ge), or Ore Moun-
tains. A range of mountains on the border
between Saxony and Bohemia, exteiuling from
the Elbe to the Fiehtelgebirge. Highest summit,
the Keilberg, 4,080 feet. Length, about 90 miles. They
are celebrated for their mineral deposits.
Esarhaddon(e-sar-h.ad'on). [AssjT. Aiur-aha-
ichliii, Asur has given a brother.] King of As-
syria 680-668 B. c, the son and successor of
Sennacherib. The reign of this king marks the high-
est glory and power of the Assyrian empire. He first bad
to quell the disturbance caused by the assassination of his
father at the hands of his sons Adrammelech and Sharezer
(2 KL xix. 37, Isa. xxxvii. 38). Then he restored the city
of Babylon, which had been destroyed by his father. His
expeditions extended from Media to Cilicia, and from the
frontier of Elam to Arabia, and reached even to Egypt.
Among the kings subject to him he enumerates, in his
prism-inscription of 673, Baal, king of Tyre, Manasseh of
Judah, Kausgabri of Edoni, Muzuri of Moab, etc. Three
years before this he destroyed Sidon. His most signill-
cant conquest was that of Egypt. After several campaigns
he defeated Tarku (l>ililical Tirhakah), the third of the
25th or Ethiopian dynasty, in the battle of Memphis (671),
and practically converted Egypt and Ethiopia into an As-
syrian province. He drove the Ethiopians out of Egypt,
divided the country into districts, and placed over them
submissive though mostly native rulers, chief among whom
was Necho, who was put over .Sais and Memphis. He
added then to his many titles that of " King of Kings of
Lower and Upper Egypt and Ethiopia," Like all the Sar.
gonides, Esarhaddon was a great builder. Besides the
restoration of Babylon may be mentioned his great palace
in Nineveh, for the construction of which 22 subject
kings had to provide the material, and which, as the ex-
cavations in the mounds of Knynnjik and Nebi-yuims
have shown, was adorned with winged lions and bulls and
sphinxes. In 6(i8 Es-arhaddon abdicated in favor of his
son Asurbanipal.
Esau(e'sa). [Heb.,' hairy," rough.'] The son of
Isaac and Rebekah, and elder brother of Jacob.
He was the ancestor of the Edomitcs.
Escalera (es-kii-la'rii), Antonio de. Born in
Toledo, Spain, 1506 : died in Ciudad Real de
GuajTa, Sept. 6, 1575. A Spanish priest who
went to Paragua.v with Calieza de Vaca in 1540,
and was active there as a leader of explora-
tions and conqiu'sts. He founded Ciudad Real de
Guayra, and after 1570 resided there. He wrote several
memoirs relating Ut the comjuest, which have been pub-
lished by the Madrid Academy of History.
Escalona, Duke of. See Lopes I'aclieco Ca-
hrir.'i !i liiiliiiditld, Dicfio.
Escallis (es'ka-lus). 1. In Shakspere's " Mea-'
sure for Measure," an old loid. — 2. In Shak-
spere's " Homeo and Juliet," the Prince of
\ erona.
Escanes (es'ka-noz). .\ lord of TjTe, in Shak-
spere's " l'eri<-li-s."
Eschenbach, Wolfram von. See Wolfram von
Esflu iihni'h.
Eschenburg (esh'en-boro), Johann Joachim.
Born at Hamburg, Dec. 7. 1743: died at Bruns-
wick, (ierniany, Feb. 29, 1820. A tiernuui lit-
erary historian, prot'es.sor at the (,'arolinum in
Brunswick : a friend of Lessing. He translat<Ml
Shakspere's jilays (1775-82 and 1798-1806).
Eschenmayer (esh'en-mi-er), Karl August.
Born at Xeuenburg, Wiirtemberg, July 1, 17liS:
died at Kirchheiiii uiiter Teck, Wiirleniberg,
Nov. 17, 1852. A German metaphysici.an, pro-
fessor of ))hilosophy and medicine, and later of
practical philosophy, at Tubingen 18n-3(i. He
wrote " Religiouspiiilosophie ' (1818-24), etc.
Esens
Escholzmatt (esh'61ts-mat). A village in the
canton of I^ucerne, Switzerland, 20 miles south-
west of Lucerne.
Eschscholtz (esh'sholts), Johann Friedrich
von. Born at Dorpat, Russia, Nov. 12, 1793:
died there, May 19, 1834. A German traveler
and nattiralist,"professor of anatomy at Dorpat.
He accompanied, as physician and naturalist, Kotzebue's
expeditions 1816-18 and 1823. He published " Zoologischer
Alias ■' (182ii-:il), ".System der Acalephen " (1829), etc.
Eschscholtz Bay. L^'i™^*' ^o"" •'• ^- '^0°
Eschscholtz.] A jjart of Kotzebue Sound, on
the western shore of Alaska.
Esch'Wege (esh'vii-ge). An ancient town in the
proviuceof Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situated on
the Werra 26 miles southeast of Cassel. It
contains a castle. Population (1890), 9,776.
Eschwege, Wilhelm Lud-wig von. Born near
Eschwege, Hesse, Nov. 15, 1777 : died at Wolfs-
anger, near Cassel, Feb. 1, 1855. A German
mineralogist. In I803 he was put in charge of govern-
ment iron-works in Portugal, and in 1809 followed the
court to Brazil, where he was made director of gold-mines
and curator of the government mineralogicaJ cabinet.
From 1829 to 1834 he resided in Germany: subsequently
(to 1850) he was again in the employ of Portugal as a min-
ing engineer, att^iining the rank of lieutenant-fleld-mar-
shal. His principal works are '■ .Journal von Brasilien "
(1818-19), "Pluto Brasiliensis^^ (1833), and "Beitrage zur
iiebirgskunde Brasiliens'^ (1832).
Eschweiler (esh'vi-ler). A town in the Rliiue
Province, Prussia, situated on the Inde 9 miles
northeast of Aix-la-Chapelle. It has foundries
and important factories. Population (1890),
commune, 18,119.
Eslava (es-lii'vil), Miguel Hilarion. Born
near Pampeluna, Spain, Oct. 21, 1807: died at
Madrid, July 23, 1878. A noted Spanish mu-
sician and composer. His principal work is "Lira
Sacro-Hispaiia,'^ a collection published in Madrid in 1869
in 10 volumes. He wrote, among other operas, "II Soli-
tario" (1841) and "Pedro el I'ruel ■' (published about the
same time).
Escobar (es-ko-bar'), Patricio. A Paraguayan
politician, minister of war 1874, and president
of the republic Nov. 25, 1886,-Nov. 25, 1890.
Escobar y Mendoza (os-ko-biir' e men-do'zit),
Antonio. Born at Valladolid, Spain, 1.589:
died July 4, 1669. A Spanish Jesuit, celebrated
as a casuist, especially for his doctrine that
purity of intention justifies actions in them-
selves immoral and even criminal. He wrote
"San Ignacio de Loyola ■' (1613 : a heroic poem), "Liber
Theologia; moralis, etc. ■' (1646), etc.
Escobedo (es-ko-ba'do), Mariano. Bom in
Nuevo Leon, Jan. 12, 1827. A Mexican gen-
eral. He joined the army during the Mexican war
(184 7y and distinguished himself as a brigadier-general in
resistnig the French invasion 1861-63. Early in 186r> he
entered northern Mexico from the I'nited States, ami took
Monterey. Advancing against Maximilian's forces, he de-
feated Miraiuon at .San Jacinto, Feb. 1, 1867, and, being
made commander-in-chief of the republican armies, de-
feated and captured the emperor ila\imilian at ()uer^-
tai'o, May 15, 1867. He signed the order for Maximilian's
execution, June 16. F'rom Aug. to Nov., 1876, he was
minister of war under Lerdo, and he went with him into
exile. In 1880 he again accepted ollice under the govern-
ment, but retired in 1884.
Escocezes (as-ko-sa'zaz). [Sp., 'Scotchmen.']
A political party in Mexico which was promi-
nent from 1826 to 1829. it was so called because its
principal leaders were members of the Scottish Rite Lodge
of freemasons. The Escocezes were centralists, and were
accused of favoring a foreign dynasty. Nicolas Bravo be-
came the leader of the party.
Escorial (es-ko'ri-al), less properly Escurial
(es-ku'ri-al). [Sp. <l Encorial.] A celebrated
building In Spain, situated 27 nules northwest
of i\Ia<iriil, eontiiining :i monastery, 2>alace,
church, and mausoleum of the Spanish sover-
eigns. The cdillce originated in a vow to St. Lawrence
nnide by Philip II. at the battle of St.-Quentin (1567), ami
was erected in 1563-84. lis general form is that of a grid-
iron (in niemorv of St. Lawrences nuu'tvrdoni), the length
being about 78o feet and the bi eadth about 620. It is cele-
bi-atctl for its paintings and library.
Escosura fes-kc)-so'rii), Patricio de la. Bom
.at Madrid, Nov. .5, 1807: died Jan. 22, 1878. A
S]ianish statesman and writer.
Esdraelon (es-dra-c'lon or es-dra'e-lon), or
Plain of Jezreel. 'rho scriptural name for a
valley in I'a bstineexti'nding from Mount Gilboa
westward lo Mount Carniel. It has been a noted bat-
tle-Held in ancient and modern time»,from Gidcon'svictory
over the .Miilianitca to .Napoleon's over the Turks (17911).
Esdras (ez'dras). The Greek form of the name
Hzra.
Esdras, Books of. The first two of the books
of Ihe .\|iocryi)lia (which see). The first book con-
sists, lo a large'cxteni, of matter compiled or transcribed
from llic books of chronicles, Ezra, and Nchcniiah. The
second is mainly of an ai>ocnlyptic character.
Esens (a'zeii/.). The chief place in Harlin^er-
laiid, ]irovince of Hannover, Prussia, 15 miles
north-northeast of Aui'ich.
Esquivel
the east, Rio de Janeiro on the south, and Mi
nasGeraesonthewest. Capital, Victoria. Area,
17.312 square miles. Population (1888), esti-
mated, V2\M-2.
re-to san'to). 1. A
^ „.. . ,, , , • u , smuii isiaii.. iu .ucv,...^ of California, near the
gust von. Born at_^Tomimg behlesmg-Hol- go^tj^ern extremitv of Lower California.— 2.
stein, Prussia, Jan. 9, ls23. A noted Crerman -pj^^ largest island of the Xew Hebrides group,
military surgeon, an authority especially on ^^ tj^e Pacific. Length. 75 miles.— 3. A cape
gunshot-wounds. ^t the northern extremitv of Tierra del Fuego.
Esmeralda (es-ma-ml dii ; E. pron. ez-me-ral - Esplandian (es-plan-de-an'). The son of Ama-
dii). 1. In \ictor Hugo's novel "^otre Dame ^^ ^,j f,.^,j ^^^^ Oriana. in the old romances,
de Paris," a daucing-girl whose friend was tne g^ j, ^ .jj^ j ,|,g ^^^^^ Knight, from the color of his armor,
goat Capriella. Quasimodo loves her and tries The ston- of his exploits, by Jlontalvo, is the first sequel to
to protect her, but she is executed as a witch, the four "books of -Amadis of.Gaul," or the fifth book.
— 2. .\n opera, the words an-anged from Victor Espremesnil, or Eprem^nil (a-pra-ma-nel'),
Hugo's libretto by Theo. ilarzialsand Albert Jean Jacques Duval d' " " "— j:-i.—
Eshbaal 368
Tahhaal fpsh-ba'all See I'tltbosheth. ^^^^^ to Jnne, 1741, defended it hrilllantly against the
isnoaai (esa ua al^ oee j»;(wy»«<-i« ,„„,„„ n English. Returning to Spain in 1744, he was made rap-
EshC0l(esh kol). [Heb..'abunch or cluster. J tain-general, and was for several years minister of war.
A valley neai' Hebron, in Palestine, fiom which jjgign (es len). A former tribe of North Amer-
the spies sent by Moses to search out the land ^^^^ LuUans. See Esselciiiuii. PcniiH+ii Santo fes iie
(Num. xiii.) brought back fine grapes and other Egmarch (es'mareh), Johannes Friedrich Au- s^^.ui island^u the GiJlf
fruits. ^ " — -' m ••_..:.._ ,.:„i,i -,„ vr„i - '
Esher (esh'er). A village in Surrey, England,
16 miles southwest of London. Claremont
Palace is in the vicinity.
Eshref. See Ashraf.
Esk (esk). 1. A river in Dumfriesshire, Scot-
land, flowing into the Solway Firth in Cumber-
laud, 7 miles northwest of Carlisle. Length,
about 45 miles.— 2. A small river in Edin-
burghshire, Scotland, formed by the North
Esk and South Esk, and flowing into the Firth
of Forth 6 miles east of Edinburgh.
Esk, North. A river on the border of Forfar
and Kincardine, Scotland, which flows into the
North Sea i miles north of Montrose. Length,
29 miles.
Esk, South. A river of Forfarshire, Scotland,
which flows into the North Sea at Montrose.
Len^h. 49 miles.
Eski-Djumna (es-ke-j6m'na), or Eski-Djuma-
ya (es'ke-jo'ma-yii). A tovni in Bulgaria. 19
miles west of Shuinla. Population (18SS). 8.519.
Eskilstuna (esk'il-sto-niS). .\ town in the laen
of Nykopiug, Sweden, situated on the Eskil-
stuna River 55 miles west of Stockholm. Its
manufactures of iron, cutlery, and guns have gained for
Randegger, music by A. Goring Thomas. It
was produced in London March 26, 1883.
Esmeraldas (es-ma-ral'das). 1. A river of
Ecuador which flows into the Pacific 120 miles
northwest of Quito. — 2. A pro\-ince of north-
western Ecuador. Capital, Esmeraldas. Popu-
lation, estimated. 14.553.
Esmond (ez'mond). Beatrix. In Thackeray's
novel "Henry Esmond." a capricious, heai't-
less. and brilliant beauty. She is the first love of
Henry Esmond, her kinsman, "hut aspires to the position
of a royal mistress. Failing to attain this, she tries to
marr)' an old duke; he is killed, and she sinks from one
grade to another, till she finally marries her brother's
tutor, for whom she secures by intrigue the rank of a
- , .. . - bishop.
it the name of the Sicedish Sheffield. Population (ISsxi), jjgjjjQ^^^ Heniy. See Henry Esmond, and
10,909.
Eskimauan (es'ki-ma-au). [From Algonkin
eskimdiitiK; eaters of raw flesh.] A linguistic
stock of North American Indians whose habi-
tat extends coastwise from eastern Greenland
to western Alaska and to the extremity of
the -Aleutian Islands, a distance of over 5.000
miles. The winter or permanent villages are usually
along the coast The interior is also visited for hunting
reindeer and other anim-als, though the natives rarely
penetrate inland farther than 60 miles, a strip of coast 30
miles wide representing the average area of Eskimauan
occupancy. The stock comprises the Greenland, Labra-
dor, middle, Alaskan, .\leutian. and .\siatic groups, of
the 30 principal villages of the Greenland Eskimo, 17 are
on the eastern coast, where settlements have extended to
lat. 74° 30'. On the west coast villages extend to Smith
Sound in lat. 78° 18 , while in Griiinell Land permanent
habitations have been found in lat. 81° 44'. The Labra-
dor group has 4 prominent villages and a number of
lesser settlements reaching as far south as Hamilton Inlet
(lat. 55° 30) : formerly their villages extended to Belle
" ' The middle Eskimo inhabit 20
Esmun (es'mon),orEshmun (esh'mon). ['The
eighth.'] A Phenician divinity, so named as
being added to the seven Cabi'ri. or the seven
planets worshiped by the Phenicians.
Esmunazar (es-mon-a'zar). ['Esmun has
helped.'] A Phenician king of the second half
of the 4th century B. c. His sarcophagus, discovered
in 1855, furnished the longest extant Phenician inscrip-
tion. He describes himself as king of the two Sidons, son
of King Tabnit and grandson of King Esmunazar. The
inscription contains principally a warning against the
desecration of the tomb, and describes the construction
of several temples to Ashtoreth. Esmun, and other Sido-
nian deities. Possibly Esmunazar ruled between the de-
struction of Sidon by the Persians in 352 and the downfall
of the Persian empire in 330.
Esneh, or Esne (es'ne). A town in Upper
Egvpt, situated on the Nile in lat. 25° 17' N. :
the" ancient Latopolis or Lato. It contains the
ruins of an ancient temple. Population, esti-
mated, 9,000,
Isle Strait (lat. 60° 30).
permanent villages, their range extending from the south _ ^
ern extremity of Ellesmere Land, Jones Sound, nearly to Tjgnn See J^sop
James Bay in Hudson Bay, and westward to Alaska, ex- p ^^j, c Snnin
cept the coast between the mouth of Coppermine Eiver ^spana. oee .5/<u(«^ ,,-f*i„ a„„;., n
andCapeBathurst, and from the territory of the llatken- Espanola (es-pan-yo la). [Sp., little bpain. J
zie Eskimo, about the Mackenzie delta, to Point Bairow. The name given by Columbus to the island ot
These stretches were used only as hunting-grounds, jjaiti. tliscovered bv him in 1492. English authors
There are 23 permanent vilUges of the Alaska group „„ ^^j jt ,„ i,i,j„nMa. In old Latin maps;the island
The range of this group extends from Po nt Banow i^^^ Hi^-paniir insula. Santo Domingo is a later desig-
westward and southward over almost the f?'"-e «o»s« ^^ nation, derived from the city of that name.
far as Atna or Copper River, where the Koluschan d» ' • .. _■' t>_ij«™„,~ T\„-L-a ^e
main begins. The Point Barrow Eskimo do not penetrate EsparterO (es-par-ta ro), BaldomerO, l>uLe ot
far inland, but to the south the tribes reach to the head Vittoria. Bom at Gvanatula. Ciudad Real,
waters of the Sunatog and Koyuk rivers, visiting the a-.^ij. p„r, ot 1790. jjed at Logrono, Spain,
coast only to trade. The_ Aleutian group^ commonly "^" ' • '^ ,-. o . r
distinguished
He was regent 1841-43, and
._ The Aleutian group, commonly
called thmngun or Aleut, formerly occupied the entire
Aleutian Archipelago ; but since the advent of the Rus-
sians and the introduction of the fur-trade, their terri- CarlistS 1833-39
tory has greatly diminished. Atka and I'nalashka are its ,,.„„,:„« 18,'54-56
nrincipal villages. The stock is represented in north- _}^ . ' , -,, ' j n.„r'i,„„i ,„,o.™o,./Mr.o,i,>o=
Eastern .\sia bj- the Vuit, of Chukchi Peninsula, who are Espiet (es-pya ). IntheCharlemagneiomances,
comparatively recent arrivals from the American coast, a dwarf. Though over a hundred years Ola. Ue
The number of the Eskimo is estimated at 34.000, ilis- seems to be a chUd. He is a false enchanter,
tributed as follows : Greenland group. 10.872; Labrador rt„_ino ecg Mademoiselle dC 1*. See Lespinassc.
group, -2,000 ; middle or Baffin Land group, 1,100 ; Alaskan ^Spmasse, -uaueiuuiseiic uc 1 . ^ „/r„„,.„
Soup 20,000. The number of the Yuit or Asiatic group EspiUel (,es-pe-nel ),VlCente. Boin at Konda.
issniall. Spain, Dec, 1550: died at Madrid, 16o4. A
EskimauX. See Eskinmuan. Spanish poet and novelist. He wrote " Vida del
Eskimo (es'ki-mo), or Eskimos (-moz). See Escudero Marcos de Obregon _" (lelS), whichjerred m a
EskiniHiKiii.
Born at Pondicher-
ry, India, 1746: died at Paris. April 23, 1794.
A French politician. As a prominent member of the
Parliament of Paris he defended in 1788 the privileges of
that body against royal encroachment, with the result
that he was committed to custo<iy. Having been deputed
to the States-General by the noblesse of Paris in 1789, he
supported the roval cause : and in 1791, at the close of
the National Assembly, of which he was a member, he for-
mally protested against the new constitution. He was
sent to the guillotine by the Revolutionary tribunal
Esprit des Lois (es-pre' da Iwa). [F.,' Spirit
of the Laws.'] A celebrated philosophical
work bv Montesquieu, published at Geneva in
1748.
The title may be thought to be not altogether happy,
and mdeed rather ambiguous, because it does not of itselt
suggest the extremely wide sens* in which the word law
is intended to be taken. An exact, if cumbrous, title for
the book would be " On the Relation of Human Laws and
Customs to the Laws of Nature." The author begins
somewhat formally with the old distinction of politics into
democracy, ai'isto"cracy, and monarchy. He discusses the
principles of each and their bearings on education, on
positive law, on social conditions, on military strength,
offensive and defensive, on individn.-U liberty, on taxa-
tion and finance. Then au abrupt return is made from
the effects to the causes of constitutions .and polity. The
theoi-y of the influence of physical conditions, and espe-
cially of climate, on political and social institutions — a
theory which Is perhaps more than any other identified
with the book — receives special attention, and a s. me-
what disproportionate space is given to the question of
slavery in this coimection. ftom climate Montesiiuieu
passes to the nature of the soil, as in its turn affecting
civil polity. He then attacks the subject of manners ;iiid
customs as distinct from laws, of trade and commerce,
of the family, of jurisprudence, of religion. The bok
concludes with an elaborate examination of the feuilal
system in France. Throughout it the reader is equally
surprised at the varied and exact knowledge of the au-
thor, and at his extraordinary fertility in general views.
This fertility is indeed sometimes a snare to him, and
leads to rash generalisation.
Saintd>ury, French Lit., p. 475.
Espronceda (es-prou-thii'da), Jos6 de. Bom
near Almendralejo, Badajoz, Spain. ISIO: died
at Madrid, May 23. 1842. .\ Spanish poet and
revolutionarv politician. He wrote the poems "El
estudiante de Salamanca "and "El Diablo muudo," a his-
torical romance "Don Sancho Saldai^a," etc.
Espy (es'pi), James Pollard. Bom in Wash-
ington Count V. Pa., May 9, 1785: died at Cin-
cinnati, Jan. '24. 1860. An Ameiican meteor-
ologist. He published "Philosophy of Stonus"
e^rrnlhf war\t"a!nsl't'lfe' ffllache. Prince of (Francisco de Borja
ed in the wai against tne „ Arraeon). See Borid ,/ Jnanon.
measure as the foundation of Le Sage's "Gil Bias.'
y Arragont. See liorja tj Arraijon
Esquiline (es'kwi-liu) Hill. [L. ilons esquili-
H«.v.] The central hill of the three which form
the eastern side of the gi-oup of Seven Hills of
ancient Rome. It lies between the Viniinal on the
north and the Cselian on the south, and east of the Pala-
tine. It is divided from east to west by a depression. <>n
the part to the north, called the Jlong Cefpiui, stand*
Sta. llaria Maggiore; on that to the south the Mont Op-
pitif, rise San Pietro in Vincoli and the Thermae of Titua.
Here, too, were the houses of Horace, Vergil, and l-niper-
tius. Between the Esquiline and the Palatine stands the
Colosseum.
Eski-SaCTa(es'ki-sa'gra),orEski-zaghrar-za'- Espinhago (iis-peu-ya'so), Serra do. A range Esquimait (es-qui'mo). A town in British Co-
gra). [Bulg. Stara-Zagora or Zelciiik.} A
town in Eastern RumeUa, BiUgaria. in lat. 42°
26' N., long. 25° 38' E. General Gourko was
of mountains of eastern Brazil, a branch of
the Mantiqueira chain, running northward on
lumbia, 3 miles southwest of Victoria, noted as
a naval station.
repulsed h?re by Suleiman Pasha, July 31- "seo- ^t* 1^'g'^-''*'-?^.^'^ i^5jL™^''Ho'"'^Ro™'af
Auc. 1 1877. Espinosa (es-pe-no'sa). Gaspar de. Bom at
Aug. _,
Eskl-Shehr (es'ki-shehr')- A town in the Wla
vet of Khodavendikvar, Asiatic Turkey, situ-
"ated on the Pursak i"n lat. 39° 44' N., long. 30°
30' E., noted for hot baths: the ancient Dory-
Ifeum of Plirvgia. It exports meerschaum. It was the
scene of a defeat of the Seljuk Turks by the Crusaders in
1097. Population. estimat«i, 10,000.
Esla (es'la). .\ river in northwestern Spain
the east side of the vallev of the river Sao Fran- Esquimaux. See Eskimauan.
... ,.:^, ... -....,. :. r.„-„..., /<-, Hi f■„..^^ Esquirol (es-ke-rol'), Jean Etienne Domi-
nique. Born at Toulouse, France, Jan, 4,
1772 : died Dec. 12, 1840. A French physician,
noted for his reforms in the treatment of the
insane. He published "Des maladies men-
tales" (1838). etc.
M*edina del Campo about 147"o : died at Cuzeo,
Peru, Aug. or Sept.. 1537. -\ Spanish law>-er
and soldier. He went tt> Darien in l.'il4 as alguazil
mavor, or chief justice, Ballwa was tried before him in
1514, and later, in 1517 or 15HI, when he was condemned to
death. Espinosa led many expeditions against the Indi
ans. and in 1518, acting lor Pedrarias, founded Panama.
After visiting Spain he was a crown officer at Santo Do-
mingo, but was frequently at Panama.
Esquiros (es-ke-ros'). Alphonse Henri. Bom
at Paris, Mav 24, 1812: died at Versadles.
France. May 10. 1876. -\ French poet, histo-
rian, and politician. He wrote "Les Hirondelles "
(1834), "Charlotte Corday" (1840X " L'Evangile du pe".
pie" (1840), "Histoire des Montagnards " (1847). ■His
toire des nnutyrs de la liberti? " (1851), "L'Angleterre et
. la vie anglaise" (1S89-70), etc.
Esquivel (es-ke-vel'), or Esquibel (es-ke-Bel^ ).
Spanish soldier. He distinguished liimself in the ser- EsplritoSantO i es-pe're-tosiin'tij). [Pg.,'Holy jQan de. Born in the last half of the loth
vi(;e of Philip V., became lieutenant-general in 1738, and k^,,j,.j, -i ^ maritime state of Brazil, Iviug centuvv. .\ Spanish soldier. He is said to have
lSed\he ;"ort'o^ cS.IS''in\harc'^;nry,"and'fr'„"m between Bahia on the north, the Atlantic on been with Columh'is on the second or third voyage.
which joins the Douro a few miles west of Espinosa, Javier. Bom m (^uito, 181.j: died
Zamora. Length, about 1.50 miles. 1870. A statesman of Ecuador. On the overthrow-
Eslaba (es-lS'bii l. Sebastian de. Bom in Eguil- 9? ^''»'-"»" (]^'»> »>' "'^^ "??« president, but therevolt of
lor, Feb., 1698: died at Madrid. .Ian., 1759. A
Moreno and the conservatives forced him to resign
186«.
Id
Esquivel
160*2 he went to HispaniolH with Ovando, and in 1604 was
sent against the revolted Indians in the province of Hi-
guey. In ir»*lt». l>y order of Die^'o t'olumbus, he conquered
and colonized .lainaicji, ruling there for some years.
Essay on Criticism, An. A poetieal essay by
Alcxamlcr IVijn-, jmblisheJ 1711.
Essay on Man, An. A liidaetic poem by Alex-
aii.l.-i- I'c.i.r, published 1732-34.
Essek (es'.sfk), orEsseg (es'seg). [Slav. Oyjcl:
Huiifc. A'.s~<*.] The capital of Slavonia. and a
free imperial eitv of Austria-Hungary, situated
on the Drave inlat. 45« 33' N., long."l8° 42' E.
Population (1890), 19,778.
Esselen. See Eslen.
Esselenian (es-se-le'ni-an). A linguistic stock
of North American Indians which formerly
inhabited about 20 villages on a narrow striji
of the coast of California, from Point El Sur
southward about 30 miles to the vicinity of
Santa Lucia Mountain. The stock comprised i)ut a
single tribe, the F.slen, of which two women were the only
known survivors in is^.
Essen (es'sen). A city hi the Rhine Province,
Prussia, near the Ruhr 19 miles northeast of
Diisseldorf . It is the center of a large coal-mining dis-
trict, and contains the famous Krupp cast-steel works.
Its .Munstcrkirehe, consecrated in 873, is one of the oldest
of German churches. There is a western choir, which is
octagonal like the similar feature at .\ix-la-Chapelle, and
there is an 11th-century eastern crypt. The i'oiriled nave
and choir are of 1310. The early-Romanesque cloister is
noteworthy. Population (18'J(iJ."78,706.
Essen, Count Hans Hennk. Born at Kafvelfts.
West Gothland. Sweden. Sept. 26, 1755: died
at Uddewalla, Sweden, June 28, 1824. A Swe-
dish field-marshal. He defended Stralsand against
the French in 18u7, and was governor of Norway 1814-
I81U.
Essenes (e-senz'). [LL. Esseiii, from Gr. 'Eaafjvoi,
HUo'Kaaaloi; ulterior origin uncertain.] A Jew-
ish sect of the 2d century B. c, supposed to have
sprung from the Chasidim, the zealous religio-
political party that originated during the strug-
gles of the Maccabean period against Hellenistic
invasions. The Essenes, however, refrained from all po-
litical and puMic alfairs. forming a kindof religitius order.
Their ideal was to attain the highest sanctity of priestly
conseciation. To this end they separated themselves
from the world, ami lived in settlements in the desert
west of the Ot-ad Sea. .Most of them lived there in com-
munism and celibacy, other peculiarities were disap-
proval of oaths and war, strict observance of the Sabbath,
and, especially, scrupulous attention to the Levitical
laws of cleanliness. Their name is said to be derived
from their frequent bathing. Their asceticism evolved
a theoretical my.'*ticism, and rairaeuloua cures and exor-
cisms were ascribt-d to them. Their external symbols
were the white garment, apron, and shovel. They never
gained any hold on .ludaism, and their number never ex-
ceeded 4,(X)<). Their rel.ition to Christianity, and their in-
fluence on it, are nmch discussed points.
Essequibo (es-se-ke'bo). 1. A river of British
Guiana, flowing into the Atlantic about hit, 7°
N., long. 58° 30' W. Length. 620 miles; navi-
gable .50 miles. — 2. A county of British Gui-
ana, formerly a separate colony.
Essex (es'seks). [ME. £ssei, Essexe, Estsexc,
Eautscxc, AS. Edst-Scuxe, East Saxons, orig.
the name of the inhabitants. Cf. ll'csscx, Siix-
»f-r.] A county in eastern England, lying be-
tween Cambridge .and Suffolk on the north,
the North Sea on the east, the Thames (which
separates it from Kent) on the south, and Here-
ford and Middlesex on the west. The surface is
generally level, and tlie soil fertile. It is noted especially
for its wheat ami barley. The county town is Chelmsford.
Area, 1,.',42 8<inare miles. Population (1891). 785,445.
Essex. A frigate of K60 tons, built at Salem,
Massachusetts, in 1799. she was of 32 guns rating
(actual armament, 46 guns). She left New York on .inly 3,
1812. commanded by Captain David Porter. Am<ing her
miilshiptnen was David (ilasgow Karragnl, then eleven
years old. on Aug. 13 she fought and captured the Alert.
She doubled Cape Uorn. and on March 13, 1813, entered the
har)K>r of Valparaiso. From this time until .Tan. 12, 1814.
she <iperated entirely in the I'acillc, where she was the
flr«t American war-ship to appear, (hi Feb. 8, 1814, she
was blockaded in \*alp!iraiso harbor by the Phtebe (:W guns
rating), commanded by Captain Ilillyar, ami the Cherub
(18 guns rating), commanded by Captain T. T. Tucker. She
fought these ships in a storm March 28, 1814. The battle
lasted from 4 to 7.20 r. m., when she surrendered.
Essex, Earls of. Sec Ilolnui. lloiirchier, Capel,
Criiiiiiri/I, llriirnix, MnniliriUf.
Essex, James. Born at Cambridge. England,
Aug.. 1722: died there. Sept. 14, 17S4. .\n
English architect. He restored and altered many pub-
lie buildings, including the cathedrals of Ely and Lincoln,
and designed the Ramsdcn building at .St, Catherine's
CoUese (17.''.7), the str.ne bridge at Trinity College (17«6).
anil the chapel of Sidney Sussex College (1784). all at
Cambridge.
Essex, Timothy. Bom at Coventry, England,
about 1765: died at London, Se])t. 27, 1847.
An English composer and teacher of music.
Essex, William. Bom 1784 (f): died at
Brigliton, England, Dec. 29, 18C9 An English
enamel-painter.
24
369
Essex Junto. In Uidted States history, a name
I, first used about 1781) which was chiefly ap-
plied to a group of extreme Federalist leaders,
mostly connected with Essex County, Massa-
chusetts, about the end of the 18th aiid begin-
ning of the 19th century. Diu-ing the presidency
of John .Adams they were adherents of Hamilton rather
than of the President. Later the name was applied to
the Fe<lenilists in general.
Essipoff (es-e-pof), Madame Annette. Born
1850. A Russian pianist, .she appeared in London
in 1874, aiul came to America in 1870. In 1880 she mar-
ried Leschetitzky, wliose pupil she w.as.
Essling (cs'ling). A village near Vienna which
gave its name, with Aspern, to the battle of
•May 21 and 22, 1809. See A.^pim, Ii<tttlr nf.
Esslingen (es'liug-en). A town in Wiirtem-
bcrg, situated on the Neckar 9 miles east-south-
east of Stuttgart. It has maiuifaeturesof machinery,
cotton^, champagne, etc. Formerly a free imperial city, it
w.i.s iTRi<rp..ralcd with Wurtemberg in 1802. Population
(I> «i), riMiiulilIU-, L'_'.234.
Estado Cisplatino. See Eatado Oriental del
rc«(/«i((/ and lisjiUitiiic rrori/we.
Estado Oriental del Uruguay (es-ta'do 6-re-
an-tiil' did o-rii-gwi'), generally abbreviated to
Estado Oriental. [Sp., ' Eastern State of Uru-
guay.'] One of the names given to the region
now embraced in the Republic of Uruguay. This
designation and Estado Cisplatino, or Cisplatine State, were
usedoflicially from about 1814 until 1823. During the last
two years I TUguay was united to Brazil. From 1823 to 1828
the othcial name was Provincia Cisplatina, but Provincia
* triental was commonly used. With the independence of
1S28 the country became, otticially. theRepublica Orient-il
del I'mguay. but the name Estado Oriental wns long re-
tained in a semi-ofBci:U way, and is still sometimes used.
Estaing (es-tau'), Charles Hector, Comte d'.
Born in Auvergne, 1729: died at Paris, April
28, 1794. He was a brigadier-general under
Lally Tollendal in the expedition to India in
1758, and was wounded and taken prisoner at
the siege of Madras. Returning to France, he became
lieutenant-general of naval forces in 1703. In 1778 he com-
manded a squadron sent to aid the Nortll American colo-
nies against the English, and in Aug. of that year made
an unsuccessful attempt to recover Rhode Island from the
English. Later he went to the West Indies, failed in an
attempt to take St. Lucia, but conquered Cxrenada, and St.
Vincent was taken by his orders. Byron's tieet, which at-
tempted to recover Grenada, was driven back to St. Kitts.
In Oct., 1770, in conjunction with the American general
Lincoln, he made an unsuccessful attack on Savannah.
He was put to death by the Revolutionary tribunal in 1794.
Estakewach (il-stilk-e'wach). An almost ex-
tinct tribe of North American Indians. The
name is derived from a word meaning 'hot
spring.' See Pnldilniihnn.
Estcourt (est'kort), Richard. Bom at Tewkes-
bury, 1668: died in Aug., 1712. Xxi English
actor. The history of his early life is obscure. About
1695 he was playing in Dublin. In 1704 he first appeared
on the Engli.sh stage, where he played many important
characters, such as Falstaff, Sir ,Toslin Jolly, and Old Bel-
lair ; he also created many comedy parts, and wrote several
plays. He was the first provedor of the Beefsteak Club,
and in the "Tatler" he is described under the name of
"Tom Mirror."
Este (es'te). A town in the province of Padua,
Italy, situated 17 miles southwest of Padua:
the ancient Adeste. It is noted for its castle (rocca)
and leaning campanile. The rocc:i, the seat of the Este
family, built In 1343 and strengthened by the Sealigers, is a
battlemented medieval fortress with a mighty keep. Pop-
ulation, about I'l.lHlO.
Este. One of the oldest and most celebrated
of the princely houses of Italy, according to
modern genealogists a branch of the house of
the Guell)hs. It traces its origin to Oberto II., mar-
grave of Casal Maggiore. the youngest son of the margrave
oberto I., imperial c<»nut palatine in Italy under the em-
fieror Otto I. Oberto's grandson, Azzo II., was invested
»y tile emperor Henry III. with Este and other Italian
flefa, was created duke of Milan, and adopted the name
of Este. His two sons Welf IV. and Fulco I. became the
foumlers. respectively, of a German and an Italian branch
of the house of Este, tile German branch being in modern
times represented hy the houses nf Brunswick and Han-
over. The Italian branch furnished the leaders of the
party of the Gnelpha in Italy in the 13th ami 14th centu-
ries, its chief seats Itelng at Kerrara. Modena, and Reggio.
Borso receiveil the title of (hike of Modena and Reggio
from the emperor Frederick III. in 14.'i2. and that of duke
of Fen-ara fiom Pope I'anl II. The male line of the It.al-
ian branch of the house of Este became extinct at the
death of Hercules III. in 1803. His only daughter, Maria
Beatrice, married Ardnluke Ferdinaml of Austria, third
son of the emperor Francis I., who became the founder
of the Austrian branch of the house of Este, the male line
of which became extinct in 1875.
Estella (as-tel'yii). A town in the province of
Navarre, northern Spain, situated on the Ega
28 miles southwest of Pamplona. In i8S,s-:!fl i(
was a atnuighold of the Carllsta, and again in 1873-70,
when it was their heatiquarters. They designated it La
Ciudad Sagrada ('the Holy City'). Its subjection by
Prinio de Rivera hastened the end of the InBurreetlon.
Population (1887), ,'>,974.
Estepa (lis-ta'pii). A manufacturing town in
the province of Seville, Spain, situated 59 miles
Estrada, Alonzo de
east of Seville : the ancient Astapa or Ostipa.
Population (1887), 9,059.
Estepona (as-ta-po'nil). A seaport in the
province of Malaga, Spain, situated on the
Nlcditenanean 46 miles southwest of Malaga.
Population (1SS7). 9,771.
Esterhizy von Galantha (es'ter-ha-zi fon gii-
lan'ta), Prince Nikolaus VOn. Born 1765:
died at Coino, Italy, Nov. 24. 1S.S3. A Hunga-
rian magnate, noted as a patron of the arts
and sciences. He was a gi'andsou of Nikolaus
.Tose|ih von Esterhazy.
Esterhizy von Galantha, Prince Nikolaus
Joseph von. Bom Dec. 18, 1714: died at Vi-
enna, Sept. 28. 1790. A Hungarian general,
diplomatist, and patron of letters and the arts,
especially music: grandson of Paul von Es-
terhdzy von Cialantha.
Esterhizy von Galantha, Pi-ince Paul IV.
von. Burn at Eiseiistailt, Huiii;ar\-. .Sopl. S,
1G35: died March -Jli, 1713. .\ celebrated Hun-
garian general. He served with distinction in the
wars against the Turks 1663-80 ; became a cavalry general
in 1067; was created a prince of the Holy Roman Empire
in 10S7; and uas palatine uf Hungary 16^7-97.
Esterhazy von Galantha, Prince Paul Anton
von. Born March 11, 1786: died at Ratisbon,
Bavaria, May 21, 1866. An Austrian diploma-
tist, son of Nikolaus von Esterhazy. He was ap-
pointed minister at Dresden in 1810, and* ambassailor at
Rome in 1814 ; was ambassador at London 1815-18, 1830-
1838 : and was Hungarian minister of forei;.m atfairs a
short time in 1848, in the Batthyanyi ministry.
Esther (es'ter). [FromPers. .s'/(/TO. star.] The
Persian name of the tjueen from whom one
of the Old Testament books takes its name.
Her Hebrew name was HadaJmak (' m>Ttle "). She is rep-
resented in that book as the daughter of Abihail, cousin
and adopted daughter of Mordecai, of the tribe of lien-
jamin. She was made queen in place of Vashti by King
Ahasuerus (-Kerxes, 480-465 B. c), and in this position was
able to protect her people against the hostile contrivances
of Haman, in memory of which deliverance the feast of
Purim is still celebrated.
Esther. An oratorio by Handel, the words by
S. Humphreys from Racine's "Esther.'' It was
written for the Duke of CTiandos, and was first
performed at Cannons, near London, Aug. 29,
1720.
Esther (es-tar'). A play by Racine, with music
l)y Moreau, written for the pupils of St. Cyr at
the request of Madame de Maintenon. It was
acted with great pomp and ceremony by the
school-girls before the king.
Esthonia (es-tho'ni-a), or Wiroma. [G. Esth-
hnid, F.stland, or Esthland, F. Estlioiiir : from
the Jistii.'i A government of Russia, one of
the three so-called Baltic Pro\-inces. it is hounded
by the Gulf of Finland on the north, by St. Petersburg on
the east, by Livonia on the south, and by the Baltic on the
west. The island of Dago belongs to it. Manufactures and
commerce are increasing. The capital is Revel. The bulk
of the inhabitants are Esthonians, a Finnish race which
has occupied the region from prehistoric times. I'he no-
bility and many of the town residents are liermans. The
prevailing religion is Pi-otestant. Esthonia was acquired
by the Danes in the early part of the 13th century, passed
to the Livonian Knights in 1346, and on the dissolution of
the order in 1661 fell to Sweden. It was acquired by Rus-
sia in 1721. .Area, 7,S18 square miles. Population (18.U),
4o4,7llil.
Estienne, or Etienne ( a-ty en ' ) ( T>. Stephanus >,
Robert. Born at Paris in 1503: died al ticncva.
Sept. 7, 1559. A celebrated French iirintfran<l
scholar. He became head of a printing establishment in
Paris about 1520, was appointed royal printer to Francis I.
in 1539, and removed to Geneva abtmt 1562. He published
numerous etlitions of the Creek and Latin classics, nniny
of which were enTicbed with notes bv himself ; varionsedi-
tions of theliibl,(,sp, eially of the Sew Testament, 1.550);
and a Latin-Freneb diet ionary (the llrst of the kind) com-
piled by himself, entitled "Thesaurus lingua* Latimc"
(1.532).
Estienne, orEtienne (I^- Stephanus), Henri.
Born at Paris in 1528: died at Lyons in March.
l.')9S. A celebrated French printer and scholar,
son of Roliert Estienne. He established a press at
Paris about 1566, and on his father's death in 15.59 appears
to have removed to Geneva anil to have taken charge of
his father's establishment. He edited and printeii nu-
merous e«litions of the Greek and Latin classics, com-
piled the celebrated "Thesaurus lingurc Ora'ca- " (167'2)
and wrote "Anologie pour Hiirodote " ri566), " Traitl' de
la conformitc' du F'ranpais avec le Grec, ' " Pri?cellence de
la langue franvaise," and " Nouveaux dialogues de languo
franvaise italianiscS" etc.
Estmere. See h'hiii Estmcre.
Estotiland. -V mylliical region supposed, sev-
eral iTiilurics ago, toli<'inthe uorl hern part of
Nortli America, near the Arctic circle.
Estrada (as-irii'dii), or Strada, Alonzo de.
Died in Mexico about 1.530. A Spanish officer,
said to have been a natural son of King Ferdi-
nand. In 1524 he went to Mexico as royal treasurer,
and ho was one of those left In charge of the govern-
Estrada, Alonzo de
370
Etymologicum Magnum
ment when Cortis went to Honduras, 1524-26. In 1527 he Ethelred (eth'el-red), Ailred, or Ealred. Bora fipernay. An indecisive battle between Napoleon and
■ •■•-■'- ----- in 1109 : died JiiDe 12, 11C6. An Englisli eccle- the AUies was fought here Feb. u, 1S14.
siastieal writer. He was educated at the .Scottish Etoile du Nord (a-twal' dii nor), L'. [F., 'The
court, entered the Cistercian orier, and became abbot of Star of the North.'] Aji opera by Meyerbeer,
Revesby in Lincolnshire, and afterward of Rievanlx in jjj.,( produced at Paris, Feb. 16, 1854. It was
Yorkshire. His works include " Historia de \ ita et Mi- ii„ i ut „ c*.^ll« A^^ "NTr^w-n" t^i^^t, ^w^a^^^^^a ;«
raculisS.Edwardi,""GenealogiaEegumAnglorum,""Ue Called ''La fetella del Norte ' when produced m
Bello Standardi," and "Historia de Sanctimoniali de Wsit- England m 1855.
ton " (which have been published in Sir Eoger Twj sden's Eton (e'tqn). A village of about 2,500 inhabi-
" Historic AngliranajScriptores decern "(1652). Histheo- t.,„t„ ;„ "Rnr-ViTio-linmaliire Eiio-lnTid sitimtod
logical works were collected by Rich:ird Gibbons. The
was acting govenior. and exiled Cortes from the city, be-
sides opposing him in many ways.
Estrada, Jos6 Dolores. Born in JIatagalpa,
1787: died near Granada, Aug. 12, 1869. ANica-
raguan general. He served under Chamorro 1851-54,
and participated in the defense of firanada in the latter
year. He fought .igainst Walker, and defeated him at San
Jacinto, Sept. 14, 1856. In 1869, notwithstanding his great
age, he was appointed commander in-chief against the
revolutionists; he defeated them several times, but died
before the campaign was ended.
" Margaritse Vita " attributed to him is not his work.
Estr6es(es-tia'),Gabrielled'. Boml571: cUed Etherege(eth'er-ej), George. Flourished about
at Paris, April 10, 1599. A mistress of Henry
rV. of France, celebrated for her scandalous life
and luxury, and for her beauty. She married, at
the wish of" the king, M. Liancourt-Danierval, but soon
separated from him. Later she acquired the titles mar-
nuise de .Monceaux and duchesse de Beaufort.
Estrella (esh-tra'la), Serra da. A movuitain-
<liaiii in Beira, Portugal, the loftiest in that
country. Highest point. 6.540 feet.
Estre'madura (esh-tra-mil-do'ra). A province
lo'^S. An Euglish classical scholar. Hewasborn
in Oxfordshire, studied at Corpus Christi College, ( ixford,
and was licensed to practise medicine in 1545. He was
regius professor of Greek at Christ Church. Oxford. 1547-
15iJ0 and 1554-59. His health was seriously impaired by
tauts in "Buckinghamshire, England, situated
on the Thames, opposite Windsor, 22 miles
west of London. Eton College, one of the most famed
of English public schools, was founded in 1440 by Henry
VI. The low and picturesque battlemented and towered
brick buildings inclose two courts, which communicate by
a vaulted passage. The large Perpendicular chapel forms
the south side of the outer quadrangle. The new quad-
rangle was finished in 1889.
frequent imprisonments during a period of thirty years on -r. " ,.,_... ,_,, *, r-r, tmr. tt ji
--- - -.olicfaith. He Etourdl (a-tor-de'), L". [F., 'The Heedless
account of his adherence to the Roman Catho
was living in 15SS. but his death is not recorded. liis
works include a Latin translation of Justin ^1 artyr, various
poems in Greek and Latin, the Psalms of David in Hebrew , _ v . • i • ^.i. j
verse set to music, and a manuscript copy of musical com- Etretat (atr-ta ). A watenng-place in the de-
positions, partment of Seiue-Inferieure, France, on the
~ " ' " north-northeast of
(Jne.'] A comedy by Moli^re, presented at
Lyons 1653.
(iv.io), l,u;a.401.
Estremadura (es-tra-ma-Do' rii). Aforraer
province of Spain, corresponding to the mod-
em provinces of Badajoz and Caceres. It lay
between Leon on the north, New Castile and La Mancha
on the east, Andalusia on the south, and Portugal on the
west.
Estremoz (esh-tra-mos'). A town in the district
of Evora. province of Alemtejo, Portugal, in lat.
38° 51' N., long. 7° 33' W. In its neighborhood
are celebrated marble-quarries.
Estrildis (es-tril'dis), or Estrild (es'trUd).
The mythical daughter of a German king,
loved by King Locrine, and the mother by him
of Sabriiia. The story is narrated by Geoffrey
of Monmouth.
Esz^k. See Essek.
Eszterhazy. See Esterhdzy.
Etah (e'tii). A district in the Agra division.
Northwest Provinces, British India, intersected
by lat. 27° 40' N., long. 79° E. Area, 1,741
square miles. Population (1891), 702,063.
Etamin (et'a-min), or Etanin (-niu). [Ar.
el t(in»i>i, the dragon.] The second-magnitude
Greenwich zenith-star ) Draconis. Sometimes
called Ita/<(iben.
£tampes (a-tonp'). A town in the department
of Seme-et-Oise, France, 29 miles south-south-
west of Paris. It contains a feudal tower. "Guinette."
dating from the 12th century, and was the birthplace of
itienne Geoff roy St. Hilaire. Population (1891), commune,
8,573.
Rochester on account of a disgraceful brawl, but before
16S5 had obtained diplomatic employment. He was sent
to The Hague by Charles II., and in 1685 to Ratisbon by
James II. He disgusted the Germans by his habits of
debauchery and breaches of etiquette. In 16S8 he retired
hastily to Paris, where Luttrell reports that he died. He
wrote " The Comical Revenge " (1<!04), " She Would if she
Could" (16t;8), and "The Man of Mode, or Sir Fopling
Flutter "(1676). He was the inventor of the comedy of
intrigue.
Two more atrocious libertines than these two men [Eth-
crege and Sir Charles Sedley] were not to be found in the
apartments at Whitehall, or in the streets, taverns, and
dens of London. Yet both were famed for like external
qualities. Etherege was easy and graceful, Sedley so re-
flnedly seductive of manner that Buckingham called it
"witchcraft,"andWiluiot "his prevailing, gentle art." I,
humbler witness, can only say, after studying their works
and their lives, that Etherege was a more accomplished
comedy-wi-iter than .Sedley, but that Sedley was a greater
bfast than Etherege. Duran, Eng. Stage, I. 140.
Ethiopia, or ^Ethiopia (e-thi-6'pi-a), Heb. ana tne orner ..irunan cu.es^
Gush. \\.. ^tlnopia, Gr. AJftoria (sc. )* or Etruria. A village in Sta
X^pa), from AiftoV-, an Ethiopian.] In ancient ^,^}'tT^Llf'"^'^' 1'
Etruria, Hetruria, Gt.
Erpovpia ' (the reg. Gr. name being Tip/);/t'ia),
the country of the Etrugci, Etruscans. Hence
Tuscan, Tuscany.'] In ancient geography, a
division of Italy which extended along the
Mediterranean, and was separated from tJm-
bria, the Sabine territory, and Latium by the
Tiber, and from Liguria by the Apennines.
It nearly corresponds to modern Tuscany. It contained
a confederation of 12 cities — probably Veil, Clusium,
Tarquinii, Falerii. Csere, Volsinii, Cortona, Pernsia, Ar-
retium, Vulci, Volateme, and Vetulonia, The Etruscans
developed as a great naval power, influential in northern
and central Italy, and had possessions on the Po and in
Campania. Etruscan kings ruled at an early time in
Rome (probably till about 500 B. c). The Etruscans were
defeated by Syracuse in a naval battle in 474 B. c, and
suffered from the invasion of the Gauls about 400. Veil
was lost to Rome in 396. Defeat by Rome at the Vadi-
monian Lake in 283 was followed by the fall of Tarquinii
and the other Etrurian cities.
Staffordshire, England,
i'edgwood potteries,
geography, a country south of Egypt, coiTe- Etruria, Kingdom of. A kingdom formed by
spending to the kingdom of Meroe, from the
neighborhood of Khartum northward to Egypt
In a more extended sense it comprised Nubia, northern
Abyssinia, Sennaar, and Kordofan. It was closely con-
nected with Egj-pt. Conquered by Egyptian kings of the
12th dynasty, lost in the period of the Hyksos, and recon-
quered under the ISth dynasty, it remained with Egypt
until after the 20th dynasty. An Ethiopian founded the
25th Egyptian dynasty, Vnder Psammetichus (7th cen-
tUT)' B. Oniany Egyptians emigrated to Ethiopia, It was
ruled by a female dynasty, the Candaces, about the Chris-
tian era. It la now held by the Mahdists and Abyssinians.
^tampes, Duchesse d' (Anne de Pisseleu £tieiiiie(a-tyen'), Charles Guillaume. Born at
d'HeiUy). Bom about 15(18 : died after 1575. chamouilly (Haute-Mame), Jan. 6, 1778: died
at Paris, March 13, 1845. A French dramatist,
poet, and journalist. His first important work was
"Le reve," an opera, with music by Gresnick (1799), which
had such success as to induce him to devote himself to the
drama, producing a great number of plays, among which
is the comedy " Brueys et Palapi-at" (1807). In 1810 bis
best play, " Les deux gendres," appeared. A short diver-
tissement, "Une matinee du camp on les petits bateaux,"
followed in 18iM by another, " Tne journee an camp de
Bruges," induced the Duke of Bassano to appoint him his
A mistress of Francis I. of France.
Etawah (e-ta'wa). 1. A district in the Agra
division. Northwest Provinces, British India,
intersected by lat. 26° 40' N., long. 79° E. Area,
1,091 s(iuare miles. Population (1891), 727,629.
— 2. The capital of the Etawah district, situated
near tlie Jumna 70 miles southeast of Agra.
Population, about 35,000.
Etchita. See Hitchiti.
Etchmiadzin (ech-myad-zen'). A monastery
in a village (Vagharshapad) of Russian Ai'me-
nia, 12 miles west of Erivan. It is the resi-
dence of the catholieos or primate of the Arme-
nian Church.
Eteocles (e-te'o-klez). [Gr. 'ErfoK>7/f.] In
Greek legend, a king of Thebes, son of CEdipus
and Jocaste, and brother of PoljTiices and An-
tigone. He had agreed to surrender the throne to his
brother in alternate years, but broke his promise. This
led to the expedition of the "Seven against Thebes" to
seat Polynices on the throne.
Eternal City, The. An epithet of Rome.
Etex (a-teks'), Antoine. Bom at Paris, March .
20, 1808: died there, July 14, 1888. A French Etiquette (a-te-kef), Madame.
Napoleon from the grand duchy of Tuscany in
1801, and bestowed upon the Crown Prince of
Parma. It was annexed to France in 1808.
Etrurians (e-tro'ri-anz). or Etruscans (f-trus'-
kanz). The ancient inhabitants of Etruria,
tlie modern Tuscany. See Etruria.
The Etrurians are the most mysterious people of an-
tiquity. We meet them in the sculptured chronicles of
ancient Egypt as the Tursha, and in the pages of the ear-
liest Greek" writers as the lYrrhenes, or TursenL Accord-
ing to ancient tradition, they came from Lydia in prehis-
toric times, and colonized Latium. Certain details of
their costumes and customs appear to be identical with
those of Lydia, and the legend is probably based upon
fact. But until the inscriptions of Etruria can he read.
we are not likely to solve this problem. The Etruscan
characters closely resemble the archaic alphabets of Asia
Minor: but no scholar has yet succeeded in identiiying
more than proper names and the names of deities.
Edimrds, Pharaohs. Fellahs, etc., p. 91.
Lately the discovery of an inscription on the island of
Lemnos seems to render probable the identity of the
Etruscans with the Pelasgian Tyrrhenians of the Mediter-
ranean. La Smtssaye, Science of Religion, p. 324.
private secretary. He accompanied him to Germany and EttlingeU (et'ling-en). A town in Baden, 4^
Poland. On his return he first became connected with the j^;,^^ south of Karlsmhe. It has manufactures of
Journal de I'Empire." He was a member of the Cham
ber of Deputies, signed the Address of the 221 in 18:^0, and
later was a member of the Chamber of Peer.^. He was
also the author of a number of political pamphlets and of
a " Histoire du theatre frangais " (1802).
fitienne du Mont (a-tyen' du m6u), St. [F..
' Saint Stephen of the Mount.'] A noted florid-
Pointed church in Paris, founded in 1517. The
west front was added by Henry IV. The church is famous
for its graceful rood-loft in carved stone, which spans the
nave in a low arch from opposite pilhirs around which
wind its two spiral stairs. The church possesses some
beautiful glass, and the rich 13th-century shrine of Ste.
Genevifeve.
A nickname
sculptor and painter, a pupil of Ingres in draw- given to the Duchesse de Noailles, the mistress
ing and of Pradier in sculpture. In 1828 he won of ceremonies at the court of Marie Antoinette,
the second grand prix in sculpture. Among his statues are Etive (et'iv), Loch. An inlet of the sea in the
Cain (a colossiU groupX Leda, Charlemagne, St. Augustine,
etc. He executed the groups " 1814 " and " 1816 " for the
Arc de I'Etoile.
Eth-. See J?(/i-.
Ethandun (eth-an-don'). The scene of a victory
of Alfred the Great over the Danes in 878. It
has been identified with Eddington, Wiltshire.
Ethbaal (eth-ba'al). [Assyi-., 'with Baal':
called by the Greeks E(S(j,?a/of, 'lf>u,W/oc, Itho-
balus.] A king of Tyre. He was the father of Jeze-
bel, the wife of Ahab, liing of Israel. In the Assyrian
inscriptions he is called Tuba'lu. F.thbaal II. is men-
paper, etc., and is noted for its Roman antiquities. Here
the French mider Moreau defeated the Austrians under
Archduke Charles, July 9 and 10, 17%. Population (18S0),
6, ."148.
Ettmuller(et'miU-ler), Ernst MoritzLudwig.
Bom at Gersdorf, near Lobau, Saxony, Oct. 5,
1802 : died near Zurich, Switzerland, April 15,
1877. A German philologist, professor of the
German language and literature in the gym-
nasium at Zurich. He edited Middle High German
and Old Low German texts, and published works on Norse,
an Anglo-Saxon chrestomathy (1850), an Anglo-Saxon lexi-
con (1851X etc.
Ettrick (et'rik). A river in Selkirkshire, Scot-
land, which joins the Tweed near Selkirk.
Length, 32 miles. The tract of woodland on
and adjoining it was formerly known as the
Ettrick Forest.
A name given to
highest volcano in Europe, situated in the east
of the island, north of (Jatania, lat. 37° 44' N.,
long. 15° E. It figured in Greek mythology in the le-
gends of Enceladns and Hephiestus, Among the most
important of the eruptions, more than 80 of which have
been recorded, are those of 1169, 1669, 1693, 1755, 1792,
1852, 1865, 1879, 1886, and 1892. Height, 10,835 feet
tioned" in the annals of Xcbuchadnczzar, king of Baby- -fitniTaa lii tnrh') A xrinnoB in the Henartmeiit
Ionia. Josephus represents him as king of Sidou as well -^^OSeS (a-tflzli ). A village m tlie aepaiimeni
as of Tyre, of Mame, France, 16 miles south-southwest of
north of A^yllshire Scotland, northeast of jjUrick Shepherd, The
Oban. Length, 19 miles. Times IIuct
3tna(et'n|), Sicilian Mongibello(mon-je-bel'- .g^j. (pt'DrWilUam. Born at York, England,
1°)- i\f"l:'^i^- ^'''"': f'''^'"' ^,V™'°e ".o""- March 10, 1787 : died there, Nov. 13, 1849. An
taiii.] The chief mountain in Sicily, and the English painter of historical subjects.
Etymoiogicum Magnum (et'i-mo-loj'i-knm
mag'nimi). [ML., tr. Gr. to hi'/xoXoymdv fteya,
the great dictionary.] See the extract.
The remaiinng great lexicon of the Byzantine age, the
EiymfiUtfnmm Ma'jnum as it is called, does not puzzle us
by ass\miing the name of any definite author. It may, in-
deed, be doubted whether there was not more than one
compilation bearing this name, and whether it denoted
more than a bookseller's or scribe's collection and edition
Etymologicum Magnum
of divers Kliissai'ies inatli; up fruin thu works of the most
eminent ijraiiiiiiarians, 'i'hu work lias already appeared
in two diilereiit forms, derived from manuscripts of two
ditfererit classes: the one, which is sometimes called the
E1iHitiilo[ficina Sylhurifianuiiiy Itecause the tlrst critical re-
visiiiii was that which Sylliui-g founded on the orij^fnal
publication of Marcus Musurus; the other, which is termed
the Ettjifwhojicum Gudianum, because it was derived by
Sturz from a niaimscript at Wolfenbuttel. tjelonginK origi-
nally to Marquard Gude. There is. inileed, reason to sup-
n«>se that the work published by Musurus gut its title uf
Kt}pn»Ui<jiciiin Maijntim from its ttrst editor or from its
printer L'alliergus. The age of tlie work may, however,
with some probability, be assigned to the loth century vir
thereai)outs. It may lie l)est described as a farrago of ex-
tracts from tlie most esteemed grammarians, eujiied sla-
vishly and arratiged in alphabetical order.
K. 0. Mtiller, Hist- of the Lit. of Anc. (ireece. III. 387.
[(Dotialdnan.)
Etzel (et'sel). In German heroic legend, the
name of Attila, king of the Huns. See Attilu.
Eu (e). A town in the depaittuent of Seine-
Inf^rieure, France, situated on the Bresle, near
its raouth, 17 miles east-northeast of Dieppe.
It has a famous chateau, a favorite residence of Ijouis
Philippe, and still in possession of the Orleanist family.
A medieval countship of Eu had its seat here. Population
(1891), commune, 4,893.
Eu, Comte d" (Louis Philippe Marie Fer-
dinand Gaston d'Orleans). V.nm at XeniUv,
France, April 12!), ISIU. The eldest sou of the
Duo de Nemours, and grandson of Louis Phi-
lippe. He married the Princess Imperial of Brazil Oct.
16, 186*. In 1889 and 1870 he commanded the Brazilian
forces in Paraguay, bringing the war to a successful ter-
mination.
Eu, Comtesse d' or Condessa de. See Izabel
(it Bl'(f<Jtlnr(/.
Euboea (u-be'S). [Gr. Eviioia, It. Xeyroponlr.
Turk. ICijripo!] The largest island belonging
to Greece, in the jEgean Sea. it lies to the eastof
Locris, Bceotia, and Attica, from which it is separated by
the Strait of F.uriims. It is traversed by mountains, Delphi
reaching the height of 5,725 feet. The chief towns were
Chalcis and Eretria. It was subdued by .-Vthens after the
Persian war.'^. The Turks took it from the Venetians in
1470. Its length is 98 miles ; its greatest width, 30 miles.
£ub(ea and some adjoining small islanrls form a nomarchy
with a population (ISSII) of 103,442.
Eubulides (u-bii'li-dez) of Miletus. [Gr.
Ki'iov/.iAr/r.l Lived in the 4th century B. C. A
Greek philosopher of the MegiU'ic school.
Eucharis (u ka-ris). In Ffiielon's " Tek^-
luaipie,'' one of Calypso's nymphs ■with whom
TeU'mjKiue tall^ in love. Mentor removes him from
the island to get liim out of her way. She is said to be
meant for Mademoiselle de Fontanges, a favorite, for a
short time, of Louis XIV.
Euchites (ii'kits). [LGr. ivxlrai, from Gr.
tvx'i, prayer.] A sect which arose in the ■1th
century in the East, particularly in Mesopo-
tamia and Syria, its members attached supreme im-
portance to prayer and the presenceof the lloly Npirit, led
an ascetic life, and rejectetl saci-aments an<l tlie nnnal law.
Tlie sect continued until the 7th century, and was for a
short time revived a few centuries later. Its members
are also called Adetphiaiu, Knthusiasts, Eu^athiaiis, Mcs-
saltan.-', etc-
Euclid (ii'klid). [Or. EiiiiXeidT/g.'] Lived at Alex-
andria about .300 B. c. A famous Greek geome-
ter. His jirineipa] w<jrk is the " Elements" (STotvfia),
in 13 bo<^ks, parts of which have been largely used aa a
text-book for elementary geometry down to the present
time. The editions ami translations of this work have
been very numerous.
Euclid of Megara. Born probably in Mcgara,
in the middle of the .'ilh century B. C. A Greek
philosopher, a disciple of Socrates, and the
founder of the Megarie school.
Eudes (cd), or Odo (o'do), Count of Pai-is. Died
in H!I8. King of France HS7 I SSSt-S'J.S. He de-
fended I'aris against the N<jrthmen under Itollo in 885-886,
and on the deposition of Chailes the Kat, in S87, was elected
king of France bya patty among the nobles. In893 Charles
the Simple, son of Charles the Kat, was set up as rival
king, and Kudes was compelled to cede to him the coun-
try between the Seine and the Khtne-
Eudesl. Died in Ciiicia, March 23, 1103. Duke
of Burgmidy. He fought utulcr the standard of Al-
fonsci VI. . king <»f Castile and Leon, against the Saracens
In 1087. He aftei-ward departed on a crusade to the Holy
Lanil. :iimI diet in Citicia.
Eudes II. Died in 1162. Duke of Burgundy.
He ci impelled Thibautof (Champagne to do hom-
age for the couiitv of Troy in 1143.
Eudes III. DiedatLyons, .July 6, 121S. Duke
of HuiX'iindy. He took part in 1209 In the crusade
agidiiHt the .VIbigensians, an<l in 1214 coinmamled the right
wing of (he Krencli lU'iny at thet)attle of Bouviikcs.
Eudes IV. Died at Sens in 1350. Duke of
Burgundv. Ho man-ied the daughter of Philip,
king of l\-auce, iu 1318.
Eudes. Born GO'): died 73,'). Duke of Atpii-
taine and Vascoiiie (Gascony). His dondnions
were invaded hy the Saracens under Abd-er-Rahman, who
were repulsed with the aid of Charles Martel at Poitiers
In 7.'!2.
Eudes. Died iu 1037. Count of Champagne.
371
He was defeated and killed in an attempt to
make himself master of Lorraine.
Eudes de Montreuil (ed de mon-trt-y'). Died
1289. A French sculptor, ai'chiteet, and engi-
neer. He went to the Holy Land In 1248, and in 12.'i0-.11
constructed the fortilUations of .laffa. In 12.'>4 ho re-
turned to Paris. In 1262 he built the Church of the Cor-
ileliers, and that of the t."hartreu\ in 1270. In the Church
of the Cordeliers he w;ts accorded sepulture, and erected
hisown tomb with life-size statues of hin)self and his two
wives. This mtpiinment was described in the reign of
Henry II. It was destroyed in 1680.
Eudeve. See t)j„ii,t.
Eudocia (u-do'shiil). [Gr. Y.vdonia, esteem,
lionor.] Boruat Athens about 393: died at.Jeru-
salein about 4(J0. A Roman empress. She was the
daughter of the sophist Leontius, or, as he is also called,
llennlitus of Athens, who gave her a cai-eful education.
She married the emperor Tlicodosius II. in 421, having
previously exchanged her origiind name Athenais for I'.u-
docia at baptism. Having supplanted the emperor's sister.
Pulcheria, in tlie administration of the gt»vernnient, she
elfected the convention of the s(p-ealled Kolpber Cuuiieil of
Ephesus in 449, at which Flavian, the jtatiiarch of i'on-
stantinople. was deposed by the Eutychians. Shmtly
after this the emi)eror took up the cause of the orthodox
party, in consequence of which, aa well as of his jealousy,
she was banished t^t .lerusalem in 449. She wrote a num-
ber of poems, including a paraphrase of the Octateuch.
Eudocia. A Byzantine empress, wife of Con-
stantine XI., ami afterward of Romanus TV.
At his death in 1007 Constantine heiiueathed the empire to
her and their three young sons. Sliehael \'II., -\ndronicus
I., and Constantine XII. Although bound by oath not to
marry again, she espoused itomanus in liit;8, and made liim
a colleague in the empire with herself and her sons, where-
upon Joannes Dncas. brother of Constantino XI., made
Michael VII. sole emperor, and Imnished Eudocia t^) a
convent. She compiled a dlctionai^ of history and my-
thology, entitled "Iweto, or "Collection (or Bed) of Violets,"
which is still extant.
Eudoxia (ii-dok'si-a). [LGr. EbSo^la, good re-
port, honor.] A Byzantine empress, daughter
of the Prank Bauto. She married in .396 Arcadius,
by whom she became the mother of Theodosius II., or
''the Younger." She acquired a complete ascendancy
over her husband, and procured the exile of Clu^sostom.
patriarch of Constantinople, who inveighed against the
avarice and luxury of the court.
Eudoxia. Born at Constantinople, 422. A Ro-
man empress, daughter of Theodosius H. she
married in 430 or 437 Valentlnian III., who was murdered
by Petronius Maximus In 455. Compelled to marry the
usurper, she called in Genseric, king of the \andals. who
took Rome and carried off Eudoxia and her two daughters.
Eudocia and Placidia, to Carthage. Maximus was killed
in tile flight. Eudoxia was after some years sent to Con-
stantinople with an honorable escort.
Eudoxians (u-dok'si-anz). The followers of
Eudoxius, )jatriarch of Constantinople and an
extreme Arian of the 4th century: same as
.liii}m(raiiti, Actiaiis, and liunomians.
Eudoxius (u-dok'si-us). [Gr. Ei'iiof/oi;.] Died
370. A patriarch of Constantinople. He became
bishop of Antloch In 347, and patriarch of Constaidinople
in ;iO<). He was an Arian and the leader of the Eudoxians.
EudoXUS (u-dok'sus) of Cnidus. [Gr. Etdofof.J
Born about 409 B. C. '. died about 336 B. C. A
Greek astronomer, geometer, imd ]iliysician. He
Is said to have been the tlrst to intro.lnii- the use of the
celestial globe into (ireece, to huvecorreeled the length of
the year, and to have adduced the fact that the altitude
of the stars changes with the latitude as a proof of the
sphericity of the earth.
EudoXUS of Cyzicus. Born at Cyzicus, Asiti
Elinor: lived in the second half of the 2d cen-
tm'y B. C. A Greek navigator in tlie Egyptian
service, said to have circumnavigated Africa
fi-om the Red Sea to tlie Strait of Gibraltar.
Euemerus. See Jin-miruK.
Euergetes (li-er'.je-tez). [Gr. F,h())lTrtc, bene-
factiu-.] A Greek title of honor assumed by
several kings of Egypt. See I'toUmy.
Eufaula (ti-fa'lii). A city of Barbour County,
Alabama, situated on the Chattahoochee iu
hit. 31° 53' N., long. 8.5° 10' W. It exports
cotton. Poimlation (1890), 4,394.
Eugamon (I'l'ga-mon). [Gr. Ei'jrt^M'.] A Greek
cyclic ixiet of t'yrene (about 566 B. c), author
of tlie " Telegonia" (which see).
Euganean Hills (ti-ga'ne-au hilz). A chain of
volcanic hills in northeastern Italv, southwest
of Padua. Highest )ieint, 1,,S90 feel.
Eugene (u .ien'), Prince (Francois Eugene de
Savoie-Carignan). [(ir. i;;.fi7,r, weii-hom; L.
Euijcnins, F. luujhie, It. Sp. Pg. liuytiiio, G.
/•.'wi/p/i/h.s-, /Cm/Ill.] Born at Paris, Oct. 18,
16(13: died at'Vieiina, April 21, 1736. A cele-
brated Austrian general. He was the son of Prince
Eugene Maurice de HavoieCarlgnan, conito do Solssons,
by Olympla .ManeinI, a niece of Cardinal Mazarin. He
was intended for the church, and when about ten was
created abbtj of Carlgnan. Being refused a commission
In the French army by Louis XIV.. ho entered the ser-
vice of Austria, with the rank of colonel. In 1083. Ho was
In 1096 apptdnted commander-in-chief of tlio Imperial
anuy against the Tui-ks. whom he totally defeated at
iionta in 1097, and compelled to accept the peace of Carlo-
witz in 109*.'. At the outbreak of the War of the Spanish
Eulenspiegel
Succession, he invaded Italy, defeated Catlnat at Carpi
and Vlllerol at Chiari in 1701, and fought a drawn battle
with Vendome at Luzzara in 1702. After suppressing an
insurrection under the younger Rakoczy In Hungary, he
joined ilai'lborough In (lermauy, where their allied forces
defeated the French and Bavarians at Blenlieim Aug. 13,
1704. He returned in 1705 to Italy, where, by a victory
over Marsin and the Duke of Orldans at Turin, .Sept. 7,
1706, he expelled the French from Itjdy. In eoopenititm
with Marlborough in the Netherlands and in northern
F' ranee, he won the battle of Oudenarde In 170s, captured
Lille in 1708, and gained the victory of ^lalplaquet in 1709.
He negotiated the peace of Rastadt with Fl*ance In 1714.
The war with the "Turks having broken out anew, he de-
feated the latter at Peterwardein In 1710 and at Belgrad in
1717, and forced them to accept the peace of Pasaarowitz
in 1718.
Eugene Aram. A novel by Bulwer Lytton,
published in 1832. Hood's poem on the same
subject is called ''The Dream of Eugene Aj-am."
See Aram, Eiu/e/te.
Eugene de Beauharnais. See Bcaukamais.
Eugenia (u-je'ni-ii). [Fern, of Eugcnius; F. Eu-
ijviiitf.'l 1. A female name, the feminine of
Eutjenius. — 2. jVii asteroid (No. 45) discovered
by GoMschmidt at Paris, .lune20, 1S57.
Eugenie (e-/.ha-ne') (Eugenia Maria de Mon-
tyo de Guzman, Coimtess of Teba). [See
EiK/eiiiti.] Born at Granada, Spain, May 5,
1820. The second daughter of Don Maiiuel
Fernandez de Montijo, and wife of .Napoleon
HI. whom she married Jan. 30, 1853. After the
fall of the empire she fixed her residence at ChiselJiurst,
Kent, England : later (1S8U) at Farnborough Hill.
Eugenie (u-je'ni), Sir Dauphine. In Ben Jon-
son's "E])ieoene, or the Silent Woman," the
witty and impecunious nephew of Morose.
See Epietviic.
Eugenie Grandet (6-zha-ne' gron-da'). A novel
by Balzac, written in 1833, published in 1834.
The heroine, Eugenie, is sacrificed to the cold-blooded
avariciousness of her father. This Is one of Balzac's best
novels.
Eugenius (u-je'ni-us) I., Saint. [See EiKjfnc.']
Born at Rome : died there, June 1, 657. Pope
1)5-4-657.
Eugenius II. Bom at Rome : died there, Aug.
27, 827. Pope 824-827.
Eugenius III. Born at Pisa, Italy: died at
TivoU, Italv, July 8, 1153. Pope 1145-53. He
was expelled irom Rome by the populace, which. Incited
by the preaching of Arnold of Brescia, sought to restore
the ancient republic ; and was enabled by the aid of
Roger of Sicily to return In 1149. Compelled In the fol-
lowing year to abandon Rome once more, he afterward
lived mostly at Segni- During his reign tile second Cru-
sade took place (1147-49), chietly through the instrumen-
tality of his teacher, St- Bernard of Clairvaux.
Eugenius IV. (Gabriel Condolmieri). Born
at Venice, 1383: died at Rnmc. Feb. 23, 1447.
Pope 1431 — i7. He beciune Involved in a contest with
the Council of Basel (opened March 12, 1431). Having
ordered the dissolution of this body and the conveidng
of another council at Ferrara in 1437, he was deposed in
1439 by the Council of Basel, which set up an antipojie in
the person of F^elix V., the schism thus iiroduccd contlnn
lug till the death of Eugenius. He signed with the em-
peror John Palfficdogua a convention for the reunion of
the Greek and Latin churches in 1439.
Eugenius. In Sterne's " Tristram Shandy," the
friend and mentor of Yorick.
Eugippius, or Eugyppius (fi-jip'i-us). An
Italian mmik. lie was a pupil of .St. Severinus of
Norlcum, whose remains were bi(night about 488 to I'as-
trum Lucullanum. near Naples, there Ut form the nu-
cleus of an abbey of which Eugippius became the second
abbot. lie wrote a life of St. Severinus (511), which is an
important source of early (ierniaii history.
Eugubine (u'gfi-l)iu) Tables. [From the place
of their discovery, the ancient Iijurium, lati-r
Eupiibium, modern Gidjliiii.l Seven brazen
tablets containing inscriptions, discovered near
Gubbio, Italy, in 1144. and now preserved there.
They form the" chief nnniument of the ancient rmbrian
language. Four of the tablets are wholly I'mbrian, one
is partly I'mbrian and partly Latin, and two are Latin.
The inscriptions relate to the acts of a corponiticm of
Tiriests.
Euhemerus. See Eeemerus.
Eulalia (u-la'li-ii). Saint. [Gr. Ei>a>/a, fair
speech; l'\ EiiliiUr.} A Roman virgin martyr,
tortured to deatli during the persecution of
Diocletian in 308.
Eulengebirge (oi'len-ge-ber'ge). A mountain
group of the Sudetic chain, southwest of Bres-
lau. Its chief point is the Hohe Eiile, 3,325
feel high.
Eulenspiegel (ei'len-spo-gel). Till or Tyll.
[G., ' owl-glass.'] The name of a Geniiau
of the 14th century who was probably born at
Kneitlingen, near Brunswick, and buried at
Miilln (according to a history of liis life written
in Nortli (icrmaiiy in 1483 and translated into
Hi^'h (lernian and printed about 1.5.50). only a
small part of the deeds attributed to hlin are possibly ills
own. The name Is merely the center about which have
been grouped popular tales deBcrlbing the mischievous
Eulenspiegel
pranks of a vagahomi of peasant origin. The stories have
been wijely translated. A recent edition is tliat of
Leipsic. 18.S4, by Lappeuherg, who erroneously assumes
Tlioraas Murner to have been the author of the book.
Eoler (oi'ler), Leonhard. Boru at Basel, Swit-
zerland, April 15, 1707: tUed at St. Petersburg,
Sept. 7(0. S.), 1783. A celebrated Swiss mathe-
matician. He was a pupil, at Basel, of Jean Bernoulli.
On the invitation of the empress Catherine he went
to St. Petei-sburg, where he became (IT.iO) professor of
physics, and later (1733) succeeded Daniel BernouUi in
the academy. During the later years of his life he was
partly and in the end wholly blind, but conducted his
elaborate calculations mentally. He published " .Mechan-
ica" (1736-12), "Tlleoria motuura planetarum et coraeta-
rum" (1744), "Introductioin analysin inttnitorum"(1748),
"Institutioncs calculiditferentialis " (1755), " Institutiones
calculi integralis" (17(58-70), "Dioptrica" (1769-71), "An-
leitung zur Algebra " (1771), "Opuscula analytica' (1783-
1786), "Lettres i une priucesse d'Allemagne" (1768-72),
etc.
Eumaeus (ii-me'us). [Gr. Et/,ua(of.] The faith-
ful swiueherd of Ulysses, a character in the
Odyssey.
Eumenes (ii'me-nez). [Gr. Ev/iimK.'\ Born at
Cardia. Thrace, about 361 B. c. : put to death
in Gabiene, Elymais, 316 B. c. One of the suc-
cessors of Alexander the Great. He defeated
Craterus in 321, and was betrayed by his soldiers
to Antigonus.
Eumenes II. Died 159 (f ) b. c. King of Per-
gamus 197-159 (?) B. C. He was the son of Attains
I. whom he succeeded. He cultivated the friendship of
the Romans, whom he assisted in the war ajiainst Antioehus
the Great. He was present in person at the decisive battle
of Magnesia, and, on the restonition of peace, was rewarded
by the addition of Mysia, Lydia, and Phl^giatohis kingdom.
He was a patron of learning, and founded at Pergamus one
of the famous libraries of antiquity.
Eumenides (ii-men'i-dez). [Gr. &/icvi6t(, the
gracious ones.] A euphemistic name for the
Erinyes in Greek mythology.
Eumenides, The. A "tragedy of iEschylus, form-
ing the third of the great trilogy ("Agamem-
non,'' "Choephori," "Eumenides") exhibited
at Athens in 458 B. C.
Eumolpus (u-mol'pus). [Gr. Ev/io>.irog, the good
chanter. J In Greek mythology, a priestly bard,
reputed founder of the Eleusinian mysteries.
Eunapius (u-na'pi-us). [Gr. Eii'umof.] Born
at Sardis, 347 A. D. A Greek sophist. He was a
pupil of Proairesius of Athens, where he lived during the
later part of liis life, lie was a Neoplatonist and a violent
opponent of Christianity. He appears to have lived till
the reign of the emperor Theodosius the younger. He
wrote " Lives of Philosophers and Sophists," still extant.
Eunice (ii'nis). [Gr. Et'jw/, happily victorious.]
The mother of Timothy (2 Tim. i. 5).
Eunomia (u-no'mi-a). [Gr. Evm/uia.'] 1. In
Greek mythology, one of the Horaa. — 2. An as-
teroid (No. 15) discovered by De Gasparis at
Naples, July 29, 1851.
Eunomians (u-n6'mi-anz). The followers of
Eunomius. ^ee Eiinomius.
Eunomius (u-no'mi-us). [Gr. EivOiiiiof.] Boru
at Dacora, Clappadoeia: died there, about 392.
Bishopof Cyzicus and leaderof the Anomceans or
Eunomians. He was a pupil of Aetius, and an extreme
Arian. His chief work is an "Apology " (English transla-
tion by Whiston, 1711). See AMus.
Eunuchus (u-nii'kus). [L., from Gr. n/vovx<>i,
a eunuch.] A comedy by Terence, founded in
gi-eat part upon the play of the same name by
Menander.
Terence has suggested many modern subjects. The Eu-
nuchus is reflected in the " Bellaniira" of Sir Charles Sedley
and "Le Muef'of Brueys ; the 4('*''M^" in Moliere's
" ficole des Maris" and Baron's '' L'Ecole des Peres"; and
the Phormio in Moliere's '' Les Fom-beries de Scapin."
Cruttwett, Hist, of Roman Lit., p. 64.
Eupatoria (ii-pa-to'ri-a), or Kosloff (kos-lov').
A seaport in the Crimea, in the government of
Taurida, Russia, situated on Kalamita Bay 41
miles north of Sevastopol, it was occupied by the
Allies in 1864-56, and was unsuccessfully attacked by the
Russians Feb. 17, 1856. Population (1886X 16,940.
Eupatridse (u-pat'ri-de). The. [Gr. KiTrarpiiai,
the well-born.] The land-ov^-uiug aristocracy
in ancient Athens (Attica), as distinguished
from the Geomori or peasants, and the Demiurgi
or artisans. On the abolition of royalty they found
themselves in exclusive possession of political rights, wtiich
were gradually curtailed, notably by Solon (5m K. o.) and
Cleisthenes(5ii9 n. o.), until in the time of Pericles Athens
was transformed into a pure democracy.
Eupen (oi'pen), F. N6au (na-o'). A manu-
facturing town in the Rhine Province, Prussia,
10 miles south-southwest of Ai.\-la-Chapelle. it
was ceded by Austria to France in 1801, and passed to
I'nissia in 1815. Population (1890), 16,445.
Euphemia (u-fe'mi-ii '. [Gr. Ev^ii/iiia, of good re-
port ; F. Eiiphemie, It. Sp. Pg. Eufemia.} A fe-
male name.
Euphorbus (u-f6r'bus). [Gr. ED^opi^of.] In
Greek mythology, a brave Trojan, son of Pan-
372
thous and brother of Hyperenor. He was slain by
Menelaus, who dedicated Euphorbus's shield in the tem-
ple of Hera, near Mycenfe. Pythagoras professed t^ be
animated by his soul.
Euphorion (u-t'o'ri-on). [Gr. Eioop/ui'.] Born at
Chalcis, Eubcea, 274 B. C. : died in Syria, prob-
ably about 200 B. c. A Greek grammarian and
poet : fragments eilited by Meineke (1823).
EuphranOT (u-fra'n6r). [Gr. Ei^Jpiirup.] Born
near Corinth : lived in the middle of the 4th
centm'y B. c. A Greek statuary and painter.
His treatises on symmetry and color were much used by
Pliny in tlie compilation of his 36th book. Lucian ranks
his sculpture >vith that of Phidi:is, Alcamenes, and Myron,
Europe
north, Oise and Seine-et-Oise on the east, Eure-et-Loip
on the south, Orne on the southwest, and Calvados on
the west. Area, 2,290 square miles. Population (1891),
349,47L
Eure. A river of northei-n France which joins
the Seine 10 miles south of Rouen. Length,
about 120 miles.
Eure-et-Loir (er'a-lwar'). A department of
France, capital Chartres, formed from parts of
the ancient Orleanais, Perche. and Normandy.
Its boundaries are Eure on the north. Seine-et-oise on the
east, Loii-et on the southeast. Loir-et-Cher and Sarthe on
the south, and Orne on the west. It has been called "the
granary of F'rance." Area, 2,267 square miles. Population
(18111), 284,683.
and his painting with that of Apelles. Parrhasius. and ^^^y^g^ {'u-re'ka). The county-seat of Eureka
Aetioii,
Euphrasia. See Bcllario.
Euphrasia (u-ira'zhia). [Gr. 'Ev(^paaia, of good
cheer.] The Grecian Daughter in Miirphy's
tragetly of that name. She is the daughter of Evan-
der, a king of Sicily, who is imprisoned and starved by the
tyrant Dionysivis. iShe succors him with milk from her
own breast, and finally stabs the tyrant and restores her
father to his throne.
Euphrates (u-fra'tez). [Assyr. Pwra/f^, Heb.
Fcrathy OPers. UfrateSjAx. Furat, Gr. Ei'tppdr/a;
Ei'^/)^r/;f.] A great Mesopotamian river which
has its origin in the Armenian mountains.
It is formed from the East Euphrates (Murad-Su). which
rises northeast of Ei'zerura, and a branch rising northwest
of Lake Van. The united river then makes a wide circuit
westward, breaks through the mountain-chain of the Tau-
rus, enters the terrace reiJiion at the modern Biiejik, and
turns in a meandering course toward the Tigris. In the
neighborhood of Bagdad these two rivers approach one
another, and there the Babylonian canal-system begins.
In its lower coura| below Babylon, the Euphrates has
changed its bed, shifting more and more westward. Ac-
cording to notices iu classical authors, confirmed by the
inscriptions, it came in ancient time nearer Sippara
(Sepharvaim, modern Abu-Habba) and Uruk (modern
Warka) than now ; and it did not empty into the sea,
united with the Tigris, through the Shatt el-Arab, as at
present. As late as the time of Sennacherib (705-681 B. c.)
and his successors, the twin rivers flowed separately into
the Persian Gulf, which extended then at least as far as
Coma. Babylon has been rightly tenued '■ the gift of Eu-
phrates and Tigris." The soil is formed from the alluvial
deposits of these rivers, and this formation still continues.
During the winter months the Euphrates has but little
water in its bed ; but in the spring, and especially toward
the summer solstice, it swells by the melting of the snow
of the mountains, which often causes disastrous floods.
In Gen. ii. 14 the Euphrates is mentioned as one of the
four rivers of piu'adise.
EuphroniUS(u-fr6'ni-xxs). In Shakspere's ''An-
tony and Cleopatra," an ambassador from An-
tony to Cai'sar.
Euphrosyue ( v - f ros ' i - ne ) . [Gr . V.v(ppoavv7i,
County, Nevada, situated about lat. 39° 30' N.,
long. 116° \V. It has silver- and lead-mines.
Population (1890). 1,609.
Eureka, A seaport city, the capital of Hum-
boldt Comity, California, situated on Humboldt
Bay in lat. 40° 48' N., long. 124° 10' W. Pop-
ulation (1890), 4.858.
Euric (u'rik), or Evaric (ev'a-rik), L. Evari-
CUS (ev-a-ri'kus). Died 484 or 485 a. d. A
king of tlie West Goths. He was a younger son of
Theodoric I., and obtained the government in 466 by the
murder of his brother Theodoric II. He conquered the
whole of the Spanish peninsula, with the exceptimi of the
northwestern corner, \\hich he allowed the suevic kings
to hold as his vassals, and destroyed the small remnant of
Roman dominion iu Gaul, thereby raising the West-Gothic
kingdom to its highest point of power.
Euripides (ii-rip'i-dez). [Gr. Et'p/:r/(5vcO Bom
in Salamis, probably Sept. 23, 480 B. c. : died
in 406 B. c. A celebrated Athenian tragic poet.
He was the son of iluesarchus and Cleito, who appear to
have tied from Athensto Salamison theinvasion of Xerxes,
and was, according to popular tradition, born in that island
on the day of the battle of Salamis. He studied physics
under Anaxagoras and rhetoric under Prodicus. and at
about the age of twenty-five produced the " reliades," the
firstof his plays which was acted. He is said to have gained
the first prize in five dramatic contests, the first of which
occurred in 441. He left Athens for the court of Ai'chelaus,
king of Macedonia, about 408, owing, it is said, to the ridi-
cule thi'own upon him by the pupulace in consequence of
the attacks of Sophocles and Aristophanes. He died at the
Macedonian court (according to doubtful tradition bejn|f
torn to pieces by a pack of hounds set upon him by two
rival poets, Arrhidseus and Crateuas), and was buried with
great pomp by Archelaus, who refused a request of the
Athenians for his remains. He wrote 75 plays, of which
the following 18 are extant : " Aleestis," " Medea," "Hip-
polytus," "Hecuba," "Andromache," "Ion," "Suppliants,"
" Heracleidse," '"Heracles Mainqmenos," " Iphigenia
among the Tauri." "Troades,"" '*Helena," "Pluenissse,"
"Electra." "Orestes," " Iphigenia at Aulis," "Bacchse/
and "Cyclops."
mirth, j 1. In Greek mythology, one of the Euripus (u-i*i'pus). [Gr. Erp/Tof, anaiTowchan-
three Charites or Graces. — 2. An asteroid (No. nel, esp. the one here mentioned.] The narrow-
31) discovered by Ferguson at Washington, est portion of the channel which separates
Sept. 2, 1854. Euboea from the mainland. Width at the nar-
Euphues (u'fu-ez), or the Anatomy of Wit. rowest part, opposite Chalcis, 120 feet. It is
[Gr. Eiyf/yc, ■well-gro\\Ti, goodly.] A novel by remarkable for its changes of current.
John Lyly, published iu 1578-79. This book The name Euripus applies, strictly speaking, only to the
and its successor, "Euphues and his England," pub- very naiTowest part of the channel between Eubtea and
lished 1580-81, brought into prominence and into further the mainland (Thucyd. vii. 29; Strab. ix. 585), which ift
use the affected jaigon, full of conceits and extravagances, opposite to the modern town of Egripo, where the bridge
used by the gallants of Elizaljeths court. Euphues is an now stands. Rairlimo}t, Herod., IV. S08, note.
Athenian youth who embodies the qualities implied in _ -n -n / - ro r
his name. Heis elegant, handsome, amorous, and roving. EurOpa (u-ro pa), or tUTOpe (-pe). [bee iS«-
Kosalyude^or Euphues' Golden Legacy " is a suuilar novel rope.'] In Greek mythology, a daughter of
by Thomas Lodge. See Rosalymie.
Euphues, his Censure to Philautus, etc. A
pamphlet by Robert Greene, published in 1587,
and intended as a continuation of Lyly*s ** Eu-
phues."
Euphues Shadow, the Battaile of the Senses.
Apamphlet by Thomas Lodge, edited by Greene
and published in 1592.
Eupolis (u'po-lis). [Gr. E^'TToX/f,] An Athe-
nian comic poet (born 449 B. c), a contemporary
Phoenix, or of Agenor, sister of Cadmus, and
mother by Zeus of Minos and Khadamauthus.
She was borne over the sea to Crete by Zeus, who assumed
the form of a white bull. See lo.
The bull, whose form was assumed by Zeus in order to
carry off Eui'opa. a Phtenician damsel, was seen to be the
bull of Ann, the Semitic Heaven god, the same bull which
we recognize in the constellation Taurus ; and Europa. the
"broad-faced " maiden, is only another form of Istar, the
broad-faced moon, instead of being identical with Vrvas^
the Vedic dawn-maiden. Taylor, Aryans, p. S02.
and rival of AvistophajH'S. He is said to have been Europa and the Bull. A painting by Titian
drowned in the battle of t'ynossema, 411 B. c.
That he [Eupolis] was brilliant in his wit, and rettned in
his style, is plain from the fact that he co-operated with
Aristophanes in his "Knights."of which the last parabasis,
beginning from v. 1290, is recorded by the scholiast to have
(1562), in Cobham Hall, near Kochester, Eng-
land. Europa is being carried through the waves on the
bull's back ; one Cupid follows, supported by a dolphin.
and two fly above. Europa's maidens are seen on the
distant shore.
been his composition. He afterwards may have quarrelled EuroDe (u'ron). [From Semitic ereh, darkness,
with Aristophanes, for they satirised one another freely. ^^^,,^.,0- r^rnn^rlv Rnii^Pf. ' thp l«,ti<l nf the set-
In style and in genius he stood nearest to his great rival,
and his comedies seem to have possessed most^ if not all,
of the features which make the Aristophanic comedy so
peculiar in literature.
Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 430.
EupompUS (ii-pom'pus). [Gr. EtTo//-oc.] Born
at Sicy<)n: lived in the 4th century B. C. A
Ureek painter, founder of the so-called Sieyo-
nian school of painting. The work of Eupompus
and his successor Pamphilus was to introduce the charac-
teristics of Doric sculpture into painting.
Eurasia (Q-ra'shia or -zhia). \^EHr{ope) and
Asin.'] The continental mass made up of Eu-
rope and Asia: not generally recognized as a
geographical designation.
Eure (^r). A department of France, capital
Evreux, forming part of the old province of
Normandy, it is bounded by Seine-Inf^rieure on the
evening, properly sunset, 'the land of the set-
tingsim'; Gr. Er/j(j-;/, L.A'Mro/x/.] l.Thnsmall-
est grand division of the eastern continent. It
is bounded by the Arctic Sea on the north, the Atlantic
on the west, and the Sea of Marmora, Black Sen, and the
MediteiTanean on the south. On the east its boundaries
toward Asia are generally taken as the Caucasus, the Cas-
pian, the I'ral River, the T'ral Mountains, and the Kara.
Length, southwest and northeast, 3,400 miles. Breadth,
north and south, 2,400 miles. It lies within lat. 71' 11' N-
(North Cape) and lat. 35° 59' N. (Cape Tarifa), and lone.
r 31' W. and long. 60" E. Population. 357.;J79.itOU. Area,
3,85m,CH>0 square miles. In literature the name ncciu-s flrat
in the Homeric h>Tnn to Apollo, and denotes there thecoun-
try north of the Peloponnesus, i. e. Thracia. The know-
ledge of Europe possessed by the ancients was, as in all
geographical matters, verj* deficient. It started from the
coasts of the Mediterranean, and remained fur a long time
confined to the three southern peninsulas and the shores
of the Euxine. In Herodotus the Phaeis is considered as
the boundary between Asia and Europe. Later it is the
Europe
Tanais. The interior of Spain, Gaul, anil the euuntriea
north of tlie Alps were opened only lhruuf;h the Konmii
conquests. Seaudlnavia and northern Sannatia remained
in obscurity throughout antitjuity. From a ceopraphieal
point of view Europe is a large peninsula, sent forth by Asia
to the west. It is a grand division of the globe, not so
niuch from its large extent as from its having long been
the center of human culture and civilization. Its geo-
graphical conditions also gave it an advantage over the
other parts of the globe. It is chai'acterized by a certain
symmetry and proportion, and by a rich variety of geo-
logical, geographical, and climatic conditions.
Europe, as a geographical term, not improbably desig-
nated at first merely the plain of Thebes.
Tuylor, The Alphabet, II. 19, note.
2. A province of the later Roman Empire, im-
mediately about Constantinople. Freeman.
Eurotas (ii-ro'tas). [Gr. Eipurar, prob. 'blaok
river.'J In ancient geography, a river of La-
conia, Greece, Howing into the Mediterranean
25 miles southeast of Sparta : the modern Iri or
Iris. Length, about 45 miles.
EuniS (u'rus). [L. fjiirus, Gr. Evpoc, the east
ninil, coiiiiected witli iuf, r/ug, L. Aurora, the
dawn.] The cast wind.
Euryanthe (u-ri-an'the). An opera by Weljer,
first proiiuced at Vienna in 1823.
Eurybiades (li-ri-bi'a-dez). The leader of the
Spartan naval contingent, and nominal com-
mander of the united fleet of the allied Greek
states, in the defensive campaign in 480 B. c.
against the Persians, whom he defeated in the
battles of Artemisium and Salamis.
Eurydice (u-rid'i-se). IGr. EvpvdiKr/.'} In Greek
mythology, the wife of Orpheus. She died from
the bite of a serpent, whereupon Orpheus descended into
llades. and by tne charms of his lyre persuaded Pluto to
restore her to life. He did this on condition that she
should walk behind her husband, who should not look
back tliitil twtb had arrived in the upper world. Orpheus,
overcome by anxiety, looked round only to behold her
caui^'ht l>ack into the infernal regions.
Eurydice. 1. Wife of Amyutas II., king of
Macedonia, and mother of Philip. — 2. A Mace-
donian princess, granddaughter of Perdiceas
III. of Macedonia.
Eurydice. 1. An opera by Caccini and Peri,
tirst produced at Florence in 1600. The words
were by Itiiiuecini, and this, with "Dafne" by the same
composers, was the beginning of modern opera. .See
Dapftiw.
2. A tragedy by Mallet, produced Feb. 22.
17:il. at Drury Lane, and revived in 1759.
Eurymedon (ti-rim'e-don). [Gr. Ei'pi'/jt'(5ur.]
Killed near SjTacuse, 413 B. c. An Athenian
general in the Peloponnesian war.
Eurymedon. .A. small river in Pisidia and Pam-
jihylia. Asia Minor, which flows into the Medi-
terranean : the modem Capii-Su. Near its mouth,
4(W or 4H.T B. c, the Greeks under Cimon defeated the
Persian Ileet and army.
Enrynome (u-rin'o-me). [Gr. Ki'pvvu/i>/.'] In
Greek niytliology, a daughter of Oceanus. Ac-
coi-iliiig to Hesiod she was the mother, by Zeus,
of the I'liarites or Graces.
Eusebians(u-se'bi-anz). The followers of Euse-
bius of Xiconiedia, an Arian bishop of Constan-
tinople in the 4th century A. D. See Ariaii.s.
Euseoius (ii-se'bi-us) of Caesarea, surnamed
Pampbili. [From Gr. ivaeSr/c, pious.] Born
probably at Cii'sarea, Palestine, about l.'(i4 A. i>. :
died there, about 349. A celebrated theologian
and historian, sometimes called "the Father
of Church History." He was appointed bishop of
Cicsarea about S\5. and in 325 attended the Council of
Nicica, where he was appointed to receive the emperor
Constatitine with a panegyrical oration, and to sit at liis
right hand. His complete works have been eilited by
Mlgrie (18.'.»-.^7).
Ensebius of Dorylaeum. A Greek theologittn
of the .")tli century, lie held some oillce about the
Imperial court at Constantinople, when he t^iok holy or-
ders, in consequence, it is said, of a controversy with
Nestorins, bishop of Constantinople. He subseipiently l)e-
canie biHh,>p of Koryheum, ami distinguished himself by
his zeal against the Butyehians.
Ensebius of Emesa. Died at Antioch about
3t)0 .\. D. .\n ecclesiastic of the Greek Cluirch.
He was a native of Kdessa in Mesopotamiji, and became
bisliop (,f Krnesa in Syria. He wrote several books erui-
menited by .tcrome, which are now lost. A numl>er of
liomilics cmmnonly attributed to him are probably spu-
rious.
Ensebius of Nicomedia. Died at Constanti-
nople. :;42 A. D. Au Arian bishop who held in
8u<'cession the sees of Berytus, Nicomedia, and
Const.-Mitinople. He was banished from Meomerlla In
consequence of a refusal to sign the conilemnation of
Arlus pronounced by the Council of Niciea in 32r., but was
restored through the Intluence of Constantia, sister of
Constantlne. He procured the convening of the Couni'il
of Tyre which condemned Athanasius in 334, ami elfeeted
the restoration of Arlus.
Ensebius of Samosata. Dii-il about 379. An
orthoilox prelate. He l)ecame bishop of Samosata,
hla native place, prol>al)ly before 361 a. b. He refused,
373
contrar>- to the emperor's command, to give up some
documents intrusted to him proving the election of Mele-
tius as bishop of Antioch, which wert* demanded by the
Arians for the purjwse of annulling the election. He was
banished about 371, but was restored in 378. He waa
killed by an .Arian who threw a stone at him from the
roof of a house.
Euskirchen (ois'kerch-eu). A town in the
Rhine Province, Prussia, near the Erft 22
miles south by west of Cologne. Population
(1890), 8,820.
Eustace (lis'tas) the Monk. [From Gr. ri-
ardOim-, steadfast, strong; ML. Euslatliius, F.
Eimtache, Eiistiithc, It. Eiistmio, Eu.'diicliio.] A
French freebooter of the 13th century. He was
for a time sene-schal of the Count of Boulogne, and even-
tually became the leader of a baud of pirates who fought
in turn for France and for England, accortling as their in-
terest was best served. He was captured while bringing
a squadron to the support of Louis, son of Philip Augus-
tus, who had been proclaimed king of England, and was
executed as a pirate and traitor. He was long remem-
bered on the coasts of France and England for his cruelty
and daring exploits, antl is the hero of a ballad, written
shortly after his death, which attributes Uj him the power
of magic.
Eustache (es-tash'), St. Alarge church in Paris,
of unique architecture, begun in 1532 upon the
constructive principles of the late-Pointed style,
but with the exterior forms and decoration of
the Renaissance. The arches are semicircular, the
buttresses ai-e classical pilasters, and the piers are super-
posed combinations of columns of dilferent orders. The
interior is well proportioned and impressive ; it has
double aisles, and is 34s feet long and 144 wide. The nave
is lo.s feet high. There are excellent frescos in the
chapels. _
Eustachio (ii-6s-tii'ke-6), orEustachius (iis-ta'-
ki-us), Bartolommeo. Born at San Severino,
Ancona. Italy: died Aug., 1574. An Italian
anatomist, professor of anatomy at Rome, and
physician to the Pope. He described the Eustachian
tube and Eustachian valve. His "Tabulse anatomicaj"
was published in 1714.
Eustathians (iis-ta'thi-anz). 1. Theorthodo.x
faction in Antioch in the 4th centui-y A. D., who
objected to the replacing of Eustathius, bishop
of Antioch, by an Arian. — 2. An extreme as-
cetic sect of the 4th century A. D., probably so
called from Eustathius, bishop of Sebaste in
Pontus.
Eustathius (tis-ta'thi-us) of Antioch. [Gr.
Evarddiog. See Ei(.staee.} Born at Side, Pam-
phylia: died at Philippi, Macedonia, about
34() (f). A Greek prelate, an opponent of
Arianism.
Eustathius of Thessalonica. Born at Constan-
tinople: died at Thessalonica, 1198. A Greek
classical scholar and religious reformer, arch-
bishop of Thessalonica. His chief'work was a com-
mentary on Homer which, "besides servinu' to elui-idate
the Greek language by many important criticisms, drawn
from sources that have since l>een lost, contains, like the
works of Photius and ,Suidas, innumerable references to
the Greek classics, and thus furnishes the means of ascer-
taining the integrity and the genuineness of the text of
those authors, as they are now extant" {Taylor, Hist.
Anc. Book.s, p. 85).
EustiS (iis'tis), William. Bom at Cambridge,
Mass., June 10, 17r)3: died at Boston, Feb. 6,
182.5. An American physician and politician.
He was secretary of war 1809-13, and governor
of Massachusetts 1823-25.
Eutaw Springs ( u'ta springz). A place in South
Carolina, near (lie Santee about 50 miles north-
west of ( 'li:i rlest on. It was the scene of a battle, Sept.
8, 1781, l)Lt\vreM about 2.000 Americans under Greene and
abotit 2,;joi) liiitisb under Stewart. The American loss
was 53.',, the British about 630. It is described as a techni-
cal British victory.
Euterpe (u-ter'pe). [Gr. EiiTlprrri, the well-
pleasing.] 1. In classical mythology, one of
the Muses, a divinity of joy and pleasure, the
patroness of flute-players, she invented the double
flute, and fjivored rather the wild and simple melodies of
primitive peojiles than the more flnished art of music, anil
was thus associated more with Bacchus than with Apollo.
She is usually represented as a virgin crowned with flow-
ers, having a flute in her hand, or with various nmsical
instruments about ht-r.
2. All asteroid (No. 27) discovered by Hind at
London, Nov. 8, 18:")3.
Euthydemus (li-thi-de'mus). [Gr. 'EiSM^/ioc.']
A dialogue of Plato, the narration by Socrates
of a conversiition which took place at tlii> Ly-
ceum between himself, the sophists Euthyde-
mus and Dionysodorus, Crito, Cleinias, and
Ctesipjuis. Its theme Is virtue and instruction In vir-
tue, anil it is a satire upon the sophists and the older
iibibisophy.
Eutin (o'-'c'i')- The chief town in the princi-
pality of Liil>eck. belonging to Oldenburg, Ger-
many, 19 miles north of Lubeck. It was anciently
the seat of a blslionric. It is associated wltli Voss and
Count Stolbcrg, ami is the birthplace of Weber. Popu-
lation (18»n), commune, 4.025.
Eutropius (u-tro'pi-us). [LL., from Gr. Eit^jo-
Evans, Augusta J.
jrwf, versatile or well-disposed.] Died about
370 (f) A. D. A Roman historian, author of a
concise history of Rome ('■Bre\'iarium ab ui'be
condita'') from the founding of the city to the
death of Jovian, 3()4 a. d.. long in popular use.
Eutropius, sm'uamed "The Eunuch." A By-
zantine statesman. He was a chamberlain in the
household of Arcadius on the hitter's accession to the
throne as emperor of the East in 395 A. p. In the same
year he persuaded the young emperor to marry Eudoxia,
daughter of the l-'rank Bauto, instead of the daughter of
the minister Kuflnus. After the murder of liuflnus in
3!i5 by Gainas, in which he was probably an accomplice,
heoljtained control of the government. He was elevated
to the rank of a patrician in 398, and was made consul in
390. At the instance of Eudoxia and Gainas he was sur-
rendered in 399 to the rebelUous Goths in Asia ilinor.
Eutyches (ii'ti-ke/.). [Gr. Evrix'/c-^ Lived in
the 5th century A. D. A heresiarch of the East-
ern Church, founder of the sect of the Euty-
chians. The heresy was condemned at the
Council of Chalcedoii in 451.
Eutychians (u-tik'i-anz). The followers or
those holding the doctrine of Eutyches. He
taught that Christ had but one nature, the divine, so that
it was proper to say that God had been crucified for us.
He was an opponent of Nestorius, and the founder of the
sect of Monophysites.
Euxine (uk's'iu), The. See Black .Sea.
Eva (e'vii). Little. [See-Kre.] In Mrs. Stowe's
"Uncle Tom's Cabin," the daughter of St.
Clare: a child whose friendship for Uncle Tom
and whose early death form an important part
of the novel.
Evagoras(e-vag'o-ras). [Gr. Ecnjop«r.] Killed
374 B. c. A king of Salamis, in Cyprus, from
about 410-374 B. c.
Evagrius (e-vag'ri-us), surnamed Scholasti-
CUS. [Gr. EiVij/jfof.] Born at Epiphania, Ccele-
SjTia, about 536: died after 594. A Syiian
church historian, author of an '■Ecclesiastical
History."
Evald (a'vald), Johannes. Born at Copenha-
gen, Nov. 18, 1743: died at Copenhagen, March
17, 1781. A celebrated Danish lyric poet. He
studied theology at the University of Copenhagen, but left
suddenly to enter the Prussian military service. He soon,
however, deserted to tlie Austrians, and after a year and a
half again deserted and returned to Copenhagen and re-
sumed his studies. His first work, " Lykkens Temple"
("The Temple of Fortune "), an allegorical narrative in
prose, appeared in 17C4. A poem on the death of King
Frederick V. (1766) established Ids fame as a lyric poet. A
lyi'ical drama, "Adam og Eva "("Adam and Eve "), appeared
in 1769; a prose tragedy. "Rolf Krage," in 1770. In 1774
appeared the tragedy "Balders Dbd " ("Balder's Death "),
the first Danish drama written in iambic pentameter. His
greatest work, " Fiskerne " ("The Fishermen "), ivritten in
1778, is a dramatized description of fisher life. It eon-
tains some of his best lyrics, among them " Kong Kristian
stod ved hbien ilast " (" King Christian stood by the lofty
Mast "), which has become a national song. He left an un-
completed autobiography, " Johannes Ewalds Levnet og
Meninger"(" Johannes Ewald's Life and Opinions'). His
complete works, "Samtlige Skrifter," appeared in Copen-
hagen 186(3-56, 6 vols.
E'van (ev'an). See the extract.
The story (of the King of Thule) next appears in a legal
form, familiiU-to the student of Blackstone. In this shape
it recounts the oppressitms of " Evenus," or "King Evan
the Third," or "Evan the Sixteenth." according to various
versions, who at some time liefore the Cluistian era made
a law appropriating tin- wives of his subjects to himself;
but, after a quarrel wbi.b lastetl for al)out 1,100 years, the
barbarous triliiite was, at the request of King ilalcolm's
quecTi, commuted for a money payment. It has been dis-
covered after much research that the ancient king, his
law and its rejjcal, are all e(|Ually mythical. But tlie story
remained down to recent times the stock example of the
horrors of the feudal system.
Ellon, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 84.
E'7ander (e-van'd6r). [Gr. Einrrfpof.] In clas-
sical legend, a sou of Hermes, and the leader of
an Arcadian colony into Latium 60 years before
the Trojan war.
Evangelical Alliance, The. The name of an
assoi'iation of Christians belonging to the Evan-
gelical ilenominations. It was organized by a world's
convention in London in 1846. anil its object is to pitmiote
christian intercourse between the ditferent orthodox
Protestjint denominations, and more etfective cooperation
in Christian work. Branches exist in all countries where
there are eonsideralde Protestant communities. Several
general conferences have been held, in which reports were
received concerning the religious condition of the world.
Among the most inii»ortant results obtained by the alliam-e
is the establishment of a week of i>rayer, the week com-
mencing with the first Sunday of .lanmuy in each year,
now lai-gely observed throughout Protestant Christendom.
Evangeline (c-van'je-lin). [F. Era 11(11 line. NL.
Ennifii Iniii. from (ir. rni; jf/or, bringer of good
news.] .\u idyllic ]>oem Ijy Longfellow, jiub-
lished in 1847: named from its heroine. It is
founded on the removal of the Acadians by the British
in 1755. Evangeline is accidentally parted from her lover.
Gabriel, whom she seeks hopelessly but faithfully all her
life, as he seeks her. They pass near one another many
times, but never meet until he is dying in a hospital many
years after.
fivans, Augusta J. See irn.wn. Mrs.
Evans, Frederick William
Evans (ev'anz), Frederick William.
374
Exarchate of Ravenna
the Shaker denomination
glous subjects. He emigrateJ to America in
Bom she was Iwrn, and it turned ont that she was twenty-six Evergreen. The pseudonym of AVashiDgton
June 9, 1808 : died March ti, 1S93. -\n elder in "^^Sr^rSo^^iT^^f^'^ist of the 18th Cent , p. 317. J^""? '" '/ Sf.l^agundi."
-' and writer on reli- J-t"»ym, -^oveis ana .^oveiisisoi me loio i.eni., p. oi,. j,^gj.g^^^p^,pj.^ j^^ A village in Hampshire,
1820, and Evelyn (ev'e-lin), John. Bom at Wotton, Sur- England, 8 miles southeast of Rea<ling. Charles
ill 1830 joined the community of Shakers at Mount" Leba- rev, England, Oct. 31, 1620: diedatWotton, Feb. Kingslev was rector there for over 30 years,
non, X. Y., of which he was presiiling elder from 1855^ 27", 1706. An English author. He was the second Every Man in his HumOUr. A comedy by Ben
son of Richard Evelyn; was admitted a student at the Jonson, first acted in 1598. and published in
Middle Temple in 1637 ; and received the honorary degree
He published "A Short Treatise on the Second Appeanng
of Christ in and through the Order of the Female ' (1S53X
"Autobiography of a Shaker" (IStSX -Religious Com-
munion " (1S71). etc.
Evans, Sir George De Lacy. Bom at Moig,
Cuiiiitv Limerick, hvland, Oct. 7, 178( : died at
Loudon. Jan. 9, 1870. A British general. He
served against the French in the Spanish peninsula 1812-
1S14, and against the .Americans at Baltimore, Washington,
and New Orleans in 1S14-15 ; commanded the British legion
sent to suppress the Carlist rebellion in Spain 1835-37;
commanded a division of the British army in the Crimea
1864-ii5 ; and was promoted general in 1861.
Evans, Sir Hugh. In Shakspere's "Men-y
Wives of Windsor." a ludicrous, officious, and
simple-minded Welsh parson.
Sir was formerly applied to the inferior clergy as well
as to knights. Fuller in his " Church History" says : " Such
priests as have Sir before their Christian name were men
not graduated in the university : being in orders, but not
in degrees; while others, entitled "masters,' had com-
menced in the arts." Besides Sir Hugh. Shakespeare has
Sir Oliver Mar-text, the Vicar, in "As You Like It," Sir
Topasin "Twelfth Xight," and Sir Nathaniel, the Curate,
in "Love's Labour's Lost." Hudmn, note to M. W. of W.
Evans, John. A colonial deputy governor of
Pennsvlvania under William Penn 1704-09. He
of D. C. L. iiri669. The years IWl-l" he passed principally
in travel, with occasional returns to England. For a short
time he joined the king's army. He was a strong Royal-
ist, and in 1&19 published a translation of La Mothe le
Vayer's " Of Liberty and Servitude." with a Royalist pre-
face, for which he was "threatened." In ltlo2, thinking
the cause of the Royalists hopeless, he settled at Sayes
1601 {quarto: folio 1616). In its first form, with
Italian characters, it was acted in 1.596.
Every Man out of his Humour. A comedy
bv Ben Jonson, first produced in 1599. and pub-
lished in 1600 (quarto : folio 1606). He called
it "a comical satire.''
Court, Deptford, the estate of his wife s father. Sir Richard EveSham (evz'ham or evz'am). [AS. EofeshamS^
« ,. J __.i,— ;. o,, 1 !,„.., .man. „■>,„„ A towu in Worcestershire, England, sltuated OD
the Avon 14 miles southeast of Worcester. Here
the royalists under Prince Edward (afterward Edward I.)
defeated the baronial forces under Simon de Montfort, Aug.
4, 12tVi. Simon and his son Henry were killed, and the
barons' party was broken up. Population (1S91X 5,836.
Browne, ambassador at Paris. He lived here till 1694, when
he went to Wotton to live with his elder brother. At the
death of the latter, in lii99, the estate became his, and he
passed the rest of Ills life here. At both places he devoted
himself to gardening. He was in favor at court after the
Restoration, and held some minor ofBces, He was much
interested in the Royal Society, of which he was a fellow
■ Apology for the Royal Party, etc. " (1659X " Fumifugiuni
(1661), 'Sculptura, etc." (16l>2), " Sylva, etc.' (16tH), "Ka-
iendarium Hortense ' (16t>»), " N'umismata, etc." (1697),
'"The Complete Gardener " (translated from the French of
Quintinie. 169SX etc. His memoirs, first published in
1S18-19, edited by William Bray, contain his letters and
^^^— ■ ... .-^ -- diary.
was not a Quaker, and quarreled continually with the EvemcrUS (e-vem'e-rus), or EuememS (ii-em'
in 1661, one of the council in 1662, secretary 1672. He ob- Eyian-leS-BaiUS (a-\-vou'la-ban'). A town in
tained for it the Arundelian library in 1678, and for the ,1^ department of Haute-Savoie, France, on
University of Oxford the Arundelian marbles in 166,, both , , l , «„,,„..„ n^nnsitp T-ftiKsannP Pnn-
frora the Duke of N'orfolk. He was treasurer of Green- the Lake ot trenev a Opposite jjausanne, rop-
wich Hospital 1695-1703. Among his works are " The State ulation (1891), commune, 2,(i(.
of France, etc. "(1652), "A Character of England "(1659), Evll Merodach (e'\-il mer'6-dak). [Babvlo-
<■ A.^i.,„.,.f.,r.h»R.w,i p,.rtv ,..,- "nfi.n«Y " Ki,mifn«um ^;.^^ J^^.^^ ^j. j,„,., j/orrfi/A-, man (i. e. ' servant')
Assembly, which refused to raise troops against the French
and Indians.
Evans, Mary Ann. See Cross, Mrs.
Evans, Oliver. Born at Newport, Del., 1755:
died at New York, April 21, 1819. An American
mechanician and inventor. He invented machinery
used in milling, the application of which to mills worked
by water-power effected a revolution in the manufacture
of flour, and is said to have invented the first steam-engine
constructed on the high-pressure system, the drawings and
specifications of which he sent to England about 1795. He
wrote "Young MiUwright's and Miller's Guide " (1795), etc.
Evans, William. Died in 1632. A giant, a porter
of Charles 1. He was nearly 8 feet high, and is in-
troduced in Fuller's " Worthies " and in Scott's " Peveril
of the Peak."
Evanson (ev'an-son), Ed'ward. Bom at War-
rington, Lancashire, England, April 21, 1731 :
died at Coleford, Gloucestershire. England
Sept. 25, 1805. An English clergyman and con
e-rus), or Euhemerus (ii-hem'e-rus). [Gr.
Erv/if/jnf.] Lived in the second half of the 4th
century B. C. A Greek mythogiapher. He wrote
a "Sacred History "Cl«pa ' \fay(ia.<i)7j). in which he gave an
anthropomorphic explanation of current mythology.
The most famous of the later theories was that of Eu-
emerus (316 B. c). In a kind of philosophical romance,
Eueraerus declared that he had sailed to some No-man's-
land, Panchaja, where he found the verity about mythical
times engraved on pillars of bronze. This truth he pub-
lished in the Sacra Historia. where he rationalised the
fables, averring that the gods had been men, and that the
myths were exaggerated and distorted records of facts.
Lan<ij Mjth., etc., I. 15.
Evening's Love, An, or The Mock Astrolo-
ger. A comedy by Dryden, acted and printed
in 1()68. It was taken in part from the younger Cor-
neille's "Le feint astrologue," a version of "El astrologo
flngido"(by Calderon), and from Moliere's "Depit amou-
reux."
troversialist. He became vicar of South Mimms in 1768, EveUUS (e-ve'nus). In ancient geography, a
and rector of Tewkesbury in 1769. In 1778 he resigned his river of ..Etolia, Greece, flowing into the Gulf
living, and opened a school at Mitcham. He wrote "Dis- ^f Patras 7 miles southeast of Jlissolonghi :
(iT^retc!' '^^ ^"" Generally Received Evangelists ^^^ modem Fidaris. Length. 50-60 miles.
Evanston (ev'an-ston). A village and town- Everdingen (ev'er-ding-en), Aldertor Allart
ship in Cook County, Illinois, situated on Lake van. Bom at Alkmaar, Nethei-lands. 1621:
Michigan 12 miles north of Chicago. It is the seat died at Amsterdam. 16(0. A Dutch marine and
of the Northwestern University (.Methodist Episcopal), of landscape painter and etcher.
Garrett Biblic;d Institute, and of the Evaaston College for Everest (ev'er-est). Sir GcOrgC. Bom at Gwem-
L.adi,s. Population (1890), township. 13,069. .^j^j^^ Brecknock, Wales, July 4, 1790 : died at
Evansville (ev'anz-vil). Acity of Indiana, the - ■ ■ * " ^ • . -
capital of Vanderburg Countv, situated on the
Ohio in lat. 37° 58' N., long. 87° 35' W. it is an
important shipping point, and has a large trade in tobacco,
grain, etc., and extensive manufactures. Population (1890),
•SO, 756.
Evarts (ev'iirts), Jeremiah. Born at Sunder-
land, Vt., Feb. 3, 1781 : died at Charleston. S. C,
May 10, 1831. An American editor and mission-
ary secretary. He tiecame editor of the " Panoplist "
(Boston) in 181*1, and of the " Missionary Herald " (Boston)
Greenwich, near London, Dec. 1. 18(56. A Brit
ish surveyor, superintendent of the trigono
metrical survey of Inilia in 1823. and suri'eyor
general of India in 1830.
named in his honor.
Everest, Mount. [Named from the English
engineer Sir George Everest.] The highest
known mountain of the globe, situated in the
Himalavas, in Nepal, in lat. 27° 58' N., long.
86° 55' E. Height. 29.002 feet.
of the god Jlerodach.] Son of Nebuchadnez-
zar, king of Babylon 561-559 B. C. He released
the Judean king Jehoiachin from prison, after 37 years'
confinement, and honored him above all the vassal kings.
He was killed in a rebellion led by his sister's husband,
Neriglissar (Nergalsharezer). who then seized the Baby-
lonian crown. According to Berosus he rendered himself
odious by his arbitrary and unwise rule.
Evora (a'vo-ra). The capital of the province .
of Alemtejo, Portugal, 76 miles east by south
of Lisbon. It contains remains from the Roman city
of Ebora. The cathedral is an interesting church of the
13th century, with rose- windows in the- transepts, and a
west porch or narthex containing tombs and opening
into the nave by a fine sculptured doorway ; the interior
has clustered columns, and there is a later Pointed clois-
ter. A Roman triumphal arch, in masonry of large blocks,
is in good preservation. A Roman temple of Diana, a
Corinthian structure 40 by 68 feet, is unusually well pr«-
served. It is hexastyle prostyle, with a deep pronaos,
having 3 columns on each flank in addition to the angle-
column. 'The sculpture and details are of good execu-
tion.
fivreux (a-vre'). The capital of the depart-
ment of Eure, France, situated on the Iton in
lat. 49° N., long. 1° 7' E. It manufactures tools,
hosiery, etc., and has a cathedral. N'ear by is Vieil-Ev-
reux. with Roman antiquities, on the site of the Roman
Mediolanum. It was the seat of a Norman county. Pop-
ulation (1891), commune, 16,932.
fivreux, Yves d'. See Ties d'£rreiu:
Ewald (a'viilt), Georg Heinrich August.
Bora at Gottingen, Pnissia, Nov. 16. 1803: died
at Gottingen. May 4. 1875. A celebrated Ger-
man Orientalist and biblical critic. He was pro-
fessor of Oriental languages at Gottingen 1827-37, at Tu-
bingen 1838-48, and again at Gottingen 1848-67. Both id
1837 and in 1867 he was removed from his position at Got-
tingen for political reasons. He published a "Hebrew
Grammar " (1827). "Geschichte des Volkes Israel" (1843-
ISS'.i). ■ Alterthumer des Tolkes Israel " (1848), and works
in 1820. and was corresponding secretary of the American EverCtt (ev'er-et). A town in Middlesex Coimtv.
Board of coinmissioners^for Foreign Missions 1821-31. Massachusetts, 3 miles north of Boston. Pop-
Evarts, Wllham Maxwell. Born at Boston, ujation (1890), 11,068.
Hayes'llni^ll an? ReTub.SntnU^ Everett Edward, Bom at Dorchester.Mass,
m New York 1SS5-9L Apnl 11, li94: died at Boston, Jan. lo, 186;j.
Mass.. Feb. 6, 1818. An American lawyer and
politician, son of Jeremiah Evarts. He graduated
at Yale in 1837, and was admitted to the New York bar in
1840. He was counsel for President .tohnson in the latter *s
impeachment trial before the United states Senate in 1868 ;
United Slates attorney-genei-al under l*resideiu .lohnson
1S6S-69 ; United States counsel at the Geneva tribunal in
1872 ; counsel for the Republican party before the United
States Electond
under President
States senator from
Eve (Ov). [ME. Ere. AS. Efr. F. £ie, Sp. Pg. It.
Evil. G. Era, LL. Era, Hera, Gr. Eva, Eiia (in
liXX translated Zut'i, life), Ar. Haicwd, Heb.
HarvCih. liring, life.] The first woman, the
mother of the human race, according to the
account of the creation in Genesis.
Evelina (ov-e-li'nS). [Dim. of Era, Eve.] A
novel by Madame d'Arblay (Frances Burney).
published in 1778, named from its principal
character.
It was for a long time believed that iliss Burney was
only seventeen when she wrote '• Evelina." If so, it was
indeed an extraordinary b*»-ik ; but the question depended
upon the exact period of her birth ; and when Croker ed-
ited " Boswell's Life of Johnson," he took the pains, most
properly and naturally one would think, to ascertain the
fact by examining the parish register of Che town where
Everett, Alexander Hill. Born at Boston,
Mass.. March 19. 1792: tiled at Canton, China,
May 29, 1847. An American diplomatist and
author. He was charge d'affaires in the Netherlands
1818-24. minister to Spain 182.i-29, and commissioner to
China 1846-J7. He published " Europe, etc. ' (1821). " '"
Ideas on Population " (1822), "America, etc." (1827).
'New
of scriptural exegesis and criticism.
Mount Everest was Ewald, Johannes. See Erald.
E'Whank (ii'bangk). Thomas. Born at Barnard
Castle, Durham, England. March 11. 1792: died
at New York, Sept. 16, 1870. An American
manufacturer and writer on mechanics. He
published "An Account of Hydraulic and other
Machines " (1842), etc.
E'we (a-wa'). An important African nation
which occupies the region between the Volta
River and Yoruba, in western Africa. By the na-
tives this region is called Ewe-nie, i. e. 'home of the Ewe.'
The nation is subdivided into five tribes, and the lan-
guage into as manv dialects : the Mahe. on the upper Volt*
River; the Dahomey; the Weta, usually called Wliydah at
Popo ; the Anfiie. between the ^^ eta and .Ashanli and be-
longing to the King of Peki ; and the Anlo. on the east
bank of the Volta. Politically this nation and country are
subject to Dahomey, England, France, and Genuany.
Ewell (u'el). Richard Stoddard. Bom in the
District of Columbia. Feb.. 1817: died at Spring-
field, Tenn., Jan. 2.5, 1872. An American gen-
eral in the Confederate service. He served with
distinction at the battles of Bull Run. Gettys-
burg, the Wilderness, etc.
ietts 182.'i-35 ; governor of Massachusetts E'Wing (ii'ing). John. Born at Nottingham,
er to England 1841-45; president of Bar- ji,i_ 5„ne 22, 1732 : died at Philadelphia. Sept.
MW9: secretary of state l8o2-^; and ^^g^^., ^^ ^^e^ican Presbyterian clergjTnan,
provost of the University of Pennsylvania
1779-1802.
Ewing, Thomas. Bom in Ohio County. \a.,
Dec. 28, 1789: died at Lancaster, Ohio. Oct. 26,
1871. An American politician. He was United
States senator (Whig) from Ohio 1831-37, secretary ol
the treasury 1841, secretary of the interior 1849-50, ano
U nited States senator 1S50-.M.
Exarchate of Ravenna. See Earenna, Ex-
archate of.
A celebrated American statesman, orator, and
author, brother of .\. H. Everett. He was pro-
fessor of Greek at Harvard College 1819-'25 ; editor of the
" North American Review " 18'>0-24 : member of Congress
from Massachusetts
1836-jn ; minister
vard College 1846-49; secretary of state
United States senator from ilassachusetts 1853-.'>4. He
was the candidate of the Constitutional Union party for
Vice-President in 1860. His 'Mirations and Speeches"
were published in 4 volumes in 1S69.
Everett, or Washington, Mount. One of the
highest summits of the Taeonic Mountains, in
the southwestern comer of Massachusetts.
Height, 2.625 feet.
Everglades (ev'^r-gladz). A swampy tininhab-
ited region in Dade and Monroe counties,
southern Florida.
Ezcalibur
Excalibur foks-kal'i-ber), orExcalibar, orEs-
calibor. The swonl of the mythical KiiiK Ar-
thur. Artluir received it from the hands of tlie I-ndy of
the Lalce. It had a aoatihard the wearer of which could
lose no blixjd. Some versions of the romance call it " Mi-
randoise. " There seems, however, to have been also an-
other sword called Excalil)nr in the early part of the 8tor>'.
This was the sword, ])lun^;ed deep into a stone, which could
be lirawn forth only by the man who was to be king. After
two hundred knights had failed, Arthur drew it out with-
out ditBculty.
Excelsior Geyser. One of the largest geysers
ill tlic workl, in t he Yellowstone National Park,
Wyoming. It has thrown a column of water to
a height of from 200 to :J00 feet.
Excursion, The. A didactic poem by William
Wordsworth, foiTuing part of the "Recluse,"
published in 1814.
Exe (eks). [ME. Exe, AS. Exa, recorded in Exnn
ceaxhr, Exeter, and Exan mitthd, E.xmouth.]
A river in Somerset and Devon, England, flow-
ing into the English Channel 10 miles south-
southeast of Exeter. Length, 54 miles.
Exeter (eks'e-tf'r). [ME. Exeter, Excetrc, Exce.s-
Ur, Excestrc. AS. Exanccnster, Enxeccaster, city
of (on) the Exo.] 1. A cathedral city, the capi-
tal of Devonshire, England, on the Exe, near
its mouth, in lat. 50=43' N., long. .S° 31' W. it is
a seaport, and has some foreign trade. It manufactures
gloves and agricultural machinery. It is said to be the old-
est English city having continuous existence. It w;is taken
by William I. in iocs, was unsuccessfully besieged by
Perkin VVarbeck in 1497 and by Cornish insurgents in
1549, and was taken by Prince Maurice in 1643, and by
Fairfax in 1646. The cathedral, which is 408 feet in length
by 76 in breadth, was founded in the 12th century, hut in
its present form dates, except the two Norman transept -
towers (with one exception the only example of transept-
towers in England), from between 1280 and 1394. The
west front presents a strange design, its lower portion
being an imitation in stone of a wooden screen, with three
tiers of statues in niches ; above is a large window with
good tracery. The interior is rich and effective, with fine
arches, vaulting with central rib and verj' numerous radi-
ating ribs, and interesting medieval tombs and bishop's
throne. Population (1891), 37,580.
John Shillingford t«Ue us that Exeter was a walled city
before the Incarnation of Christ; and, though it is not
likely to have been a walled city in any sense that would
satisfy cither modern or Roman engineers, it is likely
enough to have been already a fortified post before Ca;sar
landed in Britain. Freeman, Eng. Towns, p. 61.
2. A town in Rockingham County, New Hamp-
shire, situated on the Exeter River 13 miles
BOtithwost of Portsmouth. It is the seat of
Phillips Academy (which see). Population
(1890), 4,284.
Exeter Book, The. [L. Codex Exoniensis.'] A
collection of Anglo-Saxon poems given by Bish-
op Leofrio to the library of the cathedral of
Exeter. England, between 1046 and 1073. It "con-
tains pieces apparently detached which are now regarded
as forming a connected poem upon Christ, by Cynewulf
(hymns to the .Saviour, to the Virgin, to the Trinity, on
the Nativity, Ascension, and Harrowing of Hell): also
hymns of praise and thanksgiving ; poems on the Day of
Judgment and the Crucillxion, and on Souls after Death ;
a short sermon in verse; and the ' Legend of St. (Juthlac,'
a metrical paraphrase of the Latin 'Lite of .St. Guthlac.'liy
Felix, a monk of Croyland Abbey " (.VoW»-i;, Eng. Writers,
II. 199). It also contains a paraphrase of the "Song of
Hananiah, .Mishael, and Azariah," "The Phfcnix,' "Le-
gend of St. Juliana," " The Wanderer,' " The Seafarer," a
poetu on Christian morality, "Widsith,"" The Wonders of
Creation, I"he Panther," "The Whale," "The Address of
the .Soul to the Body," " Song of Deor the Bard," and a col-
lection of riddles. The book was first published by the
London Society of Antiquaries in 1842 as " Codex Exoni-
ensiH, etc."
Exeter College. A college at Oxford, England,
founded by Walter de Stapeldon, bishop of Exe-
375
ter, in 1314. The endowment was increased by Sir
William Petre in 1565. The buildings have been often re-
stored, and are in part modern.
Walter de stapeldon, Bishop of Exeter, was the founder
of the college which now bears the name of that see. In
April, 1314, he conveyed the rectory of Gwinear, in Corn-
wall, to the l)ean ami chapter of Exeter, on condition that
they slKHild apply tin- iniometothe maintenance of twelve
scholars studying philosophy at the I'niversity ; and he
purchased for these scholars two houses in the parish of
St. Peter in the East, at t;)xford, known respectively as
Hart Hall and Arthur Hall. The original members of the
foundation were placed in Hart Hall, wliich in consequence
received for a while the name of Stajjeldon Hall. It was
not long, however, before the Bishop resolved to provide
them with a more comfortable abode. In October, 1315,
he bought a tenement called St. Stephen's Hall, an ad-
joining tenement called La Lavandrie, and a third to the
east of them, situated just within the town wall, between
the Turl and Smith Gate. Thither the twelve scholars
removett, and the name of stapeldon Hall was transferred
to the little grtmp of buildings which thus became the
nucleus of Exeter College. Lifte, Oxford, p. 137.
Exeter Hall. A building on the Strand, Lon-
don, used for religious, charitable, and musical
assemblies. It was piu'chased for the Young
Men's Christian Association in 1880.
Exilioor(eks'mor). A hilly moorland and marshy
region in western Somerset and northern Dev-
on, England. It is noted for its breed of ponies and
for wild deer. The scene of Blaekmore's novel " Lorna
Doone " is laid in it. Highest point (Dunkery Beacon),
1,707 feet.
Exmouth (eks'muth). [ME. Exemutli, AS. Exaii
mtithiij mouth of the Exe.] A town, and wa-
tering-place in Devonshire, England, situated
at the mouth of the Exe, 10 miles southeast of
Exeter. Population (1891), 8,097.
Exmouth, Viscount. See Pellew.
Exodus (ek'so-dus). [6r. fforfoc, from ff, out,
an<l u66c, a way.] The second book of the Old
Testament. It takes its name from the deliverance
(which it describes) of the Israelites from their bondage
under the Pharaohs, and their departure from Egypt.
Exploits (eks-ploits') RiTrer. The largest river
in Newfoundland. It has a northeasterly course, and
falls into the Bay of Exploits, in Notre Dame Bay. Length,
■2IX) miles.
Expounder of the Constitution. An epithet
iiopularly a)>plied to Daniel Webster.
Expunging Resolution. A resolution intro-
duceil into the United States Senate by T. H.
Benton of Missouri, to erase from the .iourual
the censure passed by the Senate on Presi-
dent Jackson, March 28, 1834, relating to the
bank controversy. It was first introduced in
1834, and was carried Jan. 16, 1837.
Exterminator, The. [Sp. El Extenninador.']
A stnname of Moutbars, a French adventurer.
See Moiithars.
Exton (eks'ton). Sir Pierce of. A minor
character in Shakspere's " King Richard II."
Exumas (cks-o'maz). A group of islands cen-
trally situated in the Bahamas. The Great
Exunia has a tine harbor. Population, about
2.300.
Eyam (6'am or i'am). A village in Derbyshire,
England, southeast of Castleton. Itspopvilation
was nearly exterminated in the plague of IGGrt-
]6()6.
Eyck (ik ), Hubert van. Bom at Maaseyck,
near I.iit4gc, in 1366: died at Ghent, Flanders.
Sept. 18, 1426. A noted Flemish painter.
Eyck, Jan van. Born at Maaseyck about
13S6: <licd at Bruges, Flanders. July 9, 1440.
A Flemish painter, brother of Hubert van
Eyck, and court painter of Philip the Good,
diike of Burgundy.
Ezzelino
Eyck, Margarete van. Lived in the first part
of the l.'iih century. A Flemish painter, sister
of Hubert and Jan van Eyck.
Eye (i). A town in Suffolk, Englau<l, 18 miles
north of Ipswich. Population (1891). 2,064.
Eye (i'e), Johann Ludolf August von. Bom
at Flirstenau. Hannover, May 24, 1825. A Ger-
man art historian. His chief work is "Das
Kcich des Schiinen" (1878).
Eyemouth(i'mouth). A fishing town in Berwick-
sliire, Scotland, 8 miles northwest of Berwick.
Population (1891), 2,573.
Eye of the Baltic. An epithet of the island of
Gothland.
Eylau (i'lou), or Prussian Eylau. A town in
the province of East Prussia, Prussia, 22 miles
south-southeast of Konigsberg. An indecisive
battle was fought here Feb. 8, 1807, between the French
(about 70,000) luidcr Napoleon and the Kussians and I*rus-
sians (80,i)0n) under Eennigsen and Lestocq. The loss of
each side amounted to about 18,000. Population (1890),
3,446.
Eyre (ar).Ed'ward John. Bom Aug., 1815. An
English colonial governor. He explored Austra-
lia 1.S4()-41, and was governor of Jamaica 1864-
1866.
Eyre, Jane. See Jane Eyre.
Eyre, Lake. [Named from the English traveler
in Australia, Edward John Evre.] A salt lake
in South Australia, about lat." 28°- 29° S., long.
137° E. Length, about 95 mUes.
Eyria (i'ri-U) Peninsula. A peninsula in South
Australia, northwest of Spencer Gulf.
Eyzaguirre (ay-tha-ger're)f Agustin. Bom at
Santiago, 1766: died there, July 19, 1837. A
Chilean statesman. He was a member of the govern-
ment junta in 1813. From 1814 to 1817 he was imprisoned
by the Spaniards at Juan Fernandez. After the overthrow
of O'lliggins (Jan., 1823), Eyzaguirre was a member of the
temporary junta. Elected vice-president soon after, he
was acting president Sept, 1S26, to Jan., 1827, when he
was deposed by a military mutiny.
Ezekiel (e-ze'ki-el). [Heb.,' God will strength-
en.'] Born in Palestine about 620 B. c. : died
after 572 B. c. A Hebrew prophet, author of
the book of Ezekiel. He was carried captive to Baby-
lonia in 697, and commenced his career as a prophet in 594.
Ezida (li'zi-da). [Akkadian c-C((/«, the eternal
house.] The chief sanctuary of Nebo (Nabu),
the Assyro-Babylonian god of wisdom and lit-
erature (mentioned in Isa. xlvi. 1). in Borsippa,
the modern moimd of Birs Nimnid, not far
from Babylon. The temple was constructed of seven
platforms piled one on another, each square in shape and
somewhat smaller than the preceding one. 'I'he top one
sei-ved as an observatory. It is supposed that this tower-
like structure, called in the inscriptions ?i^5»rrtt, is alluded
to in the story of the " tower of Babel " in Genesis. He-
rodotus gives a description of it, but considered it to be a
sanctuai-y of Bel.
Ezion-Geber (e'zi-on-ge'bcr), or Ezion-Qaber
(6'zi-on-ga'ber). In scripture geography, a port
ou the Elanitie Gulf of the Red Sea. It was
a rendezvous of the fleets of Solomon and Je-
hoshaphat.
Ezra(ez'ra). [Heb., 'help'; Gr. 'Ecrdpaf.] Lived
in the middle of the 5th century B.C. A Hebrew
scribe and priest. He conducted an expedition from
Babylon to Palestine about 458, and carried out important
reforms at Jerusalem. To him have been ascribed the
revisitJii and editing of the eiu-lier books of Scripture, the
determination of the canon, and the authorsihip not only
of the books that bear his name and that of Nchcmiah. but
also of the books of Chronicles and Esther.
Ezzelino (et-/.e-le'n6), or Eccelino (S-che-le'-
no). da Romano. Born at Ouara, near Treviso,
Italy, April 26, 1194: died Sept., 1259. An Italian
Ghibelliue leader.
|^^;,^7v
J
. .^.V>^'i .^..S
^sitifi^
:\^^-
p
1
abel (fa'bel), Peter. A per-
son, buried at Edmonton in
the reign of Henry VII.,
around whom the tradition
grew that he had sold his soul
to the devil and then cheated
him out of it. He was made
flu- hero of the play "The
Merry Devil of Edmonton."
Faber (fii'ber), Basilius. [L. faber, smith.]
Born at Sorau, Prussia, 1520: died at Erfurt,
Germany, probably in 1.576. A German classical
scholar, "author of " Thesaurus eruditioiiis scho-
lastica>'' (1571). etc.
Faber (fa'ber), Frederick William. Born at
Calverley, Yorkshire, England, June 28, 1S14:
died Sept. 26, 1863. An English hvmn-writer.
He was fi clergyman of the .\nsliean Church until 1S45, and
afterward became a priest of the Roman Catholic Church.
A complete edition of his hymns was published iu 1861.
Faber, George Stanley. Born at Caherley,
Yorkshire, Oct. 2.'i, 1773: died near Durham.
Jan. 27, 1854. An English di^-ine and contro-
versialist, uncle of F. W. Faber. He graduated at
Oxford, and became a fellow and tutor of Lincoln College
in 1793. He was successively curate of Calverley, vicarof
Stockton-upon-Tees, rector of Redmarshall , rector of Long
Newton, and master of Sherburn Hospital. He wrote "Horse
Mosaicie, etc. "(1801), " A nissertation on the Mysteries of
the Cabiri. etc." (1803), works on the prophecies, etc.
Faber i fa'ber), Johann, surnamed Malleus
Haereticorum (L.. 'hammer of heretics').
Born at Leutkirch, Wiirtemberg, 1478: died at
Vienna, 1541. A German controversialist and
opponent of the Reformation.
Faber (fa'ber), John. Bom at The Hague
about 1660: tiled at Bristol, England, May, 1721.
A Dutch mezzotint engraver, resident in Eng-
land after 1687 (f).
Faber, John. Born 1695 (?) : died at London,
May 2. 1756. An English mezzotint engraver,
a son of John Faber (1660-1721).
Faber (fii-bar'), or Leffebvrede-fa^T'), Jacques,
surnamed, Stapulensis (from his birthplace).
Born at Etaples, France, about 14.50: died at
Nerac. Lot-et-Garonne, France, 1537. A French
scholar and reformer, vicar (1523) of the Bishop
of Meaux. He wrote commentaries on the works of
Aristotle, and translated some of the books of the Bible
into hrench (1.^23-30).
Fabia gens (fa'bi-a jenz). In ancient Rome, a
patrician clan or house, probably of Sabine ori-
gin, which traced its descent from Hercules and
the Arcadian Evander. Its family names under the
republic were Ambustus, Bnteo, Dorse, Labeo, Licinus,
Maximus, Pictor, and Vibulanus.
Fabian. See Fahijan.
Fabian (fa'bi-an). In Shakspere's " Twelfth
Night." a servant to <!)li\ia.
Fabius (fa'bi-us). The American. A name
given to Washington, whose tactics were simi-
lar to those of Fabius the Cunctator.
Fabius, The French. A name given to Anne,
due tie Montmorency, grand constable of
France.
Fabius Maximus Rullianus, Quintus. Died
about 290 B. c. A Roman general. He was con-
sul six times, the first time in 322 and the last in 21)5, and
was dictator in 315. He distinguished himself iu the third
war against the Samnite?, over whom and their allies he
gained the decisive victory of Sentinum in 205.
Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, Quintus, sur-
nanic.l Cunctator ('the Delayer'). Died 203
B. C. A Ktiuum general. He was consul for the
first time in 2:i3, when by a victory over the Ligurians he
obtained the honor ot a triumph. In 218 he was at the
head of the legation sent by the Roman senate to demand
reparation of Carthage for the attitck on Saguntuni. After
the defeat of the consul Flaminius by Hannibal at Thra-
symenus, he wa-s, in 217, appointed dictator. Avoiding
pitched battles (whence his surname Cunctator, 'delayer"),
he ^-eakened the Carttiaginians by numerous skirmishes.
Dissatisfaction having arisen at Rome with this method of
carrying on the war, a bill was passed in the senate divid-
ing the command between the dictator and his master
of the horse, Minucius, who engaged with Hannibal, and
would have been destroyed if Fabius had not hastened to
his assistance. Fabius was succeeded in command by the
coDSOls Patilus ,£mUius and Terentius Varro, who, adopt-
ing a more aggressive policy, were totally defeated at the
battle of Cannae in 218. He was consul for the fifth time
in 2<i9, when he inflicted a severe loss on Hannibal by the
recapture of Tarentum in southern It;Uy.
Fabius Pictor (fa'bi-us pik'tor), Quintus. A
Roman historian. He served in the Gallic war in 225
B. C, as also in the second Punic war. and was sent to
Delphi, after the battle of Cann» in 216, to consult the ora-
cle as to how the Roman state could propitiate the gods.
He was the author of a history of Rome including the
period of the second Punic war. This histoid, which is
now lost, was written iu Greek, and was highly esteemed
by the ancients.
Fable for Critics, A. A poem by James Russell
Lo-ivell, iu which he satirically reviews the
writers and critics of America. It was pub-
lished in 1848.
Fabre (fabr), Ferdinand. Born at B^darieux,
H^rault, France, iu 1830. A French novelist.
He Tvas made conservator of the Mazarin Li-
brary in 1883.
Fabre, Francois Xavier Pascal. Bom at Mont-
pellier, France, April 1, 1766: died at Mont-
pellier. March 16. 1837. A French historical
painter. ,
Fabre d'Eglantine (fiibr da-glon-ten'). Phi-
lippe FrangoisNazaire. Born at Carcassonne,
France, Dec. 28. 1755: gtullotined at Paris,
April 5, 1794. A French dramatist and revolu-
tionist. He wrote numerous comedies, among them
'■ Le PhUinte de iloliere " (1790), which insured him high
rank as a dramatic writer ; " L'Intrigue ^pistolaire "(1792) ;
"Le convalescent de quality "(1792); etc. In the revolu-
tionai-y movement he joined Jhe party of Danton, and per-
ished with it. The name d'Eglantine he assumed from a
golden eglantine (wild rose) which he received as a prize
in his youth from the Academy of the Floral Games at
Toulouse.
Fabretti(fa-bret'te), Ariodante. Born Oct. 1,
1816 : ilied Sept. 16, 1894. An Italian archa?olo-
gist and historian, professor of archseology and
director of the museum of antiqiuties at Turin.
He became a senator in 1889.
Fabretti, Baffaelle. Bom at Urbino, Italy,
1618 : died at Rome, Jan. 7, 1700. ,An Italian
antiquary, custodian of the arcliives of the Castle
of St. Angelo. He wrote "De aquis et aqufe-
duetibus veteris Romte " ( 1680), •' luscriptiouum
antiquarum explieatio, etc." (1699).
Fabriano (fii-bre-a'no). A town in the prov-
ince of Aiicona, Italy, 36 miles south-west of
Ancona. It is the seat of a bishopiic, and has paper
manufactures. Population (1880), commune, 17,164.
Fabriano, Gentile da. Bornat Fabriano, Italy,
about 13(0: died at Rome about 1450. An
Italian painter.
Fabrice (fii-bres'). Georg Friedrich Alfred,
Count ■yon. ' Born at t^uesnoy. France, in 1818:
died at Dresden. March 25, 1891. Minister of
war to the King of Saxony. He became prime min-
ister in 1876 and minister of foreign affairs iu 1882, and
was created count in 1884.
Fabricius (fa-brish'i-us). In Le Sage's "Gil
Bias," a verbose and inexplicable writer. His
object was to reduce the simple to the unintel-
ligible.
Fabricius (tii-bret'se-os), Georg (originally
Goldschmid). [L. Fabricius, name of a Roman
gens, from faber. smith.] Born at Chemnitz,
Saxony, April, 1516: died at Meissen, Saxony,
1571. A German scholar, poet, and archa?olo-
gist.
Fabricius (fa-brish'i-us), orFabrizio (fa-bref-
se-ci). Hierdnymus, surnamed Ab Aquapen-
dente(L.: from Aquapendente, hisbirthplace).
Born at Aquapendente, Papal States, Italy,
1.537: died at Padua, Italy, May, 1619. A cele-
brated Italian anatomist and surgeon. His
works were edited by Albinus (1737).
Fabricius (fa-bret'se-os), Johann Albert.
Born at Leipsic, Nov. 11, 1668 : liied at Ham-
burg, April 30, 1736. A German scholar, noteil
for the universalitv of his knowledge. He wrote
" Bibliotheca gr!eca"(i705-28)."Bibliothecalatina"(1897),
"Bibliotheca mediae et inllma; letatis " (1734), " Bibliotheca
ecclesiastica" (1718), " Bibliographia antiquaria " (1713),
etc.
Fabricius, Johann Christian. Bom at Ton-
376
dem, Schleswig. Jan. 7, 1745: died at Kiel,
Holstein, March 3, 1.808. A noted Danish en-
tomologist. His chief work is ' ' Systema entomologiro "
(1775 : eidarged edition 1792-94. with a supplement 1798).
Fabricius Luscinus (fa-brish'i-us lu-si'nus).
Caius. Died after 275 B. c. A Roman consul
and general, noted for his incorruptibility. He
was ambassador to Pyrrhus in 280.
Fabroni (fa-iiro'ne)". or Fabbroni, Angelo.
Born at Marradi, Tuscanv, Italy, Sept. 25. 1732:
died at Florence (Pisa .')", Italy, Sept. 22, 1803.
An Italian biographer. His chief work is
" Vita? Italorum doctrina exeellentium" (1778-
1805).
Fabrot (fa-bro'), Charles Annibal. Bom at
Aix, France, Sept. 15, 1.580: died at Paris, Jan.
16, 1659. A French jurisconsult and writer on
the civil law. He published "Basilicon libri LX, Car.
Ann. FabriotusUtine vertit et Greece edidit "(lt>47), "The-
ophili institutiones " (168;^), etc.
Fabvier (fa-vya'), Charles Nicolas, Baron.
Born at Pont-a-Mousson. Dec. 15, 1783: died at
Paris, Sept. 15, 1855. A French general. He
entered the army in 1804, and seiTed with distinction in
the Napoleonic wars. In 1823 he went to the assistance
of the Greeks, to whom he rendered essential service in
the organization of their anuy. He resigned from the
Greek service in 1828. He wrote "Journal des operations
du G^ni*^ corps pendant la campagne de 1814 en France"
(1819).
Fabyan (fa'bi-an), Robert. Died probably Feb.
28, 1513. An English chronicler. He appears to
have followed the trade of a clothier in London, where he
became a member of the Drapers' Company and alderman
of the ward of Farringdon Without, besides holding in
1493 the oflice of sheriff. He wrote a clu-onicle of Eng-
land from the aiTival of Brutus to his own day. entitled
'•"The Concordance of Histories," which was first printed
by Pynson in 1516 under the title " The New Chrtinicles
of England and France." .Subsequent editions, with addi-
tions and alterations, were published by Rastell (1533),
Reynes (lo42X and Kingston (1559t.
Fabyan's (fa'bi-anz). A hotel and summer re-
sort in the White Mountains. New Hampshire,
9 miles west of Mount Washington.
Faccio(fa'ch6), Franco. Bom at Verona. March
8, 1840: died at Mouza, July 23, 1891. An Ital-
ian musician. After the death ot Mariani, he was con-
sidered the best leader of orchestra in Italy.
Faccio (fii'cho), Nicolas. Born at Basel, Feb.
16, 1664: died April 28 or May 12, 1753. A
Swiss mathematician of Italian descent. He
went to London, where, after having obtained a fourteen-
year patent for the sole use in England of an invention
for piercing rubies to receive the pivots of the balance-
wheel of watches, he entered into partnership with the
French watchmakers Peter and .Jacob de Beaufr^. He
was a protege of Newton, and wrote a number of learned
treatises, including "Lettre a M. Cassini . . . touchant
une lumiere extraordinaire qui paroit daus le ciel depuis
quelques ann^es" (1686).
Facciolati (fii-cho-la'te), or Facciolato (-to),
Jacopo. Born at Torreglia, near Padua, Italv,
Jan. 4, 16.82: died at Padua, Aug. 26, 1769. An
Italian philologist, professor of philosophy at
Padua. He cooperated with Forcellini in the compila-
tion of the Latin dictionar)- "Totius latinitatis lexicon,"
which appeared under their names (1771, and later edi-
tions).
Face (fas). In Ben Jonson's play "The Al-
chemist," a servant of Lovewit. He is left in
charge of his house, where all the deviltries of the play
take place. He becomes the confederate of Subtle, the
(pretended) alchemist, and of Dol Common, his mistress
He is a daring, cheating, spirited schemer of great au.
dacity. In the house he is Snhtle's understrajiper and
varlet: outside he takes the part of a Pauls man and
brings in dupes to Subtle. On the return of his master
he is discovered, but makes terms with him.
Ficheux (fa-she'), Les. [F., 'The Bores.'] A
comedy by Moli&re, first represented at Vau,
before the king, in 1661.
Facino Cane (^fa-che'no ka'ne). A story by
Balzac. It was written iu 1836, and describes
his struggles with poverty.
Faddiley (fad'i-li). A place near Nantwich,
Cheshire, England, regarded as identical with
Fethan-Seag, the scene of a battle (584) in
which Ceawlin was defeated bv the Britons.
Faddle (fad'l). In Moore's play "The Found-
ling," a knaWsh fop, intended to satirize Rus-
sell, a well-known social favorite of the day.
Fadladeen
Fadladeen (fa<l-la-deii'). In Moore's metrical
romance •' Lallu Kookh,''the ^an<lelnnalterlain
of thr harrm. lie is an infallible judge of everything,
from the penciling uf a circassiun's eyelids tu the deepest
questiuns of science and literature.
Fadladinida (fad-la-din'i-Ju). in Carey's bur-
les<iur ■ < iirononhotonthologos," the (^ueeu of
Quefriiinmauia aiul wife of KingChrouoiihotou-
tnolo^os. Her conduct is easy in the extreme.
Paed (fad), John. Born at Burley Mill in 1820.
A Scottish genre and landscape painter, brother
of Thomas Faeil.
Faed, Thomas. Born at Burley Mill, Kirkcnd-
brighlshire. Scotland. June S, 1826. A Scottish
painter. Among his puintuigs, which are mostly delin-
eations of Sc«>tti8li life, are "Sir Walter Scott and his
Friends " (ia49X "The Mitherless Bairn" (1855), "Jennie
Deans and tlie Dnkt- of Argyll " (1808), "School Board In
the -North ' (1S81). etc.
FaeZLZa (fa-en'za). A walled city in the prov-
ince <if Kavenna, Italy, on the Lamone (or
Amone) : the ancient Faventia. it is noted forits
maDufacture of silk and paper, and formerly of faience,
which is mimed from it. It has a cathedral and picture-
galler)-, and is defended by a citadel. It was tlie hiith-
place uf Torricelli. The cathedral (duomu) is a lurge and
handsome Renaissuncf biisilica of ir>81, containing some
good paiiitiiigs ami sculptnred tomhs. The shrine of S;in
Savino, the earliest local bishop, by Benedetto da Majaiio
(1472). consists of an altar, above which is the sarcophagns,
with six reliefs of scenes from the saint's life, and other
sculptures. Population (ISSl), 13,998.
Faerie Queene (fa'e-ri kwen), or Fairy (far'i)
Queen, The. An allegorical poem of chivahy
by Edmund Spcnsrr. The (»ri2imU plan comprised 12
books, of thesel.-III. werepubliaheii inl5lX»,and IV. -VI.
in 159ti. Fragmentsof later books were published in 1011.
Spenser's letter to Raleigh appended to the fi'agment
of "The Kaerietiueene," "expounding his whole intenticui
Id the course of this work," said only that " he laboured
to pourtraict in Arthure, before he was king, the image
of a brave knight, perfected in the twelve moral vei-tues,
at Aristotle hath devised, the which is the purpose of the
flrst twelve boi>ks; whicii if I fliide to be well accepted, I
may be perhaps enctjuraged to frame the other part, of
poliiticke vertne.s, in his person after that hee came to be
King." It was left for the reader to discover how grand
adesign was indicated by these unassuming words. Spen-
ser said that by the Faerie Queene, whom Arthur sought,
"I mean glory in ray generall intention, but in my par-
ticular I conceive the most excellent and glorious person
of our soveraine the queene, and her kingdom in Faery-
land." Morley, English Writers, IX. 317.
Twelve knights, representing twelve virtues, were to
have been sent on adventures from the Court of (Jlorianji,
Queen of Fairyland. The six tlnished books give the !e-
gend8(each subdivideii into twelve raiit^ts, averaging flfty
or sixty stanzas each) of Holiness, Temperance, Chastity,
FHendftliin. Justice, and Courtesy: wliile a fragment of
two spiemlid " CanttJS on Mutal)ility " is supposed to have
belonged to a seventh book (not necessarily seventh in
order) on <'onstancy. Legend has it that the poem was
actually completed; but this seems improbable, as the
first three books were certainly ten years in hand, and the
seconti three six more. The existing poem, c<imprehend-
Ing some four thousand stanzas, or between thirty and
forty thousand lines, exhibits si) many and such varied
excellences that it is ditflcult t^j believe that the poet could
have done aiiything new in kind.
Saintsbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 88.
Faesulae (fes'u-le). The ancient name of Fiesolo.
Fafnir (fiifiier). [ON. Fdfnir.'\ In the OKI
Norst' version of the Siegfnod legend, a son of
the giant Hreidraar (ON. Hreidhmarr), He was
ttie possessor of the treasure originally owned by Andvari
and afterward called the hoard of the Nibelungs, upon
which he lay in the guise of a dragon. He was slain by
Sigurd, who thus became the owner of the hoard.
Fag (fag). lu Sberidan's comedy *'Tlie Rivals,"
the lying and ingenious servant of Captain
Absolute.
Fagin iTa'gin). In Charles Dickens's "Oliver
Twist." a villainous old Jew, an emi>loyor of
thieves aiul pickpockets, a receiver of stolen
poods, and the abductor of Oliver Twist. Ho
18 finally sentenced to death for complicity in
a murder.
Fagnani(fiin-ya'ne), Joseph. Born at Naples,
Dec. L'4. 1S19:' died at New York, May 22, 1873.
An Italian-Americiin portrait-painter.
Fagotin (fii-go-tan'). A very clever monkey,
well known in Paris in Molit^ro's time, and often
alluded to in the literature of that ])eri«)d.
Fahey (fji'hi), James. Born at Paddington,
April It;. 1H04-. died at London, Dec. 11, IHSf).
An Knglish water-color painter, chiefly of land-
scapes.
Fahie, Sir William Charles. Bom 1763: died
at Bennuda, Jan. 11, lK3:i. A British vice-ad-
miral. He was descended from an Irish family settled
at St. rhristopher's; Johied the navy In 1777; participated
as coiinnau ier in tlie capture of the Danish West India
Islands in Dec, 18*17, and in the reduction of Martinique
in Fetr, l.HoO; and served as commodore in the reduction
of Ouadelonpe in Feb., 1810. He was appointed vice-ad-
miral July 22, 1830.
Fahien (fjl-he-en'). A Chinese Buddhist monk
who made a pilgrimage to India, about ;JiH)
A. D., to carry back to China comjilct)' cojdes of
377
the Vinaya, or rules of discipline, for the order.
He wrote a valuable account of his travels, which lasted
fourteen yeiu-s. It has been translated by Beal, tiiles, and
Legge.
Fahlcrantz (fiil'kriints), Christian Erik. Born
at Stora-Tuna, Dalecarlia, .Sweden. Aug, 30,
1790: died at Westerns, Sweden, Aug. C, 1866.
A Swedish poet and polemical writer, author
of " Xiiach's Ark.'' a poem (1825-26), etc.
Fahlcrantz, KarlJohann. BornatStora-Tuna,
Dalecarlia, Sweden, Nov. 29, 1774: died at
Stockholm, Jan. 1, 1861. A Swedish laudscape-
jmintcr, brother of C. E. Fahlcrantz.
Fahlun. See Falun.
Fahrenheit (fii'ren-hit), Gabriel Daniel. Born
at Dautxic, Prussia, May 14, 1GH6 : died in the
Netherlands, Sept. 16, 1736. A German physi-
cist. He introduced the use of mercury in the thermom-
eter about 1714, and devised the Fahrenheit thermomet-
ric scale.
Faidherbe (fa-darb'). Louis L6on C6sar.
Born at Lille, France, June ^, 1S18 : died at
Paris, Sept. 28, 1889. A French general. He
became governor of Senegal in 18f»4. In 186:?, while serv-
ing in Algeria, he was made brigadier-general, and soon
after he was again governor of Senegal. He returned to
Algeria in 1SG5. In the Franco-l'mssian war he was in-
trusted by Gambetta with tlie command of the army of
the north, but was defeated by Von Goeben at Bapaume,
Jan. 3, 1871, and St. Quentin, Jan. 19. He was elected
senator in 1879. He published a series of important
worics on the geography, anthropolog)', and philology of
Senegal and Algeria.
Faido (fi'do). A small place in the canton of
Ticino, Switzerland, on the Ticino and the St.
Gotthard Kailway, southeast of Airolo. It is
the capital of the Leveutina.
Faillon (ta-yoii'), Michel ^tienne. Born at
Tarascon, France, 1799: died at Paris, Oct. 25,
1870. A French Sulpician, a writer on Cana-
dian history and biogi'aphy.
Failly (fa-ye'), Pierre Loiiis Charles Achille
de. Born at Kozoy-sur-Serre, Aisne, France,
Jan. 21, 1810: died in Compi^gue, Nov. 15,
1892. A French general. He entered the army in
1828; served with distinction, flrst as brigadier-general,
then as general of division, in the Crimean war; fought at
the battle of Solferino in 1859 ; and was commander of the
French troops sent to the relief of the I'ope in 1867, but
was not present at the defeat of Garil^aldiat Mentana. He
was appointed to the command of the 6th army corps at
the beginning of the Franco- Prussian war. During the bat-
tles of Spicheren and Worth (Aug. G, 1870), he remained
inactive at Bitsch ; and Aug. 30, 187o, was defeated near
Beaumont, in consetiuence of which the Germans were
enabled to cut off Macilahon s retreat. He was super-
seded in his command by General Wimpffen on the day
of the battle of Sedan, Sept. 1, 1870, immediately before
the flght. Author of "Campagne de 1870: operations et
marches du S"^"'" corps " (1871).
Fainall (fan'al). In Congreve's comedy "The
Way of the World," a scoundrel in love with
Mrs. Marwoo<l.
Faineant (fa-na-on' j, Le Noir. [F., ' The Black
Sluggard.'] In Scott's " Ivanhoo," the name
given to the Black Knight (Richard Coeur de
Lion) on account of his behavior during a
tournament, in which, however, he finally con-
(juers.
Faineants, Rois. See Rois Faineants.
Fainwell, <>r Feignwell (fan'wel), Colonel. lu
Mrs. ('cntlivre's comedy ** A Boi<l Stroke for a
Wife," an ingenious gallant who is in love with
Mrs. Lovely's person and fortune. He takes vari-
ous disguises to win her from her several guardians, among
them that of "Simon PiU'e," by means of which he secures
her. See Pitre, Simon.
Fairbairn (far' barn), Andrew Martin. Born
near Fdin))urgh, Sc<)tland. Xov. 4, 1838. A
Scottish theologian and metaphysician. He was
principal of Airedale College. Enghm-l (1877), and in 1886
was appointed the Ilrst princii)al (jf the e.xtra-university
Mansfield College at ().\ford. He is the author of "Studies
in the Philosophy of Religion and History" (1870), "The
City of God " (188-2), and other wiu'ks.
Fairbairn, Patrick, Born at (ireeulaw, Ber-
wickshire, Scotland, Jan. 2H, 1805 : died at Glas-
gow, Aug. 6, 1874. A Scottish clergyman and
theological writer. Ho was professor and ultimately
f principal of tlie Free Church College at Glasgow, and pub-
ished "Typology of Scripture" (1846), " Uenueneutical
Manual "(IS.'.S), etc.
Fairbairn, Sir Peter. Born at Kelso, Scotland,
Si'pt., 17i»!»: <licd .Inn. 4, IHfil. A Scottish en-
gineer, inventor, and manufacturer, ih- invented
machines used in spinning wool and Hax, and foinided :ni
extensive establishment at Leeds for the manufacture of
these and nther nifubines and tools.
Fairbairn, Sii- William. Horn at Kelso. Rox-
burghsliirc. Koli. II). 17H1): died at Moor Park,
Surrey, Aug. 18, 1S74. A noted Scotch engineer.
Commencing life as a day-laitorer, he was apprenticed to
a millwright in 18(>4. ami In 1817 started nn engineering
business in Manchester. He ha<l shlp-builtling works at
Millwall, London, I8;ir>-10. As a practical engineer he is
best known as the designer of the rectangular tube, un-
Fairfax, Thomas
supported by chains, which is the distinctive feature of
the Britannia bridge built across the Menai Strait. He
WAS made a baronet in 1809.
Fairbanks (fiir'baugks), Erastus. Bora at
Hrimlield, Mass., Oct. 28, 1792: died at St.
Johnsbmy, Vt,, Nov. 20, 1864. An American
manufacturer and politician. He patented the
"Fairbanks scales" in 1831. He was governor of Vermont
1852-.'");! and 180(>-«1.
Fairchild (fiir'child), James Harris. Born at
Stockbridge, Mass., Nov. 25, 1817. ^Vn Ameri-
can educator. He was graduated in 1838 at Oberlin
College. Ohio, where he was tutor 18;i8-12, professor of
languages 1842-47, professor of mathematics 1847-58, and
professnr of moral philosoidiy and theology 1858 -6tt, when
he was chosen president. He has written "Moral I'hilos-
ophy, or A Science of Obligation "(18<i'.t), "Needed Phases
of Christianity" (1875), etc., and lias edited " Memoii-s of
I'haries G. Fimiey " (1876). Resigned ]8Ct».
Fairchild, Lucius. Born at Franklin Mills
(Kent), Portage County, Ohio, Dec. 27. 1831:
died May 23, 1896. An American general and
politician. He was admitted t^ the bar in 18«0, and at
the beginning of the Civil War became a captain of vol-
unteers in tlie Union army. He led, as colonel of the 2d
Wisconsin, a charge on Seminai-y Hill at the battle of
Gettysburg, in which he lost his left arm ; and was pro-
moted brigadier-general Oct. 19, 18(i3. He was govemi)r
of Wisconsin 1866-72, United States consul at Liverpool
1872-78. consul-general at Paris 1878-80. and minister to
Spain 1880-82. He was elected commanderdn-chief of the
(Jrand Army of the Republic in 1886.
Fair Em (far em). A play printed in 1631. It
has been ascribed to Shakspere for the single reason that
in Garrick's collection was a volume, which once belonged
to ('harles II., containing this and other <loiihtfuI plays,
and marked on the Iiaik "Shakspeare, Vul. I."
Fair Example, The, or The Modish Citizens.
A play by Lsteourt, taken from the same source
as Vanbrugh's '* Confederacy." It was per-
formed at Drury Lane in 1703.
Fairfax (far'faks), Edward. [The surname
Fairfax, ME. Fairfax, Fayrefax, etc., means
' fair-haired.'] Born at Denton, Yorkshire : died
Jan. , 1635. An Englisli poet, a son of Sir Thomas
Fairfax, He wrote a translation of Tasso's "Gerusa-
lemme Liberata" (1600), and 12 eclogues.
Fairfax, Ferdinando, second Baron Fairfax.
Born March 29, 1584: died March 14, 164H. A
Parliamentary leader in the civil war. lie repre-
sented the county of York in the Long Parliament, in
which he acted with the popular party ; and at the begin-
ning of the civil war was appointed to the command of
the Parliamentary forces in Yorkshire. He was defeated
l)y Newcastle on Adwalt<in Moor, near Bradford, June 30,
1643. and was besieged by the same general at Hull Sept
2-Oct. 11, 1643, when he raised the siege by a successful
sally. He defeated Colonel .Tohn Bellasis at Selby April
11, 1044, and, joining forces with the Scots, was stationed
with his army on the right of the Piu-liamentary line at
Marston Moor, July 2, 1644, where he gave way before
the onslaught of Pi'ince Rupert, who was in turn defeated
liy Cromwell.
Fairfax, Robert. Born Feb., 1666: died Oct. 17,
1725. A British rear-admiral. He commanded a
vessel in the English lleot at the reduction of Gibialtai',
July 23, and in the battle of .Malaga. Aug. i:i, 1704. He was
made rear-admiral in 17n8.
Fairfax, Thomas, third Baron Fairfax. Born
at Denton, Yorkshire, Jan. 17, 1612: died Nov.
12, 1671. A celebrated Parliamentary leader in
the civil war in Knjiland. He was the son of Fer-
dinando, second Lord Fairfax ; was educated at St. .lolin's
College, Cambridge ; and learned the art of war under Sir
Horace Vere in the Low Countries. .At the outbreak of the
civil war he was appointed second in command of the Par-
liamentary forces in Yoikshire ; captured Waketleld Mny
21, 1043; and e<)mmanded the horseof the right wing at «he
battle of Mai'st^ui Moor. He was appointed commander-
in-chief of the I'arliamentary army Jan. 21, 1645, and i!i
April of the same year organized the " New Model." He
defeated Charles I. at Naseby June 14, lt>-ir> ; defeateil (ior-
ing at Langport, Somersetshire. July 10, 1645; reduced
Bristol Sept. ID, ItMf) ; and took O.xford June 20,1(M6. He
disapproved of the seizure of the king by Joyce, but was
forced by the attitude of the army to acuuiesce In this mea-
sure as well as in "Pride's Purge " and in the execution of
the king. On the establishment of the Coinnmnwealth, he
was reappointed commander-in-chief of all the forces In
England and Ireland, March 30. 1640, but resigned. June 26.
1650, on account of con.'^eientious scruples about Invading
Scotland. During the rest of the Commonweolth period,
and during the l*rotect orate, he lived In retirement at Nun
Appletim, Yorkshire. He rei)resented Yorkshirein Kichard
Cromwell's Parliament, in which he acted with the opposi-
tion. Having in Nov., I()f)i». entered Into negotiations with
Monk for tlie restoration of Charles II., he placed himself
at tlie head of an army, and, Jan. 1, 1660, took possession of
Y''ork, and later in the same year was chosen t^» head the
commissioners of the two houses sent to the king at The
Hague. He left two autobiographical works: '• A Short
Memorial of the Northern Actions during the War there.
frcmi the Year 1612 till 1644," and "Shiirt Memorials of some
Things to be cleared during my Command in the Army."
Fairfax, Thomas, sixtli Baron Fairfax. Born
at Pent<)n. Vcrkshire. 1692; died near Winches-
ter. Va., Marcli 12, 17S2. An Anieriean colonist.
His paternal estates In Yorkshire having been sold to sat-
isfy the creditors of his father, Thomas, fifth Lord Fairfax,
he cmignited in 1746 or 1747 to America, where he had In-
herited the northern neck of Virginia, bet ween thePot4>moc
and the Rappnlnmnoek, and where lie eventually built a
residence, caUed Uroenway Court, near Winchester. He
Fairfax, Thomas
■was a friend of Washington to whom (then a youth of little
over sixteen) he intrusted the surveying and mapping of
his property in the Shenanduali valley. He was a tlrm
loyalist.
Fairfield (far'feld). Atown iu Fairfield County,
Conneetieut, situated on Long Island Sound 21
miles southwest of New Haven, it contains the
villages of Southport, Greeufleld Hill, Black Eock, etc. It
was burned by Tryon in 1779. Population (1890), 3,868.
Fairford (far'ford), Alan. In Scott's novel
" Redgauntlet," the devoted friend and corre-
spondent of Darsie Latimer. ^V^len Darsie was miss-
ing, Fairford searrhed for him through many dangers un-
til he found him. I.ockhart says that Scott unquestionably
portrayed himself in this character.
Fair Head. A jiromontory in County Antrim,
at the uortheastcru extremity of Ii'eland.
Fair Helen of Kirkconnell. A popular ballad.
It is founded on the story that a lady, Helen Bell or Irving,
(the name is disputed), the daughter of the Laird of Kirk-
connell in Dumfriesshire, while meeting her lover clandes.
finely in the churchyard of Kirkconnell, saw another and
rejected lover taking aim at him. She threw herself before
him, was shot, and died in his arms. A mortal combat be-
tween the two lovers followed, and the raurdererwas killed.
The ballad is in two parts — an address by the lover to his
lady, and the lament of the lover over her grave. There are
several versions. ^^
Fairholt (fSr'holt), Frederick William. Bom
at Loudon, 1814: died at Brompton, London,
April 3, 1866. An English artist and antiquary.
He illustrated a number of works, including Chatto's "Trea-
tise on Wood Engraving " and Halliwell's " Life of Shak-
spere,"and published " Costume in England "(1S4G), "The
Home of Shakespeare " (1847), " Tobacco : its History anil
Associations" (1859), etc., and edited "A Dictionary of
Terms in .\rt " (IS.'Vi).
Fairies, The. An operatic adaptation of Shak-
spere's " Midsummer Night's Dream," produced
in 1755. It was attributed to Garrick, but he
denied its authorshiji.
Fair Isle. A small island situated between the
Orkneys and Slietlands, Scotland. It is nearer
the formi'r group, but belongs to the latter.
Fair Jilt, The. A novel by Aphra Behn. It
recounts experiences in the life of the writer.
Fairlegh (far'li), Frank. The pseudonym of
F. E. Smedley, the author of "Frank Fairlegh"
and " Lewis Arundel," two novels published in
" Sharpe's London Magazine," of which Smed-
ley was the editor 1848-49.
Fair Maid of the Exchange, The. A play at-
tributed to Thomas Heywood, printed in 1607.
The second title is " The Pleasant Humours of
the Cripple of Fenchureh."
Fair Maid of the Inn, The. A posthumous
comedy by Fletcher, finished by Massinger and
perhaps Rowley, licensed in 1626, and printed
in 1647. The plot is partly from one of Cer-
vantes's novels.
Fair Maid of Kent, The. Joan, the daughter
of Edraond Plantagenet, earl of Kent.
Fair Maid of Norway, The. Margaret, daugh-
ter of Erie II. of Norway, and gi'anddaughter
of Alexander III. of Scotland.
Fair Maid of Perth, The. A historical novel
by Scott, published in 1828, named from a sur-
name of its heroine, Catherine Glover, it is one
of the "Chronicles of the Canongate," professedly related
by chrystal Croftangry. Tlie scene is laid at Perth during
the reigTi of Kobert IIT. of Scotland.
Fairmount Park (far'mount park). A park in
Phil.adelphia, covering 2,791 acres. The Schuylkill
River and Wissahickon Creek run through it. In 1876 the
Centennial Exhibition was held within its limits. It con-
tains a number of liistoric houses.
Fair Oaks, or Seven Pines. A place 7 miles
east of Richmond.Virginia. Here, May 31 and .Tune
1, 1862, the Federal forces under McClellaii defeated tlie
Confederates under ,T. E. .Johnston. The loss of the Fed-
erals was 5,031 ; of the Confederates, 6,134.
Fair Penitent, The. A tragedy by Rowe, pro-
duced in 1703. It was founded on Massinger's "Fatal
Dowiy," and was a "wliolesale felony." Mrs. Barry was
the original representative of Calista. " The Fair Penitent."
a part which she cre.ated in her forty-flftli year, and which
was one of her greatest tragic triumphs. See Calvtta.
Fair Quaker of Deal, The, or The Humours
of the Navy. A comedy by Charles Shadwdl,
publishrd in 1710.
Fair Rosamond. See Clifford, Rosamond.
Fairscribe (far'skrib). 'The imaginary legal
friend who with his daughter Kate is of assis-
tance to Chrystal Croftangry in writing Scott's
"Chronicles of the Canongate."
Fairservice (far'sfer^vis), Andrew. In Scott's
novel " Kob Roy," a gardener. He is shrewd
but cowardly, and, though discharged as a nui-
sance, will not go.
Fair Sidea (far si-de'ij). The. A play composed
or compiled by Jakob Ayrer, a German, it was
supposed by Tieck to be the source of Shakspere's "Tem-
pest," but was probably published later.
It cannot be said that there is really any ground com-
mon to "The Tempest" and to "The Fair Sidea." One or
378
two mere points of contact there are, but they are points
of altogether minor, nay, of minimum, importance.
Furne&s, Shak.Var., Pref., p. x.
Fairweather (far'weTH'er), Mount. Amoun-
taiu in jUaska, about lat. 58° 45' N., long. 137°
10' W. Height, 1.5,500 feet.
Fairy Queen, The. See Faerie Queene.
Faiseur (I'a-zer'), Le. [F., 'The Speculator.']
A jilav by Balzac, See Mercadet.
Faithful (fath'fiil). A character in the first
part of Bunyau's ''Pilgrim's Progress." He
is put to death at Vanity Fair.
Faithful, Jacob. See Jacob Faithful.
Faithful!, Emily. Born at Headley, near Guild-
ford, EugUuid, inl.S35: died at Manchester, May
31,1895. An English philanthropist. Shewasan
advocate of the claims of women to remunerative employ-
ment, and did much to secure it for them. She founded
a printing establishment (1860) for their employment as
compositors, and started the " Victoria Magazine " in 1863.
Slie was also a sucrcssfiil lecturer, and published " Three
Visits to AiniTi,-a " (JS.S4).
Faithful Shepherdess, The. A pastoral ch-ama
by Fletcher, published probably in 1609. itwas
somewhat influenced by the Italian pastorals, especially
by Guarinis "Pastor Fido." Milton obtained some hints
for " Comus " from it.
The delightful pastoral of " The Faithful Shepherdess,"
which ranks with Jonson's "Sad Shepherd" and with
"Comus" as the three chiefs of its style in English.
Saintsbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 262.
Faithorne (fa'thorn), William. Bom at Lon-
don in 1616 : died at London in May, 1691. An
English engraver, noted especially for his por-
traits.
Faithorne, William. Born at London in 1656 :
died after 1700. An English engraver, son of
William Faithorne (1616-91).
Faizabad, or Fyzabad (fi-zii-bad'). 1. A'"'di-
vision in Oudh, British India. Area, 7,311
square miles. Population (1891), 3,682,960.—
2. A district in the Faizabad division, situated
in lat. 26°-27° N,, long. 81°-83° E. Area, 1,728
square miles. Population (1891), 1,216,959,—
3. The capital of the Faizabad district, situ-
ated on the Gogra in lat. 26° 47' N., long. 82° 8'
E. It was the capital of (iudh in the middle of the ISth
century, and was one of the centers of the mutiny of
1867. Population (1891), 78,921.
4. The capital of Badakshan, central Asia, on
a tributary of the Ainu-Daria.
Falaba (fa-lil'ba). A native town in western
Africa, situated about 180 miles northeast of
Free Town.
Falaise (fii-laz'). A town in the department
of Calvados, France, on the river Ante 22 miles
south-southeast of Caen. It was taken from the
English in 1450, and was besieged and taken from the
Leaguers by Henry IV. The castle, the birthplace of
William the Conqueror, is a very large and imposing Nor-
man fortress, with outer walls strengthened by cylindri-
cal towers, and a huge rectangular keep. Population
(1891), commune, 8,313.
Falashas (fa-la'shas). [Abyssinian, ' wander-
ers.'] A Hamitie tribe of Abyssinia which
professes the Jewish religion, and claims de-
scent from Hebrew immigrants who followed
the Queen of Sheba. Their name is derived from the
Ethiopic /alas, a stranger. In the middle ages they formed
a conquering kingdom, but finally were overcome by the
Christian Abyssinians, and now live scattered in small
colonies. Their sacred books are written in Geez ;
their dialect is closely allied with the Agow. They are
an industrious and peaceful people, numbering about
12l),000.
Falces, Marquis of. Viceroy of Mexico. See
I'iralta, Gaston de.
Falcon (fal-kon'). A maritime state of Vene-
zuela. Zulia has been several times united
with it. Area, 36,212 square miles. Population
(1891), 205,347 (with Zulia).
Falcon (fa'kn or fal'kon). A ship commanded
1 ly Sir Walter Raleigh in Sir Humphrey Gilbert's
expedition to America in 1578. The other ships
were soon obliged to return, but Raleigh reached the Cape
Verde Islands. Owing to scarcity of provisions, he was
obliged to tui'n back, and reached England in May, 1579.
Falcon, The. A famous London tavern, on the
Bankside. It is said to have been patronized
by Shakspere and his company. It was taken
down in 1808.
Falcon (fal-kon' ), Juan Cris6stomo. Born on
the peninsula of Paraguaiui, pro\iuee of Coro
(now state of Falcon), 1820: died on the island
of Martinique, April 29, 1870, A Venezuelan
general, in IS.iS he headed the federalist revolution,
which, after a desultory war of five years, was successful.
He was njade president of Venezuela in 1863, and in 1864
sanctioned a fedend constitution. Driven out by the Azul
revolution, -Inly, 1S67, he went to Europe; was recalled
after the counter-revolution of 1869; and died while re-
turning.
Falconbridge. See Faulronbridge.
Falcone (fal-ko'ne), Aniello. Bom at Naples,
Falke, Johannes Frledrlch Gottlieb
1600 : died at Naples, 1665. An Italian battle-
painter.
Falconer (fak'ner or fa'kon-er), Hugh. Bora
at Forres, Elginshire, Feb."29, 1808: died at Lon-
don, July 31, 1865. A Scottish paleontologist and
botanist. Graduating M. A. at Aberdeen in 182S, and
M. I>. at Edinburgh in 1829, he went out to India as assist-
ant surgeon in the Bengal establishment of tlie East India
Company in 1830 ; obtained charge of the botanic garden
at Saharanpur in 1832 ; visited England 1842-17 ; superin-
tended the work of preparing for exhibition the Indian
fossils in the British Museum 1844-17 : returned to India
as superintendent of the Calcutta Botanical Garden and
professor of botany in the Calcutta Medical College in
1847 ; and retired from the Indian service in 1855. Tlie
genus Falconeria is named after him.
Falconer, William. Born Feb. 11, 1732: died
in 1769. A Scottish poet. He wasthe son of a bar-
ber in Edinburgh ; became a servant to Archibald Camp-
bell who discovered and encouraged his literary tastes ;
and was lost at sea in the frigate Aurora, of which he wag
purser. His chief poem is the "Shipwreck," published in
1762. He also published "ThelTniversal Marine Diction-
ary "(1769 ; revised and enlarged by Dr. William Burney,
181,1).
Falconer, William. Bom at Chester, England.
Feb. 23, 1744 : died at Bath, Aug. 23, 1824. An
English physician and miscellaneous writer, in
1770 he began to practise medicine at Bath, where he was
physician to the Bath General Hospital 1784-1819. He
published "Remarks on the Influence of Climate, . . .
Nature of Food, ,and AVay of Life on . . . Mankind " (1781),
"A Dissertation on the Influence of Passions upon Disor-
ders of the Body " (1788), etc.
Falconet (fal-ko-ua'), Etienne Maurice. Born
at Vevay, 1716: died at Paris, Jan. 4. 1791. A
Frencli sculptor and writer, a pujjil of Lemoine.
In 1766 he was called by Catharine II. to St. Petersburg to
execute a colossal equestrian statue of Peter the Great.
Falczi, or Falczy (fUl'she). A small place in
Rumania, situated on the Pi-uth. See Pruth,
Peace of the.
Faleme (fii-la'ma). A river in Senegambia,
flowing north and.ioiningthe Senegal about lat.
14° 45' N. Length, probably al)out 200 miles.
Falerii(fa-le'ri-i). [L. FaU rii,Gv. ^a'/ 1 piui .i'a'/ 1-
piov ; connected with Fali.ici, the inhabitants.]
In ancient geography, a city of Etmria, Italy,
situated about 28 miles north of Rome, on the
site of the modem Civita Castellana. It be-
longed to the Etruscan Confederation, and was
destroyed by the Romans 241 B. c. i
Falernus Ager (fa-ler'nus a'jer). [L., 'the
Falernian field or district.'] In ancient geog-
raphy, a fertile temtory in (Campania, Italy, sit-
uated north of the Vulturnus, from 20 to 25
miles north of Naples. It was celebrated for
its wines.
Falguifere (fiil-gyar' ), Jean Alexandre Joseph.
Born at Toulouse, France, Sept. 7, ls31. A
French genre painter and sculptor, a pupil of
Jouffroy, member of the Institute 1882. Among
his work's are "The Wrestlers" (1874), "Slaughter of a
Bull " (1881), " Fan and Poignaid " (1S82), " Acis and Gala-
tea " (1886).
Falieri (fii-le-a're), Marino. Born at Venice,
1278 ( 1274 ?) : died there, April 17, 1355. A doge
of Venice, Hecommanded in 1346 the Venetian troops
at the siege of Zara in Dalmatia, and was elected doge in
1354. He conspired with the plebeians against the patri-
cians, with a view to usurping the supreme power in the
state, and was executed for treason. In the Hall of the
Grand Council of \'enice, where the portraits of the doges
are displayed, his place is occupied by the representation
of a ducal throne covered with a pall. He has been made
the subject of trai^edies by Byron (1820), and Casimir Dela-
vigne (1829), and of a novel by Hoffmann ("Doge und
Dogaressa ").
Falisci (fa-lis'i). The inhabitants of Falerii;
the Faliscans.
Falk (fiilk), Johannes Daniel. Born at Dant-
zic, Prussia, Oct. 28, 1768 : died at Weiniar,
Germany, Feb. 14, 1826. A German philan-
thropist and writer, founder of the Falksches
Institut (forabandoned and neglected children)
at Weimar in 1813. He wrote satirical poems,
a dramatic poem "Prometheus" (1803), etc,
Falk, Paul Ludwig Adalbert. Born at
Metsehkau, Silesia, Prussia, Atig. 10, 1827. A
Pnissian statesman and jurist. He was Prussian
ministerof public worship and instruction 1872-79, in which
capacity he was instrumental in carrj'ing the so-called
May laws (1873-75), aimed at the Roman Catholic hierarchy.
Falke (fiil'ke), Jakob. Born at Ratzeburg,
Prussia, June 21, 1825. A German historian of
art and civilization, brother of J. F. G. Falke.
His works include "Die ritterliche Gesellschaft im Zeital-
ter des FYauenknltus" (1863). "Geschichte des modernen
Oeschmacks " (1866), " Geschichte des fiirstlichen Hauses
Lichtenstein " (1863-83), "Hellas und Rom" (1880), "Ge-
schichte des Geschmacks im Mittelalter " (189.S), etc.
Falke, Johannes Friedrich Gottlieb. Born
at Ratzeburg, Pmssia, April 20, 1823 : died at
Dresden, March 1, 1876. A German historian.
His works include "Geschichte des deutschen Handels"
(18W-60), " Die Hansa " (1862), " Geschichte des deutschen
Zollwesens " (1869), etc.
Falkirk
Falkirk (fal'ktrk). [ME. FnicUrl; prob. from
Jaw, faiicli, pale red (a var. of fdlloir), and
Icirk, church.] A burgh in Stirliu'^'shire, Scot-
land, 24 mil('8 west tiy north of Eiliiil>MrKh. For-
merly it wiiB cclebrjiteil for its trj'sts or catlle-fairs. It is
united with Airdric, llnmilton, Lanark, and Linlithgow to
form the Falkirk distriet of burghs, which returns one
member t^i Parliament. The Scots under Wallace were
defeated here July 22, 12^. and Charles Edward, the
"Young Pretender," defeated the English under General
Hawley on Falkirk Moor, Jan. 17, 174G.
Falkland (fak'land). A royal burt,'li in Fife-
shire, Scotland, 22 miles north of Edinburgh:
noted for its ancient royal palace. Population
(1891), 9.59.
Falkland. A romance by Bulwer Lytton, pub-
lisli^'il anonymously in 1827.
Falkland. The principal character in Godwin's
novel "Caleb Williams." His chief thought is to
preserve his honor from stain. He stabs his enemy Tyr-
rel in the back, in a moment of passion, and allows two
innocent persons to hang for the murder. From that
time his desire is for concealment. Caleb Williams, his
secretary, discovers the secret, and is pursued by the hire-
lings of Falkland. lie finally accuses the latter, who con-
fesses the crime and dies of shame. In " The Iron Chest,"
a dramatization by Colman, he is .sir Edward Mortimer.
The character of Falkland, the chief actor, which is
formed on visionai-j- principles of honour, is i>erhap5 not
strictly an invention, as it closely resembles that of Sha-
mont in Keaumont and Fletcher's "Nice Valour." But
the accumulated wretchedness witli which he is over-
whelmed, the inscrutable mystery by which he is sur-
rounded, and the frightful persecutions t<) which he sub-
jects the suspected possessor of his dreadful secret are
peculiar to the author, and are represented with a force
which has not been surj>assed in the finest passages and
icenes of poetic or dramatic fiction.
Dunl'tp, Hist, of Prose Fiction, II. 573.
Falkland, or Faulkland. in Sheridan's com-
edy "The Rivals," the lover of Julia, charac-
terized by capricious and unfoimded jealousy.
Falkland, Viscount. See Cary, Lucius.
Falkland Islands. [F. Malduinrs, Sp. Mal-
cinus.] A group of islands in the South Atlan-
tic, belonging to Great Britain, situated east
of Patagonia in lat. 51°-52° i^' S., long. 57°
30'-62° W. It comprises East and West Falkland and
about li>i) smaller islands. The chief settlement is Stan-
ley. The islands were discovered by John Davis in 1592,
were settled by the French in 17t>3, and were seized by the
English in 176.T,and later by the Spanish. They have been
a British possession since 1833, but are claimed by the Ar-
gentine ilepublic. Area, o,5ito square miles. Population
(1891), 1,789.
Falkner (fak'nf r), Thomas. Born at Manches-
ter, Kngland, Oct. G, 17(17: clicd at Plowden
Hall, Shropshire, .Ian. 30, 17s4. An English
Jesuit missionary. He was surgeon on a slave-ship,
and sailed to Africa'and thence to Buenos Ayres, where
he fell sick and was cared for by the Jesuits: he joined
their order in 1732, and was a missionary in Paraguay and
Tucunian, and from 1740 among the Indians of Patagonia.
After 1707 he lived in Englaml. His own writings are
firobably lost, but a compilation from them was published
n 1774 as " A Description of Patagonia and the Adjoining
Parts (if South America."
Falkoping (farchi-jiing). A town in the laeu
of Skaraljorg, southern Sweden, 58 miles north-
east of Gothenburg. Here, in 138», Albert, king of
Sweden, was defeated by Margaret, queen r)f l)enm.ark and
Norway, who by this victory unit^'<i the three Scandinavian
kiiigdoiH'. under one ruler. Population (1891), 2,829.
Fallmerayer (fal'me-ri-er), Jakob Philipp.
Born at I'sehotsch, near I{ri.\on, Tyrol, Dec.
10, 17!I0: died at Munich, April 20. 18G1. A
German historian and traveler in the East. His
works include "Geschichte des Kaisertnins Ti-apezunt"
«831), ■'(Jc.^ehichte der Halbinsel Morea ini Mittelalter"
(I8.*i :«'.), '• Fracmirite aus dem Orient " (184.S).
Fall of Mortimer, The. A fragment of a tra-
gedy liy Ben .Toiison.
Falloppio (r;ii-ioi)'p6-6), or Fallopia (fiil-l6'-
pe-ii), L. Fallopius (fa-16'pi-ns), Gabriello.
Born at Modena, Italy, 1521!: died at Padua,
Oct. 9, 1.562. A celebrated Italian anatomist,
professor of anatomy successively at l-'ciTara,
Pisa, and Padna. His collected works were publish.. 1
at Veirico In 1584(3 vols.). The Fall(»i>ian tube was named
from him.
FallotLS(fa-lo'),Comte Alfred Fr6d6ricPierre
de. Born at Angers, Frani'c, Jlay 7, ISll:
died there, Jan. 7, 1880. A French' politician
and author, minister of jiublic instruction 1848-
1840. He published "Mmo. Swetchino, sa vie
et Res (iMivres" (18;i9), etc.
Fallows (fal'oz), Fearon. Bom at Cocker-
mouth, Cuml)erland, July 4. 1789: died at Si-
mon's Bay, July 25, 1831." An English astron-
omer. He was educated at Cambridge, and In 1820 was
made director of an astronomical observatory at the Cape
of Good Hope, a pr>sition which he retained until Iub
death. He wrote "A Catalogue of nearly all the Princi-
pal Fixed .Stars between the Zenith of Cape Town, Cape
of Gooil Hope, ami the South P<de. reduced to the Ist of
.. ^|jjj.|j ^.j^g presented to the Royal Society In
Jan., 1824, ■
1824.
Fall River (fal riv'cr).
A city and port of en-
379
try in Bristol County, Massachusetts, situated
on Mount Hope Bay, at the moutli of Taunton
River, 45 miles southwest of Boston. It is cele-
brated for its manufactures, especially of cotton. It was
incorporated as a town in 180:i, ami as a city In 1854.
Steamers ply between Fall Elver and New York. Popu-
lation (1890), 74,398-
Falls City. A name given to Louisville, Ken-
tucky, from the rapids or falls of the Ohio River
near the city.
Falmouth ( f al' mut h ) . A seaport and wateri ng-
phu-c in Cornwall, England, on Falmouth Bay
in lat. 50° 9' N., long. .5° 4' W. it has a good har-
bor, and was formerly of considerable importance, espe-
cially as a station for mail-packets. The harbor is com-
manded by Pendennis Castle. Population (1891), 4,273.
False Bay (fals ba). An arm of the oee.an on
the sout hern coast of Cape Colony, South Africa,
east of the Cape of (too<1 Hope.
False Friend, The. A comedy by Vanbrugh,
j)rinted in 1702.
Falsen (fiU'sen), Christian Magnus. Bom at
Opslo, near Christiania, Norway, .Sept. 17, 1782:
died at Christiania, Jan. 13, 18.30. A Nonvegian
jurist, politician, and historian. He published a
"History of Norway to 1319" (1823-24), a biography of
Washington (1821), etc.
False One, The. A play by Fletcher and Mas-
singer, wrillcn about l(i20. and printed in 1()47.
It is an indirect imitation of .Sllakspere's *' Antony and
Cleopatra," dealing with the fortunes of Julius Caesar in
Egypt. Cleopatra is represented as in her youth.
False Point (fals point). A seaport on the coast
of Orissa, Bengal. British India, lat. 20° 20' N.,
long. 80° 46' E., with a tine harbor.
Falstaff (fal'sfaf). 1. A comic opera by Balfe,
proiluced in London in 1838. The words are by
Maggione. — 2. An opera by Nieolai, produced
at London in 1864. it was originally brought out in
Berlin in 1849 under the name "Die lustigen Weiber von
Windsor " (" The Merry Wives of Windsor ").
3. An opera by Verdi, produced at Milan Feb.
9, 1893.
Falstaff, Sir John. A celebrated character in
,Sliaks]icre"s historical play "Henry IV." (1st
ami 2ii parts), and also in " The Merry Wives of
Windsor." He is a very fat, sensual, and witty old
knight; a swindler, drunkard, and good-tempered liar;
and something of a coward. Falstaff was originally caUed
Sir John Oldcastle. The llrst actor of the part was John
Heniinge.
Shakespeare found the name of John Oldcastle in the
. . . older play of "Henry v."; in the Chronicle he found
a John Oldcastle, who was page to the Duke of Norfolk
who plays a part in " Richard II." ; and this, according to
Shakespeare, his Falstalf (Oldcastle) had been in liis youth.
When the poet wrote his "Henrj' IV." he knew not who
this Oldcastle was, whom he had rendered so distinct with
the designation as Norfolk's page ; he was a Lord I'obham
(Sir John Oldcastle. known as the good Lord Cobham], who
had perished as a Lollard and Wiekliffite in the persecu-
tion of the cluu'ch under Henry V. The Protestants re-
garded him as a holy martyr, the Catholics as a heretic ;
the latter seized with eagerness this description of the fat
poItrnoTi, and gave it out as a portrait of Lord Cobham, who
was indet-d jihysically and mentally his contrast. The fam-
ily eoniplained of this misuse of a name dear to them, and
siiakespcare declared in the epilogue to "Henry IV." that
Cobham was in his sight also a martyr, and that "this was
not the num." At the same time, he changed the name to
l-'.-dstalf, but this was of little use ; in spite of the express
retractioti, subse{iuent Catholic writers on churcli history
still declared Falstaff to be a portrait of the heretic Cob-
ham. But it is a strange circumstance that even now un-
der the name of Falstaff another historical character is
again sought for, just as if it were impossible for such a
vigorous fi>nn not to be a being of reality. It was referred
to .lohn Fastolfe, whose cowardice Is more stigmatised in
" Henry VI."than history justifies; and this too met with
public blame. althoUKb sliakesj)eare could have jigain as-
serted that he intended l-'astolfe as little as Cobham.
frVrcwiwj?, .Shake8peju"eCommentarie8(tr. by F. E. Binmett,
(ed. I8S0), II. 300.
Falster (fiil'ster). An island in the Baltic Sea,
belonging to Denmark, situated south of Zea-
land. It is noted for its fertility. The chief town is
N\kjobing. Area (including Hasscid), 179 square miles.
I'npulatioil (189.1), :i2.ii4o.
Falun, orFahlun ( fii'liin). The capital of Kop-
parl)erglaen, Sweden, situated in lat. 60° 35' N.,
long. 15° 35' E. In the vicinity are noted mines of
copper, goM. and silver. It is sometimes cidled " the Trea-
sury of Sweileu." Population (1891), 8,o.y,.
Famagusta (fii-mii-gos'til), or Famagosta (fii-
mii-gos'tii). A ruined citv on the eastern coast
of Cyprus, in lat. 35° 8' N.", long. 33° 39' E.: the
Roman Fania Augusta, foun<led on the site of
an ancient city Arsinoe. It was important in the mid-
dle ages, anil was taken by the Turks in 1571. Population
(1891), 3,3(i7.
Famars (fii-miir'). A small town near Valen-
ciennes, France, noted for remains of an old
Ronnm rcdony.
Family Compact. [F. Parte rle Famillr.'] A
inimc giviMi to three treaties in the 18tli cen-
tury between the French and Spanish Bourboti
dynasties, especially to the last of the three, in
Fanshawe
1761, in consequence of which Spain joined with
France in the war against Great Britain. The
bnmch house of Boin-bon ruling in Italy was also included
iti this alliance.
Family of Love, The. A comedy by Middle! on,
l)roduced in 1608. It was a satire on a Puritan
sect.
Family Party, The. An aristocratic political
jiarly in t^uebec, Canada, about 1835.
Fan (tang). A powerful African nation of the
French Kongo (Gabun). They now extend north to
Batanga, and up the Livindo River intoiJerman Kamerun.
Since the beginning of the lath ccntuiy they have moved
gradually and steadily from the higldand of the sanga
basin down to the coast, arul the Mpongwe seem to be
doomed to disappear before them. The Fan are hunters,
and are traders in ivory and rubber. The old men still
practise cannilialism secretly. The Fan are lighter in
color than their Bantu-negro neighbors, and their imple-
ments also show an independent type. They are intelli-
gent, and learn nuickly the white man's ways. Some think
they are related to the Nyam-Nyam ; others have sug-
gested their identity with the Ciaghi or Jagas of Portu-
guese historians : but the Jagas were Ba-teke. The Fan
language is Bantu, though mixed with other elements.
Also called Fatvjwe, Mpon(nve, Oshiba, and Pahouins by
the French.
Fanariots, orPhanariots (fa-nar'i-ots"i. [From
luiiiar, Turk. Fcucr, a ijuarter of the old city of
Constantinople, named from a light-tower(NGr.
(JardpO which it formerly contained.] The Greek
inhabitants of Fanar, Constantinople; in a re-
stricted use, the Greek official aristocracy,
which formerly possessed great political in-
fluence at Constantinople.
Fanciful, Lady. Avain and malicious fine lady
inVanbrugh's comedy " The Provoked Wife."
She is impertinent, capricious, and open to Hattery, and is
the villain of the plot.
Faneuil (fan'el or fun'el), Peter. Born at New
Rochelle, N. Y., 1700: died at Boston, Mass.,
March 3, 1743. An American merchant, the
founder of Faneuil Hall.
Faneuil Hall. A market-house, containing a
hall for public assemblies, in Boston, Massa-
chusetts, built by Peter Faneuil 1740-42. n was
burned in 1761, reluiilt by the town in 170.'!, and enlari-'ed
in 1806. It was a meeting-place of American patriots dur-
ing the Revolutionary period, and is hence called " the
Cradle of Liberty."
Fanfani (fiin-fii'ne), Pietro. Born at Pistoja,
Italy^ April 21, 1815: died at Florence, Maich
4, 1879. An Italian philologist and lexicogra-
pher. He published " Voeabolario della lingua
italiana" (1856), "Voeabolario dell' uso tos-
cano" (1863), etc.
Fang (fang). A sherifT's officer in Shakspere's
" Henry t\'.," part 2.
Fang, Mr. A police magistrate in Dickens's
" (Oliver Twist. ' He is an outrageous and brutal man,
so fair a likeness to Justice Laing, a police magistrate in <tf-
flce at the time of jiublication. that the latter was removed
from his position by the Home otttce. Dickeiis'n Diet.
Fanning (fan'ing), David. Born in Wake
< 'oimty, N. ('., about 1756 ; died at Digby, Nova
Scotia, 1825. A Tory partizan leader in the
Revolutioiuiry War.
Fanning, Edmund. Born on Long Island, N. v..
inl737:dicdal L<indon,Feb. 28,l8l8. Acolonial
jiolitician and Tory leader in the Revolutionary
War. He graduated at Yale College in 1757, and after-
wai'd i>ractised law in Hillsborough, North Carolina. He
accompanied (Jovernor Tryon t(t New York as his private
secretary in 1771; was api>ointid by the crown sttrveyor-
general hi 1774 : and in 1777 i aisi d and connnanded a corpa
of 400 loyalists. He became lieutenant. governor of the
island of St. Johji, in the (<ulf of St. Lawrence, in 1787 ; was
lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island 1799-1804 ;
and was made a general of the British army in 1808.
Fanning Islands, [FromCaptainEdmund Fan-
ning, an American sailor, their discoverer.] A
group of islands in the Pacific, extending from
Palmvra to Christmas Island, about lat. 2°-6°
N., long. 158°-1G2° 30' \V. Fanning Island, one
of the gi'oup, was annexed by Great Britain in
l.s,^8.
Fannius, Demetrius. See Jicuiiinus.
Fanny (fan'i). The heroine of Fielding's novel
•' .losejili Andrews."
Fanny, Lord, Lord Hervey (1694-1743), vice-
ihancellor, so nicknamed on account of the
ilfeminacy of liis habits.
Fanny Fern. See F<rn, Fanny.
Fanny Price. See Price.
Fano (tii'no). A town in the province of Pe-
saro e Urbino, Italy, situated on the Aib'iatic in
lat. 4.3° 50' N., loiig. 13°1'E. : the ancient Fa-
nnin FortuiiH>, later Colonia .Tulia Fanestris.
It has a cathedral, a tine theater, ami remains of a trium-
phal arch to Augustus. Population (1881), 0,484.
Fanshawe (fan'sha). An early tale by Na-
thanicd Hawthorne, published auonjinously in
1820.
Fanshawe, Catherine Maria
Fanshawe, Catherine Maria. Born at Shab-
deii, July o, ITtio: died at Putney Heath, April
17. 1S34." An Enjrli.sh poet,
frequented by the literary in
tions of her '■ Memorials " (v
poems) and of her " Literary
and l-sTe respectively.
Panshawe, Sir Bichard. Born at Ware Park,
Hertfordshire, in June, 1608 : died at Madrid,
J uue 20, 1066. An English diplomatist and au-
thor. He was appointed secretary to Lord Aston, am
380
the name of Wells, Fargo, and Company, to carry on an
express business between New York and San Francisco.
He was mayor of Buffalo 1862-66.
novelist. He was for a time a student ou board the
school-frigate Conway : studied subsequently in a private
school at Bristol ; and in 1868, on the death of his father,
succeeded to the latter's business as an auctioneer at
Bristol. He wrote "Called Back" (1883), "Dark Days"
(1SS4), etc
bassador to Spain, in lU3.i; joined Charles I. at Oxford in faria Abb6 See Monte Crista, Count of.
war . o- Prince C.;a,.esab:nt™^rw\"?aptS.ea'aTthe Faria 6 S0USa( fa-re la e s6'za)_, ManOel_de
the lieginnini; of the
battle of Worcester, Sept. 3, 1651 ; was made master of
requests and secretary of the Latin tongue to Charles II.
at the Kcstoritinn ; was appointed ambassador to Portu-
gal in 1662 : was made a privy councilor in 1663 ; and was
sent as ambassador to Spain in 1664. His chief work
is '• The Lusiad, or Portugal's Historical! Poem, written in
the Portngall Language by Luis de Cauioens and now
newly put into English by Richard Faushawe, Esq."'
(16,i5).
Fanti (fiin-te')- See Ashanti.
Fanti (fan'te), Manfredo. Born at Carpi,
Modena, Italy, Feb. 24. 1808: died at Florence.
April 5. 1865. An Italian general. Ue joined the
revolutionary movement of 1848-19 ; sei-ved in the Cri-
mean war; and was minister of war and marine 1860-61,
Farnese Juno
Christians: a Solution of the Eastern Question" (1876),
"Egn>t. Cyprus, and Asiatic Turkey" (1878), etc.
Farmer (far'mer), Hugh. Born near Shrews-
bury, England, 1714: died at London, Feb.,
1787. An English dissenting LdergjTuan and
scholar. He published " Christ's Temptation in the
Wilderness" (1761), "Dissertation on Miracles' (1771).
" Demoniacs of the New Testament " (1775), etc.
Farmer, John. Bom at Chelmsford, Mass.,
June 12, 17S9: died at Concord, N. H., Aug. 13,
1838. An American genealogist. He published
'•Genealogical Register of the First Settlers of
New England" (1829). etc.
Farmer, Bichard. Born at Leicester, England,
Aug. 2S, 17:3.'>: died at Cambridge, England,
Sept. 8, 1797. An English scholar. He was edu.
cated at Emmanuel College. Cambridge, of which college
he was appointed master in 1775. His only published
work is a scholarly paper entitled " Essay on the Learning
of Shakspeare " (('ambridge, 1767).
Farmer George. A nickname of George III. of
England on account of his simple appearance
and manners. He is also said to have derived
actual profit from a farm near Windsor.
Faridkot (fur-ed-'kof). A tributary state in the Farmers' Alliance. In United States politics
------ --• . — .-. g^ organization devoted to the interests of
fanners, founded about 1873. It absorbed the
Born near Pombeiro, Portugal, March 18, 1590:
lUed at Madrid, June 3, 1649. A Portuguese-
Spanish historian and poet. His chief works are
commentaries on the "Lusiad" (1639),"Epitome de las his-
torias portusuesas" (1628), works on Portuguese Asia,
Europe, and Africa, poems, etc,
Farias, Valentin Gomez. See Gomes Farias.
Faribault (far-i-l>6' ). The county-seat of Kice
County, Minnesota, situated at the junction of
the Straight and Cannon rivers, 46 miles south
of St, Paul. Popidation (1890), 6.520.
Pan.iab, British India, intersected by lat. 30° 40'
N., long. 74° 50' E.
Fantine (fou-ten'). In Victor Hugo's '-Les Faridpur, orFuridpurffur-ed-p6r'),orFureed■
Misel•ables,"theuufol'tuuatemotherof Cosette. ' -- - •• -^
Fantin-Latour (fon-tan' la-tor'), Ignace Henri
Jean Theodore. Born at Grenoble, Jan. 14,
1836. A French painter, best know^l for his
portraits.
Faraday (far'a-da), Michael. Born at New
pore (fur-ed-p6r'), or Dacca Jelalpur (diik'kii
jel-ul-por'), A district in the Dacca division,
Bengal, BritishIndia,situatedabout lat, 23°-24°
N.. long. 90° E. Theehiefproductisriee. Area, „ , _ _, , i, u u * di „
2,267 square miles. Population (1891), 1,797,- Ffrmer S Boy, The A poem by Robert Bloom
oon V /I ' . belli, publislied m 1800.
Farmers' Union and the Agricultural Wheel, and devel-
oped rapidly, especially in the West and South, about
1885-90. In 1890 it elected several governors and other
State officers and congressmen. In May, 1891, it united
at Cincinnati with several industrial organizations, and
formed the People's Party (which see).
320
ingtou Butts, Sept. 22, 1791: died at Hampton Faridun (fa-ri-don'), or Feridun (fer-i-don')
Coui't, Aug. 25, 1867. A famous English physi-
cist and chemist, when a journeyman bookbinder
he was led, through hearing some of Sir Humphry Davy's
lectures, to devote himself to the study of chemistry, and
in 1813 was appointed Davy's assistant in the laboratory
of the R^jyal Institution. He was made director of the
lal)oratory in 182.% and professor of chemistry in the in-
stitution in 1833. Uis researches and discoveries in chem-
istry are noteworthy, but the great additions made by
him to the range of human knowledge were mostly in the
relnted sciences of electricity and magTietism. Especially
notable aj-e his discoveries of magneto-electric induction
in 1831 and the magnetization of light in 1845. In 1846 he
discovered diamagnetism. He published "Chemical ila-
nipulation" (ly2f), "Experimental Researches in EleC'
tricity " (1844-5,"" ' ~
and Physics'
(1861), -'Vai-ious Forces in Nature,
Farallones (fa-riil-yo'nes) Islands. A group
of small islands in the Pacific, situated about
35 miles west of San Francisco,
Faraone (fii-rii-6'na), or Taracone (tii-ra-ko'-
na). The southern branch of the Vaquero of
Bena^ides, the Jicarilla being the northern
branch. Both belong to the .\pache group of North
American Indians. In 1799 the Faraone were between
the Rio Grande del Norte and the Rio Pecos. In 1882
they were west of New Mexico, in the Sierras del Dial>lo,
Chanate. and Pilares. See Querechn.
Farebrother (far'bruTH"er), Bev. Camden.
In lieorge Eliot's novel '• Middlemarch," an un-
In Persian legend, an Iranian king, one of the
chief heroes of the Shahnamah : son of Abtin
(who was grandson of Jamshid) and Firanak.
Learning that a son had been born to Abtin who was des-
tined to dethrone him, Zohak (see Zo/iai) caused Abtin to
be killed, but Firanak escaped with Faiidun and reared him
on Mount Alburz. Summoned by Kawah to overthrow Zo-
hak. Faridun took Zohak's capital on the Tigris, captured
Zohak and bound him on Mount Damavand, and reigned
long and prosperously. He had three sons, Salra, Tur, and
Farmington (far'ming-ton). The county-seat
of Franklin Couutv, Maine. 30 miles northwest
of Augusta. Population (1890), 3,207.
Farnaby (fiir'na-bi), Thomas. Born about
1575: (Ued at Seveuoaks, June 12, 1(>47. An
English classical scholar. He matriculated atMer-
ton College, Oxford, in liiOO, but left the university and
studied at a Jesuit college in Spain. He wrote, at the re-
quest of Charles I., a Latin grammar entitled "Systema
Grammaticuni," in 1641, to replace the one in use in the
public schools.
5.i)," Experimental Researches in Chemistry x'oi.ino /fa T5'7iii1
(1859). " Chemical Histoiy of a Candle" ■'^.rina (la-re ndj.
us Forces in Nature," etc. Turns, about 25 miles
Iraj. To Salm he awarded his western dominions, and to fame, or Fam (farn), or Fom, orFearnC (fern)
Tut the eastern, while he chose Irai. the youngest, to sue- * ""^l"^! .■■".'"v y< , , • ,' i • n xt _4.i,
ceed him. The elder brothers conspired igainst Iraj. and Islands. A group of small islands m the North
~ ■ - ■ Sea, off Bamborough in Northumberland, Eng-
land. They were the scene of Grace Darlings
heroic rescue,
north of Tunis, near the Famese, Alessandro. See Paul III. (Pope).
•fino Population, esti- Famese (It. piou. fiir-na'se), Alessandro.
Born at Rome. 1547 : died at Arras, France, Dec.
3, 1592. Duke of Parma and Piacenza, son of
Ottavio Farnese and of Margaret of Austria :
Tur slew him. The son of Iraj, Minuchihr, afterward
avenged him by slaying Salm and Tur.
A town on the coast of
site of the ancient Utica.
mated. 9.000.
Farinata degli Uberti (fa-re-na'ta del'ye
6-ber'te). A leader of the Ghibelline faction at
Florence in the 13th century. Having been exiled
with other chiefs of his party froni Florence, he recovered
the city in 1260 with the assistance of Manfred, king
of Sicily, who lent him a considerable body of German
cavah-y. He rejected the proposition of his own party to
nize Florence to the ground, and is immortalized by Dante
as the savior of his country,
Farinato (fii-re-iiii'to), or Farinati (fii-re-nii'
a general in the Spanish service. He served with
distinction, under Don John of Austria, at Lepanto in
1571 : was made governor of the Low Countries in 1578;
gained overthe southern provinces: took Antwei-p in 1585;
forced Henry of Navarre to raise the siege of Paris in
1590: and relieved Rouen in 1592, where he was mortallr
wounded.
Famese, Elizabeth. See Elizabeth Farnese.
popular rector
Fareham(far'am). A watering-place in Hamp-
shire. England, situated on Portsmouth har- Farinelli (fa-re-nel'le) (Carlo Broschi)
bor 5 miles northwest of Portsmouth. Popu-
lation (1891), 7,934.
Farel (fii-rel'), Guillaume. Bom near Gap,
Dauphin^, France, 1489: died at Neuehatel,
Switzerland, Sept, 13, 1565. A noted French
Reformer and itinerant preacher in Switzerland.
te), Paolo. Bornat Verona, Italy, about 1525: pa.rnese.Otta'Tio. Born 1520: died 1586, Duke
died at Verona, 1606. An Italian painter. His of I'anua and Piacenza, son of Pier Luigi Far-
chief work is the "Miracle of the Loaves" (in ,iese whom he succeeded in 1547.
Verona). _ _ Famese, Pier Luigi, Duke of Parma and Pia-
Bom eenza. Killed Sept. 10, 1547. The son of Pope
at Naples, Jan. 24, 1705: died at Bologna, Italy, Paul IH. He was created duke in 1545.
Sept. 15, 1782. A celebrated Italian soprano, Pamese Bacchus. A celebrated Greek torso of
themostremarkablesmger, perhaps, who has fl^^, 4,11 centurv B, c, in the Museo Nazionale,
ever lived" (Grove). He sang in Vienna (1724, 1728
1731) and England (1734), and was a favorite at the Span,
ish court.
Hewasapnpilof Faber Stapiilensis. in 1523he pubUshcd FaringdoU (far'ing-don), A small town in Berk-
anonyraously a French translation of the New Testament shire, England, 16 miles west of Oxford. It was
He introduced, in 1530, the Reformation into Neuehatel, ^ roval Saxon residence.
and settled at Geneva in 1532. In spite of a bitter and * . - ' *
protracted op
the Reformation by
at (;eneva in Lo'6Z. in spue 01 a niiuer ana ti.._'* ,• /l-- „-/ =. t «i.^ n^...^^ T>^«« «♦■ T?..cci
opposition, he procured the establishment of FaruU (ta-re ne). Luigl Carlo. Born at Rtissi
lation by the Genevan Great Council of Two near Ravenna, Italy, Oct. 22, 1812: died at
Hundred, Aug. 27, 1535. He induced John Calvin to
settle at Geneva in 1536, and was banished with him in
1538. In 15:i8 he became pastor at Neuchfttel.
Fare'Well ( far'wel' ), Cape. The southernmost
extremitv of Greenland, in lat. 59° 49' N.. long.
43= .■>1' W.
Far from the Madding Cro-wd. A novel by
Thomas Hardy, published 1874. The title is
taken from a line in Gray's "Elegj'."
Fargo (fiir'go). A city in Cass County, North
Dakota, on the Red River of the North. It has
considerable trade and manufactures. Popu-
lation (1S90), 5.6(>4.
Fargo, William George. Born at Pompey,
N. Y„ May 2U, 1818: died at Buffalo, N. Y.,
Aug. 3, 1881. An .\merican expressman. He
organized in 1843, in connection ^vith Henry Wells and
Daniel Dunning, an express company under the name of
Wells and Company, which was changed to Livingston
and Fargo in 1845, and in 1S.'>0 was amalgamated with the
American Express Company, of which lie was secretary
until its consolidation with the Merchants' Union Express
Company in 1868, when he became president. In 1851,
with Heniy Wells and others, he formed a company under
Quarto, near Genoa, Aug, 1, 1866. An Italian
statesman and historian, president of the cabi-
net 1862-63. His chief work is "Storia dello
stato Romano dall' anno 1814 al 1850" (1850).
Farley (far'li), Charles. Bom at London in
1771: died there, Jan. 28, 1859. An English
actor and dramatist. He made his appearance as a
page at Covent Garden, London, in 1782, and sultsequently
played with much success the characters of Sanguiiiback
in "Cherry and Fair Star." Grindotf in "The Miller and
his ilen," Jeremy in "Love for Love," and Lord Trinket
in " The Jealous Wife." He is said to have been without
a rival in his day as a theatrical machinist. He retired
from the stage in 1834. He wrote "The Magic Oak: a
Christmas Pantomime" (1799), "Aggression, or the Hero-
ine of Yucatan " (1805), etc.
Farley, James Le'wis. Bom at Dublin, Sept.
9, 1823 : die.l at Loudon, Nov. 12, 1885. An Irish
Naples. The forms are tine, and the modeling simple
yet highly expressive of the voluptuous nature of the god.
It is of the school of Praxiteles.
Farnese Bull. A large group of Greek sculp-
ture of the TralUan school (3d century B. c),
in the Museo Nazionale, Naples. It represents
the chastisement of Dirce by her stepsons for her treat-
ment of their mother Antiope, by binding her to the horns
of a bull. It is much restored, but is very remarkable for
its composition and execution. It was discovered in the
baths of Caracalla in 1546.
Farnese Flora. A celebrated antique statue
in the Museo Nazionale, Naples. The goddess
holds her Ionian tunic with her right hand as she steps for-
ward, the motive being a familiar one in archaic statues of
Venus. The figure is remarkable for its grace, despite its
height of llj feet.
Farnese Hercules. A celebrated Greek statue
in the Museo Nazionale, Naples. The demigod
is representeil undraped, leaning on his club. The bearded
head is somewhat small, and the muscular development
prodigious. It dates f"-um the early empire.
Famese Homer. -Vn antique bust in the Museo
Nazionale, Naples. It is admirable in execution, and
remarkat>le for the profound intellectuality of its expres-
sion. It is perhaps the finest example of its familiartype,
which is tliat universally associated with Homer.
rut branch of the Ottoman Bank, and in 1860 was appointed FarneSO JunO. A colossal antique bust of JtinO
accountant-general of the State Bank of Turkey , it (on- (Hera), in the Museo Nazionale, Naples, The
stantinople. which subsequently l>ecame merged in the expression is one of calm repose, high and unbenomg.
Imperial Ottoman Bank. He wrote " Banking in Turkey " The hair is bound with a simple fillet. It has been demon-
(1863), " Turkey : a Sketch of its Rise, Progress, and Pres- strated that this bust is a copy of the type of Polycletui
ent Position " (1866), " Modem Turkey " (1872), " Turks and (420 B. c).
Famese Minerva
Famese Minerva. A Greek statue of Pallas
(Atliinc Paithenos), found at Velletri, and now
ill the Museo Xaziouale, Naples. The type is that
of the prt-:it statue of tlie Parthenon. The goddess wears
the Attic iK-lmet witli a sphinx and two figures of FeKasus^
and the aJKis on lier breast. The anus ai-e restored : the
right is extended to hold the Victorj', and the left raised
to sustain the spear.
Famese Palace. A celebrated palace of the
Fanicsc in Kdiuo, founded in tlie first part of
the reififll of Leo X. It was begun liy San Gallo the
younger, was continued by Mivlielangclo, and was com-
pleted by Giacomo delta Porta. It is adorned with frescos
by Annii>ale Caracci.
Famham (tarn'am). A town in Surrey, Eng-
lanii, '■)'! miles southwest of London. Poptila-
tioii (1891). '),r)45.
Famham, Mrs. (Eliza Woodson Burhans).
Born at Reusselaer\'ille, N. Y., Xov. 17, 181."):
died at Xew York, Dec. 15, 1864. An Ameri-
can pliilanthropist and authoress, wife of T. J.
Famham. .she was matron in the State prison at Sing
Sing 1844-48. She wrote " Life in Prairie Land," etc.
Famham, Thomas Jefferson. Born in Ver-
mont, 1804: dieil in California, Sept., 1848.
An American traveler ou the Pacific coast of
North America.
Faraworth (fiirn ' werth). A manufacturing
town in Lancashire, England, 2i miles south-
east of Bolton. Population (1891), 23.758.
Faro (fii'ro). A seaport and the cai)ital of the
province of Algarve, Portugal, in lat. 37° N.,
long. 7° 51' W. The cathedral, a large church whose
nave-vaulting springs fnim lofty cylindrical columns, is
apparently a Roman basilica altered by the Moors. Popu-
lation (1S7S). S.oUl.
Faro, Capo del. A promontory forming the
nortlieastem extremity of Sicily, 8 miles north-
east of Messina : the ancient Pelorum Promon-
torium.
Farochon (fa-i-o-shoii'), Jean Baptiste Eu-
ffene. Bum at Paris, 1807: died there, July 1,
871. A French sculptor and medallist.
Faroe,orFaro(fa'r6), Islands. \_l>a,n. Fdrdenic,
sheep islands.] A group of 24 islands belonging
to Denmark, situated in the Atlantic between
the Shetlands and Iceland, intersected by lat.
62^ N., long. 7° \V. seventeen of the islands, inclutling
Stromo, Ostero, Sydero, \'aag(), Sanilo, ami P.ordO, are in-
habited. The capital is Thorshavn. Tlie language is a dia-
lect of the Norse. The islands were colonized by Norwe-
gians in the 9th century. Area, 514 square miles. Pop-
ulation (1890), 12,954.
Faiquhar ( fiir'kwjir), George. Born at I..ondon-
derry, 1678: died April, 1707. An Ii-ish drama-
tist. He studied at Trinity College, Dublin, 1694-96, be-
came a corrector of the press, and appeared on the stage
tt Dublin, apparently without success. He removed to Lon-
don in 1(J97 or 1(598, and in l(i99 his lirst play, "Love in a
Bottle," was successfully produced at Drury Lane. Ue ob-
tained a lieutenant's cornmissi<>n from the Earl of tirrery,
possibly in 1702. and saw some service, which enabled him
to write the '" Kecruiting Officer," produced in noij, one of
hla most successful plays. He maiTied in 1703, and died
in great poverty, leaving a widow and two daughters. Be-
■tdes the plays already mentioned, he wrote "A Constant
Couple " (1«99), "Sir Harry Wildair ' (1701), "The Incon-
■tant. or the Way to Win Him"(1702), "The Twin Rivals"
(17ir2), "The .Stage Coach " (1704), and "The Beaux' Strata-
gem (1707).
Farr (fiir), William. Born at Kenley, Shrop-
shire, England, Nov. 30, 1H07 : died Api-il 14,
188;). An English statistician.
Farragnt (far'a-gut). Da'Tid Glasgo'w. Born
at ('ampbell's Station, Tenn., .lulv 5, IHOl : died
at Portsmouth, N. H., Aug. 14, 1870. A cele-
brated American admiral. He was the son of Ocorge
Fanagut, a Spaniard who emigrated to America in 1776
and (ought in the Continental army in the Revolutionary
War. He was adopted by David Porter, who procured for
him an appointment as midshipman in the United States
navy in I81II, and under whom he served in the Essex
when she was captured by the Phiebe and the Cherub in
the harbor of Valparaiso, March 28, 1814. He was pro-
moted lieutenant in 1825, commander in 1841, and captain
in \f^}5. In -Jan., 18*12, he was appointed commander of
a naval armament destined, together with a land force
under (Jeneral Penjamin F. ilutlei-, f(^r the reduction of
New Orleans. He sailed fi-om Hampton Roads Feb. 2, 1802,
and on April 18, 1S«2, began the bombardment of the lower
defenses of New Orleans, Forts .lackson and St. Phlllji.
He passed the forts on the night of April 23-24, and after
destroying the Confederate tleet, consisting of gunboats
and the iron-clail ram M:inassas. compelled the suiTender
of the city on April 2r>, which was folhiwed by that of the
forts on April 28. He turned the city over to (ieneral But-
ler May 1, 1862. On .June '28. 18112, lu- attacked the bat-
teries at Vicksburg, whi<'h he suciteilcl in jta^sing, only to
find the city impregnable toattack on Ihe river-front. On
July 15 he once m<n-e ran (he batteries, and returned to
New Orleans. He was promoted rear-admiral, July 16, 1802.
On March 14, ISrt:!, he atlempled to run the batteries of
Port Hudsijn with a tleet of vessels and gunboats to assist
General N. P. Banks in bis siege of that place, but suc-
ceeded in passing only with bis tlagship, the Hartford, ami
a gunboat which was lashed to her side. On Aug, 5, 1864,
supported by a land force under (Jeneral Oordon Orangi-r,
he passed Forts Morgan and Oaines, at the entraitce to
Mobile Bay, and after a desperate struggle captured the
381
Confederate ironclad Tennessee. Although unable to cap-
ture the city of .Mobile, ou account of shoal water antl
idjstructions in the channel, the object of his expedition,
which was to putaik end to the blockade-running at Mobile,
was elfectively accomplished. Forts (iaines and Morgan
surrendere<l sotm after. In Dec, 18('^, Congress created
for him the rank of vice.adniiral, and in IStsO that of ad-
miral.
Farrakhabad (fur-mk-ii-biid'), or Farrukha-
bad, or Furruckabad. 1. A district in the
Agra division. Northwest ProWnces, British
India, intersected by lat. 27° N., long. 79° 30' E.
Area. 1,718 stjuare mUes. Populati<m (1881).
907,608.-2. The capital of the district of Far-
rakhabad, situated on the Uauges in lat. 27° 23'
N., long. 79° 36' E. The Mahrattas were defeated
here by Lake in 1804, and the place was held by mutineers
1857-58. I'opulation (1891), 78,180.
Farrant (far'ant), Richard. Born 1530 (?):
ilied at Windsor. 1585. An English composer.
He was organist and master of the clnu-isters at St. George's
Chapel, Windsor, 1564-69, when he wasreinstateCdasagen.
tleman of the Chapel Royal, a jjosition which he had pre-
viously held. He subsequently, however, returned to
Windsor. He has been erroneously credited with the
authorship of the anthem "Lord, for thy tender mercies'
sake." Among his genuine works are a service given by
Tudway in A minor, called "Farrant's High Service," and
two anthems " Call to remembrance " and " Hide not thou
thy face."
Farrar (far'iir), Frederic William. Born at
Bombay, British India, Aug. 7, 1831. An Eng-
lish clergyman, educator, theologian, and philo-
logical writer. He was educated at the Cniversity of
London and at Cambridge ; was ordained in 1854 ; was
head-master of ilarlborough College 1871-76 : was select
preacher to Cambridge University in 18tS8 and 1874-75 ; was
appointed a canon of Westminster Abbey and rector of St.
Margaret's in 1876 ; and became archdeacon of Westmin-
ster in 1883. He has published the following works of
Action : "Eric, etc." (1858), "Julian Home" (18,i9), ".st
Winifred's, ete." (1863). His theological works are "Wit-
ness of History to Christ " (1871), "Life of Christ " (1874),
" Life aTid Work of St. Paul" (1879), "Early Days of Chris-
tianity " (1881), etc.
Farrar, Mrs. (Eliza Ware Rotch). Born about
1792: died at Springfield, Mass., April 22, 1870.
An American writer, wife of Johu Farrar. She
wrote " The Yoimg Lady's Friend" (1837), etc.
Farren (far'en), Elizabeth or Eliza. Born in
17.59 (?): died at Knowsley Park in 1829. An
English actress. She went on the stage very early, and
played with success until April 8, 1797, when she retired
from the stage. On May 1, 1797, she married the Earl of
Derl>y. She was a rival of Mrs. Abington.
Farren, Ellen or Nelly. A burlesque actress,
the daughter of Henry Fan-en.
Farren, Henry. Born in 1826 (?): died in 1860.
An Euglisli actor, son of William Farren. He
played in England and America, and at the time of his
death was the manager of a theater in St. Louis.
Farren, William. Born May 13, 1786: died at
Luiidou, Sept. 24, 1861. An English actor. He
first appe;ired at the Theatre Royal, Plymouth, about 1806,
played subsec|Ueutly at Dublin, and in 1S18 appeared as
Sir Peter Teazle at Covent Garden, London, where he
played at one or another of the principal theaters until
his retirement in 1855.
Farrer (far'er), Henry. Born at London, March
23, 1843. A landscape and marine painter and
etcher. He came to America in 1861. He is
best known for his etcliings.
Fars (f iirs ), or Farsistan (f iir-sis-tiiu' ). A prov-
ince of southei'ii Persia : the ancieut Persia.
It is bounded by Irak-Ajemi on the north, Kirmanon the
east, Laristan on the southeast, the Persian (Jnif on the
southwest, and Khuzistan on the northwest. The capital
is Shiraz, and the chief port Bushii-e.
Farsan ( f iii--san' ) Archipelago. A group con-
sisting of two islamls and scvei-al islets in the
Red Sea, on tlie Araliiaii side about lat. 17°N.
Farther India. See India, Furlhvr.
Farukhabad. See I'arriiUlKilxid.
Fasa (tii'sii). A town in the province of Far-
sistan, Persia, 85 miles southeast of Shiraz.
Fasano (fii-sii'no). A town in the province of
Bari, Italv, 36 miles northwest of Brindisi.
Populatioii (1881), 17,973.
Fasher ( fiish'er). The capital of Darf ur, in the
Suilnii, .\frica.
Fashion (fash'on). Sir Novelty. In Gibber's
"Love's Las-t Sliift," "a coxcomb tliat loves to
be tlie first in all foppery." Vanbrugh metanmr-
phosed him Into Lord Foppington In The Relapse."
The Interest of the audience In Sir Novelty does not
centre in him as an unprincipled rake (he is, however,
sufficiently unscrupulous), as it is attracted towards him
as a "beau. " a man of fashion, who professes to ace no-
thing tolerable in himself, solely In order to extort praise
for his magnificence from others. . . . He Is the fir^^t
man who was ever called "beau," which title he professes
to prefer to "right honourable, "forthe latter is inherited,
while the former is owing to his surprising mien and un-
exampled gallantry. Doraiu, Eng. Stage, II. 20.
Fashion, Tom. In Vanbmgh's comedy ''Tlu'
Kelapsc." the younger brother of Lord Fop-
pington (formerly Sir Novelty Fashion). He
Fatal Marriage, The
personates his brother to get possession of
Miss Hoyden and her fortune. See Hoi/doi.
Fashionable Lover, The. A play by Cum-
liorhiMil. )ini<luceil in li72.
Fashionable Tales, or Tales of Fashionable
Life. Tales by Miss Ed"eworth. The first instal-
ment appeared in 1809, and the last in 1812. 'They com-
prise "Eiumi,""The Dun," " Manceuvring," ''.\lmeria,"
"Vivian," "The Absentee," "Madame de Fleury," and
"Emilie de Coulangcs."
Fashoda(f!i-sli6'da). A town in the Shilluk conn-
try. .\frica, on the\Vhite Nile about lat. 9° N.
Fassa (fiis'sii). The upper part of the A\-isio
valley in southern Tyrol, noted for the Dolo-
mite Mountains.
Fasti (fas'ti). [L. (sc. dies, days), pi. of fastus,
lit. 'on which one may speak': used absolutely
for a day on which court can be held, a court-
day.] See the extract.
The Pontifices, who possessed the art of keeping account
of the time, arranged also the fasti, i. e. a list of the days
for "awards " or the admin istratioti of the law {die^ atjeiidi,
dieg/agli), this lieing part of the table of each month (Ka-
lendarinm), enumerating also the feasts, games, nnirkets,
sacrifices, etc., falling on each day, to which were gradu-
ally joined first the anniversaries of disasters, and then
other short liotices of historical events, as well as obser-
vations on the rising of certain constellations. After
these fasti had been niiide public, private persons also
undertook the compilation of fasti in the shape <»f tables
or books, and they liecame the subjects of learned discus,
sions. After the introduction of the .fnlian era (709 45)
these publications became again ollicial, and were made
by the Emperor in his quality of pontife.v maximus. We
possess a number of fragments of caleinlars whicli were
engraved or written (iiainted) at Rome and in neighbour,
ing Italian towns, and which extend from the sth century
V. c. to the time of Claudius (from a. 723 :fl B. c. to 8iH'51
A. h.). When the new chronology had become suffi-
ciently familial', the industry of private persons found
there a new fiehl. There are still two complete calendiU"8
in existence, an olficial one of the 4th century written
by Furius Dionysins Philocalus a. d. 354, and a Christian
revision of the offichil calendar composed by Polemius
Silvias (A. D. 448 stj.). From denoting lists i..f days and
months, the name of fasti was also transferred to lists of
years containing the names of the chief annual magis-
trates (fasti consulares), the triumphs held in each year
(fasti triumphales), and the priests (fasti sacerdotales).
Fragments of fasti in this sense of the word have likewise
come down to us, and of these the fasti capitolini are by
far the most important.
'feufd and Schivabe, Hist. Rom. Lit. (tr. by Warr). I. 1(6.
Fasti. A poetical Roman calendar by Ovid.
Fasti Capitolini (fas'ti kap"i-to-H'ui). [L.,
'fasti of Die ('ai)itol.' See Fasti.] Marbletab-
lets coutaining a register of the Roman con-
suls and other chief magistrates, excavated
at Rome in 1546 or 1547, and preserved in the
Capitol.
Fastnet (f&st'net) Light. A lighthouse off
Cape Clear, County Cork, Ireland, in lat. 51°
23' N., long. 9° 36' W.
Fastolf (fas'tolf ). Sir John. Bom probably in
1378: died at Caister, Nov. 5. 14.59. .\m Eng-
lish soldier and benefactor of JIagdaleu College,
Oxfortl. He was a page of Thomas Mowbray, duke of
Norfolk, and afterward entered the service of Thomas of
Lancaster (duke of Clarence), HenrylV. 's second son. who
became lord deputy of Ireland in 1401, He was app^iinted
by Henry V. custodian of the castle of Veires in (iascony
in 1413 ; became lieutenant of Normandy and goverimr of
Maine and Anjou in 1423 ; took John II , duke of .^len^on,
prisoner at the battle of Vernenil in 1424, and was created
a kiught of the Carter in 1426. On Feb. 12, 1429. during
Lent, while convoying provisions, consisting chiefiy of
herrings, to the English before Orlt^'ans, he repulsed an
attack of a largely superior F'rench force under the ( 'omte
de Clermont at Rouvray("the Battle of the Herrings'),
and ,lune 18, 1429, was defeated with Talbot at I'atay.
He retired from military service in 1440. He lef( a legacy
for the fouruling of a college at Caister, which was di-
verted by papal authority to Magdalen CviUege, Oxford.
Hf is supposed by some to be the original of Shaksperes
Sir .lolm Falslair. See Fatftaf.
Fata Morgana (fii'tii mor-gii'nii). The fay or
fairy Morgana, the sister of King Aithiir, in me-
dieval romance. She lived InthoIsleofAvahm, where
Ogler the Dane was taken and becimie her lover. In 'Or-
lando Innamorato" she appears as a pei-soniflcatitui of
Fortune. She is subject oidy to Denmgorgon. She Is also
called " .Morgalne '(and " Morgan ") " la fee " and " Morgue
la fay." The name Fata Morgana Is given to a mirage seen
In Ihe Strait of ilesaina, superstltiously supposed to be
caused by .Morgami.
Fatal Curiosity. 1. An episode in Cervantes's
•• Dim CiJuixole. ' It relates to tlie excessive trial
of a wife's failhfuliiess. — 2. A tragedy by Lillo,
publislu'd in 1737. It has been imitated ln"TheShip.
wreck, "and was altered and reproduced by Colnnni. senior,
in 17S2,
Fatal Discovery, The. A play by John Home,
ju'cxluoed by tiai-rick in 1769.
Fatal Dowry, The. A tragedy by Jlassinger
niid I'ic-ld. It wiis produced in 1632. mid was
iiilliigi'd liv Howe in his "Fiiir Pciiitinl."
Fatal Marriage, The, or The Innocent Adul-
tery. -\ tragedy by Snuthernc, acted in 1()94.
(hi Its revival in 1767 the comic uiuler-plot was omitted,
and the play was afterward renamed " Isabella."
Fates, The
Fates (fats), The. [L. Fata.'\ In Roman my-
thology, the Pareffi, or destinies personified,
corresponding to the Greek Mceiw (which see).
Fath Ali. See Feth Ali.
Father Hubberd's Tales, or The Ant and the
Nightingale. A coarse but humorous attack
on the vices ami folUes of the times, partly iu
prose and partly iu verse, by Thomas Middleton.
It was suggested by .Spenser's " Prosopopoia, or Mother
Hubberd's T.-de." It was published in 1604.
[The title of " Father of " so-and-so is given to many per-
sons, often without reason or historical accuracy. The
following list contaius some of the most common titles of
this sort.)
Father of Angling, The. Izaak Walton.
Father of Comedy, The. Aristophanes.
Father of Ecclesiastical History, The. Eu-
sebius of Ca'sarca.
Father of English Cathedral Music, The.
Tallis.
Father of English Poetry, The. Chaucer.
Father of English Prose, The. KogerAscham.
Father of Epic Poetry, The. Homer.
Father of French History, The. -\ndre Du-
chesne.
Father of German Literature, The. Lessing.
Father of Good Works. A sui-name of Mo-
hammed II.. sultan of Turkey.
Father of Greek Music, The. Terpander.
Father of Greek Tragedy, The. -^schylus.
Father of History, The. Herodotus.
Father of Jests, The. Joseph Miller.
Father of Letters, The. Francis I. of France :
so named as a patron of literature.
Father of Lies, The. Satan.
Father of Medicine, The. Hippocrates.
Father of Moral Philosophy, The. Thomas
Aquinas.
Father of Music, The. Palestrina.
Father of Orthodoxy, The. Athanasius.
Father of Peace, The. A title given by the
senate of (iJeuoa to Andrea Doria.
Father of Ridicule, The. Rabelais.
Father of the Faithful, The. Abraham.
Father of the Marshalsea, The. HeeDorrit,
Mi: iniU<(iii.
Father of the People. A title assumed by the
kings of Denmark dm-ing the period of absolu-
tism.
Father of Waters. The Mississippi.
Father Prout. ^^'C Mulioni/. Frmu-is.
Fathers, The, or The Good-natured Man. A
play by Fielding, brought to light 24 years after
his death.
Fathers, The Apostolic. Those fathers of the
church who were during any part of their lives
contemporary with the apostles. They are six;
Barnabas (lived about A. i>. 70-100), Clement of Rome (died
about I'XiX Hennas (lived probably about the beginning of
the 2d century). Ignatius (died probably 107), Papias (lived
prohattly about 130), and Polycai-p (died 155).
Fathers and Sons. -A novel by Tnrgenieff,
published in 1862. In it theoretic nihilism is pre-
sented and defined. The destructive skepticism of the
medical student Bazaroff, "the new man," in whom Ttir-
genietl portrayed the spirit of a new epoch, aroused much
hostility against him.
•'A nihilist," said Nicholas Petrovitch, . . . *'signiflesa
man wlio . . . recognizes nothing'?" " Or rather who re-
spects nothing," said Paul Petrovitch. . . . " .\ man who
looks at everything from a critical point of view," said
Arcadi. " Does not that come to the same thing ? ' asked
bis uncle. " No, not at all ; a nihilist is a man who bows
before no authority, who accepts no principle without ex-
amination, no matter what credit the piinciple has."
Turtjenieff, Fathers and Sons (tr. by Schuyler), v.
Fathigarhl(f"t-e-garh'). orFuttigarh (fut-te-
garh'). A town and station iu the diWsiou of
Agra. Xorthwest Provinces. British India, sit-
uated on the Ganges 3 miles east of Farrak-
habad.
Jathipur (fut-e-por'), or Futtehpur (fut-te-
por'). 1. A district in the Allaliabad division.
Northwest Provinces, British India, intersected
by lat. 26° N., long. 80° 45' E. Area. 1,633
stiuare miles. Population (1891 ). 699,1.57. — 2.
The capital of the district of Fathipm', situated
in lat.
' '^n' N., long. 80° 45' E. Population
(isyi). 2(M79.
Fathom, Count. See Ferdinand, Count Fathom.
Fatima (fii't^-ma). l. Bom at Mecca, Arabia,
about 606: died at Medina, Arabia, 632. -V
daughter of Mohammed by his first wife, Kadi-
jah, and wife of .Mi. she had three sons, AlHasan,
Al-Uusein, and Al-Muhsin. Thelastidied in infancy. From
the two former were descended the Saiyides. She was
called by the Prophet one of the four perfect women.
2. In "Aladdin or the Wonderful Lamp," the
enchantress. — 3. In the story of Bluebeard,
the seventh and last wife. She is said to per-
sonify female curiosity.
382
Fatimites (fat'i-mits), or Fatimides (fat'i-
midz). An Arabian dynasty of califs which
reigned over northern Africa and Syria, 909-
1171. Theyprofessed to trace their descentfrom Fatima,
the daughter of Mohammed. 'I'he califate was established
by Obeid-allah, and he had 13 successors. Their reign in
Egypt began iu 969.
Fattore, II. See Peitni.
Fat'wa (fut'wii). A town in Bengal, British
India, situated on the Ganges at its junction
witli the Pumpiui, near Patua.
Faubourg St.-Antoine, St.-Germain, etc. See
!<t.-A)itoiiie, etc.
Faucher (fo-sha'), L^on. Bom at Limoges,
France, Sept. 8, 1803: died at Marseilles, Dee.
14, 1854. A French economist and poUtieian,
a leading advocate of free trade. He was min-
ister of public works and of the interior 1848-49, and
minister of the interior in 1851. His chief .works are
" Recherches sur I'or et sui' I'argent ' (1843), " Etudes sur
I'.AngleteiTe" (1845).
Fauchet (fo-sha'), Claude. Born at Paris, Julv
3, 1530: died at Paris, 1601. A noted French
antiquarian and historian. He wrote " r.es an-
tiquitez gauloises et fran^oises, etc." (1579), "Recueil dc
I'origine de la langue et po^sie fran^oise. etc." (1581), etc.
His collected works were published at Paris in 1610.
Fauchet, Claude. Born at Domes, Nifevre,
France, Sept. 22, 1744: guillotined at Paris,
Oct. 31. 1793. A French bishop (of Calvados),
journalist, and revolutionist. Hewas deputyto the
Legislative Assembly in 1791, and to the Convention in
1792. He edited '• La Bouche de Fer" and the "Journal
des .Amis." His support of the church and his alliance
with the Girondins led to his death.
Faucigny (fo-sen-ye'). A district in the de-
partment of Haute-Savoie, France, south of
Chablais and west of the Swiss canton of Va-
lais. It was a mediev.al lordship, and passed in 1355 to
the house of Savoy.
Faucilles (fo-sey'), Les Monts. A range of
bills iu eastern France, connecting the Vosges
Mountains with the plateau of Langres. High-
est point, about 1,600 feet.
Faucit (fa'sit), Helen, Lady Martin. Born in
1819. -\n English actress. She made her first ap-
pearance at London, in 1836, as Julia in '"The Hunchback."
She has since gained success in Juliet, Portia, Desdemona,
and other .Shaksperian roles, and created the leading
female characters in "The Lady of Lyons," "Money,"
" Richelieu, " and many other plays. In 1851 she married
Mr. Theodore (now Sir Theodore) Martin. Her last ap-
pearance was in 1879, at the opening of the Memorial
Theatre at Stratford-on-Avon. She has written a work
•'On Some of the Female Characters of Shakspere."
Faujas de Saint-Fond (to-zha' de san-f6n'),
Barthelemy. Bom at Montelimart, Drome,
France, May 17, 1741 : died at Paris, July 19,
1819. A French geologist and traveler. He
published " Les voleans 6teints du Vivarais et
du Velav" (1778), etc.
Faulconbridge (fa'kn-brij). Lady. A charac-
ter in Shakspere's '■ King John."
Faulconbridge, Philip. Half-brother (illegit-
imate) to RoliertFaidconbridge in Shakspere's
" King John."
Faulconbridge, Robert. A character in Shak-
spere's " King John."
Faulhorn (foul'hdrn). A peak of the Bernese
Alps, in the canton of Bern, Switzerland, south
of the Brienzer See. Height, 8,803 feet.
Faulkland. See Fdlkland.
Faulkner's (fak'nerz) Island. -A^ small island
in Long Island Sound, near Guilford, Con-
necticut.
Faun of Praxiteles. The finest surviving copy
of the celebrated original in the Capitoline
Museum, Rome. The youth leans on a tree-stump,
nude except for a panther-skin over the shoulder. The
face betrays his rude kinship by little except the unusual
hollow in "the nose and the slightly pointed ears.
FaunUS. See Piimxilnster.
Faure (for), Frangois F61ix. Born at Paris.
Jan. 30, 1841. A French statesman. He was
president of the chamber of commerce at Havre, and dur-
ing the Franco-German war served in the yarde mobile
against the Commune. He was elected in 1881 to the
chamber as a republican ; was in the ministry of commerce
under Ganibetta and Jules Ferry ; was minister of marine
under Dupuy ; and was elected president of France Jan. 17.
is;i5.
Faure, Jean Baptiste. Bom at Moulins,
France. Jan. 1.5, 1830. A noted French bary-
tone singer and composer. He made his dibut at
the Op^ra Comique Oct. 20, 1852. In 1857 he was nuide
professor of singing at the Conservatoire, Paris. In 18ri9
he married Mademoiselle Lefebre, an actress at the Op^ra
Comi(iue. He h;is published two books nf songs, etc.
Faure, Madame (Constance Caroline Le-
febre). Born at Paris, Dee. 21, 1828. A French
vocalist, wife of J. B. Faure.
Fauriel (fo-re-el'), Claude Charles. Bom at
St.-fitienne, France, Oct. 21, 1772: died at
FauBtus
Paris, July 15, 1844. A French philologist,
historian, critic, and politician. He published
"Histoire de la Gaule m^ridionale sous la domination
des conquerants germains " (183ti), " Histoire de la croi-
sade contre lesh^r^tiques albigeois" (translated from the
Provenijal, 1837), "Histoire de la litterature provencale"
(1840), " Dante et les origines de la langue et de la litte-
rature it;Uienne " (1854).
Faust (foust). 1. A tragedy by Goethe, com-
menced in 1772, and published as "Faust, ein
Fragment " in 1790. Part 1, complete, was published
as "Faust, eine Tragodie" in 1SU8 ; part 2, finished in
1831, was published in 1833. It has been translated into
English by Bayard Taylor, Blackie, .\nBter, Hajward,
Martin, and others (nearly 40 in all). Goethe accomplished
the transformation of Faust from a common necromancer
and conjurer into a personification of humanity, tempted
and disquieted, but at length groping its way to the
light. See Goethe.
2. An opera by Gounod (words, after Goethe,
by Carre and Barbier), represented at the The-
atre Lyrique, Paris, March 19, 1859.— 3. An
opera by Spohr, first produced at Frankfort in
1818. I'he words, which do not follow Goethe's
pla}', are by Bernliard.
Faus't (foust), Johann. See Fiwt.
Faust, or Faustus (fas'tus). Doctor Johann. A
person bom atKundling(Kuittlingen),WUrtem-
berg, or at Koda, near Weimar, and said to have
died in 1538. He was a man of licentious character, a ma-
gician, astrologer, and soothsayer, who boasted of perform-
ing the miracles of Christ. It was believed that he was car-
ried otf at last by the devil, who had lived with him in the
form of a black dog. The legends of Faust were gathered
from the then recent traditions concerning him in a book
which appeared at the book-fair at Frankfort-on-the-
Main in 1587. It was called " The History of Dr. Faustus,
the Notorious Magician and Master of the Black Art,
etc." Soon after its appearance it became known in Eng-
land. "A metrical version of it into English was licensed
by Aylmer, Bishop of London, before the end of the year.
In 1588 there was a rimed version of it into German, also
a translation into Low German, and a new edition of the
original with some slight changes. In 1589 there ap-
peared a version of the first German Faust book into
French, by "V'ictor Palma Cayet, The English prose ver-
sion was made from the second edition of the original,
that of 1588, and is undated, but probably was made at
once. There was a revised edition of it in 159*2. In 1592
there was a Dutch translation from the second German
edition. This gives the time of the carrjing olf of Faustus
by the devil as the night between the twenty-third and
twenty. foiu-th of October, 1538. The English version also
gives 1538 as the year, and it is a date, as we have seen,
consistent with trustworthy references to his actual life.
Marlowe's play (■ The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus ")
was probably written in 1588, soon after the original story
had found its way to England. He treated the legend as a
poet, bringing out with all his power its central thought —
man in the pride of knowledge turning from his God."
Qlorley. Eng. Writers. IX. 254.) This playwas brought to
Germanyaboutthebeginningof thel7thcentur>-, and, after
passing through various developments on the stage, finally
became a puppet-play, which is still iu existence. Les-
sing wrote parts of two versions of the story. MiUler, the
painter, published two fragments of his dramatized life of
Faust in 1778. Goethe's tragedy (which see) was not pub-
lished till 1808. Klinger ])ublislied a romance "Faust's
Leben, Thaten und HoUeufalu-t " (1791 : Borrow trans-
lated it in 1820). Klingemann published a tragedy on the
subject (1S1.5), Heine a ballet " Der Doctor Faust, ein
Tauzpoem " (1851), and Lenau an epic " Faust " (1836).
\V. G. Wills adapted a play from Goethe's "Faust," which
Henry Irving produced in 1885. Cidderon's play "El
Magico Prodigioso " strongly resembles Goethe's and Mar-
lowe's plays, though founded on the legend of St. Cyprian.
Fausta (fas'tii), Cornelia. Born about 88 b. c.
A daughter of the Roman dictator L. Cornelius
SuUa by his foiu'th wife, Csecilia Metella. she
married at an early age C. Memmius, by whom she waa
divorced. In 55 B. c, she manied T, Annins Milo. She
was notorious for her conjugal infidelity. The historian
Sallust is said to have been one of her paramours.
Fausta, Fla'Tia Maximiana. Died probably
in 326. A Roman empress, daughter of the
emperor Maximianus Herculius. She married in
3117 Constantine the (Treat, by whom she was the mother
of Constantinus, Constantius, and Constans. She is said
to have induced Constantine by false accusations to put
C^ispus, bis eldest son by a former marriage, to death,
and to have been suffocated in a heated bath Ijy order of
her husband, in consequence of the discovery of the inno-
cence of Crispus.
Faustin I, See Soulouquc.
Faustina (fas-ti'na), Annia, sumamed Junior.
[L. Fdiivtina, from faustus. fortimate.] Died
near Mount Taurus, Asia Minor, 175 A. D. A
Roman empress, daughter of Antoninus Pius by
Annia Galeria Faustina, she married Marcus Au-
relius in 145 or 146. She surpassed her mother in profligacy,
and is said to have incited by her intrigues the unsuccess-
ful rebellion of Avidius Cassias.
Faustina, Annia Galeria, sumamed Senior.
Born about 104 A. D. : died 141. A Roman em-
Jiress. She married Antoninus Pius before his elevation
to the throne in 138, and died in the third year of his
reign. She was noted for her profligacy. A temple dedi-
cated to her memor>' in the Via Sacra may still be seen in a
perfect state of preservation. There is a colossal bust of
her in the Vatican, Rome. It is a well-characterized piece
of portrait-sculpture, and a good example of the best
works of Roman art.
Faustus. See Faust.
Fauvelet
Fauvelet (fov-la'). Jean Baptiste. Bom at
BonUaux, France, June 'J, I'^lSi. A Freuch
painter of geure scenes and flowers.
Favara (fa-vii'ra). A town ill the proviuee of
Girgenti, Sicilv. 4 miles southeast of Girgenti.
Population (1881), ICOni.
Favart (fU-var'), Charles Simon. Bom at
Paris. Nov. 13. 1710: died at Belleville, near
Paris, May V2, 1792. A French dramatist and
writer of comic operas.
Favart, Madame (Marie Justine Benoite du
Bonceray). Bom at Avignon, France, Juno 15,
17.!7: died at Paris, April 22, 1772. A French
acfrcs- .iiiil writer, wife nf ('. S. Ftivart.
Favart, Marie iPierette Ignace Pingaud).
Bora at Beauue, France, Feb. 10, ISIiU. Auoted
French actress. She made her d(-but, in lajs, at the
Com^die Fran^aise, of which in 1854 she was made a mem-
ber. .She resigned in 1881. In 1883 she made a tour in
Russia witli Coquelin. and played in classic comedy, nota-
bly in "Tartnfe." She has created many original parts,
and has been especially successful in the modern drama.
Faventia (fa-ven'shi-ji). The Roman name of
Faenza (which see).
Faversham ffav'er-sham), or Feversham
(fev'er-sham). A town in Kent, England, on
a branch of the Swale 44 miles east -southeast
of London. It was formerly the seat of a cele-
brated abbey. Popniation (1891), 10,478.
Favignana (fa-ven-ya'na). The largest of the
/FgAtes Islands, west of Sicily: the ancient
-•Egusa .
383
1605. He was arrested as he was entering the cellar on
the night of Nov. 4-5, and after trial was executed with
several of his accomplices.
Fawkner (fak'ner), John Pasco. Born Oct.
20, 171»2: died Sept. 4, isoo. An Australian
journalist. He went from England to Van Diemen's
Land in 1804 with his father, a convict. In 1M35 he settled
with others on the site of the present city of ilelbonrne,
and in 18:i8 started the "Melbounie Advertiser," .which
was suppressed by the government in consequence of fail-
ure to comply with the press laws. In 18:19 he began the
" Fort Philip Patriot," which, after ctianging its name to
the " Daily News," was amalgamated with the " Argus"
in 1S5'2. ilo became a member of the council of Victoria.
Fawnia (fa'ni-a). In Greene's " Dorastus and
Fawnia" (afterward called "Pandosto"), the
lady loved by Dorastus. She is the original of
Shakspere's Perdita.
Faxardo. See Saavedra.
Fay (fi or fiiy), Andr&S. Born at Kohany,
cciuuty of Zemplin, Hungary, May 30, 178G:
died at Pest, July 26, 1864. A Hungarian poet
and general writer, author of "Mes6k" ("Fa-
bles," 1820), etc.
Fay (fa), Charles Alexandre. Bom at St.-
Jeau Pied de Port, Basses-Pyrenees, France,
Sept. 23, 1827. A French general. He entered
the army in 1847 : served as aide-de-camp to General Bos-
quet in the Crimean war, and as lieutenant-colonel on the
staff of Marshal Bazaine in the Franco- Prussian war : and
was captured at the capitulation of Metz. He became
general of division in 1885. He, has written " Souvenirs de
la guerre de Crim^e " (1867), "Etude sur la guerre d'Alle-
magne en 1860 " (1867), " Dela loimilitaire" (1870), "Jour-
nal d'un offlcier de rarnnSe du Rhin " (1871), etc
Favonius (fa-vo'ni-us). In Roman mythology, Fay (fi), Joseph. Born at Cologne, Aug. 10,
the %vest wind personified: the same as ^ep/iyrHS. 1813: died at Diisseldorf, July 27, 1875. A
Favorinus (fav-6-ri'mis). Born at Arelate, German painter.
Gaul : lived about 12:5 A. D. A rhetorician and Fay (fa), Theodore SedgWlck. Born at New
sophist, a friend of the emperor Hadrian. He York, Feb. 10, ISO,. An American miscellane-
ous writer and diplomatist. He became associate
editor of the " New York Mirror " in 1828 ; was secretary
of the American legation at Berlin 1837-53: and was min-
ister resident at Bern, Switzerland, 1853-61, when he retired
to private life. Author of "Great Outlines of Geography "
(1867).
Fayal (fi-al'; Pg. pron. fl-al'). One of the
Azores Islands, forming part of the district of
Horta. It exports oranges. The capital is
Horta. Area, 69 sqnaro miles.
sviii.^ He was suspected of pa,ye (fa), Hcrvc Auguste fitienne Alban.
.on to place the count on the g^^.^ ^^ st.-Benoit-du-Sault, Indre, France,
Oct. 5, 1814. A French astronomer. On Nov.
22, 1843. he discovered a new comet, which was
nameil from him.
„ ,,,..,, .. Favette, Madame de La. See La Fayette.
He was the eadcr of the democratic ii„f.„ii„Ltll„ /fs „t',,;i\ Til.o /.o„ifo1 \^f P,,,,,
opposition to the second empire 18<i:!-(«, and minister of FayetteVllle (ta-et v 1) The capital ot Cum-
foreign affairs 1870-71. He wrote "Eomectlarepubliciuc berlan<l County, North (. arolina, situatedon the
fannpaise ■ (1871), " Le gouvemement de la defense nation- Cape Fear River 50 miles south-southwest of
ale "(1871-75). Raleigh. Population (1890), 4,222.
Fawcett tfa'set). Henry. Born at Salisbury, Fayrer (fa'rer). Sir Joseph. Born at Plymouth,
Eu;;laMd, Aug. 20, ls:j:!: died at Cambridge, England, Dec. 6, 1824. An English surgeon-
adopted the skepticism of the Academy.
Favorita(fa-v6-re'ta), La. [It.. ' The Favorite.']
An opera by Donizetti, tirst produced at Paris
in 1K40.
Favras (fii-vra'), Marciuis de (Thomas de
Mahy ). Born at Blois. France, March 26, 1744 :
died at Paris, Feb. 19, 1790. A French con-
spirator. At the outbreak of the French Revolution he
was an officer in the Swiss body-guai-d of the Count of
Provence, afterward Louis XVIII.
organizing a counter-revoluti<i
French tlironc, and w;ls hiuig.
Favre (favri, Gabriel Claude Jules. Born at
Lyons, March 21, 1809: died at Ver.sailles,
France, Jan. 19, 1880. A noted French states-
man aM<l orator
Nov. 6, 1884. A noted English statesman and
Solitical economist. He graduated B. A. at Trinity
all, Cambridge, in 1856 ; studied law at Lincoln's Inn,
London ; and was accidentally blinded Sept. 17, 1858. He
became professor of political economy at Cambridge in
1863. a position which he retained until bis death. In Fayum or FayOUm (fi-(5m'). A province
1867 iKMianied Miss MilliLX-ntOarrettofAldcburgh.Sut. Egyijt, west of the Nile and southwest
folk, who dunng the rest of his life shared Inaintflk'ctiial i^-' i '
He was Liberal member of I'ailia-
and polilical labors.
meat for Brighton 1865-74, and for Hackney 1874-84. In
188*1 he became postmaster general in Gladstone's gov-
ernment, and introduced numerous reforms in the postal
service, of which the most imi)ortant w:is the jiaictls poMt
ot 1882. He iiubli.sli.da ".Manual of l'..lill.al Ei.ionm.y '
(186:!). " .Mr. Hiirea Kefurm Bill Simplitled and L.vplaincd '
(ISOiJI, '"I'he Leading Clauses of a New Reform Bill"
(1860), "The Economic Position of the British Labourer"
(186f)), " Pauperism: its Causes and Remedies "(1871). " Es-
says and Led ures on .Social and Political Subjects' (187'2 :
including eight essays by .Mrs. Ic'awictl). "Speeches on
Some Current Political (JiicKtions" (IH7:i), "Free Trade
and Protection " (1878), "Indian Kinanco " (1880), "State
Socialism and the Nationidisation of Land" (1883), and
" Labour and Wages " (1884).
Fawcett, John. B..rn Aug. 29, 1768 : died 1837.
An ICiurlish actor and dramatist. He appeared at
Covent Garilen, London, in 1701. and maintained his con-
nection with that theater until his retirement from the
stage in 18;J0. A mnnber of plays were written especially
for him by Cidman the younger, the most notable of which
was the " lleirat-Law, " in which he ajtpeared as Dr. Pan-
gloss. He wrote "(tbi, or Three- lingered .lack" (produced
at the Ilavniarkct in IMMi). "Peronse "(18(H)," Fairies' Rev. FaZOgl, or
el' (prodn.'.-.l at tb.- Ilaymarket in 18112), " llie Enchanted .1 ,,„uip,
Island "(pr..duced at the Haymarket in 1804), etc.
Fawkes (faks), Guy. Born at York, Eng-
land, l.'i'O: died Jan. 31, l(i06. An English
conspirator. He was the son of Edward Fawkes, a
notarv ot the ecclesiastical courts. Guy left England in
159;) for Handcrs, where he became a soldier in the Span-
ish army. He returned t<) Englaml on the accession of
James I., and In 16fM became associated with Catesby,
Thomas Percy. Thomas Winter, .John Wright, and others In
the so called'"gunpowdcr jilot," the object of which was
tokillthekingandthemendiersof Parliament. The con-
spirators managed to (HI a cellar inidcr the Parliament
house with barrels of ginipowder, which wtis to be ex-
ploded by Fawkes at the opening ot Parliament, Nov. 6,
general in the Indian army. He wrote a work on
the poisonous snakes of India, which was published by
the Indian government in 1872, and is also the author of
other works and of numerous papers on medical subjects
ill special relation to India.
~ - of
Egyjjt,' west of the Nile and southwest of
Cairo, It is well watered and very fertile. In the north-
west part of it is the large lake Birket el-Kurun, and the
ancient lake Mteris (which see) was in it. Area, 493 square
miles. Population, 228,709.
Mr. Petriebiis brought to light fin the Fnyum] the earli-
est Cn-ili ;il|ili:ibetic:il signs yet discovereii ; for tliennist
anrieiit spci-iiiiens of the Greek writing jirevioiisly known
iu-e the rock-cut and the lavacut inscriptions found in the
very ancient cemeteries of Sant^>rin and Thera, and the
famous Greek inscription cut upon the leg of one of the
colossi at AbaSimbel. The Abn-Simbcl inscription is
contemporaneous with the l''i'rty-se\ ciith olympiad, ami
Lenormant attributes the idcb -st of the Theraii inscrin-
tions t^) the 9th century before Christ. But the potsherds
found by Mr. Petrie in the Fayum carry back the history
of the alphabet to a period earlier than the date of the
Exodus, and six centuries earlier than any Greek inscrip-
tions known. Edunrdt, Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 79.
Fazio (fiil'se-d). A tragedy by Dean Milman.
lirsl )ir(iduced, without his knowledge, as " The
Itiilian Wife." In 1818 it was brought out with great
success at Covent Garden. The plot is from a story in
the " Aiininil Keglstcr" for 179.'.. See Biaiica.
Fassogl (t'ii-zo'gl). A territory in
1 Suiliin, situated on the Blue Nile
about hit. Il°-12° N.
Fazy(fii-/.e'). James. Born at (ieneva. May 12,
1796: died there, Nov. 5, 1878. A Swiss states-
man and journalist. He was the head of the provi-
sional government at Geneva in 1846, and author of " Essai
il'un prccisde I'hisloire dela riipubllque do Geneve " (1838),
etc.
Fea (fii'ii). Carlo. Born at Pigna, near Nice.
Feb. 2. 17.'i3: died at Rome, March 18, 1834.
An Italian ecclesiastic and nrchujologist. He
published "Miscellanea lilologica, critica ed an-
tiquaria" (1790), etc.
Feckenham
Fear (fer). Cape. A promontory on the Atlantic
coast, forming the southern point of Smith's
Island, in the south of North Carolina. The po-
sition of the light-ship is lat. 33' 35' N., long. 77' 60' W.
Cape Fear River, which enters the ocean here by two
channels separated by Smith's Island, is formed by the
union of the Deep and Haw rivers in Chatham County,
North Carolina, and flows in a southeasterly direction.
The entrances to it were blockaded during the Civil War.
Length, about 250 miles; navigable to Fayetteville (120
miles).
Feame (fi>m ), Charles. Bom at London, 1742 :
died at Chelmsford, Fob. 25, 1794. An English
jurist. His chief work was "An Essay on Con-
tingent Remainders" (1772).
Feast of Rose Garlands, The. A painting by
Albert Diirer (l.')06), in the museum at Prague,
Boliemi;i. The Virgin, with the Child on her knee, is
enthroned beneath a green canopy upheld by angels.
Other angels hold a diadem over her head, and still others
crown with n»ses the attendants of the emperor and the
I'ope, who kneel at the right and left. The Virgin crowns
the emperor, and the Child is about to place a garland on
the Pope's head. At the Virgin's feet an angel plays on
a viol.
Feather (feTH'fer) Kiver. A river of northern
California, formed by its North and Middle
Forks, flowing south, and joining the Sacra-
mento 18 miles above Sacramento. Length,
over 200 miles.
Featherstone(feTH'^r-st6n), Peter. In George
Eliot's novel " Middlemarch," an old miser who
delights in tormenting his expectant relatives.
Featley (fet'U), or Fairclough (fiir'kluf),
Daniel. Born at Charlton-upou-Otmoor, 0-\-
fordshire, March 15, 1582: died at Chelsea Col-
lege, April 17, 1()45. An English con(trover-
sialist and devotional writer. He was chaplain to
Sir Thomas Edmoudes, English ambassador at Paris, 1610-
1613, and acted subsequently as domestic chaplain to
Abbot, archbishop of Canterbury, by whom he was ap-
pointed rector of Lambeth in 1619. He became rector of
Acton, Middlesex, in 1627. During the civil war he was
suspected of acting as a spy for the king.
February (fob'rp-a-ri). [L. Fehruarius (sc. men-
sis), the month of expiation, from fcbrua, pi., a
Roman festival ot purification and expiation
celebrated on the 1.5th of that month, sacred to
the god Luperetis (hence sumamed Fehruus),
pi. otfebruiim, a means of purification: a word
of Sabine origin.] The second month of the
year, containing twenty -eight days inordinary
years and twenty-nine in leap-years. When intro-
duced into the Roman calendar, it was'made the last month,
preceding January ; but about 450 B. c. it was placed
ilfter Janu.oi-y, and made the second month. In later reck-
onings which began the year with March, it was again the
last month. Abbreviated Feb.
February, Revolution of. In French history,
the revolution of 1848. An outbreak on the evening
of Feb. 23 led to the abdication of King Louis Philippe on
the 24th, and this was followed the same day by the for-
mation of a provisional government and the declaration
of a republic.
Fecamp (fii-kon'). A seaport and watering-
place m the dejjartment of Seine-Inf^rieure,
France, situated on the English Channel 22
miles northeast of Hiivre. The abbey church, of the
13th century, is one of the chief monuments of the Bene-
dictine iiionks. The exterior is plain, but the interior,
tlioiif;h simple, is very effective from its great size, excel-
lent proimrtions, and the grace of its series of pointed
arches. There are some good tombs of abbots, and curious
sculptures of scriptural scenes. Poinilation (1891), com-
mune, i;i,577.
Fechner (fech'ner), Gustav Theodor. Bom
atOross-Siihrchen, near Muskau, Prussia, April
19, 1801 : died at Leipsic, Nov. 18, 1887. A Ger-
man physicist, one of the founders of psycho-
J>hysics. He was professor of physics at the University
of Leipsic 18:14-39. when lie was compelled to resign on ac-
count of an affection of the eyes. He snbse<iuenlly taught
natural philosophy, anthropology, ami esthetics. Hischief
works arc " Nanna, oder ulierdas Seelenleben der Pllan-
zen " (1818), "Zend-Avesta, odir iilier die Hinge des Him-
mcls und des .lenseits " (IS.'d), " illicr die Seelenfrage '
(1861), "Vorschule der Asthetik" (1876), "Die Tagesim-
sicht gegcnuberder Nachtaiisieht " (1879), " Elemente der
Psvcbophysik " (186o\ "In Sachcn der Psychophysik "
(1877), etc.
Fechter (fech'ter), Charles Albert. Bom at
London, Kngland,Oct.23, 1824: died at Quakers-
town, Pa., .\ug. 5, 1879. A noted actor. His
father was a iiati\ e of France, though of Gernnui lineage ;
his mojberwas lioin in Kiaiidcrs,of Italian descent. I'Yom
lS4still ISllil be played on the French stage, where he was
very successful as Armand Duval, in " La dame aux eamC-
lias," a part which he created. In 1860 he appeared in
London as Ruy Bias, and afterward in meloilrama. Ir
1870 he came to America. After various vicissitudes he
retired to a farm in Pennsylvania, where he died. He ex-
celled in niclodnima.
Feckenham (fek'en-am), or Fecknam (fek'-
nnml, John de. Born in Fecki'iiliani Forest,
\V'oriTstrrsliire. about 151,S: died at Wisbeach,
Cainbridgeshire, 15M5. An English Roman
Catholic divine, last abbot of Westminster
(155G). Ho was private chaplain and coofeBSor to Queen
Feckenham
Mary. During the persecution of the Prot«atant8 he was
much occupied with striving to convert them, and, failing
in this, he often befriended them.
Federal Constitution, The. The fundamental
or organic law of the United States, it was
framed by the Constitutional Convention which met in
Philadelphia May 25, 17S7, and adjourned Sept. 17, 1787,
and it went into elfect Miuch 4, 17s9, having been ratified
by eleven of the tliirteen States, the others. North Caro-
lina and Rhode Island, ratifying it Nov. 21, ITSfl, and May
29, 17!Ht. respectively.
Federal District (Mexico). See Mexico.
Federalist (fed'e-ral-ist), The. A collection of
essays in favor and in explanation of the United
States Constitution, first issued in serial form.
Oct., 1787,-April, 1788, in the ''Independent
Journal " of New York, where they were col-
lected in book fonn with the title " The Fed-
eralist.'' They were written by Hamilton, Madison, and
Jay shortly .'if fertile Constitution was published. The joint
signature of the authors was at tirst " A Citizen of New
York"; alittlelaterit was changed to" Publius." Eighty-
five essays were published, of which 29 are by Madison
(on his own authority), 51 by Hamilton, and 5 by Jay.
They did much to secure the adoption of the Constitution.
Federalists (fed' e-ral-ists), The. 1. In United
States histoiy, a political part}' formed in 1787
to support the Federal Constitution. Among its
leaders were Hamilton and John Adams, and it controlled
the executive of the national government under the ad-
ministrations of Washington and Adaras. From 1789 it
favored a broad construction of the Constitution, and a
strongly centralized government. It opposed the War of
1812, and after that time ceased to be of importance in na-
tional politics : but it figured for some years longer in
local New England politics.
2. [Sp. Fedenilistat-.] A political party of
Mexico. See Ceittrali'i^ts.
Federici (fa-da-re'che). Camillo (Giovanni
Battista Viassolo). Born at Turin. April,
1749: died at Turin. Dec. 23, 1802. An Italian
dramatist.
Federmann (fa'der-mau), Nicholas (old au-
thors write Fredeman, Frideman, etc).'
Born at Ulm, .Swabia. 1.501: died either in a
shipwreck or at Madrid, Spain, about 1543. A
South American traveler. From 1629 to 1632 he was
in Venezuela in the employ of the Welsers of Augsburg,
and made an extended exploration in the interior, of which
he wrote an account, first published in 1567. He was again
in Venezuela in 15;I4 as lieutenant of George of Spires.
The latter started for the interior, leaving orders for Fe-
dermann to follow. Instead of doing so, he began inde-
pendent explorations, wandered for several years north of
the Orinoco, and finally reached the country of the Chib-
chas of New Granada. This region had already been partly
conquered by Goiiziilo Quesada, and it is said that Feder-
mann was bribed by t^uesada to relinquish his claim to the
conquest. He returned to Europe, where the Welsers
disgraced him for his treacheiy to George of Spires.
Fedor. See Feodor.
Fedora (fa-do'ra). A play by Sardou, produced
at Paris in 1882. It was translated by Herman
Merivale, and produced in English in 1883.
Feeble (fe'bl). in Shakspere's " Henry IV.,"
part 2, one of Falstaff's recruits, characterized
by Falstaff as ''most forcible feeble."
Feejee. See Fiji.
Feenix (fe'niks), Cousin. In Charles Dickens's
"Uombey and Son," a well-preserved society
man, very youthful in appearance : a bachelor,
and the cousin of Edith Grapger.
Fehmam. See Femem.
FehrbelUn ( far-bel-len' ). A small town in the
province of Brandenbm'g, Prussia, 33 miles
northwest of Berlin. Here the Prussians under the
Great Elector defeated the Swedes under Wrangel, June
IS (2S N. S.), 1675.
Feignwell. See Faimoell.
Feij6 (fii-zho'). Diogo Antonio: commonly
called Padre Feij6. Born at Sao Paulo, Aug.",
17S4: died there. Nov. 10, 1843. A Brazilian
priest and statesman. He was minister of justice
July 4, 1831, to July 20, 1832. senator from 1833, and from
Oct. 12, 1835, to Sept. IS. 1837, regent of Brazil. He was a
pronounced liberal, even advocating the abolition of the
celibacy of the clergy.
Feilding (fel'ding). Robert: called BeauFeil-
ding. Died May 12, 1712. An EngUsh rake of
the period of the Restoration. He became notori-
ous for his amours at the court of Charles II., where he
was known as "handsome Feilding." He afterward be-
came a Roman Catholic, and was given a regiment by
James 11., whom he accompanied to Ireland. Uc sat for
Gowran in the Irish Parliament of 16S9; was in ^aris in
1692 : and in 1696 returned to England, where he was tor
a time eonmiitted to Newgate. He married one Mary
Wadsworth, Nov. rt, 170.\ supposing her to be a wealthy
lady (.Mrs. Deleau), whose hair-dresser he had bribed to
bring about a marriiige. Nov. 25, 1706, he man-ied the
Duchess of Cleveland, the former mistress of Charles II..
and was in consequence convicted of bigamy. He w.aa de-
scribed by Steele as Orlando in the " Tatler ' (Xos. 60 and
51, 1709).
Feitama (fi'tii-ma), Sybrand. Born at Amster-
dam. Dec, 1694: died at Amsterdam, June,
1758. A Dutch poet and translator from the
French.
384
Feith (fit), Rhijnvis. Bom at Zwolle, Nether-
lands, Feb. 7, 1753 : died there, Feb. 8, 1824. A
Dutch poet and general writer. His works include
•• Het Graf " (1792), '■ Oden en Gedichten " (1796), the trage-
dies "Thirza," "Johanna Gray," "Ines de Castro," etc.
Fej6r (fe'yar), Gyorgy. Born at Keszthely.
county of Zala, Hungary, April 23, 1766: died
at Pest, July 2, 1851. A Hsngarian historian
and general writer. His chief work is " Codex
diplomaticus Hungarise" (1829—44).
Felanitx (fa-la-nech'), or Felaniche (fa-lii-
nech'e). A town in Majorca, Balearic Islands,
Spain, 27 miles east-southeast of Palttia. Pop-
ulation (1887). 12.053.
Feldberg (feld'bero). The highest summit in
the Black Forest, Baden. Germany. It com-
mands a fine prospect. Height, 4.900 feet.
Feldberg, The Great. The highest summit
of the Taunus range, near Wiesbaden, Ger-
many. Height, 2,900 feet.
Feldkirch (feld'kirch). A town in Vorariberg,
Austria-Hungary, situated on the 111 in lat. 47°
12' N., long. 9° 35' E. It occupies a strong
strategic position. Population (1890), com-
mune, 3,811.
Felegyhaza (fii'ledy-ha-zo). A town in the
countv of Pest-PUis-Solt, Hungary, in lat. 46°
42' N. Jong. 19° 52' E. Population("l890),30,326.
Felibien (fa-le-byan'), Aildr6. Bom at Char-
tres, France, May 8, 1619 : died at Paris, June
11, 1695. A French architect, poet, and writer
(especially on art). His chief work is '■ Entretiens
sur les vies et sur les ouvrages des plus excellents pein-
tres " (1666-88).
F61ibien, Michel. Born at Chartres, France,
Sept. 14, 1666 : died at Paris, Sept. 25, 1719. A
French historian, son of Andrl Felibien. He
wrote a " Histoire de I'abbaye royale de Saint-Denis "
(1706), etc.
Felibres (fa-lebr'), Les. [Pr., of unknown ori-
gin ('book-makers' f).] A brotherhood of mod-
ern Provencal poets. It was originated by Joseph
Roumanille, who revived Provencal as a literary language,
about 1S36. He was followed by Frederic Mistral and five
other poets, all living in or near Avignon. In the course
of years this brotherhood came to be a great literary soci-
ety, with affiliated organizations in other parts of France
and in Spain. Among the members are Aubanel, Brunei,
Camille Raybaud, Mathieu. antl Felix Gras. The brother-
hood of the F61ibrige was formally founded May 21, 1854.
Felice (fe-le'ehe), Fortunato Bartolommeo.
Bom at Rome. Aug. 24, 1723 : died at Yverdon,
Switzerland, Feb. 7, 1789. An Italian writer,
atithor of an encyclopedia (1770-80), etc
Felicitas, Saint. See Perpctua, Saint.
Felisbravo. A prince of Persia in Sir Richard
Fanshawe's translation of "Querer Por Solo
Querer" (''To Love for Loves Sake"), a ro-
mantic drama written in Spanish by Mendoza,
1(>49. A favorite character. Lamb.
Felix (fe'liks) I., Saint. [L., 'happy," fortu-
nate ' ; F. Felix, It. Felice. Sp. Fdix. Pg. Felix, G.
D.Felix; teva. Felicia.'] Bishopof Rome. Accord-
ing to the ".\cta Sanctorum " he reigned 269-274, and was
martyred in the persecutions under Aurelian.
Felix II. Died in 365. Pope, according to some,
355-358. He was chosen by the Arian party to succeed
Liberius, who had been banished. On the return of Libe-
rius he was expelled from Rome.
FeUx III. Pope 483-492. He excommunicated the
Patriarch of Constantinople in 484 or 485, which act pro-
ducedthefirst schism between theEasternandtheWestern
Church.
Felix IV. Pope 526-530. He was elevated to the
papal see through the influence of Theodoric,
king of the East Goths.
Felix v., Pope. See Amadcus VIII. (of Savoy).
Felix, Antonius. A Roman procurator of Judea.
He was a freeduian of Antonia, mother of the emperor
Claudius I., and was the brother of the tatter's favorite,
the freedman Pallas. He was appointed procurator of
Judea about 55, and governed his province from Csesarea,
whither St. Paul was sent to him for trial after his arrest
in Jerusalem (.\cts xxiii. 23, 24). He married DrusiUa,
daughter of Agrippa I. and wife of Azizus, king of Emesa,
whom he induced her to desert ; and pr«>cured the assas-
sination of the high priest Jonathan, who had offended
hun by unpalatable advice. He was recalled about 60
A. I'., and was saved from the consequences of his tyranny
and extortion by the intercession of his brother with the
emperor Nero.
F61ix (ta-les'), Celestin Joseph. Bom at Neu-
ville-sur-Escaut, near Valenciennes, France.
June 28, 1810: died at Lille, July 6, 1891. A
French Jesuit preacher.
Felix (fe'liks), Don. In Mrs. Centlivre's com-
edy " The Wonder, or a Woman keeps a Secret."
a Portuguese gentleman in love with Violante.
His lively jealousy is roused by \'iolante's unusual accom-
plishment of keeping another's secret. Garrick played
this part on his last appearance.
Felix, Minucius. See Minucius Felix.
Felix Holt, the Radical. A novel by George
Eliot, published in 1866.
Feltre, Due de
Felixmarte of Hyrcania. An old Spanish ro-
mance. It was one of those said to be in Don Quixote's
library.
Before God, your worship should have read what I have
read concerning Felixmarte of Hyrcania, who with one
back-stroke cut asunder five giants in the middle, as if
they had been so many bean-cods.
Don Quixote (tr. by Jarvis). I. iv. 5.
Felix of Urgel. Died early in the 9th century.
A bishop of Urgel (Spain), a champion of the
adoption heresy.
Felix of Valois. Bom in Valois, France, April
19, 1127: died at the monastery of C'erfroi. on
the border of Brie and Valois. Nov. 4. 1212.
A French monk, one of the founders of the
Trinitarians.
Fell (fel), John. Born probably at Longworth,
Berkshire, June 23, 1625 : died JiUy 10. 1686.
An English scholar and prelate. Hewas educated
at Oxford, served under the king's standard in the civil
war, and was made dean of Christ Church, Oxford, in 1660,
and bishop of Oxford in 1675. His chief work is " The In-
terest of England Stated," etc. (1659). He is said to have
edited " A Paraphrase and Annotations upon the Epistles
of St. Paul " (1675), often quoted as Fell's Paraplirase. He
was satirized by 'Tom Brown in the epigram beginning 'I
do not like you. Dr. Fell." said to have been paraphrased
from Martial's " Non amo te, Sabidt"
Fellahs (fel'iiz), or Fellahin (fel'a-hen). A
name, signifying 'tiller,' applied to the agri-
cultural class of Egypt, which forms three
fourths of the whole population. The Fellahs are
the descendants of the ancient Egj'ptians. They have given
up their own language, the Coptic, for the Arabic, and have
for the most part adopted Islam. In physical appearance
they have preserved the old Egjptian type. They are me-
dium-sized and well formed, and have a reddish-brown com-
plexion, narrow foreheatl. round face, strong, short nose
with wide nostrils, full lips, a solid clxest, and black, but
not woolly, hair.
Fellatahs (fel-lii'taz), or Foulahs (fo'isz). na-
tive Fulbe (fol'be). A negro race inhabit-
ing the valley of the Middle Niger and other
regions in the Sudan and in western Africa. The
prevailing religion is Mohammedanism. The
numbers are estimated at 6,000,000-8.000.000.
Fellenberg (fcl'len-bero), Philipp Emanuel
von. Born at Bei-n, Switzerland, June 27, 1771 :
died at Bei-n, Nov. 21, 1844. A Swiss philan-
thropist and educator. He established agricul-
tural and other schools at Hofwyl, near Bern.
Feller (fel'ler), Francois Xavier de. Born at
Brussels, Aug. 18. 1735: died at Ratisbon. Ba-
varia, May 23, 1802. A Belgian writer. He pub-
lished "Biographic universelle. ou dictionnaire bistorique
et litt^raire" (1781), etc.
Fello'Wes (fel'oz). Sir Thomas. Born at Mi-
norca in 1778: died April 12, 1853. A British
rear-admiral. He entered the navy in 1797. and was
promoted commander in 1809. He commanded the Dart-
mouth, of 42 guiis, in the British fleet at Navarino. Oct. '20,
1827, where an attempt made by him to remove a Turkish
fire-ship was the immediate cause of the battle. He was
knighted in 1828, and was promoted rear-admiral in 1S47.
Fellows (fel'oz). Sir Charles. Born at Not-
tingham, Aug., 1799: died at London, Nov.
8, 1860. An English traveler and archaeologist.
In 1838 and subsequent years he explored parts of Asia
Minor, discovering, among other ancient sites, the ruins of
TIos and of Xanthus in Lycia. His collection illustrating
Lycian arch.'eology is now in the British Museum. He
published several works on the Lycian explorations.
Felltham (fel'tham). Owen. Bom at Mutford,
Suffolk, probably in 1602 : died at Great Bil-
ling, Northamptonshire, in 1668. An EnglLsh
author. He was either secretar>* or chaplain in the fam-
ily of the Earl of Tbomond, at Great Billing, in Northamp-
tonshire. He published at the age of eighteen, " Resolves,
Divine, Morall, Politicall, byOwin Felltham," a collection
of a hundred short essays, dedicated to Lady Dorothy
Crane. He was an ardent Royalist, and in a poem entitled
" Epitaph to the Eternal Meniorjof Charles the First . . .
Inhumanly murthered by a perfidious Party of His preva-
lent Subjects," refers to Charles as " Christ the Second."
Felsing (fel'sing), Georg Jakob. Bom at
Darmstadt, Germany. July 22. 1802: died at
Darmstadt, June 9, 1883. A German engraver.
Felton (fel'ton), Cornelius Conway. Born at
West Newbiii'v, Mass., Nov. 6, 1807: died at
Chester, Pa.. "Feb. 26, 1862. An American
classical scholar, president of Harvanl Uni-
versity 1860-62. His chief work is "Greece,
Ancient and Modern" (1867).
Felton, John. Hanged at Tyburn. Nov. 28.
1028. An English assassin. He entered the army
at an early age, and served as a lieutenant under ."^ir Ed-
ward Cecil at Cadiz in 1625. Made reckless by poverty,
and inflamed bv the reading of the Remonstrance of Par-
liament, he assassinated, Aug. 23, 1628, the Duke of Buck-
ingham, who had refused him the command of a company.
Felton, Septimlus. See Septimius Felton.
Feltre (fel'tre). A small to%vn in the province
of Belluno, Italy, 45 miles north-northwest of
Venice.
Feltre, Due de. See Clarke, E. J. G.
Female Quixote, The
Female Quixote, The. A novel by Mrs. Len-
nox, piiblisiuMl in 1752. It was intendeU to ridicule
the nuvelB of tliu ruiuautic school of Gomberville aiul
Scuddry.
The heroine, Arahtdla, the only child of a widowed and
niisuTithroiiic marquis, is supposed to he hronght up in
Bedusion in the country, where she hiis access t^i alihi-ary
full uf iddn^mances, hy which her head is ahiiost as much
turned as that of the Kniuht of I.a Manclia was hy the
siuiie kind uf study. She tAkesa youii;; gardener in her
fatlier's service for a nuhleniaii in disguise, and is witli
dirli«iilty undeceived when hcgetsa thrashing for stealing
carp fnuu a pond.
F'Tsi/th, Novels and Novelists c.f the ISth Cent., p. 155.
Femern (ffL'Tncrn). or Fehmarn (fa'miirn).
An island in the Baltic, belon^iiif^ to the prov-
ince of 8('hU's\vi<:-lIolstein, Prussia, 42 inilos
northeast of huhcck. Population, abont 9.S00.
Femme de Trente Ans (fain de tront on), La.
[F.,'Th*- Woniiin of Thirty.'] Anovel by Bal-
zac*, jtublishiMl in is;jl.
Femmes Savantes (fam sa-vont'), Les. [1''.,
* The Learned Women.'] A comedy by M(diere,
first played in 1672. It was adapted from "Les
preeietLses ridicules/' and satirized female pe-
dantry.
Femynye, or Feminee (fera-i-ne'). In medie-
val romance, the kingdom of the Amazons.
Gower and Chaucer refer to it.
Fenchurch (fen'cherch). The Cripple of. A
cripple, in Hej^vood's "Fair Mnid of the Ex-
chan^a-,'' who pei-fonns feats of valor, and with
whom the "fair maid "is in love, she is persuaded
hy him to transfer lier affections to a yonngcr and un-
ciipplcd man.
Fen Country, or The Fens. That part of
eastern Kngland which formerly abounded in
fens, now in great part drained. See Bedford
Lerel.
F6nelon (fan-16n') (Bertrand de Salignac,
Mamuisde LaMothe-Kenelon). JJied 159i). A
French diplomatist at the English court about
1568-75. He wrote "Le siege de Metz en 1552 "(1553),
"Lettres au Cardinal dc Femire sur le voyage du roi aiix
PayB-Bas de rempert-ur en I'an 1554" (1.5.54), " Menioires
toiichant I'Anglcterre et la Suisse, ete." (1(559), etc.
F6nelon (Frangois de Salignac de La ]VIothe-
F6nelon). Born at Chateau de Fenelon, Dor-
dogne, France, Auj;. G, 1051 : died at Cambrai,
France, Jan. 7, 1715. A celebrated French prel-
ate, orator, and author. lie l)ecame preceptor of
the Bona of the daiii)hin in 1689, and was appointed arch-
bishop of * 'ainbnii in !tl!»5. His works include *' Les aven-
turesde Telemaque'"(l()'.t;t). " Dialogues desmorts" (1712),
"Traits de I'^ducation des fllles" (KiSM), "Explication des
maximes des saints " (1097), etc. llis collected works were
edited hy Leelcre (:{8 vols., 1827-30).
Ffinelon (Gabriel Jacques de Salignac, Mar-
quis de La Mothe-Fcnelon). 13ornlG88: killcil
at the battle of liaucoux, Belgium, Oct. 11, 174G.
A French general and diplomatist, nephew of
Archldshop Fcnelou.
Fenians ffe'ni-anz; in def. 1 also fen'i-anz).
[In the first seiise also WTitten Fcniiians and
Fiiinifous ; formed, with Latin suffix -ifiHy from
If. Feinny Feiinte, oblique case of Ir. Fiantiy pi.
Fiatina : see def. 1.] 1. A modem English
form of Irish Fiann, FiaiDui, a name applied in
Irish tradition to the members of certain tribes
who formed a militia of the ardrigh or kinj? of
Eire or Erin (the Fianna Firioutij or champions
of Erin). The prlnrlpal figure in the Fenian IcRcnds is
Finn or Fionn, who tl^ures as KiTigal in the Ossianic
puhlieations of Md'hen^un, in which the name of Oesian
Btands for Oisiii, son i>i Finn. The Fenians, with their
hero Finn, while itrolialdy haviiii^ a historical basi.^ be-
came th« center of a (freat mass of legends which may
beoompareil with the U-^'cnds of "Kintc Arthur "and the
"Round Table."' In the Ossianic version tlie Fenians are
warriors of superhuman size, strength, speed, and prowess.
Alao Fian, Fion.
2. An association of Irishmen known as the
Fenian Brotherhood, founded in New York in
IHTtl with a view to scfure the indepernlfnce
of Ireland. The movement soon spread over the United
States and Ireland (wheie it absorbed the previously ex-
IstinR Hucnix Society), and annnig the Irish population
of (Jreat liritain, and several attemjjts were made at insur-
rection in Ireland, and at invasion of Canada from the
Vnited States. The assueiation was r>rKanized in district
chilis called "circles," presided over by "centers," with a
"head center "as chief president, and a general "senate" :
an organization afterwanl modified in some respects. Be-
tween 180;i and 1872 eleven "national congresses"' were
held hy the Fenian lirotherhnod in the United States,
afttrr which it continueti in existence aa a secret society.
Fennell (fcn'd). James. Bom Dec. ll. 1700:
died Juno 14, isiO. An Entclish actor and dram-
atist. IK- studied at Triidty ('oUege, Cambridge, and at
Mncolu's Inn, London, and in 17S7 appeared at the Theatre
Koyal, Kdinliui-gli. lie subsequently played in London, and
atMiut 1703 emigrated to America, lie published " Linda
andclara. or the British olUcer" (1701), and on "Apology"
for his life (1814).
Fenris (fen'ris). [ON.] In (.)ld Nor.se my-
thology, a water-demon in tlie form of a gij^an-
385
tic wolf: hence also called Fenris-wolf (ON.
Feiinsuffr), Uc was the son of Utki and the giantess
Angurlxirla (ON. Aivjrbodhn), and the brother of the Mid-
gard serpent and the goddess liel. lie was fettered by
the gods, but freeil himself at Kagnaruk and slew Odiu.
He was, in his turn, slaiii by Vidar (0>'. Vidharr), Odin's
son.
Fens, The, See Fen CoHntry.
Fenton ' tVu'ton). In Shakspere's " Men-y Wives
of WiinUor," a gentleman in love with Anne
Page. He intends to marry her for her money
alone, but her charms sulidue him.
Fenton, Edward. l>ied in 100:j, An English
iiavii^alor. He accompanied Sir Martin Froldsher on
hid second and third northwest voyages in lf»77 and 1578
respectivuly, and in 1.5S2 13 cuninianded an expedition in
search of the noi tlnvost passage, in which he was accom-
panied by William Hawknis (junior) and .lohn Drake.
Fenton, Elijah. Born at >Shclton, StalTordshire,
May LM). l(is;.> : died Aug., 17:i0. An English
poet. He graduated with the degree of B. A. at Jesus
College, CainlJiidge, in 1704, and subseciuently was for a
time heaii-master of tlie grammar-school at Sevenoaks.
He assisted I'ope in the translation of the (tdysscy. He
wrote a tragedy "Mariamne" (acted in 17^3), in which he
was assisted by Southerne.
Fenton. Sir Greoffrey. Died at Duhlin, Oct, 19,
1608. An English translator and politician. He
was the son of Henry Fenton of Fenton in Nottingham-
shire, and was for'many years principal secretaiy of state
in Ireland, being knighted for his services in this capacity
by Queen KIiz:il»eth in 1589. His cliief work is a transhi-
tion of a number of novels from Boaisteau and Bellefor-
est's " Ilistoires tragiques, extraictes des (tnivres italiennes
de Bandel [llandello]," published under the title of "Cer-
taine Tragicall Discourses written oute of French and
Latine by Geffraie F'enton," etc. (1567).
Fenton, Lavinia. Born in 1708: died iti 17G0.
An I-hi^lisli actress. She was the daughter of a naval
officer named Beswick. Her mother afterward married a
man named Fenton. She made her first appearance in
1726. and was successful especially as Polly Peacham in
"The Beggar's Daughter." She married the Duke of Bol-
ton in ITfd, after living with liim for many years before
the death of liis wife, which took place in that year.
Fenton, Reuben E. Born at Carroll, N. Y. , July
1. 1S19 : died at Jamestown, N. Y., Aug. 25, 1885.
An American politician, governor of New York
1865-69, and United States senator from New
York 1809-75.
Fenwick (fen'wik), George. Died March 15,
16.17. An English colonial oflieial. He settled at
the mouth of the Connecticut River as agent for the pa-
tentees and governor of the fort of Saybrook in 1639. The
fort having been sold to the colony of Connecticut in 1644,
he returned to England in 1645. He served in the Pai'lia-
mentary army during tlie civil war, was made governor
of Leitli and Edinburgh Castle in 1650, and was one of the
eight commissicmers appointed in 1651 for the government
of Scotland. He was also appointed one of the commis-
sioners for the trial of Charles I., but did not act.
Fenwick, Sir John. Beheaded on Tower Hill,
Jan. 2S, 1697. K\\ English conspirator. He was
descended fmTn a Vorkshirc family ; served in the army,
iu ubirh he nbtained the rank of major general (ICSs) ;
and entered ratlianuiit in 1677. He was arrested in 16!Ki
for complicity in a plot against tlie life nf William III.,
and caused a sensation by accusing Minlborough, Godol-
phin, Russell, Shrewsbury, and otlier badrrs of the Whig
party of treasonable negotiations with the .lacobites.
Feodor (i'a'6-d6r) I. Ivanovitch. [Kuss. Fvdor
= E. Theotlorr, from <lr. U^H^upx;.] Born Ma.v
11, 1557: died Jan. 7, 1598. Czar of Russia
March IS, 15S4,-Jan. 7, 1598. During his reign the
church of Russia was declai-ed independent of the Patri-
arch of Constantinople, and a separate Russian patriarch-
ate established. He was the last of the house of Rurik.
Feodor II. Alexievitch. B'un in 15S9: mur-
dcrod -liinc 10, 16(1'). Czar of Russia April 5-
June 10. 1605. son of Boris GodunolT.
Feodor III. Born June 8, 1656: died at Moscow,
April li7, 16812. Emperor of Russia, eldest son
of the emperor Alexis, whom ho succeeded in
1676.
Feodosia(fa-o-d6'se-ii),orKaffa(kJif'f!i). [Tatar
/vV/r.] A seapoi-t and waterin^^-placn in tlu'
Crimea, government of Taurida, Russia, about
hit. 45° 5' N., lonf?. :i5o 20' K. The Greek cohiny
of Tlieodosia was founded here by Milesians. Tlic place
was the seat of an extensive trade in the middle ages, its
population reaching ir>0,000. it was held by the Cenoese
fr<un the i;Jth to the ITdh century, and by the Turks from
147fi uidil 1771, when it was ceded to Russhi. I'opulation
(IHSfi). i:i, i'.iO.
Feramorz (fer'a-morz). In Moore's "Lalla
Ii*cK)kli." a youuff ])Oct. Hu is Aliiis, the sultan of
Lower IJucharia, who is l)etrothed to Lalla Ilookh. lie
wins her heart in his disguise, and reveals himself only
when she is led into his presence as a bride.
Ferdinand (fcrSU-nand) I., sunuimed "The
.Inst." |F. Fmliinnitl, Ftrraud. It. Ft ndndutlo,
Frrt'tni'fit, Sp. Ilrrnaiido, Frrmnulo, (_!. Fcnli-
nfrntl.] Horn 1379: di<Ml 1416. Kinp of Arajjon
1412-16. He was a prominent aujiporter of theautijiope
Benedict XIII. at the beglmdng of the Coum-il of Con-
stance (1414-lH). but after the depnsiti<pn of .bihn XXIII.
and the abdication of (Jregory XII. he was in 141.''> imluced
by the empemr sigiKuiniid U* withdraw his support in the
interest of the unity of the church.
Ferdinand VII.
Ferdinand II., King of Aragon. Seo Ferdinand
/'., Kin<^ <d" Castile.
Ferdinand (fer'di-naud; G. pron. fer'de-niind)
I. P.itrn at Vicuna, April 19, 1793: diedat]j*rague,
June 29, 1875, Emperor of Austria, son of Fran-
cis I. whom he succeeded Man-li 2, 1835. He
inherited a weak constitution, ment;dly and i>hysieally,
which compelled him to abandon the "aihninislration of
the government to others, especially to thr iinin rial ebau-
cellor Metternich, whose absolute ami reactionaiy policy
provi>ked tlie revolution of 1848. He abdicated in favor
of his nephew Francis Joseph, Dec. 2, 184s.
Ferdinand. Duke of Brunswick. Seo Bruns-
tvifk, I>h/cc of { Ft nlhudtd).
Ferdinand I., surnnnied " The Great." Died at
Leon, Spain, Dec. 27, 1065. King of Castile and
Leon. lie was the second son of Sancho III. of Navarre,
who acfiUired possession of Caiitile in 1028. Ue was in-
vested by bis father in 1033 with the sovereignty of
Castile, which was created an independent kingdom.
He defeated liermudo of Leon at Lautada, near Rio Car-
rion, in 10;17, whereupon lie became king of Leon also.
He foui^lit with success against the Moors, extending the
rhrlstiau frontiers from the Duero to the Mnndego, and
retbieing to vassalage the rulers of T<dedo, Saragossa,
and Seville. He assumed the title of emperor of Spain
in lo.Hl.
Ferdinand 11. Died 1188. King of Leon 1157-
1188. son of Alfonso Vni. ITis repudiation of Urraca,
his wife, involved him in a war with his father-in-law, Al-
fonso I. of Portugal, whom he defeated and captured at
Badajoz in 11G7. He gained a brilliant victory over the
Moors at San tarcm about llsl. During bis reign the great
military order of Alcantara was chartered (1177) by Popo
Alexander III.
Ferdinand III., sui*uamed "The Saint." Born
about 1200: died 1252. King of Castile and
Leon, son of Alfonso IX. of Leon by Beren-
garia, sister of Henry I. of Castile, He became
king of Castile on the death of Henry in 1217, and sue-
ceedecl his father as king of Leon in 1230. He captined
(. beda from the Moors in 1234, Cordova in 123(J, Jaen in
1246, and Seville in 1248. He was canonized hy Clement
X. iu 1671, and is commemorated on May 30. lie caused
to be collected and to be translated into the vulgar tongue
the "Forum Judicum," or code of Visigotlijr laws, which
forms one of the oldest specimens of Castiliaa prose. Dur-
ing his reign a law was passed (12;iii) wliieh laadetif Leon
and Castile a single inseparable kingdom.
Ferdinand IV. Born 1285: died 1312. King
of Castile and Leon, son of Saueho FV. whom
he succeeded in 1295,
Ferdinand V. {11. of Aragon and Sicily, III. of
Naples), surnamed *'The Catholic." Born at
Sos, Aragon, March 10, 1452: died at Madriga-
lejo, Estremadura, Spain, Jan. 23, 1516. King
of Castile. He was the son of John II. of Navarre and
Aragon, who associated him with himself in the govern-
ment of Aragon in 1466, and in 1408 declared him king
of Sicily. In Oct., 1469, he married Isabella, sister of
Henry IV'. of Castile, and heiress of that thi'one. Ferdi-
nand and Isabella were, on the death of Henry in 1474,
recognized as joint sovereignsof Castile by the nobles and
the junta of Segovia; but a strong party, including the
Marijuis of Villena, the grand master of Calatrava, and
the Archbishop of Toledo, supported by Alfonso V. of
Portugal and Louis XL of France, declared in favor of
Juana " la Beltraneja" (i, c, daughter of Beltran), whom
Henry had in his will acknowledged as his legitimate
child and designated as his successor. Ferdinand de-
feated Alfonso at Toro. with the result that the whole of
Castile subndtted to Isabella and her consort in 1479. He
succeeded his father in Aragon in the same year (Navarre
going to his sister Leonora de Foix). In 1482 he resumed
the war against the Moors, which resulted iu the c<nu|uest
of (Iranada in 141)2. He joineii in 14!{ri the emperor, the
Pope, atid the states of Milan and Venice against Charles
VIII. of France, who was expelled from Naples, and Fer-
liinaud ascended the Neapolitan throne in 15ii4. Cu the
death of Isabella, Nov. 26. l.^>04, he was proclaimed regent
of Castile. In Iftll he formed an alliance with Venice
and I'ope Julius II, for the expulsion of the French from
Italy. Navarre, on the other hand, entered into an alli-
ance with France. Tliis gave hinj a pretext for invading
Navarre, wbieh was cotn|Urred in 1612, and incorporated
with Castile in li'-lTi. He thus united under bis sway the
four kiiig'loiiis into wliieh .Spain was at this time divided
(Aragon. Castile, Cranada, and Navaire). besides Sicily
and Najiles. The chief events of bis reign, besides those
already mentioned, were the establishment of the Inqui-
sition "at Seville (I4S0), the annexation to the crown of the
granil-niast nsliip of the mil it ary orders of Calatrava (1487X
Aleantara(ini4), and San .Jag.* (lUtit), the expulsion of the
.lews (149ii), and the discovery of America by Columbus.
Ferdinand VI. Horn Sept. 23. 1712: died at
Villaviciosii, Aug. 10, 1751). King of Spain, son
of Pltili}) V. wlioin he sneeeeded in 174(5. He
was a i)arly to the treaty of Aix-la-Chai)elle (Oct.. 1748),
which terminated the War of Uie Austrian Succession
(1710 IS). He maintained a strict neutrality on the out-
break of the Seven Years' War in ITMl, notwithstanding
the overtures Imth of Kngland and of France, the former
of which offered Cibraltar and the latter Mitiorca as the
price of llis assistance. Of a weak constitutliui and a mel-
ancholy temperament, he withdrew as far as practicable
from Kun)pcan iiolilies, abandoning the government to
his iniinsters Fnscnada, Carvajal, ami Wall, who took into
their counsels the <iucen I'.arlKira. daughter of .John V. of
Portugal, the royal confessor Kahau'o, and the singer Fari-
nelli, who aciiuired an extraordinary iiiiluence over the
king. On tlie death of the nueen in 17r.s, he fell into an
extreme melancholy, which developed int^) insanity.
Ferdinand VII. Born at San Ihhfonso, near
Madrid, Oct. 14, 1784: died at Madrid, Sept.
Ferdinand VII.
386
Fernandes Finheiro
1859-67, when he was appi)inteil deputy keeper of the pub-
lic ix'coriis of Iix'Iami. He was knighted in 1878. He col-
lected all the known Ojrham inscriptions of Ii'eland, and
wTote "Lays of the Western Cael" (18ti5), "Congal, an Epic
Poem iu Five Hooks " (1872), " I'oems " (18S0), etc.
died at Naples, May 22, 1859. King of the Two
Sicilies 18.30-59, son of Francis I. wlioni lie suc-
ceeded. His oppressive and despotic reign provoked iiu-
nicrous political disturbances, which culminated ill 1848 ^ ^_
in a popular rising in Sicily. This rising was iiuelled in PpTmiason rfor'mi-soiii Tampt: ' TioVii nt Av
1849 by the bombardment of the principal cities, an cxpc- -^^ S"^o ioao *Y? ," t ' .P? :,■ -^°J"J'' f^J
dient which acquired for him the epithet of •Boiiiha." Jan. .2, 180>S : died Jau. 9, l.shb. A beottis
His treatment of political suspects was made the subject
of two letters addressed to the Earl of Aberdeen by Mr.
t:iadstone, who visited Naples in 1850.
died at Florence. June IS, 1824. Grand Duke of
Tuscan V and Archduke of Austria, younger son
Scottish
writer on architecture. He acquired a fortune as a
manufacturer of indigo in India, and retired from business
to devote himself to lu-chseological studies. He was gen-
eral manager of the Crystal Palace Company 1850-58. His
chief works are "The Illustrated Handbook of Architec-
ture, etc." (1855), "A History of the Modern Styles of Ar-
chitecture "(1802), and "Fire- and Serpent-Worsliip, or II.
of the emperor Leo|iold II. whom he succeeded lustrations of Mythology and Art in India in the Fii-st and
-and duke in 1790. He reigned untill799, Fou'th Cer • " " -
29, 1833. Kins of Spain, son of Charles IV.
He ascended the throne March 19. 1808, a popular revo-
lution at Aranjuez having compelled his father to abdi-
cate. On May 6, 1808, he was forced by Napoleon to re-
nounce his throne, and was iiitenicd at \':ileii',-ay until
March, 1814, when he returned to Spain. He abolished
the liberal constitution of 1812, restored the Inquisition,
and comjilicd generally with the demands of the Abso-
lutist or Aiiostolieal party. A revolution restored (March
9, 1820) the coii5litntioii of 1812. which was aliolished
tlirough Frencli intervention in 1823. He abolished the _ _. ' , ^^^ -o " *- i^i T^t c itco.
Salic law by the pragmatic sanction of March 29, 183:). See Ferdinand III. Born at 1-lorence, May^, 1(69:
Carlm. Vuii (Carlijg Mnria Jost'. Indoro de lliiurbim).
Ferdinand I. Born at AlcalA. Spain, March
10, 1503: died at Vienna, July 25, 1.564. Em-
peror of the Holy Komau Empire, younger
brother of the emperor Charles V. lie manied
in 1521 the princess Anna of Hungary, on the death
whose brother. Iahiis II., in 1520. he was elected king of
Bohemia and Hungary. His title to the throne of Hun
gary was disputed by John Ziipolya, who, supported liy
the Turks, obtained possession of a part of the country.
He became in 15-1 president of the council of regency aji-
poiiited to govern ti'ermnny during the emperors absence
in Spain, was elected king of the Romans in 1531. and be-
came emperor on the abdication of Charles in 1550. He
exerted liimself, but with little success, to settle the reli-
gious disputes between the Protestants and the Roman
Catholics in Germany. He negotiated the treaty between
the emperorand the elector Maurice of Saxony in 1552. In - , . . , , . -. , , ■ r v- — "
1519 Charles and Ferdinand succeeded Maximilian I. in who miU'derS his Sister wbo has mjlU'ed Ills lam- Perid-Eddin See Utar
the Austrian dominions, and in 1521-22 Charles reliu- Hypride. — 4. InSheridaii's"Duenna,"thelover -par-iAn^-r, <.i.c l.;,,':,h,„
quished his share in this sovereignty to his brother. i Clara eriQOOn. ^ee J <li iduii.
Ferdinand " "— ■ " '^--^~ ^''■•■■■" ^••'■' "
as gr
:uid from 1S14 to 1824.
entui-ies after Christ, etc." (1808).
FergUSSOn, Robert. Born at Edinhurgli, Sept.
I Ferdinand IV. Born June 10, 1835. Grand f- 173l): died (_)ct. 10. 1774 A Scottish poet
' ,1 1 .. m - T _ 1 1 TT ,..1,..,., i..^ He studied several years at .St. -Andrews I niversity, and
Duke ot Tuscany, son of Leopold 11. whom ho ^^^^,„^ .,q extracting clerk in the commissary clerk's office
succeeded in 18.59. His dommious were incor- .it Edinburgh. He published " Poems by K. Fergusson"
porated with Sardinia in ISCO. (1773).
Ferdinand. 1. In Shakspere's "Tempest," the FergUSSOn, Sir William. Born at Prestonpans,
sonof the King of Naples, and lover of Miranda. March 20, IsOS: died at London, Feb. 10, 1877.
— 2. In Shakspere's comedy "Love's Labour 's
Lost," the King of Navan-e. — 3. In Webstei-'s
"Duchess of Malfi," the (^ount of Calabria and
brother of the duchess. He is a c\niical villain.
i
A noted Scottish surgeon, elected president of
the Koyal College of Surgeons in ls70. hc was
educated at Edinburgh. In 1843 he was elected a fellow
of the Koyal Society. He published "Practical Surgery"
(1842), etc.
Ferdinand II Born .at Gratz Styria JtUy 9 Ferdi'nand,Count Fathom, Adventures of. A ||Jfa^'d ('feTlon'o Jetn BaVtist
lo,b: died at \ienna, Feb. la, 163,. Emperor ^ , . y'j„„i,,„, p„bli,h,d iu 1753: so called *^,^rn ,t Montreal De? •■5 W5-
of the Holy Roman Emiure. He was the son of , ,k- j- j j^ ^^.^^ j reptUsive !^"^'^^^ "'^^^ilrf' a V- "" ' .• i ■
Charles duke of Styria, by Maria of Bavaria, and cousin "*"" lue name oi us ntio, «uo is a lepiusne ^^^ j.jjj_ j,^ j,i,g4_ ^ (.'anadian hi
See Firishtah.
Baptiste Antoine.
died at (^ue-
toriau. He
was ordained priest in 1828, became professor of history in
Laval I'niversity at Quebec in 1S55, and was elected dean
of the faculty of arts in 18t>4. He wrote "Coin's dhisioire
du Canada " (Vol. 1, 1861 ; Vol. II by Laverdifere, 1805).
of the emperor Matthias whom he succeeded as king of scoundrel
Bohemia in 1617, as king of Hungary in 1018. and as em- Fcrdusi. See Fildflltsi.
peror in 1619. In 1019 he was deposed fi i the tlnoiie of p^re (far). La. A town in the department of
Bidiemia by the Protestant estates of that kiiigdoin, wli., y France, situated on the Oise 14 miles -, . ,,.. ,■■^ a- . ■ ■ tii »
were irritated by infringements of the " Majestatsbiiet '"• '"^) <* • „,.nii „.., o„i,„„i Fermanagh (ter-man'a). A county in Ulster,
of loix), and.who chose as his successor the elector pala- northwest ot Laon. It has an artillery school. i^ouuded by Donegal on th J northwest
tine Freder ck \ ., head of the Protestant Union and of Population (1891), commune, 0,o94. ™ ' ,, .,•' , -.P , ., ,'
tlfe German Calvinists. He allied himself with M.axi- Fete Champcnoise (far shonp-nwaz'). La. A Twone on the northeast Monaghan on the east,
milian, duke of Bavaria, head of the Catholic League, with *„., ,, ;" nTp ,i,.,,.,,.rm,.nt of M-iriie Fr-mee •^" Cavau on the south, and Leitrim on the west.
Spain, and with the Lutheran elector of Sxxony. Frederick ^f." " '^ ^'l*^ i V/?i • i ^"'^' '"- . r i ance, — jj j^ traversed by Lough Erae. The chief town is Ennis-
having been overthrown in the battle on the White Moun- miles southwest ot thalous-slu'-.\larne. Here, killen. Area, 714 square miles. Population (1891), 74,170.
tain, near Prague (Nov. 8, 1620), Ferdinand destroyed the March 25, 1814, the Allies defeated the French. Fermat (fer m-i') Pierre de Born at Beau-
l^'"^'^^f?'?.'\l^■lli!lf.i4'•?».!.^l•„^'?.'.f.t^'i!!^'l.!'L^^^^ Ferentino (fa-ren-te'no). A town in the prov- mont-de-Lomagn'e, near MoAtauban, France,
inee of Kome, Italy, 42 miles southeast of - -
Rome : the ancient Ferentinum. Besides its cathe-
dral, castle, and ancient town wall, it is noted for an an-
cient theater, unexciivated, but in its stage structure the
most perfect on the Itidian mainland, and in other ways
remarkable. The back wall of the stage is 136 feet long,
with 7 doors, and is held to be Etruscan. The stage is
Roman ; its structure is of brick. It has three doors, and
mia. His whole reign was occupied with the war against
the Protestants (Mansfeld, Christian of Brunswick, chris-
tian IV. of Denmark, and Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden) ;
but before his death, owing to the murder of Walleiistein,
the opposition of Kichclien, and the aliility of the Swedish
generals, he lost all hope of crushing Protestantism. See
Thirhi yeurs' War.
Ferdinand III. Bom at Gratz, StjTia, July 11
(or 13), 1608: died at Vienna, April 2, 1657.
Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, son of
Ferdinand II. On the assassination of Wallenstein in
16;M, he was invested with the nominal command of the im-
perial army, the real comm
and took part in the victory
Sept. 6. 1634. He signed the peace of Westi
1(>48. He succeeded his father in Hungary. IJoheniia, the
archduchy of Austria, etc., and in the enipire in 1637.
Ferdinand I., etc., Kings of Leon. See Ferdi-
iiiiikI I., etc., Kings of Castile.
Ferdinand I. Born about 1424 : died Jan. 25,
1494. King of Naples, illegitimate son of Al-
fonso V. of .Yragon. Pope Calixtus III. refused to
recognize his title to the kingdom, which his father had
bequeathed liini in 1458 ; and .lohn of Anjou, thinking to
regain the throne of his ancestors, attacked and defeated
him July 7, 1400. He made his peace with the successor
of Calixtus, I'ius II., and, with the aid of the Albanian
Aug., 1601: died at Toulouse, France, Jan. 12.
1665. A celebrated French mathematician.
He studied law at Toulouse, and practised his jirofessiou
there. Priority in the discovery of the principle of the
differential calculus, as against both Newton and Leibnitz,
was claimed for him byD'Alemliert, I.agrange, and othei-s.
His collected works were published in 1079.
Ivonian : ILS SUUCLUie is Ol uiieiv. i.\. iiaa iiuce uuuis, aii^ .— /£ / -\ \ ^ -ii ■ e
a narrow passage extends behind its whole length. The FermO (ler mo). A town in the province of
cavea is surrounded by a semicircle of beautiful arches.
The chord of the cavea is 200 feet, the depth of the stage
33. Population (1881), 7,679.
and being exercised by Gallas, Ferghana(fer-ghii'na). or Fergana (fer-ga'uii).
^^:i^,n^1ph^;;:S:"^; a pt^ovince of the Ktissian general governnient
of Turkestan, central Asia, m the upper valley
of the Sir-Dai-ia, about lat. 39° 30'-i2° N., long.
70°— 74° E. It coiTcsponds to part uf the ancient Sog-
diana, and was formed from the khanate of Khokand by
Russia in 1870. Ai'ea, 35,(i54 square miles. Population,
7S.%f>riO.
Fergus (fer'gus) I. A mythical king of Scot-
lan<.l. According to a fictitious clironoUj^y he was the
son of Ferchard. first king of Scotland ; came to Scotland
from Ireland about '.iiiO B. 0. to repel an invasion of the
Picts and Britons ; and was drowned oa his return off C'ar-
rickfergus, which was named after him.
chief ScaudLrbeg, inflicted a decisive defeat on John of FeiffUS, See Fcrraciftc
Anjou at Troja Aug. 18, 146-.
Ferdinand II. Bom Julv 26, 1469 : died Oct.
7, 1496. King of Naples 1495-96, son of Alfonso
II. and gi-andson of Ferdinand I. His father abdi-
cated in his favor on the invasion of his dominions by
Charles ^^II. of France. Naples was occupied by the
French, and Ferdinand had totlee. but regained his throne
by the aid of Gonsalvo de Cordova, the great general of
Ferdinand \'. of <.'a8tile.
Ferdinand III., King of Naples. See Fcrdi-
iimiil r. of Castile.
Ferdinand IV., King of Naples. See Fcrdi-
ridiid I., King of the Two Sicilies.
Ferdinand I. Born about 1345 : died in 1383.
King of Portugal 1367-83. On the death of Pedro in
lai'.O, he claimed the throne of Castile, which was seized by
Ilenr}- of Trastamara, illegitimate brother of I'edro. He
renouiiceil his claim in 1371, after some indecisive light,
ing. He was the lastof the direct liuigundian line, wliich
had reigned in Portugal from altout 1112. He was s.ic-
cceded by his natuiiil brother John, graud master of the
order ui A\ is.
Ferdinand II. Born at Vienna, Oct. 29, 1816 :
died Dec. 15, 1SS5. Titular king of I'ortugal,
son of the Duke of Sa.xe-Coburg-Ootlia. He
married Maria II. of Portugal iu 1836, and was
regent l,s53-.55.
Ferdinand I. (IV. of Naples). Bom at Naples,
Jan. 12. 1751: died there, Jan. 4, 1825. King
of the Two Sicilies, son of Charles III. of Spain.
He reigiietl in Naples ITrilMSdO and 1815-26 (the interval
being occupied by the Fiench domination), and in Sicily
ITfiO 1S25. He consolidated his states as the Two Sicilies
in 1810.
Ferdinand II. Bom at Palermo, Jau. 10, 1810 :
Ferguson (fer'gu-son), Adam. Born at Logie-
rait, Perthshire, June 20, 1723: died at St. An-
drews, Feb. 22, 1816. A Scottish philosopher
and historian. He
of St. Andrews in 174:
17.')4 ; became professor ...
University in 1759; and was professor of mental and moral
AscoU Piceno, Italy, lat. 43° 11' N., long. 13°
43' E. : the ancient Firmum. It was a Roman colony,
and has remnants of the Roman Willi. Population (1881X
15,182.
Fermor (fer'mor), Arabella. The lady the theft
of whose curl was the subject of Pojie's "Kape
of the Lock." she was the daughter of James Fermor
of Tusmore, and married Francis Perkins of Ufton Court,
near Reading. .She died in 17;i8. The adventurous noble-
man who stole the lock w as Lord Petre.
Fermor, Henrietta Louisa, Countess of Pom-
frct. Died Dec. 15, 1761. An English letter-
writer. She was the daughter of John, second Baron
Jeffreys of AVem, Sliropsliire, and married Thomas F'ermor,
second Baron Leominster (later Earl of Pomfret), in 1720.
Her letters were published in "Corresi>ondence between
Frances, Countess of Hartf.ird (afterward Duchessof Somer-
set), and Henrietta Louisa, Countess of Pomfret, between
. . . 1738 .and 1741 "(ISO,-.).
Fermoy (fer-moi'). A town in County Cork,
Ireland, situated on the Blackwater 19 miles
•theast of Cork. Population (1S91), 6.421.
le graduated M. A. at the I'niversity YeiU (fern), Fanny. The pseudonvni of Mrs.
tr^r^u^^^^X^X^;:^'^ g'^^^ P'^y^"" Willis (Farriugton; Eldredge)
^ iii....„..j ... *,.." , ..nd was professor of mental and moral 1 artOU.
philosophy in the same university l"(H-85. In the latter FeiHandeS (fer-nan'des), AlvaiO. A Portu-
year he became professor of mathematics. He published jruese navigator who explored the western
" Essay on Civil (;overnment"(17(i6), "Institutes of Slord ^„„^t„f .\f,.i,.„ ohollt 144'^
Philosophy •• (1772), 'Hisb.iT of the Progress and Termina- eoast ot Anna aoout 1«».
tion of the Roman Republic" (1782), and "Principles of Fernandes, Joao. A Portuguese navigator
Moral and Political Science " (1792). who about 1446 explored the northwestem coast
Ferguson, James. Bmn at tlie Core of Mayen, of Africa, and penetrated into tlie interior of
near Kotliiemay. Banffshire. April 25, 1710 : the continent by way of the Rio do Uuro.
died at London (fi, Nov. 16, 1776. A Scoftisli Fernandes Coutinho (fer-niin'des ko-ten'yo),
astronomer, in 1743 he settled in Umdon, w here he VasCO. Born at AleuKiuer, Portugal, about
followed the profession of a portrait painter and that of a 1490: died at Espirito Santo, Brazil, 15G1. A
popular lecturer on scientitic subjects, chiefly astronomy.
He wrote "Astronojny explained on Sir Isaac Newton's
Pi-iiieiples " (1756), etc.
Ferguson, Robert, surnamed " The Plotter."
Died ill 1714. A Scottisli conspirator and politi-
cal paiii|ihleteer. He removed to England aliout HM,
and was appointed t4) the living of tiodmershain, Kent, from
which he w:is expelled by the .\ct of Uliifoniiity in H;ti2.
He was concerned in the Rye House plot to assassinate
Charles 11. in l(i8!, and in lB9(i was implicated in a similar
Portuguese soldier. He served until 1522 in India, and
in June, 1534, received the grant in perpetuity of a jiortion
of the Brazilian coast corresponding to the present state of
Espirito Santo. Leaving Portugal with about 70 colonista,
he founded the town of Espirito Santo, near the modern
Victori:!, in 51ay, 1535. The colony suffered greatly from
the wars with tlie Indians and from i|uarrels. Vasco Fer-
nandes gave himself up t^j drunkenness and vice, and
tiiially. in l.'.Hd, renounced all his rights. He died in
iiiplitc iinverty.
V. naries 11. in looi.aiiii in roi»o w.u, iiuuiicaucu ill « siiiiii.ii - ' ■ _-.- _ . . .. / j - -f^ ,'a\
conspiracy against W illiam III. He wrote a " History iif FemandeS PinneirO (fer-nau deS pen-ya e-I9).
the Revolution " (17liU), ■' t;ualillcations requisite in a .M in-
ister of .State " (1710). etc.
Ferguson, Sir Samuel. Born at Belfast, March
10. 1810: died at Howtli, County Dublin, Aug.
9, ISSti. An Irish poet and anticiuary. He grad-
uated li. A. at Trinity College. Dublin, in 1828 ; was ad-
mitted to the Irish bar in 1838 ; and was ejueen's counsel
Jose Feliciano. Bom at Santos, May 9, 1774:
died at Porto Alegre, Kio Grande do Sul, June
6, 1S47. A Brazilian statesman and author.
Hc was president ot Rio Grande do Sul 1823-26, and min-
ister of justice Oct., 1825,-Nov., 182V. In lS27hewas cre-
ated viscount of Sao Leopoldo, and entered the senate.
His most imiKirtant writings are " Anuaes da provinciade
Femandes Pinheiro
Sio Pedro do Rio Grande do Sur'(2 vols., 1S19 and 1822 ;
revisttd 1839), and " Memoria sobre os liniilcs do Brazil,"
with v:irio»8 historical papers in the Revista do Institute
Ilisturiro, of which society he w:is one of tlie founders.
In jK'litics he was a conservative.
Femandes Vieira ( ve-a 'Hi ), Joao. Bom in the
i>lai]a .■! .Miidfira. 1GI3: (iit-il at Oliiula, Per-
uaiiibuco, iirazil, Jan. 10. llisi. A Portuguese
Soulier. From 1630 he lived in Pernaiuhuco, and in June,
IW.'i, he headed a revolt against the Dutch, joined the other
IVirtu^uese leaders, and carried on war with the Dutch
until Jan., 16.^4, when they were driven out. .Sulisequently
he was governor of I'arahylm, ^tnd from 1058 to 10*11 gov-
t-nior t'f Anu'ola in Africa.
Fernandez (fer-nan'detli), Juan. Bom prob-
ably at Cartagena, Spain, in IfiSS : died in the
district of Ligiia, Chile, about KiOi;. A Spanish
navigator. For many years he sailed vessels between
Peru and Chile, and found that by keeping far out on the
ocean he couM shorten the time re<[uired for his cruises.
He iliscovered seventl islands, among others the one which
In-aT-s his name : this he reached alwut 1563,
Fernandez, Juan Felix. See Victoria, (ruada-
lnpr.
Fernandez, Prospero. Bom at San Jos^, July
18, 18:i4: died there. Maivh 12, 188,'). A Costa
Kiean soldier. He served against W'alker iu Nicaragua
1855-57, attained the rank of genei-al, and in 1881 was maile
general in-chief. From .^ug. 10, 1882, until his death he
was president of Costa Rica.
Fernandez de Castro(fer-niin'deth da kils'tro),
Manuel. I5orii at Madrid, Dee. 2.5, 1825. A
Sjiaiiisli geologist. Fnmi 18r)9tol869 he was engageil
in inintug and geological work in Cuba and Santo 1)<>
niingo. In the latter year he was made professor at the
^ladrid School of Mines, .and since 1873 he lias been the
director of the conimissiun of the geological map of Spain.
All extended series of works has lieen issued under his di-
rection by the geological conimission.
Fernandez de Castro Andrade y Portugal
(iin-drii'da e por-tii-giir ). Pedro. Bi'rn in 10:34 :
died at Lima, Dee. 0, 1072. A Spanish noble-
man, tenth count of Lemos, grandee of Spain,
and a ilesceiidant of King Saiicho ^V^ He was
viceroy of Peru from Nov., 1607, until his deatli.
Fernandez de Cordova (fer-niin'deth da kor'-
do-vii). Diego. Maniuis of Guadalcazar, vice-
rov of New Spain (Mexico) Oct.. I612.-March,
1621, and \-iceroy of Peru July. 1022. -Jan.. 1029.
In both countries he had much trouble with French and
Dutch coi-sairs, and in Peru his temi was nuu'ked by a
bloody war of niinersal Potosi. After his return to Spain
(1029), he resided near Conlova.
Fernandez de Enciso, Martin. See Kiiciso.
Fernandez de la Cueva (t<i-iijin'deth dii lii
kwa'vii), Francisco. Lived in tlie 17tli century.
Duke of APiuquiT<iue, From Aug., lO.W, to .Sept.,
HiOlf. he was viceroy of .Si*w Spain ^.Mexico\ and subse-
itueutly viretoy of Sicily,
Fernandez de la Cueva Henriquez (en-re'-
keth ), Francisco. Duke of Albuiiuerque, \iee-
roy of Mexic-o Nov. 27, 171)2, to Jan. 15, 1711.
The (own of AUiuciuerque.New Mexico,founded
at this time, was iianit'd in his honor.
Fernandez de Navarrete, Martin. See Na-
ntrrrfi ,
Fernandez de Palencia (fer-nSn'deth da pa-
laii'llie-ii), Diego. Born at Palencia about 1520:
died at Seville about 1.581. A Spanish soldier
and historian. He served in I*eru from about 1545 to
1660 or later, and was a pei-sonal witness of many events,
eepeciidly during the revolt of (Jiron. Appointed histori-
ographer in 15.M1, he began to write a history, subsefplently
enlarged and lluished in Spain, anil puldished at Seville as
" Prlinera y segnnda parte de la historia del Peru." It in-
cludes the 1)1-1 iitds of the rebel lions of Conzalo J'izarroand
<iiron.
Fernandez de Piedrahita, Lucas. See I'icdra-
hit'i.
Fernandez de Taos (fer-niiu'detli da ta'os).
[Not San Fernando de Taos, as it is sometimes
calleil.] A Spanish settlement founded in the
latter lialf of the 18tli century in the valle.v of
Taos in northern New Mexico, it contains 3,0(io
Inhabitants, and lies 3 miles from the Indian village.
In 1706 the settlement was surprised and almost wiped
oat by the Comanehes. The insurrection of 184S tiegaii at
Femnndez de Taos, where Governor Charles Bent was one
of its ilrst vii-tinis.
Fernandez Madrid ( ter-nan'dcth inii-THreTH' ),
J086. Horn at Cartagena, Feb. 9, 1789: died
near London, .Tunc 28, 18:!0. A New firanadan
physician, author, and statesman, lie joined the
revolutionists in 1810, was elected to Congress, and after
the resignation of Torres was made president of New
Oranad<^ March 14, ISIO. The victories of the Siianiards
fcxjn forced him to resign, lie published poems, two
tragedies, "Atala" and "Ouutinnizin," and meilical ami
other works.
Femandina (fer-niin-de'nii). [Named in honor
of Kerdiiumd of Castile.] A name officially
piven to the island of Cuba about 1508. Coluni-
DU9 had called it Juana, and the name was changed in ac-
cortlance with the desire of the king. It appears on some
old maps and in Spaidsh authors of the period, but was
•oon supplanted by the Indian mime Cuba.
387
Femandina (fer-nan-de'nii). A seaport on
.\melia Island, Nas.sau County, northeastern
Florida, situated 26 miles northeast of Jackson-
ville, in lat. 30° 40' N., long. 81° 28' W. It has
a flnc luulinr, and a line of steamships to New York, and
expniis tindierand naval stores, population (1890), 2,803.
Fernando (fer-nan'dO). [Sec FcnliiiiiiiiJ.'] 1.
In Cervantes's "Don Quixote," the faithless
friend of Cardenio. — 2. In Massinger and Flet-
cher's comedy " The Laws of Candy," the lover
of .(\jinophel. — 3. In Southerne's "Fatal Mar-
riage," a character who for his own good is
made to believe he has been dead and buried
and in purgatory. — 4. In Sheridan Knowles's
" Jolin of Procida." the son of John of Procida.
He was killed in the Sicilian Vespers.
Fernando de Noronha (fer-niin'dij de no-ron'-
vii). .\u island in the Atlantic, belonging to
Brazil, situated about lat. 3° 50' S., long. 32°
40' W. It is the seat of a Brazilian penal sta-
tion.
Fernando Po (E. fer-nau'do po'; Sp. fer-nau'-
il>) po'). An island in the Bight of Biafra, West
Africa, in lat. 3° 46' N., long. 8° 47' E. (light-
house). Its surface is mountainous. The chief place is
Port Clarence. The island was discovered by the I'ortu-
guese in 1471, and was ceded in 1778 to Spain, which now
occupies it. Tliere was an English settlement here 1827-
1834. Area, 799 square miles. Population, about 25,000.
Fernandyne (fer'nan-den). In Lodge's "Rosa-
lyncle," the character from which Jacques du
Bois iu "As you Like it " is taken.
Fernel (fer-nel'), Jean. Born at Clennont-en-
Beauvoisis. France, about 1497 : died there,
.•\pril 20, 1558. A noted French physician and
medical writer, professor of medicine at Paris:
suniamed '• the Modern CJalen."
Femey, or Fernex (fer-na'). A village in the
dep.artment of Ain, France, 4 miles northwest
of Geneva. Voltaire resided here 17.58-78.
Ferney, The Patriarch of. Voltaire.
Fernig (fei-ueg'), Felicite de (Madame Van
der Walen). Born at Mortague, Nord, France,
alxiut 1770: died after 1831. Fernig, The-
ophile de. Born at Mortagne about 1779 : died
at Brussels about 1818. Two French sisters
who, assuming male attire, enlisted in 1792 iu
a company of the National Guards commanded
by their f;i.tlier, and distinguished themselves
by their bravery iu battle. Fi51ieit(5 married
Ji. Van der Walen, a Belgian officer, whose life
she had saved.
Fernkorn (fern'korn), Anton Dominik. Bom
at Erfurt, Prussia, March 17, 1813: died at
Briinnlfeld, near Vienna, Nov. 10, 1878, A Ger-
man scul]itor and bron/.e-fouiuler. His best-
known work is a statue of the archduke Charles,
in Vienna.
Fernow (fer'no), Karl Ludwig. Born at
Blumeuhagen, Brandenburg, Prussia, Nov. 19.
1703 : died at Weimar, Germany, Dec. 4, 1808.
A Gennan writer on art, professor (extraordi-
nary) at .Jena 1-802, and lilirariau to the duch-
ess Amalie at Weimar 1.804.
F6ron(fa-roii'), Firmin Eloi. Born at Paris,
Dec. 1, 1802: dieil at (Umtlans, Seine-et-Oise,
April 24, 1870. A French painter. He obtained
the first midal in 183:5.
Feronia (fe-ro'ni-ii). In Italian mythology, a
goddess of Sabine origin, but chiefly worshiped
in Etruria, regarded especially as the patroness
of freedmen, and called by the (i reeks ;i gochless
of flowers. Her most celebrated shrine is at
the foot of Mount Soracte in Etmria.
Ferozabad ( fe-ro-zii-bild'). A town iu the North-
west Provinces, BritishIndia,eastof Agra. Pop-
ulation, about 15,000.
Ferozepore. See l-'iri>~pur.
Ferozeshah, or Ferozshah (fe-roz-shiih'). A
village in the I'arijab, British India, situated
near Firozpur. Here, Dec. 21, 1845, the British
under Sir Hugh Gough det'ealeil the Sikhs,
Ferrabosco, or Ferabosco (fcr-ii-bos'ko), Al-
fonso, .'in Italian musical I'oniposerof the 16th
cellturv. He a|jpears to have settled in England, per-
haps at ("Jreenwieh, before l.'i67. He subseciuently returne<l
to Italy. He published a ho<»k of niadrigals in ir>42 (a sec-
ond in \M1) and of motets in l.'i44. both at Venice. lie hail
several friendly contests with W. Byrd as t^i the best set-
ting of madrigals, and also in writing "ea(-h to the number
of 40 parts upon the plain-song nf Miserere."
Ferrabosco, "v Ferabosco, Alfonso. Hoi-n at
(i Veen wich.Eughind, about 1.580: died in 1028 (?).
An It:iliaii lutenist and musical composer, sou
of the preceding. He received his musical education
at Ilologna, became ninsical instructor t*) Prince Henry in
100.'), and in 102(i was appointed composer in ordinary to
Charles I. He published " Ayres * (1609) and " Lessons '
(fi.r vi..ls Ii;o:i),
Ferrabosco, Alfonso. Died in 1061. An Italian
Ferrari, Giuseppe
musical composer at the court of Charles I. of
England. He was the son of Alfonso Ferra-
bosco (died 1628 f).
Ferracute (fer'a-ktit), or Ferragus (fer'a-gus),
It. Ferrau (fer-rou'). A giant celebrated in
medieval romance. He appears with various attri-
bute.s, in the stoi-y of *' Valentine and Orson." as Ferracute.
He has in his castle an enormous brazen head which an-
swers any question put to it. In some roman<-es he is a
Portuguese giant ; iu others a Spanish knight : in others a
Saracen ; in all of enormous Btrengtb, and liivulnerable
till Orlando vanquishes him.
\Vhile in Navarre, it is reported toChai-les that a Syrian
giant of flrst-i-ntc enonnity, called Ferracutus (the Ferrau
of the Kalians), has appeai'cd at Nagera. This creature
possessed most exuberant proportions : he was twelve cu-
bits high, his face was a cubit in length, anil his nose a mea-
sured palm. As soon as Charles arrived at N'ageni, this
unwieldy gentleman proposed a single combat, but the
king was so little tempted by a persoinil survey that he
declined his olfer. ( igerius tile Dane was therefore selected
as the christi:m champion: but the giant, trussing him
under one arm, calTied him off to the town, and served a
succession of knights in a simihu' manner. Orlando at
length went out against him. The .Sanicen, as usual,
commenced the attack liy pulling his antagonist from the
saddle, and rode otf witli him, till Orlando, exerting all
his force, seized him by the ciiin, ami both fell to the
gi'ounil. When they had remtiunteti, the knight, thinking
t<t kill the pagan, only cut oil the lu-ad of bis horse. Fer-
rau being now on foot. Orlando struck a blow on his arm
that knocked the sword from his hand : on which the giant
slew his adversary's horse with a pat of his ttst. After
this the opponents fought on foot, and with swords, till
towards evening, when Ferrau demanded a truce till next
day. JJunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 278.
Ferragus. 1. Hee Fen-acute. — 2. An extraor-
dinary beggar in a novel of the same name in
Balzac's " Scenes do la vie parisienne." He is the
captain of a mysterious jissociation called *' Lcs 'I'reize,"
appears in society as a diplomat, and murders a young
gentleman who is i )bnoxious to the Treize by causing a slow
poison to be put on his hair.
Ferrand (fc-ron'), Comte Antoine Frangois
Claude. Born at Paris. Jtdy 4, 1(51: died at
Paris, Jan. 17, 1825. A French royalist politi-
cian (emigrated Sept., 1789), publicist, and his-
torian. He wrote "De I'esprit de I'histoire"
(1802), etc.
Ferrand, Marie Louis, Baron and Count of.
Born at Bes;uivon, Oct. 12, 17.53: died at Palo
Fiucado, Santo Domingo, Nov. 7, 1808. A
French general. He served in the American revolu-
tion and iu the Fl-ench army of the West, and in 1802
joined Leclerc in the Santo Domingo expedition. The
disasters of 1802 and 1S03 left him iu contmand of the
remnants of the Fi-ench army. He retreated to Santo Do-
mingo city, where he withstood a siege by Dessalines, and
succeeded in holding the east^-rn end of the island for
several years. Bonaparte made him captain-general of
Santo Domingo. In 1808 a Spanish force from Porto Rico
invaded the island. Ferrand was defeated, and shot him-
self on the baltle-Held.
Ferrandina (fer-ran-de'nii). A town in the
province of Potenza, Italy, situated 35 miles
southeast of Potenza. Population (1881),
7.325.
Ferrar (fer'iii), Nicholas. Died at Little Gid-
diiig. Iliintirigdoiishire, Dec. 4, 1637. An Eng-
lish theologian.
Ferrara (fer-rii'rii). 1. A province in tlie com-
partimenlo of Emilia, Italy, lying south of the
Po and west of the Adriatic. The surface is
tlat. Formerly the main portion of the duchy of Fen-ara
(formed 1471) was under the house of F.ste. It was an-
nexed to the Papal States in l-'i98, anil to Sardinia in ISOO.
Area, 1,012 square nules. Population (1801), about 2;i(».000.
2. The capit;il of the ]iii)vince of Ferrara, situ-
ated on the Po di Volano in lat. 44° 50' N., long.
1 1° 37' E. It contains a university, and was noted for
its school of painting in the 15th century, and as a literary
center in the Uith century. The castle, formerly the ducal
palace, is a squ:u-e battleiuentetl fortress of brick, built in
1385, with a moat and bridges, and towers at the corners.
The wall-paintings which originally ornamented the ducal
apartments are gone, except some very go<)d ones by Dosso
Dossi. The cathedral (duomo) was consecrated in 1136. The
rich facade is one »)f the best of Italian meiiieval exterioi-s.
It is solid below, with a great round-an-hed porch with
columns resting on curious tignres sii)i]ioite(l on lions,
and has above several tiers of l>eautlful arcades. The in-
terior was spoiled in the 17tb century, iiut ctmtains good
ildaid choir-stalls an.l some handsome pictures. There is
a tine Uenaissance arcaded campaiule, in red and white
marble. Population, about 28,000; commune, estimated
(1891), 8-''>.»00,
Ferrara-Florence, Council of. A idiui'ch coun-
cil which, orieningat Feirara in 1438, was trans-
ferred to Florence in 1439 on account of a
plague. It i)roclaimed the union of the ttreek and Ro-
nnm churches in 1439, The last sitting was at Home in
lH.n.
Ferrari (fcr-rii're), Gaudenzio. Born at Val-
duggi;i, near Novara, Italy, about 1484 : liied at
Milan, 1546. An Italian iiaintcr. His works
are ]irincipall.v at Varallo and elsewhere in
iiiirlhern Italy.
Ferrari, Giuseppe. Bmn at Milan, 1812: died
:it Home. .Inly 1, 1870. An Italian philosophical
writer and historian.
Ferraxi, Luigi
Ferrari, Luigi. Bora at Venice, 1810. Aii
Itiiliaii sculptor.
Ferr6 (fe-ra'), Theophile Charles. Bom at
Paris, 184o: exct-utfil near Paris, Nov, '_'S, 1871.
Oue of the leaders of the I'rcueh Commune iu
1871.
Ferreira (fer-ra'e-ra), Antonio. Bom at Lis-
bon, 1528: died there, 1569. A noted Portu-
guese poet, suruamed 'Mho I'ortuguese Hor-
aee." He wrote "lues de Castro,'' a tragedy.ete.
Ferreira, Alexander Rodriguez. See liodri-
qiie: Fvrreini.
Ferrel (fer'el), William. Boru in Bedford (now
Fulton)Couuty, Pa,, Jau.29, 1817: died at May-
wood, Kansas, Sept. 18, 1891, An American me-
teorologist. He graduated at Bethany College in 1844.
and held an appointment on theCoast Survey 1867-82, when
he was appointed professor of meteorology in the Signal
Oflire at Washington, a position which he held four years.
He invented a maxima and minima tidal predicting ma-
chine, and wrote " Converging .Seiies expressing the Katio
between the Diameter and the Circumference of a Circle"
(1871). "Popular Essays on the Movements of the Atmos-
phere " (lffS2), "The Motions of Fluids and .S-dids on the
Earth's .Surface " (18S2), ' Temperature of the Atmosphere
and Earths Surface" (1884), etc.
Ferrers (fer'erz). Earl. See Shirley, Laurence.
Ferrers, George. Born at St, Albans. Hert-
fordshire, about 1500: died January, 1579. An
English poet and politician. He was educated at
Cambridge, was a member of Lincoln's Inn. and repre-
sented Plymouth in Parliament from 1542- On his being
arrested the same year as surety for a debt, the House of
Commons demanded his release by virtue of the constitn
tional right of its members to freedom from arrest (except
for treason, felony, or breach of the petyje). The sherilfs
and jailers resisting the demand, the House of Commons
sent them to the Tower, this being the first occasion on
which the house acted independently in vindication of its
privilege. Ferrers took part with W. Baldwin in the pro-
duction of the series of historical poems entitled " ilirrour
for Magistrates."
Ferret (fer'et). 1. In Ben Jonson's comedy
■' The New Inn," the servant of Lovel : a quick,
nimble, and insinuating fellow, with an adTan-
tageous knowledge of human nature. — 2. In
Smollett's ''Sir Launcelot Greaves," a charac-
ter who never smiles, never speaks in praise
of any one, and never gives a direct answer.
Ferrex and Porrex. See iforbodnc.
Farrier (fer'i-er), James Frederick. Bom at
Ediubvu'gh, June 16, 1808: died at St, Andrews,
June 11, 1864. A Scottish metaphysician. He
studied at Edinburgh and Oxford, and was professor of
civil history at Edinburgh 1842. and of moral philosophy
and political economy at St. Andrews 1845, He wrote
" Institutes of Metaphysic" (18,54), etc. His ■■Lectures on
Greek Philosophy " were published posthumously (1866).
Ferrier, Susan Edmonstone. Born at EtUn-
burgh, Sept. 7, 1782: died there, Nov. 5, 1854.
A Scottish novelist, she was the friend of .Scott.
whom she visited in 1811. I82<), and ISSl. Her chief works
are "Marriage," to which Miss Clavering. niece of the
Uuke of Argyll, cojitributed a few pages (1818), "The In-
heritance " (1824), and "Destiny" (1831).
Ferriferes (fer-yar')- A village in the depart-
ment of Seine-et-Marne, France, 13 miles east
of Paris, It contains a chateau of the Rothschilds, the
scene of an interview between Bismarck and Jules Favre,
Sept, 1870.
Ferro (fer'ro), Sp, Hierro (yer'ro). The west-
ernmost of the Canary Islands, situated in lat.
27° 45' N., long, 18° W. The conventional meridian
of Ferro (a dividing line between the eastern and western
hemispheres), used as the zero meridian by German, and
for a time by Portuguese and Spanish, geographers, cor-
responds to long. 17° 40' W. of Greenwich. Area, 106 square
miles. Popidation 0887). 5.897.
FerroKfer-rol'), El. A seaport in the province
of Coruua, Spain, situated on the Bav of Betan-
zos in lat, 43° 29' N,, long. 8° 13' W". it is noted
for its naval arsenal. It was unsuccessfully attacked by
the English in 1799, and was taken by the French in 1809.
Population (1S87). ■2!i,701.
Ferry (fere' ), Jules. Born at St. Di^, Vosges,
France, April 5, 1832 : died at Paris, March 17,
1893. A French statesman. He was minister of pub.
lie instruction 1879-80, premier 1880-81, minister of public
instruction iu 1S8'2, and premier 1883-85, and was elected
jjresident of the Senate in 1893. His name is associated
with tlie (Yench policy c)f adventure in Africa and Asia.
Fersen (fer'sen). Axel, Comte de. Bora at
Stockholm, Sept, 4, 1755: murdered at Stock-
holm, June 20, 1810. A Swedish marshal. He ac
companied Louis XVI. to A'arennes in 1791. He was killed
by the populace, on the (f.alse) suspicion that he, with his
sister. Had caused the death of Prince Cliristian of Hol-
stein-Augustenburg.
Ferstel (fer'stel), Heinricli von. Born at
Vienna, July 7, 1828 : died at (irinzing, near
Vienna. July 14, 1.S.83, An Austrian architect.
Ferte-sous-Jouarre (fer-ta'sS-zho-iir' ), La. A
town in the department of Seine-et-Marae,
France, on the Marne 36 mUes east of Paris :
noted for quarries. Popidation (1891), com-
iinine. 4.670.
Ferumbras. See Fierahras.
388
Fesca (fes'kii), Alexander Ernst. Bom at
Karlsruhe, Baden, May 22, 182U: died at Bruns-
wick, Germany, Feb. 22, 1849. A German com-
poser, son of Friedrich Ernst Fesca, He com-
posed much popular chamber music, etc,
Fesca, Friedrich Ernst. Born at Magdeburg,
Prussia, Ve\>. 15, 1789 : died at Karlsnihe, Baden,
May 24, 1826. AGermau com]>oser and violinist.
He wrote two operas, " Cantemir " and "Leila. "anda inim-
ber of <iuintets, quartets, overtures, and chorales and other
sacred music.
Fescennine Songs. Ancient Roman popular
songs: so named from the town of Fescennium
in southern Etruria. They were sung at rustic
menymakings, festivals, and later especially at
weddings.
Fesch (fesh), Joseph. Boi-n at Ajaccio, Cor-
sica, Jan. 3, 1763 : died at Rome, May 13, 1839,
A French ecclesiastic, half-brother of La?titia,
mother of Napoleon I. He became archbishop
of Lyons 1802, and cardinal 1803.
Fessenden (fes'en-den), Thomas Green. Bom
at Walpole, N, fi.. April 22, 17il: died at Bos-
ton, Nov. 11, 1837. An American journalist,
poet, and miscellaneous ^vriter.
Fessenden.William Pitt. Bom at Boscawen,
N. H., Oct. 16, 1806: died at Portland, Maine,
Sept. 8, 1869. An American statesman. United
States senator (Republican) from Maine 1854-
1864 and 1865-69, and secretary of the treasury
1864-65.
Fessler (fes'ler), Ignaz AureUus. Bom at
Czurendorf, Hungary, May 18, 1756 : died at
St. Petersburg, Dee. 15, 1839. A Hungarian
historian and ecclesiastic (Capuchin), professor
of Oriental languages andhermeneutics at the
University of Lemberg. He wrote " Geschichte
der Ungai-n" (1812-25), etc.
Fessler, Joseph. Born at Lochau, Vorarlberg,
Austria-Hungary, Dee. 2, 1813: died at St. Pol-
ten, Lower Austria, April 25, 1872. An Austrian
prelate and scholar. He published " Institu-
tiones patrologica?" (1850-52), etc.
Feste (fes'te). In Shakspere's " Twelfth Night,"
Olivia's clown.
Festin de Pierre, Le. See Don Juan.
Festus (les'tus). A poem by Philip James
Bailey, published 1839.
Festus, Porcius. A Roman procurator in Pales-
tine about 6(M32 A. D, He refused to put the apos-
tle Paul in the power of the .Tews, and, after giving him a
hearing in the presence of Herod Agrippa II,, sent liim to
Rome in consequence of his appeal to Ca'sar.
Festus, Sextus Pompeius. A Latin lexicog-
rapher who lived perhaps in the middle of the
2d century after Christ, He epitomized a glossary
of Latin words and phrases entitled "De Verborum Sig-
nificatu," by M. Verrius Flaccus. which is now lost. This
epitome, which is known as "Sexti Pompeii Festi de Ver-
borum Signiflcatione." and which is of importance on ac-
count of the light which it throws on obscure points in
Latin grammar and Roman antiquities, was abridged in
the 8th century by Paullis Diaconus.
Feth All (feth il'le), or Fath Ali (fath ii'le), or
Futteh Ali (fOt'te a'le). Bom about 1762
(1765?): died at Ispahan, Persia, Oct. 20, 1834.
Shah of Persia 1797-1834. He became involved in
a war with Russia in 1803 concerning the sovereignty of
Georgia, whose ruler had transferred his allegiance from
Persia to Russia. He purchased peace in 1813 by aban-
doning his claim. In 1826 he took advantage of the recent
death of the czar Alexander to renew the war, but w:is com-
pelled by the peace of 18-28 to make an additional cession
of tei-ritory (Persian Armenia).
Fethan-Seag. See FaddUey.
F^tis (fa-tes'), £douard. Born at Bou^^gnes,
Belgium, May 16. 1812, An art critic, son of
Francois Joseph Fetis. He is librarian of the Bib-
lioth^ue Royale, Brussels, professor of esthetics to the
Academic des Be:iux Arts, art critic of the ■'Iiidependance
Beige, ' and has published and edited a number of works
on art.
F6tis, Frangois Joseph. Born at Mons, Bel-
gium. March 25, 1784: died at Brussels, March
26, 1871, A Belgian composer and T\Titer on
music. His works include " M^thode ^Wmentaire, etc."
(1824), "Traits complet de la thitorie et de la pratique
de I'harmouie" (1844), ■* Traits du contrepoint et de la
fugue " (1824), " Biographic universelle des musiciens "
(18:t5-44), "Histoire generale de la musique" (1869-7ti),
etc. He published the "Rev-ne Musicale ' from 1S27-35.
He composed four or Ave operas, much sacred music, and
a good deal of pianoforte music.
Fetter Lane. A street in London running from
Fleet street to Holbom Viaduct.
During the middle ages Fetter Lane slumbered ; but it
woke up on the liT'eakirig out of the Civil War, and in 1643
became unpleasantly celebrated as the spot where Wal-
ler's plot disjistrously terminated. . . . One of the pleas-
antest memories of Fetter Lane is that which connects it
with the scluwd-daysof Chal^les Ijimb. Dryden and Dtway,
it in said, lived opposite each other in Fetter Lane.
Thornbury, Old and New London, I. 94.
Feydeau
Feuchferes (fi-shar'), Baronne de (Sophie
Dawes '<r Daws). Born in the Isle of Wight
about 1795: died in England, Jan. 2, 1841. A
woman of low birth, mistress of Louis Henri
Joseph de Bowbou, prince de Conde (1756-
1830). She married Baron de Feucheres in
1818, and was separated from him in 1822.
Feuchtersleben ( f oich ' t ers-la-ben ) . Ernst von.
Born at Vicuna, April 29, 1806: ilied at Vienna,
Sept. 3, 1849. An Austrian physician, poet,
and philosopher. He became dean of the medical
faculty at Vienna in 1845? and in 1848 wjis Under-Secretary
of state in the ministry of public instruction. His works
include "Lehrbuch der arztlichen Seelenkunde" (1845),
"ZuiDiatetik der Seele ' (18;i8), and "Gedichte ' (1836).
Feuerbach (foi'er-baiih). Anselm von. Bom
at (Spires, Sept, 12, 1829: died at Venice, Jan.
4, 1880. A German historical painter. He was a
pupil of F, W. von Schadow, and held a professorship in
the Academy of Vienna 1873-77.
Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas. Born at Lands-
hut, Bavaria, July 28, 1804: died near Nm-em-
berg, Bavaria, Sept. 13. 1872. A German phi-
losopher, son of P. J. A. von Feuerbach, He
habilitated as privat-docent at Erlangen in 1828, but aban-
doned teaching in 1S32. His chief works are " Das Weseu
des Christenthums " (1841), ■'Das Wesen der Religion "
(lS4,=iX and "Theogonie iiach den tjuellen des klassischen,
heliniischen, und christlicheu Altertums " (1875).
Feuerbach, Paul Johann Anselm von. Bom
at Hainichen, near Jena, Germany, Nov. 14,
1775: died at PranJcfort-on-the-Main, Prussia,
May 29, 1833. A German jurist. He became pro-
fessor at Jena in 1801, professor at Kiel in 1802, aud pro-
fessor at Landshut in 1804 ; removed to Munich lo ac-
cept a position in the department of justice there iu
1805; was ennobled and made privy councilor in 1806;
became second president of the Court of Appeal at Bam-
berg in 1814 ; and became president of the Court of Ap-
peal at Anspach in 1817. He drew up the Bavai^ian crim-
inal code which was introduced in 1813, and wrote "Kritife
des natiirlicheu Kechts als Propadeutik zu einer Wisseu-
schaft der natiirliohen Rechte" (1796). "Letu^buch des
gemeinen, in Deutschland geltenden peinlichen Rechts"
(1800), " Merkwurdige Kriniinalrechtsfalle (1808-11). " K.
Hauser, ein Beispiel eines Verbrechens am Seelenleben "
(183-2), etc.
Feuillants (fe-yon'), Les. A political club es-
tablished at Paris during the Revolution. It
was at first called the Club of 1789, receiving its later
name from the convent of the Feuillants, where it held its
meetings.
Feuilles d'Automne (fey do-ton'). [F.,'Au-
tinnn Leaves,'] .\ collection of lyric poems by
Victor Hugo, published in 1831.
Feuillet (fe-ya't, Louis. Bom at Mane, in
Provence, 1660: died at Marseilles, April 18,
1732. A French scientist and traveler. Aided
by royal bounty, he made two extended expeditions to the
West Indies and the northern and western coasts of South
America (1703-11). taking careful observations to rectify
tile existing maps, and studying plants, antiquities, etc
The results were published iu several large works. In
1724 the French Academy of Sciences employed him to
iletermine the exact longitude of the island of Ferro.
Feuillet, Octave. Born at St.-L6, Manche,
France, --^ug. 11, 1821: died at Paris, Dee. 29,
1890. A i-^rench novelist and dramatist. After
graduating from the College Louis-le-Grand in Paris, he
studied law and engaged in literary work. In eoUabonl-
tion with Paul Bocage he, wrote for the stage " I'n bour-
geois de Paris "(1845X "Echec et mat" (1846), "Palms,
ou la nuit du Vendredi-Saint " (1847), "La vieillesse de
Richelieu " (1848), ' ' York " (18.V2). " Scenes et proverbes'
(1851), '■ Scenes et comedies" (1854), "L;»grise'(18,'>4), "Le
roman dun jeune homme pauvre " (18,'>8), "Redemption"
(1860), " Les porti-aits de la UKU-quise " (1862). "Montjoye'
(1863), " La belle au bois dormant " (1865), •■ Le cas de con-
science " (1867), "Julie •■ (1869), " L Acrobate " (1873), " Le
sphinx " (1874X "Laclef d'or "(1878). " I'n roman parisien"
(1SS3), and "Chamillac"(1886). His novels are " Bcllah'
(1S5-2), " Le roman d'un jeune homme pauvre" (ISiiS),
"Histoire de SibyUe" (186^2X "Monsieur de CamorB"
(1867), "Julia de Tr^cieur" (1872), "I'li mariace dans le
monde"(187-iX ■'Les amours de Philippe "and ■•I.e journsl
d'une femme " (1877), " Histoire dune Parisienne" (1883),
■'La veuve," "Le voyageur," "Le divorce de Juliette,"
'■Charjbde et Scylla," and ■'Le cure de Bourron" (1S8IX
"La morte " (1886), and "Honneur d'lutiste " (IfOC). The
French newspaper name /euiUeton was first used for his
serial writings in newspapers.
Feurs (fer). A townin the department of Loire,
France, on the Loire 31 miles west of Lj-ons.
It was the capital of the old division Forea.
Population (1891), commune, 3,492.
F6val (fa-viil'), Paul Henri Corentin. Bom
at Rennes, France. Sept. 27. 1S17: died at
Paris, March 8, 1887. A French novelist,
author of '-Les mvsteres de Londres" (1844),
"Le fils du diable" (1847). "Le bossu" (1858),
" Le chevalier de Keramour" (1874), "Les mer-
veilles du Mont St. Michel" (1879), etc.
Feversham. See Fin-<rxhitM.
Feydeau i I'a-do' i, Ernest Aim6. Born at Pans,
March 16. 1821: died at Paris, Oct. 29, 1873.
A French novelist and miscellaneous writer.
Among his novels are "Fanny" (1858X ",SUvie" (1861),
" I'n debut a I'opiSra " aS63), " La comtessc de Clialis,
etc,"(lS6S), etc. He wrote several comedies, aud " Da luie
Feydeau
des femnies, etc." (18(16), " Ilistoire Acs usacea funibres,
etc. " (l».'i7-«l), 'LAllfliiattiiL- en ls"l" (1872), and uthir
works.
Feyjoo y Montenegro (fa-e-n6' e mon-ta-nii'-
giD), Frey Benito. Bom at Cardamiro, near
Oreiise, Spain, (»ot. 18, 167C: (iieci at Ovifiln,
Spain, Sept. 26, 17(J4. A noted Siianish oritic
•^iianis
He 1)11
389
Fick (filiV Adolf. Born at Cassel, Prussia,
•Sept. 3. \X-'.>. A (xerniim pliysiolofjist, profes-
sor of physiolof;y at Zurieh in 18.5(i, and at
Wiirzhurf,' from 18(i>i. His works include " Die nicdl-
zinisehe Pllysik" (18.'i7). " Konipendinm der IMiysiolo-
gie '■ (1800), " Anatomic und PliysioloKicdcr .Siiine " (180*2),
etc.
and seholar, aBenedietineraonk. fie published Fick, August. Born at Peterslia<;en. near Min-
di'ii, I'lussia. yiny '>. lS3:i. A (u'rnian iiliilol-
ogist, |irofcssor of eoniparalive pliilologv .at
Gottiufjen 1S76-8S. and at Breslau 1888-91. " He
has published " Vergleieliendes Worterbneh
der indo^erinanischGU Spraeheu " (3d ed. 1874-
187G), etc.
Ficoroni (fe-ko-ro'ne) Cist. A eylindrieal
bronze box found near ralestrina, and pre-
served in the Museo Kiieheriano, Kouie. It is
important because its incised decoration. rej)resenting
the victory of Polydcuces (Pollux) over Amycus, is per-
haps the ttnest surviving; production of Ureek graphic art.
The box is over IJ feet high, and rests on three feet ; the
handle of the cover is formed by a group of Bacchus with
two satvrs.
Teatro eritico universal " (17-t)-(30), '-Cartas
eruditas y oiu-iosas" (17G0), ete.
still, when, in 172«, Fey]o<i printed a volume of essays
connected with his main purpose, he Wiia able to com-
mand public attention, ami was encouraged to go on. He
called it "The Critical Theatre" : and in its different dis-
sertations—as separate as the papers in "The Spectattu-,"
but longer and on gr.iver subjects — he boldly attacked
the dialectics and metajdiysics then taught evei->-where in
Spain; maintained Bacon's system of induction in the
physical sciences ; ridiculed the general opinion in rela-
tion to comets, eclipses, and the arts of magic and divina-
tion : laiil down rules for historical faith, which would ex-
clude most of the early traditions of the country ; showed
t greater deference for woman, and claimed for her -a
higher place in society, than the intluence of the Spanish
Church willingly permitted her to occupy; and, in all re- Ficque'lmont (fe-kel-mon'), Count Karl Lud
•pccts, came forth to his counti-ymen as one urgmg ear- •* *^h"^""v"" ^ <. T^■ t • , '\i,.. >i
ipects. came lorin to nis counti-j'men as one urging
oestly the advancement of education, the pursuit of truth
and the improvement of social life. Eight volumes of this
Btirring work were published before 1730, and then it
stopped, without any apparent reason. But in 1742 Fey-
joA began a simiKar series of discussions, under the name
of ** beamed and Inquiring Letters," which he finished in
176n, with the fifth volume, thus closing up the long series
of his truly philauthropical, as well as philosophii;al, la-
bore. Tichwr, Span. Lit., III. 272.
Fez (fez), Ar. FS,S (fas). 1. A sultanate in the
northern part of Moroeeo. annexed to Moroeeo
proper in the middle of the Ifith eentury. — 2.
The capital of Moroeeo, situated in lat. 34° G
N., long. 4° 58' W,
center, is celebrated as
as a seat of learning. Population, about luO,noo.
FeZZan (fez-ziin'). The southernmost division
(kaiuiakamlik) of the Turldsh vilavet of Tripoli
in northern Africa, situated about lat. 24°-30°
N., long. 11°-18° E. : the ancient Phazania, or
land of the Garamautes. It consists of a desert in-
closing many oases. It became subject to Tripoli in 18-12.
The cajiital Is Murzuk, Are;i, about l.'iCiXIO sciuaie miles.
Population, about f.o,00().
Fezziwig (fez'i-wig). The name of a family in
Dickens's " Christmas Carol." It comprises a jolly
old father, a mother (''one vast substantial smile"), ami
three fair daughters.
Fiacre (fe-il'ker; K.pron.fya'krj.orFiachrach,
Saiut. Died at Bieuil,near Paris, Prance, about
670. The patron saint of gardeners. He was a
native of '-Ireland, the country of the Scots," and lived
many years at Breuil (near Paris), where he erected an ora-
tory to the Virgin Mary. He is ceUbnited as a worker of
miraculous cures, and is commemonitcd on the 30th of
Aug. An inn at Paris, which was known as the Hotel de
St. Fiacre, Is said t<i have been (about Ui.W) the flrst sta-
■ ; lu-
wnrAjiarr*- for a hackney-coach.
Uou for the bin- of c:u-riages ; lu-nce the origin of the
Fiammetta (fe-ii-met'til). In the works of Boc-
caccio, the name given to Maria (daugliterof the
King of Naples), beloved by him. She is the
subject of his romance entitled "Amorosa'
Fiammetta."
Fichel (fe-shel'), Benjamin Eugfene. Bom at
Paris, Aug. 30, ISlJG. A Prench genre painter,
pujiil of Paul Delaroche.
Picnte (lich'te). Immanuel Hermann von.
Born at Jena, (leriiiany, .Inly bs, ITtKi: died at.
Stuttgart, Aug. 8. lS7i)." Atb-rnian pliiloso)iher.
son of >I. G. Pichte. He was jirttfessor of philosophy
at Bonn 1835-12. and at Tubingen lsi-2-<i;i. Me iiublisbed
"System der Ethik ' (lbf>b-.'i3), " Antllropologio " (1850),
"Psychologic" (1S(H), etc.
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb. Born at Rammenau,
near Kamenz, in rpjier Liisatia, Germany, May
19, 17(>-.': died iit Berlin, .Jan. U'7, 1814. A cele-
brated (xerman metaphysician. He was the son of
a poor weaver. He attended "school at Pforta, and studied
■ubsei|uently at the universities of .Icna and Leipsic. His
Hmt philo.»ophiial work, " Kritik alter Olfenbarung "('■ The
Crttii|ueof All Revelati.m"), appeared in 1792. In lTfl:ihe
beciune professor of i)liil<>soi>hy at .Jena. The following
year appi-ared his princiiial work, "Ornndlagc der gc-
■ammten \Vis3enscba(l!.li-hre " (" Fundamental Principles
-langen), and a part
years 1806-07, be lived in Berlin, where, during the winter
of m(]7.^08, be delivered the celebrated "Reden an die
deut.sehc Nation "(" .-\dilresses to the (lennan Nation").
At the ojn-ning of the Inivursity of Berlin in 1810 he w-as
made pr.ifes-or of i>hilosoi)hy, and waft the secon<l rect4)r
of that in>tiIution. Ills colnplete works were published
liy his sou (1^4;'>-tr.) in s vols.
Fichtelgebirge(lich'tel-ge-ber'ge). [G., ' pine j«jgi^ Eugene. Born at St. Louis, Mo., Sept.
inoiintuins.'] A mountain group in Upper Fran- ._>_ jsod: ,lied Nov. 4, 189"). An American jour-
conia, Bavaria, situnted northeast of Bayreuth. „.|)i^t ,j,„i j„„.t jj^ „„, connected with the press in
Highest peak, the Si'hneeberg, 3,4;)4 feet. Missouri and "ohu-ado ls73-8:i. In lss;i he became a
FiCinO(fe-chc'n6l, MarsillO. Bom at Florence, mcuibcr .>f tin- siaif .if tlie t'hicago "Daily News."
Oct. 19, 1433: died mar Kl.>rence, Oct. 1. 14!l». Field, Henry Martyn. Born at .Slockbridge,
An Italian physii'ian ami Platonic philosopher. .Mass., April 3, 1822. An American clergyman.
Ho wrote "Theologia Platonica" (1482), etc. journalist (editor of "The Evangelist"), and
Fields
writer, son of Daviil nu<lley Field cnSl-lSfi').
He has written " Fr Egypt to .lapan " (lS7ii), " Among
the Holy Hills " (1882), and other books of ti-.ivel.
Field, Inspector. A shrewd detective otlicer
in Charles Dickens's "On Duty with Inspector
Field," taken from life.
Field, John. Born at Dublin. .Tuly 26, 1782:
died at Moscow, Jan. 11, 1837. -\ British com-
poser and pianist. He was a pupil of CU-inenti, whom
he accompanied to Uussia in 18u2, and subsecplently t;iught
music at St. Petcr8l)Ul-g and at Moscow, where he settled
between 1824 and 182s. He is ehietly remembered for his
"Nocturnes." to which those of Chopin are said to owe
nincrh l)oth in fomi amt spirit.
Field, Nathaniel. Bom in tlie parish of St.
Giles, Cripplegate, in 1587: died in 1633. An
English actor and dramatist. He is chiefly remem-
bered as the author of *'A Woman is a Weathercock"
(1«12), and '■ Amends for Ladies" (1018), and as the joint
auth.jr w-ith Massinger of "The Fatal Dowry " (1032).
Field, Stephen Johnson. Born at Haddam,
Conn., Nov. 4, 1816. An American jurist, son
of David Dudley l''ield (1781-18G7). He was chief
justice of Californi'a 18.^>!t-03, was appointed associate jus-
* - . . ,,, 1 tice of tlie I'nited states Supreme Court in 18(13, and was
Wig von. Born at Dieuze. Lorraine, ^larch a memlH-r of the Electoral Commission in 1877.
'3, 1777 : died at Venice, April 7, 1857. An Field Codes. A series of codes intended to era-
body all the general laws of the State of New
York (prepared by a commission appointed in
New York, of which Mr. David Dudley Field
was the chief member), several of which were
in substance adopted in that State, and all of
which have been adopted in a number of other
States, chief among the reforms of the law introduced
by these codes was the substitution of a single procedure
in place of the technical forms and distinctions of common-
law actions ami equity suits, and the admission of parties
and interested persons to testify as witnesses.
Fielding (fel'ding), Copley Vandyke. Bom
aliout 1787: died at Worthing. Stissex, Eng-
land, March 3, 1855. An English painter in
water-colors, noted chiefly for his marines and
landscapes. He became a full member of the Society
of Painters in Water-colours in 1813, was appointed secre-
tary of the society in 1818, and was president from 1831
until his death.
Fielding, Henry. Born at Sharpham Park, near
Glastonbury, Somersetshire, April 22. 1707:
died at Lisbon, Oct. 8, 1754. A celebrated
English playwright and novelist. He was the son
of Edumud Fielding (afterward a general in the army)
and Sarah, daughter of Sir Henry Gould of sharpham
Park ; studied at Eton, at Leyden, and at the Middle Tem-
ple, London ; was admitted to the bar in 1740 ; was ap-
pointed a justice of the peace for Westminster in 1748.
being afterward qualified to act for Middlesex; and was
elected chairman of quarter sessions at Hicks's Hall in
1749. .-Vntong his works are: plays, "Love in Several
Masques " (1728), " The Temple Beau " (1730), "The Mo.l-
ern Husband" (1732), "The Mock Doctor" (1732), and
"The Miser" (173;^, adaptations from Moliere, "Tom
Thumb "(a burlesque, 1730), "The Intriguing Chamber-
maid " (17:i4), " The Wedding Day" (1743: translated into
flerman 17.'J9), etc.; novels, "Joseph Andrews" (1742),
",lonalhan Willi the Great " (174:i), "Tom .Tones " (1749),
" Amelia " (17:'il), etc. He also wrote ".lolU'ual of a Voyage
|4) l.islion," published in 1755 .after his death, and a number
of miscellanies and i)oeni8. He contributed to the "t*hani-
pion ' and other periodicals, and published the " True Pa-
triot " from Nov., 1745, to ,Iune, 174ii, and the "Jacobite's
Journal " from Dec, 1747, to Nov,, 1748.
Fielding, Robert. See FciUliiui. Uoheri.
Fielding, Sarah. Bom at East Stotir, Dorset-
shin-, Nov, 8, 1710: died at Bath, England,
17G8. An English author, sister of Henry Field-
ing. Among her works are "The Adventures of Havid
Simple in Search of a Faitliful Friend " (1744), and a (rans-
lati(Mi of .\enophon's " .Memoirs of Soei-ates; with the De-
fence of Socrates before bis ,ludges " (1772).
Field of Blood. [It. Vampodi SaiKiiu:] A name
given in Italy to the ancient battle-lield of
Canine. See CiDUix.
Field of March. See champ de .V<ir.«.
Field of May. See champ de Mars, 2.
Field of Peterloo. See P,i,rioi>.
Field of the Cloth of Gold. A plain near
Ardres, deiiartment of Pas-de-(^alais, France,
the scene of a meeting between Fiancis I. of
France and Henry VIII. of England, 1.520: so
called from (he maguitieence of the display.
Field of the Forty Footsteps. Se(> the e.xtiact.
The fiehis behiiiil Montagu Hiuise were, from about the
year llWii until towards the end of the last century, the
scenes of rolil>ery, murder, and every species of depravity.
. . . 'tradition had given tothesuperstitiollsat that jieiiod
(18(X)] a legendary story, of the period of the Duke of Mon-
mouth's rebellion, of two brothers who fought in this Held
so ferociously as to destroy each other; since which their
footsteps foriuLd from the vengeful struggle were said to
remain, , . . norcouldauy grass or vegetable ever l»e pn)-
duced- where tliese " forty footsteps " were thus disjilayed.
This extraordinary area was said to be at the extreme ter-
mination of the north-east end of Upper Montagu Street.
They were built over about 1800. RimbavlU
Fields (fold/.). James Thomas. Born at Ports-
month, N. II., 1 :n. 1S17: ilied ;it Boston,
April 24, 1881. An Americ;in publisher and
author. He was successively a partner in several book-
Austrian general and diplomatist, minister of
foreign alTairs in 1839 and 1848.
Fidele (li-de'le or fi-dal')- The name assumed
by Imogen, in Shakspere's "Cymbeline," when
disguised as a boy.
Fidelia ( fi-de'li-ii). [From L. fidelis, faithful.]
1. In Wyeherley's " Plain Dealer," a young girl
disguised as a boy, Fidelio, who follows Manly.
She is a sort of imitation of Shakspere's Viola. —
2. The Foundling in Moore's play of tliat name.
It is an important commercial FideliO (fe-da'lv6). An opera bv Beethoven,
holy city, and was formerly noted first produced in Vienna Nov. 20.' 1805. It was
Beethoven's only opera, and was several times altered by
him. The words were adapted from BouUly's comic
opera "Leonore, ou I'amour conjug.al," but it was never
played under the name of " L(^onore," though Beethoven
wished to call it so. Three editions of the pianoforte
score are, however, printed with that title. The "Lio-
nora Overtures" were written for "Fidelio." Leonora,
the wife <;»f Florestan, a state prisoner, assumes the dis-
guise of a boy, Fidelio, to save her husband's life.
Fidense (ti-de'ne). In ancient geograijhy, a
city of Latium, situated on the Tiber 5 miles
northeast of Rome. The site is occupied by
the modern Castel Giubileo.
Fides (fi'dez). [L., 'faith.'] An asteroid (No.
37) disco\'ered by Luther at Bilk, Oct. 5, 18.55.
Fiebres (te-a'bres). [Sp., ' fevers.'] A nick-
name given in (Guatemala, and to some extent
in other Central American countries, to the
liberal party. It was in common use from the period
of indepcndeiice until 1850 or later. The liberals were
sometimes called Anarqiiintait by their opponents. Op-
posed to A riiitficratax or Sermles. See Servilen.
Field (feld), Cyrus West. Born at stock-
bridge, Mass., Nov. 3(1, 1819 : died at New
York, July 12, 1892. The founder of the At-
lantic Cable Comjiany, son of David Dudley
Field (1781-1867). He established in 1810 a paper-
business at New York, from the active mamigenient of
which he retireil in 18.')3 with a fortune. He organized
about 18.14 the New York, Newfoundland, and Loudon
Telegraph Company, which connected the American con-
tinent with Newfoundland by a submarine cable in 1850.
In 185« he organized the Atlantic Telegraph Company,
which, with the assistjince of the English and Hnited
States governments, succeeded after two failures inlaying
a submarine cable between Ireland and Newfoundland.
The first public message was sent by Queen Victoria to
the President Aug. 10, 18.58; the cable ceaseil to work
Sept. 1 following. The siilimcrging of a new cable was
begun in 1805. It broke in 1805, after 1,«I0 kil..iiielers
had been paidcmt. Finally, in lKU«,the laying of another
cable was accomplished, and July '29 of that year an over-
ocean telegram was received in the United States, 'I'he
cable lost in 1SU5 was recovered and completed later in
1800. The Great F.asterii wasemployed as a transport in
the snlimerging (d the li».st two cal)les.
Field, Da'vid Dudley. Born tit East (iuilford,
Conn., May20, 1781: died at Stockbridge, Mass.,
April 15, 1867. An American clergyman and
historical writer. Ho wrote "A History of the Town
of Pittstleld. in Berkshire County, MasBachusetts" (1S44),
.........,^,. ,,..., „^...,^ ■:" "'." * „ ■.■/.■■'"';-■;;„" "-".T'.'r" ami "Genealogy of the Braincrd Family" (1857).
of the Who c Theory of Science ). After 1799, with the xi,-„l j Ti„— i^ T»,.,41a^ U/^,.., ot ll„,bl„.<, Pn,,..
eicepiion of the summer of 1S05 (when he delivered a Field, DaVld Dudley. Born at Haddam, Conn
onur>-oflecture«atF.i'langen),andapartof tbcilisa-strona I'cli. 13. ISO,): died at New \ork, April 13, 1894.
An .Viiierican ,iin-ist, son of Daviii Dudley Field
(1781-lSi;7). He graduated at Williams College in 1S25;
was admitted to the bar in 1828; served as head of the
commission instituted in 1867 Vt prejiare a political, penal,
and civil code for the 8tiite of New Vmk ; and retired from
the luacti.e of law in 1886. He puldished "Draft Out-
lines of an Internatiimal Code" (I87'2). etc.
Fields
flrms at Boston, and edited the "Atlantic Monthly " I86S-
1870. He wrote ■ ■ Yestenlays with Aulhors" (1872), and
edited, iu conjunction with E. P. Whi|)|)U-, "Tlic Family
Lihrary of hritisli Poetry, from Chancer to the Present
Time, 1350-1S7S " (1S7S).
Fiennes (fe-tuz'), James, Baron Saye and Sele.
Died July 4, 1450. Aii English nobleman. He
was the second son of Sir William de Hennes ; served in
the French wars ; was made constable of Dover and war-
den of the Cinque Ports in 1447 ; was created a baron,
with the title of Lord .Saye and Sele. in 1447 ; was in 1447
appiiiiited constable of the Tower of London; and w.as
madelDrd treasurrrin 1440. He was beheaded by the mob,
ill the insnrnction under Cade in 1460.
Fiennes, Thomas, ninth Bai-on Dacre. Born
in 1-517: oxcenteil at Tyburn, June 29, 1541.
An Ent;lisli nobleman. He was one of a party of
youths who ensased in a poaching frolic in the park of
Mr. -N icholas Pelham at Laughton, April 30, Ibil ; and one
of the jtark keepers was mortally wounded in a scuffle.
The whiple poaching party was, apparently under pressure
froni the king, prosecuted for murder, and Lord Dacre
and three of his companions were condemned to death.
Fierabras (fe-a-rii-bra')- [From L. fcrrum,
iron, as in the name Bras-dc-Fer : in English,
Sir Fcrumhras.'] One of the paladins of Charle-
magne. He ga\'e his name to the most popular of the
French Charlemagne romances. It remains in a Pi-oven-
val version and a French version, in two M.ss. of the 14th
century and two of the 15th. A prose vei-sion of it was
printed at Geneva in 1478, and Caxtun's "Lyf oftlie Noble
and Crysten lYynce, Charles the Crete," printed in 1485,
was a translation from that French prose version of Fie-
rabras. M. Gaston Paris has pointed out that Fierabras
is an expansion of an earlier poem, *'Balan," with the
scene of action changed to Spain, and with improvements
in the story. The poem of '*Balan " appears in English as
the romance of "The .Sowdon of liabylon." *' Sir Fcrum-
hras " is a translation from the later "Fierabras, the work
of an ecclesiastic of Exeter, after 1077" (ilorley, Eug.
Writers, VI. 67).
Fierabras. An opera by Franz Schubert, com-
posed in 1823, but never produced. It is said
to contain his best work.
Fieschi (fe-es'ke), Joseph Marie. Born at
Murato, Corsica, Dec. 3, 1790: executed at
Paris, Feb. 16, 1836. A Corsican adventurer
who made an attempt on the Ufe of Louis
Philippe, July 28, 1835.
Fiasco (fe-es'"ko). A tragedy by Schiller, pub-
lished in 1783.
Fiesco, Giovanni Luigi, Count of Lavagna.
Burn at (ienoa about 1524: drowned at Genoa,
Jan. 2, 1547. A Genoese noble, a leading con-
spirator against Andrea Doria, Jan.. 1547. He
is the subject of the tragedy '-Fiesco," by
Schiller, 1783.
Fiesole (te-a's6-le). A small town in the prov-
ince of Florence, Italy, 4 miles northeast of
Florence : the ancient Fa?sulffi. it has straw-plait-
ing industries. An old Etruscan city, it contains Etrus-
can and Koman antiquities. It was the headquarters of
Catiline (a-62 B. c, and was the scene of the victory of
StUicho over the Teutcmie invaders under r^adagais about
406. La Badia, a monastery, designed by Brunellesehi, fin-
ished in 1466, is one of the most beautiful monastic foun-
dations of the Eenaissance. There are two most graceful
cloisters, each in two arcaded tiers. The church is in
large part the original Komanestine structui-e, with a
dome at the crossing, a cradle-vault, and delicate sculp-
ture and paneled incrustation. The lloman theatei- is in
excellent preservation. The semicircular cavea has over
20 tiers of seats in position, in part rock-hewn, with sev-
eral radial stairways, vaulted sultstructions, and fine en-
trance-arches at the wings. The diameter is 220 feet,
that of the orchestra 69. The cathedrjil was founded
in 1028, and altered in the 13th century. There are 3
aisles, divided by 14 antiiiue columns of different sizes
and orders, and a transept with dutned crossing. Struc-
ture and ornament are (dtisely siniilar to those of .'^an
Miniato. Florence. The S:dut:iti ( "Impel cont.ains a beau-
tiful relief and a bust by Mino da Fiesole (1406).
Fiesole, Giovanni Angellco da, generally
called Fra Angelico (real name Guido, or
Guidolino, da Pietro, called Giovanni on tak-
ing orders). Born :it Vecchio, in the jirovince
of Mugello, Italy, 1387: died near liome, March
18 (f), 14.');'). a" celebrated Iliilian painter of
religions subjects. He seems to have been early im-
pressed by the Miniatui'ists. In 140" he entered, witli his
brother Benedetto, a miniaturist, the Dominican convent
in Fiesole. From 1409 to 1418 he lived at Folignoand
Cortona ; from 1418 to 14:!6 at Fiesole ; from 14.>6 to 141.'.
at Florence (in the convent of San Marco); and fi-om 1445
to 145.'. at Home. His most important works are the fres-
cos at Orvieto (1447), anil tlic ilecoration of the Chapel of
the Saint-Sacrement in tlie\'atican. The Florentine period
was most i»roductive of easel-pictures, which include the
"Coronation of the Virgin " now in the Louvre, the same
subject (a favorite one) now in the I'ffizi, a "Last .Judg-
ment," etc. He is especially celebrated fur the spirituality
and mystical ehann of his saints and angels. The nion-
astery of San Marco, now the Museo di San Marco, was
decorated by Fra Angelico and his pupils, and some of
his host frescos are there.
Fi6vee (f va-va' ), Joseph. Bom at Paris, April
8, 1707: died at Paris, May 7, 1839. A Frencli
journalist, novelist, and (royalist) political
writer. He wrote the romances "Ija dot de
Snzette" (1798) and "Frederic" (1799).
Fife (fif). A maritime county of Scotland, it
390
Is bounded by the Firth of Tay on the north, the North
Sea on the east, the Firth of F'orth on the south, and
Perth, Kinross, and Clackmannan on the west The lead-
ing mainitactuj-e is linen. Area, 4i)2 square miles. Pop-
ulation (isai), 100,3«i.
Fife Ness (fSf nes). A promontory in Fifeshire,
Scotlantl, in lat. 56° 17' N., long. 2° 35' W.
Fifine at the Fair. A poem by Browning, pub-
lished in 1872.
Fifth Avenue. The prinoipnlresidenee street of
Ne w York (nowin its lower ])art largely devoted
to business), extendingfromWashington Square
to Harlem River, a distance of about 6i miles.
Fifth Monarchy Men. A sect of millenarians
of the time of Cromwell, differing from other
Second-Adventists in believing not only in a
literal second coming of Christ, but also that
it was their duty to inaugurate this kingdom
bv force. This kingdom w.as to be the fifth and last in
the series of which those of AssjTia, Persia, Greece, and
Home were tlie preceding four ; hence their self-.assumed
title. Tlicy unsuccessfully attempted risings against the
government in 1657 and 1661.
Figaro, (fe'gil-ro). A character introduced by
Beaumarehais in his plays "Le barbier de Se-
ville," " Le mariago de Figaro," and "La mere
coupablo " : used later by Mozart, Paisiello, and
Rossini in operas. In the " Barbier " he Is a barber ;
in the " Manage " he is avalet. In both he is gay, lively,
and courageous; his stratagems are alwiiys originiU, his
lies wittj*. and his shrewdness proverbial. He is a type
of intrigue, adroitness, and versatility. In the "M^re
coupable " he h:\s become virtuous and has lost his verve.
He also appears in Holcroft's " Follies of a Day," taken
from Beaumarchais's "Mariage de Figaro."
Figaro, Le. A satirical Parisitm journal, founded
in 1826, discontinued in 1833, and refounded by
Villemessant in 1854.
Figaro, Le Mariage de. See Mariage.
Figaro, Le Nozze di. See Aocre.
Figeac (fe-zhiik'). A to\\-n in the department
of Lot, France, situated on the Cele iu lat. 44°
37' N., long. 2° 3' E. It has two old churches,
and was the birthplace of ChampoUion. Pop-
iil^ition (1891), 6,680.
Fig for Momus, A. Satires by Lodge, printed
ill 1.'>!I5.
Fighting Joe Hooker. A popular nickname
for tieneral Joseph Hooker.
Fighting Parson, The, A nickname of W. G.
Brownlow.
Fighting Prelate, The. A surname given to
Heinv Spenser, a warlike bishop of Norwich
(reign of Richard H., 1377-99).
Fighting Temeraire, The. See Temeraire.
Figueira (fe-ga'e-rii). A watering-place in the
jjrovince of Beira, Portugal, at the mouth of the
Mondego. 24 miles west of Coimbra.
Figueira, Luiz. Born at Almod6var. Alemtejo,
Portugal, 1574: died on the island of Maraj6, at
the mouth of the Amazon, July 3, 1643. A Jes-
uit missionary. Most of his life was spent among the
Indians of northern Brazil, and he was rector of the col-
lege at Pemambuco for four years. He published a gram-
mar of the Tupi language.
Figueras (fe-ga'riis). A town in the province
of Gerona, Spain, in lat. 42° 16' N.,long. 2° 53' E.
It is noted for its citadel, which was taken by the French
in 1T;u, 1808, 1811, and 1823. Population (1887), 11,012.
Figueras y Moracas (e mo-rii'kiis), Estanis-
lao. Born at Barcelona, Spain, Nov. 13, 1819:
died at Madrid, Nov. 11. 1882. A Spanish re-
pulilican statesman, president of the executive
Feb.-June, 1873.
Figueroa (fe-ga-ro' ii), Cristoval Suarez de.
Born at Valladolid, Spain, near the end of the
16th century: died about 10.50 (?). A Spanish
•\\Titer, author of a pastoral romance, "Lacon-
stante Amarilis" (1009), etc.
Figueroa, Francisco de. Born at Ah^ahi de
Henares, Spain, about 1540: died there, about
1020. A Spanish poet ami sohlier.
Figueroa, Francisco Acuna de. Bom in Mon-
tevideo,1791: died there, Oct. 0,1802. AnUru-
gtiayan poet. He was a treasury official under the
Si>anish government of his native city during its siege by
the republicans, 1812-14, and wrote a diary in verse of the
events of the time. When the city was taken (.Iniie. 1814)
he emigrated to Rio de Janeiro, retm-ning in 1818 and re-
suming his place in tlie treasury. In 1840 he was made
director of the librai-y and museum. He wrote numerous
I»oems and ei)igrams of a political character in favor of
thelegitimate government, whicharestill widelyi-ead. In
1857 tlicy were collected with the title " .Mosaico Poetico. "
Fifueroa, Pedro Pablo. Bom at Coi)iap6,Dec.
2.), 1857. A Cliilean author and joimiafist. He
has published nunn-n 'US biographical works and romances,
and sketches of Chilean counti^ life.
Figuier (fe-gya'), Louis Guillaume. Bom
Fell. 15, 1819: died Nov. 9, 1894. A French
naturalist, best known as a poimlarizer of sci-
ence. His works include " F.xposition et histoiie <Ies
principalesdijcouvertesscientiflquesinodernes" (1851-57),
" Uistoire du merveiUeux dans les temps modemea " (186tl-
Finality John
1862), " Tableau de la nature " (1862-71, 10 vols., in various
departments of science), "Lcs nouvelles conquetes de la
science" (188^-85), etc.
Fiji, or Feejee (fe'je), native Viti (ve'te), Isl-
ands. An archipehigo in the South Pacific,
belonging to Great Britain, situated about lat.
16°-21°S., long. 177° E.-178°W. The islands nam-
ber over 200, of « hich the lai-gest are Viti I,evu and Vanua
Levu. The surface is genei-ally mountainous. The inhabi-
tants, fomierly cannibals, have been converted to Chris-
tianity by Wesley;m missionaries. The leading export is
sugar. The islanils were discovered by Tasman in lti43,
became a British possessi< >n in 1874, and are a crown colony.
Rotimiah was added to the colony in 1880. Area of the
gioup, 7,740 square miles. Population (181)l)ofthecolony,
125,402.
Filangieri (fe-liin-ja're). Carlo. Born at La
Cava, near Salerno, Italy, May 10, 1784: died
at Portici, near Naples, Oct. 14, 1867. An Ital-
ian general, son of Gaetano Filangieri, premier
of the Two SicUies 1859-60.
Filangieri, Gaetano. Born at Naples, Aug. 18,
1752; died at Naples. July 21, 1788. A noted
Italian publicist. He published "La scienza
dellalegislazioue" (1780-88), etc.
Filarete (fe-lii-ra'te) (Antonio Averulino).
Bora at Florence about 1410: died at Kome, 1470.
A Florentine architect and sculptor. Among his
earlier w^orks were the bronze dooi-s of St. Peter's at Rome,
In 1451 he went to ililan. where he designed the great hos-
pital. The cathedi-al of Bei-gamo was begun by him and
Jlnished by Fontana. His curious work on architecture^
wiittenin thcfi.rmof a Vtopian romance and dedicated to
Piero di Jledici, dates from 1461 or 1465. The MS. is in
the ilagliabecchian Library at Florence.
Filch (filch). A pickpocket in Gay's " Beggars'
Opera."
Filelfo (fe-lel'fo), L. Philelphus, Francesco.
Born at Tolentino, near Aneona, Italv, July 25,
1398: cUed at Florence, July 31, 14.S3 (?). " An
Italian liumanist. At the age of eighteen he was ap-
pointed professor of eloquence at Padua. He went to Con-
stantinople to perfect himself in the (;reek language in
1420, with a diplomatic mission from the Venetians, and
w;is af terwai'tl employed on others to Amiu'ath II. and the
emperor Sigismund.
Filicaja (fe-le-ka'ya), Vincenzo da. Bom at
Florence, Dec. 30, 1642: died there, Sept. 24,
1707. An Italian lyric poet and jurist, espe-
cially noted for his odes and sonnets. His works
were published in 1707.
Filida (fe'le-dii). A Spanish romance published
in 1582 by Luis Galvez de Montalvo. It passed
through a number of editions, and is still popu-
lar.
Filipepi, Sandro. See Botticelli.
Fillan (til'an), Saint. Lived in the 8th cen-
tury. An ii'ish missionary to Argyllshire and
Perthshire in Scotland. Alleged relics of the
saint are preserved at Edinburgh.
Fille du Regiment (fey dii ra-zhe-mon'). La.
[F.; It. La Fiijlia del 'itccitiimentd, the daugh-
ter of the regiment.] An opera bv Donizetti,
first produced in Paris Feb. 11, 1840.
Fillmore (fil'mor), Millard. Born at Summer
Hill, Cavuga Count v.X.Y.. Feb. 7, 1800: died at
Buffalo," N. Y.. March 8, 1874. The thirteenth
President of the United States. He was the son
of Nathaniel Fillmore, a farmer; learned the trade of a
fuller ; was admitted to the bar in 182;!, and took up prac-
tice at Aurora, New York ; was a member of the New Vork
State House of Representatives 1S29-;12 ; sen'ed as a Whig
member of Congress from New York 1833-35 and 1837-41 :
was comptroller of the State of New Y'ork 1847-49; was
elected Vice-President on the Whig ticket headed by
Taylor in 1848 ; became Pi-esident by the latter's death
July 9, 1850, retiring from office March 4, 1853; and was
defeated as the National-American candidate for President
in 1850. Duringhis piesidential administration his oppo-
nents had a majority in both Houses of Congress. He ap-
pointed Daniel Webster secretary of state, and approved
tlay's Comproniise Bill of 1850.
Filocopo (fo-lo-ko'po), II. A jirose romance by
Boccaccio. It is a version of the old Frencli
metrical romance "Flore et Blanchefleur."
Filostrato (fe-lo'strii-to), II. A narrative poem
by Bi'ieiiii'io. Itwas written in 1344, and is the origi-
nal of i'hauccr's "Troilus and Cressida," some of which is
a literal translation.
Filumena (lil-u-me'nij), or Filomena, Saint. A
saint of the Roman Catholic Church whose wor-
ship dates from 1802. in that year a grave was dis-
covered with the inscription " Lumena paxte cymtl," which
w.as deciiihcrcd to spell " l'ii-\ tecimi, Filumena." The oc-
cnpant of the grave was received as a saint, and was noted
for her mii-aculuus powers of he;ding the sick by interces-
sion. Longfellow gave the name to Florence .Nightingale,
partly liecause of her labors .among the sick and dying at
Scutari, and partlyon account of the resemblance between
Filumena ami the Latin Philomela (nightingale). Breuxr.
Finale nell' Emilia (fe-nii'le nel a-me'le-a).
A small town in the province of Modena, Italy,
situated on the Panaro 22 miles northeast of
Modena.
Finality (fi-nal'i-ti) John. A nickname given
to Lord John Ktissell. He always spoke of the
Eeform BiU of 1831 as " a finaUty."
Finch, Anne
Finch (finch). Anne, Coiuitess of TVinchplsca.
Died Aiit;. "), 17liil. An Knglisb poet, wife of
HeneaKe Finch, fourth Earl of Wiiiclielsea. she
was L-elehnitc'tl by Pope under the name nf Arileli:i. She
wniU; a poem "Spleen " (17iil : reptihlishivl ITuiJ :is '"The
Spleen, a i'iiulariquutMe, etc. "), and "iliseellany I'oems"
(1713).
Finch, Daniel. Born 1G47: (licil Jan. 1. 17.30.
An EuKlish Torv politician, second Karl of Not-
tin^'liaiii ami sixtli Earl of Winchelsca. He en-
tered Parliament in n>7:i : was llret lord of tlic admiralty
Feb,-,May. It>s4; 8np](ortcd tlie plan for a regency on the
flight of .lames ; was se(Tetary of state IfiS^-iW and (for
the pecon<i lime) Marcli, 1702-O4 ; and later came to the
support of the Wlii^rs.
Finch, Heneage. Born at Eastwell, Kent, Dec.
23, IGL'l : .110(11)00. 18, lf>.S2. An English states-
man anil jurist, created earl of Nottingham in
1681. He became solicitor-general in .June, 10(iO; was
one of tlie prosectitinjr counsel in the trial of tlie regi-
cides; was made lord keeper of the seals in >;ov., 167;i ;
and became lord cliancetlor in 1674.
Knch, Sir Henry. Died Dec. .'">, 1631. An Eng-
lish politician, elected speaker of the House of
Commons Pel).. KHfi.
Finch, Sir John. Horn Sept. 17, 1584 : died Nov.
27, 16()(). An English politician. Baron Finch
of Fordwich. He wa-s elected speaker of the House of
Commons in Mai'cli, Hi-iS. and was appointed chief justice
of the Court of t.'oninion l'lea.s in Oct., 1034, and lord keeper
in Jan., UWn. He was chieliy icsponsihie, in the triiil of
Hantpden, for the decision of the jiuigcs that the king's
course in the matter of ship-money was constitutional.
Finden(fin'den). William. Born 1787: died at
London. Sept. '20, 18.iL'. An English engraver.
Findhorn (find'hornl. \ river in Scotland,
flowing into Moray Firth about 12 miles west
of Elgin. Length, 02 miles.
Findlater f fiu'la-tc'r), Andrew. Born at Aljer-
dour, Al)crdeenshiro, Dei-.. ISIO: died at Edin-
burgh, .Ian. 1, ISS"). A Scottish literary writer.
He was the e<litor of the earlier editions of
" Chainber.s's Eneyelopicdia."
Findlay (find Ma). The capital of Hancock
County, northwestern Ohio, on Blanchard's
Fork of Auglaiso Kiver. It is remarkalile for the
stores of natural gas in its neighborhood. Population
(18:k)), 18,6.''A
Findlay (fin'la). Alexander George. Bom at
London, .Tan. (i, \x\2: died at Dover, England,
Mav 3, 187.'). An English geographer, hydrog-
rap^er, and nn'teorologist. He published atlases
of "Ancient and Comparative Geography," "Coasts and
Islands of the Pacittc Ocean," various nautical directories,
charts, etc.
Fine-ear (fin'er). One of Fortiinio's attendants
in the fairy tale of that name. He could hear
the grass grow.
Finetta (fi-net'ta). A fairy tale by the Coin-
tesse d'Aulnoy. It is a version of (Cinderella.
Fingal'ling'gal). An epie poem in six books, pub-
lished by Macjiherson in 1762. It purports to have
been written by Ossian the son of Finpal, an<l translated
from the Caelic by Alacpherson. .See Ontftan and Fionn.
Fingal's Cave. A basaltic grotto in the island
of StalTa, 7 miles west of Mull, Scotland, entered
by an arch (>.") feet in height. Length of the
cave, 200 feet.
Fini. See Mf.iotino.
Finiguerra (fe-ne-gwer'rii), Maso. Lived in
the middli^ of the 1.5th century. A Florentine
goldsmith jind worker in niello, the reputed in-
ventor of copperplate engraving.
The introrhiction of cnpper-i)late printing is attributed
to Maso Kinignerra, a goldsmith of Florence, who is sup-
posed to have made his llrsi j>rint about the year 1462. It
camiot l<e proved that Finiguerni was the inventor, for
prints by this method were made in <!ennany as early as
I44(i. t>e I'i'nm', Invention of Printing, p. 27.
Finist^re (fin-is-tar'). [ML. ftiiix tone, end of
the land.] The westernmost department of
France, capital (juimiier, bounded by the Eng-
lish Channel on the north. Col es-du-Nord and
Morbihan on the east, and the Atlantic Ocean
on the south and west: part of the ancient
Brittany. It has impitrtant fisheries, and contains lead
and other minerals. Area, •l.h'M square miles. Popula-
tion (ls:il), 727,01-J.
Finisterre(fin-is-tar'). Cape. The westernmost
headlaTid of Spain, projecting into the Atlantic
Ocean in lat. 42^ 52' 45" N., long. 9° 15' 32"W.
(lighthouse). Knglish naval vict^iries were gained off
thiwcape liy Anson over tilt; Krcnrh.1747, and by ("aider and
Strahan over the flench and Spaniards, Iso;',.
Fink, or Finck dink), Friedrich August von.
Born at Strelitz, Germany, Nov. 25, 1718: <li(d
at Copenhagen, Feb. 22, 1766. A Prussian gen-
eral, lie surrendered to tho Austrians at Max-
en, Nov. 21, 17.5'J.
Finlaison (lin'la-son'), John (family name Fin-
layson). Horn at Thurso. Caithness, Aug. 27,
1783: diedat London, April 30, 1860. jVnEug-
lish statistician and actuary.
391
Finland (finHand). [Icel. Finnlaiifl, Sw. Dan.
Fiiiliiiid, (>. Fiiiiilaiid. F. Fiiiliindc, land of the
Finns, NL. Finnia. The Finnish name is Suomi
or Siiomnimiiii. swampy land.] A graiul duchy
of the Kussian empire, lying northwest of Russia
proper, north of the (iulf of Finland, east of
the tJulf of Bothnia, and liordering on Norway
and Sweden. The surface is generally low, and the
country abounds in lakes. Two chief exp*>rts are timber
and butter. The chief city is Helsingfors, The great ma-
jority of the inlialiilaiits are Finns and Lutherans; there
is ;dso a laige Suedi^h clement. The administration is
vested in a national parliimient, with a gtivernor-general.
senate, etc. Tho Swedish compiest of Fiidand began under
Eric in 11B7, and was corapleted in the 13th century.
Russia acquired a small part of it in 1721, and the whole
in isoi). Area, l-14.2r»5 square miles. Population (1S03),
2,431.953.
Finland, Gulf of. An arm of the Baltic .Sea.
e.vteiiding eastward about 250 miles, between
Finliiud on the north and the goveruraeuts of
Esthouia and St. Petersburg on the south.
Finlay (tin'la), George. Born at Faversham,
Kent, Dec. 21, 1799: died at Athens, Greece,
Jan. 26, 1875. A noted English historian. He
joined Lord Byron at Missolonghi, and for a time de-
voted hhuself to the Oreek cause. He resided long in
Greece, and his life was spent in the study of Greek his-
tory. He was *' a great historian of the type of I'olybius.
Procopius, and Maehiavelli, a man of affairs who has
qualilled liimself for treating of public trans<actions by
sh:u-ing in them, a soldier, a statesman, and an econo-
mist" (Diet. yat. Bw^j.). He published "(irecce under
the Komans " (1844), '• tireece to its Conquest by the Turks "
(IS.'il), '* Greece tnider Ottoman and Venetian Domin.a-
tion" (18B6), and "The Greek Revolution " (1801), which
were combined (1877) under the title "A History of Greece
from its Conquest by the Komans to the Present Time"
(edited by U. ¥. Tozer).
Finlay, John. Born at Glasgow, Dec, 1782:
died at Moffat, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, Dec.
8, 1810. A Scottish poet and i)rose-wriler.
lie published " .Scottish HistoriCiU and Romantic Ballads,
etc." (18ns), a life of Cervantes, and an edition of Adam
Smith s " Wealth of Nations."
Finlayson (tin'la-son), George. Bom at Thurso,
Scotland, 1790:' died at sea, 1823. A British
army surgeon and naturalist. He accompanied,
as naturalist, a mission to Siam and Cochin
China 1821-22.
Finlayson Channel. A channel between the
mainland of British Columbia and Princess
Royal Island. Length, 24 miles.
Finley (tin'li), James Bradley. Born in North
Carolina, July 1, 1781: died at Cincinnati, Sept.
6, 1856. An x\mericau itinerant clergjTnan of
the Methodist Church. He was a missionary to the
Wyandotte Indians 1821-27, and retained the superinten-
dency of tlie \S yandotte mission until 1829. He wrote a
"History of the Wyandot Mission " (1840), and "Personal
Reminiscences Illustrative of Indian Life " (1857).
Finley, Samuel. Born in County Armagh, Ire-
laud, 1715 : died at Philadelphia", July 17, 1766.
An American Presbyterian clergyman, presi-
dent of Princeton College, N. J., 1761-66.
Finmarken (fin'miir-ken). A bailiwick (amt)
of Norway, and the northernmost portion of
Europe. Area, 18,295 stpiare miles. Popula-
tion (1891), 29,168.
Finn (tin). Henry J. Born at Sydney, Capo
Breton, 1782 : lost in Long Island Sound, Jan.
13, 1840. An American comedian.
Finney (fin'i), Charles Grandison. Born at
Warren, Litcliliold County, Conn., Aug. 29,
1792: died at Oberlin, 0hi(j, Aug. 16, 1S75. An
American revivalist and educator, president
of Olierlin College (Ohio) 1852-66. Ho published
"Lectures on Revivals " (1835), "Lectures to Professing
Christians " (1836), " .Sermons " (18:18), " Theology " (1840).
Finns (iinz). [Also Finf; ; ME. l''iniifs. AS. Fin-
uan, Icel. FiiiiKir, Sw. Dan. Fiinicr, ML. Fiiini,
perhaps identical with L. Fiiiiii, (ir. <l>lmvi, the
name of an obscure northern tribe mentioned
by Tacitus and Ptolemy.] The natives of Fin-
land; (he Einlanders ; siiecifically, that branch
of tho Finnic race which itiliabits Finland and
other parts of northwestei-u Russia. They call
tliems(dves Suomi or Niioiiidtainct.
The Finnish lu-anch of the Mtmgolian raco to which the
Lap.s, F'ins, Esths, and l.ivonians belong possessed proba-
bly in past ages a large part of Northern Europe, and was
driven out more and more by the immigrations of tier-
manic tribes, or became mixed with them. Tacitus already
mentions the F'ins in his Cermaida, but he ccmld otdy ob.
tain obscure reports nhttxitihcirmiraferitax. The nation
of tho Kins is the principal stem of this branch.
La Sautmaye, Hcionco of Religion, p. 802.
Finsbury (fin/.'bi'r-i). A district of London
lying north of the Thames. As a parliamentary
borough it is bounded by St. Pancras on the west, Isling-
ton on the north, Shorediteh on the east, and the City and
Strand on the south, and consists of three distinct con-
stituencies— Cenlrid, I [ol born, and East. 'I'he district was
once the great prebendal manor of Hfdywell, and was
leased by Its incumbent in 1315 to the mayor and cm-
monaltyof the city for an annual rent of 2U shillings : this
lease ran out In 1807. Lojtw,
Firminy
In 1498.111 the gardens which had continued time out
of mind without M(K)rgate, to wit, about and bey<»nd the
lordship of Finsbury, were destroyed, and of them was
made a plain Held to shoot in. It was called Finsbury
Held, in which there were three windmills, and here they
usimlly shoot at twelve score. {Stow, l(i:i3, p. oi:i.) In
Jonson's time this was the usual resort of tin- plainer citi-
zens. People of fashion, or who asjured to lie tlioiight so,
probably mixed but little in those parties ; and hence we
may account for the indignation of .Master Stejdien at
being suspected of such vulgarity. An idea of a similar
kind occin-8 in Shaksj)eare : "As if thou never walk'dst
flu'therthaii F'insbuiy." Henry IV. First Part, act iii. sc. 2.
Gifford, Note to J onson's " Every M an in his 11 umour,"' p. i.
Finsbury Park. A London ]iark of about 120
acres, laid out on the old grounds of Hornsey
^^^>oll Hmise.
Finsteraarhorn (fin'ster-iir-horn). The high-
est i>cak (d' the liernese Alps, about 40 miles
southeast of Bern, Switzerland. Height, 14,026
feet.
Finsterwalde (tln'ster-vill-de). A manufactur-
ing town in the province of Brandenburg, Prus-
sia, 40 miles north of Dresden. Population
(1890), 7,946.
Fionn, or Finn, or Find. The principal figure in
the Fenian legends. He had a historic original, who
seems to have been a commander of mercenaries in the
last half of tlie 3d century. He llgures .as Fingal in Mac-
I)herson's Ossianic poems. .See Fenians.
Fiorelli (fe-o-rel'le), Giuseppe. Born June 8,
1M23 : died Jan. 29, 1896. A noted Italian arehte-
ologist. lie had charge of the excavations at Pompeii
1S45-49, and was made superintendent of the antiipiities
and the explorations in lower Italy in 1860. In that year
also he became professor of archjeology at Naples, and in
ls(i2 director of the National Museum there.
Fiorentino (fe-6-ren-te'n6), Pier Angelo. Born
at Naples, 1806: died at Paris, May 31. 1804, An
Italian author, a collaborator of Dumas jx'rc.
Fiorenzuola (fe-o-reu-zo-o'Ui). A small town
in the province of Piacenza. Italy, 13 miles
southeast of Piacenza.
Fiorillo (fe-o-ril'lo), JohannDominicus. Bom
at Hamburg, Oct. 13, 1748:, died at (iiittingen,
Sept. 10, 1821. A German painter and histo-
rian of art. He wrote "Geschichte der zeichnenden
Kiinste *' (1798-1808), " Geschichte der zeichnenden Kimste
in Deutschland und den vereinigten Niederlanden"(1815-
1817), etc.
Fiote (fyo'te). The Kongo language.
FirbolgS. One of the earliest races of Ireland,
in tho legendary history of the country.
In Ireland there were the same two races, which are
graphically described by McFirbis in his Book of Genealo-
gies. One race, which he calls the Fir-Bolg, had dark
hair and eyes, small stature and slender limbs, ami con-
stituted the despised servile class of the Irish people.
They belong, says Mr. Skene, "to the same class with the
Silures, and m.ay be held to represent the Iberian race
which preceded the Celtic." The other race, called the
Tuatha De Danann by McF'irbis. was tidl, with golden or
red hair, fair skin, and blue or blue-grey eyes.
Taylor, Aryans, p. 78.
Firdausi.Firdusi, etc. See Abitl Knsim Mcdisuv.
Fire Island (fir i'land). A summer resort off
the soul hern coast of Long Island, New York,
about 40 miles east of New York.
Firenzuola (fe-ren-zo-o'ia,), Agnolo (Angelo
Giovannini). Born at Fhn-ence, Sept. 28, 1493 :
died about 1545. An Italian poet and miscel-
laneous writer.
Firishtah (fe-resh'ta) (Mohammed Easim
Hindushah). A Persian historian, born .'ilHiut
1550 at Astrabad, who was commissioned by
Ibrahim Adil Shah (158.5-1628) to write a his-
tory of tho Mohammedan dynasties of India.
Ho is one of the most trustworthy of Oriental
historians.
Firkowitsch (fer'ko-vich ), Abraham. Bom at
Lut/.k, Volhvnia, Kussi:i, iSept. 27, 1786: died
at Jufut-Kale, Crimea, Kussia, June 7, 1874. A
Hebrew ai'chasologist. He wius a Kar.aite, and was
accused of altering inscriptions for tho piui)oso of advan-
cing (he claims of that sect.
Firmicus Maternus (f(:r'mi-kus ma-ter'nus),
Julius or Villius. A Christian controver-
sialist. He wrote, about :M7, a refutation of paganism,
entitled "lie errore profanartun religionum, the first
))riiited edition of which was published at Strasburg by
Matthias Klaecius in 15ti2.
Firmicus Maternus, Julius or Villius. A
Latin author. He wrote, ab.ait :!.'4 a. p., an inlrodnc-
tion to judicial astrology, acctuding t^) the discii>linc of
tho Egyptians and Babyloniims. entitled " Mathcsis," the
first printed edition of which was published at Venice by
15ivilac(ina in 1497. Tho treatise is composed In a spirit
hostile (o Christianity, which disproves (or at least reiulers
iniprohable) the alleged identity of its author with the
(ill istian controversialist of tho mimo mune.
Firmilian (fev-mil'i-an). A "spasmodic tra-
gedy" by W. E. Ayltiuu.
Firminy (fer-nu'i-no'). A manufacturing town
in the department of Loire, France, uoar St.-
Etieuuo. Population (1891), 14,502.
Firm Island,
niaiRe of "Araailis de Gaul.
Firm Island
All piichaiitod island in the ro-
392
plore the northwest passage 1821-23, obtaining important
suietititlc results.
m. „ ^
briiie liv means of the onchanteil hoise, which coum carry
it.s riiler in a second to any dcsireJ spot.
Firozpur (fe-ioz-pih'), or Ferozepore (fe-ioz-
por'). 1. A district, in tlie Lahore division of
the Paiijab. Britisli India, intersected by lat. 31°
N., long. 75° K. Area, 4,1502 siiuare miles. Pop-
ulaticm (1891), 8S6,676.— 2. The capital of the
district of Firozjiui-, situated aliout lat. 30° 57'
N., long. 74° 3.')' K. It has an important ar-
senal. Population (1891), 50,437.
FirOZShah. See FcriKryhnh.
First Gentleman of Europe. A popular sur-
name of (ieorge IV. of England.
First Grenadier of France. Latour d'Au-
vergne.
First Love. A comedy by Richard Cumberland,
iiroduced iu 1796.
Fisch (fesh). George. Born at Nyou, Switzer-
land, .Julv 6, 1S14 : died at Vallorbes, Switzer-
land, ,Iulv 3, 1881. A French Protestant cler-
Essays on tlie Supernatural Oriiiin ci( Christianity"
(18U.'.),'" History "f the Refonnation " U-'^'-O ' l'.ej.'hiriiiij;s
of fhrisliaiiity" (1877), ■■(Jronnils of Tlieislir au.l cliri:.-
tian Belief " (lS8:i), " Outlines of liniversal llistury " (ISSG),
"The History of the christian Church " (1887), and " Man-
ual of Cliristian Evidences" (1*88).
Fisher, John. Born at Beverley, Yorkshire,
Enghind, 14.^9 (f): beheaded on Tower Hill,
London, June 2-', 1535. An English prelate
and scholar, bishop of Rochester, and a leader
of the pajial party. He graduated at Cambridge (B.
Pitzgihbon
guardians of King Edwartl \'I. ; ami filled important of.
fices(tliough several times in disgrace) under Elizabeth, to
whose hand he at one time aspired.
6.
Arun-
the
At
'r(5cy he commanded the second division of the English
army.
Fitzalan, Richard. Born 1346: died 1397. An
English naval and military commander. Earl of
Arundel and Surrey, on Jlarch 24, 1387, he, with
Nottingham, ilefeated a Spanish. Flemish, and tYench
fleet otf llargate, and captured nearly WO vessels laden
with wine. He was one of the most prominent of the
enemies of Richard II., and eonsi)ired against llini. He
was an-ested by the liing, was convicted of treason, and
was decapitated on Tower Hill. He was revered by the
people as a martyr.
A. »87),'and became'viee-chancellor of the university in Pitzalan, Thomas, Born 1381 : died Oct. 13,
1501, and professor of divinity in 1303. He was elected ^^j- ^ Englisli soldier and statesman, Earl
chancellor of the university in lo04 (and repeatedly i i i t. . ,,
reelected) and became bishop of Rochester in Oct. of ot Arundel and Surrey. He was conspicuous as a
the same 'year. From 16or. to LSOS he was president of supporterof the throne in the wars and thepohtics of the
Queens' College. He was one of the most prominent sup- reigns of Henry IV. and Henry V.
port.rsof the new learning, and a friend of Erasmus (who pj.(;2dottrel (fits -dot ' rel). Ill Ben Jonson's
Tisile.l Camluidge at his invitiition) : but was hostile to ..,p, j, ^ j j^ „ ^im,,ie but conceited
the Iteloriiiatiun. He opposed the doctrine of royal su- -.,,.,,.>? i i ' i • »
premacy .and the divorce of Hen.y VIII., and was the con- ^ortolk squire. He develops into an impostor.
gym an.
Fischart (fish'art), Johann. Born at Mainz in
the middle of the 16thceutiu-y: died at Forbach
about 1590. A German satirist and Reformer. Fisher, John
fessor .and chief adviser of Queen Catharine. He was
duped by the Nun of Kent (see Barton, Elizabeth), and was
condemned to imprisonment and forfeiture of goods, but
escaped with a flne of £300. His refusal to comply with
the .\ct of Succession and the Act of .Supremacy led to
his conviction of treason and his execution.
The name alludes to the foolishness of the dot-
terel.
He was educated at Worms, and subsequently traveled e.\
tensivelv. In 1.^74 he was made doctor of law at Basel,
anil afterward lived in Stnisburg, Spires, and Forbach.
He was a volumini>us writer, and, after Luther, the most
prominent and powerful advocate of Protestantism. In
1572 appeared a versihcd history of "Till Eiilenspiegel,"
'■Aller Praktik Orossmutter" ("The Gramlmolher of all
Prognostication ■). a satire on the prophetic calendars of
the day, and " Claus Narr." In 1573 appeared '■ Flohatz "
(" Klea-hunt "), aCf'inic piiem. In 1.^75 appeared his j:»rin- _. _ _. i.j. .c
cipal work, an imit;iti,.n of Ilabelais's "Gargantu.a," 'At- FlSheS, MiraCUloUS Draught Of.
fentheurliche, Naiipongeluurliche Oeschichtklitterungr.'
The following year appeared the narrative poem "Gliick-
llaft Schilf " ("'Fortunate Ship "). His " Podagrammische
Trostbuchleiu " ( ' Book of Comfort in Gout ") dates from
1577,"Elizuchtbiichlein"(" Marriage Book")from 1578. His
pnlemic writings were written both iu Latin and in Ger-
man. In the vernacular are " Bienenkorb " ("Beehive,"
l!i7;l).directedagainst the Church of Rome, and" Jesuiter- xiJoV /fi^l-l WiThiii- Tinvn nt Pivqtfli.hniT. Vt
hutlein" ("Jesuit Hat," 1.5S0), against the Jesuits. He also FlSK (fi_sk)^WllbUr. Bom at BiattR Doro.V t.,
ote a number of psalms and hymns.
Fitzdottrel is one of those characters which Jonson de-
lighted to draw, and in which he stood unrivalled, a gull,
i. e., a confident coxcomb, selflsh, cunning, and conceited.
Gifford, Notes to "The Devil is an Ass."
lired a't London, May 8, 1825. An English di- Fitzgerald (fits-jer'ald). Lord Edward. Born
Boru at Hampton, England, 1748:
vine, appointed bishop of Exeter iu 1803 and
of Salisbury in 1807.
Fisher's Hill (fish'erz hil). A place near Win-
chester, Frederick County, Virginia. Here, Sept
22, 1861, the Federals under Sheridan defeated the Con-
federates under Early. The loss of the fonuer was about
1.300 ; of the latter, .v'S.
See Miracu
Ions I>n(ii<j)if of Fish !•
Fishkill (tish'liil). A town in Dutchess County,
Xew York, situated on the Hudson 54 miles
north of New York. It contains the villages of
at Carton Castle, near Dublin, Oct. 15, 1763:
dieil ill prison at Dublin, June 4, 1798. An Irish
politician and revolutionist, fifth son of the
tirst Duke of Leinster. He served in the army in
Ireland and in 1781 in America, and was woumled at the
battle of Eutaw Springs. Later he served in New Bruns-
wick : went to Detroit, where he was admitted into the
Beai- tribe ; and descended the Mississippi to New ( irleans.
He returned to England ; was removed from the army for
attending a revolutionary banquet; and joined the I'nited
Irishmen, in whose treasonable conspiracy he took a lead-
ing part. He was arrested, and died from a wound in-
flicted by one of his captors.
Fishkill-on-the-Hudsou, Matteawan, etc. Pop- Fitzgerald, Lady Edward. Born at Fogo Isl
Illation (1890), 11,840.
Aug. 31, 1792 : died at Middletown, Conn., Feb.
22, 1839. AnAmericanclergymanand educator,
first president of Wesleyan University (Middle-
town, Connecticut) 1831-39.
Fiske (tisk), John (originally Edmund Fiske
Green). Born at Hartford, Conn., March 30,
Fischbach (fish'bileh), Johann. Born at Gra-
veiiegg, Austria, April 5, 1797 : died at Munich,
.June 19, 1,871. An Austrian painter.
Fischer ( fish'er), Ernst Kuno Berthold. Bom
at Sandewalde, Silesia, Pmssia, .July 23, 1824.
A noted German historian of philosophy, pro-
fessor at Jena and later (1872) at Heidelberg.
His chief work is "Geschichte der neuern Phi-
losophie" (18.52-77).
Fischer von Erlach (fon orMiich), Johann
Bernhard. Born at Oratz, March 15, 165G :
died at Vienna, April .5,1723. An Austrian archi-
tect. Among his chief works are t-lie jialace of
Schdnbrunu ami the Kavlskirche. Vienna.
Fischer von Erlach, Joseph Emanuel. Bom
at Vienna, lti95: died at Vienna, JuiH' 29, 1742.
An Austrian architect, son of Johann Fischer Fitch (fich).Ebenezer. Born at Norwich, Conn
von Erlach. Sept. 26, 17.56 : died at West Bloomtield, N. Y.,
Fischer von Waldheim (viilt'him), Gotthelf. March 21, 1833. An American clerg\nnan and
Born at Waldlieini. Sa.xouy. Oct. 15,1771: died educator, first president of Williams College
at Moscow, Ot. 18, 1.S.53. A German-Kussiau (Williamstown, Massachusetts) 1793-1S15.
zoologist and geologist, director of the Museum pj+gj, John
of Natural History in Moscow. ' 1743-' comii
Fish (lish). Hamilton. BornatNewY'ork, Aug. j,ji '
3, 1808: died at Garrison's, Putnam County, structed steamboats, the first of which was launched on
N. Y., Sept. 7, 1893. An American statesman, the l)elaw:u-e River in 1787.
son of Nicholas Fish. He graduated at Columbia Fitch, Ralph. Lived in the second half of the
College in 1827; was admitted to the bar in 1830; served - - ■
as a Whig member of Congress from New York 1843-45;
was State senator in 1847 ; was governor of New York
1848-50 ; served as United States senator from New York
1851-57 ; joined the Republican p;u^y about 1864 ; was
secretary of state under Grant 18(i!l-77 ; and was a member
of the Joint High Commission which negotiated the treaty
of Wa.shington between the l'nit«d States and Great Brit-
ain in 1871.
Fisher (fish'er). Alvan. Born at Necdham,
Mass.. Aug. 9. 1792: died at Dedliam, Mass.,
Feb.. 1S63. An American painter.
Fisher, Charles. Born in Suffolk, England,
181(): died at Xew York, June 10, 1891. An
English actor. He made his first appearance in Lon-
don in 1844, and in New York in 1852. He Wiis successful
in the old comedies, particularly iu such jjartsas Falstalf,
and, Newfoundland, about 1776: died at Paris,
Nov., 1831. The wife of Lord Edward Fitz-
gerald, whom she married in 1792. Though, ac-
cording to general repute, she was the daughter of ^!a-
dame de Gcnlis and tlie Duke of OrWans (Philippe "Ega-
lit^"), it appears that her parents' name was Sims, and
that she was sent to Paris in 1782 as a companion to the
children of the duke. She was married under the name
of Anne Stilphanie Caroline Sims, but is best known by
her pet name "Pamela."
1,S42. An American historical -m-iter. Hegradu- Fitzgerald Edward. Bom at Bredfield House,
ated at Harvard College in 1863, and at the Harv.ard law ,,„. ° \v,„„ll„,;,l,,c Siiffnlk- Atavch S1 1800 • died
sch..,.l in ls,;5; was university lecturer on philosophy at "^ai W oodhlldge, bllHolK, Maicn dl, it>U,' . aieu
Harvanl l'<»>9-7i; was assistant librarian there 1872-70;
and Ii:is Icrturedon American bistoryat Washington l^ni-
versity, St. l.ouis, Missi'Uri, at Iniversity College, London,
ami at the I'.i.val Inslitiltii.ii. .\niolig his works are ' .Myths
and Myth-makers, etc.' (1^72), ■• I lutliiies of Co.smie Philos-
ophy, based on the Doctrine of Evolution" (1874), "The
Unseen World" (1870). "'Ibe niscover)-ot America" (1892),
"The Beginnings of New F.nghind " (1889), "The Ameri-
can Revolution "(1891), "Excursions of an Evolutionist"
(1883)," The Idea of God, etc." (1885), "The Critical Period
i American History, 1783-89" (1888), etc.
at Merton, Norfolk, June 14. 1883. An English
poet and translator. He published "Euphranor; a
Dialogue on Y'outh" (1851), "Polonius: a Cnllection of
Wise Saws and Modern Instances" (1852), a translation of
six dramas of C.alderon (1853), a translation of the "tjuat-
rains " of Ouku- Khayyam (1869 : his most celebrated work),
and other translations.
Fitzgerald, Lady Elizabeth, surnamcd " The
Fair tTcraldine." Born tit Maynooth, Ireland,
1528 (?) : died 1589. The youngest daughter of
tlie ninth Earl of Kildare. To her Henry Howard,
eail of Surrey, addressed a series of songs and sonnets,
first published in Tottel's " Jliscellany " in 15.W. She mar-
ried, when about fifteen years old. Sir Anthony Browne,
who died in 1.548, and about 1552 the Earl of Lincoln (Ed-
ward Fiennes de Clinton).
Born at Windsor, Conn., Jan. 21, Fitzgerald, Katherine, Countess of Desmond.
ommittetl suicide at Bardstown, Ky., Died 1604. The second wife of Thomas Fitz-
1798. An American inventor. He con- gerald, twelfth Earl of Desmond, noted for her
gi'eat age. According to tradition she lived to be about
140 years old, and she was probably upward of 104 when
^ , she died.
mir'ce'iTt'm'y! An English traveler in India Fitzgerald, Thomas, tenth Earl of Kildare.
and the East 1583-91. He m.ide an overland journey Born 1513: executed at Tyburn, Feb. 3, 1537.
down the Euphrates valley toward India,
his travels was published by Hakluyt.
An account of An Irish nobleman, put to death for treason.
On the report that his father, the ninth Earl of Kildare,
In 1000 was produced Shakespeare's " Macbeth" ; there l'?<' been executed iu the Tower, he renounced his alle-
wt.?eid(aSi3),"Her husband's to Aleppo gone, niaster giance and head«i an unsuccessful rebelliom
of the Tiger." Thisline, when compared with the opening Fitzgerald, William. Born at Lifford, Lim-
passage of Fitch's narrative, is too striking to be reg.arded '
as a mere coincidence, and is also one of the ele;u"est pieces
of evidence known to us of Shakespeare's use of the text
of Hakluyt. Diet. Nat. Biitg.
Fitchburg (fich'berg). A city of Worcester
Cmiuly. Massachusetts, situated on a liranch of
tlie Xiisliua River, 41 miles northwest of Boston.
It manufactui'es machinery, etc. Population
. . - (1890), 22,037.
.Sir Peter Teazle Old Adam Uiroque in "The Rom™^^^^^ (fits-al'an). Edmund. Bom 1285:
a Poor Young Man, and lYiplet in Reade s " Masks and f . , vSt,p . v-. *j"»"^»">».
An English nobleman, Earl of
crick, Ireland, Dee. 3, 1814: died at Killaloe,
Nov. 24, 1883. An Irish divine, professor at
Trinity College, Dublin, 1847-57, bishop of Cork
1857-62, and bishop of Killaloe 1862-83. He
published numerous works, including an edition
of Butler's "Analogy" (1849).
Fitzgerald, Williani Thomas. Born in Eng-
land, of Irish parentage, about 17.59: died at
Paddington, a suburb of London, July 9, 1829.
A British poet, now known chiefiy from a ref-
Faces." " ' "1"! '■'-"■ -"^ r^ngusu uooiemau, r.n„. oi ^^.^^^ .^ ^^^ j^j^^ .^ Byi'on's "English Bards and
Fisher, George. Bom at Sunbury, Middlesex, ->i'""'lt'l- ,=ii /.n v„,nr;an a„ Scotch Reviewers.""
Julv 31, 1794: died Mav 14, 1873. An English Fitzalan, Henry. Born 1511 (f) : <l>ed 1580. An pj^ giy,,,(,n (fits-gib'on), John, Eari of Clare,
astronomer. He accompanied a polar expedition (m English statesman and soldier, twelfth Earl of g^^e ^_^^^ Donnvbrook, Ireland, 1749: died
the ships Dorothea and Trent) in 1818, during which he Arundel. He became deputy of Calais in 1540 ; stormed -. ,,^ jj^q,, A "British iurist, appointed lord
made important pendulum experiments at Spitzbergen ; Boulogne Sept. 11,1.544 ; became lord chamberlain in 1545; -i ■ .i
and went as chaplain and astronomer with Parry to ex- on the Jail of Somerset, in 1549, was appointed one of the
chancellor of Ireland iu 1789, and created earl
Fitzgibbon
of Olarc in 179i>. Ui- was also made (17fl9)n peer of
Great liritaiii as Itaron Fit7.(;ilil)iiii. He played an iuipur-
taiit parf in Iiis!i polities.
Fitzherbert {lils-lier'bert). Sir Anthony. Born
iit Xiirliury, hcrbyshire, 147(1: ilicl ihcre. May
27, 1538. An En>;lisli jurist and U-fral writer.
His most important work is "La Graunde .\ttrid(;en»ent "
(1.M4). "the ttrst serious attempt to reduee tile entire law
to systcriiatie shape" {Ifict, Xdf. llioif.).
Fitzherbert, -Mrs. (Maria Anne Smythe).
Born at Hambridgc, Iliuniwliire. England, .Tvilv,
17.')6: ilii'd at Brifiliton, Marcli 29. l.s:!7. Wife
of (rcoiKc I\'. of England, she manied Edward
Weld in 1775. and was left a widow in the same year; mar-
ried Thomas Fit/lierbert (died 1781) in 177H ; and beeame
the wife of the I'rinee of Wales ((Jeome IV.) Dee. 21, ns."i.
The marria^'e to the prinee was invalid; but she main-
tained her eonneetion with him, with the consent of her
chureh (Koman Catholie), even after his marriage with
Caroline of l'.ruiisv\ irk.
Fitzherbert, Thomas. Bom at Swynnerton,
StafVordshire, 1552: died at Rome, Aug. 17,1640.
An English Jesuit, rector of tlie Englisli College
at Koine ItilH-SO. He published a number of
controversial works.
Fitzherbert, William. Died 1154. An Eng-
lish prelate, eleete<l arehbishop of York in 1142.
Hp was eanonized by Pcnie Honorius in 1227.
Fitzjames (lits-jamz'), James, Duke of Ber-
wiek. Born at Moulins, France. Aug. 21, 1670;
died at I'hilippsbnrg, .June 12, 17:14. A noted
soldier, illegitimate son of James, duke of York
(James 11.), and .\rabella Cluircliill, sister of
the Duke of Marlborougli. He was educated in
France. In l(is7 he w:is created duke of Berwick ; later
served under the Duke of Lorraine in lltuigary ; was made
governor of Porbtmouth ; and in IBSS tied with his father
to France, lie pi-omoted the attempt to replace James
on the throne by a descent on Ireland ; was present at the
battle of the IWyne : and became commander-in-chief of
the kinjr's forces in Ireland. In 1691 he joined the FYench
army, in which he rose to the rank of marshal, bec<miinK
a French subject in order to secure this promotion. He
fouRht in Flandere, tunler BoulHers, in 17U2; commanded
the French army in .Spain in 1701 ; captured Nice in 1706 ;
and defeated the allied Knfilish and Portuguese at Al-
manza in 1707. He was killed at the siege of I'hilippsburjj:.
Fitzosbern (lits-oz'beriil, William. Died 1071.
A Nornum noble, a friiMid and i)romiiient snp-
f)orter of William the ('on(pieror, created by
lim earl of Hi-reford. He was one of the chief pro-
moters of the CoiHiuest, fought at the battle of Hastings,
and acted as viceroy during the absence of William. He
waa killed at the b:\ttle of i'assel in l(l71.
Fitzpatrick (lits-pat'rik), Mrs. A character
in I'ielding's "Tom .Tones."
Fitzpatrick, Richard. Bom Jan.. 1747: died
at London, April 20, 1S1:J. A British soldier,
politician, ami wit, second son of tlie first Earl
of Upper Ossory : best known as tlie intimate
friend of Charles James Fox. He became a mem-
ber of Parliament in 1774 ; servetl in the war of the Amer-
lean Uevolution 1777-78; became chief secretary for Ire-
land in 1 78 J ; and was appointeii secretai-y at war 1783. He
was one of the authors of the "Kolliad."'
Fitzroy(iits-roi'), Augustus Henry,tliird Duke
of (irafton. Born ()<-t. 1, 17:ri; died al Eiiston
Hall, SulTolk, March 14. IS] 1. An English states-
man. He was seci-etary r»f state for the northern riepart-
inent, .Inly, 17ia,-May, 17()«, and became lli-st lord of the
treasury in the adunnistration of Pitt in .luly, 17(»6. .Vs a
j'-sultof Pitt'sillness,<:rafton wasthehead of the ministiy
after Sept., 17157. He resigiu-d in .Ian., 1770.
Fitzroy, Henry, lirst Duke of drafton. Born
Sept. 20, llili:i; died Oct. 0. 1090. An illegiti-
mate sou of Charles 11. of England, by Barbara
Villiers, countess of Castlemain. He obtained
con»*ider:i!>le distinction as a soldier, and was mortally
Houriiled in the attai-k on Cork uniler ilarlboroiigh.
Fitzroy, Robert. Born at Amptim Hall, Suf-
folk, .liily 5, 1800 : died at London, April 30, ISti."..
A British naval oflicer. From is28 to i,s:io, and again
from 1831 to 18;i«, he commanded the Beagle in extended
surreys of the South .\mericaii coast anil in the circum-
navigation of the glotie. During the second trip Charles
Robert Darwin arconipanicd him :ls naturalist. The (Jeo-
graphieal .Society awarded its golil medal to Fitzroy in
1887. In la-iO he published " Nai-nilive of the .Survey-
ing Voyages of H. M. shiiis Adventure and lieagle,' in
8 vols, (the tliiril by Darwin). He was gi>vernor of
New Zealand lM3-t.'',. and superintendent of the Woolwich
dockyard l.s4s.4il, and held other important jiosts. .Sev-
eral well-known works on navigation and meteorology
were published by him, and he is regardeil as the founder
of the moilern nu-teoK.logical service, I'ressure of work
connecteil with his iliilics as chief of the meti^orological
service of the I'.oard of Trade caused his mind to give way,
and he committed suicide.
Pitzstephen (lits-ste'ven), William. Died
about 1190. A clerk, friend, and biographer of
Thomas Becket. His " Vita Sancti Tliomic ' was llrst
printed in 1723 (in .Sparkes's " HIsloria! Angllcana) Scrip-
tores ")
FItzurse dits-ers'), Reginald. Lived in the
second half of the I2tli century. One of the
murderers of Tliomas Becket. He took the leading
part In the assault. The murderers were finally banished
to the Holy Land, and are said to have died there, near
Jerusalem, and to have been buried in Jerusidem before
393
the door of the Church of the Templars. Fitzurse is also
said to have gone to Ireland, founding there the Mcilahon
family.
Fitzurse, Lord Waldemar. In Sir Walter
Scott's novel •• Ivaiihuc,'' a follower of Prince
John.
Fitzwalter (fits-wal'ter), Robert. Died 1235.
An English noble, a leader of I lie barons in their
struggle with King John.
Fitzwilliam (fit.s-wiryam). Edward Francis.
Born at Deal, Kent, .\ug. 2, 1824: died al Lon-
don, Jan. 19, 18,')7. An English composer, best
known as a writer of songs.
Fitzwilliam, Fanny Elizabeth. Bom at Do-
ver, England, l.soi: died at London, Nov. 11,
18.")4. An English actress, wife of Edward Fitz-
william, an actoi-. She visited the United States
ill is:i7, and ag:iiii a few years later.
Fitzwilliam, William Wentworth. Bom May
:^0, 174.S : died Feb. 8, 1833. An Englisli states-
man (Whig), second Earl Fitzwilliam (17uG). He
was lord lieutenant of Ireland for a short time (.Jan. -March
2.=.) in 171).i.
Fitzwilliam Museum. A museum at Cam-
bridge University, founded by Richard, seventh
and last Viscount Fitzwilliam, who bequeathed
to the university (1810) his collection of books,
jiaintings, illuminated manuscripts, engrav-
ings, etc., with the dividends of JCIOO.OOO South
Sea annuities for the erection of a building,
which was begun in 1837. The collection of ancient
prints is one of the nn)st valuable in existence. A museum
of classical arclueology (containing a notable collection of
casts) is connected with the museum.
Flume (fe-o'me). [MHG. Sankt-Veit-dm-FUiiim,
Serbo-Croatian liieka, L. Tcrsatlica VltopoUs.
later Fiiiiiiiii •Saiirti I'iti atl Fliimcii.'] A seaport
and roval city of Hungarv, situated on the Gulf
of Qua'riiero'in lat. 45° 19' N., long. 14° 27' E.
It is the only seaport in Hungary, has large and increasing
trade and some manufactures, and contains a cathedral.
It was annexed to the Hapsbnrg possessions in 1-171, and
passed to Hungary in 1779. It belonged for some years
to France in the Napoleonic time. Since 1S70 it has been
under direct Hungarian rule. Population (1890), 30,337.
Five Boroughs, The. In Early English history,
Derby, Leicester, Lincoln, Stamford, and Not-
tingham. They were under Danish rule till their
conquest by Edward and Ethelfleda, completed
in 922.
Five Forks (fiv forks). A place in Dinwiddle
(,'ouuty, Virginia, 11 miles southwest of Peters-
burg. Here, April 1, 186.5, the Federals under Sheridan
defeated part of Lee's army. The loss of the Federals was
H84 ; of the Confederates, s.iiOO.
Five Gallants, The, or Five Witty Gallants.
A comedy by Middleton, licensed and produced
ill 1(!07.
Five Hours, Adventures of. See AdoaitKrcs
of Fll-r lloills.
Five Hundred, Council of the. One of the two
legislative bodies established in France by the
constitution of 179.5. It wa.s overt hrown by Na-
p.dcon Nov. 10, 1799.
Five Members, The. In English history, the
live members of Parliament — Hampden, Pym,
Holies, Haselrig, and Strode — who were lead-
ers in the opposition to Charles I. in the Long
I'arli.imeiit, and whom he attempted to arrest
Jan. 4, 1042.
Five Nations, The. See Imquoix.
Five Points, The. -V locality in New Y'ork,
northeast of the City Hall, at tin' intersection
of Baxter, Park, and Worth streets, formerly
noted as a center of vice and crime.
Fives (fev). A village of France, in the suburbs
of Lille, now annexed to that city.
Fix (fiks or feks), Theodore. Born at Soleure,
Switzerland. 18(111; dird at Paris. July 31, 1.840.
A Swiss political economist, of Frcncii (Hugue-
not) ilescent. He wrote "Observations sur lYtat des
classes onvricres" (18-16), "Revno meiisuelle d'economie
polit,i(|Ue " (18.'i3-,'i6), etc., and contributed to the ".Journal
des Kcoiioinlstes," etc.
Flaccus (llak'us). The name assumed by Alouin
in the learned academy established at the court
of Charlemagne.
Flaccus, Caius Valerius. A Roman jHiet of the
time of Vespasian, author of a licroic )ioem,
" Argonaiitica " (8 books), a free imitation of
Apolloiiius of b'llodes.
Flaccus, Quintus Horatius. See Uomce.
FlaciUS Ula'shi-us) (Latinized from Vlacich),
Matthias, surnamed IHyricUS ('Ihe lllyr-
ian'). Born al -Mboiia, lstri[i, March 3. I'i20:
died at l''raiiklorl-oii-llie-Maiii, March 11. \'u5.
A noted (ierman Protestant scholar aiicl con-
troversialist. He was a pupil of Luther at Wittenberg,
and was professor of Ili-bicw there 1M4— 19, when lie with-
drew on accimnt of his oiiposition to the Augsburg and
Leipsic Interims. In 1508 he was appointed to a prof essor-
Flameng, Marie Auguste
ship at Jena, but was deprived of his ollice in 1561 on a
charge of Maniebeism. He was the principal collaborator
on the "Centuriie Magdeburgeuses" (Basel, l.'.59-74), the
lirst history of the ehurell written from the Protestant
point of view. Its plan was conceived by him. He also
» rot e t he " Clavis scriptunD sacite " (1567), which forms the
basis of biblical hermeneutics.
Flacourt (tbi-kor'), IStienne de. Bom at Or-
leans, France, 1()07; died at sea, June 10, 1660.
.\ Fremdi governor of Madagascar 1648-5.').
He puldished "Histoire de la grande isle .Madagascar"
(16.S8: second, enlarged edition 1661), "Uictionnaire de la
langue de Madagascar" (1658).
Flagellants (fla.j'e-l.ants). [From L. fl<i(iel-
liin(t-)s, ppi-. iti fluijellurc. whip, scourge.] A
Viody of religious persons who believed that by
whipping and scourging f hemsel ves for religious
di.scipline they could appease the divine wrath
against their sins and the sins of the age. An asso-
ciation of ttagcllants founded about 1260 spread through-
out Knrope, its members marching in proccssi<nis, publicly
scourging thcirown bare bodies till the blood ran. Having
by these practices given rise to great disordere, they were
suppressed ; but the same scciu-s were repeated on a larger
scale in 1348 and several subseipient years, in consequence
of the desolating plague called the "black death." These
Hagellanls claimed for their scoiirgings the virtue of all the
saeranu-nts, and pr..niiilgnt<-d other heresies. There have
been als.>fi-ali-niitii-.s..lllaKillanlsantliorized by the Koman
Catholic Church. .Some llagellants have held doctrines
o]iposed to the Koniaii Catholic Church, and approximat-
ing those of Protestantism.
Flagellum Dei (fla-jel'um de'i). [L., 'scourge
ofGcnl.'] A surname of Attila. See the extract.
This title, ' Flagellum Dei," occiu-s with most wearisome
frequency in the mediieval stoi-ies about Attila ; and where-
soever we meet with it, we have a sure indicaticui that we
are otf the ground of conti-niix.raijcous ami authentic his-
toi7, and have entered the i-|..u.| land of ecclesiastical my-
thology. Later anil wilder dcvt-lopments in this direction
attributed to him the titl-j of "grandson (jf Nimrod, nur-
tured in Engedi. by the grace of Cod King of Huns, (Joths,
Danes, and Medes, the terror of the world." There may
have been a tendency, as Mr. Herbert thinks, to identify
him with the Anti-Christ of the Scriptures, but this is not
proved, and is scarcely in acconlaiice with llie theological
idea of Anti-Christ, who is i.-eiHr;dly placed in the future
or in the present rather tlian in the past.
Hmtijldn, Italy ami her Invaders, II. 196.
Flaget (flii-zha'), Benedict Joseph. Bom at
Contournat, Auvergne, France, Nov. 7, 1763 :
died iit Nazareth, Ky., Feb. 11, 18.')0. A French-
American liishop of tlie Roman Catholic Church.
He emigrated to America in 17112, and was consecrated
bishop of Bardstown, Kentucky, in 1810. The seat of his
diocese was removed from Uardstown to Louisville in 1841.
Flagg (flag), Wilson. Born at Bcverlev, Mass.,
Nov. r>, 180.) : died at North Cambridge. Mass.,
May 6. 1884. An American naturalist. He
wrote "Birds and Seasons of New England"
(1874), etc.
Flagon (flag'on), Moll. In Burgoyne's comic
ojiera "The Lcu'd of the Manor," a low camp-
follower. The part was tlrst pLayed by Dicky Suett
Listini also playcil it, the character not licing one that
could be played by a woman, (lenest savs that Buigovne
took it from Steele's Kate .Matchlock in "The Funeral.""
Flahaut (flii-6'), Comtesse de. Sec .s'oh,-<(-/;o-
ttllio.
Flahaut de la Billarderie (flii-6' d6 labe-viird-
re'), Coiuti' Auguste Charles de. Boi-n at
Paris, April 21, 178."): died tln-re. Sept, 1, 1870.
A French general and di|ilomatist. He was made
general of brigades and aide de-camp to 'Napoleon I. in
18l;i, and served with distinction at the battles of Leipsic,
Hanaii, and WaterbH), He was appointed minister pleni-
potentiary to Berlin in 1831, ami w-as ambassador to Vienna
1841-18. He w:is made senator in 1853.
Flambard (Ham'biird). Rannulf or Ralph.
Hied Sept. fi, 1128. A Norman bislio]! of Dur-
ham and .ju.sticiar, the chief minister of William
Kufus. He was held to be responsible for most
of the iniquities of that reign.
Flamborough (flam'biir-6). In Goldsmith's
"Vicar of Waketiild," tiie name of a farmer
and his family.
Flamborough Head. A headlaml on tlio coast
of Yorkshire, England, in lat. .')4°6' ii8' N., long.
0° 4' !Sl" W. (lighthouse). It rises to a height
of 4.'')0 feet.
Flameng (flii-mang'), Frantjois. Born at Paris
in 18."i9. A French histoiical jiaiiiter, smi of
Leopold Flamengtlie engraver, lie wasa pupil of
Cabanel, 1^. Iledonin, aiuKIean Paul Laurens, His picture
"The Cirondins Summoned ' look a jirize in the Salon of
1S79.
Flameng, Leopold. Born at Brussels, Nov. 22,
1.8;il. A iiuled Frencli engraver. He was horn of
French parents, ami went to Franco in 1853. He has ex-
hibited attlieSiilon since 1859, anil hasengraveil orelelied
many of the best pictures of Hembnxndt, Murillo, Uubens,
Leonardo ila Vinci, ,Schetrcr, Biila, Cabanel, (Gainsborough,
Toulinoitche, Munkaczy, and others.
Flameng, Marie Au^ste. Born at Metz, .Tuly
17,1843: diechit I'.-n-is, 181)3. .\ French painter.
lie was a piiliil of Diibufe, Mazerolle, Puvis de
Chavannes, E. Uelauuay, and others.
Flamineo
Flamineo (fla-min'e-o). In Webster's tragedy
'■The White Devil/' the brotlior of Vittoria
Coromboiia, the '* white devil." He is an incar-
nation of selfish depravity : the most beautiful and poetic
ideas and words in the play are nevertheless i)Ut in his
mouth.
Flaminia (fla-me'ne-ii). A province of Italy,
near tlie l^laminian Way, in the division of the
country under tlie later Roman Empire.
Flaminian Way (fla-min'i-an wa), or Via Fla-
minia (vi'a fla-min'i-a). Oiieof the oldestand
most famous lii^hways()f ancient Rome, it ex-
tended in a direct line from Rome to ArimiDum (Rimini),
and was tjuilt by the censor Cains Klaminius in "^20 n. C Its
snperintendem-e was heUl tube so honorable an office that
Auf;ustus himself assumtd it in 27 B. c, as Julius Ciesar
had bi'L-n curator of the Apphm Way. Augustus restored
it thii'U^'h its entire extent, in commemoration of which
triumphal arches were erected to him over the road at
Ariminumand at Rome; tlie arch at the fonner place still
exists. Much of the old pavement survives, togetlierwith
many foinbs by tlie roadside.
Flamininus (flam-i-ui'nus), Titus Quintius.
Born about 230 B. c. : died about 174 b. c. A
Roman general and statesman. He was consul in
198, defeated Philip V, of Jlacedon at Cynoscephala) in
107. and proclaimed at Corinth the freedom of Oreece
in 100.
Flaminius (fla-niin'i-us). Servant to Timon
ill Shakspere's *' Timon of Athens."
Flaminius, Caius. l>ied 217 B. C. A Roman
general and politieian. He was tribune of the people
in 232, in which year he procured the passage of a law dis-
tributinjr the A'jer Gallicuit Pirfims among the plebeians.
He pacified the Insubres while consul in 223, and while
censor in 220 constructed two celebrated public works
which bore his name: the Circus Flaminius and the Via
Flaminia. During his second consulate he was totally
defeated by Hannibal at Lake Trasimene in 217, and fell
in the battle.
Flaminius, Caius. A Roman general, son of
Cuius Fhiminius. He was elected pretor in 193 B. c,
and obtained Hispania Citerior as his province. After
having subdued the Triniates and the Apuani, two Ligu-
rian tribes, he employed his soldiers in the construction
of a niilitaiy road from Bononia to Arretium.
Flammarion (fla-mii-re-ou'), Camille, Born
at Montigny-le-Roi, Haute-Marne, France, Feb.
25, 1842. A noted French astronomer, in 18S2
he took charge of an observatory at Juvisy, near Paris.
He has written "La plurality des mondes habitus" (1862),
*' Les mondes imaginairesetles mondes reels "(1864), "Les
merveiiles ct^lestes "(1865), "Catalogue des 6toues doubles
et multiples en mouvement" (1S78), "Astronomic popu-
laire'"(I88i_i). "Les ^toiles, etc." (1881). *Le niondc avant
la cr<5ation de 1 homme"(1886), "Uranie" (18s9), etc.
Flammock's Rebellion. A rebellion which
broke ont in Cornwall, England, under Thomas
Flaramoek in 1497, occasioned by the impo-
sition of a tax to defray the cost of a Scottish
war. The insurgents marched on London, but were de-
feated at Blackheath June 17, 1-197. Their leaders, in-
cluding Flammock, were executed June 28.
Flamsteed (flam'sted), John, BornatDenby,
near Derby, England, Aug. 19, 1646: died at
Greenwich, Dec. 31, 1719. A famous English
astronomer, appointed the first astronomer
royal March 4, 1675. He is especially noted for the
importance of his observations, many of which were
turned to account by Newton. He became a bitter en-
emy of Newton.
Flamsteed's "British Catalogue" is styled by Baily
"one of the proudest pr()duotions of the Koyal Obsei-va-
tory at Greenwich." Its importance is due to its being
the first collection of the kind made with the telescope
and the clock. Its value wasnecessiirily impaired by de-
fective reduction, and Flamsteed's neglect of Newton's
advice to note the state of the barometer and thermome-
ter at the time of his observations rendered it hopeless to
attempt to reducefrom tliem improved results by modern
processes of correction. The catalogue showed besides
defects attributable to the absence of the author's final
revision. Sir William Herschel detected en'ors so nu-
merous as to suggest the need of an index to the original
observations printed in the second volume of the 'His-
toria CVelestis." Miss Herschel undert<M>k the task, and
showed, by recontputing the i>lace of each star, that Flam-
steed had catalogued ill stars which he had never ob-
served, and observed 5G0 which he had not catalogued
('M'bil. Trans., "LXXX VII. 2!13). Her catnlogue of these in-
edited stars wnspublishedbyorderof thelinyal Society in
17^^8 ; they were by Baily in 1829 arranged in order of right
ascension, and identified (all but seventy) by comparison
with later catalogues ("Memoirs Royal Astr. Soc.,"I\'. 129).
Diet. Nat. liioff.
Flanders (flan'derz). [ME. FlaumhrSy Fhtnn-
iicrc.% FlainidrcSj F. Flaudre, G. Flandcren, ML.
Flandria,J). Vlaondcrcn.FXem.Vlaendcren.'] An
ancient country of Enrope, extending along the
North Sea from the Strait of Dover to the month
of the Schelde, and corresponding to parts of
the present departments of Nord and Pas-de-
Calais, France, the provinces of East and West
Flanders, Belgium, and the southern part of the
province of Zealand, Netherlands, it formed part
of N eustria by the peace of Verdun (843). Baldwin became
the first count of Handera in S<i2. Flemish cities became
very important in the middle ages, and the citizens muin-
tainrd a long struggle against Fiench influence under
Jacob and Philip van Artevelde and other leaders. The
country was united to Burgundy in 1384 through the
394
marriage of Philip of Burgundy to Margaret of Flandei-s.
It passed in 1477 to Austria through themaniageof Maxi-
milian to Marj- of Burgundy. In 1621) it was freed fmm
liomage to J-Yance. Part of it passed to Holland in 1C4S,
and part was acijuire<l by France in 1«.=.9, ICGS. 1678, and
1713. The remainder followed the fortunes of the Aus-
trian Netherlands, and in the new kingdom of Belgium
forms the i^rovincesof East and West Flanders.
Flanders, East. A province of Belginm, bound-
ed l>y the Netherlands on the north, iVntwerp
and Brabant on the east, Hainaut on the south,
and west Flanders on the west. It is noted for
its development of agriculture and manufactures. Areii,
1,1')8 square miles. Population (18iU). 97o.;i08,
Flanders, French. A former province of
France, coiTesj)onding generally to the mod-
ern department of Nord.
Flanders, Henry. Bom at Plainfield, N. H.,
18l!6. An American legal writer. He has prac-
tised law in Philadelpliia since 186(». He lias publisiied
*' Lives of the (_'hief Justices of the Supreme Court of
the Uidted States " (1855-58), and an "Exposition of the
Constitution of the United States " (1860).
Flanders, Moll. See Fortunes of Moll Flanders.
Flanders, West. A province of Belgium,
bounded by the North »Sea on the northwest,
the Netherlands and East Flanders on the east,
Hainaut on the southeast, and France on the
soutii and southwest. Area, 1^2'49 square miles.
Population (1894), 755,349.
Flandin (flon-dan'), Eugene Napoleon. Born
at Naples, Aug. 15, 1809 : died 187G. A Frenc-h
archa>ologist nnd painter. He wrote "Etudes sur
la sculpture perse," "Relation du voyage en Perse"
(1813-54), •■Monuments de ^'inive " (1S16-50), "L'Orient"
(18o6-64), etc.
Flandrin (flon-drah'), Jean Hippolyte. Born
at Lyons, France, March 23, 1809: died at
Rome, March 21, 1864. A French historical
painter, a pupil of Ingres. He is best known for
his decorative paintings in the churches of St.-Germain-
des-Pru^ and St. -Vincent-de-Paul in Piu-is.
Flandrin, Jean Paul. Born at Lyons, May 8,
1811. A French landscape-painter, brother of
J. H. Flandrin. He is a representative of the
school of French classical landscape-painting.
Flannen (flan'en) Islands, or The Seven
Hunters. A group of nninliabited islets vrest
of Levris in the Hebrides, Scotland.
Flash (flash), Captain. In Garrick^s play
** Miss in her Teens,'' a cowardly braggart.
Flash, Sir Petronel. In Chapman, Marston,
and Jonson's comedy *' Eastward Hoe,'' a knight
adventm'er. He is eager to escape from town
to the untried land of Virginia.
Flatbow. See Kitmiahan.
Flatbush (flat'bush). A town in Kings Comity,
Long Island, New York, contiguous to Brook-
lyn on the southeast, it was the scene of part of the
battle of Long Island, Aug. 27, 1776. Population (1890),
12,338. Annexed to Brooklyn in 1894.
Flateyjarbok (flat'ey-yjir-bok). [ON., * book of
Flatey.'J An leelantlic manuscript, named from
the island Flatey off the northern coast of Ice-
land,where it was owned inthe 17th century, it
contains a collection of sagas bearing upon the lives and
times of the Norwegian kings Olaf Tryggvason and Olaf
the .Saint : at the end are annals down to the year 1394. It
is the most extensive of Icelandic MSS., and one of the
principal sources of information concerning the discovery
of America by the Norsemen. It was written between the
years 1380 and 1395 by two Icelandic priests. In ltn>2 it
came as a present from BisliopBrynjulf of Iceland to King
>'rederiek III. of Denmark. It is preserved in the Royal
Libr:iry in Copenhagen.
Flathead (flat'hed) Lake, or Selish (se'iisb)
Lake. A lake in Missoula County, Montana,
about iat. 48° N., long. 114^ 15' W. Its outlet
falls into Clarke's Fork, Length, about 30
miles.
Flatheads. See ChocUiws and Salishan.
Flattery (tiat'er-i), Cape. A cape in the north-
western part of Washington, projecting into the
Pacific Ocean in Iat. 4S° 23' 20' N., long. 124°
44' 30'' W. (lighthouse).
Flaubert (flo-bar'). Gustavo. Born at Rouen,
llec. 12, iS'Jl: died at Croisset, near Rouen,
May 8, 1880. A French writer and novelist.
He IS regarded ns the master of naturalism. He traveled
in Itrittany, Greece, Syria, Epypt, etc., and undertook to
relate histravels, but went no further than an opening
paper entitled "A bord de la Cange." In 1^7 he pub-
lished in "La Revue de Paris" the novel "Madame Jlo-
vary,"andin "L'Artiste""Latentation de Saint Antoine."
The former gave rise to considerable litigation, Flaubert
being ultimately cleared of a charge of immorality in liter-
ature. In 18'>8 he visited the site of ancient Carthage,
and in 18G2 published "Salammbo.'* This was followed
in 18(39 by " L'Edueation sentimentale, roman d'un jeune
homme,'* and in 1877 by " Trois eontes." Flaubert's plays,
" LeCandidat " and " Leehateau des tleurs," were failures:
th(.-y were puldi.shed after his death in '■ La Vie .Moderne "
(1885). His other pitsthumous i>ublieations are "Bonvai-d
et P6cuehet" (in '■ La Kevuc Politignc et Litt^raire "),
" Lettres h Oetu^e Sand " (1884), *' i'ar les ehamps et par
les graves." reminiscences uf Brittany in " l-eGaulois,"an
essay ou Uabelais, a voluminous correspondence, etc.
Flaxman
Flauto Magico, II. i^ec Zauherfldte.
Flavel (Ihiv'el), John. Born at Bromsgrove,
Worcestersiiire, England, about 1630: died at
Exeter, June L'6, 1G91. An English Presbyterian
clergjTnan and devotional writer. His best-
known work is "Husbandry Spiritualized"
(1669).
Flavian (fla 'vi-an), L. Flavianus (fia-vi-a'nus),
ofAntioch. 1. I>ied404 a.d. Bishop of Antioeh
381-404. He was appointed by the Synod of Constanti-
nople, which was composed exclusively of Oriental bishops,
to succeed Meletius. This action pei-petuated the schism
which at the time divided the orthodox church at Antioeh,
as the bishops of Egji)t and the West refused to withdraw
thei r support fr« im Paulin u s, bishop of t he opposite faction.
2. Died at Petra, Arabia, 518. Bishop of Anti-
oeh 498-512. He was deposed by the emperor Anasta-
sius through the machinations of the Monophysite Xenias,
bishopof Hierapolis, who intimidated him into anathema-
tizing the deci-ees of tlit- orthodox council held at Chalce-
don in 451.
Flavian of Constantinople. Died at Hypepe,
Lydia, Aug. 11, 449. Bishop of Constantinople
from about 447 to 449. He procured the excom-
muuication of the heretic Eutyches at a synod held at
Constantinople in 4is, but was himself deposed and ex-
communicated by the "Eutychian party at the synod
known as the Robber Synotl, held at Ephesus in 449. He
died a few days after, in consequence, it is said, of l>odily
injuries sustained at the synod. He was canonized by the
Council of Chalcedon in 451.
Flavian Emperors, or Flavian Caesars. The
Roman emperors Vespasian and his sons Titus
and Domitian, who belonged to the house of
Flavius.
The Flavian Emperors ought, perhaps, hardly to be
classed together, so little was theie in common between
the just, if somewhat hard, rule of Vespasian, or the two
years' beneficent sway of Titus, "the delight of the human
race," and the miserable tyranny of Domitian. But the
stupendous Colosseum, the Arch of Titus, and the Amphi-
theatre at Verona serve as au architectural landm:irk to fix
the Flavian period in the memory; and one other charac-
teristic was necessarily shared by the whole family, the
humble origin from which they sprang. After the high*
born Julii and Claudii, the descendants of pontiffs and
censors, noblemen delicate and fastidious through all
their wild debauch of blood, came these sturdy sons of
thecontmonalty to robe themselves in the imperial purple;
and this unforgotten lowness of their ancestrj-, while it
gave a touch of meanness to the close and frugal govern-
ment of Vespasian, evidently intensified the delight of
Domitian in setting his plebeian feet on the necks of all
that was left of refined or aristocratic in Rome.
Uodgkin^ Italy and her Invaders, I. 6.
All the more strange does it seem, when we consider
the humble extraction of these Emperors, that their name
should have remained for centuries the favorite title of
Emperors no way allied to them in blood, a Claudius
(Gothicus), a Constantine, a Theodosius, and many more
having prefixed the once ignoble name of Flavius to their
own. And hence, by a natural process of imitation, the
barbarian rulers who settled themselves within the limits
of the Koman Empire in the 4th and 5th centuries, Bur*
puudian, Lombaid, Visigoth, adopted the same mysteri-
ously majestic fore-name, unconsciously, as we must sup-
pose, selecting the very epithet which best described their
own personal appearance, yellow-haired sons of the north
as they were, among the dark-colored Metliterranean
populations. Uodgkhi, Italy and her Invaders, L 7.
Flavigny (flii-ven-ye'), Valerian. Bom near
Laou, France: died at Paris, April 29, 1674. A
noted French Orientalist, jirofessor of Hebrew
in the College of France.
Flavins (fla'\a-us). l. In Shakspere's '* Julius
Ciesar," a Roman tribune. — 2. In Shakspere's
*' Timon of Athens," the faithfid steward of
Timon.
Flavius, Cneius. An early writer on Eoman
law. He was the son of a freedman, and became secre-
tarj' to Appius Claudius Ca'cus. He obtained possession
of the forms and technicalities pertaining to the law of
practice, the knowledge of which was confined to the pa-
tricians and pontitfs. and published them in a collection
known as the "Jus Jlavianum." He was afterward made a
senator by Appius Claudius, and was elected curule cdile
in 303 B. 0. Also called Cains and Anniiis,
Flaw (Hit). In Foote's comedy "The Cozeners/'
one of the cozeners or cheats.
Flaxman (flaks'man), John, Bom at York,
England, July 6, lT55: died at London, Bee. 7,
1826. A famous sculptor and draftsman. His
father was a moldcr, and kept a shop in Covent Garden for
the sale of plaster images. By his own etforts he learned
enough Greek and Latin to read the poets. At fifteen
he entered the Royal Academy. In 1770 he exhii)ited a
flgureof Neptune in wax. In Aug., 17S7, he went toltaly
for seven years. During this period were made the illus-
trations of the Odyssey, and to .tschylus and Dante. He
was elected associate of the Royal Academy in 17J>7.aiidfuU
member in IsiKt. From this time until the end of his life
he executed many works, among which one of the most
celebrated is the Shield of Achilles from the description
of Homer. He was appointed professor of sculpture at the
Royal Academy in 1810.
Nature, so prodigal to the English race in men of genius
untutored, singular, and solitary, has given us but few
seers whi>, in the quality of prolifii^ invention, can be
compared with Fhixman. For pure conceptive faculty,
controlled by unerring sense of beauty, we have to think
of PheidLis or Raphael before we find his e*iual.
Symonds, Studies of the Greek Poets, 1. 177.
Fleance
Fleance (fle'nns). In Shakspore's "Macbeth,"
tlir sciii of Bamnio. Sec lianquo.
Flfeche (flasli). La. A town in tlip <lppartmpnt
of Sartlio, FraiK'c, on tlic Loir 'JO miles north-
oast of Anfjcrs. It has a iiotcil military oollogc.
Population (1R!)1), I'ommiino, KM'-ti).
n^chier (rta-shja'), Esprit. Ho™ at Pernos,
Vaueluse, France, Juno ID. Itilii: ilicdat Mont-
pellier, France, Feb. ll>. 1710. A French pulpit
orator, made bishop of Nimes in IfiST. Ilo is
noted especially for his fmieriil onxtions. His cnmpletc
wiirks were ptlhlislieil in \liSi.
Flecknoe (llek'no), Richard. Porn apparently
in Ireland : died about 1078. A British poet aiid
playwri<;ht of slight merit. lie furnishe.l Drydeii
with the name " MjicKlccknoe," utider which he satirized
Shadwell.
Fleece'em (lles'm), Mrs. In Foote's play " The
Cozeners," a cheat and confederate of Flaw.
Mrs. Grieve, the woman who h.ad extorted mi)iiey on
pledge of iirocuriiifT povernnieiit appointmeuts. and who
nod not only deceived Charles K<ix, by pretendiiiK to he
able to marry him to an heiress, hut had lent him niotK-y
rather than mis^ his charii>t froni her door, was fair game,
and was well exposed, in ilrs. Fleecem.
Doran. Eng. Stage, II. 128.
Flee from the Press. A short jioemby Chaucer,
Erinted before the folio of l.").'il!. it is sometimes
uown as "'I'rutll," ''Balatle tie bone Conseyl," "tJood
Counsel of Chaucer " (Shirley), and " Balade that Chancier
made on his l)eeth-bedde"("pi-obably a mere bad guess,"
Skeat).
Fleet Prison, The. An old London prison, for-
merly staniliu}; on the east side of the Fleet
brook, ■where it now runs under Farringdon
street. It was nearly eight hundred years old when it
was destroyed in 1846. Tt was called the "gat)l of the
Meet "in the time of Richai'd I., and was a debtors" prison
aa early as 1290. It was used also as a state prison for
religious and political offenders till Km, when it was re-
served entirely for debt<jrs. It was burned by Wat Ty.
ler'smen in 1381. In 166ti itwasbucned in the Great Fire,
anil agiiin in 1780 by rioters. In the 17th and early part
of the 18th century persons wishingto be married secretly
came within the rules of the Fleet, where degraded clcigv-
men were easily found, among the debtors, to peifoi ni tiie
ceremony, 'riiis was stopped by act of Parliament in
1754. Attention was called to the outrageous treatment
of the prisoners in 1726, when the warden was tried for
murder.
Fleet street. A liondon street niiming from
Ludgato Circus to the Strand and the West
Klld. It is named from the Fleet brook. In the early
chronicles of l.t>ndon many allusions are made to the
deeds of violence done in this street. Tlie London pren-
tices waged war against young studeids in the Inna of
Court, etc. By the time of F.lizabeth the street had be-
come a favorite spot for shows of all descriptions; "pup-
pet-shows and monsters" are frequently alluded to. It is
now one of the busiest streets of London.
Fleet, The. [Karly mod. E. and ME. Flctr, the
stream. J A tidal streaia which flowed by the
western wall of old London City. Thecreek took its
rise in the clay bedseastof the Hampstead Hills. At Datllc
Bridge, near King's Cross, it entere<l a deep valley between
high clay banks, from which it did not enuTgc until it
reached the river. In Roman times the only toad fioni the
city westward crossed the Fleet by a bridge fioni Snow Hill.
Newgate, to Holborn Hill (High llolborn). Lateranother
was made opposite Ludgate, and tliis crossing wius called
Fleet Bridge. The road whicli le.l to it was called Fleet
Street (which see). The tidal portion of tlie Fleet wasnavi
gable in the reign of F.dward I. The brook is now a main
sewer of I..ondon, and empties into the Tlianies at lilack-
friars Bridge. The allusion to the Meet ditch in the litei-
atureof thclOthand 17th centuries is accounted foi by the
fact tliat the water from the bed of the brrtok or river
having been diverteilfroin its con rse, tlie olfal, etc., thrown
ltiU> it was not carrieil otf, and became a nuisance.
Fleetwood (flet'wud). A seaport and water-
ing-place in Lancashire. England, situated on
MoreeamVie Bay .36 miles due north of Liver-
pool. Pojiulati'oM (IH'Jl). 0,274.
Fleetwood, Charles. Died loo^. An English
Parliamentary general, lord dejiuty of Ireland
1654-!),'). He married Bridget Irelon. daughter of Oli-
ver CiomwcU and widow (if Henry Ireton, in I(i;t2.
Fleetwood, William. Born at London, .Tan.
1. Ifi.iti: died at Tottenham, near London, Aug.
4, 1723. All English bislio]) (of St. Asaph 170H,
and of Ely 1714) ami jmlpit orator.
Flegel (fla'gel). Robert. 15orn at Wilna, (ier-
maiiy, Oct.. ISo.'): diccl at Brass, West Africa,
Sept. 11, ISSG. An African exjdorer. In l8Tr. he
went to Lagos as clerk in aOerman trading factory. When
an English expedition went up the Niger and Biuuc riv-
ers, he accotnpanicil it in the Henry Venn, and took a
survey of hotli rivers. The Oernnin-African Association
cnnnuissloned him to cxjilore Sokoto and Nupc in 18.80.
He proceeded overbunl to l.oko, on the Bimie ; reached
Yida, the capital of Adaniawa, in 1H.S2 ; and discovered the
Ngaundercs(Uirceof thcBiime. In 188."t he revisited Aila-
mawa, hut failed in his attempt to reach the Kongo by
that route. (In his return to (Jermany in 1884, he urged
the <iccupati(ui of the Biinie basin by tlerman commerce
and authority. With imperial support he undertook a
third expedition to Adamawa, but the Koyal Niger Com-
pany frustrated his etforts. He was recalled, ami died at
Brass, In ISSfi.
Fl^g^re (fla-jar')- A height in the Alps of
395
Mont Blano, northeast of Ohamonix, celebrated
for its view. Height, (5,92") feet.
Fleischer (iii'sher),Heinrich Leberecht. Born
at Schandau, Saxony, Kcli. 21, ISOl : dieil at
Leipsie, Feb. 10, 1S88. A noted (iermaii Ori-
entalist, profes.sor of Oriental languages at
Lei|)sic from 1835. He published editions of Ahul-
feilas "Historia ante-islamica" (l&il), Beidlciwi's com-
nient.aryon the Koran (l814-18X'*t"rainn»atikderlebcnden
persischcn Sjirache " (fonrulcd on the grammar of Moliam-
med Ibrahim ; 2d ed. 1875), etc.
Fleming (flem 'ing), John. Bom near Bath-
gate, Jan. 10, 17.S.') : died at Edinburgh, Nov. IK,
18,57. A Scottish elergyman and naturalist.
He was professor of natural philosophy in Aberdeen Uni-
versity 1.S34— t;t, and of natural science in the Free Chureli
College, Ediidun-gh, fnmi 184.'>. He wrote "Philosojihy
of Zoology" (1822), "The Temperature of the Seasons"
(IS-'d), and many scientilic papers.
Fleming, Lady May. In Sir Walter Scott's
novel "The Abbot," a maid of honor to Mary
Queen of Scotland, imprisoned with her at
Lochloven.
Fleming, Margaret. Born Jan. 15, 1803: died
Dec. 10. ISH. The daughter of James Flem-
ing of Kirkcaldy, Scotland. She was the pet of .sir
Walter Scott, and was a remarkably precocious child.
Her diary and poems are exceedingly quaint. Her life
was written by l)r. John Brown : "Tct Marjorie : a Story
of Child Life Fifty Years Ago ' (18.')8).
Fleming, Paul. Born at Hartenstein, Saxony,
( )ct. 5, 1()09 : (lied at Haml)urg, April 2, 1040.
A tJerraan }l()et. He studied medicine at Leipsie. The
Thirty Years' War drove him to Holstein. where he soon
j'dned an embassy of the Duke of Sehleswig-Holstein to
Moscow, and afterward (163.5) another to Ispahan. He was
above all a lyric poet, and wrote both in German and in
Latin. Among his poems is the well-known hymn "In
alien meinen Thaten." His collected works, which are both
secular and religious in character, were published after
his death under the title " Teutsche Poemata " 1646).
Fleming, Paul. The principal character in
Longf(dlow's prose romance "Hyperion."
Fleming, or Flemmynge, Richard. Born at
< 'rofton, Yorkshire: died at Sleaford,. Jan. ,1431.
An English prelate. He was bishop of Lincoln
1419, and founder of Lincoln College, Oxford,
1427.
Fleming, Rose. In Dickens's " Oliver Twist,"
a gentle girl who marries Harry Maylie.
Flemings (flem'ingz). The n.atives of Fliinders,
an ancient countship now divided between Bel-
gium, France, and the Netherlands ; specifically
the members of the Flemish race, nearly allied
to the Dutch both in blood and in language.
Flemish (flem'ish). Tho language spoken by
the Flemings. The Flenush language is a form of
that L(jw German of which the Dutch is a type. The cllief
extertial difference between Dutch and Flemish is in the
spelling — the spelling of Dutch h.aving been reformed and
simplified in the present century, while F'leniish retains in
great part the archaic features of 16th-centuij- spelling.
Flensburg(flens'boro), Dan. Flensborg (tiens'-
boi-G). A seajjort and commerci.al town in the
province of Sehleswig-Holstein, Prussia, on the
Flensburg Fjord, situated in lat. .54° 47' N.,
long. 9° 20' E. Population (1890), 36,444.
Flers (Oar). A town in the department of Orne,
France, situated in lat. 48° 44' N., long. 0° 35'
W. It has (!otton manufactures. Population
(1891), commune, 13,8C>0.
Fleshly School, The. A name given to a nuin-
berof JCnglish jioets — Swinburne, Morris, Kos-
setti, and others — by R. W. Buchanan in the
" Contemporary Keyiew."
Flestrin (fles'ti'in), Quinbus. The Man-Moun-
tain: tlie name which Ihe Lilliputians gave to
tJulliver.
Fleta (tle'til). An anonymous Latin book on
English law. writ I en ii bout 1290. From a statement
ill the one extaid inaniiseiipf, that "this b<K)k may well be
called Fleta beeairsL- it is written in Fleta," it is inferred
that it was written by a prisoner in the Fleet.
Fletcher (flech'('r), Andrew, of Saltoun. f'fhe
siirnaiiK^ FIiIcIk r mr;n\>i 'arrow-maker.'] liorn
at Saltoun, Haildingtonshirc, 1(i.55: died at Lon-
don,.S'pl., 171li. .\ Scottish politici;in and]ioliti-
c:il writer. He was a prominent membi'r of the
Scotlish I'arliamont under Charles II. and Wil-
liam III.
Fletcher, Giles. Born at Watford, Hertford-
shire, about 1549: died at London, March,
Hill. An English civilian and poet, father of
tiiles (the youngei') and Phineas Fletcher. He
was gr!(duated at King's C(dlcgo. t'ambridgo. of which he
became a fellow in l.MiS. In l.^sShe was sent as ambassa-
dor to Russia, and jtublishcd an accotintof thateoinitr\ in
ITiHl, which was supprcss(!d. It was called "Of the Ri'issc
Connnon Wealth, etc." It was abridged, and passages were
suppressed by Hakluytand Purchas. and reprinted as "The
History of Russia, etc." (H;48), ami also, with the original
t1tll^f(U■the Ilakluyt Society (1S56). He also wrote "Lieia :
Poems of Love, etc." (Ifill3), etc.
Fletcher, Giles (the younger). Bom 1588 (»):
Fletcher, Phineas
died 1623. An English poot, younger son of
Giles Fletcher. He wrote " Christ's Victorie,
etc." (1610), etc.
Fletcher, James Cooley. Bom at Indianapolis,
1823. An American missionar>' and author.
FYom 18.^tl to 1865 he made several extended journeys in
Brazil as a missionary, and for a time he acted as secretary
of the I'nited States legation at Rio de .Janeiro. His "Brazil
and the Brazilians" was llrst published with the joint names
of 1». P. Kidder and .1. C. Fletcher, and wasfoundedon the
"Sketches in Bnizil"of the former author : later editions
bear only Fletcher's name. He wius I'nited States consul
at ( iporto 1860-73, and subsequently missionary to Naples.
Since 1877 he h.os resided at Indianapolis.
Fletcher, John. Born at Rye, Sussex, England,
Dec, 1.579: died at London, Aug., 1625. An
English dramatist and poet. He was the intimate
friend and literary partner of Frinieis Beaumont. They
wrote together from about 1606 till 1816, living together
for a ])art of that time.
The stage tradition that Beaumont was superior in judg-
ment to I'letcher is supported by sound criticism. In the
most important plays that they wmte together Beaumont's
shai-e outweighs Fletcher's, both in (luantily and in qual-
ity. Beaumont had the llrmcr hand and statelier manner ;
his diction was more solid ; there was a riclier music in his
verse. Fletcher excelled as a master of brilliant dialogue
and sprightly repartee. In the management of his plots
and in the development of his characters he was careless
and inconsistent. But in his comedies the unceasing live-
liness and bustle atone for structural defects ; and in tra-
gedy his copious conmiand of splendid declamation recon-
ciles us to the absence of rarer <tualities. .4. II. IluUen.
To Fletcher alone may be assigned the plays "The Faith-
ful Shepheidess " (printed about 160!l), " Wit \Vithout
M(uiey " (played not earlier than 1614, printed KBO), " Bon-
duca" and "Valentinian " (played before 1619, printed
1647), "The Loyal Subject " (licensed 1618, printed 1647X
" The Mad Lover "(played before 1619, printed 1647), " The
Humorous Lieutenant " (prob.ably played later than 1(;19,
printed lt>47), " Women Pleased " (probably played about
1620, printed 1647), "The Island I'rincess ""and " The Pil.
grim " (pre-scnted at court 1621, printed 1647), "The Wild-
goose Chase " (presented at court 1621, printed 1652). " Mon-
sieur Thomas' (printed 1039). "The Woman's Prize "(played
before 16:i3). " A Wife for a Month " (pl.aycd before 1624,
printed 1647), " Rule a V.'ife and have a Wife " (played in
1624, printed 1640), "The Chances" (played befoie 1625,
priided 1(J47). To Beaumont and Fletcher, "The Woman
Hater" (licensed and printed 1607), "The Scornfid Lady"
(played probably 16li!l, printed 1616), "The Maid's Tr((gedy "
(played not later than 1611, printed 1619), "Philaster"
(played not later than 1611, printed 1020), "A King and No
King "(licensed 1611, printed lOlii). " Foin- Plays in One"
(played as earlyas 1008(Fleay), jirinted 1647). "The Knight
of the Burning Pestle" (written piobably before 1611,
printed 1613), " Cupid's Revenge " (jirinted in 1615 : Fleay
thinks Field assisted), "The Coxcomb" (played in 1613 or
earlier, printed 1647). To Fletcher and Massinger and
others, " The Honest Man's Fortune " (played 1613, printed
1647; Field perhaps assisted). "The Kinglit of ilalta"
(played before 1619, printed before 1647), "Thieiry and
'I'heodorct " (written probably about 1616, printed 1621:
some other author is thought to have assisted), ' ' The t)neen
of Corhith" (played before nail, printed 1647: Sliddlet(m
and Rowley appear to lia\e written some of it), "Sir .lohn
■Van Olden Barnavelt " (played in 1010, printed by Bidlen
in his "Collection of Old English l'lays"in 18821. "The
Little French Lawyer " (wi-itten abniit 1620, printed 1617X
" A "Veiy AVoman " (played probat'l.\ lt;21. printed in 16.%),
"The Custom of the Co(nitrv "(nientii.ued in 1628 as an old
play, printed 1647), "The Double Maiiiage" and "The
False One' (written about 1620, iiiinted 16171, "Beggar's
Bush" (played 1622, printed 1617', "The Prophetess " and
"The Sea Voyage" (licensed 16J2, priided 1647), "The
Elder Brother" (printed 1(;37). "The l.ovcis' Progress"
(|irintcdl647)."TlieSi.anisli( 111 ate "(licensed 162-'.inintcd
1647), "Love's I'ilgiiniage "(iiriiited irHl7: lunbabl) nearly
all by Fletrliei), " The Mce Valor, m- The I'a.ssionale Mad-
Maii ' (iie(lia]»s written before 1024, printed U>47: Fleay
thinks .Miildlelon tewioteniilcli..f il)."Tlie l.awsof Candy '
(printed 1617: largely by Ma.ssinger)."Tlie Fair Maid of the
Inn "(licensed 1626, printed 1647: with Rowley), "The Two
Noble Kinsmen " (printed 1634, as by Fletclier and Sliak-
spere). Doubtful jdays," The Captain "(written before 161.'J,
printed 1647: Fletcher had assistance, probably either
,lonson or Middleton), " Wit at Several Weapons" (played
about 1614, printed 1647: shows traces of Middleton and
Rowley), "The Bloody Brother " (printed piidiably 16.39 :
perhaiis written by Fletcher and .loiisou and revised by
Massinger), "Love's Cure " (written probably about 162.1,
printed 1647: probably by Massinger and Middleton (Bul-
Icn), Beaumont and Fletcher altered bvlM.assinger (Fleay)),
"The Maid in the .Mill' (played in "l(>2:i : with Rowley),
"The Night- Walker, or The Little Thief" (played 16:14,
printed in 1640 as by I'lcteher: iirobably an alteration by
Shirley of an tdder iday), "The Coronation" (ininted in
1640 as by F'letcher, licciisedin 10:{,'> by Shirley who claimed
it). " The Noble flentleman " (licensed 1626, printed 1647:
Fletcher is thought to have hail no hand in it, or in " Faith-
ful Friends "), " The \Vidow " (written about 1616, printed
1652 : thought by Bnllen to lie probably wholly by Middle-
ton). (DM. iV(7t. W.y.) Sec lienmivnil.
Fletcher (originally De la F16ch6re\ John
William. Born at Nyon. Swil/.crhiinl, Sejit.
12, 1729: died at Madeley, England, Aug. 14,
1 785. An English clergyman and writer. Fletcher
of Madeley was a contemporary and fellow-laborer of .lolm
\\'esley, and was a man of remarkable pcTsoiial intluenco
from liis8:iintly life, his earnest preaching, and his devoted
jiMsb.ral work.
Fletcher, Phineas. Born at Cranbrook, Kent,
England, April, 1.582: died about 1650. An
English iioet, son of Oiles Fletcher. His chief
works are "Sicelides," a pastoral play (161 1, printed l(i31):
"The Purple Island, or the Isle of Man. together witli Pis
catory Kclogs and other Poetical Miscellanies "(1633); etc.
Fleuranges
Fleuranges (fli'-ronzb'), Seigneur de (Robert
de la Marck). Born ;it S<'(laii, Fnnu-c, U'.n :
ilifil at Loiigjiiinean, near Paris. I>i'i'., l.");!?. A
Freiioh inai'!<lial ami )iistoiiaij. Hi' wrote "His-
toireili'sclioses luemorables dt'ijuis 1499jusqu'-
I'li I'aii Ifii;!,'' etc.
Fleur d'^pine (fli-r da-pen'). A story by Count
Antony llaiuilton. It is a liurlesqiie on the pop-
ular taste of the time for Oriental tictiou.
Fleur et Blanchefleur. See Flore et Blanchc-
fliiir.
Fleurus (He -rUs'). A town in the province of
Hainaut, Belgium, 15 miles west of IS'ainur. It
is noted for tliree t)attii'S : lieiu fJuke Cllristian of Bruns-
wicli and Count Mansfelit (ii-fr:itoii thu Spaniards, Aug. 29,
lti22 ; tlie Frencll undci' Lu\i.-rnI>ourg defeated tlie Allies
under the Prince of Waldeok, .Inly 1, I6:K1 ; and the
French under .fourdati defeated the Austrians under Co-
burg. .Tune 2(1. 1794. The liattle of Ligiiy (June 16, ISIB) was
alsofought in the neighborhood. Population (1S91), .'.,:{72.
Fleury (tle-re'), Andre Hercule de. Born at
Lodeve, H^rault, France, June 'J-, 10.53: died
at Issy, near Paris, Jan. -'9, 17-13. A French
statesman and prelate. He became a memher of tlie
council in 1721 and cardinal in 1720, and was prime minis-
ter 172(l-4:i.
Fleury, Claude. Bom at Paris, Dee. 6, 1640 :
died there, July 14, 1723. A noted French ec-
clesiastic and historian. His chief work is
"Histoire ecclesiastiqne" flGSl-lTL'O).
Fleury, f mile Felix. Born at Paris, Dec. 23,
1.S15 : died then-, Dee. 11, 18.S4. A French gen-
eral and dijiloniatist.
Flibbertigibbet (Hib'er-ti-jib'et). 1. A fieu.l
named by Edgar in Shakspere's " King Lear."
— 2. A name given to Dickon Sludge, a char-
acter in Scott's novel " Kenihvorth."
Fliedner (fled'ner).Tlieodor. Born at Epstein,
Nassau, Prussia, Jan. 21, 1800: died at Kaisers-
werth, near Diisseldorf. Prussia, Oct. 4. 1864. A
German Protestant clergyman and philanthro-
pist. He founded the institution of deaconesses
at Kaiserswerth in 1836.
Fliegende Hollander (fle'gen-de hol'len-der),
Der. [' The Flying Dutchman.'] An opera by
Wagner, produced iu Dresden Jan. 2, 1843. The
libretto is by Wagner himself, with some sug-
gestions from Heine.
Flight into Egypt, The. A paint ing by Murillo
(about 1648), in t he collection of the Duchesse de
Galliera, Paris. The Virgin, mounted on an .iss and
facing the spectator, looks down at the sleeping Child,
whom she holds in her lap.
Flimnap (flim'nap). The Lilliputian premier in
Swift's "Voyage toLilliput." He was designed
as a satire on Sir Robert Walpole.
Flinck (flink), Govaert. Born at C'leves, Prus-
sia, Jan. 25, 1615: dieil at Amsterdam, Dec. 2,
1660. A Dutch painter, a pupil of Kemlirandt.
Flinders (flin'derz), Matthew. Born at Don-
ington, Lincolnshire. March 1(1, 1774: died at
Loudon, July 19, 1814. An English navigator.
He explored the coast of Australia (1801-03), and published
" Voyage to Terra Austrnlis " (1814).
Flinders Range. A range of moimtains in
South Australia, north of Spencer (xulf.
Flint (Hint). 1. A maritime county of Wales.
It is bounded by the Irish Sea on the north, Chesliire on
the east^ and Denbigh on the south and west, and is the
smallest of the Welsh counties. Area, 256 square miles.
Population (1881), 77,277.
2. A seaport, capital of Flint County, on the
Doe estuary 13 miles southwest of Liverpool.
Population" (1891), 5,247.
Flint. A river in western Georgia, uniting at
the southwestern extremity of the State ^\^th
the Chattahoochee to form the Appalachicola.
Length, about 400 miles. It is navigable to
Albany.
Flint. A city and the cajiital of Genesee County,
Michigan, 56 miles northwest of Detroit. Pop-
ulation (1890), 9,803.
Flint, Austin. Born at Petersham, Mass., Oct.
20, 1812 : died at New York, March 13, 1886. An
American physician and medical writer. He was
graduated in the medical department of Harvard College
in 1833. settled at New York in 1859, and was presiilent
of the New York Academy of Medicine 1872-8.'), and <»f the
American Medical Association in 1884. Among his works
are "A I'ractical Treatise on the Diagnt)sis, Pathology, and
Treatment of Diseases of the Heart " (18,59), "A Treatise on
the Princii)lo9 and Practice of Medicine " (1806), and " Man-
ual of Auscultation and Percussion " (1876).
Flint, Austin. Born at Northampton, Mass.,
March 28, 1836. An American physician and
physiologist, son of Austin Flint (1812-86). He
was graduated at Jetferson Medical College, Philadelphia,
in 1857 ; was appointed professor of physiology and micro-
scopic anatomy at the Bellevue Hospital .Medical College
in 1861 ; anti in 1874 l)ecame surgeon-geinral of the State
of New York. He has published " Physiology of Man "
0866-74), ' 'A Text- Book of Human Physiology " (1870), etc.
396
Flint, Sir Clement. A cynical but kind-hearted
old bachelor iu Burgojnie's play " Tlie Heiress.''
Flint, Solomon. In Foote's play " The Maid of
Bath," a rich, miserly old man. lie is described
as an " old, fusty, shabl)y, shuffling, money-loving, water-
drinking, mirth-marring, amorous old hunks." He is in-
tentied to satirize a Mr. Walter bong, who treated Miss
Linley O''^- K- B. .Sheridan) uiig;dlantly.
Flint, Timothy. Born at Reading, Mass., Jidv
11.17.sO:dicdat Salem.Mass., Aug. 16,1.S40. Au
American Congregational clergyman and au-
thor. He publisheil " Recollections of Ten Years passed
in the Mi.ssissippi ^■alley " (1820), "(Jeography and History
of llie Western Slates" (1828), etc.
Flintwinch (flint' winch), Jeremiah. In Charles
Dickens's "Little Dorrit," the sinister and in-
triguing servant of Mrs. Clennam.
Flip (Hill). In Charles Shadwell's comedy "The
Fair Quaker of Deal," an illiterate commodore.
He is a drunken "sea-brute," contrasted with
Mizen the "sea-fop."
Flippant (flip'ant). Lady. In Wycherley's com-
edy "Love in a Wood," an affected widow. She
is on the lookout for a husband, but declaims
against marriage.
Flippanta (fli-pan'tji). In Vanbrugh's "Con-
fetleracy," a ladj''s-maid. She is shameless and
wittv.
Flite (flit), Miss. In Dickens's "BleakHouse,"
"a curious little old woman," deranged by long
waiting for the settlement of her suit in chan-
cery.
Floberge (flo-barzh'). The sword of Renaud
de Moutauban.
Flodden (flod'n). A hill in Northumberland,
England, 12 miles southwest of Berwick. At its
base on Sept. 9. 1613, the English (.fi.iXiO) under the Earl
of SuiTeyilefeated t lie Scots (:^(i,ooo) under James IV. The
loss of the English was from 3.0( lo to 4,oim> ; that of the Scots
is vai'iously given as from 5,000 to 12.nii0. The king and
many of the nobles were among the slain.
Flodoard,(fl6-do-iir'), orFrodoard (fro-do-iir').
Born at Epernay, France, 894 : died March 28,
966. A French chronicler who was for a time
keeper of the episcopal archives at Rheiins.
He wrote a history of the church of Rheims, and a chroni-
cle of France from 919 to 966.
Flood (flud), Henry. Born 1732 : died at Farm-
ley, County Kilkemiy, Dec. 2, 1791. Au Irish
orator and politician. He entered the Irish Parlia-
ment in 1759, and w.is soon recognized as the leader of the
opposition. He joined the government forces in 1775,
when he was made vice-treasurer of Ireland and given a
seat in the Irish privy council. Removed from these posts
in 1781, he returned to the opposition, which now followed
the lead of his rival Grattan. He' subsequently became a
member of the English Parliament.
Flor (flor), Roger di. Died at Adrianople, 1306
(1307?). A military adventurer. He was the
second son of a German falconer in the service of the em-
peror Fi'ederick II., named Robert Blum, who .adopted the
Italian name of Flor and married an heiress of lirindisi.
He entered the order of the Temple, but w,as degraded
from his rank for misconduct at the siege of Aci'e. He
entered the pay of Frederick of Aragon, king of Sicily, who
made him vice-admiral of Sicily, and in whose service he
gained great distinction. In 1302, at the close of the long
war which Frederick waged against the house of Anjou at
Naples for the possession of Sicily, he induced the dis-
charged mei-cenaries. mostly Catalans and Aragonese. to
enter the service of the Byzantine emperor Androriicus II.
against the Turks. These troops, which constituted an
army of 6,000 men known as the Catalan Grand Com-
pany, arrived at Constantinople urulcr his leadership
in 1303, and in 1304 relieved Philadelphia, which was in-
vested by the Turks. R*>ger mai'ried Maria, granddaugh-
ter of Andronicus II.. in 1303, and in 130<i was created
Cajsar. He was .assassinated by George, the general of
the .Man mercenaries.
Flora (flo'rii). [L., fi'om flos (flor-), flower.]
1. In early Italian and Roman mythology, the
goddess of flowers and spring. — 2. An asteroid
(No. 8) tliscovered by Hind at London, Oct. 18,
1847.
Flora. A painting by Titian, in the tTffizi,
Florence. It is a portrait of a woman, half im-
draped, with loosened hair, and tlowers in her
haiiii.
Flora McFlimsey. See McFKmseij.
Flora Temple (flo'rii tem']>l). A "bay trotting
mare, foaled in 184.5, by a Kentucky hmiter,
dam Madame Ti'iiiple. She held the world's
trotting record of 2: 19J for many years.
Flordelise, or Flordelis ( flor'de-iis'). The wife
of Brandimart, iu both Boiardo's and Ariosto's
"Orlando. she searches long for him, and after his
death takes up her abode in his tomb, whei-e she lives till
her own death, which soon occurs.
Flordespina (tlor-des-pe'na), or Flordespine
(Hor'des-inn). A princess iu both Boiardo's and
Ariosto's "Orlando." She loves Bradamant,
being deceived by her armor and taking her for
a knight.
Floreal (flo-ra-iil'). [Revolutionaiy F., from
L.flot; iflor-), flower.] The name adopted by
Florence
the National Convention of the first French re-
luiblie for the eighth month of the year, in the
years 1 to 7 it e.ttended from April 20 to May 19 inclusive
and in tlie years 8 to I:! from April 21 to May 20.
Flore et Blanchefleur. An early French met-
rical romance of which the theme is the love of
a young Christian prince for a Saracen slave-
girl who has been brought up witli him. she is
sidd into a fresh captivity to remov e her from him, but he
follows lier and rescues lier nnharined from the harem of
the Emir of Babylon, (■■^ainlshim/.) Boccaccio used the
story in his prose "11 Filocopo." Konrad Fleck translated
it into German. There ale four English versions known,
none perfect. The Early English Text Society Inis printed
one of them. Also known as Fleur et BUtncheJkmr.
Florence (flor'ens). [It. Fireu:c and formerly
Fiorvn^a, F. Florence, 6. Florcn:, L. Florentia,
flowery city, from florcre, bloom, flower, flour-
ish.] The capital of the province of Florence,
Italy, situated on both sides of the Arno, at the
foot of spurs of the Apennines, iu lat. 43° 46' 4*
N.,long.ll°15' 22" E. (observatory): called "La
Bella "( ' the beautiful ') . it is famous for its art col-
lections (Uftizi and Pitti Palace galleries), and tlie beauty
of its situation and environs, and has been celebrated for
centuries as the leading center of Italian literature and art.
Otherohjects of interest are the Ponte Vecchio ; the Piazza
della Signoria, on which jire the Palazzo Veccliio and the
Loggia dei Lanzi ; the national library, Piazza del Duonio,
with the cathedral, baptistery, and campanile; the archieo-
logical museum, national museum, academy of fine alts,
Dante's monument, museum of San Marco; the palaces of the
Strozzi, Corsini, and others; the Cascine, Boboli Gardens,
and Square ^liLlielangclo. (For the principal churches,
see below.) The city was the birthplace of Dante, the resi-
dence of Boccaccio and the Huimini^ts(Bruni, Poggio, etc.),
and the scene of the labors of Cimabue, Giotto. Gaddi,
Aretino, Brunelleschi, Luca della Robbia, Giiiiierti, Dona-
tello, Lip]*], Gliiilandaio, FraAngelico, Leonardo da Vinci,
Raphael, Michehuigclo, Andrea del Sarto, and other dis-
tinguished {utists. F'lorence rose to prosperity in tlie 12th
century, when the inhabitants of Fiesole removed thither,
and in time tiecanie a great commercial center. It was
the scene of continual struggles between the Guelphs and
Ghibelliues in the 13th century. It took the leading part
in the Renaissance movement. 'I'he Medici family he-
came p.aramount under Cosiiiio de' Medici in 1434, and
Florence was at its height under Lcu'enzo de' Medici, 1469-
1492, and later. I'lider the lead of Savonarola it was a
"theocratic republic" about 1495-98. The Medici, ex-
pelled in 1494, were restored in 1512, banished in 1527,
and again restored in 15:iO after a siege by the emperor
Charles V. In 1532 they became dukes of Florence. In
1569 the history of Florence merges in that of Tuscany, of
which it was the capital. It was the capital of the kingdom
of Italy 1865-71. The cathedral (duomo) of Santa Maria del
Fiore, as now existing, was tiegun in 1298. When the base
of the dome was reached (1420), the space to l»e covered,
138.1 feet in diameter, was so great that the closing of it
with a dome was believed impossible: but Kilipp.i j'.riuiel-
leschi undertook it, and in 1446 completed the wonderful
work which marks an epoch in architecture and is the first
great triunijih.'f the Renaissance. The domeisoctagonid,
slightly pi.inted, and surmounted by a lantern the apex of
which is 387 feet aliove the pavement. The catheilral is
500 feet long, and 128 feet across nave and aisles. The ex-
terior is incrusted with colored marbles inlaid and ar-
ranged in panels, the general effect of which is not good.
The grouping of the dome with the pentagonal apse and
transepts and intermediate memlters is extremely impres-
sive. The decorative sculpture is most delicate, hut too
small in scale. The fai^ade has been built since 1875. The
nave is 153 feet high, the aisles 96 ; but there are only 4
square bays, making the proportions so bad tliat the effect
of enormous size is lost. The cathedral has fine glass,
sculptures, and paintings, and some good tomtis. The
Church of Santa Croce, begun in 1294 hy Arnolfo. is 460
feet long and 134 wide. This is the Pantheon of Flor-
ence : among its chief tombs are those of Michelangelo and
Leonardo (Bruni) Aretino. Church and cloister are full of
monuments of artistic or historic interest. Among the
frescos are some of Giotto's finest works, and a fine series
of the Nativity by Taddeo Gaddi. San Lorenzo is one of
the earliest of Renaissance churches, begun in 1426 by
Brunelleschi, and decorated in the interior in part by
Michelangelo. It isfamousforthemonuraentsby Michel*
angelo in its S.agrestia Nuova of Giuliano and Lorenzo de'
Medici. They are similar in design. Each has a seated
idealized statue of the deceased in a niche atiove. and be-
low a s,arcophagus on which are t\vo nude, lialt-recliniDg
figures, one male and one female. The figures on the
tomb of Giuliano represent Day and Night ; those on that
of Lorenzo, Aurora and Twilight. They are of herculean
proportions, yet full of repose, and rank among the most
famous works of sculpture. The Night has been called
Michelangelo's mastei-piece. Or San Stichele is a curious
Pointed church, built in 1284 by Arnolfo as a market and
granary. It is in three stories, the twv) upper ones being
vaulted from a massive central column. The open arcades
of the original nnu'ket were closed, and received beauti-
ful traceried windows. Between the arcades are inserted
14 niches in marble containing some of the best of Flor-
entine statues by Verrocchio, Ghiberti, Donatello, and
others. The interior contains the spleiulid tabernacle of
Orcagna in white marble, imd beautiful reliefs illusti-ating
the life of the Virgin and the Virtues. San ^liiiiato al
Monte is a notable church relmilt in 1013. and illustrating
the transition from the Roman basilica plan to the normal
Romanesque. Santa Maria Novellaisachureh of the 13th
century, a fine example of tlu- Italian Pointed. Thecam-
paiiile is lofty, with j,c<liiiieiits and spire. The glory of
the church is its frescos by Cimabue, Ghirlandaio, Or-
cagna, and Giotto. The Church of Santa Maria del Car-
mine is architectunUly of little interest since the fire of
1771, but famous for its Brancacci chapel adorned with
frescos by Masaccio and Filippino Lippi illustrating the
stories of Adam and Eve and of St. Peter. The Badia is
the cliurch of a former Benedictine monasteiy, rebuilt in
the 17th century: but the exterior of the 13th-century
I
Florence
(iist end remains utmost perfect. The church contains
snperb sculptured tombs anil other works by Mino da
Ftesolc. The beautiful campanile uf Ciotto is one of tlie
architectural ornaments (ff t'lorence. The IJaitrello. or the
lialace of tlie Podesta of the Florentine Republic, built in
the 13tl» century and restoreil after a tire a centui-y later,
is a massive building of hewn stone. The great n»oms
and halls are splendidly restored in tlie style of the Hth
century, and are appropriated to tlie iluseo Nazionalc.
The t'ertosa,or Carthusian nionai*tery, founded in 1*41 liy
Nieeolo Acciajuoli and built by Orcagna, but altered in the
Renaiss:ince, presents the appearance of a medieval for-
tress. The church has an inlaid pavement of marble, f;ood
frescos, and handsome carved stalls. Population (esti-
mated, 1SI)4), commune, 20;i,.300.
Florence. Tlie proviiicr in (ho foinpartiinoiitii
of Tusfany, Italy, in which the city of FloreiKM'
is situateil. Area, 2,265 square miles. Popula-
tion (1891), 815,.506.
Florence. A city in Lauilenlalo County, in tlii'
north wi'steni covikt of Alabama, on tlio Ten-
nessee Kivcr. It has iron manufactures. Pop-
ulation (ISilO), (3,012.
Florence, Council of. See Fcrrara-t'lorencc,
Ctinnfil of.
Florence, William James. Bom at Albany,
July 2G, 1831: died at Philadelphia, Nov. 19,
1891. An American eomedian. His family name
wafl Coiilin. lie made his tlrst appearance on the stage in
1849, in Richmond, as Tot)ias in "Tiie Stranger, "and came
to New York in 1850. In 1653 he uiaiTied Malvina I'ray,
whose sister married Barney Williams. He wrote several
Irish and Yankee plays, and he and his wife began to ap-
?ear as stars in such plays, he as an Irishman and she as a
aiikee girl. Among his best charactei-s were Cob Brierly
In "The Ticket-of-Leave Man," Obeureizer in "No Thor-
oughfare." and the Hon. liardwell Slute in "The lliirhty
Dollar." For a tunc before his death he played with .Tosepli
Jeiferson, acting Sir Lucius O'Trigger in "The Rivals,"
and Zekiel Uomespiin in "The Heir-at-Law."
Florence of Worcester. Died Jidy 7, 1118.
An Eiifilish chronicler, a monk of Worcester.
His (Latin) " Chronicle " (first printed in 1592) is founded
on a chronicle of Marianus, an Irish monk, and ends with
the year 1117. It hafl been translated by T. Forester.
Florencia (fl6-ren'the-ii), Francisco de. Born
in Florida, 1620 : died in Me-xico, 1695. A Jesuit
author. He was a well-known teacher and preacher in
Mexico, and from 1088 was employed in Europe on impor-
tant business coiuiected with his order. His most impor-
tant work is " Historia de la provincia de la Conipafiia de
Jesus de Nueva Esp,afia " (first volume only published in
Mexico, 10&4). He also puolished numerous biographical
and historical works.
Flores (flo'rez). In "The Beggar's Bush," by
Fletcher and others, the son of the King of the
Beggars. He becomes a rich merchant at Bruges. He
appears also in "The Merchant of Bruges," an adaptation
of the "Beggar's Bush.'
Flores (flo'res). The 'westernmost of the Azores
Islands. Its jiort, Santa Cruz, is situated in lat.
39° 27' N., long. 31° 9' W.
Flores, or Floris (tlo'ris) : native name of west-
ern part, Mangerai (mau-ga-ra'e); of eastern
part, Ende (en'dii). One of the smaller islands
of the East India Archipelago, lying south of
Celebes and east of Sumbawa. There is a Dutch
settlement, Larantuca. on the eastern coast. Area, about
6,000 8(iaare miles. Population (chielly Malay), estimated,
•250,000.
Flores (llo'iaz), Antonio. Born in (^uito, 1833.
An Ecuadorian statesman. He has been prominent
in (Congress, has held numerous important diplomatic
posts, and aa a soldie*- has taken part in viu'ioua civil wars,
generally on the side of good government. He was presi-
dent of Ecuador 1888-1I2.
Flores, Cirilo. Born in 1779: died at Quezal-
tenango,Oct. 13, 1826. A (fuatemahin politician.
He was a liberal leader, president of the constituent as-
sembly 182:1, and vice-president under .Tuan Barrundia,
Sept., 1824. liy the impris<mment of Barrundia, Sept. t:,
1826, he became acting president of (Juateniala, but was
8oi.)n after murdered by a mob of religious fanatics.
Flores, Juan Jos6. Born at Puerto Cabello,
Venezuela, July 19, 1800: died in Ecna<lor,
18G4. A Spanish-American general and states-
man. He was elected the first president of Ecuador in
1830. In 1835 he was succeedetl by Rocafucrte, but con-
tinned virtually to rule as commander of the army, and
was reelected president in 1830 and again in 1843. In 1840
and 1841 he assisted the government of New Oninaila
against the revolutionists, taking the field in Fasto; an<l
he suppressed many revolts in Ecuador during his dilfer-
ent terms. In 1815 fresh revolts broke out, and. tliougli
the insurgents were beaten, General Hores found it pru-
dent to resign. He left the country, and only returned in
^ 18*13 to take part in the war against the dictator Franco.
After Franco s overthrow Flores accepted the olfice of vice-
president, and in ISt'kt commanded the army for the sup-
pression of a rebellion incited by Franco.
Flores, VenanciO. I5orninI80y: assassinated
at Montevideo, Fel). 19, 1K6S. An Uruguayan
general and politician. He was a leader of the party
called "Colorados" in tlie revolt against Oribe in l.^r)3.
He was elected preside nl March, 1S.'.4 ; but Oribe coin-
meiiced a counter-revolt Sept.. 18.'>5, and in the end botli
Oribe and Flores reaigne<l their claims to prevent further
war. Flores retired to I'.iienos Ayres. where he was an o(H-
cernnder Mitre. Uetuniingln April, ISO.'i, heled the Colo-
rados in a revolt against President Berroand his successor
Agulrre. Brazil, having declared war against Aguirre, suji-
397
port«d Flores, and in 1865 Aguirre was forced to resign.
Flores was made provisional govenior, ami in 1800 was
elected president of I'ruguay. He joined Brazil and the
Argentine Republic in the war against Paraguay, talking
personal command of his troops in the campaigns of 184J5
and Wm.
Flores Sea. That part of the ocean lying south
of Celebes and north of the chain of islands
I'rorii Flores to Timor inclusive.
Florestan (tlor'es-tan), Fernando. In Beetho-
ven's opera " Pidelio," the huslnvnd of Leonora.
To save him she disguises Iierselt as a boy,
Fidelio.
Florestine (116-rcs-ten'). The goddaughter of
Count Aliiiaviva in Molicre's comedy "La mere
coui>able."
Florez((lo'ietli), Enrique. Boruat Valladolid,
.Spain, Feb. 14, ITOl: <lied at Madrid, Aug. 20,
1773. A Spanish historian and antiiiuariau.
His chief work is " Espaila sagrada, teatro gcogr.^flco-
histi'u'ico de la iglesia de Espana " (1747-73).
Florian (flo'ri-an), Saint. Born at Zeisel-
mauer. Lower Austria, about 190: martyred by
drowning in the Enns near Lorch, 230. A (Ger-
man martyr 'who became about 11S3 the patron
saint of Poland. His feast is celebratecl Aug. 4.
Florian (flo-ryon'), Jean Pierre Claris de.
Born at the Chateau de Florian, near Anduze,
Gard, France, March 6, 17.").5: died at Sceaux,
near Paris, Sept. 13, 1794. A French romancer,
dramatist, aiidfabulist. His works include "Fables"
(1792), the romances "Galatee " (1783),i" Xuma Pompilius "
(1780), etc.
Florian's. A celebrated caf6 in Venice, it is on
the piazza of St. Marco, and is named from its founder, Flo-
riano. It is about two hundred yeai-s old. It is now the
rendezvouschiefiy of strangers in Venice, but was fonnerly
the heaihjuarters of the most illustrious men of the city
and of Italy.
Florida (flor'i-dii). [From Sp. Florida (pron.
flo-re'Dit), a name given to the country by Ponce
de Leon because he discovered it on Easter day,
called in Spanish Pasciia florida or de flores,
flowery Easter; or, as some say, on account
of the profusion of flowers he saw ('flowery
land').] The southeasternmost State of the
United States, capital Tallahassee, bounded
by Georgia and Alabama on the north, the
Atlantic Ocean on the east, Florida Strait and
the GuU of Mexico on the south, and the Gulf of
Mexico and Alabama on the west, it consists chiefly
of a peninsula. The surface is generally level. The lead-
ing products are corn, cotton, timber, oranges, and otiier
semi-tropical fruits. It has had a great recent develop-
ment as a winter health-resort. The State has 45 counties,
sends 2 senators and 2 representatives to Congress, and has
4 electoral votes. It was discovered by Ponce de Leon in
1513 ; settled by Huguenots in 1562, and permanently set-
tled by Spaniards at St. Augustine in 15C5 ; and ceded Ut
Great Britain in 1763, to Spain in 1783, anil to the United
States in 1819. The Americans took possession in 1821. It
was the theater of the Seminole wars. The State was ad-
mitted to the Union in 184.'), seceded .Tan. 10, IsGl, and was
readmitted in 1808. Area, 58,080 square miles. Popu-
lation (IS9(F), 391,422.
Florida. The first of the commerce-destroyers
built in England for the Confederate govern-
ment. She left Liverpool March 22, 1802, and received
her armament at the Bahamas Aug. 7. Her battery con-
sisted of 2 seven-inch and 6 six-inch guns. She ran the
birjckade into Mobile .Sept. 4, 1802, and out Jan. 16. 1803.
Her cruising-ground extended from New York to Bahia,
Brazil. On Oct. 7, 1804. in tlie harbor of Hahia, in viola-
tion of tlie rights of neutrals and under the guns of a Bra-
zilian corvette, she was captured by the Wachusett (sister
ship to the Kearsarge), commanded by Captain Napoleon
Collins. .Slie was taken to Hanipt^ni Roads, where she was
afterward sunk by a collision.
Florida-Blanca (ilo-re'Dii-bliin'kil), Count of
(Jose Moiiino). Bom at Murcia, Spain, 1729:
died at Seville, Spain, Nov. 20. 1808, A Spanish
statesman, premier 1777-92.
Florida Key3(flor'i-dil kez). Agroup of small
islands anil reefs south of Florida, extending in
a crescent-shaped chain from near ('ape Florida
to the Dry Tortugas. They belong to Monroe
and Dade counties, Florida.
Florida Strait. A sea passage separating Flor-
ida I'ldin Culia and the Bahamas, and connect-
ing the Gulf of Mexico with the Atlantic Ocean.
It is traversed by tlie Gulf Stream.
Floridia (fl6-re'de-il). A town in the province
of .Syracuse, Sicilv, 7 miles west of (Syracuse.
Population, about 10,000.
Florimel(llor'i-mel). 1. In Spenser's "Faerie
t^ueene," a chaste and "goodly" lady, represent-
ing the complete charm of womanhood. A coun-
terfeit Florlmel was made of snow, mixed with " fine mer-
cury and virgin wax,"by a witch. It was impossible to tell
the real from the false Florimel. The latter created mncli
mischief till the enchantment was dissolved amlshenielted
into nothingness. The real Florimel loved Marinel, Init
her love was not returned. He finally, iiowever. relented
and married her. The real Florimel bad a girdle, the ces-
tUM lit \'emls. lost by luT when she yielded to Mars. It
could be worn by no woman who was unchaate.
Flower, Roswell Pettibone
2. The principal character iu Fletcher and Row-
ley's '■ Maid in the Mill." To disgust an unwelcome
lover who decoys her to his house, she assumes the i-ole
of an abandoned womau. She is rescued, and her inno-
cence is proved.
3. In Dryden's play "The Maiden C^ueen," a
maid of honor and a saucy flirt. This was one
of Xell Gwyn's best characters. See Cdadoii.
Florinda (llo-riu'da). The iirincipal female
cliaract<'r iu Sheil's tragedy " The Apostate."
Florinda. In Spanish tiadition, the daughter of
Count Julian, the governor of Couta. See./«-
tiuii.
Florio fflo'ri-o), John. Born at London about
l.').")3: died at Fulhain, near Loudon, 162.">. An
English lexicogra|iher and author, soil of an
Italian who settled in England. He pulilished
"First Fruits, etc."(dialogue.s in English and Italian, 1578),
"Second Fruits, etc." (mainly dialogues, 1581), and an
Italian-English dictionary called "A Worlde of Wordes "
(1598), which was issued again, revised and enlarged, under
the title "Queen Anna's New World of Words "(1611). He
also translated Montaigne's " Essays " (1003).
Floripes. In the Charlemagne romances, tlio
sister of Sir Fieraliras, and wife of Guy, the
nephew of Charlemagne.
Floris (flo'ris) (De Vriendt), Frans. Born at
Antwerp about 1520 : died at Antwerp, Oct. 1,
1.570. A Flemish painter.
Florismart (flor'is-mart). One of Charle-
magne's peers, the friend of Koland.
Florizel(flor'i-zcl). 1. The Prince of Bohemia,
in love with Perdita, in Shakspere's "Winter's
Tale." See Dorastus. — 2. Anickname of George
IV., from the fact that ho assumed this name,
when Prince of Wales, in his letters to Mrs.
Kobiiison, an actress who had made a hit in
the part of Perdita.
Florizel, or Florisel, de Niquea. One of the
supplemental parts of the romance "Amadis
of Gaul," by Felieiano de Silva. Florizel is the
son of Amadis of Greece and Niquea.
Florizel and Perdita. A stage adaptation, by
Garrick, of Shakspere's "Wintei-'s Tale." It
was produced Jan. 21, 1756. Gairick played
Leontes.
Florus (tio'rus). Lived at the beginning of the
2d century A. D. A Roman historian, author
of an abridgment of Roman history to the
time of Augustus ("Epitome degestis Romano-
rum"), founded chiefly ou Livy. He has been
(incorrectly?) identified with the rhetorician
and poet P. Annius Florus.
Florus, surnamed Magister ami Diaconus.
Died about 860. AKoman Catholic theologian.
He was head of the cathedral school at Lyons. He at-
tacked .Johannes Scotus Erigena in a work entitled " Ad-
versus J. S. Erigenie erroneaa definitiones liiier. " .\niong
his oilier works is a volume of iniscellaneous poems enti-
tled "I'armiiia varia."
Florus, Gessius. A Roman procurator of Judea.
He was a native of Clazomena;, and was appointed in 04
or 65 A. I>. through the infiuence of his wife Cleopatra
with the empress I*oppa!a. His rapacity and cruelty pro-
voked the last rebellion of the .lews, which resulted in
the destruction of Jeiusaleui by Titus in the year 70.
Flotow (116 Mo), Friedrich von. Boiu at
Teutetidorf, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany,
April 20, 1S12: diid at Darmstadt, tiermaiiy,
Jan. 23, 1.S,S3. A German composer of operas.
His works include ".MessandroStradel la ■'(18:{7; rewritten
1844), "Lo Naufrage dc la Meduse" (1839), "Martha,
Oder der Markt zu Richinoiid" (1847), "India" (18S3X
"L'Ombrc " (1809 : reproduced in London as "The Pliau*
tom ").
Flourens (firi-roii'), Gustave. Born at Paris,
Aug. 4, 1.S3S: killed at Rueil, near Paris, April
3, 1871. A French social democrat and politi-
cal wi'iter, son of M. .T. P. Flourens: a member
of the Commune in 1S71.
Flourens, Leopold Emile. Born at Paris, April
27, 1S41. A French politician, son of Marie .lean
Pierre Flourens. He was director of jiublic worship
1879 81 and 1882-85. and was minister of foreign atfairs
1880-88.
Flourens, Marie Jean Pierre. Born at Mau-
reilhan. lli'rault. France, April l.!, 1794: died
at Montgerou, near Paris, Dec. 6, 1867. A cele-
brated French physiologist. He became professor
of comparative anaUuiiy at the Royal Botanical Garden iu
I'aiis in 1830, and in 1832 at the museum. In 1833 he
bee.iMie perpetual secretary of the Academy of Sciences,
and in ls4o was elected a member of the French Academy.
His wttiks include " Fxpt-rienees snr lusysteme iierveux"
(182.5), " De la long^vili! " (1864X etc.
Flower, Fruit, and Thorn Pieces; or, the
Wedlock, Death, and Mari'iage of Advocate
Siebeiikiis. A work by J. P. F. Richter, pub-
lished 1796-97.
Flo'wer, Eos'well Pettibone. Boin at Theresa,
.lelTerson ('ounty, N. Y., Aug. 7, 1835. An
.\nierican politician. He was a Domocraticmember
of Congress from New York 1881-S3 and 1889-91, and was
elected governor 'J New York 18U1-94.
Flower, Sir William Henry
Flower, Sir William Henry, Born at Strat-
foril-ou-Avon, Nov. 3U. IKil. A distinguished
Enslish zoologist. He studied medicine at Univcrsitj
CoUege, London.'served as an amiy assistant suivetm in
the Crimean war, and, retnrning to London, held various
otficial positions till, in 1!>&4, he was app<>inted director
of the natur.il history tiepartnient of the British Museum,
now located at .South Kensington. He was made K. C. B.
in ISiri. He lias written "osteolojo* of the Mammalia,"
and many scientitlc memoirs.
Flower and the Leaf, The. A poem added by
Speght to his edition of Chaufer (1598). it
professes to he written by a gentlewoman who pays hom-
age to the "worth that wears the laurel." It is believed
from internal evidence not to he Chaucer s. There were two
pieces on this subject written by Eustache Deschamps, the
nephew of ilachault, sometimes attributed to the latter.
Dl^den produced a versitmof "The Flower and the Leaf,"
but it lacks the simplicity aud concentrated feeling of the
earlier pot-m.
Flower of Courtesy, The. A poem attributed
to Cliatiiir In- Thynue, assigned by Stow to
Lydgatr.
Flower of Kings, The. A surname of King
Artlmr.
Flowery Kingdom, The. China (which see).
Floyd (floid). John Buchanan. [The stimame
Fliii/il, like Find, Fliidil, is another form of the
Welsh name Lloi/d.J Bom in Pulaski County,
Va., 1805: died at Abingdon. Va., Aug. 26. 1863.
An Ameinean politician and Confederate gen-
eral . He was govemorof Virginia 18.t<>-5.^ ; was apinanted
secretary of war in 1857, and resiirned in Dec. 1S*J<J ; com-
manded at Fort Donelson; and resigned bis command aud
escape.l Feb. 10. 1S<?3.
Floyd, William. Bom in Suffolk Comity, N. Y. ,
Dec. 17, 17:H: died at Western, Oneida County,
N. Y., Aug. 4, 18l!l. An American politician,
a signer of the Declaration of Independence.
Floyer (floi'er). Sir John. Bom at Hintes,
Staffonlshire, 1649 : die.l at Lichfield, Feb. 1.
1734. An Englisli physician and author. He
wrote "Treatise on the .\sthma"(169S), " *ap*ia((o-Baaa-
i-oc " (1687, 1690). etc. Several of his works were "'printed
for" the father of L»r. Sanuiel .Tohnson.
Fludd (Hud), ov Flud, Robert. Bom at Bear-
sted, Kent, 1574 : died at London, Sept. 8, 1637.
An English physician aud mystical philosopher.
He wrote several treatises in defense of the
frati'iiiity of the Eosy Cross.
Fliielen (flU'e-len). A lake port in the canton
of Uri, Switzerland, at the southern e-xtremity
of Lake Lucerne, on the St. Gotthard Railway.
Fluellen (flo-eren). [Another form of the W.
Llcii-iliiii.^ In Shakspere's "Henry v.," a pe-
dantic but courageous Welsh captain.
Fliigel (flii'gel), Gustav Lebrecht. Bom at
Bautzen, Saxony, Feb. 18, ISOl': died at Dres-
den, July 5, 1870. A German Orientalist. He
catalogued the Oriental manuscripts in the Vienna library.
His chief work is an edition of the dictionary of Haji-
Khalfa (lS:~'v^:'*).
Fliigel, Johann Gottfried. Bom at Barby,
near Magdeburg, Prussia, Xov. 22, 1788: died
at Leipsic, Juno 24, 18.55. A German lexicog-
rapher. He was lector of English at the TTniversity of
Leipsic, aud consul of the Tnited states in that city. His
chief work is a "Complete English-German and German-
English Uicti.jnary " (18.S0).
Flume (tloiu). The. A gorge in the Franconia
Mountains, in Lincoln, Grafton County, New
Hampshire, noted for its pieturesqueness. At
one point it is only about 10 feet in width.
Flushing (flush 'ing). [Dutch Vlixxiiigeii, F.
Fh-xsiiKjiii.'] A seaport and sea-bathing resort
in the province of Zealand, Xctherlamls, on the
southern coa.st of the island of Walcheren, sit-
uated at the moutli of the West Schelde in lat.
51° 27' N., long. 3° 36' E. A line of steamers plies
between Flushing and Queenborou.srh in England. It
took a leading part in the war of independence (1572), and
was iMimbanled and taken by the British in 1809. Popu-
lation (15S9X 1-2.4S9.
Flushing, A village and town in Queens
County. Long Island, New York, situated on
Flushing Bay, Ijong Island Sound: incorpor-
ated in the citv of New York. Pojiulation (1890),
of village, 8,436 ; of township. 19,803.
Flute (flot). In Shakspere's "Midsummer
Night's Dream," a bellows-mender. He plays
the jvartof Thisbe in the interpolated play.
Flutter (fiut'er). In Mrs. Cowley's comedy
" The Belle's Stratagem." a good-natured, irre-
sponsible beau, devoted to telling gossiping
stories about which he remembers correctly
everything; rxi'i-iit the facts.
Flutter, Sir Fopling. In Etherege's com-
edy ••'The Man of Mode, or Sir Fopling Flut-
ter,' an affected and fashionable fop. He is in-
tended to imitate Hewit, the reigning exquisite of the
hour. According to his own account, a complete gentle-
man "ought to dress well, dance well, fence well, have a
genius for love-letters, an agreeable voice for a chamber, be
very amorous, something discreet, but not over-constant"
398
Fly (fli). In Ben Jonson's comedy " The New
Lni," a parasite of the inn. He had been a stroll-
ing gipsy, but was promoted to be"inflamer of reckon-
ings ' for the landlord — a euphemism for making out
the bUU.
Fly. A large river in the southern part of New
Guinea, which empties into the Gulf of Papua.
It has not been fully explored, and its length is
unknown.
Flygare. See Carlen.
Flying Childers (iii'ing chil'derz). A chest-
nut race-horse, a descendant of Darley's Ara-
bian, foaled in England about 1715. He was
never beaten.
Flj^ing Dutchman, The. 1. In the supersti-
tions of seamen, a spectral ship supposed to
haunt the seas in stormy weather near the
Ca])e of (.Tood Hope. There are various legends as to
the reason why it can never enter port. See Vanderdeeken.
2. See Flii'ijeiide Hollander, Der.
Flying-fish, The. See I'iscis Volans.
Fochabers (foch'a-berz). A tillage in Moray-
shire, Scotland, situated on the Spey 10 miles
east-southeast of Elgin. It has an important edu-
cational institution, and Gordon Castle, the seat of the
Duke of Richmond and Gordon, is in the neighborhood.
Foedera. [L.. • Treaties.'] A work, edited l)y
Thomas Kymer, intended to contain all the ex-
isting documents relating to alliances and state
transactions between England and other coun-
tries from 1101 to the time of pubUeation. He
died ;»fter having issued 15 volunies(1704-13). but left mate-
rial down to the end of the reign of James I. This was
edited by his assistant, Roltert Sanderson, who issued two
volumes in 1715-17, and the last three in 172t>-;i5. This
brought it down to 1G54. The complete title is " Fcedera,
Conventiones, Literse, et cujuscumque generis .Acta Pub-
lica inter Reges Anglise et alios quosvis Iraperatores, Re-
ges, Fontifiees, Principes, vel communitates, ah ineunte
.^a?culo Duodecimo, viz. ah anno 1101, ad nostra usque
Tempora habita ant tractata." It is usually known as
"Rymer's Foedera." See Ryrner,
Fogaras (fo'go-rosh). The capital of the
coimtv of Fogaras. Hungarv. situated on the
Alutain lat. 4.5° 47' N., long. 24° 5i' E. Pop-
ulation (1890), 5.861.
Fogelberg (fo'gel-bero), Bengt Erland. Bom
at Gothenburg, Sweden, Aug. 8. 17!^6 : died at
Triest, Austria-Hungary. Dec. 22, 1854. A Swe-
dish sculptor. His subjects were taken chiefly
fi-om Scandinavian and Greek mythologi,'.
Foggia (fod'ja). 1. A pro\-ince in the com-
partimento of Apidia, Italy, lying along the
Adriatic. Former name, Capitanata. Area,
2,688 square miles. Population (1891), 393,-
485. — 2. The capital of the province of Fog-
gia, situated in the Apulian plain in lat. 41°
28' N.. long. 15° 32' E. It has a cathedral. Here
Manfred, regent of the Two Sicilies, assisted by the S.ira-
cens, defeated the papal troops, Dec 2, 1254. Fopulatiou
(1891), estimated, 44,000.
Foggo (fog'o), James. Bom at London, June
11. 1789 : "died there, Sept. 14, 1860. A British
historical painter.
Fogo (fo'go). A volcanic island of the Cape
Verd gioup, intersected by lat. 15° N., long.
24° 30' W.
Fohr (fer). One of the North PVisian Islands,
situated in the North Sea 40 miles west-north-
west of Schleswig, belonging to the province
of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia.
Foible (foi'bl). In Congreve's comedy "The
Way of the World." the intriguing waiting-
woman of Lady Wishfort.
Foigard (fwa-giir'). In Farquhar's "Beaux'
Stratagem," a \^dga^ Irishman who pretends
to be a French priest to further his \nllainies.
He is discovered by his brogue. After the first repre-
sentations the p:u-t of Count Bellair was cut out, aud his
words were added to the part of Foigard.
Foix (fwii). [From L. Fusiim.'] An ancient
government of southeru France, corresponding
nearly to the department of Ariege. It formed
a couiitship in the middle ages, and was ruled by the
Foix family from the 11th century. It was annexed to Na-
varre il» 1484, and passed to France with Navarre in V^K
Foix. The capital of the department of Ariege,
France, on the Ariege 44 mUes south of Tou-
louse: formerly the capital of the coimty of Foix,
It has a iiictiu-esque castle. Population (1891),
commune. 7,.568.
Foix, Gaston, Comte de: sumamed Phoebus.
Born 1331: died 1391. Count of FoLx 1343-91.
He derived his surname either from the beauty of his per-
son or from a golden sun which he Imre in his escutcheon.
He fought against the English in VMS, and assisted in the
rescue of the n;>yal princesses from the Jac(|Uerie at Slau.x
in 13.^. He maintained a splendid c^iurt, which has been
described by F'roissjirt, and was passionately fond of the
chase, on the subject of which he wrote a treatise known
as " Miroir de Phebus des deduicts de la cbasse, etc."
Foix, Gaston de (1489-1512). See Nemours,
Due de.
Foix, Paul de. Bom 1528 : died at Eome, May
Pollen, Karl
15, 1584. A French diplomatist and prelate,
made archbishop of Toidouse in 1576. He was
ambassador at the court of Queen Elizabeth of England
156l-<>5, negotiating the treaty of Troyes. Later he at-
tempted to negotiate a marriage betweeu Elizabeth and
the Duke of Anjou. From 1579 until his death he was
amb;(Ssador at Rome, Some of his diplomatic letters
have been published.
Foix, Raymond Roger, Comte de. Ruled
1188-1223. He accompanied Philip Augustus to the
Holy Land in 1190. He afterward supported Raymond
of Toulouse and the Albigenses against the Crusaders
under Simon de ilontfort.
Foix, Roger Bernard, Comte de: sumamed
•• The Great." Ruled 1223-41, son of Ra>Tnond
Roger. He continued the alliance of his father with the
house of Toulouse against the Crusaders in the wars of the
Albigenses. He was in 12'29 forced to make his submis-
sion to the crown, which had tiken up the cause of tlie
Crusaders. He eventually assumed the monastic habit,
and died in the abbey of Bolbone.
Foix, Roger Bernard, Comte de. Ruled 1265-
1303. He was noted as a troubadour. He carried on
unsuccessful wars against Philip III. of France aud Peter
III. of Aragon, and became involved in a feud with the
house of Armagnac.
Poker (to'ker), Harry. Li Thackeray's novel
"Pcndennis," a school friend of Arthur Pen-
dennis.
Pokien. See Fuhkien.
Pokshani (fok-sha'ne). A city in Rumania,
situated on the river Slilkov in lat. 45° 45' N.,
long. 27° 10' E. Here the. \ustrians and Russians un-
der Coburg and SuvaiDH defeated the Turks, July 31, 17b8.
Population. 17,1 '39.
Polard (fo-lar'), Jean Charles, Chevalier de.
Born at Avignon, France, Feb. 13, 1669: died
at A^ngnon, March 23, 1752. A French soldier
and militaiy writer. He wrote " Histoire de Polybe
avec commetitaires " (1727-30; l>est eilitiou 1753), "Nou-
velles decouvertes sur la guerre" (1724), etc.
Foldvar (feld'var). See Diina-Foldidr.
Polengo (fo-len'go). Teofilo : pseudonym Mer-
lino Coccajo. Born at Cipada, a fonuer vil-
lage near Mantua. Italy, Nov. 8, 1491: died at
Santa Croce di Campese, near Bassano, Dec. 9,
1.544. An Italian poet, especially noted as an
eai'ly and successful cultivator of macaronic
verse. He became a Benedictine at sLxteen years of age,
but abandoned the order for a wandering and licentious
life in 1515, returning to it again about 1533.
Foley (fo'li), John Henry. Bom at Dublin,
May 2-i. 1818: died at Hampstead, near Lou-
don, Aug. 27, 1874. An Irish sculptor. Among
his more notable statues are those of Egeria and Caracta-
cus, and the equestrian statues of Canning, Hardinge, and
Outram.
Polgefond (fol'ge-fon). A plateau of ice and
snow ill southwestern Norway, near the Har-
danger Fjord, in lat. 60° N. Height, 3,000-
5,000 feet.
Polger (fol'jer), Charles James. Bom at Nan-
tucket, Mass., April 10. 1818: died at Geneva.
N. Y.. Sept. 4, 1884. An American jurist aud
politician. He was judge of the Sew York Cotui of Ap-
peals 1871-81, and was secretary of the I'nited States trea-
sury ISSl-^, under President .Arthur. He was defeate<l as
candidate for governor of New York in 1882 (by Cleve-
land) by a majority of nearly 200,000.
Foligno (fo-len'yo), or Poligno (fo-Ien'yo). A
cathedral town in the province of Perugia, Italy,
19 miles southeast of Perugia : the ancient Ful-
ginium or Fulgiuia. Population (1881), 8,753.
Folio (fo'lio), "Tom. The name in the " Tatler,"
No. 158, under which Addison is said to have
introduced Thomas Rawlinson.
Foliot(fol'i-ot). Gilbert. Died in 1187. All Eng-
lish prelate, .\fter having been successively prior of
Cluny, prior C-O of Alibeville. and abbot of Gloucester, he
was appointed bishop of Hereford in 1147. and in 116:^ w;is
translated to the see of L*>ndon. He was a favorite of Henry
II. and a bitter opponent of the primate Thomas Becket,
by whom he was twice excommunicated.
Polkes (folks), Martin. Bom at London, Oct.
29. 1690: died June 28, 1754. An English anti-
qtiary, and writer on numismatics.
Folkestone, or Polkstone (fok'ston). A sea-
port and watering-place in Kent. England, sit-
uated on the Strait of Dover 7 miles west-south-
west of Dover, it is the terminus of a steam-packet
route to Boulogne. It was the birthplace of Dr. \Mlliam
ILu-vey. Population (1891X 23,700.
PoUati. fiee JIfalati.
Pollen (fol'len). Latinized Pollenius (fo-le'ni-
us), August, later Adolf Ludwig. Born at
Giessen, Germany, Jan. 21. 1794: lUed at Bern,
Switzerland, Dec. 26, 1855. A German poet.
He edited "Bildersaal deutscher Dichtung"
(182.'^29>.
Pollen, Karl. Bom at Romrod, Upper Hesse.
Germanv. Sept. 3, 1795: lost in Long Isl-
and Sound. Jan. 13. 1840. A German-Amer-
ican clergyman and writer, brother of A. L.
Follen. He vas driven from Germany, and finally from
I
Follen, Karl
Switzerland, on ixilitkal crouiuls, and in 18S0 becnniepro-
CeBSor of CernKiii :it Harvard College, lie perished in the
burning of a Sound steamer.
Folles AvoineS. f^i'«- MriKiminir.
FoUett (t'ol'it), Sir William Webb. Born at
Topsham, near E.\cter. Enslaiul, Dec. 2. 1798:
died at London, Juni' L'.'^. IM."). An English ju-
rist. He was solieitor-gt'ninil lS:i4-35 aud 1841-
1844, anil attorney-gfiicnil 1811 45.
Folliott, Dr. One of the principal characters
in Peai'Ofk's "Crotchet Castle."
Follywit (fol'i-wit). A gay young prodigal
whose tricks upon his graiulfathcr. Sir Bounte-
ous Progress, form the plot of Middleton's
comely •• A Mad Worhl. My Masters."
Fomaliiaut (fo'mal-o). lAr. fmn iil-lnil, mouth
of the lisli.] The name in general use for the
1^-magnitnilo star « Piscis .\nslralis.
Fonblanque (fon-btangk'), Albany. 15iirn at
Loudon, 179:i: died there, Oct. Li, 1871.'. An
English journalist. He was editor of the Ixindon
"Examiner," and Ills " Enijland under Seven .Vdniinislra-
tions" (1837) is a eollei-tion <•( tlie liest of his artieles piili-
lishcd originally in that new spapcr.
Fonblanque, John Samuel Martin de Grenier.
Boru at Lonclou, March, 1787: died at London.
Nov. 3, 18G.'). An English soldier and lawyer,
brother of Albany Foiiblamiue. He took piut in
the War of 1812, was present at the capture of Washing-
ton, nntl was taken prisonei- at New (irluans. He wrote,
with J. A. I'aris, "Sledical .lurisprudentc" (1823).
Fond du Lac (ton du lak). [F., 'foot of the
lake.'] A city and the capital of Fond du Lac
County, Wisconsin, situated at the southern
end of Lake Winnebago, CO miles north-north-
west of Milwaukee. It has a large trade in
lumber. Pojiulation (1890), 12,024.
Fondi (fon'de). A towni in the province of
Caserta, Italy, .W miles northwest of Naples:
the ancient Fundi, it was noted in ancient times
for the Ca;cuban wine, and has some ancient and ineiiieval
remains. It was burned by Khair-ed-l)in (Barbarossa) in
1634. Population, about 6,(KX).
Fondlewife ( fon'dl-wif ). In Congreve's comedy
"The Old Bachelor," a doting old man, de-
ceived by his outwardly quiet and submissive
wife.
Fondlove (fond'luv). Sir William. An ain-
orous, garrulous old gentleiuan in Sheridan
Knowles's coined}' "The Love Chase." He is
pursued by the widow Green.
Fonseca (fon-sa'kii), Gulf or Bay of. An inlet
of the Pacilic. bordering on San Salvador, Hon-
duras, and Nicaragua. Length, about 45 miles.
Also calli-d (lull' of ('iiiirliinitKi.
Fonseca, Juan Rodriguez de. Bom at Toro,
near Seville, 1441: died at Burgos. Nov. 4,
1524. A Spanish ecclesiastic and administrator.
He was successively archdeacon of Seville, bishop of
Badnjoz, I'alencia, and Condc, archbishop i>f Rosario in
Italy, and bishop ol Burgos, besides being head chaplain
to t^ueen Isabella and afterwai'd to Ferdinand. He is
known principally for the control which he exercised over
all business relating to the -Vew World. This began with
the preparations for the second voyage of Oolnmbus in
1493, and, except during tlie regency of .Ximenes, was
continued until his death. The Council of the Indies was
orKanizeil by him in Uill.and he was its first chief. Bishop
Konseca opposed Colnnibus, Cortes, an<l Las ( 'asas in many
|]iatt«rs. and he used his position nnseruiiulonsly for the
benefltof himself and his friends. He favored .Magalhacs.
Ponseca(fon-sa'k;i), Manuel Deodoro da. Bom
in Alagoas, Aug. .'i, 1S27: died at Ivio de Janeiro,
Aug. 23, 1892. A Brazilian general and politi-
cian. In 188i>, having been lightly punished for alleged
insubordination, he joined other military lualrontents in a
Slot against the government. The eniperor. I'edro 11.. was
ci»»Heil(Nov. i;., 1S80) and a rel)Ublii; luoclainied, Fonseca
being placeil at the head of the provisional government.
A eonstitntiomd assembly met.lan. 20, 18i)l, adopted a fed-
eral constituti<u), ami on l-'eb. '24 clecte<l Fonseca president
for four years. He opened the fil-st legislative congress
June 1.^. 1801, but a violent op],osition to the government
was soon manifested, and congress was dissolved by the
president Nov. 4. Opposition and disorder continued, and
on Nov. 23 Fonseca was forced to resign, the viee-prcsi-
dent, I'eixoto, taking his place.
Fonseca dVm-sa'kii). Marchioness of (Eleo-
nora Pimentel). Horn nt Naples about 17(is
(17r>Kr) : died at Naples, .Inly 20, 1799. A Nea-
l)i>litan patriot, she married the Manpiisof Fonseca
In 1784. she sympathized with the Frenidi republicans,
and wiu an active adherent of tbe]iopnlar parly in .Naples.
During the ascendancy of the latter 17ns '.m she founded
and eilited tbeanti-roy.alisf " Monitore Napnletano." She
was executed on the restoration of the Neapolitan mon-
archy.
Fontaine, Jean de la. See /,« /•><» ««»»(•.
Fontaine (fon-trm'). Pierre Francois Leo-
nard, 15orn at I'diiluise, lu-ar I'ai'is, Sept. 20,
17C2: died at I'aris, Oct, 10, l.SoS. A French
architect, a collaborator of Percier. He exe-
cuted llie .\l'i'h iif the Carrousel (I'aris), etc.
Fontainebleau (foii-tan-lilo'). .A town in the
d^-iiartmentof Seine-et-Marne, France, 37 miles
»outli-southoast of Paris. The palace was from the
399
middle ages one of the chief residences of the kings of
France. It is of great extent, the buildings, which dis-
play various types of Kemiissance architeetuTe, inclosing
six courts. The chief entrance is by a nn>numental Hight
of steps of horseshoe plan. The apartments, niagnitieent
in their decoration and furnishings, were fitted up inuier
dilferent reigns since that of Francis I., and are of great
historic ami artistic interest as preserving intact their
origimU chiu-acter. Some of the mural paintings arc by
rriinaticcit*. The gardens are tine, and the p.ark anil forest
win-ld-famous. This was the favorite resiuence of Napo-
leon I., who alxiicateil here in 1814. The forest of Fon-
tainebleau (A-l,W.n\ acres) is considered the nn)st beautiful
in France. It has become the resort of the modern French
school of la?ulscai)e-painters, numy of them living- at Bar-
bizon. Chailly, Marlotte, ami other villages near, .\niong
the original painters of this school, which was fonndeil hy
TIn^odoreltonssean,areCorot. Dujire. Daultigny, an<l Diaz.
Troyon. Fram,-ois Millet, iVmrliet, Charles LeUoux, Fleury,
Vi^ron, Flers, F.ngene Laviellc, Kiou, and many others ai-e
noted exponents of its style. Tiie revocation of the Edict
of Nantes was signed at FouUiinebleau in lU8.o, as were also
the peace ijreliminaries between tJreat Britain, France,
Spain, and Portugal in 1702. Population (1891), 14,222.
Fontainebleau, Peace of. A treaty concluded
at Fontainel)li-au. Nov. 8, 1785, between the em-
jieror and the Dutch. The former renounced his
claim to the right of free navigation of the Schelde beyond
his own dominion, as well as his pretension to Maestricht
and the adjacent ten-itories, receiving 10,000,000 guilders
as compensation.
Fontaines (foi'i-tan'), Comtesse de (Marie
Lomse Charlotte de Pelard de Givry). Died
in liltn. A Fi-euch novelist, she wrote "Ilistoire
d'Anienophy.s, prince de Lydic " (1725), "Histoire de la
ctnntesse de Savuie" (1726), etc. Her complete works
were pnblislied in 1S12.
Fontana (fon-til'ntl), Carlo. Born at Bruciato,
near Como. Italy, about 1G34: died at Rome,
1714. An Italian architect.
Fontana, Domenico. Born at Mili, near Como,
Italy, 1.343: died at Naples, 1607. An Italian
architect. He erected the obelisk near St. Pe-
ter's in loSG, and built the Lateran Palace, Vati-
can 1/ilirary. etc.
Fontana, Lavinia. Born at Bologna, Italy,
about 1542 : died at Bologna, 1G14. An Italian
ijortrait-painter. daughterof Prospero Fontana.
Fontana, Prospero. Born at Bologna, Italy,
about 1512: died at Rome, 1597. An Italian
painter.
Fontanes (fou-tiin'), Marcpiis Louis de. Born
at Niort, France, March 6, 1757: died at Paris,
March 17, 1821. A French jioliticiaii aud poet,
made president of the Corps Legislatif in 1804.
His collected works were published in 1837.
The chief importance of Fontanes in literature is derived
not from any perfoi-nninces of his own. but from the fact
that he was appointed intermediary between Napoleon
and the men of letters uf the time, and was able to exer-
cise a good dejil of useful patronage.
SainUlntrii, FYench T.it., p. 401.
Fontanges (foh-tonzh'), Duchesse de (Marie
Angelique de Scoraille de Roussille). Born
Kiiil: (lieil at Paris, .June 2S, KJSl. A mistress
of Louis .\IV.
Fontarabia. See Funiicrrdhin.
Fontenailles (foiit-niiy'), or Fontenay. A vil-
lage in the de]iartnient of Voune, France, near
Auxerre: the ancient Fontanetum. Here, in 841,
I'harles the Bald and Louis the tJerman defeated the em-
perir Ijutliaire.
Fontenay-le-Comte (foiit-na'le-kont'). A town
in the department of Vendee, France, 27 miles
northeast of La Rochello. It siillered in the Hu-
gtienot andVendean wars. Population (1891),
commune, 9,8()4.
Fontenelle (font-ncl'), Bernard le Bovier de.
Born at Rouen, France, Feb. II, 1U57: died at
Paris. .Jan. 9, 17.57. A French advoc;ile, ])liiloso-
pher, poet, and miscellaneous writer. He was
the nephew (through his mother) of Corneille, and was
"one of the last of the /Vi-ce»j-, nr rather the inventor of
a new condiination of literature and gallantry which at
first exposeil hint to not a little satire " (Saintghunt). He
wrote " Poesies pastorales" (16.S8), " Dialoguesdes morts"
(lfi.s;t). "Kntretiens sur la plnrjdit^^ des mtuidcs" (l(j8(i),
" Ilistoire des oracles " (1087), " Eloges des acad(;miciens "
(ilelivered 1li!Pl)-1740).
Fontenoy (foiit-nwil'). A village in the prov-
ince- i)f ilainaut, Belgium, 5 miles southeast of
Tdtiriuii. Here, May 11, 174.'., the French (about 7o,0i<i)
under Marshal .Saxe ilefcatcd the allieil Knglish, Dutch,
Hanoverians, and Anstrians (about .'t0.iHin)ntuier tlie Duke
of Cumberland. The loss on both sides was very gi-eat.
Fontevrault(foii-te-vr6'). Aidaceinthede]iarl-
ment of Maine-et-Loire, France. 9 miles south-
east of Saumur. The abbey church, consecrated in
llli). is an ini|H,i'tard example of the domical church. In
the stuith transept are line tombs, with porlrait-eltigies,
of the Ilrst I'lanlagenet sovereigns of F.ngland.
Fonthill(l'iinl'liil) Abbey. Amagnilicent resi-
dence built on Lansdowne Hill, near Bnlh. Fng-
land, by I!eckf<u-d, (lie author of "Vath<-k." Its
marked ]ieculiarity was a tower 280 feel high.
During the jirogress of the building the tower caught
fire, and was partly destroyed. The owner, however, was
present, and enjoyed the maguillcent burning spectacle.
Forbach
It was soon restored ; but a radical fault in laying the
foumtation caused it eventually to fall down, and leave
Fonthill a ruin in the lifetime of its founder.
ir. A'orth, .Memoir in Beckford's "\'athek,"p. 9.
Foochow. See Fuhchow.
Foolahs. See Fdlalahs.
Fool in Fashion. See Lm^s Last Shift.
Fool of Quality, The. A novel pubfished by
Henry liroc.ke in 170(1. It was republished by
Cluiiles Kingsley in 18.59.
John Wesley "bowdlerized" the "Fool of Quality,"
striking out such passages as he did not like, and then pub-
lished it duiing the author's lifetime as the " History of
Harry, Eail of Morelaml," which was long believed by the
Wesleyans to be the work of the great .John himself.
Forsylh, Novels and Novelists of the 18th Cent., p. 171.
Fool's Revenge, The. A tragedy by Tom Tay-
lor, founded on Victor Hugo's play "Le roi
s'atuuse," It was produced in 1857. "The opera
"Rigoletto" is taken from the same source.
Foota Jallon. See I<\tla Jnllun.
Foota Toro. See Fnln Toro.
Foote ( tut ), Andrew Hull. Born at New Haven,
Conn., Sei)t. 12, 1800: died at New York, June
2G, 18G3. An American admiral, son of S. A.
Foote, He captured the Canton forts in 185C, and Fort
Henry Feb. 6, 18C2, and comnnnided the nav,il force at
Fort Donelson Feb. 14, 18(i'2, and at the reduction ot
Island No. 10, March-April, 1882.
Foote, Maria, Countess of Han-ington. Born.
jirolialily at Plymouth, in ]7!)7: died Do<>. 27,
mcT ,^„ Kiigiish acti-ess, the daughter of a
18G7.
Samuel Foote who claimed descent^ from the
famous actor, she was mnie celebrated for her per-
sonal charms than for her acting, and retired from the
stage, after a somewhat notorious career, in 18>1. on her
marriage with Charles Stanhope, earl of Harrington
Foote, Mary (Hallock). Born at Milton, N.Y,,
Nov. 19, 1847. An American novelist and artist
She has lived since 1S76 in California, Idaho, and Colorado;
and her novels, illustrated by herself, are pictures of West-
ern life aud scenery. Among them are "The Led-Horse
Claim." ".fidiii Modewin's Testimony," "Coour d'Alene,"
and "Tlie chosen Valley."
Foote, Samuel. Bom at Tmro, England, 1 720 :
died at Dover, England, Oct. 21, 1777. An Eng-
lish dramatist and actor. He Ilrst appeared on the
stage in 1744. In 1747 he opened (he llaymarket Theatre
with a mixed entertainnU'Ut, in which he played Fondle-
wife in "The ('areless Husbanil ' (.i farce takeii from Con-
greve's "Old Bachelor"), aTt'l othei- parts, jirincipally in
"Diversions of the .Mmning," which he wrote and acted
himself. His talent fm- iiLinucry was his chief gift, ami
he employed it upon prominent personages of the day in
his satirical entertainments "Tea at 6:30," "Chocolate
in Ireland," "An Auction of Pictures," etc. In 177(i he
caricatured tlie notorious Duchess of Kingston in the
"Trip til (.'aliiis," an act which subjected hint to nuich op-
position ami to an indictment. Anuuig his plays are "The
Knights" (174!)), " Taste " (17.02), "The Englishman in
Paris" (17.')3), "The Englishnnui Returned fi-oni Paris"
(17.W), "The Author" (1767), "The Minor" (1760), "The
(hatore " (1762), " The Mayor of Garratt " (176.'i), " The Pa-
tron " (17tM), "The t'oTumissary " (17(>.'i), "The I)evil u|x>n
Two Sticks " (1708), "The Lame I.over" (177(1), "The Maid
of Bath ' (1771), "The Nabob" (1772), "The Bankrupt"
(1773), "The Cozeners " (1774), "The ("apuchin " (1776 : an
alteration of the "Trip to Calais "). Ue also wrote a num-
ber of witty prose tracts, etc. FYinn his scathing wit he
was known as "the English Aristojduines. "
Foote, Samuel Augustus. Boru at Cheshire,
Conn., Nov. S, 178(1: died there, Sejit.. 184G. An
American )iolil ieinn. He was I'nited Stales scTiator
from Ccnineeticut 1S27-33, and governor of Cmnieeticut in
18;J4. He introduced "Foote's Uesolution " (whicli see)
Dec, 1829.
Foote's Resolution, A resolution introduced
into the I'liited States Senate by S. A. Foote,
l)e<'. 29, 1S'J9. It instructed the conunittee on public
lands to iM<|Uire into the expediency of limiting the saleof
public lamis for a certain peritai to those which had a|.
really lii-en olfercd for sale. It occasioned the famous de-
bate in the Senate bet ween VVebsler and Uayne in. Ian. ,1830.
Fopling Flutter, Sir. See Flnitcr, Sir Fniilinp.
Foppa (fop'pli). Vincenzo. Born at Brescia,
Il.ily, at the beginning of the 15th century:
died ;it Brescia, 1492. ,\n Italian i)ainter.
Foppington (foji'ing-ton ). Lord. In Vanbrugh's
cinnedy "The Relapse," a foolish liiu' gentle-
man, a further development of C<dley Cibber's
Sir Novelty Fashi(m in " Love's La'st Shift."
Ue also appears (as Lord Foppington) in Cibber's "l^are-
less Husband," and in Sheridan's "Trip to Scarburongh,"
an alteralion of " I'he Relapse."
Lord Foppington, in the "Kelapse," is a most splendid
caricature : he is a personillcatlon of the foppery and folly
of dress and exterinil apj>earancc in full feather. He
Idazes <uit and dazzles sober reason with ridicnbuis osten-
tation. Sdll 1 thiidc this character is a copy from Ether-
ege's Sir Fopling Flutter; and upon the wdnde, pei'haps,
.Sir Fopling is the moi-e natural grotesque of the two.
llazlitt, Eng. Poets, p. 107.
Fop's Fortune, The. See Love Mubx Hic Man.
Forbach (I'or'bilch). A town in Lorraine, Qei-
many, 33 miles east-norlheast of .Metz. Popu-
lation (1890), 7,327. For the battle of Aug. 6,
1870, see Spiclwrcn.
Forbes, Alexander Penrose 400
Forbes (forbz), Alexander Penrose. Born at Forchhammer, Peter Wilhelm. Bom Oet.
Edinburgh, Juno 6, 1817: ilioilat Duuaco, Scot- 23, ISOl : died Jan. 9, ]S<I4. A noted German
land, Oct. 8, 1875. A Scottish eler(,'ymau and classical archi«oU)gist and ]uythologist,l)rotlier
theological writer. He was the sou of I.oi<l MciUvyn, of J. G. rorchhammer. He became professor
a Scottish judge, and spent several years of his jouili in at Kiel in 1837.
thelndiaii civil service. Retmiiins to England, he studied Forchheim (forcli'hini). A town in UpiKT
theulojry and took orders, an.l in 1847 was elected lilshop •'-'^'^"■"^^'" -' '. . - - -'-!•
of Brechin in the .Scottish Episcopal Church. His advo.
cacy of Hij,'h-Churcli views led to much controversy and
incurred ecclesiastical censure. He wrote several com-
nieiitaries and manuals of devotion.
Forbes, Archibald. Born in Morayshire, Scot-
land, 1.S3H. A Britisli journalist, noted since
1870 as coiTOspoudent (esi>ecially as war cor-
respondent) of the London " Daily News." lie
has written " My Experiences of the War between France
and tJerniany," and other sketches of military life.
Forbes, Duncan, of ("uUoden. Born near Inver-
ness, Nov. 10, 1(58.'> : died Dec. 10, 17-17. A Scot-
tish judge and patriot. He was made lord advocate
in 172.n, and lord president of the Court of Session in 17;i7.
Franconia, Bavaria, at the Junction of the Wie-
sent with the Reguitz, 18 niiles north of Nu-
remberg. It is of importance historically as a
fortilied jilace and a seat of diets. Population
(ISSIO). .'),971.
Forckenbeck (for'ken-bek), Max von. Born
at Miinster, Oct. 21, 1821: died at Berlin, May
2(5, 1892 A Prussian politici.an. He became a porfar (lor'far), or AngUS (ang'gus).
member of the Prussian chamber of Iicput;es ni 18!i8, and \T„_ t _..-.4,. „.' L!„„tir:r,i ,. . , . ,,
of the House of l^eers in 187:1; and in lK(i7 entered the
Reichstag, of which he was presiiicnt ls74-79. He was
one of the founders of the ^'ational Liberal i)arty in IHilii,
and in IS-'vt joined the Freisinnipe party. He was chief
mayor of Berlin from 1878 until his death.
He reml'eredeflleient service to the Kovernment in the lis- Ford (ford), John. Born at Ilsiugton,^Devon
iuKS of 1715 and 174f>-46, while exercising and advocating
humanity in dealing with the rebels.
Forbes, Edward. Born at Douglas, Isle of
Man, Feb. 12, ISl.T: died at Wardio, uearEdin-
biu'gh, Nov. 18, 1854. An English naturalist and
paleontologist, professor of natural philosophy
in EdinburLrli I'nivorsitv 1853-54. He wrote a
"History ..f r,riti>li Star-Fislus" (1«1), "Histoiy of Brit-
ish Moliusra" (conjointly with Hanley, 18.'');i), and miiny
valuable liiological memoirs.
Forbes, Edwin. Boi-n at New York, 1839 : died
at Flatbush, L. I., March 6, 1895. An Amer-
ican landscape and genre painter, best known
for his drawings made during the Civil War.
Forbes, James David. Bom at Edinburgh,
April 20, 1809: died at Clifton, England, Dec.
31, 1868. A Scottish scientist. He was professor
of natural philosophy 1833-60. and later principal of the
United College of St. Andrews. He is noted for discov-
eries in regard to the movement of glaciers and the polar-
ization i»f beat. He wrote "Travels through the Alps of
Savoy" (lS4;i), "Norway and its Glaciers" (185;i), and a
"Dissertation on the Progress of Mathematical and Phys-
ical Science" for the 8th edition of the " Encyclop.'edia
Britannica."
Forbes, Sir John. Born at Cuttlebrae, Banff-
shire, Scotland, Dec. 18, 1787: died Nov. 13,1861.
A British physician and medical writer. He was
editor, in conjunction with Drs. Twcedie and Conolly, of
the " Cyclop;edia of Practical Jledicine " (1S32-36).
Forbin (for-bau'), Claude de. Born at Gar-
dauue, near Aix, France, Aug. 6, 1656: died
near Marseilles, March 4, 1733. A French naval
eomnbander. He accompanied the ambassador Chau-
inont to Siam in lC8r> ; was admiral and general-in-cbief to
the King of Siam lliS(>-87; and 1702-10 served aschef d'es-
cadre in tlie French navy. He wrote "M^raoires," edited
and published by Rebonlet in 17:iO.
Formigny
was appointed t^nited States consul to Genoa. He wrote
" Crestomazia italiana " (1847), ete.
Forey (fo-ra'), filie Frederic. Born at Paris,
Jan. 10, 1804: died there, Juno 20, 1872. A
French marshal. He took an active part in the coup
d'etat, Dec. 2, 1861 ; was prominent iu the Crimean and
Italian wars ; and from .July, 1802, to Oct., 1803, commanded
the French expedition against Mexico. During this pe-
riod he captured I'uehla, May 17. ISO:!, occupied Mexico
City, and formed a jn-ovisional government.
Forez ( I'o-ra' ). An ancient tenitory of France,
in the former government of Lyonnais, coiTe-
sponding in large part to the department of
Loiw. It was a county in the middle ages, and was
united to the crown uiuler Francis I. in 1632.
A mari-
tirao county of Scotland. It is bounded by Aberdeen
and Kincardine on the north, the North Sea on the east,
the Firth of Tay on the south, and Perth on the west ; and
is the chief seat of Scottish linen manufactuie (at Dun-
dee). Area, 875 sipiare miles. Population (1S!)1), 277,736.
Forfar. The capital of Forfarshire, Scotland,
situated in the valley of Strathmore 13 miles
north-northeast of Dundee. It has manufactures
of linen. It was an ancient royal residence, and is a royal
burgh, and also a paiiiamentaiy burgh, belonging to the
Montrose group. I'opulation (1891), 12,844.
shire, England, l.')86 (baptized April 17): died
after 1639. AnEnglisluli-amatist. Little is known
of his life except that he was a member of the Middle
Temple and not dependent on his pen for his living, and
that he was popular with playgoers. He appiu-ently re- ,^.- ■■. -. r i j i r, • lom i- j
tired to Ilsington to end his days. His principal plays ForgC ( loig ) , Anatolo de la. Born in 1821 : died
are " The Lovers' Melancholy " (printed 10211). " 'Tis Pity
She's aWhore"(1633),"TheBrokenHe;u't"(1033), "Love's
Sacrifice "(1633), "The Chronicle History of I'erkin War-
heck" (1634), "The Fancies Chaste and Noble" (1038),
"The Lady's Trial" (1639), "The Sun's Darling" (with
Dekker, 1656), "The Witch of Edmonton" (with Dekkcr,
Rowley, etc.. 1658). His works were collected by "Weber
in 1811, by Gilford in 1827, and by Dyee (Gilford) iu 1809.
Ford, Master. A well-to-do gentleman in Shak-
spere's "'Merry Wives of Windsor." He assumes
the name of Master Brook, and induces Falstatf to confide
to him his passion for Mistress Ford and his success in
duping Ford her husband.
For
on the
and drawing
juicy old sinner upon whom he is practising. The means
whereby he labours to justify his passion, spreading temp-
tations and then concerting stuprises. arequite as wicked
as anything Fajstalf does, and have, besides, the further
crime of exceeding meanness ; but both their meanness
and their wickedness are of the kind that r.orely f.ail to be
at Paris, June tJ, 1892. A French historian. He
became a journalist in 1848; was prefect of the Aisne; and
waswoundedat St.-Qnentin. Hewas made director of the
press in the ministry of the interim (1877), w.as elected
to the Chamber of Deputies in 1881, and sat till 1889. He
wrote a "History of the Republic of Venice," "Public
Instruction in Spain," etc.
Forges-les-Eaux(forzh'la-z6'). A town in the
deijartment of Seine-Inferieure, France, 24
miles northeast of Rouen. It was formerly
noted for its cold chalybeate springs.
Forio (fo're-o). A small town on the north-
, .^, ^ , .„ ^ . , western coast of the island of Ischia, Italy.
dsjealousy IS managed with great Bkdl so as to help p.-t-i /fn-'i-pU TnTiann 'N'ilrnlaiK: Rorn nt
B plot, bringing out a series of the richest incidents, \OrKel (tor kel), Jonann JNlKOiaUS. J°o™ at
Irawing the most savoury issues from the mellow, Meeder, near Coburg, Germany, l-eb. 22, 1749:
died at Gottingen, Prussia, March 17, 1818. A
(German writer on musie, director of music at
the University of Gottingen from 1779. His
chief work is " Allgemeine Literatm- der Mu-
sik" (1792).
their owti punishment. The way in which his passion is forU (for-le'). 1. A province in Emilia, Italy,
made to sting and lash him into reason, and the crafty - ^ - - . -^. .
discretion of his wife in glutting his disease and thereby
making an opportunity to show him what sort of stuff it
lives on, are admirable instances of the wisdom with
which the Poet delights to underpin his most fantastical
creations. //wrfwn, Introd. to M. W. of W.
Ford, Richard. Bom at London, 1796: died at
Heavitree, near Exeter, 1858. An English ti-av-
eler and author. He wrote a "Handbook for Travelers
in Spain " (1846), one of the first and best (and in its origi-
nal form tlie fullest) of Murray's Handbooks.
berdering on the Adriatic. Area, 725 square
miles. Population (1891), 269,374.-2. The
capital of the province of Forli, situated on
the old iEmilian Way in lat. 44° 14' N., long.
12° 2' E. : the ancient Forum Livii. It has a
pseudo-classical cathedral and a picture-gallery. The
citadel, a picturesque castle of the 14th and 16th centu-
ries, was the scene of the courageous exploits of Catha-
rina Sforza, widow of Girolamo Itiario. Forli was a repub-
lic in the later middle ages, and was annexed to the X'apal
States in 1,50!. Population (1(-91), estimated. 44,000.
ForboniusandPrisceria(f6r-b6'ni-usandpri- Fordham (for'dam). Formerly a village of Forli. Melozzo da.' Bom at Forli, Italy, about
se'ri-ii). Delectable History of. A romance
in prose and verse by Thomas Lodge (1584).
Force (fors), Peter. Born at Passaic Falls,
N. J.,Nov. 26, 1790: died at Washington, D.C.,
Jan. 23, 1868. An American antiquarian. He
was editor of the " National Journal," Washington, District
of Columbia, 1823-30, and was mayor of Washington 1836-
1840. His chief work is " American Archives, a Documen-
tary History of the English Colonies iu North America"
(183:j-63), compiled and publish''! by oi-'ler of Congress.
A collection of 22,000 Itooks and 40,000 j,aniphlets, most of
them rare, which he made in connection with this work,
was purchased by Congress in 1867.
Force Bill. 1. A bill passed by Congress to
enf or<'e the tariff. It was occasioned by the ordinance
West Farms, New York, now a part of New
York city, 12 miles north of the City Hall. It is
the seat of St. John's College (Roman Catholic).
Ford's Theater. A former theater in Wash-
ington. President Lincoln was assassinated there April
14, 1865. It was afterward used by the government for
the record division of the War Department. It collapsed
June 9, 1893, and a number of lives were lost.
Fordun (for-dun'). John of. Died after 1384.
A Scottish chronicler who wrote a history of
Scotland dow^l to his own time, entitled "Chro-
nica Gentis Scotorum," which was continued
by Walter Bower under the title of " Seoti-
chroiiicon."
twcen the Englisi
De Ruyter.
Foreland, South. A headland in Kent, Eng-
land, projecting into the .Strait of Dover, 4
miles northeast of Dover, in lat. 51° 8' 23" N.,
long. 1° 22' 22' E. (lighthouse).
Foresight (for 'sit). In Congreve's comedy
'Love for Love," an old man witli a fondness formey (for'mi]
'or "judicial astrology." He ismaileupof dreams, Born at Berlin,
passedbySouthCarolina^Jov. 24, 18.32, nullifying the tanff , ,„- „ ,, »t -j.'l . i. j, j •
acts 'If 1828 and 1832, and became law March 2, 1833. Also Forelaud (for land). Worth. A headland in
called the "Bloo'ly IsiU." Kent, England, 66 miles east of London, in lat.
2. A bill for the iirotection of political and civil 5^0 22' 28"' N., long. 1° 20' 48' E. (lighthouse).
rights in the South, passed in 1870. — 3. A bill
with the same purpose as the preceding, passed
in 1871. — 4. A popular name for the Lodge
election bill, which passed the Republican
House of Representatives in 1890, but faileil to
pass the Senate in 1891. it became a leading party
measure. It was designed "to amend and suppU-inent the
election laws of the United States, and to provide for the
more elticient enforcement of such laws, and for other
purposes."
Forced Marriage, The. 1. A tragicomedy by
Mi-s. Ajihra Behu (1671).— 2. A tragedy by
John Armstrong (1754).
Forcellini (for-chel-le'ne), Egidio. Born near
Fell re, Belluno, Italy, Aug. 26, 1688: died at
Padua, April 4, 1708. A noted Italian lexicog-
rapher, a pupil itnd collaborator of Facciolati.
He began the "Totins latinitatis lexicon, etc.," in 1718,
and computed it with Kacciolati's aid iu 1763. It was
publish'-'l at Fu'lua in 1771.
Forchhammer (forch'hiim-mer), Johann
Georg. Born at llusum, near Schloswig, July
26, 1794: died at Copenhagen, Dec. 14, 1865. A
Danish mineralogist, chemist, and geologist,
professor of mineralogy at the University of Co-
penhagen. He published "Denmarks geog-
nostiske Forhold" (1835), etc.
14.38 : died 1494. An Italian painter, noted for
his skill in foreshortening.
Formal (for'mal), James. In Wycherley's
comedy " The Cientleman Dancing Master," an
old, rich merchant, also known as Don Diego.
He is deeply imbued with Spanish customs, and unsuc-
cessfully undertakes to keep his daughter shut up and
away from men.
Forman (for'mau), Simon. Born at <Juid-
h.ampton. Dee. 30, l.'>52 : died at London, Sept.
12, 1611. An English astrologer and quack.
He practised his professiim with some success, though
several times imprisoned, and was finally implicated in
the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury. He ilied before the
transaction became public. Jonson alludes to his love-
philters, etc.. in his "Epicoene." He wrote a book "The
Grounds of the Longitude, etc." (1591), and left several
diaries and "The Booke of Plaies," etc., with accounts of
, ., , , V .., T- ,non 1 early performances. Diet. Xat. Biog.
Near it occurred the naval drawn battle, June, 1666, be- p.__,„_ Aero Tlio A noem bv Ch'niCfir discov-
under Albemarle and the Dutch under ' Ormer Age, Xne. A pot m oj i_ "■'"/-•fr- "'»'"•
for „ ^. .
nativities, and superstitions of all kinils, and is always
searching for omens. He has a hypocritical, vicious wife.
Forest Cantons. A collective name for the
cantons of Lucerne. Schwyz, Uri, and Unter-
walden, in Switzerland.
Forest City, The. A name given to Cleveland,
Ohio, on account of the number of its shade-
trees.
Forester (for'es-ter), Frank. A pseudonym of
lliiirv William Ilerbirt.
Foresti (fo-res'te). E. Felice. Bom near Fer-
rara, Italy, about 1793: died at Genoa, Sept. 14,
1858. An Italian patriot. He was thrown into
prison in 1819 f'lr ccuispiring against the Austrian govern-
ment, and was detained in captivity until 1836, when he
was exiled to America. He became professor of the Itidiau
language and literatiu'e in Columbia College, and in 1858
cri'd by Brailshaw. It was first printed by Morris
in 1S6I'.* It is a metrical portion of Chaucer's transla-
tion of Boethius, probably written after the prose trans-
lation was finished.
Formes (for'mes), Karl Johann. Bom Aug.
7, 1810: died Deo. 15, 1889. A German bass
singer.
" ■ i), Johann Heinrich Samuel.
May 31. 1711: died at Berlin,
March 7, 1797. A German philosojihical and
miscellaneous writer, of French (Huguenot) de-
scent, professor of oratory (1730) and philos-
ophy (1739) at the French College in Berlin, and
perpetual secretary of the Berlin Academy
(1748).
Formia (for'me-a). A town in the province of
Caserta, Italy, situated on the Gulf of Gaeta
44 miles northwest of Naples: the ancient For-
iniai, formerly Mola di Gaeta. Population,
about 8,000.
Formigny (for-men-ye'), or Fourmigni (for-
moii-ye'). A village in the department of Cal-
vados, France, near Bayeu.x. Here, in 1466i the
English were defeated by the JFrench with a loss of about
4,000.
Fonuorians
Formorians (fdr-mo'ri-anz). See the extract.
The first people, then, of whose existence in Ireland we
can be said to know aiiythinLj are commonly asserted to
have been of Turanian origin, and are known as " Formo-
rians." As far as we can Bather, they were a dark, low-
broweii, stunted race, although, oddly enough, the word
Formorian in early Irish legend is always used as synony-
mous with tile word giant. They were, at any rate, a race
of utterly savage hunters and flshenueii, ignorant of metal,
of pottery, possibly even of the use of flre ; using the stone
hammers or hatchets of which vast numhei-s may be seen
in every museum. LatrtesK, Story of Ireland, p. 5.
Formosa (for-mo'sii), Chill. Taiwan (ti'wiin').
[Pe., 'the beautiful.'] An islaml cast of
China, fonniiJK, until ceded to .lajian 189.5,
the province of the same name in China. It is
traversed by mountains. Its products are tea, sugar, coal,
etc The chief towns are Tamsui, Taiwan, and Kelung.
It is inhabited by Chinese and aborigines (Malayan, Xe-
grito). The western part of the island was colonized by
the Chinese about *2(X) years ago. It w.a8 the principal
scene of warfare in the war of France with China in 18^^4-
1885 ; was blockaded by the French fleet, and in part oc-
cupied by the French ; and was the theater of several
combats (the French being led by Admiral Courbet) in 1S8;'>.
Length, 235 miles. Area, about 15,000 8<iuare miles.
Population, probably about 2,000,000.
Formosa, A ten-itury of the Argentine Repub-
lic, in the Gran Chaeo region, between the riv-
ers Paraguay, Pileomayo, and Bei-mejo. Capi-
tal, Foi-mosa. It was created in 1884 by a division of
the old territory of Chaco. Area, about 40,000 square
nnlos. Civilized population, about 5,000.
Fonuosa Bay, or Ungama (ong-ga'mii) Bay.
An indentation on the eastern coast of Africa,
about lat. 2° 30' S.
Formosa Strait. The channel which separates
Foniiiisa from tlie mainland. Breadth at the
iiarmwost part, about 90 miles.
Formosus (tVir-mo'sus). Born about 816 : died
896. Pope S91-8J)6. He was a missionary among the
Bulgarians about 860. He crowned Aniulf of Carinthia
emperor in SiMi.
Foniarina(for-na-re'ua).La. [It.. 'TheBaker-
ess.'] A picture by Raphael, painted about
1.509. now in the Palazzo Barberini, Rome, it
represent^a half-nude woman seated in a wood. On her
bracelet is written "Raphael I' rbinas." It is commonly
called " Raphaels Mistress," the name "Fornarina" hav-
ing been given to it about 1750. She is said to have been
Hargherita, the daughter of a baker. There are two other
pictures to which this name has been given, both by Se-
bastian del Piombn, and farh has been attributed to Raphael,
and under tliis sujipositioii has been engraved. One is
now in the Old Museum at Berlin, and the other is in the
Ifflzi, Florence (dated 1512).
Fornax (for'naks). [L., 'an oven.'] A south-
em constellation, invented and named by La-
caille in 1763. it lies south of the western part of Eri-
danns, and, as its boundaries are at present drawn, contains
no star of greater magnitude than the fifth.
Forney (for'ni), Jolin Weiss. Bom at Lan-
caster, Pa., Sept. 30, 1817: died at Philadelphia.
Dec. 9, 1881. An American journalist and
politician. He was editor of the Philadelphia " Press"
1857-77, clerk of the I'nited States House of Representatives
1831-55 and 1859-01, and secretary of the I'nited States
Senate 1S61-88.
Fomovo (for-no'vo). A small town in the prov-
ince of Parma, Italy, situated on the Taro 10
miles southwest of Parma. Here, July 6, 1495, the
French under Charles \^II. defeated the Italians under
Gonzaga, and secured the retreat of the PYench army.
Forobosco (fo-ro-bos'ko). A cheating mounte-
bank in "The Fair Maid of the Inn," by Fletcher
and others.
Forres (for'es). A royal burgh in Elginshire,
Scotland, 12 miles west of Elgin. Population
(1891), 2,928.
Forrest (for'est), Edwin, Born at Philadelphia,
March 9, 1806 : died there. Dec. 12, 1872. A cele-
brated American actor. He first appeared on the
regular stage In 1S20 as Douglas in Home s play of that
name. His first notable success was in New York, where
he played " ( ithello " in 1820. In 1830 he appeared in Lon-
don as Sparioeus in " 'I'heOladiator." After this he played
with success both iti England and America, until in 1S45
in London he w.a8 hissed in "Macbeth." He attributed
this to Macready's (nfiuence, and shortly after, when the
latter was playing Hamlet in Kdinburgb, F'orrest stood up
In his box and hissed violently. It ia believed that this
was the original cause of the Astor Place riot in 1849, of
which tilt- immediate occasion was the attempt of For-
rest's admirers to prevent .Macready from appearing in the
Astor I'hice Opera House. His last appearance in New
York was In Feb., 1>,71, and in March of that year he ap-
pearerl for the last time as an actor in Boston. He after-
ward, however, gave shaksperian readings, which were not
TOccesslul. Ho left his house in Philadelphia as a Inmie
for aged actors. Here also he collected a large dramatic
library. One of his most characteristic parts was Aylmere
In 'Jack Cade," which was written for him by Robert T.
Conrad. Auioiig his great partsl were f.ear, Coriolanus,
Othello, Virglnlus. Danion, Sjiartacus, Tell, etc.
Forrest, Nathan Bedford. Horn at Chapel
Hill, Tenn., .July 13, IS'Jl: died at Memphis,
Tenn., Oct. 29, 1877. An American cavalry com-
mander in the Confederate service d\iring the
Civil War. He participated, as brigadier-general. In the
battle of Chlckamanga, Sept. 11>-2U, 1868, and as niajor-
401
general commanded the troops which captured Fort Pil-
low, April 12, 1864. He was promoted lieutenant-general
in Feb., 1865, and surrendered on the 9th of May in the
same year.
Forrest, Thomas. Died in India about 1802.
.\JI English navigator. He entered the service of the
Kast India Company probably about 1748. He discovered
Forrest Strait{which received its name from him) in 17!>!i,
and made several voyages of exploration. He wrote " A
Voyage to New Guinea and the ilolucciis from Balam-
bangau . . . during the years 1774-.'i-6 " (177U), "A Journal
of the Ether Brig, Capt. Thomas Forrest, from Bengal to
Quedall, in 1783 " (178!0. " A Voyage from Calcutta to the
jlergui Archipelago "(1792), "A TYeatiseon the Mousoons
in East India " (1782).
Forrester (for'es-ter), Alfred Henry: pseudo-
nvm Alfred Crowquill. Bom at London, Sept.
10, 1804: died there. May 20, 1872. An English
author and artist. He was a younger brother of
Charles Robert Forrester, with whom he shared the use of
the pseudonym Alfred Crowquill. He contributed sketches
to Vols. II, III, and IV of " Punch," and illustrated nu-
merous works.
Forrester, Charles Robert. Born at London.
1803 : died there, Jan. 15, 1850. An English au-
thor. He was an elder brother of Alfred Henry Forrester,
and with him used tiie jtseudonym Alfred Crowquill ; he
also wrote under the nameof Hal Willis. Among his works
are "Absurdities in Prose and Verse, written and illus-
trated by Alfred Crowcjuill " (1S27), and " Phantasmagoria
of Fun " (1843), both of which were illustrated by his
brother.
Forrester, Fanny. A pen-name of Miss Emily
Chulibuck, wife of the missionary Adoniram
Judson.
Forsete (for-set'e), or Forseti (for-set'e). In
Norse mythology, the god of justice, son of
Balder.
Forsk&Kfor'skal), Peter. Bom at Helsingfors,
Finland, Jan. 11, 1732: died at Yerim, Ai'abia,
July 11, 1763. A Swedish naturalist and trav-
eler. He was a pupil of Linnseus, on whose recommenda-
tion he was appointed by Frederick V. of Denmark in
1761 naturalist to a scientific expedition to Egypt and
Arabia, which was fitted out by the Danish government
and placed under the conduct of Niebuhr. He died while
engaged in this enterprise, and the following works, edited
by Niebuhr, appeared posthumously : " Fauna orientalis "
(1775), "Flora segyptiaco-arabica " (1775).
Forst (forst), formerly Forsta (for'sta) or
Forste (for'ste). A town in the province of
Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on the Neisse
62 miles northeast of Dresden: annexed to
Prussia 1815. Population (1890), 23,539.
Forster (fer'ster)', Ernst. Bom at Miinchen-
gosserstadt, on the Saale, Germany, AprU 8,
1800: died April 29, 1885. AGermanpainterand
writer on art. He wrote "Geschichte der deutschen
Kunst" (1851-62), " Denkmaler der deutschen Baukuubt.
Bildnerei. und Malerei "(1855-69X "Vorschule zur Kunst-
geschichte " (1862), etc.
Forster (for-star'), Francois. Born at Locle,
Switzerland, Aug. 22, 1790: died at Paris, June
27, 1872. A French engraver of portraits and
liistorieal pictures.
Forster ( fi-r'ster), Friedrich. Born at Munehen-
gosserstiidt, Sept. 24, 1791: died at Berlin, Nov.
8, 1868. A Gei-mau historian, soldier, poet, and
journalist, brother of E. Forster. He published
works on Wallenstein, Frederick the Great, re-
cent Prussian history, etc.
Forster, Heinrich. Born at Grossglogau, Prus-
sia, Nov. 24, 1800: died at Johannisberg, Austrian
Silesia, Oct. 20, 1881. AGerman Roman Catholic
prelate and pulpit orator, bishop of Breslau.
Forster (for'ster), Johann Georg Adam, com-
monly called Georg Forster. Born at Nassen-
hubeu, near Daiilzio, Prussia, Nov. 27, 17.54:
died at Paris, .Jan. 10, 1794. A German natu-
ralist, traveler, and author, son of J. R. Forster.
He accompanied Cook on his second voyage in 1772.
Among his works are " A Voyage round the World"^1777),
"Kleine Schriften " (1789-97), "Ansichten vom Nieder-
rhein, Brabant, etc." (1790).
Forster, Johann Keinhold. Born at Dirschau,
Prussia, Oct. 22, 1729: ilied at Halle, Prussia,
Dec. 9, 1798. A German travelerand naturalist.
He accompanied Cook on his second voyage in 1772, and
published " Observations made during a Voyage round
the Worid," etc. (1778), etc.
Forster (for'ster), John. Born at Newcastle,
April 2, 1812: died Feb. 2, 1876. An English
historian and biographer. He studied at University
College; was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in
1843; became editor of the "Examiner" in 1847; was
appointed secretary to the commissioners of lunacy in
1855 ; and was made a commissioner of lunacy in 1861, a
position which he resigned in 1872. He bequeathed "the
Forster Collection " to the nation. It is now at South
Kensington. It consists of 18,000 books, many numu-
scripts (including nearly all the original manuscripts of
Dickens's novels), 48 oil-paintings, and a large number of
drawings, engravings, etc. His works Include " Historical
and Biographical Essays ' (collected In 1858), "Life of
Sir .John Eliot ' (expanded 1864), "Life of Landor" (18011),
"Life of Dickens' (1872-7:1-74), etc. He wrtde a number
of other biographies, and contributed masterly articles to
the leading periodicals.
Fort Donelson
Forster (for'ster), Wilhelm. Born at Griin-
berg, Silesia, Prussia, Dec. 16, 1832. AGerman
astronomer. He succeeded Encke as director
of the Berlin Observatory in 1865.
Forster (for'ster), William. Born at Totten-
ham, near London, March 23, 1784: died in
Blount County, Tenn., Jan. 27, 18.54. An Eng-
lish philanthropist and minister of the Society
of Friends, father of W. E. Forster.
Forster, William Edward. Born at Bradjiole,
Dorset, July 11, ISI.S; died at London, April .5,
1886. An English pcditician. He followed, in part-
nership with William Fison, the business of a woolen
manufacturer at Bradford from 1842 until his death : was
Liberal member of Parliament for Bradford 1.861-85, and
for the central division of Bradft»rd from 188.'i until his
death ; was under-8ecretar>' of state for the colonies 1865-
1806 in the government of Lord Kussell ; was vice-president
of the committee of the Council on Education 1868-74 in
the government of Gladstone ; and was chief secretary for
Ireland 1880-82 in the government of Gladstone.
Forsyth (f6r-sith' ), John. Born at Fredericks-
burg, Va., Oct. 22, 1780: died at Washington,
D. C., Oct. 21, 1841. An American politician.
He was United States senator from Georgia 1818-19 and
1829-34 ; was governor of Georgia 1827-29 ; and was secre-
tary of state 1834—41 under Presidents Jackson and Van
Buren.
Forsyth, Sir Thomas Douglas. Born at Bir-
kenhead, Oct. 7, 1827: died at Eastbourne. Dec.
17, 1886. An English official in India. He en-
tered the Bengal ser\'ice in 184S. In 1872 he was charged
with the suppression of an insurrection of the Kuka sect
under Ram Singh at Malair Kotla. Before his arrival
Cowan, the commissioner of Ludhiana, had executed a
number of the insurgents. This action was approved by
Forsyth, with the result that both were removed from
office. Forsyth was in 1875 sent as envoy to the King of
Burma, from whom he obtained an acknowledgment of
the independence of the Karen states.
Forsyth, William. Born at Greenock, 1812.
An English lawyer and historian. He graduated
B. A. at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1834 ; proceeded
M. A. in 1837; was called to the bar at the Inner Temple
in 1839; became queen's counsel in 1857; and was a mem-
ber of Parliament for Marylebone 1874-80. Among his
works are a " History of Trial bv Jury " (1852). " Napoleon
at St. Helena " (1863), " Life of Cicero " (1864), " Novels and
Novelists of the Eighteenth Century " (1871).
Fortaleza (for-ta-lii'za), often but incorrectly
called Cearcl (se-ii-ra'). A seaport and the cap-
ital of the pro\'ince of CearA, Brazil, lat. 3° 43'
S., long. 38° 31' W. Population, about 25,000.
Fort Augustus. A village and former mili-
tary station of Inverness-shire, Scotland, at the
southei-n extremity of Loch Ness.
Fort Bard. See Bard.
Fort Benton. A small town in Choteau County,
northern Montana, on the Missouri River : an
important center of the fur-trade.
Fort Bowyer. A former fort near Mobile, Ala-
bama. It was attacked Sept. 15, 1814, by a British land
force of 730 troops and 2(10 Creek Indians, assisted by a
naval force. The garrison, which consisted of 134 men,
repelled the attack with the loss of 5 killed and 4 wounded.
The British lost 162 killed and 70 wounded.
Fort Caswell. A fort on Oak Island, at the
mouth of Cape Fear River, North Carolina, held
by the Confederates till 1865.
Fort Clinton. A fort in the highlands of the
Hudson, south of West Point, during the Revo-
lutionary War.
Fort Craig, Battle of. A battle at Fort Craig,
New Mexico, Feb. 21, 1862, during the Civil
War, in which a Union force of 3,810 men un-
der Colonel E. R. S. Canby was defeated and
driven within the fort by the Confederate gen-
eral H. H. Sibley.
Fort Dearborn. A fort, established by the
United States government (1804), which became
llie nucleus of Chicago. See Chicago.
Fort de France (for di- frons), formerly Fort
Royal. A seaport and the capital of the island
of Martinique, French West Indies, situated in
lat. 14° 36' N.. long. 61° 4' W. Population (1885),
15,529.
Fort de I'Ecluse (for d6 la-kluz'). A fort on the
Rh6ne, west of Geneva, guarding the entrance
to France from Switzerland.
Fort Dodge. The capital of Webster County,
Iowa, siliiati'd on (lieDcs Moines River 70 miles
nortliwest of Des Moines. Population (1890).
4.871.
Fort Donelson. A fortification in nortliwest-
ern Tennessee, situated on the Cumberland
River 63 miles west-northwest of Nashville. It
was Invested by General Grant Feb. lS-14, 1862. Having
sustained a bombardment by the Federal gunboats under
Conmiodore Foote Feb. 14, tlie garrison (which immbered
about 18,000 etfcctlves) made an nnsucccHsful sortie Feb.
15. 'The fort was surrendered by General lluckner Feb. 16 :
his eenior officers. Generals Fhtyd and Pillow, escaped by
the river. The Federals numbered 15,000 at the begin-
ning of the investment, and aliout 27,000 at the surrender.
Fort Donelson
The Federal loss (army and navy, Feb. 14-16) was 510
killed, 2,1S2 wounded, and 224 missing ; the Confederate
loss was about 2,000 kUled and wounded, and 13,000 cap-
tured.
Fort Douglas. A United States military post,
3 miles east of Salt Lake City.
Fort Duquesne. See Pittsbunj.
Fort Edward. A village iu Washington County,
New York, situated on the Hudson 39 miles
iiortli of Albany. It was an important post during
the French and Indian war. Population (1800) of town-
ship, 4,424.
Fortescue (for'tes-ku), Sii- Faithful. Died
near Carisbrooke in May, 1GG6. A Royalist com-
mander in the ei\'il war in England. lie served
major in t!ie Parliamentiiry army at the battle of
402
on the Mississippi 57 miles southeast of New
Orleans, it was strongly fortified by the Confederates
during the Civil War, and, with Fort St. Philip, guarded
the lower approach to New Orleans. It was passed l)y
the Federal Heet under Farragut April 24, 1862. and Wiis
compelled to surrender shortly after by the fall of the
city.
Fort Lafayette. A fort in the Narrows, in
front of Fort Hamilton, at the entrance to New
York harbor.
Fort McAllister. A fort on the Ogeechee
Kiver, ojiposite Genesis Point, Georgia, built
by the Confederates during the Ciril War to
;iiard the approach to Savannah. It was taken
appr
' a div
Fortuny y Carbo
Civil War. At the beginning of the Civil War the na-
tional works in Charleston harbor were commanded by
Major Robert .Anderson. In con«e(iuence of the secession
of South Carolina, Dec. 20, 1860, and the prepai-ations made
by that State to seize the United States forts in the har-
bor, he evacuated Fort Moultrie Dec. 20, I860, and concen-
trated his forces at Fort Sumter. Reinforcements sent out
in the Star of the West were prevented from landing, the
ship being fired on off Morris Island Jan. 9, 1361. Oa
April 11, 1861, ilajor Anderson refused a demand i>y Gen-
eral G. T. Beauregard to surrender ; and on April 12 and
13 sustained a bombardment from batteries at Fort Moul-
trie, Fort Johnson, Cumming's Point, and elsewhere. He
surrendered April 13, no casualties having occurred on
either side. The foil was held by the Confederates until
the evacuation of Charleston, Feb. 17, 1865.
by assault by a ifivision of General Shermans army under Fort Ticonderoga. See Ticondcroga.
General Hazen Dec. 13, 1S64.
Edgehiil, during whicli engagement he deserted witli his Fort McHenry. A fort at the entrance of Bal-
"' "' timore harbor. It was unsuccessfully bombarded by
the British fleet in 1814. During the bombardment Francis
Scott Key, an American citizen, was detained on board a
British vessel, and was inspued by the spectacle to write
"The Star-Spangled Banner."
Fort Macon. A fort on the eastern extremity
of Bogue Island, commanding Beaufort liar-
bor. North Carolina, begun in 1826, and finished
in 1834. It was captured April 26, 1861, l>y a Union
army under General Parke, assisted by a naval force under
Commander Samuel Lockwood.
The"lovre^"pi\'^to'^e"'to"ile"a'veniy Fort MadiSOn. A city and the capital of Lee
troop to the royal standard, lie sulisequently com-
manded a regiment of royal infantry, served under the
Marquis of Ormonde in Ireland in 1647, and on the acces-
sion of Charles II. was reinstated as constable of Carrick-
ferjius, .-md created a gentleman of tlie privy chamber.
Fortescue, George. Born at London about
1578 : died in l(i.59. An English essayist and
poet. He was the son of Roman Catholic parents, and
was educated at the English College of Douay and at the
English College at Rome. His chief work is "Feriae
Academics, aiictore Oeorgio de Forti Scuto Nobili Anglo "
(lo;iO). He is also credited witll^ the authorship of the
anonymous poem
Hierusalem"0650).
Fortescue, Sir John. Died about 1476. An
English .iurist. He wasmadechief justice of the King's
Bench in 1442. As a Lancastrian he followed Queen Mar-
garet to Flanders in 1463; returned to England in 1471 ;
was captured at the battle of Tewkeslmry, and accepted
a pardon from Edward IV. His most notable works are
"De Laudibus Legum Angliffi," first printed in 1537, and
"On the Governance of the Kingdom of England" (also
entitled "The Dilference between an Absolute and Lim-
ited Monarchy" and " De Dominio Regali et Politico"),
first printed in 1714
County, southeastern Iowa, situated on the
Mississippi 17 miles southwest of Burlington.
Population (1890), 7,90L
Fort MifUn. A fort on the Delaware near the
mouth of the Schuylkill : one of the defenses of
Philadelphia.
Fort Monroe. A fort on Old Point Comfort, at
the mouth of the James River, Virginia. It oc-
cupies a tract of 200 acres ceded in 1818 by Virginia to the
United States, and is the largest military work in the
Fortescue, Sir John. Died Dee. 23, 1607. An pQ^t Montgomery. An American fort on the
English politician. He was a cousin of Queen Eliza- " . . .. .^^ . .. « ..
beth. He was appointed to superintend the studies of
Elizabeth about 1553, and was made keeper of the great
wardrobe on her accession in l'.6S, chancellor of the ex-
chequer in 1589, and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster
in 1601. On the accession of James I. in 1603 he was de-
prived of the chancellorship of the exchequer, but re-
tained in his other offices. In 1604 he was defeated by
Sir Francis Goodwin in a parliamentiiry election for Buck-
ingham. The clerk of the crown refused to receive the
return of Goodwin on the ground that he was an outlaw,
whereupon Fortescue was elected by virtue of a second
writ. The House of Commons recognized the election of
Goodwin as legal. A dispute between the king and the
Commons in reference to the election resulted, underthe
guise of a compromise, in a victory for the Commons, who Port Niagara,
have since regularly exercised the right to decide on the --- ~- '
legality of returns.
Fortevipt (f6r-te'vi-ot). A former town near
Perth, Scotland, noted as the old capital of the
Picts.
Fort Fisher. A fortification between Cape
Fear River and the Atlantic, situated 18 miles
south of Wilmington, North Carolina. It was
Fortuna (for-tu'nii). [L., 'fortime.'] 1. In
ancient Italian mythology, the goddess of good
luck, corresponding to the Greek Tyche. — 2.
An asteroid (No. 19) discovered by Hind at
London, Aug. 22, 1852.
Fortunate Islands, The. [L. Fortunaiie in-
iiulie ; Or. at tCjv fionapuv vtjaoi, Islands of the
Blest.] An ancient name of the Canary Isl-
ands. The Fortunate Islands, Islands of the Blest, or
the Happy Islands were originally imaginary isles in the
western ocean wliere the souls of the good are made happy.
With the discovery of the Canary and Madeira islands the
name became attached to them.
The Carthaginian fleet [under Himilco] appears to have
turned homewards from this point and to have touclied at
the Island of Madeira, which was described on their re-
turn in such glowing language that others undertook the
voyage, until the Senate, being afraid of an exodus from
Carthage, forbade all further visits to "the Fortunate Isl-
ands " on pain of death.
JClton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 22.
Fortunatus (f6r-tu-na'tus). The hero of a pop-
ular European chap-book. Wlien in great straits he
receives from the goddess Fortune a purse which can never
be emptied. He afterward tiikes from the treasure-cliam-
ber of a sultan a hat which will transport its wearer wher-
ever he desires. These enable him to indulge his every
whim. The earliest known, and probably original, version
was published at Augsburg in 1509. It has been retold in
all languages, and dramatized by Hans Sachs in l.'i53 and
by Thomas Dekker in 1600. Tieck in " Phantasus," and
Chamisso in "Peter Schlemihl," have also utilized this
legend. Uhland left an unfinished narrative poem, " Foi^
tunatus and his Sons." See Old Fortunatus.
Hudson, during the Revolutionary War, 6 miles
south of West Point.
Fort Morgan. A fort at the entrance to Mo-
bile Bay, on the site of the old Fort Bowyer.
The Americans under Major Lawrence here repulsed a
combined sea and land attack by the British and their
Indian aUies Sept. 15, 1814.
Fort Moultrie. A fort on SulUvan's Island, in Fortunatus, Venantius Honorius Clemen-
the main entrance to Charleston harbor, erected
during the War of 1812. it was abandoned by the
Federals under Major Robert Anderson Dec. 26, 1860, and
was seized by the Conf ederate.s, who served a battery from
it during the bombardment of Fort Sumter.
A fort at the mouth of the
Niagara River, New Y'ork, established by the
French in 1678, and surrendered by the British
to the United States in 1796.
Fort Pickens. A fort on Santa Rosa Island,
tianus. Bom at Ceneda, near Tre\nso. Italy,
about 530 : died after 600. A Latin poet, bishop
of Poitiers. He was the author of 300 hymns, among
them " Vexilla regis prodeunt," and probably "Pange
lingua."
Fortune (for'tim). A short poem erroneously
attributed to (Chancer by Shirley, its subtitle is
" Ballade de Visage [sometimes written Village] sauns
Peynture" ("The Face of the World as it really is, not
Painted "). It is based partly on Boethius and partly on a
portion of the "Roman de la Rose."
PeiLsacola harbor, it was weakly garrisoned by the Fortune, A painting by Guide Reni, in the
Federals under Lieutenant A. J. Slemmer at the out-
break of the Civil War, but refused to surrender in Jan.,
1861, and was held until reinforced.
attacked by the Federals under Terry Jan. 13, and was Fort PiUoW. A fort on the Chickasaw Bluff,
carried by storm Jan. 15, 1865. The Federal loss (Jan. 13-
15) was 955 ; the Confederate, 2,483.
Fort Garry. See Winnipaj.
Fort George. -A fortress in Lnverness-shire,
Scotland, situated on the Moray Firth 9 miles
northeast of Inverness: built in 1748.
Forth (forth). A river of Scotland which, ris-
ing on and near Ben Lomond, flows east and
merges in the Firth of Forth at Alloa. The es-
tuary of the Forth (the Futh of Forth), an inlet of the
North Sea, extends from Alloa eastward about 50 miles.
Length, 65 miles.
Forth, Firth of. See Forth.
Forth Bridge, The. A bridge erected (1882-
1HS9) by the North British Railway across the
Firth of Forth at (^ueensferry, Scotland: the
largest bridge yet built. The two main spans are
each 1,710 feet long, and are formed of two cantalivers
each 680 feet long, united by a girder of 3.50 feet span in
the clear. Each of these spans is 100 feet longer than
that of the Brooklyn Bridge. The steel towers which
support the cantalivers are 360 feet high, and the clear
height above high water is 151 feet. The total length is
in Tennessee, on the Mississippi River, above
Memphis, noted in the Civil War. it was erected by
the Confederates during the Civil War, and was occupied
by the Federals June 5, 1862, having been evacuated and
partially destroyed by the Confederates on the day pre-
vious. It was recaptured by the Confederates under
Forrest, April 12, 1864, when a large part of the garrison,
which consisted of a regiment of colored infantry and a
detachment of cavalry, was massacred.
Fort Pulaski. A fort on Cockspur Island, at
Aceademia di San Luca, Rome. The goddess is
represented nude, smiling, sweeping over a globe. Fr'^ni
her raised left hand hangs a purse from which money falls.
A Cupid clings to her flowing hair and to the scarf which
floats behind her.
Fortune. A ship which arrived at Plymouth,
Mass., Nov. 11, 1621, from London, bringing
out 35 colonists and a patent, granted June 1,
1611, by the president and council of New Eng-
land to John Pierce and his associates, allowing
a hundred acres to be taken up for every emi-
grant, and empowering the grantees to make
laws and set up a government. Wiiisor.
the head of Tybee Roads, commaiuling both Fortune, The. A Loudon theater built in
channels of the Savannah River. During the
Civil War it was captured by the Federals tm-
der General Hunter, April 10, 1862.
Fort Riley. A United states military post in
Kansas, at the junction of the Republican and
Kansas rivers.
Fort Royal. See Fort de France.
Fort St. David. A ruined town on the Coro-
inandel coast, India, 13 miles south of Pondi-
clierrv, prominent in the 18th century.
Fort St. Elmo. See Elmo, Castle of Saint.
1599 tor Heuslowe (the pawnbroker and money-
lender) and Alleyne (the comedian). It stood in
the parish of St. Giles, Cripplegate, and in the street now
called Playhouse Yard, connecting \\'hitecross street with
Golding Lane. It was a wooden tenement, which was
burned down in 1621, and was replaced by a circular brick
edifice. In 1619 a party of soldiers broke into the edifice
and pulled down the building.
Fortune Bay. An inlet of the Atlantic, on the
southern coast of Newfoundland.
Fortunes of Moll Flanders. A novel by De-
foe, published in 1722. It is the history of
8,295 feet, and the cost was *16,000,000. The metal-work Fort St. George. The fortress of Madras. It profligate woman who reforms before herdeath.
which constitutes the superstructure of the bridge is
wholly fine Siemens steel (about 64,000 tons).
Fort Hamilton. A fort on Long Island, situ-
ated on the eastern side of the Narrows at the
entrance to New York harbor.
Fort Henry. A fortification in northwestern
Tennessee, situated on the Tennessee River
11 miles west of Fort Donelson. it was captured
Feb. 6, 1862, by the Feder.al gunboats under Commodore
.Foote, acting in conjunction with a land force underGen-
eral Grant.
Fortinbras
'"Hamlet," the rrince ot jxorway. He conspires
to recover the lands and power lost by lits father. He is
usually left out of the acted play.
Fort independence. A fort on Castle Island :
one of the defenses of the harbor of Boston.
Fort Jackson. A fort in Louisiana, situated
played an important part in the French and English strug-
gles in India during the 18th century.
Fort St. Philip. -A tort on the Mississippi,
nearly opposite Fort Jackson (which see).
Fort Scott. The capital of Bourbon Cotinty,
eastern Kansas, 88 miles south of Kansas City.
Population (1890). 11,946.
Fort Smith. A town in Sebastian County,
^Vi'kansas, situated on the Arkansas Eiver in
lat. 35° 22' N., long. 94° 28' W. Population
I*ortunes of Nigel (nig'el). The. A historical
novel by Sir Walter Scott, published iu 1822.
The scene is laid in London during the reign
of James I.
Fortunio (f6r-tu'ni-6). A fairy tale of ancient
but unknown origin. Fortunio is the daughter of an
aged nobleman, in whose stead she offers her services to
the king, disguised as a cavalier. A fairy horse named
Comrade, and seven servants, Strongback, Lightfool,
Marksman, Fine-ear, Boisterer, Gomiand, and Tippler,
aid her to slay a dragon and regain the treasures of the
king.
he^Priirc'e^'of NorJ"v ^HeSrls FoTsnllS. A United States military post fo^^^ (for-to'ne) y Carbo. Mariano Jos6
iNoi«aj He conspires ^^^ ji„,„esota, on the Mississippi 6 miles above Maria Bernardo. Born at R<?us in Catalonia,
St- I'=»"l- . ^, , ^ ,. June 11, 1838 : died at Rome, Nov. 21, 1874. A
Fort Sumter. A fort in Charleston harbor, Spanish genre painter and aquafortist. He fol-
South Carolina, 4 miles southeast of Charles- lowed the course at the Academy de Bellas Artes at Barce-
ton, the scene of the first engagement in the lona. He studied first in the manner of Overbeck, in which
Fortuny y Carbo
he excelled hia master Claudio Lorenzalez, but his true
style WHS devfloped by seeing the lithoKraphs of fiiivarni.
He liJUiiL-d the ^rand prix de Ruinc 1*57. He followed the
expedition U' Moroccft, where he developed his tsiste for
Arabian siibjects. After several visitJS to Paris, Florence,
Naples, Madrid, Seville, Granada, and even England, he es-
tablished himself in Portici; then returned to Rome, where
he died suddenly at the age of thirty-six. Among his
wurks are ■Interior (MauresqueX" "Cour de maison a
Tangier." "Intt-rieur de bazar," " Rxercises ;\ feu en pre-
senee de hi reine d'Espagne," " Faiitasie arabe," "La bate
de I'orti'-i."
Fort Wadsworth, A fort on Staten Island, sit-
uateil oil the western side of the Narrows at
tlie entrance of New York harbor.
Fort Wagner. A fortification on Morris Island ;
one of the defenses of Charleston. It was re-
duced bv the Federals under Gillmore, Sept.
6. 18G3. '
Fort Wayne (fort wan). A city and the capi-
tal of Allen County, Indiana^ situated at tlie
head of the Maumee River, in lat. 41° 4' N.,
lonfj. 85° 4' \V. It is a leading niilway, manufacturing,
and business center of uorthent Indiana. A Tnited Status
fort was built here by General Wayne in 17W. Populatitm
(1S9<», :ir>.;i93.
Fort William. 1. A place in Inverness-shire,
Soothtnd, near tlie head of Loch Eil and the
foot of Ben Ne^is, and the entrance to the
Caledonian Canal. At one time it was regarded as
the key of the Highlands. It was unsuccessfully attacked
by the Highlanders iii 1746.
2. The fortress of Calcutta.
Port William Henry. A fort in the modern
to^vn of Cahlwell, at the hea<l of Lake George,
New York, it was surrendered by the English to the
French and Indians under ilontcalni in Aug., 1757.
Fort Winthrop, A fort on (Tovernoi^'s Island:
one of th)^ defenses of Boston harbor.
Fort Worth, A city and the capital of TaiTant
County, Texas, in lat. 32° 47' N., long. OT*^ 14' W.
It has manufactures of tiour, etc., and is an important
center for stock. Population (1890), 23.076.
Forty Thieves, The. 1. One of the tales of
the **Ar;ibi!ni Ni^jhts' Enteriainnients." See
Baha. AH. — 2. A play by George Colman the
yountrt'T. proilueed in 1805.
JorumBoarium(f6'rumbo-a'ri-um). [L.] The
early cattle-market of ancient Rome, it was
bounded on the north by the area called the Velabrum, on
the east by the Palatine, on the south by the Aveiitine at
the extremity of the Circus Xiaximus, and on the west by
the Tiber. Ills said that at an early date gladiatorial shows
were given here, and that human sacrifices were made by
burial alive. Upon this forum fronts the temple of Fors
Fortuna (so-called Fortuna \irilis), and in it stands the
circulai" monument long popularly called the temple of
Vusta. A number of other important temples stood on it
hi anti<iuity, among them that of Ceres, whose remains
are incorporated in Santa Maria in <'osmedin. The Forum
Boariuin was within ttie Servian Wall.
Forum Julium (fo'rum jo'li-um). [L.] The
earliest of the imperial fora of ancient Rome,
designed to relieve the crowding of the Forum
Romanum. it was begun by Julius Crcsar, and prac-
Wcally adjoined the northern side nf the Forum R^nianum
at its eastern end. It was surrounded with porticos, and
ito central area was occupied by a richly adorne*! pei'ip-
teral temple of \enu8 Genitrix. Some finely arcaded and
vaulted chambers of the inclosure exist near the south-
wist angle : they were probably offices for legal business.
Forum of Augustus. Tlie second of tlu? im-
perial fora ot ancient Rome, it adjoined the
northeast side of the Forum .ruliuni, and was very larjfe,
rectangular in plan cxct-pt that a corner was cut olf at
the southeast, and that a semicircular exedra indented
each liMit; side. It was inclosed by very massive walls
nearly HM) feet high, and surrounded by porticos splen-
didly adorned with marble statues and incrustation.
Toward the northeastern end of the central area rose the
temple of Mars Vltor, colonnaded on three sides, and
having an apse at the back. Tlie existing remains include
ver>' impressive stretches of the inclosing wall, one of the
entrance-aivhes, now called Arco de' Fantani, and some
columns and walls of the temple.
Forum of Nerva. The ftun-thof the imperial fora
of ancient Home, a lont^narrowarea between the
Forum of Vespasian and the Forum of Au^is-
tus. It was also called Furuui Transituriuiu because an
important thoroughfare from then* )rt beast passed through
It to the Forum Romanum. and Fimmi Palladhnn from
the temple of Minerva which it contained. Teinide and
forum were dedicated by Nerva in 07 A. D. The temple
was hcxastyle prostyle, with columns on the Hanks and
•n apse at the back. Tart of the cella w all toward the apse
remains in place, together with two Corinthian columns
of marble of the interior range of the forum, with richly
omaiiientcil entaldutures, returned to the wall behind the
columns. Over the entablature there is an attic on which
18 an etfeetive sculptured relief of Minerva. The temple
remained almost perfectuntil lUUU.when Paul V.destroyed
it to Ti»e its marbles in the Chapel of St. Paul in Santa Maria
Maggiore.
Forum of Trajan. Tlie largest and the furthest
nortli of the imperial fora of ancient Kome,
adjoiniii'; the northwest side of the Forinn of
Au|?ustus, and lyinj; between the northeastern
declivity of the*(_'apitoline Hill and the Quiri-
nal. It consisted of three parts : the forum pritper, the
huge Biiailica Clpia, and the temple of Trajan, with its
403
colonnaded inclosure. Between the temple of Trajan and
the Basilica Clpia rises the column of Trajan, beneath
which was the emperor's mausoleum. To create an area
for this lavish monumental display, Trajan cut away a
large ridge of tufa which extendeti from thu Capitolincto
the Quirinal. The forum proper was a large rectangle
surrounded by columns — a double range on the sides, and
a single range toward the Forum of .Augustus and the
Basilica flpia. From each side, behind the porticos,
projected a large hemicyole with booths ur uttlces in sev-
eral stories. Trajan's forum was entered from that of
Augustus by a splendid triumphal arch, many of whose
sculptures now adorn the arch of Constantine. The fo-
rum was a<lorned with numbers of statues in bronze and
marble, and all its buildings were roofed with gilt bronze.
Forum Olitorium (fo'mm 6-li-to'ri-um).
[L., • ve^'etal)le-market.'] The vegetable-mar-
ket of ancient Kome. It occupied the southern ex-
tremity of the Campus Martins, beueaththeCapitoline II ill,
stretching into the Velabrum, and separated from the Fo-
rum I'.tiai iiiiii niily by the Servian Wall. In the Forum Oli-
torium st I throe temples side by side, two of which arc
identified as the temjiles of Spes and Juno Sospita, whose
remains are built into the Clinrch of San Niccolb in Car-
cere.
Forum Pacis (fo'mm pa 'sis) ('Forum of
Peace')* of Forum of Vespasian. The third
of the imi)erial fora of ancient Kome. it was the
furthest south of the imperial fora, and lay behind the
Basilica /Emilia, which fronted on the Forum llomanum.
It was built to inclose the temple of Peace which was
dedicated by Vespasiiin in 75 a. l>. in honor of the taking
of Jerusidem, and is described by Pliny as one of the four
finest buildings of Kome. In it were dedicated the spoils
of the Jewish temple, represented on the arch of Titus ;
and here too Vespasian placed the works of art taken by
Nero from Delphi and other (_ireek cities. A massive
stretch of the exterior wjdl of this forum still stands, near
the western end of the basilica of Constautine, with a fine
fiat-arched doorway of travertine.
Forum Romanum (fo'mm ro-ma'num). The
famous Koman forum which from the time of
the kings formed the political center of ancient
Rome. Beginning in a hollow on the eastern slope of
the Capitoline Hill, its long and comparatively narrow
area stretched in a direction south of east beneath the
northern declivity of the Palatine. Its western end was
occupied by the tabularium. or office of the archives, in
front of which stood the temples of Concord and of Ves-
pasian. On its southern side were the temple of Satuni,
the Basilica Julia, the temples of Castor and Pollux and of
Vesta, and on its northern side the arch of Septimius Seve-
rus, the Curia, the Basilica .-Kniilia, and the temples of An-
toninus and Faustina and of Romulus. In the middle of
the eastern part rose the temple and rostra of Julius Ca.'-
sar. The more ancient and famous rostra from which
Cicero spoke were at the western end. The remains of all
these buildings are considerable, and the area has been ex-
cavated and restored as far as possible to its ancient aspect.
Forward (for'wiird), Walter. Born in Connect-
icut, 178G: died at Pittsbm-g, Pa., Nov. 24, 1852.
An American politician, secretary of the trea-
sury 1841-i3.
Forward, Marshal. See Marshal Forward,
Forza del Destino (for'tsii del des-te'no), La.
[It.. ' The Force of Destiny.'] An opera by
Venli. first produced at St. Petersburg in 1862.
Fosbroke (fos'bruk), Thomas Dudley. Born
at London, May 27, 1770: died at Walford,
Herefordshire, Jan. 1, 1842. An English anti-
quary. His chief works are '* British Mona-
chism" (1802) and *'Encyclopffidia of Antiqui-
ties" (1824).
Foscari (fos'ka-re), Francesco. Died 1457.
Doge of Venice 1423-57. lie be^'an in 1426 a war
against Filippo Maria Visconti, duke of Milan, which re-
sulted in the acfiuisitionof Brescia, Bergamo, andtYemona
in 1427. A second war, wbirh lasted from WM to 14a.'i,
fixed the Adda as the boundary nf tlie Vi.- net iaii dominiim.
A war against Buiut;iia, Milan, and Mantua, in «Iiicb lie
was supported by Fiancisiu Sfurza and t'osmo de' Medici,
resulted in 1441 in the conquest of Lonato, Velaggio, and
Peschieriu The close of his reign was troubled by the
nuichinationsof his rival fiiacopo Ix)redano. He was com-
pelled bj abdicate, after having sustained the loss of his
only surviving son, Giacopo, who died in exile as there-
suit of the tortures intlicted on him by the Council of the
TeTi. lie formed with his son the subject of Byron's tra-
gedy "The Two Foscaid."
Foscarini (fos-kii-re'ne), Marco. Born at Ven-
i.-e, .I:m. 30, 1090: died tliere, March 30, 1763.
Doge of Venice 17r)2-()3. He wi'ote "Delia lette-
ratura Vencziaini " (17r)2).
Foscarini, Michele. Born at Venice, March 29,
1G32: died at Venice, May 31,1692. AVenetian
liistorian, appointe<l governor of Corfu Sept. 1,
1664, and historiographer of Venice in 1678. He
wrote " Istoria deUa republica Veneta" (1696),
etc.
FOSCO (fos'ko). Count. InWilkie Collins's novel
''The Wonum in White,'' a fat, insidious, and
agreeable villain.
Foscolo (fos'ko-lo), Niccolo UgO. Born in the
island of Zante. Jan. 26, I77H: died at Turnham
Green, near London, Oct. 10. 1827. An Italian
poet and litterateur. He wrote "nitime lettere di
Jacopo Ortis " (a romance, \1VI\ " I sepolcri " (lyric, 1807),
etc.
F0SS(fos3, Corporal. In "TliePoorOentleinan,"'
by George Oolinan the younger, tlie faitliful ser-
Foster, John Wells
vant and formersoldier of Worthington. He is
modeled on Sterne's Corporal Trim,
Foss, Edward. Born at London, Oct. 16, 1787:
died .luiy 27, 1870. An English lawyer. He waa
a 8olicit<)r in London nntil 1840, when he retired from prac-
tice in order to devote himself to literature. He «rote
"The Judges of England "(1848-64 ),'Biographia J uridica:
a Biojjraphical Dictionary of the .Judges of England from
the Conquest to the Present Time, 1066-1870 " (187u), etc.
Fossalta (fos - ill ' tii), Battle of. A battle
fought at Fossalta, near Bologna, central Italy,
May26, l249,betweeuEnzio,titularkingof Sar-
dinia, and the Bolognese, in which the former
was defeated and captui'ed.
Fossano (fos-sJi'no). A town in the province of
Cuneo. Italy, situated on the Stura 35 miles south
of Turin, it is the seat of a bishopric. The Austrians
defeated the French near this place Nov. 4 :iiid .^, 1799.
Fossano, Ambrogio da, called II Borgognone.
Died after 1524. A Lombard painter.
Fosse-way (fos'wa), or The Fosse (fos). An
ancient Roman road in England, running from
Bath through Cirencester and Leicester to Lin-
coln.
Fossombrone (fos-som-bro'ne). A town in the
province of Pesaro, Italy, situated on the Me-
tauro in lat. 43° 42' N., long. 12° 48' E. : the
ancient Forum Sempronli. It has silk manu-
factures.
Foster (fos't6r or fos't^r), Anthony. In Sir
Walter Scott's novel ' *Kenilworth,'' a sullen
hypocrite,the warder of Amy Robsart at Cumnor
Place. Overcome hy his love for gold, he assists in her
murder. He accidentally shnts himself in a cell with a
sprinp;-lock, and perishes witli his ill-gotten gold.
Foster, Birket. Born at North Shields, Eng-
land, Feb. 4, 1825: died 1893. An English drafts-
man and aquarellist. He illustrated Longfellow's
"Evangeline," and also the works of other English and
American poets.
Foster, Charles. Born near Tiffin, Ohio, April
12, 1828. An American politician. He was Repub-
lican member of Congress from Ohio 1871-79; was gover-
nor of Ohio 1880-84 ; and was secretary of the United States
treasury 1891-93 under President Harrison.
Foster, Henry. Born Aug., 1796: died Feb. 5,
1831. An English navigator. He entered the na\'y
in 1812; wasproniut(.(i liiu tenant in 1824 ;andacc(imp;uHed
Sir Edward Paiiy's expli>ring expeditions of 1824-25 and
1827. With Parry and others he made magnetic and other
observations, which were published in the " Pliilosophieal
Transactions" for 1826. He sailed from Spithead April
27, 1828, in command of the Chanticleer, a sloop sent out
by the government to the South Seas to detenuine the
ellipticity of tlie earth by pendulum experiments, and to
make (d»sei-vations on magnetism, meteorology, and the
directiuii of the principal ocean currents. During this ex-
pedition he was drowned in the river Chagres. He left a
number of papers, which form an appendix to the " Nar-
rative of a Voyage to the Southern Atlantic Ocean, in the
years 1828, 29, 30, performed in H. M. sloop Chanticleer,
under the command of the late Captain Heni-y Foster,
F. R. S., etc. From the private journal of \V. H. B. Web-
ster, surgeon of the sUxip " (1834).
Foster, John, Baron Oriel. Born Sept., 1740.
died at C'oUon, County Louth, Ireland^ng. 23,
1828. The last speaker of the Irish House of
Commons. He was the eldest son of Anthony Foster of
Collon, Louth, lord chief baron of the exchequer in Ire-
land ; entered the Irish Parliament in 1761 ; was called to
the Irish bar in 17(>6; and was chancellor of the exchequer
in Ireland 1784-85, when he was elected speaker of the
House of Commons, a place to which he was reelected in
IVno and in 17!»8. On June 7, 1800, he put the lirud 4iue8-
tiim fiuin the chair on tbu third reading of thu bill for the
U'wishitive uninii uf Inhiiid with Oreat Britain. Although
an :iuti-uni(>tiist, W obtained a seat in the united I'arlia-
ment ; was ehanciHor of the exchequer in Ireland IStH-
18o« and 1807-11 ; and was created Baron Oriel of Ferrard
in the county of houth in 1821.
Foster, Jolin. Born Sept. 17, 1770: died Oct.
15, 1843. An English essayist. He was a Baptist
preacher from 1792 to ISOtt, when 'he retired from the ndn-
istry to devote himself wholly to literature. His chief
works are " Kssays" (1^05) and "On the Evils of Popular
Ignorance" (1820). He contributed a great many articles
to the "Eclectic Keview." and a selection from these was
published separately in 1844.
Foster, John Gray. Born at WhitoiieM. N. H.,
May 1^7, 1823: died at Nashua. N, H.. Sept. 2,
1874. An AnnM-ican engineer and general. He
graduated at Wist Point in 184U; became captain in 1800;
was one of the garrison at Kort Sumter when it was bom-
bai'ded by the Confederates in April. 18til ; commanded
a brigade nnder Cieneral Burnside at Uoanoke Island in
Feb., antl at N'ewbcrn in March, 18(52 ; and commanded in
various de])artnients during the remainder of the war. He
was brcvi-ltc"! major general at tlie close of the war{1805),
and was 8uI)Sfiiueiitly empb>yed as superint^/nding engi-
nei-r of various livrr and harbor improvements.
Foster, John Wells. Horn at Brimtield, Mass.,
Marcii 4. IHIT): died at Chicago, Juno 29, 1873.
An American geologist. He was admitted to the bar
in Ohio in 183fi, but shortly abandoned the practice of law
in order to devote himself to geology and civil engineer-
ing. Between ISIfi and ISl!) he was eoniiectt-d with a (leo-
loRlcal survey of the Lake Superior reRion, executed under
the direction of the t'nited States Kovernment. Anions
Ids works are "The Mississippi Valley : Its Physical Oeog-
Foster, John Wells
raphv, inclading Sketches of the Topography, Botany, and
Mine"ral Resources, etc. " (1869), and " iYehistoric Races of
the United States of America" (1873).
Foster, Sir Michael. Born at Marlborough,
Wiltshire, Dec. 16, 1689: died Nov. 7, 1763. An
English jurist. He was called to the bar at the Middle
Temple in 1713 ; was chosen recorder of Bristol In 1735 ;
was appointed sergeant-at-law in 1736 ; and tiecame paisne
judge of the King's Bench and was knighted in 1745. He
wrote "An Examination of the Scheme of Church Power
laid down in the Codex .Turis Ecclesiastici Anglican!, etc."
(1736), etc.
Foster, Randolph Sinks. Born at Williams-
burg, Ohio, Feb. 22, 1820. An American clergy-
man. He became a minister in the Methodist Episcopal
Church in 1S37 ; was elected a bishop in 1872 ; and was
president of the Northwestern l'niversit>', Evanston, 111.,
1856-59, and of Drew Tlieological Seinin.irj-, Madison, >ew
Jersey, lS7ii-72. Author of "Christian Purity" (1851),
"Ministi-}- for the Times " (1855X "Studies in Theology "
(1886), etc.
Foster, Silas. In Hawthorne's "Blithedale
Komance," a hard-headed New England far-
mer. He is a contrast to the sensitive and transcenden-
tal natures of the other actors in what proves to be the
tragedy of Zenobia.
Foster, Stephen Collins. Bom at Pittsburg,
Pa.. July 4, 1826: died at Xew York, Jan. 13,
1S64. An American soug-writer and popular
composer. He was the author of "Old Folks at
Home," "Oh, Susannah I" "Nelly was a Lady," "Old Ken-
tucky Home," "Camptown Races," "Old Dog Tray."
"Come where my Love lies Dreaming," etc.
Fothergill (foTH'er-gil), Jessie. Born at Man-
chester in 1856: died at London. July 30, 1891.
An English novelist. She wrote "The First
Violin " ( 1878) and other works.
Fotheringay (foSH'er-in-ga). A viUage in
Northamptonshire, England, situated on the
Xen 9 miles southwest of Peterborough. In
its castle Richard III. was born and Mary Queen of Scots
was imprisoned, tried, and executed.
Fotheringay, The. The stage name of Emily
Costigan. See Costigaii.
Foucault (fo-ko'). Jean Bernard Leon. Bom
at Paris, Sept. IS, 1819: died there, Feb. 11,
1868. A distinguished French physicist, noted
for his investigations in optics and mechanics.
He demonstrated the rotation of the earth by means of a
graduated disk which was seen to turn while a pendulum
freely suspended maintained its plane of oscillation. The
gjToscope is his invention.
Fouche (fo-sha'). Joseph, Due d'Otrante. Born
near Nantes, France, May 29, 1763: died at
Triest, Austria, Dec. 2.5, 1820. A French revo-
lutionist and later, under Napoleon, minister of
police. He was a deputy to the Convention 1792-95;
minister to the Cisalpine Republic in 1798, and to the
N'etherlands in 1799 ; minister of police 1799-1802, 1804-10,
and 1815 ; and head of the provisional government after
Waterloo.
Foucher (fo-sha'), Simon. Born at Dijon,
France, March 1, 1644; died at Paris, April 27.
1696 (?). A French ecclesiastic and philosophi-
cal writer, called " the restorer of the academic
philosophy." He wrote a "Dissertation sur la recherche
de la v6rit^,' etc." (1673 'fX "I>e la s-Hgesse des anciens, etc."
(1682). etc.
Foucher de Careil, Count Louis Alexandre.
Born at Paris, March 1, 1826: died there, Jan.
10. 1891. A French diplomatist and author.
He was elected to the Senate in 1876, and was ambassador
at Vienna 1883-86. He published "Leibniz, Descartes, et
Spinoza " (1863X " Hegel et Schopenhauer "(1862), "Goethe
et son uiuvre" (1865), etc.
Foucquet (fo-ka'), Jean. Bom at Tours, 1415:
tiled 1490. Oue of the earliest painters of the
French school, eoiu-t painter to Louis XI. in
1461 he painted the portrait of Charles ^^l. He also
worked for the order of the Chevaliers de Saint Michel in
1474, and was charged with making a plan for the tomb
of Louis .XL He was especially famous for his admirable
miniatures, and was also a historical and portrait painter.
Fougferes (fo-zhSr'). A town in the depart-
ment of nie-et-Vilaine, France, on the Nan-
<;on 27 miles northeast of Rennes. it has manu-
factures of shoes. It was one of the strongest places of
Brittany and frequently besieged, and ruins of a feudal
castle still remain. Population (1891), 18,221.
Fougerolles (fozh-rol'). A town in the depart-
ment of Haute-Saone. France, 22 miles north-
east of Vesoul. Population (1891), commune,
6,030.
Foughard (fo'dhard). A place near Dundalk.
Ireland, where, on Oct. 5, 1318, the Scots under
Edward Bruce were defeated by John Ber-
miiigham. Bruce was kUled.
Foul (I. <'., dishonorable) Baid, The. The raid
of the Duke of Albany on Roxburgh Castle
and the town of Berwick in 1417, while Henr\'
V. of England was absent in France. He was
compelled by the Dukes of Exeter and Bedford
to retire.
Foula (fo'la). A small island of the Shetland
group, Scotland, west of the main group.
404
Fould(fold).Achille. Bom at Paris, Nov. 17,
1800: died at Tarbes, France. Oct. 5, 1867. A
French financier and statesman. He was minister
of finance 1849-52. minister of state 1852-60, and minister
of finance 1861-67.
Foulis (foulz), Andrew (originallv FauUs).
Bom at Glasgow, Nov. 23. 1712 : died Sept. 18,
1775. A Scottish printer, brother of Robert
Foulis.
Foulis, Bobert. Bom at Glasgow. April 20,
1707 : died at Edinburgh. Jime 2. 1776. A Scot-
tish printer, noted for his editions of Horace,
Homer, Herodotus, and other classics.
Foul Play. A novel by Charles Reade, drama-
tized with Dion Boucicault in 1879.
Foulques. See Ftilc.
Foul-Weather Jack. A surname given to Ad-
miral .Toliu Byron from his poorfortune at sea.
Founder of Peace. A name given to St.
Bem-diot.
Foundling, The. A play by Edward Moore,
produced in 1748.
Fountain of Arethusa. See Arethusa.
Fountain of Castalia. See Castalia.
Fountain of Self-Love, The. See Cynthia's
Hen Is.
Fountain of Vaucluse. See Vaueluse.
Fountain of Youth, The. A mrthical spring
supposed by some of the Indians of Central
America and the West Indies to exist in a re-
gion toward the north called Bimini (which
see). Its waters, it was said, would restore youth to the
aged and heal the sick. It appears that, before the con-
quest, the Indians made expeditions to Florida and the
Bahamas in search of this spring ; and the Spaniards un-
der Ponce de Leon, Narvaez, De Soto, and others pene-
trated far into the interior, seeking for it, during the
early part of the 16th century. Similar myths have been
found in India and in the Pacific Islands, and a fountain
of youth is described in Mandeville's travels.
Fountains Abbey. A C^istercian monastery of
the 14th century, near Ripon, England, now
the largest and most picturesque of English
ecclesiastical ruins. The great church, almost per-
fect except for its roof, is in large part in the style of
transition from the Norman to the Early English. It has
a high, square Perpendicular tower, and a second tran-
sept at the extremity of the e.ast end. like Durham. The
interior is plain but for its beautiful wall-arcading.
Among the monastic buildings are a vaulted cloister of
two aisles 3iX) feet long, a chapter-house, and a refectory.
FoUQUe (fo-ka'),Friederlch, Baron de la Motte.
Bom at Brandenburg in 1777 : died at Berlin in
1843. A German poet and author. He served in
the War of Liberation (1813), and later lived in Pails,
Halle (where he lectured on modei-n history and poetrj'X
and Berlin. In 1808 appeared the drama " Sigurd der
Schlangentbdter " ("Sigurd the Dragon-slayer"). "Der
Zauberring " (" The Magic Ring ") is a romance of the age
of chivalry. His principal work is the romantic story
" Undine," which appeared in 1811. He was the author
of numerous lyrics, among them the patriotic song begin-
ning " Frisch auf zum frohlichen Jagen " (1813).
Fouciuet (fo-ka'), Nicolas, Marqvus de Belle-
Isle. Bom at Paris, 1615: died in prison at
Pignerol. Piedmont, March 23, 1680. A French
official, superintendent of finance 1652-61. He
was condemned for peculation in 1664, and im-
prisoned at Pignerol.
Fouquier-Tinville (fo-kya'tan-vel'), Antoine
Quentin. Bom at H^Vouel. Aisne, France.
1747: guillotined at Paris. May 7, 1795. A
French revolutionist, public accuser before
the Revolutionary tribimal March. 1793, -Jnlv.
1794.
Fourberies de Scapin (forb-re' de ska-pan'),
Les. [F.,' The Cheats of Scapin.'] A comedy
by Moliere, produced in 1671. The subject is taken
from Terence's "Phormio," with various scenes from
other authors.
Four Cantons, Lake of the. See Lucerne, Lake of.
Fourchambault ( f or-shoh-bo'). A town in the
department of Ni&vre, central France, situated
on the Loire 5 miles northwest of Nevers,
noted for its iron-works. Population (1891),
commune, 6,020.
Fourcroy (for-krwa'), Antoine Frangois,
Gomte de. Bom at Paris, Jiuie 15, 1755 : died
at Paris, Dee. 16, 1809. A noted French physi-
ologist and chemist. He was the son of an apothe-
cary. He was elected deputy to the National Convention
from Paris in 1792 ; labored in the extraction of saltpeter
for use in the manufacture of gunpowder for the Revolu-
tion:ir>' armies for eighteen months; took his seat in the
Assembly in 1793 ; was an influential member of the Com-
mittee of Public Instruction ; prevented the execution of
Darcet ; and on the 9th Tliennidur was made a member of
the Committee of Public Safety. He was instrumental in
the organization of the Ecole P<dytechnique (then I'Ecole
des Travaux Publiqucs), the Ecole Nomiale, the Institut
and the Musee d'Histoire Naturelle. He was a friend and
colatwrer of Lavoisier (whose death he was unjustly ac-
cused of counteTiancing) and other distinguished chem-
ists. He published "Lemons d'liistoire naturelle et de
chimie " (1781 ; reissued under the title " Systeme des
Fourth Party, The
connaissances chimiques, etc.," 1801), "PhilosopMe chi
mique " (1792), etc.
Fourdrinier (for-dri-ner'), Henry. Born in
London, Feb. 11. 1766: died at MavesjTi Rid-
ware, near Rugely, Sept. 3, 18-54. An English
paper-maker and inventor, with his brother
Sealy Fourdrinier (died 1847), of an improved
paper-making machine which produces a con-
tinuous sheetof paper of any size from the pulp.
This machine, which was perfected in 1807, is an improve-
ment upon one invented and patented by a Frenchman,
Louis Robert, clerk in the establishment of M. Didot, the
printer and paper-maker, in 1799.
Fourichon (fo-re-shon'), Martin. Bom at
Vi^-iers, Dordogne, Feb. 9, 1809 : died at Paris,
Nov. 24. 1884. A French naval officer. He be-
came vice-admiral in 1859. ami president of the council for
naval affairs in 1S64. At the outbreak of the Franco-
German war he was appointed to the command of the
fleet destined for the North Sea. He sailed from Cher-
bourg Aug. 9, 1870, but, being destitute of vessels fitted
to operate in shallow waters, he was unable to accomplish
anything, and returned to Cherbourg Sept. 12, 1870. He
subsequently became minister of naval and colonial affairs,
was elected to the National Assembly in 1871, and became
a senator in 1876.
Fourier (fo-rya'), Frangois Marie Charles.
Bom at Besan^on. France. April 7, 1772: died
at Paris, Oct. 10. 1837. A noted French socialist.
His father was a draper at Besancon. He entered the
army as a chasseur in 1793, but was discharged on account
of ill health after two years of service. He was sutee-
quently connected, in subordinate positions, with various
commercial houses at Marseilles, Lyons, and elsewhere.
He resided at Paris from 1826. He published in 1806
"Theorie des quatre mouvements et des destinees g6n6-
rales," in which he propounds the cooperative social sys-
tem known from him as Fourierism. This system con-
templates the organization of society into phalanxes or
associations, each large enough forall industrial and social
requirements, arranged in groups according to occupation,
capacities, and attractions, living in phalansteries or com-
mon dwellings. He also wrote "Traite de I'association
domestique et agricole " (1822 : published later as "The-
orie de I'unit^ universelle") and "Le nouveau monde"
(1829-30).
Fourier, Baron Jean Baptiste Joseph. Bom
at AuxeiTC. France, March 21, 1768: died at
Paris, May 16, 1830. A celebrated French
mathematician. He was the son of a tailor. In 1788
he became professor at the nulitary school in .\uxerre;
later taught at the formal School and the Polytechnic
School in Paris; accompanied Bonaparte in the Egyptian
expedition ; became secretary of the Institut d'Egypte and
oneof the compilers of the 'Description del'Egypte"; and
on his return to France was appointed prefect of Isere
and later of Rhone. His chief works are "Theorie ana-
lytique de la chaleur" (1S22), ".Analyse des equations de-
terminees " (1831).
Fourier,Pierre,called Pierre deMataincourt.
Born at Mirecourt. Vosges, France. Nov. 30,
1565: died at Gray, Haute-Saone, France. Dec.
9, 1640. A French religious reformer, general
of the order of the Premontr^s.
Four Lakes, The. A chain of lakes (Mendota
and others) in Dane County, southern Wis-
consin.
Fourniies(for-me'). A manufacturing town in
the department of Nord, France, 36 miles south-
east of Valenciennes. Population (1891), com-
mune, 15,895.
Fourmigni. See Form iff ny.
Fourmont (for-mon'), ^tienne. Born at Her-
belay, near St. Denis, France, June 23. 1683:
died "at Paris, Dec. 19, 1745. A French Oriental-
ist and sinologist.
Fpurneyron (for-na-ron'), Benoit. Bora at St.
Etitnne, France, Oct. 31, 1S02: died at Paris,
July, 1867. A French engineer, chiefly known
for his improvements in the construction of tur-
bine water-wheels.
Foumier (for-uya'), Edouard. Born at Or-
leans. France, June 15. I.sl9: died at Paris,
May 10, 1880. A French litterateur and jour-
nalist. He wrote ''Le\-ieux-ueuf " (1859), p*o.
Foumier, Pierre Simon. Born at Paris, Sept.
15, 1712: died at Paris, Oct. 8, 1768. A noted
French type-founder. He wrote " Table des propor-
tions qu'il faut observer entre les caract^res " (1737)." Man-
uel typographique " (1764-66), etc.
Four P's, The, A " meiTy interlude " by John
Hevwooil. The four Fs were a " Palmer, a Pardoner, a
Poticary, and a Pedlar." It was 'probably written alxmt
1540, and was printed some time before 1547.
Four Prentices of London, --i- play by Thomas
Hevwood (1600). This play was ridiculed in "The
Knight of the Burning Pestle ' by Beaumont and Fletcher.
Four Sons of Aymon. An old play rebeensed
bv Herbert in 1624. Balfe wrote an opera
with the same title in 1843. See Quatre Fits
(I'Aiitiioii.
Fourth Party, The. A name given about 1880
to a knot ot English Conservatives, of whom
Lord Randolph Churchill was the leading
spirit. It frequently opposed the Conserva-
tive party.
Fowey
Fowey (foi). A small seaport in Cornwall, Eng-
land, situated ou the EngUsli Channel 22 miles
west of Plymouth, important in the 13th and
14th centuries.
Powler(fou'ler). In Shirley's "Witty FairOne,"
a brilliant libertine, reformed by being per-
suaded that he is dead, and suffering for his
rices as a disembodied spirit.
Fowler, Edward. Born at Westerleigh, Glouces-
tershire, in 1632: died at Chelsea, Aug. 26, 1714.
An'English prelate and theological writer, bish-
op of Gloucester 1691. He wrote " DesiKii of Christi-
anity " (Hi71), whii-h was att^icked by Biuiyan aiul Baxter ;
"Dil-t wip'd off : or a manifest discovery of the wicked
spirit of one .Tolm liiinyaii " (1072), etc.
Fowler, Henry the. A name given to the em-
peror Henry I.
Fowler, John. Born at Melksliam, Wiltshire,
July U, 1826: died at Aekworth, Dec. 4. 18(U.
An English inventor. He invented a steam-plow in
whict) the plow is movedby traction of a stationary engine,
and otiler improved machines.
Fowler, Katharine. The maiden name of Kath-
arine Philips, the •■ matchless Orinda."
Fowler, Orson Squire. Born Oct. 11, 1809: died
Aug. IS. iss". An American phrenologist.
He praduated at Amherst College in 1834. He devoted
himself to lecturing and writing oii phrenology, and
to v.arions projects for the promotion of he.alth and social
reform. He founded the ** American Phrenological Jour-
nal "In 183S, and published a number of works, including
"Human Science, or Phrenology " (1873), etc.
Fownes (founz), George. Born at London, May
14, 181.5: died at London. Jan. 31, 1849. Ail
Enrfish chemist. He was professor of chemistry to
the Pharmaceutical Society 1842—46, lecturer on chemistry
at Middlesex HospiUil 1S42-45, professor of practical chem-
istry in the Birkbeck Laltoratory of I'ni versify C(^legel840-
1849, and secretary of the <'lieniieal Sttciety. He wrote a
manual of chemistry (1844 : later editions edited by Henry
Watts), various articles in the " Proceedings of the Chemi-
cal Society," etc.
Fox (t'oks). A tribe of North American Indians,
first found in Wisconsin, extending to Lake
Superior. The Ojibwa and French forced them south
of the Wisconsin Kiver, where they became incorporated
witli tlie Sac tribe. The name is simply translated from
the French Renards, prol)ably given from the custom of
painting tlieir robes the color of tlie red fo.v, the fox clan
also being specially identitled among them. The Ojiltwa
called them 'tutagami, meaning * People on the opposite
side of tlie Water." See Alifotu^ian.
Fox, or Neenah (ne'nii). A river in northeast-
ern Wisconsin. It (lows through Lake Winnebapo,
and falls into Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Length, about
250 miles.
Fox, or Fishtaka (pish-tii'kii). A river in
southeastern Wisconsin and northeastern Illi-
nois, joining tlie Illinois at Ottawa, 70 miles
southwest of ( 'liicago. Length, about 200 miles.
Fox, Caroline. Burn at Falmouth, England,
May 24, 1819: died there, Jan. 12, 1871. An
English diarist. She was the daughter of Robert
Were Fox (a physicist and mineralogist), and the friend
of John Sterling, J. S. Mill, Carlyle, and other noted per-
sons. Extracts from her diary covering the period 1835-
1871 wire published in 1881 (:id ed. 1882).
Fox, Sir Charles. Born at Derby, March 11,1810:
died at Blackheath, June 14, 1874. An English
engineer, contractor, and manufacturer. He was
chiefly engaged In the construction of railway works(roads
(especially narrow-gage), tunnels, bridges, ete.) and the
manufacturing of railway supplies. He erected the build-
Ing in Hyde Park for the exhibition of 1851. See Cri/xlal
Pnlncr.
Fox, Charles James, Born at London, Jan.
24, 1749: died at Chiswick, near London, Sept.
1.3, ISiK). .\ r'clcljrated English statesman anil
orator, lie w.i^ the third son of Henry Fox (afterward
Lord Holland) and Lady Caroline (leorgina, daughter of
the second Duke of Rielimond, grandson of Charles II.
He studied first at Eton and afterward at Hertford Col-
lege, Oxford, which he left without a degree in 17f'>(S. He
entered Parliament as a Tory in 17<18, and was a junior
lord of the admiralty (1770-72) and of the treasury {1772-
1774) in Lord North's niinistr>. Dij^inissi-il liy Nortii at
the instance of Ceorgi- 1 1 1., who lurdially 'iisjikc-i liinion
account lioth of till- ilHb'la-ndilit spiiit wiiich he liisjilaN I'd
in office and of his dissolute hatiits, he juiiied the Whig
Jiarly, with which he was afterward Identitleii. On the
omiation of Lord Rockingham's ministry in 1782, he was
appointed foreign secretary, a position which he resigned
on the death of R^ickingbam in the same year, l)eing un-
willing to serve under Lord Hhelbnrne. In I7s;i he formed
a coalition witll lAird North, which brought the so-called
coalition ministry Into power, with the Duke of Portland
aa prime minister and .North and Fox as home and foreign
aecretaries. The coalition ministry was defeated in the
same year on Fox s India Bill, through the intliienceof tlie
king, who authorized Lord Temple to say in the House of
lx)rdsthat wlioever voted for the bill was not only not bis
friend, but would be considered by him ils his enemy,
'ITlrongb the enmity of the king he was kept out of otilce
until 181KJ, when Lord iirenville refused to form a minis-
try without him, and he was again appointed foreign sec-
retary. He 8Upport«d the cause of the American colonies
iu Parliament during the period of the American Kevoln-
tlon, and was the chief instrument in |)rocurIng the pas-
sage of the Libel Act of 1792. He married in 1711.1 his nils-
tresft, Elizabeth Bridget Cane, otherwise Arniistead or
Amistcad.
405
Fox, George, Bom at Fenny Drayton (Drayton-
in-the-Clav), Leicestershire, July, 1624: died
Jan. 13, 1691. The founder of the Society of
Friends. He was the son of Christopher Fox, a Puritan
weaver, and in his youth was apprenticed to a shoemaker
at Nottingham, About the age of twenty-tlve be began
to disseminate as an itinerant lay preacher the doctrines
peculiar to the Society of Friends, the organization of
which he completed about IWJS). He made missionary
journeys to Scotland In 1057, to Ireland in liiiiO, to tlie
West Indies and North America 1071-72, and to Holland
in 1(J77 and 1C84, and was frequently imprisoned for in-
fraction of the laws against conventicles, as at Lancaster
;md Scarborough I«ti3-<i0 and at Worcester 1678-74. He
in:uTieii in 1069 Margaret Fell, a widow, who was a woman
of superior intellect and gave him much assistance in tlie
founding of his sect. An edition of his "Works" was
puldished at Pliiladelphia in 1831.
Fox, Gusta'TUS Vasa. Born at Saugus, Mass.,
June 13, 1821 : died at New York, Oct. 29, 1883.
An American naval officer. He was appointed mid-
shipman in the United States navy in 1838, served in the
Mexican war, and retired in 18.")6 with the rank of lieu-
tenant. He was assistant secretary of the navy 1861-66.
Fox, Henry Edward. Born March 4, 1755:
died at Portsmouth. July 18, 1811. An English
general, brother of Charles .lames Fnx. He en-
tered the army in 1770, served in the Britisli army in
America throughout the War for liiilepeiuience, and in
1793 was promoted major-general. He subsequently com-
manded a brigade in Flanders, where he fought with dis-
tinction against the French at Pont-:VChin in 1794. He
was eommaniler-in-chief of the forces in Ireland during
the revolution of Robert Emmet iu 1803, and commanded
the British army in Sicily 1800-07.
Fox, Henry Richard Vassall, third Baron
Holland. Born at Winterslow House, Wilt-
shire, Nov. 21, 1773 : died at Holland House,
Oct. 22, 1840. Au English politician, nephew
of Chai'les James Fox. He succeeded his father
Stephen, second Lord Holland, as Baron Holland of Holland
in the county of Lincoln and Baron Holland of Foxley in
the county of Wilts in 1774 : took his seat in 1790 In tlie
House of Lords, where he acted with the Whigs ; was ap-
pointed with Lord Auckland in 1806 to negotiate a treaty
with the American plenipotentiaries Monroe and Pinck-
ney ; was sworn of the privy council in 1800 ; was lord
privy seal 1806-07 ; and was chancellor of the duchy of
Lancaster Nov. 25, 1830,-May 10, 1832, May 18, 1832,-Xov.
14, 1834, and April 23, 1835, until his death.
Fox, Luke. Born at Hull, Oct. 20, 1.586: died
at Whitby iu July, 1635. An English navi-
gator. He commanded an expedition in search of the
northwest passage in 1031, and wrote " North-west Fox, or
Fox from the North-west passage . . . with briefe Ab-
stracts of the "Voyages of Cabot, iYobisher. Davis, Wey-
mouth, Knight, Hudson, Button, Gibbons, Bylot, Baffin,
Hawkridge . . . Mr. James Hall's three Voyages to Uroyn-
land . . . with tlie Author his owne Voyage, being the
XVIili " (1635).
Fox, Sir Stephen. Bom March 27, 1627: died
at Chiswick, Middlesex, Oct. 28, 1716. Au
English politician. He sided with the king iu the
civil war; took part in assisting Prince Charles to escape
to Normandy ; was made steward of the prince's household
in 1654 ; received at the Restoration a number of lucrative
offices. Including that of paymaster-general ; and entered
Parliament in 1679.
Fox, The. See Volpone.
Fox Channel. An arm of the sea north of
Hudson Bay and Southamjitoii Island.
Foxe, or Fox (foks), John. Born at Boston, Lin-
colnshire,1516: diedat London, April, 1587, An
English martyrologist. He studied at .Magdalen Col-
lege, Oxford, where he proceeded B, A. in 1537; became a
full fellow in l.'i.'tO ; and proceeded A. M. in l.')43. He re-
signed his fellowship in l.'>45 ; became In 1,548 tutor to the
children of Henry Howard, earl of Surrey (a post which he
retained five yeiu-s) ; and in 1,550 was ordained deacon. At
the accession of Queen Mary he fled to the Continent to
avoid persecution as a Protestant, and lived during her
reign chiefly at Frankfort and at Itasel, where he was em-
ployed as a reader of the press in the printing-office of
Johann Herbst (Oporinus). He returned to England in
155!», was ordained priest in 1500, and in 1.563 was made a
jirehendary in Salisbury (Cathedral and given the lease of
the vicarage of Sliipton. His chief work Is "Actcs and
Monuments," of which four editions appeared during his
lifetline(1503, 1570, 1570, and 158:i). and which Is popularly
known as Koxes " Book of Martyrs."
Foxe, or Fox, Eichard. Born at Ropesley,
near (Trantham, Lincolnshire, in 1447 or 1448;
died probably a1 Winchester, Oct. 5, 1528.
An English prelate. He studied at Oxford, Cam-
bridge, and Paris, While at Paris lie entered the service
of Henry, earl of Ricliinond, soon after whose accession
In 1485 aa Henry \'II. he was appointed lord privy seal.
He became sulfragan bishop of l-'.xeter in 1487, being
translated to the see of Bath and Wells in 1492, to that
of Durham in 1494, and to that of Winchester in 1501.
He founded Corpus ChrlstI College, Oxford, 151.5-10.
Fox Islands. One of the groups of Aleutian
Islands.
Fox Land. A tract in the Arctic regions of
North America, north of Hudson Strait and
east of Fox Channel.
Foy(fw!i), Maximilien S6bastien. Born at
Ham, Soninie, France, Feb. 3, 1775: died at
Paris, Nov. 28, 1825. A French general and
orator. He served with distinction in the Peninsular
France
war, and was a member of the Chamber of Deputies 1819-
1825. He was the author of an unfinished work, " Uistoire
de la guerre de la P^ninsule " (1827).
Foyers (foi'erz). Fall of. A waterfall in lu-
vei'iiess-shire, Scotland, east of Loch Ness,
near Fort Augustus. Height. 165 feet.
Foyle (foil). Lough. An inlet of the Atlantic,
and estuary of the river Foyle, situated be-
tween counties Donegal and Londonden-y, Ii'e-
land. Length, 16 miles. Greatest width, 9 miles.
Fracasse. See CcipUaine Fracdssf, Lc.
Fracastorio (frii-kiis-to're-o). Born at Verona,
Italy, 1483: died near Verona, Aug. 8, 1553.
An Italian physician and poet. He wrote a cele-
brated Latin poem entitled " Syphilidis sivc de morbo
gallico libri tres' (Verona, 1530), " De vini temperatura"
(Venice, 1534), "Homocentricorum, sive de stelli>, etc.."
"De sympathia et antipathia rerum, etc." (1646), etc. His
collected works were published in Venice in 1665.
Fra Diavolo (fra de-ii'vo-lo) (Michele Pezza).
[It., 'brotlier devil.'] Born in Calabria, llalv,
about 1760 : hanged at Naples, Nov. 10, 1806.
An Italian robber, a Bourbon partizan leader
1799-1806.
Fra Diavolo, ou L'H6tellerie de Terracine.
A comic opera by Auber, words liy Scribe, first
produced at Paris, Jan. 28, 1S30. "The real Fra
Diavolo was a Calabrian bandit named Jlichele
Pezza.
Fragmenta Vaticana (frag-men'ta vat-i-ka'-
iiii). [L.,' Vatican Fragments.'] A collection of
legal documents, perhaps made during the life-
time of Constantino, a part of which has been
preserved in a palimpsest in the Vatican Li-
brary.
FrahJa (fran). Christian Martin. Bora at
Rostock, German V, June 4, 1782: died at St.
Petersbui-g, Aug. 28 (N. S.), 1851. A German-
Russian numismatist, Orientalist, and historian.
In 1815 he became librarian and director of the Asiatic
museum in St. Petersburg. His chief work is "Receuiio
nnmorum Muhaniedanorum, etc." (1826).
Frail ( f ral ) , Mrs. In Congre ve's comedy ' ' Lo\ o
for Love," a woman whose character is indi-
cated by her name. This was one of Mrs.
Bracegirdle's most successful parts.
Fram (frilm). A specially constructed steam-
schooner in which Fridtjof Nansen attempted
to reach the north pole. She is 113 feet long
on the water-line, and was built at Raek-s-ik,
near Lam'vig, Norway. She sailed from Chris-
tiania, June 24, 1893." Nansen left her to con-
tinue his journey on sledges March 14, 1895 (84°
4' N. lat., 102° E. long.). Under command of Captain
Otto Neumann Sverdrup she reached 85° 5.5.5' N. lat., 60'
sr E. long., on Nov. 16, 1895; and, returnins, passed .Spitz-
bergen in Aug., 1896, having circumnavigated NovaZcmbla
and the Franz-Joseph and Spitzbergen archipelagoes.
Framingham (fra'ming-ham ). A town in Mid-
dlesex County, Massachusetts, 20 miles west of
Boston. It contains the villages of Framingham Center,
South Framingham, and Saxonville. Population (1890),
9,239.
Framlingham (fram'ling-am). A small town
iu Suffolk, England, 13 miles northeast of
Ipswich.
Frantjais (fron-sa'), Comte Antoine, calletl
Frangais de Nantes. Born at Beaurepaire,
Is^re, France, Jan. 17, 1756: died at Paris, March
7, 1836. A French revolutionary politician and
writer. He became a member of the Assembly for tlie
department of Loire-lnfc'rieure in 1791 ; a member ami one
of the secretaries of the Council of Five Hundred in 1708;
director-general of taxes in 1804 ; and peer of France in
1831. He wrote " Le maniiscrit de feu M. Jerflme " (1625),
etc.
FranQaiS.FranQOiS Louis. Born at Pli.mbi6res.
Vosges, France, Nov. 17, 1814: died May 28.
1897". A French landscape-])ainter, a pupil of
Gigoux and Corot, elected member of the Beaux
Arts in 1890.
Franca'Tilla Fontana (friin-ka-vel'lii fon-tS'-
nil). A town in the pro\inee of Lecce. Apu-
lia, Italy, 22 miles west-southwest of Brindisi.
Population (1881), 16,328.
France (frans). [F. Ln France : L. Oalliu, later
FriiiH-iii, land of the Franks; It. Franciii, Sp.
FrdnrUi, Pg. Fraiii;a, G. FnmkrcicU.'] A country
of western Europe, capital Paris, bounded by
the English Channel, the Strait of Dover, and
tlie North Sea on the north, Belgium and Lux-
emburg on the northeast, Germauy (partly
separated by the Vosges), Switzerland (largely
separated by the Jura, and Lake (ieneva), and
Italy (separated by tlie Alps) on the east, the
MediteiTanean and Spain (separated by the
Pyrenees) on the south, and the Bay of Biscay
and the Atlantic on the west. It extends from
lat. 42" 25' to 61" 6' N., anil from long. 7" SiV E. to4'5ii W.
The surface is mountainous in the south and east, level
and hilly in the west and noltli. Besides the frontier
France
ranges (the Pyrenees, Alps, Jura, and Vosges). the chief
mountains are the Cevennes in the soutli, Auvergne in the
center, and the mountains of the Cute-d'Dr (and their con-
tinuations southward). There arc also the plateaus of the
Mor\-an and Limousin in the interior, and Ardennes in the
northeast. Brittanyisbroltenand hillj. The highest moun-
tain in France is Mont Blanc. The chief ri\ er-systems are
those of the Seine, Loire, Garonne, and Rhone. Parts of the
Schelde, Meuse, and Moselle (Khinel b.isins are in France.
The largest lakes are i;eneia(oii tlie Imrder), Annecy, and
Bourget. France is the fourth European countryin area and
population. The leading agricultural pixiducts arc grain
and wine : next to these are licet-roi>t, fruit aud vegetables,
and potatoes. The agricultnnU exports are butter, eggs,
poultry, and cattle, especially to England. France has
fisheries of oysters, cod, herring, mackerel, etc. The lead-
ing mines are iron and coal. Salt and building-stones are
produced in large quantities. The chief manufactures are
silk, cotton, woolens, linen, lace, chemicals, sugar, pottery,
glass, paper, "articles of Paris," etc. The country holds
the first rank in silk manufacture, and exports woolens,
wine, silks, etc. FYance is subdirided into 87 depart-
ments. The government is republican, administered by a
president (term 7 years) as executive, a senate (300 mem-
bers), and a chamber of deputies (5S4 members). The
prevailing language is French, but Basque is spoken in the
Southwest, Breton in the northwest, ilemishinthe north-
east, and Italian by a few in the southeast The religions
supported by the state are Roman Catholic (adherents
numbering about 98 per cent of all), Protestant (chiefiy
Calvinist), and Jewish. Mohammedanism is supported in
Algeria. The following are the principal colonial pos-
sessions: in -\frica — -\lgeria. Tunis (a French protect*-'r-
ate). Senegal and dependencies, French Sudan and Ivory
Coast, French Kongo (Gaboon y, Reunion, M.ayotte, Sossi-
Be, Sainte- Marie, OlMik, Comoro Islands (protectorate).
Madagascar(protectorate). French Sahara; in Asia — Pon-
dicherrv, Tongking, Cochin-China, Annam (protectorate),
Cambodia (protectorate); in America— French Guiana.
Martinique, Guadeloupe and dependencies, St. Pierre and
Miquelon ; in Oceania — -Vew Caledonia, Tahiti. Marque-
sas Islands, Tubuai Islands, Tuamotu Islands, Wallis,
' '"■ France corresponds
406
l'*2); Auvergne incorporated 15.?2; Bourbon united to
the crown 1523; Forez united to the crown )5:(2 ; bish":'
rics of Metz, Toul. and Verdun 1.^52 (formally ceded lfV4.^
Rouergue la-2:>: Navarre and Beam united with Franc
l.TS'.* : Bresse, Bugev, and the pays de Gex all in ItiOl ; p:n ;
of AlsacclWS: Koussillon 1669 ; Dunkirk 1662; Artois 16.':',
1668. 1678 ; Flanders 1659, 1668, 1678. 1713 ; Franche-
Comt^ (county of Burgundy) 1674-78; .strasi.urg 16S1 ;
Orange 1713 ; Lorraine 1766 ; Avignon and the Conitat-
^■enaissin 1791 ; remaining paris of .\lsace about 17:»1 :
county of Montbeliard 17!<3; Sice and its territory anil
Savoy ISiiO. Of regions outside of J'rance. Corsica was ac.
Francis I.
and annexed to France (formally ceded by treaties of Xim.
wegen 167&-79).
Franclli (friiu'ke), Ausonio: pseudonym of
Cristoforo Bonavino. Bom at Pegli, near
tiiuiia, lt;il_v. Feb. 24. 1821. An Italian philo-
sopliical writer. He became a priest, but in 1849
abandoned the church on account of heterodox opinions,
returning to it. however, in 1890. He became professor
of philosophyat the rniversity of Pavia in 18i">0, and profes-
sor at the Academy in Milan in 1S63. The most notable of
his works is " La filosofia delle scuole italiane " (1S.'>2), etc.
quire"d 1768, Algeria 18;«i-17. At its height under Sapo- francM, Fabian and Louls dei. Twin 1)ro-
leon. France included Belgium, Holland, Germany west *) ,)
of the Rhine, northwestern Germany as far ■■' •>"' "i""tb iii<-i..^u
_ as the mouth
of tiie Elbe and Lubeck, Valais in Switzerland, lieduiont.
Liguria, Tuscany, and Latium ; the kingdom of Italy (in
northeastern Italy), the Illyrian provinces, and some
smaller tracts were governed from France : and in French
alliance or under French protection were the Rhenish
Confederation (including the kingdom of Westphalia),
Dantzic, Switzerland, the duchy of Wareaw, Seuchatel,
the kingdom of Naples, and various minor Italian states.
Area of France. 207,301 square miles. Population (1891X
38,.343,192. Population of French colonial possessions,
estimated, 35,000,000-37,000,000 ; the entire area is unde-
termined.
France tlien — the Western or Latin Francia, as dis-
tinguished from the German Francia or Franken — prop-
erly meant onlv the King s immediate dominions. Though
Xormandv, Aquitaine. and the Duchy of Burgundy allowed Francia (fran'shia).
aractei-i-iuBouoieaultV play "TheCor-
sicail Brothers." The mysterious sympathy between
them, a family inheritance, brings Fabian from his country
home to Paris to avenge the death of Louis in a duel, re-
vealed to him in a sort of \ision at the time of its occur-
rence. Both parts are played by one actor.
Franci (fran'si). See the extract.
homage to the French king, no one would have spoken of
them as parts of France. But, as the French kings, step
by step, got possession of the ilominions of their vassals
and other neighbours, the name of France gradually spread
till it took in. as it now does, by far the greater part of
GauL On the other hand, Flanders, Barcelona, and the
Norman islands, though once under the homage of the
Fiench kings, have fallen altogether away, and have there-
fore never been reckoned as parts of France. Thus the
name of France supplanted the name of Karolingia as the
Eaiatea, and some small acquisitions. France corresponds "*™® ° e es em g "^^^^^ ^^^ q j^3
partly to the ancient Gaul. It was inhabited in the ear-
liest historic times by the Iberians (Aquitanians and France, lie de. See Ile-de-France.
Basques) and Celts (Gauls). Greek colonies were settled at Tiranpp Tcilp nf See Mauritius.
MarseUles and elsewherein southern France. Reman set- i,"^^^*^^' i^^® "i" a .:„4^lL Tn,jV.^,,U /L-Ti^vrr, =«
tiements were made at Narbo B. c. 118, and southern France, JaCQUeS Anatole Tluba,Ult (known as
France(/'rorincia)wasacquiredbyRome. Theconquestof Anatole). Bom at Pans, April lb, lh44. A
Fiench poet and miscellaneous writer. He is
principallv known from his critical articles in ''La Vie
LitteraireJ" "LeGlobe," " Les Debats." 'Le Temps." etc.,
and his novel " Le Crime de Sylvestre Bonnard " (1881).
de? France Antarctique (irons on-tark-tek' ). A
name given by the French Huguenots to the
short-lived colony on the bay of Eio de Janeiro,
Brazil, 1555-67. Thevet and other authors extended
all Gani was ellected by Caesar s&Si B. c, and the country-
was subdivided into Roman provinces, becoming Roman-
ized and Christian. It was overrun in the oth century by the
West Goths. Burgundians, and Franks; but an invasion of
the Huns under Attilawas checked at Chalons (451). The
Frankish monarchy (Merovingian) was established und
Clovis after his defeat of the Roman governor Sy.agrius
near Soissons in 486. A Saracen invasion was checked by
Charles Martel at Tours in 732. Carollngians came into
power with the accession of Pepin the Short in 751. Pepin's
son Charlemagne was crowned emperor of the \A'estin800;
but the troubles after his death led to a division of the
Frankish
ment
ning of the 10th century, and the accession of theCapetian
dynasty in 9S7. France took a leading part in the Cm- ^, • t. • „n„ ... a i^ ««?«;«!
sades. The power of the crown was increased by various Guiana. It was oecasionaUy used m official
sovereigns, especially by Philip II.. Louis IX.. Philip IV., documents.
and Louis XI. The Hundred Years' War with England ex- pjaugggga, (fran-ches'ka), PierO della, SUT-
tended from about 1337 to 1453. The Valois branch of the ^^med di San-SepolcrO (from his place of
Capetian house acceded m 1328, and continued with its ". 7; , „ tjo,^ ^^y\/±\,^^ , /no 1
■ '^ " "■ . .. „ . birthl. Born m Italv, 14_0: died 1-192. An
Even so early as the reign of Lewis the Pious, one wi-iter
distinguished Franci and Germani, meaning by the former
the people of the Western Kingdom. Gradually the name
was, in the usage of Gaul and of Europe, thoroughly fixed
in this sense. The Merwings, the Karlings, the Capets,
all alike called themselves Reges Francoruni ; Francus
having of course totally changed its meaning in the mean-
whlle. Freeman, Hist Essays, I. 189.
The land of the Franks.
The name varied in meaning with the extent of the Frank-
ish power. Western Francia was Neustria, which grew
into France. Eastern Francia became Franconia.
-As for the mere name of Francia. like other names of
the kind, it shifted its geographical use according to the
wanderings of the people from whom it was derived.
After many such changes of meaning, it gradually settled
down as the name for those parts of Germany and Gaul
where it still abides. There are the Teutonic or Austrian
Francia, part of which still keeps the name of Franken
or Franconia. and the Romance or Neustrian Francia,
which by various annexations has grown into modem
France. Freeman, Hist. Geog., p. 121.
Francia (fi'an'cha) (Francesco Raibolini).
Boriil450: died Jan. 5. 1518. An Italiaupainter.
The name Francia is probably an abbreviation of the full
name Francesco. In his own day he was better known
as a goldsmith than as a painter, and one of the most
successful medallists of the time. In lr,08 he came un-
der the influence of Raphael. Of his frescos only two
remain, much retouched, in the Oratory of St Cecilia at
Bologna- His easel-pictures aud portraits in oil ai-e nu-
merous, and show the tendencies of Pemgini and Raphael
so strongly that some have long been attributed to one or
the other painter.
America.
[ne trouoies aiier nis ueaiii leu 10 a um&ioii 01 lue ^ . . .._,_ , ••i /\
kish empire in the treaty of Verdun (S43). The settle- France EqUinOXiale (trons a -ke-noks-val ).
t of the Northmen in France took place in the begin- rF., ' equinoctial France.'] A name given bv
„,,v»,...K„..„. .,..,..„..„„i.,„ „,..,.,.»„..;»„ ^^^^ authors of the 18th century to French
branch Valois-Orl^ans till the accession of the Bourbons
with Henry IV. (of Navarre) in 1589. The Huguenot wars
lasted from 1562 to the Edict of Nantes, 1598. The power
of the crown was greatly developed by Richelieu and Louis prospectiva pingendi"
XIV. Francetookaleadingpait in the Thirty Years War. Francesca da Rimini (fran-ehes'ka da re'me-
There were various combinations of European states against
Louis XIV. (the last in the War of the Spanish Succession).
France t'K)k part inthe War of the Austrian Succession. In
the Seven Years' War it was defeated by England, losing
large possessions in .America and India. It aided the United
States in the Revolutionary War. ITie first French Reve-
lation began in 17^y, and the republic- was established in
1792. Great increase of French territory and power re-
sulted from the wars of the Revolution. The Directory was
established in 179.'', the Consulate in 1799, and the empire
under Napoleon in 13<.^4. Ijiter eventsare the restoration
of the Bourbons (1814) ; the Hundred Days of Napoleon
the title to the whole of BrazU, and even to aU South Francia (fran'se-a), Jos6 Caspar RodrigUeZ,
called Dr. Francia. Bom in Asuncion. 1761:
died there, Sept. 20. 1840. A dictator of Para-
guay. He was a lawyer, and in May, 1811, was made a
member of the governmental junta which was formed after
the expulsion of the Spanish governor. He quickly took
the lead in aifairs ; was made consul in Oct., 1811 ; dictator
for three years in 1814; and dictator for life in 1817. From
the first he governed with absolute power, and his orders
became the only law of the country. Aiming to cut off
Paraguay from intercourse with the rest of the world, he
restricted foreign commerce to a few absolutely necessary
articles. Except in rare instances nobody was .allowed to
leave the country, and this rule was enforced with the few
foreigners who entered it. He regulated agriculture as
he pleased, and would not permit the accumulation of
wealth- His real or supposed enemies were imprisoned
and executed, often secretly aud always without any real
trial. Primar>' education was somewhat encouraged, and
quarrels with" the surrounding powers were avoided, so
that during his rule Paraguay had no wars.
Italian painter. He worked in Florence (1439-40),
Arezzo, Rimini. Rome, and elsewhere. He wrote "De
ne). An Italian lady of the 13th century, daugh-
ter of Guido da Polenta, lord of Rimini, and
wife of Giovanni Malatesta. The story of her love
for Paolo, the young brother of her husband, and their
subsequent death (about 1288) at the hand of the latter, "■■""■;'■"*;";- •>"^'^^<"-s"-.' ■■--■; ^
has been told by Dante in a famous episode in the "In- FranCiablglO i fran-cha-be jo), FranceSCO dl
"' ■ - -■ ■ " -^, -- Cristofano. Bom at Florence about 1-180:
died there, about 1525. An Italian painter, a
pupil and imitator of Andrea del Sarto.
ferno. " Silvio PelUco wrote a tragedy on the subject
and Leigh Hunt a poem. Boker also wrote a tragedy with
the sametitle,whichhasbeensuccessfullyplayed. Noteil
pict ures illustrating the story havebeen painted by Ingres.
Cabanel, An" Schefler, George Frederic Watts, and others.
(1815); thesecond restoration of the Bonrb.ins(1815); the Prance<!china (frau-ches-ke'na). The prinei
pal character in Marston's ''Dutch Coxirtesan."
The character of the passionate and implacable courte-
san, Franceschina, is conceived with masterly ability.
Few figures in the Elizabethan drama are more striking
than this fair vengeful fiend, who is as playful and piti-
less a^ a tigress: whose caresses are sweet as honey and
poisonous as aconite. BxtUen,
rcTolution of July and accession of the (.trleans family
(1830) ; the revolution and establishment of the second
republic (1*48) ; the coup d'etat of Louis Napoleon (Dec.
18.il); and the establishment of the second empire under
Kapoleou III. (1852). France took part in the Crimean
war and in the Austrian-Italian war of 1859. Inthe war of
ISro-Tl with the Gei-mans (the so-called Franco-yerman
war) France was severely defeated ; the empire was over-
thrown (Sept.. 1870), and was succeeded by the third re- _ , , , .-, .. , i -/ «\ "DnUnnnnvA
public; and France was obliged to cede Alsace-Lorraine Francescllini (fran-ches-ke ne), BalaaSSaTC.
(1871). This disaster was followed by the Communist civil Bom at Volterra, Italy, about 1612: died at
war of 1871. More recent events have been the extension Florence, 1681. An Italian painter.
of French tr—^' ~** " i^-"-*"-" *<,.../...«- ^ _ __ . _.
with China,
in Mad;
efforts to overturn the existing republic by royalists. IjUS. All Italian p;
Bonapartists, and Boulangists; the leaning toward Russia Franche-Comt4 (froush kon-ta'). [F., 'free
'^^^^^'E^.^^tl^^^^TZ^r^l^. -<-ty.'] An ancient government of eastern
mandy, and the other provinces; Franco-German War and r ranee. It was bounded by Champagne on the north_
other wars; French ftevciution. nni .Vaptileon.) The fol- west. Lorraine on the north. Montbeliard and .Switzerland
lowing is a statement of the incorporation of the provinces
of France since the Carolingian period; Gatinais annexed
to the crown Imvi ; viscounty of Bourges lioo ; counties of
Amiens and Vennandois (in Picardy) annexed to the crown
1183 (finally about 1479) ; county of Valois annexed 1215
(final union 1515); Nonnandv about 120S ; Anjou about
1204 (definitely 1480): Maine about 1204 (definitely 14»1);
Touraine annexed to the crown alwut 12iH {incorporated
about 1584) ; Narbonne (eastern Languedoc) 1229 ; Blois
and Chartres (in Orleanais) 1234 (Blois finally in possession
of the crown 1498) ; Perdic 1257 ; county of Toulouse 1271 ;
Champagne 1335 (inoirpirated 1361) ; Montpellier ac-
<iuired 1349 (.') ; Aquitaine 1453 ; Berry 14f'5, and definitely
1601; duchy of Burgundy 1479; Brittany 1491 (incorporated
on the east. Gex, Bugey, and Bresse on the south, and
Burgundy on the west. It was ciUled in its earlier his-
tory I'pper Burgundy, and often later was known as the
countv of Burgundy. Bcsanfon and Dole are the chief
towns. The departments of Doubs, ,Iura, and Haute-
HaAne correspond to it. It was part of the old kingdom
of Burgundy. It became a countship in early times and
a fief of the empire, was held at different times by Fred-
erick Barbarossa and Philip V. of France, and was defi-
nitely annexed to the duchy of Burgundy in 1384. It was
conquered by Louis XI. of France in 1477; was ceded by
Charles VIII. to the Hapsburgs in 14H3. retaining local
privileges under Spanish rule; was conquered by Louis
XIV. 1668, but restored ; and was again conquered in 1674
Francion. See Histoire Comigtie de Francion.
Francis (fran'sis) I. (of Austria: Francis 11.
of the Holy Roman Empire). [The E. name
Francis was formerly also Frauiicis, from OF.
Fraiiceis, F. Francois, Sp. Pg. Francisco. It.
Francesco, G. Franci.<icu.<s. From, from ML.
Franci.'iCKs, Frankish, of France, from Fran-
cii.':. Frank. Francia, France.] Bom at Flor-
ence. Feb. 12, 1768: died at Vienna, March
2, 1835. Emperor of Austria, son of the em-
peror Leopold n. whom he succeeiled in 1792.
lie joined in 1793 the first coalition against France, but
was forced by the successes of Napoleon in Italy to con-
clude (Oct. 17, 1797) the peace of Oampo-Fonnio (which
see). In 1799 he joined thesecond coalition against France,
but in consequence of the victories of Napuletm at Maren-
go (June 14, ISiiO), and Morean at Hohenlinden (I>e»-. 3,
l&Xi), he accepted (Feb. 9, 1801) the peace of Luneville,
which in the main confirmed the peace of (.'ampt^Formio.
He joined the third coalition against France in 1806. but
was forced bv the victory of Napoleon at Austerlitz (Dec.
2, 1806) to conclude (Dec. 26, 1805) the peace of Presburg.
by which Austria was deprived of Venetia and Tyrol
Having already proclaimed himself hereditary emperor of
Austria in ISCW, he formally abdicated the crown of the
Holv Roman Empu^ in I8116. He declared war against
France in ISO, hut was forced by the victory of Napoleon
over the archduke Charles at Wagram (.Inly .=>-♦., 1809) to
conclude (dct. 14, 1809) the peace of Vienna, by which
Austria lost 32.000 s<inare miles of territory. His daugh-
ter Maria Louisa married Napoleon in IslO. He sided
with France against Russia in 1812, joined the Allies in
1813. and acquired by the Congress of Vienna more terri-
tory than he had lost in bis previous ware with France.
Francis I.
407
rhahot, who compared the bandnrriting of Janiiie with
that of Fruncia.
He Joined the Holy Alliance in 1815, and the remainder of
his reign was devoted to a policy of reaction under the
Kuidance of Metteruich. Francis Borgia, St. See Borgia, St. Francesco.
Francis I. Bom at Cognac, France, Sept. 12, Francis Joseph I. Born at Vienna, Aug. 18,
14!t4: ilied at Kambouillet, France, March 31. is30. Km|Mr.ir of Austria, eldest son of the
1547. King of France, son of Charles, count
of Angouleme, and cousin-geriiian of Louis Xll.
He succeeded to the throne in 1S15. In the same year lie
conquered liy the victory of Miirignano(Sept. IS-H) Milan,
the sovereignty of which he claitiied by inheritancethrough
his great-granilmother Valentina Visconti. In 151(5 he
concluded a concordat with the Tope which rescinded
the pragmatic sanction of 1438, and vested in the crown
the right of nominating to vacant beneUccs. He was an
urjsuccessful candidate for the iinpLiial dignity in 1519,
and the remainder of his reign was chietly occupied by
four wars against his victorious rival, the emperor Charles
v., who advanced claims to Milan and the duchy of Bur-
gundy. During the first war, which br<)lce out in 1521.
he was taken captive at Pavia in 1.^25, and kept prisoner
until the pi'ace of Madrid in 1520. liurin:.; the second
war. which broke out in 1527, he was supjiorted by the
Pope, Venice, and Francesco .^forza. It was concluded
by the i>iace of Cambray in 152!i. The third war broke
out in 15;1G, and was ended by the truce of Nice in 153?.
The fourth war, which broke out in 1542, was teniiinated
with the peace of Crespy in 1544, which left him in pos-
session of Burgundy while the emperor i-etaincd Milan.
Iiuring the last two wars his princip-al ally was Soliman
the Magnificent, sultan of Turkey.
Francis II. Bom at FontaineWeau, France,
Jan. 19. l.>44 : died at Paris, Dec. 5, 1560. King
of France, eldest son of Henry II. whom he
succeeded in 1559. He married Mary Queen
of Scots in 1558.
Francis I. (Stephen). Born Dec. 8, 1708: died
at Innsbruck. Tyrol, Aug. 18, 1765. Emperor
of the Holy Koman Empire, son of Leopold.
duke of LoITaine. Hemamed in 1736 Maria Theresa
of Austria, whose co-regent he became on her accession in
1740 to the hereditary dominions of the Iiouse of Austria.
He was elected emperor in 1745.
Francis II., Emperor of t ho Holy BomanEmpire .
See Francis I., Emperor of Austria.
Francis I. Born at Naples, Aug. 19, 1777: died
at Naples, Nov. 8, 1830. King of the Two Sici-
lies, son of Ferdinand I. whom he succeeded in
182.5.
Francis II. Bom Jan. 16, 1836. King of the
Two Sicilies, son of Ferdinand II. whom he
succeeded in 1859. He waa driven from his dominions
(which were annexed to those of Victor Emmanuel) in 1860.
Francis i fran'sis). In Shakspere'a ' ' Much Ado
about Nothing." a friar.
Francis. Convers. Bom at West Cambridge,
Mass., Nov. 9, 1795: died at Cambridge, April
7, 1863. Aji American Unitarian clergyman
and biographer. He became professor of pulpit elo-
quence at Harvard in 1842, a position which he retained
until his death. He wrote the essays on .Tohn Eliot and
Sebastian fcisle in Sparka's "Liljrary of American Biog.
r«phy."
Francis, James Goodall. Born at London in
1819: died at Queen.scliff, Victoria, June 2.5,
1884. An Australian politician. He emigrated to
Franconia, Middle
lesser brethren, Minorite Friars. They were both off-
shoots of the Augustinian monks ; both were .\ustin Fri-
ars, whether Black Friars ortlrey Friars. The Duniinicans
were in black ; and the Franciscans went in coarse grey
gowns, bare-footed and bare-headed.
ilorley, English Writers, III. 309.
liike Francis Charles by the princess So- franclsco (fran-sis'ko). \)i>,o Francis.
,^;^r ' r-i-^^W^i^^^V"!^ '"' ^ "f ^^:^'t lom i,, ShaLpere-s " Tempest."- 2. .
.] 1. A
Tempest." — 2. A soldier
in Shakspere's "Hamlet." — 3. In Massinger's
play "The Duke of Milan," the duke's favor-
ite, a cold, vindictive hypoctite.
archduke
phia
He succeeded to the throne Dec. 2, 1M8, on the abdica
tioii of his uncle Ferdinand I. He found at his accession
wide-spread revolutions in progress in Italy and Hun-
gary. The jiaciflcation of Italy was acconiplished by the
decisive victory of Radetzky over Charles Albert of Sar- ■p-J.Vn'l^^nnU' ?7rotV«sik"1'^"Spfi" J/iZ/^f Frnnrnix
diina, at Novara, Maixh 23, IW:). The emperor took part ' '^.nClSaae ( trou-seSK ;. oee MUiei, J!l angois
in person in the campaign in Hungary, which was subju- (I'rinis ilillr).
gated with the assistance of the lUissians, whose general, Francis Xavier. See Xaricr, Francis.
llndiger, received the surreiider of the Hui.jiaiian general Franck (fioiik), Adolphe. Born at Liocourt,
Corgev at Vi higos, Aug. 13, 1S49. In 1859 \ ictor Em- •»*"">-'»■ ^ " ,;„,T''*^ft"\ , ., ,,, n;nQ >
mXel, the successor Z( Charies Albert, having secured I;rauce, Oct. 9, 1809: died April 10, 1.S93. A
the alliance of France, resumed the struggle for the lib- i rcnch philosopher. He became professor of inter-
eration of Italy. The .Austrian forces were overthrown national law at the College de France in 185(1, and founded
by the French and Sardinians at Magenta .June 4, and
.Solf erino June 24, and Austria was forced to give up Loni-
bardy in the preliminary peace of Villafianca.lulyll,lS.'9,
which was ratified by the peace of Zurich Nov. 10. 1859.
In 1864. in alliance with I'russia, he waged a war against
llenmark, which resulted in the severance of .-^chleswig.
Holstein, and Lauenburg from that kingdom. Disagree
ment ov
the Aust
feeble suppoL --
secured the alliance of Italy. The Prussians, on July 3,
1866, overwhelmed the Austrian army at Koniggratz (Sa-
dowa). In Italy the Austriana were victorious at Cus-
tozza, and the Austrian fleet achieved a triumph at Lissa.
The emperor concluded peace with Prussia at Prague
Aug. 23, and with Italy at Vienna Oct. 3, 1866. Austria
was ejected from the German Confederation, and was com-
pelled to give up Venetia. The unsuccessful issue of this
war forced upon the emperor a liberal internal policy.
The Hungarians were conciliated by the so-called Aus-
gleich (compromise), effected by Beust and Deilk in 1867,
by which the Austrian empire was reconstituted on a
dualistic basis. In Sept., 1872, during the mildstry of
Count Andrassy, he concliide.l with the German Empire
and Russia the Dreikaiserbuiid f"r tlie preservation of the
European peace. The Drcikai.^eibund was practically
dissolved at the Congress of Berlin JTune 13-July 13, 1878,
which permitted Austria to occupy the provinces of Bos-
nia and Herzegovina in opposition to the wishes of Russia.
In 1883 he concluded the Triple Alliance with the Ger-
man Empire and Italy. Francis Joseph married in 1854
the princess Elisabeth, daughter of Duke Maximilian of
the house of Bavaria. His otdy son, the crown prince
Rudolph, committed suicide (Y) Jan. 30, 18s9, at Mierling.
near Vienna. The archduke Charles Louis, brother of
Francis Joseph.became heir to the throne, but he renounced
his right in favor of his son the archduke Francis Ferdi-
nand, who is now the heir apparent. He was born at Gratz
in 1863.
Francis of Assist (as-se'ze), Saint (Giovanni
the "I'aix Sociale" in 1888. He published "Le comrau-
nisme juge par rhistoire" (1849), " Philosoi.hie du droit
p^nal" (18tU), "Moralistesetphilosophes " (1871), and was
the editor of ''Dictiouuaire des sciences philosophiques"
(1843-49).
Franck, Sebastian. See Franl-
^X d?:;3S; o^lhJ^d^hl^^ougMXS Francke (frRug'ke), August Hermann. Bom
stro-Prussian war, in which Austria received the at Liibeck, Germany, March 22,1603: died at
upportof a number of German states, while Prussia Halle, Prussia, June 8, 1727, A German pie-
tistie preacher and philanthropist. He founded
at Halle in 1695 an orphan-asylum with which a printing-
press and various schools were later combined.
Franco (friin'ko), Giovanni Battista, sur-
named Semolei. Born at Udine, 1510 : died at
Venice, 1501. iVn Italian painter. His most noted
work is a " Baptism of Christ "in the Church of San Fran-
cesco della Vigna in Venice.
Franco-German War, or Franco-Prussian
War. The war of 1870-71 between France and
Germany. The immediate ostensible cause of it waa
the election of a prince of Hohenzollern to the Spanish
throne. The following are the leading events : Declara-
tion of war, Jidy 19, 1870 ; battle of Weissenburg, Aug. 4,
1870 ; battle of Worth, Aug. 6, 1870 ; battle of Spicheren,
Aug. 0, 1870 ; battles around Metz(Colombey-Nouilly, Aug.
14 ; Vionville, Aug. 16; Gravelotte, Aug. 18) ; battle of Se-
dan, Sept. 1 ; surrender of the emperor and his army at
Sedan, Sept. 2 ; proclamation of the French republic, Sept.
4 ; commencement of the siege of Paris by the Ger-
mans, Sept. 19; surrender of Strasburg, Sept. 27; suiren-
der of Metz, < let. 27 ; battle of Coulmiers, Nov. 9 ; battle of
Beaune-la-Rolande, Nov. 28 ; sortie from Paris, Nov. 30 ;
battle of Orleans, Dec. 2-4 ; sorties from Paris, Jan., 1871 ;
battle of Le Mans, Jan. 12 ; battle of Lisaine, Jan. 1.5-17 ;
surrender of Paris, Jan. 28; peace preliminaries at Ver-
sailles, Feb. 26; occupation of Paris by German troops,
March 1-3 ; peace of Frankfort (which Bee), May 10, 1871.
Francesco Bernardone). Bom at Assisi, Francois (fron-swii'), Due d' Anion. Born 1554:
Italy,inll82: diedat Assist, Oct. 4,1226. Acele- ai,.a 1584. A sou of Henrv II. of France, a
brated Italian monk and preacher. He turned, suitor for the hand of Queeii Elizabeth of Eng-
after a serious illness in his youth, to a life of ascetic i i
devotion, and in 1210 founded the order of the Francis- i-mn- . _ - , „ .
cans, whose rule was formally confirmed by Honorius FraUQOlS, KUTt VOn. Boni at Luxemburg, Oct.
III. in 1223. After a visit to Egypt in 1219, on which he 2,1853. An African exjilorer. He served through
preached before the sultan, he retired as a hermit tp ^\^Q Franco-German war, in which his father, a German
Monte Alverno. where, according to the legend, he experi-
enced the miracle of the stigmata. He was canonized
by Gregory IX. in 1228, and is commemorated on Oct. 4.
Tasmania in 1834 ; removed subsequently to Melbourne ; Francis of Paula (pou'lii), Saint. Born at
became a member of the lower Iiouse of the Victorian
legislative assembly in 1869 ; was commissioner of trade
and customs 1863-68 ; was treasurer of \'ictoria 1870-71 ;
and was prime minister 1872-74.
Francis, John. Bom at London, July 18, 1811 :
died there, April 6, 1882. An English publisher.
He became ajunior clerk In the office of the "Athenaeum"
in .Sept., 1831, and was business manager and publisl
Paola (Paula), Cosenza, Italy, 1410: died at
Plessis-lez-Tours, Indi-e-Loire, France, April 2,
1507. An Italian monk, the founder of the
order of Minims (first called Hermits of St.
Francis) in 1436. The statutes of the orderwere con-
llrmeil, and Francis was appointed Its superior-general,
by Pope Sixtus IV. In 1474.
f that paper from Oct. 4, 1831. until his death. He was FranciS of SaleS (salz ; F. pron. sal), baiut
proriHiu'ntly connected with the agitAtion for the repeal
of tile duty on newspaper advertisements (1853), of the
stamp duty on newspapers (1855), and of the paper duty
(isi;i).
Francis, John Wakefield. Born at New York,
Nov. 17, 17S9: died there, Feb. 8, 1861. An
American phvsician and inedi<'al and biograph-
ical writer. "He published "Old New York"
(18.57), etc.
Francis, Philip. Bom about 1708: died at
Bom at Sales, near Annecy, Savoy, 1.567: died
at Lyons, Dec. 28, 1622. A Savoyard, coadjutor-
bishop (1.599) and later (1602) bishop of Gene-
va, founder with Madame de Chantal of the or-
der of the Visitation in 1610. He wrote " Traite
de Taniour de Dieu," etc. He is commemorated
on Jan. 29.
Francisca (fran-sis'kil). A nun in Shakspere'a
Measure for Measure,"
Bath, i\t!inTr5'T77.S. " An irisli' author. He took Franciscans (fran-sis'kanz). An order of men
the degree of B. A. at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1728,
and after having been for a time curate of .St. Peter's.
Dublin, went to England, where he obtained the rectory
of Skeyton in Norfolk in 1744. He was afterward tutor
to Charles James Fox, whom he accomitanicd to Eton in
1767, and was rector of Barrow In Suffolk from 1762 nntil
his death. He published the following translations from
Horace: "Oilcs, Epf>de», ami Carmen rtcculare of Horace
In Latin and English" (1742X and ".Satires, Epistles, and
Art of l'oetr5'"(1746).
Francis, Sir Philip. Bora at Dublin, Oct. 22,
1740; died Dec. 23, 1818. The reputed author
of ".Tuiiius's Jjetters," son of Philip Francis
(170H-7li). He was educated at St Paul's school ; be-
came a Junior clerk In the secretary of state's office in
1756; was .nnanuensis to Iltt 1761-62; was first clerk at
the War OiHce 1762-72; weid out to India in 1774 as one of
the council of four appointed t^) control the governor-
general of India ; returneii to England In 1781 (having left
India In 1780) ; entered Parliament In 17.'<4 ; ami about 1800
was made K. C. R. He wrote numerous papers, under
various pseudonyms. In support of the Whig party, and
haa been accredited with the authorship of "Junlua's
Letter^ ' chiefly on the evidence adduced by Charles
general, fell. In 1883 he accompanied the expedition of
WIssmann to the Kassai, and did excellent cbartographlc
work. In 1885 he explored the Lulongo and Tshnapa
rivers in company with G. Grenfell. I'romoted captain
while in Germany, he was sent to Togo-laiul in 1887, and
penetrated beyond Salaga to the country of the Mossi. In
1889 he was placed at the head of the German troops in
Damaraland, and in 1891 became acting imperial commis-
sioner. He has published " Die Erforschung des Lulongo
nud Tschuapa"(l,eipsic, 1888).
Francois de Neufchateau (froii-swii' dfe nk-
sh;i-t6'), Comte Nicolas Louis. Born at Saf-
fais, Meurthe, France, April 17, 1750: died at
Paris, Jan, 10, 1828. A French statesman, poet,
anil author. He was a member of the DirectoiT 1797-
1798, minister of the interior 1797 and 1798-99, and presi-
dent of the .Senate 18U4-06.
Franconia (frang-ko'ni-ii), G.Franken (friing'-
keii). [MIj. Franaoniii. G. Franl.tn. land of
the Franks.] One of the four great duchies
of the old German kingdom: also known as
Francia. It lay chiefly in the valley of the Main, but
extended west of the Rhine, being bounded by .Saxony on
the north and Alamannia or Swabia on the south. It
broke up into various small dlstricts(thc Palatinate, Wurz-
linig, Hainberg, etc.). In the division of the empire under
.Maximiliiui, it wasmade a circle. It now denotes a region
whose center Is furtherto the last than that of the ancient
duehy. This is divided into Upper, Middle, and Lower
Franconia (see below).
dicant friars founded by St. Francis of Assisi,
Italy, authorized by the Pope in 1210, and more
forilially ratified in 1223. in addition to the usual
vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, special stress is
laid upon preaching and ministry to the body and soul.
Under various names, such as Minorites, Barefooted
Friars, and Gray Friars, the order spread rapidly through-
out Europe : among its members were Alexander of Hales,
Duns Scotus, Roger Bacon, Occam, Popes Sixtus V. and
Clement XIV., ami other eminent men ; anil the order
was long noted for its rivalry with the Dominicans. Dif-
ferences early arose in regard to the severity of the rule,
which culminated in the 15th century In the division of ,, tt x r i j
theoiderlnto two great classes, the Observantlnes or Ob- Franconia, LOWOr, G. UntertranKen UnO
Bervauts and the Conventuals : the former follow a more Aschaffenburg A government district ( "I\e-
rlgorous, the latter a milder ride. The general of the Ob- *^„,.,,„,„, u,,,^i,.k'"1 in northwestern Bavaria.
Borvantlnes Is mlnlster-general of the entire order. The ^,"'' ."';^: ' ''. "\ '^ > '". ,"" o oj-j ' nre mi es
order has been noted for missionary zeal, but suffered Ciipilal. A\ urzburg. Area, .l,-4.i sipiaie miies.
considerably In the Reformation and the French Revidu- l',iiml;it ion (1S90), 61S,4S9.
,. ,n. . t .1I..II .(..l.t..— #....,......0 ..« «!... »n..l, »..,. n ' . ••. > •« .^ «»..
gray or (
Domlidc's theidoglans were called already Frati Pre- \,.^u„(,U
dicatori: Francis therefore modestly placed himself and .. ,7uon\ 700 «nR
hla companions below their order as the Frati Miiion, turn (18J0), (UU,OUO.
Franco and I'Yanconia are etymologlcally the same word ;
the difference In their modern forms is simply owing to
the necessity of avoiding confusion, which was avoided In
early medheval Latin by speaking of Kranela oceldcnlalis
and Francia orientnlis. Fianeia Latlna and Francia Teu-
tonlca. Frivtnan, Hist. Essays, I. 1?2.
leraOiy in ine iveioruiiiiiuii uo«i iiiu riuiii-ii »vi;,,,iii- I'OpUUHUMI Vl'^i'"!, win,
:'ti:^:^:i:l!:^un'^::::^:::^>^.'^''^'' " Franconia, Middle, G.Mittelfranken.>gov-
eriimeiit district 111 western i5a\ alia
Area, 2,923 square miles.
Capital,
Popula-
Franconia, Upper
Franconia, Upper, G. Oberfranken. A gov-
ernment district in northeastern Bavaria. Cap-
ital, Bavreuth. Area, 2,702 square miles. Popu-
lation (1S90), 573,320.
FraBconia Mountains. A gi-oup of mountains
in Grafton County, New Hampshire, west of
the Presidential Kange. Highest point, Mount
Lafayette {o.'270 feet).
Franconian (frang-ko'ni-an). The German dia-
lect of old Franconian territory iu middle and
western Germany, Belsjium, and Holland, along
the whole course of the Rhine from the conflu-
ence of the Murg to its mouth. Several minor dia-
lectic divisions are recognized. I'pper Franconian com-
Srehends the dialect, called East i'rancouian, of the old
achy of Franconia Orientalis, and Rlienish Franconian
the dialect of the old Franconia Khenensis. Middle Fran-
conian is the dialect of the Moselle region and along the
Bhine from Coblenz to DUsseldorf. With Hessian and
Thuringian they form the group specifically called Mid-
dle German, but are commonly included in the High Ger-
man group. Lower Franconian, the progenitor of modem
Dutch and Flemish, is the dialect of the lower Rhine re-
gion from DUsseldorf to its mouth. With Saxon and Frie-
sian it forms the group specifically called Low German.
Franconian Alps. See Franconian Jura.
Franconian Emperors. The line of German
emperors from 102-1-1125, comprising Conrad
n.. Hem-y III., Henry IV., and Henry V. Also
called Siilian Emperors.
Franconian Jura (jo'rii), or Franconian Ahis.
[G. Franlenjura, Frankischer Jiirn. etc.] The
continuation in Bavaria of the Swabian Jura.
The mountains extend from the neighborhood of Douau-
worth and Ratisbon on tlie Danube to the bend of the Main
at Licbtenfels. Highest points, over 2,0*X) feet.
Franconia Notch. -A. detile in the White Moun-
tains of New Hampshire, west of the Franco-
nia Mountains, traversed by the Pemigewasset
River.
Franconian Switzerland. A hilly district in
Bavaria, northeast of Nuremberg, noted for its
stalactite caverns and rock-formations. Height,
about 1.600 feet.
Franeker (fran'e-ker). A town in the province
of Friesland, Netherlands, in lat. 53° 12' N.,
long. 5° 32' E. : seat of a university 1585-1811.
Population (1889), 6.347.
Frangipani (fran-je-pa'ne). A noble Roman
family which came into prominence early in the
11th century, and for several centuries played
an important part in Italian history as leaders
of the Ghibelline party. Cenzio Frangipani produced
a schism in the church by the election in 1118 of the anti-
pope Burdino, who assumed the name Gregoiy ^'TII.
Frank (frangk), Johann Peter. Bom at Roth-
alben. Baden, March 19, 1745 : died at Vienna,
April 24, 1821. A German physician, noted es-
pecially for his contributions to sanitary science.
He became professor at Gottingen in 17ft4, at Pavia in 17S5,
and at Wilna in 1S04, and was physician to the emperor
Alexander of Russia 1805-4)8. He wrote "System einer
voUstandigen medizinischen Polizei " (1784-1827), " De cu-
randis hominum morbis " (1792-1800), etc.
Frank (frangk), Joseph. Bom at Rastatt, Ba-
den, Dec. 23, 1771: died atComo, Italy, Dec. 18,
1842. A German physician, son of J. P. Frank :
a supporter of the Brownian system. He pub-
lished •'Grundriss der Pathologie" (1803), etc.
Frank, or Franck (frangk), Sebastian, of
Word. Born at Donauworth, Bavaria, about
1499: died probably at Basel, Switzerland, about
1542. A German popular writer and mystical
theologian, an adherent of the Reformation. He
wrote "Chronika " (1531), ■' Weltbuch" (1534 : a cosmogra-
phy), "Sprichvvortersammlung" (1541), etc.
Frankel (friing ' kel), Zacharias. Bom at
Prague, Oct. 18, 1801 : died at Breslau, Prussia,
Feb. 13, 1875. A German rabbi, director of the
Hebrew Theological Seminary at Breslau after
1854.
Frankenberg (frang'ken-bero). Amanufaotur-
ing town in the district of Zwickau, Saxony.
on the Zschopau 32 miles west-southwest of
Dresden. Population (1890), 11,369.
Frankenhausen (frUng'ken-hou-zen). A town
in Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Germany, 55 miles
west of Leipsic. Here, May 15, 1525, the insurgent
peasantry under Thomas MUnzer were signally defeated
by Philip, landgrave of Hesse, at the head of an allied
army. It has salt-works and manufactures of pearl but-
tons, etc. Population (1890), 5,944.
Frankenstein (friing'ken-stin). A town in the
province of Silesia, Prussia. 37 miles south of
Breslau. Population (1890), 8,127.
Frankenstein. A romance by Mrs. Shelley,
published in 1818, named from the hero of the
tale, who created a monster.
The story is related by a young student, who creates a
monstrous being from materials gathered in the tomb and
the dissecting-room. When the creature is made complete
vith bones, muscles, and skin, it acquires life and com*
408
mits atrocioQS crimes. It murders a friend of the student,
strangles his bride, and finally comes to an end in the north-
ern seas. Tucfct-rmaiij Hist, of Eng. Prose Fict.. p. 319.
Frankenthal (frang'keu-tal). A town iu the
Palatinate, 6 miles northwest of Mannheim, It
has manufactures and nurseries. Population
(1890). 12.901.
Frankenwald (frSng'ken-valt). A mountainous
region on the borders of northern Bavaria and
the Thuringian states, connecting the Fichtel-
gebirge with the Thuringian Forest.
FranMort (frangk'fort), orFrankfort-on-the-
Main (man'). [Ct. Frankfurt-am-A[<iin, F.
Francfort-sur-le-ilein. The name appears in
the 8th eentm-y as Franconofurd, ford of the
Franks, said to have been so named by Charle-
magne, who here forded the river and attacked
the Saxons.] A city in the province of Hesse-
Nassau, Prussia, situated on the north bank of
the Main in lat. 50° 6' N., long. 8° 41' E. : ori-
ginally a Roman military station. It is the finan-
cial center of Germany, and one of the most important
banking cities of the world ; has extensive commerce by
railways, the Main, and the Rhine ; and has growing man-
ufactures. Its horse and leather fairs are still of impor-
tance, and it was formerly noted for its book-trade. The
cathedral is an important building of the 13th and 14th
centuries, lately restored. Its pinnacled western tower is
312 feet high. The interior contains much of interest in
sculpture, monuments, and good modern glass. In this
church the emperors were crowned by the Elector of
Mainz. t>ther objects of interest are the Romer (Kaiser-
saal Wahlzimmer), monuments of Gutenberg and Goethe
(who was bom here), house of Cioethe, Romerberg, Saalhof,
Church of St. Leonhard, Historical Museum, old bridge,
library, Ariadneum, old tower, cemetery, bourse, opera-
liouse, Stadel Art Institute(w ith a famous picture-gallery),
and Rothschild Museum. Frankfort was a residence of
the German kings under the Carolingians (Charles the
Great, Louis the Pious, etc.). It became a free city, and
was celebrated from the middle ages for its fairs. In 1356
it was recognized as the Wahlstadt (seat of imperial elec-
tions). In 18']6 it was annexed by Xapoleon to the Con-
federation of the Rhine, and granted to the prince primate
Von Dalberg. It became the capital of the grand duchy
of Frankfort in 1810 ; was made a free city in 1S15, with
small neighboring territories ; and was the capital of the
Germanic (^'onfederation. It was the scene of outbreaks
in 1S48. Its siding with Austria in 1S66 led to its annexa-
tion to Prussia. Population (1890), 179,798.
Frankfort, Council of. An ecclesiastical coun-
cil held at Frankf ort-on-the-Main in 794. It was
called by Charlemagne for the purpose of considering the
question of adopting the acts of the second Council of
Kicaea (787). which had been sent by the Pope to the French
bishops for approval, and which were rejected on the
ground that they sanctioned the worship of images. This
council, which was attended by bishops from Germany,
Gaul, Spain. Italy, and England', including delegates from
the Pope, is regarded by some as an ecumenical counciL
Frankfort, Grand Duchy of, A short-lived
monarchy formed by Napoleon in 1810, consist-
ing of the territories around Fran kf ort-on-the-
Main, Hanau, Fulda, Wetzlar, Aschaffenburg.
It was dissolved by the Congress of Vienna.
Frankfort, Peace of. A definitive treaty of
peace concluded between the German Empire
and France at Frankfort-on-the-Main, May 10,
1871, which ratified the preliminaries of peace
adopted at Versailles Feb. 26, 1871 (see Ver-
sailles, Preliminaries of).
Frankfort, or Frankfort-on-the-Oder (6'der).
[G. Franl:furt-an-(ler-Oihr.] A city in the prov-
ince of Brandenburg, Prussia, on the Oder 50
miles east by south of Berlin, it is an important
commercial town, has three annual fairs, and was formerly
the seat of a university (removed to Breslau in 1811).
Near it is the battle-field of Kunersdorf. It is an ancient
Wendish and later Hanseatic town. It was taken by Gus-
ta\Tis Adolphus in 1631, and by the Russians in' 1759.
Population (1890), 55,437.
Frankfort (frangk'fort). The capital of Ken-
tuckv and of Franklin Countv, situated on the
Kentuckv River in lat. 38° "l5' N., long. 84°
.54' W. Population (1890), 7,892.
Frankfurter Attentat (frank'for-ter at-ten-
tat'), [G., 'Frankfort Riot.'] A revolutionary
outbreak by students in Frankfort-on-the-Main,
assisted by peasants, April 3, 1833. Its occa-
sion was the hostile attitude of the Bundestag
toward the press.
Frankl (frankl), Ludwig August von. Bom
at Chrast, Bohemia, Feb. 3, IJ^IO : died at Vienna,
Marchl4, 1894. AnAustrianpoet.of Hebrewde-
scent . His chief poems are " Oistoforo Colombo" (1836X
"Don Juan d' Austria " (1846), " Der Primator " (1862), '• Tra-
gischeKonige"(1^76). Collective editionsof his works have
been published under the titles "Gesauiraelte poetische
Werke ■■ (1880) and "Lyrische Gedichtc " (.1th ed. 1881).
Frankland. See Franklin.
Frankland (fraugk'land), Edward. Bom at
Churcbtown, Lancashire, England, Jan. 18,
1825. An English chemist. He became professor
of chemistry in Owens College, Manchester, in 1851. in St,
Bartholomew's Hospital in 1857, in the Royal Institution
in 1863, in the Royal School of Mines in 1885, and in the
School of Science, South Kensington, in 1881. He has pub-
lished " Lecture Kotes lor Chemical Students " 0866), "How
Franklin, William Buel
to Teach Chemistry " (187.=^), " Experimental Researches in
Pure, .Applied, and Physical Chemistry " (1877), etc.
Frankland, sir Thomas. Died Nov. 21, 1784.
An English admiral.
Franklin (frangk'lin). A city and the capital
of Venango County, western Pennsylvania, sit-
uated near the junction of the Venango with
the AUeghauv. 65 miles north of Pittsburg,
Population (1890), 6,221.
Franklin. The capital of Williamson County,
Tennessee, situated on Harpeth River 17 miles
south by west of Nashville. Here, Xov. 30, 1864, the
Federals under Schofield defeated the Confederates under
Hood. The loss of the Federals was 2,326 ; of the Confed-
erates, 6,252. Population (1890X 2,250.
Franklin, previously Frankland. The name
given to the State government constituted in
eastern Tennessee in 1784. Capital, Jones-
borough. Its governor, Sevier, was overthrown
1788 by the North Carolina authorities.
Franklin, Benjamin. Bom at Boston, Mass.,
Jan. 17, 1700 : died at Philadelphia, April 17,
1790. A celebrated American philosopher,
statesman, diplomatist, and author. He learned
the printer's trade in the office of his elder brother James,
and in 1729 established himself at Philadelphia as edi-
tor and proprietor of the ''Pennsylvania Gazette." He
founded the Philadelphia library in 1731: began the pub-
lication of " Poor Richard's Almanac " in 1732 ; was ap-
pointed clerk of the Pennsylvania .assembly in 1736 : be-
came postmaster of Philadelphia in 1737 ; founded the
American Philosophical Society and the I'niversity of
Pennsylvania in 1743 : and in 1752 demonstrated by experi-
ments made with a kite during a thunderstorm that light-
ning is a discharge of electricity, a discovery for which be
was awarded the Copley medal by the Royal .Society in
1753. ; He was deputy postmaster-genei-al for the British
colonfes in America 1753-74. In 1754, at a convention of
the New England colonies with New York, Pennsylvania,
and Maryland, held at Albany, he proposed a plan, known
as the '* Albany Plan, " which contemplated the formation of
a self-sustaining government for all the colonies, and
which, although adopted by the convention, failed of sup.
port in the colonies. He acted as colonial agent for Penn-
sylvania in England 1757-62 and 1764-75 : was elected to
the second Continental Congress in 1775 : and in 1776
was a member of the committee of five chosen by Congress
to draw up a declaration of independence. He arrived at
Paris Dec. 21, 1776, as ambassador to the court of France ;
and in conjunction with Arthm Lee and Siias Deane con-
cluded a treaty with France, Feb. 6, 1778, by which France
recognized the independence of America. In 17S2. on the
advent of Lord Rockingham's ministry to power, he began
a correspondence w-ith Lord Shelburne, secretary of state
for home and colonies, which led to negotiations for peace;
and in conjunction with Jay and Adams concluded with
England the treaty of Paris, Sept. 3, 17S3. He retumed to
-America in 17S5: was president of Pennsylvania 1785-88;
and was a delegate to the constitutionad convention in
1787. He left an autobiography, which was edited by John
Bigelow in 1868. His works have been edited by Jared
.Sparks (10 vols., 1836-40) and John Bigelow (10 vols., 1887-
1888).
Franklin, Mrs. (Eleanor Ann Porden). Born
July, 1795: died Feb. 22, 1825. An English
poet, the first wife of Su- John Franklin, whom
she married in 1823.
Franklin, Lady (Jane Griffin). Born 1792 : died
at London, July 18, 1875. The second wife of
Sir John Franklin, whom she married Nov. 5,
1828. She fitted out five ships between 1850 and 1857 to
search for the missing -Arctic expedition commanded by
her husband. One of them, the Fox, brought back intel-
ligence of its fate. She was awarded the gold medal of the
Rxjyal Geographical Society in 1860, in recognition of her
services in the search for the missing explorers.
Franklin, Sir John. Bom April 16. 1786: died
June 11. 1847. A celebrated Arctic explorer.
He was the son of Willingham Franklin of Spilsby in
Lincolnshire. He entered the royal navy in Ids youth ;
served at the battle of Trafalgar in 1805, and in the expe-
dition against New Orleans in 1314; commanded the brig
Trent in the Arctic expedition under Captain Buchan in
1818 : commanded an exploring expedition to the northern
coast of North America 1819-22 ; commanded a similar ex-
pedition 1825-27 : was knighted in 1»2<I ; ami was lieuten-
ant-governor of Van Diemen's Land 18:i6-43. In 1845 he
was appointed to the command of an expedition, consist-
ing of the Erebus and the Terror. Captain Crozier, sent out
by the British admiralty in search of the northwest pas-
sage. The expedition sailed from Greenhithe, May 18,
1845, and was last spoken otf the entrance of Lancaster
Sound, July 26, 1S45. Thirty-nine relief expeditions, pub-
lic and private, were sent out from England and .America
in search of the missing explorers hetwet-n 1847 and 1857.
In the last-mentioned year the Fox yaclit. Captain Leo-
pold McClintock. was sent by Lady Franklin. McClintock
found traces of the missing expedition in 1859, which con-
firmed previous rumors of its total destruction. From fl
paper containing an entry by Captain Fitzjames of the
missing expedition, it was learned that Franklin dietl June
n, 1817, having in the previous year penetrateil to within
12 miles of the northern extremity of King William's Laud.
Franklin, William. Bom at Philadelphia,
1729: died in Englan<l, Nov. 17. 1813. An ille-
gitimate son of Benjamin Franklin. He was royal
governor of New Jersey 1702-76, and sided with the loyal-
ists in the Revolution.
Franklin, William Buel. Bom at York, Pa.,
Feb. 27. 1823. An American general. He was
graduated at West Point in 1843, served in the Mexican
war, and became a captain in the regular army in 1887
and a colonel in 1861. He commanded a brigade in Heint-
Franklin, William Buel
zletuan's division at the battle of Bull Run July 21, 1861,
and commanded a corps at Malvern Hill .luly 1. and at
Antietam Sept. 17. 1S62. He led a grant! diviaitin of Burn-
side's army ^t l-'redericksburgDec. l:i, lS62,aiid conimaiided
a division uf Itunks s army in the Ked River campaign of
18tM. He resigned in IStKi.
Franklin's Tale, The. One of Cbaiu-er's • • Can-
terbury TaU'.-^." It is said in the prologue to be from
a Breton lay. The story is that of Boccaccio's J^fth novel
of the tenth day in the "Decameron," and is ititrodureil
also in the Ilfth book of his "Filocopo." It relates the
sorrows and triumph of Dorigen, the faithful wife of Ar-
viragus. The franklin who tells the talc is a white-headed
Epicurean country gentleman :
*' With oute bake mete was nevere his lious,
Of Fish and tlessh, and that so plentenous
It shewed in his hous of mete and drynke,"
Frankly (frangk'H). A chavac'ter in Gibber's
comeilv "Tho Refusal, or The Ladies' PliLlos-
opliy.""
Franks (frangks). [Usually explained from the
OHG. form, as from OHG. 'fraiiclio, "franho z=
AB. franca, a spear, javelin, = Icel.//'flA'/.'i', also
frakka (prob. from AS.), a kind of spear; the
iVaiiks beiiiK thus ult. ' Spear-men,' as Sa.xous
were ' Sword-men ' (see Saxnii). The notion of
'free' associated with Frank is apparently
later.] 1. The name assumed in the 3d century
A. D. by a confederation of German tribes (Si-
cambri, Brueteri, Chamavi. etc.). Itwasdivided
by the -ith century into the three groups the Catti, the
Kipuarian Franks (dwelling near Colognci, ami the .'kalian
Franks (dwelling along tiie lower Rhine), 'llu- ileliAiti-
gian monarchy of the Salian Fnuiks was estahlished in
northern Gaul under Clovis (4sl-.'ill), and gave origin to
the name France. The accession of the Carolingians
under Pepin occurred in 7r>l. See Verdun, Treaty of.
2. .\ name given to Europeans of the western
nations by the Tui'ks, Aj'abs, and other Oriental
peoples. The appellation originated at the time of the
Crusades, when the Franks (the French), and by extension
the other nations of western Europe, became familiar to
the Orientals.
Fransecky (friins'ke) (originally Franscky),
Eduard Friedrich von. Born at Gedem,
Hesse, Nov. Iti. \X07: died at Wiesbaden, May
22.189(1. A Prussian military officer. He entered
the Prussian army in 1825, and 'served under General
Wrangel in the first Schleswig-Holstein war against
Denmark in 1848. He became lieutenant-general in 1S65,
and during the .\U8tro- Prussian war fought with distinc-
tion at the battles of ilunchengratz June 28, Koniggratz
July 3, and Presburg July 22, 1806. He commanded dur-
ing the Franco-lYussian war the 2d army corps, which
participated in the battle of Gravelotte, .\ug. 18, 187n, and
subsequently formed part of the anuy of investment be-
fore Paris. He became military governor of Berlin in
1879, a post which he retained until placed on the retired
list in 1882.
Franz (f Hints), Robert. Born at Halle, Prus-
sia, June 28, 181.5: died there, Oct. 24, 1892.
A German musician, especially noted as a com-
poser of songs. His first published composition (songs)
appeared in 1843. He gave his entire attention in his
later years to editing the works of Bach, Handel, etc., and
to composition. His songs number over throe hundred.
Franzen (friint-san'), Franz Michael. Born
at Uleaborg, Finland, Feb. 9, 1772: died at
Hernosanil, Sweden, 1847. A Swedish poet.
He studied at Abo, where he became university librarian,
and in 1801 professorof history and ethics. In 1812, after
the conquest of Finland, he settled as a clergyman at
Kumla in Sweden. Twelve years later he removed to
Stockholm. In 18:>1 he was made bishop, in which post he
dieil. His principal w<jrks are " Fimili cller en afton i
Lapplan<l " (" Emili, or an Evening in Laplantl," a didac-
tic poem with idyllic episodes), the epic poems "Svante
Stare" and "Columbus," and an uncompleted national
epic "GustJiv Adolf iTydskland "("Gustav Adolf in Ger-
many"). His best work is his religious song.s, wliich aie
ainonii the finest in Swedish literature.
Franzensbad (frant'sens-bat), also Egerbrun-
nen (li'gcr-bron-nen), Kaiser-Franzens-
brunn. A waterinK-jdace in Bohemia, 2 miles
north of Eger, celebrated for its chalybeate
and saline springs. Population (1890), com-
mune, 2,370.
Franz- Joseph-Fjord (friints'yo'zef-fyArd). An
inlet on the eastern coast of'tircenUind, about
lat. 73° 1.')' X.
Franz-Joseph-Land (-lilnt). An archipelago
in the .\i-ctic Ocean, north of Nova Zembla,
about lat. KOO-830 N., exiiluivd liv Payer 1873.
Franzos (friiut-sos'), Karl Emii. Bom Oct.
2.5, 1.H4S. An Austrian novelist.
Frascati (friis-kil'te). A town in the province of
Koine, Italy, 12 miles southeast of Home, cele-
brated for its villas. There arc remains of a Roman
amphitheater, built of reticulati-d nnisoni-y and fitted with
appliances for Hooding llie aietia for the naumachy, antl
of a small but very perfect Roman theater, in wiiichniueh
of the stage-structure survives. Population, about 7,OoO.
Fraschini (friis-ke'ne), Gaetano. Born 181."):
died 1887. An Italian tenor singer.
Fraser (fra'zer), Charles. Born at Charleston,
S. C. .\ng. 20, 17S2: died there, Oct. .'j, l,S(iO.
An .-Viuerican |iainter, chiefly of miniatures.
Fraser, James Baillie. Boi-n at Keelick, In-
409
verness-shire, June 11, 1783:' died there, Jan.,
1856. A Scottish traveler and author. He wrote
travels and tales of Eastern (especially of Per-
sian) life.
Fraser, Simon, twelfth Lord Lovat. Born about
1()67: beheaded at London, April 9, 1747. A
Scottish nobleman. He was a grandson of the eighth
lord, and, after a vain attempt to secure the person of the
daughter of the ninth lord, carried olf that lady's mother
and forcibly married her. For this crime he was initlawed
in 1701. lie -supported the government in the Jacobite
rising of 171.'), but took part with the reljcls in 1745^0.
and after tlie battle of Culloden was seized, conveyed to
T.ondon, and condemned for treason.
Fraser, Simon. Born Oct. 19, 1726: died at
London, Feb. 8, 1782. A Scottish soldier and
politician, son of Simon Fraser, twelfth Lord
Lovat. Heparticipatedin the Jacobite rebellion in 1746,
but received a pardon in 1750. At the beginning of the
Seven Years' War he raised a regiment of Highlanders,
known as the 78th or Fraser Highlanders, of which he
was commissioned colonel. He was present at the siege
of Louishurg, Cape Breton, in 1758 ; served under Wolfe
in the expedition against Quebec in 1759 ; was a brigadier-
general in the British force sent to Portugal in 1762 ; and
represented Inverness-shire in Parliament from 1761 until
his death.
Fraserburgh (fra'zer-btir-o). A seaport and
seat of the herring fishery, situated in Aber-
deenshire, Scotland, 38 miles north of Aber-
deen. PoptUation (1891), 7,360.
Eraser Island, or Great Sandy Island. An
island off the coast of Queensland, Australia,
in lat. 25° S.
Fraser E.i'ver. A river in British Columbia,
formed by two branches uniting near Fort
George, and tlowing into the Gulf of Georgia
about lat. 49° 7' N. its basin is noted for gold de-
posits. Length, about 800 miles, of which about 1(M) miles
are navigable.
Frateretto. A fiend mentioned by Edgar in
Shakspere's ''King Lear."
Fratricelli (frat-ri-sel'i). [ML., lit. 'Uttle bro-
thers,' dim. of L. frater, pi. fratres, brother.]
A body of reformed Franciscans, authorized
by Pope Celestine V. in 1294, under the name
of Poor Hermits, who afterward defied the au-
thority of the popes, rejected the sacraments,
and held that Christian perfection consists in
absolute poverty. They were severely persecuted,
but continued as a* distinct sect until the 15th century.
Also Fraticelli.
Fratta (friit'ta), orXJmbertide (6m-bar'te-de).
A towni in the province of Perugia, Italy, situ-
ated on the Tiber 14 miles north of Perugia.
Frauenburg (frou'en-boro). A small town in
the ])rovince of East Prussia, Prussia, situated
on the Frisehes Haff 41 miles southwest of
Konigsherg.
Frauenfeltl (frou'en-felt). The capital of the
canton of Thurgau, Switzerland, situated on
the Murg 22 miles northeast of Zurich. It manu-
factures cotton, and has a castle. Population
(18SK), 3,(i04.
Franenlob (frou'en-lob) (Heinrich von Meis-
sen). [G., 'praise of women': a name origi-
nating, it is said, in his preference for the word
Frau over W'cih in one of his poems.] Born
about r2()0: died at Mainz, Germany, 1318. A
German meistersinger. His works were edited
liy Ettmiiller in 1843.
Frauenstadt (frou'en-stet). Christian Martin
Julius. Born at Bojanowo, Poseu, Prussia,
April 17. 1813: died at Beriiu, Jan. 13, 1879.
A tierman writer, known chiefly as a disciple
and expounder of Schopenhauer. HewTotc "As-
tlietische Fragen " (185:J), "Briefo iiber die Schopen-
haucrsche l*hilosophie" (1854), "Der Materialisnms"
(IS.^fi), "Briefc uher natiirliche Religion" (1858), "A.
Sehojienhaner, Lichtstrahlcn aus seinen Werken," "A.
Schopenhauer, von ihni. uber ihn, etc."(lS63), etc.
Fraunhofer (fi'oun'Iio-fer),J'oseph 'von. Born
at .Straubing, Bavaria, March 6, 1787: died at
Munich, .June 7, 182(). A (ierman optician. He
is noted for improvements in telescopes and other optical
instnunents, and especially for his investigation of the
lines in the spectrum named fr<nn him " Fraunhofcr's
lines."
Fraustadt (frou'stilt). A town in the province
of I'oscii, I'l-ussia, 48 miles southwest of Posen.
Here, Feb., 17"», the Swedes under Renskiold defeated the
Saxons and Russians under Schulonberg. Population
(1890), 0.851.
Fray Gerundio de Campazas. A satirical ro-
manci' by Isla, imblishetl in 17.58. It was di-
rected against itinerant ]ireach('rs in Spain.
Frayser's (fra'zerz) (or Frazier's) Farm, <>r
Glendale (glen'dal), or Charles City Cross
Roads. -V locality in Virginia about 12 miles
simlheasl of Kichmond, the scene of a battle
between ]>ai't of McClellan's array and part of
Lee's. .June 30, 1862. See ,Srren hiii/.t' Jiiiltlcx,
Fraysslnous (fni-se-no'), Comte Denis de.
Born at Curifcres, Aveyron, France, May 9, 1705 :
Frederick V.
died at St.-Geuiez, Aveyron, Deo. 12, 1841. A
French prelate and politician (bishop of Her-
raopolis ill pnrtihits inJideUum, 1823). minister of
worship an<i public instruction 1824-28. He
published "DcHense du christianismc " (1825),
I'lc.
Frazier's Farm. See Frai/ser'.^ Farm.
Frea (fra'ii). The wife of Odin.
Frechette (fra-shef), Louis Honor6. Born at
Levis, near (Quebec, Nov. 16, 1839. A French-
Canadian ]ioet. He went to Chicago in 1806, but in
1871 returned to l)ucbec. He was elected member of Parlia-
ment in 1873. His volume of poems, "Les lleurs bor6-
ales, etc.," was crowned liy the FYench Academy in 1880.
Among his other works are"Lavoix d'an exil^"(lS67X
"La legende d'un people " (1887), " Paplneau " and "F6-
lix Poutr^," historical dramas (1880).
Fredegarius (fred-e-ga'ri-us). Latinized from
Fredegar. The name assigned to the unknown
compiler (there were really three) of an im-
portant work on general and early French his-
tory, coming down to the year 642. Two of the
compilers were Burgundiaus, one writing in 613 and the
other in 658. See the extract.
In spirit and diction the work passing under the name of
Fredegarius scholasticus, the contents of which are price-
less for the history of the first half of the seventh century,
belongs entirely to the Middle Ages. This "Fredegar."
gradually compiled by tlu"ee authors, was continued by
more than one hand during the eighth century. Inde-
pendently of Fredegarius, the substance of his work was
caiTied on a. 727 in the so-called Gesta Francorum, the
Latin of which is less barbarous, while its contents are
more meagre, than Fredegar's.
Teufel ond Schwabe, Hist, of Rom. Lit (tr. by Warr),
[II. 575.
Fredegunde (fred'e-gund), or Fredegonda
(fred-e-gon'da). Died 597. A Prankish queen.
She was originally the mistress of Chilperic I. of Neuetria,
whom she married after having prociu-eii the assassination
of his wife Galeswiiitha, sister of Brunehilde, wife of Sieg-
bert of Austrasia. This assassination brought on a war
between Chilperic and Siegbert, the latter of whom was
victorious in battle, but was murdered in .^75 by emissaries
of Fredegunde. She became regent for her son Clotaire
II. in 593, and attacked and defeated Brunehilde in 596.
Fredensborg (fra'dens-boro). A village in the
north of Zealand, Denmark. The royal palace here,
the autumn residence of the king, was built in the style
of the French Renaissance in commemoration of the peace
of 1720 with Sweden. Of the interior apartments the domed
hall is the most remarkable.
Fredericia(fred-e-rish'e-a),orFriedericia(fre-
de-rets'e-a). A fortified seaport in Jutland,
Denmark, situated at the entrance to the Little
Belt in lat. 5.5° 34' N., long. 9° 46' E. it was de-
fended by the Danes against the troops of Schleswig-Hol-
stein in 1849. Population (1890), 10,042.
Frederick (fred'er-ik) I. [OHG. FrUterili, Goih.
Fritharciks, lit. ' peace-ruler ' ; ML. Fredvricus,
Fridericus, F. Frederic, It. FedcrUjo, Federicn,
Sp. Pg. Federico, G. Fricdrich.'i Born at Karls-
ruhe, Baden, Sept. 9. 1826. Grand Duke of Ba-
den. He became regent for his imbecile brother in 1852,
and succeeded as grand duke in 1856. He married Louise,
daughter of William I. of l*russia, in 1856. In the Seven
Weeks' War (1866) he sided with Austria.
Frederick III. Born at Hadersleben, Sehles-
ivig, March 18, 1609: died at Copenhagen, Feb.
9, 1(370. King of Denmark and Norwav. He en-
tered into an allinnce \\ itii Holland, Foiand, and Branden-
burg in 1657 a^aiiist Charles ,\. (iustavnsof Sweden. He
was totally deteatetl by i:liailes(iMsta\ us (who crossed the
Little Belt on the ice iii Jan., 1658), and was forced tomake
important teiiitoiial cessions at the peace of Riieskildc.
Feb. 2s, 165S. The war being reneweil in the same year
by Charles Gustavus, with a view to annihilating the mon-
archy of Denmark, he tlefended himself witli great spirit
until relieved by an allied army under the elector F'led-
erii-k William of llrandenluirg and by n Dutch fleet. He
signed. May -J", li-llo, the peace of Copenhagen, which in
the main eontli-tiiol tlie provisions of tiie peace of Roes-
kilde. By a ctialition of the clergy with the bourgeoisie
against the nobility, ho was enabled in 1661 to transfornt
Denmark from an elective limited to a hereditary absolute
monarchy.
Frederick IV. Born at Copenhagen, Oct. 11,
1671 : died at Copenhagen, Oct. 12, 1730. King
of Denmark and Norway, son of ('liristiau V.
whom he succeeded in l(i99. shortly after his ae.
cession ho formed an alliance with I'eter tlie <;reat and
Augustus 11., king of Poland and eUil. ir ■ if Saxony, against
Charles XII. of Sweden, who invaded Zealand and dictated
the peace of Travendal, Aug. 18, 1700. on the defeat of
Charles at Pultowa in 1701), he renewed the alliance with
Peter the Great and Augustus against Charles, and this
alliance was 8ul)Hequently joined by Saxony and Hannover.
After the death of Charles before Frederickslial, he con-
cluded with Sweden a separate treaty at Frederiksborg,
July 3, 1720, in which Sweden renounced its right of ex-
emption from customs iluties in the Sound and abandoned
its ally, tlic Duke of Holstein-Oott<iri>, who was in the fol-
lowing yc:u- ileprived of his territories in Schlcswig.
Frederick V. Born at Copenhagen, March 31,
1723 : died .tan. 14, 1766. King of Denmark and
Norway, son of Christian VI. whom he suc-
ceeded in 1746. He encouraged the arts and sciences
with a liberality which attracted mimerons distinguished
foreigners to Ueinnark, Including the pedagogue Itasedow
and the poet Klopstoek. lie sent, in 1761, Nlebuhr and
others on a sclontific expedition to Egypt and Arabia.
Frederick VI.
Frederick VI. Born at Copenhagen, Jan. 28,
1768: died at Copenhagen, Dec. 3, 1839. King
of Denmark and Norway. He became regent in 1784
for his imbecile father, Christian ATI., whom he suc-
ceeded in 1808. He adopted at the begiuninp of the Na-
poleonic wars a policy of strict neutrality. Having joined
the Northern Maritime League, Dec. 16, ISint. for the pur-
pose of resisting by force the iutei-ference of the English
with neutral merchantmen upon the high seas, he sulf ered,
in the war which presently broke "Ut between England and
the league, a decisive defeat at the battle of Copenhagen.
April 2, 1^1. He subsequently joined the Continental
League in consequence of the bombardment of Copenha-
gen, Sept. 2, ISO", and the seizure by the English of the
Danish fleet in the midst of peace. He refused to join the
coalition against Napoleon in 1SI3, and for this he was pun-
ished by the allied powers with the loss of Norway, which
was united with Sweden in 1S14.
Frederick VII. Bom at Copenhagen, Oct. (>.
1808 : died at Gliioksburg, Sclileswig. Nov. 15,
1863. King of Denmark, son of Christian VIII.
whom he succeeded in 1848.
Frederick I., suniamed *• The Victorious." Born
1425: died Dee. 12. 1476. Elector Palatine 1451-
1476.
Frederick II., surnamed "The "Wise." Born
Dee. 9. 1482 : died Feb. 26, 1556. Elector Pala-
tine 1544-56. He commanded the imperial army
against the Turks in 1529 and 1532.
Frederick III., sumamed "The Pious." Bom
at Simmern. Prussia. Feb, 14, 1515 : died Oct. 26,
1576. Elector Palatine 1559-76. He was originally
an adherent of the Lutheran faith, but eventually joined
the Reformed communion, and in 1563 published the
Heidelberg Catechism throughout his dominions.
Frederick IV., sumamed "The Upright." Born
at Amberg. Germany, March 5, 1574: died Sept.
19, 1610. Elector Palatine 1592-1610. He
joined in 1608 the Protestant Union, of which
he was chosen leader.
Frederick V. Bom Aug., 1596 : died at Mainz.
Germany. Xov.. 1632. Elector Palatine, son of
Frederick IV. whom he succeeded in 1610. He
married Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of James I. of Eng-
land, in 1613. In 1619, as the head of the German Prot-
estant I'nion, he accepted the crown of Bohemia, whose
estates were in rehelHon against Ferdinand of Austria. He
lost both Bohemia and his hereditary dominions in conse-
quence of the defeat of his general Christian of Anhalt by
the Imperialists at the battle on the White Hill, Nov. 8,
1620.
Frederick I., sumamed Barbarossa ('Red-
beard': G.Rothart), The most noted emperor of
the Holy Roman Empire, of the Hohenstaufen
line, son of Frederick 11., duke of Swabia, and
nephew of Conrad III. whom he succeeded as
king of German}' in 1152. He was crowned emperor
at Rome by Hadrian IV. in 1155. His reign was chiefly
occupied by wars against the turbulent German nobility
and by six expeditions to Italy for the purpose of restoring
the imperial authority in the republican cities of Lom-
bardy 1154-55, 115S-62, 1163, 1166-68, 1174-77, and 11S4-56.
In 1176 he was, in consequence of the defection of the pow-
erful feudatorj- Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, defeated
by the Lombards at the battle of Legnano, and was com-
pelled to accept the definitive peace of Constance in 11S3,
by which he renounced all regalian rights in the cities.
(See Lombard Lea-jue, and Co)istance, Treaty of.) In 1180
he punished Henry the Lion by putting him under the ban
of the empire and depriving him of his flefs. In 1189 he
joined the third Crusade, on which he was drowned in the
Kalykadnos in Asia Minor.
Frederick II. Bom at Jesi, near Ancona, Italy,
Dec. 26, 1194: died at Fioreutino (Firenzuola),
Dec. 13, 1250. Emperor of the Holy Roman Em-
pire, son of Henry \1, and Constance, heiress
of the Two Sicilies. Left an orphan in 1198, he was
brought up under the wardship of the Pope as feudal su-
perior of the Two Sicilies. He assumed the government of
the Two Sicilies in 120S. In 1212 he was brought forwai'd
by the Pope as an aspirant to the crown of Germany in op-
position to King Otto IV., with whom the Pope had quar-
reled, and was elected by the Ghibelliue party, the tradi-
tional supporters of the house of Hohenstaufen, which he
represented. He was crowned at Aachen in 1215, Otto hav-
ing been totally defeated at Bouvines in the year previous.
He was crowned emperor at Rome by Honorius III. in 1220.
He coutinutd the policy of his house of attempting to per-
fect the union of Italy and Germany into one empire, in
which he was opposed by the Pope and the Lomtiard
League. In 1228-29 he conducted a crusade to the Holy
Land, and procured the cession of Jaffa, Saida, Jerusalem',
and Nazareth from the Saracens.
Frederick HI., sumamed ''The Handsome."
Born 1286: died Jan. 13, 1330. King of Ger-
many, son of Albert I. whom he succeeded as
duke of Austria in 1308. He was chosen king In 1314
in opposition to L<>uis IV,, by whom he was defeated and
captured at Muhldorf in 1322.
Frederick III. (IV. as King of Germany), Bora
at Innsbruck, Tyrol, Sept. 21, 1415: died at
Linz. Austria, Aug. 19, 1493. Emperor of the
Holy Roman Empire. He was elected emperor in
1440, and was the last German emperor crowned at Rome
(1452).
Frederick I. Born at Konigsberg, P*russia.
Jvily 11 (21), 1657: died at Berlin, Feb. 25, 1713.
King of Prussia, son of Frederick William, the
Great Elector, whom he succeeded (as Fred-
410
eiick in. of Brandenburg) in 1688. He was
crowned as the first king of Prussia in 1701. He founded
the University of Halle and the Academy of Sciences.
Frederick II., sumamed "The (ireat." Born
at Berlin. Jan. 24, 1712: died at Sans Souci,
near Potsdam. Aug. 17, 1786. King of Prusfiia
1740-86, son of Frederick William I. and Sophia
Dorothea, daughter of George I. of England.
In the year in whicli Frederick ascemicd the tlirone, the
emperor Charles VI. died without male issue. He was
succeeded by his daughter Maria Theresa by virtue of the
pragmatic sanction (which see), the validity of which was
disputed by the Elector of Bavaria and other claimants.
Frederick embraced the opportunity presented by the in-
security of lier title to invade (1740) Silesia, to pait of
which he laid claim. He defeated the Austriansat MoU-
witz in 1741, and at Chotusitz in 1742, and in 1742 con-
cluded the treaty of Breslau and Bt-rlin, by whicli in re-
turn for the cession of Silesia he withdrew from the
alliance which he had in the meantime entered into with
France and Bavaria a^'aitist Austria, In 1744, alarmed
by the successes of Austria against France and Bavaria,
he entered into a second alliance with those powers, de-
feated the Austrians and Saxons at Hohenfriedberg in
1745, defeated the Austrians at Soor in 174o. and in 174.".
concluded the peace of Dresden, which confirmed the
treaty of Breslau and Berlin. To regain Silesia, Maiia
Theresa formed an alliance with France (1750). joined by
Russia. Sweden, and Saxony. Fiederick, anticipating the
allies, invaded Saxony in 1756. In the ensuing war, called
the Seven Years' Wai*, he was supported by England,
chiefly in the form of subsidies. He made himself mas-
ter of Saxony by the defeat of the Austrians at Lobositz
ill 1756. In 1757 he invaded Bohemia and defeated the
Austrians at Prague, but was defeated at Kolin liy Mar-
shal Daun, who drove him out of Bohemia. He defeated
the French and .A.nstrians at Kossbach and the Austrians
alone at Leuthen in the same year. In 1758 he defeated
the Russians at Zorndorf. In 1759 he was defeated by
the Austrians and Russians at Kunersdorf. Berlin was
taken by the Russians in 1760. England withdrew her
subsidies in 1761, and Frederick was reduced to despera-
tion. In 1762, however, Elizabeth of Russia died, and
fortune changed. Peter III., Elizabeth's successor, con-
cluded peace in 1762, and the defection of France in that
year caused Maiia Theresa to sign in 176;i the treaty of
Hnbertsburg. which confirmed the treaty of Breslau and
Berlin, including that of Dresden. In 1772 he joined with
Russia and Austria in the partition of Poland, by which
he added Polish Prussia to his dominions. In 1778-79 he
took part in the War of the Bavarian Succession (which
see). Frederick II., through his militarj- genius and ad-
ministrative abilities, raised Prussia to the rank of a
powerful state. He was a disciple of the French philoso-
phers, and for many years was intimate with Voltaire.
He left a number of works, published in 30 volumes 1846-
1857.
Frederick III. Bom at Potsdam, Oct. 18. 1831 :
died there, June 15, 188S. German emperor and
king of Prussia March 9-June 15, 1888, son of
William I. of Prussia (aftenvard German em-
peror). He married Victoria, daughter of Queen Victoria,
in 1858, commanded the second Prussian army in 1866, and
the third army in the Franco- Prussian war, "in which he
took part in the victories of Weissenburg, Worth, and
Sedan.
Frederick I., sumamed ' ' The Warlike." Born
at Altenburg, Germany, March 29, 1369: died
at Altenbiirg, Jan. 4, 1428, Margrave of Meis-
sen. Elector and Duke of Saxony. He was the son
of the Landgrave of Thuringia, and was made elector and
duke of Saxony in 1423 as a reward for his services to the
emperor in the Hussite war. His army was defeated by the
Hussites at Aussig in 142ft. He founded the University of
Leipsic in 1409.
Frederick IL, sumamed "The Meek." Bom
Aug. 22. 1411: died at Leipsie, Sept. 7, 1464.
Elector and Duke of Saxony, son of Frederick
I. whom he succeeded in 1428.
Frederick III,, sumamed *'The Wise." Bom
at Torgau, Prussia, Jan. 17. 1463: died at An-
naburg, near Torgau, May 5, 1525. Elector of
Saxony. He succeeded to the electorate in 1486 ; founded
the University of Wittenberg in 1502: declined the im-
perial crown and advocated the election of Charles V. in
1519 ; and protected Luther, who was seized by his order
when returning from Worms, where he had been pro-
scribed, and secreted in the castle of Wartburg (1521-22).
Frederick L Bom at Treptow, Farther Pom-
erauia. Nov. 6, 1754: died Oct. 30, 1816. King
of Wurtemberg. He succeeded his father Frederick
Eugene as duke of WUrtemberg in 1797. Having taken part
in the second coalition against France, he was deprived
by the peace of Luneville (Feb. 9, ISttl) of his possessions
on the left bank of the Rhine, for which he was indem-
nified by a number of monasteries, abbeys, and imperial
cities (including Reutlingen, Esslingen, and HeilbrounX
and the title of elector. He sided with Napoleon against
the third coalition, with the result that his dominions were
increased by cessions from Austria and recognieed as a
kingdom by the peace of Presburg. Dec. 26, 1806. He
joined the Confederation of the Rhine July 12, ISne. After
the defeat of Napoleon at the battle of Leipsic, he joined
the Allies (Nov. 6, 1813). The treaty of Vienna left him in
undisturbed possession of his acquisitions.
Frederick, Prince of Wales. See Frederick
Louis.
Frederick. In Shakspere's "As you Like it,"
the usuri)ing brother of the exiled duke.
Frederick, or Frederick City. A city and the
capital of Frederick County, Slaryland, 41 miles
west bv north of Baltimore: the seat of Fred-
erick College. Population (1890), 8,193.
Frederick William II.
Frederick Augustus I., surnamed '* The Just."
Born at Dresden, Dec. 23. 1750: died at Dres-
den. May 5, 1827. King of Saxony. He succeeded
his father Frederick Christian as elector in 1763: sided
with Prussia and Bavaria against Austria in the War of
the Bavarian Succession 1778-79: allied himself with Prus-
sia and Russia against France in 1806 ; concluvled a separate
treaty of peace with Napoleon at Posen, Dec. 11, l^te, in
accordance with which he entered the Confedt-ration of the
Rhine with the title of king ; supported Napuleon at the
battle of Leipsic in 1813 : and was compelUd to cede a
larL'e pai't of Saxony to Prussia at the Congress of Vienna
in 1S15.
Frederick Augustus 11. Born May is, 1797:
died in Tyi-ol, Aug. 9. 1854. King of Saxony.
He became co-regent in 1830 with his uncle Anton, whom
lie succeeded in 1836. He suppressed a revolutionar>' out-
break in 1S49 by means of Prussian troops.
Frederick Augustus. Born at St. James's
Palace, London, Aug. 16, 1763: died Jan. 5,
1827. Duke of York and Albany, second son
of George III. He was created duke of York and Al-
bany in l784; commanded the British contingent in the
campaigns of 1793-95 in Flanders against the French : was
made commander-in-chief of the British army in 1798;
invaded Holland in conjunction with the Russians in
1799; and signed the humiliating convention of Alkmaar
in 1799. He resigned the office of commander-in-chief in
1&J9, in consequence of an entanglement with Mrs. Mary
Anne Clarke, who accepted bribes from officers in return
for promises of promotion ; but was restored in 1811.
Frederick Charles, Prince of Prussia. Born
at Berlin, March 20, 1828: died near Potsdam,
Prussia, June 15. 1885. A Prussian general,
nephew of William I. of Prussia. He fought with
distinction in the war of Prussia and Austria against Den-
mark in 1864; commanded the first army in the war
against Austria in 1866; and commanded the second army
in the war against France, 1870-71, entering Metz and Or-
leans in 1870 and Le Mans in 1871. He was sumamed "the
Red Prince."
Frederick Francis II. Born Feb. 28. 1823:
died at Schwerin, Germany, April 15, 1883.
Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. He suc-
ceeded to the grand duchy in 1842 ; became a genend in
the Prussian military service in the same year ; fought
under Baron von Wrangel in the war of Prussia and Aus-
tria against Deimiark in 1864 ; commanded a reserve army
corps in the war against Austria in 1866 ; joined the North
German Confederation in 1S66 : and bore an important
part in the war against France, 1870-71. His grand duchy
became a member of the German Empire in 187L
Frederick Louis. Born at Hannover, Jan. 6,
1707 : tlied at Leicester House, London. March
20, 1751. I*rinee of Wales 1729-51, eldest son
of George II. He married Augusta, daughter of Fred-
erick, duke of Saxe-Gotha, in 1736, and was father of
George III. He was the leader of the opposition against
Walpole and the king.
Fredericksburg (fred'er-iks-berg). A city in
Spottsylvauia County.Yirginia, 50 miles south-
southwest of "Washington. Here, Dec. 13.186*2, was
fought one of the severest'battles of the Civil War. The
Confederates (about 80,000) under Lee, occupying a strong
position on the heights, repulsed an attack made on them
by the Federals (about 110.000) under Burnside. The
Confederate losses amounted to 608 killed. 4,116 wounded,
and 6'>3 captured or missing (total, 5,377); the Federal
losses amounted to 1,284 killed, 9,600 wounded, and 1.769
captured or missing (total, 12,653). Population (1S90X
4,528.
Frederick William, called *'The Great Elec-
tor." Born at Berlin. Feb. 16, 1620: died April
29, 1688. Elector of Brandenburg 1&10-88. son
of George William. At his accession he found his
dominions wasted by the Thirty Years" War, which was
then in progress. By skilful diplomacy and great econ-
omy in other directions, he succeeded in ridding his conn-
try of foreign soldiery and in raising an army of 30.000
men, which secured for him respectful ti'eatment at the
peace of Westphalia in 1648. In 16.'i5, on the outbreak of
war between Sweden and Poland, he took sides with the
former power against the latter. The Poles were defeated
at Warsaw in 1656, and were forced in 1657 to purchase
his assistance by recognizing the independence of the
duchy of Prussia, which lie held as a tlef of Poland. He
joined an alliance with Holland in 1G72, with a view to
frustrating the designs of Louis XIV. against that coun-
trj" an alliance which was subsequently joined by the
emperor and Spain. In 1675 at Fehrbellin he defeateil
the Swedes, who had invaded Brandenburg as the allies of
France ; but although he made large conquests in Swe-
dish Pomerania, he was compelled by France to return
them at the sepaiate peace of St. Gennain-en-Laye (1679)
in return for the reversion of East Friesland.
Frederick William. Born Aug. 20, 1802: died
at Horzowitz. near Prague, Jan. 6, 1875. Elec-
tor of Hesse. He succeeded to the electorate in 1847,
and sided with Austria in the Austro- Prussian war fl8fl6X
with the result that his electorate was incorporated with
lYussia by the peace of Prague, Aug. 23, 1866.
Frederick William I. Born Aug. 14. 1688:
died May ol. 1740. King of Prussia 1713-40,
son of Frederick I. He acquired Stettin and part ol
Pomerania by the peace of Stockholm in 1720, at the close
of the Northern War, in which he had taken part against
Sweden ; and by the establishment of a formidable army
laid the foundation of Prussia's military power.
Frederick William n. Born Sept. 25. 1744:
died Nov. 16, 1797. King of Prussia 1786-97,
nephew of Frederick the Great. He formed an al-
liance with Austria in 17&2 for the purpose of restoring
Frederick William II.
Louis XVT. of France, but concluded tlie separate peace
of Basel with the revolutionary govenuneiit of France in
179.'>. He took part in the second and tliird partitions of
Poland in 1793 and 1711.'. respectively.
Frederick William III. Born Aug. 3, 1770:
died June 7, 1S40. King of Prussia 1797-1840,
son of Frederick William II. Ue refused to join
the third coalition against Fr-ance in 1805 ; declared war
against France in 1806 ; signed the treaty of Tilsit in 1807 ;
joined France against Russia in 1812 ; joined in the War
of Liberation in 18l:i ; was present at the Congress of
Vienna in 1815 ; an*l joined the Holy Alliance in 1815.
Frederick William IV. Born Oct. 15. 179.'):
died at Sans Smiei, near Potsdam, Prussia,
Jan. 2, 1861. King of Prussia 1840-(51, son of
Frederieli William III. Ue was compelled by a rev-
olutionary movement in 1848 to grant a constitution, and
in 1&49 declined the imperial crown offered hira by the
Oermaii .National .Assembly at Frankfort. .\s he was ren-
dered incompetent to reign by a serious malady, his
brother (afterward William I.) became regent in 1868.
Frederick William, Crown Prince of the Ger-
mau Km|iire and of Prussia. See Frederick III.,
(iermaii emperor.
Fredericton (fred'er-ik-ton). The capital of
New Briuis\viek, situated on the St. John River
in lat. 4.1° .')6' N., long. 66° 40' W. It is a port of
entry, and a center of the lumber trade. Popu-
lation (1891). 6..')02.
Frederiksberg (fred'er-iks-bero). A large sub-
urb of Copenhagen. It has a national museum
and a sculpture-gallery. Population (1890),
46,954.
Frederiksborg (fred'er-iks-boro). Aroyal pal-
ace on the island of Zealand, Denmark, situated
near Hilleriid, 21 miles northwest of Copenha-
gen. It was built by Christian IV. 1002-20.
Irederlksborg (fred'er-iks-bot(3). Peace of.
A peace coiicliKled at Frederiksborg, Zealand,
Denmark, July 13. 1720, between Sweden and
Denmark, by which the latter power restored
its conquests, while the former renounced its
claim to freedom from Sound duties and paid
a war indemnity of 600,000 rix-doUars.
Frederikshald (fred'er-iks-hiild), or Freder-
ikshall (fred'er-iks-hal). A seaport in the
diocese (stiff) of Christiania, Norway, situated
on the Iddefiord 58 miles south-southeast of
Christiania, It has a large trade in timber, and near
it is the fortress of Frcderiksteen, where Charles XII. of
Sweden was killed in 171S. Population (1891), 11,183.
Frederikslxavn (fred'er-lks-havn). A seaport
on the Cattcgat, near the northeastern extrem-
ity of Jutland, Denmark.
Prederikstad. See Fredrilstad.
Fredrikshamn (fred'riks-hiim), Finn.Hamina.
A fortitii'il seaport in the government of Vi-
borg, Finland, situated on the Gulf of Finland
in lat. 60° 36' N., long. 27° 11' E. By the treaty
of Fredrikslianm, Sept. 17, ISOO. Finland was ceded by
Swe.liri t.. Kussia. Population (189i:i), 2,778.
Fredrikstad (fred'rik-stiid), or Frederikstad
(fred'er-ik-stad). A fortified seaport in the
oioeese (stiff) of Christiania, Norway, situated
at the mouth of the Glommen 48 miles south
by east of Christiania. It was founded by Freder-
ick II.. and has lumber trade and manufactures. Popula-
tion (isui), 12,307.
Freehold (fro'hold). A township and town in
Monmouth County, New Jersey, situated 27
miles east of Trenton. Population (1890) of
tflwiiship, r),097; of town, 2,932.
Freelove (fre'luv). Lady. A character in Col-
niau's "Jealous Wife."
Freeman (tre'man). 1. In Wycherloy's comedy
" Thi,' Plain Dealer," Manly's lieutenant and
friend. — 2. In Fari|uhar's "Beau.V Stratagem,"
the friend of Ainnvell.
Freeman, Edward Augustus. Bom at Har-
bonie, .SiulVordshire, 1823: died at Alicante,
Spain. March 16, 189:;. A noted English histo-
rian. He was graduated from Oxford (Trinity Ci>llege)
In 1845. and remained there as a fellow until 18-J7 ; was
examiner in modern history 1857-.''i8, 18<i:i-^U, ami in 1873 :
and became rcgius professor of modern history at ()xf()rd
In 18.S4, aa successor to Professor Stubba (who became
bishop of Chester). Uis works include "Church Kestora-
tlon " (184»). "An Essay on Window-Tracery," "Arclii-
tectural Antiquities of Cower." a book of poems, "Tlie
Architecture of I.landatf Cathedral," "The Antiquities of
St. David's," ''The History and Conquest of tlie Saracens "
S;8.t6), "History of Feileral Oovernment from the Foun-
ation of the Achaian League to the Disruption of the
I'nlted States " (ls(>:i : not completed), "The History of
the Norman Contiuest " (18(t7-7i' : his most famous biMik).
"Old Eniilish History for Children" (1809), " History of
the Cathedral Church of Wells" (1870), " Hislorlcid F.s-
says" (ls71). "fleneral Sketch of European History,"
"Growth of the English Constitution ' ami " The I'nity of
History " (1872), "Comparative Politics " (1x73), "Dises-
tablishment and Iliaeiidowment " (1874), "The Turks in
F.uropo" and "Tlie ottoman Power in Europe " (1877).
"How the .Study of Hiatoi-y is Let and Hindered " (1879),
"A Short HIstoi-y of the .Norman Conquest ' (1880), " His-
torical Geography of Europe ' and " Sketches from the
Subject and Neighbor Lands of Venice " (1881i " Intro.
411
duction to American Institutional History," "The Reign
of William Kuf us," and "Lectures to .American Audiences"
(18S2), "English Towns and Districts" and "Some Im-
pressions of the Inited States " (1883), " The OIHce of the
Historical Professor" (IsSl). "The .Methods of Historical
Study " (1886), " The Chief Periods of European History "
and(in the series of "Historic Towns. "edited by himself)
"Exeter" (1887), "Fifty Vears of European History,"
" William the Conqueror ' (1SS8 : in the " Twelve English
.Statesmen" series^ and "History of Sicily from the Ear-
liest Times " (1891, third volume).
Freeman, James. Born at Charlestown, Mass.,
April 22, 1759: died at Newton, Mass., Nov. 14,
1835. An American Unitarian clergyman, the
first in the United States who assiimed that
name. He was pastor of King's Chapel, Boston,
1787-1835.
Freeman, James Edward. Born i n Nova Scotia,
1808: died at Kome, Nov. 21, 1884. An Amer-
ican iigure -painter.
Freeman, Mrs. The name under which Sarah
Jennings, duchess of Marlborough, carried on
a coiTespondence with Queen ^Vune (as Mrs.
Morley).
Freeport (fre'port). A city and the capital of
Stephenson County, northern Illinois, situated
on the Pecatonica River 108 miles west-north-
west of Chicago. Population (1890J, 10,189.
Freeport, Sir Andrew. A London merchant,
one of the members of the fictitious club which
issued the "' Spectiitor."
Free-Soil Party. In United States politics, a
party which opjiosed the extension of slavery
intothe Ten-itories. It was formed in 1848 by a union
of the Liberty party with the Barnburners. It nominated
Van Buren for the presidency in 1848, and under the name
of the Free Democratic party it nominated John P. Hale
in 1852. It was one of the principal elements in the for-
mation of the Republican party in 1854.
Freetown (fre'toun). The capital of the Brit-
ish colon}' of Sierra Leone, West Africa, situ-
ated on the Sierra Leone River, near the coast,
in lat. 8° 29' N., long. 13° 10' W. Population
(1891), 30,033.
Freewill Islands. See St. David Islands.
Freiberg (fri'bero). A city in the government
district of Dresden, Saxony, on the Milnzbaeh
20 miles southwest of Dresden. It is the center of
the mining district of Saxony, and the seat of a minitig
academy. The silver-mines were discovered in the 12tll
century. The cathedral is a late-Pointed monument of the
15th century. The Goldene Pforte is a beautiful Roman-
esciue door surviving from an older church : its sculptures
are hardly excelled in medieval art. They consist of an
allegorical representation of the kingdom of God, including
statues of Old Testament types and reliefs of New Testa-
ment scenes. Behuid the altar is the notable burial-chapel
of the Protestant princes of Saxony, with fine sculptured
monuments. A battle was fought at Freiberg, Oct., 1702,
between 13,000 Prussians under Prince Henry and Seyd-
litz and 30,000 imperial and Austrian troops under Gen-
eral Hadik, in which the latter were totally defeated. Pop-
ulation (l>9a), 2S,995.
Freiburg, or Freiburg-im-Breisgau (fii'boro-
im-bris'gou). The cajiital of the district of
Freiburg, Baden, situated on the Dreisam in
lat. 47° 59' N., long. 7° 51' E. it is a trading cen-
ter for the Black Forest, and has considerable manufac-
tures. It is noted for its cathedral and university. The
former is a noted work in German Pointed architecture,
measuring 354 feet bylo2. The west front is surmounteii
by a central tower and octagonal openwork spire, which is
885 feet high. Beneath the tower opens a single great re-
cessed portal. The transepts are Romanesque. The choir
was designed in the 14th century. The interior is exceed-
ingly effective ; it possesses very interesting sculpture,
tombs, and early paintings. Freiburg was tlie capital of
the Breisgau, and belonged for centuries to Austiia. It has
several times been taken by the French. Here, Aug. 3-5,
1044, the French under Coiidt' an.l Tiiimiic- ,1. f.ated the
Bavarians under Mercy. Population (1>:mh, 17. :;'.*■:.
Freiburg, G. also Freiburg-unterm-Fiirsten-
Stein (fii'b6r(!-on'term-fUrs'teii-stin). A town
in the province of Silesia, Prussia, on the Pol-
suitz 36 miles southwest of Breslau. Near it
is the castlo of Flirstonstein. Population (1.S90),
8,991.
Freiburg (in Switzerland). See Friiioiirfi.
Freiburg-an-der-Unstrut(fri'borG-an-(ier-on'-
striit). A town in the province of Saxony,
Prussia, on the Unstrut 28 miles wcst-south-
wost of Leipsio. It is noted for its castle of
Neuenburg, and as the residence of Jahn. Pop-
ulation (1890). 3,2ri6.
Freidank (fnMiingk). [MIKi. Vridanh; free-
thinker. J Liveil in the 13th century. The real
or assumed name of a German didactic poel,
author of the didactic poem "Bescheidenlicit "
(,•(1. by W. Grimm ISIU), ele.
Freiligrath (tii'lig-riit), Ferdinand. Bom at
l)<'tiiiold, (ieriiiany, .June 17, ISIO: died at
Cannstatt, Wiirtemberg. March 18, 1876. A
noted Gerinaii Ivrie poet and democratic par-
tizun, resident 'in Knghind 1846-48, 1851-68.
He was destined at the beginning for a mercantUo life,
but after 1830 tievoted himself entirely t^) literature. A
first volume of poems appeared lu 1838. In 1844 was pub-
Fremantle
lished "Mein Glanbensbekenntnis" ("My Creed"). Tn
consequence of the political sentiments expressed in this
hook he was forced to Hee the country, and went first to
Belgium, and then to Switzerland and England. In 1S40
appeared "(,'a ira." In 1848 he returned to tiermany. and
was engaged for a time in editorial work on the "Kol-
nische Zeitung,"but .again fled to Londtin, where he re-
mained until 1868. "Zwischen den Garben "(■• Between
the Sheaves") appeared 1847-40. His complete poetical
works (■■ Siitorotlicbe Dicditungen ") were published in
1870. In 1870 apjic'iifd " Neue Gedichte "("New Poems").
He was tlie autlior of numerous translations from recent
French and English poetry, among them a version of
Longfellow's "Hiawatha."
Freind (ft-ind), John. Born at Croton (Crough-
ton). near Brackley, Northamptonshire, in 1675 :
died July 26. 1728. An English physician. He
studied at Christ Church, Oxford, where he attracted notice
on account of his proficiency in the classics, and afterward
became a medical practitioner at London. He entered I'ar-
liament as a Tory member for Launceston in 1722, and in
1727 was appointed physician in ordinary to Queen Caro-
line. He w rote " The History of Physick from the time of
Galen to the beginiung of the Sixteenth Century, chielly
with Regard to Practice " (1725-26), etc.
Freire (fra're), Francisco Joze. Born at Lis-
bon, 1713: died 1773. A Portuguese historian
and scholar, a leading member of the Academy
of Arcadians, in which he assumed the name of
"CandidoLusitano," by which he is often known.
Ho wrote ' ' Vida do Infante D. Henrique " (1758),
etc.
Freire, Bamon. Born at Santiago. Nov. 29,
1787: died there, Dec. 9, 1851. A Chilian gen-
eral. He distinguished himself in the war for indepen-
dence (1811-20), held important commands, and became
chief of the liberal party. The liberals having deposed
O'Higgins in 1823, General Freire was made supreme di-
rector. He drove the last Spaniards from ChiloS in 1826.
In 1827 he was reelected supreme director, but soon after
resigned, and the conservatives came into power. In 1830
he headed a revolt, was defeated at the battle of Lircai,
April 17, 1830, and banished. He was allowed to return
in 1842.
Freischiitz (fri'shiits), Der. [G., lit. 'the free
shot.'] In German folk-lore, amiirksman cele-
brated for his compact with the devil, from
whom he obtained seven "Freikugeln" (free
bidlets), six of which always hit the mark, while
the devil directs the seventh at his pleasure.
There are several forms of the legend. It was the sub-
ject of the romantic opera " Der Freischiitz " by Weber,
produced at Berlin June 18, 1821, at Paris at the Od^on as
" Robin des bois," Dec. 7, 1824, and at the Academic Roy-
ale June 7, 1841, as "Le Franc Tireur," with abetter trans-
lation and with recitatives by Berlioz. In London it was
produced as "Der Freischiitz " at the English Opera House,
July 22j 1824 : many ballads .were inserted. In 1850 it was
played in Italian as " II Franco arciero " at Covent Gai'den.
Freising, or Freysing (fri'zing). A town in
Upper Bavaria, situated on the Isar 20 miles
north-northeast of Munich. The bishopric of Frei-
sing, founded 724, was united to the archbishopric of Mu-
nich in 1802. It has a cathedraL Population (1890), 9,486.
Freistadtl (fri'statl), Hung. Gralg6cz. A town
in the county of Neutra, Hungary, on the Waag
4(i miles north of Komorn. Population (1890),
7,216.
Freiwaldau(fri'val-dou). A town in the crown-
land of Silesia, Austria-Hungary, 44 miles north
of (Dlmiitz. Population (1890), commune, 6,223.
Fr6jus (frii-zhiis'). A town in the department
of Var, southern France, situated near the
Mediterranean 32 miles southwest of Nice :
tlie ancient Forum Julii. it contains a laige Roman
amphitheater in ruins, fnigments of walls, of baths, of
aqueduct, and a Uoman bridge, and has a Romanes(]ue
catheiiral. Its harbor was founded by Julius Ca\sai- and
lieveloped by Augustus. Here Napoleon disembarked
from Egypt Oct. 0, 1790, and embarked for Elba April 27,
1814. FrL^jus was the birthplacet)f Agricola, Roscius, and
Siey6s. Population (1891), comnunie, 3,139.
Fr6jus, Col de. The pass in the Alps under
whicli tlie Jlont Cenis tunnel passes.
Frelinghuysen (fre'ling-hi-zen). Frederick.
Born in New Jersey, April 13. 1753: died Ajiril
13. 1S04. jVn American politician, a memlierof
the Continental Congress, and United States
senator from New Jersey 1793-90.
Frelinghuysen, Frederick Theodore. Born
af Millstoni>, Somerset Countv, N. J., Aug. 4,
1817 : died at Newark, N. J., May 20, 1885. An
American Keimbliean statesman and .jurist,
nephew of Theodore Frelinghuysen, He was
tTnited States seiuitor from New Jersey 1860-69 and 1871-
1877; a membcrof the Electoral Commission 1877; and sec-
retary of state Dec. 1S81-85.
Frelinghuysen, Theodore. Born at Millstone,
Somerset County, N. J., March 28, 1787: died
at Now Brunswick, N, J., April 12, 1862. An
American statesman, son of 1' rederick Freling-
huysen, He was United States senator from New Jersey
1829-36, chancellor of the I'ldversity of New Vork 1838-
1860, Whig candidate for the vice presidency in 1844,
and prcsiiient of Kutgers College 1860-02.
Fremantle (fre'nuin-tl). A seaport of western
.\ustralia, situate<l at tlio mouth of the Swan
liiver, near Perth. Population (1891), 7,077.
FrSmiet
Fr^miet (fra-mya'), Emmanuel. Bom at Paris,
Dec 1824. A noted French sculptor. After
leaving La Petite tcolv, where his drawiiiKS are still ex
hibiteil, he supported himself by luakinK scientitlc draw
412
Fresnillo
Due d'Anjou, Jan. 17, 1.'583. The attack was re-
pelled by the citizens ; about one half of the fYench were
killeil. and the remainder were made prisoners.
French G-uiana. See ^riiiuna, French.
ingsatihe Jard'indesPlantcs. His lirstwuik in sculpture French KongO. See Kongo, French.
was from a fox in the menagerie there. Later he drew Frenchlove. See English Monsieur, The.
plates for medical works These attracted the attention frenchman's'Bay (french'manz ba). An inlet
of Rude, who admitted him to his private studio. His ' ^. f|, "ZlnTitiTTfV.""" =""H. -f M„i,
first Salon exhibit was "A Gazelle" (1843). Among his 01 tlie Atlantic U
other works are "Terrier Dogs" (1848: bought by the ot Mount Desert.
state), "iIotherCat"(lS49:boughtbythestate). Inl850- pj-gnch Prairie Indians. See Ahantchuyuk:
1861 he made a «■■«'''. «V»>'' ,"f^'^'™^^\^^;;,';jpj^[^/„'j ™| French Revolution, The. The name speeifi.
louvre. In 1870 he exhibited an equestrian s
Duke of Orleans, and in 1SS2 "Man of the Age of Stone.
In 1873 his equestrian statue of Joan of Arc was erected
on the Place des Pyramides : this is his masterpiece. In
1875 he succeeded Barye as professor of drawing at the
Jardin des Plantes. In 1887 he exhibited at the .Salon his
famous " Gorilla abducting a Woman " ; and at Munich in
1892 three bronzes: "St. Michael," "Faun and Young
Bear," and " Dachshund."
Fr6minet (fra-me-na'), or Fr6minel (fra-me-
nel'), Martin. Born at Paris, Sept. 24, 1567:
died there, June 18, 1619. A French painter.
In l,i91 he went to Rome and studied the works of Par-
migianino and Michelangelo. He returned to France aft«r
sixteen years, and became court painter to Henry IV. He
had neai-ly completed the decoration of the chapel at Fon-
tainebleau at the time of his death. Some ot his paintings
are at the royal palace at Turin. He was called "the
French Michelangelo."
Fremont (fre-monf). A city and the capital of
Sandusky County, northern Ohio, situated on
Sandusky River 30 miles southeast of Toledo;
It was the scene of Croghan's defense of Fort
Steplienson in 1813. Population (1890), 7,141.
Fremont, John Charles. Born at Savannah,
Ga., Jan. 21, 1813: died at New York, July 13,
1890. A noted American explorer, general, and
politician, surnamed "The Pathfinder." He ex-
plored the South Pass (Rocky Mountains) in 1842, and
the Pacific Slope in 1843--14 and 1845 ; took part in the
conquest of California 1846-17 ; was United States senator
from f'alifornia 1850-51 ; organized in 1853 an expedition
to complete a previous exploration of a route to Califor-
nia ; and was the Republican candidate for the presidency
in 1856. He was Federal commander of the western de-
partment in 1861 ; commanded at Cross Keys in 1862 ; and
was governor of Arizona 1878-82. On Aug. 31, 1861, he is-
sued a proclamation declaring that he would emancipate
the slaves of those in arms against the I'nited States.
This act was condemned by Lincoln as premature, and
the procUmiation was withdrawn.
Fremont Basin. See Great Basin.
Fremont's Peak. The highest peak of the Wind
River Mountains, situated in Wyoming about
lat. 43° 25' N. , long. 109° 48' W. Height, about
13,570 feet.
Italian people of Samnite stock, dwelling along
the Adi'iatie coast northwest of Apulia and east
of Samnium.
Fr^re (frar), Charles (Edouard). Born at Pa-
ris, July 10, 1837. A French genre, landscape,
and portrait painter, son and pupil of PieiTe
- . . .. Eldouard Fr6re and pupil of Coutui'e.
of tlie Atlantic Ocean south of Maine and east Fr6re(frar), Charles Theodore. Born at Paris,
■ "" ' June 24. 1815: died there, March 24, 1888. A
French genre and landscape painter, princi-
pally of Oriental subjects : known as Theodore
Frere. He was a pupil of J. Cogniet and Roqueplan.
He first exhibited in 1834. In 1836 he went with the Al-
gerian expedition, and afterward to Egypt. Among his
works are " Bazar in Damascus " (1855), " Harciii in Cairo "
(1869), "Ruins of Karnac" (1S6.S), "Island of Philie " (186.5X
"Tomb of the Caliphs at Cairo "(1876), "Caravan of Mecca
Pilgrims " (1875), " Wells near Nehemy " (in the Stettin Mu-
seum), "Ruins of Luxor " (Laval Museum), "Arabs Rest-
ing " (Xancy Museum), " Departure from Jerusalem for
Jaffa" (New York Museum).
cally given to the revolution which occurred
in France at the close of the 18th century. The
meeting of the States-General, May 6, 1789, marks the be-
ginning. The end is taken either as 1795 (end of the Con-
vention), or 1799 (end of the Directory), or 1804 (end of
the Consulate). The whole Napoleonic period through
1816 is often included in the treatment of the revolution.
The wars growing out of the revolution after the appear-
ance of Napoleon (1796) .are given under Napoleonic Wars.
(See also France and yapoleotl.) The following are the
chief events in the revolution : Meeting ot States-General, -p-p-p cfi-prv Sir TTpnrv Rartlp Edward (called
M„« s i7sq- thPThii-rf r.st.ite assumed the title of the Na- *rere(iiti;, on xienry isanie xiowdra (taiiea
May 5, 1789 ; the Third Estate assumed the title of the Na,
tional or Constituent Assembly, June 17 ; Tennis-Court
oath, June 20 ; storming of the Bastille, July 14 ; abolition
ot feudal and other privileges, Aug. 4 ; bread riot and
march to Versiiilles, Oct.; unsuccessful tlight of the king
June 20, 1791; constitution adopted, Sept.; opening of the
Legislative Assembly, Oct. 1 ; commencement of the war
against allied Austria and Prussia, April, 1792 ; attack on
the Tuilei-ies.June 20 ; storming of the Tuileiies. Aug. 10 ;
September massacres, Sept.; battle of Valniy, Sept. 20;
opening of the National Convention, abolition of the mon-
archy, proclamation of the republic, Sept. 21 ; battle of
Jeminapes, Nov. 6 ; annexation of Nice and Savoy, 1792;
execution of Louis XVI., Jan. 21, 1793 ; coalition against
France joined by Great Britain, Holland, Spain, etc., Feb. ;
Vendean wars begun, 1793 ; battle of Neerwinden, March,
1793 ; establishment of the revolutionary tribunal, March ;
establishment of the famous Committee of Public Safety,
April ; overthrow of the party of the Girondists, June ;
Reign of Terror, 1793-94 ; assassination of ilarat, July,
1793; execution of Marie Antoinette and the Girondists,
Oct. ; siege of Toulon, Dec; overthrow of the Hebertists,
March, 1794; execution of Danton, April 5; battle of
Fleurus, June 26 ; overthrow of Robespierre (9th Ther-
niidor), July 27 ; bread riots of Germinal and Prairial,
April-May, 1795 ; conquest of Holland and foundation of
the Batavian republic, 1795 ; treaties of Basel with Prus-
sia and Spain, 1795 ; victory of Bonaparte over the " Sec-
tions" (Vendemiaire), Oct. .S, 1795: the Convention sup-
planted by the government under the Directory, Oct.- French «"em'e
Nov., 1795; besinning of the Napoleonic wars, 179«; p,.\_„ nifnil nf
coup d'(Stat of 18th lYuctidor, Sept. 4, 1797; peace of r lere, pupu ui
Sir Bartle Frere). Born at Clydach, Breck-
nockshire. March 29, 1815 : died at Wimbledon,
May 29, 1884. A British official. He entered the
Indian service in 1834 ; became resident at Sattara in
1847, commissioner to Scind in 1850, and member of the
council at Calcutta in 1859 ; was governor of Bombay 18B2-
1867 ; became a member of the Council of India in 1866;
was created a baronet in 1876; and was governor of the
Cape of Good Hope 1877-80. During his governorship of the
Cape occurred the war against the Zulus under Cettiwayo.
Frere, John Hookham. Bom at London, May
21, 1769: died at the Pieta Valetta, Malta, Jan.
7, 1846. An English tliplomatist and author.
He took the degree of B. A. at Cains College, Cambridge,
in 1792, and that of M. A. in 1795; entered Parliament in
1796; was associated with Canning in the publication of
the "Anti-Jacobin, or Weekly Examiner " 1797-98 ; became
uuder-secret.ary of state in the foreign ofiBce in 1799; was
appointed envoy extraordinary and plenipotentiiiry at Lis-
bon in 1800; held the same position at Madrid 1802-04;
was sworn of the privv council in 1805 ; and was plenipo-
tentiai-y to the central junta of Spain 1808-09. He pub-
lished "Aristophanes," a metrical version of the '
Knights," and the "Birds."
_ . 'Achar-
nians," the '
sia and Spain, 1795; vicf.ry of Bonaparte over the "Sec": Fr^re (frar), Pierre ^dOUard. Born at Paris,
tions" (Vendemiaire). Oct. .S, 1795; the Convention sup- Jan. 10, 1819: died at tcouen. May 24, ISSb. A
' " ' ...,„• . - „^ _ painter, brother of Theodore
Paul Delaroche and of the Eeole
coup ...
Campo-Formio, Oct. 17 ; coup d'etat of the 18th Brumaire,
Nov. 9-10, 1799 ; beginning ot the Consulate, Nov., 1799 ;
peace of Lun^ville, Feb. 9, 1801 ; concordat, Isoi ; peace
of Amiens, 1802 ; Napoleon consul for life, 1802 ; establish-
ment of the empire. May 18, 1804. (See histories by Von
Sybel, Mignet, Michelet, Stephens, Thiers, Von Laun,
Taine, Carlyle, McCarthy, Dahlmann, Blanc, and Roux.)
Fremy (fra-me'), Arnould. Born at Paris, pjench River. A river in Ontario, the outlet of
July 17, 1809. A French journalist and novel- Lake Nipissing into the Georgian Bay of Lake
ist. In 1843 he received the degree of doctor of letters at Huron.
Paris for a very remarkable thesis on the viiriations of French Shore. The. Portions of the western and
French styl_e in the_17thcentury,^and_w.as,n^adeassjstan^ northern coasts of Newfoundland where the
professor of French literature at Lyons. From 1S54 to
1869 he was one of the principal editors of "Charivari."
He wrote "Les deux anges " (1833), "Une Ffe de Salon"
des Beaux Arts. He is known as Edouard Frtre.
Among his works are ' ' The Little Gourmand " (1843), "The
Little Cook" (1850), "Sunday Toilet" (1866), "Going to
School" and "The Flute Lesson" (1869), "Return from
the Woods "(1863), " Exercise "(1880), "A Bivouac "(1886),
" The Elder Brother," etc.
Frfere-Orban (frar'or-bon'), Hubert Joseph
Walther. Born at Liege, Belgium, April 22,
1812 : died Jan . 2, 1896. A Belgian liberal states-
man, premier 1868-70 and 1878-84. He was minis-
ter of tiname July, ls48,-Sept., 18.52, and 1857-70, and min-
ister of foreit;!! affairs 1.S78-84.
„„ „_ , ,. ingflsh(securedbythetreatvof Utrecht, 1713).
n836), "La physiologic du rentier" (with Balzac 1841) Preuch Switzerland, F. La'Suisse Romande,
'■Le loup danslabergerie (acomedy, 1853), "Confessions „ RnHt^erlaiid in which the vernacu-
d'un Boheraien" (1857). "Les mceurs de notre temps" ihat part 01 S>vntzeriana in w men ine veiudcu
0860). "La riSvolution du joumalisme"(lS85), "Lespen-
kes de tout le monde" (1874),"Qu'est-ce-que la France?"
(1882), etc.
French (french), Daniel Chester. Bom at
Exeter, N. H., 1850. An American sculptor.
He studied under Dr. Bimmer and J. Q. A. Ward, and
spent two years in the studio of Thomas Ball in Florence
and one year in Paris. His best-known works are the
•■Minute Man" (modeled in 1874), "John Hancock" (1883),
" Dr. Gallaudet and his first Deaf-mute Pupil " (1888),
*' Lewis Cass " (1887 ; now in the Capitol at Washington),
" Thomas Starr King," " Death and the Young Sculptor"
(the Millmore Memorial, 1891), for which he gained a
medal of the third class in the Paris Salon, and his colos-
sal "Statue of the Republic " for the Columbian Exposition.
French and Indian War, or Old French War.
The last in the series of wars between France
and Great Britain in America. It was the Ameri-
can phase of the Seven Years' War (which see). The
French were assisted by several Indian tribes. The seat
of the war was mostly the frontiers of Pennsylv.ania and
New York, and Canada. The following are the leading
events : Embassy of Washington to the French forts. 1753 ;
capitulation of Washington at Fort Necessity, 1764 ; dis-
persion of the Acadian settlers, 1765 ; Braddock's defeat,
July 9 1755 ; battle of Lake George, Sept. 8, 1755 ; decla-
ration of war, 1756; capture of Oswego by Montcalm,
1756; capture of Fort William Henry by Montcalm, 1767;
unsuccessful attack on Ticonderoga by Abercrombie, 1758 ;
capture of Louisburg, n:>S ; capture of Fort Duquesne,
17.58 ; capture of Ticonderoga and Niagara, 1769 ; battle
of Quebec (under Wolfe), Sept. 13. 1769; surrender of Mon-
treal, 1760 ; peace of Paris (which seeX surrender of Can-
ada to Great Britain, Feb. 10, 1763.
French Broad. A river in North Carolina and
eastern Tennessee which joins the Holston 4
miles east of Knoxville. It is remarkable for its
Length, about 250 miles.
French have the privilege of catching and dry- Fr^res Ennemis (frar-zen-me'), Les. [F., ■ hos-
- --^ • P .„.",. -, tile brothers.'] A tragedy by Eaeine, produced
in 1664.
Fr6ret (fra-ra'), Nicolas. Born at Paris, Feb.
15, 1688 : died at Paris, March 8, 1749. A noted
French historian, archa>ologist, chronologist,
and philologist. An incomplete and inaccurate
collection of his works was published in Paris
1796-99.
£lie Catherine. Born at
lar language is French (or a French patois). It
comprises the cantons Geneva. Vaud, Neuchiltel, and
Valais, the greater part 'of Fiibourg, and a small part of
Bern.
Frenchtown (french 'toun). A township in
Monroe (jouuty, Michigan, situated on Lake pj^jou (fra-ron'), i
Erie 22 miles southwest of Detroit. It was the Ouimner, France! 1719: died at Paris, March
scene of a victory of the British and Indians under Proctor
over the Americans under Winchester, Jan. 22, 1813. Pop-
ulation (1S9U), 2,023.
Frend (frend), William. Bom at Canterbury,
10, 1776. A French joui-nalist and critic, best
known from a fierce quai-rel in which he was
engaged with Voltaire.
Nov. 22, 1757: died at London, Feb. 21, 1841. Fr6ron, Louis Stanislas. Bom at Paris, 1765:
(Ued in Haiti, 1802.
son of E. C. Fr^ron.
A French revolutionist,
He was elected a deputy to the
Convention in 1792, and in 1793 was commissioned along
with Barras to establish the authority of the Convention
at Marseilles. He subsequently became subprefect of
Santo Domingo. He ivrote " MiSmoire historique sur la r^
action royale et sur les malheurs du midi " (1796).
Born
borhood . . . to'turnfnmi the False Worship of Three at Fcrrara, Italy, 1583: died March 2, 1044.
Persons to the Worship of One True God " (1788 : subse- A celebrated Italian organist, singer, and com-
quently reprinted as "An Address to the Members of the „f,ser for the organ, organist at St. Peter's
Church of England and to lYotestant Trinitarians m Gen- 1 . . „, .
An English author. He graduated at Christ's Col
lege, Cambridge, in 1780, and In 1781 became a fellow and
tutor in Jesus College at the same university. In 1793 he
published "Peace and Union recommended to the Asso-
ciated Bodies of Republicans and Anti-Republicans," a
tract in which, among other things, he attacked the lit-
urgy of the Church of England, and was in consequence
deprived of his residence at the college. He also wrote ti_._„„v„i jj (frei-ko-biil'de) GrirolamO
"An Address to the Inhabitants of Cambridge and its neigh- X resCODaiai lj.res-h.0 OM (le j , v»iroid,mo.
picturesque scenery ^ ,
Irench Fabius, The. A surname given to the
Ihic de Montmorency (1493-1567) on account of
his dilatory policy in Provence in 1.536.
French Fury, The. A treacherous attack on
Antwerp by 4,000 French soldiers under the Frentani (fren-ta'ni).
(5hurch of Englan -
eral," etc.). which involved him in a controversy with the
Rev. H. W. Coulthurst and others.
Freneau (fre-no' ), Philip. Bom at New York,
17.52 : died near Freehold, N. J., Dec. 18, 1832.
An American poet. He was graduated at Princeton
in 1771 ; supported both in poetry and prose the popular
cause during the War of the Revolution ; and was variously
employed as a newspaper editor and as captain of a mer-
chant vessel until about 1790, when he was appointed by the
secretary of state, Thomas Jclferson, translator to the state
department. At the same time he assumed the editorship
of the " Xational Gazette " (Philadelphia), in which he vio-
lently opposed Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists.
He wrote the "British Prison Ship "(1781), and "A. Tourney
after 1614.
Fresenius(fre-za'ne-6s), Karl Remigius. Born
at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Dec. 28, 1818. A
noted German chemist. He founded a chemical
laboratory- at Wiesbaden in 1848. His works include " An-
leitungzlirqualitativen chemischen Analyse "(1841), "An-
leitung zur quantitativen chenuschen Analyse " (1846), etc.
Fresnel (fra-nel'), Augustin Jean. Born at
Broglie, Eure, France, May 10, 1788 : died at
Ville-d'A^Tay, near Paris, July 14, 1827. A
French physicist, noted for his researches in
optics, particularly in polarization and the
^^ .....iv...^ ......o „„.......,, V — „ . wave-theory of light.
from Philadelphia to New York by Robert Slender, Stock- -p-ponilln (fres-nel' v6). A town in the state 01
ing-weaver "(1787: republished in 181« under the title "A ■',i^="-'""\ Movino situated about 35 mileS
Laughable Poem, or Robert Slender's Journey from Phila- Zacatecas, Mexico, Sltuatea aDOUt M liu
delphia to New York "),with several volumes of poems, etc. northwest of Zacatecas: notea lor its siivci
In ancient history, an mines. Population (1890), 13,020.
Fresnoy
Fresnoy, Charles Alphonse du. See Dufres-
Freston (fres'tonj. A necromaiieor in "Belia-
nis of Greece." He was suspected by Don Quixote of
haviug stolen his books, and trdiisfonued giants into wind-
ntilla.
Freudenstadt (froi'den-stat). A town in the
Black Forest circle, Wurtemberg, 30 miles
east-southeast of Strasburg. Population (1890),
5,695.
Freudenthal (froiMen-tal). A town in Silesia,
Austriii-ilanj^ary, 16 miles west-northwest of
Tro^pau: a linen-manufacturing center. Pop-
ulation (l><r)0), commune, 7,800.
^eund {froiml),Willielin. Born at Kempen.
Posen, Prussia, Jan. 27, 1807. A German phi-
lologist, of Hebrew descent. He was teacher in the
gymnasium at Breslnu 18'28-"29, rector of the Kynuiasinni
at Hirschberg 1S48-&1, and director vf a Hebrew school at
Oleiwjtz 185r>-70. He completed a well-known Latin lexi-
con (Wbrterbuch der lateinischen Sprache," 1834-45), etc.
Fr^vent (fra-von'). A town in the department
of Pas-<lc -Calais, France, on the Canche 21
miles west of Arras. Population (1891), com-
mune, 4,426.
Froy (fri). [ON. Freirr.'\ In Norse mythology,
the god of the earth's fruitfulness, presiding
over rain, sunshine, and all the fruits of the
earth, and dispensing wealth among men: the
son of Njord. He was especially worshiped in the tem-
ple at Tpsalaiu Sweden.
Irey, Emil. Born at Arlsheim, near Basel, Oct.
23. 1838. A Swiss politician. While temporarily
in the Tnited States in 1861 he enlisted as a sergeant in
the I'nion army. He was taken prisoner at Gettysburg,
and sutfered many privations in Libby prison. He re-
tunied to Switzerland at the end of the war, and was sent
back to the United States as minister in 1882, serving five
years. On Dec. 14, IS-OS, he was elected president of the
Swiss Confederation.
Freya ffri'a). [ON. Frct/ja.] In Old Norse
mythology, the daughter of Njord and sister of
Frey. Her dwelling was Folkvang (ON. Folkvangr).
Her chariot was drawn by two cats. To her with Odin,
whose wife she is according to later mytholog>', Itelonged
those slain in battle. Freyja was the goddess of fruit-
fulness and of sexual love. She had several names, among
them Mardoll and Gefn.
Freycinet (frii-se-na'), Charles Louis de
Saulces de. Born at Foix. Ariege. Franco,
Nov. 14, 1828. A French politician. He was
coadjutor of Gambetta in the ministry of 1870-71, and
was elected senator in 1876. He was minister of public
works 1877-79 : premier 1879-80 and Jan. -Jul v, 1882, an<l
again Jan. 7-Dec. 3, 1886, and March 16, 18»:),-Feb. 10,
1892 ; minister of foreign affairs 18^-86 ; minister of war
1888-93: and premier March 10. 181)0,-Feb. 19, 1892.
Freycinet, Louis Claude Desaulses de. Bom
at Montclimart, Drome, France, Aug. 7, 1779:
died near Loriel, Drome. Aug. 18, 1842. A
French navigator. Hepublished "Voyage do d^cou-
vertes aux terrea australes pendant les ann^es 1800-4"
(1807-16), "Voyage autour du monde pendant les ann6es
1817-20 "(lf524^4). etc.
Freyr. Sfo Frey.
Freytag (fn'tiig). G-eorg Wilhelm Friedrich.
Horn at Liineburg, Prussia, Sept. 19, 1788 : died
at Bonn, Prussia. Nov. 16, 1801. A German
Orientalist, author of a ''Lexicon Arabico-
L:itinum"(ls:jO-37), etc.
Freytag, Gustav. Bom at Ki*euzburg in Sile-
sia, Germany, July 13, 1816: died at Wiesba-
den, April 3*0, IKlif). A German novelist and
dramatic writer. He became docent of the German
langnage and literature at the I'niversity of Berlin.
He resigned this position, however, in 1844, and went to
Leipsic and Dresden. In 1848 he returned to Leipsic,
where witii Julian Schmidt lie engaged in editorial work
on the "Grenzlioten," which he conducted until 1861, and
again from 18*17 to 1870. In the latter year he was sum-
moned to the headnuarters of the German crown priiicu,
where he remaineci during part of tlie war. In 1879 he
removed to Wiesbaden. His earliest works are dramatic.
The drama "Die Valentine" appeared in 1816, the com.
cdy "Die Journalistcn " ("The Journalists") in 18r.:i.
The novel "Soil nnd Habei- " ("Debit and Credit") fol-
lowed in 18.'»5, « tragedy "Die Fabier"("Tho Fabians")
In 1859, "Die Tt-chnik des Dramas" ("The Technic of
the Drama") in 186:{, and the novel " Die verlorene Hand-
B( hrift '■ ("The Lost Manuscript") in 1H64. From isr>9 to
18«12 appeared the " Dilder aus der deutschen Vergangen-
heit"(" Pictures from the German Past"), in fourvolumes.
Tlie series of novels, six in numbur. iintjer tlie collective
title "DieAhnen" ("Our Ancestors"), desrriptive of f!er-
man life from the time of the Romans tfi the Vapitlcnnic
wars, appeared from 1870 to 1880. AshortautNhi.,[;riiphy,
'■ Eriiineruniren aus meiiiem Lelien "("Ke('nllei:li"ns fii>m
niy Life "), appeared witli bis collected works (22 volumes)
ill bvi7.
Friar Bacon, The Famous History of. Apopu-
lar legend concerning; Kofcer Bacon. It was pub-
lished in a prose tract, in I/)ndnn, in 1627 (reprinted in
Thorns "Karly Prose Romances"). No earlier edition is
known, but that it is much older is evident from the fact
that Greene's "Honorable History of Friar Bacon and
Friar Hunifay." which was founded on It, was played ut
i)evonHhire House in 1591. It was (Irst printed In 1594.
Friar Gerund. See Fmy (hrnndio*
Friar Rush. See Rush.
413
Friar's Tale, The. One of Chaucer's "Canter-
luiry Tales.'' it is the story of a summoner who, when
he was riding Ut oppress a poor widow, met a foul fiend
and entered into a compact with him. The tlend finally
carries him otf. Hubert, tlie friar who tells the tale, is a
"limitour" — that is, one licensed to heiir confessions and
perform oftices of the church within a certain district. He
IS "wanton and merry, a full festive man."
Friar Tuck. See Tuck.
Frias (Ire'iis), Tom^S. Born in Potosi, Jan. 14,
180"): died in La Paz, Aug., 1884. A Bolivian
statesman. He was repeatedly secretary of state ; held
various imporUint diplomatic posts ; and was acting presi-
dent Nov., 1872. to May, 1873 ; vice-president 1873 ; and,
after the death of Bidlivian, president from Feb., 1874, to
May, 1877. His term was quiet and progressive.
Fribble (frib'l). 1. A haberdasher in Thomas
Shadwell's comedy ''Epsom Wells." Heis surly,
conceited, and proud of his submissive but deceitful wife,
though he pretends to domineer over her.
2. in Garrick's play *'Miss in her Teens," a
weak-minded fop. Oarrick played the character him-
self. In the reign of George II. any one who affected the
extreme of fashionable folly was caUed a "fribble."
Fribourg (fre-bor'), G. Freiburg (fri'borG). A
canton of Switzerland, bounded by Bern on
the northeast and oast, Vaud on the south and
west, and the Lake of Neuchatel on the north-
west. The chief occupation is agriculture, the prevail-
ing religion Roman Catholic, and tlie lan;_'uage 69 per
cent. French and 31 per cent. German. Fribourg sends 6
members to the National Council. It was admitted to
the Swiss Confederation in 1481. A liberal constitution
was adopted in 18;}1. Ai'ca, 044 square miles. Popula-
tion (IS88), 119,155.
Fribourg, *t. Freiburg im tJchtlande (fri'-
borG im iicht'lau-de). The capital of the can-
ton of Fribourg, Switzerland, on the Saane 17
miles southwest of Bern, it is on the border be-
tween French and German Switzerland, It consists of a
lower and an upper town. The cathedral, begun in 1283, is
an interesting church with a late-Pointed tower, 280 feet
high, and a curiously sculptured portal. The organ has
long been celebrated as one of the best existing. The
suspension-bridge crossing the gorge of the Saane was
built in 1834. The span is HIO feet, and the height above
the stream 168. Four wire cables are carried over its two
end towers, which have the form of simple arches of ma-
sonry, flanked by coupled Doric pilasters, and crowned by
an entablature and a low attic. Population (1888), 12,244.
Frickthal (frik'tal). A territory in Switzer-
land, in the northern part of the canton of Aar-
^au, with which it was incorporated in 1803.
Friday (fri'da). [From FrUjga, a Teutonic
goddess, in part identified with the Roman
Venus, AS. Frige dieg, etc., being a translation
of the Koman name of this day, dies Veneris,
or Venrris dies.'l The sixth day of the week.
Friday is the Mohammedan Sabbath, or "day of assem-
bly." It is said in the Mohammedan traditions to have
been established by divine command as a day of worship
for Jew and Clu'istian alike, as being the day on which
Adam was created and received into paradise, the day on
which he was expelled from it, the day on which lie re-
pented, and the day on which he died. It will, accord-
ing to the same traditions, be the day of the resurrection.
In the Roman and Eastern and Anglican churches, all
Fridays except Christmas day (when it occurs on Friday)
are genenUly observed as fasts of obligation or days of
abstinence, in memory of the crucifixion of Christ, an
event which is especially commemorated annuiUly on
Good Friday. In most (."hristian nations Friday is popu-
larly regarded with superstition, and is considered an
unluckj' day for beginning any enterprise. To spill more
or less salt on Friday is considered an especially bad omen.
Until recently it was conmion for crimiTials under sentence
of capital pnnisliment to be executed on Friday: hence
Friday is sometimes called hangman's day.
Friday. The native attendant of Robinson
('rusfte. in Defoe's novel ol.' that name. He was
so namid ))y his ma.'^ter because the latter had saved him
froni ileath on tliat ilay,
Friday Club, The. A elul) instituti'd at Edin-
liur^'li by Sir Walter Seott in Juno, 1803.
Frideswide, Fritheswith, or Fredeswitha.
iJied iiossihly in 7:!.">. An Knglisli saint, siie
was a royiil princess, ueenrtiing to tne legend, ami Hud
from tile iin{iortuiiit)es of her lover to Oxford, wlieru slic
f'lUMtled the moiiiistery of St. Frideswide. She is com-
rneiiinrated on Oct. 19.
Fridigern. Ki(> P'ritii/crn.
Friedberg (frrMl'ljero). A town in Upper Ba-
varia, situaied on tlie Aoh 5 miles east-south-
east of .-Vuf^slinrg. Here, Aug. 24, 1796, the French
inuler Moreau defeated the Austrian^ under Lat<)Ur. Pop-
ulation (1890), 2,(i79.
Friedberg. A town in the province of Upper
Hesse, Hesse, on the Usa K! miles norlli of
Frankfort-on-the-Main : formerly a free impe-
rial eity. Here, July in, Vm, the French under .lour-
dan defeated the Austrinns under WarteuBleben. Popul.i-
eion(lM»). 0,270.
Frledericia. See Fredericia.
Friedewald (fre'do-viilt). A small town in the
jiroviiice of llesse-Nassan, Prussia, 33 miles
soutli-soutliejist of Cjissel.
Friedewald, Treaty of. A treaty concluded
at Friedesvald. Prussia. Oct. ."), l.Wl, between
Franco and the League of Smalkalden, fortho
Friesland
purpose ofliberatingPhilip,land<frave of Hesse,
who was held as a prisoner of state by the em-
peror. His freedom was secured by the Peace
of Passau, July 16, 1552.
Friedland (fred'liint). A town in Bohemia, on
the Wittich G4 miles north-northeast of Praprue.
Its castle belonged to Wallenstein, duke of
Friedland. Population ( 1891), commune, .i,282.
Friedland. A town in the province of East
Prussia, Prussia, situated on the AUe 26 miles
soutlieast of KiiniKsberg. Here, June 14, 1807, the
French (7o,0O(i to sii.oOo) under Napoleon defeated the
Russians and Prussians (5.'),(KX) to 70,000) under Hennigsen.
The loss of the French was about 7,000 to 6,000 ; that of
the Allies, over 25,000.
Friedland. A town in the grand duchy of Jleck-
Icnbnrg-Strelitz. Germany. 43 miles northwest
of .Stettin. Population (1890), .'i,64(i.
Friedlander (fred'len-der), Friedrich. Bom
at Kohl.ianowitz, Bohemia, Jan. 10, l.S2r). An
Austrian genre painter, a pupil of Waldmiiller.
Friedlander, Julius. Born at Berlin, June 25,
1813 : died there, April 4, 1884. A German nu-
mismatist, keeper of the royal collection of
ancient coins.
Friedlander, Ludwig. Born at Konigsberg,
July 16, 1824. A German scholar, professor of
classical philology and archaeologv at Konig.s-
berg 1858-92. He published works on Homer
and the Homeric question, and on Roman an-
tiquities.
Friedrichroda (fred'rieh-ro-dii). A small town
in Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, in the Thuringiau For-
est 9 miles southwest of Gotha.
Friedrichshafen (fred'riehs-ha-fen). A small
town in the Danube circle, Wiirtemiperg. on the
Lake of Constance 14 miles east of Constance.
Friedrichsruh (fred'richs-ro). The residence
of Prince Bismarck, about 17 miles southeast of
Hamburg.
Friendly (freud'li), Sir John. In Vanbrugh's
play "The Relapse," a country gentleman.
Sheridan metamorphosed him into his Colonel
Townly in the " Trip to Scarborough."
Friendly Islands. See Tonga Islands.
Friend of Man, The. [F. L'Ami des liommes.']
A surname ironically given to Mirabeau (father
of the orator), from the title of his work • ■ L'Ami
des hommes."
Friendship in Fashion. A comedy by Thomas
Utway, produced in 1678.
Fries (fies), Bernhard. Bom at Heidelberg,
Baden, Jlay 16, 1820: died at Munich, May 21,
1879. A German landscape-painter, younger
brother of Ernst Fries.
Fries, Elias Magnus. Born at Femsjo, near
Wexio, Sweden, Aug. 15, 1794: died at Upsala,
Sweden, Feb. 8, 1878. A Swedish botanist. He
was professor of practical economy 1S34, and of Iwtany
1851, and director of the botanical museum and garden,
at Upsala. His works include "Systemaorbis vegetabilis "
(1825), " Observationes mycologicic " (1816-18). " Sunima
vegct.abilium Scandinavia; " (1846-49).
Fries, Ernst. Born at Heidelberg, Badeu, June
22, 1801 : died at Karlsruhe, Baden, Oct. 11, 1833.
A German landscape-painter.
Fries, Jakob Friedrich. Bom at Barby, Pms-
sian Saxony, Aug. 23, 1773: died at Jena. Ger-
many, Aug. 10, 1843. A German pliilosophical
■writer, professor at Heidelberg and later (of
philosophy) at Jena. He was deprived of his olHco
lor political reasons in 1819, but was appointed to the
chair of physics and mathematics in 1824. Ue wrote
"Neue Krilik der Vernunft " (1807), etc.
Friesians (fre'zianz), or Frisians (friz'ianz).
The natives or inhabitants of Friesland; the
Low German people who were tlie ancestors of
the present inhabitants of Friesland.
Friesic (fre'zik). The language of the Frie-
sians: in its oldest form specilically called Old
/'V/r.s'/c. It is a LowOcrman dialect formerly sjioken in
the northern part of ftermany in the district wliich in-
cludes the present Friesland. Old Friesic, witli Old Saxon
and .Anglo-Saxon, constituted the main part of what is
ctilleetively called (tbl I,ow Oerunni, of which the present
modern Friesic in its local variations. North, Fast, and
West I'Viesic, and Dutch, Flemish, and Low (German in its
restricted sense (Piatt- Deutsch), are the modern continen-
tal remains.
Friesland (frez'land), or Vriesland (fres'liint).
[L. Frisiii, F. Frise.l A proN-ince of tlie Xeth-
erlaniis, capital Leeuwarden, bounded by the
North Sea on the north, Groningcn and Prenthe
on (lie cast, Overysselon tlio south, and tln' Zuy-
der Zee on tile southwest and nortlnvest. Its sur-
face Is gcncnUly flat. Friesland formerly included a nmch
larger territory. It was under the ciumts of Holland, but
became indei)etident early in the 16th centui-y. In 1615 it
was iTicorporated with the Hapsbnrg dominions, and it be-
came one of the Seven United Provinces of the Nether*
lands. It is also called West Friesland. Area, 1,282 square
miles. Population (1891), 83(i,442.
rrlesland, East
Friesland, East. See East Friesland.
Frigg ( trigj- [Latinized as Frifiya or Fruja.'] In
Norse mrtbology, the wife of Odin, and the queen
of the gods. She is often confounded with f"reya, a
distinct deity. Frigg was the goddess of love in its loftier
ani constant form.
Frigga, or Friga (frig'ii). [Latinized forms of
/•>/(/(/.] Same as i^n<7(/.
Frigidus (frij'i-dus). A small river, tributary
414
nickname given by his soldiers to Frederick
the Great.
Fritz, Samuel. Born in Bohemia, 1053: died
at the Jeberos Mission, on the Upper Amazon.
March "JO, 1728. A Jesuit missionary. The gre.itBr
part of his life was spent among the Amazonian Indians,
and he established the Omaguas and otlier missions. He
repeatedly traversed the whole length of the river. In
1707 his map of the Amazon was first published at Quito,
and it long remained the authority for this region.
tria : the modem Wipbach. It is noted for its cold-
ness. In its vallev, near the Birnbaunier Wald. Theodo-
8ius defeated the forces of Eugenius and Arbogast in 394.
Ptimaire (fre-mar'). [P., 'the sleety.'] The
name adopted in 1793 by the National Conven-
tion of the first French republic for the third
month of the year. It consisted of 30 days, commen
cing with Nov. 21 in the years 1, 2, 3, 5, 6,
of the Isonzo, which it joins near Gorz in Aus- Fritz, Unser. [G.,' Our Fritz.'] A nickname
■ ' ' ' ■"'■■- "1 •■• . ....-, J giveubyGei-mans to Frederick William. cro\%-n
prince of Germany, and later emperor.
Fritzlar (frits'lar). A small town in the prov-
ince of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, on the Eder
16 miles southwest of Cassel. It is noted for its
cathedral and as the first seat in Hesse of Christianity,
which was introduced by St Boniface about 732.
with Nov. 22 Priuli (fre'6-le). [F. Frioiil, G. Friiiiil : from
the town F<)r«») .T^kWi'.] A district north of the
Adriatic Sea. mainly comprised in the modern
province of Udine, Italy, and in the crownland
txorz and Gradiska, Austria-Hungary. It became
a Lombard duchy in the 6th century, and was ruled by
dukes and margraves in the middle ages. Austrian Friuli
was acquired by the house of Hapsburg in 1500, and Vene-
tian Friuli was acquired from Venice in 1797. Both por-
tions were lost by Austria in 1805 and 1809, and regained
in 1816. Venetian Friuli was ceded to Italy in 1866.
Frobel (fre'bel), Friedricll. Born at Ober-
weissbaeh, Sehwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Germany,
April 21. 1782: died at Marienthal. near Bad
LiebensteLn, Germany, June 21, 1852. A Ger-
man educator, foimder of the kindergarten sys-
tem of instruction. He studied at the universities of
Jena. Gottingen, and Berlin ; ser^'ed against the French
.n the campaigns of 1813 and 18H ; founded in 1818, at Jroljc The. A British sloop of war taken m
Griesheim, an educational institution which was removed -,.,.' .-. . ■ -r , t •_ ii-_ « .-
to Keilhau, near Rudolstadt, in 1817 ; and in 1837 founded
a kindergarten at Blankenburg in Thuringia. °-" -*■'"'
work is "Die ilenschenerziehung" (1826).
His chief
Julv
in 4, S. 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, and with Nov. 23 in the year 12.
Frimont (fre-mon'), Johann Maria Philipp,
Count of. Prince of Autrodocco. Boru at Fin-
stingen. Ijorraine, Jan. 3, 17.59 : died at Vienna,
Dec. 26, 1831. An Austrian general. He entered
the Austrian army in 1776, and was commander-in-chief
of the Austrian troops in Upper Italy when he invaded
France in 181.5. He quelled, in accordance with the de-
crees of the Congress of Laybach, the liberal insurrection
at Naples in 1S21, and was made president of the council
of war at Vienna in Nov., 1831.
Frio (fre'o). Cape. A promontory in Brazil,
about 50 miles east of Kio de Janeiro : light-
house in lat, 23° 0' 42" S., long. 42° 0' 1" W.
FriSChes Haff (frish'es haf ). [G., 'Fresh Bay.']
A body of water north of the provinces of East
and West Prussia, extending from near Konigs-
berg southwestward about 53 miles. Its average
width is about 5 miles. It is sepai-ated l>y a tongue of land
(Frische Nehrung) from the Baltic, with which it commu-
nicates by the Pillauer Tief.
I^SChlin (frish'len). Nikodemus Born at — -^- Julius? BoTn'atGriesYeTin. near Stadt
Bahngen Wurtemberg bept. 22 lo4/ : died 'i^^"''^,i,„arzburg-Rudolstadt
near the fortress of Hohenurach, Wurtemberg, '■'■'"• -^ °
Nov. 29-30, 1590. A German philologist and
Latin poet.
Frisco (fi-is'ko). A colloquial abbreviation of
SiiH FriDicisco.
Friscobaldo (fris-ko-bal'do). In Dekker and
MidiUetou's "Honest Whore," the father of
Bellafront.
Frisian Islands, North. See North Friesuin
I sill nils.
Frisians. See Friesians.
Frith, m-Frjrth (frith), John. Born at Wester- p-o,,isiier (fro'bish-er), Sir Martin. Died in
ham, Kent, m lo03 : executed at Loudon, July ^gg^ j^ EngUsh navigator. He was of a family
4,1533. An English Reformer and mart JT. He
took the degree of B. A. at King's College, Cambridge, in
1525, and in the same year became a junior canon of Car-
dinal College Oilterward Christ Church), Oxford. He went
abroad in 1528 to avoid religious persecution, resided for
a time at the t niversity of Marburg, and was associated
with Tvndale in his literaiT w ork. He returned to England
in 1532, was arrested for heresy by order of Sir Thomas
More, and was burned at the stake in Smithfleld, London.
During his imprisonment he ivrote " A Boke made by John
Fryth. prvsoner in the Towerof London, answerynge to JI.
More s Letter," etc. (1533).
Frith, Mary. See Cutpurse, Moll.
Frith, William Powell. Bom at Studley, near
Kipon, England, 1819. An English painter. He
stuiliuil art at Sass's academy at London, and in 1839 ex-
hibited a portrait at the British Institution, which was
followed in 1840 by "Othello and Desdemona" and "Mai-
volio before the Countess Olivia " at the Academy. He
was elected a royal academician in 1852. Among his more
notable paintings are " The Village Pastur," " The Derby
Day," and " The Railway Station." He has published " My
Autobiiigraphy and Reminiscences " (1887) and "Furthe
Reminiscences" (1888).
Frithigern. See Fritigeni.
Frithjof 's (fret'yofs), or Fridthiof S (fref-
yofs). Saga. An Icelandic saga, assigned to
the 14th century, relating the adventiu'es of the
Norwegian hero Frithjof (or Fridthiof). it is
the subject of a poem by Tegner, "Frithiof's Saga," pub.
lished in 1825.
Fritigern (frit'i-gem), or Frithigern, orFndi-
gern. Died in 381 A. D. A king of the West
Goths. He commanded a band of Christian West Goths
who, when their race was expelled from Dacia by the Huns
in 376, took refuge in Mcesia by permission of the emperor
Valens. Disputes with the Roman officials at the passage
of the llanube led to war, and Fritigern with 200,000 men
defeated and killed Valens at Adrianople in 378.
Fritsch (fritsh), Gustav. Bom at Cottbus,
Germany, March 5, 1838. A German naturalist
and traveler. After graduating in natural sciences and
medicine, he made a successful exploration of South Africa
1863-CS, traveling from Cape Town through the Orange Frei
State. Natal, and Bechuana-land a,s far as the Ba-Mangwat.
tribe. His work '* Die Eingeborenen Sudafrikas " (Breslau,
1873) is still the best contribution to the anthropology
of the Bantu, Hottentot, and Bushman races. In 1874 he
became professor at the University of Berlin. From 1881 .-.;■■". . ,„ ., .. . ,-, <•...„:; r,::«'\ TA.m
to 1882 he traveled in Egvpt and thJ Orient, making special FrOlBSart (froi'sart: I . pron. frwa-sar ), Jean
researches on electric llshes ; and in 1890 he published, at Born at Valenciennes, 133/: died at tmmay
Leipsic, • Die elektrischen Fische." about 1410. A celebrated French chronicler.
Fritz (frits), Der Alte. [G., 'Old Fritz.'] A Nothing is known of his famUy or early lite beyond the
Frontenac
few facts to be gleaned from his own writings. In 1360 he
was welcomed to England by his countrywoman Queen
Philippa of Hainaut, wife of Edward 111. In 1365 he vis-
ited Scotland, and in May, 1368, he was at Milan in the
company of Petrarch and Chaucer. About 1372, after sev-
eral years spent in travel, Froissart decided to enter the
church. The period of his activity as a cluonicler extends
from 1367 to 1400. His , great work is the " Chronique de
France, d'Angleterre,d'Ecosse et d'Espagne," relating the
events of history from 1326 till 1400. It was published
before the close of the 15th century, and was thus among
the first books to be printed. One of the 6 editions of the
16th century was by IJenis Sauvaye, historian to Henry II.
of France. The best editions in modern times are by Ker-
vyn de Lettenhove, in 25 volumes (1867-77), and by Sim^n
Luce, incomplete, in 8 volumes (1869-88).
Froissart, though inferior to Lescurel, and though far
less remarkable as a poet than as a prose writer, can fairljr
hold his own with Deschamps and Machault, while he
has the advantage of being easily accessible. The later
part of his life having been given up to history, he is not
quite so voluminous in verse as his two predecessors.
Yet, if the attribution to him of the " Cour d'Amour " and
the "Trisor Amouxeux " be correct, he has left some 40,000
or 50,0<:>0 lines. The bulk of his work consists of long poems
in the allegorical courtship of the time, interspersed with
shorter lyrical pieces in the prevailing forms. One of
these poems, the "Buisson de Jonece," is interesting be-
cause of its autobiographical details ; and some shorter
pieces approaching more nearly to the Fabliau style, "Le
Dit au Florin," " Le DSbat du Cheval et du LSvrier," etc.,
are sprightly and agreeable enough.
Sttiyttshury, French Lit., p. 104.
Frolic (frol'ik), Sir Frederick. A character
in Etherege's comedy "The Comical Revenge!"
He [Sir Frederick Frolic] is a man of quality, who can
fight at need with spirit and firmness of nerve, but whosie
customary occupation is the pui-suit of pleasure without
dignity and without reflection.
Gosse, Seventeenth Centurj' Studies.
16, 1805
died at Zurich, Switzerland, Nov. 6, 1893. A
German poUtieian, traveler, and autlior, nephew
of Friedrich Frobel. He took part in the revolution-
ary movement at Vieima in 1848, and in 1867 founded at
Munich the "Siiddeutsche Presse," which he conducted
until 1873. He was appointed consul of the German
Empire at Smyrna in 1873, and held a similar post at .Al-
giers 1876-89. His chief works are " System der sozialen
Politik" (1847), "Aus Amerika " (1857-.t8), "Theorie der
Politik" (1861-64), "Die Wirthschaft des Menschenge.
schlechts " (1870-76), " Die realistische Wei tansicht u nd die
utilitarische Civilisation" (1S81), and "Ein Lebenslauf "
(ls9fi-91).
of Welsh origin settled at Altofts in the West Riding of
Yorkshire. He commanded an expedition in search of the
northwest passage in 1576, on which he discovered the
bay since known .as Frobisher Bay. One of his sailors
having brought home a piece of ore supposed to contain
gold, he was sent out again in command of two expeditions
in search of gold, 1577-78. On both occasions, however,
the ore which he brought home proved to be worthless.
He fought with distinction against the Great Armada in
15SS.
Frobisher Bay. An arm of the ocean extend-
ing about 200 miles into Baffin Laud, between
Hudson Strait and Cumberland Sound. It was
until recentlv called Frobisher Strait.
Frog (frog), Nicholas or NiC. A nickname for
the Dutch in Arbuthnot's "Law is a Bottomless
Pit,'' iu "The History of John Bull."
Frogmore (frog'mor) Lodge. A mansion near
Windsor Castle, England, it was the residence of
Queen Victoria's mother, and in the grounds is the mauso-
leum erected by the queen to her husband.
Frogs (frogz), The. A famous comedy by Aris-
tophanes. It was exhibited in 405 B. c, and ob-
tained the first prize.
The plot [of "The Frogs "] is separated uito two parts :
first, the adventures of Dionysus on his journey to Hades
in search of a good poet, Sophocles and Euripides being
lately dead ; and secondly, the poetical contest of .Eschy-
lus and Euripides, and the final victory of Jischylus.
These subjects are logically though loosely connected to-
gether, but remind us strongly of the dramatic economy
of the very poet whom Aristophanes is here attacking so
vehemently. No analysis can rejjroduce the real brilliancy
of the piece, which consists in all manner of comic situa-
tions, repartees, parodies, and unexpected blunders,
Mahafy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., 1. 457.
Frohlioh (fre'lich). Abraham Emanuel. Born
at Brugg. Aargau. Switzerland. Feb. 1. 1796:
died at Baden, Aargau, Dec. 1, 1865. A Ger-
man-S\N-iss poet, best known as a writer of
fables (published 1825).
Frohsdorf (froz'dorf). A village and castle
about 30 miles south of Vienna. It is noted as
having been the headquarters of the French Legitimist
party from 1844 until the death of the Comte de Chambord
in 1883.
1S12 by Captain Jacob Jones in the American
sloop of war Wasp.
Frollo (frol'lo). In " Arthm-," an English Ar-
thurian legend of the first half of the 15th cen-
turv. a French knight, .\rthur kills him in smgle
combat, with his great sword Brownsteel, when on his
way to take Paris.
Frollo (F. pron. fro-16'), Claude. An arch-
deacon,one of the leading characters in " Notre
Dame de Paris." by Victor Hugo. He is absorbed
in alchemy and is reputed holy, but he falls in love with
and persecutes Esmeralda, a gipsy. After her death he is
killed in revenge by Quasimodo, who throws him from the
top of the tower of Notre Dame,
Frollo, Jehan. A scholar in "Notre Dame de
Paris," by Victor Hugo.
Frome, or Frome Selwood (from sel'wiid).
A inanufaetm-ing town iu Somerset, England,
11 miles south of Bath. Population (1891),
9,613.
Fromentin (fro-mon-tan' ), Eugtoe. Born at
St. -Maurice, near La Rochelle, Oct. 24. 1820 :
died there, Aug. 27. 1876. A noted French
genre painter, a pupil of Remond and Cabat.
He visited .\lgiers 1846-18 and 1852-53, and brought home
many sketches from which he painted his characteristic
pictures of Oriental life. He was also the author of " Do-
menique," a successful romance, and of works on art and
travel. He was awarded a second.class medal in 1849 and
1867, and a first-class in 1859. He became a member of
the Legion of Honor in 1859.
Fronde (frond), The. [F., lit. 'a sling.'] In
French history, the name of a party which dur-
ing the minority of Louis XIV. waged civil war
against the court party, on account of the hu-
miliations inflicted on the high nobility and the
heavy fiscal impositions laid on the people.
The m'ovement began with the resistance of the Parliament
of Paris to the measures of the minister Mazarin, and was
sarcastically called by one of his supporters there '" the
war of the fronde," in allusion to the use of the sling then
common among the street-boys of Paris. The contest
continued from 1648 to 1662, during which Mazarin was
driven from power, but soon restored. The op])osition to
him had degenerated into a course of selfish intrigue and
parly strife, whence the n&me /rotidetir became a term of
political reproach.
Front de Boeuf (trou de bef). Sir Reginald.
In Scott's novel '•Ivanhoe."a Ijrutal and fierce
Norman baron who uses his castle of Torquil-
stone to imprison and torture his enemies, and
finallv perishes in its flames.
Frontienac (front-nak'), Comte Louis deBuade
de. Born in France, 1621: died at Quebec,
Nov. 28, 1698. A French colonial officer, gov-
ernor of Canada 1672-82 and 1689-98.
Frontenac was full of faults ; but it is not through these
that his memory has survived him. He was domineering,
arbitrary, intolerant of opposition, irascible, vehement in
prejudice, often wayward, perverse, and jealous ; a perse-
cutor of those who crossed him : yet capable, by fits, of
moderation and a magnanimous lenity ; and gifted with a
rare charm— not always exerted— to win the attachment
of men ; versed in books, polished in couris and salons :
without fear, incapable of repose, keen and broad of sight,
clear in judgment, prompt in decision, fruitful in re-
sources, unshaken when others despaired ; a sure breeder
of storms in time of peace, but in time of calamity and
danger a tower of strength. His earlv career in America
was beset with ire and enmity ; but admiration and gratl-
Frontenac
tude hailed him at its close : fur it was he who saved the
colony and led it triumphant from an iihyiift of ruin.
Parkman, Discovery of the threat West, p. 47.
Prontino (frou-te'no). The iiamo of tlio horse
which Bninello stole from Saoripant and
(jave to Rogero, and on wliioh the latter
overthrew all his opponents. He is men-
tioned both by BoiarUo and Ariosto in the
Orlando poems.
Prontinus (fron-ti'nus), Sextus Julius. Died
about 103 A. D. A Roman military officer, en-
gineer, and tactician. He wrote " Strateiicmatica "
h. work on stratejiy; in four lK)nlis), "De aquis urliis
Koinie," etc.
Pronto (fron'to), Marcus Cornelius. Born at
Cirta, Numidia : died about 175 a. D. A Roman
rhetorician anil orator. A collection of his
letters was edited by Naber in 1SG7.
The most characteristic figure of this time is the rheto-
rician M. Cornelius Fronto of Cirta (probably a. 100-175
A. 1>.X who held under Hadrian a conspicuous position us
an orator, and under Antoninus Fius taught M. Auj-elins
and L. ^'erus. Ho was consul 143 a. L). We possess liy
him above all the greater part of his correspondence with
M. .\urelius l>oth as heir appai'ent and as emperor. Tlic
rhetorician appears in tliesc letters conceited, insipid,
laboured, with little genius and much want of taste ami
pretence, bat well informed and an enthusiastic admirer
of early Roman literature, which he zealously endeavours
to make more generally known : at the same time his
character appears honourable, upright, and independent :
he never abuses his influential position, is faithful as a
husband and friend, and gives fatherly advice to his pupils,
whose gratitude subseciuently surrounded his name with
a brilliant lustre.
Tniffel titut Schwabe, Hist, of Rom. Lit. (tr. by Warr), II. 213.
Pront Range (frunt ranj). The easternmost
range of the Rocky Mountains in the State of
Colorado.
Front Royal. A place in the Shenandoah valley,
Vir<riiii;i. wliere Stonewall .Jackson captured
tho (■(luiiniiud of Colonel J. R. Kenly, Mav 23,
l.StiLV
Proschweiler (fr^sh'vi-ler), or Froschweiler
(frosh'vi-ler). A village near Worth (which
gee).
Frosinone (fro-se-no'ne), Hernican Frusino.
A town ill the province of Rome, Italy, 48 miles
soutlica.st of Rome.
Prossard (fro-sar'), Charles Auguste. B<jrn
at Versailles, France, Aug. -ii, 1807: died at
Chateau- VUlain, Haute-Marne, France, Sept.
1, 1875. A French general. He served in Algeria
1833-40 ; was engaged in the Crimean war, particiUai'ly
before .Sevastopol, and was i>romoted general ; commanded
the second corps of the army of the Rhine in the Franco-
German wiu- ; was defeatetl at Spicheren, Aug. 6, 1870 ;
and was captured on the fall of Metz.
Frost f frost). Arthur B. Born at Philadel-
phia, Pa., Jan. 17, 1851. An American artist,
best known as an illustrator.
Frost, Jack. In English mirsery folk-lore, a
personification of frost or cold.
Froth (froth). A foolish gentleman in Shak-
Bpere's comedy " Measiu-e for Measure."
Froth, Lord. A solemn, foolish fop with a
eoqaetlLsh wife, in Congreve's comedy "The
Double Dealer."
Prothingham (froth 'ing-am), Nathaniel
Langdon. Born at Boston, July 23, 1793 : died
at Boslon, April 4, 1870. Ari American clergy-
man and writer. He was pastor of a t'nitnrian church
at Boston. Mas8.ichusetts, 181.^-:iO. Author of "Metrical
Picci's, Tianslated and Original" (issr.).
Prothingham, Octavius Brooks. Born at
Bo.ston, Mass., Nov. 20, 1822: died Nov. 27,
1895. An American Unitarian clergyman (till
1880) and author, son of N. L. Frothingham.
Among his works are "Religion of Humanity" (1873X
"Transcendentnlisin in New England " (187(i), a life of
Theodore Parker (1H74), "Creed and Conduct" (1877),
'■ Life of lieorge Kipli-y " (1883), etc.
Prothingham, Richard. Born at Charlestown,
Mass., .Tim. 31, 1H12. An American historian,
journalist, and pulitician. His works include "His-
tory of the Siege of Itoston "(1849), and other books on
American liistory.
Froude (f rod), James Anthony. Bom at Dar-
tingll^n, Devonshire, April 23, 1818: died Oct.
20,1804. A noted English histori.-m. Hewasedu.
cateci at Westminster School and at Oriel College, Oxford,
'rher.' lie came under the intlueiice of the Tractarian
movement, his brother Richard Hnrrell l''roude being one
of its leaders. He became fellow of Exeter in 1842, and
took deacon 8 orders in 1844. t'or some time ho wiis con-
nected with tile High-Church party under Newman. A
change in his views caused lum to abandon his fellow-
ship and his profession, and he devoted himself entirely
t^i literature, fonnally resigning his deacon's onlers in
1872. In the same year he lectured in the United States
on the relations between England and Ireland. In 1874
lie was sent on a mission to the Cape of Good Hope. Ho
afterward went to Australia and the West Indies. In
1892 he was electeil regiiis professor of modern history at
Oriel College, Oxfonl, as successor tt> Freeman. He wrote
a " History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the
Defeat of the Spanish Armada" (1H66-7U), "The English
415
in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century "(1873-74), "Short
Studies on Oreat Subjects" (1887-77), "Clesar" (1879),
"Oceana "(1880), "The Two Chief.s of Duuboy," a romance
(188!)), " Life of lA)rd Beaconsfteld " (1890), etc. As execu-
tor of Carlyle he publishcl "Reminiscences of Carlyle"
(1881X " Life of 1 hoiuas Carlyle " (1882).
Froufrou (fiii'frii). [F.,'a soft rustling sound.']
A plav bv MM. Meilhac and Hal^vy, produced
in 18(i9.
Frozen Strait. A strait in the Arctic regions,
between Mel\-ille Peninsula and Southampton
Island.
Fructidor (friik-te-dor'). [F., from L. fructus,
fruit.] The name adopted iu 1793 by the Na-
tional Convention of the first French republic
for the twelfth month of the year, it consisted of
30 days, commencing with Aug. 19 in the years 1 to 8,
and with Aug. 20 in 9 to 13. It was followed by 5 (in
the years 3 and 11, corresponding to 1705 and 1803, by t;)
complementary or intercalary days, called saim-ciUoUidcs,
completing the year.
Fructidor, The 18th. In French history, Sept.
4, 1797, when the majority of the Directory exe-
cuted a coupd'<}tat againstthe royalist reaction.
Two of the Directors were ejected and more
than lifty members expelled from the Council
of Five Ilimdred, where the royalists had suc-
ceeded in obtaining a majority.
Frugal, Luke. The principal character in Mas-
singer's "City Madam": a vindictive, hj-j^o-
critical villain. He is the brother of the chari-
table Sir John.
Fruges (frtizh). A town in the department of
Pas-de-Calais, France, 33 miles south-southeast
of Calais. Population (1891), commune, 3,090.
Frumentius (fro-men'shius). Lived in the 4th
century. A Christian missionary and bishop,
celebrated, as the founder of the Ethiopian
Church, under the title of Ablia Salama.
Frutigen (fro'te-gen). A village in the Ber-
nese Oberland, Switzerland, south of the Lake
of Thun.
Fry, Mrs. (Elizabeth Gurney). Born at Earl-
ham, Norfolk, May 21, 1780 : died at Ramsgate,
England, Oct. 12, 1845. An English pliilanthro-
pist, a minister of the Society of Friends. She
was especially noted as a promoter of prison
reform.
Fry (fri), Francis. Born atWestbury-on-Trym,
near Bristol, Oct. 28, 1803: died at Bristol, Nov.
12, 1886. An English bibliographer. He was apart-
ner in the hrm of .1. S. Fry and Sons, cocoa and chocolate
manufacturers at Bristol. He published " The First New
Testament printed in the English Language (1525 or 152C),
translated from the Greek by William Tyndale, repro-
duced in facsimile, with an Introduction " (1862), "The
.Souldiers Pocket Bible, printed at London by G. B. and
R. W. for G. C. 1643, reproduced in facsimile, with an In-
troduction" (1862), "The Christian Soldiers Fenny Bible:
London, printed by R. .Smith for Sara. Wade, 1093, repro-
duced in facsimile, with an Introductory Note "(1862), etc.
Fry, William Henry. Born at Philadelphia,
Aug., 1815: died in Santa Cruz, West Indies,
Dec. 21, 1864. An American composer and
journalist.
Fryken (frii'kon). A seriesof lakes in Sweden,
north of Lake Wener, into which their waters
flow.
Fryxell (friiks'el), Anders. Bom at Hessels-
kog, Dalsland, Sweden, Feb. 7, 1795: died at
Stockholm, March 21, 1881. A Swedish his-
torian. He wrote "Berattelser ur Svenska Uistorien "
(" Narratives from Swedish History," 1823-79), etc.
F.'s Aunt (efz iiut), Mr. A legacy left by Mr.
F. to his wife, in Dickens's "Little Dorrit."
Fuad Pasha (fo'iidpash'a), Mehemmed (Meh-
med). Born at Constantino])le, Jan. 17, 1814:
died at Nice, France, Feb. 12, 1869. A noted
Turkish statesman. Ue abandoned in 1835 the prac-
tice of medicine for a diplomatic career. In 1848 he was
appointed Ottoman commissioner to settle the revolu-
tionary disputes in the principalities of Moldavia and
VVallachla. He became minister of foreign affairs in 1852.
Owing to the attitude of Russia, whose ill will he is said
to have excited by a publication on the question of the
holy sepulchers, ho resigned in the spring of 1853, but re-
sumed otllce on tlie outlircak of the Crimean war later in
the same year. He became grand vizir in 1801, a post
which he retaiiicii until LSOO. He introduced European
improvi'Tiieids for the sake of the material advantagis to
lie gained from them, but in doing so increased tlie Ilnan-
cial dilllcuUies of the Porte by the adoption of a wasteful
and unsi»uiid lliiancial policy.
Fuca, Juan de. See Juan de Fiica.
Fuchs (fiiks). Johann Nepomuk von. Born
at Mattenzell, lu'ar lirembcrg, B:ivaria, May 15,
1774: died at Munich, March 5, 1856. A Geiv
man chemist and mineralogist^ professor of
mineralogy at the University of Landshut 1826-
18,52 : noted for his discovery (1823) of soluble
glass and its application to stereocliromy.
Fuchs, Konrad Heinrich. Born at Bamberg,
Bavaria, Dec. 7, 1803: died at Gottingen, Prus-
sia, Beo. 2, 1855. A German physician, prti-
Fulah
fessor of pathology at Gottingen lS3S-.'i.5. Hi
wrote "Die krankhaften Veranderungen der Haut' (1840-
1841), " Lehrbuch der speziellen Nosologic und Therapic"
(184r>-lS), etc.
Fuchs, Leonhard. Bom at Wembdingen, Ba-
varia, Jan. 17, 1501: died at Tubingen, WUr-
temberg. May 10, 156C. .\ German physician
and botanist, author of "Do historia stir|)ium"
(1542), etc.
Fucino (fS-che'no), LagO di, also called Lago
di Celano. A lake in central Italy, near the
towns of Avczzano and Celano : the ancient
Lacus Fucinus. It was drained by Prince Torlonia,
who began the work in 1862. It was partially drained in
the reign of Claudius. It had no outlet, and measured 37
miles ill circumference.
Fucinus (fu'si-nus), Lacus. See Fucino.
Fudge Family in Paris, The. A satire by
Thomas Moore, published in ISlS. "The Fudge
Family in England," a sequel, was afterward
published.
Fuegians (fu-e'ji-anz). A general name of the
Indians of Tierra'del Fuego. They comprise three
distinct races — the Yaligans or Yapoos, the Onas or Aonik,
and the Aliculufs. Judging from their languages, these
represent three different stocks. They are all very de-
graded savages, having no chiefs and only very loose family
ties. They live in wretched huts, go almost naked though
the climate is severe, and subsist by hunting and hshing.
They make excellent bark canoes, and are very skilful in
using them.
Fuenclara, Count of. See Cebrian y Agustin,
Pedro de.
Fuenleal(fwen-la-al'), Sebastian Ramirez de.
Born iu the province of Cuenca about 1480 : died
at Valladolid, Jan. 22, 1547. A Spanish eccle-
siastic and administrator. He was successively in-
quisitor of Seville, member of the audience of Granada,
bishop of Santo Domingo in the West Indies (1524). and
president of the audience of that island (1527). I'"l"om
1531 to 1536 he ruled Mexico as president of the audience
of New Spain : under him order was restored, aliuses were
reformed, and the Indians protected. He w.as frieiuily to
Cortes. Returning to Spain, he was successively tiishop
of Tuy and Leon, and In 1542 was made bishop of Cuenca
and president of the audience of Vidladolid.
Fuenterrabia (fwen-ter-rii-be'a), or Fontara-
bia (fon-ta-ra'bi-a). A town in the pro\-ince of
Guipuzcoa, Spain, situated on the Bidassoa in
lat. 43° 22' N., long. 1° 50' W. It is noted for its
fortress (until 1794), and for the passage of the Bidassoa
here by Wellington in 1813. Milton confounds it with
Roncesvalles.
Fuentes de Onoro (fwen'tes de 6-u6'r6). A vil-
lage in the province of Salamanca, western
Spain, 14 miles west-southwest of Ciudad Rod-
rigo. Here, May, 1811, Wellington checked the
French under ilassi^na.
Fuerte, or Villa del Fuerte (vel'ya del fwer'-
ta). A small town iu the state of Sinaloa,
Mexico, situated on the river Fuerte about lat.
26° 45' N., long. 108° 25' W.
Fugger (fiik'er). A Swabian family of ennobled
merchants, famous in the 16th century. Ittraces
its descent from Johannes Fugger, a weaver, who lived at
Graben, near Augsburg, in the first half of the 14tli centui7.
Fugitive-Slave Law, Iu United states historv,
an act included in the "Omnibus Bill" (1850'),
securing to slaveholders additioiuil facilities in
the recovery of runaway slaves.
FuhchOW, or FoOChOW (fii-chou'). A seaport
and the capital of the province of Fuhkien,
China, situated near the mouth of the river Min
in lat. 26° 5' N., long. 119° 20' E. it has a very
large trade, especially in tea, is a noted mission station,
and contains an arsenal. Tlie port was opened to foreign
trade in 1842. Population, 6.Hi,tX)0.
Fuhkien (fii-ko-on'), or Fokien (fo-ke-en'). A
niaritirao province of China, bounded by Che-
kiang on the north, the channel of Formosa on
the east, Kwangtung on the southwest, and Ki-
angsi on the west and northwest. Area, about
47,000 square miles. Population, upward of
20.000,000.
Fiihrich (fii'rich), Joseph von. Born at Krat-
zau, Bohemia, Feb. 9, 1800 : died at Vienna,
March 13, 1876. A noted Austrian historical
painter. He was much occupied with scriptural
subjects.
Fuji'-san (fo'je-siin'),or Fuji-yama (fo'je-yii'-
mii), loss correctly Fusi-yama (fo'se-yti'ina).
An extinct volcano and the highest mountain of
Japan, situated 70 miles west-southwest of To-
kio. There has been no eruption since 1707. It is a re-
sort of pilgrims, and figures largely in Japanese artv
Height, r>,:ill5 feet.
Fulah, or Fula (fo'lii), plural Fulbe. ['Light
brown,' ' red.'] A great African nation, scat-
tered through the Sudan from Senegal to Wa-
dai, and south to Adamawa : their language is
called I'idfidde. They are variously classed with the
llimiites, the negroes, anil, in the Nnlm-Fulah group, with
llie Nubas of the Nile valley. They seem to lie essentially
Uamitie, having branched olT from the Berbers or the
Fulah
Soraal. Their color is reddish-brown, nose straight, lips
regular, hair curly. Where they are mixed with the ne-
groes the akin is darker, tlie lips are thiclcer, the hair is
more bushy, and the temperament more merr>-. In their
pure state they arc proud and crave. The Futa-Toro or
Toucouleurs are a mixture of Fulah and Wolotf . Pastoral,
industrious, warlike, and intelligent, they rule over the
agricultural negro tril)es of the Sudan. They are dominant
in Gando, Sokoto, A<ianniwa, JIassina, Segu. Kaarta, and
Futa-Jallon. In Bornu, B,aghirmi, and Wadai they are not
strong enough to command. In religion they are Moham-
medans, but tolerant, except the fanatic Toucouleurs.
They have a national literature, written with Arabic char-
acters. It was in the beuinning of this century, under
their poet and leader Otman dan Fodio, that they revolu-
tionized the Sudan, spreading Islam, and founding their
great kingdoms, which are not yet on the wane. Their
language i's peculiar by its initial formations. It is spoken
in its purest form in Ma.ssina and Futa-Toro. Owing to
admixtures of neighboring negro languages and Arabic,
five dialects are distinguished according to the countries
where they are spoken : namely, Futa-.lalon. Futa-Toro,
Sokoto, Hausa, and Bornu. Also called Pid, Felata, Filani.
Fulbe. See Fulah.
Fulbert (fiil-bar'). A bishop of Chartres who
laid the foundations of the cathedral in 1020,
and is supposed to liave been its architect.
Fulc (folk), or Fulk, or Foulques (fok) III.,
surnamed " The Black." Born in 972: died at
Metz, May 22, 1040. Cpunt of Anjou 987-1040.
He carried on wars against the Duke of Bre-
tatTie and the Count o^ Blois.
Fuic y. Born in 1090 : died Nov. 13, 1142. Count
of An.iou 1109-42. He married a daughter of Baldwin
n. of Jerusalem in 1129, and on the death of Baldwin in
1131 succeeded to the thi-one of Jerusalem.
Fulc of Neuilly. Died in 1202. A French ec-
clesiastic. He was ordered by Innocent III. in
1198 to preach the fourth Crusade.
Pulda (fiil'da). A river in Germany, flowing
north and uniting at Miinden with the Werra to
form the Weser. Length, about 100 miles.
Flllda. A bishopric and state of the old German
Empire. It grew up around the abbey of rulda(founded
in 74-1). The abbacy became a bishopric in 1752. It was
secularized in 1SU3, and given to Nassau-Orange as a prin-
cipality. After various changes it was, in 1815, divided
between Hesse-Cassel and Bavaria, the Hesse-Cassel part
passing to Prussia in 1866.
Fulda. A town in the province of Hesse-Nas-
sau, Prussia, on the Fulda 53 miles northeast of
Frankfort-on-the-Main. it is a very ancient town,
and has a cathedral and several old churches. Population
(1890), 13,125.
Fulford (ful'fqrd). A subui-b of York. England.
Here the earls Edwin and Slorcar were defeated by Harold
Hardnida and Tostig in 1066.
Fulham {ful'am). [From Saxon Fulleiihame.the
resort of birds t ( Walford).] A suburb of Lon-
don, situated in Middlese.x, on the Thames, 5^
miles southwest of St. Paul's, it contains a palace,
the summer residence of the bishops of London. It is a
parliamentary borough, returning one member to Parlia-
ment. Population of the board of works district (1891),
188,377.
Fulk. See Fiik.
Fulke (fiilk), William. Born at London in
l.oSS: died Aug. 28, 1589. An English Puritan
di\Hne, He studied at Cambridge, where he subsequently
lectured on the Hebrew language. He became master of
Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, in 1578. His most notable
publication is ■' A Defense of the sincere and true Transla-
tions of the Holie Scriptures into the English Tong " (1583).
Fuller (ful'er), Andrew. Born at Wieken, Cam-
bridgeshire, Feb. 6, 1754: die<I at Kettering. May
7, 1815. An English Baptist preacher and theo-
logian. He wrote *' The Calvinistic and Socinian Sys-
tems Compared" (1794), "The Gospel its own Witness"
(1799-1800), etc.
Fuller, George. Born at DeerfieUl, Mass., 1822 :
died at Boston, March 21, 1884. An American
figure- and portrait-painter, in 1842 he studied
with the sculptor Brown at Albany, after which he studied
painting in Boston. New York, London, and on the Conti-
nent. His first public success was attained in 1857, when
he was elected associate of the academy (New York).
From 1860-79 he devoted himself to farming at Deertleld,
hut in 1876 he exhibited some fifteen pictures in Boston,
which gained hiui fame and patronage. In 1879 he ex-
hibited at the academy (New York) "The Romany Girl "
and "AnA .She was a Witch"; in 1880 "The Quadronn "
and a boy's portrait ; in 1881 "Maidenhood " and " Wini-
fred Dvsurt " ; " Loretti "and " PriscUla Fauntlerov " (1882),
'■FaL; it-Gatherers" (188.3), " Fedalma " (1884), etc.
Fuller, John Wallace. Born at Cambridge,
England, 1827: died at Toledo, Ohio, March 12.
1891. An American publisher, and Union officer
in the Cixal War. He commanded a brigade at the
battle of luka, Sept. 19-20, 1862 ; defeated Forrest's cavalr>-
at Parker's Cross Roads, Dec. 31. 1862 ; captured Deca-
tur in March, 1864; took part in the Atlanta campaign;
marched with Sherman to the sea ; and at the close of the
war was brevett*-d major-treneral of volunteers.
Fuller, Mel'ville Weston. Bom at Augusta,
Maine, Feb. 11, 1833. Chief justice of the Su-
preme Court of tlio United States. He was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1855. and in 1866 settled at Chicago,
where he practised law until appointed chief justice by
President Cleveland in 1888.
416
Fuller, Sarah Margaret, Marchioness Ossoli.
Born iitCambridgeport. Mass., May 23,1810; lost
by shipwreck off Fire Island, near New York,
July 16, 1850. A noted American writer, a mem-
ber of the Transcendental school, she edited the
Boston " Dial " 184o-4'2, and was literary critic for the New-
York "Tribune" 1844—46. She went to Europe in 1846, mar-
ried Marquis Ossoli, Dec, 1847, and was in Rome during
the revolution of 1848—19. Her works include "Summer
on the Lakes "(1843). "Woman in the Nineteenth Century"
(1845), "Papers on Art and Literature " (1846).
Fuller, Thomas. Born June, 1008 : died at
London, Aug. 16, 1661. An English divine. He
was educated at Cambridge, and was curate of the Savoy
at London at the beginning of the civil war. In 1643 he
joined the king at 0.xford, and after the Restoration was
appointed chaplain to Charles II. Among his works are
"The History of the Holy WalTe " (1639)," The Holy State
and the Profane State " (1642), " A Pisgahsight of P.ales-
tine " (1650), "History of the University of Cambridge"
(1656), " History of the Worthies of England " (1662).
Fuller's Field. A field near Jerusalem, appar-
ently to the north, the locality of which cannot
be identified.
FuUerton, Lady Georgiana. See Leveson-
(Iriwer, Geortjiana Chiirlotlc.
Fulton (ful'ton). A city in Callaway County,
Missouri, about 25 miles northeast of Jefferson
City. Population (1890), 4,314.
Fulton. A village in the township of Volney,
Oswego County, New York, situated on the
Oswego River 23 miles northwest of Syracuse.
Population (1890), 4.214.
Fulton. An American war-ship of 38 tons rat-
ing, built at New \''ork in 1815. she was designed
by Robert Fulton, and was the first war-ship to be pro-
pelle<l by steam. She had central paddle-wheels pro-
tected by a double hull, and relied for eif ective attack not
on her broadside of small caliber, but upon a pivoted ItXi-
pounder columbiad. Her bow was strengthened into a
ram. She was the prototype of the modern ironclad
with its few heavy guns and ram.
Fulton, Robert. Born at Little Britain, Pa..
1765 : died at New Y'ork, Feb. 24, 1815. An
American engineer and inventor. He went to
London in 1786 with a view to completing his education
as a portrait- and landscape-painter under the instruction
of Benjamin West, in whose family he remained several
years. He abandoned painting in 1793, and devoted him-
self to ci\il and mechanical engineering. He rem«.)Ved
to Paris in 1794. From 1797 to 1805 he made a number
of indifferently successful experiments with a submai-ine
boat and a torpedo, most of which were conducted under
the patronage of the French and British governments.
He launched a steamboat on the Seine in 1803, which
sank from faulty construction. A new boat built with
the old machinery made a successful trial trip on the
Seine Aug. 9, 1803. Having returned to America in 1806,
he built the steamboat Clermont, which began a suc-
cessful trial trip from New York to Albany on the Hud-
son River, Aug. 11, 1807- This boat was followed by
numerous river-steamers and ferry-boats built under his
supervision. In 1815 he launched the war-steamer Ful-
ton. He married in 1806 Harriet, daughter of Walter
Livingston, by whom he had four childreu.
Fulvia (ful'vi-a). Died at Sicyon, Greece, 40
B. c. A Roman lady, T*-ifc of Clodius, then of
Curio, and later of Slark Antony. She fomented
a rising (the Perusine war) against Octavius. in 41 B. c,
in order to draw Antony away from Egypt and Cleopatra.
Fulvia. In Ben Jonson's " Catiline," a volup-
tuous wanton : a satire on the causes of Rome's
degeneration.
Ful'Via gens (ful'vi-a jenz). In ancient Rome,
a distinguished plebeian clan or house, sup-
posed to have come from Tusculum. its cogno-
mens under the republic were Bambalio. Centumalus,
Curvus, Flaccus, Gillo, Nacca, Nobilior, Pietinus, and Ve-
ratius or Neratius.
Fumay (fii-ma'). A town in the department
of Ardennes. France, on the Meuse 14 miles
north of M^ziferes. Population (1891), com-
mune. 5,065.
Fumbina. See Adamawa.
Funchal (fon-shiil'). A seaport and the capital
of the island of Madeii'a, situated in lat. 32° 38'
N., long. 16° 54' W. It is a noted health-re-
sort, and has a cathedral. Population, about
•20,000.
Fundy (fun'di). Bay of. --^^n inlet of the Atlan-
tic, liiing between New Brunswick on the north-
west and Nova Scotia on tbe southeast. It is
divided near the eastern extremity into Chignecto Bay and
Minas Channel and Basin. Its tides reach a height of from
60 to 70 feet. It receives the St. John and St Croix. Length,
about 170 miles. Width, So to ,50 miles.
Fiinen (fU'nen), Dan. Fyen (fii'en). An island
of Denmark, lying between the Great Belt on
the east and the Little Belt on the west, and
forming, with Langeland, .^ilroe, and other isl-
ands, the diocese (stift) of Fiinen. Capital.
Odense. Area of the island, 1.1'25 square miles ; of the
diocese, 1,333 square miles. Population of the diocese,
256.827.
Funeral (fu'ne-ral), The, or Grief a-la-Mode.
A comedy by Steele, produced in 1701, printed
in 1702.
Fumivall
Funeral of Atahualpa. A painting by the
Peru^"ian artist Luis Montero. It represents the
obsequies of the Inca sovereign at the moment when his
wives rushed in lamenting his fate. The figures, both of
Spaniards and Indians, are conceived and executed with
great force. This painting was purchased by the Peruvian
government for ^-SO.OOO and deposited in the national li-
brary, but was seized and sent to Santiago by the Chileans
during the invasion of 1881.
Funes (fo'nes), Gregorio. Bom at Cordoba,
1749: died at Buenos Ayres, 1830. An Argen-
tine liistorian. Hewasrectorof the University of Cor-
doba and dean of the cathedral. .\s a theologian and pul-
pit orator he was ^videly known. His most important his-
torical work is "Ensayo de la historia civil del Paraguay,
Buenos Ayres y Tucuman " (3 vols. 8vo. 1816).
Fiinfhaus (fiinf 'hous). A suburb of Vienna, on
the southwest. Population (1890). 44,162.
Fiinfkirchen (ftlnf 'Mrch-en), Hung. P6cs
(paeh). The capital of the countv of Baranva,
Hungary, situated in lat. 46° 6' n!, long. 18° 13'
E. The cathedral is an impressive Romanesqne structure
with four towers, lately restored. The place was occupied
by the Turks from 1.543 to 1686. It has several mosques.
Population (1890), 34.067.
Fung-hwang, Feng-h-wang (f ung ' hwiing ' ).
[Chinese.] In Chinese mythology, a fabulous
bird of good omen, said to appear when a sage is
about to ascend the throne, or when right prin-
ciples are about to triumph throughout the em-
pire. It is usually called the Chinese phenix, but seems,
from the descriptions of it found in books, to resemble the
argus-pheasant. It has not appeared since the days of
Confucius. It is frequently represented on Chinese and
Japanese porcelains and other works of art. Fung is the
name of the male bird, and hwang of the female.
FungOSO (fung-go'so). In Ben Jonson's "Every
Man out of his Humour," the extravagant son
of Sordido. He spends all he can wring out of his
avaricious father in imitating the foppish Brisk.
Fungus (fuiig'gus), Zachary. The principal
character in Foote's " Commissary." Foote
played it himself.
Funji (fou'je). An African tribe occupying the
south of Dar-Sennar, between the White Nile
and Blue Nile, a wooded and well-watered moun-
tain region. They appear on Eg.vptian inscriptions as
Cushites, but have largely mixed with negroes. In the
16th centurj- they formed a kinadom of their own, which
lasted until'the beginningof the 19th century. They trade
in honey, gums, ivory, gold, tamarinds, and senna-leaves-
Funk (fimgk), Peter. A name given to a bogus
bidder at auctions. He is employed to bid
against an intending purchaser to raise the
price.
Furetifere (fUr-tvar'). Antoine. Bom at Paris
about 1620: died there. May 14, 1688. A French
lexicographer and man of letters. He wrote »
dictionary of the French language (1694), " Poesies " (1666),
"Fables "(1673), etc.
Furia (anciently Fusia) gens (fu'ri-a jenz).
In ancient Rome, a patrician clan or house, sup-
posed to have come from Tusculum. Itscoguo
mens were Aculeo. Bibaculus, Brocchus, Camillus. Cras-
sipes, Fusus, Luscus, Medullinus, Pacilus, Philus, and
Purpureo.
Furiae (fu'ri-e). [L., ' the Furies.'] In Roman
mythology, goddesses adopted from the Erinyes
(which see) of Greek mythology.
FuridpuT, or Fureedpur. See Faridpur.
Furioso, Bombastes. See liombastcii Fnrioso.
Furioso, Orlancio. See Orlando FuriO!!!).
Furka, or Furca (for'kii). One of the highest
practicable Alpine passes in Switzerland, situ-
ated on the frontier of Uri and Valais. It leads
from Andermatt (Uri) to the hotel Gletsch (Va-
lais). Highest point, 7,992 feet.
Furnace, The. See Fornax.
Furneaux (fer-no') Islands. A group of isl-
ands between Australia and Tasmania, in Bass
Strait.
Furnes (fum), Flem.Veume (ver'ne). A town
in the jirovince of West Flaiulers, Belgium, 16
miles southwest of Ostend. It has several
interesting old buildings. Population (1890),
5,577.
Fumess (ffrr'nes). A peninsula in Lancashire,
England, situated between the Irish Sea and
Morecambe Bay. The extensive ruins of Fumess Ab-
bey are among the* most picturesque of English medieval
remains. A large part of the fine church survives almost
complete except the vaulting, and there is a beautiful Early
English chapter-house. The entrance to the ivy-draped
cloisters is bv three superb deejily recessed Norman arches.
Fumess, Horace Howard. Born at Philadel-
phia, Nov. 2, 1833. An American Shakspenan
scholar and legal writer. lie is editing (1893) a vari-
orum of Shakspere's plavs, of which the following volumes
have appeared: "Romeo and Juliet" (1871), "Macbeth
(1873), ■Hamlet" (1877), "Lear"(1880X '■Othello " (lg6\
"The Merchant of Venice "(1888), "As you Like it (1890).
"The Tempest '•(1S92).
Fumivall (f^r'ni-val), Frederick James. Born
at Egham, Surrey.' England, Feb. 4, 1825. A
noted English philologist. He studied at Cam-
Furnivall
bridge, where he Fradiiatetl M. A. in IM'X lie foumleil
the Early Eii^'UhIi Text Soi-iety (18W). Chancer Stx-iety,
Ballad StR'iet V (1S>W). New shaks(H;re Society ( 187;i). BvDwii-
ing Society (I8S1), Wyclif Sucii-ty (1882), anil SlicUey Soci.
ety (ISSiJ). He has cilitfii a number of Early I'.n^lish and
other worlds, including Walter Map's "liiiest del Saint
Oraal," llan-ison's "Description i>f England" (1577-87),
Stubbes's *' Anatoniyof Abuses " (tr)8;iX a tuimberof works
for the Early English Text Society and otiier societies;
also the "Six-Text lYint of Chaucer's Canterbuiy Tales,"
in seven parts (18i>S-7.'>). (HneCaiUFrbuni Taleg.) He has
fljso written an introduction to tl»e Leopold Shakspere,
describing the plays and discussing their chronological
order, and is editing (1893) the facsimile iiuartos of Sliaks-
pere's plays. He is noted as an oarsman. He built the
first narrow wjiger-lioats in England in 1&45. He also intro-
duced sculls instead of oars in tlic fours and eights, and
himself rowed in the earliest winning crews.
Furor (fu'ror). Ill Spenser's "Faerie Qiieene,"
a madinan, ty]iifyiug wrath. He is the son of a
wretched hag, Occ;ision. "To tame the son the mother had
t4i be su)'dui-i|.
Fursch-Madi (forsh'mii'iie), Emma. Born
near Baymnie, France, 1849 : died at Warren-
viUe. N. .1., Sept. 20, 18!)4. A French mezzo-
soprano singer. She first appeared in opera at Paris
in 1870, and came to the I'nited states in 1882. >'rom
1891 she took charge of tlie vocal classes at the New York
College of Music. Her la-st appearance was in New York
Kcb. 6, 188t.
Fiirst (fiirst ). Julius. Born at Zerkowo, Posen,
Prussia, May 12, 1S0.5 : died at Leipsie, Feb. 9,
1873. A German Oi-ientalist, of Hebrew de-
scent, professor at Leipsie from 1864. His works
inclade "Concordantiie lihrorum saeroruni Veteris Testa-
menti " (18^t7-40X " Hebraiselies und chaldaisches Hand,
wtirterbuch "(18.57-81), " Kultur- und Litteraturgeschichte
der Judeu in Asien " (1849).
Fttrstenberg (fiirs'ten-bero). A German media-
tized priiieipality in soutlieni Baden, southern
Wiirtemberg. and HohenzoUern-Sigraaringen.
The town of Fiirstenberg. the ancient seat of tlie Fursten-
berg family, is situated 15 miles north of Schatfhausen.
Fiirstenberg. A (German noble family in West-
])halia and Rliineland : so called from the castle
of Fiirstenberg on the Ruhr.
Fiirstenbund (ftirs'ten-bont). See League of
thr (irniKiii Princes.
Fiirstenwalde ( fiirs'ten-val-de). Atown inthe
province of Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on
the S|)ree 31 miles southeast of Berlin. Popu-
lation (1890), 12,77.5.
Furtado (for-ta'dii), Francisco Jos6. Bom at
Oeiras, Piauhy, Aug. 13, ISIS : died at Rio de
.lani'iro, .Tune 23, 1870. A Brazilian statesman.
He di^ttitiguished himself as an advocate and judge, was
elected deputy in 1847, and repeatedly reelected, becoming
one of tile leaders of the lil)eral party. Kn)m 1857 to 18.')!)
he was president of tlie new provin(;e of Annizonas ; minis-
ter of justice 1862; senator from 1864 ; and from Aug., 1864,
to May, 1865, premier. During this period the dispute
417
with Uruguay was adjusted, and the war with Paraguay
conuuenced.
Fiirth (fiirt). A town in Middle Franconia,
Bavaria, situated at the point where the Ked-
nitz and Pegiiitz unite to form the Regnitz, 4
miles northwest of Nurombi>rg. It manufactures
Nuremberg wares, mirrors, and gold-leaf. Topulation
(ISIXI), 43,206.
Further India. See [udia. Further.
Furtwangen (fiirt'vJing-en). A town in Baden,
17 miles east-northeast of Freiburg. It manu-
factures clocks. Population (1890), 4,202.
Furud. See Pliunid.
Fury and Hecla Strait. [Named by Parrj-.
tlie discoverer (1823), from his ships Fury and
Heela.] A sea passage in the Arctic regions,
situated about lat. 70° N., long. 80°-86° Vi.
It coiniects lioothia Gulf on the west with Fox Channel
on the cast, anil separates Cockburn Land on the north
fr^Jin Melville Peninsula on the south.
Fusan (ffi-siln'). A seaport in the southeast-
ern part of Korea. It is open to foreign trade
(which is mainly in Japanese hands).
Fusaro (fii- sii'ro), LagO del. A small lake near
the ancient Cumffi, in Italy, one of the ancient
lakes called Acherusia Palus. It is noted for
its oysters.
Fusberta (foz-bcr'tii). The name of Rinaldo's
sword in Ariosto's ''Orlando Furioso."
Fusbos (fus'bos). In Rhodes's burlesque opera
" Bombastes Furioso," the minister of state.
He kills Bombastes, who has killed all the other
characters.
Fuscaldo (fos-kiirdo). A small town in the
pro\ance of Cosenza, Italy, 16 miles northwest
of Cosenza.
Fuseli ( fii'ze-li), originally Fiissli (fiis'le), John
Henry. Born at Zurich, Switzerland, Feb. 7,
1741: died at Putney, near London, April 16,
1825. A Swiss-English painter and art critic.
Fusi-yama. See Fiiji-.sau.
Fiissen (flis'sen). [In the middle ages Fauces or
Fiio-:iii.] A small town in Swabia, Bavaria, sit-
uated on the Lech .58 miles southwest of Munich.
By the treaty of Fiissen, April '22, 174.i, Maximilian Joseph,
elector of Bavaria, renounced all claims to the inheritance
of Maria Theresa. Population (189(J), 2,089.
Fust (fost), or Faust (foust), Johann. Died
probably at Paris in 1466 or 1467. A German
printer. He was the partner of Gutenberg from about
14.10 to 146.';. In the latter year the partnership was dis-
solved, and Fust obtained possession of the printing-press
constructed by Gutenberg. He continued the business
with his soii-iu-law Peter Schotfer.
Fustian. See Siflnster Dagfierwood.
Futa Jallon (fii'tii zhii-lon')- A territory iu
Fyzabad
the southern part of Senegarabia, western Af-
rica, situated about lat. 10'=-12° N., long. 11°-
13° W. The capital is Timbo. It has been under
French protection since 1881. Com]>aro Fiilali.
Futa-Toro (fo'tii-to'ro). A territory In the
northern part of Senegambia, situateil south of
the Senegal about lat. 1,5°-10° N., annexed in
part by France in 1860. Compare Fulah.
Futteh Ali. See F<th All.
Futtehpur. See Fathipur.
Futtigarh. See Fatliiijarh.
Futurity Race, The. A race mn on the first
day of tlie fall meeting of the Coney Island
.Toekey Club at Sheepshead Bay, Long Island:
a sweepstakes for two-year-olds.
Fux (fiiks), Johann Joseph. Born at Hirten-
feld, near Gratz, Styria, 1660 : died at Vienna,
Feb. 13, 1741. A German composer and writer
on music. The greater part of his compositions, 405 of
which arc still in existence, are in copy or autogi'aph in
the Imperial Liltrary, Vienna. HepuMisIied "Concentus
musico-instrumentalis" (1701), "Missa cancmira" (1718),
"tlradus ad I'arna.^snm " (172.'>). et'-.
Fuzuli. See the extract.
Up to this time .all Ottoman writings had been more or
less rugged and unpolished ; tint in the reign of .Selim'a
son, Suleyman 1. (l.V20-U)6*i). !i new era t)egan. Two great
poets, Fuzuli and Baki, make their appearance about the
same time : the one in the east, the other in the west, of
the now far-extending empire. Fuzuli of Baglidad, one
of the four great poets of the old Turkish scliool, is the
first writer of real eminence who rose in the (ittoman do-
minions. None of his predecessors in any way approaches
him ; and although his work is in the Persian style and
taste, he is no servile copier ; i>n the contrary, he struck
out for himself a new path, one hitherto untrodden by
either Turk or Persian. His eliief . baracteristic is an in-
tense and passionate earnestness, wliiih sometimes betrays
him into extravagances; and although few Turkish poets
are in one way more artificial than he, few seem to speak
more directly from the heart. His best-known works con-
sist of his "Divan," or collection of ghazels, and a poem
on the loves of Leyli and Mejnnn ; lie has besides some
prose writings, which ai'e hardly inferior to his verse.
Ponle, Story of Turkey, p. 312.
FyflFe (fif), Charles Alan. Born at Black-
heath, Kent, Dec, 184.'): died Feb. 19, 1892. An
English lawyer and historian. His most im-
portant work is a " Historv of Modern Europe "
(1880-90).
Fyne (fin). Loch. -An inlet of the Atlantic iu
Argyllshire, Scotland, extending 40 miles north-
ward and northeastward fromthe Sound of Bute.
Width, from 1 to 5 miles. It is famous for its
herrings. Also Lochfyiie.
Fyt (fit), Jan. Born' at Antwerp, March, 1611:
died there, Sept. 11, 1661. A Dutch painter of
animals and game.
Fyzabad. See Faizabad.
■^
a&l {go'al), Jozsef. Bom at
Nagv-Karolv, Hungarv, Dei".
12,1811: died at Budapest,
Feb. 28, 1866. A Hungarian
dramatist and novelist.
Gabb (sab), William More.
Boru at Philadelphia, Jan.
16, 1839 : died there, May
30. 1878. A geologist and
IKlleontologist. From 1862 toise,'; he was paleontolo-
gist of the California Geological Survey. He explored Santo
Doniinco 1809-7*2, in the interests of a mining company,
ami subsequently made an extended geographical and top-
ographical survey of Costa Rica for the government of
that republic. He published v:irious papers on Cretaceous
and Tertiary invertebrates, and on Santo Domingo and
Central America.
Gabbatha (gab'a-tha). [Gr. Ta(ij3a8a; proba-
bly Aram., 'elevated plaee.'] The name given
(John -xi.x. 13) to the plaee (also called the Pave-
ment) where was placed the benia or judgment-
seat of Pilate.
Gabelentz (gii'be-lents),Hans Conon von der.
Bom at Altenburg, Germany, Oot. 13, 1807 : died
near Triptis. Saxe-Weimar, Germany, Sept. 3,
1874. A German philologist and politician. He
wrote "Elements de la grammaire mandchoue" (1S33),
" Die raelanesischen Sprachen " (ISWX and other works on
Oriental languages.
Gabelentz, Hans Georg Conon von der. Born
at Poschwitz, near Altenburg. Germany, ilaroh
16,1840: died at Berlin, Dec. 12, 1893. AGeraian
philologist, son of H. C. von der Gabelentz. He
was appointed professor of East- Asiatic languages at Leip-
sic in 1S78. and at Berlin in 1889. He wrote " Chinesische
(Jrammatik ' (ISSl), etc.
Gaberlvinzie Man(gab-er-lun'ziman).Tlie. A
Scottish ballad traditionally ascribed, though
without evidence, to James V. The gaberlunzie
(or gaberlunyie) was a wallet or bag, and the gaberlunzie
man was a wandering beggar or tinker who carried the
wallet.
Gabes. See Cahen.
Gabhra, Battle of. In the legends of the L-ish
tJaels, a battle between the tribe of Fionn and
its enemies, about 284.
Gabii (ga'bi-I). A city of ancient Latium, sit-
uated about half-way between Rome and Pite-
neste: one of the oldest of the cities belonging
to the Latin federation. According to Roman le-
gend it was conquered by Tarquinius Superbus in the fol-
lowing manner : His youngest son, .Sextus, presented him-
self before Gabii in the guise of a fugitive from his father's
tyranny, and was received by the Gabines as their leader,
whereupon Sextus sent to Rome for further instructions.
The messenger found Tarquin in his parclen. ^Vithout
saying a word, the king knocked off the heads of the tallest
poppies. The messenger returned to Sextus, who saw the
meaning of the parable, and cut off the chief men of Gabii,
which was then surrendered to Tarquin.
Gabinian Law (ga-bin'i-an la). [L. Zex Ga-
hiniii.'i 1. A Koman law, passed in 67b. c, by
which Cn. Pompeius was invested for three
years with unlimited command over the whole
Mediterranean and its coasts for fifty miles in-
land, and received xinconditional control of the
public treasuries of the provinces, for the pur-
pose of conducting the war against the pirates.
— 2. A Roman law. passed in .'i8 B. c, which for-
bade loans of money at Rome to legations from
foreign countries, the object of which was to
prevent such legations from borrowing money
to bribe the senators.
Gabinius (ga-bin'i-us). Anlus. Died at Salona;,
Dalmatia, about 47 B. c. A Roman tribune
(67 B. c). He proposed a law giving Porapey
command against the jiirates.
Gabirol (ga-be-rol'), Solomon ibn. Born at
Malaga, 1021: died 1070. A celebrated Jewish
poet and i)hilosopher. He lived in Saragossa, Spain.
His poetry is characterized by its finish of form and lofti-
ness of thought. His poems are mostly serious, some-
times gloomy. The most important of these is his " Royal
Crown ■■ (" Kether Malkuth ' K a religio-philosophical med-
itation, which has been translated into almost every Eu-
ri>pean language. Many of his numerous religious poems
have been incorpoi-ated in the .lewish liturgy. Of his
philosophical works, written in Arabic, the principal one
is the "Fountain of Life," based on the .\eoplatonic sys-
tem. Its Latin translation, " Fons Vit»," is often quoted
by Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Giordano Bruno,
and others. He also MTOte an ethical work, "Introduc-
I ion for the Attaining of Good Habits of the Soul " (' Tikun
Midoth ha-Nefesh"), and a collection of proverbs (".se-
lection of Pearls,'" "Mibhar ha-Peninim").
Gablenz (ga'blentz), Ludwig Karl Wilhelm,
Freiherrvon. Bornat Jena, July 19, 1814: died
at Zurich. Jan. 28, 1874. An Austrian general.
He entered the Austiian army in 1833 ; served under Win-
tlischgratz and Schlick in Hungary 1848-49 : became ma-
jor-general in the anny of occupation in the Danubian
principalities in 1854 ; commanded a brigade at the battle
of Solferino in 18.^9; commanded the Austrians in the
war of Austria and Prussia against Denmark in 18t>4 ; be-
came governor of Holstein in 18(;5 ; commanded an army
corps at 'lYautenau June 27 and 28. and at Koniggratz July
3, in the Austro- Prussian war in lt6t^. He conunitted sui-
cide in a fit of despondency brought on by tlnancial diffi-
culties.
Gabler (gii'bler), Georg Andreas. Bom at
Altdorf, Bavaria. July 30, 1786: died at Teplitz,
Bohemia, Sept. 13,18.53. AGerman philosopher,
son of J. P. (rabler : a disciple of Hegel, and his
successor in Berlin.
Gabler, Johann Philipp. Bom at Frankfort-
on-the-Main, June 4, 1753: died at Jena, Ger-
man}-, Feb. 17, 1826. A (Tcrman rationalistic
theologian, professor of theology at Jena from
1804. He edited Eichhorn's •' Urgeschichte ''
(1790-93), etc.
Gablonz (ga'blonts). A town in Bohemia, situ-
ated on the Neisse 57 miles northeast of Prague.
It manufactures glass. Population (1890), 14,-
653.
Gaboon (ga-bon'). See Kongo, French.
Gaboriau (ga-bo-ryo' ). £mile. Bom at Saujon,
Charente-Inf^rieure, France, Nov. 9, 1835 : died
at Paris, Sept. 28, 1873. A French novelist,
author of "Le dossier No. 113" (1867), "Le
crime d'Orcival" (1867), "M. Leeoq" (1869),
'•La d^gringolade " (1871), ''La corde au cou''
(1873), and other detective stories.
Gaboto (ga-bo'to). The Spanish form of Cabot
(which see).
Gabriel (ga'bri-el). [Heb., ' God is my strong
one.'] A name of one of the archangels. He
interprets to Daniel his visions (Dan. viiL U\ ix. 21) and
announces the birth of John the Baptist and Jesus (Luke
i. 19, 26). In the Koran he is represented as the medium
of revelation to Mohammed.
Gabriel. One of the ships of Frobisher's first
expedition in 1576.
Gabriel Channel. A sea passage between Tier-
ra del Fuego and Dawson Island, about lat. 54°
15' S.. long. 70° 40' W.
Gabriel Hounds. The name given in folk-lore to
a cry lieard in the upper air at night, supposed
to fnrobiide trouble.
Gabriel Lajeunesse. See Lajeunesse.
Gabrielle (g;i-ijre-el'). La belle. See Estrees,
(iahrifllc (f.
Gabrielle d'Estrees, ou les Amours de Henri
IV. Aji opera by M^hul, words by Saint-Just,
produced in 1806.
Gabrielli (gii-bre-el'le), Catterlna. Bora at
Rome, Nov. 12,1730: died there, in April, 1796.
.\ <'elebrated Italian singer, .'^he was the daughter
of Prince Gabrielli's cook, and isstill known as La Coclietta
or Cochettina. .she was a pupil of Garcia and Porpora.
and made her first appearance at Lucca in 1747. Her
style was the most brilliant bravura, and her other ac-
complishments were unusual. She was notorious for her
caprices. .
Gabrovo (ga-br6'v6), or Gabrova (-vii), or Ka-
brova ikii-bro'va). A town in Bulgaria, sit-
uated on the river Jantra 26 miles southwest
of Tirnova. Population (1888), 7,988.
Gabun fcii-bon'). See Ennqo, French.
Gachard igii-shar'). Louis Prosper. Bom at
Paris. March 12, 1800: died at Brussels. Dec. 24,
1885. A Belgian historian, keeper of the ar-
chives of the kingdom of Belgium. He edited the
correspondence of William the Silent, of Philip II. on
atfairs in the Low Countries, and of Margaret of Austria,
duchess of Parma, with Philip II. He wrote "Retraite et
mort de Charles \ ." (1854-5,S). etc.
Gad (gad). [Heb., 'fortune.'] 1. A son of the
patriarch Jacob by Zilpah. — 2. One of the
twelve tribes of Israel, occupying the region
418
east of the Jordan, north of Reuben and south
of Manasseh. — 3. A Hebrew prophet and chron-
icler at the eom-t of David.
Gadabout (gad'a-bout " ), Mrs. A character in
(lan-ick's play " The Lying Valet."
Gadames. See Ghadnmes.
Gadara (gad'a-rS). [Gr. Taiapa.'] In ancient
geography, a city of the Decapolisin Syria, situ-
ated about 7 miles southeast of the Sea of Galilee,
probably the capital of Periea : the modei-n til-
lage of I'm Keis. It was rebuilt by Pompey. Here
are remains of a large Roman theater, not excavated in a
hill, but entirely built up of masonry on vaulted sub-
structions and in good preservation, and of a smaller the-
ater on the same site.
Gaddi (giid'de). Agnolo or Angelo. Born 1333 :
died 1396. A Florentine painter, son of Taddeo
Gaddi. His best-known works are the frescos
(scenes from the life of Mary) in the parish
chiu'ch of Prato.
Gaddi, Gaddo. Bom about 1260 : died after 1333.
A Florentine painter and mosaicist. He executed
notable works in mosaic at Rome (on the facade of Sauta
Maria Maggiore) and at Florence (over the chief portal
of the Duomo).
Gaddi, Taddeo. Bom about 1300 : died at Flor-
ence. 1360. A Florentine painter and archileet,
son of Gaddo Gadtli and pupil of Giotto. Among
his chief works are frescos (scenes from the life
of Mary) in Santa Croce, Florence.
Gade (gii'de ), Niels Wilhelm. Bom at Copen-
hagen, Oct. 22, 1817 : died there, Dec. 22, 1890.
A noted Danish composer and conductor. After
1848 he occupied various official positions (court organist,
etc.) at Copenhagen. Among his works are seven sym-
phonies, five overtures (the Ossian overture was crowned
in 1841), etc. He also wrote many choral and solo songs,
and a number of solo pieces for the piano, of which
" Aquarellen,"a series of musical sketches, and the " Volks-
tanze " are the best. Grove.
Gades (ga'dez), or Gadeira (ga-di'ra). [L.
(ladcfi.Cir. Tadtipu (pi.), Vadtipor, orig. Pheu.,'in-
closure.'] The remotest colony of the Pheni-
cians in the west. It was founded about lloo b. c. be-
yond Gibraltar at the northwestern extremity of an island,
about 12 miles long, which lies off the western coast of
Spain, and occupied almost exactly the same site as the
modem Cadiz. It was the headquarters of the western
commerce of the Phenicians, and contained various tem-
ples of the Phenician gods. See Cadiz.
Gades or Cadiz, which has kept its name and its uu*
broken position as a great city from an earliei- time than
any other city in Europe. Freeman, Hist. Geog., p. 35.
Of these by far the most important was Gadeira. This
town was situated at the northwestern extremity of an isl-
and, about twelve miles long, which lies off the western
coast of Spain a little outside the straits. A narrow chan-
nel, more like a river than an arm of the sea. and now
spanned by a bridge, sepiirates the island fnmi the shore,
expanding, however, towards its northeni end. where it
forms itself into a land-locked bay. capable of containing
all the na\ies of the world. Two islets lie across the
mouth of the channel at this end, and effectually prevent
the entrance of the long rolling waves fiom the Atlantic.
The original city was small, and enclosed within a strong
wall, whence the name "Gadir" or "Gadeira." which
meant in the Phoenician language "an enclosure " or "a
fortified place." It occupied almost exactly the site of
the modern Cadiz, being spread over the northeni end of
the island, the little islel of the Trocadero, and ultimately
over a portion of the opposite co:ist. It contained temples
of El, Melkarth, and Ashtoreth or .\start^.
Rawliiismi, Phcenicia, p. 67.
Gadhels (gad'elz). [See Gael.'] That branch
of the Celtic race which comprises the Erse of
Ireland, the Gaels of Scotland, and the Manx of
the Isle of Man, as distinguished from the Cjin-
ric branch. See ri/wrv. Ireland was the first home
of the Gadhelic bruncli, whence it spread to Scotland in
the 6th centur)— a portion of the branch, unrter the name
of Scots, having then settled in Argyll. The .Scots ulti-
mately became the dominant race, the Picts. an earlierand
probably a Cymric race, being lost in them.
After the old way of inventing persons to explain the
names of tribes, the name of Gaedhel was derived by the
ancient Irish clergy from a Gaedhal or Gadclas who lived
in the time of Moses. His father, Niul, had married »
daughter of that Pharaoh who, in pursuit of the Israelites,
was drowned in the Red Sea, and call, d her Scota because
he was himself a Scythian. Their s<in was said to have
been called Gaodhal as a lover of learning, from gaotth,
which is in Irish "learning," and dU. which is in Irish
"love." Morlry, English Writers, 1. 168.
Gadiatch
Oadiatch (KiWyiicli;. A town in the govprn-
niciif of I'nltowa, Kiissia. situatdl on tlip rivers
I'siol anil (inin almut lat. 50° '22' N., long. 34°
E. Poi)nlation. 10,278.
Gaditanum Fretum (gad-i-ta'uum fre'tiun).
[L., ■ strait of Gailes.'j The ancient name of
the Strait of Gibraltar.
Gadsden (KadzMcn), Christopher. Born at
Charleston, S. C, 1724 : dioil at ( liarli'ston, Aug.
28, 1805. Au Ann-rifaii patriot and Kevohitiou-
ary officer. Hc was a dclcRate to the Colonial I'oiiKiess
which met at N'ew Vork in 17tJ5 ; was a menilier of the
Continental Coiijjress whieh met at Phil:l<lelt>hi;i in 1774 ;
WftB made a colonel in the militia of .South ('umlina in
1775; and became lirigadier-Kenei-al in 177i;, a p-tsJi which
he resigncil in 1779. As lieirtcnant-gnvernor of South
Carolina he signed the articles of rapitulation at the sur-
render of Cliarleston to .Sir Henry Clinton in 17S0.
Gadsden, James. Born at Charleston, S. C,
May 15, 17.SS: died at Charleston, Dec. 26, 18.58.
An American politician and diplomatist, grand-
son of C. Gadsden. As minister to Mexico he
negotiatoil the "Gadsden Purchase" (which see)
in lK.'i3.
Gadsden Purchase. A treaty negotiated Dec.
30, 1853, by .fames Gadsden, United States min-
ister to Me.vico, by which the United States ac-
quired from Mexico a tract of 45,000 square
miles, now included in the southern part of
Arizona and New Mexico, for $10,000,000.
Gadshill i cadz'hil). A hill 3 miles northwest
of Rochester, Enghmd, on the road to Graves-
end. It commands a fine view, and is noted as the place.
In Shaksperea ' 1 Heniy IV.." where FalstafI had his en-
counter with the "men in tmckram." tjadshill, one of
the thieves, is a character in the pl.ay. There is an inn
there called the Kalstalf Imii, opposite stands Oadshill
Place, the residence of Charles Dickens in which he died.
GaeaCjc'ii). or Ge (.ie). [<;r. rni«, r;/.] Intireek
mythology, a goddess, the personification of the
earth. Aecordintj to Hesiod, she was the first-born of
Chaos and the mother of Uranus and Ponttis. By Urauus
she was the mother of Oceanus. Cronus, and many others.
(See rranUK.) Homer makes her the mother of Erechtheus
and Tithyus. .She was worshiped at Rome as Tellus.
Gaedhals. See (ladhels.
Gael ( gal). [From (Jael. Gaidheal (contr. Gael).
Jr. (iiKiiiiheiil (with (III now silent), Olr. (ioidcl,
a Gael, formerly cquiv. also to 'Irishman,' W.
ginjiMel, tin Irishman.] A Scottish Highlander
or Celt.
Gaesbeeck (gas'bak), Adriaan van. Born at
Lcyilen : died there, 1650. A Dutch genre and
portrait painter, a follower of Gerard Douw.
Gaeta (gii-a'ta). A seaport in tlie province of
Caserta, Italv, sitiuited on the Gulf of Gaeta in
lat. 41° 12' Xl, long. 13° 35' E. : the ancient Por-
tu8 Caietti. it has a cathedral and an ancient tomb (Torre
d'OrlandoV and is noted for the strength of its fortress.
It resfsteci the Teutonic invaders in the middle ages ; was
a free city, and theti passed U) the Normans ; had various
ileffes : was taken l»y the Austrians in 1707, by the .span-
lards and Allies in 17.'t4, and by Ma88(!'na after a lonp siege
In 1806 ; and was the place of refuge rif Pope Pins IX.
1W8-.W, aiKl of Francis II. of Naples in ISfiii. It sur-
rendered t'l the forces of Victor Emmanuel in 18(il. Popu-
lation (l<Hii). 11. 429.
Gaeta, Gulf of. An indentation of the Mcdi-
rranean, situated southwest of the province of
• aserta, Ittily,
Gaeta, Mola di. See Fnrmin.
Gxtulia f,)r-tfi'li-!l). In ancient geography, the
laud of the Ga>tiili, a region in northern Africa,
south of Mauretania and Niimidia, extending
from the land of the Garainantes westward to
the Atlantic. The Ga^ttilians were subjected
to Roman rule about the time of Clirist.
Gagarin (gji-gii'ren), Alexander Ivanovitch.
Died at Kiilais, Transcaucasia, Russia, Nov. (i,
18.57. A Russian general, distinguished in the
Caucasus and in the I'riiiieaii war. He was
Rovernor of Kiilais at the time of his dealh.
Gagarin, Ivan Sergejewitch. Born at St.
Petersburg in islt: ,li,.,l at Ptiris in 1882. A
Russian .lesuit writer. He was originally a diplo-
matlst, and in 1837 was secretarj' of the emba.say at Vienna
and at Paris. In 1848 he embraced Catholicistn and en-
tered the oriler of .Tesuits. He was one of the founders of
"Etudes de ThMogic, et<!."<'W7 : a journal merged in
"Ktudca RcligieUBes, etc.," 18(iL>). He wrote " l,es staro-
Tirea, I'^gliso russe, et le pape " (18.i7), " La Kussie sera-t-
elle catholique ? " (1857)," Les hymnes de I'c^glise grecquc "
08*58).
Gagarin, Matvei Petrovitch. Ilanged at Si .
Petersburg, .Inne li. 1721. A Hussian official.
He attempted, while governor-general of Siberia under
Peter I., to detach that region from Russia during the
war with Charles .\II. of Sweden.
Gagarin, Pavel Pavlovitch. Died at St.
Petersburg, Mai-eh 4, 1S72. .\ Russian states-
man, presidi'nt oftlie tiiinistrv 1864-65,
Gage > gaj), Thomas. l'.<>rn, pri.balily ill Surrey.
about 1.5!)6: died in Jamaica, 16.56. An Eng-
lish inisBionary and author. He Joined the Domini-
419
cans In Spain, and from 1626 to lesv was a missionary in
Mexico and fJnatemala. Returning, he renounce)! Koinan
Catlioljeisin in UHo, and became a Protestant preacher in
England. In IWS he puldished his ' Knglish American,
or New .Survey of the West indies," describing his travels
in America. He pointed out that the rich Spanish colonies
were nearly defenseless, and his account soon led to pri-
vateering expeditions against them. tJiige was appointed
chaplain to the stiuadron sent under Venables and Penn
to the West Indies, where he ilied.
Gage, Thomas. Born in 1721: died April 2,
1787. A British general. He entered the army in
1741: served in the e.xpetlitions under Braddock against
Fort Dutjuesne in I'.'^.^i, under A bercrombie against Tleon<ie-
rogain 1758, and under .\mherst against .Montreal in 17tio ;
was commander-in-chief in North America (with head
quarters at New York) 176S-72 : was appointed governor-
in-chief and captain-general of the province of ilassachu-
sctts liay (with headquarters at lioston) in 1774 ; wasraade
commander-in-ehief in North America in 177.'); and re-
turned to England in 1775. He was promoted general in
1782. During his governorship occurred the battles of
Lexington and Bunker Hill.
Gagern (gii'gein), Hans Christoph Ernst,
P>aro!i von. Born at Kleinniedeslieini, near
Worms, Hesse-Darmstadt, Jan. 125, 1766: died at
Hornau, near Hochst, Hesse-Darmstadt, Oct. 22,
1852. A German politician and diplomatist (in
the service of the King of the Netlierlands), and
political writer. His works include "Die Eesultate
der Sittengeschichte" (18tl8-22), " Die Nationalgeschichte
der Dentschen " (182.S-26), etc,
Gagern, Heinrich wilhelm August, Baron
von. Born at Bayreuth, Bavaria, Aug, 20,
1799: died at Darmstadt, (iermauy, May 22,
1880. A German statesman, son of H. C. E.
von Gagei-n. He was president of the Frankfort Par-
liament in 1848, and president of the imperial ministry
Dec., 1848,-JIay, 1849.
Gaguin (gii-gaii'), Robert. Born at Calonne-
sur-le-Lys about 1425: died near Nieppe, July
22, 1502. A French chronicler. He became pro-
fessor of rhetoric in the University of Paris in 1463. and
was employed in diplomatic missions by Louis XL, Charles
VIII., and Louis XII. Author of "Compendium supra
Francoruni Gestis, a Pharamundo usque ad annum 1491 "
(I'aris, 1497).
Gahanbar (ge-hen-lmr' ). [Pers., properly ' pe-
riod of time or times.'] One of the six season
festivals held on the 45th, 10.5th, ISOth, 210th.
290th, and 365th days of the Parsee year, which
commences now on Sept. 20 according to In-
dian Parsee reckoning, on Aug. 21 according
to Persian reckoning, but retrogrades one da}'
every leap-year. These periods, originally the six sea-
sons of the yeai', came to represent in later times the six
periods of creation.
Gaheris (ga'her-is). In Arthiman romance, the
son of Morganse, the sister of King Arthur. He
killed his mother for adultery.
Gahs (gahz). [Pers. gnli, time.] Prayers (five
in number) of the Parsee liturgy which are of-
fered to the several angels who preside over the
five watches into viOiich the day and night are
divided (6 to 10 A. M., 10 A. M. to 3 P. M., 3 to
6 P. M., 6 to 12 M., 12 M. to 6 A. M.). These
prayers must lie recited every day at their re-
spective times.
Gaiam (gi'am). The fifth-magnitude star u
Ilerculis, in tlie clul) of the giant: sometimes
written (liiiaiii.
Gaiety Theatre, The. A London theater situ-
ated on the north side of the Strand. It was
opened in 1S6S, and in it opera bouiTe was "'ac-
I'limatized" in KnglaiHl.
Gaikwar's, or Gaekwar's, Dominions. See
liiirodd.
Gail (gal or giiy), Madame (Edme Sophie
Garre). Bom at Melun, France, Aug, 28, 1775:
died at Paris, .Tuly 24, 1819. A French com-
]ioser of comic operas, wife of .1. B. Gail, she
wrote "Mademoiselle de Lnunay ii la Bastille" (18i:{l,
"Angela" (1811 : in collaboration with Boieldieu), "l.a
Serenaile"(lSls). et<'.
Gail, Jean Baptiste. Born at Paris, Julv 4,
175.-,: die.l at I'ari.s, Feb. .5, 1829. A noted
French Hellenist, a ]irolific writer of transla-
tions from the (ireek and of grammatical and
critical works.
GailenreutherH6hle(gi'leu-roi-ter h;/le). A
famous cavern near Muggendorf, in Upper
Fraiiconia, Bavaria, containing fossil bones of
various wild animals: human bones and pot-
sherds have also been found there.
GaillaC (gii-.vitk'). A town in the department
of Tarn, France, situated on the Tarn in hit.
43° .55' N.. long. 1° 54' E. It is noted for its
red anil white wines. Population (1891), com-
mune, 7.709.
Gaillard (gii-yiir'), ChS,teau. See ciuiiciiit
Ciiilliinl.
Gaillard, Gabriel Henri. Born at Ostel, near
Soissons, France. March 26, 1726: died at St.
Firrain, near Chantilly, France, Feb. 13, 1806.
Gaius
A French historian. Hisworks include "Histoirede
lYanfois I'^, etc." (17(i6), "Histoiie de la rivalit*; de la
Fiance ct ile I'Angletene" (1771-77), " Histoiie de Charle-
magne " (1782), " Histuire de la rivalit^ de la France et de
I'Espagne " (1801), etc.
Gaillon (ga,-y6n'). A small town in the de-
partment of Eure, France, situated on the
Seine 22 miles southeast of Rouen. A chateau
heri^ was a favorite residence of Francis I.
Gainas (ga'nas). Died in 400 a. d. A \\''est-
Got hie general in the Roman ser\'ice. lie acquired
distinction in the war against Arbogast in 391. He was
a partisan of .stilieho, who, on the death of Theodosius the
(Ireat, and the tlivision of the empire between Arcadinsand
lioMorius, became regent for the Western Empire, while
Rulinus became regent for the Eastern. He procured the
murder of the latter at I'onstantinnplc Nov. 27, .186. Hav-
ing been sent to subdue a rebellion of tlie East Goths
whom Theodosius had colonized in Asia Minor, he formed
a coalition with their leader, Tribigild, and marched
against Constantinople in 399. He was admitted into the
capital ; but as his demand for freedom of worship for the
Arian Coths piovtiked a massacre by the Catholics, he was
cpbligi-d to withdraw to Thrace. He was defeated and
killed by tile Huns in 4oO.
Gaines (ganz), Edmund Pendleton. Born in
Culpeper County, Va., March 20, 1777: died at
New Orleans, June 6, 1849. An American
general. He participated as colonel in the engagement
at Chrysler's Field Nov. 11, 1813, and as brigadier-general
successfully defended Fort Erie against a superior force
in Aug., 1814.
Gaines's Mill. A locality in Virginia, about 8
miles nortlieast of Richmond. Here, June 27, 1862,
a sanguinary b.attle was fought between part of Lee's
array and part of McClellan's. The loss of the Federals
was li,837 ; that of the Confederates, as reported, was 3,284,
but it is believed to have been at least 7,000.
Gainsborough (gauz'bnr-o). A town and river
port in Lincolnshire, England, situated on the
Trent 15 miles northwest of Lincoln. Popu-
lation (1891), 14,372.
Gainsborough, Thomas. Born at Sndburv,
Sutfolk, 1/27: died at London, Aug. 2, 1788.
A noted English painter, son of a wool manu-
facturer. He went to London in his tllteenth year, and
studied with (Iravelot, an engraver and teacher of draw-
ing, and also at St. Martin's Lane Academy, and with
Frank Haynian. In 1745 he returned to Sudiuiry, where
he set up a studio as portrait-painter. He soon removed
to Ipswich, remaining there till 1700, when he went to
Bath. At the foundation of the Royal Academy in 1768
Gainsborough was one of the original ,16 members. In
1774 he left Bath for London. In 1779 he was at the
height of his fame. From 1769 to 178:! (except 1772-76) he
was a constant exhibitor at the Royal Academy. He sent
nothing to the exhibitions after that year, owing to a dis-
agreement with the council. He painted over 300 pic-
tures, more than 220 being portraits. In the National
Gallery are his "Musidora," "The Market Cait, " "The
Watering Place," "Gainsborough's Forest," etc., and five
portraits, one of them being Mrs. Siddons. There are
five of his portraits in the Diilwicli Gallery, and others
also in the National Portrait Gallery, at Hampton Court,
at Buckingham Palace, and at Grosvenor House, where is
the celebnile.l " Blue Boy," a portrait of Master Buttall.
"Gainsborough probably painted more than one 'Blue
Boy.' and there are many copies, but the picture belong-
ing to the Duke of Westminster |in the Grosvenor Gallery]
is the most famous of those to which the name has been
given." (Did, Nat. BiO[/.) He painted George III. eight
times. The famous portrait of the Duchess of Devonsliire
was painted in 1783. The "Girl with Pigs" (1782) was
purchased by Sir .losliua Reynolds. There are also pic.
tuiea of his in the galleries of Dublin, Glasgow, Edin-
burgh, etc.
Gairdner (g.ard'ner), James. Born at Edin-
bui-gli, March 22, 1828. ,\n English historian.
In 1S4U he received an apiiointment in the Public Keconl
Ollice, London, and in 1859 became assistant keeper of the
public records. He edited "Memorials of Henry VII."
(Rolls Series, 18.18), "Letters' and Papers Illustrative of
the Reigns of Richard III. and Henry VII." (liolls Series,
1861-6.')), "Three Fifteenth-Century' Chronicles " (188(1),
eight volumes of the "Letters and Papers of Henry V 111."
(1880-lK)). a new edition of the " Paston Letters " (1872-75),
etc. : and has written " Houses of Lancaster and Vork "
(1871), "Life and Reign of Richard III." (1878), "Henry
VII." (in "Twelve English Statesmen," 1889), etc.
Gairloch (giir'loch). A small arm of the sea
on the western coast of Ross-shire. Scotland.
Gais (gis). A health-resort in the canton of
Appenzell, Switzerland, 6 miles southeast of
SI. -Gall.
Gaisford (gaz'ffird). Thomas. Bom at Iford,
Wiltshire. Dec. 22. 1779: died at O.xford. June 2,
1855. An English scholar. He studied at Christ
Church, (l.vford, \\iiere he was appointed regius luofessor
of Greek in 1S12 and dean in 18.'il. He edited ■lleplues
tionis Knell iri'ii" in de-Metris." with "Procliclirestoniat Ilia"
(ISIO), "Herodotus cum iiofis variorum " (1824), " Suidio
Lexicon " (1S:!4), etc,
Gaissin (gii'esen). or Haissin (hii'e-sen), A
town in the government of Podolia, Russia,
situated on the river Sob in lat. 48° 48' N., long.
29° 25' E. Population (1888). 9.696.
Gaius (gii'yus), or Caius (ka'yns). [L.,prop.
(Itiiiix. in Gr. fonn Vuinr, .somi'times ri/ior.] Born
about 110 A. l>. : died about 180. A celebrated
Roman jurist, a native, probably, of the eastern
part of the empire. Ho was, for the greater part of hia
Oaius
lifo, a teacher and writer in Rome. He wrote numerous
works on the civil law, the most noted being seven books of
"Aurea" ("'Reruni Quotidianarum Libri VII.") and (our
books of '■ Institutiones," a favorite manual and the foun-
dation of Justinian's "Institutes." A manuscript (palimp-
sest on which the " Letters " of St, .leii>me had been writ-
ten : in some parts the parchment had been twice used,
after the original writini; had been erased) of the "Insti-
tutiones ' was found bv .Niebuhr at Verona in 1816. It
was edited by Ooschen (1820).
Galabat (ga-la-biit' ). Aregion in eastern Africa,
near the \Ve,'it ern border of Abyssinia, about lat.
13° N., long. 36° E.
Oalacz. Seo (laint-.
Galahad (gal' a -had), Sir. The noblest and
purist knight of the Rouuil Table. The char-
acter was invented by Walter Map in the
"Quest of the Graal."
Sir Galahad, Map's ideal knight, was the son of his
L'Ancelot and Elaine. The son and names.ake of Joseph
of .\riiiuithea, liishop Joseph, to whom the Holy Dish was
bei|ueatlu'd, ttrst instituted theOrderof the Round Table.
The initiated at their festivals sat as apostle knights round
the table, with the H^jly liraal in the midst, leaving one
seat vacant as that which the Lord had occupied, and
which was reserved for a descendant of Josepli, named
Galahad. \\' hat ever man else attempted to sit in the place
of Galahad the earth swallowed. It was called therefore
the Siege (seat) Perilous. When men became sinful, the
Uoly Graal, visible only to pure eyes, disappeared. On
its recovery depended the honour and peace of England,
but only Sir Galahad, who at the appointed time was
brought to the knights ity a mysterious old man clothed
in white, and placed in the Siege Perilous — only the pure
Sir Galahad succeeded in the quest.
M(rrley, English Writers. III. 142.
OalaOT (gal'a-or). The brother of Amadis de
Gaiil. See Amadis.
Galapagos (gal-a-pa'gos or ga-la'pii-gos) Isl-
ands. ('Tortoise I.^lands.'] A group of vol-
canic islands in the Pacific, west of Ecuador,
situated near the equator in long. 89°-92° W.
Of the 10 principal islands Albemarle is the largest. They
were formerly noted for tortoises (Sp. galdpaffoaX and are
remarkable for peculiarities of the fauna and flora. They
have been in possession of Ecuador since 183'2. They were
investigated by Darwin in his voyage in the Beagle. Area,
2,490 square miles. Population, about 200.
Galapas (gara-pas). A giant slain by Arthur.
.Arthur tirst cut liis legs oil in order to reach his head, and
then smote that otf too. Malory.
Galashiels (gal-a-shelz'). A parliamentary
buigh partly in Selkirkshire and partly in Rox-
burghshire, Scotland, situated on the Gala, 27
miles southeast of jldinburgh, near Abbots-
ford: noted for woolen manufactures. Popu-
lation (1891), 17,249.
Galata (gii'la-ta). A section of Constantinople,
situated on the northern side of the Golden
Horn, opposite Seraglio Point. It is the seat of
important commerci.al establishments, and contains a re-
markable tower. It w.as founded by the Genoese in 1*216.
On the right of the Golden Horn is the European quar-
ter, known ns Galata near the water's edge, and as Pera on
the top of the steep hill where the European colony has
its houses and the embassies their town palaces. Galata
is the mercantile and shipping iiuarter; Pera is the West
End of Constantinople in all but the points of the compass.
Poole, story of Turkey, p. 202.
Galatea (gal-a-te'a). [Gr. Ta'/areia.'] 1. In
Greek mythology, a sea-nJ^nph, the daughter
of Nerens and Doris. See Acts. — 2. A charac-
ter in Vergil's third eclogue. She hid herself
among the willows in order to be followed. In
literature, a type of coquetry. — 3. A statue ani-
mated by Venus in answer to the prayer of Pyg-
malion. She has nothing to do with the legend
of Acis and Galatea. See Pi/gmalion and (lai-
nt la.
Galatea. 1 . A prose pastoral with lyrics, by
Cervantes, said to have been inspired by the
lady who afterward became his wife. It was
written about 1583. A second part was prom-
ised, but was not %vritten.
Like other works of the same sort, the Galatea (of Cer-
vantesj is founded on an affectation which can never be
successful, and which, in this pai-ticular instance, from
the unwise accumulation and involution of the stories in
its fable, from the conceited metaphysics with which it is
disttgured, and from the poor poetry profusely scattered
through it. is more than usually unfortunate. Perhaps no
one of the many pastoral tales produced in Spain in the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries fails so much in the
tone it should maintain. Ticknnr, Span. Lit., II. 9«.
2. A play by John Lyly. printed in 1.592.— 3.
A romantic pastoral by Florian, imitated from
Cervantes, published in 1783.
Galatea. A steel cutter yacht designed by
J. Bcavor-Webb and launched at Port Glas-
gow. May, 188,5. Her dimensions are : length over all.
102.60 feet; length at load water-line, 86.80; beam. \:^:
beam (load water line), K: draught, l:i.50; displacement,
157.6:i tons, she challenged for the America's cup. and
was beaten by the Mavtlower in two races, Sept. 7 and
Sept. ft, l.«S6.
Galatea, Triumph of. A famous fresco by
Raphael (1514), in the Villa Famesina, Rome.
Galatea, lightly draped, is drawn over the tranquil sea by
420
dolphins, attended by nymphs and sea-gods. Ctiplds in
the air above are piercing with their .arrows members of
her train.
Galat6e (ga-la-ta')- [F., 'Galatea.'] An opera
liy Mass6, first produced at Paris in 1852.
This is the story of Pygmalion and Galatea.
Galatia (ga-la'shia). [L. GaltiHii, Gr. Ta?.aTia,
considered to be ult. connected with Gallia,
Gaul.] 1. In ancient geography, a division of
Asia Minor, lying between BitbjTiia and Paphla-
gonia on the north, Pontus on the east, Cappa-
doeia and Lycaonia on the south, and Phrygia
Galilee
tuting the Arminian division of the Water-
landers.
Galeot'to (ga'la-ot'to), Principe. A name
given to Boccaccio's "Decameron." See the
extract.
It is styled Decameron from ten days having been occu
pied in the relation of the tales, and is also entitleii Prin-
cipe Galeotto, — an appellation which the deputies ap-
pointed for correction of the Decameron considei asderived
from the 6th canto (v. i:i7)of Dante's "Inferno,"— Galeotto
being the name of that seductive book which was read by
Paulo and Francesca : " Galeotto f u il libro e chi lo scrisse.'
Durdop, Hist, of I'rose Fiction, II. GL
on the west: formerly a part of Phi'jgia. it was GalerillS (ga-le'ri-us), in full GaleriUS Vale-
conquered and settled by a confederation of Gallic tribes
in the ad century B. c and was made a Roman province
in 25 B. c. Theodosius subdivided it into Galatia Prima
and Galatia .Secunda.
2. A name of Gaul: called specifically Celtic
or Unman Galatia.
Galatians (ga-la'shianz). Epistle to the. One
c il . ^j" til" „ ri . Ti...,^ :4-4-»*. *^ iisning an euict oi loieratKui irom -Mco
of the epistles of the apostle Pa,il, written to Qalesburg (galz'berg). A eitv :
the Galatian churches probably about A. D. 56. "7 kTiox ( 'o nitv Illinois in lat' 4
Its chief contents are a vindication of Paul's authority as "ii^^-'J^J; iJ ' ' -^"'""'V ,%
.... .1., „ „, * *,-„ — :..„;„i„ „* ;....t:R.,«.:.^., 1... 9(1° v.*^ vV • rhp spar nr KTioY l.n
rius Maximinus. Bom near Sardica, Dacia:
died 311 A. D. A Roman emperor. He was created
Cffisar in 293 ; was defeated by the Persians in 290, and de-
feated them in 297 ; and succeeded Diocletian as Augustus
in the East in 305. He is said to have induced Diocletian
to order the persecution of the Christians which began in
his reign, but joined with Constantine and Licinius in pulK
lishing an edict of toleraticni from Nicomedia in 311.
\- and the capital
40° 55' X., long,
an apostle, a plea for the principle of justilicatiori by 90° 25' W.: the seat of Knox College (non-sec-
faitli, and a concluding exhortation. tarian) and Lombard University (Universalist).
Galatina (gii-lii-te'na). A town in the prov- Population (1890), 15,2&4.
ince of Lecce, Apulia, Italy, situated 14 miles Gali (ga'le), Francisco. Bom in Seville, 1539 :
south of Lecce. died at Mexico City, 1591. A Spanisli navigator.
Galatz (ga'lats), or GalaCZ (ga'liich). A city Employed by the v-iceroyof Mexico to find a harbor where
nnd river nort in Moldivia Rumania situated shipsmight take shelter in coming from the Philippines, he
and n^ er port m iMomayta, Kuinama, sit^iaTea ,ored the coast of California and entered the Bay of San
on the Danube m lat. 4o° 26 N.,long. 28° 3 Francisco in 1584.
E. It to an important export place for grain, etc., and (JaUam (gii-le-ii'ne). Femando. Abbd. Bom at
was made the seat of the Danubian (ommission in 1866. ^S.~S^Ti , t-T n ,?,io j- V i xt i o i
It has been the scene of various conliicts between the Chieti, Italy, Dee. 2, 1/28: dietl at Naples, Oct.
Turks and Russians. It was a free port until 1S83. Popu-
lation (1S89), 69,143.
Gala Water (ga'la wa'ter). A small river in
southeastern Scotland, joining the Tweed near
Abbotsford.
Galba (.gal'bii), Servius Sulpicius. Bom Dec.
24, 3 B. c: died at Rome, Jan. 15, a. d. 69. A
Roman emperor. He became pretor in 20 and consul
in 33 ; carried on a war in Gaul against the Gennans in
30, 1787. A noted Italian political economist,
author of " Dialogues sur le commerce des
bl^s " (1770), " Traite sur les monnaies " (17.50),
etc.
Galihis (ga'le-bez). In Fi-ench Guiana, the
Caribs, or a race closely related to the Caribs. of
British Guiana. French ethnologists use the name
Galibi for the Caribs of the continent as distinguished
from those of the West Indian Islands. See Caribs.
39; aiid became governor of Africa in 45, and governor of Galicla (ga-lish'iii ; Sp. pron. gii-le'the-a). [L.
Hispania Tarraconensis in 61 In 68, learning that Nero i;„iix(;i(,_ from (iallseei, also Callfrri, a
744. ''An' English antiquarv, son of Thomas Galicla (ga-lish'iii). [G. Gati^ien, Pol. Halia.']
Jale dean of York. " -A. crownland of the Cisleithan di-vision of Aus-
had given secret orders for his assassination, he joined
the insurrection of C. Julius Vindex, and was proclaimed
emperor. Vindex was defeated, and killed himself, but
Galba ascended the throne in consequence of a revolt in
his favor of the pretorians at Rome. His refusal of the
donatives which had been promised in his name, and his
adoption of Piso Licinianus as his successor instead of
Salvius Otho who had hoped to be appointed, provoked
a revolt among the pretorians which resulted in his as-
sassination and the elevation of Otho.
Gale (gal), Roger. Bom 1672: died June 25,
r ■ ■ ~ "■ ■
Gale,
Gale, Theophilus. Bom at King's Teignton,
Devonshire. England, 1628 : died at Newing-
ton, London, in Feb. or March, 1678. An Eng-
lish nonconformist divine. Hewas appointed preach-
er in Winchester cathedral in 1657 ; was deprived of this
preferment on the Restoration in 1660 ; and in 1677 be-
came pastor of an Independent congregation at Hoihorn.
His chief work is "The Court of the Gentiles, or a Dis-
course teaching the Original of Humane Literature "
(1669-77).
Gale, Thomas. Bom at Scmton. Yorkshire,
England, in 1635 or 1636 : died at York, April
7 or 8, 1702. An English classical scholar and
antiquary. He was regius professor of Greek at Cam-
bridge 1666-72 ; was high master of St. Paul's School 1672-
1607 ; and was dean of York from 1697 until his death. He
edited " I )puscula m.rthob igica, ethira et physica " (1671 ?),
"Historiffi aiiglicante scriptores (iuinqne ex vetustis
codicibus IISS. nunc primum in lucem editi " (1687).
Galeazzo. See Sfor:a and Visi-nnti.
Galen (ga'len) (Claudius Galenus). [Gr. TaV
.] Bom at Pergamura.Mysia, about 130 a. d
Celtic
tribe.] An ancient pro^nnce and captaincy-
general in northwestei-n Spain. It is bt^unded by
the ocean on the north and west, Asturias and Leon on the
east, and Portugal on the south, and comprises the modem
provinces of t'orufi.a, Lugo. Orcnse, and I'ontevedra. It
belonged to the .Suevi in the 5th and 6th centuries ; later
it w.as part of the Gothic kingdom, and then it fell to the
Moors. It became a dependency of Leon, and thencefor-
ward followed the fortunes of Leon and Castile, except
about 10t>i>-73, when it was an independent kingdom.
tria-Hungary. Capital. Lemberg. it compriseg
the titular kingdoms of Galicia and Lodomeria, the gnind
duchy of Cracow, and the ducliiesof Auschwitz and Zator.
It is bounded by Russia (partly separated by the Vistula)
on the north, Russia on the east, Bukowina on the south-
east, Hungar>- (separated by the Carpathians) on the south-
west and south, and Austrian Silesia and Prussia on the
northwest. The Carpathians occupy the south : in the
north and east are plains, Galicia belongs mostly to the ba-
sins of the Vistula and Dniester. It produces grain and
timber in large quantities, and there are petroleum-, ettal-,
iron-,lead-,zinc-,ands;dt-mines. It sends63 representatives
to the Austrian Reichsrat. and has a Diet of 151 members.
The inhabitants :u'e h\rgely Slavs — Poles in the west, Ru-
thenians in the east — but over 10 per cent, are Jews, and
there are 100,000 Germans. The religions are the Roman
Catholic and Greek. The principalities of H:dicz aiid
"Vladimir (Galicia and Lodomeria) became prominent in
the 12th century, and were involved in the affairs of
Hungary, Poland, and Russia. Galicia was acquired by
Poland in the 14th century, and by Austria in 1772. The
republic of Cracow was formed in 1815 and suppressed in
1S46. Galicia was the scene of a bhwdy insurrection of
the peasantry against the Polish nobility in 1846. Area,
30.307 squ.tre miles. Population (1890), 6,007.816.
A celebrated Greek physician and philosophical Galignani(gii-len-ya'ne), John Anthony. Bom
writer, long the supreme authority in medical at Loudon, Oct. 13. 1796: died at Paris, Dec. 31,
science. He traveled in various countries (studying in
Sin>-ma, Alexandrha, and elsewhere), visited Rome 164-
168, and returned there 170, remaining for a number of
years. He is said to have died in Sicily. He composed a
large number (about .5OC0 of works on medicine, logic, etc.,
of which 83 genuine treatises and some others regarded as
doubtful have been preserved.
Galen (gii'len), Christoph Bemhard von.
Born at Bispink, Westphalia, Oct. 15, 1600: died
at Ahaus, Westphalia, Sept. 19, 1678. A Ger-
man prelate and commander, elected prince-
bishop of Miinster in 1650.
Galena (ga-le'nii). [From L. gnlena,\e9,A ore.]
A city and the capital of Jo Da\ness County,
northwestern Illinois, situated on the Galena
River 14 miles southeast of Dubuque : the cen-
ter of a lead-mining region. Poptdation (1890),
5,635.
Galenists (ga'len-ists). In medicine, the fol-
lowers of Galen.
Galenists (gii'len-ists). A Mennonite sect
founded in 1664 by Galen Abraham de Haan. a
physician and preacher of Amsterdam, eonsti-
1873. Galignani, William. Born at London,
March 10, 1798: died at Paris, Dec. 12, 1882.
French publishers. Their father, Giovanni Antonio
Galignani, returned to Paris shortly after 179S, and in ISOl
he started a monthly which soon became a weekly paper.
In 1814 he began to issue guide-books, and st.arteil "Ga-
lignani's Jlessenger," which circulated ividely among Eng-
lish resi.ients on the Continent. The sons carried on the
publishing business after their father's death in 1821, and
issued reprints of many English Iwoks. In Ib;f2 William
was naturalized, Anthony remaining a British subject. In
1852 their reprints were stopped by the copyright treaty.
They were liberal contributors to British ehioi'ies, and
built a hospital at Xeuilly for indigent English. William
left money and a site at Neuilly to build the Retraite Ga-
lignani Fr^res for a hundred printers, booksellers, etc.,
or their families. Diet. Nat. liiofj.
Galilee (gal'i-le). In the Roman period, the
northernmost division of Palestine. It vm
bounded bv Phenicia and Ca>le-Syria on the north, the
Jordan valley on the east, .Samaria on the south, and the
Mediterranean and Phenicia on the west. It comprised
I'pper Galilee (in the north) and Lower Galilee (in the
south) and corresponded to the ancient territories oi
Asher, Naphtali, Zebulon, and p.art of Issachar. " """
belongs to Turkey.
It now
Galilee, Sea of
Galilee, Sea of: iiIsochUciI tLcLakeiiSeaof
Gennesaret oi- of Tiberias, "r Sea of Ghin-
• nereth or Chinneroth. A lake iu Palcstiiif,
iMtti-:<ect,d liy hit. 31.'° 50' N., long. 3")° 40' E
iiiiil traver.s<><i by the Jordan
Talwi'ivi'h. Its Itngth is atKJUt l:i miles: its greatest
breadth, e; milts ; its surface is 08() feet beluw that of the
Mediterranean. Its shores were thiikly peopled in the
time of I'hrist, and are associated with many events in
New Teslauieiit history.
(}alilei {Ka-le-lS'e), Galileo, generally called
Galileo (giil-i-le'o; It. |)r()n. gii-le-la'o). Born
at Pisa, Italy, Feb., ]r)G4: died at Arcetri, near
Florence, .Ian. S. 1642. A famoiLs Italian phys-
icist and astronomer. He was descended from a
iiohle but impoverished I'loreutine family ; studied at the
I'nivcrsity of I'isa (without takiiiK a degree) l&il-Mi ; dis-
covered the isochronism of the pendulum iu 1683 and the
hydrostatic balance in 1586 ; was professor of mathc-
niRtiis at Pisa I'lSflOl, and at I'adua 1592-1610 ; con-
structed a therniometer in 165)7, and a telescoi)e iu H^ ;
discovered .Inpitei s satellites iu 1610 ; removed to Flor-
ence in 1610 ; remarked the sun's siwts about 1610 ; was
summoned to Rome, where his doctrines were condemned
by the Pope in lOKi ; was forced by the Inquisition to ab-
jure the Popernican theory in 163;t ; and discovered the
moon's libration in 1637. His chief works are " Dialogo
ki due massimi Sistemi" ("Dialogue on the Two t^hief
Systems," iKfiX and "Dialoghi delle Nuovc Seicnze"
(IBSS).
Gfalimard (ga-le-mar'), Nicolas Auguste.
Born at Paris, March 2.i. 1813: died at Paris,
Jan., 1880. A French painter.
Galin (gii-lah'), Pierre. Bom at Samatan,
1786 : died at Paris, 1822. A French musician.
teacher of mathematics at Bordeaux. He was
the inventor of a system of musical instruction named by
him the "mtloplaste," developed lat«r by Ainie Paris and
Emile t'hevi?, and now called the (ialiuParis-Chev^ sys-
tem. He wrote " Exposition d'une nouvelle methode
jHiur I'enseiKnenientde la musique "(Bordeaux. 1818), etc.
Galion (gal'i-on). A town in Crawford County,
Ohio, about oS miles north of Columbus. Pop-
ulation (1890), .-),63r).
Galitcll (gii'lich). A town in the goveniment
of Kostroma, Kussia, situated on Lake Galitch
about lat. '>H° 15' N., long. 42° 40' E. Popvda-
tion (ISSH), 4,523.
Oalitzin, or Gallitzin (ga-Iet'sen), or Golit
421
9, 1758 : died at Montrouge, near Paris, Aug. 22,
1828. A Gennan physician, the founder of
phrenology. His chief work is " Anatomic et
, physiologie du syst^me nerveux" (1810-20).
the modern Bahr Galla (gill'lii). An Afi-ican people living be-
tween the Somal on the east and theBerta and
Diuka on the west, and from Shoa to the Sa-
baki Ki\ er. They are called Calla ('barbarians') by the
Arabs : their native name is Oromo or Ilinorna — that is,
'men,' In race they are mixed Hamitic and negro;
in language and customs they :u-e Uamitic. In religion
they are Christian in the northern I>art, iloslem in the
eastern, ami pagan iu the western. They are indepeTident,
brave, iut<-lliKeut, and industrious. 'I'llough related (.i the
S<)mal. and even more so t<>theMassai, they live in enmity
with them. The royal families of Uganda and Karagwe
belong to the Huma tribe of the Galla nation. The rialla
are subdivided into many tribes, speaking as many dialects,
most of which have lu)t yet been studied. Their govern-
ment is largely republican, and they have no slaves. In
the 16tli century they overran Aliyssinia, where some of
them are still found. The Borani tribe, on the Renia, is
known for its numerical strength and bravery. The num-
ber of the Galla is estimated at 3,iKX),00i).
Gallagher (gal'a-ger). William Da-vis. Born
at Philadelphia" Aug. 21, 1«0S. An American
])oet and ioiimalist. He was associate editor *if the
Ciuciiniati " Gazette "fnmi 1839 to 18.')0. He has pulilishLil
"The Wreck of the n.irnet." " Errato "(1835-37), ■ -Miami
Woods," " A Golden Wedding, and (Ither Poems " (1881).
Gallait (gii-la' ), Louis. Boru at Tournai, Bel-
gium, May 10, 1810: died at Brussels, Nov.
20, 1887. A noted Belgian historical painter.
Among his best piiintings are ".Abdication of Charles V.,"
"Tassoin Prison," "Temptation of St. Anthony," "Last
Moments of Egmont."
GaUand (gii-loh'), Antoine. Born at HoUot,
Gallipoli
was the first observer of the planet Neptune (Sept. 23,
1&46), guided by Le Verrier's calculations. In 1861 he was
made director of the observatory at Breslau and juofessor
of astronomy. In 1839-tO he discovered three comets.
Gallegos (giil-va'gos), Jos6 Rafael de. Boiti
Oct. 30, 1785: died Aug. 15, 1851. A Costa
Hican statesman. He was a wealthy in oprietor. anil
after 182'2 occupied various important othcial iiosilions.
Ki om March, 1833, to March, l?3r., he was president of Costa
Kica, and was acting president .May, l.s-l.'.,-.Tune. 1846.
Galletti (gal-let'te), Johann (Jeorg August.
Born at Altenbui-g. Germany, Aug. 19. 1750:
tiled at Gotha, March 26, 1828. A German his-
torical ^vriter, professor of history in the gym-
nasium at (iotha 1783-1819. He wrote "Geschichte
und Beschreibung des Herzogtums Gotha" <1779-»1),
"Geschichte Thnringens" (1782-85), "Allgemeine Well-
kunde " (1807), etc.
Galli (giil'le). FilippO. Born at Rome in 1783 :
died .lune 3, 1.S53. \ noted Italian singer.
His voice was at first a tenor, and he sang with great suc-
cess friuu 1800 to 1812. About this time, owing to a seri-
ous illness, his voice changed completely, and he became
one of the first Italian basses. Grove,
Gallia (gal' iii). The Latin name of Gaul.
Gallia Belgiica. See litUik-a.
Gallia Lugdunensis. See Lundminitiis.
GalUa Narbonensis. Sec XnibniicKxi.f.
Galliard (giil-yar'). John Ernest. Born at
Hannover about 1087: died iu 1749. A German
composer and musician. Uo went to England in
1706. He composed several operas, musu: for Rich's pan-
tomimes, a Te Deum, a .Jubilate, and several anthems,
and wrote a number of works on n)nsical subjects. In
1728 he arranged Milton's " Morning Hymn of Adam and
Eve " for two voices as a cantata: this was afterward en-
larged by Dr. Benjamin Cook.
) 1709: a prolific writer, known chiefly (jallicus Sinus (gal'i-kus si'nus). [L., 'the
rau.slation of the "Arabian Kights' Gallic Gulf.'] An ancient name of the Gulf of
Galla Placidia. See Placidm.
zyn, Princess (Amalie von Schmettau). Gallarate (gal-la-ra'te). A small town in the
Born at Berlin, Aug. 2S, 174.S : died at Angel- province of Milan, Italy, 24 miles northwest of
mode, near Miinstei-, West))halia, Aug. 24, 1800. Milan. It manuiactttres textiles.
The wife of Dmitri Galitzin (1738-1803), a Gallas (giil'liis). Matthias VOn. Born at Trent,
noted adherent of pietism.
Ctelitzin, Prince Dmitri. Died 1738. A Russian
diplomatist and statesman. Uewasamemberof the
High Council which, in raising Anna Ivanovna, duchess
of Conrland, to the throuc in 1730, took occasion to re-
Btrie^ by a chaiter, the sovereignty of the crown in fa-
vor of the nobles. On the coup d'etat of Anna in 1731, by
which the chaiter was repudiated, he was banished to his
estates, and was subsequently imprisoned in the fortress
of Schliissclbin-g, where he died.
Galitzin.
Dec. 21
March 21, 1803. A Kussian diplomatist and
scientific writer. He was appointed ambassador to
the court of France in 1763, and in 1773 auibiissador to The
Hague. He corresponded with Voltaire and other literary
men of the period, and was the author of " Description jihy-
•Iquc dc la I'aiuide relativement aux trois rtgnes de la
nature " (1788), ami " Traiti- ile mlni-ralou'ie, ou description
abr^g^e et niethodiqne des inint^ranx " (1792).
Oalitzin, Prime Mikhail. Bom Nov. 11, 1674 :
died at Moscow, Dec. 21, 1730. A Russian
general, brother of Dmitri (ialitziu (liiod 1738).
He participated in the victory of Peter the (ireat over
Charles XII. of Sweden at Pultowa in 1709. and conquered
Pinlanil from Sweden in 1714 : this province was restored
by the peace of Nystadt in 1721.
Oalitzin, Prince Nicolas Borissovitch. Died
in the province of Kursk. Russia, 1805. A Rus-
sian prince and musical amateur. He was the
friend of Beethoven, and three (luartcts (<)p. 127, 130,
132) and an overture (op. Mi) are dedicated to liim.
Beethoven was able to get from the prince only a small
part of the m()ney promised for these and other works.
Oalitzin, Prince Vasili, stirnamed " The
Great." Born 10.33: died in northern Russia,
March 1:!,17I3. A Russian commander and poli-
tician. He became the einiHdenlial adviser of Keodor
Alexeieviteh, tiy whom he was iiitnisted with the reorgaui.
zatlon of Iheanuy Iul682. lie ivas prime minister during
near Montdidier, France, April 4, 1646: died at (JaUicum Fre'tum (gal'i-kum fre'tum), [L.,
Paris, Feb. 17, 1715. A French Orientalist and .jj^g (jjiHi,, stiait,'] The ancient name of the
numismatist, professor of Arabic at the College stj.ait, of Dover,
of France
for his tr
Entertainments" (1704-17)
GaUand, Pierre Victor. Bom at Geneva, 1822 :
died at Paris, Dec. 1, 1892. A French decora-
tive artist. In 1873 he became professor of decorative
art in the Beaux Arts, Paris ; and iu 1877 director of the
t;obelins.
Lvous,
Gallieni (giil-ya-ne'), Joseph Simon. Born in
France, April 24, 1849. A French officer and
African explorer. In 1878, as captain, he distin-
guished himself, under Faidherbe. in the extension of
French dominion in SenegiU. In his Niger expedition,
1880-81, be succeeded in establishing diplomatic and com-
mercial relations with the Sultan of ,Segu-Sikoro. The
scientific results of the expedition were made public in
his "Voyage d'exploratiiui an Haut Niger " (1885). In
1886 he became commander-in chief of the French troops
in Senegal.
Tyrol, Sept. 10, 1584 : died at Vienna, April 25, Gallienus (gal-i-e'nns), Publius Licinius Va
1647, An Austrian general, distinguished in
the 'Thirty Years' War, especially at Nordlingen
in 1(>34.
Gallatin (gal'a-tiu). [Named from Albert Galla-
tin by Lewis and Clark.] A river in southern
Montana, flowing north and uniting at Gallatin
with the Jefferson and Madison to form the
.^ .. . . , . ... T, Missouri. Length, about 170 miles.
I, Prince Dmitri Alexeieyitch. Bom Q^llatin (gal'a-tin; F. pron. gii-la-tan'), Al-
, 1/38: died at Brunswick, Germany. ^,gj^_ ^^j.^ ^j Geneva, Switzeriand, Jan. 29,
" " '■-'■■-'-'■ —- j-yj. jipii at Astoria, N. Y., Aug. 12, 1849.
An American statesman and financier, in 1780
he emigrated to America. He was a member of Congress
from Pennsylvania 179r)-1801, and secretary of the treasury
1801-13. The estahli.shment of the Committee of Ways
anil Means was due to him, and he gained the reputation
of being one of the greatest financiers of the age. He was
prominent in the negotiation of the treaty of Ghent in 1S14,
and was Ciiited States minister to France 1816-23, and to
England 1826-27. His works comprise "Synopsis of the
Indian Tribes, etc." (1836), ".Votes ou the .Semi-Civilized
Nations of .Mexico, Yucatan, etc." (1816), and various po-
litical and ethnological treatises. " Peace^ with Mexico,"
"War Expenses," " I'he Oregon (Question," etc.
Gallaudet (gal-a-def), Edward Miner. Born
at Hartford, (-lonn., Feb. 5, 1,H37. An Ameri-
can instructor, son of T. H. Gallaudet. He be-
came president of the National Deaf-Mute College (Wash-
ington, District of Columbia) in W64. Author of "A
Manual of International Law (1879) and " Lifeof Thomas
Hopkins (iallaudet, Founder of Deaf-Muto Instruction in
America " (1888).
Gallaudet, Thomas. Bom at Hartford, Conn.,
.lune 3, 1822, .\ii American clergyman, son of
T, H. Gallaudet. He taught iu the New York lusti-
tution for the luHtrnclion of the Deaf and Dumb 18-i;l-r>8,
founded St. Ann's Church for Deaf-Mutcs iu 1852, and
became manager of the church Mission to Deaf-Mutes in
1872.
the regency of Sojihia for Ivan anrl Peter, lie concluded Gallaudet. ThomaS HopkinS. Born at Phila
In l(i>i6 a treaty with Poland by which Kussia definitely
ac((uired Smolensk, KietT, and other imjiortant districts.
He conducted two campaigns against the Crimean Tatars
(16^7 88). He was exiled in 1689 for complicity in the
conspiracy of Sophia against Peter.
Gall (gal). Saint (Gellach.in- Caillech). Born
in Ireland about .5.50: died at St. -Gall, Switzer-
land, about (U.5. .\n Irisli missionary, apostle
to the Suevi ami the Alainanni, a jmpil of Co-
luniban. He aicompanied Colnnil)an to (laul hi 1)85 CO ;
labored at Arbon Bregenz; and founded the monastery of
St. Gall about 013.
Oall (gill; (t. pron. giil), Franz Joseph. Bom
at Tiefenbronn, near Pforzlicini, Baden, March
Iclphiii, Dec, 10, 17S7: cbid al Ilai'tl'oi'd. Conn.
Sept. 9. 1851. An American educator. He
founded in 1817 at Hartford, Connecticut, the first deaf-
mute Institution in America. He resigned from the pres-
idency of this institution in 18:in, and was chaplain of the
Connecticut retreat for the Insane at Middletowii from
1838 until his death. He wrote "Bible Stories for the
Young ".(183'<) and "The Child's Book of the Soul "(3d ed.
isr.iii.
Galle. See Point dc italic.
Galle (giil'le). Johann Gottfried. Born at
Pabsthaus,near(lriireiiluiiniclieii.Pnissia,.Iiinr
9, 1812. A German asU'oniimer. Hestudleilmath-
ouiatics and the natural sciences at Berlin 1830-33, ami
lerianus Egnatius. Dietl at Milan, 268. A
Roman emperor, sou of Valerian, He was admit-
ted to a share in the government on the elevation of his
father in 254, and became sole emperor on the capture of
the latter by the Persians in 200. He made no elfort to
secure the release of his father, but devoted himself to a
life of indolence and profiigacy, while the frontiers of the
empire were everywhere invaded by the barbarians, espe-
cially by the Goths and the Persians. He appears to have
undertaken a tardy expedition against the (oinicr in 267,
when he was recalled by the insurrection (jf Aureolus,
whom he shut up in Milan. He wasniuideredbyhis own
soldiers while pressing the siege of that city.
All these inroads of the Coths occurred under the reign
of the Emperor Gallienus, that celebrated puco curante
who took both the captivity of his father (Valerian) and
the rapid dismeuiberment of his Empire with such charm-
ing composure and serenity. "Egypt," said one of his
ministers to him, "has revolted." " What of that'? Can-
not we dispense with Egyptian fiax'i" "Fearful earth-
quakes have happened in Asia Minor, and the Oolhs are
ravaging all the country." " But cannot we do without
Lydiall saltpetre ? " When Gaul was lost be gave a merry
laugh and said, "Do you think the Kepublic will bo in
danger if the Consuls' robes cannot be made <pf the (iaiil-
iali tartan '( " IlmUjkin, Italy and her Invaders, 1. 69,
Galli-Mari6 (gii-le'mii-rya'), C61estine. Born
Nov., 1840. A French singer, .she made her di5bnt
in 1869 at Strasburg, and shortly after maiiied a sculptor
named Galli. She has sung primipally at the Opira Co-
miiiue, and has been particularly successful as Mignon and
Carmen and in the operaa of onenhach, Ocvaert, Masse,
Massenet, etc.
Gallinas {giil-le'niis). A river of the Gram
Coast, West Africa, in lat. 7° N,, long. 11°
35' W. ; also, a negro tribe settled on its banks.
In I8:i2 the slaver Pedro Blanco made the place notorious ;
in 1850 the Gallinas territory and that cif the Gumbo
(bordering on Sherbro) were acciuired by Liberia; iu 1883
they were wrested from I.ibeiia by (ileal Britain.
Gallio (gal'i-6), Lucius Junius. Died about
65 A. D. A Romitn proconsul of Achaia 53,
brother of Seneca. When he had dismissed the Jews'
TOUiplaint against Paul at Corinth, and the 8ynagi>guc
ruler was beaten, we reail(Acts xviii. 17) that he "cared
tor none of these things "- not from Indilferenee about
religion, but because such matters did not concern him,
Gallipoli (giil-lep'o-le). A seaport in the prov-
ince of Lecce, Italy, situated on an island in
the Gulf of Taranto, in lat. 40° 4' N., long. 17°
58' E. : the ancient Graia Callipolis. later An.xa.
K has a cathedral, and was long noted for export of olive-
,mI. P.ipulation, 9,000.
Gallipoli. A seaport in the vilayet of Edirneh,
Turkey, situated on the Dardanelles in lat. 40°
Gallipoli
24' N., long. 26° 39' E. : the imcieiit Callipolis.
Ill the middle ages it was a cuiuiuercial center and tlie
koy of tlie Uelluspniit. It was captured by tlie Turks in
l:i»l. PulMllation, nearly 3ll,IK,lo.
Gallipoli, Peninsula of. A peninsula in the
southern part of Eiu-opean Tiu'key, lying be-
tween the Dardanelles and the Gvdf of Saros:
the ancient Chersonesus Thraeica.
Gallipolis (gal-i-p6-les'). A city and the capi-
tal of (iiillia CountV, Ohio, situated on the Ohio
about hit. 38° m' N., long. 82° 7' W. Popula-
tion (IS'.iO). 4.498.
Gallissonniere (Kti-leso-nyar'). Marquis de la
(Roland Michel Barrin). Bornat Koehefort.
France, Nov. 11, 1 093 : died at Nemours, France,
Oct. 26, 17.')6. A French admiral, governor of
Canada. He defeated Byng near Minorca in
17.')6.
Gallitzen(giil-let'sen), Demetrius Augustine.
Born at The Hague, Dee. 22, 1770 : died at Lo-
retto, Pa., May 6, 1840. A Russian mission-
ary Roman ('atholic priest, sou of the princess
Amalie Galitziu. He founded Loretto, Penn-
sylvania. For other members of the family,
see (i(iVtl:i>i.
Galloway (gal'o-wa). [ME. GaUowaii, Galla-
way, Galowey, GaUawa, GaUovai/, etc.] A for-
mer di\ision of southwestern Scotland, corre-
sponding nearly to the counties of Wigtown
(West Galloway) and Kirkcudbright (East Gal-
loway). It is a pastoral region. It was independent in
very early times, and. having become an earldom, was
united to' Scotland in 1124. The Galwegians kept their
lanjiu.age (a variety of the Gaelic) until the 16th century.
Galloway, Joseph. Born near West River.
Anne jVi'imdel County, Md., 1730: died at Wat-
ford, Hertfordshire, Aug. 29, 1803. An Ameri-
can loyalist in the Revolution. He was a member
of the first Congress in 1774 ; joined the I'.i itish army un-
der Howe in 177(i; on the capture of l'hihhlil]ilila in 1777
was made a police magistrate tliere and supei iiitendent of
the port : and after the evacuation of the city in 1778 went
to England. He published works on the prophecies.
Galloway, Bhinns of. A peninsula in the west-
ern part of Wigtownshire, it lies between .St. Pat-
rick's fhannel on the west and Loch Ryan and Luce Bay on
the east, and temiinates t43w.ard the south in the Mull of
Galloway Oat. 54° 3s' N., long. 4' Rl' \V.).
Galloway, Thomas. Bom at Symington, Lan-
arkshire, Feb. 26, 1796: died at London, Nov.
1, 18.51. A Scottish writer on mathematical
an<l astronomical subjects.
Gallo y Goyenechea (giil'yo e go-yan-a-cha'a),
Pedro Leon. Born at Copiapo, Feb. 12, 1830:
died <at Santiago, Dec. 10, 1877. A Chilean poli-
tician. He was a wealthy proprietor, became a leader
of the liberals, and in Jan., 1869, headed a revolt at Copi-
apci. Defeated at the battle of Cerro Grande, April 29, he
was banished until 1861. Subsequently he was a promi-
nent deputy and senator. He was an author and poet of
some repute.
Galluppi, or Galuppi (gii-lop'pe), Pasquale.
Born at Tropea, Calabria, Italy, April 2, 1770:
died at Naples, Dec. 13, 1846. " An Italian phi-
losopher, professor of philosopliy at the Uni-
versitv of >f aples. His works include " Saggio flloso-
flco suila critica della conoscenza" (1S19-32), "Elemcnti
di lllosofia" (18'20-27), " Lettere fllosoflche" (1827), etc.
Galluppi. See Gtiluppi.
Gallus (gal'us). In Shakspere's "Antony and
Cleopatra," a friend of Caesar.
Gallus, Gains AsiniUS. A Roman politician
and writer, consul with ('. Marcius Censorianus
8 B. <-'. He married Vipsani;l, formerly wife of Tiberius.
He was condemned to death by the senate, at the insti-
gation of Tiberius, and died of starvation after an im-
prisonment of three years. He was a son of C. Asinius
Pollio. His works, all of which are lost, included *' De
comparatione patris et Ciceronis," to which the emperor
Clautiius replied in his defense of Cicero.
Gallus, Caius Cornelius. Born at Forum Julii
(moilern Fr^jtis), Gaul, 69 or (i6 B. C: com-
mitted suicide 20 B. c. A Roman ])oet, orator,
genei'al, and ])olitician. He supported Octavius,
commanded a part of his army at the battle of Actium in
31 B. c pursued Antony to Egypt, and was made first
prefect of Egypt in 30 B. C. He incurred the enmity of
Augustus, was deprived of his post, and was exiled hy
the senate.
Gallus, Caius Vibius Trebonianus. Died 2.53
or 2.54 A. D. Roman emiveror. He held a high
coimnaud in the expedition of the emperor Decius against
th*" Goths in 2iil, and after the defeat and death of the
latter was elected emperor by the senate and the stddiers,
with UcistilianUH, Decius's son, as his (-olleague. He con-
cluded a humiliating peace with the (ioths, who were al-
lowed to retire with tlieir plunder and their captives, and
were promised an annual tribute. lie is said to have
caused the death of Hostilianus. He was slain by his
own soldiers wlriU- advancing to meet the insurgent .Emi-
liaims who succeeded to tlie throne.
Galoshio (ga-lo'shio). In "The Nice Valour,"
by Fletcher and another, a clown. He is quite
Shakspcrian.
Gait (gait). A town in Waterloo County, On-
422
tario, Canada, situated on the Grand River .54
miles west-southwest of Toronto. Population
(1891). 7.535.
Gait, Sir Alexander Tillock. Bom Sept. t>,
1817 : died Sept. 19, 1893. ACanadian statesman,
.son of John Gait. He was minister of flitance ISIiS-
1862, 1864-66, and 1867 ; was high commissioner for Canada
in England 1880-83 ; and was made K. C. M. O. in 1809,
and G. c. M. G. in 1878. He has written "Canada from
1849 to 1859" (i860), etc.
Gait, John. Born at Irvine, Ayrshire, May 2,
1779: died at (ireenoek, April 11, 1S39. A Scot-
tisli novelist. His writings are especially remarkable
for tlu'ir delineations of .Scottish life and character. His
best novels are "The Ayrshire Legatees"(1820-21),"Annals
of the Parish" (1821), ".Sir Andrew Wylie " (1822), "The
Provost " (1822), " The Entail " (1823), and " Lawrie Todd "
(1830).
Galton (gal'ton ), Francis. Boni at Dudderton,
near Biriuingham. 1822. An English scientific
writer and African traveler, best known from
his studies of heredity. He graduated at Trinity Col-
lege, Cambridge, in 1844. 'in 1H46 he traveled on the Whit«
Nile, and in ls;0 in South Africa. He has published " The
Telotyi)e : a Print ing Electric Telegraph " (I860). " Tropical
South Africa" (18.53), "The Art of Travel, etc. (1866 : 6th
ed. 1872), "Arts of Campaigning, etc." (186.5), "Meteorogra-
phica, etc."(1863), "HereditaryGenius,etc."(1869), "Eng-
lisli Men of Science" (1874), "Inquiiies into Human Fac-
ulty, etc."(1883), "Record of FamilyFaculties,etc."(1883),
"Natural Inheritance" (1889), etc.. and has edited " Life
Hist-ory .\Ibum " for the British iledical Association (1883).
Galuppi (gii-lop'pe). Baldassare. Born on the
island of Burano, near \'enice. Oct. 6, 1700:
died at Venice, Jan. 3, 1784. An Italian com-
poser, particularly noted for his comic operas.
He wrote more than 54 of these. His sacred music is still
performed in Venice, and he also wrote sonatas and for
the harpsichord.
Galvani (gal-vii'ne), Luigi or Aloisio. Born
at Bologna, Italy, Sept. 9, 1737: died there.
Deo. 4, 1798. An Italian physician and physi-
cist, professor of anatomy at Bologna. His in-
vestigations of the contractions produced in the muscles
of frogs by contact with metals were the commencement
of the discovery of galvanic or voltaic electricity. He
puldished "De viribus electricitatis in motu musculiui
commentmus" (1791), etc.
Galvarino (gal-va^re'no). A chief of the Arau-
canian Indians of Chile whose bravery has
been celebrated in Ercilla's "Araucana." He
was captured at the battle of Lagunillas, Nov. 7, 1657,
and freed after both his hands had been cut otf. On Nov.
30 lie was again capt^ired while urging on the Indians at
tlie liattle of Millarapue, and was hanged.
Gal'ye, Count of. See Cerda Sandoval Silva y
Mciido:a, Gasjnir de la.
Gal'veston (gal'ves-ton). A seaport and the
capital of (ralveston County, Te.xas, and the
largest city of the State, situated on (Salveston
Island in "lat. 29° 18' N., long. 94° 47' W. It
has a large trade, with lines of steamers to New York.
Havana, etc., and is specially noted for its exports of
cotton. It was settled in 1837 ; was taken by the Fed-
erals Oct. 8. 1862, and retaken by the Confederates Jan. 1.
1803 ; and was devastated by fire in Nov., 1886. Popula-
tion (1890), 29,084.
Gal'Veston Bay. An inlet of the Gulf of Mex-
ico, extending northward from Galveston about
3.5 miles.
Galveston Island. An island off the coast of
Texas, on the northeastern end of which is Gal-
veston. Length, about 28 miles.
Gal'vez (giil'vath), Jos^. Born at Velez Malaga,
1729: died at Madrid, 1787. A Siianish states-
man. He w.as one of the ministers of Charles III., and
a member of the Indian Council. From 17U1 to 1774 he
was in Mexico and the "West Indies as visitador-general,
with high powers: for some time he was acting viceroy.
After his return to .Spain he was ministro universal de
Indies, and was created marquis of Sonora. His influence
on the American colonies was important.
Gal'Vez, Mariano. Born in Guatemala about
1795 : died titter 1S35. A ('entral-American poli-
tician, a leader of the Liberal or Fiebres party.
He was one of the authors of the constitution of 1824, and
was president of the first Central-American congress in
1825 : was president of Guatemala, Aug, 28, 1831, and was
again elected in 183.',, but was overthrown by (^arrera in
Feb., 1838, and banisheii in 1839. Subsequently he prac-
tised law in Mexicii and Peru.
Galvez, Matias de. Born at Velez Malaga.
1731: died in Mexico City, Nov. 3, 1784. A
Spanish soldier and politician. He attained the
rank of lieutenant-general, and in 1779 was made captain-
general of Guatemala. In 1780 and 1781 he recovered from
the F.nglish some posts wliich they had seized in Hondu-
niB !uid Nicaragua From April, 1783, until his death he
was viceroy of Mexico.
Galvez y Gallardo(giil'vath e giil-y!ir'd(5), Ber-
nardo. Born at Machara^'ie.ia, .Inly 23, 1746:
died iit Tacubaya, near Mexico. Nov. 30. 1786.
A Spanish soldier and administrator, son of
Matias de (lalvez. He distinguished himself in Amer-
ica, attaining the rank of lieutenant-general -, was governor
of LiMiisiana 1779, and comniander-in-chief in the West
Indies ; took Baton Rouge (1779), Mobile (.March 14, 17.sn).
and Pensacola (May 8, 1781); was made captain-general of
Gambetta
Florida and Louisiana and captain-general of Cuba; and
in 1783 was created count of Galvez. From June 16, 1785,
until his death he was viceroy of Mexico.
Galway (gal'wa). 1. A maritime county in
Conuaught. Ireland. It is bounded by Mayo and
Hosc<imnifin on the north, Roscommon, King's County,
and Tijjperary on the east, Clare and Galway Bay on the
south, and the Atlantic on the west, and is divided into
two parts by Lough Corrib. Area, 2,452 S(iuare miles.
Population (1891), 214.712.
2. A setiport and the capital of County Galway,
situated on Galway Bay in lat. 53° 17' N., long.
9° 3' W. It was foraierly noted for its extensive trade,
particularly with Spain. It surrendered to Ginkel in 1691.
Popillatioii'(lS91), 1,3,746.
Galway Bay. An inlet of the Atlantic on tlie
western coast of Ireland, between Galway on
the north and Clare on the south. Length,
about 30 miles.
Gama (gii'mii), Antonio Leon de. Born in
Mexico City, 1735: died there, Sept. 12, 1802.
A Mexican scientist. He was for many years secre-
tary to the Supreme Court ; later he was professor at the
School of Mines. He is best known for his study of tlie
celebrated Aztec calendar-stone which was discovered in
his time.
Gama, Jose Basilio da. Born at SiJo Jos4,
Minas Geraes, 1740: died at Lisbon. Portugal,
July 31, 1795. A Brazilian poet. He became a
novice of the Jesuits, leaving the order when it was driven
from Brazil. He lived alternately in Italy, Portugal, and
Rio de .(aneiro, finally settling at Lisbon. His best-known
poem is " I'ruguay," a romance in verse, published in 1769.
Gama, Vasco da. Boi-n at Sines, Alemtejo, Por-
tugal, about 1469: died in Cochin, Intiia, Dee.
24, 1524. A celebrated Portuguese na^•igatol■.
Having been appointed to the command of an expedition
fitted out by Emanuel of Portugal with a view to discov-
ering an ocean route to the East Indies, he sailed from
Lisbon, probably July 8, 1497, doubled the Cape of Good
Hope Nov. 20 or 22, 1497, arrived at Calient, on the )!ala-
bar coast of India, May 20, 1498, and returned to Lisbon
in Sept., 1499. He commanded a second expedition to
India in 1502-03. during which he established a factory in
Mozambique. He Wiis made viceroy of India in 1524.
His voyage is celebrated in the " Lusiad " of Camoens.
Gamala (gam'a-la). A city in Galilee, oppo-
site Tiberias, on the eastern shore of the Sea
of Galilee, it stood on a hill which was compared to
the back of a camel, from which possibly its name is de.
rived (Heb. gdmtil, camel). It was fortified, and formed
one of the centers of insurrection during tlie wiu- of Judea
with Rome. It is identified with the modern Qal'at el-
Hoijn.
Gamaliel (ga-ma'li-el). [Heb., 'myrewarder
is God.'] 'rhere are several Gamaliels men-
tioned in the Talmud as descendants of Hillel,
who held the tliguity of president of the Sanhe-
drim and of patriarch (nasi) of the Jewish com-
munity in Palestine after the fall of Jerusalem.
See HUlel. Gamaliel "the elder" was the grandson of
Hillel. The laws emanating from him breathe a mild and
liberal spirit. He dissuaded the Jews from taking strict
measures against the apostles (Acts v. 34), and is described
as " a doctor of the law, had in honor of all the people."
He w:is a teacher of the apostle Paul. Another Gamaliel,
grandson of the preceding, president of the Sanhedrim
80-118 A. D., was the first to assume the title of patriarch.
He maint,ained his authority with great energy and even
severity, was a good mathematician, and was favorable to
the study of Greek.
Gamaliel Pickle. See Prref/rine Pickle.
Gamarra (gii-mar'rii). Agustin. Born at
Cuzco, Aug. 27, 1785 : killed at the battle of
Yngavi, in northern Bolivia, Nov. 20, 1841. A
Perirvian general. He served first against the patriots,
joined them in 1821, and was prominent during the re-
mainder of the war for independence. In 1828 he invaded
Bolivia by order of Lamar, forced the treaty of Piqiiiza,
and was made grand marshal. In June, 1829. he aided in
the deposition of Lamar, ami was made provisional presi-
dent, bidding the oflice until Dec. 20, 18,33. In the com-
plicated turmoils of 1834-35 Gamarra took a prominent
part, and was finally driven from the country. In 18;!" he
joined the Chileans against tlic Peruvian-Bolivian confed.
eration. invaded Peru, defeated Santa Cruz, Jan., lst9. and
in Aug. of that year was elected constitutional president
of Peru. In 1841 he declared war on Iiolivi;i, was defeated,
and killed.
Gamba (gitm'bii), Bartolommeo. Bom atBas-
sano, Italy, May 16, 17/0: died at Venice, May
3, 1841. An Italian bibliographer and biogra-
pher. His chief work is " Serie dell' edizioiii
dei testi di lingua italiana" (1812-28).
Gambetta (gam-bet'tii: F. pron. gon-be-tS'),
L^on. Born at Cahoi's, France, April 3, 1838:
died near Sfevres, France, Dec. 31, 1882. A
noted French statesman, of Jewish extraction.
He was admitted to the Paris bar in 18.59. and in im
was elected to the corps li5gislatif, where he acted with
the Irreconcilablcs. On the surrender of Napoleon IH. at
Sedan, he joined in the proclamation of the republic, Sept.
4, 1870: and on Sept. 5 became minister of the interior in
the Government of National Uetense. Having been ap-
pointeil member of a delegation, consisting of Crc^mienx,
Glais.Bizoin, and Fourichon, previously commissioned by
the central government at Paris to organize the national
defense outside the capital, he escaped from Paris in a
balloon, Oct. S (the city being completely invested by the
Germans), and joined his c'olleagnes at Tours on the fol-
lowing day. Assuming a virtual dictjitorship, he negoli.
Gambetta
at«d a loan of :i50,<H)0,0u0 francs with Kngliah capitalists,
and orxaiiizcil tlu- two ariiiica uf the [xiire under tiunerals
Aurdlc lie Paladines ami rhanzy. uTul the army of tlie
north, comnmnded in turn I)v Generals Buurhaki and Faid-
herbe. He was. however, iiuahie to prevent the capitula-
tion of Pal-is, .fan. 28. 1S71, anil, Keli. ti, l,s71, withilrew from
otllce in consequence of a disagreement with the central
government, lie then became a member of the National
A8seinl)Iy, and in l.sTtJ of the new chamber of Deputies, of
which he was president ls79-»l. lie was premier Nov.,
lWl,-Jan., 1*S2.
Gambia («iini'iii-a), fdiiuerlv Gambra (gam'-
bril), or Ba-Dimma. A liver of Sciifffambia,
West Africa, tlowiiig into the Atluiitic about
lat. 13° 30' N. It is navigable to Barracomia.
Gambia. A British colony situatcij near the
mouth nf the rivi-r Gambia, inclniiing St. Mary's
Island, McCarthy's Island, etc. Capital, Bath-
urst. It is governed by an administrator. Area of set-
tlement proper, 09 square miles. Population (1891), 14,26e.
Area of extended colony, 2,700 square miles. Population,
60,000.
Gambier ({;ara-ber' ). A village in Knox County,
Ohio, 43 miles northeast of Columbus, it is the
seat of Kenyon College (which see) and of a theological
seminary.
Gambier (gam'ber). James, Baron Gambier.
Bom at New Proviiienoe, Bahamas, Oet. 12,
17.')6: died near Uxbridge, England, April 19,
1833. An English adtiiiral. His father was lieuten-
ant-governor of the Bahamas. He became rear-admiral
and vice-admiral in 1799, and admiral in 1805. In 1807 he
commanded the fleet which bombarded Copenhagen, and
was raised to the peerage as a reward. He commanded
the Channel tleet IHiiS-ll. In 1814 he served on the com-
mission for negotiating a treaty of peace with the United
States.
Gambier (gam'ber) Islands. [Named, Feb. 24,
1802. by the English captain Matthew Flinders
for Admiral Lord Gambier.] A group of small
islands in the South Paeifie, situated about lat.
23° S., long. 13')° W. It is under a French pro-
tectorate.
Gambos (giim'bos). The Portuguese name of
Ngarabue (which see).
Gambrinus (gam-bri'nus). [Said to be derived
from Juii iirimus, or .Ian I., duke of Brabant in
the 13th century.] A mythical Flemish king,
the repuli'd inventor of beer.
Game at Chess, A. A comedy or satirical drama
by Thomas Middleton, produced before or by
1624.
The actors at the Globe had produced Middleton's
"Game at Chess," in which the action is carried on by
blaclE and white pieces, representing the Reformed and
Romanist parties. The latter, being the rogues of the
piece, are foiled, and are "put in the bag." The Spanish
envoy's complaint was founiled on the fact that living per-
sons were represented by the actors, such persons being
the King of Spain, Oondomar, and the famous Antonio de
Dtmiinis, wlio, after being a Romish bishop (of Spalatro),
professed Protestantism, became Dean of Wind8(jr, and
after all died in his earlier faith, at Rtjuie. On the am-
bassador's complaint, the actors and the author were sum-
moned hefr>re the council, but no immediate restilt fol-
lowed ; for, two days later, Nethcrcole writes to Cjirleton
informing hint that "the comedy in which the svhole .Span-
ish business is taken up, is drawing ;€!'«) nightly."
Doran, Eng. .Stage, I. 25.
Gamelyn (gam'e-liti). Tale of. A poem added
to the list of Chaucer's '•Caiiterlmry Tales "by
Urry. It is supposed tliat Chaucer had it in hand to use
as material Hir some poem of his (»wn, and that it was re-
produced as his by scribes who found it among his papers.
It found its way at last into dramatic form, through
Lodge's " Rosalynde," in Shake8|)eare's " As You Like It,"
and Shakespeare himself is said to have played his version
of thepartof Adam Spencer, who appears also in Gamelyn.
Mirrkii. Englisli Writers, V. 320.
QamergUfgii-mer'go). See Mnndiirit and Masii.
Gamester, The. 1. Aplayby Shirley, licensed
in 10.'i3. tJarrick brought ()Ut an alteration of this play
In 17.''>7, called "The Gamesters," in which he played Wild-
ing.
2. A comedy by Mrs. Centli\Te, printed first
in 1/0.5. It was adapted from Regnard's " Le .loueur."
"Le Disslpatenr," by Destouches, was partly taken from
Mrs. Centlivre's play.
3. A tragedy bv Edward Moore, produced in
17r.3. ■ ■
Oamil-Sin (gii'mil-sin). [Assyr., ' the ondower
of the tnodii-god Sin.'] One of the early Baby-
lonian kings, abotit 2.'')(I0 B.C. He resided at Ur.
Gammell (gatn'el). 'William. Born at Med-
lield, Mass., Fel). 10, 1H12: died at Providence,
R. I., April 3. 1H,S9. An American educator and
author. He graduated in 18:11 at Brown I'niversity, in
which institution he was tutor 18.11 -:i5. professor of rheto.
rlc anil Kngllsh literature 18;t.'> 51, atul professor of history
and polilii-al economy IS.M (tj, when he resigned. He
wrote a lifec.t lioger Williains (18411).
Gammer Gurton's Needle. A comedy by Bish-
op still. It was acted at Christ's College, Cambridge, in
IWkl, and priiit(;d in 1575. <iwing tit Warton's mistake in
supposing that it was printed in 1551, it wa.s for some time
thought to 111- the tlrst English comedy. " Ralph Roister
Dolster " preceded it.
423
As for the story, it is of the simplest, turning merely on
the losing of her needle by Gammer Gurtou as she was
mending her man Hodge's breeches, on the search ftir it
by the household, oti the tricks Ity which IUccon the Bed-
lam (the clown or "vice " of the piece) induces a quarrel
between Gammer and her neighbours, and on the flnal
tln<ling of the needle in the exact place on which Gammer
Gurton's industry had been eniployeil.
Saiiitubun/, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., pp. 55, .56.
Gammon (gam'on). Oily. In Wan-en's novel
"Ten Thousand a Year.'' a scheming, hypocriti-
cal solicitor.
Gamp (gamp ), Mrs. Sairey. In Dickens's "Mar-
tin (Jhuzzlewit," a fat old woman "'with a husky
voice and a moist eye," engaged in the )irofes-
sion of nursing. She is always i|Uoting bcr mythical
friend Mrs. Harris, and her affection for the I.ottle is pro-
verbial. From a part of her varied belitngings. a very
stumpy umbrella is called a "gamp." See Uarri», Mrs.
Gamti. See Cnmtl.
Gan. See Gituilmi.
Gand (goii). The French name of (Thent.
Ganda (giin'dii), or Baganda (ba-giin'da). An
important African nation occupying the north-
western shore of Lake Victoria. They call them-
selves Baganda, their country Buganda, and their lan-
guage Lugauda- By the Suahili they are called Waganda,
their country Uganda, and their language Kigaiida. The
royal family is of the Huma tribe of the Galla nation.
The people are Bantu, and form one of the finest-looking
and most advanced branches of the race. Their conical
huts are made of grass. The villages are surrcmndcd by
quadrangular stockades. The principal fruit is the ba-
nana. The women are more numerous than the men,
owing to the custom of raiding neighboring tribes, killing
or selling the men, and keeping the women. Before the
advent of Europeans, the Baganda were already well clad
in native bark cloth, which is fast being superseded by im-
ported cotton clotli. Marriage of near relatives is allowed,
but tattooing and circumcision are forbidden. The king
governs with the aid of feudal governors, of a premier
(called katikiro), of three ba-kungu (ministers), and of the
lu-chiko, or parliament, composed of the grandees. No
idols are worshiped, but the spirit of the water, Lubadi,
and the genii are invoked and propitiated. Since the es-
tablishment of the English mission in 1872, and of the
Catholic mission in 1879, much progi-ess has been made,
and Christianity is now predominant. In ISiJO the Bagan-
da accepted the protectorate of the British East African
Company. After a civil war between Catholics and Prot-
estants, the company withdrew, and the British govern-
ment took effective control in 1893. See Uganda, JUtesa,
Mwan'ja.
Gandak (gun-dak'), or Salagrami. A river of
Nepal aud British India, flowing toward the
southeast, aud uniting with the Gauges near
Patua. Length, about 400 miles.
Gandak, Little Gandak, or Bur Gandak. A
northern triljutary of the Ganges, east of the
Gandak (Salagrami).
Gandamak (gun-da-muk'). A village in east-
ern Afghanistan, situated on the Khyber route
east of Kabul . it was the scene of a massacre of Brit-
ish by Afghans in 1842. Here in 1879 a treaty was made be-
tween Yakub Khan and the British. For iiUO.OOO a year
the Ameer agreed to receive an English envoy at Kabul
and to surrender the Kurum, Pishin, and Sibi valleys. _
Gandara y Navarro (giin'dii-rii § nii-viir'ro),
Jose de la. Born at Bilbao, Oct. 1^, 1820. A
Spanish general. lie served against the Carlists, and
was governor of Fernando Po in 1867, and of Santiago de
Cubain 1802. In Sept., 1863. he went with reinforcements
to the aid of the Spanish in Santo Domingo, gained sev-
eral victories over the revolutionists, and in 18(>4 and 1805
was captain-general of the island, with the rank of lieu-
tenant-general. Subsequently be was governor-general of
the Philippines- He published " Historia de la anexion de
Santo Domingo."
Gandarewa (gan-da'ro-wa). In the Avesta, the
n.'iine of a ilemon of enormous size dwelling
by the Lake Voiu'ukasha, who seeks to destroy
Ilaonia. He is slain by Keresaapa. In the Shahnamah
he bcconies Kandarv, the minister of Zcdiak. The luune
is originally the same as the Sanskrit Gandharva (which
see).
Gandavo (giin-dil'vo) (incorrectly Gonda'VO),
Pero de Magalhaes de. A Portuguese aut hor
of tile Itith century. He was a native of Braga, audit
is conjectured that he visited Brazil, but nothing dehnite
is known of his life. His" Historia da Provineia de Saiieta
t'ruz " (Lisbon, 1570)18 the oldest kiu>wn work relating c\-
clusively to Brazil, but is of little historical importance.
It was republished in 1.S.58 in the " Revista Trimcnsal do
Institute of Rio de .Janeiro. Anotherwork by Gandavti,
" Tratndo da terra do Brasil," was published in 1828 in the
" Noticiaa Ultramarinas " of the Academy of Lisbon.
Gandercleugh(gan'der-kluch). The residence
of .ledediah Cleishbotham, whom Scott named
as the editor of his "Tales of My Landlord."
Gandersheim (giin'ders-him). A small town in
the duchy of Brunswick, Germany, 34 miles
southwest of Brunswiek. It Is noted for its abbey,
founiled in the middle of the 9th century. Later it was a
inincipality, incorporated with Brunswick in 1803.
Gandhari (giin-ii-hil're). [Ski.] ' Princess of
Gandliara.' wife of Dhritarashtra. As her husband
was liliiid, she always wore a bandage over her eyes to be
like liini.
Gandharva (gan-d-hiir'wa). A personage in
Hinilu mythology. Though In later times the Gand-
harvas are regarded us a class, the Rigvcda rarely men-
Oans
tions more than one, commoidy designated as the "heav-
enly Gandhiu'va." He dwells in the air. and his duty is
to guard the soma, which the g»Kl8 obtain through him.
Indra obtjiius it for man by conquering the Gandharva.
The heaveidy Gandharva is supposed to be a good phy-
sician, because soma is the best medicine. He is one of
the genii whc) regulate the course of the Sun's horses, and
he makes known the secrets of heaven. He is the parent
of the first human pair, Yama and Yami, and has a pe-
culiar power over women, whence he is invoked in mar-
riage ceremonies. Ecstatic states are derived from him.
The class have the same characteristics. In epic poetry
they arc the heavenly singers at the ban<iuet8 of the gods.
Gandia (giin'do-a). A town in the province of
Valencia, eastern Spain, situated near the Medi-
ten-anean .36 raUes .south-southeast of Valencia.
Population (1887), 8.723.
Gando(g;in'do). 1. A Fellatah kingdom in the
western Sudan, Africa, lying along the Niger
about lat. 7° 30'-14° N. it is within the sphere of in-
fluence of the British Boy.al Niger Company. Area, esti-
mated, 78,457 square miles. Population, estimated, 5,500,-
000.
2. The capital of the kingdom of Gando, situ-
ated about lat. 12° 25' N., long. 4° 40' E.
Ganelon (gii'ue-lon), or Gan (giin), or Gano
(gii'no), etc. A paladin in the Carlovingian
cycle of romance. By his treachci-y a.s an ofllcer of
Charlemagne he caused the death of R^dand and the loss
of the battle of Roncesvalles. He was torn in pieces by
wild horses, and his name became a synonym of treason.
Chaucer introduces him in his " Nun's Priest's Tale," and
Dante places him in the "Inferno."
Ganesha (ga-na'sha). In Hindu mythology, the
lord of the Ganas, or troops of inferior deities,
especially those attendant on Shiva. He is the god
of wisdom and remover of obstacles, propitiated at the be-
ginning of any important undertaking, and invoked at the
commencement of books.
Ganganelli (gitn-ga-nel'Ie). See Clement XIV.
Ganges (gan'jez). Hind. Ganga (gung'gii). The
sacred river of India. It rises (under the name of the
Bh.agirathi) in the Himalayas about lat. 31" N., long. 79° E.,
and is called the Ganges after its junction with the Alak-
nanda. Its course is mainly toward the southeast, and it
falls into the Bay of Bengal by many mouths (Hugli in the
west, Meghna in the east). Its chief tributaries are the
.lumna, Ramgunga, Gumti, Gogra, Gandak, Kusi, Atri,
Son, and Januma (the main stream of the Brahmaputra).
The length of the main streajn is l.,567 miles. It is navi-
gable from Hardwar, and from Allahabad for larger ves-
sels. On it are situated Calcutta, Patnji, and many holy
places, such as Benares, .Allahabad, Hardwar, and Gan-
gotri.
Ganges (gonzh). A town in the department of
Herault, southern France, situated on the H^-
rault 26 miles north-northwest of Montpellier.
Population (1891), 4.330.
Gangeticus Sinus (gan-jet'i-kus si'nus). The
ancient name of the Bay of Bengal.
Gangi (giin'je). A tovni in the province of
Palermo, Sicily, situated in lat. 37° 4(5' N., long.
14° 14' E. : the ancient Enguium. It was col-
onized by Cretans, and had a Cretan temple.
Population, 12,000.
Gangotri (giin-go'tre). A place in the state of
Garhwal, India, situated in lat. 30° ^^3' N., long.
78° .'59' E. It is celebrated as a Hindu shrine
on account of its proximity to the source of the
Ganges.
Gangpur (gang-por'). A tributary state in Chota-
Nagpur. British India, situated about lat. 22° N.,
long. 84° E.
Ganjam (giiu-jam'). 1. A district in the gov-
ernorship of Madras, British India, intersected
by lat. 19° N., long. 84° 30' E. Area, 8,813 square
miles. Population. 1,749,604. — 2. A small town
in the district of (4an,iam. sitiuited on the Bay
of Bengal in lat. 19° 23' N.. long. 85° 3' E.
Gannal (gii-niU'), Jean Nicolas. Porn at Saar-
louis, Prussia, .July 28, 1791: died at Paris, Jan.,
1852. A French chemist, the inventor of a sys-
tem of embalming by in.joction.
Gannat (gii-nii'). A town in the department
of AUicr, central France, situated on tlie Ande-
lot ;M miles south of Moulins. It has a noted
church. Population (1S91). commune. 5,764.
Gannett (gan'et), Ezra Stiles. Horn at Cam-
bridge, Mass., May 4, 1801: killed in a railway
accident at Kevero, Mass., Aug. 2(i. 1871. An
American Unitarian clergymau, colleague of
W. E. Channing in Boston from 1824, and sole
pastor from 1842.
Gannon (gan'on), Mary. Born at New York.
Oct. S. 1,H'29: "dieil there, Feb. 22, 1868. An
Anieriean actress. She went on the stage when six
years old. She was a versatile actress, excelling in com-
edy.
Ganor, or Ganora, or Ganore. See auinem-c.
Gans (giins), Eduard. Born at Berlin, March
22. 179S: died at Berlin. May 5. 1839. A noted
German jurist, professor at the University of
Berlin. He wrote "DasErbrecht Inwcltgeschichtllcher
Entwickelung" (1824-.'<5), "System des romischen Civil-
rechts " (18'>7), etc.
Oansbacher
Gansbacher (gens' ba-clier), Johaim Baptist.
Born at Sterzing, Tyrol, May 8, IT'S : died July
13, 1844. A German composer, chiefly of chui-ch
music.
Gansevoort (gansSort), Peter. Born at Al-
bany. N. y., July 17, 1749: <iied July 2, 1812.
An American general. He successfully defended
Fort Stauwis, New York, agaiust the British and Indians
under St. Leger in 1777. a service for which he received
the thanks of Congress. He became brigadier-general in
the I'nited States array in 1809.
Ganymede (gan'i-med). [L. Ganymedes, from
Gr. rai'i',u//(5^f.] In Greek mythology, the cup-
bearer of Zeus or of the Olympian gods : origi-
nally a beautiful Trojan youth, transferred to
Olympus (according to Homer, by the gods; ac-
cording to others, by the eagle of Zeus, or by
Zeus himself in the form of an eagle) and made
immortal. He supplanted Hebe in her function as cup-
bearer. He was regarded at first as the genius of water,
and is represented by the sign Aquarius in the zodiac.
Ganymede, In Shakspere's "As you Like it,"
the name assumed by Rosalind when disguised
as a man.
Gap (gap). The capital of the department of
Hautes-Alpes, France, situated on the Luve in
lat. 44° 3.5' N., long. 6° 4' E. : the ancient Va-
pineum. Population (1891), commune, 10,478.
Gap of Dunloe. A jjass in County Kerry, lie-
land. It is about 4 miles long, and is noted for
its grand and rugged beauty.
Garabit Viaduct. A famous viaduct on the
railway 90 miles south of Clermont-Ferrand in
soutliern France. Its span measures 542 feet.
Garagantua. See Garf/axtiia.
Garamantes (gar-a-man'tez). In ancient his-
tory, a nomatlic people dwelling in the Sahara,
Africa, east of the Gsetuli.
Garashanin (gii-ra-sha'nen), Ilia. Bom at
Garashi, circle Kraguyevatz, Servia, Jan. 28,
1812 : died at Belgrad, Servia, June 22, 1874. A
Ser\ian statesman, prime minister 1852-53 and
1862-67.
Garat (gii-rii' ), Dominique Joseph. Born near
Bayonne, France. Sept. S. 1749: died near Ba-
yonne. Dec. 9. 1833. A French politician and
political writer, minister of justice 1792, and
of the interior 1793.
Garat, Jean Pierre. Born at Ustaritz, near
Bayonne, France, April 25, 1764: died at Paris,
March 1, 1823. A French musician, nephew
of D. J. Garat, professor of singing in the Con-
servatory of Music, Paris, 1795. His voice was
of ui)Usu:U compass, including both barytone and tenor
registers: he was "the most extraordinary singer of his
time "(Grope).
Garay (gii-ri'), Francisco de. Died at Mex-
ico, 1524. A Spanish administrator. In 1509 he
went with Diego Columbus to_ Espanola as procurador ;
subsequently he was governor' of Jamaica, aud acquired
great wealth. In 1519 he sent out an expedition under
Alonzo de Pineda, which explored much of the northern
shore of the Gulf of Mexico, discovering the mouth of the
Mississippi. Garay was authorized to conquer and colo-
nize the new region, and in 1523 sailed to the Panuco
River, in Mexico, to establish a colony ; but he lost sev-
era] ships, and had a dispute with Cortes who claimed the
territor>'. He went to Mexico Citj- to meet Cortes, and
died there.
Garay (gor'oi), JS,n0S. Born at SzegszArd,
county of Tolna, Hungary, Oct. 10, 1812: died
at Pest, Nov. 5. 1853. A Hungarian poet. He
wrote the tragedies " Arbocz " (t837) and "B;itori Erzs6-
bet"(l*iO), and the collections "Az ArpAdok "(lSi7), " Ba-
latoni Kagylnk " ('■Shells from the Balaton Lake," 18i3),
*' Szent L:^szl.i " (1850), etc. In his last years he became
paralytic and blind, and died in extreme poverty.
Garay (ga-ri'), Juan de. Bom in Biscay,
l.")41 : died near the river Parand. 1582. A
Spanish soldier. He went to Paniguay about 1605 ;
was prominent in various conquests and explorations ; and
from 1570 until his death was acting governor as the lieu-
tenant of Juan Torres. He founded the present city of
Buenos Ayres (the first settlement having been abandoned)
June 11, 1580. While returning from that place to Asun-
cion he died, either in a shipwi-eck or at the hands of the
Indians.
Garbo (giir'bo), Raffaellino del (originally
Raffaello Capponi). Bom at Florence, 1466:
died there, 1524. A Florentine painter, a pupil
of Filippino Lippi.
Gar?ao (giir-sSn'), Pedro Antonio Gorrea.
Bom at Lisbon, April 29, 1724: died Nov. 10.
1772. A Portuguese Ivric poet. Works pub-
lished 1778.
Garcia, or Garzia(g!ir-the'a), or Garcias (giir-
the'as). BornatTudela, 958: died 1001. King
of Navarre 99.5-1001 . He was surnamed " the Trem-
bler" on account of his nervousness l)efore battle; and
was the author of the saying " My bmly trembles at the
dangers to which my courage is ai>out to expose it " He
defeated the floors under Alniansur in the battle of Cala-
taflazor in 998.
Garcia (gar-se'a), Aleixo or Alejo. Died in
424
Paraguay about 1526. A Portuguese, or possi-
bly a Spaniard, who early in the 16th century
was left on the coast of southern Brazil, near
Santa Catharina, by one of the exploring ships
which touched there. He lived for years among the
Indiana, and about 15-24, accompanied by several hundred
of them, made an expedition weslwai'd or northwestwani,
penetrating beyond the Paraguay and perhaps reaching
the confines of Peru. Returning with a lai-ge amount of
gold, he was murdered by his companions. The accounts
of this expedition are very vague, and have been discred-
ited by some historians.
Garcia, DiogO. Born at Lisbon about 1471: tlied
in Spain about 1535. A Portuguese pilot. He
entered the service of Spain, and there are indications that
he was on the coast of South America as early as 1512, pos-
sibly as far south as the Plata. In 1526 he commanded an
expedition to the co.ast of Brazil and the Plata. Ascend-
ing the ParanA, he met Sel>astian Cabot, quarreled with
hira, and in 1528 returned to Spain. It is conjectured that
he was subsequently in the Indian Oce.an, and that he dis-
covered there the island bearing his name.
Garcia (gar-the'a), Gregorio. Bom in Cozar
about 1560: died in Baeza. 1627. A Spanish
Dominican author. He traveled for twelve years
in Spanish America, part of the time as a missionary
among the Indians. He published *' Origen de los Indios
del Nuevo Mundo" (Valencia, l(i07; Madrid, 1727) and
" Predicacion del Evangelio en el Xuevo Mundo viviendo
los Apostoles " (Baeza, l<'-25). His '■ Mouarquia de los In-
cas del Peru " was never published, and is probably lost.
Garcia, Manuel. Born at Madrid, March 17,
1805 : died at Paris, 1879. A Spanish teacher
of singing. His application of the lar>'ngoscope and
his "Memoire surla voix humaine" (1840) "may be said to
be the foundation of all subsequent investigations of the
voice. (Grove.) He went to London in 1850, aud was pro-
fessor at the Royal Academy of Music.
Garcia, Manuel del Popolo Vicente. Born
at Seville, Spain, Jan. 22, 1775 : died at Paris,
June 2, 1832. A Spanish singer, composer, and
musical instructor. He founded a famous school of
singing in London in 1823. He wrote 19 Italian, 17 Span-
ish, and 7 French operas (Fi^tis).
Garcia, Maria. See MaUbran.
Garcia, Pauline. See Mardot.
Garcia Calderon, Francisco. See Calileron.
Garcia Cubas (ko'bas). Antonio. Bom in
1832. A Mexican mathematician and geogj'a-
pher, for many years employed by the govern-
ment in explorations of the republic and iu
preparing statistics, reports, and maps. Among
his numerous important works are '" Atlas geogrifico, es-
tadistico y historico de la Repiiblica Mejicana" (1857). a
map of Mexico (1863X "Cuadro geogrAfico, estadlstico, de-
scriptivo 6 hist<iric<> de los Estados Vnidos Mejicanos"
(18K)), and "Diccionario geogriiflco, historico y biogrifico "
(issy).
Garcia de Palacio (gar-the'a da pa-la'the-6),
Diego. Bom at Santander about 1520 : died,
probably at Mexico, after 1587. A Spanish
lawyer and author. He was auditor of Guatemala,
and in 1576 wrote a report on that country wiiich is of
great historical importance. It was first puldished in the
Mufioz collection, and there are modern editions in vari-
ous languages.
Garcia Granados (gra-na'dos), Miguel. Born
about 1840 : died Sept. 8, 1878. A Guatemalan
politician. As a deputy he opposed Cerna in 1869, and
in 1870 was banished. Assisted by Barrios, he invaded
Guatemala from Cliiapas in 1871, defeated and deposed
Cerna. and ruled the country as provisional president
until June 4. 1873, when he was succeeded by Barrios.
Garcia Moreno (mo-ra'no), Gabriel. Bom at
Guayaquil, 1821: assassinated at Quito, Aug. 6,
1875. An Ecuadorian politician. Hewaschiefof
the provisional government at Quito. 1859. as head of the
church party, and i>resident 18*31-65. during a period of
great disorder, including war with New Granada. In 1869
he was again elected president for six years, and had been
reelected in 1875 when he was killed.
Garcia Onez de Loyola, Martin. See LoynUi.
Garcia Pelaez ( pa-lii 'at h ) . Francisco de Paula.
Born about 1800: died at Guatemala City, Jan.
25, 1867. A Guatemalan prelate and historian,
archbishop of Guatemala from Feb. 11, 1844.
His principal work was " Memorias para lahis-
toria del antiguo reino de Guatemala "(3 vols.
1S51-53).
Garcia Kovira (ro-ve'ra), Custodio. Bom in
Cartagena about 1770: died at Bogotd, Aug. 8,
1816. A New Granadan ]iatTlot. He was profes-
sor in the College of San Bartolome, and an accomplished
scholar. In 1810 he joined the patriots, had important
commands in the army, and in 1814 and 1815 was a mem-
ber of the executive triumvirate. A\'lien the patriots
were flying before Morillo in I8I61 Garcia Rovira was for
a short time chief of the state. He was captured and
shot.
Garcias (gar-the'as), Pedro. A licentiate, re-
ferred to in the preface to Le Sage's "Gil
Bias," whose soul was buried in a leathern
purse which held his ducats.
Garcilasso de la Vega. See Vega.
Garcin de Tassy (sriir-saii' d^ ta-se'), Joseph
H^liodore Sagesse Vertu. Born at Mar-
seilles, Jan. 20, 1794: died at Paris, Sept. 2,
Gardiner, Stephen
1878. A French Orientalist, author of works
on Hindi Hindustani, etc.
Gard (gai')- A department of southern France,
capital Nimes : part of the ancient Languedoe.
It is boundetl l>y Lozore aud Ardeche on the north, the
Rhone (sepai-ating it from Vaucluse and Bouches-da-
Rhone) on the east, the Mediteri-aueau and H^rault on
the south, and H^rault and Aveyrou on the west. It has
important manufactures of silk, etc., and rich mineral
products. Area, 2,253 square miles. Population (18911
419,388.
Gard, Pont du. The modem name of a bridge
forming part of a celebrated Roman aqueduct,
situated about 14miles northeast of Nimes.
Garda (giir'da). Lake of. [It. Lago di Gurdd.']
The largest lake of northern Italy, bordering on
Tyrol on the north and the provinces of Verona
on the east and Brescia on the west : the an-
cient Lacus Beuacus. The Minciocairies its waters
into the Po. The lake is noted for stoi-ms. Peschiera
and Riva are situated on it. Length, 37 miles. Breadth,
10 miles.
Gardaia, or Ghardaya (gar-di'a). The chief
town of the Beui-Mzab, situated in the prov-
ince of /Ugiers, Algeria, in lat. 32° 28' N.,
long. 3° 58' E. Population, about 26,000.
Garde Joyeuse. See JoyeuM' Garde.
Gardelegen (gar'de-la-gen). [Foi-merly also
Gardelcficn and Gnrlebe>i.~\ A town iu the prov-
ince of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the Milde
28 miles north-northwest of Magdeburg. Popu-
lation (1890), 7,263.
Garden (giir'dn), Alexander. Bom at Chai-les-
ton, S. C, Dec. 4, 1757: died at Charleston, Feb.
29, 1,S29. An American revolutionary officer,
known chiefly as the author of "Anecdotes of
the Revolutionary War" (1822).
Garden City (gar'dn sit'i). A village in Long
Island, New York, about 20 miles east of Brook-
l\Ti. It is noted for its Episcopal cathedral
(founded by Mrs. A. T. Stewart) and schools.
Garden City, -^.n epithet of Chicago.
Garden of Eden, see £deii.
Garden of England. A name given to Wor-
cestershire on aceoimt of its fertility.
Garden of France. A name given to Touraine,
a former prox'ince of France.
Garden of Gethsemane. See Getlisemane.
Garden of Helvetia. A name given to Thur-
gau.
Garden of Italy. A name sometimes given to
Sicily.
Garden of the Gods. A remarkable region
near Colorado Springs, Colorado, comprising
about 500 acres, covered with extraordinary
rock-formations (cathedral spires, etc.).
Garden of the Hesperides. See Hesperides.
Garden of the Tuileries. See Tuiliries.
Garden State, or Garden of the "West. A
name sometimes given to Kansas.
Gardiner (gard'ner). A city in Kennebec
County, Maine, situated on the Kennebec 8
miles south of Augusta. Population (1890),
5,491.
Gardiner, James. Born at Can-iden, near Lin-
lithgow, Jan. 10, 168S: killed at the battle of
Piestonpans, Sept. 21, 1745. A Scottish colonel
of dragoons, famous on account of his remark-
able conversion in 1719.
Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. Born 1829. An
English liistoriau. His works include a history of
the Stuart period *'from the Accession of James L to the
Disgrace of Chief Justice Coke "(1863). "Piince Charles
and the Spanish Maniage " (1869), "The Thirty Years'
War '(1874), "England under the Duke of Buckingham
aud Charles I." (1^75), "Personal Government of Charles
I." (1877). "Outlines of English History " (1881). 'Fall of
the .Monarchy of Charles I.' (1882), "History of the Great
Civil Vi'ai" (1886), etc. He has edited a number of hith-
erto unpublished documents and letters (" The Fortescue
Papers. ■■ "The H:unUton Papers," etc.).
Gardiner, Stephen. Bom at Bury St. Edmunds
between 1483 and 1490 : died at London, Nov.
12, 1555. An English prelate and politician.
He studied at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, of which society
he was elected master in 1525. In 1628 he was sent by
Henry VIII. on a mission to the Pope in reference to the
proposed divorce between the king and Catharine of Ara-
gon. He was made secretary of state in 1629 ; was ap-
pointed bishop of Winchester in 1631 ; and was -lected
chancellor of the Iniversity of Cambridge about 1640.
Although constantly employed on diplomatic missions to
the courta of Rome, France, and the emperor, his chief
service to Henry consisted in a learned defense of the
Act of Supremacy, published in 16:i."> under the title "De
vera obedientia oratio." In the reign of Edward VI. he
resisted the ecclesiastical policy of Crannier, iu conse-
quence of which he was committed to the Tower and, in
1562, deprived of his bishopric. He was restored to lib-
erty at the accession of Queen Mary, *ho appointed him
lord high chancellor of the realm in 1663. In conjunction
with Idmner he was the chief instrument in bringing
about the pereecution of the Protestants in the early part
of Mary's reign.
Gardiner's Bay 425
Gardiner's Bay. An inlet on the northern
c-oast of Long kiand, Ijaus between Gardiner's
Isluiid on the east and Shelter Island on the
WfSt.
Gardiner's Island. A small island l.\nng off
thf iioitbcast of Lonj; Island, Now York, in
lat. 41° S' N.. long. 72° .s' W. It belongs to
the township of Easthampton.
Gardner (gard'neri. A torni in Worcester
County, Massachusetts, about 23 miles north-
west of Worcester. Population (1890), 8,424.
Gardner, George. Born at Glasgow, Scotland,
.May. I,S12: died at Neura Ellia, t'eylon, March
IK. l.'<4y. .\ botanist and traveler. Frmu 1S3« to
IWl he traveled in BnizU, ciillectiris; aihl studvinj; plants. r<'_l'v.'~-i n..~l.■^^^ /™, -I'x i A ^:,.
In 1S44 he was aijpointe.l snpeiintendent of the botanical Garhwal, or GUrhWal (g;tir-",al )•. 1. A dlS
garden of Ceylon, and lie afterward traveled extensively
in Intlia. Besides nuuiei-ous botaniciil monographs, he
published ''Travels in the Interior of Brazil" (1S46 : 2d
ed. IHVJ).
Gardoni (gar-do'ne), Italo. Bom at Parma,
Italy. 1821: tUod March 30. 1882. An ItaUan
tenor singer. He made his diSbut at Viadana in 1S4II.
His repertoire was large, and he sang much in Paris and
London. He retired from the stage in 1874.
Gareloch (giir'loch). An inlet of the Firth of
t'lvde. in the southwest of Dumbartonshire,
Sc'otlanil.
Garenganze (gs^reng-giin'ze), also Katanga
(kii-taug'gii). The kingdom of the late
Mushidi or Msidi, situated between the head
streams of the Luapula River, west of Lakes
Bangweolo and Moero. The natives are mostly Ba-
loba ^Iso called Ila-niba and Ba-rua). Garenganze is the
English pronunciation of Ngaranganja, the name of a
Nyamwczi tribe to which Msidi, the founder of the king-
dom, belonged. The Xyamwezi are the grejit traders of
East Afric:i. The famous copper-mines attracted them
to Katanga, where Kuns and powder enabled Msidi to
establish his great kingdom, based on rapine. In 18!»2
Msidi was shot by a Kongo State otticer, and his country
bandeil over to the Katanga Company. See Luba.
GaressiO (g;i-res'se-6). A small town in the
province of Cuueo. Piedmont, Italy, situated
on the Tanaro 28 miles southeast of Cuneo.
Gareth (ga'reth). In Arthurian lomance, the
neiihew of King Arthur. He was introduced to
Arthur's court as a scullion, and conceahd his name for a
year at his mother's request. He was nicknamed "Beau-
niains " by sir Kay on account of the size of his hands.
Tennyson has use'd bis story, with some alterations, in
"Qaretb and Lynette."
Garfield (giir'feld). James Abram. Boru at
Orange, C'uvahoga County, Ohio, Nov. 19. 1831: . ...
died at Elberon. N. J., "Sept. 19. 1881. The Ganep (ga-rep ).
Garrick
been suspected of spuriousness. Such a question cannot Garnicr (giir-nya'), Adolphe. Born at Paris,
be debated here at length. But there is no external tea.
timony of snttlcient value to discredit Rabelais's autlior-
sbip, while the internal testimony in its favour is over-
whelming, ^aintsf/ury, Short Hist, of French Lit., p. 1^.
Gargapliia(giir-ga'fi-!i), The Vale of. The vale
where the mythical Acta^ou was torn to pieces
by his own hoimds. It was used by Jonson as
the scene of "Cynthia's lievels."
Gargaron (gar'ga-ron), the modern Kaz-Dagh
(kaz-dag'). [Gr. Pu^jja^joi'.] lu ancient geog-
raphy.thc highest summit of Mount Ida.Mysia.
Gargery (gar'jer-i), Joe. In Dicken.s's "Great
E.vpectations," a good-natured blacksmith with
I slirewish wife: Pip's brother-in-law.
or ~ ' ' _
ti'ict iu the Kumaon divisiou. Northwest Prov
inces, British India, intersected by lat. 30° 30'
N., long. 79° E. Area, 5,629 square miles. Pop-
ulation (1891), 407,818.-2. A protected state
in India, situated west of British Garhwal.
Area, 4,164 square miles. Population (1891),
241,2-12.
Garibaldi (ga-re-biirde), Giuseppe. Born at
Nice, .July 4, 1807 : died on the island of Ca-
prera, near Sardinia, June 2, 1882. A cele-
brated Italian patriot. Exiled from Italy for politi-
cal reasons in 1834, he went to .South America, where''he
was employed in the service llrst of the republic of Kio
<Jrande do Sul and afterward in that of Uruguay, 183*>-48.
In 1S49 he entered the service of the Roman Republic,
which was abolished in the same year. In 185U he went
as an exile to the United .St:ites, where he was natui-alized
as a citizen, and where for a time he followed the occupa-
tion of a candle-maker on Staten Island. He returned to
Italy in 1854, and settled as a fanner on the island of Ca-
prera. He commanded an independent corps, known as
the " Hunters of the Alps, "in the Sardinian service during
the war of Sardinia and France against .Austria in 18.59.
Secretly encouraged by the Sardinian govenmient, he
organized, after the conclusion rif peace, an exjiedition
against the Two Sicilies for the ptu-pi^se of liiiiigiiig about
the union of Italy. He descentk-d upi'ii Sicily with 1,000
volunteers in May, 1860, and after having made himself
dictator of Sicily crossed to the mainlanci, where he ex-
pelled Francis II. from Naples and entered the capital
Sept. 7, 1860. He retired to Oaprera on the union of the
Two Sicilies with Sardinia and the proclamation, ilarch
17, 1S61, of Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia as king of Italy.
Striving for the complete uintication of Italy, he organized
an expedition against Rome in lsi;-_*, l)ut was defeated and
captured by the Sai'dinians at Aspronionte in Aug. He
was again in arms against the Pope in 18tl7, and was de-
feated by the French and pai)al forces at Mentana in Nov.
In 1870-71 be commanded a French force in the war
against tlie Germans.
The Orange River.
twentieth President of the United States. He Garigliano (gii-rel-yii'uo). A river in western
was an instructor in and later president of Hiram College, Italy, licnving into the Gulf of Gaeta 10 miles
Ohio, 18.50-<il, and a member of the Ohio senate 1869-61. east of Gaeta: the ancient Liris. Near it, Dec.
He joined the Union army as a lieutenant-colouel of vol- 27^ j.r,03, Gonsalvo de Cordova defeated the French under
unteers at the beginning of tbc Civil War ; defeated Gen- the Marquis of Saluzzo. I.ength, about 'JO miles.
eral Humphrey Mimsh.'UI at the battle of Middle Creek,
Jan. 10. ISC2 ; was promoted l)riga<lier-general in the same Garland (giir'land), AugTlstuS Hill, Born near
year; was chief of Rosecraiis's staff (serving at Chicka- Covino'ton, Te'hu., June 11, 1S32. An Ameri-
manga) in 1.S03; was promoted major-general in 1863: was » '.
member <if Congress from Ohio 1863 80 ; was a member
of the F.lectoral Commission in 1877 ; was elected United
States senator in 1880 ; was elected :is Republican candi-
date for President in 1880; was inaugurated March 4,
1881 : and was shot at Washington by Guiteau. July 2,
1881. Ilia works have been edited by B. A. Hinsdale (2
Tols. 1883).
Oargamelle (giir-ga-mel'). The mother of Gar-
gautua, iu Rabelais's romance of that name.
Oargano (giir-gji'no). A mountainous penin-
sula in the proNince of Foggia, Italy, project-
ing into the Adriatic Sea: the ancient Garga-
mis. Highest point, Monte Calvo (3,460 feet),
Gargantua (giir-gan'tu-ii,: F. pron. giir-goii-tii-
a') and Pantagruel (pan-tag'ro-el : F. pron.
poii-tii-grii-el'). The Life of. -\ satirical work
m prose and verse by liabelais. Gargantua iaa
^ant with an enormous appetite, antl his name has be-
come pn)verbial for an insattalile eater. The misspelling
Qariit/antua, originated by Poi)e in his editiott of Shak-
spere^s plays (" As you Like It." iii. 2), has been followed
by some other editors. (FitnwM.) There w;is a chap-
book, popular in F.nglanil in the If.th century, giving tbc
history of the giant Gargantua, who aecidcnt,ally swallows
can politician. He was a member of the Confederate
congress: governor of Arkansas 1875-77; United States
senator from Arkansas 1877-86 ; and attoniey-general 1885-
1889.
Garm(giirm). [ON. Gar/«r.] In Old Norse my-
thology, the demon watch-dog of Hel. At Rag-
nai'ok iie and the god Tyr slew each other.
Garmail fger-ma-il') and Armail (er-ma-il').
In Firdausi, two noble Persians who became
cooks to King Tohak in order to save each day
one of the two men whose brains were daily
devoured by the serpents that grew on Tohak's
Ijack. Substituting the brains of a sheep for those of
one, they saved him. From the men thus sjivcd Firdausi
derives the Kurds.
Garneau (giir-no'). Francois Xavier. Born at
(.Quebec. .lune 15, 1K09: died Feb. 3, 1866. A
Canadian historiati. He was city (ih-rk <)f Quebec
1845-66. He wrote " Histoire du 1 'anaiia " (1845-46).
Garnet (giir'net), Henry Highland. Born in
Kent County, Md., 181.'i: died at Monrovia.
Liberia, Feb., 1882. .\n .\inerican clergyman
and orator, of African birth.
laves and all, in his salad. Sec /'on(a</rH.'( Gamott (giir'net), Henrv. Bom at Heanor, Garraud (gii-ro'). Gabriel Joseph. Born
five pilgrims,
and I*annr<j
He (Rabelais) edited too. and perhaps in part rewrote, a
Srose romance, " I.cs Grandea et Inestinmbles Chronicqnea
u (Jnuit et Knornie Qt^'ant Gargantua." This work, the
author of which is unknown, and no earlier copies of which
exist, gave him no dou)>t at le;ist the idea i>f his own fa-
mous taxik. The next year(15:i2) followed the tlrst instal-
ment of this - "Pantagrtlel R<d des Dii>sodes Rc8titu(5 en
Son nnturel avec ses Faicts et Pnnieses F.spouvantables. "
Three yeai-« afterwards came "Gargantua " proper, the llrst
book of the entire work as we now have it. Eleven years.
however, passed l>eforc the work was continued, the sec-
ond book of "Pantagruel " not being pntdished till 1546, rLarnptt
»nd thethlrd six yearslat.r just iM'torc the author's death, ,*,,.,-'
In ir),'>2. 'file fnnrth or liL**t liook did not appear as a whole ',;'''. ,., ../,.-o/\ !.>-,-».
until 16(M, though the llist sixteen chapters bad been given son of Hichard (.ariiett ( 1 (H!(-l,s.ill). He was made
to thcworbl two vears before. This fourth book, the (Ifth assistant keeper of i)rintcd books and superintendent of
of the entire work, has, from the length of time which the reaiiing-room of the British Museum in 1876. He
«I>psed before its publication and from certain variations retired in 18S4, and has since been appointed keeper of
which exist in the Ms. and the tlrst i)rintcd editions, printed liooks.
Derbyshire. 1:'),^5 : executed at St. T'aiil's Church-
yard. M:iy 3, 1606. .\ leading English .Jes\iit.
arrested and ]iut to death for alleged connec-
tion witli the (iimpovvder Plot.
Garnett, Richard. Born at Otley, Yorkshire.
.Inly 25, 1789: died Sept. 27, 1.8,50, An English
clergyman and philologist, assistant keeper of
piinled Ixioks at the British Museuiu from 1838.
His philological essavs were collected and pub-
lished in is.5!l.
Richard. Born at Lichfiehl.Englanil.
is:!.'). ,\n English scholar and author.
.Manh 27, 1801 : died at Jouy-en-Josas, May 4,
1804. A French philosopher. He was professor of
philosophy iu the University of Paris from 1845 until his
death. He wrote "Traitti des faeultes de Fame" (1852).
Garnier, Charles Georges Thomas. Born at
AiLxeiTe. i'lanee, Sept. 21, 1746: died there,
Jan. 24, 1795. .\ French litterateur. HewasRev-
olutionar)' conmiissioncr at Auxerre 1793-;i6. His chief
work is " Noiiveaux proverbes dranuttiques, etc." (1874).
Gamier, Germain. Bom at Auxerre, France,
Nov. .H, 1754: died at Paris, Oct. 4, 1821. A
French political economist, brother of C. G. T.
Garnier. He emigrated with the royalists in 1793, re-
turned in 1795, and became prefect of the department of
Selne-et-Oise in 1800, a senator in 1804, and president of
the Senate in 1809. At the restoration of 1814 he became
a member of the Chamber of Peers, and was appointed
minister of state by Louis XVIII. after the Hundred Days.
He translated Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations " (1805),
and wrote a nnmt)er of politico-economic treatises, in-
cluding '' Histoire de la monnaie " (1819).
Gamier, Jean Louis Charles. Born at Paris,
Nov. 6, 1825. A French architect. He entered
the ficole des Beaux Arts in 1842, and became a pupil of
I.ebas and Lcveil. He subsetjuently traveled in Italy and
Greece, and began business as an architect at Paris in
1864. He designed the Grand Op(^ra at Paris, which waa
erected under bis supervision 1863-74.
Gamier, Joseph Clement. Born at Breuil,
Alpes-Maritinies. France, Oct. 3, 1813: died at
Paris, Sept. 25, 1881. A French political econo-
mist. He was made senator in 1867. His works include
" Traits d'economie politique " (9th ed. 1889), " Traits de
tlnance " (188-:) , etc.
Gamier, Marie Joseph Frangois. Born at St.-
I'^tieuue, France, July 25, 1^39: died iu Tong-
kiug. Dec. 21, 1873. A French exjilorer. He ac-
companied the expedition of Admiral Charner to C^hiua
and Cochin China as ensign 1860-62 ; was placed iu charge
of the exploration of the river Mekong in 1866 ; partici*
pated in the defense of Paris 1870-71 ; and commanded a
military expedition to Tongkiiig, whose capital, Hanoi,
he ttjok Nov. 20, 1873. He was killed in an engagement
with Chinese pirates. Author of " Voyage d'exploration
en Indo-Chine " (187:)).
Gamier, Robert. Born at Fert6 Bernard, 1534 :
died at Le Mans, Aug. 15, 1590. The most im-
portant French writer of tragedy before Cor-
neille. He was a member of the Paris bar. became lieu-
tenant crimiuel at Le Mans, and was Anally appointed
councilor of state. He was a disciple of Ronsard. His
works, which were composed between the years 15ti8 and
1580, consist of 8 plays: "Porcit*," "CornSlie," "Mai'c-
Antoine," "Hippolyte," "La Troade," "Antigone,"' "Les
Juives," and "Bradamante."
Gamier-Pagds (gar-nya'pii-zhas'). Louis An-
toine. Born at Marseilles, Feb. 16, 1803: died
at Paris, Oct. 31, 1878. A French lawyer and
politician. He became minister of tlnance, March 5,
1848, in the provisional government est^iblished by the
February revolution. Sulisequcntly. on Sept. 4, 1870, he
was elected a member of the jnovisional govermncnt which
succeeded tlie second empire. He wrote "Histoire de la
r<;volution de 1848 " (1861-72). etc.
Garo (gii'ro) (also Garro or Garrow) Hills.
A territorviu India, situated about lat. 2:5°-'26°
N., long. 90°-91° E., nominally imder British
rule. It is a motmtainous district with an area
of 3,270 square miles.
Garonne (gii-ron'). [Tj. Gurnmuti, Gtirinina.']
A river in southwestern France. It rises in the
Sj)auish Pyrenees, has a generally northerly and north-
westerly course, and falls into the Bay of Biscay about
lat. 45° 38' N., long. 1' 4' W. It is called the Gironde after
its iniion with the Dordogne. Length, about 3.50 nnles.
It is navigable ab.nit 250 miles (for ocean vessels to Bor-
deaux). At Toulouse it is connected by the Canal du
Midi with the Mediterranean.
Garonne, Haute-. See Hnatc-daroinic.
Garrard (ga-riir.1'). George. Born May 31, 1760:
died at London, Oct. 8, 1827. An English ani-
mal-painter and sculptor.
Garratt (gar'at). A village situated between
Tooting an<l Wandsworth, Surrey. The practice
of electing a mayor (really a chairman appointed for the
difense of riglit's iif cinnnuin) at every general election,
adopted l>v the iidial>itimts about 1780, gave rise to a series
of satirical " Addresses bv the .Mayors of Garratt." Foote
le a play on the snlyect. •' 'Ihe Mayor of Garratt "
" _..,-.■ •. "at
A
Dijon. March 25, 1S07: died there, in 1880.
French sculptor.
Garra way's Coflfee House. A noted London
eolfee-house standing for two centuries in Ex-
change Alley. Cornhill. Tea was flrst sold here ; the
promoters of the South Sea Hubble met here ; and sales
of drugs, mahogany, and tiinlicr were held here periodi-
cally. It was frequented liy people of quality, and " as a
place of sale, exchange, auctiiui, and lottery it was never
excelled " {Thnriibiirij). The original pi-oprictor, Thomas
Garway, was a tol)acconl8tand cotfec dealer.
Garrick (gar'ik), David. Born at Hereford,
Kngland. Feb. 19. 1717: ilied at London, Jan.
'JO. 1779. .\ <'eIebr:itiMl English actor. He was
educated at I.ichtlcld Graninuu' School ; went to London in
1737. traveling with Dr. Saumel .lobn.son, one of whose
liui)ll8 be bad been at Edial ; and was entered at Lincoln's
Inn. He went into the wine liusiness, however, with his
Garrick
brother. The paitiiership was soon ilissolveil, and his love
of the stage induced him to make it lus jn-. ■fission. Ue
made his tii-st aiiiKaraiue in public in 1741. Havms played
several minor parts, he made, on Oct. W, his fainous ap.
nearanee as Ri.lwrd III., which was an immediate suc-
cess. In 1742 he went to Dublin, where he was well re-
ceived. In 174.^ he again went to Dublin, and was JO"''
manager there with Sheridan. In 1747 he undertook the
San^ement of the Drury Lane Theatre with Ucy, having
bought a half interest. Ue brought out plays mcludmg
24 of Shaksperc's, creating new parts and playing the
nrincioal del ones. His repertoiie was large and he was
?r,^ vKlle, his ninge extending from Hamlet^ t« the ex-
tremesof low comedy in .\bel Drugger and light come y
in Archer One of bis favorite characters was Don Feli.\
in "The Wonder," which he played for the first time >ov.
6 1766, and for the last time at his last appearance, June
lb 1776 He retired with a considerable fortune to Hamp-
ton He wrote farces and comedies and alterations of old
Diays (especially with Colman), togeiher with many pro-
loRues, epigrams, etc. He played with all the foremost
actors of his time. He was a great actor and successful
manager, and enjoyed tbefriendshipof the most noted men
of his day. .lohnson said of him that " his death eclipsed
the gaiety of natiims. "
Garrick Club. A London olub instituted in
1831 for the patronage of the drama, and as a
rendezvous for men of letters. Since 1864 it
has occupied a house in Garriclc street.
Garrison ( gar' i-son ) , Williain Lloyd. Born at
Newbiuypoit, Mass., Dec. 10, lb05: died atNcw
York, May 24, 1879. A noted American aboli-
tionist. He leai-ncd the trade of a printer, and eventually
became a iouriialist. In 1S31 he began at Bost«n the pub-
lication of the "Liberator," a journal advocating the abo
lition of slavery at the South, which he conducted until
its discontinuance in 1885. In 1832 he bpunded at Boston
an abolition society, which became tlie model f"i' s™i-
lar societies all over the Nortli. .shortly iifterward the
.American .\ntislavery Society was founded, of which he
was president 1S43-65.
Garrod (gar'od), Alfred Henry. Born at Lon-
don, May 18, 1846 : died Oct. 17. 1879. An Eng-
lish zoologist. He studied at Cambridge, where he
became a fellow of St. John's College in 1873 ; became
prosector to tlie Zoological Society in 1871; was appointed
professor of comparative anatomy at King s College, Lon-
don in 1874 ; and became professor of physiology at the
Roval Institution in 1876. He is best known from his
studies in the anatomy of birds. His papers were edited
by W. A. Fortescue in 1881.
Garrow Hills. See Guro Hills.
Garston (gar'ston). A town in Lancashire,
England, situated on the Mersey 5 mUes south-
east of Liverpool, ropulation (1891), 13,444.
Garter, Order of the. See Order.
Garth (giirth), Caleb. A character in George
Eliot's novel ■•Middlemarch." , , _,
Garth, Sir Samuel. Born in Bowland Forest,
Yorkshire, 1661 : died at London, Jan. 18, 1719.
An English phvsician and poet. He studied at
Cambridge (Peterhouse) and Leyden, and established him-
self in London in the practice of medicine. Among lus
works is " Tlie Di8]iensary " (1699), a poem which ridicules
apothecaries, and records the first attempt to establish
dispensaries for outdoor patients. It passed through many
editions. ^ ^. ^
Garuda (Hind. pron. gur'o-da). In Hindu my-
thology, a liird or vulture, half bird half man,
on whiVh Vishnu rides.
Garumna (ga-i-um'nii). The Latin name of the
Garonne.
Garve (gar've). Christian. Born at Breslau,
Prussia, Jan. 7, 1741!: died at Breslau, Dec. 1,
1798. A German philosopher, niorulist, and
translator. He was professor (extraordinary)
of i)hilosophv at Leipsic 1770-72.
Gasca (gas'ka), Pedro de la. Born at Barco
de Avila, Castile, 148.5: died at ValUulolid, r«ov.,
1567. A Spanish lawver. in U46 he was sent to
Pern as president of the'audience, with extraordinary
powers, to put down the rebellion of Gonzalo I'lzairo. He
managed by peaceful means to win over many of the
rebels Centcno, Valdivia, and Benalcazar joined him ;
and Pizai-i-o's forces finally deserted im the tleld of Sacsa-
huana, near Cujco, April 9, 1648. Pizarro and his lieuten-
ant, Caibajal, were captured and executed, and Oasca
treated the rebels with gieat seventy. « hilc tlie country
was still in a state of confusion he slipped away (Jan.,
1660), leaving the government in the hands of the au.li-
ence On his return to Spain he was made bishop of
Paleiicia, and in i:i01 was promoted to the see of Siguciiza.
Gascoigne (gas-koin' ), Sir Bernard (Bernardo
or Bernardino Guasconi). Born at Florence,
1614: died at Linidmi, Jan. 10, 1087. A military
adventurer and diplomatist, of Italian paren-
tage. He came to England and fought for Charles I. ;
returned after the Restoration; and was appointed l.ng-
lish envoy to Vienna in 1672 to negotiate a inarrnwe be-
tween the Duke of York and the Archduchess Claudia te-
licitas. Me wrote "A Description of Cerinany, etc.
Gascoigne, George. Born in Bedfordshire (O.
England, about I'lS.'): died at Stamford, Eng-
land, Oct. 7, l.')77. An English poet. His chief
works are "The .Steele (Jlas" and "The Complaint of
Philomenc " (1676). Works edited by E. Arber 1868.
426
Pailiament, travelled and fought abroad, and took part in
the famous festival al Kenilworth. His work is, as has
been s;ud, considerable, and is rcmarkalilefor the number
of Hrst attempts in F.ngbsli wliich it contains. It has at
least been claimed for liho itb.mgb careful students of lit-
erary history know that these attributions are always rather
hazardous) that he wrote the Hi-sl English prose comedy
("The Supposes," a version of Ariosto), the lirst regular
verse satue ("The Steel Glass"), the first prose tale (a
version from Bandello), the first translation from Greek
tragedy (" Jocasta "), and the first critical essay (the above-
mentioned " Notesof Instruction ■■). Most of these things,
it will be seen, were merely adaptations of fcueigii origi-
nals ; but they eertainlv make up a remaikable budget tor
one man. Saiiitsbunj, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 16.
Gascoigne, Sir William. Died in 1419. An Eng-
lish iudge. He wa-s made chief justice of the King's
Bench by Henry IV. about 1400. According to a tradition
followed by Shakspere in " Henry IV.," he coinmitted
Prince Henry to prison when the latter struck him foi
venturing to punish one of the prince's riotous com-
panions. ^ , .-.„,« -1- J •
Gascoigne, William. Born about 1612: died m
the battle of Marston Moor, July 2, 1644. An
English astronomer, inventor of the microm-
eter.
He [Gascoigne] is supposed to have been born about
1636, and if so, he was little over forty when he died in
1677. His father, a knight of good family and estate in
Sussex, disinherited him ; but he was educated at Cam-
bridge if not at both universities, was twice elected to
Ue invented methods of grinding glasses, and Sir Edward
Sherburne states that he waa the first who used two convex
glasses in the telescope. Diet Nat. Biug.
Gasconade (gas-ko-nad')- A river in Missouri
wliicli runs north and joins the Missouri below
Jefferson City. Length, about 200 miles^
Gascony (gas'ko-ni), F. Gascogne (gas-kony').
[ME. (iascoine, Ga.^coii, from OF. and F. Ga>:-
cofliw, Sp. Vascoiiia, from LL. Vasconia. from
V'ascones, the inhabitants. See Sasqu(S.'\ An
ancient duchv of France, capital Auch, form-
ing part of the old government of Guienne and
Gasconv. It was bounded by Guienne on the north,
Languedoc and Fcux on the east. Beam and Navarre on
the south, and the Bay of Biscay on the west. It com-
prised the departments of Landes, Gers, and Hautes-Pyre-
nies and parts of Haute-Garonne, Lot-et-Garonne, and
Tarn'-et-Garonne. It formed the Koman province of
Aiiuitania Tertia or Kovempopulania ; was a duchy in the
middle ages ; and was united in 1062 to Guienne, the for-
tunes of which it generally followed.
Gaskell (gas'kel), Mrs. (Elizabeth Cleghorn
Ste-irenson). Born at Chelsea, Londi.n, Sept.
29, ISIO : died at Alton, Hampshire, Eugliuul,
Nov. 12, 1865. An English novelist. She removed
on her marriage in 1832 to Slanchester, where she obtaineil
material for those of her novels which describe the life and
trials of the manufacturing classes. Her best novels have
been translated into French. Among them are "Mary
Barton " (1848), " Ruth " and " Cranf ord " (18,13), "North and
South " (185.1), "Cousin Phillis "(1866)," WivesandDaugh-
ters " (1866), etc. She published in 1857 a "Life of Char-
bitte Bronte." . ■;
Gasparin (gas-pii-ran'), Comte Adrien Etienne
Pierre de. Born at Orange, France, June 29,
1783 : died there, Sept. 7, 1862. A French poli-
tician and agriculturist. ,
Gasparin, Comte Agenor Etienne de. Bom
at Orange, France, Julv 10, IslO: died at Ge-
neva, May 4, 1871. A French political writer
and politician, son of A. E. P. de Gasparin. His
works include "Les ittat-s-lnis en 1S61"(1S61), "L'AnnS-
riquedevant I'Europe" (1862), "La France, nosfautes, nos
pil-rils, notre avenir " (1872), etc.
Gasparin, Comtesse de (Val6rie Boissier).
Born at Geneva, 1S13: died there. June 29, 1894.
The wife of A. E. de Gasparin : a writer of
travels and of religious works.
Gasp6 (giis-pa'). A district in Quebec, Canada,
forming a peninsuhi, situated between the es-
tuary of the St. Lawrence on the north and
the Bay of Chaleur on the south. It comprises
the counties Gasp6 and Bonaventui-e.
Gasp6 Bay. An arm of the Gulf of St. Law-
rence, east of Gasp6.
Gass (gas),WilheIm. Born at Breslau, Pi-us-
sia, Nov. 28, 1813: died at Heidelberg, Feb. 21,
1889. A German Protestant theologian. He was
professor successively at Breslau, Greifswald, Oiessen,
ind (1868) Heidelberg. His works include " Geschichle
derprotestantischeii Dogniatik in ihrem Zusaminenbange
mit der Theologie uberhanpt" (1854-67).
Gassendi (giis-sen'de; F. pron. gii-saii-de), or
Gassend (F. pron. ga-soii'), Pierre. Born at
Champtercier, Basses- Alpes, Jan. 22, ir)92: died
at Paris, Oct. 24, 1655. A celebrated French
philosoiiher, phvsicist, and astronomer. He
studied theology, and became professor of theology at
Uignc in 1613, and of philosophy at Aix in 1616. In 1616
he became professor of mathematics at the College Royal
at Piiris. He sought to connect the philosophy of Epi-
curus withChristian theology and modern science. Among
his works are " Disiinisitiones unticartesianffi " (1643), " De
vit,a, mnribus, et placitis Epicuri " (1647). " Syntagma phi-
losophiie Epicuri " (1IH»)> "Syntagma pliilosnpliicuni.
Gasser (giis'ser), Hans. Born at Eisentratten,
Carinthia, Oct. 2, 1817: died at Pest, April 24,
1868. An Austrian sculptor.
Gasser von Valhorn (giis'ser fon viil'horn),
Joseph. Born at Pragraten, Tyrol, Nov. 22,
1816. An Austrian sculptor.
Gatinais
Gastein (gas'tin). A valley in the crownland
of Salzburg, Austria-Hungary, south of Salz-
V)urg. It is famous for its picturesque scenery. At
Wildbail llastiin llu-re are liot springs.
Gastein, Convention of. A treaty concluded
between Austria and Prussia at Wildbad Gas-
tein, Aug. 14, 1.865, by which the duchies re-
cently conquered from Denmark were disposed
of as follows: Lauenburg was dehuitely sur-
rendered to the King of Prussia for two and a
half million ri.x-dollars, while the sovereignty
of Holstein and Sehleswig was to be held by
Austria and Prussia in common, Austria ad-
ministering Holstein and Prussia Sehleswig.
Gasterental (gas'ter-en-tiil). A wild valley in
tlie Bernese Alps, Switzerland, south of Kan-
dersteg.
Gaston (giis-tou'), Marie. A pseudonym of
Alphonse Daudet.
Gaston (gas'ton), William. Bom at New
Berne, N." C, Sept. 19, 1778: died at Kaleigh,
N. C, Jan. 23, 1844. An American jurist anil
politician. He was a Federalist member of Congress
from North Carolina 1813-17 ; was judge of the Supreme
Court of North Carolina 1.S34-14 ; and was a prominent
member of the constitutional convention of 1835.
Gaston de Foix (giis-t6u' de fwa) (1489-1512).
See Xciiniurf, Hue de.
Gatchina. See Vattluna.
Gate City. A name given to Atlanta, Georgia,
and also to Keokuk, Iowa.
Gate House Prison. A London prison at West-
minster, memorable as that from which Sir
Walter Raleigh was taken to execution.
Gate of Italy. A gorge in the valley of the
Adige, near Kovereilo, Tyrol.
Gate of Tears, or Gate of Mourning. The
translation of the Arabic Bab-el-Mandeb (which
see): so called from the danger in navigating it.
Gate of the Lions. See Mycene.
Gate of the Mountains. The gorge in which
the ilissouri breaks through the Kocky Moun-
tains, about 40 miles above Great Falls. Mon-
tana.
Gates (gats), Horatio. Bom at Maldon, Eng-
land, in 1728 : died at New York, April 10, 1806.
An American general. Ue served as captain under
Braddock in the" expedition against Fort Duquesne in
175.1, and at the close of the old FYench and Indian war
settled in Berkeley County, Virginia. At the beginning
of the Revolutionai-y War he accepted a commission as
adjutant-general in the Continental aimy (1776), and in
1777 succeeded Schuyler as eonimaiider in the north. He
defeated Bui-govne in the second battle of Stillwater, Oct
7, 1777, and oil Oct. 17 received the surrender of Burgoyne
at Saratoga. In Nov., 1777, he was made president of the
board of war and ordnance, a position which he used to
further an intrigue with the clique known as the " Con-
way Calial," consisting of Thomas Conway and others, to
supplant Washington in the chief command of the army.
In June 1780, he was appointed to the command in the
south and on Aug. 16, 1780, was totally defeated by Lord
Cornwallis at Camden, South Carolina. He was alter-
ivard succeeded by General Greene.
Gates, Sir Thomas. I'ied after 1621. A colo-
nial governor of Virginia. Along with Captain
Newport and Sir George Somers he sailed from England
in May, 1609, in charge of 500 emigrants destined for ^ ir-
ginia. During the voyage the Sea Venture, in which he
sailed, was separated from the rest of the lleet by a hurri-
cane and stranded on the rocks of Bermuda. Ihe passen-
gers of the Sea Venture constructed two new vessels, and
reached Virginia M.iy 24, 1610. Having in the meantirac
been sent to England with a report of the condition of the
colony, he returned to Virginia in Aug., 1611. with 3«> new
emigrants. In the same year he assumed the ottice ol
governor, a position which he held until 1614, when he re-
turned to England.
Gateshead (gats'hed). A parliamentary and
municipal borough in Durham, England, situ-
ated on the Tvne opposite Newcastle. It^has
important manufactm'es. Population (1891),
85,709.
Gath(gath). [Heb.,' wine-press.'] One of the
live confederate cities of the Philistines, the
birthplace of the t,'iaiit (Joliath. It was con-
quere<I by David, turned by Relioboam into a fortress,
taken by Hazael, king i>f Damascus, and destroyed by i z-
ziah, and then vanishes from history. Its position is un-
certain, but it is possibly the modern lell es hail. .
Gatha(Skt.giit'hii; Avestangii'tha). ['Song, j
In Sanskrit, a religious verse, but one not laKen
from the Vedas. Such verses are inteispersed in the
Sanskrit Buddhist work called "Lalitavistan.' composed
in a dialect between the Sanskrit and Pf'^kr't ""«'»«
given their name to this tlie Gatha dialect. The o'dem
portion of the Avesl.i consists of Gatlias or hyliins Relieved
to go back, at least in part, to Zarathushtra himseU.
Gatinais (gii-te-mi'), or Gatinois (Kf-t?:"75j^-
An ancient territory of !• ranee. Capital, i>e
mours. It lay south of i nris, partly '" O';-''';-?,™"^^
partly in Orl.^anais, and is comprise, in <he de »rtme^
Loiret, Nifevre, Yoiiiie, and Seme-et-Miune It « as unitea
to the French crown under Philip I. lu lUtiB.
Gatineau
Gatineau < tra-te-no' ). A river in Canada which,
liownig southward, joins the Ottawii nearly op-
posite Ottawa. Estimated lengtii, 400 miles.
CKltley (gat'li), Alfred. Born at KeiTidge,
C'heshirr. IS16: died at Rome. June 2S. 1863.
An English seulptor.
Gatling (gat'Iing), RichardJordan. Born in
Hertford Coiuity, N. C, Sept. 12. 1818. An
Americnn inventor. lie took tlu- lU-pnc uf M. I),
about 184'J, but never piacUseil bis pKifessioii. lie is
chletly known -as the inventor uf the tJiUling guu, the first
Specimen of which was constructed in 18ti2.
Gatshina (gii'che-uii). A town, the private
property of the czar, situated in the goveniment
of St. Petersburg, Kussia, 28 miles south-south-
west of St. Petersburg. The pulnce, ii favorite resi-
dence of Alexamler III., built in 1770, h of preat size, in
a simple Kenaissiince style. The main building, of three
stories, is connected by colonnaded ^'ulleries with one-
stoi-y buildin^fs suiTounding a court. There are about tiOO
rooms, iucUiding ample state apartments, and a theater.
Population (1892), 12,000.
Gatty (^at'i), Mrs. (Margaret Scott). Born at
Buriiham, Essex, Juno :J, 1800: died at Eeeles-
field, Yorkshire, Oet. 4, 1873. An English writer,
wife of Rev. ^Vlfred Gatty, vicar of KcclesfieM.
Her best-known works are stories for children ("Aunt
Judy's Tabs," isfiO, etc.). Slie e<lited "Aunt Judy's Magn-
zine " l->f"-«.;-7:t.
Gauchos (gou'ehoz). Peasantry and herdsmen
of mixed Indian and white blood, in tlie Platine
states of South America. They are skilful horse-
men, accustomed to a roving life, and readily lend them-
selves to lawless enterprises. They have thus become
Kroininent in the civil wars of that repion, following any
■AuU-T who gives them excitement and plunder. In war
their bands move with great celerity, easily avoiding reg-
ular forces.
Gauden (ga'deu), John. Born at Mayland,
Essex, KiO.i: died Sept. 20, 10G2. An English
prelate, appointed bishop of Exeter in 16(i0, and
translated to the sco ot Worcester in May, 1662.
He graduated at Oxford; became vicar of Chippenham
In 1610; WHS chaplain to the Earl of Warwick; was ap-
pointed dean of I'.ucking, Essex, in 1041 ; and was chosen
a member of the Assembly of Divines in lft43, but was not
allowed to take his seat. He wrote " Croniwells Bloody
Slaughter House, etc." (1060), "Tears of the Chnroh"
(10r.9X "*Itpa ^a-Kpva. Ecclesire Anglicana; Suspiria, or
the Te;trs, Sighs, LV-mplaiiitii, and i'rayers of the Church
of Eiiglami," etc. See Eikon liasilike.
Gandichaud-Beaupr^ f ko - f^e - sho ' bo - 1 )ra ' ) .
Charles. Hornat Ani,'ouleme. France, Sept. 4,
17S0: died at Paris. Jan. 16, 1H.14. A French
botanist and traveler in South Ameriea. He
wrote"Fli>re des iles Malouines" (18"24), "liotaniiiue du
voyage autour du monde, ex(^cut<^ jiendant les ann^es
18;ir.-1837, etc.," etc.
Gauernumn (frou'er-man ), Friedrich. Bom at
Miesenbaeh, ni'ar Gutteiisteiu, Lower Anstria,
Sept. 20, 1S07: died at Vienna, July 7, 1862. An
.Austrian j)ainter of animals.
Gaugamela (ga-ga-me'la). [Gr. Vav)aiii/7.a.'\
In ancient geography, a place in Assyria, near
the modern Mosul: the scene of Alexander's
victor)'' over Darius (battle of Arbela).
GaTlhati (e:on-hU'te). A town in Assam, British
India, situated on the Brahmaputra about hit.
26<*ir N.^lontr. 9P4(>' E. Pojiulation, 12,000.
Gaul (gal). [F. GauU-, 8p. Calia, Pg. Tt. Gul-
(ifi, 0. GailirHy from Jj. Gallia, from G<ilhis, a
Oanl]. 1. In ancient geography, the country
of the Gauls ; in an inexact use, ^France. It was
divided into Cisalpine Oanl and Transalpine Gaul, and is
<i(ten taken as e<iuivalent to Transalpine Gaul.
Neither. . . is tVanc*; even yet coextensive with Oanl.
If Britain includes Scotland as well as England, (iaul in-
cludes Belgium and Switzerland as well as France.
Freeman, Hist. Essays. I. \\iU.
The name " Gaul " has neverfuUy died out as the desig-
nation of France. How dues the case stand in what was
8o long the common language of Europe? The most i)e-
dantic f'iceioriian never scrupled to talk familiarly about
Anglus and Annlia ; but Francus and Fraucia are hardly
known except tri language more or less forninl. Gallus.
Gallia, Galliarum Ilex, are constantly used by writers who
would never think of an analogous use of Britatnuis and
Britannia. In eeele8ia>'ticiil nnittera (Jaul has always re-
mained even the formal designation. The (Jallican Church
answers to the Anglican, the Primate of the Gauls to the
Primate of All England. Freeman, Hist. Essays, I, 1C5.
2. One of Ihe four prefectures of the later
Konian Empire, it comprised the dinceses of Spain,
<ian], and Britain, aiid con-esponded to Spain, Portugal, a
small strip of Moroecn, France, Belgium. Switzerlanii, Hol-
land and Germany to the Rhine, England, WiUes, and the
south of Scotland.
3. A diocese of the later Koman prefectin*e of
Giml. It waaincluded between the Atlantic, the English
Chauuel, the North Sea, the Kbine, the Alps, Ihe Mediter-
ranean, and the I^yrenees.
4. An old mime of Wales^ as in ''Amadis de
Gaul."
This general opinion, that Wales was the country of
AmndiH.was not an unnatural one, slru-e Gaulesand Gaula,
In old English, was the name for Wales as well as France:
— " I say Gallia and Gaul — French and Welsh — soubcurer
427
and body-curer," exclaims the host in the "Merry Wives
of Windsor "(act iii. scene i.) while addressing the French
doctor and the Welsh parson.
iMiiUup, Hist of Prose Fiction, I. 855.
Gaul, Cisalpine. [1^. Gallia Gimlpina (or Vi-
/(■r/o;).] In ancient liistory, that part of (iaul
lyiii^ on this side tiie Alps (that is, from Kome,
on the southern side of the Alps). It extended
from the Alps southward and eastward. A Roman colony
was founded at Sena Galliea 282 H. c. Piut of the country
was reduced between the first and second Punic wars,
Milan and Como being captured, and the conquest was
completed 201-191 n. c, It was made a Koman province,
and was incorporated witli Ituly 43 B. C.
Gaul, Cispadane. [L. Gallia Cispadana.] In
ancient ^'cography, the pai't of Cisalpine Gaul
this side (south) of the Po.
Gaul, Transalpine. [L. Gallia Transaljfina.]
In ancient ^'co^^rajihy. that part of Gaul which
lay beyond the Alps (that is, north and north-
west of the Alps from Rome). It comprised iti the
Roman period Narbonensis, Aciuitania, Lugdunensis, and
Belgica. Its ancient inhabitants were Gauls, Iberians,
and Germans. M.iny remains of older inhabitants have
been discovered, csp._-cially in the center of Gaul (Au-
vergne, etc.). Ttie Gallic antiquities arc especially mnner-
ous in the north (Brittjiny). Some Greek cohniies were
planted in eaily times in the south (see Afargeilles). The
Roman settlements were made tli"st in the southeast, in
the end of the 2d century B. c. (see Provence and Aarbo-
nensia). Gaul was thoroughly conquered by Julius Cx'sar
58-51 B. 0. Augustus divided it into four provinces.
Christianity was inti-oduced in the 2d century. A division
of the diocese of Gaid into 17 provinces was made in the
4th century. It was invaded by the Suevi, Alans, Vandals,
West Goths, Burgundians, and Franks in the 5th century.
See further under France.
Transalpine Gaul, as a geographical division, has well-
marked boundaries in the Mediterranean, the Alps, the
Khine, the Ocean, and the Pj'renees. But this geographi-
cal division has never answered to any divisions of blood
and language. Gaul in Caesar's day, tliat is, Gaul beyond
the Roman province, formed three divisions — Aquitaine
to the south-west, Celtic Gaul in the middle, and Belgic
Gaul tu the north-east. Aquitaine, stretching to the Ga-
rotuie— the name was under Augustus extended to the
Loire —was Iberian, akin to the people on the other side
of the Pyrenees : a trace of its old speech remains in the
small Basque district north of the Pyrenees. Celtic Gaul,
from the Loire to the Seine and Marne,wa3the most truly
Celtic land, and it was in this part of Gaul that the mod-
ern French nation took its rise. In the third division,
Belgic Gaul, the tribes to the east, nearer to the Khine,
were some of them purely German, and others had been
to a gi-eat extent brought under German intluences or
mixed with German elements. There was, in fact, no
unity in Gaul beyond that which the Romans brought
with them. Freeman, Hist, Geog., p. 57.
Gaul, Transpadane. [Ij. Gallia Trauspadana.']
In ancient geography, the part of Cisalpine
Gaul beyond (north of) the Po.
Gaul (gal), Gilbert. Born at Jersey City, N. J.,
1855. An American artist, known as a painter
of battle-scenes.
Gauls (galz). [L. Gain.'] Tholoadingdivision
of the Celtic race, in historical times they occupied
Transalpine and Cisalpine Gaul. Galatia was settled by
them in the 3d century B. c.
Gaunt (giint or giint), John of. See ./«/*« o/
Gaunt.
Gauntlet (gant'let or gant'let). Emilia. The
virtuous heroine of Smollett's " Peregrine
Pickle." Peregrine falls iu love with her.
Gauntlett (giint'let), Henry John. Born at
Wellington, Salop, in 1806: died Feb. 21, 1876.
A noteil Knglish organist, composer, and musi-
cal editor. For more than forty yearehe composed and
edited psalm and hymn tunes, besides writing criticisms
and reviews fur musical periodicals.
Gaur, '>!• Gout (gom). A ruined city in Ben-
gal, India, near the Ganges south of Malda.
tYom the 13th century it was the usual capital of the
Mohammedan vicerr)ys uf Bengal and kings of Bengal.
It fell into luins frum about ir»75.
Gaur (iu Afglianistan). See Ghur.
Gaurisankar. Mount Everest.
Gaurus (ga'ms), modern Monte Barbaro
(mon'tc biir'bii-ro). In ancient geography, a
mounlain in Italy. 7 miles west of Nanles.
Here, :il2 CA^^'i'i or ;Un',') n. c, the Konnins under Valerius
(■oiTUS deieated the Samnites.
Gauss (gnus). Karl Friedrich. Born at Bruns-
wick, (icrmany, A]>ril ;tO, 1777: died at Oot-
tingen, (iernialiy, Feb. l^Ii, 1855. A celebrated
ilcrman matliemalician, appointed professor
of mathematics at (iottingen in 1807. His works
include " TMsfiulsitioues arithnieticie " (18i)l), " Tlx'oria
niotus coi-puruiu ea-Ustiinn '* (isn!)), "Atlas des Krdmag-
netismuH"(lS40), " nioptrische rntersuchnngen" (I8i;i).
etc.
Gaussen (go-son'), Frangois Samuel Robert
Louis. Born at (iencva, Aug. -5, 17iM): died
at Geneva, June 18, 1863. A Swiss Protestant
theologian. His chief work is **La Th<^o]>-
nenstif" (1840).
Gausta (gous'tii). The highest mountain in
sinitliern Norway, about lat. 59° 50' N. Height,
0,180 feet.
Gawain, Sir
Gautama (gou'ta-iua). [Ski.] The family name
of Buddha. (See Jiuddha.) The I'aii fonu is
Gttt<lilHI.
Gauti (ga'ti). [L. (.lordanes) Ganiitjoth. Gr.
(l*tolemy) Vavrot^ AS, Gedtas, ON. Ganfar.] A
(Termanic tribe in the southern part of the Scan-
dinavian peninsula, nearly coincident with the
|)rescnt Swedish province (lotiiland (Swedisli
Gotalaud), where tiiey are mentioned by Ptol-
emy. They are the GeAtas of the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf,
aiid'are not to be confounded w itli the Cioths. They ulti-
mately formed a constituent pail of the Swedes.
Gautier (go-tya/). Marguerite. The principal
character in Pumas's "Ladame anxcamelias."
Gautier, Th6ophile. Born at Tarbes, Aug. 31,
1811: died at Neuilly, Oct. 22, 1872. A French
poet, critic, and novelist. He graduated from the
Lyc6e Charlemagne iu Paiis, studied painting for a while,
and then entered into the romantic movement in i-Yench
literature. His first book, " PiK'hies " (1S30). w:is followed
by *'Albertus"(183;i). "'Jeunc France " (I8;i:i), " Mademoi-
selle de Maupin "(1835). From 18;i7 to 184& he was art and
draniatie nitirfor "La Presse." A series of twelve papers,
" Exhumations Htteraires," appeared in " La tYance Litt^*
raire"(lS34and lH:t.^). and in tlie" Revue des Deux Mondes"
(1844): they were published in book form as "Les gro-
tesques" (1S44). This work ami the "Rapptirt sur les
progr£;8 de la jjo^sie fran<,-aise di-puis 18;i0," published in
"L'Histoire du romantisme " (1W>4), show fiautier at his
best as a critic. Two masterpieces in literary eritieism are
his papei-s on Lamartine and Charles Bamielaire. In 1S46
he went over to the editorial statY of the " Moniteur t'ni-
versel." later "Journal Offieiel," and was identified with
that sheet until his death. As a result of his travels in
Spain (18^<*)' Bt^lsiinii and Holland. Algeria (184r)), Italy
(1850), Constantinople and Athens (1852), and Russia (1S58),
he wrote his "Voyage en Espagne '(1843)," Zigzags " (1845),
" Italia "(18.52),"Constantinople " (1854), " L'Orieiit," " Tre-
sors d'iu't de la Rnssie ancienne et nioderne" (1860-63),
"Luin de Paris" (1864), *'Qnan<i on voyage" (1865), and
"Voyage en Rnssie" (18(l(i). He found also in foreign
climesmaterialsforBuchnovelsa8'*Militona"(I847),*'Arria
Marcella "(1852). and " Leromandela momie "(1856). He
wrote "Fortunio " for the "Figaro " (1837), and "Le Capi-
taine Fracasse" for "La Revue Nationale" (Dec., 1861.-
June, 18t;3). Other stories of his are " La toison d'or,"
"Omphale," " Le petit chien de la marquise," "Le nid de
rossignols " 0833), "La morte amourense" (183(J), "La
chaine d'or,' " I'ne unit de Cleopatre " (1845), "Jean et
Jeannette" (1846), "Les routes innocents," "Le roi Can-
daule"(1847), "La belle Jenny," *' La peau de tigre"(1864-
1866), "Spirite "(1866). "Menagerie intime"(186S)), "Partie
carr^e," " Mademoiselle Dafne," "Tableaux de siege," etc.
For the stage Gautier wrote "LeTrieorne enchants, ""Pier-
rot posthnme" (1846), "La Juive de Cnnstantine" (1846),
" Regardez mais n'y toueliez pas '(1847), "L'Amonr souffle
oiiil veut,"etc. His works of pure fantasy are " I'nelarme
du diable "(1839), and themes for bjdlets. as '■<! izi-lh- "(1841),
"Lapt^ri "(1843),"tiemma "(1854). and "Sakuuiititla (18.^8).
Gautier's poems from 1833 to 1838 were gall leitd under the
title "La cum^'die de la nmrt." His lattr poetical eom-
positions appeared as "Ematix et camt^es "(18521. Besides
collaborating tui " L'Histoire des peintres "(1817), Gautier
wrote indejieiuU-ntly " Le salon de peinlure tie 1847,"
*' L'Art ni'uli-rne " (1852), "Les beaux-arts en Europe"
(1852), and ■■ilistoire de Part th<!-atral en France depuis
vingt-cin<i ans" (1800). Scattered .skt-tches hy Gautier
have appeared, snice their authors death, under the col-
lective titles " Fusains et eaux-fortes," "Tableaux h la
plume," and " Portraits eontemi»oraius."
Gavarni (j<ii-var-ne'), ]>seudonym of Sulpice
Paul Chevalier. Boin at Paris, Jan. 13,
ISOl: died at Auteuil. Paris, Nov. 23, 1866. A
Freuch carieaturist, noted for delineations of
Pari.sian life, ete.: artist of tlu' ** (Miurivari."
Gavarnie (^ii-viir-no'). Cascade de. A water-
fall in tlie ('ir(|ue de tJnvarnie, Pyrenees. It
is the second hif^hest lu Kurope (height, 1,385
feet).
Gavarnie, Cirque de. A natural amphitheater
in the Pj-renees, 14 miles south-.southeast of
Cauterets. Width, 2imih-s. Hei^dit. 5.380 feet.
Gaveston (^'av'es-tou ; F. lU'ou. jj:ii-ves-ton'),
Piers. Kxeeuled June ID, KJli!. The favorite
of Kdward II. of Kughuid. He was the son of a
Gascon knight in the service of Edward I., and was
brought up in the royal bousehnld as the foster brother
and playmate of Prince Edward, over whom he aequh-ed
a complete ascendancy. lie incurred the enmity of the
barons by his insolent and sui»eicilit»n8 Iienring, and was
baniBhed by Ldwani 1. U\ 13ii7, but wjis recalleil on the ae-
cession of Kdward II. in the same year. He was created
earl of Cornwall in 13n7, ami in i;i08 acted as regent of the
kingdom during the king's absence iu France. His cmi-
duct, however, so irritated the barons that, iu spite of the
protection of Edward, he was again forced into exile in
1308-09 and 1311-12. If is recall in 1312 provoked a rising of
the barons, in the course of which he was captured and
executed.
Gavroclie (^Wiv-rosh' ). In Vietor Hupo*s ** Les
Miserahles," a street Arab. He has become a
type.
Gawain, or Gawayne (ffii'wau). Sir. <>ne of
the priueipal Uuighls of the Round Table, in
the Arthurian eyele of romance. He appears first
in GeolTrey of Monmouth as Walwain (Gallicized Ga-
wayne). and then Innearly every one t>f the nunimces. lie
Is known as "the courteous. " Chrestien at Troyes gives
him the llrst place among the knights. The poem "Sir
(Jawayne and the Grene Knight," from the Freuch met-
rical romance of Perceval, iu assigned to about the year
Gawain, Sir
1360: it has been republished by the Early English Text
Society. There was another linight of this name who
served under Amadis of Gaul and acliieved great deeds.
Gay (ga), Claude. Boni at Dragniguan, March
18, 1800 : dit-a at Paris, Nov. 2!i, 1S7L'. A French
naturalist. From 1830 to 1842 he was employed by the
Chilean government in a detailed toiiographical and sci-
entific survey of that country. Besides studying and
collecting plants, animals, and minerals, he amassed rich
historical material. The results were published in the
"Historia lisica y politica de Cliile " (Paris and Santiago,
24 vols, and 2 of atlas, 181,'i-iJl), and in a large map of
Cillle. (iay returned to Paris in 1S43. He subsequently
traveled in lUissia and Tatary, and studied the mines of
the T'niti'd states.
Gay, Delphine. See Girardin, Madame dc.
Gay, Ebenezer. Born at Dedham, Mass., Ang.
'16. lliOii: ilifd at Hingham, Mass., March 18,
1787. All Aiiierican clerg>anan. He graduated
at Harvard in 1714, and in 1718 became pastor at Hing-
ham, Massachusetts, where he remained until his death.
He entertained liberal theological views, and is regarded
by some as the father of American Unitarianism.
Gay, John. Born at Barnstaple (baptized Sept.
16, 1G85) : died at London, Dec. 4, 1732. An
English poet. Among his chief works are " The Fan "
and *'The Shepherd's Week," a series of eclogues depict-
ing rustic life "with the gilt oH" (1714), "The What-
d"ye-call-it," a farce (1715). " Trivia, or tlie art of Walking
the Streets of Ixmdisn " (1716), "Poems " (1720 : including
"Black-ev'd Susan"), "The Captives," a tragedy (1724),
" Fables " (1727), "Acis and Galatea" (17;)2), and "The
Beggar's Opera" (1728). This "Newgate p.astoral" made
his great reputation. The representation of " Folly, a se-
quel, was forliiddeii by the lord chamberlain. This prohi-
bition became a party question, and the " inoffensive John
Gay became one of the obstructions to tlie peace of Eu-
rope." The sale of the book was great.
Gay, Joseph. The pseudonym of John Duraut
Breval.
Gay, Madame (Marie FranQoise Sophie Ni-
chault de Lavalette). Born at Paris, July 1,
1776 : died March, 18.52, A French novelist.
Her chief novels are " L^onie de Montbreuse " (1813),
" .\natole " (1815), " Les malheurs d'un amant heureux "
(1818).
Gay, Sydney Howard. Born at Hingham,
Mass., May 22. 1814: died at New Brighton,
Staten Island, June 25, 1888. An American
journalist and author, in 1844 he was editor of the
'* Anti-slavery Standard": in 1857 he became connected
with the New York "Tribune," and from ls62 to 1866 was
its managing editor. From 1867 to 1871 he was the manag-
ing editor of the Chicago " Tribune," and for two years
after that was on the editorial stalf of the New York
"Evening Post." He wrote Bi-yant and Gay's "History
of the United States " (1S76-S0 : Mr. Bryant writing the
preface only) and "James Madison" (1884).
Gay, Walter. Born at Hingham, Mass., Jan.
22, 1856. Au American genre and figure painter,
a pupil of Bonnat.
Gay, Winckworth Allan. Born at Hingham,
Mass., Aug. 18, 1821. An American landscape
and marine painter, brother of S. H. Gay : a
pupil of R. W. Weir and Troyon.
Gaya (gi'a). 1. A district in the Patna divi-
sion. Bengal, British India, intersected by lat.
2.5° N., long. 8.5° E. Area, 4,712 square miles.
Population (1891), 2,138,331.-2. The chief
town of the district of Gava, situated on the
Phalgii about lat. 24° 46' N., long. 84° .58' E.
Near it is the place of pilgrimage Buddha-Gaya
(which see). Population (1891), 80,383.
Gayangos (gi-ang'gos), Pascual de. Bom in
Spain, June 21, 1809. A Spanish Orientalist
and scholar, professor of Arabic in the Univer-
sity of Madrid. He translated Ticknors "Spanish
Literature" (IS51), and published "Histoiia de los reyes
de Granada" (1842), etc.
Gayarre (ga-ii-ra'), Charles Etienne Arthur.
Born Jan.9, 1805: diedFeb.11,1895. An American
historian. He was admitted to the bar at PhUadelphia
in 1829 ; beg;in the practice of law at New Orleans in 1830 ;
and has held a nuniljer of state and municipal offices, in-
cluding that of reporter of the State Supreme Court.
Among his works are "Histoire de la Louisiane" (1847),
"Louisiana: its History as a French Colony" (1861-52),
and "Historj' of the Spanish Domination in Louisiana
from 1709 to December, 1S03 " (1854).
Gayatri(gii'ya-tre). [Skt.] An ancient meter
of twenty-foiu' syllables, generally arranged as
a triplet of three divisions of eight syllables
each; also, a hymn in the Gayatri meter and
then the Gayatri par excellence, i. e., Kigveda
EQ. Ixii. 10. This is: "Tat savitur varenyam bhargo
devasya dhini:dii Dhiyo yo nah prachodayat" ("Let us
meditate on the e.xcellent radiance of the heavenly quick-
ener, and may he stimulate c)ur understandings"). This is
a very sacred verse, repeated by every Brahman at Iiis
morning and evening devotions. FYoni being addressed
to Savitri or the Sun as generator, it is also called Savitri,
Originally a simple invocatiun of the sun, later times have
attaclied to it a deep mystical import. It is so holy that
copyists often refrain from transcribing it.
Gay Head (ga hed). A promontory at the west-
ern extreniitvof Martha's Vineyard, Massachu-
setts, lat. 41° 21' N., long. 70° 50' W.
Gayless (ga'les), Charles. The impecunious
428
master of the " lying valet," in Garrick's play
of that name.
Gay-Lussac (ga-iu-siik'), Joseph Louis. Born
at St.-L(^'ouard le Noblat, Haute-Vienne, Dec.
6, 1778: died at Paris, May 9, 1850. A distin-
guished French chemist and jihysicist. He made
the first balloon ascensions for scientific purposes in lb04,
and is especially noted for his researclies on cliemical
combination, iodine, cyanogen, etc. He enunciated tile
law that giises combine with each other in very simple
definite proportions.
Gaymar (ga'mar ), Geoffrey. An English chron-
icler who translated Geoffrey of Monmouth into
Anglo-Norman verse alioiit 1146. Ue contiuvie<l
it b v adding a metrical " History of Anglo-Saxon
Kiiigs."
Gajmham (ga'nam), or Gamham (gar'nam).
Dr. See the extract.
One of the most notorious of the Fleet parsons was Dr.
Gaynham or Garnham, popularly known as the Bishop of
Hell, "a very lusty, joUy man," who, being asked at a trial,
where he gave evidence, whether he was not ashamed to
come and own a clandestine marriage in the face of a
Court of Justice, replied, bowing to the Judge, " Video
mdiora, deteriora sequor." On another occasion, when
questioned .as to his recollection of the prisoner, he said :
"Can I remember person^"^ I have married 2,000 since
that time."
Fi>rsi/th, Novels and Novelists of the 18th Cent., p. 145.
Gay Saber (gi or ga sa-bar'). [Pr., 'Gay Sci-
ence.'] A gild formed by the magistrates of
ToiJouse in 1323, with the purpose of restoring
the Provencal language and culture, wliich had
nearly died out. It was called originally "Sobregaya
Companhia dels Sept Trobadours de Tolosa" ("The ver>-
gay company of the seven troubadom-s of 'Toulouse ").
The first meeting was held May 1, 1324.
The concourse was great, and the first prize was given
to a poem in honor of the Madomia, by Ramon Vidal de
Besalil, a Catalan gentleman, who seems to have been the
author of the regulations for the festival, and to have been
declared a doctor of the Gay Saber on the occasion. In
1355 this company formed for itself a more ample body of
laws, partly in prose and partly in verse, under the title
of " Ordenauzas dels Sept Senhors Mantenedors del Gay
Saber," or Ordinances of the Seven Lords Conservators
of the Gay Saber, which, with the needful modifications,
have been observed down to our own times, and still regu-
late the festival annually celebrated at Toulouse, on the
first day of May, under the name of the Floral Games.
Ticknor, Span. Lit., I. 293.
Gay Spanker, Lady. See SpatiL-er,Ladii Gmj.
Gayumart (mod. Pers. pron. ge-yii-murt'), or
Gayumureth, or Kayumarth (mod. Pers.
pron. ke-yo-murt'). In the Avesta (in the form
Gayomaretan), the first man, destroyed after 30
years by Angromainyus. As Gayumart he is in Fir-
dausi the'first Iranian king, and reigned 30 years. He dwelt
among the mountains, and clothed himself and his people
with tiger-skms. Savage beasts bent before liis throne.
His beloved son Siyamak was slain by a son of Ahriman,
but avenged by Gayumart and Hushang, Siyamak's son.
Gaza (ga'za), Arab. Ghazzeh. A town and
important trading place in Svria, situated near
the Mediterranean in lat. 31° 30' N., long. 34°
33' E. It was one of the five chief cities of the Philis-
tines. The great mosque is an old 12th-century church
having pointed arches and windows, with picturesque
fagade and a lofty octagonal minaret. The town was
taken byTiglath-Pileser II., by Alexander the Great in 332
B. c, and by the French in 1799. Population, estimated,
16,000.
Gaza (ga'za), Theodorus. Bom at Thessalo-
uica, Macedonia, about 1400: died in Italy, 1478.
A noted Greek scholar, resident in Italy after
the capture of his native town by the Turks,
and professor of Greek at Ferrara 1441-50. He
was the author of a Greek grammar (first published by
Aldus ilanutius, Venice, 149.=i), of translations from tlie
Greek into Latin, etc.
Gazaland (ga'zii-land). That portion of Por-
tuguese East Africa which is situated between
the Zambesi anil Limpopo rivers, and between
Mashonaland and the sea. It includes Gorongoza,
Kiteve, Sofala, and Inhambane, corresponding to the old
kingdom of Umzila, now (1894) under his successor Gnn-
gunhana, who has recognized Portuguese suzerainty, but
still holds complete sw.ay over his subjects. The Portu-
guese rule is etfective oidy in the coast-belt, and along
the Pungvve River, where the raili-oad to Mashonaland is
being built.
Gazette (ga-zef). Sir Gregory. In Foote's
comedy "The Knights," a gullible provincial
politician. He has an inordinate appetite for news, but
is incapable of making sense out of the most ordinary
paragraph of a newspaper.
Gazir (gii-zer'). Hoe Kanuri.
Gazistas. See Cacos.
Gazza Ladra (giit'sa lad'ra). La. [It., ' The
Thieving Magpie.'] A comic opera by Rossini,
words by Gherardini. It was first presented at Milan
in 1817. Bishop produced it in English at the Covent
Garden Theatre in 1830 as "Niuetta, or the Maid of Pa-
laiseau."
Gazzaniga (giit-sa-nc'ga), Giuseppe. Bom at
Verona, ( )ct., 1743 : died there, about 1815. An
Italian composer. He wrote many operas, among
which was "II convitato di jiietro " (VST), the forerun-
ner of " Don Giovaimi. " Orove.
Geelong
Gbari (gba're). An African tribe, of the Ni-
gritic branch, settled north of the coutiueuce
of the Binue and Niger rivers. It is partly sub-
ject to .Sokoto anil jiurtly iiidL-pi-ndent. Tlie Gbiyi lan-
guage has some aflinit\ with .\upe. The caravans of Sokoto
and Kano meet in Gb:u-i before pi-oceeding to Nupe. 'The
Gbari slaves are much prized.
Ge (ge). See Gma.
Geary (ge'ri or ga'ri), John White. Bom at
Mount Pleasant. Westmoreland County, Pa.,
Dee. 30, 1819: died at Han-isburg, Pa., Feb. 8,
1873. An American general and politician.
He served as lieutenant-colonel in the Mexican war ; was
appointed first postmaster of .San Francisco in 1849; be-
came first nntyor of that city in 1850 ; and was appointed
territorial governor of Kansas in 1856. He entered the
Union army, and became brigadier-general of volunteers
April 25, 1862 ; took part in the battle of Cedar Moun-
tain, Aug. 9, 1802 : and commanded a division at Cliancel-
lorsville, Gettysburg, Lookout Mountain, and in Sherman's
march to the sea. He was governor of Pennsylvania from
18ti7 until two weeks before his death.
Gebal (ge'bal). A maritime city of Phenicia.
situated on a hill close to the Mediten-anean.
north of Beirut : the ancient Byblus and Arabic
Jebel. It was one of the eailiest of the Phenician set-
tlements, and second only in importance to T>Te and
Sidon. Its inhabitants, the Gel)alites, are mentioned as
skilful in hewing stiuies (1 KL v. 18) and in ship-building
(Ezek. xxvii. 9). It was the birthplace of Phiio, the trans-
lator of SanchuniathoD ; but it was most celel)rated as the
oldest seat of the cult of Adonis, to whom the city was
sacred, and after whom the river it stands on was named.
Gebal is mentioned as a kingdom paying tribute to Assyria
in the annals of Tiglath-Pileser II. and Esarhaddon. It
was taken by Alexander the Great. Later it became a
Christian see. The modern Jebel has only a few hundred
inhabitants. The excavations carried on there by Renan
unearthed numerous tombs and sarcophagi and the sub-
structions of a large temple, perhaps that of Adorns.
Gebelin, Court de. See Court de Gehcliu.
Geber (iriVbcr): probably identical with Abu
Musa Jabir ben Haijan. Died about 776.
An Arabian alchemist. He occupies a position in
the history of chemistry anaUigous to that held by Hip-
pocrates in that of medicine. The theory that the metals
are composed of the same elements, and that by proper
treatment the base metals can bedeveloped into the noble,
which was the leading theory in chemistry down to the
16th century, is clearly defined in his writings. The titles
of 600 works reputed to be from his pen are known, of
which the following have appeju-ed in print : * ' Summa per-
fectionis," " Liljer investigationis," or "De investigatioue
perfectionis," "De iuventione veritatis," "Liber Foma-
cum,"and "Testamentum."
Gebir (ga'ber). A poem by Walter Savage
Laudor, published 1798.
Gebirs. See Guebers.
Gebler (gab'ler), Friedrich Otto. Bom at
Dresden, Sept. 18, 1838. A German animal-
painter, a pupil of Piloty.
Geb'weiler (gab'vi-ler). [F. GuebuilUr.'] A
town in Upper Alsace, Alsace-Lorraine, 14 miles
south-southwest of Colmar. It has manufac-
tures of cotton, machinery, and sugar. Popula-
tion (1890), 12.297.
Ged (ged). William. Born at Edinbargh, 1690 :
died Oct. 19, 1749. A Scotch goldsmith and
.ieweler, one of the inventors of stereotyping.
Geddes (ged'es), Alexander. Bom in Kuthveu,
Banffshii'e, Sept., 1737: died at London, Feb. 26,
1802. A Scottish Roman Catholic clergyman,
a biblical critic and miscellaneous waiter. He
published a translation of piu-t of tlie Bible (1792-99X
" Critical Remarks on the Hebrew Scriptures " (ISOO), a
translation of part of the Hiad, some clever macaronic
verses, etc.
Geddes, Andre'W. Born at Edinbm'gh, April 5,
1783 : died at London, May 5, 1844. A Scottish
painter and etcher. He became an associate of the
R^jyal Academy in 1832. .\mong his works are " Christ and
the Woman of Samaria "(1841), "Discovery' of the Regalia
of Scotland in 1818 " (1821), various portraits, etc.
Geddes, Janet or Jenny. The reputed origi-
nator of a riot in !>t. (iiles's Church. Edinburgh.
July 23, 1637. .she is said to have emphasized her pro-
test against the introduction of the I'.nglish liturgy into
Scotland by throwing her folding stool at the head of the
^ttficiating bishop.
Gedebo. See Grcbo.
Gedrosia (je-di-o'si-a). In ancient geography,
a couTitry in Asia corresponding nearly to the
laodi-rn Baluchistan.
Geefs (gafs), Joseph. Bom at Antwerp, Dec.
2.5, 1808: died there, Oct. 10, 1885. A Belgian
scidptor, brother of Willem (ieefs. He was ap-
pointed professor of sculpture at the Academy
of Antwerp in 1841.
Geefs, Willem. Born at Antwerp, Sept. 10,
1806 : died at Brussels, Jan. 19, 1883. A Belgian
sculptor, appointed professor at the Academy
of AJitwerp in 1834.
Geelong (ge-l<5ng'). A seaport and city in Vic-
toria, Australia, situated on Corio Bay in lat. 38°
8' S., long. 144° 22' E. Population, with sub-
urbs (1891), 24,283.
Geelvink Bay
Geelvink Bay (gal'vinprk ba). A large inlet of
tUe Pacilii- on the nortliwesteni coast of Papua.
It nearly reaches the southern coast of the isl-
and. Width, about l.iO miles.
Geer (yar), Baron Karl de, or Degeer. Bom
at Kirispang, near NorrkjopinR, Sweden. 17i!0:
died at Stockholm, March S, 1778. A .Swedish
entomoloprist, author of •' M^moires pour servir
ii rhistoire des inseetes" (Stockholm, 1753-78),
etc.
(Jeer af Finspang (yar af fins 'pong). Louis
Gerhard von. Born at FinspSng, July 18, 1818:
diiil Sept. 24, 1896. A Sweilish statesman,
jurist, and author. He was minister of justice 1858-7a
He piiblislieii several lluvels, " ilenioirs," etc.
Geerarts (gar'arts), Marcus. Bom at Bruges
early in tlie 16th centmy: dii-d at London
before 1604. A Flemish painter. He was court
painter to Queen Elizabeth in 1571.
deerarts, Marcus. Born at Bruges, 1561: died
at London. 1G;J5. A painter of the Flemi.sh
school, son of Marcus Geerarts. He was court
painter to Queen Elizabeth after 1580.
OeertS (garts), Karel Hendrik. Born at Ant-
werp: died at Louvaiii, Belgium, 1855. A Bel-
gian sculptor.
(Mestemiinde (gas'te-mitn-de). A seaport in
the province of Hannover, Prussia, at the junc-
tion of the Geeste and Wesor, 33 miles north-
northwest of Bremen. It hii3 important nsheries. It
was founded by Hannover to rival Bremcrhaven. The
nefphliorinK Geestendorf is now united with it. Popula-
tion (1890), 16,452.
Geez (gez). The ancient language of Abyssinia.
Since anout 900 A. 1>. it has ceased to be a spoken language,
and survives only in the usage of the church and of
Bchulars. Its place was taken as the popular speech by
two of it£ dialects, Tigr<5 and Tifjriria. In the southern
part of Abyssinia a kindred language, Ajnharic, was
Bpoken, which has since become the speech of the entire
country. Geez and the related languages and dialects
employ a syllabic character nearly related to that found
in the Sabean and Hiniyariticinscriptionsof South Arabia.
It is ft Semitic language witli an intermixture of African
words. Among the Semitic dialects it is most nearly re-
lated morphologically to Assyrian, and in vocabiUary to
Arabic. It is otten culUd Ethioim.
Gefiard (zhe-friir'), Fabre. Born at An.se
Veau, Haiti, Sept. 18, 1806: died at Kingston,
Jamaica, Feb. 11, 1879. A Haitian general and
politician. He was prominent as a niilit.aiy leader under
Eivifere, Bich6, and Soulouciue, 1*13 to 1808. He headed
a revolt against Soulonque in Dec, 18.Vi, and drove him
from the island Jan. li>, 18.'>9, declaring a repul)lic and as-
suming the presidency. N«ttwithstanding v.arious rebel-
lions, he held the position until March, 18C7, when he was
deposed by .Salnave and fled to Jamaica.
Gefle (yiifla). A seaport- and the capital of the
laen of Gefleborg, Sweden, situated near the
Gulf of Bothnia in hit. 60° 40' N., long. 17° 8' E. :
the third commercial city of Sweden. Popula-
tion (1890), 23,4.84.
Gegania gens (je-ga'ni-S, jenz). In the history
of ancient Rome, a patrician house or clan
which traced its origin to the mythical Gyas,
one of the companions of JEneas. it was trans-
planted to Rome from All>a on the destruction of that city
by TuUus Hostilius and rose to considerable distinction
In the early period of the republic. Its oidy family n.ame
was -Macerinus.
Gegenbaur (ga'gen-bouf), Josef Anton von.
Bom at Wangen, Wiirtcmberg, March 6, 1800 :
died at Kome, Jan.31. 1876. A German painter.
He was made court p.aintcr to the King of Wiirtemberg in
1826, and decorated the palace in Stuttgiul (I8:i(>-.>1) with
historical fl-escos.
degenbaur, KarL Born atWiirzburg, Bavaria,
Aug. 21, 1S26. A distinguished comparative
anatomist . He became jirofessor of anatomy at Jena in
1855, and at Heidelberg in 1873. His works include "Un-
tersucbungcn zur vergleiclienden Anatomic " (1864-72),
"GnuiilrisHdcrvergleichendcn Anatomic "(1878),"Gruna-
2iige der vcrgh-ichcnden An;itoniie "(1870), "Lehrbuch der
Anatomic lics Mcnschen " (1883), etc.
Gefleborg (yaf'le-borg). A laen (province) of
Sweden, Iving along the Gulf of Bothnia about
lat. 60°-62° N. Area, 7,418 square miles. Pop-
ulation (1890), 206,924.
Gehenna (ge-hen'ii). [Gr. Yenma : the Greek rep-
resentation of the Hebrew G£ Hinndm, or more
fully Gi' hen/! riinnum.'] The valley of Hinnom,
or of the children of Hinnom, situated south of
Jerusalem and north of Jebel Abu Tor : also
called Hill of the Tombs, of the Field of Blood,
or of Evil Counsel. The name of the valley occurs
first in the description of the boundaries of Judali and
Benjamin (Josh, xviii. 10). In the times of Ahaz and Ma-
nassch cliildrcn were olfered here to Moloch, in conse-
ftuence of which the valley was called Topfwlh ('abomina-
tion'», and was pnUntcd l)y .Iosiah(2 Ki. x.viii. 10). In later
times it lte<-aine tin- itroNi'type of tlic place of punishment,
and was ccmsidcred as the immtb of hell. In this sense
it is used in tlic lalmud and in the New Testament.
Geibel(gi'b(i), Emanuel von. Bom at l.iibeck,
Oct. 17, 1815: died there, April 6, 1884. A Ger-
man lyric poet. He studied at Bonn and Berlin, and
429
afterward wont to Athens as tutor in the household of the
Kussian ambassador. He rettUTied t<i his native city in
1840, in which ye.ar his ttrst book of poems appeared. In
1841 appeared " Zeitstimmcn " (" Voices of the Time "X in
1846 "Zwolf Sonette fiir Schleswig-Holstein " ("Xivelve
Sonnets for Schleswig-Holstein "), in 1848 " Juniuslieder "
("Songs of Junius"). In 18.'^2, at the invitation of the
king, he went as honorary professor in the faculty of phi-
losophy to Munich. In 1856 appeared "Keue iJedichte "
(" J*«ew Poems "), in 1804 "Gedichte und Gedenkblattcr"
("Poems and Leaves of Thought"). After the death of
the king, Maximilian II., he was obliged in ISIVS to resign
his iiosition and to returTi to Liibeck. "Hcrohlsrufe "
(*' Herald falls ") appeared in 1871, and " Spatherbstblat-
ter " (" Late Autumn Leaves ") in 1S77. Besi'les these vol-
umes of poems, he is the author of several dramas, the most
important of which, " SopbonisbCj" appeared iu ISTO. An
epic, "Kunig Signrds Brautfalu"t' ("King Sigurd "s Court-
ing .tonriu-y '), dates from 1840.
Geiersteiil (gi'er-stin), Anne of. The principal
clinracter in Scott's novel of that name. She is
the daughter of Count Albert, and inherits the title of
Baroness of Arnheim.
Geiger (gi'ger), Abraham. Born at Frankf ort-
ou-the-Main, May 24,1810: died at Berlin, Oct.
23. 1874. A German rabbi. Orientalist, and bib-
lical critic. His works include " Urschrift und ther-
setzungen der Bihel, etc. " (1857), ' ' Das Judentura und seine
(ieschichte " (1805-71), etc.
Geiger, Lazarus. Borii at Frankf ort-on-the-
Main, May 21, 1829: died there, Aug. 29, 1870.
A German philologist, iDStructor 1861-70 in
the Hebrew real-scliool at Frankfort. Hisworks
include " Ursprung und Entwickelung der menschlichen
Sprache und Vernunft" (186&-72), "Der Ursprung der
Sprache " (1809).
Geiger, Nikolaus. Born at Lauingen, Bavaria,
Dee. 6, 1.S49. A German sculjitor and painter,
a j>npil of the Munich Academy.
Geiger, Peter Johann Nepoinuk. Bom at
Vienna, Jan. 11, 1805 : died there, Oct. 30, 1880.
An Austrian historical painter and draftsman.
He became professor at the Academy of Vienna in 1853.
In 1850 he accompanied the archduke Ferdinand Max on
his journey to the East.
Geijer (yi'er) , Erik Gustaf. Bom at Ransater,
Wermland. Jan. 12, 1783: died at Stockholm,
April 23, 1847. A Swedish historian and poet.
He occupied a position in the royal archives at Stockholm,
where he established the so-called "Gotische Bund,"
which issued the journal "Iduna." He wrote "Svenska
folkets historic " (" History of the Swedish People," 1832-
1836), etc.
Geikie (ge'ki). Sir Archibald. Born at Edin-
burgh. 1835. A Scottish geologist. He w,is ap-
pointed director of the geological survey of Scotland in
1807, professor of geology in Edintnirgh University in 1870,
and director-general of the geological sur^'ey of the United
Kingdom in 1881. He w.as knighted in 1891. He has
written numerous works on geology (including a "Students'
Maimal " (1871), a " Text-book " (188-2), and a " Class-book "
(ISSo); also "Memoir of SirKoderickl.Murchison "(1874),
"Class-book of Physical Geography " (1S76X etc.
Geikie, James. Bom at Edinburgh, Aug. 23.
1839. A Scottish geologist, brother of Sir iVrchi-
bald Geikie, and his successor in the chair of
geology in Edinburgh University. He has pub-
lished "The Great Ice Age " (1874), " Prehistoric Europe "
(1881), "Outlines of Geology " (1886), etc.
Geiler von Kaysersberg (gi'ler fon ki'zers-
berii), Johann. Born at Schatfhausen, Swit-
zerland, March 16, 1445: died at Strasburg,
March 10, 1510. A German pulpit orator,
preacher at the cathedral of Strasburg 1478-
1510.
Geinitz (gi'nits), Hans Bruno. Bom at Alten-
burg, Germany, Oct. 16. 1814. A German geol-
ogist and paleontologist, professor of mineral-
ogy and geognosy at the Polytechnic School at
Dresden. He has published' numerous techni-
cal works.
Geisenheim (gi'zen-him). A small town in the
province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, on the
Rhine, in the Rheingau, east-northeast of Bin-
gen. The Schloss johaunisberg is near the
town.
Geislingen (gis'ling-eu). A town in the Dan-
ube circle. Wiirtcmberg, at the foot of the
Swabian Alp. 33 miles southeast of Stuttgart.
Population (1890), 5,276.
Geissler (gis'ler), Heinrich. Bom at Igels-
hieb, Saxe-Meiningen, Gennany, May 26, 1814:
died at Bonn, Prussia, Jan. 24, 1879. A Ger-
man mechanician, maker of physical and
chemical apparatus at Bonn, and the inventor
of Geissler s tubes, an apparatus in wliich light
is produced by an electric discharge through
rarefied gases. It is usccl with the Indn.tioncnil, and
consists of a sealed tut>c witli j)latiniun connections at
each end, through which tlic electric spark is transmitted.
The color and intensity of tlic light depend upon the na-
ture of tlie gas with which the tube is charged.
Gela(je'l;i). [Gr. IV/o.] In iincient geography,
a city on the southern coast of Sicily, on the
site of the modern Terranova, 55 miles west of
S\Tacnse. It was foinided by Khodians and (Yetans
about 690 B. c, and rose to importance in the 6th and 5th
Gelves
centuries B. c, founding Agrigentum In 582. It was de*
stroyed by the Carthaginians in 405, rebuilt by Timoleon,
and destroyed by the .\iamcrtine8about282 B. c. J^scbylus
died here.
Gelasius (je-la'si-us) I. Bishop of Rome 492-
496. He was the flrst pope to claim for his office complete
independence of emperors and councils in matters of faith,
and sought in vain to heal the schism between the Eastern
and Western churches. He wrote " De duabus in Christo
naturis adversus Eutycheu et Nestorium," etc.
Gelasius II. (Giovanni da Gaeta). Died at
Cluny, France, Jan. 29. 1119. Pojie 1118-19. He
refused to yield to :he demands of the emperor Henry V.
in the matter of investiture, whereupon the emperor ele-
vated Gregory VTII. and exi)elled Gelasius, who died iu the
convent of Cluny.
Gelder(chel'der), Aart de. Bom at Dordrecht,
1(>45 : died there, 1727. A Dutch jiainter, a pu-
pil of Kembrandt.
Grelderland, or Guelderland (gel'der-land), or
Guelders (gel'derz). 1). Gelderland(eherder-
liint), G. Geldern (gel'dern), F. Gueldre
(geldr). A pro^■^Ilc•e of the Netherlands. Cap-
ital, Ai-nhem. It is bounded by the Zuyder Zee on
the northwest, Overyssel on the northeast, Prussia on the
southeast and south. North Brabant on the south, and
South Holland and Utrecht on the west. It became a
countship in the 11th century, and a duchy in the 14th.
It was incorporated by the emperor Ch;ules V. in the
realm of the Netherlands in 1543. It joined the Union
of Utrecht in 1579, except Upper <";elderland. which was
afterward (171.*i) cede<l in great part to Prussia, Area,
1.905 square miles. Population (1891), 520,210.
Geldern (gel'dem). A town in the Rhine Prov-
ince, Prussia, situated on the Niers 28 miles
northwest of Diisseldorf. It was formerly the
capital of the duchy of Gelderland. Population
(1890), 5, .5,36,
Gel6e (zhe-la'), Claude. See Claude Lnrrnin.
Gelimer (gel'i-mer or jel'i-mer), or Gilimer
(gil'i-mer or jil'i-mer). The last king of the
Vandals in Africa. He usurped the throne of Hilderic
in 530 A. !>., and was himself defeated and taken prisoner
by the Byzantine general Belisarins in 53.'J-534. He graced
the triumph of Belisarius at Constantinople in tile same
year, and spent the rest of his life on an estate in (ialatia,
which was given him by the emperor Justinian, The date
of his death is unknown.
Gell (gel ), Sir William. Bom at Hopton, Derby-
shire, 1777: died at Naples. Feb. 4, 1836. An
English archicologist and traveler, in 1801 he
visited and explored the Troad. He became a chamber-
lain of Queen Caroline of England in 1814. He published
' ' Topography of Troy " (1804), " Pompeiana " (an account of
the discoveries at Pompeii). " The Topography of Rome and
its Vicinity," etc. He lived at Naples and Rome.
Gellatley (gel'at-li). David. A half-witted
servant, a character in the novel "Waverley"
by Walter Scott.
Gellert (gel'ert). In Welsh tradition, the faith-
ful liound of Llewelyn. He was killed by his master,
who, seeing him come 'toward him covered with blood,
thought that he had killed the child he was set to guai-d.
A huge wolf was found under the overturneil cradle dead ~
slain by the dog. Llewelyn, overcome with remorse, buried
Gellert honorably, and erected a mtuiument to his memory.
The place, Ketligeiert, in .North Wales, is still shown. This
story, with slight dilfcrenccs, was current in very ancient
times in Persia, ln<lia, China, ami elscwiiere.
Gellert( geI'lert),ChristianFiirchtegott. Bom
at Hainichen, ne.ar Freiberg, Sa.\ony, July 4,
1715: died at Leip.sic.Dec, 13, 1769. AGennan
poet. He was the son of a clcrg>mian, Hesttniieii theology
atLcipsic, where he was doccnt and subsequently professor
of philosophy, in whicii ]>o8t he died. He was the author
of the romance " Das Lebcn der schweiiiscben Gi'atln G,'*
("The Life of the Swedish Countess G,," 174*>), and of
several comedies, among them "Die zjirtliclien .Scbwes-
tem "(" The Fond Sisters ' \ " Die Bctschwcstcrn " (" The
Devotees"), and "Das I.<io5 in der Lotterie" ("The
Chance in the lx>ttery "). His fame, however, rests upon
his sacred sorigs and his fables, wliich have l)cconte clas-
sics. " Fabeln und Erzalilungen " ("Fables ami Tales")
appeared in 1746, "tJcistliche Oden und Lieder "("Sacred
Odes and Songs ") in 1757. His lectures at Lcipsic, where
he may be said to have set the literaiy tone ami to have
fashioned the taste of the time, attracted attciititin throng It.
out Germany. His works were published at Leipsic in
18;i9 in 10 vols. ; his letters at Leipsic in 1861 ; his diary at
Leipsic in 1862.
Gellius (jel'i-us). Aulus. Bom perhaps about
130 A. I).: lived in the 2d century. A Roman
gi-ammarian, author of "Noctes Attica?," in
twenty books (first jirinted 1469). Of the eighth
book only the table of contents survives. His work is
valuable as a conscientious account of all that he could
learn about archaic litomture and language, laws, philoso.
phy, and natural science.
Oelnhausen (geln'hou-zen). A small town in
the provitice of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, on the
Kinzig 23 miles east-northeast of Frankfort-on-
the-Main. It was formerly .in imperial city,
and contains a ruined imperial palai'e.
Gelon (je'lon). [Gr. Yi'/uv.'] Died about 478
It, c. A Sicilian ruler, tyrant of Gehi (491) and
later of Syracuse (485). He defeated the Car-
thaginians at Himera in the atitunin of 480.
G^lveS, Martjuis of. See t'arrillo lie ilendoza
It I'inn'ntrt, IHf'tjo.
430
Gemara
GemaraCgo-niii'iii). [Aram., 'oomiilftion," per-
fection.']" The complement or coiumentary to
the Mishnah (which see), being its dialectical
analysis, discussion, and explanation. Its rela
tiim to the Mislinuh is that of exposition to thesis,
two together coMstitirte the Talmud. Hee Tnlmml.
GembloUXtzhoii-blii'). A town in the produce
of Namur, Belgium, 2.5 miles southeast of Brus-
sels. Here, in 1.578, Don John of Austria de-
feated the Dutch. Population (1891), 4,019.
Gemini (jem'i-ni). [L., 'twins.'] A zodiacal
constellation, giving its name to a sign of the
zodiac, Iving east of Taurus, on the other side
of the Milkv Wav. It represents the two youths Cas-
tor and Polhix sittinu side hy side. In the heads of the
twins respect ivelv are situated the two bright stars which
KO ))y their names - Castor to the west, a pieenish star in-
termediate between the llrst and second niagmtudes ; and
Pollux to the east, a full yellow star of the first maRiil-
tude. Tlie sun is in Gemini from about May 21 till about
.rune 21 (the longest day).
Geminiani (ia-me-ne-a'ne), Francesco. Born
at Lucca, Italy, 1680: died at Dublin, 1761
(1762 f). An eminent Italian violinist, resident
in England (except 1748-.5.5, when he lived in _ r-r,iwo c^he uav'l «
Paris) from 1714 until his death. He published Ge?f Jf iJe-ne^^=l^\^F. GenSve (zhe-nav ), U.
Genoa, Gulf of
water-line, 15 feet; draught, 13 feet: .and displacement, 141 GcneVl^Ve (zhen-vyav )
tims. She won W prizes in Rngland in 1S84. Slie was linilt
expressly for the race for tlie Americas cup, but was beaten
liy the ruritan in two races, Sept. 14 and Sept. 10. l.'iS.'..
■'^i''- Gen§t (zhe-na') (originally Genest), Edmond
^'"' Charles. Born at Versailles, France, Jan. 8.
176,5 : died at Schodak, N. Y., July 14. 18*4. A
French diplomatist, brother of Madame Cam-
pan. He was appointed minister to the ITnited States in
Dec , 1792, and arrived at Charleston, S. C, in April, 1793
On the refusal of Washington to join Franc? in the war of
the revolutionary government against Eni;lanil, he sought
to compel the President to cliange his attitude by popular
agitation, commissioned privateers, and ordcreil tliat prizes
should lie condemned liy (lie Flench consuls in the t nited
States He was superseiled at the request of \Vasliiiigton,
liut remained in the United States and settled in the State
of New Yolk
L. Genovefa, Saint.
Born at Nan terre, "near Paris, about 422: died
at Paris, Jan. 3, 512. The patron saint of Paris,
reputed to have saved the city from Attila by
her prayers in 451.
Genevieve, tf. Genoveva or Genovefa (ga-no-
fa'fa), of Brabant, Saint, The wife of Count
Siegfried of Brabant, she is the subject of a popular
medieval legend, according to which she lived about the
middle of the 8th century, and was tlie wife of the palatine
Siegfried. She was falsely accused by the major-domo Uolo
of adulteiy, and was sentenced to be put to death. Aban-
doned in a forest by the executioner, slic lived six years in
a cave in the Ardennes, together with her son. who during
infancy was nourished by a roe. Tlie roe, lieing pursued
in the chase hy Siegfried, took refuge in the cave, and led
to the reunion of Genevieve and her husband, who had in
the meantime discovered the treacliery of Golo.
I
GrenetylUs (jen-e-til'is). [Gr. TercTvyy.k-l In Genevifeve, Sainte-, Church of. See Panthmi,
Greek mj'thologv, a goddess, protectress of
births, a companion of Aphrodite (Venus).
The name is also used as an .pithet of Aphrodite and Ar-
temis ( Diana). In the plural, (lenetyllides, it is applied to
a body of divinities presiding over nativity, and attaclied
to the cortfege of Aphrodite. Also called GmiMides.
Gen'eura. See Guinevere and Gincira.
Art of Placing the Violin" (1740).
GemistUS (jc-mis'tus). or Plethon (ple'thon),
Georgius, or Gemistus Plethon. [' George the
Full,' so surnamed on accomit of his great learn-
in": Gr. Teijpyioc 6 TeiiinTi'jc oTu IVn/Huf.'] Lived
inlhe first half o'f the 15th century. A celebrat-
ed Byzantine Platonic philosopher and scholar,
probably a native of Constantinople. He was
present at the Council of Florence, 1438, as a deputy of the
Greek Church, and was influential in spreading the know-
ledge of the Platonic philosophy in the West.
Gemma. See Alplwcca. . ^, -o
Gemmi (gem'me), Die. A pass m the Bernese
Alps. Switzerland, south of the Lake of Thun.
leading from Kandersteg (Bern) to Bad Leuk
(Valais). Highest point, 7,.553 feet.
Gemiinder ( ge-miin'der). George. Bom at In-
geltiugen, Wiirtemberg, April 13, 1816. A Ger-
man-American violin-maker.
Genala (ia-nii'la). Francesco. Bom at Sore-
sina. Ci-emona, Italy, Jan. 6, 1843: died Nov.
8, 1893. An Italian politician, minister of pub-
lie works under Depretis in 1883.
Genappe (zhc-nap'). A vUlage in Belgium, 18
miles south of Brussels : often mentioned m the
Waterloo campaign.
Genazzano (ja-nat-sa'no). Atown m the prov-
ince of Rome, Italy, 26 miles east of Rome.
Population, about 4,000.
Gendebien (zhoiid-byaii'), Alexandre Joseph
Celestin. Born at Mons, Belgium, May 4,
1789: dieil Dec 6, 1869. A Belgian statesman.
He settled at Brussels as a lawyer in ISll, and Sept. 26,
1830 became a member of the provisional govfiiiment
which effected the sep;iration of Belgium from Holland.
Gendron ( zhon-droii'). AugUSte. Born at Paris,
ISl.S: died there, .July 12. 1881. A French
aiainter, a pupil of Paul Delaroche.
enelli (ga-nel'le). Bonaventura. Born at
Berlin. Sept. 28. 1798 : died at Weimar, Ger-
many, Nov. 13. 1868. A German paiuter.
Genesee (jen-e-se'). [Amer. Ind., 'pleasant
valley.'] A river in western New York, which
rises'in Potter County, Pennsylvania, and flous
into Lake Ontario 7 iiiiles north of Rochester. It
is noted for its falls (at Rochester, <.a feet ; Portage Falls,
110 feet ; anil several others). It gives name to a geologi-
cal epoch. Length, aliout 200 miles.
Genesis (ien'e-sis). [Gr. -,h-faic, origin, begin-
ning.] The first book of the Old Testament.
It records the creation of the world, the flood and the en-
suing dispersion of races, and gives a more detailed his-
torv of the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and .lacob, Ihc
traditi.>iial view ascribes the authorship to M.ises. Most
modern scholars, however, find in it various periods of
autllorship, and particularly two chief soiiices the so-
called .lehovistic and Elohistic. According to the latter
view the dates of composition fall chielly within the
periods of .ludall and Israel (abi>ut the 8lh century B. r.),
the last redacti.iii occuiTing perhaps after the return froin
Babvloii In Hebrew the book is designated by its first
word, n-reshith, ' In the beginning ' ; the title fJ.-nrM was
supplied in the early Greek translation.
Genesius (je-no'si-us), Josephus, or Josephus
ByzantinUS (of Byzantium). Lived aliout VM.
A Bvzaiitinc historian. He wrote, by order of the
empeVor Constaiitine VII. Porphyrogenitus, a history of
the Eastern Empire from 813 to 886. Tliis work, which is
written in Greek, and entitled h.iitiA<o»i' Il.SA.n A. was
discovered in MS. at I.eipsic in tlie Kith century, and. al-
though an inditferent compilation, attnicted much atteii-
Genf (genf ), It. Ginevra (Je-na'vrii). A can-
ton in Switzerland, lying between the Lake of
Geneva and Vaiid on the north and France on
the east, south, and west. It sends 5 members to
the National Council. About 61 per cent, of the popula
tion are Roman Catholics, and about 48 per cent. Prot-
Genfevre ('zhe-navr'), Mont. A pass in the
Cottian Aljis, leading from France (department
of Hautes-Alpes) to Italy (province of Turin).
Height, about 6,.560 feet.
Gengenbach (geng'en-biich). A small town in
Baden, on the Kinzig 17 miles southeast of
Strasliurg. It was formerly independent.
Genghis Khan. See Jemjhi: Khan.
Genigueh. See Clicmelnievi.
Genii, Tales of the. See Tnh-s of the Gem,.
Genius of Christianity. [F. <i<me du Chnsti-
aiiixnie.] A work in defense of Christiamty, by
Chateaubriand, jmblished in bsO'J.
estants. The language of 86 per cent, of the population (JgnliS (zhoii-lcs'), Comtesse de (Stephanie
is French. Area, 108 square miles. Population (1888),
105,609.
Geneva. [F. Geneve, G. Genf. It. Ginevra; the
Roman Geneva : of Celtic origin.] The capital
of the canton of Geneva. Switzerland, situated
at the southwestern extremity of the Lake of
Geneva, where the Rhone issues from it, in lat.
46° 13' N., long. 6° 10' E. it is the wealthiest city
in the country, and one of the most important. It has a
large trade, and manufactures watches, jewelry, musical
boxes etc. The two parts of the city are connected by
the Pont du Mont Blanc and other bridges. The cathedral
was consecrated in 1M24, but was modified in the next two
centuries. The exterior is marred by a Corintliian portico
The interior presents good work
Felicite Ducrest de Saint-Aubin). Born near
Autun. France, Jan. 25. 1746: died at Pans, Dee.
31, 1830. A noted French writer, canoness of
Alix in her sixth year under the title Comtesse
de Lancy, wife of the Comte de Genlis (1762),
governess in the family of the Due de Chartres:
author of "Adele et Theodore, on lettres sur
r^ducation" (1782), " Mademoiselle de Cler-
mont" (1802), " Memoires " (1825), etc.
Gennadius (je-na'di-us), originally Georgius
ScholariUS. Lived in the middle of the 15tli
century. A Greek scholar and prelate, patri-
arch of Constantinople 14.53-.56.
built in the last century. i- ,.- - , . .,. ,. , o , ■ .. it
of the transition from Romanesque to Pointed, and pos- GrCnnaideS (,ie-na 1-ilez). See (,enetilllh<!.
sesses good late-Pointed carved stalh and sonie^flncnionu- (JennarO, MoutO. See Montr Geiinaro.
ments, notably those of the Rolian family in the 17tli cen-
tury. ThebeautifulFlaniboyantChapelledesMacchaliees
is of the l.'ith century. The monument to Duke CliarKs
II. of Brunswick (died 1873) is a modified reproduction of
that to Can Signorio della Scala at Verona. It is hexago-
nal, and consists of three stages: the lowest a group of
massive columns supporting an entablature, the mnldh
cefuUyarcaded and containing a sarcophagus with GenOa. Ll^OTm^^J'O '
Gennesaret (,ie-nes'a-ret), Lake or Sea of.
See Galilee, Sea of.
Genoa (,ien'o-il). A province in the comparti-
mento of L'iguria, Italv. Area, 1,582 square
miles. Population (1891), 811,278.
— ■ "ean. Jean, etc., from OF.
a recumbent efligv of the duke, and the highest a pinna-
cled and pedimented canopy upon which is an equestrian
statue of the duke. The structure is surrounded by a
wall upon which are square piers with taljernacles con-
taining statues of noted Guelphs. The piers are con-
nected liy an elaborate grating of metal. The total height
is 66 feet. Other objects of interest are the hotel de vdle.
the university, the Mnsi'e Ratli (picture-gallery), and the
MusiSe de I'Ariana. The city is a favorite center for tour-
ists. Geneva was a town of the AUobroges in the 1st
century B. c. ; later it was a Roman city. It was the capi-
tal of the early Burgundian kingdom, and it belonged to
the Franks, to the later Burgumlian kingdom, and to the
empire in succession. In tlie middle ages it was under
the influence of the bishops of Geneva and the counts
(later dukes) of Savoy. It was allied with Fribourg m
1618, and with Uern in 1626. The Reformation was offi-
cially introduced in 1636 ; and it became a center of the
Reformation under the lead of Calvin 1536-64. The re-
pulse of the Savoyards in the so-called "escalade of
1602 is still celebrated in the city. It was incorporated
with France in 1798. The city and canton entered the
Swiss Confederation in 1815. A liberal constitution was
adopted in 1847. (ieneva was the birthplace of Roussean.
Population (1888), 62,638; including suburlis, 78,482.
Geneva. --V village in Ontario County, New
York, situated at the northern extremity of
Seneca Lake, 38 miles southeast of Rochester:
the seat of Hobart College (Protestant Episco-
pal). Population (1890), 7,.557.
Geneva, Lake of, or Lake Leman. [F. ^f
(le ticn'-rr. or Lav Lillian, G. Gent'-vir. L. I.e-
manii.i (or Lemannii.i) I,ii<iis.'\ The largest lake
of Switzerland, bordering on Haute-Savoie
(France) and the cantons of Geneva, Vaud,
and Valais. Length, 4.', miles. Greatest width, 81 miles.
Area, 226 sqnare miles, lloiglitabove sealevcl, about 1,230
feet.
Geneva Convention. An international con-
vention of various European states held at
Geneva, Switzerland, Aug., 1864, designed to
lessen the needless suffering of soldiers in war.
It provided for the neutrality of the members and build-
ings of the medical departnuiils on battle-fields.
r^.^is:Tc^rs;rp^ri;:if;:;which«;;Vr;u^few Geneva Tribunal. .V tribunal-.f =irbitrati^n
other sources. The first printed edition appeared at
Venice (1733) in the Venetian Collection of tile Byzan-
tines.
Genesta (je-nes'tii). A cutter designed by . .
Beavor-Webb and launched at (Jlasgow, April,
1884. Her dimensions are : length over all, 96.40 feet :
length, load water-line, 81 feet ; beam, 15 feet ; beam, load
provided for bv the treaty of Washington for
the settlement of the Alabama claims (which
see).
Genevieve (,ien-e-vev'). The heroine of a poem
by Coleridge, entitled " Love." The poem is
sometimes called by her name.
Gene, F. Gene.1, Sp". Pg. Genova, It. Genova. MGr.
Thova, Vsvna, G. Genna. from L. Genua.] A
seaport, capital of the province of Genoa, Italy,
situated on the Gulf of Genoa in lat, 44° 25' N.,
long. 8° 55' E. : from its magnificent situation
surnamed " La Superba." It is the leading seaport
of Italy. The imports include sugar, coal, iron, etc. It
has a large hiirhor protected by piers. The cathedral dates
from the 14th century, but with older and French elements
iucorporated. The western facade, of black and white
marble, has recessed early-Pointed doors, with foliage-cap-
itals. Some of the column-shafts are twisted. On the south
sidethere is a canopied porch with Romanesc|ue sculpture.
The interior contains inlcicsting puinliiigs, inlaid choir-
stalls, .and tomlis, and a diniicd baptifteiy " itli K-ulpturcd
.altar and tabernacle, carvings Ipy Sans. iviii. ■, and a Roman-
esque facade. The Church of San Giovanni di Pie, built
by the Knights of St. John in the i:i(h century, is of two
stories with pillars and round arches. The crypt is inter-
esting, in both architecture and sculpture resembling the
English Komanesqiie. Tlie I 'anipo Santo is a great quad-
rangle filled with roses, summnded liy a massive two-sloned
cloister containing many beautiful sculptured tombs. In
the middle of one side there is a handsome domed circular
chapel; tlie gallery around the dome is supported by IB
Doric columns of black marble 27 feet high. This uiona-
mental burial-place was begun in l.s38 The Palazzo del
Municipio, formerly Palazzo Doria. is a lethcentury 'a'c-
Renaissance building. The facade has two tiers of pilas-
ters and an entablature, and is flanked by terraces with
graceful balustraded arcades. Tile Palazzo Ducale now
serves lor various public offices. The medieval prison-
tower remains. The facade is an imposing work of tlie
Renaissance, with c.dumns and statues. Other objects of
interest are various c ther palaces, the statue of Colummis,
and the churches of Santa Maria in Carignano and of Sau
\Iatteo. Genoa existed from Roman times. It became a
republic and a great maritime power in the middle agel^
the rival of Pisa and \enice, having extensive trade and
settlements in the Levant, the Crimea, the western Medi-
terranean, etc. The dogate was established in 1339. Genoa
gained a great naval victoiy over Pisa at Meloria in 1^4 .
took part in the Crusades; was defeated by Venice in 138U ,
was liberated from the French by Andrea Dona ni 1S».
lost its possessions to the riirks and others : was taken
bv the Frencb in 1084 and by the Imperialists in 1748,
ceded Corsi.M to France in 1768; was transformed into the
Liguriaii Republic in 1797: was unsuccessfnlly defendea
by Massena against the English and Austrian forc"' '"
1800; was incniorated with France in 180.6; capitulated
to the English in 1814 ; was annexed to Sardinia as a duchy
in 1815 • and was the scene of an insurrection in I84».
Popnl.-.t'ioniestimated, 1891). 210.000.
Genoa, Gulf of. A gulf of the Mediterranean,
south of Genoa.
Geneva
431
(Jenova (<ijen'o-va)
Grenovefa, See Genevieve.
Genovesi (ja-n6-va'se), Antonio. Born at
Castiglione, near Salerno, Ituly, Nov. 1,1712:
died at Naples, Sept. 22, 1769, An Italian
philosopher and political ecouomist, professor
of metaphysie and later of politieal economy at
Naples. His works incluiie "De arte logica" (1742),
"Elementasrieiitiaruin nietaphyaicaium " (1743-45), "Le-
ziuiii iU coiinnercio " (17tt8), etc.
Gens de Pitie. See Shoi^hoko.
Genseric (jeu'ser-ik), or Gaiseric (gi'zer-ik).
Died ill 477 a. D. A kint; of the Vandals. He
was the iiattiral son uf <jodigU<lus or Modif^isiliis, king of
tlie Vandals in Sp:tin, wliuni lie succeeded in conjunction
with abrotlier (iontharis orGonderic. Invited, it is said,
by Bonifacius, the Roman governor, he invaded Africa in
May, 42'*. and in Oct., 439, captured Cartilage, which he
made the capital of a Vandal kingdom in Africa. In June.
465, in answer to the supplications of the empress Eudocia
for assistance against the usurper Maximus, he invaded
Italy, sacked Rome for fourteen days, and carried off nu-
merous captives, inchuiing the empress and hcrdaii^;htt*rs.
He professed the Arian creed, and pci-secuted his subjects
of the orthodox faith with great cruelly,
Gensonn6 (zhon-so-na'), Armand. Born at
Bordeaux. France. Aug. 10, 175S: jjuillotined
at Paris. Oct. 31, 1793. A French revolution-
ist, Girondist deputv to the Ijeo;islative Assem-
bly 1791-92, and to the Convention 1792-93.
Genthin (gen-ten'). A town in the Saxon Prov-
ince, Prussia, situated 28 miles northeast of
Magdeburg. P..piiIation (1890), 4,799.
Gentile da Fabriano. See Vahvinno.
Gentilesse (jen-tl-les'). A poem by Chaucer.
It not only "riiii -; iiHUpetidently, Imt is quoted in .Scogan's
poem addressed ' unto the L'Tdes and (lentilmen of the
Kin(:es house " ; hence this poem of Scogan's was included
in Chaucer's collected works.
Qentili (jcn-te'le), Alberico. Born at Sangi-
nesio, Aneona, Jan. 14. 15;')2: died at London,
June 19, 1G08. An Italian jurist, one of the
earliest authorities on international law. Ue re-
sided in Englatid from ir.8<). and taught law at Oxford.
From about 150U he lived in Ix)ndou.
Still more important were the services of Gentili to the
law of natitms. which he was the Hrst to place upon a
■ foundation independent of theological differences, and
to develop systematically with a wealth of illustration,
historical, legal, biblical, classical, and patristic, of which
sabsequent writers have availed themselves to a niueli
greater extent than might be inferred from their some-
what scanty acknowledgments of indebtedness. His prin-
cipal contributions to the science are contained in the
"De Leuationibus," the "DeJure Belli," and the "Advo-
catio Hispanica." The first of these was the best woik
upon embassy which had appeared up to the date of its
publication. Diet. Nat. Biog.
Gentilly (zhou-te-ye'). A town in the de[)art-
ment of Sfine, France, situated directly south
of (hefdrti/icatinnsof Paris. Population (1891),
coniiuunc, lo,017.
Gentle Geordie, See Sfai(nt<tn, sir George.
Gentleman (jen'tl-man), Francis. Born at
Dublin. Oft. 13, 1728": died there, Dec., 1784.
An Irish actor and dramatist. Among his plays are
"The Modish Wife" (1773), "The Tobacconist ' (1771),
founded on .lonson's •" Alchemist," etc. In 1770 he pub-
lished a series of criticisms called " The Dramatic Ccn-
•or," and he afterward edited Bell's acting edition of
Shaksprrc.
Gentleman Dancing-Master, The. A comedy
Ity Wych-Tley {1072).
Gentleman Usher, The. A comedy by C'hap-
inan. printed in HiOO.
Gentle Shepherd, The. A pastoral drama by
-Mian K;iin>ay, [lulilished in 172;").
Gentle Shepherd, The. A nickname given to
(Jcor;;)* (ircnvillr by William Pitt. See Gren-
ritle, Gennje.
GentOO(jen-t6')' A Hindu: a term not now in
use.
Gentry (jen'tri). Sir Threadbare :nid Lady.
Two (diaracters in Cibbcr's conn-dy " The Kival
K(Kfls." wiii<di was an alteration of licaumont
and Kiffcher's " Wit at Several Weajions." In
the latter play they appear as Sir Ruinous and
Tjady (Gentry.
Gtentz (tc*'nts\ Friedrich von. Born at Bros-
lan, Prussia. May 2 (Sept. 8?), 1704: died near
Vienna, .lune 0, 1832, A Gertnan publicist ami
diplomatist, in the Prussian and laterinthe Aus-
trian service. He was cliief secretary at thecongresses
of Vienna (1814-1:.). Aix-la-Chnpelle (lsl8), Carlsbad and
Vienna (IM1!»), Troppau (Ihl'O). I.aibai-ti (1821), and Verona
(l'^2*2j. His chief work i« " Kragmente aus der neuestvn
Gesthichte des politischen CI- ichgewichts " (1804).
Gent2,Wilhelm. Born at Neuruppin. Dee. 9,
1822: diedat lierlin, An^- 23. 18!)0. ACerman
painter, a jjupil in Paris of (ile)Te and Cou-
ture. He tniVeled extensively in Sjtaln, Monicco. Egypt,
Asia Minor, and elsewhere in the East Among his works
are "Funeral near Cairo" (Dresden Galleiy), " Kntry of
The Italian name of the fJerman Crown Prince into Jerasalem in 1869" (Na-
tional (lalteryi, "Christ among the Pharisees and Publi-
cans ' (Chenniitzj, •■ Halt of Caravan " (Stettin).
Genzano (jen-za'no). A small town in Italy, 17
miles southeast of Korae.
Geoffrey (jef ri) (Starkey), surnamed "The
(iraiiimarian." [ML. Gti//rt<iifs GraJiunaticiis.l
Flourished about the middle of the I5th cen-
tniy. A Norfolk preaching friar, compiler of
the " Promptoriwm Parvnlorum" (which see).
Other works also are attributed to him.
Geoffrey. Died in 1212. Archl)ishoi> of York,
natural son of Henry II. and a woman named
Ykenai or Hikenai. He was appointed bishop of
Lincoln in 1173, a post which he exchanged in 1182 for
that of chancellor of England. He aided his father against
his rebellious half-brothers 1173-74, fou^ht with distinc-
tion in the war against France 1187-89, and was tlie only
one of Henry's children present at his death-bed (USit).
He was nominateii archbishop of York by Richard J. in
1189, and in 1207 was banished by John for opposing the
latt< I's oppressive taxation.
Geoffrey, Count of Brittany. Born Sept. 23,
n.'>8: died Aug. 19, IISG. 'The foin-th son of
Henry II. of England and Kleanoi*. He joined
his brothers in tlieir revolt against their father. He mar-
ried Constance of Brittany, by whom he was the father of
I'rinee Arthur.
Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. Bei^ craifon.
Geoffrey of Anjou, surnamed Plantagenet.
Horn Aug. 24, 1113: died Se[)t. 7, lloi. Count
of Anjou, son of Fule V. He married, in 1129, Ma-
tilda, daughter of Henry I. of Eni:land, and widow of the
emperor Heniy V. He waged war successfully against
Stephen of Blois for the possession of Normandy, which
he claimed through his wife, and accompanied Louis VII.
to the Holy Land in 1147. He derived his surname from
the plant named genet, a speciesof broom, which he wore
as a plume on his helmet.
Geoffrey of Monmouth. [Lat. GalfridK.s (Gau-
fritl/is) Mo/inituf(')isis.] Born, probably at Mon-
mouth, about 1100: died at Llandaff in 1152 or
1154. An English chronicler. He may have been
a monk at the Benedictine monastery at Monmouth. He
was in Oxford in 1129, where he met Archdeacon Walter
(not Walter -Map), from whom he professed to have o)»-
tained the foumlation of his "HistoriaRegum Britannia;."
In 11S2 he was consecrated bishop of St. Asaph, having
been ordained priest in tlie same year. It does not appear
that he visited his see. The "Historia Regum Britan-
niae" was issued in some form in Latin from the British
or Cymric MS. by 1139; the Ilnal edition, as we now pos-
sess it, was finished in 1147. The first critical printed
edition is '.'Galfredi Monenintensis Historia Britonum.
nunc primum in Anglia n-ivmi v>"h\. MSS. collatis, ed. J.
A. Giles" (1S44). The publication of this book marks an
epoch in the literaiy histoi-y of Eui-ope ; in less than fifty
years the Arthurian and Round Table romances based
upon it were naturalized in Germany and Italy, as well as
in France and England. It is thought that Geottrcy com-
piled it from the Latin Nennius and a l»ook of Breton
legends now perished. It was abridged by Alfred of Bev-
erley ; and Geoffrey Gaimar and Wace translated it into
Anglo-Norman about the middle of the 12th century.
Layamon and Robert of Gloucester translated Wace into
semi-Saxon or tran8iti()n English, and later chroniclers
used it as si>ber history. Shiakspere knew the legends
through Holinshed. Geoffrey also wrote a Latin transla-
tion of the prophecies of Merlin. A life of Merlin has also
been ascribed to him, perhaps incorrectly. Diet. Nat. Biog.
Geoffrin (zh6-fran'), Madame (Marie Therfese
Rodet). B(u-ii at Paris, June 2, ir.'.tj): die<l at
I'aris, Oct. 0, 1777. A noted leadi-rof Parisian
literary society. She was not a highly educated wo-
man, but possessed an extraordinary power of reading
character, and wa.s eijually u favorite with royalty and with
the fashionable, literary, and artistic circles of France and
flermany.
Geoffroy Saint-Hil^ire (zh6-frwii' san-te-lar'),
Etienne. l^nm at Klampes. April 15, 1772: died
at Paris, JuiH' 11), 1K44. A noted French zoolo-
gist and comparative anatomist. He became pro-
fessor of Z'KtIogy at the Jardin des Plantes, at Taris, in
1793; joined the l^irypljan expedition in 17tt8 ; was one of
the f<inpiilris "f ibr Institutiuf Caho, and made im])ortant
Bcientitii' iiivesligiitions and i-<illeetion8 ; and in 18(19 was
appointed professoi- of zooloKy in the Faculty <)f Sciences
at I'aris. His zonlogical views led to a famous dispute
with <'uvier. His published works are numerous.
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Isidore. Horn at Pa-
ris, Dec. H;. ISO.-): died at Paris, Nov. 10, ISOI.
A Ereneh zotihigist, son of Etienne OeolTriiy
fSainl-Hilaire. He became professor at the Museum
of Natural Histoiy at Taria in lb41, and in the Faculty of
Sciences in 1850.
(Jeoffry (jef ri). Bishop of Coutancos. Died at
(Joulanees, Feb. 3, 1093. A Norman prelate,
<me of the ehief supporters of William the Con-
quernr.
Geok-Tepe, <nG6k-Tepe. A former strongludd
of tlie Tekke Turkomans, situated in Asiatic
Russia about lal, 38° N., long. 57° 30' E. It
was eaptured bv the Unssians under Skobelefl*
in Jan., ISKl.
George (j<*'r.i), Saint. [Gr. Te6uyio^^ L. Georyius :
fnuii (ir. /'f.'/);''';. a fanner; F. Geargca^ Grorije,
It. Giftrtfio, Sp. Pg. .fort/e.ii. Gton/.] A Ciii-is-
tian martyr, a native of Cappadocia and mili-
tary tribune under Diocletian, put to death at
George III.
Nicomedia in 303. ihe details of his life and deatb
are unknown, and even his existence has been doubt«d.
He was honored in the Oriental churches, and in the 14th
century, under Edward III., was aiJopted as the patron
saint of England, where he had been popular from the
time of the early I'rusades : for he was said to have come
to the aid of the Crusaders against the Saracens under
the walls of Antioch, 10S9. and was then clKisen by many
Normans under Robert, son of William the Conqnet-or. as
their patron. Many legends were connected with liis
name during the middle ages, the most notable of which
is the legend of his conquest of the dragon (the devil) and
the delivery from it of the king's <hiughter Sabra (the
Church). He was the " CIu"i8tian hero" of the middle
ages.
George, Saint, and the Dragon. A painting
by Kaphael (ir>06j, in tiie Hermitage Museum,
St. Petersburg. The saint, clad in armor and riding a
white horse, charges the monster and transfixes him with
Iiis spear as he turns to flee. St, George wears the in-
signia tif the Garter.
George I. Born at Hanover, March 28, 16G0:
died at Osnabriick, June U, 1727. King of
Great Britain and Ireland 1714-27, son of Er-
nest Augustus, elector of Hanover, and Sophia,
granddaughter of James I. through Elizabeth
Stuart, queen of Bohemia. He married his cousin
Sophia Dorothea, datightcr of the Duke of Zelle, in 1682,
and succeeded liis father as electxtr of Hanover in 16i*8.
His mother died May 2s, 1714. On the death of Queen
Anne, Aug. 1, 1714, he succeeded to the English throne
by virtue of the Act of Settlement, passed by Parliament
in l7ol, whicli, in default of issue from Anne and William,
entailed the crown on the electress Sopliia and her heirs,
being Protestant. He was crowned at Westminster Oct.
20, 1714. He nominated at his accession a Whig ministrj*.
with Townshend as prime minister, to the exclusion of the
Tory party, which he regarded with suspicion as the strong-
hold of the Jacobites and of the Rinnan Catholics. In
Jan., 1715, he dissolved the T017 Parliament left by Queen
Anne, and by a liberal use of the crown patronage secured
a large Whig majority in the new Parliament, which con-
vened in March following. In Sept., 1715, a Jacobite ris-
ing took place in Scotland under the Earl of Mar, who
was subsequently joined by the Pretender. The rebellion
was speedily put clown by the Duke of Argyll, but the ex-
citement which it produced was taken advantage of to
pass the Septennial Act, providing for septennial instead
of triennial parliaEnents, thus enabling the new dynasty to
become firmly settled on the throne before a new election
of Parliament. In 1717 he further strengthened his posi-
tion by concluding the Triple Alliance with France and
Holland, which guaranteed the Hanoverian succession,
and which was joined by the emperor in the following
year. In 1717 Stanhope was appointed prime minister: he
was succeeded in 1721 by Walpnle, who held office during
the remainder of the reign.
George II. Born at Hanover, Nov. 10, 1683:
died at London, Oct, 25. 1760. King of Great
Britain and Ii-cland 1727-60, son of George I.
and Sophia Dorothea. He married Wilhelraina Char-
lotte Caroline of Ansbach Sept. 2. 1705; was declared
Prince of Wales Sept. 27, 1714 ; and succeeded to the
throne of Great Britain and Ireland and to the electorate
of Hanover on the death of his father, June 11, 1727. He
continued his father's domestic policy of favoring the
Whigs, and retained Walpole as prime minister until
1742. His foreign policy was chiefly dictated by jiis anx-
iety for the safety of Hanover amid the contending powers
on the Continent. He maintained an idliance with Maria
Theresa of Austria in the first and second Silesian wars
(1740-42 and 1744— 1.'>), and commanded the Pragnnitic
army in person at the victory of Dettingen over the l-'rench,
June 27, 174;i. In 1745 a Jacobite rising took place in
-Scotlaiui under the Young Pretender, who was totally de-
feated by the Duke of Cumberland, second son of George
II., at the battle of Culloden, April 27, 174(i. In .hine,
1754, hostilities broke out between England and France in
America. The probability of a Frencii attack on Han-
over induced (Jeorge II. to conclude a treaty for the mu-
tual guarantee (»f the int^igrity of Germany with Freder-
ick II. of Prussia at Westminst^jr Jan. 17. 1756. In the
same year Frederick ccmimenced the third Silesian or
Seven Years' War, in which England sided with Prussia.
The Duke of Cumberland was defeated by the French at
Hastenbeck, July 20, 1757, and driven out of Hanover.
The accession to power of the coalition ministi-y under
PHt and Newcastle, June 29. 1757, gave, however, a new
aspect to the war. The Duke of Cumberland was replaced
by Prince Ferdinand of Itrunswick, who regained Han-
over in 1758; and the last years of the king's reign saw
the British armies victorious in India and in Canada, and
the llritish llect in control of the seas.
George III. Born at London, June 4. 1738;
died at Windsor, Jan. 29, 1820. King of Great
Britain and Ireland 17G0-1S20. son of Frederick
Tjouis, ]>rin<'e of Wales, and Augusta, daughter
of Duke Frederick II. of Saxe-tJotha. He suc-
ceeded to the throne of Great Britain and Ireland and to
the electorate of Hanover on theileath of his gramifather,
George II., Oct. 25. 1700, and married Charlotte Sophia of
Mccklenburg-Strclitz Sept. 8. 17t(l. His ilomestic policy
was characterized by a prolonged and partly successful
effort to break the power of tlie Whig party, which had
maintained ctintrol of the government under In's two pre-
deci'ssors, and to restore the royal premgative to the po-
sition which it had occnjjied under the Stuarts. He wflg
involved in the war of tlie .American Revoluti4m and the
Nai)oli'oinc wars. His most notable prime minlsterswere
Lord North (17"o s2) and the younger Pitt (l7vS;t-1801 and
1804-n((), both of whom consented to shape their polieyin
the main in aceordancc with the demands of the king.
At his accession he fiiunil the Seven Years' War in pro-
gress, of which the Freneli and Indian war in America
formed a part. He eonclnded the peace of Paris with
Franco, Spain, and Portugal, Feb. 10, 17(l;i, by which Eng
land ac<(Uired Canada from I*Yance and Florida from Spain.
Q-eorge III.
432
The
ado
peace
177.'). _... „
capitulation of Comwallis Oct, 1!', 17^1; aud the inde
pendence of the colonies was acknnwledffed by the peace
of Versailles Sept. 3, 1783. The Ksislative union of Great
Britain and Ireland was elfected .Ian. 1, 1801. In 1793
warbroke«)iit betwten England and the revolutionary gov-
ernment in 1-Yance, which, with a short interruption in
1802-03, was continued until the downfall of Napoleon
and the rest<>ration of the Bourbons. During 1S12-15 a
war was als<j carried on against the I'nited States. After
several tenijionu^' attacks of mental derangement, the
and sociology. He went to sea at an early age, and in
1858 settled in California, where he became a journalist.
In 1879 he published his chief work, " Progress and Pov-
erty." He removed in 1880 to New York, where he was an
unsuccessful candidate of the I'nited Labor Party for the
mayoralty in 1SS6, and where he shortly afterward founded
a weekly paper called the "Standard." Besides "Progress
and Poverty " he has published " The Land Question "
(1SS3), "Social Problems' (1S84), "Protection or Free
Trade " (1S86), and other works.
king became hopelessly insane in 1811. and during the Q^opge. Lake. [Named from George H. in 1755
rest of his reign the government was conducted under ^"^pfi*!"* t.t-L_.„ t * i„i.„ :„ *i „*
the regency of the Prince of Wales (afterward George r\^.).
George IV. Born at Loudon, Aug. 12. 1762:
died at Windsor, June 26, 1830. King of Great-
Britain and Ireland 1820-30, son of George HI.
and Charlotte Sophia of Meeklenbiu'g-Strelitz.
He contracted an illegal marriage with Mrs. Fitzherbert,
Dec. 21. 1785, and, April 8, 179o, married his cousin Caro-
line Amelia Klizabcth of Brunswick. While prince of
Wales he cultivated the friendship of the opposition
leaders, including Fox and Sheridan, and gained the ill
will of his father by his extravagance and dissolute habits.
by William Johnson.] A lake in the eastern
part of New York, its waters are carried by Ticon-
deroga creek into Lake Chaniplain. It is inclosed by
mountains, and is noted for its picturesque scenery. It
was the scene of military operations in the French and
Indian and Revolutionary wars. A series of engage-
ments was fought here Sept. 8, 1755 : in the morning the
French force under Dieskau defeated the English under
WilliaraB, etc.; and in the afternoon the English under
Lyman (nominally under Johnson) defeated Dieskau at
the head of the lake. The Indians called it Horicon, tlie
French St. Sacrement Length, 36 miles. Width, 1 to 4
miles.
He was apiK>inted regent when his father became in- ^^
sane in 1811, and succeeded him on the throne of Great George-a-Qreene, the Pinner of Wakefield.
Britain and in the king^lom of Hanover, Jan 29, 1820. ^ -pleasant eoncevted ooinedie " bv Robert
On his appointment to the regency he abandoned his
former Whig associates and allied himself with the Tories.
He refused to permit his queen to be present at the coro-
iiation, anil. June 6, 1S*20, instituted proceedings in the
House of Lords for a divorce on the ground of infldelit}*.
The proceedings were subsequently abandoned for want
of evidence. The chief event of liis reign was the pas-
sage of the Catholic Emancipation Act during the minis-
try of the Duke of Wellington, April 13, lS-29.
Gteorge V. Born at Berlin, May 27, 1819: died
at Paris, June 12, 1878. King of Hanover, son
of Ernest Anerustus ^hom he succeeded in 1851.
'pie
Greene, licensed 1595. printed 1599. It is thought
to be founded on an early prose romance, "The History
of George-a-Green," preserved in Thorn's "Early Prose
Romances." It also owes something to the ballad " The
Jolly Finder of Wakefield with Robin Hood .Scarlet and
John." George a Green, a *' Huisher of the Bower," is in-
troduced by Jonson in "The Sad .Shepherd."
George Barnwell, or The London Merchant.
A tragedy by George Lillo, produced in 1731.
It is founded on an old ballad preserved by
Ritson and Percy.
1845. King of the Hellenes, the second son of
Christian IX. of Denmark. He was elected kingof the
Hellenes by the <ireek National Assembly, ilai-ch 30, 1863,
at the instance of the great powers, which, in order to se-
cure his acceptance of the protTere<l dignity, were induced
to restore the Ionian Islands to Greece, The principal
events of his reign have lieen the incorporation in 1881,
through the intervention of the great j^owers of the greater
part of Thess.->!v and a small part of E|.irus with Greece, and GeOrge Eliot See Cross, Mrs.
tbe war with Turkey 1897. _ He married the grand duchess Qgoj-ge Podiebrad. See Podkhrad.
George Dandin is a man of humble origin
whose money procures him the doubtfid honor of a mar-
riage with Angelique. a woman of noble birth. She and
her lover turn the tables upon him whenever he seeks to
convict them of their guilt, and even force him to apolo-
gize. He addresses to himself the well-known reproach
" Vous I'avez voulu, vous I'avez voulu. George Dandin. vous
I'avez voulu " (■ Yon would have it so '). His name is a syno-
nym for a weak husband.
Olga, daughter of the giaiid duke Coustantine, Oct. 27.186;
George, surnamed "The Bearded." Born Aug.
27. 1471: died April 17, 1539. Duke of Saxony,
son of Albert tlie Brave whom he succeeded in
1.500. He was educated for the priesthood, and is chiefly
noted for his opposition to the Reformation, which was
Georges (zhorzh), JIademoiselle (Marguerite
Georges Wemmer). Born at Bayeux, France,
about 1786 : died at Paris, Jan. , 1867. A French
actress, especially famoits in tragedy.
George Sand. See Sand, George.
favored by his uncle, the Elector Of Saxony. He attended Georgetown (jorj toun). [h amed f rom treorge
II. of England.] 1. A port of entry, forming
part of the city of Washington, District of Co-
lumbia, situated on the Potomac 2J miles west-
northwest of the Capitol. It is the seat of George-
town College (Roman Catholic), chartered as a university
in ISl.'i. Georgetown was founded in 1751, and incorporated
as a city in 17S9. Its charter was repealed in 1871, and it
was incorporated with Washington in 1878. Xow called
West Washington. Population (1890), 14,046.
2. The capital of Scott County, Kentucky, 18
miles east of Frankfort : the seat of Georgetown
College (Baptist). PopiUation (1890), 5,8&4.—
3. A seaport and the capital of Georgetown
County, South Carolina, situated on Winyaw
Bay 54 miles northeast of Charleston. Popu-
lation (1890). town. 2.895; village, 4.978.-4.
Formerly the Dutch Stabroek. A seaport aud
the capital of British Guiana, situated on the
Demerara near its mouth. Population (1891),
.53,176
the disputation between Eck and Luther at Leipsic, July
4-14, 1519, and subsequently himself eng-.iged in debate
with Luther. He sought in vain to prevent, by imprison-
ment and execution, the spread in his dominions of the
principles of the Reformation, which were atlopted by his
brother Henry who succeeded him in the duchy.
George, Prince of Denmark. Born April 23 (21?),
1653 : died Oct. 28, 1708. The husband of Queen
Anne of England, whom he married .July 28. 1683.
He was the second son of Frederick III. of Denmark and
Sophia Amalia, daughter of the Duke of Brunswick-LUue-
bnrg, grandfather of George I. of England.
George of Cappadocia. Bora probably at
Epiphania in Cilicia about .300 A. D.: suffered
martyrdom at Alexandria in 361. An Arian
bishop of Alexandria 356-361.
George of Cjrprus. Died 1290. A learned By-
zantine wi'iter. Though a laj-man. he was elevated to
the patriarchate of Constantinople in 12^3 ; he resigned in
1289. He adopted the name of Gregon- at his elevatioti.
He is the author of anuinberof works, mostly theological.
including an autobiography in Greek, which was published rtonrcro 'WilVpi! (iori wilks) A trottinir stallion
at Venice in 1753 bv J. F. Bernard de Rubeis under the l»eorge WlIKeS I joi] wilKs). ATlorring sraiiion
Htle"VitaGeorgii('yprii." by Hauibletoman (10), dam Dolly Spanker.
George of Laodicea. A Semi-Arian bishop of ^'e^ to Electioneer he wa.s the most successful
Laodicea. Concerning his age little is known, except sire among Hambletonian s sons,
thathe was an occupant of the episcopal chair in 330, and Georgia (jor Jia). L^USS. Irruitm, fets. ana
that he was still an occupant of it in :iin. He headed the Turk. Gurjistan.'^ A designation (non-official)
Semi-Arian party at the Council of Seleucia in Liauria in ^f ^ region in Trauscaucasian Russia, nearly
George the Pisidian, E- Georgius Pisides
(je-6r'ji-us pis'i-dez) or Pisida (pis'i-dii). A
Byzantine poet who lived about the middle of
the 7th ecntury. He is described in the manuscripts
of his wTitings as a deacon, record-keeper, and keeper of
the sacred vessels in the Church of St. S^iphia at Constan-
tinople, and appears to have accompanied the emperor
Heraclius on his llrst expedition against the Persians (622).
corresponding to the modern governments Ye
lisabetpol, Kutais, and Tiflis. It is almost identical
with the ancient Iberia Georgia was conquered by Alex-
ander the Great, but soon aft*r his death became an in-
dependent kingdom. It was at its height about 1200, and
had a flourishing literature. It was subdivided in the be-
ginning of the l.'tth century, and was annexed by Russia
in 1801. The Georgians are a verj' handsome race, of the
purest Caucasian type.
Among his extant works are an epic [mem treating of this Cfeorgia. [Named from George 11. of England.]
-"""■ One of the Southern States of the United States
of America. Capital. Atlanta. It is bounded by Ten-
nessee and Korth Carolina on the north. South Carolina
(from which it is separated by the Savannah River) and the
-Atlantic Ocean on the e:ist. Fhiridaon the south, and .\la-
ltania(from which it is separated in part by the Chattahoo-
chee Kiver) on the west. Tile surface is level in the south,
undulating in the center, and mountainous in the north. It
is one of the chief cotton-producing States. Other leading
products are lumber, rice, etc. The chief minerals ;u*e gold,
iron,andcoal. The recent development of its manufactures.
expedition
George of Trebizond. Boru in Crete, April 4,
1396: died at h'oinc about 1486. A celebrated
humanist. He became professor of Greek at Venice
about 1428, and siibse^iuently removed to Rome, where,
about 1454), he became a papal secretar)-. He was an ardent
advocate of the Aristotelian system of philosophy, in oppo-
sition to his contemporary, the IMatonie philosopher Gc-
mistus Plethon. He translated many uf the «;reek classics
into Latin, and wrote " Rhetorica "(14701, " Comparationes
Philosophornm Platonis et .Aristotelis " (1523), etc.
Gerard
particularly of cotton, woolens, and iron, is notable. There
are 137 counties. It seiuls 2 senators and 11 representatives
to Congress, and has 13 electoral votes. Georgia was set-
tled by a chartered company of English colonists under
Oglethorpe in 1733 ; became a royal province in 1752 ; was
one of the thirteen original States (1776) ; seceded Jan. 19,
1861; and was readmitted June, lS6tf. It is called the Em-
pire State of the South. .Area, 59,475 square miles. Popu-
lation 0890), 1,.'^2,180.
Georgia, Gulf of. An inlet of the Pacific Ocean,
separating Vancouver Island from British
Cohmibia. It is connected with Qneen Charlotte Sound
on the north aud the Strait of Juan de Fuca on the south.
Length, about 250 miles. Greatest width, about 30 miles.
Georgian Bay ( jor'jian ba). The northeastern
portion of Lake Huron, from the main body of
which it is separated by the Manitoulin group
of islands and Cabot's Head. Length, about
120 miles. Width, about 50 miles.
Georgics (jor'jiks). [L. Grorgica cannina, agri-
cultural poems.] A poem by Vergil, in four
books, treating of agriculture, the cultivation
of trees, domestic animals, and bees.
The subject is treated with evident love and the enthu-
siasm which belongs to thorough knowledge, and gloriflwl
and idealised as nmch ;»s its ch:u-acter permitted, so that
even the didactic parts are not essentially different in
tone from those which are purely poeticiU. The poem
has thus been rendered the most perfect of the larger
productions of Roman art-poetr)-.
Teugel and Schwabe, Hist Rom. Lit, I. 432.
Georgium Sidus (.ior'ji-tmi si'dus). [NL.,
'George's star.'] A name for the planet now
called Uranus, given by its discoverer. Sir Wil-
liam Herschel, in honor of George UI., but not
accepted by astronomers.
Greorgswalcle (ga'orgs-val-de). A town in
nortliern Bohemia, 36 miles east of Dresden.
Population (1890), commune, 8,754.
Gepidae (jep'i-de), or Gepids (jep'idz). [L.
(Vopiscus) Gepids-, Gr. (Proeopius) Tij-mStc.']
-A- Germanic tribe, a branch of the Goths, who
first appear in history in the reign of Probus,
in the 3d century. Their original home was appa-
rently on the Baltic, on the islands at the mouth of the
Vistula, whence they joined the genend Gothic move-
ment southward. Later they had conquered Dacia. where
they were, however, practically annihilated shortly after
the middle of the 6th century by the allied Lombards and '
Avars.
Probably the Thervings and Greutuugs were the only
people to whom the name of Goths in strictness belonged.
There was, however, a third tribe, the Gepids, whom the
other two recognized as being, if not exactly Goths, at
any rate their nearest kinsfolk, and as having originally
formed one nation with them.
Bradiei/, Story of the Goths, p. 7.
Gera (ga'ra). The capital of Eeuss (younger
line), Germany, on the White ELster 34 miles
south-southwest of Leipsic, noted for varied
manufactures. Population (1890), 39,.599.
Gerace (ja-ra'che). A town in the province of
Keggio di Calabria. Italy, in lat. 38° 21' N.,
long. 16° 17' E., near the site of the ancient
Locri Epizephj-rii.
Geraint (ge-ranf). One of the knights of the
Round Tal)le. He appears in the Mabinogion. in the
romance '• Geraint the Son of Erbin," which is a Welsh
version of Chrestien de Troyes's "Erec et Enide." Tenny-
son has used the story in *' Geraint and Enid," one of the
"Idylls of the King."'
Gerald de Barry or Barri. [L. Gerardu.i, Ge-
nildiis, Ginildiis; F. Gerard, Gerniid, Giraud,
Giroiild; It. Gerardo, Gherardo, Giraldo; G.
Gerliiird. Gerold.'] See Giraldiis Coiithrensis.
Geraldine (jor'al-din) the Fair. [Fem. of
Gerald: It. Girai'da, G. Gerhardiiie.'] The lady
celebrated in the sonnets of the Earl of Sur-
rey, identified with Lady Elizabeth Fitzgerald.
Geiraldini (ja-riil-de'ne). Alessandro. Bom in
Italy, 1455: died at Santo Domingo, 1525. A
prelate and scholar. He served as a soldier, subse-
quently took orders, and about 14S5 was made tutor to
the Spanish princes. He met Columbus at court, and is
said to have favored his schemes. In 1520 he was ap-
pointed bishop of Santo Domingo- He wTOte a Latin
description of his journey thither, and of the island, pub-
lished after his death with the title " Itinerarium ad re
giones sub aiquinoctiali plaga constitut.as " (Rome, 1631).
G^ramb (zhe-ron'), Baron Ferdinand de.
Born at Lyons, April 17, 1772: died at Rome,
March 15, 1848. A French Trappist, procura-
tor-general of the order. He published " P^le-
rinage a Jerusalem et au mont Sinai" (1836).
G^rando (zha-ron-do'), Joseph Marie de.
Born at Lyons, Feb. 29, 1772: ilied at Paris,
Nov., 1842." A French philosopher and politi-
cian. He wrote "Histoire compar^e des systimes de
philosophic " (1803), " Du perfectionnement moral " (1824X
(ierard (je-rard'). surnamed "The Blessed."
Born about 1040: died about 1120. The founder
of tlie order of St. John of Jerusalem, guardian
of a hospital at Jerusalem about 1100.
Gerard, Alexander
Gerard (jer'aid), Alexander. Born at Aber-
dt'c-u. Seotlaiiil, Feb. 17, 1TU2: died there, Feb.
22, 1.S36. Au English soldier and explorer. He
KTVaii in India ns an enitineer, makuiR exten(ie4l eurvcys.
lie ascen<icd several peaks ami passes of the llimalajaa,
reacliiiiK the height (on Mount Tahiguns) of Ui,m feet.
06rard (zha-riir'), C6cile Jules Basile. Bom
at Pignans,Var, France, June 14, 1817 : drowned
in \V^st Africa, 1864. A French officer, lion-
hunter, and traveler in Africa: author of •' La
chassc an lion" (1855), "Le tueur de lions"
(1856), etc.
433
Cffisar beBieged it in 52 b. c, and was defeated here by Ver-
cingetorlx. There are some relics on the site.
Gerhard (gcr'liiirt), Friedrich Wilhelm Edu-
ard. Born at Posen, Prussia, Nov. 29, 1795 :
died at Berlin, May 12, 18G7. A German archffi-
oloffist. His works include "Antike Bildwerke " (1827-
1844), ".\userlesene jrriechlsche Vasenbilder" (1839-58),
•■ Etruskische .'Spiegel" (1839-65), etc.
Gerhard, Johann. Born at Quedlinburg. Prus-
sia, Oct. 17, 1582 : died at Jena, Germany, Aug:.
20, 1037. A German Lutheran theologian, lie
wrote "Confessio catholica" (1834), "Loci tTieoloRici"
(1610-22), " llcditationes saerae," and commentaries.
Gerard (jer'ard) Charles, Earl of Macclesfield. (jejjia;dt (K. p,.on. zha-riir'; G. pron. gar'hiirt).
Died Jan. 7, 1094. A Koyahst commander m the Charles Fr6d6ric. Born at Strasburg^Aug.,
civil war in England, lie commanded the Royalist
fortes in .'south Wales lft44— 1.5 ; was appointed lieutenanl-
cencral of the king's lioi-se and captain of tlie king's budy-
(tnard in 1645 ; was created Baron Gerard of Uiandon in
ltH6 ; was appointed viee-admind of the fleet in ICAS ; was
created earl of Macclesfield in 1079: was banished in IGS-'i
for conspiring against the king; returned to England with
the Prince of ((range in 1I.SS : and was sworn of the privy
council and made lonl president of the council of the
Welsh mai-ches, and lord lieutenant of Oloucestcr, Here-
ford, Monmouth, and North and South Wales, In l(i89.
G6rard (zhii-riir'), Comte £tienne Maurice.
Burn at Damvillers, Meuse, France, April 4.
1773: died at Paris, April 17, 1852. A French
marshal, distinguished during the Napoleonic
campaigns, minister of war 1830 and 1834. He
compelled the surrender of Antwerp in 1832.
Olrard, Baron Francois Pascal. Born at Rome,
1770: died at Paris, Jan. 11, 1837. A French
historical and ]>ortrait painter. Among his
works are the '-Battle of Austerlitz" and por-
traits of the Bonapartes.
(}6rard, Jean Ignace Isidore. See arandviVc
Gerard, or Gerarde (.ier'iird or je-riird'), John.
Born at NantwicU, Cheshire, England, l.)4.):
died at Lo:idon, Feb., 1612. An English sur-
geon and botanist. He published in 1597 his " Her-
ball," founded on Dodoens's "Pemptades," of which it is
nearly a translation. The genus Gcrardia was named from
bim by Linnaeus.
Gerard de Nerval (zha-rar' de ner-viil'), adopt-
ed name of Gerard Labrunie. Born at Paris,
May 21, 180S: committed suicide at Paris, Jan.
25, "1855. A French litt^ratem-, author of va-
rious translations ("Faust," etc.), poems, dra-
matic works, travels, etc.
Oerardine. In Middleton's "Family of Love,"
the passionate lover of Maria.
CKrardmer (zha-riir-mar'). A town in the
dei)artment of Vosges, France, 22 miles east-
BOutheast of fipinal. it has some manufactures, and
la noted for its picturesque surroundings. Population
0891), commune, 7,197.
Gerasa (jer'a-sa), modern Jerash (je-riish').
In ancient geography, a city of the Decapolis,
Palestine, 56 miles northeast of Jerusalem, it
contains many anti.)Uities. The forum, which is ov.al and
WO feet long, is surrounded by a range of Ionic columns,
many of wllich si ill stand with their entablature. From
it extends a great colonnaded street, intersecting the en-
tire city, and crossed at right angles by another. Over
100 columns still stand along the street. They seem to
have formed a series of porticos with galleries above.
Among the remains arc those of a great temple, the cclla
of which (66 by 78 feet) is in great part standing, together
with many eolumns of the peristyle. A theater has 28
tiers of seats still remaining above ground, with one pre-
clnctlon, to which vanlti-.l passages give access. In the
back wall of the |)recinction there are small chambers,
perhaps boxes. A gallery surrounds the top of the cavca.
A smaller theater on the same site is equally perfect and
Interesting.
Gerba. See Jcrlm.
Qerber (gar 'Tier), Ernst Lud-wig. Bom at
Boudershausen, (lermany. Sept. 29. 1740: died
at Sondi'i'shausen, June .30, 1819. A Ciennan
writer on the historj' of music. He published
"Hlstorlsch-blographisidies Lexikon der Tonkiinstler"
(1700-02 : completed 1812-14), etc.
Oerberon (zherb-ron'), Gabriel. Born at St.-
Calais, Sarthe, France, .Vug. 12. 1628: died at
St. -Denis, near Paris, March 29, 1711. APrench
Jansenist controversialist.
Qerbert. See Silvester 11.
Qerbert (gar'bert). Martin. Bom at Ilorb,
Wiirtemberg, Aug. 12. 1720: died May 13. 1793.
A Gennan Roman Cattuilic prelate, and writer
on church music. He published "De cantu ct rausica
sacra" (1774), ".Scriptores erclesiasticl de musica sacra
potisslmum " (1784).
Qerdil (zher-del'), Hyacinthe Sigismond.
Born at Samocns, Hatite-Savoie, Franco, Juno
23, 171 H: ilied at Koine. Aug. 12, 1802. A Sa-
voyard cardinal and pliilosophical writer.
Qerdy (zher-de'), Pierre Nicolas. Bom at
Lciehes-Rur-Ource, ,\ulie. Frani'c, 1797: died at
Paris, IS.'iO. A Frencli surgeon and physiologist.
GergOVia (.jer-go'vi-ii). Ill ancient history, a
Gallic town situated' on the Plateau de Gcrgo-
vie to the south of Clormont-Ferrand, France.
28
1816: died at Strasbiu-g, Aug. 19,1856. A French
Germany
rich). 1. The Holy Roman Empire (which
see). — 2. The modem empire of Germany,
constituted in 1871. See Germany.
Gennania(jtT-man'i-a). In ancient geography,
the region included between the North Sea,
Baltic, Vistula, Danube, and Rhine (from near
Mainz to near Emmerich) : often extended to
ineliule certain territories west of the Rhine.
In the first sense it was never a part of the
Roman Empire.
Germania. A celebrated work by Tacitus, re-
lating to the Germans.
Germania Inferior. A province of the Roman
Empire, left of the lower course of the Rhine,
in the lower and middle basins of the Meuse.
■hennst^professorinthVFaetirtv of Sciences at Germania Superior. A pi-f)vinc-eof the Roman
tpcUier 1811 18. He wrote "Traits de Empire, left ot the middle Rhine, including
Alsace, etc.
Germanic Confederation. See German Con-
f(d( i'lltinH,
Grermanicus (jer-man'i-kus), Caesar. Born 15
B. c. : died near Antioch, Oct. 9, 19 A. D. A
MontpcU:
chimie organique" (1853-56), etc.
Gerhardt (ger'hiirt), Dagobert von: pseiido-
nvm Gerhard von Amyntor. Born at Lieg-
n'itz, July 12, ls:jl, A tJerraan soldier and au-
thor. He served as major in the campaigns of 1864 and
1870, and from l,'-7'-' lived in retirement at Potsdam. He
has published poems and numerous novels and t,ales.
Gerhardt (gar'hiirt), Paul (Paulus). Bom at
Griifenliainichen, near Wittenberg, Saxony,
March 12(?), 1607: died at Liibben, Pi'ussia,
Juno 7, 1676. A German sacred poet. He stud-
ied at Wittenberg, and lived subsequently at Berlin as a
tutor until 1651, when he went as a clergyman to W itten- ,
walde. In 1657 he w.as made deacon of the Nikolai chuich German lAilton, The.
in Berlin, a position which he was compelled to renounce ^jy,,,, f „ Klopstock.
in 1666 because he refused to comply with the command fT _ ncpa-n See A'brffi Sea
of the elector to refrain from teaching from the pulpit Uerman UCCan. oee JO) m i^a.
the (higmasof Lutheranisra as against Calvinism. In 1668, German PlatO, The. A name sometimes given
nevertheless, he was called as archdeacon to Liibben, a to Jaootii.
post which he occupied from the spring ,>fi«59 until his (jerman-Koman Empire. See Holy Roman Em-
■ ■ His first church hymns were published m 1648, "^ciuidii Ai.viii»ii i*"ii,iiw j
Roman general, son of Nero Claudius Drusus
and nephew of the emperor Tiberius. He con-
ducted three campaigns against the Germans 14-16, and
in the latter year defeated Anninius in a great battle on
the Campus Idistiivisus between Minden and Hameln. He
was recalled through the jealousy of the emperor, re-
ceived a triumph at Rome in 17, and in 18 was appointed
to the command of the eastern provinces. He is said to
have been pojsoned at t_he instance of the emperor.
A name sometimes
death. „
In 1667 appeared the first complete edition of 120 hymns,
A historical and critical edition was published at Berlin
1S(!*>.
G6ricault (zha-re-ko'), Jean Louis Andr6
Theodore. Bom at Rouen. France, Sept. 20,
17!)1 : died at Paris, Jan. 18, 1824. A French
painter. His most noted work, " The Raft of
the Medusa" (1819), is in the Louvre. He re-
sided for a time in London.
Gerizim (ger'i-zim). In scriptural geography,
a mountain of Samaria, Palestine, 2,848 feet
high, situated opposite Mount Ebal 27 miles
north of Jerusalem. HeeMial.
Gerlach (gar'liich), Franz Dorotheus. Born
at WoUsbehringen, in Gotha, Germany, July 18,
1793: died at Basel, Switzerland, Oct. 31, 1876.
A tierman philologist and historian, editor of
Latin classics, etc.
Gerlach, Otto von. Born at Berlin, April 12,
1801 : died at Berlin, Oct. 24, 1849. A German
Protestant clergvmau and theological writer.
Gterlsdorfer Spitze (gerls'dorf-er spit'se). The
jiighest suiiimit of the Tatra group in the Car-
pathian Jlountains. Height, 8,737 feet.
Germain (.jer-man'). George Sack'ville, first
Viscount Sackville (Lord George Sackville
1720-70, Lord George Germain 1770-82). Bom
Jan. 26, 1716: died Aug. 20. LS.-i. An English
soltUer, third son of the first Duke of Dorset,
created Viscount Sackville in 1782. He served
(as colonel) in Flanders 1749-45 ; was first secretary to the
lord lieutenant .and secretary of war for Ireland 1751-66;
was appointed major-general in 1755, and lieutenant-gen-
eral in 1767 ; joined in the descent on the Fi eneh coast in
1768; served as second in cominanil under llarlborough
in Hannover in the same vear ; and succeeded to the chief
command on Marlborough's death. Uc fell into disgrace
on accountof lilunders committed atthe battle of Minden
(Aug. 1, 17511), and was dismissed from the army.
German Confederation, G. Deutscher Bund
(doit'sher liiuil). The confederation of Ger-
man states constituted by the Congress of Vi-
enna in 1815, reiilacing the ancient empire,
each state remaining iiideiiendent in internal
affairs. Austria (which entered the confederation for
her German dominions, Upper and Lower Austria, Bohe-
mia, Moravia, Silesia, Salzburg, Tyrid, \'orarlberg, Styria,
Carinthia and Carniola, Gorz, and Triest) had the lead.
Other members were Prussia, Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Sax-
ony, llannoTcr. Baden, Hess< -Cassel, Saxe- Weimar, .Meck-
lenburg-Schwerin, .Meckleiil.urv'-Slrelitz, Oldenburg,
Brunswick. Niwaaii, .Saxi-AllcMliurg, Saxe-Meiningen,
Saxe-Iliblburghausen. Saxe-Coburg, .Saxe-dotlia, Schwarz-
burg-lilld»dstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondeishausen, the lloheli-
zolkrna, Liechtenstein, Anllalt-Dessau, Anhalt-Kothen,
Waldiik, Ueuss (elder line), Kellss (younger line), l.ippe,
Srbainiiliing-Lippe, llesse-Hombui-g, l.llbeek, Frank-
fort, lircnien, and Hamburg. .Several minor changes
took place in the composition of the confederation. I he
Diet met at Fraiiktorl-on-thc-Maiii. The King of Ihe
Netherlands entered the confederation for LuxcBiburg,
and the King of liinniaik for Holstein and Lauenburg.
The Prussian i)roviiice» of East and West Prussia ami
Posen were not imlndeil. The confederation was dis-
solved as one nsnlt of the war of 18(16, and was replaced
by the N(irth<iernian Confederation.
German East Africa. See ICnst Africa.
German Empire," i ■ Deutsches Reich (doich'es
pirr,
Germans (.ier'mauz). [L.Gerwmm.] An impor-
tant Teutonic race inhabiting central Europe :
the inhabitants of Germany. At the beginning of
the Christian era the Germans occupied central Europe
eastward to the Vistula, southward to the Caipathiaiis and
Danube, and westward to beyond the Rhine. Anning their
chief tribes were the Suevi, Lombards, Vandals, Heruli,
Chatti, (juadi, I'bii, and Cherusci. After the epoch of mi-
grations in the 3d and 4th centuries, many tribes, as
the Franks, liurgundians, Lombards, and Vandals, settled
pemiaiiently in other regions, and became merged in the
new French, It.alian, and Spanish nations. In the east
the Germans were displaced by Slavs, although impor-
tant parts of this region have since been Germanized.
.Since about the 12th century the Germans have called
themselves die Deulschen. In medieval and modern times
they have occupied a region which has had many politi-
cal changes, but which has remained of substantially the
same extent for centuries. The former Eonian-German
Empire contained various lands not inhabited by Ger-
mans. At tlie present time the Germans form the great
majority in the reconstituted German Empire ; they num-
ber over one fourth of the inhabitants of Austria-Hun-
gary, chiefly in the western and nortbwe.steni piuts ; there
are about l.olHi.llllO Germans in the Baltic provinces and
elsewhere in Russia ; and over two thii'ds of the Swiss are
of German race and language.
German Southwest Africa. -\ German de-
pendency situated lietween the Orange River
and Angola, and between the Atlantic and
long. 21°-25° E. It covers 330,000 square miles, with
about 160,000 inhabitants, of whom 1,000 are white. North
of the Swakop River the eountiy is called Herero- or
Damara-land; south of it Great Namaland or Namaqua-
land. The soil is arid, yielding only scant pasturage. Ill
the Kunene valley (Ovampo-land) alone can land suitable
for agriculture be found. The hopes of discovering rich
mines have not yet been realized. The best harbor ot the
coast, Wall'iseb I'.av, is British. Five CJerman companies
are still at work bin the Colonization Society ; the Set-
tlement Conipanv, whicli is trying to settle (Uriiian and
.South African colonists; a private cattle-raising company,
with imperial suhsidv ; and the West African (\ruipany
and .Southwest African Company, which are largely or
wholly English. Thi.s eob.iiy began with the purchase, by
F A. S. Liideritz, ot s.>me land around Angra Pci|ilenn.
Over this Germany hoisted her flag in 1SS4, claiming at the
same time all the coast between the Grange River and
Cape Frio. Herero-land was annexed by treaty in 1885,
was lost in 18S8, and was regained by force in ISSi. Portn-
gal in ISS6 and England In b'-M recognized the present
Ixmndaries. Ilcnric \Vitt)ov, a civilized chief of the \ama
Hottentots who had never sul>initted to the German all-
thoiities, was .lefeated in 1S08.
Germantown (,jer'man-toun). A former borough
of Pennsylvania, since 1854 a part of Phila-
delphia, situated 6 miles north-northwest of the
old state-house. Here, Oct. 4, 1777, the Americans un-
der Washington were repulseil by the British, the loss of
the Americans being about l.iKX), that of the British over
6(10. T-, « «
Germanus (.jer-ma'nus). Saint. F. St. Germain
I'Auxerrois. Born at Anxerre about 378 : liied
at Ravenna, Italy, about 448. A French prel.ato,
bishop of AuxeiTo.
Germanus, Saint, of Paris. Born at Antun,
I'l'Miice, al.out 4!Ki: dieil aliout 576. A French
), relate, bishop ot Paris. The Church of St.
( iiriiiiiin-des-Pres (Paris) was named from him.
Germany (jer'ma-ni). [ME, Girmanie, OF. Ger-
manic, Sp. Germdniu, Pg. It. Germania, from L.
Grermany
Germania, Gr. Tepfiuvid, from L. Gn-manij Gr,
Tepfiavol, Germans. Another name uppears in
the obs. E. Almahij Almatjnc, from F. AUetuar/tH;
Sp. Alemdnia, P^.Aleinania, It. AUm<njna. ML.
Alamania,Alcmannia,fvomAl€/uanin,Al(nnaii)ti,
the Alamanui (which see). A third name is the
obs. E, Dntcfilandy ME. Ducheloud, D. Duitsch-
landj G. Deu h-ehland,] A country of central Eu-
rope . The country has been of widely different extent, and
the name of ditf erent signittcance, at different times. The
present Germany, or the German Empire (G. Veitt^ches
Reich), one of the ureat European powers, is bounded
by tiie North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea on the
north, Russia and Austria-Hungai-y on the east, Aus-
tria-Hungary (partly separated by the Sudetic Mountains,
Riesengebirge, Erzgebirge, and Alps) and Switzerlaml
(separated mainly by the Rhine and Lake of Con-
stance) on the south, and France (partly separated by
the Vosges), Luxemburg (separated by the Moselle and
Our), Belgium, and the Netherlands on the west. It ex-
tends from lat. 47' 16' to5.'i°54' N., andfrom long. 5''52' to22°
63 E. The uoi'thern part belongs to the great northern
plain ; the middle and southern parts are generally hilly
and mountainous. The chief muuntuins are the Alps,
Black Forest, Vosges, Swabian and Franconian Jma, Fich
telgebirge, Erzgfbirge, Taunus, Thiaingerwald, Ilarz,
mountains of Westphalia and the Rliine, Riesenget>irge,
and Bohmerwald. The chief rivers are the Rhine (with
the Moselle, Neckar, and Main), Ems, Weser, Elbe, f>der,
Vistula, and Danube. The main products are grain, beet-
root, hemp, Hax, and wine. There are mines of iron,
coal, salt, copper, zinc, lead, silver, etc., and important
manufactures of cotton, woolen, linen, iron, steel, sugar,
beer, etc. Germany contains 26 states : Prussia, Bava-
ria, Wurtemberw, Baden, Saxony, Hesse, Mecklenburg-
Schwerin, Mecklenburg Strelitz, Oldenburg, Brunswick,
Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Mein-
ingen. Saxe-.Altenburg. W'aldt-ck, Lippe, Schaumburg-
Lippe. Reuss (elder line), Reuss (younger line), Anhalt,
Schwarzburg-Rudi'Istadt, Schwarzburg-Sundershausen,
Hamburg, Bremen. Lubeck, aiidthe "Reichsland "Alsace-
Lorraine. The government is a constitutional monarchy ;
the King of Prussia is hereditai-y German emperor. Tlie
legislature consists of a Bundesrat of 5S members and a
Reichstag of 397 members. The language of the great
majority is German ; other nationalities are Poles, Lithu-
anians, Wends, Czechs, Danes, French, and Walloons. The
religion of a large majority is Protestant ; about 35 per
cent, are Roman Catholics. The foreign dependencies
are Togoland, Kamerun, German Southwest Africa (pro-
tectorate), German East Africa (protectorate), Kaiser Wil-
helni's Land (a protectm-ate in Papua), Bismarck Archi-
pelago (protectorate), Suli'mnn Islands, and Marshall
Islands. The present empire replaced the North German
Ck)n federal ion, and is based on treaties between that body
and the different South German states. William I., king
of Prussia, was proclaimed emperor at Versailles, Jan. 18,
1871. The empire was one result of the successful war
with France in 1870-71. Recent events have been the
"Kulturkampf," the rise of the Social Democrats, the
union of the three emperors (of Germany, Austria-Hun-
gary, and Riissia). replaced by the Triple Alliance (Ger-
many, Austria-Hungarj', and Italy), the accjuisition since
1884 of foreign dependencies and "spheres of influence,"
and the retirement of Bismarck in 1890. (See Ger}}iajua,
Holy Hovian Empire, and Germ-an Confederation; also
Prussia, Baimria, and the different states.) Area, 2(i8.-
738 square miles. Population (1890), 49,428,470.
He [Tacitus) includes in Germany all the countries lying
north of the Danube and west of the line of the Vistula, as
far as the Arctic Regions : taking in Buhemia, Silesia, Po-
land, Pomerania, and a vast number of Slavonian districts
besides, over an area about three times as large as that
which is now allowed to the Teutonic stock.
Elton-, Origins of Eng. Hist., p, 41.
Grermersheim (ger'mers-him). A fortified town
in the Palatinate, Bavaria, situated at the junc-
tion of the Queich with the Rhine, 8 miles south-
west of Spires. It is an important strategic point, and
was the scene of adefeatof the French under Beauharnais
by the Austrians under Wurmser, July 19 and 22, 1793.
Population (1890), 6,038.
Germinal (zhar-me-nal'). [F., ' the germinat-
ing.'] The name adopted in 1793 by the Na-
tional Convention of the first French republic
for the seventh month of the year, it consisted
of .30 days, beginning in the years 1 tu 7 with Alarch 21,
and in the years 8 to 13 with March 22.
Germinal Insurrection. The insurrection
("bread riots") at Paris against the Conven-
tion, 12th (.terminal, year III (April 1, 17l)r>).
Gero (ga'ro). Died May 20, 965. A (German hero.
He was maile margrave of the Ostmark in 989, and com-
pelled the Slavic tribes between the Elbe and the Oder to
acknowledge his suzerainty. He is referred to in the
" Niebelungenlied."
G^r6me(ziia-r6m'), Jean L6on. Bomat Vesoul,
Haute-Saone.May 11.1S24. A celebrated French
painter, a pupil of Paul Oelaroche. He studied in
Italy 1844-45, and later traveled in Turkey, Egypt, and else-
where. He became professor of painting at the Academy
of Fine Arts in 1863. His first appearance at the Sal on was
in 1847. His works include " Madonna and St. John "(1848X
"Anacreon with Bacchus and rupid ' (1848), "Bacchus
and Cupid Intoxicated ' (18r.O)," Greek Interior," "Souve-
nir of Italy'* (1851), " View of Pffistum " (IH.Vi), "An Idyl "
(18.''t:i). "Russian Concert. '" Age of Augustus" (1S55),
"Egyptian Recruits crossing the IteHtrt," " Memnon and
Sesostris," "Camels at a W atrrintr-jiiiue " (1857). "(Jladi-
ators saluting Cwsar," " Kiiik' < ;uMl;iult's " (1S59), "Phiyne
before the Tribunal," " Alcihiades in the House of Aspa-
sia," "Rembrandt Etching" (1861), "Prisoner " (lS6;i\
"Reception of Siamese Ambassadors at Fontainebleau."
"Prayer"(1865) "Cleopatra and Cjesar." "Door of Mosipie
of El-Hacarayn' (1866), "Slave Market," "Clothing Mer-
434
chant," " Death of Csesar " (1867), "Seventh of December,
1815"(1868). "Jerusalem," "Cairo Peddler," "Promenade
of the Harem" (1869), "'Rex libicen," "Santon at the
Door of a Mosque," "Women at the Bath," *'Bashi-Ba-
zonks Dancing," " Return from the Chase" (1878), "Slave
Market in Rome," '■ Xight in the Desert," "Danse du ba-
ton ■' (1884), "Great Bath at Brusa " (1885), etc. C. C. Per-
Hm, Cyclopedia of Painters and Paintings.
Gerona (Ha-rO'nii). 1. A province in Catalo-
nia, Spain, bouuded by France on the north,
the Mediterranean on the east, and Barcelona
and Lerida on the south and west. Area, 2,272
square miles. Population (1887), 305,539.-2.
The capital of the province of Gerona, situated
on the Ter 5") miles northeast of Barcelona.
It has a cathedral which dates from the 14th and 15th cen-
turies. The roof is remarkable in that it covers in a single
span, with a vault of 73 feet, the entire width of nave and
aisles of the sanctuary. There is a 14th-century cloister,
with beautiful capitals. The town is noted for its sieges,
especiallv those of 1808 and 18(>9 by the French. Popula-
tion (1S87), 15,497.
Geronimo (je-ron'i-ni6). A North American In-
dian, chief of the Chiricahua band of the Apache
tribe. He commanded a party of hostiles who were pur-
sued first l»y General George Crook and afterward by Gen-
eral Nelson A. Miles in 1886. He was captured in the sum-
mer of that year, and was sent to Fort Pickens, Florida,
G^ronte (zhil-rout'). In French comedy, a com-
mon name for a credulous and ridiculous old
man. Originally, as in Corneille's " Lementeur," he was
old and not ridiculous, but theG^rontes in Moli^re's "Le
medecin malgre lui " and "Les fourheries de Scapin " be-
came a type. Regnard introduces a G^ronte in "Le
joueur," "Le retour impr^vu," and "Le l^gataire uni-
versel."
Gerontius (je-ron'shi-us). A British general in
the army of the usurper Constantine. He rebelled
against his master in 409, and proclaimed one ilaxinms
emperor. He drove Constantine's son, Constans, out of
Spain, and, when ( nnstans w;is captured by the insurgents
at N'ienne, i'ider< d liini to be put to death. He was even-
tually abandoned b\ his troops, and, being surrounded by
a superior enemy, put himself to death.
Garrard (je-riird'). 1. The real name of the
King of the Beggars in Beaumont and Fletcher's
" Beggar's Bush." He goes under the name of
Clau.se. — 2. The '* gentleman dancing-master"
in Wycherley's comedy of that name. He is a per-
fumed coxcomb who. to conduct an intrigue with Hippo-
lita under the nose of her father and duenna, is induced
to assume the role of a dancing-master.
Gerrha (jer'ji). In ancient geography, a city
of Arabia Felix, situated on the Persian Gulf.
It was important in the 7th and 6th centuries B. c, under
the Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians.
Gerry (ger'i), Elbridge. Born at Marblehead,
Mass., July 17, 1744: died at Washington. D. C,
Nov. 23. 1814. An American statesman. He
was a member of the Continental Congress 1776-feO and
17S3-S5 ; a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in
1787 ; member of Congress from Massachusetts 1789-93 ;
commissioner to France 1797-98; governor of Massachu-
setts lSlO-12; and Vice-President 1813-14. During his
governorship the legislature of Massachusetts redistricted
the State in an arbitrary manner (1811), to procure a ma-
jority for the Democrats in the elections for State senators.
It was erroneously thought tliat the redistricting was un-
dertaken at his instigation (whence arose the word "ger-
rymander." in allusion to the fancied resemblance between
a salamander and a map of the new districts of the State).
Gers (zhar). A department of southern France,
capital Auch: part of the ancient Gascony.
It is bounded by Lot-et-Garonne on the north, Tarn-et-
Garonne and Haute-Garonneon the east, Haute-Garonne.
Hautes- Pyrenees, and Basses- Pyr^n^es on the south, and
Luiides nn the west. Area, 2,42.5 square miles. Popnla-
tiun (1891), 261,084.
Gersau (ger'sou). A village in the canton of
Schwyz, Switzerland, on the Lake of Lucerne
near the Righi. It was a republic from 1390 to
the wars of the French Revolution.
Gerson(zher-s<:)n'). Jean Oharlier de. Born at
Gerson, Ardennes, Dec. 14. 1363: died at Lyons,
July lli, 1429. A noted French theologian. He
was chancellor of the University of Paris, and was promi-
nent in the councils of Pisa and Constance, striving for
the unity of the church and for ecclesiastical reforms. In
1419 he went to Lyons, where he died. The authorship of
the '*De imitatione Christi" (which see) has been attrib-
uted to him.
Jean Charlier, or Gerson. one of the most respectable
and considerable names of the later mediaeval literature.
Gerson was born in 1363, at a village of the same name in
LtUTaine. He early entered the College de Navarre, and
distinguished himself under Peter d'Ailly, the most fa-
mous of the later nominalists. He became Chancellor of
the University, received a living in Flanders, and for many
years preached in the most constantly attended churches
of Paris. He represented the University at the Council
cif Constance, and, becoming (ibnoxious to the Burgundian
party, sought refuge witli one of his brothers at Lyons,
where he is sai<i tu have taught little children. He died
in 1429. Gerson, it is perhaps needless t<) say, is one of
the numerous candidates (but one of the Ie:ist likely) for
the tionoiir of liaving written the "Imitation."
Sainttbun/, Frencli Lit., p. 141.
Gersoppa, Falls of. A cataract in the river
Shiriivati. Indiu, which here breaks through the
western Ghaiits about 100 miles southeast of
Goa. Height, 960 feet (in four falls).
Grervinus
Q«rstacker (ger'stek-er), Friedrich. Bom at
Hamburg, May 10, 1816: died at Brunswick,
May 31, 1872. A German writer and traveler.
In 1837 he went to America, where he traveled extensively
until 1843, when he returned to Germany and adopted
literature as a profession. During 1849 to 1852 he made
a journey around the world. In 1860-61 he traveled in
South America. In 1862 he accompanied the Duke of
Coburg-Gotha to Egypt and Abyssinia. In 1867 he was in
the United States, Mexico, and Venezuela, I'etnrning to
Germany in 1868. His lastyears were spent in Hrunswick.
He was a voluminous writer of novels, tales, and stories of
adventure in all parts of the world. Bearing upon Amer-
ica are, among others. "Streif- und Jagdzuge iiurcb die
Vereinigten Staaten von Nurd-amerika " ("Rambling and
Hunting Excursions tlirough the lUiited States of North
America," 1844), "Die Regulatoren in Arkansas" ("The
Regulators of Arkansas," 1845), " Mississippibihler"
("Mississippi Pictures," 1847^8), "Die Flusspiraten des
Mississippi" ("The River Pirates of the Mississippi,"
1848), '■ Amerikanische Wald- und Strombilder "("* Amer-
ican Forest aii'l stream Pictures,' 1849), " Wie istesdeun
nun eigentlich in AnuMika? " ("How is it then, really, in
America?" 1853), "' Nach Amerika " ("To America,'' 18.^5),
" Kalifornische Skizzen " ("California Skett-lies," 1856).
His collected works appeared after his death in 44 volumes
(1872-79).
Gerster (gar'ster), Etelka. Born at Kaschau,
June 16, 1856. A Hunp:ariau sing:er (soprano).
She was a pupil of Madame Marchesi at Vienna, and made
her first appearance in 1876 at Venice as Gilda in " Rigo-
letto." She has sung with success in all the principal
cities of Europe. She came to America in 1878. 1880, and
1887. In 1877 she married Pietro Gardini, her director.
Gertrude (ger'trod). Saint. Died Mareh 17,
059. An abbess of Nivelles in Brabant. She was
the daughter of Pippin of Landeu, majordomo to Clo-
taire II., and Itta- On the death of Pippin. Itta built a
cloister at Nivelles, which included both a monasteiy and
a nunnery, and Gertrude became abbess of the latter.
She is commemorated throughout Brabant on March 17.
Gertrude, Saint, surnamed '* The Great." Born
in Gei-many, Jan. 6, 1256: died 1311. A Ger-
man mystie. She was placed in the convent of Helfta
at the age of five, and studied the liberal arts with great
zeal until her twenty-fifth year, when, in consetjuence of
supernatural visions, she began to devote herself to the
study of the Scriptures andthe writings of the fathers.
Her visions are recorded in her " Insinuationes divinre
pietatis," the first printed edition of which appeared in
1662. She is commemorated Nov. 15.
Gertrude. 1. In Shakspere's "Hamlet," the
mother of Hamlet, and queen of Denmark. She
is a we;Uc woman whose share in her second husl)and'8
crime is doubtful, she dies accidentally of poison prepared
for Hamlet.
2. The ambitious, extravagant daughter of the
goldsmith in Marston, Chapman, and Jonson's
"Eastward Hoe."
Gertrude of Wyoming. A poem by Thomas
Campbell, i)ublislied in 1809.
Gertruydenberg, or Gertruidenberg (ger-
troi'den-berG), J>. Geertruidenberg (oar-troi'-
den-berG). A town in the pro\'iuce of North
Brabant, Netherlands, 25 miles southeast of
Rotterdam, it was the scene of an unsuccessful con-
ference June 10-July 25, 1710, designed to terminate the
war between Louis XIV. and the Allies.
Louis agreed ttt give up — (1) to the Dutch, ten fortresses
in Flanders as a barrier: (2) to the Empire, Luxembourg,
Stras!)urg, P.risach ; (3) to the Duke of Savoy, Exilles and
Fenestrelles : (4) to Knghuid, Newfoundland. Bui though
he would allow the Archduke Charles to be King of .Spain,
he refused to assist the Allies to expel Philip from Madrid.
Adami ami Jiaii.-iome, Eng. Polit. Hist., p. 128.
Gerund, or Gerundio, Friar. See Fray Genin-
ditK
Gervais (zher-va')» Paul. Born at Paris, Sept.
126, 1816: died at Paris. Feb. 10, 1879. A French
zoologist and paleontologist. He was at tirst assis-
tant to Blaineville at the Jardin des Plantes, and became
professor and dean of the faculty of natural sciences at
Montpellier in 1840, professor at the Sorbonne in 1866,
and professor of c<mjparative anatomy at the Jardin dea
Plantes in 1&6S.
Gervase (jer'viis), or Gervaise (j^r-vaz'), of
Canterbury. !lSorn about liriO: died early in the
13th century. AnEnglisli monk andehronitder.
He wrote a history of the archbishops of Canterbury to the
accession of Hubert ; a chronicle of the reigns <if Stephen,
Henrj- II., and Richard I. ; a "Wappa Mniidi," showing
the bishops' sees, monasteries, etc., in each county of
England ; etc.
Gervase, or Gervaise, of Tilbury. Born prob-
ably at Tilbury, Essex: died probably about
123o. An English historical writer. He wa«
called, without foundation, a grandson of Hemy H. H*
became a favorite of the emperor Otho IV., and wrote foi
his amusement "<Hia Imperialia" (about 1211), a valuable
medley of the tales and superstitions of the middle agea.
Gervex (zlier-va'), Henri. Born at Paris, 1848.
A French painter, :i ]m}n\ of Cabanel, Froraen-
tin, andBrisset: a member of the impressionist
school. Among his paintings are "Dianeet Endymion"
{1S7.''), ' Rettiur du bal " (lS7fl), " Le mariage civil " (I8«l :
a decorative panel for the mairie of the lUtli arrondisse-
ment at Paris), "Hassin de La Villctte" (18S2: for.the
same building). "La femme an masciue" (ISKti), "A la
Rf^publiiiue franvaise " (18iX3 ; at the Salon of the i hamp-
de-Mai's).
Gervinus (ger-fe'uos), Georg Gottfried. Bom
at Darmstadt, Germany, May 20, 1805: died at
Gervinus
Heidplliei-g, March 18, 1871. A celebrated Ger-
man historian and critic. lie became pro(e8sor(ex.
traordiiiur)) at llciilelherg in 1835, and professor of his-
tory ami literature at Oottingcii in 1838; was one of tlie
seven professors driven from tiiat university in 1837 for
protesting against tlie suspension of the constitution of
Hanover ; and became honorary professor at Ueidelberg
in 1844. His works include '* (ieschichtc der poetischen
National-litteratur der Deutselien " (5th edition, "Oe-
achichtc der deutschcn DiehtunK," 1871-74 : " History of
German Poetry"), "Shalispere' (4 vols. 1849-50), "Ge-
schichte des neunzchnteii .lalirliuriderts ' (" History of the
Nineteenth Century." lS56-««). etc.
Geryon (je ' ri - on), or Geryones (.19- ri ' o-nez).
[Gr. rc/)i(jror Vi/pion/r.] In (in-ok mythology,
a, monster with three hi'a<ls or three bodies and
powerful wings, son of ChrysaorandCallirrhoe,
dwelling in the island of Erj-theia in the far
west. He jMissossed a large herd of red cattle guarded by
Eurytion (las shrplierd) and tlie twt)- headed dog Arthrus.
Hercules carried these cattle away, and slew Geryon.
Ges (zlias), or Crans (ki'iiuz). A race of Bra-
zilian Indians in northern (loyaz and western
Maraidiao: so named by etlmologists because
the names of their nnmerons clans generally
end in r/t' ('father, ancestor') or craii ('son,
descendant'). The Portuguese of Maranh.-io called
them Timbiras. Among the liest-known clans are the
Apinages, Guapindages, and Macamacrans. In all the
language is essentially the same. They are large, strong,
and often handsome lh<lians ; lead a wandering life during
the dl7 season, but have fixed villages ami small planta-
tions for the rainy months ; never nse hammocks, but
Bleep on raiseii t>ed8 made of sticks ; and, in a wild state,
go entirely naked, t^ntil about IsliO they were continually
at war with the whites. Latterly the Apinages ami some
others have been drawn into mission villages. They still
number many th<tusands. Von Martins united the Ges
with the Cay.apiis. I'havantes, Acroas, Tecunas, and many
other triiies in eastern, centnd. and northern Brazil, in
what he called the Gt's or Crans stock ; but this classifica-
tion h.as been generally abandoneil, and the true position
of the Gis is di'ubtful.
Geselschap (oa-sel'schap), Eduard. Bom at
Amslcnlani, March 22, 1814: died at Dussel-
dorf. .Jan. .'), 1878. A genre painter, a pupil of
the Diissi'ldcirf Academy. His works, of which the
earlier are of a romantic character, include "Gotz von
Berlichingen before the Council of Heilhronn" (1842),
"FiudingoftheBodyof Gnstavus Adolphus"(l&48),"Sight
Camp of Wallenstein's Soldiere in an Old Church " (1849).
Gesenius (gi--se'ni-ns: (i. ]>ron. ga-za'ne-os),
Friedrich Heinrich Wilhelm. Born at Nord-
hausen, Prnssia, Feb. 3, 1786: died at Halle,
Prussia, Oct. 23, 1842. A noted German Orl-
iiitalist and liiblical critic, professor at Halle
I'rtim 1810. His works include *■ Hebraisches und chal-
daisches Handworterbuch"(" Hebrew and Chaldaic Lexi-
con." 1810 12: translated by Kdward Robinson), "He-
bralsche Orannnatik" (1813), Hebrew "Thesaurus "(182!)-
1858). translation of and oimmentary on Isaiah (1820-21),
*• Phieiiicire niormnienta" (is:l7l, etc.
Oesner (ges'ner), Johann Matthias. Born at
Koth, near Nuremberg, Bavaria, April 9, 1691 :
died at Gottingen, Aug. 3, 1761. A German
classical scholar. He became professor of rhetoric in
the University of Gottingen in 1734. He edited a nnml)er
Of Latin classics, including (Jninlilian (17:i8), Claudian
(17.'i!IX Pliny the Younger (173!)), and lluracc (I7.'.2).
Gesner (incorrectly Gessner), Konrad von.
Born at Zurich, Switzerland. March 2(), I'llG:
dieil at Zurich, Doc. 13, ir)6."). A celebrated
Swiss naturalist and scholar. He became pro-
fewor of Greek at Lausanne in 1-'»,S7. and was afterward
professor of ])hy8ics at Zurich. Among his works are
"Btbllotheca universalis' (I'i4r>-.'i5), "Historia animali-
nm " (ISSO -s7), " Opera botanica " (published by Schmiedel
175;; .-.;>).
(Jesoriacum (jes-o-ri'a-kum). An ancient sea-
port of (iiuii : the nioilern Boulogne.
Gtessi ( jis'sc ). Bomolo. Born at Ravenna, Italy,
April 30, 1S31 : died at Suez, May 1, 1881. An
African traveler. In the Egyptian service, and under
Gordon Pasha, he surveyed the Nile above Duflle, and es-
tablished the fac;t that the Albert Nyiuiza licli>ng8 to the
•yatem of the Nile. Later he became governor of Bahr-
ol'Gh!izal. In 18sn he returned with his troops to Khar-
tum, but floiitiiig vegetation prevented the progress of his
steamer until .\larno came to his relief in 1881. His notes
have been published bv his son In "Sctte anni nel Sudan
egiziano" (Milan. 18!)1).
Qessler (ges'lcr), Hermann, In Swiss legen-
dary history, an impirial luagisliate in Uri an<l
Scliwvz, sliot bv Ti'U ill 1307, according to the
"Chi-;)nici>u llc'lvctieuni." See TrII, llilliiim.
Gessner (gi's'ncr), Salomon. Born at Zni-ich,
Switzerland, April 1. 1730: died there, March
2, 1788. A Swiss idyllic jioet, landscape-paint-
er, and engraver. His works Include " Idyls " (17.10),
■' Death . .f Abel " (a prose idyl. 1758), "The First Boatman '
^
sta Romanorum (jes'tii ro-raa-no'rum). [L.,
'di'i'ds ol' till' Kiiiiiaiis.'] A popular collection
of stories in Latin. ooiii|iili'il, perhaps in Kng-
land, at the end of tlic lilth or tlie beginning
of the 14tli century.
This compilation long retained itB )>opularity ; was
printed as early as 1473 ; reprinted at Loiivaln a few
months later ; again In 1480 ; translatei) into Dutch in
435
1484 ; printed again in 1488 ; and went through six orseven
editions in this country during the succeeding century.
The earliest printed Latin texts contained 15tl or 151 sec-
tions. In the next following editions the number quickly
rose to 181, and these 181 tales form the commonly re-
ceived text. There was a German edition at Augsburg in
1489 containing only 95 tales, of which some are not in the
ac(;epted Latin version. In like manner, including tales
not in the Latin anonymous text, there is an English series
of 43 or 44 sections. . . . The name of the work, "'Gesta
Romanorum "(Dee,ls of tlie Romans), commonly applied
to any records of the history of Rome, is justitled by little
more than the arbitrary, but not invariable, reference of
tale after tale to the life or reign of Roman eiuperon,.
ancient or then modern, as Coni-ad, or Frederic, or Henry
II. The lKw,k itself refers tothe "Gesta Romanorum "as
simply the Annals of Rome. Thus one tale, to illustrate
"the Sin of Pride," begins with the sentence, *' We read
in the 'Gesta Romanorum ' of a prince called Pompey,"
and proceeds to tell about Cajsar and Pompey, adding a
inonil in the usual form. It may be that a first collection
of these tales was, like this one, in accordance with the
title, and gave only illustrations out of Roman history,
each with its ready-made moral or "application " added
for the preacher's use; but that by the addition of more
striking marvels and much livelier matter, with omission
of familiar bits of ancient history, the original convenient
form (.if story and Application and the original name also
being retained, the work itself was developed to its later
shape. Miirleii, English Writers, III. 3M, 3G7.
Geta (je'ta), Publius Septimius. Born at
Milan, May, 189: assassinated by order of Ca-
racalla, Feb., 212. Second son of Septimius
Severus and Julia Domna, brother of Caracalla,
and joint emperor with him 211-212.
GetaB (je'te). [Sometimes in E. form Getes : L.
(ietie, Gr. Thai. The name is not connected
with that of the GauU or that of the Gothi or
Goths.] In ancient history, a Thracian people
dwelling in the modern Bulgaria, and later in
the modern Bessarabia.
In ancient times the countries north of the Danube
mouths were inhabited by a people called Getes (in Latin
Getaj). . . . The poet Ovid was sent to live among this
people when .Augustus banished him from Rome. ?,ow
in the third century after Christ the Goths came and
dwelt in the land of the Getes, and to some extent mingled
with the native inhabitants ; and so the Romans came to
think that Goths and Getes were only two names for the
same people, or rather two different ways of pronouncing
the same word. Even the historian .Tordanes, himself a
Goth, actually calls his book a Getic history [" De rebus
Geticis"], and mixes np the traditions of his ow^ people
with the tales which he had read in books about the Getes.
In modem times some great schol.ars have tried to prove
that the Getes really were Goths, and that the early tenitory
of the (rothic nation reached all the way from the Baltic to
the Black Sea. But the ablest authorities are now mostly
agreed that this is a mistake, and that when the Goths
migrated to the region of the Danube it was to settle
amongst a people of a different race, speaking a foreign
tongue. Bradley, Story of the Goths, p. 19.
Gethsemane (geth-sem'a-ne). [Heb., 'oil-
press ' ; Gr. ViHat]iiav7j.'\ In New Testament his-
tory, a garden or orchard east of Jerusalem, near
the brook Kedron.
Getty (get'i), George Washington. Born at
Georgetown, I). C, Oct. 2, ls)y. A Union gen-
eral in the Civil War. He graduated at West Point
in 1840; fought with distinction in the Mexican war;
served in the artillery at Yorktown, Gaines's Mill, Malvern
Hill, South Mountain, and Antietam ; became brigadier-
general of volunteers Sept. *25, 1862 ; participated in the
Rappahannock campaign 18r)'2-l>;i, being engaged at Freder-
icksburg and in the defense of SiiIfnlk.N iigiida; served in
the defense of Wa-shington in July, 1SC4, and in the Shen-
andoah campaign ; and was present at Lee's surrender,
.\pril 0, 18li5. He became colonel in the regular anny.
,)iily 28, 1860, and commanded the troops along the Balti-
more and (lliio Railroad during the riols of 1877.
Gettysburg (get'iz-bcrg). A borough and the
capital of Adams County, southern Pennsyl-
vania, 36 miles southwest of HaiTisbnrg. It is
the seat of Pennsylvania College (Lutheran) and of a
Lutheran theological seminary, and has a national ceme-
tery on the tleld Of the battle fought here July 1-3, 1863.
Population (1890), 3, -221.
Gettysburg, Battle of. A victory of the Fed-
erals iiiidor (loiii-rnl -Meade over the Confeder-
ates under Lee at (iettyslmrg, Pennsylvania,
.luly 1-3, 1803. General Lee, while invading Pennsyl-
vanfa, was cinnpelled to retreat by the Army of the Poto-
mac umUrGciieral Meade, which wasthreateiiing his rear.
Hedecidi-d tc venture a battle, expecting in case of victory
to march on Washington, and in case of defeat to secure
a direct line of retreat to Virginia ; ami gave orilei-s fm-
his army to concentrate at Gettysburg. On .luly 1 the
Federal advance under Major-General Reynolds met the
Confederate advance at Gettysburg. An cng.agement en-
sued. In which bc.th sides were reinforced. Reynolds was
killed, and was succeeded by (ieneral Howard, who luaiii-
talned his position on Cemetery lUll, sonth of the town.
General Meade arrived during the afternoon. linthe'2d
the Federal army occupied a strong position in the form
of a semicircle with its convex center toward Gettysbni-g,
and imlnding theclevations of Cciinlcry Hill and Round
Top. About noon Lee began a general attack (ni the Fed-
eral center and left, which was followed by an attack ■ni
the right. He lost the day In every qllart^'r. The battle
on the 'id demonstrated that the key to General Meade's
])ositloii was Cemetery Hill, wliicli was defelidcil by a bat
teiy of about 80 guns. Acccudingly. on the, Hd, General I.ee
nnuised upward of loOguiis on Seminary Htdge. w 1th which
he opened on Cemetery Hill aliout 1 r. .M. The bombard-
ment, which lasted an hour and a half, was followed by
Ghazni
two grand assaults, which were repulseil. General Leo
retired on the 4tb. The forces engaged during this three
days' battle numbered between 70,000 and 8n,0li0oii each
side. The Federal loss was 2,8;JI killed. 13.709 wounded,
and (',643 missing, making a totjd of 23.18t>. The total Con-
federate loss was 31,621. See Pickett.
GeuLincX (Oe'lrnks or zhe-laiiks'), Arnold.
Born at Antwerp, 1625: died at Lcyileu, 1()69.
A Cartesian philosopher, the founder of the
metaphysical theory of occasionalism. Ue studied
at Loiivaiu, and became a teacher of philosophy there in
liU6, but was deprived of his position in I6.'>2 on account
of his attacks upon scholasticism. He then went over to
Protestantism, and in 1665 became professor of philosophy
at Leyclen.
G6vaudan (zha-vo-don'). An ancient distiict
in Languedoc, France, capital Mende. nearly
corresponding to the department of Lozere.
It w as a vl.sconntship in the middle ages, and was acquired
by France in the icigii of St. Louis (1'258),
Gevelsberg (ga'iels-beru). A manufacturing
town in the province of Westphalia. Prnssia,
near Hagen. Population (1890), 9,379.
Giex (zheks). -V town in the department of Ain,
l''rance, U) miles north-northwest of Geneva.
Population (1S91). commune, 2,6o9.
Gex, Pays de. A small district of eastern
France, included in the department of Ain, and
in the ancient general government of Burgundy.
It was acquired by Savoy in ISf'O ; follnw,'d the fortunes
of Savoy, and at different times of Geneva and the Swiss;
and was annexed to France in ItiOl,
Geysers of the Yello'wstone. See YcUowstone.
Grezer (ge'zer). In ancient geography, a Ca-
naanite city within the territory of Ephraim,
Palestine. Its site is the modern Tel Jezar.
Gfrorer (gfrer'er), August Friedrich. Born
at Calw, Wiirtemberg, March ;), 1S03: died at
Karlsbad, Bohemia, July 6, 1861. A German
historian, professor at the Catholic University
of Freiburg 1846. Among his works are "Allgemeine
Kirchengeschichte " (1S41-40), "Geschichte der ost- und
westfrankischen Karolinger " (185S), " Papst Gregor VII.
und sein Zcitaltcr " (1859-61), " Byzantinische Geschichte "
(1872-74), etc.
Ghadames, or Gadames (gil-dii'mes), A town
and trading center in an oasis of western Tripoli,
in lat. 30° 12' N.,long. 9° 10' E.: the Roman
Cydamus. Population, about 7,000.
Ghadamsi (gii-diim'se). >See Berbers.
Ghalib (gii-leb'). See the extract.
The last of the four great poets of the old Turkish school
was Slieykh Ghalib. who lived and worked in the time of
Sultan Seliiu 111.(1789-1807). His "Husn-u-Ashk"(" Beau-
ty and Love "), an allegorical romantic poem, is one of the
finest productions of Ottoman genius.
Poulc, Story of Tiukey, p. 321.
Ghara (gii'ra). The river Sutlej, British India,
from its union with the Bias to its confluence
with the Chenab.
Gharbieh, or Garbieh (gitr-be'ye). A maritime
province of Egypt, situated in the Delta between
the Damietta mouth on the east and the Kosetta
moutli on the west. Area, 2,340 square miles.
Population (1882). 929,488.
Ghardaya. See Gurdtiia.
Ghassanids (ga-san'idz), Kingdom of the. A
realm in Hauran, Syria, which was flourishing
imder the suzerainty of the Byzantine empire
about 4.')0-ri60.
Ghat (giit). See Berhers.
Ghats, or Ghauts (gats). [Hind., 'a pass' or
'landing-stairs.'] In British India, specifically
the two mountain-ranges inclosing the Deccan
on the east and west, and uniting near Cape
Comoriii. The Eastern Ghats extend nortliwiu-d to the
vicinity of Balasor : average height, about 1..MI0 feet. The
Western I :liats extend northward to the Tapti valley. The
MIgiris in the Western Ghats rise in l)odabctaloS.622feet.
Ghazan (gii-ziin') Khan. Born Nov. 30, 1271:
died May 17, 1304. A Mongol sovereign of Per-
sia l'J!l."i-1304. He exiendeil his dominions from the
Amu llaria on the northeast to the Persian Gulf on the
south and Syria on the west, anil made Mohammedanism
the established religion of Persia.
Ghaziabad (gii-ze-ii-biid'). A town in the
Niirlliwisl Provinces, British India, 14 miles
easi of Delhi.
Ghazipur (gii-ze-p6r'). 1. A district in the
Benares division. Northwest I^ovinces, British
India, intersected by lat. 2r.» 30' N., long. 83°
30' E. ,\rea, 1,462 square miles. Population
(1891), 1,077,909.-2. The capital of the dis-
trict of (ihaziimr, siliiated on the (Janges in
lat. 2.">° 34' N.. long. 83° 3.')' E. Population
(1.S91), 44,970.
Ghaznevid8(gaz'ni'-vidz). An Asiatic dynasty
liiiiiideil ill the latter part of the 10th ceiilury,
and liaviiiii its seal at tihazni. Its most famous
siillan was Mabmnd. lis later cajiitiil was Lahore in
India. It was overthrown by the rnlcr of Ghnr In 1186.
Ghazni (giiz'ue orguz'nc), or Ghuzni (guz'ne),
111' Ghizni (gez'ne), or Gazna (gilz'nii orguz'-
Ghazni
na). A city of Afghauistan. situated in lat. 33°
34' X., long. 68° 14' E. It was important in the middle
apes, especially as the capital of the empire of Mahnmd
(997-103(1). It was stormed by the British ii] 1S39, and re-
taken by the Afghans in 1842 and l)y the British in the
same year. The so-called Gates i»f .Somuath were removed
from the city when the British retired from Atghanistan
in 1S42. Population, estimated, 10,(«iO.
Gheel (gal). A town in the province of Ant-
werp. Belgium, 26 miles east of Antwerp, it has
been celebrated since the middle ages as an asylum for
the insane. Population (1890), 12.026.
Gheat (gent). [Early mod. E. Gent, ME. Gent,
Gaiif, Gaioit, OF. Gant, F. Gaud (ML. Ganda),
G. Gent, from OFlem. Gend, D. Gent, formerly
Ghendt.'\ The capital of the province of East
Flanders, Belgium, on islands at the .iiuiction of
the Lys with the Schelde, in lat. 51° 3' X., long.
3° 42' E. It has a large trade in grain, flax, and rape-
oil, and manufactures of linen, cotton, lace, leather wares,
and engines. The Cathedral of St. Bavon is of the 13th
century, with later additions and modifications, except the
crypt, which is of tlie 10th. The interior is highly impres-
sive. The cathedral possesses many fine paintings, the
chief being the "Adoration of the Lamb " by Jan and Hubert
Tan Eyek and the "St. Bavon " by Itubens. The hotel de
ville, or town hall, has a fagade considered the tlnest piece
of rich Flamboyant architecture in Belgium. The city
also contains a notable library, museum, botanic gar-
den, the ruined abbey of St. Bavon, the (Ji-and B^-
guinage, St. Nicholas's Church, St. ifichael's Church, the
Oudeberg, palais de justice, university, institute of sci-
ences, and Petit Beguinage, Ghent became the capital
of Flanders in the 13th century, and w.as one of the
most important medieval cities. It liecame afamous cen-
ter of woolen miinufacture. The citizens were noted for
their independence and bravery. It revolted against the
counts of Flanders in the 14th century under Jacob and
Philip van Artevelde; revolted against Philip the Good
of Burgundy 1448-53 ; was the scene of the marriage of
Maximilian and Mary of Burgundy in 1477; revolted
against Charles V. (who was born there 1500) in 1539, and
was deprived of its liberties in 1540; was taken by the
Spaniards in 1584, and by the French in 1C7S ; and was
several limes taken in the 18th century. Population
(1893), 153,803.
Ghent, Pacification of. A union between Hol-
land. Zealand, and the southern provinces of
the Low Countries, formed against Spanish
supremacy, concluded at Ghent Nov. 8, 1576.
Ghent, Treaty of. A treaty between the United
States and Great Britain, concluded at Ghent
Dec. 24, 1814, terminating the War of 1812. it
provided for the mutual restitution of conquered territory
and the appointment of three commissions to settle the
titles to the islands in Passamaquoddy Bay. and to estab-
lish the northern boundary of the United States as far as
the St. Lawrence, and thence through the Great Lakes to
the Lake of the M'oods. The American commissioners
were John Quincy Adams, James Bayard, Henry Clay,
Jonathan Russell, and Albert Gallatin; the British com-
missioners were Lord Gambler, Henry Goulbui'n, and
William Adams.
Gherardesca (ga-riir-des'ka), Ugolino della.
Died 12S9. An Italian partizan leader in Pisa.
He conspired to obtain the supreme power, and was im-
prisoned in 1274, but escaped and joined the Florentines
who were then at war with Pis.a, and effected his retiun
by force. He subsequently led the Pisans unsuccessfully
against the Genoese and the Florentines. He was forced
to abandon his own party, the Ghibellines. and seek aid
from the Guelfs. He was finally overthrown, and with
his two sons, Gaddo and Cguccione, and two nephews was
Btan-ed to death in prison. His story forms a celebrated
epis<'de in the '■ Infenio" of Dante,
Gherardi del Testa (ga-riir'de del tcs'ta), Count
Toniinaso. Bom at Terriciuola, near Pisa,
Italy, 1818: died near Pistoja, Italy, Oct. 13,
ISSl. An Italian dramatist. Several of his
plays were produced by Ristori in Paris.
Ghibellines (gib'e-linz). [AlsovrrittenGi6e;i«f.'!,
GhiheUins; from It. Ghihcltino, the Italianized
form of G. Waihlinficn, the name of an estate in
the part of the ancient circle of Franconia now
included in Wiirtemberg. belonging to the house
of Hohenstauf en ( to which the then reigning em-
peror Conrad belonged), when war broke out
about 1140 between this house and the Welfs
or Guelfs. It is said to have been first employed
as the rallying-cry of the emperor's party at the
battle of Weinsberg.] Tlie imperial and aris-
tocratic party of Italy in (he middle ages: op-
posed to the Guelfs, the jmpal and popular
party.
Ghiberti(ge-ber'te), Lorenzo. Born at Florence
about 1378: died at Florence, 14.55. An Italian
sculptor. He learned the goldsmith's craft from his step-
father BartoloMichele,whocalled himself Lorenzo de'Bar-
toli. He first made himself known asapainterby hiswork
on the frescos ui the palace of Carlo Malatesta at Kimini.
He was recalled from Rimini in 1401 to compete for the
doorsof the baptistery at Florence. The trial of skill lay be-
tween Ghilterti and Bninelleschi of Florence, Querela and
Valdambrini of Siena, and N'iccolo d'Arezzo and Simone
from Colli in the Val d'Elsa. Ghiberti won, and the first
door was begun in 140;i and finished in 14"24. During these
twenty-one years twenty artists, among whom were l>ona.
tello and Piero Niello, assisted in modeling and casting
the work. Its completion was immediately followed by
an order to make the remaining door of the baptistery.
This, the great work of his life, was begun in 1424 and fln-
436
ished in 1447. Tlie subjects were selected, at the request
of the deputies, by Leonardo Bruni (Aretino). When Ghi-
berti finished these doors he w.as about seventy yeai-s old.
In the meantime he had received and executed many com-
missions for statues, bas-reliefs, and goldsmith's work, and
had also spent some time in Rome. As a goldsmith he
made the miters of Popes Martin V. (1419) and Eugenius
IV. (1434).
Ghika (ge'kii). A princely family, of Albanian
origin, which furnished many rulers to Walla-
chia and Moldavia in the 17th, 18th, and 19th
centuries.
Ghilan.or Gilan(ge-lan'). A province of north-
em Persia, borderingon the Caspian Sea. Capi-
tal, Resht. Population, probably 1.50,000.
Ghilzais (ghel'ziz). A warlike clan in east-
ern -\iglianistan, bet ween Kabul and Kandahar.
Ghirlandajo (ger-liin-dii'vO), II (originally Do-
menico Bigordi or Corradi). [Sumamed //
Gliir!(indti^i, the garland-niaker, probably from
his father's being a goldsmith.] Born at Flor-
ence, 1449: died there, Jan. 11, 1494. A Flor-
entine painter, also noted as a mosaicist. He
was the founder of a famous school of painting, and the
teacher of Miclielaugelo. His frescos in Florence are in
the Pal.azzo Vecchio (14^1) and the church and refectory'
of Ognissanti (14s0). the Sassetti Chapel in Santa Trinita
(1435), the choir of .Santa ilaria Novella (l»is masterpiece,
about 14SO-S8). and the Church of the Innocenti(14SS). In
14S3 he was called to Rome to aid in decorating the Sistine
ChapeL Among Ms pictures are two " Holy Families " at
Berlin, '*.\doration of the Shepherds" in the academy at
Florence (ItS-^X "Madonna and ."^aints " at San JIartino,
Lucca, anrl "Madonna and Child with Saints," "St. Cath-
arine of Siena," and "St. Lawrence" in the Pinakothek at
Munich. His brothers Bavide and Benedetto are also
noted as assisting him.
Ghirlandajo, Ridolfo. Born at Florence, Feb.
4, 1483 : died there, June 6, 1561. A Florentine
painter, son of Domenieo Ghirlanda.io.
Ghirlandina To'wer. See Modena.
Ghislanzoni (ges-lan-zo'ne), Antonio. Bom
1824: died July, 1893. An Italian writer and
journalist. I ntil he lost his voice in 1854, he was a
singer on the Italian stage. He founded the comic paper
"Vlomg di Pietra " in 1857.
Ghiz. Same as Gecz.
Ghizeh. See Gi:eh.
Ghizni. See Ghazni.
Ghondama (gon-da'ma). See Klwikhoin.
Ghoorkhas. See Ghurlas.
Ghur (gor). Ghore (gor), Gaur, Gour (gour),
etc. A mountainous region of Afghauistan,
southeast of Herat.
Ghuri (go're). A Mohammedan Asiatic dynasty
whose seat was in Ghur. They became prominent in
the 12th centiu^: put an end to the Gha^nevid power at
Lahore in IISO ; aud overran a large pait of India. They
were reduced in power in the 13th century, and confined
to the neighborhood of Herat, which w.as taken by Timiu-
in 1383.
Ghurkas, or Goorkhas, or Ghoorkas (gor'kiiz).
Tlie dominant race in the kingdom of Nepal.
The Ghurkas are of Hindu descent, and speak a Sanskritic
dialect. They were driven out of Rajputana by the early
Mohammedan invaders, and gradually approached Nepal,
which they conquered in 17GS after a long struggle. Some
of the best troops in the Anglo-Indian army are recruited
from the Ghurl^s.
Ghuzni. See Ghazni.
Giafar (ja'fiir). In the "Arabian Nights'
Entertainments," the grand vizir of Harun-al-
Rashid. who accompanies him in his nightly
wanderings.
Giambelli (jam-bel'le), or Gianibelli (jS-ne-
borie),Fe(ierigO. Bom at Mantua, Italy: lived
in the second half of the IGth century : died at
London. An Italian military engineer in the
serrice of Queen Elizabeth at Antwerp 1584-85,
aud later in England.
Giannone (jan-nd'ne), Pietro. Bom at Ischi-
tclla, Foggia. Italy, May 7, 1676 : died in prison
at Turin, March 7, 1748. An Italian historian.
Ho published " Storia ei^-ile del regno di Na-
poli" (17231. etc.
Giannuzzi, Giulio Pippi de'. See GinUo Ro-
nuiiin.
Giant Despair. The owner of Doubting Castle,
ill Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress."
Giant-Killer, Jack the. See Jacl:
Giant's Causeway. A group of basaltic col-
umns, situated on the coast of Antrim, north-
ern Ireland, west of Bengore Head, about 11
miles northeast of Coleraine.
Giant's Dance. See the extract.
Stonehenge was called the Giant's Pance (chorea gigan-
tuml. a name ni>doubt once connected with alegend which
has been superseded t>y the stor)' attached to it by Geof-
frey of Monmouth. Wri;/ht, Celt," Roman, and Saxon, p. 6*2.
Giants of Guildhall. See Gog and ilaijnii.
Giaour ( jour). The. A narrative poem bv Lord
Byron, juiblislied in 1813,
Giardini Ciiir-de'nel, Felice di. Bom at Turin
in 1716 : died at Moscow, Dec. 17, 1796. A noted
Italian violinist.
Gibby
Giarre (jar're). A town in the province of Ca-
tania, SieUy, Italy, situated near the sea 16
miles north-northeast of Catania. Population,
12,769.
Giaveno ( ja-va'no). A town in the pro\-ince of
Turin, Italv, 16 miles west of Tui-in. Popula-
tion. 6,379."
Gib (gib), Adam. Bom at Muckhart, Perth-
shire, April 14, 1714 : died at Edinburgh, June
18, 1788. A Scottish clergyman, leader of the
" Antiburgher" section in the "breach" of the
Scottish Secession Church 1747.
Gibaros. See Jivaros.
Gibbet (jib'et). In Farquhar's comedy "The
Beaux' Stratagem," a highwaj-man and convict.
He remarks that it is "for the good of my country that I
should be abroad, "and prides himself on being the "best
behaved man on the road."
Gibbie (gib'i). Goose. A half-witted lad in
"Old Mortality," by Sir Walter Scott.
Gibbon (gib'on), Ed'ward. Bom at Putney,
Surrey, April 27, 1737 ; died at London, Jan. lo,
1794. A famous English historian. He was a
grandson of Edward Gibbon, who was one of the most
prominent of the directors of the South Sea Compjuiy, and
who, when the bubble burst, lost the greater part of his
fortune, which, however, he later repaired. His health in
childhood was poor, and his instruction irregular. He en-
tered Oxford (Magdalen College) in April, 1752. but left the
university after a residence of foui-teen months. At this
time he became a Roman Catholic, a creed which he soon
afterward renounced. In June, 1753, he was jdaced under
the care and instruction of Pavilliard. a Calvinist minis-
ter, at Lausanne, where he remained with great profit un-
til Aug., l?.")*, when he returned to England. At Lausanne
he fell in love with Susaiine Curchod (afterward Madame
Necker and mother of iladame de SlaelX butonhisrelni-n
to England the affair was Ijroken ofi" by his father. He
ser^-ed in the militia 1759-70, attaining the rank of coloneL
From Jan,, 17t)3, to June, 1765, he traveled in France,
Switzerland, and Italy. In 1774 he was elected to Parlia-
ment, In .Sept., 17S3, he establisheii himself at Lausanne,
where he resided for the remainder of his life. His great
work is "The History of the Decline and Fall of tlu- Roman
Empire," still the cliief authority for the period which if
covers, and one of the greatest histories ever written. "The
first volume appeared in 1776 and the last in 1788. He also
wrote "ilemoirs of my Life and Writings."
Gibbon, John. Born near Holmesbiu'g, Pa.,
April 20, 1827 : died Feb. 6, 1896. An American
general. He was graduated at West Point in 1847 ; wu
promoted captain in 1859 ; commanded a brigade at Antie-
tam (181.2) and Gettysburu' (1863) ; was made major-general
of volunteers, June 7, 1864; and took part in the battles
of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, and Cold
Harbor (1864), He commanded a column in the Yellow,
stone expedition .against Sitting Bull in 1876, and was made
briiiadier-general in the remilar ami.v Jnlj* 10, IsjS-x Ho
published "The Artillerists Manual" '(18.'.9).
Gibbons (gib'onz). Christopher. Bornat West-
minster, 1615 : died Oct. 20, 1676. An English
musical composer. He was organist of Winchester
cathedrtil 1638-61, and at the Restoration became an or-
ganist of the Chapel Royal, organist of Westminster Ab-
bey, and organist to the king. He was buried in West-
minster Abbey.
Gibbons, Grinling. Born at Rotterdam. April
4, 1648: died at London, Aug. 3, 1720. A noted
English wood-carver and sculptor. Among U»
notable works in wood were a copy of Tintoretto's "Cru-
cifixion " (A'enice), containing over one hundred figures,
*' The Stoning of .Stephen," etc. He excelled especially in
carving flowers, fruit, and game, and In decorative Hork.
Gibbons, James. Born at Baltimore. Md., July
23, 1834. An Amei'ican Roman Catholic prelate.
He was ordained priest at St- Mary's Seminary, Balti-
more, in 1861, and became archbishop of Baltimtu'e in 1877,
and cardinal in 1S86. He has published "The Faith of
Our Fathers " (1876) and "Our Christian Heritage" (1889).
Gibbons, James Sloane. Born at Wilmington,
Del., July 1, ISIO: died at New York, Oct. 17,
1S92. An American banker and author. He was
identified with the alxjiition movement, and in I5i3 his
house was sacked by the New York mob during the draft
riot.s on account of 'its being illuminated in hontir of Lin-
coln's emancipation proclamation. He wrote the war song
"We are coming. Father Abraham, three hundred Ihon-
s;ind more."
Gibbons, Orlando. Bom at Cambridge, Eng-
land. 1.583: died at Canterbury, England. June
5, 162.5. A noted English composer and organ-
ist, best known by his church music, which
gained for him the "title of " the English Pales-
trina." It has been mostly printed in Barnard's " Church
Music "(IIHIX and in 1S73 in a volume edited by Sir F. A.
Gore Ouseley. His madrigals are considered among the
best of the F.nglish school He was one of a family noted
for musical attainments.
Gibbs fgib/.\ Josiah "Willard. Bom at Salem,
Mass., April 30, 1790: died at New Haven,
Conn., March 25,1861. An American philologist.
He translated Gesenius's "Hebrew Lexicon'
(1824), and published "Philological Studies"
(1857), etc.
Gibby(gib'i). In Jlrs. Centli^•re's comedy "The
Wonder." the highland servant of Colonel Brit-
on. He is an undatmted and incorrigible
blunderer.
aibeah
Oibeah (gib'e-ii). In Scripture geography, a
town ill Palestine, proliably about 4 miles north
of Jerusalem. It was the scene of the destruction of
the Benjaniites (JudKes \x.). There were several other
placfs of the name in PiUefitine.
Gibelines. See GhihclUius.
Gibeon (gib'e-ou), modern El-Jib. In Old Tes-
tami'iit geography, a town in Palesline, 6 miles
northwest of Jerusalem. Tlie f;il)eonites sucueeded
by a strataKeni in nuUiiiiK a trtaly witll tlie Israelites un-
der Josliua. The town was talien liy Sliisliall.
Gibil(ge'bil). The Assyro-lialiyliiiiiau fire-god.
He is invoked in hymns addressed to him, on account of
the many lienoUcial functions of lire, as one who wards otf
all diint'ers, and who ilecides the fate of men. The name
Is derived from Akkadian yi, stick, and bit, lire, and seems
to indicate tile exi.^tcnce among the Akkadians of the fire-
drill c^'rnmnn anionjr many primitive jieoples.
Gibraltar (.ji-bral'tiir; Sp. pron. He-briil-liir').
A town and fortifieil promontory on the south-
ern coast of Spain, a crown colony of Great
Britain, situated in lat. 36° G' N., long. 5° L'l'
W., celebrated for its strength, it is an impor-
tant coaling station. It was the classical Calpe, and one
of the Pillars of Hercules ; wjia the landing-place of tlie
Saracen leader Tarik (heme Oelxl-al-Tarik. 'Hill of Ta-
rlk ') ; w:i8 taken tlnally from the Moors liy the Spaniards
in 14(R2 ; was fortilled by Charles V.; was taken by an
English ami Dutch force under Rookc in 1704 : and wa.s
unsuccessfully besieged by the Spaniards and French in
1704-0,'>, by the Spaniards in 1727, and l»y the Spaniards and
Krencli 177t>-i>3. In the last sic-ge, commencing June 21,
1779, tlie defenders were commanded by Lord Heathfleld.
The chief attack was made Sept, 13, 17«2, when the tloat-
iDg batteries devised by the Chevalier d'Ar^on were used.
Greatest height of the rock, 1.4,'i9 feet. Area, If^i square
miles. Popnlation (ISlll). 2,i,i!g9.
Gibraltar, Bay of. An inlet of the Strait of
(iibraltar, situated west of the town.
Gibraltar, Strait of. A sea passage connect-
ing tlie Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic
Ocean, and separating Spain from Morocco:
the ancient Frctum Ilerciileura, Fretum Oadi-
tanum, Fretilin Tartessium, etc. Its width in the
narrowest part Is S miles; between Ceuta and Gibraltar
it is i;-( miles.
Gibraltar of America. A name sometimes
given to Quebec.
Gibson ( u'ib ' son ) , Edmund. Born at Bampton ,
Westmoreland, En^'land, 1669: died at Batli,
England, Sept. G, 1748. An English prelate and
author. He became bishop of Lincoln in 17iri, andin 1723
was translated to the see of Loudon. His chief work is
" Codex juris ecclesiiistici Anglicani " (1713).
Gibson, Edward, first Baron Ashbourne. Born
437
Gilbert, Marie Dolores Eliza Rosanna
antislaverv leader. He was admitted to the bar in »'»•' , 0™4' and "The Majviad (1795) : these were pub-
1820, and in 18SS was elected a member of Congress from ''sl'V' toK^ther in l.a,. lie was editor of the Quarterly
Ohio, an oltlce wliicli be oeenpie.l until is.v.i, acting for the »" i«v from its beginning iii ISoii till lb24.
most part with the Whigs. In 184-2, during tlie debate in GigOUX (zhe-gi)'), Jean FraniJOiS. Born Jan.
Congress oti the ipiestion of demanding the restoration of .s ].sO!J: died Dec. 14, 1894. A French histori-
the negro mntiiiecrs of the Creole, who had taken refuge j,.,;^ ^,^.„,.p^ ^^^j p,„.,rait painter.
in an English port (1^41), he olfered a series of resolutions
to the ettect that the l-'ederal authorities were unauthor-
ized by tlie Constitution to take any action for the recovery
of the slaves, in consequence of which he was censured in
the House by a vote of 125 to i:9. He resigned his seat,
and appealed to his constituents, who reelected him by a _
large majority. He was consul-general to llritish North GlJOn (ne-Hon ),
America from 18B1 until his death. He published "E.\iles
of Florida " (1858) and "The Rebelliou: its Authors and
Causes " (1804).
Gideon (gid'e-on), surnamed Jerubbaal (.je-
rul/a-al or ,ier-u-ba'iil). [llel)., 'u hewer.']
Lived probably in the 13th century E. C. A
Hebrew liberator and religious reformer. He
defeated the Midianites, and was judge in Israel
for forty years.
Giebel(ge'bel),Cliristoph Gottfried Andreas.
Born at Qiiedliuburg, Prussia, Sept. 13, 1820:
died at Halle, Prussia, Nov. 14, 1881. A Ger-
man zoologist and paleontologist. His works
Include "Allgemeine Paiaontologie " (1852),
Gihon (gi'hon). One of the four rivers in Eden
(Gen. ii.), variously identified with the Oxus,
Ara.xes, an arm of the Euphrates-Tigiis system,
etc.
A seaport in the province of
Oviedo, Spain, in lat. 4'3° 33' N., long. 5° 40'
W. It is growing, and exports fruit, iron, and coal. It
is a seabathing resort. Population (ls87), 35,170,
Gil (iiel), Juan Bautista. Died April 12, 1877. A
Paraguayan iioliti.'iaii of the Colorados party.
He was elected president of the republic Nov. 25, 1874. and
still held the ofhce when he was assassinated by a personal
enemy.
Gila (He'lii). A river in the western part of
Xew Mexico and in Arizona. It is the chief tribu-
taiy of the Colorado, which it joins at Yuma, Arizona, near
the southeasteru extremity of California. Length, about
tiSO miles.
Gila Apache. See Oihno.
Gilan. See Ghikni.
il'bart). James William. Bom at
.rf.'"' ^>.>.i -iij 1 I. e Gilbart (gil'biirt). James 'VS
Gien (%yan). A town in the department of London March 21. 1794 : died at London. Aug.
the Loire 38 miles „ ,„„„ ' a„ i7..,„,;ci, k.,„i,„,. ^
Loiret, France, situated on
east-southeast of Orleans. It has a chateau, and
manufactures faience. Population (1891), commune, 8,619.
Giers (gers>, Nikolai Karlovitch de. Born
May 21, 1820 : died Jan. 2G, 1895. A Russian
diplomatist and statesman, of Swedish extrac-
tion. He was appointed minister to Stockholm in 1872,
adjunct to the minister of foreign affairs in 1875, and min-
ister of foreign affairs 1S82-95. ^^
Giesebrecht (ge'ze-brecht), Friedrich Wil-
helm Benjamin von. Born at Berlin, March
5,1814: died at Mimich,Dcc. 18, 1889. A noted
German historian. He became professor of history at
Konigsberg in 1857, and at Munich in 1862. He was raised
to tlie nobility in 1865. His works include "Geschichte
der deutschen Kaiserzeit" ("Histoi-yof the German Im-
perial Period," 1856-80), etc.
Gieseler (ge'ze-ler), Johann Karl Ludwig.
Bom at Petershagen, Westphalia, Prussia,
March 3, 1792 : died at Gottingeu, Prussia, July
8, 1854. A noted German ecclesiastical histo-
rian, professor at Gottingen from 1831. He wrote
"Lehrbnch der Kirchengeschichte" ("Manual of Church
History," 1824-60 : English translation edited by H. B.
Smith, 1857-81), etc.
1837. A BiitisliOiiiisc'rvativeiiolitician. Hewas Giessbach (ges'bach), Falls of the. A series
lord chancellor of Ireland in both Lord Salisbury's adniii
istratiuiis, and was raised to the peerage in 18S5. He intro-
duced Lord Ashbourne's Act, relating to Irish holdings.
Gibson, John. Born near Conway, Wales, 1790 :
died at Rome, Jan. 27, 1866. An" English sculp-
tor. He went to Rjime in 1817, and became a pupil of
Canova and Thorwaldsen. His works include " Sleeping
Shepherd " (1818), " .Mars an.l Cupid " (1819), "Psyche and
Zephyrs" (ls2'2), "Paris" (1824), "Nymph untying her
Sandal "(1831), "Hunter and Dog." a statue of tlie queen ci,-/r„_j /,,;c',-„.,l \ Pniinfacc nf (TTpIpti SpUna
tor the houses of Parlianicnt (I860 r,.5), and the so-called ^l^ora (gil old), t-OUnteSS 01 (Heien oeuna
of cascades in the Bernese Oljerland, Switzer-
land, south of the Lake of Brienz.
Giessen (ges'sen). The capital of the province
of Upper Hesse, Hesse, at the junction of the
Wieseck and Lahn, 33 miles nortii of Frank-
fort-oii-the-Main. It is the seat of a celebrated uni-
versity, founded by the landgrave Ludwig V. in 1607. Pop-
ulation (IS'.iii), •ji),416.
"tinted Venus," in which he introduced the use of color
Jdtcr the <ireili nianncT. tt.,,
Gibson, Randall Lee. Born at Spring Hill,
Ky., Sept. 10, 1S22: died at Hot Springs, Ark.,
Dec. 15, 1892. An American lawyer and poli-
tician. He was graduated at Yale in IS.'iS. and in the
law department of the I'nlversity of l.niiisiiiiia(now'l'ulane
University) in 18.^6. He Bubseiincnlly studied at lierliii,
and was for some months an attach'' of the American le-
gation at Madrid. He joined the Confederate army as a
grivate ; commanded a brigade at Sliiloh, and also under
eneral liragg in Kentucky ; and fought with distinction
III all tile ciigageiiicnts which took place during Johnston's
retreat from liall-.n to Atlanta. He covered the retreat
after fieneral Hn:.,i s defeat at Nashville, and in (General
Sheridan). " Born 18II7: died June 13, 18(57
An English poet, granddaughter nf K. B. Sheri-
dan. She married the fourth Karon Dulfirin in 1825, and
the Earl of Gilford (son of the eighth Marquis of Iwoed-
dalc) in 1862.
Gifford, Robert Sivain. Born on the island of
Naushon, Mass., Dec. 23, 1840. An American
landscape-painter. He came to New York in 1866,
and was elected a member of the .\ational Academy in
1878. He is also a prominent member of the Water-Color
Society. Among his works are "Mount Hood. Oregon "
(1870), " Entrance to Moorish House, Tangier " (1873),
" liorder of the Desert " (1877), " Salt MUls at Dartmouth "
(188.5), etc,
8,1863, An English banker. He was manager of
the London and Westminster Bank from its opening in
18.U to 1S59. Among his works are "A Practical Trea-
tise on Banking " (1827), ''Logic for the ^lillioii," and " His-
tory and Principles of Banking "(18;i4).
Gilbert (gii'bert) of Sempringham, Saint. [L.
Gilbcrtiis, F. Gmllwrt, Gilbert, It. GilherUi, Sp.
Gilbertii, G. Gilbert, Gisflbert : OHG., 'bright.']
Born at Sempringham, Lincolnshire, England,
about 1083 : died Feb., 1189. An English priest,
founder of the order of the Gilbertines.
Gilbert, Mrs. George H. Born at Rochdale,
England, in 1821. An English-American ac-
tress. She made her first appearance in 1846, and came to
America in 1849. She is successful in high comedy, and in
her youth was noted for her graceful dancing.
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey. Born at Comjiton,
near Dartraoutli, England, about 1539: drowned
off the Azores, Sept. 9, 1.583. An English sol-
dier and navigator, a stepbrother of Sir Walter
Raleigh. He sei-ved in Ireland l,')6O-70, where he de-
feated McCarthy More in 1509. and was made governor of
the province of ilunster ; and in the Netherlands in 1572,
where he unsuccessfully besieged Goes. In 1578, in ac-
cordance with designs which he had long entertained, he
obtained the royal jieniiission to set out on a voyage of
discovei-y and colonization ; but the expedition, which
started in Sept. of that year, was a failure. On June 11,
1583, he again set out with five ships (Delight, Golden
Hind, Raleigh (which soon returned). Swallow, and Squir-
rel), and on, July 30 sighted the northern shore of New-
foundland. " On Aug. 5 lie laiuieil at St. John's, where he
established the first English colony in North America,
On the return voyage the Squirrel, in which he sailed,
foundered in a st<uni. His last words were (he famous
" \Vt; are as near to heaven by sea as by land." He wrote
a " Disci iiiise of a Disciuiery fora New Passage to Cataia," a
sehenie for the founding of an academy and library at
London (published by Furnivall, 1869, as "Queen Eliza-
bethes Acliademy "), etc.
Gilbert, sir John. Bom at Blackheath. Eng-
land, in 1817. An English historical painter,
'iicipal works are "Don Quixote giving Ad-
Canhys campaign was charged witli the defense of Spaii- Giflford, Sandford EobinSOH. Born at Green-
l»h Fort. At the clcwe of the war he held the rank of |i<.l,l, Saratdtra (Jouiity, N. Y.. July 10, 1823:
lajor-general. He
from Ivonisiana fro
jwas t Jilted States senator (Democratic)
18S3 until his death.
Gibson.William. Born ,itBaltiiiioro,Md.,1788:
dicdat Savannah, (ia,,March2, 1868. AnAmer-
ican siirgeoti. He was graduated in medicine at the
I'nlversity of Edinburgh in 1809, and in 18I'J succeeded
Dr, Pbysick in the chair of surgery in the t'niversity of
Pennsylvania, where he remained until 1855. He was one
of the first American surgeons to perform the Ciesarean
operation successfully, lie wrote
tfce of Surgery " (182 iV
Gibson,'William Hamilton. Born Oct. 5, 1 850 :
(licil July 16, 1.896. An American painter and
writer. He was a specialist in botanical drawing, nml
was known as an illustrator and painter in water-colors.
He wrote and illustrated '■Camp Life, etc.," "Tricks of
Trapping, etc." (1876), " Highways and Byways, etc. "(188'i),
"Happy Hunting Grounds '(18.S6), "Sliarp Eyes," etc.
Gichtel (gich'tel), Johann Georg. Bom at
Ualisbon, Bavaria, March 14, 1(;38: died at
Amsterdam, Jan. 21, 17II1. A German mystic,
founder of the sect of Angelic Brethren, or
(iicliteliaiis.
Giddings (gid'ingz), Joshua Reed. Born at
Athens, Bradfonl County, Pa., Oct. 6, 1795:
died at Montreal, May 27, 18()4. An American
Among his priiici,
vice to Sancho " (18:t9), " Wolsey and Buckingham " (1878),
"The Murder of Thomas Becket "(1878)," Ego et rex mens "
(1889), " En Avant" (1890). He has also illustrated Sliak-
spcre and many standard works.
Gilbert, John Gibbs. Born at Boston, Feb. 27,
1810: died there, June 17, 1889. A noted Amer-
ican comedian. He tli-st appeared in Boston, Nov. 28,
1828, as Jaffler in "Venice Preserved." He had a wide
range of characters : perhaps the best were Sir Peter Tea-
zle, Sir Anthony Absolute, Old Dornton, and Job Thorn-
berry, lie played with success in London, and in all the
proiiiiiieiit cities of the I'nited St.ates.
linter. He came to New York in 1841, Gilbert, Marie Dolores Eliza Rosanua. Born
;1 a member of the National Academy m . 1 ,;,„,, ,.i,.K- in 1818- died at Astoria N Y
led in Paris and Borne I855-.57. Among i^ ^•'"'i ioV^. -"^^'^ - |"^^' •" ^vsioiia, i^. i .,
Jan. 17, 1861. An adventuress and dancer,
known as Lola Montez
An American
1 at New York. Aug. '29, 1880,
laiidsciipe-iiaintcr
and was elected
18.^4, He studied in Paris and Rome 1855-57. Among
his works are "Kaaterskill Clove" (18.59), "Shrewsbury
River" (18ia), "Venice," " i,.Tgo Maggiore," "Fishing-
boats on the Adriatic," "Golden Horn " (187'2), "October
inthe<:atskills,""Kuin5 of the Parthenon " (1880 : in the
Corcoran Gallery), etc.
J'rinciples and Prac- Gifford, William. Born in Hampshire, Eng-
land, in 15.')4: ilied April 11,1629. Archbishop
of Klieims. He studied at the universities of Oxford,
l.ouvaiii (under P.eilarinine), and Paris, and at the English
colleges at Itbeinis and Rome, and in 1582 was appointed
lecturer on St, Thomas Aquinas in the English college at
liheinis. He became dean of the Church of St. Peter at
Lille about l.Miil: took the lieiiedlctiiie habit in 1008; was
prior of a P>ciicdictine house at Dieiilewart 1009-10; and
in 1611 founded a community of his order at St..Malo,
Brlltaoy, wliicb be afterward removed to Paris. He was
appnintetl arrbbishoii of Klieims in 10'32. He completed
andeililcd Dr. William Iteynolds's "Calvino-Tureismns"
(I5'.I7 160.1).
Gifford, William. Born at Ashlmrton, Devon-
shire, lOiiglaiid, .Xjiril, 1757: died at TiOndon,
Dec. 31, 1826. An English critic and satirical
poet. Ue first became known by his satires "The Ba-
She first married Captain
Thiunas James in 1837. He divorced her in 184'2. She
then took lessons in dancing from a Siianish teacher, and
appeared in London in 1843 as " Lola Montez, Spanish
dancer. " After various adventures she appeared at Munich,
where she became tlic niislrcss of tin- old king l.nilwig of
Bavaria. She was naturalized, and received the titles of Ba-
roiiiie de Koscntlial and Comtessede I.amisfeld. She con-
trolled the king completely, and was virtually ruler of
Bavaria, a position in which she displayed ability and
wisduio. After about a year, however, owing to hostility
between the liberal and conservative students of the uni-
versity, the former of whom she had patronized, a riot
occurred and her life was in ilanger. She calls.d the
university to lie closed, when an insurrection took place
and the king was forced to abdicate, March 21, 1848, and
she was banished. Aft^'r various adventures she inalTled
George Tralford lleald at London in ,Inly, 1849, She was
snminoned for bigamy, but lied to Spain, ileald is said
to have died in 1853. In 1851 she arrived in New York,
where she attracted much attentimi and drew crowded
houses. In 1853 she married P. P. Hull In San Francisco.
In 1859 she devoted herself to visiting ruilcast women, and
labored among them till she was stricken with paralysis.
Gilbert, Nicolas Joseph Laurent 438 Gillmore
Gilbert i I^Iiel-bar' ), Nicolas Joseph Laurent, Many stories of his crimes were current among the com- origin to an Israelitisli encampment, or it may have been
U iM» .it ^'nntQM^^-'li. ( M.-ji .111 liii'i-iiiii^ ITM- nionpt'ople. Amongother performances he is said to have a mound raised fur saeritlees.
,. "^ „ ".''^" • " ,.; " _U , c, u . "piclied tlie pocket of Cardinal Richelieu in the kiuRS Henan, Hist, of the People of Israel, I. 20a
(lieil at Pans, ^ov. IJ, libO. A treuch poet, presence, robbed Oliver CromneU, and hanged a judRe." _., ... ., .,,. , , . ■, ^ i- ^, , ,
cliit-fly noted for his satires. Tlie ballad concerning him is preserved in Kiison and Orllglt (gil-git ). 1. A triljiitary ot the Indus,
Gilbert (sil'bert), or Gilberd (sil'bi-rd), Wil- V,='rcy. .,, , , ,, , ^ ^^''"'■'^ '* j°'°s '^^O"* l*^*- ^■^° ^^' N-. long. 74°
liam Born at Colchester, Eii^daiid, in LVtO: Glldersleeve (gil'der-slev), Basil Lanneau. 40' E.— 2. A small territory in the valley of
died Nov. 30, 1003. A celebrated English pliv- Born at Charleston, S. C, Oct. 123, 1.S31. An the lower Gilgit, under the rule of Kashmir,
sifiiin nnd n'-itiiral iiliilosooher He studied "at American classical Scholar. He was professor of Tlie name is sometimes extended to the entire valley of
Srllge" 'took*up ■'he^;,Letrc^^^ at'^Londou Greek at the t^niversity of Virginia 186,^76 ,lhen he ac- {he GjU^it^ It is a strategic point of great in,po,tance to
in 1573 ; became president of the CoUege of Physicians in cepted a con-espoiidiug position at Johns Hopkins I ni- 'l''^. f'"^.'^" <="'P"^f,.,. „ , ^
1000; and was physician in ordinary to Queen Elizabeth versity (Baltimore). He has conducted the •■American (Jily (je lye), Fllipe Salvatore. Born at Le-
and .lames I. His chief work is -he Magnete, Magneti- J"""ial of Philology since its foundation in 1880 has gogue, near Spoleto, Italy. 17121 : died at Rome
cisqiic r.irporibns, et do Mngno M.agnete Tellure, Physio- published a Latin grammar (ISO/), "u'l has edited '•The ^ ° . j i niission-u-v an,l a nf lior n i!
1,,.. 1 \,iv ■ , iiaiio Satires of AulusPei-sius Flaccus (IST.'i), "Justin Martyr i'"-'. .li otsiiu inissiouai y ana auinoi. He la-
nifw*. wVlUo,^ «^>,tTToT,lr n.ivn at T nnrlnn (ls75), and - The Olympian and Pythian Odes of Pindar." bored among the Indians ot the Orinoco valley from 1742
Gilbert, William bChWenJi. lioin at Jjondou, j^.,,* ...,,. ,,J. A^ij-^ (iil'don! Died 39S to ITCO, and sulisequently resided at Bogota until the ex-
Nov. IS, 1S3(). Au English dramatist. His first *'"?° V ir ''• ^'^ Ml^^O"! U" «<'»;• "^'-'■^ "^^s pulsion of his order in 17«7. His".Saggiodi storia ameri-
play was ••Dulcamara" (ISOli). He has also written "The ^- "■ A MOonsn clllettain. He was .appointed count cana " (Kome, 4 vols., 1780-84) relates mainly to the (iri-
Palace i>f Truth " (1870). " Pygmalion and Galatea " (1871), ?■ "'? pro'iuce of Africa about 3S6. In 397 he transferred „oco, and is piU-ticularly valuable in its descriptions of the
" Sweetliearts " (1874), " Engaged " (1877), " The Mouiite- ''"* :ulegiance from the W estern to the Eastern Empire, Indian tribes. Also written (Jilli and Oilii.
banks- (music by Cellier. 181)1), etc., and has been collab- and was in the following year defeated by a Ronian army Qjjj (zhel), Andre, the pseudonym of Louis
orator with Su- Arthur Sullivan, who wrote the music, in ™'\" I'ls luothcr Mascezel. He was c.aptured in the AlevandreGosset de Gulnnp-? Born at Paris
■■ The Sorcerer " (1877), " H. M. S. Pinafore " (1878), -The Pr- "'!-''". »"'] <he.l shortly after by his own hand. fT f , - 7? in l • l f ''"'""f S. KOI n at 1 ans,
rates of Penzance' (1S79X •• Patience" (1881), ••lolanthe" Gild 01 Arctuebusicrs. A painting by Jau van '"i- ". t''""' ■ i'"*'' »-^ Lliarenton, JMay _, lSb8.
(1883), 'The Mikado" (1886), "Ruddygore" (1887). "The Kavesteyn, in the towTi hall at The Hague, Hoi- A noted !• rench caricaturist. He died in au in-
Yeoraen of tlie Ouard ' (1888), '"riie Uondoliers '■ (1889), jami. There are 25 figures, descending the stairs sane asylum. His last picture figured at the ex-
BallaT''ir ^ ^ '"'^^°^ of the shooting-gallerv. position of 1882.
Gilbert de la Porree (zhtl-bar' do lii po-ra'), Gildun (gil-don'), sometimes Yildun. Ararely Gill (gil), David. Born at Aberdeen, Jime 12,
Latinized Gilbertus Porretanus (jil-ber'tus usednamef.u-thefom-th-magnitudestar JUrs* 1843. A Scottish astronomer, astronomer royal
Dor-e-ta'nus) or Pictaviensis (mk-ta-vi-en'- itinoris. (from 18^9) at the tape of Good Hope. He was
L). Born at Poitiers, France, about 1070 : did GHead,; .r Mount Gilead (motmt giFe-ad). In --^-^ed .-/4^-^^Lmd_say^(_n^^^^^^
Sept. 4, ll.>4. A noted French schoolman, tuoiical gcograpliy, a part ot Palestine east ot tory at Duneeht, Aberdeenshire, in 1S70. Hetookalead-
chosen bishop of Poitiers in 1142. Ho was the the Jordan, e.xtending eastward to about 36° E., ingpart in the investigations connected with the transit of
author of a commentary on the treatise "De and lying between the Hieromax on the north Venus in lss-2, especially for the determination of thedis-
trinitate" of Boethius, a treatise "De sex prin- and the Ai-tion on the south. In an extended ^^ y^ i^ll^ortLVt'geodetlc's^^veys"'' '" "''" '"" ™-
cipiis," etc. „«.7ie»V'-'i^-"^'"'-?'''^i?."i A ,- , -,•• Gill, John. Born at- Kettering. England, Nov.
Gilbertines (gil'bef-tins). A religious order Glleno (He-la nyo), or Gila Apache (He la a- 03, 1697: died at Camberwell, London, Oct. 14,
founded in England in the first half of the 12th pa che). An Apache tribe ot North American jyy;^ ^,^ English Baptist cler"-vman and rab-
ceiitury by St. tJill.cit, lord of Sempringham in Ijuliaus, composed of fom-^or more subtribes, ^.j^j^.^i scholar. His chief work "is •' Exposition
Lincolnshire, the monks of which obseryed the the Coyotero, Mogollon, Pmal Coyotero, and „f the Holy Scriptures" (1746-66).
rule of St. Augustine, and the nuns that of St. Mimbreno. In 1630 the Gileflo were about the boun- (jju Xheodore Nicholas. Born at New York,
Benedict. The Gilbertines were confiued to 'la'T of the present Arizona and ^ew Mexico. In 1882 March 21 1837 An American naturalist i)ro-
„ , , 1 »i • 1 ji they ranged east of the .Sierra de los Alimbres and south "iaim ..±, j.001 . .t\ii ^-imei icau uaiiiiiuisi., pio-
Englaud, and then- houses were suppressed by of the Rio Gila. See Apcu-he. fessor of zoology 111 the Columbian University,
Henry VHI. Giles (jilz), Saint. [Gr. Aij/ti/of, L. Ji'(/((?JK«, It. Washington, District of Columbia. He was libra-
Gilbert Islands. [Named by Cook from the Eijidio, F. Gille.i, Pjtjide ] A saint of the 7th rian of the Smithsonian Institution l8Ga-6«, and cliief as-
master of the ship Resolution.] Au archipel- centiu-v, believed to have been a Greek who ff,""" librarian of Congress 1866-76 He has published
o«.^ ,^f m;^..^......:.^ ;.. fiiQ T>....;fl« L.;*■,,.l^<..l oii.^,,f . *i i^ t-. " Arrangement of the Families of MoUusks (18/1), "Ar-
?^"Sl 00, X? o^''tn?a 1 ■*' i^oS'n'i^o T emigratcl to I'rance. He was an anchorite, and was rangementoftheFamiliesofFishe8"(1872), ■Arrangement
lat. 3" 20 N.-J-' 40 b., long. l/2"-l/ /" L. The fabled to have been nourished by a hind. Gradually a of the Families of Mammals " (1S7^2), "Catalogue of the
group was discovered by Byron in 1765, and consists mainly monastic establishment grew around him, of which he Fishes of the East Coast of North America " (1876), etc.
of atolls: it belongs to Great Britain. Population, esti- became the head. The better to mortify the Besh, he /i;ii. /,i,^n 'D'kilinno R.^..ll „t Pc-io Vi^„ ifl
mated, about 36,iK)i>. once refused to be cured of lameness, and hence became *^\^.i? ^ . U" ■^'^J^l-PP^' ,V"'" '^ ^aris, uec. 10,
Gil Bias de Santillane (zhel bias de sou-te- the patron saint of cripples. St. Giles's Church, Cripple- 1831. A French journalist and writer for the
viin'i TTiotniro r\o A vomniice bv T,p .Sao-e gate, is a memorial of him. His festival is celebrated in stage, secretary of the Theatre Lvrique from
- I!,-', , • f5,- ; /^ lO^ante Dy l^e bage the Roman and Anglican churches on Sept. 1. lafil ' "
^^^' u^l^^t:^:^^ "f^^^ ^V^^^t^^^^:^ ^^l^r^'^^^ Bom m Tennessee,
of his life. Many of the incidents are modeled on Espinel's ''"'^'' ^•^■l-"id, Nov. 1, 18U9. died at Hyde Park. 1830 : died Dec. 2, IS, .3. An Amencau general,
picaroon romance "Marcos deObregon." Smollett trans- uear iSoston, Mass., July 10, 1882. All Irish- He was graduated at West Point in 1851 ; served against
lated it in 1761, and in 1809 another translation was brought American lecturer and essayist. Hewasforsome the Seminoles in Florida 1861-6-2 ; was promoted captain
out in his name. years a Fnitarian minister at Greenock and Liverpool. In >" 'ho United .States army May 14, 1861 ; and was in com-
Gilboa (gil-bo'ii). [' Bubbling fountain '(?).! A 1S40 he came to the United States. He wrote "Lectures mand »' the siege artillery, and was chief quartermaster
mountain-range in the territory of Issachar, and Essays •• (1850). ■• Christian Thought on Life ■■ (1850). of the^my of he^O no during the^^^^^^
1,717 feet high: which bounds the lower plain of ^V"' ='™''" t"*-' ■".^"^/^^P-- Onas). tTihe^cLIe ofli^e waJird'ililfnTdlhe tirpfg^^^^^
Galilee on the east, ruuniug from southeast to "'Hes, bt., Onurcn 01. bee ±.(liiiOiirgli ana iow- jng the Nashville and Northwestern Railroad from June,
northwest. Here Saul and his three sons fell in a battle '{'"'• _..„. _ v i. • a r r. . 1863,until Aug., 1864. He ivasbrevetted major-general in
against the Philistines. The present name of the moun- GllOS, William Branch. Bornin AmeliaCounty, he regular army for his gallantry at the capture of Sail*-
tain is./.'M Fakua, but its old name survives in the vil- \'a., Aug. 12, 1762 : died in Amelia County, ^""J- •?« became colonel in the regular anny July 28.
la.e ./.»,;„ on the soutl^rn part of the range. Dec. 4, 1830. An American Democratic politi: J^^Vo'docTndlanslt the ^BeSs! AprifJrm".' "'"■
Gllaas (gil das), orGlldUS (gil dus), surnamed cian. He was a member of Congress from Virgmia 1790- Gillespie (gi-les'pi), George. Born at Kirk-
'■ The Wise. Born probaldv in .516: died prob- 1799 and lsoi-03; was I'nited states senator 18u4-l5; and caldv Jan ''1 1613' died there Dec 17 1648
ably in 570. A Britisli liistm-ian. He appears to "if!,g7'-'™T,f ^"'8™* 1*27-30. A Scottish'Presbvterian clergyman member ot
have been born in the North Welsh valley of the Chvyd, Gllfil (gil hi), RoV. Maynard. Asomewhatun- fi,e Westminster AssemWy^
to have been a monk, to have left Britain for Armorica in spiritualbut conscientious clergyman m George i. ,* t^T • ., ,V. ■?! • j "[^ ™''''*^ Aaron s
646, and to have founded the monastery of St. Gild.as at Eliot's "Mr. Gilfil's Love-Storv " Kod Blossoming (1646) and other controversial
Ruys. Heis theauthorof "De Excidio Britanniai,"prob- ' '" ^' works.
ably compiled about .^56 or 560, and first printed by Poly- Mr- Gillll, the caustic old gentleman with bucolic tastes Gillesnie ThoDiaS Born at Duddineston near
dore Vergil at London in 15^25. and sparing habits, many knots and ruggednesses appear- t-i- 1 *i • 1-00' i- i * t\ £ r ' t -
Gildemeister (gil'de-mis-ter-) Johann Born at '"« on him like the rough bosses of a tTee that hai been Edinburgh ill 1 ,08 : died at Dunfermline, Jan.
uiiaemeibi,er(,t,ii "^ ""^ lei;, jonann. cornar. „,^,T.ea, js recognizable as the Maynard Gillll •■ wlio had 19, 1774. A Scottish Presbyterian clerg>nnan,
Klein-bieraen, Mecklenhiirg, July _0, 1.S12: died known all the deep secrets of devoted love, had struggled founder of the Relief Church in Scotland (Oct.
at Bonn, Mar^h 11, 1890. A Germail Orientalist, through its days anguish, and trembled 22,1761). Thesecessionof whichGillespiewastheleader
professor of Oriental languages at Bonn from "nde' Us unspeakable joys. originated in his deposition (.May. 176^2) by the established
1859. Dmvden. Studies m Literature, p. 260. ^^^^^^_ ^,, account of his refusal to take part in a settle-
Gildemeister, Otto. Born at Bremen, Ger- GilfiUan (gil-fil'an), George. Born at Comrie. inent of a minister which was opposed by the people,
many. .March 13. ^>^'23. A German politician and Perthshire, Jan.'30, 1813: died at Dundee, Aug. Gillett (ji-lef), Ezra Hall. Born at Colches-
man"of letters, noted as a translator from the 13, 1878. A Scottish Presbyterian clergyman ter. Conn., July 15, 1.823: died at New York,
English, particularly of Byron's works (18(i4), and miscellaneous writer. Among his works are Sept. 2, 187,5. Au American Presbyterian cler-
and of various plays of Sliiikspere. "Gallery of Literary Portraits" (three series, 1846.55), gyman and ecclesiastical historian. His chief
Gilder (gil'der). Richard Watson. Born at "E-T'lsof theliible"(i8.5i), "Xight: aPoem'(i867). work is a " History of the Presbyterian Church
I'.ordentown, i\. J., Feb. 8, 1844. An American GilfiUan, Robert. Born at Dunfermline, Scot- in the United States" (1864).
poet and editor. He became connected with ••.scrib- l;""U_Jidy 7, 1798: died at Leith, Scotland, Dec. GiUies (gil'iz), John. Born at Brechin, Forfar-
ner'8Monthly"inl870, and became editor-in-chief of "The 4, 1850. A Scottish poet. He was the son of a shire, Jan. 18, 1747 : died at Clajiham, near Lon-
Oentiiry " magazine in 1881. His poems are included in 5 weaver, and was a merchant's clerk and collector at Leith ^|,,jj Feb 15 1836 A Scottish historian. His
volumes: "The New Day" (187.5), '■ The Celestial Passion" for many years. He wrote " Peter McCraw " (1828), a hii- , . '., ',. ■'. ,. tt- ,.-„„. .« p,.„„„„>' n7«r.l
(1887)."Lyric8"(1886and 1887), ••Two Worlds, and other niorous satu-e, and other poems. J'.,,- "f"^"^ '* ''.,,."!'''",-' 1-^7 ,1, -x j-
Poems" (189n "The Great llemembrance, and Other Gilflorv (gil-tlo'ri), Mts. General. In B. E. GllllS Land (gil island). [Named trora its dis-
Poenis" (1803). "The Poet and his Master" appeared in Woolf s nlav " The Mio-hty Dollar '' a trood-na- coverer (1707), a Dutch captain, Cornelis Gil-
1878, but its contents are included in the later volumes. ..,,, , ".j £. .., .."^ ,* , ' i 1 lia 1 A laiirl in flip iiovtb iiol-ir rep-ions north-
n-ij •fTT-ii- TT r, 1 Til -1 1 I 1 • tiu-ed wkIow, with a hvely temper, who speaks "S.j a laua inme noiru poiai regions, noim
Glider, William Henry. Born at Philadelphia, atrocious French - ' ' t- east of Spitzbergen and west of Franz Josef
Aiig 16, 1838. An Ainerk-an itmrn^^^^^^
Arctic traveler, brother ot R W. Glider. He name of various places in Palestine The most Gillmore (gil'mor), Quincy Adams. Born
went with Schwaika I878~S0 on his Arctic expedition, and • . . ■'T . j • ., , . .• t 1 o in Oliin Feb '^H 18''5- died Auril 7. 1888.
laterexplored the Lena delta. Helms published ••Scllwat- important was situated in the pliim ot Jordan 3 m Ohio, I'eD. -P, l.S-.i . aieu Apui ' . '^
kas Search" (1881) "Icc-Pack and Tundra" (18S3). miles east of the ancient Jericho : the modern An Amenean gener.al and engineei. He (jrad-
ri;ij ,1:1/ I ;\ \ . ■ V I . Tel Til ;.. Hob nated at West Point in 1S49, and was subsequently in-
Grllderoy (gil de-roi). A notorious freebooter lel Ji1.|U1k 11. structor there. Hewasappointedengineer-in-chief of the
ill Perthshire. His real name was said to be Patrick Oilgal or Galgal means a heap of stones dedicated to a expedition under General Thomas W. Sherman against
of the clan Gregor. He was handed .Inly, 163s, with Ave of religious purpose. The Oilgal in i|Ue8tion was probably Port Royal in 1861, and as such planned and conducted
bis gang, after a career of barbarous harrying and outrage, a sacred mound of the Canaanites ; but perhaps it owed its engineering and artillei-y operations which resulted in the
Gillmore
reduction o( Kort Ihilaski in 18t!2. He defeated neneral
I't»fl-am at SoiiiersL-t iu Miu'cli, I86:i, iiml coiicliicted tlie
operations aitaiiist Charleston I»(i3-«4. Uc became lirevet
major general in the reKular army in 1805. His works in-
clude " Practical Treatise on Limes," "liydninlic Cements
and Mortar»"(lhti;i). "Ofllcial Iteiiort of the .siege and Re-
duction of Fort Pulaski, Georgiii " (IStti), etc.
Oillott (jil'(>t), Joseph. Bom in Warwickshire,
EiiKliiml, 1800: ilieJ at Birtiiingliam, Jan. 6,
1X7:;. An En'^'lish maiinfaotiiivr of stocl pens.
Gillray (K''-''^' ">> James. Born at Chelsea, 1757-
died at London, June 1, IHl."). A eelebrateil Eng-
lish cariealiirist. lie occasionally did serious work.
Two plates enpraveii by liini for Coldsmith's" Desert edVil-
lage '■ were puldished 1781; they are in the style of Kyland.
The " BuniiuK of the Duke of Athole," an East Indiaman,
and two portraits of William Pitt slightly caricatured, a
portrait of Di-. Arne, and several others belong to the same
period. He occasionally signed his plates with Iletitions
names. The earliest caricature to which he signed his
name is entitled " Paddy on Uoiseback" (1779). Between
1,20<) and l,.5o<i are ascribed Ui him, most of them reflect-
ing on the kinf;, " Farmer i;eorge,"and his wife, the court,
the goveninient, and every phase of public life. He died
In a state of irnhecility.
Gills (flilz). Solomon. In Dickens's "Donibey
and Son," an old nantieal-instrumont maker.
GHlman (gil'man), Daniel Coit. Born at Nor-
wieli, Coun., July 6, 1S31. An American edu-
cator. He was graduated at Vale in 18.5-J, ami, after
having completed his studies at Berlin, became in 185;') li-
brarian at Yale, where he afterward held a professorship
of physical and [)olitical geogi-aphy. He was president of
the Iniversity of t:alifornia 1872-7.^, and has been presi-
dent of .lohns Hopkins University, Baltimore, since its
foundation in 187.^. Among his publications are "Our
National .Schools (»f Science " (18ti7) and " James Monroe
in his Rehdions to the Public Service 1776-1820" (1SS3).
Gilman, John Taylor. Born at Exeter, N. H.,
Dec. l!l. 17.'i:i : died at Exeter, Sept. 1. 1828. An
American politician, governor of New Hamp-
shire 17!)-t-180.i and 1813-16.
Gilman, Mrs. (Caroline Howard). Bom at
Boston. Oct. 8. 1794: ilied at Washington, Sept.
1.5, 18S8. An American poet and author, wife
of Samuel (iilman. She began in 1832 the publication
of a magazine for children entitled "The Rose-Bud" ; the
title was changed to " The Rose " in 1S33. This magazine
was diseontiinied in 18.'J9. She wrote " Recollections of a
New England Housekeeper " (183.'») and "Recollections of
s Southern .Matron " (I8;i8).
Gilman, Samuel. Born at Gloucester, Mass.,
Feb. Ki, 1791: died at Kingston, Mass., Feb. 9,
1858. An American Unitarian clergyman and
miscellaneous writer.
Gilmore ( gi r n i or ), James Roberts : pseudonym
Edmund Kirke. l>orn at Boston, Sept. 10,
\X'S.i. An American author. In ,Iuly, 1864, with
Colonel .laiiuess, he was intrusted with an unofflcial mis-
iion to the Confederate govermncnt, with a view to ascer-
taining the terms on which the .South would treat f<ir
peace. His works include ".\mong the Pines "(18*12)," My
Southern Friends" (1S62), "Down in Tennessee" (1863).
"Among the Guerrilbis "(18(B). "Adrift in Dixie "(1863), etc.
Gilmore, Patrick Sarsfield. Born nearDublin.
Dec. 2;'), 1,829: died at St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 24.
1892. An Irish-American band-master. In 18.'"j9
he organized inB<i8ton "Gilmore'sBand," an oi-gaiiization
which he maintained until his death. He composed much
ndlit;i[-y and dance music.
Qilmour (gil'mor), Richard. Born at Glasgow,
Scotland. Scpt."28. 1824: died at St. Augustine,
Pla.. Ajiril i:!. 1.S91. .\ Roman Catholic prelate.
He came to Can;id;i with his parents at an aaily age : was
educated fur tin- tninistry sit Mnunt Saint M:iry'8 Seminary,
Emmettsbing. .\I:iryl:in(i ; :in«i w;is ordained priest at Cin-
cinnati, ojiin, Aug. 20, 18.^2. He was consecrated bishop of
Cleveland April 14. 1872, and as such became note<l for his
zeal ill bi'h:df of (Catholic education. He compiled a series
of re;tder.s known ;is "TIte Catholic National Readers."
Oilolo.or Jilolo (.ie-16'16), or Halmahera (hiil-
mii-ha'rii). One of thi' Molucca Islands, inter-
sected by the eipiator and long. 128° E. It
belongs in groat part to the Dutch residency of
Tcrnatc. Ijcngth, about 22;5 miles.
Gilolo Passage. A sea passage separating Gi-
lolo on the west from several smaller islands on
the east.
Gilpin (gil'liin), Bernard. Born at Kentmere,
Wcstmorehinil, in l."il7: clird at I loughlon-le-
Spriug, Durham, Englaml, .Marcli 4, \!)K\. An
English clergyman. He became archdeacon of imr-
ham in 15.^6, and wa.s afterward aiipoirded rector of Hough-
ton-le-Spring ; Ixith of these positions he hi-Ul tmtil his
death. He gained great popularity liy his charities and
gratuitous nuiustrations among the poor (whence he Is
Boinetlnies c;dl,'d " the Apostle of the North ").
Gilpin, John. See Jdlm Cilpin.
Gilpin, William. Born at Tarlisle, England,
June 4, 1724: died at lioldre, ITaiits, Englatid,
April ."), 1S(14. An English liiographer, and
writer on the natural scenervof Great Britain.
Gil Vicente. See Vimiii: (in.
Gil y LemOS (Ilel e la'nios), FrancisCO. Born
nearCorunna about 17:ii»: died at Madrid. 1.S09.
A S\ianisU naval olbcer and administrator. He
entered the navy in 1762 ; distinguished himself In various
439
parts of the world ; was appointed viceroy of New Oranada
in 1788, anil viceroy of Peru in 17110. The l.itter positii>n
he held until June, i7.K), and soon after returned to Sp:un,
where he w;i8 made councilor of war. He was director-
general of the armada in 1799, minister of marine and
captain-general in 1805, inspector general of marine in
1807, and a member of the governmental jind;i in 1808.
Gil y Zi,rate (nel e tlUi'ra-ta), Antonio. Born
Di'i^. 1, 178(5: died at Madrid, Jan. 27, IWOI. A
Spanish dramatic iioet.
Gimcrack (jim'krak). Sir Nicholas. The Vir-
tuoso in Thomas Shadwell's comedy of that
name, remarkable for his " scientific " vagaries.
Gindely (giu'de-le), Anton. Bom at Prague,
Bohemia, Sept. 3, 1829 : died at Prague, Oct. 24,
1892. A German historian, professor (extraor-
ilinary 1802, ordinary 1867) of Austrian history
at the University of Prague, and keeper of the
archives of the kingdom of Bohemia. He wrote
"Oeschichtedes DreissiKjahrigenKriegs"(" History of the
Thirty Years' War." 180»-8li), etc.
Gines de Passamonte (Ho'nes da jiiis-sa-mon'-
ta). In Cervantes's "Don (Quixote," a galley-
slave wlio was freed with others by that knight.
The freed slaves set upon Don (Quixote and
despoiled him, and broke Mambrino's helmet.
Ginevra (gi-nov'rii). 1. See (ruiiicvcre. — 2. A
poem by Samuel jftogers, named from its hero-
ine. She is an Itidian bride who hides herself, for a jest,
in an old chestwhich ha-s a spring-lock. It closes tightly,
and her body is not found for many years. The story is
told as connected with several old houses in England. T.
Haynes Bayly's ballad " The Mistletoe Bough " embodies
the same story.
Ginguen^ (zhan-ge-ua'), Pierre Louis. Born
at Kennos, France, April 2;5, 1748 : died at Paris,
Nov. 11, 1816. A noted French historian of lit-
erature, and critic. His chief work is a " His-
toire litteraire d'ltalie" (1811-19).
Ginkel (ging'kel), Godert de, first Earl of Ath-
lone. Bom at Utrecht, 1630: died there, Feb.
11, 1703. A Dutch soldier in the English service.
He accompanied William of Orange to England in 1688 ;
went with the king to Ireland in 1690, where he served at
the battle of the IJoyne and the siege of Limerick, and
after the king's departure became generalin-chief ; and
carried on the Irish war in 1691, defeating the Irisli in a
pitched battle near Aghrim July 12, and taking Limer-
ick tJct. 30. In the following year he went with Willianr
to the Continent, and served at Steinbirk, Landen (.July
19, 1693), Namur (189S), and elsewhere.
Ginnungagap (gin'nong-ii-gap). [ON.] In
the Old Norse cosmogou}', the "gaping abyss"
which originally existed everyvvhire. Ice from
Niflheini, the realm of cold and fog in the north, came into
contact with sparksfrom Muspellsheim, tlie reidm of Are in
the soinh. antl through the workint^nf lu-at ;iiHi cold arose
in Ginnungagap tlie first created being, the gi;uit Vniir. His
deailbody, aftei-ward hurled byOiIin aii.i bis brothers, Vili
and Ve (o.\. IV)» back into the midst of the abyss, became
the world.
Ginx's Bahy (ginks'ez ba'bi). His Birth and
other Misfortunes. A work by Edward Jen kins,
published in 1.S70. It describes in a n.arrative
form the evils of pauperism and pauperization.
Giobert (jo-berf), Giovanni Antonio. Born
near Asti, Italy, Oct. 28, 1761 : died near Turin,
Sept. 14, 1834. An Italian chemist. He became pro-
fessor of rural economy in the University of Turin in 1800,
and in 1802 was transferred to the chair of chemistry and
mineralogy. He was the first to irdroduce the theories of
Lavoisier into Itjdy.
Gioherti (i6-ber'ie),Vincenzo. Born at Turin,
April .'•), 1801 : died at Paris, Oct. 26, 18.")2. An
Italian philosopher and politician. He was or-
dained i)riost in 1825; became professor of philosophy at
Turin in the same year ; was appointed chaplain toChailes
Albert, crown prince of Sardinia, in 18;J1 ; was exiled in
1H33 on suspicion of conspiring against the crown ; was
for a number of years a teacher in a private institution at
Brussels ; was recalled in 1848 ; was premier of Sardinia
184h-i)) ; and was anduuaador at Paris 1849-51. Among
his chief works arc "Introduzione alio studio della lllo-
solla" (18:i9-4(>), " Del prlmat^i morale e civile dcgli Itiili-
aid" (184:i), "I'rolegonieni" (184.M. "II Oesuita modcriin "
(1846-17). "Del rliniovamento civile d Italia " (l.sfil).
Giocondo (jo-kon'do), Fi;i Giovanni. Born at
Verona, Italy, in the middle of the l.'ith century:
died at Home, July 1, l.'il,'). An Italian archi-
tect and anti(|uary, a teacher of Julius Cicsar
Scaliger. He published editions of the letters of Pliny,
('iesar's ('ommentaries, and Vitruvins. He is supposed to
have designed the fainuus Loggiadel Consiglio at Veron:i.
Ile<'ollertetl ab<int 2,lHHl Latin inscriptions in a work whirl)
he dcdii.;itcd to l.orcn/tp the Mugnitleeid. In Paris he
built the Pont Notre- Dame and the old palace of tbeCour
ilesComptes. He went to Rome and made a design for St.
Peter's, which is preserved in the Clllzi at Florence, lie
retni-ned lo Veidce in 1506, and connected himself with the
work i>f the Aldlne Academy.
Gioja (.jo'yii), Flavio. Bom at Pasitano, near
Ainnlli : liverl early in the 14th century. An
Italian navigator, incorrectly regarded as the
inventor of the compass.
Gioja, Melchiorre. Born at Piacenza, Italy,
Sept. 20, 1767: die<l at Milan, Jan. 2, 1829. An
Italian political economist and philosophical
Gipsies
■writer. Among his works are " Nuovo prospetto delle
Bcienze econondche " (1815-19), " FilosoUa della statistica "
(1826), etc.
Gioja (or Gioia) del (or dal) Colle (kol'le). A
town in the province of Bari, Italv, 24 miles
south cpf Bari. Population (1881), 17,016.
Giordani(ior-dii'n6),Pietro. Born at Piacenza,
Jan. 1, 1774: died at Parma. Scjd. 14. 1848. An
Italian Benedictim^ monk and litterateur, pro-
fessor (1800-1.")) of Latin an<l Italian rhetoric at
I ho University of Bologna.
Giordano (jor-dii'n6), Luca. Born at Naples,
1632: died at Naples, Jan., 170.'). An Italian
painter: for his swiftness of execution he re-
ceived the name of Fa-Presto.
Giorgio (jor'jo), Francesco di. Born at Siena,
1439; died there, 1;')02. An Italian architect,
engineer, sculptor, painter, and bronze-caster.
He devoteil hinjsclf principally to military architecture
and enginceri))g, and attained such celebrity that his ser-
vices were constantly sulieited of the Sienese republic by
the lords of the great Italian cities. His chief employer
was the Duke of Irbiiio. A series of 72 bas-reliefs made
upofn)intaiyn)achines, amis, and trophies, which he sculp-
tured for the facade of his palace, may still be seen at Cr-
bino. In 1493 he was elected to the magistracy of Siena.
At this time he mo<leleil and cast two of the tabernacles
above the high altju- of the Duomo.
Giorgione (jor-.j6'ne),Il (Giorgio Barbarelli),
Born at Castelfranco about 1477: died of the
plague at Venice in 1.511. A Venetian painter.
He was a pupil of Giovanni Bellini. He was famous as a
colorist, and was reckoned the most brilliant of his school
and generation, (tf the numerous pictures attributed to
him in the various galleries of Europe, there is only one of
which the authorship rests on secure evidence. This is
the Madonna and Child enthroned, with St. Francis and
St. Libei-alis on the two sides of the pedestal on which she
sits. It is in the chinch of his birthplace. Of the pic-
tures attributedto ciorgione. "The Concert"(in the Pitti
Gallery), "The Knight of Malta" (in the UIHzi), and the
"Judgment of Solonion " (Uflizi) are among the most im-
portant.
Giotto (.iot'to), or Giotto di Bondone. Born
at Vespiguano, near Florence, 1276 : died at
Florence, Jan. 8, 1337. A celebrated Italian
painter, architect, and sculptor. He was the son
of a peasant. He became the pupil of Cimabue, and was
the head at Florence of a celebrated school of paintei-s.
In 1334 Giotto wasappointed chief master of the works on
the Duomo at Florence, the city fortifications, a)id all pub-
lic arcbiteetui'al undertakings. He designed the facade
of the Duomo, which was not finished, and built the fa-
mous Campanile. His works include 28 frescos in the
aisle of the upper church of S. Francesco d'Assisi, under
those by Cimabue ; the frescos on the ceilings of the
lower church of S. Francesco d'Assisi, and an altarpiece
(according to Vasari the most completely executed of all
his works) ; ."HS frescos in the Capella dell' Arena at Padua ;
the frescos of four chapels in Santa Croce. Florence, two
of which have been destroyed ; a very 8n)all number of
genuine panel-pictures in St. Peter's, in Santa Croce, in
the Accadeniia at Florence, in the Louvre, at Munich, and
in the Berlin Museum ; a "Madonna with Angels" (Acca-
demia, Floi-ence); "Two Apostles" (National Gallery. Lon-
don); and "St. Francis receiving the Stigmata " (in the
Louvre). In the frescos of the Bargello. Florence, are the
well-known portraits of Dante.
Giovanni, Don. [It., 'John.'] See Don Gio-
rinini.
Giovanni, Ser. See Pecorone, II.
Giovanni da Fiesole. See FiesoU, Giovanni
Jiu/tlicc (hi.
Giovanni di Bologna. See John of Bologna.
Giovinazzo (jo-ve-ntit'so), or Gio'venazzo (jo-
vc-n;it'soi. A seaport in the province of Hari,
Italy, on the Adriatic Sea 12 miles northwest
of Bari. Population, 9,797.
GioviO (j6've-6), Paolo, Latinized PaulUS Jo-
ViuS. Born at Como, Italy, April 19, 1483: died
at Florence, Dec. 11, 1.552. A noted Italian his-
torian. He W)is the atithor of numerous works, of which
the )nost inipoi-tant is " Historiarutn sni temporis librl
.\lv." (" Histoiy of his own Tin)e8," 1550 5*2).
Gippsland (gips'land). A region iu southeast-
ern Victoria, Australia.
Gipsies (jip'siz). f*^^'''!-'- l^UHI't'"""- hxtcr Cip-
ciniis, (iipxici. the (iijisies being popularly sup-
posed to be Egyptians.] A peculiar vagaV)ond
race which appeared in England for the first
time about tlie beginning of the 16th century,
and in eastern Eurojic at least two centuries
earlier, and is now found in every country of
Europe, as well as in parts of .-Xsia, Africa, and
America. The Gipsies ai-c distinguishable from the
peoiiles ainoiig whom they rove by their bodily appearance
and by their language. Their forms are generally light,
lithe, and agile ; skin of a tawny color ; eyes large, black,
and brilliant ; hair long, coal black, and often ringleted;
mouth well shaped; and teeth very white. EthnologiBtB
generally coin-nr in regariling the Gipsies as di-scendants
of someitbscnre Hinilu tribe. They iiursne various no-
maiiic occupations, being tinkers, basket-niakers, fortune-
tellers, ilcalcrs in horses, etc. ; are often expert musicians;
anil are credlteil with thievisl) propensities They appeal'
to be ilestitnte of any system of religion, but traces of va
riinis fiu'ins of paganism arc found in their language and
custoniB. The name Gipsy is idso soniet lines applied to or
assumed by other vagranta of like habits.
Gipsy's Warning, The
Gipsy's Warning, The. An opera by Sir Julius
Bt'iiecliot, with words by Linley and Peake. It
was produced at Drury Lane, April 19, 1838.
Giralda ( ji-ral'da). An opera by A. Adam, with
words by Scribe. It was prwluceil in 1S50, andadapt«d
for the Eiiglisti stage as a play by Mrs. Davidson.
Giralda (He-riil'da). [Sp., a weather-vane in
the form of a statue.] The beU-tower of the
cathedral at Seville, Spain: so called from the
figure of Faith which forms the weather-vane
upon its summit. To the height of 250 feet the tower
Is Moorish, with rich windows and surface-decoration ; the
ornate belfrj', li*0 feet high, in recessed stages, above this,
was built in ISfJi The tower is 50 feet square at the base.
The tower of tlie Madison Square Garden in New Yorii
city is, in general, a copy of it.
Giraldl (je-ral'de), Giovanni Battista, sur-
named Cintio or Cinthio. Born at Ferrara.
Italy, Nov., 1504: died at FeiTara, Dec. 30,
1573. An eminent Italian novelist and tragic
poet, professor (1525) of medicine and philoso-
phy and later (1.537) of belles-lettres at the
University of Ferrara. For several years after 1560
he taught at Mondovi. He published "Orbeeche"(ir>41)
and other tragedies, *'01i Hecatouimithi " ("A Hundred
Tales. 1565), etc. Two of Shalupere's plays, as well as a
number of lieaumont and Fletcher's, are indebted to him
for their plots.
Giraldi, LiUo Gregorio. Bomat Ferrara. Italy,
Jime 13. 14i9: tiled at Ferrara, Feb., 1.5.52. An
Italian arehicologist and poet, author of "His-
toria de diis gentium," etc.
Giraldus Cambrensis (ji-ral'duskam-bren'sis).
or Gerald de Barry (or Barri). Born near
Pembroke, WaU-s, probably in 1146: tlied prob-
ably in 1220. A British historian and ecclesi-
astic. He was appointed chaplain to Heurj' II. in ll&l,
and accompanied Prince John in his expedition to Ireland.
In 119S he was elected bishop of St, David's, but failed to
receive the papal confirmation. His chief work is " Itin-
erarium Canibiije. " The best edition of Ids works is that
by Brewer and Dimock in the £oUs Series (1861-77).
Girard (zhe-riir'), Finnin. Bom at Poncin,
Ain, May 31, 1838. A French genre painter.
He studied with Gleyre. Among his works are "Apres
le b;d " (ISiB), '■ Le pr^fer^ " (1S72), " Le quai aux fleurs "
(l>rfj). ' Allaut au march^ " (1831), "La promenade "(1889).
Girard, Paul Albert. Bom at Pai-is, Sept. 13.
1839. A French landscape-painter. He gained
the grand prix de Rome in 1861.
Gurard, Philippe Henri de. Bom at Lourmarin,
Vauchise, France, Feb. 1, 1775: died at Paris,
Aug. 26, 1845. A noted French mechanician.
His chief invention is a flax-spinning machine
(1810).
Girard, Pierre Simon. Bom at Caen, France,
Nov. 4. 1765 : died at Paris, Nov. 30, 1836. A
French engineer.
Girard (ji-rard'), Stephen. Born near Bordeaux,
France, May 24. 1750: died at Philadelphia,
Dec. 26. 1831. An American merchant, banker,
and philanthropist, founder of Girard College
(which see).
Girard College. A college for the education
of poor white male orphans, founded in Phila-
delphia by the will of Stephen Girard. The chief
building (Grecian style) was begun in 1833, and the col-
lege was opened in 184^ By the direction of tlie founder
" no ecclesiastic, missionary, or minister of any sect what-
ever" is permitted to "hold or exercise any station or
duty " in the college, or to be admitted as a visitor within
the premises.
Girardin (zhe-rar-dan'), Emile de. Born at
Paris. June 22, 1806: died there, April 27, 1881.
A French journalist and economist, natural son
of Count Alexandre de Girardin. He was editor of
" La Presse " ls36-6« and 1862-66, of " La Liberty " 1866-70,
and ot "La France" after 1S74. .\mong his works are
" Etudes politiques " (1838X and " La politique universeUe,
d^crets de I'avcnir" (1S52).
Girardin, Madame de I'Delphine Gay): pseu-
don.\-m Vicomte Charles de Launay. Bom
at Aix-la-ChapcUe, Prussia, Jan. 26, 1804: died
at Paris, June 29, 1855. A French writer,
daughter of Madame Sophie Gay. and wife
(1831) of finiile de Girardin. She was the author
of novels, comedies, poems, and "Lettres parisiennes"
(contributed to • La Presse " 1836-18).
Girardin, Jean Pierre Louis. Bom at Paris,
Nov. 16, 1803: died at Koueu, May 24, 1884. A
French chemist. He became professor of applied chem-
istry at Kouen in 18-28, and at Lille in 1858, and rector of
the academy nt Clermont-Ferrand in 1868. He is best
known from his labiirs in agricultunU chemistry.
Girardin, Marc. See Saiiii-}f<irc Girardin.
Girardon (zhe-riir-don'), Frantjois. Bom at
Troves, France, about 1630: <iied at Paris, Sept.
1, 1715. A French sculptor. He came under the
patronage of Chancellor .Sd-guier: studied in Italy; and
returned to Paris in 1<<>2, where be owed his success to
Lebrun. His principal works are the " Bain d'ApolInn "
and "Rape of Proserpine" at Versailles, an equestrian
statue of Louis XIV,, the mausoleum of Richelieu at the
Sorbonne, the tomb of his own wife at Saint-Landri. and
the decoration of the Porte SU-Deais.
440
Girart de Rossilho. An old Provencal epic be-
longing to the Carlovingian cycle. It is written
in the most northern of the southern dialects,
Siiii>tj<btiri/.
Giraud (zhe-r6'), Pierre Francois Eugene.
Bom at Paris, Aug. 9, 1806: died there. Dec.
29, 1881. A French painter, a pupil of tlie Ecole
dcs Beaux Arts. He studied in Italy, and later traveled
in Spain and the East. The subjects of his principal works
are historical and Oriental.
Giraud, Sebastien Charles. Born at Paris, Jan.
18.1819: died there, 1892 (1886. Vapereau). A
French painter, brother of P. F. E. Giraud.
Girbaden (gir'ba-den), Castle of. An impos-
ing ruin with a massive square donjon, near
Grendelbmch, in Lower Alsace, said once to
have possessed 14 gates and 14 courts. The inner
fortress is of the 10th century, the outer castle of the early
13th. The great hall has tine windows framed between
clustered colonnettes.
Girgashites (ger'ga-shits). See the extract.
.\s for the Girgashite who is coupled with the Jebusite
(Gen. XV. 21), his place has been already fixed by the eth-
nographical table of Genesis. He there appears between
the Amorite and the Hivite, and consequently in that
northern part of the country in which the Hivites were
more especi-ally found. Further than this conjecture alone
can lead us. Sayct, Races of the O. T., p. 122.
Girgeh (jer'je). 1. Aprovince of Upper Eg>-pt.
— 2. A town in the province of Girgeh, situated
on the Nile in lat. 26° 18' N. Population (1882),
14,819.
Girgenti ( jer-jen'te). A province in southwest-
ern SicUv. Ai-ea. 1.172 square mUes. Popula-
tion (189"l). 337,983.
Girgenti. The capital of the province of Gir-
genti. .SicUv, situated on the Girgenti, near the
coast, in lat. 37° 18' N., long. 13° 34' E. : the
ancient Roman Agrigentum and the Greek Ak-
ragas. See J;/(((/e«/«m. The site is of high archseo-
logical interest from its abundant remains of Doricteniples
and other Greek structures dating from before the Cartha.
ginian conquest. All the temples belong to the finest period
of architecture. The so-called temple of Concord is one of
the most perfect surviving monuments of Hellenic anti-
quity. It is a Doric peripteros of 6 by 13 columns, on a stylo-
bate of 3 steps, measming (steps included) &i^ by 138 feet.
The base diameter of the columns is 4/^ feet,'their height
22j*j. There are two columns in antis in both pronaos and
opisthodomos. It stands practically complete, except the
roof, and is most imposing in effect. The temple of Hera
Lacinia, of the first half of the 5th century B. c. is now a
ruin. ItisaDoricperipterosofeby 13 columns, measuring
(steps included) 64 by 138 feet. The base diameter of the
columns is 4} feet, their height 21. The cella had two
columns in antis in both pronaos and opisthodomos, and
retains a portion of the base of the cult statue. The tem-
ple of Zeus (Jupiter) is a very large 5th-centurj' Greek
Doric temple of unusual plan. It was pseudoperipteral,
with 7 engaged columns on the fronts and 14 on the flanks,
and measured 350 feet in length, 180 in width, and 120 in
height. The interior of the cella was surrounded with pilas-
ters supporting an epistyle, upon which stood telamones to
receive the ceiling-beams. 'There was a pronaos and an
opisthodomos, lighted by windows between the semi-col-
umns. In the eastern pediment there was a gigantomachy
in high relief, in the western an Hiupersis. The temple
of Castor and Pollux is a Doric peripteros of 6 by 13 col-
umns, measuring (steps included) 51 by lllA feet. The
base diameter of the columns is3i^,feet, their height 21i'„.
Only foiu- columns of the northwest angle are standing,
with their entablature and a portion of the pediment. The
rough stone has a coathig of fine stucco, upon which the
painted decoration was executed. The templeof Heracles is
a Doric peripteros of 6 by 15 columns, measuring (steps in-
cluded) 73i by 241 feet. The columns were about 33 feet
high (4\ diameters). There were inner porticos before
both pronaos and opisthodomos. Fragments of its poly-
chrome decoration are preserved at Palermo. The pretor
Verres attempted to steal its cult statue, but was forcibly
hindered by the citizens. The city has a cathedral and a
museimi. It was for a time a Saracen possession, and was
a rich bishopric in the middle ages. Its seaport, Porto
Empedocle, has a large export of sulphur. Population
(estimated, 1891X 24,000.
Gimar (gir-niir'). A mountain in the penin-
sula of Kathiawar. India, near Junagadh, fa-
mous for its Jain temples. Height. 3.666 feet.
Girodet Trioson (zhe-ro-da' trc-6-z6u'), Anne
Louis (originally Girodet de Eoussy). Born
at Montargis, France, Jan. 5, 1767: died at
Paris, Dec. 19, 1824. A French painter, a pu-
pil of L. Da\-id. He won the grand prix de Rome in
17S9. .\mong his best works are " Seine du d^uge " (1S06),
" Burial of Atala " (ISOS), etc. He was adopted by a physi-
cian named Trioson.
Giromagny (zhc-ro-man-ye'). A town in the
temtory of Belfort, France, on the Savoureuse
8 miles north of Belfort. Population, about
3,000.
Giron (ne-ron'), Francisco Hernandez. Bom
at Caceres, Estrcmadura, about 1505: died at
Lima, Peru, Dec. 7, 1.5.54. A Spanish adven-
turer. He went to America in 1535, took part in the con-
quest of New Granada, and fought on the royal side in
Peru during the rebellion of Gonzalo Pizarro, 1545 to 1.548.
On Xov. 12, 1553. he headed a revolt at Cuzco : defeated
the royalists under Alonso de Alvarado at the battle of
Chuquingua, May 21, 1554 ; but later lie was outnumbered,
captured, and beheaded.
Giudici
Gironde(ji-rond'; F.pron. zhe-rond'). 1. The
river Garonne (which see) after its union with
the Dordogue. Length, about 45 miles. — 2. A
department of southwestern France, capital
Bordeaux : part of the ancient Guienne. it is
bounded by Charente-Inf^rieure on the north, Dordogue
and Lot-et-Garonne on the east, Landes on the south, and
the Bay of Biscay on the west. The surface is generally
level. Gironde is noted for the production of claret wines.
Area, 3,761 square miles. Population (IsaiX 7ii3,52S.
Girondins (ji-ron'diuz). Same as Giroiidists.
Girondists (ji-ron'dists). [From F. Girondiste,
from Gironde, a party so called : prop, a depart-
ment of France from which the original leaders
of this party came.] An important political
party dui'ing the first French Revolution. From
Brissot, they were sometimes called Brissotins. They wer«
moderate Republicans, were the ruling party in 179-2, and
were overthrown by their opponents in the Convention,
the Montagnards, in 1793 ; and many of their chiefs wer«
executed during the night of Oct. So-31 of that year, in-
cluding Brissot, Gensonn^, Vergniaud, Ducos, and Sillery,
Other executions followed botli at Paris and in the prov-
inces. _
Giron le Courtois (zhe-r6n' le kor-twa'). See ■
the extract. ^
The original story, together with the MeliadiLS formed
part of the great romance Palaraedes (or, as M. Paulin
Paris prefers to cull the whole, Giron le Courtois, this per-
sonage being the chief hero throughout), written by £lic
de Borron. who was alive in the twelfth centiuy, probably
about one hundred years before Rusticien, whose compo-
sition is the basis of the work as printed.
DuiUop, Hist, of Prose Fict., I. 233, note.
Girouettes(zhe-i'6-et').Les. [F.,'The'n'eather-
cocks.'] A name given in the " Dietionnaire
des Girouettes," published in Paris in 1815, to
those -who had deserted the tricolor for the
white flag of the Bourbons after the fall of Na-
poleon.or viee versa. After each name w.is engraved
one or more weathercocks, showing the number of tiroee
the subject of the article had ch:\nged sides. Larousge,
Girtin (ger'tin), Thomas. Bom at Southwark,
Surrey, 1775: died at London, 1802. An Eng-
lish lanilscape-painter, "next in importance to
Tui-ner." He was one of the founders of the English
water-color school. Among his works are "Melrose Ab.
bey." "York Cathedral," "Interior of Canterburj- Cathe-
dral." and others in the British Museum. "Jedburgh
Abbey," "St. Asaph ' (Dublin National Gallerj), "Hie-
vaulx Abbey," " View on the Thames," and others (South
Kensington Museum).
Girton College (ger'tgn kol'ej). A college at
Girton, near Cambridge. England, founded in
1869 for the education of women. Its students are
admitted to examinations for the B. A. degree in (Tarn-
bridge University, and receive certificates indicating their
place in the class-lists.
Girvan (ger'van). A seaport on the coast of
Avrsliire, Scotland. 17 miles south-southwest
of Ayr. Population (1891), 4.081.
Gisdhubar. See Uduhar.
Giskra (gisk'ra),Karl. Bom at Mahrisch-Trii-
bau, Moravia. Jan. 29. 1820: died at Baden,
Lower Austria, June 1, 1879. An Austrian
statesman, in 1S46 he was appointed to a tutorship at
the University of Vienna. He sj-mpathized with the revo-
lutionary movement of March. 1M>, and orgaiiizeil the
academic legion. He lived for a time in Wurteniberg and
Russia, and returned to Austria in 1850 ; became an advo-
cate at Briinn in 18<!0 ; became mayor of Briinn 1866; and
was minister of the interior 1S6S-70.
Gislason (gis'lii-son). Conrad. Died at Lan-
gamyri, Iceland, July 3, 1808. An IcelaniUc
j)hilologist. professor at the University of Co-
penhagen 18.53-86. His chief work is a Danish-
IcelantUc dictionary (1851).
Gisors (zhe-zor'). A town in the department of
Eure. France, on the Epte 32 miles east-sonth-
east of Rouen, it was the ancient capital of the Nor-
man Vexin. The castle was one of the great bulwarks of
ducal Normandy. The inclosure of walls and towers is
of great extent, and in the middle rises the huge octagonal
keep. It is an exceedingly pictures<iue ruin, framed in
trees and ivy. Population (1891), commune, 4,462.
Gita (se'tii). The Bhagavadgita (which see).
Gitagovinda (ge-ta-go-vin'dii). [Skt.] A lyrical
poem by Jayadeva on the early life of Krishna
as a cowherd ((jorinda, 'finder of cows'). If
sings the loves of ivrishna and Radha and other of the
cowherd damsels, but a mystical interpretation has been
put upon it. It is supposed to have been written in the
12th or 13th century.
Gitschin (gich'in). A town in Bohemia. Aus-
tria-Huugai'v, situated on the Cj'dlina 48 miles
northeast of Pi'ague. Wallcnstein made it the capi-
tal of the duchy of FrieiUand in 1627. It was the scene of
a victor>- of the Prussians over the Austrians, June 29, 1866.
Population (lS90)v 8,457.
Gittites (git'its). The natives or inhabitants
of Gath (which see).
Giudici (j6'de-che), Paolo Emiliani. Bomat
Mussomeli, Sicilv, June 13, 1812 : died at Tun-
bridge, England," Sept. 8, 1872. An Italian his-
torian of literature. He wrote "Storia delta lettera-
tura italiana " (18S5X "Storia dei comoni italiani " (1851),
etc
Giuglini
Giuglini (jol-vG'ne), Antonio. Born at Fano,
Iluly, in 1827: died at I'csaro, Oct. 12, 18(55. An
Italian tfuor singer. He first apjieared in Eng-
land 18.')7.
Qiuliani (jo-le-ii'iie). Giambattista. Born at
Canelli, near Asti. June 4, ISIS: ilicd at Flor-
ence, Jan. 11, 1S84. An Italian philologist,
noted as a student of Dante, nu v,as successively
professor of niutlienmtics at the Cleineiitilie College at
K4)nie (Iti'iT). of philosupljy at the Lyceum nt Lufraiio
flsatt). of rhetoric at the I'liivcrsity of Genoa (1S48), and of
Italian literature, jiarlicularly of the works of Dante, at
Florence (IStJoj. Jlis works on Dante ai'e numerous.
Giulio Romano (jii'le-o ro-mii'no), properly
Giulio di Pietro di Filippo (.jii'lG-o de pe-a'-
tro de fe-le]i'iiri) (contracted to Pippi) de' Gi-
annuzzi. Born at Home. 14t»J: died at Jlan-
tua, Italy, Nov. 1, l.')46. An Italian painter and
architect, pupil of Raphael. Amons his noted
works is the "Fall of the Titans " (Mantua).
Giunta Pisano (jon'tU pe-sii'no). Lived in the
lirsl half of the 13th century. An Italian painter.
Qiuramento (jo-ra-men' to), II. [It., 'The
Oath. 'J An opera by llercadante, with words
by Kossi from Victor Hiit;o's " Augelo." It was
produced at Milan in 1837, at London in 1840,
and at Paris in 1858.
Qiurgevo (jor-ja'v6), Rumanian GiuTgiu (jor'-
j6). A town in Wallachia, Rumania, situated
on the Danube, opi>osite Ru.stchuk, 38 miles
south-southwest of Bukharest. it is the port of
Bukliarest, the chief commercial place ia itumania, and
was the scene of many contests in tlie Turkish wars. It
was founded by the Genoese in the 1-lth centuiy. Popu-
laticni (1889-90X l-i,r..-.ft.
Giusti (jos'te), Giuseppe. Born at Monsum-
mano, near Pistoja, Italy, May 13, 1809: died
at Florence, March 31, 1850. An Italian satiri-
cal ]>oet. His eomiileto works were published
in 1S(;3.
Oiustiniani (jos-te-ne-ii'ne), Agostino Panta-
leone. Bom at Genoa, 1470 : lost at sea, 1536.
An Italian ecclesiastic and philologist. He pub-
lished a polyglot edition of the Psalter in 1516.
Givet (zhe-va'). Afortlfiedtowuinthedepart-
ment of Ardennes. France, situated on the
Meuse, on the Belgian frontier, in lat. 50° 8' N.,
long. 4° 49' E. The citadel of Charlemont was founded
by the emperor Cliarles V. 1565. Population (1891), com-
mune, 7,083.
Oivors (zhe-vor'). A town in the department
of Rhone, France, situated at tlie jiuiction of
the Gier with the Rhone, 14 miles south of
Lyons.
Oizell, or Ghizeh (ge'ze). 1. A province of
Egypt, situated south of the Delta. — 2. The
capital of the province of Gizeh, situated on
the Nile about 3 miles west-southwest of Cairo.
In the vicinity are the pyramids of Khilfu, Khafra, and
Men-ka-ra. It now contains tlie Museum of KKyjitian An-
tiiiuilies, formerly at Hulak. Sec I'l/ruiiitth and Sphinx.
Gizziello (.iet-se-el'lo), GioaccMno Conti,
called. Born at Naples, Feb. L'8, 1714: tiled at
Borne, Oct. i"), 1761. A noted Italian soprano
Binger. He made his debut at R^uue at the aRC of Hfteen.
In 173fi he sang in L(»ndon with great success, in IT.'i:}. after
Blnging much in Spain antl Portugal, he left the stage.
Giallar (yiil'liir). in Scandinavian mythology,
tno horn of Iloimdall. He blows it to warn the
pods when any one approaches the bridge Bi-
frost.
Glaber (glii'ber). Rudolphe or Raoul. Died at
the monastery of Cluny about 1050. A French
c<'clcsiastic wlio wrote a chronicle of events
from 900 A. D. to 1046. Tlie first printed edition of
the Work appeared in l.soti in Pithou's " liistorite Franco.
rum." It contains much information concerning the <!'a-
petians licfore their elevation to the French throne. Glaber
was the author also of a life of Saint William, at}l)ot of
Saint- Benigne.
Gladbach, or Bergisch-Gladbach (berg'ish-
gliid'l)iich). A town in tile Uhine Province,
Prussia. H mili'S northeast of ('ologne. Popu-
lation (ls!)(i), i),,-,;is.
Gladbach, or Miinchen-Gladbach (miin'ohen-
gliid'biich). .V town in the Uhine Province,
Prussia, 15 miles west of Diisseldorf. It is one of
the centers for the manufacture of cotton, linen, woolen,
machinery, etc. I'opulation (1890), 40,628.
Gladiator (Kbi<l'i-a-tor), The. A melodrama
by Robert Montgomery Bird. Forrest was
noted as Spartacus in this play.
Gladiator, The Fighting. See Borghese Gladi-
ator.
Gladiators, War of the. See Sm-ilr JTars.
Gladstone (gla<l'ston), William Ewart. Born
at Liverpool, Dec.'i:!), 1S09. .\n eminent Brit-
ish statesman, financier, atid orator. Both his
parents were natives of Scotland, Ids father, Sir .lohn
Gladstone, Bart., a Liverpool merchant, lieing descended
from an old Scottish family named (ileilatanes (i. e. 'hawk-
Stones ■). He was educated at F.ton and at Christ Church,
441
Oxford, graduating in 1S31 with highest honors both in
classics and matliematics (a double tlrst-chiss). He was
returned to Parliament in 183-2, in the Ili-st election after
the passing of tlie llcform Bill, as Tory member for New-
ark, a pocket borough of the Imke of Newcastle. His
exceptional political abilities were at once recognized by
his party, and in tlie short-lived administration of Sir
Kotiert Peel (Dee.. 1834, -April, is:!.";) he was made lli-st a
junior lord of the treasui-y, and then uiuier-secretary for
the colonies. On the return of Peel to office in Sept.,
l&tl, he was appointed vice-president of the Board of
Tra(le, and had the principal share in working out and
expounding tlie elaborate scheme of taritf revision fliat
was then adopted. In .Tune, 1843, he became president
of the Board of I'rade, with a scat in the cabinet. In Jan.,
1845, he left the ministry on account of the proposed
grant to the Roman Catholic Ctdlege of Maynooth : he
felt that he could not support this olticially tiecausc it was
at variance with opinions he bail piil'lisii- d. iiltboUL'ti he
now could and subseciuently did snj.port it as a private
member. The Peel ministry was rcorganizeil in Dec.,
1845, and lie was secretary of state for the colonies till its
full in .luiie, 1841'.. Si.\ and a half years then elajised be-
fore he again held office, and during that period (espe-
cially in the earlier years of it) he was gradually Imrne
along, in spite of his native Conservative instincts, toward
that political Liberalism of which he was latterly the
most conspicuous exponent. In Dec, 1852, a coalition
ministry of Whigs and Peelites was formed under the
Earl of Aberdeen, Gladstone taking what appears to have
been his strongest rt'ile — that of chancellor of the ex-
chequer. He held the same office at first in the Liberal
ministry of Lord Pidmerston, formed Feli., 1855, but re-
tired with the other Peelites in a few weeks. Duiing
1858-59 he was sent by the Conservative ministry on a
special mission as lord high commissioner extraordinary
to the Ionian Islands. From June, 1869, to July, 18Gfi, he
was again chancellor of the exchequer under Lord Pal-
nierston and Earl Russell, and after Paluierston's death
he was leader of the House of Commons. The defeat of
a reform bill which he introduced brought the Tories back
to power, to pass themselves an important refonu mea-
sure : but on Dec. 9. 18(38, he reached the highest dig-
nity attainable by a British subject — that of prime min-
ister. This distinguished position he has occupied no
less than four times — Dec, 1868, to Feb., 1874; April,
1880, to June, ISS-T ; Feb. to July, 1886 ; and Aug., 1892,
to March, 1894, when the "Grand Old Man" retired from
office on account of his advanced age and failing physical
powers. Besides being prime minister and first lord of
the treasury, he was also ehancellor of the exchequer
during his first administration and part of his second,
and lord privy seal during his third and fourth. Theliis-
tory of his various ministries is the history of the British
empire for the time. One of the first measures which he
carried as premier was the disestablishment of tlie Irish
Church, and the condition of Ireland has throughout his
leadership of a quarter of a century in office or in op-
position lieeii the object of his peculiar concern. He pre-
pared and introduced (1886 and 1893) two bills for provid-
ing that country with a separate legislature: but both
were defeated (see Home Rule BilU). With the exception
of about a year and a half, he has sat continuously in
the House of Commons since 1832. He retired from New-
ark iu Jan., 1846, because his views had diverged from
those of its patron, and subsequently represented the
University of Oxford (1S4T-66), South Lancashire (:8(;5-<5S),
Greenwich (1868-80), and Midlothian (or Edinburghshire)
1880-94. He is understood to have been ofiercd a peer-
age on more than one occasion, but has declined that
luuior, remaining "The Great Commoner." Although by
far the most prominent man in the politics of his time,
he has found leisure for considerable contributions to lit-
erature. Ilis publications include "The State in its Ke-
lations to tlic rhuicli"(ls;W), "Letters on the State Perse-
cutions of the Neapolitan Govern Mien t"(lS.^»I), "Studies on
Homer and the Homeric Age " (1858), " Juventua Mundi "
(1861)). pamphlets on "The Vatican Decrees" (1874. 1876)
and " Bulgarian Horrors" (1876, 1877), "Homeric Syn-
chr(Uiisni"(1876), "Gleanings of Past Years "(1870), etc., be-
sides various articles in magazines and reviews.
Glaire (glar), Jean Baptiste. Born at Bor-
deatix, France. April 1, 1798: died at Issy
(Seine), Feb. 25, 1879. A French Orientalist
and theologian. He published "Lexicon ma-
niiale Hebraieum et Chaldaicum" (1830), etc.
Glais-Bizoin (gla'be-zwan'), Alexandre. Born
at (jiiintin, (^"ites-du-Nord, France, March 9,
ISOO : died at Lamballo, Cotes-dii-Xord, Nov. 6.
1877. A French politician, opposition member
of till! Chamber of Deputies, and member of the
(iovernment of National Defense 1S70-71.
Glaisher (gla'slier), James. Boi-n at Loudon,
April 7, 1809. A Britisli meteorologist and
aeronaut. He was an assistant at the Cambridge ob-
servat^iry 1833-36, and director of the magnetic and nie-
teondogical work at Greenwich wbservatoiy 1840-74. He
founded the Royal Meteorological Society and hccanie its
first president In 1867. He made many balloon ascensions,
reaching in 1862 the height of 87,000 feet. His works in-
clude " Travels in the Air," " Factor Tables "(1879-S.3X etc.
Glaize (gla/.), AugusteBarth^lemy. Born at
Montpellier. Dec. 15, 1SII7. A French imintcr.
Aiiuuig his woi'ks arc frescos in the churches of St. Sul-
Kice, St. Jacques du Haut-Pas, and St. Merri at Paris, lie
as been successful in lithography and pastel.
Glaize, Pierre Paul L6on. Born at Paris, Feb.
3, 1S41.'. A French painter, a jiupil of his fa-
ther, A. B. (thii/.e, and of ({('•rome.
Glammis (gliimz) Castle. An ancient castle
near Stralhmore, Scotland, seat of the Earl of
Strathmore. It is associated with Shakspere's
"Macbeth."
Glamorgan (gla-mAr'gau). A county of South
Wales. Capital, Carditi. It is liounded by Brecknock
on the north, Monmouth on the east, Bristol Channel on
Glassites
the south, and Carmarthen on the west. It has important
coal and iron tlejiosits. Area, 808 siiuare miles. Popu-
lation (1891). 687.147.
Glamorgan. In Britisli legend, the glen of Mor-
gan, a s|iot in \Vales where Morgan, the grand-
son of Lear, was killed.
Glamorgan Treaty. A treaty made with the
Roman Catliolics of L'eland by the Earl of Gla-
morgan (afterward Manjuis of Worcester), act-
ing (but apparently without authority) as agent
of Charles I., Aug. 25, 1()45. It made important
concessions to the Roman Catholics in return
for military aid.
Glanvill, oi- Glanvil (glan'vil), Joseph. Bom
at Pl)Tnouth, England, 1636 : died at Bath, Eng-
land, Nov., 1680. An English divine. He was
a voluminous author. His best-known work is "The Van-
ity of Dogmatizing "(1661 : enlarged, " Scepsis .Scientiflca,"
1665). In tills he is thtuight to have anticipated the electric
telegniph and Hume's tlicory of causation.
Glanville (glan'vil). Ranulf de. Died 1190.
Chief jiisticiarof England. He was sherilf of York-
shire 1163-70 ; became slieritf of Lancashire in 1173 ; with
Robert Stnteville defeated the Scots at Alnwick July 13,
1174; and was one of the most important persons iu the
kingdom during the remainder of the reign of Henry II.
Glapthorne (glap'thdm), Henry. Known to
have wTitten between 1639 and 1642. An Eng-
lish dramatist. Ainonghiaplaysare"Argalus and Par-
thenia," ".\lbertus Wallenstein," and "Tile Ladies PriTi-
lege." "The Paraside, or Revenge for Honer " was licensed
in 1663 as by Glapthorne. It was printed later with Chap-
man's name : the latter had nothing to do with it, but it
may have been revised by Glapthorne.
Glareanus (gla-rii-a'nos), originally Heinrich
Loriti. Born at Mollis, Switzerland, 1488 : died
at Freiburg. 1563. A Swiss himianist. He was
crowned poet laureate by the emperor Maximilian in 1512,
became professor of belles-lettres in the College de France
in 1521, and subsequently founded a school for belles-
lettres at Freiburg in Breisgau. He favored the Refor-
mation for a time, but was induced by the disturbances
at Basel in 1529 to withdraw his support. He published
"De geographia liber" (1627), "Helvetire descriptio" (in
verse), numerous studies on Latin authors, etc
Glarner Alps (gUir'ner alps). A mountainous
group in the cantons of Uri, Glarus, and Grisous,
Switzerland, e.xtending from theRenss eastward
to the Rhine. Its highest peak is the Todi.
Glarnisch (glar'nish). A mountain in the can-
ton of Glarus, Switzerland, southwest of Gla-
rus. Highest point, 9,583 feet.
Glarus (gla'ros). or Glaris(glii-res'). A canton
of Switzerland, bounded by St.-Gall on the north
and east, Grisons east and south, and Schwyz
and Uri on the west. The surface is almost entirely
mountainous. Cotton is manufactured. The canton sends
two members to the National Council. It joined the Swiss
Confederation in 13.52. Area, 267 square miles. Popula-
tion (18.88), 33,825.
Glarus. A capital of the canton of Glarus,
Switzerland, situated on the Linth 34 miles
southeast of Zurich. It has flourishing manu-
factures. Poimlation (1888), 5,401.
Glas (ghVs), John. Born at Auehtennuehty,
Fife, Sept. 21, 1()95 : died at Perth, Nov. 2, 1773.
A Scottish clergjTnan, founder of the sect of
(xlassites or Sandemaniaus.
Glasgow (glas'go). A seaport in Lanarkshire,
Scotland, situalied on the Clyde in lat. 55° 52'
N., long. 4° 18' W., the largest city in Scot-
land and second city in Great Britain : next to
Liverpool and London, the principal British sea-
port. It is the terminus of several transatlantic lines of
steamers (.\nchor, Allan, State). It is especially famous for
iron and steel ship-building, being the chief British city
in this regard. It manufactures <-lieniicals, cotton goods,
woolen goods, iron, sewing-machines, macliincry, etc.; has
agreat trade in coal ; and has ini]Mirtaut ble.-icliingand dye-
ing works. The cathedral, founded in ttic l-lli century,
was finished in the 15th, but is cliiclly in tlic I'.inly English
style, with veiy numerous but small lancets in the clear-
story, traceried windows in the aisles, narrow tnmsepts
with great windows, square chevet, and central tower
and spire. Tlie interior is etfective : it has a Hat wooden
ceiling, and all the windows are tilled with modern Mn-
niidi glass. The crypt is of unusual beauty : it is ad-
niiraidy vaulted, and its 6.^. columns possess finely carved
capital's. Tlie catbcdral in. a^nrc■» 3J0 by 70 feet; height
of nave, Oil. Tlic length is the same as that of St. Patrick's
Cathedral, New York. Glasgow I'liivcrsity was founded
in 14.''.0. 'I'lie present large building, 295 by 530 feet, in a
modihed F.arly English style, with tall central tower and
spire, was llrst occupied in 1870 : it is by sir ti. tJilbert
Scott. Glasgow became a royal burgh about 1176. For par-
liamentary juirposes it is arranged in seven divisions, each
returning one member to tlie House of Commons. Popula-
tion (1891), 6.W,11IS.
Glasse (glasl, Mrs. Hannah. The author of a
pojinlar book called "The Art of Cookery." It
was published in 1747, and at one time its authorsllip was
attributed to Dr. .lohn Hill. Mi-s. Glasse wrote other
Itooks on similar subjects. The ii-onical proverb "First
catcli your hare," attributed to her. is not in "The Art of
Cookery." but was |)robably suggested by the words "Take
\oiir hale wbcii it 18 cased," i. c, skinned.
Grlassites (gliis'its). A religious sect in Scot-
land, founded by John Glas (1695-1773). See
Sandvmunians,
Glassius
Glassius (glash'i-us), Salomo (Salomon
Glass). Born at Sondershausen, Gei'iuaiiy,
1593: died at Gotha, Germany, July 27, 1656. A
noted Gertaan theologian and biblical critic,
professor of theology at Jena, and superinten-
dent of tlie churches and schools of the duchy
of Saxe-tfOtha. He wrote "Philologia sacra"
(Jena, I()L':!), etc.
Glastonbury (glas'ton-ber-i). [ME. Glaston-
bury,GlaitTonbiiri/. a l('i'scu)ibury,GlusL-inbur!/, AS.
GIsestiiigabiirli. city of the Gliestings.] A town
in Somerset, England, 21 miles south of Bristol.
Its abbey, foinKled in IU)man times, was refounded under
Ine in the 8th ecTitiirj'. The great early- Pointed clmrcli,
of wliich tlie picturestiue ruins exist, was bCKun by Henry
II. and desecrated by Henry VIII. It was 52S feet lung.
The line chapel of .St. Joseph, at tiie east end, is the oldest
porti<»n. The Abbot's Kitchen, of the 14th century, is of
interest. The plan is square, with abundant buttresses,
but the hi*;h stone roof is octagonal: it terminates in a
louver. There are four huge fireplaces. Several other in-
teresting structures belonging to the abbey have been
converted to modern uses. Glastonbury is associated in
legend with Joseph of Arimathea. who is said to have
visited it and, in sign of possession, planted his staff,
which took root and became the famous Glastonbury thorn
that bursts into leaf on Christmas eve. The Isle of Ava-
Ion, where Arthur was buried, is also here. See AvcUoit.
There is something very odd in an English gentile name
suddenly displacing the British name; there is something
suspicious in the evident attempts to make the English and
British names translate one another, in the transparent
striving to see an element of glass in both. Glaestinga-
burh, it must be borne in mind, is as distinctly an English
gentile name as any in the whole range of English nomen-
clature ; Glastonbury is a mere corruption ; the syllable
which has tixken a place to which it has no right in Hunt-
ingdon and Abingdon has in Glastonbury been driven out
of a place to which it has the most perfect right. The
true origin of the name lurks, in a grotesque shape, in
that legend of Glaesting and his sow, a manifestly Eng-
lish legend, which either William of Malmesbury himself
or some interpolator at Glastonbury has strangely thrust
into the midst of the British legends. Glaesting's lost sow
leads him by a long journey to an apple-tree by the old
church ; pleased with the land, he takes his family, the
Olaestingas, to dwell there.
Freeman, English Towns, p. 95.
Glastonbury Thorn. See Glastonbury.
Glatigny (glil-ten-ye'), Albert. AFrenchpoet
of the school of Villon. He lived as a strolling actor,
and died young (15th century). Among his poems ia the
" Ballade des enfaus sans souci."
Glatz (glats), Bohem. Kladsko (klad'sko). A
town in tlie province of Silesia, Prussia, on the
Neisse 50 rniles south-southwest of Breslau. It
is strongly fortified, and has been fi'equently be-
sieged and taken. Population (1890), 11,643.
Glatz, County of. A former county adjoining
Bohemia, now included in the province of .Si-
lesia, Prussia. It was acquired by Prussia in
1742.
Glatzer Gebirge (gliits'er ge-ber'ge). A group
of mountains oft lie Sudetic chain, nearthe fron-
tiers of Prussian Silesia, Bohemia, and Mora-
via. The principal peak is the Sehneeberg (4,680
feet).
Glauber (glou'ber), Johann Rudolf. Born at
Karlstadt, Bavaria, 1604 : died at Amsterdam,
1G68. A German chemist, now chiefly known
as the discoverer of Glauber's salt (hydrous so-
dium sulphate), called by him sal admirabile,
and believed by him to be identical with the sal
enixum of Paracelsus. He was a voluminous
writer on chemical topics.
Glauchau (glou'chou). A town in the district
of Zwickau, Saxony, situated on the Zwickauer
Mulde 36 miles south-southeast of Leipsic. It is
noted for manufactures, especially of woolens and half-
woolens. Population (1890), 23,405.
GlaUCUS (gla'kus). [Gr. V'/mvko^.'] \. The
steersman of the ship Argo, afterward trans-
formed into a sea divinity : often surnamed Pon-
tius.— 2. A charioteer, the son of Sisyphus:
often surnamed Potnieus. — 3. A son of Slinos
and Pasiphae. — 4. ALycian prince, allyof Pri-
am in the Trojan war. — 5. Tho prineii)al char-
acter of Bulwer's " Last Days of Pompeii."
Glaucus. Flourished about 69 B. c. A statu-
ary in metals, living at Chios, but belonging to
the Samiau school of art. He is said to be the
inventor of the art of soldering metals.
Gleditsch (gla'dich), Johann Gottlieb. Born
at Leipsic, Feb. 5, 1714: died at Berlin, Oct.
5, 1786. A German botanist and ■ivriter on
forestry.
Glegg (gleg), Mrs. In George Eliot's novel "The
Mill on the Floss," a precise, narrow-minded
woman, the aunt of Maggie Tulliver.
Gleichenberg (gli'ehen-bero). Bad. A water-
ing-place in Styrin. Austria-Hungary, about 25
miles southeast of Gratz.
Gleim (glim), Johann Wilhelm Ludwig. Born
at Ermsleben, near Halberstadt, Germany, April
442
2, 1719 : died at Halberstadt, Feb. 18, 1803. A
German poet. He studied jurisprudence at Halle, and
was subsequently tutor in Potsdam, secretary to Prince
William in the second Silesian war, secretary to Prince
Leopold of Dessau, and tinally canon in Halberstjvdt, where
he died. His fame rests principally upon the " Preussiscbe
Kriegsliedervon einem Grenadier " (" l*russian War Songs
by a Grenadier"), which appeared during 1757-5S, and in
the latter year were collected and published with a pref-
ace by Lessing. A collectioTi of Anacreontic songs. " Ver-
such in scherzhaften Liedern " ('* Essays in Humoious
Poetry "), had already appeared in 1744. In 1772 appeared,
further, " Lieder fiir das Volk " (" Songs for the People "),
in 1773 "Gedichte nach den Minnesingern "(" Poems after
the Minnesingers"), and in 1779 "Gedichte nach Walther
von der Vogelweide " ("P(iems after Walther von der Vo-
gelweide "). His collected works were published 1811-13,
in 7 volumes, to which was added an eighth in 1841.
Gleiwitz (gli'vits). A manufacturing town in
the province of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the
Klodnitz inlat. .50° 18' N., long. 18° 41' E. Pop-
ulation (1.890), 23,554.
Glen (glen). The. A valley in tho Wlute Moun-
tains, at tlie base of Mount Washington, with a
view of Mounts Jefferson, Adams, Clay, and
Madison. It is a resort for summer todrists.
Glenalmond (glen-ii'mond). Avillage in Perth-
shire, Scothtnd, about 15 miles west of Perth:
the seat of Trinity College (Episcopal).
Glenarvon (glen-iir'von). A novel by Lady
Caroline Lamb. Almost all the characters are
portraits. Lord Glenarvon is Lord Byron.
Glencoe (glen-ko'). A deep valley in northern
Argyllshire, Scotland, about 25 miles northeast
of Oban. Itwasthesceneofthe"ra!lS5acre of Glencoe,"
Feb., 1092, in which aliout forty Mactlonalds were killed by
royal troops at the instigation of the Master of .Stair.
Glencoe, or the Fall of the McDonalds. A
play by Talfourd, produced in 1839.
Glendale (gleu'diil). See Fruyser's Farm.
Glendinning (glen-din'ing), Edward. In Sir
Walter Scott's novels "'rhe Monastery" and
" The Abbot," the younger of the Glendinning
brothers.
Glendinning, Halbert. In Sir Walter Scott's
novel "The Monastery," the elder of the Glen-
dinning brothers: the Knight of Avenel in
"The Abbot."
Glendower (glen'dor), Owen (Owain ab Gruf-
fydd). Born in Wales, luobably in 1359: died
probably in 1415. A Welsh rebel, lord of Glyn-
dyvrdwy or Glyudwr. He proclaimed himself Prince
of Wales in 1402, and in 1403 joined the rising under HaiTy
Percy (Hotspur), together with whom he was defeated at
Shrewsbury, June 21, 14113. He subsequently allied him-
self with the French, but was defeated by Henry, prince of
Wales, in 1405. Shakspere introduces him in "1 Henry IV."
Glenelg ( glen-elg' ). A river of Victoria, Austra-
lia, which flows into the ocean near the frontier
of South Australia. Length, 200 to 300 miles.
Glenelg, Baron. See Grant, Charles.
Glen Ellis Falls (glen el'is falz). A cascade
in the Ellis Kiver, White Movmtain region. New
Hampshire, 4 miles south of the Glen House.
Height, 70 feet.
Glenfinnan (glen-fin'an). A place in Scotland,
15 miles west of Fort William, where, Aug. 19,
1745, the Highland clans gathered and began
the " Rising of '4.5."
Glengarry (gleu-gar'i). A glen in Invemess-
sliire. Scotland, southwest of Fort Augustus.
Glen House. A simimer resort in the White
Mountains, New Hampshire. 8 miles (by car-
riage-road) east of Mount Washington.
Glenlivet(glen-le'vet). A valley in Banffshire,
Scotland, 25 miles south of Elgin. Here, 1594, the
Catholic insurgents under the Earl of Huntly defeated
the Protestants under the Earl of Argyll.
Gleiiroy(glen-roi'). A v.alley in Inverness-shire,
Scotland, about 15 miles northeast of Fort Wil-
liam, remarkable for a geological formation of
parallel roads.
Glens Falls (glenz falz). A village in Warren
('r>unty. New York, situated at the falls of tlie
Hudson 44 miles north of Alljany. Population
(1890), 9,.509.
Glenshiel (glen-sliel'). A valley in Ross-shire,
Scotland, about 25 miles west of Fort Augustus.
It was the scene of a victory of the Hanoverians over the
Jacobites and Spaniards, June 10, 1719.
Glen Tilt (glentilt). Avalley innorthern Perth-
shire, Scotland, 30 miles north-northwest of
Perth, noted for its geological j)henomena and
its scenery. The road follows the river Tilt
through the glen.
Glenvarloch, Lord. See OUfaunt, Nigel.
Glessariae (gle-sa'ri-e). [L., se. insulie, ' amber
islands.'] See the extract.
The princip:il district for the tide-washed amber was
the coast betw.-en Ibr llelder and the promontory of Jut-
land. Prom thi- Ithirie t.i the estuary of the Kibe stretched
a chain of islands, called Glessariie and Electridcs by the
ancients, which are now umch altered in number and
Gloucester
extent by the incessant inroads of the sea. Here a Roman
fleet in Nero's time collected 13,000 lbs. ol the precious
"glessum " in a single visit ; and the sailors brought home
picturesque accounts of the natives picking up the glassy
fossil at the Hood-tide an. I in the poids left by the ebb;
"and it is so light," they said, "that it lolls about and
seems to hang in the shallow water."
ElUm, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 60.
Gle3n:e (gl.~ir), Charles Gabriel. Born at Che-
villy, Vaud. Switzcrbinil, May 2, 1,806: died at
Paris, May 5, 1874. A Swiss liistorical painter.
Glinka (glin'kii), Feodor Nikolaievitch. Born
in the government of Smolensk, Russia, 1788:
died at Tver, Russia, March 6, 1880. A Russian
soldier and man of letters. He wrote " Letters of a
Russian Officer in the C:anipaigns of 1805-06, 1812-16 "
(1815-16). the poem "Kareliya" (1830), etc.
Glinka, Mikhail Ivanovitch. Born at Novo-
S]iask. government of Smolensk, Russia, May
20, 1804: died at Berlin. Feb. 15, 1857. A Rus-
sian composer, nephew of F. N. Glinka. His
works include the operas "La vie pour le Czar" (1830),
and "Russian et l.yudmila" (1842).
Glinka, Sergei Nikolaievitch. Born in the
government of Smolensk, Russia, 1774: died at
Moscow in 1847. A Russian historical writer
and litterateur, brother of F. N. Glinka.
Glion (gle-6n'). A height near Montreux and
the eastern extremity of the Lake of Geneva.
Height, 2,254 feet.
Glisson (glis'on), Oliver S. Born in Ohio, Jan.
18, 1809: died at Philadelphia, Nov. 20, 1890.
An American naval officer. He commanded the
schooner Reefer in the Mexican war, and accompanied
Perry's e.xpedition to Japan in 1853-55. He connnanded
the third division of the fleet in the attacks on Fort Fisher
in Dec, 1864, and Jan., 1865. He was promoted rear-ad-
miral in 1870.
Glister (glis'ter). In Middleton's play "The
Family of Love," a doctor of physic.
Globe, The. A celebrated London theater built
l)y Richard andCuthbert Burbage in 1599. When
tlieir "Theatre" in Shoreditch was taken down, the mate-
rials were carried to Bankside and used in the erection of
the Globe. It was hexagonal in shape and open to the
sky in the middle, the stage and galleries only being cov-
ered with a thatched roof. Over the door was the sign of
the house, Hercules supporting a globe. The interior was
arranged on the plan of the inn-yards where entertain-
ments had formerly been given. It was circular and had
three galleries. At the back of the stage were two columna
which supported a gallery about 10 or 12 feet high, and
between these hung the curtain. On the stage itself sat
a dozen or twenty gallants who paid sixpence e.vtra for
the privilege. The Globe was a public theater — that is,
not under the patronage of any great personage. Shak-
spere played here, and he with Hemminge, Condell, and
others shared in the profits. It was a summer house,
Blackfriars being the winter house of the same company.
The Globe was burned in 1613, but inuuediately rebuilt at
a cost of £1,400. It was pulled down during the Puritan
regime in 1644, and the site is now occupied by Barclay
and Perkins's brewery. Shakspere wrote exclusively for
the Bhickfriars and Globe theaters, and most of the plays
of Jonson, Beaumont and Fletcher, Ford. Massinger, Chap-
man, and others were first performed there. "The prescut
Globe Theatre in Wych street was built in 1868.
Glockner (glok'ner), or Grossglockner (gros-
glok'uer). A mountain in Austria-Hungai'y,
on the confines of Tyrol, Carinthia, and Salz-
burg. It is the highest peak in the easterimiost division
of the Alps, and is celebrated for the extensive view it
commands. It belongs to the group of the Hohe Tauern.
Height, 12,454 feet.
Glogau (glo'gou), or Grossglogau (gros-gl6'-
gou). A fortified town in tlie province of Si-
lesia, Prussia, situated on tlie Oder 57 miles
northwest of Breslau : formerly the capital of
the now extinct principality oftilogiiu. it was
stomied by the Prussians in 174*1, and was held iy the
French 1806-14. Population (1890), 20,629.
Glogau, Ober-. See Oben/ltii/an.
Glommen (glom'men). 'The largest river of
Norway, flowing into the Skager Rack at Fred-
rikstad. Length, about 350 miles. Near its
mouth it forms the cataract Sarpfos.
Gloriana (gl6-ri-a'na). The Faerie Queene in
Spenser's poem of that name. She also repre-
sents yueen EIizal)eth considered as a sover-
eign. See liilphuhe.
Glossop (glos'op). A town in Derbyshire, Eng-
land, 12 miles east of Manchester. It has man-
ufactures of cotton, etc. Population (1891),
22,414.
Gloster (glos'ter), or Gloucester, Earl of. A
character in Shakspcre's "King Leaj," the
father of Edgar ami Edmund.
The subordinate plot of Gloster and his sons w.as prob-
ably taken from an episo<lical chapter in Sidney's "Arca-
dia" entitled "The Pitiful state and Story of the I'aphla-
gonian unkind King and Iiis kind Son ; first related by
the son, then by the blind father."
Hudson, Introd. to King Lear.
Gloucester (glos'ter). [Also formerly Glosler ;
ME. Gloucester, Gloueestre, Glowcrcastre, AS.
GIrdweerastrr ; from L. Gleinim, the Roman
name, and AS. ccastcr, city.] 1. A county in
Gloucester
west iiiiiiland Eiiffland. It isbmimleil by Worcester
luid W'lirwirk i>n the north, Oxfoni, Berks, and Wilts on
the e;i»t, \\ ilts and Somerset on the south, Monmouth on
the wefit. and Hereford on the northwest. It ineUidt-s the
C'otswohl Hills, thf Forest of Dean, and the vales of (iloii-
ecster and Berkeley. Its five divisions each return one
member to the House of t'ommous. Area, 1,243 8<tuaru
miles. Population (1>91), 5»»,l>74.
2. The eapitiil of (iloueesler.shiri', Kiifjlaiid, a
city and county of itself, and a parliament ury
borough, situated on tlie Severn in lat. 51° 52'
N., long. 2° 16' W. : tlie British Caer-glowe and
Koiuan (ilextim. It is an important commercial town.
The cathedral is in its present form a Perpendicular l)uild.
Ing almost throughout, except in the lower part of the
nave, but is of much earlier foundation. The plan is
early Norman. There is a high central tower, covered
with tracery, and a long, projecting Lady chapel. There
Is an excellent Iftth-century porch, with statues over the
arched entmnce. The arches and circular pillars of the
nave are impressive, and the choir is one of the richest
examples of the Perijendiculiir style. The whole east end
is occupied by a great window with fine glass, the wall-
spaces are covered with paneling, and the vaulting rests
on a perfect network of rilia. The choir is assigned to
1351, and is held to prove that the Perpendicular style
originated here. The dimensions of the cathedral arc 420
by 144 feet ; height of nave (W, of choir 8ti. The Perpen-
dicular cloister, with beautiful fan-vaulting, and its ar-
cades tilled with gla/ed tracery, is the finest of its type in
England. The chapter-house and crypt are Norman.
Qloucester resisted the Royalist anny u:ider Charles I. in
1(M3. It sends one member to the House of Commons.
Population (1891), %l,444.
Olevum was a town of great importance, as standing
not only on the Severn near the place where it opened
out into the Bristol Channel, but also as being close to
the great Roman iron district of the Forest of Dean.
Wrir/ht, Celt, p. 136.
Gloucester. A city and seaport in Esse.x County,
Massachu.setts. situated on the peninsula of
Cape Ann in lat. 42° 37' X.. long. 70° 40' "W.
It is the chief seat of cod and mackerel fisheries in the
Tnited States, and exports gninite. It was unsuccessfully
attacked l>y the British in 1775 and 1814. Population (1S90),
24,651.
Gloucester, Dukes of. See Humphreij, RicJmrd
/If., and Thniit'fs.
Gloucester, Earl of. See Robert.
Gloucester City. A city in Cam<leu County,
New Jersey, situated on the Delaware 4 miles
below Philadelpliia. It has a tracls for horse-
racing. Population (1890), G..564.
Glove, The. An old Fremdi story told by Peter
Ronsard. it has tieen retold in many forms. It is that
of the knight De Lorge fin the time of Francis I.), whose
mistress dropped her glove over a barrier among some
lions, and commanded her lover to get it for her as a test
of his courage. Revolted at her cold-blooded inhumanity,
the knight leaped down, secui-ed the glove, and threw it
in her face. Schiller. Leigh Hunt, Browning, and others
have made the story familiar.
Glover (gluv'er), Catherine. The Fair Maid of
Perth in Scott's novel of that name.
Glover, John, Bom at Houghton-on-the-Hill,
Leieesiershire, Feb. 18, 1767: died at Launees-
ton, Tasmania. Dec. 9, 1849. An English land-
scape-painter, one of the founders of the Royal
Water-CoIour Society and of the Society of
British Artists. In 1831 lie emigrated to Aus-
tralia.
Glover, Mrs. Julia. Bom at N(!wrv, J^n. 8,
1779: died at Loiiilon. .July 16. 18.50." An Eng-
lish actress. She was the daughter of an actor named
Helterton, who claimed descent from Thomas Bettert^m.
she had " an admirable vein of comedy." Diet. Nat. Biutj.
Glover, Richard. Born at London, 1712: died
there. .Vnv. 1^.'), I7S5. An English jioet. He was
the w,n of a Hamburg merchant, nnil entered into business
with his father. His chief work, an epic jKiem, *' Leoin-
das," appeared in 17:t7. He enlarged it and repulilished
It in 1770. and it hiis been translated into French and Ger-
man. Its success was partly due to its ust^fulness to the
opp<jnerits of Walpole. He also published "I/)ndon, etc."
(173!>), "Boadicea'' (a tragedy, 1763), " Medea" (1761), and
"The Aihi-naid," an epic in 30 Inroks, published in 1787 by
his daugbt^-r.
Glover, Robert. Born at Ashl'ord, Kent. 1544:
died at Londm], April 10, 1.588. An English
genealogist, appointed Somerset lienild in 1571.
He left a large iiuinlpcr of manuscripts, which
have been used liy later writers.
Glover, Stephen. Born at London, 1812: died
there, l)ii'. 7, 1S70. An English composer and
teaelicr. He wrote over fifteen hundred jjojjii-
lar songs, ballads, and pianoforte pieces.
Gloversville (gluy'i'^rz-vil). A village in Ful-
ton County, Now York, 40 mili'S northwest of
Albany. It is the chief seat of the manufacture of buck-
skin gloves and mittens in the I'nlted States. Population
(1890), 13,864.
Glub-dub-drib. A lan<l filled with magicians,
visited hv tiuUiver, in Swift's ''Gulliver's Trav-
els."
Gluck(gl(>k>, Christopher Willibald. Bomat
Weidenwang. near Xeuninrkt. liaviiria, .Inly 2,
1714: ilied at Vieniui, Nov. 15, 1787. A cele-
brated German operatic composer, son of a
443
member of the household (kee|)er of the for-
ests) of Priiu'e Lobkowitz. He studied music at
Prague, Vieiuia (1736), and Milan (1738-45), producing
(1741-45) a number of successful operas; in 174.S went to
Kngland as composer of operas for the Haymarket ; and
returned to Vienna in 174(i. where he acted for a time as
singing-master to Marie .Antoinette, who later rendered
him important aid in the production of his works in Paris.
His most celebrated works are "ttrfeoed Eltriiliee " (1762),
•"Alceste" (Vienna, Dec. 16, 1767), " Paride ed Elene"
(176<'), "Iphigenie en Aulide" (1774), "Armide" (1777),
" Iphigenie en Tauride " (1779).
Glilcksburg (gliiks'boro). A bathing-place in
the province of Sehleswig-Holstein, Prussia, 6
miles northeast of Flensborg.
Gliickstadt (gliik'stiit). A seaport in the prov-
ince of Siddeswig-Holstein, Pnissia, situated
on the Elbe 119 miles northwest of Hamburg. It
was unsuccessfully besieged by the Catholics in the Thirty
Years' War in 1627 and in 1628. Population (1890), com-
nuine, 5,9.58.
Glukhoff (glo'chof ). A town in the government
of Tehernigoff, Russia, situated in lat. 51° 41'
N., long. 33° 53' E. Population (1890), 17,625.
Glumdalca (glum-dal'ka). In Fielding's bui-
lesque "Tom Thumb the Great," a captive
queen of the giants, beloved by the king, but
in love with Tom Thumb.
Glumdalclitch (glum-dal'klich). In Swift's
"Gulliver's Travels," a giantess of Brobding-
nag. .She is (iulliver's nurse, and, though only nine years
old," is nearly 40 feet high. Her attentions were extremely
humiliating to him.
Glycas (gli'kas), Michael. A Byzantine histo-
rian. Concerning his age nothing is known with cer-
tainty, except that he lived after 1118. He was probably
an ecclesiastic, and is the author of a history of the world
from the creation to 1118 A. b. This work is written in a
clear and concise style, and its author is ranked among
the better Byzantine historians. The best edition is by
Bekker in the Bonn collection of the Byzantines, 1836.
Glycera (glis'e-ra). [Gr. V'/vnipa, the sweet
one.] The name of several notorious Greek
courtezans ; in particular, a mistress of Menan-
der, and a favorite of Horace.
Glycon (gli'kon). [Gr. r/.i/cur.] A Greek lyric
poet from whom the Glyconic meter was named.
t)f his works only three lines remain.
Glycon of Athens. \Gv.Vavkuh.'] The sculptor
of the Farnese Hercules, which was found in
the baths of Caraealla in 1540 with an inscrip-
tion by Glycon. It was probably executed in the 1st
or 2d century of the Roman Empire, but doubtless points
to a type ah'eady established, possibly by Lysippus.
Glynn (glin), John. Born in 1722: died Sept.
16, 1779. An English lawyer and politician,
noted chiefly as the defender of Wilkes in the
cases (1703-64) growing out of the publication
of the " North Briton."
Gmelin (gma'len), Johann Friedrich. Born at
Tubingen, Wtirtemberg, Aug. 8, 1748: died at
Gottiugen, Prussia, Nov. 1, 1804. A German
naturalist, nephew of J. G. Gmelin, and profes-
sor of medicine and chemistry at Gottingen.
Gmelin, Johann Georg. Born at Tiibingen,
Wurteraberg, 1709: died there, May 20, 1755.
A Gei-mau botanist and traveler, professor of
chemistry and natural history at St. Petersburg
1731^7, and later (1749) of botany and cheniis-
trv at 'Tubingen. He WTote "Flora Sibirica"
(1749-69), "Reisen durch Sibirieu" (1751-52).
etc.
Gmelin, Leopold. Born at Giitt ingen, Aug. 2,
178.S : died at I leidi-lberg, Baden, AiU'il 13, 1853.
AGennan chemist, son of J. F. (imelin, ]>rofes-
sor at Heidelberg 1814-51. His chief work is
"Handbuch der theoretischen Chemie" (1817-
1819).
Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb. Bom at Tiibingen,
Wiirlomliorg. .Inly 4, 1744: died at Achmetkent,
July 27, 1774. \ German nat\iralist, and trav-
eler in Russia and Asia, lutphcw of J. ({. Gme-
lin. His chief works are " Historia fucorum "
(17()8), "Reisen iliireh Kussland'' (1770-84).
Gmiinfi, or Sch'wabisch-Gmiind (shvab'ish-
gmiinl). A town in the .lagst circle, Wiirteni-
bcrg, 28 miles east of Stuttgart. It manufactures
Jewelry, and has several old churches. It was formerly a
free imperial city. Population (1890), connninie, 16,817.
Gmunden (gmdn'den). A town and siiniimr
resort in l'pp<'r Austria, sitnateil on th(> Lake of
Traun 33 miles southwest of Lin/.: the chief
jilace in I hi' Salzkammcrgut. Population (1890),
coirnnune. 6,476.
Gnatho ( na'tho). A parasite, a character in the
comedy " The Eunuch " bv Terence.
Gneditsch (gna'dich), Ificolai Ivanovitch.
Born at I'liltowa. \~X-i: dieil 1833. A Riissian
poi-t and translator. His best-known work isa trans-
lation into Russian of the Iliad. He also translated the
chief works of Shakspere. Voltaire, Byron, and others.
Gneisenau (gni'zo-nou) (i>roperly Neithardt
Goalpara
von Gneisenau >. Count August. Bom at Schil-
da, Prussian Sa.\ony,Oct. 27, 17()l): died at Po-
sen, Prussia, Aug. 23-24, 1831. A Prussian gen-
eral, distinguished in the campaigns of 1813 and
1814. He conducteti the retreat from Liguy in
181.5.
Gneist(gnist), Rudolf von. Born at Berlin,. \ug.
13. ISHi: died .July 22, 1895. A German jurist
and politician. He studied law at Berlin, halpiliUited
there in ls.'i9, and became professor in 18M. In 1858
he entered the Prussian House of Deputies, of which he was
a member until his death. He was a m*'nite'r of the Reichs-
tag 1867-84, l)ecame senior judge of the supreme court of
Prussia and member of the privy council in 1875, and was
ennobled in 1888. Among his works are "Das heutige
englische Vei-fassungs- und Verwaltungsrecht " (18.57-63),
"Soil der Richter auch iiber die Frage zu betlnden haben,
ob ein tJesetz verfassiuigsmaszlg zu stande gekommen?"
(3ded. 1863), "Der Rechtsstaat "(187'2), "Englische Verfa.s-
sungsgeschiehte " (1H82), and " Das englische Parlament "
(18>8).
Gnesen (gnii'zen). Pol. Gniezno (gnyez'no).
\ city in the province of Posen, Prussia, 30
miles east-northeast of Posen. It has a cathedral.
It is the oldest town in Poland, and was the crowning-
place of the kings of Poland until 1320. Population (1890),
18.088.
Gnidos. See Cnidus.
Gnomic Poets. See the extract.
The term (jnomic, when applied to a certain number of
tireek poets, is ai-bitrary. There is no definite principle
for rejecting some and including' others in the class. It
has, however, been usual to ajiiily this name to Solon,
Phocylides, Theognis, and Simonitles of Ceos. Yet there
seems no reason to exclude some portions of Callinus,
Tyrt«eus, Mimnermus, and Xeuophanes. These poets, it
will be observed, are all writers of the elegy. Some of the
lyric poets, however, and iambographers, such as Simoni-
des of Amorgos and Archilochus, have strong claims for
admission into the list. For, as the derivation of the name
implies, gnomic poets are simply those who embody . . .
sententious maxims on life and morals in their verse ;
and though we find that the most celebrated masters of
this style composed elegies, we yet may trace the thread
of gnomic thought in almost all the writers of their time.
Symonds, Studies of the Greek Poets, I. 236.
Gnossus. See Ciiosiis.
Gnostics!(nos'tiks). [From Gr. ; vuffrixdr, know-
ing, whence LL. Giiostieus. a Gnostic] Certain
rationalistic sects which arose in the Christian
church in the 1st century, flourished in the 2d,
and had almost entirely disappeared by the 6th.
The Gnostics held that knowledge rather than faith is the
road to heaven, and professed to have a peculiar know-
ledge of religious mysteries. They rejected the literal in-
terpretation of the Scriptures, and attempted to combine
their teachings with those of the Creek and Oriental phi-
losophies and religions. They held that God was the un-
knowable and the umipproachable ; that from him pro.
ceeded, by emanation, subordinate deities termed een*,
from whom again proceeded other still inferior spirits.
The Gnostics were in general agreed in believing in the
principles of dualism and Docetism and in the existence
of a demiurge or world-creator. Christ they regarded as
a superior eon who had descended from the infinite God
in order to subdue the god or eon of this world. Their
chief seats were in Syria and Egypt, but their doctrines
were taught everywhere, and at an early date they sepa-
rated into a variety of sects.
Gnotho (no'tho). A clownish old fellow anxious
to put away his old wife and take a younger
one, according to the provisions of "The Old
Law," in Massinger, Middleton, and Rowley's
play of that name.
Qoa (go'ii). A Porttiguese possession on the
Malabar coast of India, in lat. 14° .54'-15° 45'
N. , long. 73° 45'-74° 26' E. Area. 1 ,447 square
miles. Population (1887), 494,836.
Goa, New, or Panjim. The cai>ital of the Por-
tugui'se possessions in India, situated at the
mouth of the Mandavi in lat. 15° 28' N., long.
73° 50' E. Population, about 8,000.
Qoa, Old. A ruined city, the former ca])ital of
till' Portuguese possessions in India, situated
on the Mandavi 5 miles east of New (loa. It
was eoniiuered by the Portuguese under An)uquerque in
1510, and was an important commercial city in the 16th
and 17th centuries. The seat of government was removed
to New Goa in 1769.
Goajira(g6-ii-He'r!i). A peninsula of the north-
ern coast of South America, on the west side of
the Gulf of Maracaibo, crossed by the boundary
between Venezuela and ('i>l(unbia. Area, alxmt
5,800 square miles. The lidi.'ildtants, numbering about
30.000, are mostly 8emi-independc[it Indians of theOoajira
and Cosina tribes.
Goajiros (go-ii-ne'riis). A tribe of Indians in
niirthcni South America, occu])ying the (ioa.jira
(leninsula northwest of Lake .Maracaibo. They
still number nearly ;{0,ono, anil are practically indepen-
dent, but at present friendly to the whites ; thev own large
henls, anil sell cattle, horses, hiilcs. cheese, and hammocks.
Kew or none have been Christianized ; they have no regu-
lar chiefs, and ilo mit form large villages. By their lan-
guage they belong to the Arawak stock. Cntil thendddle
of the IDtli century they were dangerous enemies of the
whites.
Goalpara (go -SI- pii'ra). 1. A district in the
ehiel-commissionership of Assam, British In-
dia, intersected by lal. 26° N., long. 90° 30' E.
Goalpara
Area, 3.897 square miles. Population. 446.232.
— 2. The capital of the district of Goalpara,
situated on the Brahmaputra in lat. 26° 12' N.,
lon^. 90° 38' E.
Goalundo (go - a - lun'do). A place in Bengal,
British India, at the junction of the Ganges and
Brahmaputra.
Croat Island (got i'land). The island in Nia-
gara River which separates the Horseshoe and
American falls.
Goa2acoalco(go-!i-tha-k6-ark6),orCoaxacoal-
CO (ko-ii-Ha-ko-arko). The ancient Indianname
of a region in Mexico, in the northern part of
the isthmus of Tehuantepec, west of the Coaxa-
coalco Kirer, and now forming part of the state
of Vera Cruz. It submitted to Sandoval in 1522. and
in 15:^4 was made a province, corresponding nearly to the
bishopric of llascala. The name soon fell into disuse.
Gobat (go-bii'), Samuel. Bom at Cr^mine,
canton of Bern, Switzerland, Jan. 26, 1799 : died
at Jerusalem, May 12. 1879. A Swiss mission-
arv, appointed Anglican bishop of Jerusalem
in"l846.
Gobble (gol)'l), Justice. An insolent magis-
trate in Smollett's "History of Sir Launcelot
Greaves," a satirical romance.
GobbO (gob'bo), Launcelot. A whimsical, con-
ceited man-ser^-ant in Shakspere's "Merchant
of Venice." He is one of Shakspere's best
clowns.
Gobbo, Old. The "sand-bUnd" father of Laun-
celot Gobbo.
Gobelins (gob-Ian'). A family of dyers, de-
scended from Jean Gobelin (died 1476), and es-
tablished in Paris. They introduced the manufacture
of tapestries in the 15th century. Their manufactory was
changed to a royal establishment under Louis XIV. , about
1667.
Goben (geb'eu), August Karl Friedricli Chris-
tian von. Born at Stade,Prussia,Dec. 10.1816:
died at Coblenz. Prussia, Nov. 13, 1880. A
Prussian general, distinguished in the war of
1866 and in the Franco-Genuan war.
Gober (go'ber). See Hau-^n.
Gobi (go'be), or Gobi (ko'be). A large desert
in the Chinese empire, with uncertain boun-
daries. It comprises two principal divisions ; the east-
ern (also called Shamo). situated in central Mongolia ; the
western, occupying approximately the basin of the Tarim,
In East Turkestan. Its streams have no outlet to the sea.
The average height Is 2.0O0 to 4,000 feet.
Gobineau(go-be-n6').Comte Joseph Arthurde.
Born at Bordeaux, France, 1816: died at Paris,
Oct. 17, 1882. A French diplomatist. Oriental-
ist, and man of letters. He wrote " Les religions
et les philosophies dans I'Asie Centrale " (1865),
"Nouvelles Asiatiques" (1876), etc.
Goblins (gob'linz), The. A comedy by Suck-
ling, printed in 1646. The Goblins are noblemen
and gentlemen disguised as a band of robbers.
Gobryas (go'bri-as). A Persian noble. He was
one of the seven conspirators -who, according to Herodotus,
procured the death of Smerdis the Magian in 521 B. c, and
raised Darius I. to the throne.
Gobseck (gob'sek). A novelby Balzac, written
in 1830. Gobseck is an avaricious money-lender.
Goch (goch). A town in the Rhine Province,
Prussia, 43 miles northwest of Diisseldorf. Pop-
ulation (1890), commime, 6,729.
Goch, Johannes von. Born at Goch. Prussia,
at the beginning ot the loth century: died
March, 1475. A Gei-man prior, author of "De
libertate Christiana" (1521).
Godalming (god'al-ming). A town in Surrey.
England, situated on the Wey 32 miles south-
west of London. It is the seat of the Charter-
house School. Population (1891^, 2.797.
Godavari (go-dii'va-re). 1 . A river in the Dec-
can, British India, flowing by a delta into the
Bay of Bengal, about lat. 16° 30' N. Length,
about 900 miles. It is navigable about 300 miles.
— 2. A district in Madras, British India, inter-
sected by lat. 17° N., long. 81° 30' E. Area,
7,34.T square miles. Population(18Sl). 1.791. 512.
Goddard (god'iird), Arabella (Mrs. Davison).
[G. Gotthart, 'pious,' 'virtuous'; D. Gottliard,
F. Goilard.'] Bom at St.-Ser\an, near St.-Malo,
France. Jan. 12, 1838. An English pianist.
Godefroy (god-frwii'), Denis. Bom at Paris,
1549: died at Strasburg. 1621. A French jurist.
He edited "Corptis juris civilis" (1583), etc.
Godefroy, Frederic. Bom at Paris, Feb. 13,
1826. A French philologist and historian of
literature. He has published a " Histoire de la litt^ra-
ture francaisc depuis le X^^'■ siecle," a " Dictionnaire de
I'ancienne langue fran^aise," etc.
Godefroy, JaCQUes. Bom at Geneva, 1.587: died
at Geneva, 1652. A jurist and magistrate of
Geneva, son ot Denis Godefroy. He was the
author of works on Roman law.
444
Godefroy, Theodore. Bom at Geneva. 1580:
died 1649. A French historiographer and jurist,
son of Denis Godefroy.
Godehard, Saint, Church of. See HUdesheim.
Godeke (ged'e-ke), Karl: pseudonym Karl
Stahl. Bora at Celle, Prussia, April 15, 1S14:
died at Gottingen, Oct. 28, 1887. A Genuan
historian of literature, professor at Gottingen
from 1873. His chief work is " Grundriss zur
Gesehichte der deutschen Dichtung " (1859-81).
Godeman (god'man). Chaplain of the bishop
of Winchester when abbot of Thomby, 903-984.
He illuminated the "Benedictionel of Godeman," now
the property of the Duke of Devonshire. In the Eiblio-
th^que at Kouen is a manuscript apparently by his hand.
Goderich (god'rich). A lake port and the capi-
tal of Huron Countv, Ontario, Canada, situated
on Lake Huron in lat. 43° 45' N., long. 81° 51'
W. Population (1891), 3,839.
Goderich, Viscount. See Bobi>if:o>i, F. J.
Godesberg (go'des-bero). A small town and
summer resort in the Rhine Pro\Tnce, Prussia,
on the Rhine south of Bonn.
Godfrey (god'fri) of Bouillon, F. Godefroy de
Bouillon (god-frwii' de bo-yoii' ). [The E. name
Gmij'ny is from F. Godefroi (also Geoffroi,
whence E. Geoffrei/, Jeffrey), Sp. Godofredo, Go-
fredo, Pg. Godofredo, It. Godofredo, Gojfredo,
ML. Godifridus, Galfridtis, from MHG. Gotfrid,
G. Gottfried, peace of God.] Born at Baisv,
Brabant, 1061 : died at Jerusalem, July 18, 1100.
A leader of the first Crusade. He was made duke
of Lower Lotharingia (having Bouillon for its capital) by
Henry IV. of Germany in lOSS, and in 1096 joined the Cru-
sade for the recovery of the holy sepulcber. He fought
with distinction at the storm of Jerusalem, July 15, 1099,
and, after the crown had been declined by Raymond of
Toulouse,waselectedkingof Jerusalem, July 23, 1099. He,
however, exchanged the title of king for that of Protector
of the Holy Sepulcber. He completed the conquest of the
Holy Land by defeating the Sultan of Egypt in the plain
of Ascalon, Aug. 12, 1099.
Godin (go-dan' ), Jean Baptiste Andre. Bom
at Esqueh^ries, Aisne, Fi-ance, 1817: died at
Guise, Jan. 15, 1888. A French social reformer.
He founded at Guise a socialistic industrial
union (Pamilistfere), which attained considera-
ble success.
Godin, Louis. Bom at Paris, Feb. 28. 1704 : died
at Cadiz, Spain, Sept. 11, 1760. A French sci-
entist, one of the commissioners who, in 1735,
were sent to Peru to measure an arc of the me-
ridian. He remained in that country until 1751, as pro-
fessor of mathematics at the University of Lima ; subse-
quently he had charge of the college for midshipmen at
Cadiz, Spain. He was the author of several treatises on
earthquakes and astronomy, a work on Spanish America,
and a history of the French Academy of Sciences.
Godin des Odonais (go-dan' daz 6-d6-na'), Isa-
bel. Bom in Riobamba, Peru, 1728: died at
Saint-Amand, France, after 1788. The wife of
Jean Godin des Odonais, whom she mairied in
1743. In 1769 she started viith her brothere and a small
company to descend the Napo and Amazon and join her
husband in Cayenne. The boat was lost, and all the party
perished except Madame Godin, who wandered alone in the
forest for 9 days. When she was finally found by some
friendly Indians her hair is said to have become white.
The governor of Omaguas sent her down the river, and
she rejoined her husband after a separation of 19 years.
Godin des Odonais, Jean. Boim at Saint-
Amand, 1712: died there, 1792. A French nat-
ui'alist, cousin of Louis Godin, whom he accom-
panied to Peru in 1735. He remained there as a pro-
fessor in the College of Quito, studying the flora and Indian
languages. In 1750 he went to Cayenne, explored that col-
ony, Brazilian Guiana, and the Amazon, and flnallyreturned
to France in 1773. He published several works on the
plants, animals, and Indian languages of Snuth America.
Godiva (go-di' vii). [ML. Godiva, from AS. God-
gifii, gift of God: equiv. to Dorothea or Tlieo-
dorn.'] Flourished about the middle of the 11th
century. The wife of Leofric, earl of Chester,
celebrated in the annals of Coventry, Warwick-
shire. England, she was a woman of great beauty and
piety, the benefactress of numerous churches and monas-
teries. According to the legend, she begged her husband to
relieveCoventry of aburdeusonie toll, and he consented on
the condition that she should ride naked through the mar-
ket-place. This she did, covered only by her hair, and won
relief for the people. In some versions of the story, the
people were commanded to keep within their houses, and
not louk upon her. One fellow — "peeping Tom" — diso-
beyed, and was miraculously struck with blindness. Her
festival is still celebrated at Coventry.
Gtodkin (god'kin), Edwin Lawrence. Bom in
Ireland. Oct. 2, 1831. An American journalist
and author. He came to the United States as correspim-
dent <if the London " Daily News" ; was admitted to the
Xew York har in 1858 ; became editor and proprietor of tlie
" Nation " 186;>-i>0 ; and became an cdit<»r and a i»roprii.tor
of the " Evening Post" in ISSl. He has puljlished a "His
tory of Hungary" (1S56). etc.
Godman(god''m|in). Frederick Du Cane. Bom
about 1840. An English naturalist. iniSTohcpub-
lished the " XaturalHistory of the Azores. " shortly after he
planned an elaborate scientific survey of Mexico andCen-
Godwln, Mrs.
tral America, acquiring by piu-chase, and by employing col-
lectors, immense series of specimens of the plants and ani-
majs of thuse regions. These have been described in the
" Uiologia Centrali-Aniericana," edited by Godman and
.Salvin ; 110 numlters have been is.sued up to 1894.
Gododin (go-do'din). A British tribe Uving
in Northumberland and southeastern Scotland:
the Roman Otadini.
Gododin, The. A Welsh poem by Aneurin, on
the seven days' battle of Cattraeth in 603. The
author was probably present at the battle. It consists, in
its present form, of over 9tK) lines, and has been sevend
times translated, either wholly or in part. Gray's '■ Death
of Hoel " is part translation part imitation of a portion of
it The Rev. John Williams ab Ithel translated the whole
and published it in 1852, and portionsof it have been trans-
lated by Henry Morley. .See Anettrin.
Godollo (ge'del-le). A town of Hungary, 15
miles northeast of Budapest. Here, April 6, 1849,
the Hungarian insurgents under GOrgey defeated the Aus-
trians under Prince Windischgratz.
Godolphin (go-dol'lin), Sidney, first Earl of
Godoliihin. Bom in Cornwall, England, prob-
ably about 1635: died Sept. 15, 1712. An Eng-
lish statesman and financier. He became page of
honor to Charles II. in 1W2 ; was appointed master of the
robes in l(i78 ; represented Helston in the House of Com-
mons 1668-79 ; represented St. Mawes 1679-81 ; and was first
lord nt the treasury- 1690-97 and 1700-01. During the reign
of William III. he kept up a secret coiTespondence with
James II. at St.-Germain. He became in 1702 premier and
lord high treasurer, in which capacity he vigorously sup-
ported Marlborough dm-ing his absence on the Continent
in the Wai- of the Spanish Succession. He was created
earl of Guilolphin in 170t>, and was dismissed from office in
1710 at the f:dl of the Marlboroughs.
Godolphin Barb, The. One of the three Oi-
ental sires from which the thoroughbred liorse
is derived. See Darley Arabian and Byerli/ Turk:
He was probably a barb foaled about 1729 and brought
from Paris in the reign of George IL He died in 1753. The
traditions surrounding this horse were woven into a nov-
elette by Eug&iie Sue in 1825. From the Godolphin springs
the Matchem branch of the thoroughbred horse.
Godoy (go-Doi'), Manuel de, Duke of Alcudia.
Born at Badajoz, Feb. 12, 1767 : died Oct. 7. 1851.
A Spanish statesman . He obtained the favor of Queen
M:u-ia Louisa and Charles IV., and rose rapidly to an im-
portant position in the state. He became duke of Alcadia
and lieutenant-general in 1792, prime minister in 1793, and
in 1795, for securing a peace with France, received the title
' ' Princeof the Peace. " He signed the treaty of San Ildefouso
with France .\ug. 29, 1796; manied Maria "Theres;i of Bour-
bon in 1797; and resigned from the ministry in 1798. In 1801
he commanded the army against Portugal and secured the
treaty of Badajoz. He was made generalissimo and high
admiral of Spain. He attached himself to Napoleon, and
signed the treaty of Fontainebleau( which see). Meanwhile
he had become an object of popular hatred, which burst out
in a riot (ilarch 18, 1808), from which he narrowly escaped.
His arrest was ordered, but he escaped through Napoleon's
influence, and lived later at Kome and Paris.
God Save the King ( or Queen) . The English na-
tional anthem : words and music probably com-
posed by Henry Carey, it was first performed in 1740.
It is sometimes attributed to John Bull (1607): it has also
been assigned a Scottish or French origin. The tune was
adopted in France in 1776, and was af terw.ard used as the
Danish, Prussian, and German national air. Beethoven
introduced it in his "Battle Symphony "; Weber has used
it in three or four compositions. The American national
hymn, '* My Country, 'tis of Thee," was written by Dr. Sam-
uel Francis Smith, and published in 1843: the music is that
of "God Save the King."
GodunofF (go-do-nof), Boris Feodorovitch.
Born 1.').52 : died April 13, 1605. A Russian czar.
He was the chief member of the regency during the reign
of the imbecUe Feodorlvanovitch (1584-98), who was mar-
ried to Godunoff's sister Irene. lie was elected to the
tlirone on the death of Feodor in 1598, having, it is said,
previously caused the death of the czarevitch Dmitri.
(Jodwin (god' win), or God'wine. Died April 14,
1053. Earl of the West Saxons. He accompanied
Cinit on his visit to Denmark in 1019, and is said to have
fought with distinction in an expedition against the Wends.
He shortly after man-ied Gytha, a relative by marriage of
Cnut, and was appointed earl of the West .Saxons. t>n tho
death of Cnut in 1035 he at first supiiorted the cause of
Harthacnut, but afterward espoused that of Harold, with
whom he was probably implicated in the murder of the
English atheling Alfred, haUbrotber of Harthacnut and
son of Emma by her first husband, J-^thelred the Unready.
In 1(M2 he w.as instrumental in procuring the election of
Edward the Confessor in opposition to the Danish prince
Svend Estrithson. He married his daughter Edith or Ead-
gyth to Edw:u-d in 1045. His iiosition. however, as the most
powerful subject in the kingdom excited the je;dt'atv of
the court, and he was exiled in 1051, but was recidled in
the foUowio'..' year.
Godwin, Francis. Bom at Havington, North-
amptonshire, England,1561: died 1633. AnEnp-
lish bishop and author. He was appointed bishopof
Llandall in 1601. and was translated to the see of Here-
ford in 1617. His chief work is" A Catalogueof the Bish-
ops of England " (1601).
Godwin, Mrs. (Hary Wollstonecraft). Bom
at London. April 27. 1759: died at London, Sept.
10, 1797. An Enfdish author. She was employed
by Johnson as a reader and translator, and for five yean
assisted in this way her family, who were very poor. In
1791 she flrst met William (Jodwin, and after one or two
other connections, especially with Gilbert Imlay, who de-
serted her, she went to live with him in 1796. The expecto.
Godwin, Mrs.
tion of a chiM induced tliuni to inarry in 1707. The birth
of the oliild (wlio was the second wife of the poet Shelley)
provt'd fatal to her. Her chief work Wd& *' ViudicatioQ of
tlie Ki^'hta of Woman" (17i>2).
Godwin, Parke. Bom at Paterson, N. J., Feb.
25, 181G. An Aineru'iiii joiu-nalist aiul author.
He was connected with the New York "Kveninn Post"
1837-53 (except one year), a lomiectiou which he renewed
in IStiil. He lias puldished " History of France " (1860X
"A Biography of Williaiu Cullen Brjant " (18S3), etc.
Godwin, William. Born at Wisbcaeh, England,
Maivli 3, 1750: died at London, April 7, 1836.
An English novelist, historian, and political
and miscellaneous writer. His father was a dissent-
ing minister, and he became one himself, preaching from
1777 to 17S2, when his faith in Christianity was shaiien by
study of the French philosoplu-rs, and he devoted himself
to literature. He was a sympathizer with the French Rev-
olution, and became the representative of English radical-
ism. He married Mary \VolIstonecraft in 1797, though
he objected to maniage on i)riuciple. His works in-
clude *' Inquiry concerning Tolitical Justice, etc." (1793),
"History of the Commonwealth " (18'J4-2*), the novels
"Caleb Williams "(17iMX** St. Leon "(1799X " Mandevillc"
(1S17). etc. He also puhUshed histories of Rome, Greece,
and England, a '' Pantheon, "and "Fables " underthe pseu-
donym of Edward Baldwin. Compare Godioin, Mrs. {Mary
WtAUfoarcraft),
Godwin- Austen (godVin-as'tcn), Mount, A
mountain in the western Himalayas, near tlio
Karakoram Pass: assumed to bo tho second
highest peak in tho world. Height, -8,250
feet.
Goes, or Ter Goes (ter gos). The chief town
in the island of South Bevoland, province
of Zealand, Xetherlands, situated in hit. 51°
30' N^., long. 3° 53' E. Population (1889),
5,211.
Gtoes, Hugo van der. Died about 1482. A Flem-
ish painter, a pupil of Jan van Eyck. His chief
work is a ''Nativity" (Florence).
Groes e Vasconcellos (goiz e vas-kon-sal'os),
Zacharias de. Born at Valen^a, Bahia, Nov.
5, 1H15: died at Kio de Janeiro, Dec. 28, 1877.
A Brazilian statesman. He was repeatedly elected
deputy, and was senator from lStJ4 ; was president of sev-
eral provinces, including the newly created province of
PaniiiA, the government of which he organized in 1353 ;
was a member oi several ministries ; and was three times
premier (IS61, 1801-65, and 180(J-C8). During the last period
the war with Paraguay was at its height. In politics he
w:ia a moderate conservative.
Goethe (g*^ ' te ), Johann Wolfgang von. Born
at Praukfort-on-the-Maiu, Aug. liS, 1749: died
at Weimar, March 22, 1832. A famous German
poet, dramatist, and i>rose-wi*iter: the gi'eatest
name in (iorman literature. His father, Johann
Caspar Goethe (1710-S2), was a well-to-do man who had
the title t>f imperial councilor. His mother was Katha-
rina ElizabL-th Textor (1731-180«), the daughter of a magis-
trate. His early education was under the personal direc-
tion of his father. In 17<»5 he matriculated at T-eipsic for
the study of jurisprudence. In the autumn of 1768 here-
tarned ill to Frankfort, and in 17("0 went to the I' niversity
of Strasbnrg. In this year occurred a love-affair with
Friederike Iirion(died 18i:-s, nnniaiTied)atSe8enheim, and
the beginning of his friendship with Herder. In 1771 he
obt.itned thiMlegree of licentiate of law, and returned to
Frankfort. In 1772 he went as a practitioner in the im-
Iterlal chamber of justice to Wetzlar, where he metChar-
otte liulf, the T^tte of " Werther." Six months later he
suddeidy left Wt-tzlar and returned to Frankfort. In 1774
began his friendship with levator and F. H. Jacobi, and,
more important still ftir its consequences, that with Kml
August, duke of Saxe-W'cimar. In 1774-75 he was en-
gaged for a short time, in Frankfort, to Anna ICIizaheth
Schbncmann (married in 177S to the Baron von Turkheim :
died 1817X the '"Lili " of his lyrics. In 177.% at the invi-
tation of Karl August, wlio had succeeded to the duke-
dom, Ooetlic went t<j Weimar, where he subsequently lived;
In 1776 he was made privy councilor of legation, with a
vote in the ducal council ; in 1778 lie waswith thednkein
Potsdam and Berlin ; in 1779 he was made privy councilor;
In 1782 he was ennobled and made president of the ducal
chamber; and in tlie snnuners of 1785 and 17S0 he was in
Karlsbad. From there, in Sept., 1786, he set out for Italy,
whence he did not return to Weimar until June, 1788.
His connection with Christiane Vuljiius (died 1816), to
wlmm he was married in 1806, began in this year. In
17.S1) Ins son August was born (died at Hume in ISIiO).
Gocllit; revisited Venice in 179n, and later, on business
of stiite, was in Hreslau. Ho itccame director of the ducal
theater in Weinuir in 1791, which position he held until
1817. In 1792 he accompanied the duke int<i the tield
against France, and w:ia witli him at the siege of Mainz
in 179:i. His dnse friendship with Schiller, which ended
only with the death of tho latter in 1805, began in 1794.
After 1794 lie devoted himscdf entirely to literature. (Joe-
the's life ill its literary phases maybe considered under
four periods. The first of these, the" tlrst pi u-tical period,"
exti'uda fium youth to the time of his arrival in Weimar
(1776). The chief wnrks of this period are the plays "l>ie
Laiiiiedes\\rlit-l>ten"(*- The Caprices of the Lover"), "Die
MItschnldigen" ("The Aeconiplices"), both in Aiexan-
drint's ; "Ootz von Bcrlieliiiigen." a tragedy which estab-
lished his fame as a poet (177.'{); "Die beiden des Jungen
Werther" ("The Sorrows of Young Werther"), a novel
(1774) ;*'CIavigo/''* Stella, "both tragedies: poems to "I.ill,"
and other Ivrifs; " Gotter, Helden und Wieland " ("Gods,
Heroes, and Wieland"), a Hatire (1774)— all belonging to
the "Stnnn and stress" perind <d German liteniture. The
"sceimd ptietical peridd ' extends from his arrival in Wei.
mar to the beginnim; of his friendship with Schiller (from
177& to 1794). It includes the operas " Krwin und Elraire "
445
and "Claudine von Villa Bella" (1775 : both rewritten In
1787), the first book of "Wilhelm Meister" (completed
1778). the tlnal metrical version of " Iphigenie " (1787, on
his return from Italy : it had been acted in 1779 in prose),
"Die Geschwister" ("The Brother and Sister," 1787: a
drama which had been written iu 1776), "Egmout"(1778),
"Toninato Tasso " (in verse, 1790: a prose version had
been completed in 1781), "ReineckeFuehs,"apoem(1794),
and numerous shorter poems. The tliird period covers
his friendship with Schiller (from 1794 to 1805). It in-
cludes the "Komische Eltgien " (" Human Elegies." 1795:
they appeared in Schiller's periodiciU "Die Horen "), "Ve-
netiani.schcEpigramme"(1796: theyappeared in Schiller's
"Musenalmanach "), a series of satiric epigrams "Die
Xenien," wiitten by Goethe and Schiller (1797 : in the
" ilusenalmanach "), " Wilhelm Meister's Lehrjahre "
(1796: begun iu 1777), "Hermann und Dorothea" (1797),
"Die Xatiirliche Tochter" (1803), "Geschichto der Far-
benlehre" ("History of the Doctrine of Colors," 1805:
final form 18ln), "Die Braut von Korinth." The fourth
is the period of his old age, from 1S05 to 1832. It incltules
"Faust," first part (lSo8), "Die Waldverwandtschaften "
("Elective Affinities," IM)!)), "Aus meinem Leben, Dicht-
ung und Wahrheit"(" From my Life; Poetry and Truth")
(first part ISll. second 1812. third 1814. fourth 1831). and
his scientific work. In 1814 he began t-J write the Orien-
tal poems afterward published as "Der Westostliche Di-
van.' "Des Epimenides Erwachen," a drama, was pro-
duced at Berlin in 1815. In 1816 was completed the first
volume of the " Italienische Reise " C' Italian Journey "),
fidlnwed in 1817 by a second, in 1829 oy a third, their ma-
terial being the letters written from It:Uy to friends in
Weimar, among them Herder and Frau von Stein. He
also I)egan this year his treatises on Germanic art in the
periodical "Kunst und Alterthum " ("Art and Antiqui-
ty "). which were continueddown to 1823. In 1817 appeared
the first of tho series of ess.ay3 on scientific subjects,
"Zur Naturwissenschaft" ("On Natural History"), con-
tinued down to 1824. "Willxelm jNIeister'a Wanderjahre"
appeared iu 1S21 (in its final shape in 1829). In lb21
was published the first part of the so-called " Zalune Xe-
nien" ("Tame Xenia">, and a second in 1823. In 1831
the second part of "Faust" was completed, only a few
mouths before his death. The tragedy of "Faust," the
greatest of his productions, is in reality a literary epitome
of his life, since it had occupied him at times for nearly
sixty years. In 1772 scenes of a prose " Faust " were wTit-
ten, fragments of which were retained in the later poetic
version. The eai'liest rimed scenes of the first part are
from 1773-75. In 1700 a first edition, with the title "I-'aust,
ein Fragment,'* was published at Leipsic. About 1797 he
again took up the first pai"t, which was completed in 1806,
and published at Tubingen in ISOS. As rcgardsthe second
part, the idea of the " Helena," ultimately printed as the
third act of the completed second part, was conceived be-
fore 1776. It was not, however, worked out until 1826,
and in 1827 was puldished with the title "Helena, eine
classisch-romantische Phantasmagoria. " The complete
second part first appeared in the first volume of the " N ach-
gelassneWerke" ("I*osthumous Works." 1833). His own
editions of his collected works are " Schriften " (Leipsic,
17S7-90, in 8 vols.), " Neue Schriften " (Berlin, 1792-1800,
in 7 vols.), "Werke" (Tubingen, 1806-08, in 12 vols., to
which was added a thirteenth in 1810), "Werke" (Stutt-
gart and Tiibingen, 1815-19, in 20 vols.), " Werke " (1827-
1831, in 40 vols.). To these are to be added "Goethe's
nachgelassne Werke" (1832-34, in 15 vols., with 5 vols,
more in 1842). A chronological table of all his writings
was edited by Hirzel, Leipsic, 1884. Lewes's " Life of Goe-
the" (1S55) is the standard English work on the subject.
Last edition, 18!f0.
Goetz von Berlichingen. See Gotz von Ber-
lirii'uiqcv.
Goffe (j^'of). William. Bom about 1605 : died at
Hadloy, Mass., 1679. An English Parliamen-
tary commander, one of the judges of Charles I.
Helived in New England in concealment after
16G0.
Gog (gog). In Ezek. xxxviii., xxxix., a ruler in
the lan<l of Magog, mentioned as the prince of
Meshech and Tu})al. In Rev. xx. 8, Gog :ind :Magog
appear as two allied warring tribes. They were formerly
regarded as connected with the invjision of the Seytliiaus
in westeni Asia, but nf late Gog has been identili" d witli
(iagn, referred to iu the annals of the Assyrian kint; Asiir-
banipaU 068-020 u. ('.)asthemighty ruler of a warlike triho
in the territory of Sahi, north of Assyria.
Gog and Magog. Tlie names given to two eili-
gies iu tlie (luildhall, London. They are now
thought to be intended for Gogmagog and Corineus. The
original statuesstood there in the daysof Henry V. They
were burned in the Great Fire, and new ones were put up
in 1708. The older ones were made of wickerwork, paste-
board, etc., and were carried in procession at the lord
mayiu-'s show. ^^ ,,
Gogmagog (gog'ma-gog), or Goemot, or Groe-
magot. A k'gcn(tary king of the giants. TIo
was killoil by Corineus, a follower of Brut.
Gogmagog Hills. A spur of tlio chalk range
ahotit 3 miles southeast of Catnbridge, England.
GogO (go'go), or Gogha (go'gii). A seaport iu
the district of Alimedabad, Bombay, British
India, situated on tlie Gulf of Cambay in lat.
l»r° 40' N., long. 712° 12' E.
GogO (go'go), or WagOgO (vvii-gd'go). A Bantu
tribe settled in tlie center of German East
Afrira, between Us:igJir;i. rsango. nnd Uyan/.i.
TheCMiiMtn'i^'-alled I'gugo, tlicl;uign;tg<- Kigogo. I'gogo
is a plateau, :i,5iH> feel high, with arid and woodless soil.
The Wagogo are numerous and warlike. Their weapons
are bows, armws. assagais, lances, and clubs. Many nf
their neighbors seek refuge among them. Dcspitr their
central locatifm.tht-a' are notgiventotraveling and trading.
Gogol (go'gol), Nikolai Vassilievitcli. Born
in tho government of Pultowa. March 31 (N. S.),
180D: died at Moscow, March 4 (N. S.), 1852.
Ctolden Fleece
A Russian novelist and dramatist. He was e4la-
cated in a public gymnasium at Pultowa, and snbseiiuently
in thelyceum, then newly established, atNiejinsk. In 1831
he was appointed teacher of history at the I'atriotic In-
stitution, a place which he excinuiged in 18.'U fur tlie pro-
fessorship of history in the Tniversity of St. Petersbvu^;
this he resigned at the end of a year, an<l devoted himself
entirely to literature. In l)s.'16 l^ogol left Russia. He
lived most of the time in Rome. In 1837 he wrote * Dead
Souls" (which see). In 1S40 he went to Russia for a
short period in order to superintend the publication
of the first volume of "Dead Souls," and then returned to
Italy. In 1840 ho returned to Russia, anrl fell into a state
of fanatical mysticism. One of his hist acts was to bum
the manuscript of the concluding portion of " Dead Souls,"
which he considered harmful. He also wrote " Everungs
at the Farm," "St. I'etersburg Stories," "Taras Bulba.a
Tale of the Cossacks," " The Rcvizor," a comedy, etc.
Gogra (gog'ra), or Gogari, A sacred river of
India, flowing southeast and joining the Ganges
about 35 miles above Patna. Length, about 600
miles.
Goil (goil). Loch, An arm of Loch Long, in
Ai'gyllshu'e, Scotland. Length, G miles.
Goiogouen^ See Caymja,
Goito (go'e-to). A village in the province of
Mantua, Italy, situated on the Mincio 9 miles
northwest of Mantua. Here, in April and May,
1848, the Piedmontese defeated the Austrians.
Goktcha (gok-cha'), or Goktchai (gek-ehi'),
ArmeniunSevanga (sa-van'gii). A lake in the
government of Erivau, Caucasus, Russia, in-
tersected by lat. 40° 20' N., long. 45^ 20' E.
Its outlet is by the Zenga into the Ai-as. Length,
49 miles.
Gok-Tepe. See Geok-Tepc,
Gola (go'la), or Gura (go'ra). A small Afri-
can tribe, of the Nigi-itic branch, settled in
Liberia, north of Monrovia.
Golconda (gol-kon'dii). A place in the Nizam's
Dominions, India, 7 miles northwest of Hyder-
abad. It is noted for its fort, for the mausoleums of
the ancient kings, and for the diamonds which were cut
and polished here. It was tho capital of a kingdom from
1512 until its overthrow liy Auruiig-Zebc in 16S7.
Goldast (gol'diist), Melchior, surnamed von
Heimingsfeld. Born near Bischofszell, Thur-
gau, Switzerland, Jan. 6, 1578 (1576 ?): died at
Uiessen, Germany, Aug. 11, 1635. A German
historian and publicist. He wrote *' Suevica-
rum rerum Scriptores " ( 1605), * 'Alamannicainim
rerum Scriptores" (1606), etc.
Goldau (gol'dou). A village in the canton of
Schwyz, Switzerland, 12 miles east of Lucerne.
It was destroyed, with the neighboring villages, by a
landslip from the Rossberg, Sept. 2, 1806.
Goldberg (gold'bera). A town iu the proA-ince
of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Katzbach
48 miles west of Breslau. it suffered severely in
various wai-s, and w:is the scene of contests between the
French and the Allies May 27 and Aug. 23, 1S13. Popula-
tion (LSOo), 0.437.
Gold Coast. A British crown colony in West
Africa, extending for about 350 miles along the
coast of the Gulf of Guinea, about long. 5° W.-
2° E. Chief town, Accra. The Danish settlements
at Accra, etc., were transferred to Great Britain in 1850,
and the Dutch claims in 1S71. The colony was reconsti-
tuted in 1876. Area, 30,4f>l scpiare miles (SS.G.S.S includ-
ing the protectorate). I'opulation, estimated, l,f>(IO,(X)0.
Golden Ass, The, [L. M<tam(n-phoHcov, sen de
AsinoAurcOj Lihri A'/.] A nmiaiu-e of a fantas-
tic and satirical character, by Apulcius, A\Titten
iu tlic 2d crniury: probalily liis earliest work.
It imilalttl a jn'ilion (if Ihe " Mitamorphoses "of Lucian.
The iRst-km'WM episode In it is thatof Cupid and Psyche,
which was tal<en from a ijojiular legend oi- myth. Some
of the adventures of Don Quix«ile and of Oil Bias are
drawn from this source, und Boccaccio has used many
of the comic episodes. The author relates tlie story in his
own person. His dabbling in magic results in his trans-
formation into an ass, in which form, however, he retains
liis human intelligence.
Its readers, on account of its excellence, as is generally
supposed, added the epithet of "golden." Warburton,
however, conjectures, from the beginning of one of I'liny'a
epistles, that Attre/e ('golden') was (he common title
given to the Milesian and such tales as strollers used to
tell for a piece of money tti the rabble in a circle : "As-
sem para et aecipo anream fabulam." These Milesian
fables were much iu vogue In the age of Apuleius.
Dunlop, Ilist. of Prose Fiction, I. 96.
Golden Bull. [So named from its golden seal.]
A bull inil>lisliod at tlie Diet of Nurenibei'g by
the cmjxror Charles IN'', in 1356, it was the elec-
toral codcfif tlie empire, determining the prerogativesand
powef^ of the electors, anil the manner of the election of
the King of the Uomans. See Andrew J2. and Mrtz.
Golden City. A name sometimes given to San
I'^niTicisco.
Golden Fleece. In Greek m>'thology, tlu^ fleece
of thr winged ram 01n\vsoniallus, the recovery
of which was the object of the fxpcdifiim of
the Argonauts. Chrysomallus was given by Nepheic,
the repudiated wife of Athamas, king of Thessaly, to help
her children Phrlxus and Ilelle to escape from tlie perse-
cutions of Ino, Athnmas's second wife. During the flight
Golden Fleece
Helle fell into the sea and was drowned, while Phrixus
escaped to Colchis, where he was hospitably received by
King -Eetes. Phrixus sacrificed the ram at Colchis to Zeus,
an<i gave its golden fleece to J5etes, who fastened it to an
oals-tree in the garden of Ares.
Golden Fleece, Order of the. See Order.
Golden Gate, The. [So named by Drake in
l.)78 ( ? ).] A strait counectiug San FranciseoBay
with the Pacitie Ocean. Width, about 2 miles.
Golden Gate, The. A gate in the wall of Theo-
dosius, Constantinople, now walled up because
of a Turkish tradition that the conqueror of
Constantinople is destined to enter through it.
It consists of three arches between two huge towers of
white martile. The great central arch was reserved for
the passage of the emperor.
Golden Horde. See Eipicluik, Klmnate of.
Golden Horn. An inlet of the Bosporus, form-
ing the harbor of Constantinople, and sep-
arating Pcra and Galata from the main part
of ConstantinojiU) (Stambul). Length, 5 miles.
Golden House. [L. domus aurca.'} The palace
of Nero in ancient Kome, which occupied the
valley between the Palatine and the Esquiline,
and connected the palaces of the Coesars with
the gardens of Miecenas. It was built after the great
flre of 64 A. D., and was so large that it contained porticos
2,800 feet long and inclosed a lake where the Colosseum
now stands. The forecourt contained a colossus of Nero
120 feet high. The profuse splendor of this residence
is descritted by Snetonius and Tacitus. It was furtlier
adorned Ijy Otlio, l>ut the remains are scanty, as most of
its site was restored to public use by the Flavian empe-
rors, who built on it the Colosseum and the baths of Titus.
Golden Legend. [1j. lef/enddtnora.'] 1. A col-
lection of biographies of saints, compiled by
James of Voragiue in the 13th century, and
printed by Caxtou 1483. — 2. A dramatic poem
by Longfellow, published in 1851. it forms, with
the "Divine Tragedy" and "New England Tragedies," a
trilogy. Sir ArthurSuUivan wrote music for Longfellow's
words, and it was produced as a cantata at Leeds in 18S6,
Golden Mount, The. See the e.xtract.
From its yellow sand the Janiculan Hill has been some-
times known as the Golden Mount, a name which survives
in the title of the church at its summit, which is called
S. Pietro in Montorio (monte d'oro).
Middlet'tn, Remains of Anc. Rome, I. 2.
Golden Rose, The. A jewel consisting of a
cluster of roses and buds on one stem, all of
gold, given each year by the Pope to the queen
who has performed during the year the most
pious deeds for the church.
Golden Staircase. A celebrated staircase in
the doge's pala<'e, Venice.
Golden State, The. A name of California.
Golden Terge (Targe). An allegorical poem
by William Dunbar, published in 1.508.
Golden Verses. Greek verses attributed to the
school of Pythagoras, " containing the con-
densed morals of the older epics."
Gold Hill. A former mining town in Storey
Cottnty, western Nevada, now annexed to Vir-
ginia City.
Golding (gol'ding), Arthur. Born probably at
London about l.^ati : died about 1605. An Eng-
lish writer. He ftuished a translation of Philippe de
Mornay's treatise "Sur la v6rit6 du Christianisrae." com-
menced by Sir Philip Sidney, which he published under
the title " A Woorke concerning the Trewenesse of the
Christian Religion, etc." (1580).
Goldingen (gol'ding- en), Lettish Kuldiga
(kol'de-gii). A town in the government of Cour-
land, Russia, situated on the Windan in lat. 57°
.58' N., long. 21° 55' E. Population (1888), 9,192.
Goldmark (gold'milrk), Karl. Born at Kesz-
thely, Hungary, May 18, 1832. An Austro-
Hungarian composer. Among his works are "Die
Konigin von Saba" ("The Queen of .Sheba," 187.';), "Die
landliche Hochzeit" ("The Country Wedding"), "The
Sakuntala" overture, a so-called symphony, a number of
songs and string pieces, etc.
Goldoni (gol-do'ne), Carlo. Born at Venice,
Feb. 2.5, 1707: died at Paris, Jan. fi, 1793. A
noted Italian dramatist. He created the modern
Italian comedy character, somewhat in the style of Mfi-
li^re, superseding the old conventional comedy which was
played by Harlequin, Pantalonc, etc. His llist attempts,
however, were trixgedies, "Belisario" (1732) being among
the earliest. He wrote more than 120 comedies, among
which are"Zelinda e Lindoro," " La Locandiera." "Ven-
taglio," "Le Barutfe Chiozzotte," "I.a Bottega di Caffe,"
etc.
Goldsborough(goldz'bro),LouisMalesherbes.
Born at Washington, D. C, Feb. 1,8, 1S05: died
at Washington. Feb. 20, 1877. An American
naval officer. He obtained command of i]\ti North At-
lantic blockading squadron in Sept., 1861, and cooperated
with General Burnside in the capture of Roanoke Island
in Feb., 1862. He became rear-admiral .Fuly 16, 1862.
Goldschmidt (gold'shmit). Hermann. Born at
Frankfort-on-the-Main. Prussia. .Tune 17. 1802:
died at Fontainebleau, France, Sept. 10, 186G.
A German painter of note, and astronomical ob-
446
server. Between 1852 and 1861 he discovered
14 asteroids.
Goldschmidt, Otto. Born at Hamburg, Aug.
21, 1829. A German composer, resident, after
1858, in England, where he became professor at
and later vice-principal of the Royal Academy
of Music. He married Jenny Lind iu 1852. He
was with her in America in 1851.
Goldschmidt, Madame. See Lind, Jenny.
Goldsmith (gold'smith), Oliver. Born at Pal-
las, County Longford, Ireland, Nov. 10, 1728:
died at London, April 4, 1774. A noted Eng-
lish poet, novelist, dramatist, and miscellane-
ous author, in 1749 he obtained the degree of B. A. at
Trinity College, Dublin. In 1752 he studieii medicine at
Edinburgh. He was extremely poor, and after a roving aiul
not very creditable existence, both in England and on the
Continent (the Continent from Feb.. 175S, to Feb., 1756,
traveling chiedyon foot), he returned in great destitution
to London, where he trieilto practise medicine. His mis-
erable appearance was against him, and he finally settled
down as a literary hack. By 1759. however, he began to
attract attention as a writer. He wrote for "Tlie Critical
Review, "" The British ilagazine, " " The Lady's Magazine. "
"The Busybody," "The Bee," and other periodicals. Among
his works are "Enquiry into the Present State of Polite
Learning in Europe" (1759), " The Citizen of the World, etc."
(1762 : from the " Public Ledger," etc.), "A History of Eng-
land, et<;." (1764), "The Traveller" (1766), "The Vicar of
Waketield "(a tale, 1766), "The Good-natured llan " (a com-
edy, 176S), "The Roman History, etc." (1769), "The De-
serted Village " (a poem, 1770), " The History of England
from the Earliest Times, etc."(1771 ; abridged 1774), " .She
stoops to Conquer, etc." (1774), "Retaliation" (a poem,
1774), "A History of the Earth and Animated Nature"
(1774). "Little Goody Two Shoes " is attributed to him.
He translated Scarron's " Comic Romance " (1776) and
other French works, and with Joseph CoUyer abridged
Plutarch's " Lives " (17C.2).
Goldsmith's Maid. Abay trotting mare by Ab-
dallah (15). Her racing career extended from 1806 to
1878. In 1871 she captured the great trotting record from
Dexter (2 : n\) by a mile in 2 : 17. This she afterward low-
ered to 2 : 14, and lost to Rarus (2 : 131) in 1874.
Goldstiicker (gold'stUk-erj, Theodor. Born at
Konigsberg, Prussia, Jan. 18, 1821 : died at Lon-
don , Marc h 6, 1872. A German Sanskrit scholar,
of Hebrew descent, resident in Loudon after
1850, and professor of Sanskrit in University
College from 1851. He published " Panini : his Place
in Literature" (1861), editions of .Sanskrit texts, etc. He
also began a revision of Wilson's ".Sanskrit Dictionary."
Goletta(g6-let'ta), F. LaGoulette (lii go-let').
The seaport of Tunis, situated about 11 miles
north of that city.
Golgotha (gol'go-tha). See Calvary.
Goliath (go-li'ath). In biblical history, agiant
of Gath, the cKampiou of the Philistines, slain
in single combat by David. See David.
Golitzyn. See Galitzin.
Golius (go'li-os), Jacobus. Bom at The Hague,
Netherlands, 159G: die(l at Levden, Netherlands,
Sept. 28, 1667. A Dutch Orientalist, author of
"Lexicon Arabico-Latinum" (11553), etc.
GoUnO'W (gol'no). A town in the province of
Pomerania, Prussia, situated on the Ihna 15
miles northeast of Stettin. Population (1890),
commune, 8,462.
Golnitz, or GoUnitz (gel'nits). A mining town
in the county of Zips. Hungary, in lat. 48° .51' N.,
long. 20° 58' E. Population (1890), 2,738.
Golo (go'lo). An African tribe found in lat. 8°
N., eastern Sudan. In appearance they are negroes,
but their language is classed by some in the Nvlba-Fulah
group. Slave-raiding Arabs have almost annihilated the
trilie.
Golovnin (go-lov-nen'), Vassili Mikhailo-
■vitch. Born in the government of Ryasan,
Russia, April 8, 1776 : died at St. Peter.sburg,
July 12. 1831. ARussiannavigatorandexplorer.
He obtained command in 1806 of the sloop Diana, which was
fitted out by the Russian government for a survey of the
coasts of the Russian empire and the circumnavigation of
the globe. He was captured by the Japanese in 1811, and
was detained a prisoner until 1813. He made a second voy-
age of exploration around the world in the corvette Kam-
chatka from 1817 to 1819. He wrote narratives of these
voyages and a description of his captivity in Japan, which
were reprinted in a complete edition of bis works, 1864.
Goltz(g61ts),Bogumil. BornatWai-saw, March
20, 1801 : died at Thorn, Prussia, Nov. 12, 1870.
A German humorist and moralist, author of
"BuchderKindheit" (lS47),"Der Mensch und
die Leute" (18.58), etc.
Goltz, Kolmar, Baron 'von der. Born at Biel-
kenfeld, near Ijabiau, Prussia, Aug. 12, 1843.
A Prussian general and Turkish pasha. He served
in the Austrian campaign of 1866 ; served in the Franc<t-
German war on the general staff, Liking part in the battles
of Vionville (Mar.s-la-Tonr), Gravelotte, etc. : and was en-
g!iged in the wi»rk of reorganizing the Turkish army 188.'i-
1893. He has published various works on militju'y history
and science.
Goltzius (golt'se-os), Hendrik. Born at MiiU'-
brecht, near Venlo, Netherlands, 15,58: died at
Haarlem, Netherlands, about 1617. A German
engraver.
Gonaives, Les
Goma (g6'ma),WagOma (wii-go'ma). A Bantu
tribe of the Kongo State, settled west of Lake
Tanganyika, between the Waguha and the Ba-
kombe, iu a mountainous and wooded country.
See Gxha.
Gomaratgo-ma'rii), Francisco Lopez de. Born
at Seville, 1510: died after 1559. A Spanish
ilistorian. He was a priest, and in 1540 became secretary
and chaplain of Hernando Cortes ; but it does not appear
that he was ever in America. His "Historia general de
las Indias " was first puldished .at Saragossa, 155"2-53, in two
folio parts : the second part, which relates to Mexico, ap-
peared in later editions with the separate title " Coronica
dela Kueva Espafia con la Conquista de Mexico," etc. Go-
mara's work was very popular, aiul there are many editions
in Spanish, French, Italian, and English. Also written
Goinora.
Gomarites (go'mar-its). Same as Gomarists.
Gomarus(g6'mar-us), Francis. Born at Bruges,
Belgium, Jan. 30, 1563: died at (Iti-oningen,
Netherlands, Jan. 11, 1641. A Calvinistic con-
troversialist, a leading opponent of Arminius
and the .Aj-minians.
Gomber'Ville {goii-ber-vel'). Seigneur de, origi-
nally Martin Le Roy. Born, probably at Paris,
1600 : (lied there, June 14. 1074. A Frencli writer
of romance. He lived most of the time on his estate
at Gomberville, near Versailles, aiul was one of the earli-
est memtters of the PYench Academy. He wrote " Polex-
audi-e " (1632-37).
Gombroon. See Bender- Abbasi.
Gomensoro (g6-man-so'ro),Tomas. Born about
1820. An Uruguayan politician. As president of
the senate he was actii'ig president of the republic March,
1872, to Feb., 1873.
Gomera (go-ma'rii). <-)ne of the Canai'v Islands,
17 miles west of Teneriffe.
Gomes (go'mes), Antonio Carlos. Bom at
Campinas, Sao Paulo, June 14, 1839. A Bra-
zilian composer. In 1859 he entered the Conservatorj-
of Music at Rio de Janeiro, and in 1863, aided by the em-
peror, was sent to complete his musical education in Eu-
rope. His opera the " (^Juarany " appeared in 1870, and
hasbeen followed by "Salvator Rosa," "Fosca," "Schiavo,"
and " Condor. " Most of these have been sung in the prin-
cipal cities of Europe and South America.
Gomes de Amorim (go'mes de .a-mo-ren'),
Francisco. Born at Avelomar, Miuho, Portu-
gal, Aug. 13, 1827: died Nov. 4, 1891. A Por-
tuguese dramatist, poet, and novelist. In early
youth he was in Brazil, returning to Portugal in 1846. In
lb59 he became librarian of the'ministry of marine. He
published numerous i>oerns and dianms.
Gomez (go'meth). Maximo (Maximo Gomez
y Baez). Bom at Bani, San Domingo, in 1836.
A general of Cuban insurgents. He fought in the
Cuban rebellion of 1868-78. rising from private to general.
After this he went to Jamaica ami Centr.al America. In
1885, with Maceo and Croml)et. he attempted to starta
new rising, but was unsuccessful. He was influential in
bringing about the insurrection of 189ii-, and during his
first year as general had some success iu his campaigns
against the Spaniards.
Gomez Farias (go'meth fii-re'iis), Valentin.
Born at Guadalajara, Feb. 14, 1781: died at Jtix-
eoac, July 5, 1858. AMexiean politician. Hcwm
a physician in his native city ; joined Iturbide in 1821, but
subsequently opposed him ; was minister of war under
Pedraza, Dec, 1832, and next year was vice-president under
.Santa Anna, acting temporarily as president 1833 and 1834.
In 1835 he was deposed by congress and hatnshed. but re-
turned in 1838. As leader of the Federalists he was in-
volved in the revolt of July 15, 1840, ami again banished
until 1844. In 1846 be was again vice-president and act-
ing president, and in 1850 was an unsuccessful candidate
for the presidency.
Gomorrah (go-mor'a). One of the cities of the
Vale of Siddim. Compare Sodani.
Gompertz (gom'perts),Benjainin. BomatLon-
don, March 5, 1779: died July 14. 1865. An Eng-
lish astronomer and actuary . of Hebrew descent.
He was one of the founders of the Astrononiical Society,
and became actuary of the Alliance Assui-ancc Company in
1824. "Some years previously he had wiu-ked out a m'W
scries of Uibles of mortality for the Royal Society, and
these suggested to him in 1825hiswell known law of human
mortality," which he first expoundcil in a letter to Francis
Baily. The law restson the a priori .assumption that a per-
son's resistance tn de.ath decreases as his years increase, in
such a manner that at the end of equally infiintely small
intervals of time he loses equally inliiiitily small propor-
tions of his remaiinng power to oppose tlest r uction. " (fhef.
Xnt. liinri.) He was a brother-in-law of Sir Moses Mi>ntc-
fiorc.
Gomperz (gom'perts), Theodor. Born at
Brimn, March 29, 1832. A German philologist,
professor of classical philology at Vienna from
1869. He has published numerous works in his
department.
GomulPass (go-mnl' pas). An important stra-
tegic pass on the l)order of India and Afghanis-
tan, about lat. 32° N.
Gonaive (go-nii-ev'), La. An i.sland west of
Haiti, to which it belongs.
Gonaives (go-nii-ev'), Les. A seaport on the
Bav of (Tonaives, western coast of Haiti, in lat.
19° 26' N., long. 72° 43' W. Population (1887),
18,000.
Gona-qua
Gona-QUa ' t^o-nil'kwii). See Khi>ik-lii>i)i.
Goncalves Dias CKoii-sal'ves de'iis), Antonio.
Born at C'axias. Maraiihao, Aug. 10, 182:3: (lied
at soa, Nov. 3, 18C4. The foremost of Brazil-
ian poets, lie was a professor in the Pedro II. CoUetxe
at Rui de Janeiro, antl was employed iit various literary
commissions in the north of the empire and in Europe.
During the last years of his life he was in Europe, siek and
in eoniplete p(»verty. \\'hile returning to Brazil he per-
ished in a shipwreck. Besides his poems he published
various historical and ethnolosical papeis, and a diction-
ary of the Tupi language.
Goncourt (•.'■m kiir'), Edmond de. Bom at
-\ain-v. Finiu-c, Mny L'(). IX'2'2: died -July 16, 1S96.
Goncourt, Jules de. Bom at Paris, Dec. 17,
1830: died at Paris, .hiiie 20, 1870. Two Freiieb
novelists and authors, brothers and eollabora-
tors. They wrote works illustrative of the 18th
century, etc.
Gonda(Kon'd,M). 1. A district of Oudh. British
India, intersectcil by lat. 27° N., long. 82° E.
Area, 2,87!) stjiiare miles. Population (1891),
l,4.')9,22y.— 2. The capital of the district of
Gonda, sitinited in lat. 27° 8' N., long. 82° V E.
Gondar (gon'diir). The capital of Amhara, and
cccdcsiastii'al capital of Abvssiiiia, situated
ahiiut lat. 12° 31' N.. long. 37° 2(i' E.: formerly
the capital of Abyssinia. Population, 5,000.
Gondavo. See aandavo.
Gondibert (gon'di-bert). A poem by Sir Wil-
liam Davcnant, published in 1().')1.
"Gondibert," his [Sir William Davenant's] greatest per-
formance, incurred, when first published, more ridicule,
and in later times more neglect, than its merits deserve.
An epic poem in elegiac stanzas must always be tedious,
because no structure of verse is more unfav(»urable to
narration than that which almost peremptorily requires
each sentence to be restricted, or protracted, to four lines.
But the liveliness of Davenant's imagination, which Dry-
den has pointed out as his most striking attribute, has il-
Inminateil even the iliill and dreary path which he has
chosen : and perhaps few poems afford more instances of
vigorous conceptions, and even felicity of expression, than
the neglected " Gondibert."
.Sir Walter Scott, Dryden, Works, III. 101.
Gondo (gon'do). Ravine of. A wild gorge of
the Alps, iu the Simplon Pass.
Gondokoro {g6n-<Io-k6'ro), or Ismailia (iz-mii-
e'le-ii). A village and station of ivory-traders,
situated in the territory of the Bari negroes,
on the Wliite Nile, in lat. 4° nv N., long. 31°
46' E.: formerly a Roman Catholic missionary
station.
Qonds (gondz). [E. lud.] An aboriginal race
in central India and the Deccan, believed to
be of l)r:ividian stock.
Gondwana. A region in central India, with
vague limits, situated about lat. 19°-2.5°N. It
is peopled largely by Gonds. Gondwana proper belongs
chiefly to the Central Provinces.
Goneril (gon'er-il). One of Lear's unnatural
daughters, in Shakspere's tragedy "King Lear."
The elder. Goneril, with the " wolfish visage " and the
dark '• frontlet "of ill-himiour, is a masculine woman, full
of independent purposes and projects, whilst Kegan ap-
pears more feminine, rather instigated by Goneril, more
passive, and Tnore dependent.
(Irrvinrin, Shakespeare Commentaries (tr. by F. E.
[Bunnctt, ed. 1880), p. Ci'i.
G6ngoraMarmolejo(gon'go-ramiir-mo-la'n6),
Alonso de. Born at Carmoini, Seville, al>out
I'jlo : dii-d in (.'hile, Jan., l.")76. A S])anisli sol-
dier atnl historian. He served in Peru; went to Chile
In 1549, and t^iok an active part in the Araucanian wars;
was a captain, but never had any important conunissions.
In his latter years he lived at Santiago. His " Historiade
Chile,* written i)etween 1.572 and LSy.*!, is preserved in
the origitial maiuiscript in .Madrid. It was first published
In 18.'io, in the ''.Memorial historico Kspallol," and re-
publislied in the "Coleccion de historiatlores de Chile,"
1862. It gives the history of Chile down to l.'iT.'t, and is
the best of tile eiirly works on that subject.
Gdngora y Argote (gon'go-rii 6 !ir-g6'ta),Luis
de. Born at (_'ordova, Spain, .Tuly 11. l.")!!! :
died there. May 23, 1()27. .V S|i:inish lyric jioet.
noteil as the fiuiiider of a highly metaphysical
and artificial style named from him "Gongor-
ism." and also called the "polished," " polite,"
and '• cultivatecl " style.
Gonnella. See .frxlx of (Innhrlhi.
Gonsalez (gou-sii'letli)", Feman. A half-fabu-
lous Spanish hero of the 10th century, about
whom iiiimi'rous liallads and poems have been
written. If is historical achievements occurred between
9»l and !l7il, when he died. A metrical chronicle of liis ad-
ventures (date i)robably of the 14th century) was founded
on an older iirosc account. There are about twenty hallatls
relating to him. tin* most interesting being tliose in which
he ts twi'-e n-scu'd from prison bv his coiirngeous wife.
Gonsalvo Hernandez de Cordova. See Voi-
iliiia.
Gonville and Caius College, commonly called
simply Caius ( kez ). A college of the University
ottJambridge, England, estai>lishe<l by Edmund
447
Gonville in 1348, and refounded by Dr. John
Caius, physician to Queen Mary, in 15.i8. The
picture8(|Ue gate, exhibiting classical friezes, niches, and
pediments, snrmonntett by an octagonal dome-shaped tur-
ret, is modern. The outer court was built by Caius; the
inner, thtutgh refaced in the last century, by Gonville.
Gonzaga (gon-zii'gii). Asmall town in the prov-
ince .if .M:iMtna. Italv. 14 miles south of Mantua.
Gonzaga, Carlo I. di. Died about 1637. Duke
(if Xrvers, Mantua, and MontfeiTat.
Gonzaga, Federigo II. di. Born about 1.500 :
died l."i4(i. Pi-omoted from marquis to duke of
Mantua iu \'i'M: ruler of .MontfeiTat from l.i36.
Gonzaga, Ludovico III. di, surnameil "The
Turk." Bern abmit 1414: died 1478. Marquis
of .Mantua from 1444.
Gonzaga, Thomaz Antonio. Bom at Oporto,
Portugal, Aug., 1744: died at Mozambique,
.\frica. probably in 1807. A Portuguese poet.
He was ouvidor or judge of Villa Rica, llinas Geraes, Bra-
zil ; and in 1789 was involvetl in the revolutionary plot
called the conspiracy of Tiradentes, for which, in 17:12, he
was condemned to penal servitude at Mozambique, Eventu-
ally he married there. He became insane before his death.
Ills "ilarilia de I>irceu," a collection of lyrics, was pub-
lished before his exile, and appeared in numerous subse-
quent editions.
GonzaleZ(g6n-thii'leth),JuanG. A Paraguayan
politician, elected president of the republic for
four years, Sept. 25, 1890.
Gonzalez, Manuel. Born near Matamoros, be-
fore 1833 : died at Mexico, May 8, 1893. A Mexi-
can general and statesman. He distinguished him-
self in the wars against the French and Maximilian ; fol-
lowed l)iaz in various revolts ; was his secretary of war
1877-SO ; and succeeded him as president l>ec. 1, 1880, to
Nov. 30, 1884. His term was peaceful, but his financial
policy caused much trouble. Subsequently he was gover-
nor of Guanajuato,
Gonzalez Balcarce, Antonio. See Balcarcc.
Gonzalez D&vila (da've-lii), Gil. Bom at Avila
about 1470: died there, about 1528. A Spanish
discoverer. He went to Espafiola in 1510, and was made
contador. In 1.^19 he was in Spain, and joined with Andres
NiAo in a scheme for exploration in the Pacific. Crossing
the isthmus of Panama, they followed the coast northward,
discovered the lakes of Nicaragua, and reached Espafiola
in 1523 with a large amount of gold which they had ob-
tained from the Indians, Pedrarias, governor of Panama,
laid claim to the newly discovered region. Gil Gonzalez
tried to reach Nicaragua again from the eastern side (l.'>24),
• but he struck the coast too far north, in Honduras. Here
he encountered a hostile party sent by Pedrarias from the
south, and, escaping these, he had to meet Olid's expeditii 'ii
from the north. He finally fell into the hands of Olid, and
joined with Casas in killing him. He then went to Mexico,
where he was arrested and sent to Spain (1520). Released on
parole, he remained at .\vila until his death.
Gonzalez Sara via, Antonio. See MoUinedo y
Siiriiiiii.
Gonzalez Vigil (ve'nel), Francisco de Paula.
Born at Tacna, Sept. 15, 1792: died at Lima,
,)unc 10, 1875. A Peruvian scholar andstatcs-
m:in. He tofik orders in 1818, and was rector of theCol-
lege of Arequipa 1832. From 1830 until his death he was
director of the national library at Lima. Early identified
with the cause of independence, he was elected to several
congresses, leading the opposition to Bolivar in 1826, and
resisting Gomara in 1832. His most important work, " De-
fensa de la autoridad de los goliiernos contra las preten-
siones de la curia romana"(12 vols, 1848 to 1856), caused
him to be excommunicated. He also published a work on
the Jesuits, and numerous books and essays on historical,
legal, and controversial subjects. Vigil is regarded as the
greatest scholar yet produced by Peru.
Gonzalo (gon-zii'16). An " honest old counsel-
lor " in Shakspere's " Tempest." He is also in-
troduced as "a Savoy nobleman" iu Dryden's
version.
Gonzalo de Berceo (gon-thii'lo dii ber-tha'o).
An early Spanish poet, a secular priest of the
monastery of St. Emilianus in the territory of
CalahoiTa. He floiu-ished about 1 220-4(5.
Gooch (giich). Sir Daniel. Born at Bedlington,
Northumberland, -Vug. 24, 181(): died at Clewer
Park, Berkshire, Oct. 15, 1889. An English en-
gineer ami inventor. He was locomotive superinten-
dent of the (Jreat \\'cstc]n Bail way 1837-64, making a nota.
bio advance in the construction of engines, and played an
importiuit part in establishing the first transatlantic cables.
He was a member of Parliament 1865-85.
Good (gud ). John Mason. Boru at Epping, Es-
sex, England, May 25, 17fi4: died .Ian. 2, 1827.
All English jilivsiciaii and miscellaneous writer.
Among his nunieroiis works are "The Nature of Things "
(a translation of Lucretius, 180,5) and ".Study of .Medicine "
(1822).
Goodale (uiid'al ), Dora Read. Bom at Mount
Wnsliiiiglori in l.Sfid. .\ii .American poet, sister
of Elaine Ciodale.
Goodale, Elaine (Mrs. Eastman). Born at
Mount Wasliington. Berkshire County, Mass.,
in 18(i3. All Americiiii poet, she became a teacher
of the Indiana in the Hampton Institute in l,ss;i, mid in 1S86
government teacher at White River Cam ji. liaKota, I'oeiiis
of Elaine and Dora G.iodale were publislu-<l as ".Apple
HlosBoniB ' (1878). "In Berkshire with the Wild Flowers '
(1879), etc.
Goodwin, William Watson
Goodall (gud'iil), Edward. Bom at Eeeds,
England, Sept. 17,1795: died at London, April
1 1, 1870. An English engraver, especially noted
for his engravings after Turner.
Goodall, Frederick. Born at London, Sept. 17,
IS22. .\ii English painter, sou of Edward Good-
all.
Good Counsel of Chaucer. See Flee from the
I'risa.
Goode (giid), George Brown. Bom at New Al-
bany. Ind., Fell. 13. 1851: died at Washington,
D. 0., Sept. 6, 1890. An American naturalist.
He received an appointment on the statf of theSmitb.soniaii
Institution in 1873; became assistant director of the Nation-
al Museum in 1878 ; was commissioner of fisheries 1^-7-88 ;
and was assistant secretary of the Smithsonian Institution
from 18>7. Among his works are "Catalogue of the Fishes
of thcBerniudas" (1870), " Game Fishesof theUnitedStates"
(1879), •■American Fish.-s " (1880), "The Fisheries and Fish-
ery Industries of the I'nited States " (1884), "Oceanic Ich-
thyology '■ (witll Tarletoii II. Bean, 1894), etc.
Goodell (gu-del'), William. Born at Temple-
ton, Mass., Feb. 14, 1792: died at Philadel-
phia, Feb. 18, 1867. An American missionary.
He was graduated from Andover Theological Seminary in
1820, when he became a missionary of the American Board
of Commissioners of FYireign Missions. He labored at Bei-
rut from 1823 until 1828, and was subsequently stationed
at Malta and at Constantinople. He translated the Scrip-
tures into Armeno-Turkish ; the final revision of the trans-
lation appeared in 1S63,
GoodfelloW (gud'felo), Robin. See Puck.
Good Gray Poet, The. A surname of Walt
Whitman.
Good Hope, Cape of. A promontory at the
southwestern extremity of Cape Colony, South
.Airica. in lat. 34° 21' S., long. 18° 30' E. it was
discovered by Bartholomeu Dias in 1487, and was doubled
by Vasco da Gama in 1497. For the colony, see Cape
Colony.
Goodman (gud'man ), Godfrey. Born at Ruthin,
Denbighshire, Feb. 28, 1583: died at London,
Jan. 19, 1656. An English divine, appointed
bishop of Gloucester in 1625. He was accused of
Romanist tendencies and practices. He was committed
to the Tower on a charge of high treason in 1641, but was
soon released. He wrote "The Fall of Man," etc. (to which
Hakewill replied), and other works.
Goodman's Fields Theatre. A London theater
built ill 1729. David Garrick made the success of the
house in 1741. It was pulled down about 1746, and a second
theater was burned in 1802, Thoriibury.
Good-natured Man, The. A comedy by Gold-
smith, produced Jan. 29, 1768.
Good Parliament. The name given to the Eng-
lish Parliament of 1376, which was noted for its
efforts to refonii political aViuses. it impeached
Lords Latimer and Neville, and others — the first instance
of an impeachment.
Good Regent, The. James Stuart, earl of Mur-
ray (or Moray), regent of Scotland 1:567-70.
Goodrich (gud'rich). Chauncey Allen. Born
at New Haven, Conn.. Oct. 23. 1790: died there,
Feb. 25, 1860. An American scholar, grandson
of Elizur Goodrich : one of the editors of " Web-
ster's Dictionary" after 1828.
Goodrich, Elizur. Born atWothersfield,Conn.,
Oct. 2(i, 1734: died at Norfolk, Conn., Nov.,
1797. An American clergyman and mathema-
tician.
Goodrich, Samuel Griswold: pseudonym Pe-
ter Parley. Boniat l;idgelield,Conn.,Aug. 19,
1793: died at New York, May 9, 1860. An Amer-
ican author, nephew of C. A. (ioodrich. He pub-
lished manyjuvenile works, "History of the Animal King-
dom " (1859), etc.
Goodsir (giid'ser), John. Born at Anstrulher,
Fifeshire, March 20, 1814: died at Wardie, near
Edinburgh, March (i, 1867. A Scottish anato-
mist, ju-ofessor of analomy al Edinburgh from
1846. He obtained distinction from his investigations in
cellular pathology. His ".\natomical .Memoirs' was pub-
lished in I.SOS.
Goodstock (gud'stok). The host in Ben Jon-
son's play "The New Inn." He is Lord Fram-
pul in discruise.
Goodwin (giid'win). Charles Wycliffe. Boru
at King's Lynn. 1817: dicil at Shanghai, Jan.,
1878. AiiEnglisli lawyeraiid l^gyptologist. He
jiublished "The Anglo-Saxon Version of the Life of St,
Guthlac, Hermit of Ciowland ' (1848), 'The Story of Sane-
ha : an Egyptian Tale of Four Thousand Years Ago, trans-
lated from the Hieratic Text " (1866), etc. In 1865 he was
made assistant judge of the supreme court for China and
.Tapan.
Goodwin, Thomas. Born at KolUsby, Norfolk,
England. Oii. 5. ItiOl): died at liondon, Feb. 23,
1679. .\n English I'uritan divine. His works
were imblislied 1681-1704.
Goodwin, William Watson. Born at Concord,
Mass.. Mny 9, 1831, ,\ii .-Vmerican classical
scholar, lie was graduated at Harvard in 1851, and in
I860 was appointed Eliot professor of Greek literature al
Groodwin, William Watson
that institutiun. He pulilislieil " Syntax of the Moods and
Tenses of the Greek Verb " (1S60), '• Greek Grammar " (1870X
etc.
Goodwin Sands. Dangerous shoals about 5
miles east of Kent, England, from which they
are separated Ijy the Downs. They are opposite
Deal and Samlgate. Near them the Dutch fleet
defeated the British fleet in 1652.
Goodwood (gi'id'wud). A seat of the Duke of
Kiehniond and Gordon, near Chichester, Sussex,
Enfjland. A noted race-course was established in the
park in 1802. The meeting takes place in the end of July,
the principal race being that for the Goodwood Cup.
Goodyear (gud'ver), Charles. Born at New
Haven. Conn., D"ec. 29. 1800: died at New York,
July 1. IStiO. An American manufacturer. In
1834'he turned his attention to the niLUiufacture of india-
rubber. After years spent in experimentation, which re-
duced himself and his family to poverty, he discovered the
process of vulcanization, for which he obt.ained his first
patent in 1S44.
Goody Two Shoes. A nursery tale relating the
story of Little Goody Two Shoes, who, owning
but one shoe, is so pleased to have a pair that
she shows them to everyone, exclaiming ''Two
shoes!" The story was fli-st published in 1765 by New-
bery, and is supposed to have been wTitten by Oliver
Goldsmith.
Googe (go.i). Barnabe. Born at Alringham,
Lincolnshire, l.">40: died in 1.59-1. An English
poet. His most important work is a set of 8 eclogues
published in 1563 in "Eglogs, Epytaphes. and .Sonnetes,"
which are thought to have had some influence on Spen-
ser's "Shepherd's Calendar." He translated a number of
works, and wrote :dso a long poem, "Cupido Conquered."
Gookin (go'kin), Daniel. Born in Kent, Eng-
land, about 1612: died at Cambridge, Mass.,
March 19, 1687. A colonial ofifieial. He came out
to Virginia with his father in 16^1, and about 1644 removed
to Massachusetts, where he was made superintendent of
the Indians in 1656, and major-general in 16S1. He wrote
" Historical Collections of the Indians of Massachusetts,"
completed in 1674 and first printed in 179'2.
Goole (gol). A river port in Yorkshire, Eng-
land, situated on the Ouse 23 miles west of
Hull. Population (1891), 15,413.
Goomtee. See Gumti.
Goorkhas. See Ghurlas.
Goose, Mother. See Mother Goose.
Goppert (gep'pert). Heinrich Robert. Born
at Sprottau, Prussia, Jidy 25, 1.SOO : died at Bres-
lau, May 18, 1884. A German botanist and pa-
leontologist, professor of botany at the Uni-
versity of Breslau. He was especially noted
for his researches on fossil flora.
Goppingen (gep'ping-en). A manufacturing
town in the circle of the Danube, \Vui'temberg,
situated on the Fils 22 miles east by south of
Stuttgart. Population (1890), commune, 14,352.
Gorakhpur (go-ruk-p6r'). 1. A district in the
Benares division. Northwest Pro'vinces, Brit-
ish India, intersected by lat. 27° N., long. 83°
30' E. Area, 4,576 square miles. Population
(1891), 2,994,057.-2. The capital of the Gorakh-
pur district, situated on the river Rapti in lat.
26° 44' N., long. 83° 24' E. Population, includ-
ing cantonment (1891), 63,620.
Gorboduc (gor'bo-duk). A mythical king of
Britain. His story, with that of his sons Ferrex
and Porrex, is told in the early chronicles.
Gorboduc, who succeeded to the crown of Britain soon
after the death of Lear, profited so little by the example
of his predecessor that he divided his realm during his life
between his two sons, Fen-ex ami Porrex. whose bloody
history is the subject of the first regular English tragedy ;
it was written by Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackville
(Lord Buckhurst), was acted in 1561. and afterwards printed
in 1565. under the name of "(iorboduc." Sir Philip Sid-
ney says that this dnima climbs to the height of Seneca,
and Pope has pronounced the much higher eulogy that it
Sossesses " an unatfected perspicuity of style, and an easy
ow in the numbers: in a word, that chastity, correct-
ness, and gravity of style which are so essential to tragedy,
and which all the tragic poets who followed, not except-
ing Shakspeare himself, either little understood or per-
petually neglected. " Both in the drama and romance, the
princes, between whom the kingdom had been divided,
soon fell to dissension, and the younger stabbed the elder ;
the mother, who more de;u'ly loved the elder, having killed
his brother in revenge, the people, indignant at the cruelty
of the deed, rose in rebellion, and murdered both father
and mother. The nobles then assembled and destroyed
most of the rebels, but afterwards became embroiled in a
civil war, in which they and their issue were all slain.
Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. -240.
Gorcum. See Gorkum.
Gordian (gor'di-an). See Gordianvx.
Gordianus (gor-di-a'nus) I., Marcus Antoni-
us, surnamcd Africanus, Aiigli.i/.id Gordian.
Born about 158 .\. D.: died at Carthage, 238.
Roman emperor. He was descended from a wealthy
and illustrious Roman family, and acquired great popu-
larity by his largesses to the p<tpnlace. He became priwon-
sul of Africa in "237, and when, in ■2;i8, a rebellion broke out
in his province against Maximinus, he was forced by the
insurgents to assume the purple, llis elevation was con-
firmed by the Roman senate. He associated with himself
448
in the government his son Gordianus II. The younger
Gordianus was defeated and slain before Carthage by Ca-
pellianus, governor of Mauretania, whereupon the elder
Gordianus put himself t^i death after a reign of only six
weeks.
Gordianus II., Marcus Antonius. Born 192
A. D. : ilied near Carthage. 238. Roman empe-
ror, son and associate of the preceding.
Gordianus III. , Marcus Antonius Pius. Born
about 224 A. D. : died in Mesopotamia, 244.
Roman emperor. He was the grandson of Gordianus
I. on his mother's side, and was proclaimed Caesar on the
death of the two Gordiani in Africa in 238. (See Gordmnwt
/.) He became sole emperor in the same year, on the as-
sassination by the pretorians of the two Augusti, Pupienus
and Balbinus, who had been appointed by the senate to
succeed Gordianus I. He undertook an expedition against
Persia in 242, under the guidance of his father-in-law, the
veteran soldier Misitheus, after whose death he was mur-
dered by the pretorian prefect Philip, who usurped the
throne.
Gordium (g6r'di-um). Ill ancient geography, a
town in northern Galatia, Asia Minor, near the
river Sangarius. It is noted as the place where
Alexander the Great cut the Gordian knot. See
Gordius.
Gordius (gor'di-us). [Gr. r(5pAof.] An ancient
king of Lydia (originally a peasant), father of
Midas. According to the legend an oracle had declared
to the people of Phi^-gia that a king would come to them
riding in a ciu". and, as Gordius thus appeared to them in
a popular assembly which was discussing the disposition
of the government, he was accepted as their sovereign.
His car and the yoke of his oxen he dedicated to Zeus at
Gordium ; and an oracle declared that whoever should un-
tie the knot of the yoke would rule over Asia. Alexander
the Great cut the knot with his sword.
Gordon (gor'don), Adam. A famous English
outlaw who established himself near the ■village
of Wilton in 1267, and attacked those especially
who were of the king's party. He engaged with
Prince Edward (afterward King Edward I.)in single com-
bat, and the latter so admired his courage and spirit that
he promised him his life and fortune if he would surren-
der. Gordon consented, and was ever after an attached
and faithful servant to Edward.
Gordon, Sir Adam de. Died 1333. A Scottish
statesman and soldier. He was at flrst a partizan of
Edward n., but after the battle of Bannockburn adhered
to Bruce. His son Sir Adam de Gordon (died 1402) became
celebrated in border warfare.
Gordon, Adam Lindsay. Bom at Fayal
(Azores), 1833 : shot himself at New Brighton,
Australia, June 24, 1870. An Australian poet.
He was in the mounted police of South Australia in 1S53,
and was afterwiu'd a horse-breaker, member of the Vic-
toria House of Assembly (1865), and the keeper of a livery-
stable. He failed in an attempt to secure the Esslemont
estate in Scotland in 1869. Among his poems are ''Sea
Spray and Smoke Drift "(1867), "Bush Ballads, etc." (1870),
and *■ Ashtaroth : a dramatic Lyric " (1870).
Gordon, Alexander. Bom at Aberdeen before
1693 : died in South Carolina in 1754 or 1755. A
Scottish antiquary. He wrote "Itinerarium Septen-
trionale" (1726), describing "the monuments of Roman
antiquity" and "the Danish invasions on Scotland."
Gordon, Sir Alexander. Born 1650: died at
Airds, Kirkcudbrightshire, Nov. 11, 1726. A
Scottish Covenanter. He took part in the battle of
Bothwell Bridge, was proclaimed a traitor and condemned
to death, and after many hairbreadth escapes fleil to Hol-
land. He returned and was arrested (16S3), and rem:uned
a prisoner until 1689. For several years his imprisonment
was voluntarily shared by his wife.
Gordon, Andrew. Born at Cofforach. Forfar-
shire, June 15, 1712: died Aug. 22, 1751. A
Scottish physicist, appointed professor of phi-
losophy at Erfurt in 1737. He was noted for his ex-
periments in frictional electricity. He is said to have
been the flrst electrician to use a cylinder in place of a
globe. He wrote " Phtenomena Electricitatis Exposita "
(1744), etc.
Gordon, Sir Arthur Hamilton. Born Nov. 26.
1829. A British colonial governor, youngest
son of the fourth Earl of Aberdeen. He sat in Par-
liament as Libend member for Beverley 1854-57, and w;i8
appointed governor of New Brunswick in 1866, governor
of Trinidad in 1870, first governor of the Fiji Isliinds in
1874, high commissioner for the Western Pacific in 1877,
governor of New Zealand in 1S.S0, and governor of Ceylon
in 1.S83. He was created Baron Stanmore in 1893.
Gordon, Charles George, called '• Chinese Gor-
don" and'MTordon Pasha."' Born at Woolwich,
Jan. 28, 1833: died at Kliartura, Nubia, Jan. 26,
1885. An English soldier. He sen'ed in the Crimea
lS.M-56. In 1860 he was attached to the British force
under Sir .Tames Hope Grant operating with the French
against China, and in 1863 took command of a Chinese
force, called the Ever Victorious Anny, against the Tai-
ping rebels. He put down the rebellion in thirty-three en-
gagements, and resigned his command in 1864, receiving
from the empenirthe yellow jacket and peacock's feather
of a mandarin of the flrst class. He was governor of the
Equatorial I'rovinces of central Africa in the service of the
Khedive of Egypt 1874-76 ; was created pasha by the khe-
dive in 1877; and in the same year was promoted lieuten-
ant-colonel in the British army. He was governor-gen-
eral of the Sudan. Darfur, the Equatorial Pronnces, and
the Red Sea litt^iral 1877-79, in which capacity he stamped
out the slave-trade in his district. He acted as adviser
of the Chinese goveniraent in its relations with Russia
in 18S0 ; went as commanding royal engineer to Mauritius
Gore Hall
1881-82 ; and was conmnindant of the colonial forces of
the Cape of Good HopeinlSs2. In lsS4 he was sent by the
British government to the Sudan to assist the khedive in
withdrawing the garrisons of the country, which could not
be held any longer against the Malidi. ' He was besieged
by the Mahdi at Khiu-tum, March 12, 1884, and was killed
in the stonuing of the city, Jan. 26, IS^.'i.
Gordon, George, fourth Earl of Huntly. Bom
1514: died 1562. A Scottish statesman. He held
important offices under James V. ; with Home defeated
an English force at Hadden Rig, Aug. 24, 1542 ; on the
murder of Cardinal Beaton succeeded hun as lord high
chancellor (1.^46) : and held a command and was taken
prisoner at the battle of Pinkie (1547). He opposed the
policy of the <iueen regent, and finally deserted her. He
favored the Catholic cause. Vnder Mary he was in dis-
favor, and was flnally denounced as a rebel. He att;icked
the queen's forces at Corrichie. Nov. .s, 1562. but was de-
feated, and died from the effects of the battle.
Gordon, George, fifth Earl of Huntly. Died
May, 1576. A Scottish statesman. He was a fa-
vorite of Mary, and an ally of Bothwell, and became lord
high chancellor in 1566. He was implicated in the mur-
der of Darnley.
Gordon, Lord George. Born at London, Dec.
26, 1751: died Nov. 1, 1793. An English agita-
tor, third son of Cosmo George, third duke of
Gordon. He entered Parliament in 1774. In 1779 he be-
came president of the Protestant Association, formed to
secure _the repeal of the Bill of Toleration, passed in
1778 for" the relief of Roman Catholics. At the instance
of the society a large number of the opponents of the
bill met in St. George's Fields, and marched in a body
to the House of Commons simultaneously with the pres-
entation by Gordon of a petition praying Parliament to
repeal the bill. A riot ensued, which was quelled by the
troops June 8, 1780. Gordi>n was tried in 17S1 for compli-
city in the riots, but was acquitted for want of evidence.
Gordon,GeorgeHamilton,fourth Earl of Aber-
deen. Born at EiUnburgh, Jan. 28, 1784: died
at London, Dec. 14, 1860. A British statesman.
He was appointed amb.assador extraordinary to Austria
Sept., 1813, and signed the preliminai7 tre:ity at Toplitz
on Oct. 3. On May 30, 1814, he signed the treaty of Paris
as one of the representatives of Great Britain, He was for-
eign secretarj- under Wellington 18"2S-30, secret-aj-y for war
under Peel, Dec.,1834,-April, 183.5, and secretary for foreign
alfairs under Peel 1841^6. He was premier Dec. 1852,-
Jan. 30, 1855, his ministry being formed by a coalition of
Whigs and Peelites. He wrote works on Greek architec*
ture, etc.
Gordon. John Campbell Hamilton. Bom 1847.
Seventh Earl of Aberdeen, grandson of the
foiu'th earl, lord lieutenant of Ireland under
the Gladstone administration of 1886, and gov-
ernor-general of Canada from 1893.
Gordon, Sir John Watson. Born at Edinburgh,
1788 : died there. June 1, 1864. A Scottish por-
trait-painter. His best-kno\\Ti work is a portrait
of Sir Walter Scott.
Gordon, Lady Duff- (Lucie or Lucy Austin).
Born at Westminster, June 24. 1821: died at
Cairo, July 14, 1869. An English writer, best
known as a translator from the German (Nie-
buhr, Von Ranke, and Sybel). She re.sided in
Egypt from 1862. She married Sir Alexander
Duff-Gordon in 1840.
Gordon, William. Born at Hitehin, Hertford-
sliLre, about 1728 : died at Ipswich. England,
Oct. 19, 1807. An English clerg.'iTnan and his-
torian. He ^vrote "Rise, Progress, and Establishment
of the Independence of the I'nited States of America"
(1788), etc.
Gordon Bennett, Mount. [Named from James
Gordon Bennett.] A mountain in central Africa,
in the neighborhood of Lake Albert Nyauza and
Ruwcnzori. discovered and named by Stanley.
Height, estimated, about 1.5,000 feet.
Gordon Cumming. See Cumming.
Gordon Riots. A rising of tlie London popu-
lace, June, 1780, the culmination of an anti-
Roman Catholic agitation, instigated and abet-
ted by Lord George Gordon. See Gordon, Lord
Gcorijr.
Gore (gor), Mrs, (Catherine Grace Frances
Moody). Born at East Retford, Notts, En,»-
land, in 1799: died at L\nidhurst, Hampshire,
Jan, 29, 1861. An English novelist and play-
writer. .\moug her works are "Theresa ilarchmout," a
novel (1824), "The Lettre de Cachet " (1827), ".School for
Coquettes,"acomedy(1831X "Mrs. -\rmytage. ete.,"anovel
(1836), " Cecil, or the A<lventures of a Coxcond) " (her most
successful novel, 1841), " The Banker's Wife " (I84S), and
about sixty other works, some of them tr-anslations from
the French.
Gore, Christopher. Born at Boston, Sept. 21,
1758: died at Waltham, Mass., March 1. 1827.
An American politician, governor of Massachu-
setts ISOSHO. He was a benefactor of Hai-vard
College.
Goree (go-ra'). A small i.sland belonging to
France, situated near the coast of .Senegarabia,
south of (^ape Verd, in lat, 14° 40' N., long. 17°
25' W. Population of the town of Gor^e, about
2.000.
Gore Hall. A building containing the library
of Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Gore House
Gore House. A house formerly occupying the
sitf >i]ioii which the Albert Memorial is built,
in London, it was a famous resort for men of letters
durinK the successive ownerships of William Willierforce
and the Countess of Blessingtun in the early part of the
null century-.
Qorgei. See Gorycy.
Gorges (!,'or'jez). Sir Ferdinando. Bom in
Somcisct.shire, England, about I'lljO: died in
Ifti". .An Knglish colonial proprietor. Ilo re-
ceived with John Mason a grant of the regi(m between
the Merrimac and Kennebec rivers in 1(J22. In 1(120 the
connection between Gorges and Mason was dissolved and
a new grant was made to eacli, Ciorges receiving the region
between the IMscataqua and the Kennebec. Gorges re-
ceived a conflrniation of his grant under the title of the
Province of Maine in lti:i9.
Qorgey, or Gorgei (ger'ge-i). Arthur. Born at
Toporcz, coTinty of Zips, Hungary, .Jan. 30, 1818.
A Hungarian general in the war of 1848-49. He
succeeded Kossuth as dictator. .\ng. 11, 1849, and surren-
dered at Viligos, Aug. 13, 1849, to the Russians under
Riidiger.
Oorgias (gor'ji-as). [Gr. Topj/nf.] Born at Le-
ontini, Sicily, about 48,5 B. c. : died at Larissa,
Thessaly, about 380 B. c. A famous Greek so-
phist and rhetori<'ian,"an independent cultiva-
tor of natural oratory, with a gift for brilliant
expression of a poetical and often turgid kind.
When he visited Athens in 427 B. c. his florid eloquence
became the rage, and was afterwanis the first literary
Inspiration of tlte orator Isocrates. " From him one of
Plato's dialogues is named.
Gorgibu8(gor-zhe-bus'). 1. A comfortable old
citizen in Molifere's '' Les pr^cieuses ridicules."
His niece and daughter torment him by their
esthetic vagaries. — 2. Aji unreasonable old cit-
izen in Moiifere's "Sganarelle": the father of
C61ie.
GorgO (gfir'go). [Gr. Topju.] See Gorr/ons.
Gorgona (gor-go'na). Aji island in the Pacific,
situated about lat. 3° N., long. 78° 20' W. It
belongs to the Republic of Colombia.
Gorgons (gor'gonz). [Gr. Tdpynvrr.] In Greek
legend (Hcsiod). daughters of Phorcys (whence
also called Phorcydes) andCeto, dwelling in the
Western Ocean near Xiglit and the Hesperides
(or in Libya). Tlnir n.oncs are Stheno, Euryale, .ind
Medusa. They are t'irded with st-rpents, and, in some ac-
counts, have wings and brazen daws and enormous teeth.
According t<t Homer there is but one, Oorgo. See Meditsa.
Gori (go're). A town in the government of Tif-
lis, Caucasus, Russia, situated on the Kur in
lat. 41° .59' N.. long. 44° 5' E. Population (1891),
7,247.
Gorinchem. Sec Gurkum.
Goring (gor'ingi, George, Er.rl of Norwich.
Born about 1.583: died ir,(i3. An English Roy-
alist politician atid solilicr. He headed an unsuccess-
ful R/iyaliat rising in 1647, and was sentenced to death,
hut later was jiardoned.
Goring, George, T^ord Goring. Bom July 14,
1608: died at Madrid, 1(5.57. An English gen-
eral. He at first supported the Parliamentary cause, and
was placed in uonmiand of Portsmouth, but in ir.42went
over to the Royalists. He was. however, unable to defend
Portsmouth, which was captured in Sept. He eoniniainled
the loft wing of the Royalist army at the battle of Marston
Moor. lie was a man of unrestrained life, and in his youth
was celebrated for his brilliancy and prodigality.
QoritZ. Si-e Giir::.
Oorkhas. Seo GlmrLds.
Gorkum, or Gorcum (gor'kum, or Gorinchem
(go'rin-chem). A town in the province of Soutli
Holland, Netherlands, at the junction of the
Linge with the Mcrwodo (Maas), 22 miles cast-
goutheast of Rotterdam. It was taken l>v the
" Water Beggars " in 1.572. Population (1889),
11,224.
Gorlitz (gtr'lits). A city in the province of Si-
lesia, Prussia, situated on the Lausitzer Neisse
in lat. .51° 8' N., long. 14° .58' E. It is an impor-
tant commercial center, and has large manufactures of
cloth. The Rathaus and tin- Church of St. Peter and St.
Paul areof interest. The place has belonged successively
to T.usatia, Bohemia, Saxony, and Prussia. Population
(18110). «2,I.')5.
Gorm(g6rm),surnamed "TheOld." Flourislied
about 860-935. The first king of united Den-
mark.
Qorner (gor'ner) Glacier. One of the largest
Alpine ghaciers, situalcd in the canton of Va-
Inis, Switzerland, norlhwist of Monte Ro.sa. Tt
is tlie sftuvce of the Visp.
Gorner Gi;at. A mountain near Zermatt, Swit-
zerland, in the Alps of Valais. Height, 10,290
feet.
GSrres (ger'res), Jakob Joseph von. Bom at
(-'olileuz, Prussia. .Ian. 2.5, 1776: died at Mu-
nich,.Tan. 29, 1848. A GerTiian author. He edited
the " liheiuischer .Merkur" ISI l-li;. and became professiir
of history In the Iniverslty of .Munich in 1S27. In bis early
puhlicatiorisbesnppfirted l-'rern'b revolutionary principles,
which cauHcd him to be persecuted by the govennnent, and
449
was a prominent advocate of the Roman Catholic Church.
He wrote '• Die ehristliche Mystik "(1836-»2)and "Athana-
sius" (ls:i7).
Gortchakoflf tgor-chii-kof), Prince Alexander
Mikhailovitch. Born July 16, 1798 : died at
Baden-Baden. March 11,1883. A noted Rus-
sian statesman. He was appointed ambassador ex-
traordinary at Stuttgart, in 184], to negotiate a marriage
between the Crown Prince of Wiirtemberg and the prin-
cess Olga, sister of the czar Nicholas. In 18.^4 he was
sent as ambassador to Vienna, where he guarded the in-
terests of Russia with great tact and aliility during the
Crimean war, until 18."j(j. He was apjiuinted minister of
foreign atfairs in l^M, an<l became vice-cbuucellor in 1802
and chancellor in 1863. He maintained a strict neutrality
between the conten<ling powers in the Austro-Prussiau
war(1866), but in 1870embraced the opportunity pi-csentctl
by the Franco-Prussian war to reitndiate the treaty of
Paris (extorted from Russia at the close of the Criniean
war in 18.''6) in so far as it excluded the Russian war fleet
from the lilack Sea and deprived his country of the con-
trol of the mouths of the Danube.
Gortchakoff, Prince Alexander. Born 1764:
died 1S25. A Russian soldier. He served under
his uncle Suvarotf in Turkey and in Poland, and be-
came lientenant-Kcncral in 1708. He served with dis-
tinction in the Napoleonic wars, and repulsed Marshal
Lannes at Heilsberg in 18U7. He acted as chief of the
ministry of war in 1812, and became general and was
made a member of the imperial council in 1814.
Gortchakoff, Prince Andrei. Born 1768 : died
at Moscow, Feb. 27, 1855. A Russian general.
He served as major-general underSuvarotf in Italy in 1709,
and comnuindeil a division of grenadiers in 1812 and a
corps of infantry in 1814, in which last-muned year he
fought with distinction in the battles of Leipsicand Paris.
He became general in 1819, aud retired from active ser-
vice in 1828.
Gortchakoff, Prince Mikhail. Born 1795 : died
at Warsaw. May 3(1. Istil. A Russian gcnei'al.
He served in the Turkish war 1828-29, iu the Polish revo-
lution 1830-:!1, in Hungary in 1849, on the Danube 1853-54,
and in the Crimea in 1855.
Gortchakoff, Prince Petr. Lived early in the
17tli century. A Russian commander, noted
for his defense of Smolensk ag.ainst the Poles
1609-11.
Gortchakoff, Prince Petr. Bom 1790: died at
Moscow, March 18, 1868. A Russian general,
brother of Mikhail Gortchakoff. He fought against
Napoleon in the campaigns of 1807 and 1812-14, and subse-
quently served under Yermolotf in the Caucasus, In 1829
he conmianded a corpsof infantry, with which he defeated
a Turkish corps at Aidos. He signed in the same year the
prelintinaries of the peace of Adrianople, He became
general in 1843, and in 1854 commanded a wing of the
Russian army at the Alma and at Inkei-man.
Gorton (giu-'ton). A suburb of Manchester,
Lancasliire, England. 4 miles southeast of that
city. Population (1891 ), 15,215.
Goftyna (gor-ti'nii), or Gortyn (gor'tin). [(ir.
I'o/jnii'n, Vopriv.'] "in ancient geogi'aphy, a citj'
of Crete, situated about lat. 3.5° 5' N., long.
24° 56' E.
Gortz (gerts), Georg Heinrich von. Born 166S :
died at Stockholm, March 12, 1719. A Swedish
statesman. He was of CJernnm origin, and was privy
councilor and seneschal in Holstein when in 1706 he was
sent on a mission to Charles XII, , whose confidence he
gained, and by whom he was made minister of finance in
I7I.5, and subsetjuentlv priine minister. He formed a
scheme for breaking up the league against Sweden, and
plainied a descent upon Scotland in behalf of the Pre.
tender, but an accident frustrated his designs. On the
death of the king he was imprisoned at the instance of
I'lrica Rleonora and her hustmnil Frederick of Hesse, who
sn(!ceeded to the throne, anrl was e-vecuted on the pretext
of having goaded on the king in his undertakings and
mismanaged the tlnances.
Goruckpur. See (jdritldiptir.
Gorz (gerts), or Goritz (ger'its). It. Gorizia
(go-ret'se-ii). The cajiital of the crownlarhl
(36rz and (ir.adiska, situated on the Isonzo24
miles north-iiorllnvcst of Triest. It has a
calliedral .•md an ancient castle. Population
(1890), 17,9.5(1.
Gorz and Gradiska (gi-ii-dis'kii). A erownland
and (titular) princidy counlship of the Cislei-
thau division of Austria-Hungary. It liesbetween
Cju-niola on the east and Italy on the west, and forms with
Istria and Triest the Kusteidand. It was acquired by Aus
tria in 1500. Area, 1.140 miles. Population (1890), 220,308,
chiefly of Slavic and Italo.I<'riulian stock.
Goschen (go'slu'ii), George Joachim. Born at
Lonilon, Aug., 1831. .\u Knglish politician and
financier, of (iennan descent. Entering Parliament
in 18ll:f, ho was chancellor of the duchy of I.anca.ster in
180«. president of the poor-law board 18118-71, first lord
of till' adinlrnlty 1^71-74, and ambassador extraordiiiai-y to
fV)Mstantinople I8,S0-81. From 1886 he has been a prdml-
nciit mi'inher of the Lihcral-rnionist party, and waschan-
cellor of the exchequer in the .Salisbury ministry 188(i-02,
and llrst lord of tlie admiralty 1895-, 'He has published
"Theory of the Foreign l',\eliaim<'S " (l.Sf;3), etc.
Goshen (g(5'slien). In liiWical geography, a pas
toral region in Lower Egypt, occupied and col-
onized by (he Israelites before the Exodus. It
was situated east of the Delta and west of the
modern Suez Canal.
Goshenland (go'shen-land). or Goosen. A re-
Gotha
public set up by some Boer adventurers after
the Transvaal war of 1881, to the west of Trans-
vaal. The expedition of Sir Charles Warren in 1884 delim-
ited the britisli and Transvaal boundaries, and Goshenland
was absorbed in Tran6va.al and in Bechuaiialand.
Goship. See Gosiutc.
Goshoot. See Gosiutc.
Gosh Yuta^ See Gosinte.
Gosiute (go'si-iit), or Goship, or Goshoot, or
Gosh Yuta. A confederacy of five tribes of
North American Indians in northwestern Utah
and eastern Nevada. Number 258, in 1885. The name
is a contraction of Ooship, a former chief, and Cta or Ute.
See Shofihuiiean.
Goslar (gos'lar). A town in the province of
Hannover, Prussia, on the Gose aud in the Harz,
24 miles south of Brunswick. It is of medieval ap-
pearance, and the Rathaus, monastic church, Kaiserworth,
Domkapelle, and Kaiserliaus are notable buildings. The
last-named is a palace founded in lo;!Oby the fiiiperor Hen-
ry III. It is reputed the iddest medieval ^eriilar structure
in Germany, tliongh it was in part rebuilt after a Are in
1289. It includes the Saalbau and the Chapel of St. I'lrich.
The upper story of the former contains the imperial hall
(170 feet long), with massive round-arched windows and
modern historical frescos. Near the town is the metallifer-
ous Rammelsbeig. Goslar was built about 920, and was a fa-
vorite residence of the emperors. It was a Hanseatic town,
and was a free city until 1802. It passed from Hannover
to Prussia in 1866, Population (1890), comninne, l,i.311,
Gosnold (gos'nold), Bartholomew. Died at
Jamestow-n, Va., Aug. 22, 1607. An English
navigator, one of the founders of the settlement
at .Jamestown. He commanded an expedition (ship
Concord) in 1002 which discovered Cape Cod and .Martha's
"N'ineyard (both named by him), and in 1606 jidiied the expe-
dition under Newport to Virginia, which discovered (and
nametl) Capes Henry and Charles and established the set-
tlement of .lamestown.
Gosport (gos'pprt). A seajiort in Hampshire,
England, situated on Portsmouth harbor o]ipo-
site Portsmouth. It contains a naval victualing yard
and other government establishments. Population (181*1),
with Alverstoke, 2.5,457.
Goss (gos). Sir John. Born at Fareham, Hamji-
shire, Dec. 27, 1800: died at Loudon. May 10,
1880. An English composer, chiefly of church
music. He was organist of St. Paul'.s from 1838.
Gossaert (gos'iirt), or Gessart (ges'iirt), Jan,
generally called Mabuse. Born at Maubenge
(JIabuse), Nord, France, pridjably about 1470:
died at Antwerp, 1541. A Flemish jiaiuter. He
went to England, where he painted the "Marriage of Henry
VII, and Elizabeth of York," and portraits of the king's
children,
Gosse (gos), Edmund William. Bom at Lon-
don, Sept. 21, 1849. An Kiiglisli jioct and lit-
erary critic, son of P. 11. Gosse. lie has written
"Madrigals, Songs, and Sonnets," and other poems (1870), a
number of essays on English, Dutch, and Scandinavian lit-
erature (1875-83), "New Poems " (1879), "English odes"
(completed in 1881), "Life of Tinuiias Gray "(1.S82), "Seven-
teenth Century Studies" (IS.'-ii), ''\\'orks of Thomas Cray"
(18S4), "From Sliakspere to Pope " (lectures delivered by
Gosse as Clark lecturer, Trinity Ctdlege, Cambridge : pub-
lished in 1886), "Firdausi in Exile, etc." (1885), "Raleigh"
(1886), "Congreve" (1888), etc.
Gosse, Philip Henry. Born at Worcester. Eng-
l.ind, April 6, IslO: <lied at Torquay, Aug. 23,
18,88. An Englisli zoologist. Among his works are
"The Canadian Naturalist" (1840), "A<|narium" (18.54),
" llritish Sea Anemones and Corals" (18.")8), "Romance of
Natural History " (I86(M)1). etc.
Gosselies (gos-le'). A town in the province
of Hainaut, Belgium, 28 miles south of Brussels.
Population (1890), 9,118.
Gosselin (gos-lan'), Pascal Francois Joseph.
Born at Lille, Dec. (i, 1751: died at I'ari.s, Feb. 7,
1830. A French anti(|uarian. He was a deputy to
the National Assembly in 1789, and became a member of the
central administration of commercein 1791, and ainember
of tlur ministry of war in 1794. He was elected to the
French Institute soon after its fonndation, anil succeeded
B.'irtlu'demy as keeper of the medals in tiie National Li*
brary in 1799, a post which he retained until his death,
GoSSOn (gos'on). Stephen. Born in 15,55: died
Fell, i:!, 1624. An lOnglisli author. He became
rector of Great Wigborough in 1591, a living which he ex-
changed for that of St. liotolph, liishup.sgate, London, in
1600. Annuig his extant works are "The Schoole of
Abuse " (1579), "The Epbcmerldes of Phlalo " (1670), ami
" Playes Confuted " (no date).
Got (go), Fran<;ois Jules Edmond. Born at
Ligncrolles ( ( iriie), ( M . 1 . 1S22. A noted Frcmdi
actor. He made his dt'Oml at the Coniedie Frauvaise in
1844. He plays successfully the first parts in classical and
modern Fiencli comedy, particularly Sganarelle, Trissotin,
Figaro, etc., in the former, and Gih(\ver (in Angler's plays
"Les ctfronte^ " and " I.e flis do (Hboycr"), Maltre liu6-
rln, Mercadet, David Sichel, etc, in the latter. He also
pbiyssuch parts as lYlbonlet and Ilju-pagon with equal suc-
cess, lie i.-i ]iiofes8orof declamatuui at the Conservatoire.
Gota, or Gotha (ge'tli). A river of Sweden,
Ho wing from Lake Wener into the Caltegat near
(iothenliiirg. Length, about .55 miles.
Gotha (go'tiil. A duchy of Germany. See Saxe-
I'oburii-llotha.
Gotha
450
See Gotfanff.
GK>tha. A city in the duchy of Saxe-Coburg- Gothland (island). ^-
Gotha, and, alternately ^vitii Coburg, the resi- Gothland (goth'land), Sw. Gotland, or Gott-
ilcnce of its dukes, situated in lat. 50^57' N., land(g6t'Iand),o'rG6taland(ye'ta-land). His-
" torieally, the southern diA^sion* of Sweden, eam-
prising the modern jtrovinees (laen) Malmolius.
Kristiaustad, Blekinge, Kronoberg, Jouko-
ping, Kalniar, Ostergotland, Halland. Gotlieu-
burg and Bohus. Elfsborg, and Skaraboig. and
the islands Gotland and Gland. This and the land
of the .Swedes proper grew into the kingdom of Sweden
during the middle p:irt of the middle ages.
long. 10 41 E. It is one of the chief commercial
places in Thiuingiii, and is interesting for the Frieden-
stein Palace (with library, cabinet of coins), the museum
(antiquities, picture gallery, etc.X and the geographical
institute of Justus Perthes. Population (1890), 29,134.
Gotha, Almanach de. An annual register piib-
lishod in French and German at Gotha from
1 1 64. It comprises a genealogical detail of the principal
i-oyal and aristocratic families of Europe, and a diplomatic
and statistical record for the time of the ditfereut states G^thofred. See (iOiUfnui,
of the world. , ^ ,. Goths (goths). [See first quotation below.] An
Gothaer (go ta-er). bi modem German history, ancient Teutonic race which was established in
a political party which favored constitutional the regions of the lower Danube in the 3d cen-
goverament and a confederation of states under tury. a probable hypothesis identides them with the
Prussia : applied originally to certain members Gotones or Gutoues who dwelt near the Baltic; but there
of the Frankfort Parliament who assembled at
Gotha June, 1849.
Gotham (go'tham). 1. A parish in Notting-
hamshire, England, 6 miles south of Xotting-
ha m The simplicity of its inhabitants, which has passed
iiitoa proverb, is said to have been simulated to avert a
king's anger. The "foles of Gotham" are mentioued as
early as the 15th century in the " Towneley Mysteries " ;
and at tlie comraencenient of the 16th century a collection
of stories, said to be by l>r. Andrew Borde, was made about
them, not, however, including the following, which rests
on the authority of nursery tradition :
Three wise men of Gotham
Went to sea in a bowl :
And if the bowl had been stronger
My song would have been longer.
HaUiweU, Nui-sery Rhymes.
2. A uamo given to the city of New York.
Gotham Election, A. A farce by Mi*s. Ceut-
livi-e. produt-ed in 1715,
Gothamite (go'tham-it). A humorous epithet
for a New-Yorker, first used by Washington
Ir\iiig in '^Salmagundi" (1807).'
Gothard, St. See Si. Gotthard.
Gothenburg, or Gottenburg (got 'en-borG), Sw.
(xoteborg (ye'te-bora). A seaport and the
capital of the laen of Gothenburg and Bohus.
Sweden, situated on the Gota. near its mouth, in
lat. o7° 41' N., long. 11° 55' E.: the second city
of Sweden, it was founded by Gustavus Adolphus
about 1619. Its commercial importance dates from the
Napoleonic wars. The chief manufactures are sugar, ma-
chinery, cotton, and beer. It has become notable in re-
cent years for its licensing system for the decrease of
intemperance. Population (1890), 104,657.
Gothenburg and Bohus (bo'hos). A maritime
laen of Sweden, bordering on the Skager Rack
and C'attegat. Area, 1,952 square miles. Popu-
lation (18!)0). 297,824.
Gothia (go'thi-a). See Septimania.
is no reason to believe in their relationship with the Geta,
and no pi-oof of their Scandinavian origin. They made
many inroads into ditfereut parts of the Roman Empire
in the 3d and 4th centuries, and gradually accepted the
Arian fonu of Thristianity. The two great historical di-
visions were the \'isigoths (West Goths, the Greutungi)
and the Ostrogoths (East Goths, the Thervingi). A body
of Visigoths settled in the province of iUrsia (the present
Servia and Bulgaria), and were hence called Moesogoths ;
and their apostle Wult\la(nfllas) translated the Scriptures
into Gothic. (See Gothic.) The Visigoths formed a mon-
archy about 41S, which existed in southern France until
507, and in Spain until 711. .\n Ostrogothic kingdom ex-
isted in Italy and neighboring regions from 493 to 553. The
so-called Tetraxitic Goths are mentioned in the Crimea as
late as the iSth century. By extension the name was ap-
plied to various other tribes which invaded the Koman
Empire.
A fragment of a calendar contains the word GuUthi-
iida, ' people of the Goths.' The word thiuda is the same
as the Old-English tfu^od, meaning people ; and from the
compound Gut-thiuda, and from other evidence, it may
be inferred that the name which, following the Romans,
we spell as Goths was properly Gutant; —in the singular
Guta. Like all other names of nations, this word must
originally have had a meaning, but it is verj- difficult to
discover what that meaning was. It has often been as-
serted that the name of the Goths has something to do
with the word Got! (in Gothic >nith\ We might easily be-
lieve that an ancient people might have chosen to call
themselves "the worshippers of the Gods" ; but although
this interesting suggestion was proposed by Jacob Grimm,
one of the greatest scholars who ever lived, it is now
quite certain that it was a mistake. It seems now to be
generally thought that the meaning of Gitfati^ is 'the
(nobly) bom." Bradley, Story of the Goths, pp. 4, 5.
The Goths are always described as tall and athletic men,
with fair complexions, blue eyes, and yellow haii- — such
people, in fact, as may be seen more frequently in Sweden
than any other modern land- A very good idea of their
national costume and their general appearance may be
gained from the sculptures on "The Storied Column," as
it is called, erected at Constantinople by the Emperor Ar-
cadius in honour of his father Theodosius, which repre-
sents a triumphal procession including many Gothic cap-
tives. Bradleu, Stor>- of the Goths, p. 9.
Gothic (goth'ik). The language of the Goths. Gotland (got'land). or Gothland (goth'laud).
or Gottiand (got'land), or Gutaland (yb'tii-
land). An island of the Baltic. 60 miles east of
Sweden, to which it belongs. The surface is gen-
erally level. The chief occupations are agiiculture, cattle-
raising, lime-burning, and quarrying. The chief place is
Visby. The island was a medievEu commercial center. Its
possession was long disputed by Denmark. In 1045 it was
permanently united to Sweden. Length, 70 miles. Area,
1,175 square miles. Population (iSiKi), estimated, 51,141.
It is true that the southern province of Sweden is still
called Gothland ; but the Gautir (called Geatas by the An-
glo-Saxons), from whom this province took its name, were
not identical ivith the Goths, thnugh doubtless neai'Iy re-
lated to them. On the other hand, the islaml called Goth-
land, in the Baltic, was anciently called Gut;iland. which
seems to shcnv that its early inhabitants were really in the
strict sense Goths: and, according to the \<>rse sagas and
the Anglo-Saxon poets, the peninsula of Jutland was an-
ciently occupied by a branch of the Gothic people, who
were known as Hreth-gotan. or Reidhgotar.
Bradleu, Stor>- of the Goths, p. 8.
The Guths spoke various forms of a T'eutonic tongue now
usuallyclassed with the Scandinavian as the eastern branch
of the Teutonic family, though it has also close affinities
with the western bianch (Old High German, Anglo-Saxon.
etc.)- All forms <)f Gothic have perished without record,
excejtt tliat spoken by some of the western Goths (\'isi-
goths), who at the beginning of the 4th century occupied
Dacia (Wallachia, etc.), and who before the end of that
century passed over in great numbers into Mtcsia (now
Bulgaria, etc.). Revolting against the Roman Empire,
they extended their conquests even into Gaul and Spain.
Their language, now called Mtv^onothic or simply Gothicj
is preserved in the fragmentary remains of a nearly com-
plete translation of the Bible made by their bishop. Wul-
flla (a name also used in the forms Ulfila, Ulphila, (TlfUasX
who lived in the 4th century a, d.', and in some other
fragments. These remains are of a hiirh philological im-
portance, prece ling by several centuries the next earliest
Teutonic records (Anglo-Saxon and V>ld Uigh German).
We do not know how much of the Bible Wulflla trans-
lated into Gothic. One ancient writer says that he trans-
lated all but the books of Kings, which he left out because
he thought that the stories of Israel's wars would he dan- GottenbUTg. See Gotlu'uburg.
gerons reading for a people that wa^ too fond of Hghting Gdtterdammerung(get'ter-dem'nie-rone>. [ft.,
already. It is quite m accordance with what we know of iY J^T- w^ti i fi rr\ e t.\ *. ^w
Wulflla's character that he should have felt s-.me uueasi- *t^Vihghtotthegods.'] ThefoiU'th part of Wag-
nessabout the effect that such reading might have on the ner's *'Ring des Nibeliingeil." first performed
minds of his wailike countrymen; but one would have at Ba\Teuth Aug. 17, li^76. Grove,
thonght that the books of Joshua and Judges would have fi-nttfripH Vrtti St.rndhnrjr Co-nt'frPt foTi <;frns'
been even more likely to stimulate the Gothic passion for i^;.^:"® ^ ST?! n.. w:°ir^A??l"«X!;.: ilfl «
fighting than the books of Kings. Probably the truth is """^- - »- ■ " "^ ^ rtw«,.,« ^^vw^ ^^^ «
that Wultlla did not live to finish his translation, and no
donbl he would leave to the last the books which he
thought least important for his great purpose of making
good rlnistians. The pai-t of Wultlla's Bible that luis
come down to US consists of a considerable portion of
each of the Gospels, and of each of St. Paul's Epistles, to-
gether with small fragments of the hooks of Ezni and Xe-
hemiah. Six dirierent manuscripts have been found. The — . - j o
most important of these was discovered in the sixteenth Gotthard, St, See St. Gatthard.
century in a monastery at Werden in Germany. After Gotthelf, JerenuaS. See Ttit'iu.'i.
having been in the possession of many dilferent owners, OntfirifrpTi ("p-.-t'thKr-oTil A fonm in thp rirov-
it was bought in l«^2 bv the Swedish Count de la Oardie, WJttmgen ^gtl ung-enj. A lown in Uie pro\
who gave it the binding of solid silver from which it is "^'^^ of Hannover. Prussia, situated on th<
boro). A Middle High German epic poet. Ht
lived at the end of the 12tli and the beginning of the 13th
century, but the exact years of his birth and death are
unknown. He belonged to the burgher class, as appears
from the title "'Meister" used inthe MSS. Al>outl2lO he
wrote, after French originals, tlie epic poera *" Tristan und
Isolde," which, however, he did not live to complete. It
was subse<iuently continued by llrich von Turheira (1*233-
12r><i) and Heinrich von Freiberg, who wrote about 13i>0.
commonly called Cfwlex Argentcus, or Silver Book ; it
now in the University of I'psala, and is regarded as one
of the choicest treasures possesse<l by any library in Eu-
rope. It is beautifully written in letters of gold and silver
on purple piu-chment, and contains the fragments of the
Gospels. Of the other five manuscripts one was discovered
in the seventeenth centurj- in Germany, and the rest in
Italy about seventy years ago.
Bradiexj, Story of the Goths, p. 63.
Leine in lat. 51° 33' N., long. 9° 56' E. The
university (Oenrsia Augusta) was founded by George IT,
of England (Elector i>f Hannover) in 1734. and opened in
1737. Siven of its profess«)rs (EwaM, Oervinus, Dahl-
luann, Alhrecht, Weber, and the brothers ririmm) were
expelled by King Ernest Augustus in 18.37 for their oppo-
sition Ui the suspension of the constitution of 1833. It
has a libcary of over 500,000 volumes. Fopulation (1890),
23,689.
Goudimel
Gottiand. See Gothland and Gotland.
Gottorp, orHolstein-Gottorp. See Oldenhurp,
Jlintse of,
Gottschalk (got' shalk), Latinized Gotescalcus
(go-tes-kal'kus). Died about 868. A German
theologian. He was sent as a child to the convent of
Fulda, and subsequently entered the Benedictine convent
at Orbais, where he was ordained. His doctrine of two-
fold predestination (t. e. of some to eternal life and of
others to eternal death) was condemned by the Synod of
Mainz in S48, and he was deprived of his priestly functions.
The rest of his life was spent in prison in the convent of
Hautvilliei-s.
Gottschalk, Louis Moreau. Bom at New Or-
leans. May s, 1829: died near Rio de Janeiro,
Dec. 18, 1869. A popular Amei-ican pianist and
composer, son of an Englishman and a French-
woman. He made extensive professional tours in Eu-
rope and in North and South America, and enjoyed great
populaiity.
Gottschall (got'shal), Rudolph von. Bom at
Breslau, Prussia, Sept. 30, 1823. A German
dramatist, poet, novelist, and miscellaneous
writer. Among his works are "Die Gottin *'aS52>, " Car-
lo Zeno " (l»5;i). '■ Deutsche Xationalliteratur " (1853X the
plays " Pitt and Fox," -'Katharina Howard," "Amy Rob-
sart," etc.
Gottsched(got'shed),JohannChristoph. Bom
at Juditten, near Konigsberg. Feb. 2. 1700: died
at Leipsic, Dec. 12. 1760. A German critic and
writer. He was educated at Konigsberg, and subsequently
went to Leipsic, where (1730) he was made professor of
philosophy and poetrj-, and w here he died. His services to
German literature are principally critical. He was the
reorganizer in Leipsic of the literary society. Die deutsche
Gesellschaft, which afterward became a sort of academy.
In IT^ri he edited the journal " Die verniinftigen Tadlerin-
nen '■ (" The Rational Censors "), which w.as continued after
1727 under thetitle"DerBiedennann"("The Honest Man *^
A "Redekunst " ('• Art of Rhetoric ") appe:u-ed in 1728. His
critical views were first systematically presented in *' Ver-
suche einer kritischen Dichtkunst "fur die Peutschen"
(1730). This was followed from 1732 to 1744 by a series
of essays on literary history and the Gemian language.
In 1734 appe;ired '• Weltweislieit " (" World-Wisdom "),
an exposition of the theories of Woltf, the leader of Ger-
man rationalism. In 174S appeared "Deutsche Sprach-
kunst." On the driuua he exercised an important influ-
ence by his advocacy of French classicism. Through his
efforts theold harlequin "Hanswurst" was banished from
the German stjige. His " Deutsche Schaubiihne " ("Ger-
man Stage," (i vols.) appeared 1740-45. His principal ori-
ginal poetical work is the ti-agedy " Der Sterbende Cato "
('" The Dying Cato," 1732). From 1730 to 1740 he exercised
a sort of literary dictatorship in Gemiany. After the latter
date his influence rapidly declined. He became involved
in a number of literarj- disputes in which he was worsted.
On the st:ige he was caricatured mider the name *■ Tadler '*
('' Fanltflnder"), and a witty lampoon held him up to
ridicule.
Gotz (gets), Johann Nicolaus. Bom at "Worms,
Germany, July 9, 1721: died at Winterburg,
Xov. 4, 1781. A minor German poet. He studied
theology at Halle 1739-12, and suhsetiuently filled various
ecclesiastical oflBces. He is noted for wit and elegance of
expression rather than for depth of sentiment. His ool
lected works, with a biography by Ramler, appeared at
Mannheim in 1785 (new ed. 1807).
Gotz of the Iron Hand. A name given to
Gotz von Berlichingen.
Gotz von Berlichingen (gets fon ber'lieh-ing-
en). Aplay byOfoethe. The first sketch was finished
in 1771. In 1773 he rewrote and puldished it. In 1804 be
prep.ared another edition for the stage : it has not been
played since. It is treated in the manner of a Shaksperian
historical drama. See Berlichiwjen.
" Goetz von Berlichingen," the subject of which was ao
old German baron of the time of Maximilian, grandfather
to Charles V., who revoked the law of duel. Goetn, for
contravening his ordinance in this, lost his right hand.
A machine was made and fitted to his anu, whence he was
called "iron hand." He was a real character, and has left
memoirs of himself. This curious feature joined itself
alongside of "'Werther" and "The Robbers" [Schillerl
this delineation of a wild, fierce time, not as being the
sketch of what a rude, barbarous man would appear in the
eyes of a philosophical man of civilized times, but with a
sort of natural regret at the hard existence of Goetz, and
a genuine esteem for his manfulness and courage ! By
this new work (»oethe began his life again ; he had struck
again the chord of his own heart, of all hearts. Walter
Scott took it up here, too, and others. But the charm
there is in Goetlie's "Goetz" is unattainable by any other
writer. In Scott it was very good, but by no means so good
as in " Goetz." It was the beginmng of a happier turn to
the appreciation of something genuine.
Carbfle, Lects. on the Hist of Lit., p. 196.
Gouda (Gon'daV or Ter-Gouw (ter-Gou'), or
Ter-Gouwe. A town in the itroviuee of South
Holland, Xetherlands, situated at the junction
of the Gouwe and Yssel, 12 miles northeast of
Rotterdam, it is noted for its bricks and pipes, and has
large markets for cheese and other dair>' products. Tlie
museum and the Oroote Kerk are of interest PopiUation
(lS9n, 20,037.
Goudimel (go-de-mel'). Claude. Bom at Vaison,
near Avignon, about 1510: killed at Lyons in the
massacre on St. Bartholomew's day, Aug. 24.
1572. A noted French composer and teacherof
music. He set to music some of the Psalms in their
French Tersion by Marot and Beza (1565).
Oough, Alexander Dick
Oough (Rof). Alexander Dick. Bom Nov. 3,
1SU4: ilifd Si-)it. S. 1>,1. An Euglish architect
i and enginoiT. Hn devoted himself especially
I to ecclesiastical architecture.
Ch>Ugh, Hugh, first Viscoimt Gough. Bom at
Wijodstown, Limerick, Ireland, Nov. 3, 1779:
j died uc;ir Dublin, March 2, 1869. A British gen-
eral, lie wjis commander-in-chief in Cliin.T 1841-J2 and
in India 184:i-4!>, commanding in person in the Sikh ware
Oough, John Bartholomew. Born at Sand-
fatc-.Kcnt,Enj,'land,Aug.i;:;, 1817: lUedatPhila-
elphia, Feb. 18, 1886. A noted Anglo-Ameri-
can orator, distinguished particularly as a tem-
perance lecturer in America and Groat Britain.
He came to the I'nited States in 18*20, and hepan lecturing
In 1S13. He visiteil England in IS-iS, 1S57, and 1878. He
published an "Autobiography" (1!>40X "Sunshine and
Shadow " (18SI), etc.
Goujet (go-zha'), Claude Pierre, Abb6. Bom
at Paris, Oct. 19, 1097 : .lied at Paris, Feb. 1,
1767. A French liistorical and miscellaneous
writer. His works include "Bibliotheque francaiae. ou
hlstoire litteraire de la France " (l"4(>-a9J, "Bibhothique
des auteurseccl^siasti(iiiea"(1736X "Origincet hlstoire de
la pocsie fran^ise, etc. "(1745), etc.
Ooujon {go-zhoii' ), Jean. Born about 151.5 (?) :
died probably between 1564-68. A celebrated
sculptor of the French Renaissance period. No-
thing is known definitely <if his life. In 1540 he is men-
tioned as working on Saint-Maclou at Rouen : the lit-
tle door of this church ascribed to bim dates, however,
from a later period. In 1.^41 he left Rouen for Pai-is,
where he joined Pierre Lescot in the decoration of Saint-
Germain rAnxerrois. From Paris he went to Rouen, where
the architect Bullant was reconstructing the chateau. Thtr
*' Victory " of I-Icouen is well known. At about this time
he is thought to have developed a tendency toward the
Huguenot iHU*ty. From 1547 to l.'ioO was his first period
of work on the I.ouvre, then under reconstruction by Pierre
Lescot, (See Louvre and Pi'-rre Legcot) To it belong the
eecatier (staircase) of Uem-y II., the figures of the oeils-de-
txxuf, the Caryatides du L*)uvre, and the figures of the
Fontaine des Innocents. In 1550 tioujon went to Anet to
work on the chateau of Diane de Poitiers, which was then
building by Phililiert ile Titrine. The Diane Chasseresse
(traditionally representing the great Diana herself), which
stood in the courtyard of the ch.Ht«au. is now in the Louvre.
Before 156*1 he completed tlie decoration of the Louvre.
After 156tM>l his name disappears from the list of "Mai-
tres Masons " working with Pierre Lescot. He is supposed
to have been shot on liis scaffold in the court of the Louvre
during the massacre of St. Bartholomew (1572).
Gonlbum (nol'binu). A city in Argyle County,
New Soutli Wales, Australia, 105 miles south-
west of Sydney. Population (1891), 10,916.
Qoulbum(gorbern), Henry. Bom at Loudon,
March 19, 1784: died near Dorking, Surrey,
.Ian. 12, 18.56. An English politician. He was
I hiiiiccllor of the exchequer ls2s-3t), home secretary 18:M-
livi;), an<l chancellor tjf the exchequer 1841—46.
Gould (gold), Augustus Addison. Born at
New Ipswich, N. H., April 2:i, 1S()5: died at
Boston, Sept. 15, 1S6G. An American natural-
ist, especially noted as a eonchologist. Among
V'- chief works are " Invertebrate Animals of Alassaclni-
I Is " (1841), " .MoUusca and .Shells of the U. S. Exploring
peilition under Capt. Wilkes " (18.'i2).
tjould, Baring. See Jiariiui-Gonhl.
Gould, Benjamin Apthorp. Born at Boston,
Sept. 27, 1.S24 : died at Camliridge. Mass., Nov.
26, 1896. A noted American astronomer. Hi-
waalongemployed in astronomical work in connection with
the IT. s. Coast Survey ; wasdirectorof the Dudley Observa-
tory at Albany 185.''>-59 ; and from 1870 to 1885 had charge of
the National Olisen'atory at Coriioba, Argentina. This ob-
BelTatory w;is <»rganized by bim, and during bis dii"-ctor-
shipit issued tilt- ino^t inqtortarit series of astronomical re-
ports that have appciired in South America. He founded
and eclited an astrononii(:il journal at Cambridge, Mass.
Gould, Hannah Flagg. Born at Lancaster,
Mass., 1789: died at Newburyport, Mass., Sept.
5, 1865. An American poet, she removed witli
her parents in 1800 to Newburyport, where she spent the
remaitider of her life.
Gould, Jay. Born at Ko.\l)urv, Delawaie Coun-
ty, N. Y., May 27, 1836 : died "at New York, Dec.
2, 1892. An American capitalist. He began life
Ma surveyor; became engagetl in the lumber business;
and aiiout 18.57 became connected with a bank in strouds-
burg. Pennsylvania. He subsequently became president
of the Rutland and Washington itailroacl, but s<hui re-
signed and wetit to New York, where be became president
of the Erie Railway. His manipulation of this road in con-
nection with .James Kisk, .Tr. (who was vice-presiilent and
treasurer), became notorious. He was obliged to restore to
the Knu'lish liondholders securities representing ?7..^>50,.
000. He wa.s lalci i.lcntifled with the Western t'nion Tele-
graph Co.. anil with the extensive rallro.ad combinations
In the southwestern States known as the " Gould system."
He left propiTty valued at .*72,0Oil,000.
Gould, John. Bom at Lvme-Kegis. Dorset,
En-land, Sept. 14, 1804: dic'd at Loniion, Feb. 3,
18,S1. An English ornithologist. He began life as
a gardener at Ripley Cai-.tle, Vorkshire, and became taxi-
aemiisl to the London Zoological .Socii-ty in 1827. He
Illustrated the " Centur/ of Birds from the Himalayan
Mountains." and published " Binls of Kurope ' (18:i2 37),
"Birds of Australia " (1840-48), " .Monograph of the Tro-
chllida) ■ (1840-61), "Birds of Great Britain" (18112 73),
etc. He illustrated these works with nearly 3,000 plates.
451
Gounod (go-no' ). Charles Frangois. Bom at
Paris, .Tune 17. IslS; ,lii-d at St. -Cloud, Oct. IH,
1893. A French composer. He entered the Con.
servatoire in 1836, t<K)k the second prix de Rome for his
cantata " Marie Stuart et Kizzio " in 1837, and in 1831)
took the grand prix for his cantata "Fernando." He at
one time thought of entering the church. After some
years of study he produced his " Messe Solennelle in G,"
some numbers of which were brought out by Hullab in
London in 1851. From 18.^j2 to 1860 he was conductor of
the •' Orph^on " in Paris. " Faust " was produced at the
Tht^atre Lyrique, March 19, 1859, and placed him at once
in the first rank of his profession. Among his other operas
are " Sajjho " (1851), "Le m^decln malgrii lui." from Mo-
U^re's comedy (l.S."iS), "Philemon et Baucis " (18()0), " Iji
reine deSaba" (INiJ), " MirelUc " (18(H), " Romeo et Juli-
ette" (18117), " Cinq-Mars " (1877), " Polyeucte " (1878), etc.
He also wrote much church music, an oratorio (" La re-
demption," 1882), the religious work "Mora et vita "(1885),
and many single songs and pieces, besides a great deal of
music for the Orph^onistes.
Gour. See Gdur.
GK>urgaud (gor-go'), Baron Gaspard. Born at
Versailles, France, Sept. 14, 1783 :dicd at Paris,
July 25, 1852. A French general. He took part
in most of the Napoleonic campaigns, and accompanied
Napoleon to St. Helena in 1815. He published, with Mon-
tholon, "Memoiresde Napoleon a Sainte-Helene"(1823).
Gourgues (gorg), Dominique de. Born at
Mont-de-Marsan, Landes, France, about 1530:
died at Tours, France, 1593. A French adven-
turer. He commanded a successful expedition against
the Spaniards in Florida 1567.
Gourko, or Gurko(gor'ko), Joseph Vladimiro-
vitch. Born Nov. 15, 1828. A noted Russian
general. In the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-78 he led an
army across the Balkans July, 1877 ; was defeated by Sulei-
man Pasha at Eski Zaghra July 31-Aug. 1 ; distinguished
himself in the operations against Plevna in Oct.; again ad-
vanced across tlie Balkans Dec, 1877 : and entered Sophia
Jan. 4, 1878. He was governor of Poland 18S3-94.
Gousset (go-sii'), Thomas Marie Joseph.
Born at Montigny-les-Cherlieux, Haute-Saone,
France, May 1, 1792: died at Rhcims, France,
Deo. 24, 1866. A French cardinal and tlieologi-
cal writer. His works include " Th(^ologie dog-
matique" (1844), "Th6ologie morale "(1848),
etc.
Gouvion-Saint-Cyr (go-vy6n'san-ser'), Lau-
rent. Born at Toul, France, April 16, 1764:
died in the south of France, March 17, 1830.
A French marshal. He gained the victory of
Polotsk in 1812, and was minister of war 1815
and 1817-19.
Govan (guv'an). A western suburb of Glas-
gow, Scotland.
Govardhana (go-var-dhii'nii). In Hindu my-
thology, a mountain in Vrindavaua which Krish-
na induced the cowherds to worship instead of
Indra. The god in rage sent a deluge to wash away the
mountain and its people, but Krishini held up the mouit-
tain on his little finger t*! shelter the people, and Indra,
baffled, diil homage to Krishna.
Governor's Island. A small fortified island,
belonging (o the I'nited States, situated in New
York harbor about i mile south of New Y'ork.
Gow (gou). Nathaniel. Born at Inver, Perth-
shire, March 22, 17()G: ilied at Edinburgh, Jan.
17, 1S31. A Scotch \-iolinist and composer.
Gow, Niel. Born at Inver, Perthshire, March
22, 1727: died there, March 1, 1807. A Scotch
violinist and composer, father of Nath.aniel
(Jow. He was the autlior of several popular
Scotch airs.
Gower (gou'6r). 1. A character in Shakspere's
"Henry IV.," part 2, and in "Henry V.": an
oflicer in the king's army. — 2. In Shakspere's
"Pericles." acliaractcr who appears as chorus.
Gower, John. Born about 1325: died in the pri-
ory of St Mary Overies, Southwark, 1408. An
English poet. Little is known of his early life, but be
appears to have lived in Kent and to have been a man
of wide reading. He was well known at court in his later
years. His principal work, the "Confessio Amantis"
(written in English, probably in 1386), was originally dedi-
cated to Richard II., but in i:ift4 he changed the dedica-
tion to Henry of Lancasterfafterward Henry IV.). Caxton
printed it in 1483, Among his other works are ".Speculum
Meditantis "(written in French, recently found) and "Vox
Clamant Is" (a poem writ ton in Latin, begun in l;i81). After
the accession of Henry VI., (lower, then an old nran, added
a supplement, the "Tripartite Council." It treat.s of oc-
currences of the time, and the strength of its aspirations
and teaching caused Chaucer to call him "the moral
(Jower." " Ballades "anil other poems (mostly in French)
were printed in 1818.
Gower. A peninsula in Glamorganshire, Wales,
which projects into Bristol Cliaiinel. The ma-
.iority of tlu^ inhaliitants arc of Flemish or Nor-
niiiii fn'igin.
Gowrie (gon'ri). Carse of. A low-lying tract
ot fei'tile land in I'ertlisliire, Scotland, extend-
ing along thi' nortli bank of the Tay, for about
15 miles, between Perth and Dundee.
Gowrie Conspiracy. A conspiracy against the
Gozzi, Count Carlo
life or personal freedom of James VI. of Scot-
land, by .John Kuthven (earl of Gowrie), Alex-
ander Ruthven, and others. It resulted in the death
of the leaders in a struggle with the king's followers at
Perth, Aug. 5, 1600.
Goya (go'yii). A town in the province of Cor-
rientes, Argentine Republic, situated near the
Paraud about lat. 29° 10' S., long. 59° 20' W.
Population, about 4,000.
Goyands (go-yji-niis'). A race of Indians for-
merly occin>ying the Brazilian coast between
Angra dos Reis and the island of Cananea, and,
inland, the coimtry about the present city of
Sao Paulo. Theylivedintheopen lands, were savages
of a low grade, subsisted by hunting and fishing, and prac-
tised little or no agriculture : conmionly they dwelt in
cave.s. The (ioyaniis were enemies of the Tupl hordes,
but readily made friends with the whites, and were among
the fii-st to whom Anchieta and Nobrega preached. The
(;oy.-itacas (which see) appear to have been <]f the same
race. It has been supposed that the Cames and other
mixed tribes are partly derived friun them. Also written
GoayamlK. Gmi/anaes, and (by a double plural) Goyanazet
or Gitai/aiiaceK
Goyanna (go-yiin'nii). A town in the state of
Pernambuco, Brazil, situated on the river Go-
yanna, near the sea, about 50 miles north of
Recife. Population, about 5,000.
Goyis (go-yiis'). An extinct tribe of Brazilian
Indians who lived in the region between the To-
cantins and Ai'aguaya. Their wimien wore gold or-
naments, which led the fii-st Portuguese explorers t4> the
discovery of rich gold-mines. The city and snbseiiuently
the captaincy (now state) of Goyaz were named from them.
Also written Gwat/d.<, and (a doul)le pltu"al) Goyazes or Gua-
yazex,
Goyatac^. (go-y a-tii-ka' ) , or Goyotacd (go-y 6-ta-
kii'). A sub-stock of the Tapuya race of Bra-
zilian Indians: so called by Martins because he
believed that the ancient Goyatacas were of the
same gi-oup. it includes the Carop6s, Macunls, Pata-
chos, and other hordes in northeastern Minas Geraes,
southern Bahia, and Espirito Santo.
Goyatacas (go-yii-ta-kiis'). [So called by the
Tupis, from i/uiitd, to run, and cd, to be: "'run-
ners.'] A tribe of Brazilian Indians which, at
the time of the conquest, occupied the open
lands near the coast in what is now the eastern
part of the state of Rio de Janeiro. They were
wandering savages, in customs and apparently m language
allied to the Goyan.-is (which see). For many years they
were dangerous enemies of the whites. Also written GO'
aytacacji, Guaitaca^-^, and (a double plural) Gut'ilarazi'if, Go-
aytacacef, and Gaitacazes: hence Campos dos Goitacazes^
aijbreviated to Campos, the name of a city.
Goya yLucientes (go'yii elii-the-en'tes), Fran-
cisco. Born at Fuendetodos, near Saragossa,
Spain, March 31,1746: diedat Bordeaux, France,
March 16, 1828. A noted Spanish painter and
etcher. Among his works are portraits, satirical works,
representations of bull-flghts, etc. lie is also known as a
caricaturist and satirist. He has been called " theHogarth
of Spain."
Goyaz (go-yiiz'). 1. Astateof Brazil, lying east
of Matto Grosso and north of Minas Geraes.
Area. 288,546 s(iuare miles. Population (1888),
211,721.-2. The capital of the state of Goyaz,
situated on the river Vermelho in lat. 16° 26' S.,
long. 49° 49' \V.: formeriy called Villa Boa de
Goy.iz. Population, about 8.000.
Goyeneche (go-ya-na'cha), Jos6 Manuel. Bom
at Are(iuipa, Pern, June 13, 1775 : died at Ma-
drid, Spain, Oct. 15, 1846. A Spanish general.
In 1808 the junta of Seville sent him to Sou:h America to
receive from the viceroys and presidents their oaths of
allegiance U) Fei-dinand \'II. He remained In Pern, and
from 1809 t<t 1813 commamled the Spanish armies in Char-
cas (now Bolivia), wheie be repeatedly defeated the revo-
lutionists. Returning to Spain in I8i;i, he assisted in the
final expulsion of the French ; was made lieutenant-gen-
eral and count of Gnaqui ; and later was councilor of state,
senator, and commander in several pmvinces. In 1846 he
was made a grandee of Spain.
Gozan igo'zan). In biblical geography, a dis-
trict and city in northern Jlesopotuima, men-
tioned in the cuneiform inscriptions.
Gozlan (goz-loii'), L6on. Bom at Marseilles,
Sejd. 1, 1803: died at Paris, Sept. 14, 1S()6. A
French novelist and dramatist. He wrote " Le no-
taire dc Chanlilly " (1S3(>). "Lc mi'ilecin du Pecq " (lH:t9),
"Le dragon rouge " (184.S). "Histoire de cent trente fem-
mes " (18.'r3), " Balzac en pantoulles " (18fi6 ; a familiar mem-
oir of great interest, Cozlan having been Balzac's sec-
retary), and "La folic du N" Hi "(1861) and " Le vampire
du Val-<le-GrAce " (186J), two pseudo-medical studies, be-
sides many other tales, and about 18 plays, which were not
so successful as his novels.
Gozo, or GOZZO (got'so). An island in the Medi-
terranean Sea. belonging to Great Britain, 4
miles northwest of Malta: the ancient Gaulos.
Area, '20 square miles. Population (1891). 18,921.
Gozzi (got'so), Coinit Carlo. Born at Venice,
Dec. 13, 1720: died A]>ril 4, 1806. An Italian
dramatist and satirist.
With Gozzi It had likewise the effect of leading to a
new style of comedy, by the introduction of those fairy
dramaswhich had such an astoumling run, during several
Gozzi, Count Carlo
yeara, at Venice, and which are now completely forgotten,
except indeed by the Germans who, on their revival, con-
ferred upon Count Gozzi the title ot the first comic writer
of Italy. Sismondi, Lit, of the South of Europe, I. 5S2.
Gozzi, Count Gaspare, Born at Venice, Dee.,
1713: died at Padua, Italy, Dee. 26, 1786. An
Italian critic and litterateur, brother of Carlo
Gozzi. He wrote "Osservatore veneto perio-
dico" (1768), etc.
Gozzo. See Cro.ro.
Gozzoli(got's6-le),BenOZZO. Bom at Florence,
14i;i); died at Pisa, 1498. A Tuscan painter.
His chief work is the mural paintings in the
Campo Santo, Pisa.
Graaf (giaf), Begnier de. Bom at Sehoon-
hoven, Xetherlands, .July 30, 1641 : died at Delft,
Netherlands, Aug. 17, 1673. A physician and
anatomist, author of works upon the pancreas,
the generative organs, etc. His worka include " De
natilra et usu succi pancreatici " (1063), " l)e nonnullis
circa partes genitales inventis novis" (1668), *' Tractatus
de virorum organis generationi inservientibus, etc." (1068),
"De mulieruni organis generationi inservientibus, etc."
(1072X etc. The Graafian follicles were named from him.
Graaf Beinet (graf ri'net). The chief town of
the Midland Province of Cape Colony, on Sun-
day River 184 miles from Port Elizabeth. Pop-
ulation aS91). 3.946.
Graal, The Holy. See am a.
Grabbe (griib'be), Christian Dietrich. Born
at Detmokl, Germany, Dec. 11, isol: died there,
Sept. 12, 1836. A German dramatist, author of
"Don Juan und Faust" (1829), " Friedrich Bar-
barossa" and '•Heinrieh VI." (1829-30), etc.
Grabow-on-the-Oder (grii'b6-on-THe-6'der).
A town in the province of Pomerania, Prussia,
situated on the Oder 2 miles north of Stettin.
Population (1890), l.'),703.
Gracchus (grak' us), Cains Sempronius. Killed
at Rome, 121 B.C. A Roman politician, younger
brother of the younger Tilierius Gracchus. He
served under his brother-in-law Scipio Africanus Minor
in Spain, and was questor in Sardinia 126-123, when he
was elected tribune of the people. He renewed the agra-
rian law passed by his brother Tiberius, and brought for-
ward a series of resolutions looking to the snlistitution of
a pure democracy for the existing aristocratic republican
form of government, securing the support of the prole-
tarii of the capital by the regular distribution of grain at
the expense of the state. He was reelected to the tribune-
ship in 122, but failed of election in 121, in consequence of
the opposition among all classes to his project of extend-
ing the rights of citizenship to the Latins. He was killed
in a distm'bance which ensued in the city.
Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius. Bom about
210 B. c: died middle of 2d century B. c. A
Roman magistrate, distinguished as a general
in Spain and Sardinia, father of Tiberius and
Caius Gracchus.
Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius. Bora in 168
or 163 : died 133 B. c. A celebrated Roman politi-
cian, son of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and
Cornelia, daughter of Scipio Africanus Major.
He married Claudia, daughter of Appius Claudius, and
was the brother-in-law of Scipio Africanus Minor, whom
he accompanied in his expedition against Carthage. He
was appointed questor in 137, and as such served under
the consul C. Hostilius Mancinus in the Numantine war
in Spain. He was elected tribune of the people for 133.
At this period the class of independent farmers of smalt
holdings was rapidly disappearing from Italy. The land
was being absorbed by the latifundia of the rich, and
cultivated by slave labor ; and the peasantry were forced
to seek refuge in the cities, especially Rome, where they
swelled the ranks of the unemployed. Gracchus sought
to bring about a greater subdivision of the land and to
restore the class of independent farmers by reviving, with
some modification, the Licinian law, passed in 367 but
allowed to fall into abeyance, which limited the amount
of public land that each citizen might occupy. His pro-
posals were carried in the comitia tributa in spite of the
opposition of his colleague, who was deposed. At the end
of his term he tried, contrary to the constitution, to se-
cure reelection, and a disturbance arose in consequence,
in which he was killed with 300 of his followers by the
optimates under P. .Scipio Nasica.
Grace ( gris), William Gilbert. Born July 18,
1S4S. An English cricketer. He is especially dis-
tinguished as a batsman, but has the reputation of being
the best all-round player hitherto known. By profession
he is a physician.
Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners.
An autoViiogiaphical work by Bunyan. published
in 1660.
Grace Contract, The. The name given to an
arrangement made between the government of
Peru and the foreign holders of bonds of that
nation, represented by Mr. Michael Grace. It
was ratified by the Peruvian congress Oct. 2.S, 1889, and
provided that the bonds, amounting to about S;,W,0OO,(X)O,
should be canceled. The bondholders received in return
all the state railroads for 60 years, and important privi-
leges connected with them, together with all the guano in
Peru up to 3,IX)0,lX)0 tons, except that on the Chincha Isl-
ands; the government abso promised tti pay the bondholders
80. (.too pounds sterling animally lor 3u years. The bond-
holders agreed t<i complete certain unfinished railroads
and to repair the existing ones within a given time. The
"Peruvian Corporation," formed to take charge of the
452
railroads, etc., also took possession of the Cerro de Pasco
silver-mines, transferred to it by Mr. Grace, who had re-
ceived the concession.
Graces, The Three. [Gr. Xapnc^, pi. of xdpic=
L, Gratia, E. Grace.'] In classical mythology,
personifications of grace and beauty, daughters
of Zeus by Hera (orEunome, orEunomia, etc.),
or of Apollo by ^gle (or Euan the ) . The names gen-
erally given to them are I^uphrosyne, Aglaia, and Tlialia.
In Sparta and in Athens only two Graces were recognized.
Graces, The Three. -A-n antique undraped mar-
ble group preserved in the Opera del Duomo
at Siena, Italy, it is the foundation of many of the
Renaissance and modern representations of the subject.
Gracian (grii-the-iin'), Baltasar. Born at
Calatayud, Spain, about 1.584 : died at Tarra-
gona, 1658. A Spanish Jesuit preacher and man
of letters, head of the College of Tarragona.
He is noted chiefly as a supporter of "Gongorism,"or the
so-called " polished style.' See G6ngora.
Gracias,orGraciasaDios(gril'the-asade-6s').
[Sp., ' tlianks to God.'] A town in Hondm-as,
Central America, 76 miles west of Comayagua.
It was founded in 1536, and was the first seat of the -Au-
dience of the Confines, and hence the capital of Central
America, 154f>-49. Population, about 4,000.
Gracias i, Dios, Cape. [Sp., 'thanks to God.']
A headland on the coast of Nicaragua, Central
America, projecting into the Caribbean Sea
about lat. 15° N. It was discovered and named
by Columbus in Sept., 1502.
Gfaciosa (grsl-se-6'za). One of the Azores Isl-
ands, situated in lat. 39° 5' N., long. 28° W.
Gracioso (grii-the-o'so). A popular addition
made by Lope de Vega to the stock characters
of Spanish comedy. He was a comic character, some-
times half buffoon, like the "fantastical person" of the
contemporary English stage. Not seldom, and especially
in Moret«'s comedies, he is at the very core of the play.
Morley, The Playgoer, p. 325.
Gradgrind (grad'grind), Thomas. A retired
merchant in Dickens's ''Hard Times." He is "a
man of facts and calculations." in his own words, and is
so practical that he is hardly human. "Now, what I want
is facts. Teach these boys and girls nothing but facts.
Facts alone are wanted in life. Plant nothing else, and
root out everything else. You can only form the minds
of reasoning animals upon facts : nothing else will ever
be of any service to them. This is the principle on which
I bring up my own children, and this is the principle on
which I bring up these children. Stick to facts, sir ! "
Gradiska, or Gradisca (gra-dis'ka). A town
in the crowuland of Gorz and Gradiska, Austria-
Hungary, situated on the Isonzo 22 miles north-
west of Triest. The principality was finally united to
the Austrian house in 1717. Population (1890), commune,
3,362.
Gradus ad Parnassum (gra'dus ad piir-nas'-
um). [L.. 'steps to Parnassus.'] 1. A Greek
or Latin dictionary which indicates the quanti-
ties of vowels : used as a guide in exercises of
verse composition. — 2. A Latin work on com-
position and counterpoint, by Johann Joseph
Fux (1725). — 3. A French work on the art
of pianoforte-playing, with 100 studies, by de-
menti, finished in 1817.
Grady (gra'di). Henry W. Bom 1851: diedat
Atlanta, Ga., Dee. 23, 1889. An American jour-
nalist and orator, editor of the Atlanta "Con-
stitution."
Graecia (gre'shi-a). The name given by the Ro-
mans to Hellas, or ancient Greece.
Graecia, Magna. See Marina Grsecia.
Graeme (gram), Malcolm. In Sir Walter
Scott's poem " The Lady of the Lake, "a ward of
the king. He rebels to aid the outlawed James Douglas,
but is pardoned at the intercession of Ellen Douglas.
Graeme, Roland. In Sir Walter Scott's novel
■'The Abbot," the lawftil heir of Avenel Castle,
educated as her page by the Lady of Avenel, who
believes him to be of mean birth.
Graetz (grets), Heinrieh. Bom at Xions, Po-
sen, Prussia,Oct. 31, 1817: died at Munich, Sept.
7,1891. A German-Hebrew historian and bibli-
cal critic. He became a professor in the University of
Breslau in 1870, and edited the " Monatsehrift fiir Ge-
schichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums " n869-S7).
nis most notable work is'" Geschichteder,Juden"(lS53- 76),
in 11 volumes. He prepared an abridgment of this work
in 5 Volumes, which has been translated into English.
Graevius (gre'vi-us). Grave (gi'a'fe), or Greffe
(gref 'fe), Johann Georg. Bom at Naumburg-
on-the-Saale. Jan . 29, 1 632 : died at Utrecht, Jan.
11,1703. A celebrated German classical scholar,
for many years professor in Utrecht. He wrote
"Tllesanrns antiquitatum Romanarum " (1694-99), " Tlie-
saurns antiquitatum et hist«>riarum Italise" (1704-25), etc.
Grafe (gra'fe), Albrecht von. Bom at Berlin,
May 22, 1828 : died at Berlin, July 20, 1870. A
celebrated German oculist, son of K. F. von
Griife : the founder of modern ophthalmology.
He was professor at the University of Berlin
from 1858.
Graham, Sylvester
Grafe, Heinrieh. Born at Buttstadt, near Wei-
mar, Germany. March 3, 1802 : died at Bremen,
July 21, 1868. A German educator, author of
"Ailgemeine Padagogik" (1845), "Deutsche
Volkssehule" (1847), etc.
Grafe, Karl Ferdinand von. Bom at Warsaw,
March 8, 1787: died at Hannover, July 4, 1840.
A German surgeon and oculist, professor at
Berlin in 1811.
Grafenberg (gi-a'fen-bero). A water-cure es-
tablishment, the first of its kind, in Silesia,
Austria-Hungary, in lat. .50° 16' N., long. 17° 10'
E., founded by Priessnitz in 1826.
Grafrath (grat "rat). A small town in the Rhine
Province, Prussia, 13 miles east of Diisseldorf. B
Population (1890), 6.679. |{
Grafton (graf 'ton). A town in Worcester Coun-
ty, Massachusetts, situated on the Blackstone
River 34 miles 'west^southwest of Boston. Pop-
ulation (1890), 5,002.
Grafton, Dukes of. See Fifsroy.
Grafton, Richard. Died about 1572. An Eng-
lish chronicler, printer to Edward ^^. both be-
fore and after his accession to the thi-one. See
the extract.
In 1537 Grafton, in association with a fellow-merchant,
Eilward Whitchurch, caused a modification of Coverdale's
translation to be printed, probably by Jacob van Meteren.
at Antwerp. The title-page assigned the translation to
Thomas Matthews, who signed the dedication to Henry
VIII., and it is usually known as Matthews's Bible. But ^
Matthews was the pseudonym of John Rogei-s, the editor. ""
No printer's name nor place is given in the book itself.
... In November, 153s, Coverdale's corrected English
translation of the New Testament, with the Latin text,
was " prynted in Paris by Fraunces Regnault ... for
Richard Grafton and Edward Whitchurch, cytezens of Lon-
don," with a dedication to Cromwell. This is the earliest
book bearing Grafton's name. Grafton and Whitchurch
chiefly concentrated their attention on the folio Bible,
known as " the Great Bible." A license to print the book
in Paris had been obtained at Henry VIII. 's request from
Francis I. . . . An order was issued by the tYench gov-
ernment, 13 Dec. 1538, stopping the work and forfeiting
. the presses and type. Grafton escaped hastily to England.
Many printed sheets were destroyed by the French author-
ities, but the presses and the types were afterwards pur-
chased by Cromwell and brought to England. There the
work was completed and published in 1539. Grafton was
the printer of the first Book of Common Prayer in 1549, and
of the edition of 1552. In 1552 and 1663 he printed "Actea
of Parliament. " Diet. A'at. Biog.
Gragas (grii'giis). [ON. Grdgds: grd, gray,
and giis, goose.] The name given to several
private compilations of Icelandic law, civil and
canon, under the commonwealth. There are two
principal collections that bear the title, the Konnngsbok
(IceL Konunfjsbuk) and the Stadarholsbok (Icel. Stadhar-
Ao'fofe'ifrX both from the 13t1i century. The name was prob-
ably applied to offset the Norwegian GuUfjodhr, 'gold
feather,' used of the old code of the Frostu-thing.
Gragnano (gran-ya'no). A town in the province
of Naples, Italv, 17 miles southeast of Naples.
Population (1881), 8,611.
Graham (gram), James, fifth Earl and first Mar-
quis of Montrose. Born in 1612: died May 21,
1650. A noted Scottish statesman and soldier.
He served in the Presbyterian army at the beginning of
the civil war, but afterward joined the king, by whom he
was made lieutenant-general in Scotland in 1644. He de-
feated the Covenanters at Tippermuir Sept. 1, and at
Aberdeen Sept. 13, 1644, and at Inverlochy Feb. 2, Aal-
dearn May 9, Allord July 2, and Kilsyth .\ug. 15, 1646.
He was defeated by David Leslie at I'hiliphaugh, Sept 1^
1645, and expelled from Scotland. He afterward entered
the service of the emperor Ferdinand in., by whom he
was made a field-marshal. In 1650 he conducted an abor-
tive Royalist descent on Scotland, and was captured and
executed.
Graham, James, second Marquis of Montrose:
surnamed " The Good." Born about 1631 : died
Feb., 1669. A Scotch nobleman, second son of
.lames, first Marquis of Montrose.
Graham, Sir James Robert George. Born at
Naworth, Cumberland, June 1, 1792: died at
Netherby, Cumberland, Oct. 25, 1861. A Brit-
ish statesman. He was first lord of the admiralty 1830-
1834, home secretary 1841-46, and first lord of the admi-
ralty 1852-55.
Graham, John, of Claverhouse, Viscount Dun-
dee. Born about 1649 : died July 27 or 2>-", 1689.
A Scottish solilicr. He serveil in the Dutch armyun-
der the Prince of Orange, returning to Scotland in 1677.
In 1678 he was appointed captain of a troop of dragoonB.
and was ordered to enforce certain stringent laws that had
been enacted against the Scottish Covenanters. The se-
verity with which he executed his orders provoked a rising,
and the Covenanters defeated him at Drumclog June 1,
1679. In 1089 Claverhouse raised a body of Highlanders
to fight for James II. against William III., and July 27,
1689, gained the battle of Killiecrankie, but fell mortally
wounded
Graham (grii 'am). Sylvester. Bom at Suffield,
Conn., 1794: died at Northampton, Mass., Sept.
1 1 , 1851. An American vegetarian, best known
as an advocate of the use of unbolted ("Gra-
ham") flour.
Graham, Thomas
Graham (j,Tiiin). Thomas. Born at Glasgow,
Dec. 20, 1805: died at London, Sept. 11, 1869.
A noted Scottish ehemist. He was professor of
chemistry at University College. London, 1837-65, when he
became master of the mint. He is famous for his discov-
ery of the law of ditfiision of jf ases (1834). He published
"Elements of Chemistr>' " (184-), etc.
Graham (gra'am). William Alexander. Born
in Lincoln County, X. C. Sejit. '>, 18U4: died at
Saratoga, N. Y., Aug. 11, 187.3. An American
golitician. He was United States senator from North
arolina 1841-13, governor of North Carolina 1845—10, secre-
tary of the navy 1850-52, and Whig candidate for Vice-
President in 1852.
Grahame (gi-iim), James. Born at Glasgow,
April 22,176.5: died near Glasgow, Sept. 14. 1811.
A Scottish poet. His chief work is "The Sabbath"
ps04). He also wrote " Wallace : a Tragedy "(1799), "Brit-
ish Georgics," elc.
Graham-Gilbert, John, Born at Glasgow, 1794:
died near Glasgow, .June 4, 1866. A Scotch
painter, best known from his portraits. He be-
came a member of the Royal Scottish Academy
in 1829.
Graham Island. The largest of the Queen
('liiirlotte Islands (whicli see).
Graham Island, or Ferdinandea (fer-de-uiin-
da'a). A temporary volcanic island in the Med-
iterranean, in lat. 37° 8' N.. long. 12^ 42' E.
It appeared in July and disappeared in Oct.,
1831.
Graham Land. [Discovered by Captain Bis-
coe in 1832. and named by him from tlie Earl
of Graham.] A land in the Antarctic Ocean,
intei-sccted by lat. 65° S., long. 64° W.
Graham's Dyke. The ])opular name of the re-
mains of the wall of Antoninus (which see).
Grahamstown (gi-a'amz-toun). A town in the
Southeastern Province, Cape Colonv, in lat.
33° 14' S., long. 26° 33' E. Population (1891),
10,498.
Graian Alps (grii'an alps). A group of moun-
tains on the borders of Savoy (France) and
Piedmont (Italy), hnng between the Cottiau
Alps on the south and the Pennine Alps on the
north. The highest summit is the Gran Para-
diso (13,320 feet).
Grail, or Graal (gi'al). In medieval legend, a
cupor chalice (called more particularly the Imh/
grail, or saiigrcal), supposed to have been of
emerald, used by d'hrist at the Last Supper, in
this ves-sel Joseph of Arimathea caught the last drops of
Christ's blood as he was taken from the cross. By Joseph,
according to one account, it was carried to Britain. Other
accounts afflmi that it was brought by angels from heaven
and intrusted to a body of knights, who guarded it on the
top of a mountain: when approached by any one not per-
fectly pure, it vanished from sight. The grail having been
ioflt, it became the great object of search or quest to
knights errant of all nations, none being qualitled to dis-
cover it but a knight perfectly chaste in thought and act.
The stories and poems concerning Arthur and the Knights
of the Round Table are founded on this legend, and it has
been still further developed in modem times. In the
" Parsifal " of Wt>lf larn of Kschenbach the grail is a pre-
cious stone confided by angels to the care of a religious
brotherhood, "'The Chevaliers of the GraiL"
The probable genesis of the Arthurian legend, in so far
as it concerns French literature, appears to be as follows.
First in order of composition, and also in order of thought,
comes the Legend of Josienh of Arimathea, sometiinea
called the *' Little St. Gnuil. ' This we have both in verse
and prose, and one or both of these versions is the work t)f
Robert de Borron, a kniglit and trouvi;re possessed of lands
in the Oatiriiiis. There is nothing in this work which is
directly connected with Arthur. By some it has been at-
tributeil to a Latin, brit liot now producible, " Hook of the
Oraal," by others to Byzantine originals. Anyhow it fell
Into the hands of the well-known Walter Map, and his ex-
baustless energy and invention at once seized tipon it. He
produced the " Great St. Graal," a very much extended ver-
sion ot the early history of the sacred vase, still keeping
clear of defliiite connection with Arthur, though tending
In that direction. From this, in its turn, sprang the ori-
ginal form r)f "Ferc<'vale," which represents a (laest for the
vessel by a knight who lias not originally anything to do
with the Round Table, The link of connection between
the two st4)rie8 is to be founti in the " .Merlin," attributed
also to Robert de Borron, wherein the Welsh legends be-
gin to have more definite InlUience,
Saiitt^bury, I''rench Lit., p. srt.
Grain Coast (gran Icost). That part of the coast
of Liberia, western Africa, which extends from
about h)ug. 8° to 1 1° W.: so called from the ex-
portation thence of grains of paradise.
Grainger (gran'.ier), James. Bom probably at
Duns, Berwickshire, in 1721 (f): died at St.Ciiris-
toplier. West Indies, Dec. 16, 1766. A Scottish
physician .ind poet . After \~r:3 he scttleil in London,
where he became intintate with ,Tohnson and other fimious
men. In 1759 he went t^i the West Indies. He published
a number of works, including essays, etc., on meiliclnc.
Among his poems are an "ode on Solitude" (in Dodsley's
collection, 1765), and "The Sugar Cane "(17114). He trans-
lated part of Ovid's " Kpistles "(17.'i8), and the "Elegies of
TIbullus " and the poems of Sulpicia (17,59). He assisted,
with others, Charlotte Lenox in her translation of Brumoy'a
" Th^tre des Grccs " (1769).
453
Grammichele (gram-me-kii'le), or Granmiche-
le (griin-me-kii'le). A town in the province of
Catania, Sicily. 30 miles southwest of Catania.
Population (1881), 11,804.
Grammont (gram-moii'), Flem. Geertsbergen
(Garts'l/ero-en), or Geraerdsbergen. -V man-
ufacturing town in the province of East Flan-
ders, Belgium, situated on the Deiuler 22 miles
west-southwest of Brussels. Population (1890),
10,891.
Gramont (grii-m6n'), Due Antoine III. de.
Born 1604 : died at Bayonne, France, July 12,
1678. A French marshal, brother of Philibert
de Gramont. He served with distinction in Flanders
and Holland. He married a niece of Cardinal Richelieu.
His " Memoires" were published in 1716.
Gramont, Due Antoine Ag6nor Alfred de.
Born at Paris, Aug. 14, 1S19 : died at Paris. .Jan.
18, 1880. A French diplomatist and politician.
He was ambassador at Vienna 1861-70, and min-
ister of foreign affairs May-Aug., 1870.
Gramont, Comte Philibert de. Born 1621 : died
1707. A French nobleman at the court of Louis
XIV., and after 1662 at that of Charles II. of
England, His "Memoires" "were written by
Anthony Hamilton in 1713.
Grampians (gram'pi-anz), or Grampian Hills
or Mountains. A mountain system in Scot-
land, extending northeast and southwest in the
counties of Ar-gyll, Perth, Inverness, Forfar,
Kincardine, Aberdeen, andBanff, Highest sum-
mit, Ben Nevis (4,406 feet). The name is very
loosely used.
Grampians. A low range of mountains in the
western part of Victoria, Australia.
Gran (griin). Hung. Esztergom(es'ter-gom). A
royal free city, capital of the county of Gran,
Hungary, near the junction of the Gran and
Danube, 25 miles northwest of Budapest. It is
notedforitscathedral. Population (1890), 9,349.
Granada (gra-na'da ; Sp. pron. gra-na'THil). A
former kingdom of Spain, comprising the three
modern provinces of Almeria, Granada, and
Malaga, The region was conquered by the Saracens In
711. In 1238, after the disruption of the realm of the Al-
mohades, a Mooi-ish kingdom of Granada was established
which was a vassal of Castile. A long war with Ferdi-
nand and Isabella ended in 1492 with the capture of Gra-
nada, and with the fall of the city the Moorish power in
Spain came to an end.
Granada, A province in southern Spain, bound-
ed by Cordova, Jaen, and Altjacete on the north,
Murcia and Almeria on the east, Almeria and
the Mediterranean on the south, and Malaga on
the west. It is traversed by the SieiTa Nevada.
Area, 4,937 square miles. Population (1887),
4.84,341.
Granada, Moorish Karnattah. The capital of
the province of Granada, Spain, situated on the
Jenil, on spurs of the Sierra Nevada, in lat. 37°
13' N,, long, 3° 41' W. It is famous for the Alh-am-
bra (which see). The Generalife is a iloorish royal villa
with extensive and lovely gardens, higher up the hill than
the Alhambra. The graceful arcades and delicate ara-
bestiues are Alhambraic, as is the arrangement in the chief
colU't of the tank to reflect the tlowers and the perspective
of arches. The cathedral, in the classical style, with late-
Pointed vaulting, was finished in 15<jO, The interior is spa-
cious an<l well proportioned. The north door, the Puerta
del Perdun, is a good example of ornate Renaissance de-
sign. The Capilla Real, south of the cathedral, was built
l)cfore it, as a mausoleum for Ferdinand and Isabella, in
the florid-Pointed style of their reign: it has a superb
scnljitnred retable, at the sides of which are remarkable
kneeling portrait-statues of Ferdinand and Isabella. Their
tomb (the toir.b of the "Catholic kings") is an altar-toml)
in marble, i)erhaps the most beautiful in the world, riclily
yet soberly decorated with figure-sculptureand anil 'rs.|urs,
and with four griftins at the angles. The line rt'cunibent
figures of the king and queen are clad in their royal robes.
Beside this tomb is that, similar but even more elaborate-
ly ornamented, of their daughter Juana and her husband
Philip. The details are admirable, but the moiniment is
overloaded. The work is Italian. Granada was a large
and powerful Moorish city, the capital of the kingdom of
Granada. It was besieged and taken by the Spaniards in
1491-92. Population (1887), 73,00«.
Granada. The capital of the department of
iiraiiiida, Nicaragua, Central America, situated
on Lake Nicaragua 25 miles southeast of Mana-
gua. It was founded in 1534, and was the capi-
tal of Nicaragua until 1856. Population, about
12,000,
Granada, Luis de. Born at Granada, Spain,
l.">04: died at Lisbon, 1588, A celebrated Span-
isli preacher and religious writer, head of the
Dominicans.
Granada, New. See Colnmhia, Jtrpuhlic of.
Granados, Miguel Garcia. See Garcia Grana-
(Uis.
Granby, Marquis of. See Manners, John.
Gran Canaria (griin kii-nii'ro-il). One of the
Canary Islands. Capital, Las Palmas.
Grand Gulf
Gran Chaco (griin chii'ko). El. [FromtheQui-
chua cluiru, the animals collected by a round-
up: in allusion to its numerous Indian trilies.]
An extensive but ill-defined region in South
America, in the Argentine Repuljlic, Bolivia,
and Paraguay. It is bounded on the east by the river
P;iniguay, 1!)° 30' S. ; the river Salado is generally regarded
as its southern limit; northward it extends to about lat.
18' 5' S. ; and westward it extends to the highlands at the
base of the Andes. Estimated area, 275, uoo square miles.
Formerly the nan»e included all of eastern Bolivia to the
Guapore and Heni, which would make the area over 500,000
square miles. The Chaco is very imperfectly exjilored, and
has few inhabitants except wil.l Indians, Most of the sur-
face is flat, and p(>rtions are subject to periodical inunda-
tions. X few white settlements have been formed, princi-
pally in the -Argentine portion.
Grand Alliance. 1. An alliance against
France formed in 1689 between the emperor
Leopold I., Holland, England, and Bavaria, and
joined later by Spain, Savoy, and Saxony. — 2.
An alliance formed at The" Hague in 1701 be-
tween the emperor Leopold I., England, and
Holland, and joined later by Prussia, Portu-
gal, and Savoy, directed against France and
Spain.
Grand Army of the Republic. A secret so-
ciety composed of veterans who served in the
army or navy of the United States during the
Civil War. Its objects are preservation of fraternal
feeling, strengthening of loyal sentiment, and aid to needy
families of veterans. Its first "post" was organized at
Decatur, Illinois, in 18Ct> ; its annual meetings are known
as "encampments." Abbreviated G. A. R.
Grand Bank. A submarine plateau in the
North Atlantic Ocean, extending eastward from
Newfoundland, noted for its fishing-gi-ounds.
Its depth is from 30 to 60 fathoms.
Grand Canal. The principal canal of Venice.
It runs in the form of the letter S through the
center of the city, from the railway-station to
Santa Maria del Salute.
Grand Canon of the Colorado. See Colorado.
Grand Combin (groii koii-baii'). A mountain
in the Alps, on the border of Valais and Italy,
north of Aosta. Height, 14,163 feet.
Grand Corrupter, The. A name given to Sir
Robert Walpole, on account of his use of cor-
rupt means to secure his ascendancy in the
House of Commons.
Grandcourt (grand'kort), Henleigh Mallin-
ger. One of the principal characters in George
Eliot's novel "Daniel Deronda."
Grand Cyrus. Le. See ArUnnhw.
Grande Armee (gi'ond Ur-ma' ), La. The French
armv which Napoleon led against Russia in
1812.
Grande-Casse (grohd-kas'). The highest sum-
mit of tlie Tarentaise Alps, southeastei'ii France,
in the Vanoise range. Height, 12,665 feet.
Grande Chartreuse, La. See chartreuse.
Grande Combe (gi'ond konli). A town in the
department of Gard, southei'n France, 34 miles
northwest of Nimes. Population (1891), com-
mune, 13,141,
Grandella, Battle of. See Benevoito, Battles
(if. (l.-f. 2,
Grande Mademoiselle (grond mad-mwii-zel').
La. A title given to Anne Marie Louise d'Or-
leans, duchesse de Montpensier.
Grandes Chroniques de France. See the ex-
tract.
It was not till 1274 that a complete vernacular version
of the history of FYance was executed by a monk of St.
Denis — Primat — ■ in French prose. This version, slightly
modified, became the original of a compilation very fa-
mous in French literature and history, the "Grandes
Chroniijues de France," which was regularly contiinied by
membersof the same connnunity until the reign of Charles
■V", from official sources and under royal authority. The
work, under the same title, l)ut written by laics, extends
further to the reign of Louis XI,
Sttiritsbury, French Lit., p. 128.
Grandet, Eugenie. See Eughiie Grandet.
Grande-Terre. See Guadeloupe.
Grand Falls. A cataract in Labrador, about
250 miles from the mouth of Griind River. It was
rediscovereil in 1891 by Howdoin Ccdlege students ami by
Kena.ston and H. O. Bryant. Height, over 300 feet.
Grandfather's Chair. A collection of chil-
dren's stories by Nathaniel Hawthorne, pub-
lished in 1S41. A second series with the same
title was i>ublished in 1842.
Grand Fork's. The ca|iital of Grand Forks
Coiiiily. Norlli Dakota, on tlie Red River aliout
hit. 47' .55' N. It has large lumber-mills and
the University of North Dakota, Population
(1890), 4,079.
Grand Gulf. A locality in Mississippi, on the
Mississippi River south of Vickslmrg, Grant
made it a base of operations in 1.S03, carrying
the position against the Confederates May 1.
Grand Haven
Grand Haven. A city and the capital of Otta-
wa County, Michigan, situated on Lake Michi-
fan, at the mouth of Grand Kiver, in lat. 43° 4'
r., long. 86° 13' W. Population (1890), 5,023.
Grandidier (gron-de-dyS'). Alfred. Born at
Paris, 1S36. A French explorer. From 1857 to
1S60 he traveled in America. India, and East Africa. Dur-
ing live years (lSti5-70) he explored Madagascar, crossing
the southern portion three times, llis work ■ Histoire
physic|ue, naturclle et politique de Madagascar " (Paris,
l^ft'.l is the standard book oq the island.
Grandison, Sir Charles. See Sir Charles Gran-
Grandison Cromwell. See Lafayette.
Grand Lake. A lake in New Brunswick, whose
outlet discharges into the St. John River.
Length, about 25 miles.
Grand Lake (border of Maine and New Bruns-
wirk). See Schooilic Lake.
Grand Manan (ma-uan') or Menan (me-nan').
An island east of Maine, situated at the entrance
of the Bay of Fuiidv. in lat. 44° 40' N., long.
66° 50' W. It belongs to Charlotte County,
New Brunswick. Length, 22 miles.
Grand Monarque (groh mo-nark'). A surname
of Lotus xr\'.
Grand Old Man, The. A popular surname of
W. E. Gladstone.
Grand Op6ra. See Paris.
Grandpre (gron-pra'). A village in Kings
County, Nova Scotia, situated on Minas basin
46 miles northwest of Halifax: the scene of the
first part of Longfellow's ''Evangeline."
Grandpr 6. A French lord in Shakspere's ' ' Hen-
ry V."
Grandpr6, Comte Lonis Marie Joseph Ohier
de. Born at St.-Malo, May 7, 1761: died at
Paris, Jan. 7, 1^6. A French navigator and
writer of travels. He wrote " Voyage a la c6t« occi-
dentale d' Afrique " (1801), *' Voyage dans I'lnde et aa Ben-
gale, etc." (ISOl), "Voyage dans la partie m^ridionale de
I'Afrique, etc." (1801X " Dictionnaire univereel de g^ogra-
phie maritime " (1803), etc.
Grand Prix (groii pre), Le. The great horse-
race at Longehamps established by Napoleon
m. (prize 20,000 francs), run by three-year-
olds. Longehamps is a very good course situated in the
Bois de Boulogne, first used for racing in the reign of
Louis XVI. Races have l>een run here since 1859. The
Grand Prix is run on the Sunday of Ascot week.
Grand Prix de Rome (gron pre de rom). A
prize given by the Academy of Fine Arts in
Paris to the most successftilcompetitorin paint-
ing, sculpture, engraving, architecture, ormusic.
The examinations are held annually, and the successful
candidates become pensioners of the government for four
years. They are sent to reside at Kome, where Louis
XIV. founded the Academie de France in 1666. Grove.
See ViUa Medici.
Grand Rapids. A city and the capital of Kent
Countv. Michigan, situated at the rapids of the
Grand'River, in lat. 42° 58' N., long. 85° 39' W.
It has important manufactures and commerce.
Population (1890), 60.278.
Grand Remonstrance. See Remonstrance,
a mild.
Grand River, Ind. Washtenong (wosh'te-
nong). A river in Michigan, flowing into Lake
Michigan at Grand Haven. Length, over 250
miles. It is navigable to Grand Rapids.
Grand River. A river of western Colorado and
eastern Utah, tmiting with Green River to form
the Colorado about lat. 38° 15' N., long. 109°
54' W. Length, about 3.50 miles.
Grandson. See Grauson.
Grand Trianon and Petit Trianon. See Tri-
iltuni.
Grandville (gron-vel') (originally Gerard),
Jean Ignace Isidore. Bom at Nancy, France.
Sept. 13, 1S03: died at Van ves, near Paris. March
17. 1847. A French caricaturist and illustrator,
especially noted for his political caricatures.
Grane. See Kuweift.
Granet (grii-na'), Trangois Marius. Bom at
Aix, France, about 1775: died at Aix, Nov. 21.
1849. A French painter, chiefly of architec-
tural subjects.
Grange, La. See Ln Granffr.
Grangemouth (granj'muth). A seaport in Stir-
lingshire, Scotland, situated on the Firth of
Forth near Falkirk. It has developed rapidly
in recent years. Population (1891), 5,833.
Granger fgran'jtr). l. A character in South-
erne's comedy "The Maid's Last Praver." — 2.
A character in Gibber's comedy "The Refusal."
Granger, Edith. See Bmnbey.
Granger, Francis. Born at Suffield, Conn. .Dec.
1, 1792: died at Canandaigua, N. Y., Aug. 28,
454
1868. An American politician, son of Gideon
Granger. He was postmaster-general in 1841.
Granger, Gideon. Born at Suffield, Conn., July
19, 1767: lUed at Canandaigua, N. Y.. Dec. 31.
1822. An American politician, postmaster-
general 1^01-14.
Granger, Gordon. Born in New York, 1821:
died Jan. 10. 1876. An American general. He
was graduated at West Point in 1845, fought in the Mexi-
can war. and served in the Union airny during the Civil
War. He commanded a brigade of cavalry in Mississippi
in 1862 ; became major-genenU of volunteers Sept. 17, 1862 ;
and fought with distinction at Chiukamauga, Chattanooga,
and Missionary Kidge. He commanded the army which,
aided by .\dmir:U Farragut, captui-ed Fort Morgan. Ala-
bam.i, iu Aug., 18&i.
Granger, James. Bom at Shaston, Dorset, in
1723: died at Shiplake, Oxfordshire, April 4,
1776. An English writer and print-collector.
He matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1743, but
took no degree. He took holy orders, and was presented
to the vicarage of Shiplake. Al>out 1773 he made a tour
through Holland. He wrote "A Biographical History of
Euglaud . . . with a preface showing the utility of a col-
lection of engraved portraits, etc." (1769). This was con-
tinued with additions at dillereut times till in 1S24 the
work had increased to 6 volumes. In 1S06 another con-
tinuation appeared from materials left by Granger and the
collections of the Rev. Maj'k Noble, who edited it. The
wholes.ale destruction of illustrated biographical works
necessary to accomplish this gave rise to the term gran-
gerize.
Preriously to the publication of the first edition of Gran,
ger's work in 1769, five shillings was considered a liberal
price by collectors for any English portrait, Af t«r the ap-
pearance of the " Biographical History," books ornamented
with engraved portraits rose in price to five times their
origiiyol value, and few could be found unmutilated. In
1856 Joseph Lilly and Joseph Willis, booksellers, each of-
fered for sale a magnificent illustrated copy of Granger's
work. Lilly's copy, which included Noble's "Continua-
tion, "was illustrated by more than thirteen hundred por-
traits, bound in 27 vols, imperial 4to, price £42. The price
of Willis's copy, which contained more than three thou-
sand portraits, bound in 19 vols. foL, was £3S los. It had
cost the former owner nearly £200. The following collec-
tions have been published in illustration of Granger's
work : (a) "Portraits illustrating Granger's Biographical
History of England "(known under the name of " Richard-
son's Collection "), 6 pts. Lond. 1792-1812, 4to : (S) Samuel
Woodbum's"Galleryof [over two hundred] Portraits . . .
illustrative of Granger's Biographical History of England,
Ac," Lond. 1816, fol.; (c) "A Collection of Portraits to
illustrate Granger's Biographical History of England and
Noble's continuation to Granger, forming a Supplement to
Richardson's Copies of rare Granger Portraits," 2 vols.
Lond. 18-20-2, 4to. Diet. Sat Bitxj.
Grangers (gran'jerz). Members of certain se-
cret societies ("granges") organized in the
United States for the advancement of the in-
terests of agriculture by the removal of re-
straints and burdens on it, and otherwise.
GrangOUSier (gron-go-zya' ). [F.. ' great gnUet.']
The father of Gargantua in R,abelais's romance
of that name. He is supposed by some to repre-
sent Jean d'Albret.
GranicUS (gra-ni'kus). In ancient geography,
» small river (the modern Kodja-Tchai)in My-
sia, Asia Minor, flowing into the Propontis. On
its banks Alexander the Great won his first vic-
tory over the Persians in 334 B. c.
Grander de Cassagnac (gra-nya' de kii-san-
yak'), Adolphe Bernard. Born at Averon-
BergeUe, Gers, France, Aug. 12, 1808 : died near
Plaisance, Gers. Jan. 31, 1880. A French journal-
ist, Bonapartist politician, and historical writer.
Among his works are " Histoire des causes de la revolution
fran^aise " (1850), " Histoire du Directoire " (1851-63), and
"Souvenirs du second empire" (1S79-83).
Granier de Cassagnac, Paul (usually called
Paul de Cassagnac). Bom at Paris, Dec. 2,
1843. A French journalist and Bonapartist poli-
tician, son of A. B. Granier. He became, in 1866. a
member of the editori.al staff of the " Pays," of which he
became editor-in-chief about 1>70. He became a member
of the Chamber of Ileputies in 1876. In 1884 he severed
his connection with the " Pays," in order to found a new
Bona|«rtist organ. " L' Autorit<5." He has published " His-
toire de la troisieme r^publique" (1875).
Granite State, The. New Hampshire: so named
on account of its abundant granite.
Granmichele. See Grammichele.
Gran Paradiso (griin pa-rii-de'z6). The high-
est point of the Graian Alps, entirely in Italy.
Height, 13.320 feet.
Gran Reunion Americana (gran ra-o-ne-6n'
a-ma-re-ka'na). The name of a secret political
society founded in London by Francisco Jliran-
da about the end of the ISth century, it had for
its object the emancipation of the American colonies from
Spain, and its influence in fomenting the revolutionary
spirit was very great, .\mong the members were Bolivar,
San Martin. O'Higgins, Narii^o, Montufar, and otherswho
became conspicuous in the war for independence. See
Lautaro Sf'Ci'ty.
Gran Sasso d'ltalia (gi'an sSs'so de-ta'le-ii).
The highest group of the Apennines, Italy, sit-
uated on the borders of the provinces of Aquila
Granuffo
and Teramo. Highest peak, Monte Como (9,585
feet.)
Granson, or Grandson (gron-s6n'), G. Gransee
(gran'za). A village in the canton of Vaud,
Switzerland, situated on the Lake of Neuchatel
20 miles north of Lausanne. Here the Swiss (20,000)
defeated the Burgundian army (40,000 to 50,000) under
Charles the B'jld. March 3, 1476. The attack was pmvoked
by Charles's perfidy in putting the garrison to death after
inducing them to surrender by the promise of their lives.
Grant (grant). Mrs. (Anue Macvicar), gener-
ally called Mrs. Grant of Laggan. Bom at
Glasgow, Feb. 21, 1755 : died at Edinburgh. Nov.
7.1838. A Scottish author, she wrote " Poems "
(180-2\ "Letters from the Mountains " (1806), "Memoirs of
an .American Lady" (Mrs. Philip Schuyler), etc.
Grant, Charles, Lord Glenelg. Born at Kid-
derpore, Bengal, Oct. 26, 1778: died at Cannes,
France. April 23, 1866. A British politician.
He was president of the Board of Trade 1S27-'2S. and of the
Board of Control 1830-34, and was colonial secretary 1835-
1839. He was created Baion Glenelg in 1835.
Grant, Digby. In Albery's " The Two Roses,"
a ty]iical blackguard of society. Henry Irving
has been successful in the part.
Grant, Sir Francis. Bom at Edinburgh, Jan.
18. 1803 : died at Melton Mowbray. Oct. 5, 1878.
A Scottish portrait-painter, elected president
of the Royal Academy in 1866. He painted por-
traits of many distinguished persons.
Grant, James. Bom at Edinburgh, Aug. 1,
1822: died there. May 5, 1887. A Scottish nov-
elist. He was in the English army 18tO-»3. He wrote
nearly 50 historical romances on Scottish subjects, and also
collected and edited the material for"01d and New Edin-
burgh " (18O0-S3).
Grant, James Augustus. Bom at Nairn. Scot-
land, 1827: died there, Feb. 11, 1892. An Afri-
can explorer. After 18 years of military service in In-
dia, he became the associate of Captain Speke in his expe-
dition to the source of the Nile. They discovered the outlet
of Victoria Nyanza at the Ripon Falls, and met Baker on his
southward march at Gondokoro. .\ joint account of their
journey was published in 1864. In 1868 Grant accompanied
the Abyssinian expedition under Lord Napier.
Grant, Sir James Hope. Born in Perthshire,
July 22. 1808 : died at London. March 7, 1875.
A British general, brother of Sir Francis Grant.
He served with distinction during the Indian mutiny 1857-
1S58, and commanded the British contingent in the Chinese
war 1S60.
Grant, Robert. Bom at Grantown-on-Spey,
near mvemess-shire, in 1814: died at Glasgow,
Nov. 1, 1892. A Scottish astronomer, appointed
professorof astronomy at the University of Glas-
gow in 1859. He published a " History of Physical As-
tronomy " (1855), and in 18S3 a catalogue of 6,415 slais,
the mean places of which had been determined at Glas-
gow under his direction.
Grant, Ulysses Simpson (originally Hiram
Ulysses). Bom at Point Pleasant, Clermont
Countv, Ohio. April 27, 1822: died at Mount Mc-
Gregor, near Saratoga, N. Y., July 23. 1885. A
celebrated American general, eighteenth Presi-
dent of the United States. He w.as graduated at West
Point in 1843; served through the Mexican war of 1846-48:
left thearmy in 1854, and settled at St. Louis ; and removed
to Galena, Illinois, in 1860. He was appointed colonel June
17, 1861, and brigadier-general Aug. 7 ; commanded at Bel-
mont Nov. 7; captured Fort Donelson Feb. 16, 1862; wai
thereafter appointed major-general of volunteers; was
made commander of the Army of the District of West Teu-
nessee in March ; gained the battles of Shiloh April
6-7, and of luka Sept. 19 ; was made commander of the
Department of the Tennessee in Oct. : gained the battles
of Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson. Champion's Hill, and
Big Black River in Jlay, 1863 : received the surrender of
Vicksburg July 4, and was made major-general in the 1^-
ular army ; was made commander of the Military Division
of the Mississippi in Get. ; gained the battle of Chattanooc*
Nov. 23-'25; was made lieutenant-general March 2, 1864,
and commander of all the Union armies March 12; tuok
uphisheadquarterswith the .\nuy of the Potomac; fought
the battle of the Wilderness with Lee. May 5-6, which
was followed by the battles at Sputtsylvania C<>urt House;
unsuccessfully attacked Lee's position at Cold Harbor,
June 3: commenced the siege of Petersburg in June; re-
ceived the surrender of Lee at Appomattox Court House
April 9, lh6S ; was made general July 25, 1866; was secre-
tary of war ad interim Aug., 1867,-.Ian., 1868; as Repub-
lican candidate was elected President in 1868, and inaugu-
rated March 4, 1869 ; was reelected in 1872 ; niade a Xu<il
around the world in 1877-70; was an unsuccessful candi-
date for renomination for the Presidency in 1880 ; and was
made general on the retired list March 3, 1885. He "rotj
"Memoirs " (2 vols. l»o-><j). See 'Military History ol
Ulysses S. Grant " (1867-81), by Adam Badeau.
Grantham (grant'am). A parliamentary bor-
ough in LiueoLnshir'e,England, on the Witham 22
miles south by west of Lincoln. It has iron matm-
factures, and is an important railway junction. There is a
fine church, of the 13th century. Population (1891), 16,740.
Grant Land. [Named by Hall for General V. S^
Grant.] A region in the north polar lands, about
lat. Sl°-83° N., north of Griniiell Land. ^
Granuffo (gra-nuf'6). A character, in Marston s
play "The Parasitaster," who makes a reputa-
tion for wisdom by saying nothing.
Q-ranvella
Qranvella f griin-vel ' la ) , ..r Granvelle f F. i .i. .n.
irioii-v.l'), Cariliiial de lAntome Perrenot).
Bom ill Franehe-Cotnt<5, Aug. 120, 1517: (lied at
MaiU-iii, Sept. L'l, 1586. A Spanish eot-lesiastif
ami statesinaii. Ue was made clwnccllur of the em-
nlre l)V ihailcs V. in 16.".0 ; wM chief councilor to Mar-
mret of Parma in the Netherlands l.=,.^9-e4 ; and was made
viceroy of Naples in l.iVO, and president of the council of
Italy and Castile in 1676.
Granville (gi-on-viH'). A seaport in the depart-
ment of Maiiche, France, situated on the t.ng-
lish Channel, at the mouth of the Bosq, in lat.
4S° 50' N'.. long. 1° 37' W. It was bombarded by
the Enirlish in K>95, and was defended against the Vcn-
dcans iS HOT, and against the English in 1803. Population
(ISDl), commune, 12,721.
Granville (gran'\'il), or Grenville (gren'vil).
George Lonl Lansdowne. Bom 1667: died
at Limdon, Jan. 30, 1735. An English poet,
dramatist, and politician. He wTote the plays "She
Gallants " (109fi), - Heroick Love •' (1698), " The British En-
chanters " (an opera, 1706); and among his other writings
are " A Vindication of General Monk " and " A Vindication
of Sir Richard (iranville "-both published in 173-2 in a re-
vised edition of hisworks, which he supervised, and winch
included all his pcicms.
Granville, Earls. See CarUret, John, and Leve-
siin-d'HCt r, (Iriiiirille George.
GraslitZ (gras'lits). A town in Bohemia, situ-
ated in lat. .50° 21' N., long. 12° 27' E. Popu-
lation (1890), commune, 10,009.
Grasmere (gras'mer). A village in the Lake
District,\Vestmorelaud,Eugland, 4 miles north-
west of Ambleside. Near it is the Lake of Grasmere
(1 mile in length). The poet Wordsworth resided here for
8 ycai 8, and it is the place of his burial.
Grasse (griis). A town in the department ot
Alpes-Maritimes, France. 19 miles west-south-
west of Nice. It is the center of the Provence manu-
facture of essences and perfumes (rose and orange blos-
soms). Population (IS'.il), commune, 14,015.
Grasse, < 'omte Francois Joseph Paul de (Mar-
ouis de Grasse-Tilly). Born at La \ alette,
near Toulon, France, 1723: died at Pans, Jan.
11 17S8 A Frencli admiral. He commanded the
French Hcet which cooperated with Wiishington in the cap-
ture of Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781. He was defeated
by Rodney In the West Indies in 1782.
Grasse (gi-es'se), Joliann Georg Theodor. Born
at (irimma, Saxonv, Jan. 31, 1K14: died near
Dresden, Aug. 27. 1885. A noted German bib-
liographer and historian ot literature, private
• librarian of King Frederick Augustus II. of Sax-
ony, and ilirector of several of the famous col-
lections of Dresden. He wrote "Lehrbuch einer all-
gemeinen Litterargeachichte" (1837-69), "Tr^sorde livres
rares et pr^cieux " (1858-69), ete.
Qrassias (gi-as'i-as). A rarely used name ap-
Elied by some to the third-magnitude star <
corpii (commonly called IrhJil), and by others
to the fourth-magnitude star ; Scorpii.
Qrassini (griis-se'ne), Josephina. Bom at Va-
rese, Lombardy, 1773: died at Milan, Jan., 18:>0.
An Italian singer (contralto), she made her first
aiipearaiu-c at Milan in 17M, and in 1S03 was the reignmg
favorite ill l^^ndoll,
Grassmann (griis'miln), Hermann Gimther.
Born at Stettin, Prussia, April 15, 1809 : died
at Stettin, Sept. 26, 1877. A German mathe-
matician and ( )rientalist. His chief works are " Die
Wiwenschaft der cxtensiven <;'"sse oder die Ausdeh-
nungslehre " (184-1), " Lehrbuch der Antlimetlk (1861-05),
"Wbrterliiicb zum Eig-Veda" (187.5), translation of the
"Rig- Veda '■(1876-77), etc.
Grassmann, Robert. Born at Stettin, Prussia,
March 8, 1815. A (Jerman philosoi>hical writer
and mathematician, brother of H. G. Grass-
mann. He lias published "Die Weltwissen-
schaft Oder Physik'' (1862-73), etc.
Grass Valley. " A town and township in Nevada
County, California, situated 50 miles north-
northeast of Sui-ramento. Population (1890),
township. 0.798.
Grateful Servant, The. A play by Shirlev,
licensed in 1()29 umler the title of "The Faith-
ful Servant," but printed in 1630 under the for-
mer name, by which it is known.
Gratian. See (Initidnus.
Gratiano(gra-shi-!i'n6). 1 (It.pron. grii-t§-!i'-
no). A conventional character in Italian im-
fTovisod comedy, a prosy, pedantic bore. — 2.
n Shakspere's "Merchant of Venice," one of
Bassanio's companions. He marries Nerissa.
— 3. In Shaksjiere's "Othello," the brother of
Brabantio. As the uncle of Desdemona, he succeeds
tolllhcllo's fortunes after the latter has killecl both her
and liiiiiHclf.
Gratianus(gra-8hi-a'nus), Anglicized Gratian.
Born at Sirmium, Pannonia, April 9, 3.59 A. D. :
killed at Lycuis, Aug. 25, 38.1. Roman emperor
367-:{8:?, son of Vnlentiiiian I. He was rained to
the rank of Augustus with a share in the government by
his father in 367, and in 376 succeeded him in the admiii-
455
iBtratlon of the West, with a brother, Valeiitiniaii H., as
joint Augustus. On the death of his uncle Nalens he also
succeeded to the eastern halt of the empire, the govern-
ment of which he intrusted to Tlieodosius in 371». He was
defeated by the usurper Miuiiuns, and was killed in the
GratianuS. Lived in tlie first half of the 12tli
century. A celebrated Italian canonist, said
(doubtfully) to have been bishop of Chiusi :
author of the " Decretum CJratiani" (about 1150 :
edited bv Friedberg 1879).
Gratius taliscus (gi'a'shi-us fa-lis'kus). Lived
in the 1st eciitury B. C. A Roman poet, author
of a poem on the" chase entitled ••Cynegetica."
Gratry (grii-*"'^')' Auguste Joseph Alphonse.
Born at Lille, France, March 30, 180.>: died at
Montreux, Switzerland, Feb. 6, 1872. A French
Roman Catholic theologian. His works include
"Cours de philosophic " (1855-57), " Philosophic du Cre-
do" (1861), " Paix" (1862), etc.
Grattan (grat'an), Henry. Born at Dublin,
July 3, 1746: died at London. June 4 (May 14 f),
1820 An Irish orator and statesman. He grad-
uated B. A. at Trinity CoUege, Dublin, i;i 1767 ; studied law
at the Middle Temple, London; was admitted to the Irish
bar in 1772; and in 1776 entered the Irish Parliament,
where he acted with the opposition. In 1782 he procured
the restoration of the independence of the Irish 1 arlia-
nient by the repeal of "Poyiiings's Law." Heretu-cd from
Parliament in 1707, but returned in 1800 in order to oppose
the legislative union with England. He was in 1806
elected to the Iiiiperial Parliament, of which he continued
a member UMlil his death, and where he warmly advocated
the email, ipati f the Roman Catholics. Several col-
lections of his works have appeared, including ' The
Speeches of the Eight Honourable Henry Grattan in the
Irish and in the Imperial Parliament " (edited by his son,
1822) and " Miscellaneous Works " (1822). See " Memoirs
of the Life and Times of Heni-y Grattan, by his son Henry
Grattan " (1839-46).
Grattan, Thomas CoUey. Bom at Dublin,
1792 : died at Loudon. July 4, 1864. An Irish
novelist, poet, and general writer. He resided at
Bordeaux, Paris, and Brussels, and became British consul
at Boston in 1830. He assisted in the negotiations which
resulted in the Ashburton treaty (which see). In 11M6 he
returned to England, and thereafter resided chiefly at
London. He was a friend of Washington Irving. His
works include "Highways and Byways, or Tales of the
Eoadsiile iiicked up in the French Provinces by a Walking
Gentleman" (1823: dedicated to Washington Irving),
"Ben Nazir, the Saracen: a Tragedy" (1827), and many
others.
Gratz (grats), officially Graz (grilts), formerly
GratZ (gi'ets). The capital of Styria, Austria-
Hungary, situated on the Mur in lat. 47° 5' N.,
long. 15° 25' E. The cathedral is an interesting mon-
ument of the 15th century, with a flue sculptured west
portal The interior possesses several excellent old paint-
ings, and simie beautiful 16th-century Italian reliefs in
ivory illustrating Petrarch's "Triontl." Among other ob-
jects of interest are the Stadtpark, the height Schlossberg,
the Landhaiis, the Joanneum (with collections), and the
picture-gallery. Population (1890), 112,069.
Grau (grou), Miguel. Bom at Piura, June,
1834: died Oct. 8, 1879. A PenMan naval
officer. In 1871 he took command of the turret-ship
Huascar. When the war with Chile broke out (1879), he
at once entered on active service, and with the two iron-
clads Huascar and Independencia kept the whole Chilean
navy at bay for several months. He attacked the block-
ading ships at Iquiqne, and sunk one, but lost the Inde-
pendencia, which ran on a rock. The Huascarwas finally
attacked by two Chilean ironclads off Point AngainoB, and
surrendered after Rear-Adnliral Grau had been killed.
Graubiinden. See Grisom. „,.,,„
Graudenz (grou'dents), Pol. Grudziadz (grO-
ioiits'). A town in the province ot West
Prussia, Prussia, on the Vistula 60 miles south
of Dant/.ic. It is strongly fortified, and was success-
fully defended by Courbifere against the French in 1807.
Population (ISiXl), 20,386.
Grauer Bund (grou'er biint). See Gray Lenque.
Graun (grom. ), Karl Heinrich. Bom at Wah-
renbriick, near Torgau, Prussia, May /, I'Ol:
died at Berlin, Aug. 8, 1759. A noted German
singer anil composer of operas and sacred mu-
sic. Ills chief works arc the oratorio "Der Tod Jesu "
(performed at Berlin .March 26, 1755), and the "Te Ueiim
(performed at Charlottenburg after the close of the li«ven
Years' War, .luly 15, 1763).
Grave, The. A didactic poem by Robert Blair,
published in 1743. For this poem Will lam Blakemade
a famous series of designs. It contains about 800 lines
of blank verse. .
Graveairs (grav'arz). Lady. A character in
Cibber's comedy "The Careless Husband."
Grave Creek Blound. A relic of the so-called
mouiid-liuilders on (ir!iv(> Creek, near Mouiids-
ville or Elizaliethtown, Marshall County, West
Virginia. It Is 70 feel high ami l.oiKi feet In ciiruni-
ference and Is the largest of the prchiatoric mounds in
the (lliio valley. A Bl<me bearing an inscription of iii-
Bcnilable characters, alleged to have been discovered in
tliis mound about 1840, has called forth considerable dis-
cUHsion. ,„ . , « 1. i_
Gravelines (gnlv-len'), Flemish Gravelinghe
(grii've-ling-e), G. Gravelingen (gra ve-
ling-en). A fortified seaport in the department
Gray, Stephen
of Nord, France, on the Aa, near its mouth, 12
miles southwest of Dunkirk. It is celebrated for
the vict. iry of the Spaniards under Egmont over the French
under Theriues, July 13, 1568. Population (1891), com-
mune, 6,952. . .,, » ,
Gravelotte (griiv-lot'). A village of Lorraine,
Alsace-Lorraine, 7 miles west of Metz. The battle
of Gravelotte (or of Gra'.elotte and St.-Privat. sometimes
called the battle of Rezonville) was fought in the neiiih-
borh 1 of the village, Aug. 18, 1870. The Germans (about
200 i»i) under Kiug William obtained a decisive victory
over the French (about 120,000) under Bazaine. Tic lo"
of the Germans was 20,159 ; that of the French, from 12,000
to 16,000. As a result of this defeat, the French were shut
uji in .Metz. ,
Graves (gvavz). Eichard. Bora at Mickleton,
(iloucestershire. May 4,1715: died at Claver-
ton, near Bath, Nov. 23, 1804. An English poet
and novelist, rector of Claverton. He was the au-
thor of a large number of works, some of which were pop-
ular ; one only, a novel, "The Spiritual Quixote (1772),
is now remembered.
Graves, Thomas, Baron Graves. Born about
1725: died Feb. 9, 1802. A British admiral. He
succeeded Arbuthnot, July, 1781, in command of the Brit-
ish lleet against the American colonies, and was defeated
by De Grasse on Sept. 5. He was created Baron Graves
ill the peerage of Ireland in 1704. t i i-
Gravesande (grii've-ziln'de), Willem Jakob
van's. Born at's Hertogenboseh, Netherlamls,
Sept. 27, 1688: died at Leyden, Netherlands,
Feb. 28, 1742. A noted Dutch philosopher and
mathematician, professor at Leyden from 1717.
In 1715 he went to London as secretary of the embassy of
the states-General. He wrote " Physices elementa matlie-
niatica" (1720), etc.
Gravesend (gravz'end). A nver port and par-
liamentarv borough in Kent, England, situated
on the Thames 20 miles east by south of Lon-
don. It is a favorite resort for Londoners. Pop-
ulation (1891), 24,067.
Gravina (gra-ve'na). A town in the province
of Bari, Apulia, Italy, situated on the Gravina
34 miles southwest of Bari. Population (1881),
16,.574. ^ ,.
Gra-dna, Giovanni Vincenzo. Born at Rogli-
ano, near Cosenza, Italy, Jan. 20, 1664: died
at Rome, Jan. 6, 1718. An Italian jui-ist, critic,
and poet. He wrote "Origines juiis civilis
(1701-13), "Delia ragione poetica" (1708), etc.
Gray (gi'a). A town in the department of Haute-
Saoue, France, situated on the Saone 27 miles
east-northeast of Dijon. It has considerable
trade. Population (1891), commune, 6,908.
Gray Asa. Born at Paris, Oneida County,
N. Y.. Nov. 18, 1810: died at Cambridge, Mass.,
Jan. 30, 1888. A noted American botanist. He
wasprofessorof natural histoi-j-at Harvard 1842-88. Among
his works are ■• Elements of Botany " (1836), " tTora of North
America " (.■oinnienced 1838), -Manual of the Botany of the
Northern t iiilcd states" (1848), " Botany of the U. S. Pa-
cific Exploring Exi.edition " (1864), "How Plants Grow
(18.58) "Fieldi^ Forest, and Garden Botany '(1868), Uow
Plants Behave "(1872), "Darwiniana" (1876), "Ne-vy Flora
of North America" (Part I, 1878), "Synoptical Flora of
North America" (2d ed. 1888).
Gray, Auld Robin. See Aidd Robin Gray.
Gray David. Born at Kirkintilloch, Jan. 29,
1838': died there, Dec. 3, 1861. A Scottish poet.
He wrote " The Luggie " and other poems, pub-
lished ill 1862.
Gray, Elisha. Bom at Barnesville, Ohio, Aug.
2, 1835. An American inventor, noted for in-
ventions relating to telegraphy and the tele-
phone.
Gray, George Robert. Born at London, July
8, 1 808 : died May 5, 1872. An English ornit liol-
ogist and entomologist, brother of J. E. Gray.
His works include "Entomology of Anstnilia (18'»).
" List of the Genera of Birds " (1840: enlarged In 1841 and
1865) "Genera of Birds " (1844-49), "Genera and Species
of Birds" (1869-72). -.r , t »
Gray, Henry Peters. Born at New York, June
23 1819: died there, Nov. 12, 1877. An Amer-
ican painter, president of the National Acad-
emv 1S()9-71. In 1871 he went to Florence, and lived
there till 1874. Among his works are "Charity, " Ihe
Birth of our Flag," "Cleopatra," "Greek Ixivers. and
"The Apple of Discord.' During his later years he gave
innch of his time to portrait-painting. ,,„,». ,
Gray, John Edward. Bom at W alsall Staflford-
shire Feb. 12, 1800: died March v. 1875. An
En-'li'sh zoologist, keeper of tlie zoological col-
lecHons in Ihe British Museum 1840-i4. He
published numerous works and papers on vari-
ous lii','iiii-lies of natural history.
Orav Robert. Born at Dunbar, Aug. 15, 1825:
dieiT' lit Edinburgh, Feb. 18, 1887. A Scotch
ornithologist. He was in the service of the City of
Glasgow liank and UU-r of the Bank of Scotland at Ldlii-
buigli In I.S82 he was elected vice-president of the Koyal
Society at Kdinl.urgh- He published " Birds of the West
of Scotland "(1871). . „ ...
Gray Stephen. DiedFeb.2:>.l-36. An English
..lectrician, a pensioner of the Charter House
in London. His ixperiments were the foundation ol
Gray, Stephen
the division of substances into coniJuctors and non-con-
ductors, ami had an important bearing upon the discovery
of the electric battery.
Gray, Sir Thomas. Died about 1369. An Eng-
lish writer (in Latin), author of " Scalaehron-
ica." See the extract.
The "Scala-chronica" opens with an allegorical prologue,
and is divided into live parts. »if these part i., which re-
lates the fabulous history cf Britain, in based on '* Walt<;r
of Exeter's "Brut (i.e. on Geoffrey of Monmouth); part ii,
which reaches to Egberts succession, is based upon Bede ;
part iii., extending to William tlie Conqueror, on Higdeii's
"Polychronicun "; and part iv. professes to be founded on
" Johnle vikeirdeTilmouthqueescript le YstoriaAurea."
There are several difficulties connected with the prologue ;
the chief are its distinct allusions to Thomas Cttterbuni,
who is generally supposed to have written early in thenext
century {Scala chroii. pp. 1-1). According to Mr. Steven-
sou many incidents in part iv. are not to be found in the
current editions of Uigden. Mr. Stevenson considers the
book to assume some independent value with the reign of
John ; but its true ini|>ortance really begins with the reign
of Edward L It is specially useful for the Scottish wars,
anil narrates the exploits of the author's father in great
detail (Scaia-chnm. pp. 123, 127, 13S, etc.). The author is
tolerably minute as to Edward 11. 's reign (pp. I36-o3X and
the rest of the book (pp. 15:J-203) is de\ oted to Edward 111.
The detailed account of the French wai-s from 1355-61 sug-
gests the presence of the writer (pp. 172-200). The history
breaks off in 1362 or 1363. J>ict. A'at, Biog., XSIll. 21,
Gray, Thomas. Bom at London, Dec. 26, 1716:
died at Cambridge, July 30, 1771. An English
poet. He was sent to Eton as an oppidan in 1727, forming
an intimacy there with Horace Walpole. In 1734 he was
admitted as a pensioner at Peterhouse, Cambridge, and in
1739 went abroad with Walpole on "the grand tour." He
returned and settled at Cambridge, where he resided chietly
after 1741, though he spent a part of eveiy summer with his
mother at Stoke Pogis. He became professor of modem
histor>* at Cambridge 1768. In 1757 he refused^the laureate-
ship. His best-known work is the •• Elegy Written in a
Country Churchyard" (1751). His other principal works
are "Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College" (1747),
"Progressof Poesy" (1757), ''The Bard" (175S). His poems
and letters were edited by W. 3Iasou in 1775 ; the letters
by Mitford 1&43-54 ; and the works, with life, by E. W.
Gosse, in 4 vols., in 1882,
Gray League. [G- Grauer Bund.l A German
league in the present canton of Gi*isons, Swit-
zerlaud. formed in 1424. In 1497-98, in com-
pany with the Gotteshausbund, it became allied
with the Swiss cantons.
Gray's Inn. One of the London inns of court.
It is situated on the north side of Holborn and to the west
of Gray's Inn Lane. It is the fourth inn of court in im-
portance and size. It derives its name from the noble
family of Gray of Wilton, whose residence it originally was.
(Thornbiirij.) It still contains a handsome hall of 1560.
Gray's Peak. One of the highest peaks in the
Kocky Mountains, situated in the Colorado
range, Colorado. Height. 14.341 feet.
Graymalkin. See Grimalkin.
Graz. See GraU.
Grazalema (gra-tha-la'ma). A town in the
province of Cadiz, Spain, 56 miles east-north-
east of Cadiz. Population (1887), 6,389.
Graziani (grat-se-a'ne), Francesco. Born at
Fermo, Italy, April 26. 1829. An Italian bary-
tone singer. He first sang in London in 1855.
Grazzini (grat-se'ne), Anton Francesco, called
II Lasca. [It. lasca, a mullet.] Born at Flor-
ence, March 22, 1503: died there, Feb. 18, 1584.
An Italian poet and dramatist, n Lasca was the
appellation he assumed in the Accademia degli Umidi, to
which he belonged, where every member was distin-
guished by the name of a fish. He was one of the founders
ol the celebrated Accademia della Crusca.
Greal. See Grail.
Great Barrington (grat bar'ing-ton). A town
in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, situated
on the Housatonic River 40 miles west by north
of Springfield. Population (1890), 4.612.
Chreat Basin. An elevated region in the United
States, IjTiig between the Sierra Nevada on the
west and the Wahsatch Moimtains on the east.
It comprises nearly all Xevada. western Utah, southeast-
em Oregon, and parts of eastern and southeastern Cali-
fornia. The drainage of the greater part of this large urea
is into interior lakes (Great Salt Lake, etc.) which have
no communication with the sea. It is traverse)! by the
Hnmboldt and other ranges. The soil is generally unpix>-
ductive.
Great Bear. See Ursa Major.
Great Bear Lake. A lake in British North
America, about lat. 650-C7° N., long. 118°-123°
W. It has its outlet through the Great Bear River into
the Mackenzie. Length, over 150 miles. Area, about
14,000 square miles.
Great Britain (grat brit'n). [F. Grande Bre-
tagncy Sp. GranBrctanay It. Gran Bretagna, NL.
Magna Brii/tnnia (or Brit/tnnia Major, Greater
Britain).] The largest island of Europe, com-
prising England in the south, Scotland in the
north, and Wales in the west, situated in lat.
58° 40'-49<>58' N.,long. 1° 45' E.-6° 1,3' W. : the
ancient Albion or Britannia (afterward Britan-
nia Major). Its length from north to south is about 608
miles ; its greatest width, about 3*25 miles. Area, 88,226
456
square miles. It is called Great Britain in distinction from
Brittany (Bretagne, Lesser Britain). On the union with
.Scotland in 1707, IJreat Britain became the official name of
the British kingdom, and so continued until the union with
Ireland in 18iH. It remains a popular designation of the
United Kin^:dom « 'f Great Britain an«l Ireland. (See below.)
For the history, see Eifjlaiui. Population (1691), 3a. U'2*, 172.
Great Britain and Ireland.The United King-
dom of. Since Jau. 1, 1801, the official name
of the British kingdom, iuolmiiug England,
Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and the neighboring
smaller islands. Capital. London. The government
is a hereditary constitutional monarchy. A sovereign and
a responsible ministry form the executive. The legisla-
ture consists of a Parliament, comprising the House of
Lords (about 5*j0 meml'ers) and the House of Commons
(670 members). The colonies and foreign possessions are
Gibraltar, Malta, Aden and Perim, Somali Coast Pi-otecto-
rate, Socotra, Kuria Muriu Islands, Bahrein Islands, Brit-
ish >'orth Borneo, Brunei, Sarawak. Ceylon, Cyprus, Hong-
Kong, India and its dependencies, British Baluchistan,
Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, Laccadive Islands,
Kamaran Island, Labuan, .Straits Settlements, Basuto-
land, Bechuanaland, Zanzibar, Zululand, Cape Colony,
Mauritius (with Seychelles, Rodrigues, the Chagos Isl-
ands). British East .\frica, Natal, British Zambesia, Niger
Territories, Oil Rivere Protectorate. Saint Helena, .Ascen-
sion Island, Tristan daCunha, Gold Coast, Lagos, Gambia,
Sierra Leone, Bermudas, Canada. Newfoundland. Falkland
Islands, British Guiana, British Hondui-as, British West
Indies (including the Bahamas. Barbados. Jamaica, islands
of the Windward and Leeward groups, Trinidad), Tasma-
nia, Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia, Queens-
land, Western Austi-alia, New Zealand, British New Gui-
nea, Fiji, and various other Pacific islands, including Cook's
Islands, Union group, Ph'cnix group, Christmas Island,
Faiming Island. Gilbert Islands, etc. Area of the United
Kingdom, 121.483 s^iuare miles; population (ISiM), 38,779,-
0:U. Area of the British empire, including India, colonies,
protectorates, and spheres of intluence, 10,161, 4S3 square
miles; population (1891). about SoO.ihjO.OOO. See Eiujland,
Scotland, WaU^ Ireland, Great Britain.
Great Captain, The. Gonsalvo de Cordova.
Great Cham of Literature, The. A nickname
given to Samuel Johnson by Smollett in a let-
ter to Wilkes.
Great Commoner, The. William Pitt (after-
ward Earl of Chatham): so called as being a
commoner and not a peer.
Great Dauphin, The. The son of Louis XIV.
Great Dog. see Canis Major.
Great Duie, The. The tirst Duke of Welling-
ton.
Great Duke of Florence,The. Aplay by Philip
Massinger, licensed 16l'7, printed 1635. It is one
of his best plavs.
Great Earl of Cork,The. The first Earl of Cork.
Great Eastern. A steamship, the largest vessel
ever constructed. It was designed by L K. Brunei,
and was launched at Millwall on the Thames in 18o8 ;
made its first voyage across the Atlantic in June, 1860 ; was
frequently employed from 1865 in cable-laying; was made
a coal-hulk in 1884 ; and in 18S6 was sold to be broken up
for old iron. Length, 080 feet. Width, S3 feet. Depth, 5S
feet. Registered tonnage, about 19,000 tons.
Great Elector, The, G. Der Grosse Kurfurst.
Fredeinck William, elector of Brandenburg.
Great Expectations. -A. novel by Charles Dick-
ens, which appeare<l seriallv in "All the Tear
Roimd " in 1860-61. It was" published in 1S61.
Great Falls, A manufacturing and trading city
in Cascade Couutv, Montana, on the Missouri
Kiver. Population (1890). 3,979,
Great Falls. A mamxfacturing village in New
Hampsliire. See Soniersicorth.
Great Fish River. A river in British North
America which flows from the neighborhood of
Great Slave Lake northeasterly into the Arctic
Ocean.
Great Fish Biver. A river in Cape Colony which
rises in the Sneuwbergen Mountains and flows
southerly into the Indian Ocean. Length, about
230 miles.
Great Glen. Agreat depression traversingSeot-
laud southwest and northeast, and marked by
Lochs Linnhe, Eil, Lochy, and Ness, which are
connected by the Caledonian Canal.
Groat Grimsby (grimz'bi). A seaport and par-
liamentary borough in Lincolnshire, England,
situated on the Humber 16 miles southeast of
Hull. It has important commerce and fisheries.
Population (1891), 51,876. See (rriw.
Great Harry. The first war-ship of the British
navy. She was built in 14S8, in the reign of Henry vn.;
was a three-master ; and is said to have cost £14.000. She
is supposed to have been burned accidentally at Woolwich
in 1533.
Greathead (grat'hed), Henry. Bom at Rich-
mond, Yorkshire, Jan. 27, 1757: died 1816. The
first successful constructor of life-boats.
Great Head. A celebrated promontory in the
eastern part of Mount Desert, Maine.
Greatheart (grat'hiirt), Mr. In the second part
of Bunyan's " Pilgrim's Progress," the guide and
valian tjirotector of Christiana and her children.
Great Kanawha (ka-na'wa). A river in North
Greaves, John
Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia, joining
the Ohio at Point Pleasant, Mason Coimty,
West Virginia. It is called in its upper course the
Kew River. Length, about 450 miles ; navigable about
100 miles.
Great Marlow (miir'16). A town in Bucks,
England, situated on the Thames 30 mUes west
of London. Population (1891), 6,097.
Great Marquis, The. A sm-name popularly
given to the Marquis of Pombal, and also to
the first Marquis of Montrose.
Great Master of Love, The. A name given
by Petrarch to the troubadour Amaud Daniel.
Great Mother, The. In Greek mythology-,
Demeter.
Greatorex (grat'9-reks), Mrs. (Eliza Pratt).
Born in Ireland, Dec. 25, 1820 : died Feb. 9, 1897.
An American artist, she came to New York in I8«t
and married Henry Wellington Greatorex in 1^9. lu
1S6S she was elected associate of the National .Vcadem^.
Greatorex, Henry Wellington. Bom at Bur-
ton-on-Treut, England, in 1816: died at Charles-
ton, S. C, 1858. A musician, the son of Thomas
Greatorex. He came to the United States in 1839, and
did much for the advancement of the standard of chtuxb
music.
Greatorex, Thomas. Bom at North Wingfield,
near Chesterfield, Derbyshire, Oct. 5, 1758 : died
at London. July 18, 1831. An English conduc-
tor, organist of Westminster Abbey 1819.
Great Pedee (pe-de'). The name given to the
Yadkin River after it enters South'Carolina. It
flows intoWinyahBay,near Georgetown; navi-
gable about 150 miles.
Great Bussia. The main body of European
Kussia. From its central part as a nucleus Russia has
developed. It comprises the governments of Archangel,
Olonetz, Vologda, Novgorod, Pskoti, Moscow, Tver, Kos-
troma, Vladimir, Y:iroslaff, Riiisan, Nijui-Novgorod, I'ula,
Kaluga, Orel, Smolensk, Kursk, Voronezh, andTamboS.
Great St. Bernard. See St. Bernard.
Great Salt Lake. A body of water in north-
ern Utah. It is noted for its saltness ; 14.8 per cent, is
mineral matter. It receives the Bear, Jordan, and NVeber
rivers. The surface is 4,200 feet above sea-level, and the
lake has no outlet. Length, about 75 miles. Greatest width,
about 30. miles. Area, about 2,360 square miles.
Great Slave Lake. -A. lake in British North
America, about lat. 60° 40'-62° 45' N., long.
109°-117° W. Length, about 300 miles. Its
outlet is the Mackenzie River.
Great Slave Eiver. A river in British North
America, connecting Lake Athabasca with
Great Slave Lake. Length, about 250 miles.
Great Smoky Mountains. See Smoky Houh-
tii ins.
Great Synagogue, The. See the extract.
.\ccordingly we find that a new form of the theory started
up in the sixteenth century, and gained almost undis-
puted currency in the Protestant churches, .\ccording to
this view, the Canon was completed by a body of men
known as the Great Synagogue. The Great Synagogue
plays a considerable part in Jewish tmdition ; it is repre-
sented as a permanent council, under the presidency of
Ezra, wielding supreme authority over the Jew ish nation ;
and a variety of functions are ascribed to it. But the
tradition never sai'l that the Great Synagogue fixed the
Canon. That opinion, current as it once was, is a mere
conjecture of Elias Levita, a Jewish scholar contempo-
rary with Luther. Not only so, but we now know that
the whole idea that there ever was a body called the Great
Synagogue holding rule in the Jewish nation is pure Ac-
tion. It has been proved in the clearest manner that the
origin of the legend of the Great Synagogue lies in the
account given in Neh. viiL-x. of the great convocation
which met at Jerusalem and sul>scribed the covenants to
observe the law.
W. R. Smith, O. X. in the Jewish Cb., p. IM.
Great Tom. A bell, weighing about 17,000
pounds, in the tower of the Tom Gate of Christ
Church, Oxford. Every night at ten minutes
past nine (closing time) it is tolled.
Great Vehicle, The. [InSkt. J/oAoi/rt«a.] The
name of the northern school of Buddhism. Ths
formation of such a school followed the conversion of K»-
nishka, the Indo-Scythian king of Kashmir, who reigned in
the second half of the 1st century. In his reign a fourth
council was held at Jalandhara in K:ishmir. It consisted
of 500 monks, who composed three Sanskrit works of tht
nature of commentaries on the three Pali Pitakaa. (See
Tripitaka.) These were the earliest bL>oks of the nortii«n
school, which formulated its doctrines on the Indus, while
the Pali Canon of the south represented the d..»ctrine pro-
claimed on the Ganges. Nepal, Tibet, China, Manchuria,
Slongolia, and Japan follow the Great Vehicle ; Ceylon,
Burma, and Siam, the Little Vehicle (HinayanaX or south-
em school.
Great Wall of China. See Wall of Chim.
Greaves (grevz). John. Bom at Colemore,
Hampshire, 1602: died at London, Oct. 8, 1652.
An English antiquary, mathematician, and Ori-
entalist. He became fellow of Merton College. Oxford,
in 1624. and professor of geometry in Gresham College, Lon-
don, in 1630. He wrote "Discourse on the Roman Foot and
Denai ius ■■ (1W7), " Pyraniidographia, or a Uiscourse of toe
Pyramids in Egypt " (IfrifiX etc-
Oreaves, Sir Launcelot
Oreaves, Sir Launcelot. See Sir Launcelot
dniifi-^; Till llinliiri/ of.
Grebo (gra'bo), or Gtedebo (se-da'bo). A tribe
of Liberia, West Africa, settled on both sides
of the Cavalla Kiver. The Enclish sometimes call
the firelios Fish Km. They are ili.sely allied to the Kru
tribe, from whom they arc separated by the Uraiid Sesa, l"il<-
kaninny Sess. and Taro tribes. They mi^ited fn)m the ii»-
terior to the coast at a comparatively recent period. France
claims jurisdiction over tlie (Jrebos east of the Cavalla
River, but this claim is not acknowledped by Liberia fur-
ther west than tile I'edro lUvcr. The Orebo lunnnaile be-
lonfirs with Kru and Hassa to a cluster called Mena by Kr.
Miilli-r.
Grecian Coffee-house. A noted London coffee-
house in Devorcux Court, on the left of Kssex
street. The wits of the last century congre-
gated there.
Grecian Daughter, The. A tragedy by Arthur
Miirphy. produced m 1772 : a story of filial piety,
tlie success of whichwas greatly due to Spranger
Barry and his wife. See Euphrosia and Barrtj,
Spranger.
Greece (gres). [ME. Gmv, from OF. Grece, F.
(irece, Sp. Pg. It. Orcein, from L. Grsecia (whence
LGr. TpaiKia), from (Ireeeii.i, Greek, from Gr.
TpaiAU^, pi. VpaiKiii, orig. applied to the inhabi-
tants of Epirus, etc. The common Greek name
for the country was Hdliis, 'E/^df ; for the in-
habitants HiUcncs, "E/'.>vi'tr- The AS. name was
Crcca land, Grcrii land, Grccland, D. Griekin-
land, G. Gricchinland, land of the Greeks.] A
country in southeastern Europe — (n) Ancient
Greece: the country of the Hellenes. In the
widest sense the name includes the Greek colonies in Asia
Mintir. .Sicily, .-Vfrica. etc. ; in its restricted and more
usual meaninp it is the peninsula south of the Cambunian
Mountains, with the neighboring islands. Peninsular
Greece comprised Thessaly, Epirus, Centi-al Greece (in-
cludinf? .\carnania, .Et<:)lia, Doi-is, Western Locris, East-
ern Locris, Phocis, Btieotia, Attica, and Megaris), and Pelo-
ponnesus (including Corinthin, Sicyonia, Phliasia, Achaia,
Elis, Arcadia, Argolis, Laconitt, and Messenia). The chief
islands were Crete, Rhodes, Cos, Samos, Chios, Lesbos,
Tenedos, Imbros, Samothrace, Thasos, Lemnos, Scyros, Eu-
beea, Salaiuis, .^gina, the Cyclades, Tliera, Cythera, and the
Ionian Islands (including Zacynthos, Cephallenia. Ithaca,
Leuca^ Coreyra, etc.). Cyprus was sometimes included,
and in later times Macedonia and Tlu-ace. The sur-
face is mostly mountainous. The following are some
of the more important facts and incidents of ancient
Greek history : Dorian inv.asion of the Peloponnesus about
1100 B. C. ; conimencement of the hegemony of .Sparta fith
century; Persian wars 50(> to about 449; hegemony trans-
ferred to Athens about 477 ; Pehiponnesian war 4ai-ll>4 ;
hegemony of .Sparta 4IW-371 ; of Thebes 371-362 ; hegemony
of Macedon commenced 338; rise of -Etolian League and
renewal of Achrean League about 280 ; independence of
Greece proclaimed by Flamininus 196; final subjection
of Greece to Rome 146 ; Greece made (in great part) into
the Roman province of Achaia 27 b. c. Greece fonued
Sart of the Eastern Empire. (See further below, and un-
er the various cities; also Pergian R^ar«and Pcloponite-
tianWar. (ft) Modern Greece: a kingdom, capital
Athens, Ijnng between the Turkish empire on
the north, and the sea on the east, south, and
west, and including the Ionian Islands, Euboja,
the (Cyclades, and some smaller islands. It in-
cludes'the ancient Peloponnesus. Central Greece, south-
eastern Epirus, and nearly all Thessaly ; and contains 16
nomarchies : Attica and B<eotia, Eubcea and the Sporades,
Phthiotis and Phocis, .^camania and .Etoli;i, Achaia and
Ells. Arcadia, I.acunia, ilessenia, Argolis and Corinth, the
t^clades, Corfu. Ccphalonia. Zacynthos, Arta, Tricahi, and
Larissa. The goveriunent is a hereditary constitutional
monarchy, with a chamber of deputies (207 members).
The prevailing religion is that of the Greek Church. The
Inhabitants are chictty Greeks (with some Albanians and
Wallachians). In the later iniildle ages Greece was sulijcct
to the Venetians and other foreign rulers; it was con-
quered by Venice 16.s.^i--s7, and reconquered by the Turks
In 1715. .More recent events are the revolution of 1821-29 ;
the establishment of a kingdom in 1832; the revolution
of 1843 ; the grant of a constitution in 1844 ; the revolution
and the deposition of (itto in 1802 ; the election of George
I. in 1863; the ces8i<m of Arta, Tricahi, and Larissa by
Turkey in 1^1 ; and the war « ith Turkey in 1897. Area,
86,041 square miles. Population (1889), 2,187,208.
Greek Empire, f^ee luistcm Empire.
Greek Independence, War of. The Greek re-
volts against the Turks, which broke out in th<>
Morea, and inWallachia and Moldavia, in IH'Jl.
The war waa noteworthy for the Greek exploits by sea,
the aid rendered by Lord Ilyron and other Philhellerdsts,
the Turkish atrocities in Chios, and the interference of the
powers and their vict^iry over the Turkish fleet at Nava-
rlno in 1827, and the llnal Kusso-Turkish war of 1828-29,
which secured the independence of Greece.
Greeley (gro'li). The capital of Weld County,
northern Colorado, on a tributary of the South
Platte. Poiiulation (1890), 2,39.1
Greeley, Horace. Bom at Amherst, N. H.,
Feb. 3, I.SU: died at Pleasantville, Westches-
ter Coimty, N. Y., Nov. 29, 1872. A celebrated
American journalist, author, and politician. He
founded the New York "Tribune" in 1841 ; waa a member
of Congress from -New York 1.S48-19; was a noted anti-
slavery leader ; and was the unsnccesaful candidate of the
Liberal-Rejiubllcan ami Dcnn)cratic parties for the presi-
dency in 1872. His chief work is " The American Con-
flict''(1864-66).
457
Greely (gre'li), Adolphus Washington. Born
at Newburyporl. Ma.-.s., March 27, l.s-14. An
American Arctic explorer. He served as a volun-
teer in the llnion Army during the Civil War, at the close
of wliich he was appointed a lieutenant in the regular
army and attached to the signal service. In 1881 he \v:is
appointed to the command of the expedition sent out by
the government to establish an Arctic <)b8erving station,
in accordance with the plan of the Hamburg International
Geographical Congress of 1879, providing for the erection
of a chain of 13 stations about the north pole by interna-
tional concert. He sailed from St. .lohn's, Newfoundland,
witli 24 men, in the Proteus July 7. 1881, and Aug. 12,
1881. reached Discovery Harbor, lat. 81° 44' N., long. 64"
45' W., where he established his station. A detachment
of his expedition under Lockwood and i3rain:u'd went
to lat. 83° 24V N., long. 40° 4liJ' W., May 15, 1882. a higher
latitude than any before attained. Compelled by the fail-
ure of relief expeditions to reach him, he began to retreat
southward Aug. 9, 1S83, and was rescued at Cape .Sabine
by a relief expedition under Captain "Winfleld Schley,
,Tune 22, 1884, after having lost 18 of his men. He was aj)-
pointed chief of the signal-service corps with the rank
of brigadier-general in 1887, and was head of the Weather
Bureau from that time until it passed under the control of
the agricultural department. He has published "Three
Years of Arctic Service " (1.S86).
Green (gren), Anna Katherihe. The maiden
name and pseudonym of Mrs. Kohlfs, an Ameri-
can novelist, born in l,s4(i.
Green, Ashbel. Born at Hanover, N. J., July
6, 17G2 : died at Philadelphia, May 19, 1848. An
American Presbyterian dergvman, president
of Princeton College 1812-22. "
Green, Sir Henry. In Shakspere's "King
Richard II.," a creature of the king.
Green, Horace. Born at Cliittonden, Vt., Dec.
24, 1802: cUedat Sing Sing, N. Y., Nov. 29, 1866.
An American physician, author of works on dis-
eases of the throat and air-passages.
Green, Jacob. Born at Philadelphia, July 26,
1790: died at Philadelphia, Feb. 1, 1841. An
American man of science, son of Ashbel Green.
He published "Chemical Philosophy" (1829),
etc.
Green, John Richard. Born at Oxford, Eng-
land. Dec. 12 (?), 1837: died at Mentone, March
7. 1.883. A noted English historian. He was
graduated from Oxford in 1859 ; became a curate in London
in 1860 ; and in 1866 was appointed incumbent of St. Phil-
ip's, Stepney. He became libnman at Lambeth in 1869.
He published a " Short History of the English People "
(1874), "A History of the English People "(1877-80), "Tlie
Making of England " (1882), and "The Conquest of Eng-
land " (1883).
Green, Nor'Vin. Born at New Albany, Ind.,
April 17, 1818; died at Louisville, Ky., Feb. 12,
1893. An American financier. Hegr.aduatedatthe
medical school in the University of Louisville 1840, and
Babse()uently served three terms in the Jientucky legisla-
ture. He became president of the Southwestern Telegraph
Company about 1854, and was afterward vice-president of
the American Telegraph Company and of the Western
Union Telegraph Company (1878). lie was president of the
Louisville, Cincinnati, and Lexington Railroad 1869-73.
Green, Seth. Born at Irondequoit, N.Y., March
19, 1817: died at Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 20, 1888.
An American pisciculturist. He devised improved
methods of breeding fl.sh, and in 1867-68 stocked the Con-
necticut and other rivers with shad and other sjiecies,
and in 1871 introduced shad in the rivers of California.
He became a member of the New York Fish Commission
in 1868, and in 1870 superintendent, a position which he
retained until his death. He wrote "Trout Culture"
(18701, ami " Fish-Hatching and Fish-Catching" (1879).
Green, Verdant. See Verdant Green.
Green, Widow. In Sheridan Knowles's " Love
Chase," "the pleasant widow whose fortieth
year, instead of autumn, brings a second sum-
mer in."
Green, William Henry. Born at Groveville,
near Treutuu, N. J., Jan. 27, 182.5. An American
Presbyterian clergyman and theoloi^ian. Hegrad-
natcd at Lafayette College in 1840, and at Princeton Theo-
logical Seminary in 1846; brcaine pi-ofesaorof biblical and
Oriental literature at Prineclnn in isfil ; anil wixa chairman
of the American Old Testament Revision Cnnipany of the
English and American liilile Revision Ciuniniltees. Uis
works include '*A Granunar of the Hebrew Language"
(1861). "An Element,ary Helirew Grammar" (1866), ".Moses
and the Pnilibels" (188:t), "-The Jewish Feasts," etc.
Greenbackers (gi'en'bak-erz). Tlw (ireenback
party (wliich see), or those who adopt its prin-
ciples.
Greenback Party. In American politics, a po-
litical party, formed in 1874, which urged the
suppression of banks of issue, and the payment ,
in whole or in part, of the United States debt in
greenbacks. It nominated as candidates for the presi-
dency Peter C<ioper in 1870, General James B. Weaver in
1880, and General Benjamin F. Butler in IM84. SItico that
time it has disappeared as a distinctive party, though the
Populist Party may be called in some sense its successor.
Green Bay. An arm of Lake Michigan, on its
western side. Lengtli, about 120 miles. Great-
est widtli, about 30 miles.
Green Bay. A city, lake port, and the capital
of Brown (bounty, Wisconsin, situated on Fox
Kiver, near its mouth, iu lat. 44° 32' N., long.
Greenland
88° 9' W. It is noted for its lumber trade.
Population (1890), 9,069.
Greenbush (gren'bVish). A town in Rensselaer
Couiitv, New York, situated on the Hudson op-
p()site".\ll>auy. Population (1890). 7,301.
Greencastle (gren'kas-1). The capital of Put-
nam County, Indiana, 40 miles west by south
of Indianapolis. It is the seat of De Pauw
Universitv (Methodist Episcopal). Population
(1890), 4,390.
Greene (gren), Charles Gordon. Born at Bos-
caweu, N. H., July 1, 1804: died at Boston, Sept.
27,1880. An American journalist. He founded,
in 1831, the Boston " Morning Post." which became a prom-
inent organ of the Democratic party, and the management
of which he retained until 1875.
Greene, George-a-. See Geonje-a-Greene.
Greene, George Washington. Born at East
Greenwich, R. I., April 8, 1811 : died there, Feb.
2, 1.SH3. An American historical and biographi-
cal writer,gi'andson of Nathanael Greene. Among
his works are "Historical View of the American Revolu-
tion " (1865), " Life of Nathanael Greene " (1867-68), etc.
Greene, Maurice. Born at London about 1696 :
died at London, Dec. 1, 1755. An English organ-
ist and composer, principally of church music.
His chief work is"Forty Select Anthems "(1743).
Greene, Nathanael. Born in Warwick Co., R. I.,
May 27, 1742 : died near Savannah, Ga., June 19,
1786. An American general. He distinguished him-
self at Trenton, Princeton,Brandywine. Germantown, Mon-
mouth, and elsewhere ; succeeded Gates in command of
the southern army in 1780 ; conducted the retreat from
the Catawba to the Dan in 1781 : and commanded at Guil-
ford Court House, Hobkirk's Hill, and Eutaw Springs in
1781.
Greene, Nathaniel, Born at Boscawen, N. H.
May 20, 1797 : died at Boston, Nov. 29, 1877. An
American journalist, brother of Charles Gordon
Greene. He founded, in 1821, the Boston " Statesman,"
which became a prominent organ of the Democratic party
in Massachusetts, and was postmaster of Boston 1829-40
and 1845-19. He translated a number of French, German,
and Italian works.
Greene, Robert. Born at Norwich, England,
1560 : died at London, Sept. 3, 1592. An Eng-
lish dramatist, novelist, and poet. He was edu-
cated at Clare Hall, Cambridge, where he took his master's
degree in 1583. He was subsequently incorporated at Ox-
ford. After leaving the university he seems to have led a
dissolute life abroad for some time. In 1592, after 10 years
of reckless living and hasty literary piodnction, he died
after "a debauch of pickled herrings and Khenish," de-
serted by all his friends. Gabriel Harvey attackecl him
shortly after his death in " Four Letters and Certain Son-
nets, etc." Meres, Chettle,Nashe, and others <lefetided him,
and Nashe, who had also been attacked, published his
" Strange News," directed more against llarvey than in
defense of Greene. The quarrel was prolonged. Greene's
fame rests mostly on the songs and eclogues which are in-
terspersed tlrrough his prose works. Hisprinciiial works
are tracts and pamphlets, "Mamillia, etc." (entered on
"Stationers' Register" 1580X "Gwydonius, the Carde of
Fancie "(1584), ' ' Arbasto, the Anatoniie of Fortune " (1584),
"Planetomachia" (lf>S6), "Euphues. his Censure to Phi-
lantns, etc." (1.587), "Perimedes the Blacke-Smith " (1688),
" Pandosto : the Triuuiph of Time, the hystorie of Doras-
tus and Fawnia "(1588), " Alcida " (licensed 1.588), " Mena-
phon. ete."(15S9 : this appeared as "Greene's Arcadia" in
16;tO), " Greene's ilourning Garment, etc." (1.5t)()), "Greene's
Never too Late " (1590)," Greene's Farewell to Folly "(1591),
"A Notable Discowery of Coosnage"(in 3 parts : 2 in 1.591,
the third in 1592X "Greene's Groatsworth of Wit, etc."(pub-
lislied at his dyitig request : licensed 15il2). Uis plays are
"Orlando Furios<'," " A Looking Glass for London and Eng-
land "(with Lodge), "The Honourable Hist4)ryof Friar Ba-
con and Friar Bungay," "James the Fourth," "Alphonsus,
King of Aragon," and "George-a-Grccne, the Pinner of
Wakefield." " Dyce collected and edited his works 18;U-.58.
Greenfield (grou'feld). The capital of Frank-
lin County, Massachusetts, situated on the Con-
necticut itiver 34 miles north of Springfield.
Population (1,890), 5,252.
Gr eenhat (gren ' h at ) , Sir Humphrey. T h e pseu-
donym of Sir Ambrose Crowley in "The Tal-
ler," No. 73.
Green Isle, The, or The Emerald Isle. Ire-
land: so named from its verdure.
Green Vault, The. [G. Dan uriinc Gewolbe.] A
series of 8 rooms in the royal palace at Dresden,
containing ati unrivaled collection of precious
stones, works of art, etc. It is called the green
vault from the color of its original decorations.
Greenland (gren'laud), Dan. Gronland (gr^n'-
liiud). [Discovered by Norsemen about 9U0. So
named, it is said, in 986 by Ei'ic the Red with the
intent of attracting immigrants from Iceland
by this alluring name.] An island in the north
polar regions, belonging in part to Denmai'k,
northeast of North America. It extends from Cape
Farewell, In al)out lat. 80° N., northerly to lieyond 82°
N. In the interior is a plateau covered with an ice-cap,
with the highest point about 10,000 feet. The coast ts in-
dented with fiords. There are some settlements in Danish
East Greenland and Danish West Grccrdand. Trade is a
i)aniHhmonop<»ly. Recent expltirers have been Kane, Hall,
Nares. and Gretdyfin the extreme north). Nanseufwho trav-
ersed Oreenland in 1888), and Peiu-y (who explored the
Greenland
northein ice-cap in 1S91-92, and visited the same region
in 1893-85); It was visited by Eric the Red ami colonized
by him in 986. It was rediscovered by Davis in 15S5, and
recolonized by the Danes in 1721. Estinjated area. 512,000
square miles. Population (mostly Eskimos) (1S90), 10,516
(Sl)9 of them Europeans)in the Danish territory, with prob-
ably a few hundreds more elsewhere.
Greenleaf (gren'lef ), Benjamin. Born at Hav-
erliill, Mass., Sept. 25. 1786: died at Bradford,
Mass., Oct. 29, 1S64. An American mathemati-
cian, autlior of a series of mathematical text-
book:>.
Greenleaf, Simon, Born at Newburyport,Mass.,
Dee. 5, 1783: died at Cambridge, Mass., Oct. 6,
1853. An American jurist, reporter of the Maine
Supreme Court 182(>--32, and professor of law at
Harvard 1833-48 (when he became professor
emeritus), succeeding Story in the Dane pro-
fessorship in 1846. His chief work is a " Trea-
tise on tlie Law of Evidence" (1842-53).
Green Mantle. See Redgauntlet.
Green Mountain. The culminating summit of
Mount Desert. Maine, in the eastern part of the
island. Height, 1,527 feet.
Green Mountain Boys. The soldiers from Ver-
mont in the American Revolution, first organ-
ized under this name by Ethan Allen in 1775.
Green Mountains. Tliat part of the Appala-
chian system situated in Vermont, continued
iu Massachusetts by the Hoosac and Tacouic
Mountains. The highest peak was long considered to
be Mount .Mansfield (4,070 feel), but Klllington Peak (4,2-40
feet) now claims the honor.
Green Mountain State. A popular name of
Vermont, which is traversed by the Green
Mountains.
Greenock (gren'ok). A seaport and parliamen-
tary borough in Renfrewshire, Scotland, sit-
uated on the Clyde 19 miles west-northwest of
Glasgow. It is noted for the building of iron ships and
for its foreign commerce, and manufactures sugar and
machiner)-. Population (1891), 63,086.
Greenough (gren'6), George Bellas. Born
1778: died at Naples, April 2, 1855. An Eng-
lish geographer and geologist. He founded the
Geological Society of London, becoming its first president
in 1811, and retaining that otflce for 6 years (he was sub-
sequently twice reelected). He was also several times pres-
ident of the Royal Geographical Society. He constructed
various geological maps, the most extensive being one of
British India.
Greenough, Horatio. Born at Boston, Sept. 6,
1805: died at Somerville, near Boston, Dee. 18,
1852. An American sculptor. Among his works
are a statue of Washington (near the Capitol, Washington),
" The Rescue " (Capitol, Washington), "Venus Victri.\ "
(Boston Athenaeum), etc.
Greenough, Richard S. Born at Jamaica Plain.
Boston, April 27, 1819. An American sculptor,
brotlier of Horatio Greenough.
Green River. A river iu Kentucky, joining
the Oliio 7 miles southeast of Evansville, Indi-
ana. Length, about 350 miles ; navigable about
150 miles.
Green River. A river in Wyoming, northwest-
em Colorado, and Utah, uniting with the Grand
River to form the Colorado about lat. 38° 15'
N., long. 109° .54' W. Length, about 750 miles.
Greensleeves (gren'slevz). A ballad sung to a
tune of the same name. It has been a favorite since
the latter part of the 16th centniy. The tune is one to
which "Christmas comes but once a year " and many other
songs of the same rhythm are sung, and is probably much
older than the ballad. The ballad has several names ; " A
New Courtly Sonet of the Lady tireensleeves to the new
tune of Greensleeves," printed in 1.^84; "A New Northern
Dittye of the Lady Green Sleeves," licensed in l.'JSO. Child
reproduces the former in his " I^nglish and .Scottish Bal-
lads" as "Greensleeves."
Green's Tu Quoque, or The Citie Gallant. A
play by John Cooke, published in 1614. See
Bnhhlc.
Greenville (gren'vil). A city and the capital
of Greenville County, South Carolina, situated
on the Reedy River in lat. 34° .50' N., long. 82°
25' W. It is the seat of several Baptist educa-
tional institutions. Population (1890), 8,607.
Greenwell (gi-en'wel). Dora. Born at Green-
well Ford, Durham, Dee. 0, 1821: died March
29, 1882. An English poet and prose-writer. Her
poetical works, which are chiefly of a religious character,
include volumes of poems (1848, 1850), "Carmina Crucis"
(l869), "Songs of Salvation ' (1873), etc. Among herprose
works is " The Patience of Hope" (1800).
Greenwich (grin'ij). A town and parliamen-
tary borough iu Kent, England, situated on the
Thames 5 miles soutlieast of St. Paul's, it is
noted for the Koyal Observatorj' (built in 167.^) and for
Greenwich Hospital (which see). The obseivatory, situ-
ated in lat. 51° 28 38 ' N., is the point of departure, through
which the zero meridian passes, from which longitudes
are measured in English-speaking countries. Population
(1891), 166,417.
Greenwich. A town in Fairfield County, Con-
necticut, situated on Long Island Sound 30
458
miles northeast of New York. Population
(1890). 10,131.
Greenwich. A former village in the western part
of Manhattan Island, now a part of New York
city.
Greenwich (grin'ij) Hospital. A hospital
for seamen, situated at Greenwich, England, it
occupies the site of a royal palace which was removed
during the Commonwealth. It was rebuilt in the reigns
of Charles II. and William 111., and in 1694 was converted
into a sailors' hospital. From 1865 a considerable propor-
tion of the pensioners have been non-resident, and pai'tof
the building has since 1873 been occupied as a Royal Naval
College.
Greenwood (gren'wUd), Grace. The pseudo-
nym of ill's. Sara Jane (Clarke) Lippincott.
Greenwood Cemetery. A cemetery in southern
Brooklyn, overlooking Gowanus Bay in New
York harbor. It was opened for interments in 1840. It
is 400 acres iu extent, and is well laid out and ornamented
with forest trees.
Greenwood Lake. A lake on the border of New
Jersey and New York. Length, 10 miles.
Greg (gieg), William Rathbone. Born at Man-
chester. England, 1809: died at Wimbledon,
Nov. 15, 1881. An Euglisli essayist. His works
include " Political Problems for our Age and Country "
(1870). "Enigmas of Life" (1872X "Rocks Ahead, or the
Warnings of Cassandra " (1874), "Mistaken Aims and At-
t,ainable Ideals of the Working Classes " (1876), and various
collections of essays.
Gregg (greg), David McMurtrie. Born at
Huntingdon, Pa., April 10, 1833. An American
soldier. Hewasgraduatedat WestPointinlSSS; served
as colonel in the l-'ederal army in the Peninsular campaign
in 1862 ; was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers in
the same year ; commanded a division of cavalry at the
battle of Gettysburg in 1S63 ; was appointed to the com-
mand of the 2d cavalry division of the Army of the Potomac
in 1864; and resigned Feb. 3, 1865. He served with dis-
tinction in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania,
Hawes's Shop, and Trevilian Station.
Gregg, John Irvin. Born July 19, 1826:
died Jan. 6, 1892. An American soldier. He
volunteered as a private in Dec. 1846, and after having
served throughout the war with Mexico was discharged
with the rank of captain Aug. 14, 1848. At the outbreak
of the Civil War- he became a captain in the Federal army ;
was made colonel of the 16th Pennsylvania Cavalry Nov.
14, 1862 ; and commanded a cavalry brigade in the Army
of the Potomac from .April, 1863,-.April, 1865. He fought
with distinction at Kelly's Ford, Sulphur Springs, Trevil-
ian Station, and Deep Bottom. He was mustered out of
the volunteer service Aug. 11, 1865 ; became colonel of the
8th United States Cavalry July 28, 1866 ; and was retired
April 2, 1S79.
Gregg, Maxcy. Born at Columbia, S. C, 1814:
killed at the battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 13,
1862. An American politician, and brigadier-
general iu the Confederate service.
Gr^goire (gra-gwar'), Henri. Bom at V^ho,
near Lun^ville, France, Dec. 4, 1750: died at
Paris, May 28, 1831. A noted French ecclesi-
astic (bishop of Blois) and revolutionist. He
became a member of the Constituent Assembly in 1789, of
the Convention in 1792, of the Council of Five Hundred in
1795, and of the Senate in 1801. He wrote " Histoire dea
sectes religieuses" (1810), " Essai historique sur les liber-
ies de r^glise gallicaiie " (1818), etc.
Gregoras (greg'o-ras), Nicephorus. Born at
Heraclea Pontica, Asia Minor, probably 1295 :
died about 1359. A Byzantine scholar. He was
the author of a Byzantine History in 38 books covering the
period 1204-13.')9, and of other extensive works on history,
theology, philosopliy, astronomy, etc.
Gregorovius (greg-6-r6've-6s), Ferdinand.
Born at Neidenburg, Prussia, Jan. 19, 1821:
died at Munich, May 1, 1891. A noted German
historian. His works include " Geschichte der Stadt
Rom im Miitelalter" ("Histoi-y of the City of Rome in
the Middle Ages," 1859-72), " Wanderjalu-e in Italien "
(1867-77), ' • Lucrezia Borgia" (1874). "Geschichte der Stadt
Athen im Mittelalter " (2d ed. 1889), etc.
Gregory (greg'o-ri). Saint, siu-named '"The Il-
luminator" (in Armenia called Gregor Lusa-
savoritch). [ME. Gregoric, F. Gregoire, It. Sp.
Pg. Greijorio, G. Gregorius, Gregor, L. Greyo-
rius, from Gr. rpr/)upioc, lit. 'watchful.'] Born
at Valarshaba<l, Armenia, about 257: died 332.
The founder and patron saint of the Armenian
Church. He was consecrated patriarch of Ar-
menia about 302.
Gregory I., Saint, sumamed "The Great." Bom
at Rome about .540: died there, March 12, 604.
Pope 590-604. He was descended from an illustrious
Roman family, probably the Anicians; studied dialectics,
rhetoric, and law ; entered the civil service ; and about
574 was appointed pretor urbanus by the emperor Justiti.
Retiring from this office in order to consecrate himself to
an ecclesi-a-stical life, he employed the wealth left him at
his father's death to establish six monasteries in Sicily and
one at Rome, and in the hist-named foundation he him-
self became a monk. About 579 he was sent a."* papal apo-
crisiarius to Constantinople by Pelagius II. He returned
to Rome in 5S5, and in 590 was elected pope. He restored
the monastic discipline, enforced the rule o( celibacy of
the clergy, arranged the Gregorian modes or chant, and
displayed great zeal iu propagating Christianity. It is
Gregory XII.
said that when a monk he saw some heathen Anglo-Saxon
youths exposed for sale in the slave-market at Rome, and
that on ascertaining their nationality he exclaimed, "They
would be indeed not Atuili, but aiiyHi (angels), if they
were Christians ! " He would have gone himself as a mis-
sionary to Britain, but was restrained by the Pope. In 51»7
he sent Augustine, accompanied by 40 monks, to Ethel-
bert, king of Kent, who was baptized with 10,000 of his
subjects in the space of a year. His memory is stained
by an adulatory letter of congratulation to the usurper
and murderer Phocas on his accession to the imperial
throne, written with a view to gaining his support in a
dispute with the patriarch of Constantinople. He was the
author of numerous homilies on Ezekiel and the Gospels,
"Moralia," "Regula (or Cura) Pastoralis," "Dialogues,"
"Letters," "Liber Sacranientorum," "Liber Antiphona-
rius," etc. The best edition of his works is the " Bene-
dictine " (1705).
Next to Leo I. he (Gregory I.] was the greatest of the
ancient bishops of Rome, and he marks the transition of
the patriarchal system into the strict papacy of the middle
ages. Sehaff, History of the Christian Church, III. 328.
Gregory 11., Saint, Pope. Died Feb. 10, 731.
Pope 715-731. He sent Boniface as missionary to the
Germans 719, and opposed the iconoclasm of Leo the Isau-
rian. He is commemorated by the Roman CatholicChurch
on Feb. 13.
Gregory III., Saint. Died Nov., 741. Pope
731-741. He convoked at Rome, in 732, a council which
denounced iconoclasm and confirmed the worship of im-
ages. He is commemorated on Nov. 28.
Gregory IV. Died Jan., 844. Pope 827-844. He
attempted to adjust the quarrel between the thi-ee rebel-
lions sons of Louis le D^bonnaire and their father, with
the result that he offended both parties, and also the
French bishops.
Gregory V. (Bruno of Carinthia). Died Feb.
18, 999. Pope 996-999. He was elected through the
influence of his uncle, the emperor Otto III., and was the
first German pope. He was expelled in 997 by the Roman
senator Crescentius, who procured the elevation of the
antipope .John XVI. He was restored the next year on
the appearance of Otto in Italy with an army, and the
execution of Crescentius and .John.
Gregory VI. (Johannes Gratianus). Died at
Cologne about 1048. Pope 1045^6. He had as
rival claimants to the papal dignity Benedict IX. and Syl-
vester ni. AU three were deposed in 1046 by the emperor
Henry III., who placed Clement II. in the apostolic chair.
Gregory VII., Saiut (Hildebrand). Born at
Saona (or Soano), Tuscanv, about 1020: died at
Salerno, Italy, May 25, 1085. Pope 1073-85.
He was of obscure origin, assumed the Benedictine habit
at Rome, and became chaplain of Gregory VI., whom he
accompanied in his exile. He entered the monastery of
Cluny in 1048, and in 1049 was invited to Rome by Pope
Leo IX. He was created cardinal archdeacon about 1050,
from which time he almost uninterruptedly conducted the
temporal policy of the curia until his ownelevation. He
procured the election of Nicholas II. and of Alexander II.,
whom he succeeded in 1073. The grand object of his pol-
icy was to establish the supremacy of the papacy within
the church, and of the church over the state. He issued a
decree against lay investitures (i. e., the investiture of the
clergy with the secular estates and rights of their spiritual
beneflces by the temporal power) in 1075, and in 1076 cited
Henry IV. of Germany to Rome to answer to the charge of
simony, sacrilege, and oppression. Henry, etu-agedat this
assumption of authority, decl:u"ed the deposition of Greg-
ory, who retorted by excommunicating Henrj-. Henry was
suspended from the royal oflice by the disaffected German
princes in alliance with the Pope at the Diet of Tribur in
Oct., 1076, but did penance before the Pope at Canossa Jan.
25-27, 1077, and received a conditional absolution. The ex-
communication was, however, renewed in 1078, and war
ensued. Henry defeated (1080) Rudolf of Swabia, put for-
ward as king by the p.apal party in (>ermany, appointed
Clement III. antipope (lOSO), captured Rome (1084). and
besieged Gregory in the castle of St. Angelo. Gregory was
rescued by Robert Guiscard (1084), but died in exile.
Gregory VIII. (Maurice Bourdin). Died 1125.
Antipope. On the death of Paschal IL in 1118, the party
at Rome adverse to the emperor Henry V. elected Gel*-
sins II., while the emperor elevated Gregory VIII. Gela-
sius died in 1119, and his party elected Calixtus II. The
emperor subsequently made his peace with Calixtus and
abandoned Gregory, who was imprisoned by Calixtus in
1121 and kept in confinement untU his death.
Gregory VIII. Died Deo. 17, 1187. PopeOet.-
Dec, 1187.
Gregory IX. (Ugolino, Count of Segni). Bom
about 1147 : died at Rome, Aug. 21, 1241. Pope
1227-41. His reign wasoccupied by the struggle between
the Ghibellines and the emperor Frederick 11. on the one
hand, and the Guelphs and the Pope on the other.
Gregory X. (Teobaldo di Visconti). Born at
Piacenza, Italv: died at -Vi-ezzo, Italv, Jan. 10,
1276. Pope 1271-76.
Gregory^. (Pierre Roger de Beaufort). Bora
in Limousin, France: died at Rome, March, 1378.
Po])e 1370-78. He terminated the "Babylonish
('aptivitv '' at Avignon by remo\'ing to Rome in
137- .
Gregory XII. (Angelo di Corraro or Cora-
rio). Born at Venice about 1325: died as car-
dinal bishop of Porto, Oct. 18, 1417. Pope 1406-
1415. He was elected by the Roman cardinals in 1406 in
opposition to Benedict XIII., who reigned at Avignon, and
together with whom he was deposed by the Council of Pisa
in 1409. He refused to yield until 1415, when he resigned
at the Council of Constance.
Gregory XHI.
Gregory XIII. (Ugo Buoncompagni). Born at
Bologii;i, Italy, Feb. 7, l.'iUl' : tliud April 10, 1585.
Pope 1572-S."). He introduced the Gregorian
ealeudar in 1582.
Gregory XIV. iNicolo Sfondrati). Pope 1590-
l.V.Pl.
Gregory XV. (Alessandro Ludovisi). Bom
at Biilogua. Italy, 15.54: died July. 11)113. Pope
lG'Jl-23. He founded the Cougiegatiou of the
Propaganda in 102-.
Gregory XVI. (Bartolommeo Alberto Cap-
pellari). Bom at Belluuo, Italy, Sept. IS. 1765:
died at Koine, June 1, 1846. Pope is;!l-16. Pop-
ular insurrections took place in the Papal .states at the be-
giDning of his reign, which were suppressed only by means
of Austrian intervention.
Gregory of Nazianzus, or Gregory Nazian-
zen, Saint, surnained TneologUS (' the The<do-
gian'). Born at Nazianzus, (.'apjiadoeia, about
325: died about 390. One of the fathers of the
Eastern Cliureh. He was the leader of the orthodox
party at Constantinople in 379, and was made bishop of
Constantinople in 380.
fcegory of Nyssa, Saint. Born probably at
Cassarea, Cappadocia, about 335 (331?): died
about 395 (400 f). A father of the Eastern
Church. He was a yonnger brother of Bjisil tlie Great,
by whom he was made l)ishop of Nys&a, ('appado»ia, in
S72. He opposed .\rianism, and was banislu-d in H7i> by
Valens, on whose death in :-:7S he was restored to his see.
His works have been edited Ity Migne and otliers.
Gregory of Tours, Saint (Georgius Floren-
tius). Bom at Clermont, Auvergne, France,
about 540 : died at Tours, France, Nov. 17. 594.
A Frankish historian. He became bishop of Tours in
673. His chief work is a "Historia Francorum " in 10
books, the chief authority for the history of the Merovin-
Kians to .'.'.»L
Gregory Thaumaturgus (tha-ma-t6r'gus),
Saint (Theodorus). Born at Neocaesarea, Pon-
tus.aboiitl'lO: diedabout 270. One of the fathers
of the Eastern Church . He was for many years bishop
of his native city, and received the surname Thaumaturgus
(* wonder worker ■) on account of the numerous miracles
he was reputed to have pert onued. His extant works con-
sist of one epistle, a panegyrical oration on Origen, and a
paraphrase of the book of Ecclesiastes.
Cfregory. 1. In Shakspere's " Romeo and Ju-
liet." a servant to Capulet. — 2. In Fielding's
" Mock Doctor," the name given to the charac-
ter calle<l Sganarelle in Moli^'re's " Le m^deein
malgre liii," from which it is taken. He is a
fagot-maker who pretends to be a doctor.
Chregory, David. Bo™ at Kinnairdie, Banff-
shire, Scotland, June 24, 1G61 : died at Maiden-
head, Berkshire, England, Oct. 10.1708. A Scot-
tish astronomer. He became professor of mathematics
at Edinburgh in 1683, and was " the first professor who
pablicly lectured on the Newtonian philosophy " (Diet.
Nat. Bw^.). In 1691 he was appointed Savilian professor
of astronimiy at Oxford, and became a fellow of the Royal
Society in 169*2. He wrote "Astronomi.-e physicic et geo-
metricffieleinenta"(170-2), edited the worksofEuclid(170:i),
and left several treatises in manuscript. Various papers
by him were published in the '* Transactions " of the Royal
S..iitty.
Gregory, Duncan Farquharson. Bora at P>lin-
Imrgli, April 13,18i:i: dicdtlicre, Feb. 23,1844. A
Scottish nialhematician. He was graduated at Trin-
ity College, Cambridge, in 1S38 ; became a fclli>w of 'I'rinity
In 1840 and a.isistant tutor in 1842; and was the tlrst editor
of the "Catnbridge Mathematical .Tournal."
Gregory, James. Boi-n at Drumoak, near Aber-
deen, 1638: died at Edinburgh, Oct., 1675. A
Scottish mathematician, eltHded jjFofessor of
mathematics at Edinl)uigh in 1674. Hewrote"Vera
circuit et hypcrliola! i|uadratura"(1867), "Exercitationes
geonietricle " (IMIS). etc.
Gregory, John. Bcirn at Aberdeen, June 3,
1724: died at i:(Unburgh, Feb. 9. 1773. A Scot-
tish physician, grandson of James Gregory
(1638-7.1). He was elected professor of medi-
cine at Edinburgh in 1766.
Gregory, Olinthus Gilbert. Born at Yaxley,
Huntingdonshire, Juii. 29, 1774: dii'd at Wool-
wich, Feb. 2, 1841. An English mathematician,
best known from his experiment son the velocity
of sound. He was one of the projectors of Lou-
don University.
Gregory, William. Born at Edinburgh, Dee.
25, 1803 : dieii April 24. 1858. A Scottish chem-
ist, appointed professor of chemistry at Edin-
burgh in 1.844. He edited and translated various tier-
man works (Liel)ig, Reiehenbach), and wrote "Outlines of
Chemistry" (184;')), etc.
Gregory Gazette, Sir. See Ga:ctie.
Greifenberg (gri'fen-bero). A town in the prov-
ince of I'omerania, Prussia, situated on the Rega
40miles northeastof Stettin. Population (1890),
commune, 5,293.
Greifenhagen (gri'fen-hii-gen). A town in the
province (if I'omerania, Prussia, .situated on tlio
Reglit/. 13 miles south of Stettin. Population
(1890), commune, 6,692.
459
GreifFenberg (grif 'fen-bero). A small town in
the province of Silesia, Prussia, 34 miles west-
southwest of Liegnitz.
Greifswald (grifs'valt). A seaport in the prov-
ince of Pomerania, Prussia, situated on the
Kyck in lat. 54° 6' N., long. 13° 22' E. It has a
university, and contains several notalile old buildings.
Population (1890), -21,(124.
Greig (greg), .sir Samuel. Born at Inverkeith-
ing, Nov. 30, 1735 : died on board his ship at
Sveaborg, Oct., 1788. A Scottish sailor, vice-ad-
miral in the Russian service. He served in the Brit-
ish navy until 1763 ; was appointed lieutenant in the Rus-
sian navy in 17(>4, and soon became captain ; commanded
a division of the fleet which defeated theTurks in the Bay
of Tchesme in July, 1770; was appointed rear-admiral, and
in 1773 vice-admiral ; and in 1788 commanded the Russian
Ueet in the Gull of Finland, fighting a drawn battle with
the Swedes off the island of Hogland on .July 17.
Grein (grin). Michael. Born at Willingshau-
sen, near Ziegenhain, Prussia, Oct. 16, 1825 :
died at Hannover, Prussia, June 15, 1877. A
German philologist. He was employed as librarian
and archivist in Cassel and Marburg, and was professor
in the Iniversity of Martnirg 1873-76. He edited " Bib-
liothek der angelsachsischen Poesie,"a complete collec-
tion of extant Anglo-Saxon poetry with a valuable glossary
(1857-64). began "Bibliothek der angelsachsischen Prosa"
(1872), and putdished other works on Germanic and Anglo-
Saxon literature.
Greiz (grits). The capital of the principality
of Reuss (elder line), Germany, situated on the
"Wliite Elster 47 miles south of Leipsic. it has
manufactures of woolens, half-woolens, etc., and contains
the modern palace and an old castle. Population (1890),
2o,14L
Gremio (gi'e'mi-6). A rich but old suitor of
Bianca in Shakspere's "Taming of the Shrew."
Grenada (gren-a'da). An island in the West
Indies, belonging to the British empire, inter-
sected by lat. 12° 10' N., long. 61° 40' W.
Capital, St. George's. It forms a portion of the Wind-
ward Islands colony, and is the residence of the governor.
It was colonized by the French in 1651 ; was taken by the
British in 1762 ; and was held by the French 1779-83.
Length, about 24 miles. Greatest width, 12 miles. Area,
133 square miles. Population (1891), 54,062.
Grenadines (gren-a-denz'). A group of small
islands north of Grrenada, forming part of the
Windward Islands, and dirided, for administra-
tion purposes, between Grenada and St. Vin-
cent. The largest is Carriacou.
Grendel. A monster in Anglo-Saxon romance.
He haunts a marsh on the North Sea, and is
slain by Beowulf.
Grenelle (gre-nel'). A quarter of Paris, in the
southwestern part of the city, noted for its ar-
tesian well.
Grenfell (gren'fel), George. An English Bap-
tist missionary and African explorer. He was
among the first white men on the Kongo River, and l)y
his numerous voyages on the mission steamer Peace has
filled many gaps in the chartography of the Kongo basin.
In 1885 he explored the Lulongo, Ul)angi, and Itimbiri
rivers ; in 1886 the lower Kuangu. In 1893 he settled, .as
conmiissioner of the Kongo State, the boundary line be-
tween the Kongo State and Angola, on the Kuangu Kiver.
Grenfell, John Pascoe. Born at Battersea,
Sept. 20, 1800 : died at Livei-pool, March 20,
1869. An English naval officer in the service
of Brazil. He fought under Cochrane on the Chilean
and Peruvian ccuists, 1819-23 ; followed him to Brazil in
the latter year ; and remained in the Brazilian service, at-
taining the rank of vice-admiral in 1852. During thewar
with Argentina, 1851-.n2, he commanded the Brazilian
squadron, and forced the passage of the Paranii.
Grenoble (gre-no'bl). [Orig. Ligurian CiiJiiro,
later named dralianopoli.'!, from the emperor
Gratian who rebuilt it.] The capital of the
department of Is6ro, situated on the Isfere in
lat. 4.5° 12' N., long. 5° 43' E. It has a university,
a museum, and a library: has important manufactures of
cement and kid gloves ; and is a strong ftirtress. It was
strengthened by the emperor Gratian ; suffered in the
Huguenot wars ; received Napoleon on his return from
Elba in 1815 ; anil was the scene of a I',onapartist conspir-
acy in 1816. Population (1891X 60,439.
Grenville (gren'vil),SirBevil. BomatBrinn,
Cornwall, March 2.3, 1.595: killed at Lans-
down, near Bath, July 5, 1643. An English
lioyalist soldici". He led the van at Bradock Down,
Jan'. Itl, 1W3, where the Parliamentarians were defeated,
and fell in the attack on Sir William Waller's forces at
tansdown.
Grenville, George. Bom Oct. 14, 1712: died
at Ijondon, Nov. 13. 1770. An English states-
man. He entered Parliament in 1741 ; became a lord
of the ailmiralty in 1744 ; was a lord of the treasury June,
1747,-Nov., 17.W ; wa.s treasurer of the navy Nov., 175<(-(12
(with a seat In the cabinet in 17U1) ; became secretary of
state for the northern department in May, 1762 ; and be-
came first lord of the admiralty in Oct. of that year. From
<»ct., 1761. totict., 1762, he was leaderof the House of Com-
mons. He became premier in April, 1763, and retained
office until July, 1765. He prosecuted Wilkes, anil oji|io.<ed
the repeal of the Stamp Act. iU obtained the nickname
of " the Gentle Shepherd " In an encounter with Pitt. "He
Interposed in defense of Dashwood's proposition of an ad-
Gresley, William
ditional duty on cider, and reminded the house that tbe
profusion with which the late war had been carried on
necessitated the imposition of new taxes. He wished
gentlemen would show him where to lay them. Itln his] re-
peating this question in his querulous, languid, fatiguing
tone, Pitt, who sat opposite tti him, mimicking his accent
aloud, repeated these words of an old ditty, "Gentle shep-
herd, tell me where!" and then, rising, abused Grenville
bitterly." Vict. Sat. Biuii.
Grenville, or Greynvile, sir Richard. Born
about 1541: died Sept., 1591. A British naval
hero. He was a cousin of Sir Walter Raleigh. In 1585
he commanded a fleet of 7 vessels which took p.art in the
colonization of Virginia. In 1591 he was vice-admiral in
the fleet of 16 ships under Lord Thomas Howard which
sailed to tile Azores to intercept the Spanish treasure-ships.
While the English were at anchor off Flores, a Spanish fleet
of 5:1 sail appeared, and Howard put to sea to avoid it
Grenville, however, refused to follow, and when, later, he
rashly attempted to pass through the Spanish fleet, was
becalmed and was attacked by about 15 of the Largest ves-
sels. He maintained a hand-to-)iand fight for 15 hours,
and oidy suirendered when all but 20 of his 150 men were
slain. He died a few days after the battle.
Grenville, Richard Plantagenet Temple Nu-
gent Brydges Chandos, second Duke of Buck-
ingham and Chandos. Born at London, Feb. 11,
1797 : died there, July 29, 1861. An English his-
torian. He was known as Eail Temple 1813-22, and as
Marquis of Chandos 1822-39, when he succeeiied his father
as duke. He was member of Parliament for Buckingham-
shire 1818-39, and was lord privy seal 1841-12. He in-
troduced into the Reform Bill in 1832 the clause known
as the Chandos clause, which extended the franchise in
counties to £50. He wrote " Memoirs of the Court and
Cabinets of George III." (18.53-55), "Memoirs of the Court
of England during the Regency " (1856), " Memoirs of the
Court of George IV." (1859). " Memoirs of the Courts and
Cabinets of William IV. and Victoria " (1861), etc.
Grenville, Richard Temple (later Grenville-
Temple), Earl Temple. Born Sept. 26. 1711:
died Sept. 12, 1779. An English politician,
brother-in-law of Pitt. He was first lord of the ad-
miralty under the Duke of Devonshire 17.56-57, and lord
privy seal under Pitt and Newcastle 1757-6L He was a
patron of Wilkes, and was thought by some to be the au-
thor of the "Letters" of Junius.
Grenville, Thomas. Born Dec. 31, 1755 : died
at London, Dee. 17, 1846. An English politician
(Whig) and diplomatist, best known as a book-
collector. He bequeathed over 20,000 volumes
to the British Museum.
Grenville, William Wyndham, Baron Gren-
ville. Born Oct. 25, 1759: died at Dropmore,
Bucks, England, Jan. 12, 1834. An English
statesman, son of George Gren\ille. He entered
Parliament in 1782; was appointed paymaster-general of the
army in 1783 ; was chosen speakerof the House of Commons
about 1789; was created Baron Grenville in 1790 ; and was
secretary for foreign affairs in Pitt's ministry 1791-1801,
In 1806 he combined with Fox to form the ministry of " All
the Talents," of which he was premier. The death of Fox
in the same year weakened the ministry, and Grenville
was compelled to resign in 1807.
Grenville Channel. A narrow channel between
the mainland of British Columbia and Pitt Isl-
and. Length, 50 miles.
Gresham(gresh'am), Sir Thomas. Died at Lon-
don, Nov. 21. 157S. An English financier. Hewas
employed to negotiate loans for the government both at
home and abroad, and was knighted by Queen Elizabeth
in 15.59. He founded the Royal Exchange in 1665, and
Gresham College in 157.5, which was opened in 1.096. He
observed and commented on the tendency of the inferior
of two forms of currency in circulation to circulate more
freely than the superior, which has been named from him
(Jresham's Law.
Gresham, Walter Quinton. Born at Lanes-
ville, Ind., March 17, 1832: died at Washington,
D. C, May 28, 1895. An American politician,
jurist, and general. He was admitted to the bar in
18.53, and joined the Union army at the beginning of the
Civil War. serving as a division commander in Blair's corps
before Atlanta, and being brevetted major-general of vol-
unteers March 13, ISil.i. He was tnited States judge for
the distiict of Indiana 1861)-82 ; was |KWtma^ter■general
188'2-84 ; w as secretary of the treasui-y in IS.S4 ; and be-
came secretary of state in Cleveland's cabinet in 1893.
Gresham College. An educational foundation
in London, endowed by the will of Sir Thomas
Gresham. Lectures were commenced in 1697 ; the build-
ing was transferred to the govenmient in 1708. The pres-
ent building, near the Cuil.lhall, was erected in 184.'i.
Gresley (gra-la').HenriFrangoisXavier. Born
at Vassv, Haute-Marno, France, Feb. 9, 1819:
died at i'aris. May 2, 1890. A French general.
He served as brigadier-geiienU and chief of the general
staff of the Ist army corps in the Franco-Prussian war;
was chief of the general staff in thominlstry of war in 1874-
1877; became genend of division in 1875; was miidster of
war in 1879; was elected senator for life in 1879; and was
commander of the 6th army corps 1880-83.
Gresley (gres'li), William. Bom at Kenil-
worlh, Warwickshii-e, March K!, 1801 : died nt
Boyne Hill, near Maidenhead, Beikshire, Nov.
19.1876. An English clergyman and writer. In
1S67 he became perpetual cm-ate' of All Saiiit.s. Boyne Hill.
He publisheil a number of tales and many religious works.
Among the latter are "Ordinance of Confession " (1861),
"Sophron and Neologos,"etc. (18111)." Priests and Philoso-
phers" (1873), "Thoughts on Keligion and Philosophy"
(1876). His tides, mostly written in conjunction with Ed.
Gresley, William
ward Churton, were iUustrativeuf social and religloaslife.
"Bernard Leslie," etc., written by Gre8l<?y alone in 1*42,
was intended to show the influence of the Oxford move-
ment,
Gresset (gre-sa'), Jean BaptisteLouisde. Bora
at Amiens, Aug. 29, 1709 : died there, June 16,
1777. A French poet, for a time, in his youth,
a member of the Jesuit order. His best-known poem
is '* Vert-V,ert." Among his other works are "'La Char-
treuse." "Edouard III.," " Epitre k ma soeur sur ma con-
valescence," and the comedy '"Le mechant" (174T). His
complete works were edited by Renouard 1811.
Oreswell (gres'wel), Edward. Bom at Denton,
near Manchester, Aug. 3, 1797: died at Ox-
ford, June 29, 1869. An English ehronologist.
He was a fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and vice-
president of the college lS40-«9. He published " Fustl
temporis cathi>Iici, etc." (Pait 1, 1852), " General Tables of
the Fasti catholici, or Fasti temporis perpetui, from B. c
40D1 to \. D. 2000" (18S2),"Origines calendariiE hellenicte"
(1854), etc.
Greta Hall (gre'ta hal). The residence of
Southey. It is in the vale of Keswick, Cum-
berlaml.
Gretchen (grech'en; G. pron. grat'chen). [6.,
a dim. of iluigaret.'] The principal female char-
acter of Goethe's " Faust." she is a simple girl of
the lower ranks of life, charming in her innocence and
confiding love for Faust,
He has never created anything sublimer than this ideal
picture of innocence, simplicity, warmth and depth of af-
fection ; her maidenly reserve at the outset, the spirit of
noble purity which breathes around her, her little world
of domestic duties, the truly feminine instinct with which
she tends her little sister, the natural grace with which
she reveals her feelings, the naive love of ornament natu-
ral to the girl of the people ; then the first shadows which
fall on this transparent soul, the misgivings roused by
Faust's bold address, the presentiment of danger and in-
voluntary shudder at ilephisto's presence, her pious anxi-
ety about the spiritual welfare of her lover, her devotion
and utter self-surrender to him, her inability to refuse him
anything, and then all the fell consequences of her weak-
ness, nuidness, prison, and death — a fearful transition this
from the idyllic to the tragical
Scherer^ History of German Literature, 11. 327.
Grethel (greth'el; G. pron. gra'tel). Gammer.
The fictitious narrator of "Grimm's Tales."
Gretna Green (gret'na gren). A farmsteading
near the village of Springfield, Dumfriesshire,
Scotland, 8 miles northwest of Carlisle. The
name was afterward applied to the village, which became
notorious for the celebration of irregular marriages con-
tracted by runaway parties from England. These mar-
riages were rendered invalid (unless one of the parties has
resided for some weeks in Scotland) by an act passed in
1850.
Oretry (gra-tre'). Andrl Ernest Modeste.
Born at Liege, Belgium. Feb. 8, 1741: died at
Montmorency, near Paris, Sept. 24, 1813. A
French composer. His works include the operas "Le
Huron ' (1768), "Lucile" (1769), "Le tableau parlant"
(1769). " Zemire et Azor " (1771), " L'Amant jaloux ' (1778),
" L'tpreuve villageoise." " Kichard Cceur de Lion " (1784),
" Guillaume Tell " (1791X " Lisbeth " (1797), etc. He also
wrote several books, "iIi;'moires ou essais sur la musique "
(1789), " De la vents, etc. ' (tuiS), etc.
Greuze (grez), Jean Baptiste. Born at Tour-
nus. France, Aug. 21, 172,") : died at Paris, March
21, 180.5. A genre and portrait painter, pupil at
Lyons of Gromdon, and in Paris (1755) of the
Academy. In 1755 he went to Italy with the Abb* Gon-
jenot. Li 1767 he retired to Anjou, whence he returned
to exhibit pictures in his studio. He amassed a large for-
tune, which was lost in the Revolution. Neglected by the
public, which admired only the new school of David, he
passed his last years in misei-y and neglect,
Grfeve (grav). Place de la. The place of exe-
cution of ancient Paris. Until the creation of the
Place du Carrousel, it was the largest open s<iuare in the
city ; was also used as a market ; and was the point most
intimately ass*iciated with the business of the city. For
this reason it was chosen for the location of the Hotel de
Ville,which now stands there. The space in front of it, for-
merly the PlacedelaGrfeve.is nowcallcd Place del'Htitelde
Ville. Besides I>eing the place for the execution of crimi-
nals, innocent victims have been shot here in nearly every
revolution that has occurred in Paris. Its name ('the
strand ") was given it on account of its position on the bank
of the Seine. The Quai de la Grfeve was one of the three
earliest ports, as they were called, of Paris: it doubtless
dates from Roman times.
Greville (grev'U). A conceited and obstinate
lover of Miss Harriet Byron in Richardson's
" Sir (^harles Graudison."
Greville, Charles Cavendish Fulke. Born
April 2, 1794 : <Iicd at London, Jan. 18, 1.86.5. An
English diarist, grandson of the fifth Lord
Brooke, and. on his motlier's side, grandson of
the third Duke of Portland. He was secretary of
Jamaica and clerk of the privy council For 40 years he
recorded in his diarj- his impressions and intimate know-
ledge of contcmporriry English politics and politicians.
These "Memoirs" were published after his death by
Henry Reeve : first series. 1817-37 (3 vols. 1875), second and
third series, 1837-60 (3 vols. ISSo, 2 vols. 1887).
Greville, Fulke, first Lord Brooke. Born at
Beauchamp (I!ourt, Warwickshire, 15.54: died
Sept. 30. 1628. An English poet and statesman.
He studied at Jesus College, Cambridge -, became a favorite
460
of Queen Elizabeth ; and was an intimate friend and the
biographer of his kinsman Sir Philip Sidney. He became
secretary for Wales in ir»8:i ; treasurer "of the wars" in
March, and of the navy Sept., 1.S98 : chancellor of the ex-
chequer in 1614 ; and commissioner of the treasury in 1618.
He was stabbed, Sept. 1, by a servant. Ralph Uaywood, one
of the witnesses to his will, to whom he faileil to leave a
legacy. His epitaph, composed by himself, was : " Fulke
Greville, servant to Queen Elizabeth, councillor to King
James, and friend to Sir Philip Sidney." His works were
reprinted by Grosart (1870).
Greville (gra-vel'), Henry. The pseudonym
of Alice Marie Celeste Durand.
Greville (grev'il), Robert, second Lord Brooke.
Born l(i08 : died March 2. 1643. An EngUsh Par-
liament aiy general in the ci\'U war, only son of
Fulke Greville. He defeated the Earl of .Northampton
at Kineton, near Banbury, Aug. 3. 1642 ; was appointed
in Jan., 1643, commander-in-chief of the countiesof War-
wick, Stalfonl, Leicester, and Derby ; captured Stratford-
on-.\von in Feb. ; and was killed .at Lichfield. He >vrote
"The Nature of Truth, etc." (1640), and other works.
Greville, Robert Kaye. Born at Bishop Auck-
land, I)urham, l>ie. 13, 1794: died near Edin-
burgh, June 4, 1866. A British botanist. He
published " Scottish Oryptogamic Flora," '' Flora Edinen-
sis " (begun 1823), " Icones tllicmu " (with Hooker ; began
18-29), "Algie Britannicie " (1830), the botany of India and
of British North America in the "Edinburgh Cabinet Li-
brary," etc. He was an opponent of slavery and a supporter
of the cause of temperance.
Grevy (gra-ve'), Albert. Born at Mont-sous-
Vaudrey, department of Jura, Aug. 23, 1824. A
French statesman, brother of Francois Paul
Jules Gri5vy. He was elected to the National Assembly
in 1871, and to the Chamber of Deputies in 1876. He was
civil and military governor of Algeria 1S79-8L
Grevy, Francois Paul Jules. Born at Mont-
sous-Vaudrey, Jura, France, Aug. 15, 1807: died
at Mont-sous-Vaudrey, Sept. 9, 1891. A French
statesman. He was a deputy to the Constituent Assem-
bly 1848-49, to the Legislative Assembly 1849-51, and to the
Corps Legislatif 1868-70 ; and was president of the National
Assembly 1871-73, and of the Chamber of Deputies 1876
and 1877-79. He succeeded Mac-Mahon as president of the
French republic in 1879 ; was reelected in Dec, 1SS5 ; and
was compelled to resign in 1SS7, owing to the traffic which
his son-in-law Wilson carried on in oflices and decorations.
Grew (gro), Nehemiah. Born l&H : died March
25, 1712. AJi English botanist, noted for his
studies in vegetalde anatomy and physiologj-.
He graduated at Cambridge (Pembroke Hall) in 1661, and
took the degree of doctor of medicine at Leyden in 167X
In 1677 he became secretary of the Royal Society, and ed-
ited the "Philosophical Transactions" (Jan., 1678,-Feb.,
1679). His chief work, " The Anatomy of Plants," was pub-
lished in 1682.
Grey (gi'a), Charles, tirstEarl Grey. Born at
Howick, 1729: died there, Xov. 14, 1807. AnEng-
lish general. He became colonel and king's aide-de-
camp in 1772; joined Howe in America in 1776 (with the rank
of major-general) ; defeated Anthony Wayne near Paoli.
Sept. 20, 1777 ; commanded a brigade at Germantown Oct.
4, 1777 : captured New Bedford and Martha's Vineyard in
1778 ; returned to England in 1782 ; and was appointed
commander-in-chief in America — an appointment which
the close of the w.ir rendered inoperative. In 1793 he was
appointed with Jervis (later Earl St. Vincent) commander
of an expedition to the French West Indies. They re-
duced Martinique in March, and St. Lucia and Guadeloupe
in .\pril, 1794.
Grey, Charles, second Earl Grey, and Viscount
Howick. Born at Fallodon, near Alnwick,
Northumberland, March 13, 1764: died July 17,
1843. An English Whig statesman. He became
first lord of the admiralty under Grenville in 18* je, foreign
secretary on the death of Fox, and was dismissed from
oflice in March, 1807. He remained out of office for many
ye.ars. In Nov., 1830, he undertook the formation of a
ministry, which, after an appeal to the country (1831) and
a temporan' resignation ot office (May 9-18, 1832), passed
the Rcfi.rni Bill of 1832 (June. 1832). In Aug., l8;i3, he
carried a bill abolishing slavery throughout the British
empire, and in 1834 passed the Poor Law Amendment
Act. He resigned in July, 1834.
Grey, Elliot. The principal character in Les-
ter Wallack's play " Kosedale," created by him.
Grey, Sir George. Born 1799: died Sept. 9, 1882.
An English statesman, grandson of Charles, first
Earl Grey. He was under-secretary for the colonies
1834-39, judge-advocate-general 18:19-41, home secretary
under Lord John Russell l840-.'>2, colonial secretary 1854-
18.''5, and home secret:u*y under Palmerston and Russell
1865-58 and 18*2 -i«.
Grey, Sir George Edward. Bom at Lisbum,
Ireland, April 14, 1812. A British colonial gov-
ernor and author. He was governor of South Austra-
lia 1841-11), of New Zealand 1846-.M, of Cape Colony 1851-
1861, and of New Zealand 1361-67. Ue has published
"Polynt-^ian Mythology" (1855), etc
Grey, Henry, Duke of Suffolk and third Marquis
of Dorset. Executed 1.554. An English noble-
man, father of Lady Jane Grey by his second ( ? i
wife, who was the elder daughter of Charles
Brandon, duke of Suffolk, and Mary Tudor,
younger sister of Henry VIII. See Grey, Lady
Jane.
Grey, Lady Jane. Born at Broadgate, Leiees-
tersliire, England, about 1537: beheadedat Lon-
don, Feb, 1^, 15o4. The daughter of Henry
Gridley, Richard
Grey (marquis of Dorset and duke of Suffolk)
and great-granddaughter of Henry VII. of Eng-
land. She was the pupil of Bishop Aylmer and of Soger
Ascham. .\t the age of 15 she was able to wTite in Greek,
Latin, Italian, French, and German, and was studying
Hebrew. She was married to L:>rd Guildford Dudley in
May, 1553, as a part of the plot for changii.g the succession
of the crown from the Tudta-s to the Dudleys after the
death of Edward VI. ; was proclaimed queen in July. 1553 ;
was an'ested in Nov., and afterward condemned for trea-
son : and was executed on Tower Hill with her husband,
Feb. 12, 1554. She has been made the subject of tra-
gedies by Rowe (1715), Laplace (1745), Madame de Stael
(1800), Brilaut (1812), Soumet (1844), Tenn}-son (1876X etc
Grey, Richard. Born at Newcastle, England.
1694: died at Hinton, Northamptonshire. Feb.
28, 1771. An English divine and scholar, rector
of Hinton from 1720. He published " Memoria Tech-
nica, or a New Method of Artificial Memory " (1730), long a
popular work on mnemonics.
Grey, Thomas, fii'st Marquis of Doreet. Bom
1451: died Sept. 20, 1501. An English noble-
man, son of Sir John Grey, Lord Ferrers of
Groby, and Elizabeth Woodville (afterward
queen of Edward TV. ). He was created earl of Hunt-
ingdon in 1471, and marquis of Dorset in 1475. In 1471 he
took part in the murderof Prince Edwai'd, son of Henry VI.
On the accession of Richard III. he fied, and joined the
party of Henry of Richmond (afterward Henry VII.X He
was on the Continent untU after the battle of Bosworth.
Grey, Sir William. Bom 1818 : died at Tor-
quay, May 15, 1878. An English statesman. He
was lieutenant-governor of Bengal in 1867-71,
and governor of Jamaica 1874-77.
Greycoat School or Hospital. A school at
Westminster, London, situated on the east end
of Rochester Row, facing Greycoat Place, it is
so named from the color of the clothing worn by the in-
mates. It was founded in 1698 by Queen .Anne for the edu-
cation of 70 poor boys and 40 poor girls. Thorr^ury.
Grey Friars (gra fri'arz), or Fratri Minores
(fra'tn mi-no'rez), or Minorites (mi'uor-its).
In the Roman Catholic Church, one of the men-
dicant orders, founded by St. Francis of Assisi.
Also called Franciscans. The other orders are Do-
minicans (Friars Major, Friars Preachers, or Black Fri-
ars), Carmelites (Wbite FriarsX and Augustinians (Austin
Friars). The order of Grey Friai-s was established by
Pope Honorius III. in 1223. In London the Grey Friai*
were located in Ludgate street, where Christ's Hospital
(Bluecoat School) afterward stood. The monastery was
founded by John Ewin, a mercer, in 1226. The choir of
Grey Friars Church was built by Joyner, lord mayor in
1239, and the nave was added by Henry Walings. The
church was rebuilt in 1306 by Margaret, queen of Edward
I. In 1421 Sir Richard Wliittington gave the monks a
large library. It was a favorite place of burial for mem-
bers of the royal family for many years. Grey Fri.ars was
surrendered in 15&^ and (except a few traces of the niouaft-
tic residence, which may still be seen in Christ's Hospital)
was swept away in the great fire of 1666,
Greylock (gra'lok). The highest moimtain of
the Berkshire Hills, in northwestern Massachu-
setts 8 miles from North Adams. Height, 3,.535
feet.
Greyson (gra-z6n'), Emile. Bom at Brussels,
Aug. 17, 1823. A Belgian writer, general direc-
tor of higher and intermediate instruction in
Belgium. His works include the romances "Fiamma
Colonna " (1857), "Julfer Da.adje et Juffer DoortJe"(1874X
" Hier-Anjourd'hui " (1890).
Greyson (gra'son), R. E. H. An (inexact) ana-
grammatic pen-name of Henry Rogers.
GreytO'Wn (gra'toun). See San Juan <iel \orte.
Gribeauval (gre-bo-vsi'). Jean Baptiste V»-
quette de. Bom at Amiens, France, Sept. 15,
1715: died at Paris. May 9, 1789. A French
engineer and general of artillery.
Griboyedoff (gre-bo-ya'dof), Aleksander Ser-
feyevitch. Bom at Moscow, Jan., 1795 : mur-
ered at Teheran, Feb. 12, 1829. A Russian
poet and diplomatist. He first studied law, but at
the age of 17 entered the army, and afterward the col-
lege of foreign affairs, the service of which took him to
Persia and Georgia, where a p.art of his comedy " The Mi»-
fortune of haWng Brains" was written. It was playe4l in
1832, after his death. He was killed with his followers in
an insurrection.
Gridley (grid'li), Jeremiah. Bom at Boston,
March 10^ 1702 : died at Biookline, Mass., Sept.
10. 1767. An American lawyer, brother of Rich-
ard Gridley. He graduated at Harvard in 1725, and
subsequently'became a lawyer. He was attorney-general
of the province of Massachusetts Bay, whei-e in 1761 he
defended against James Otis, before the superior court of
judicature, the legality ot the writs of assistance demanded
by the British custom-house officials.
Gridley, Richard. Bom in Massachusetts, Jan.
3, 1711 : died at Stoughton, Mass., June 20, 1796.
An American general. He became chief engineer
and colonel of infantry in the British army in 175^ aiid
served under Winslow in the expedition to CrowTi Point
in 17.'i6, under Amherst in 17.58, and under Wolfe in the
expedition against Quebec in 17.59. At the outbreak of
the War of Independence he was appointed chief engi-
neer and commander of artillery in the colonial army at
C:inibridge. and planned the works of Bunker Hill the
night before the battle of Jtme 17, 1775. He received a
Oridley, Bichard
major-general'B commission from the Provincial ronp"e83
Hi'pt. 20, 1775, and had cummaud of the t'outiucutal artil*
lun' until Nov. o( that year.
Grief cl-la-Mode. See Funeral, The.
Orieg iiP'^ti), Edvard. Bom at Bergen, Nor-
wav, June 15, 1843. A noted Scanclinarian
composer, lie went to Leipsic in 1858, and studied for
four years at the Conservatorium. In 1663 lie went to
Copenhagen for study. After his return to the north in
1867 iiis ct)mposition8 became stamped with the mark of
his scandina\ ian nationality, lie went to London in 1888,
where he both played and conducted. Among his com-
positions are " lluiuoresken " (for the piano), " .'^ongs," the
"• I'ecr (lynt " suite (two series), ' Norw egian Folk-Songs,"
* .*^ijrurd Jorsalfa " (an operaX Norwegian dances, etc.
Grierson (friei'son), Benjamin Henry, Born
at Pittsliui-r;, Pa., July 8, 1S26. An American
cavalry oHirer. He became aide-de-camp to the Union
genenil I^rentiss at the bLpinning of the Civil War, and was
made major cjf the Gth Illinois Cavalry in Aug., 184il, and
comniatider of a cavalry brigade in Dec, 180'".i. He con-
ducted a cavalry i-aid from La Grange to Baton Rouge
in April, 18(V1, to facilitate the operations of Grant about
VickBburg, and in Dec, 1864, commanded a similar raid in
Arkansas. He became colonel of the 10th I'nited States
Cavalry July 28, IStMJ, and brevet major-general of the
United .States ai-my March *2, 1807. .After the war he was
engaged in frontier service at the West.
Griesbach (gres'bach), Johann Jakob. Bom
at Butzbach, Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, Jan.
4, 1745 : died at Jena, Germany, March 24, 1812.
A German biblical critic, professor at Halle
1773-7.'>, and at Jena 177.1-1812. He edited the
Greek New Testament 1774-77.
Gries (gre or gres) Pass. A pass in the Lepon-
tiue .Alps, leading from Obergestelen, in the
Khone valley, Valais, Switzerland, to Domo
d'Ossola, province of Novara, Italy.
Grieux (grcfe), Le Chevalier de. The lover of
.\I:ini ill lioscaut, in I'rovost's novel of that name.
Griffin(grif 'in). The capital of SpaldingCounty,
Georgia, about 3.5 miles south of Atlanta. Popu-
lation (1890), 4,503.
Griffin, Charles. Bom in Licking County, Ohio,
1826: died at Galveston, Texas, Sept. 15, 1867.
An American s;oldier. He graduated at West Point
in 1S47, and in this and the succeeding year commanded
1 company of artillery imder General Patterson in the
Mexican war. At the outbreak of the Civil War he adhered
to the Union cause. He commanded the West Point bat-
tery in the first battle of Bull Run ; was made brigadier-
general of volunteers June 9, 1802 ; and fought with dis-
Unction at the battle of Malvern Hill. He commanded a
division at Antietam and tYedericksburg and in Hooker's
campaign, and as commander of the 5th army corps, di-
rected l>y Grant, received the arms and colors of the Army
of Northern Virginia aft«r the surrender at Appomattox
Court House. He was brevetted major-general .March l;i,
1865, for his services during the war, and was appointed
colonel of the 35th infantry July 28, 1866.
Griffin, Edward Dorr. Born at East Haddam,
Conn., Jan. 6, 1770 : died at Newark, N. J., Nov.
8, 1837. An American clergyman, president
of Williams College (Williamstown, Massachu-
setts) 1821-36. He i>ublished "Lectures in
Park Street Church" (1813).
Griffin, Gerald. Born at Limerick, Ireland, Dec.
12, 1803: died at Cork, Ireland, June 12, 1840.
An Irish novelist, dramatist, and poet. His prin-
cipal novel, "The Collegians "(182S), has been dramatized
as "Colleen Bawn." Among nis other works are "The
Invasion," "The Rivals," etc.
Griffinhoofe (grif'in-hVif), Arthur. The name
under wliich George Colinan tlie younger pub-
lislicd a number of his ]>lavs.
Griffis (grif 'is), William Elliot. Born at Phila-
dclpliia, Sept. 17, 1843. An American educa-
tor and clergyman. He graduated at Rutgers Col-
lege in IHOl) ; went to Jai)an in 1870 to organize schools on
the Auu-rican plan ; was superintendent of ediicati<»n in
, the province of lOchizen in 1871 ; und was professor of phys-
ics In the Imperial Cniversity of Tokio 1872-74. On re-
turning to tlie United States he studieil divinity, and be-
came pastor (1877) of a liff.>inifd church at Schenectady,
New York, (1880) of a Cungieg:iti(>nal church at Boston,
■ud (I8'.i3) of the Congregational church at Ithaca, N. Y.
He waa the author of " The Mikado's Empire " (1876). etc.
Griffith (grif'ith). In Shakspere's "Henry
Vin.."a gentleman usher toC^ueen Katharine.
Griffith, William Pettit. Born at London,
July 7, 1815: died tlicre, Sept. 14, 1884. An
English architect and archwologist. He wrote
"The Natural System of Architecture" (1845),
"Ancient (iothie Churches" (1847-52), etc.
Griffith Gaunt. A novel by Charles Reade, pub-
lished in 1S66.
Griffiths, Evan. Bom at GelHbeblig, Glamor-
ganshire, 17!)5; died Aug. 31, 1873. A 'Welsh
clergyman. He published a "'Welsh-English
Dictionary" (1847).
Grigoriopol (gre-go-re-6'pol). A town in the
govcrnniont of Kherson, Russia, on the Dnies-
ter about SO miles northwest of Odessa. Pojm-
lalicin (1S8!)), 6.478.
Grihastha (^r-has't-ha). [Skt., 'householder.']
A Brahman in the second stage of his religious
life.
461
Orihyasutras (grh-ya-so'traz). [Skt., 'rules
pertaining to the house.'] Rules forthc conduct
of domestic rites and the personal sacraments,
extending from birth to the marriage of a man.
See Sntni.
Grijalva (gre-nal'va), Juan de. Bom in Cuel-
lar, 1489 or 1490: died in Nicaragua, Jan. 21,
1527. A Spanish soldier, discoverer of Mexico.
He was a nephew of Diego Velastjuez : was with him iu
Espailola and Cuba ; and was chosen t(-i follow up Cordova's
discovery of Yucatan. He left Santiago de Cuba with four
caravels, April 8, 1518 ; followed around the coast of Yuca-
tan and the continent to Cape Rojo or beyond ; obtained a
considerable quantity of gold by trading with the Indians ;
and heard of the rich Aztec empire in the interior. When
hereturnedtoCuba, early in November, Cordova repniaclied
him fornot having made settlements, and liewas dismissed.
In 1523 he went with Garay to the coast of Mexico, and
later he took sen'ice with Pedrarias at Panama.
Grildrig (gril'drig). A name given to Gulliver
by tlie people of Brobdingnag, in Swift's "Gul-
liver's Travels." It meant a very little man.
Grillparzer (gril'piirt-ser), Franz. Born at
Vienna, Jan. 15, 1791: died there, Jan. 21, 1872.
An Austrian dramatist. He studied jurisprudence,
and in 1813 entered the civil service, from which he retii-ed
to private life in 1856. His dramas are "Die Ahnfran "
("The Ancestress": a so-called "fate-tragedy," 1817),
"Sappho " (1818), the trilogy " Das goldne Vliess " (" The
Golden Fleece," 1821). "KonigOttokarsGliick und Ende"
("King Ottokar's Fortune and End," 1826), "Ein trcuer
biener seines Herm"("'A True Servant of his Master,"
1828), " Des Meeres una der Liebe Wellen " ("The Waves
of Ix)ve and of the Sea," 18.'S1), "Der Traum ein Leben"
(" Dream is a Life, " 1834). A comedy, ' Weh' deni, der liigt"
(" Woe to him who Lies," 1840), was a failure. Three other
tragedies appeared posthumously. Still another, "Esther,"
was left untlidshcd. His complete works, "Sammtliche
Werke," appeared at Stuttgart, 1872, in 10 vols.
Grim (grim). In Arthurian legend, a fisherman
who gave his name to Grimsby. He saved the
life of Havelok. See Havelok the Dane.
Grim, the Collier of Croydon. A play first
printed in 1662 as by "I. T." Haughton wrote a play
called "The Devil and' his Dam," wbien has been rashly
identified with this. (Bulleii.) Richard Crowley wrote a
" Satirical Epigram " in lo.SO called " The Collier of Croy-
don," and there is an interlude in Richard Edwards's
"Damon and Pythias " (1571) called "Grim the Collier."
Grim, Giant. A giant, in Bunyan's "Pilgrim's
Progress," who is killed bj- Mr. Greatheart.
Grimald (grim'ald), Nicholas. Born in Hun-
tingdonshire (at "Bro\Tnshold," according to
his own statement), 1519: died about 1562. An
English writer, the contributor of 40 poems to
the first edition of "Tottel's Miscellany" (of
which he was, perhaps, the editor), many of
which were omitted from the second edition.
He also pul)lished a translation of Cicero's "De Offlciis."
He was probal)Iy of Italian parentage (son of a certain
Gianbatista Grinialdi), studied at Cambridge and O-xford,
and was chaplain to Bishop Ridley.
Grimaldi (grc-mal'de), Antonio. Lived in the
middle of the 14th century. A Genoese ad-
miral.
Grimaldi, Giovanni Francesco, called II Bo-
lognese. BornatBologna, Italy, 1606: died at
Rome, 1680. An Italianpainter,especially noted
for his landscapes.
Grimaldi, Joseph. Bom at London, Dec. 18,
1779: died tliere, May 31, 1837. A noted Eng-
lish pant(>mituist and actor. He came of a well-
known family of clowns, and first appeared as an infant
dancer in 1782. U(M>l(taini'd liis greatest success at ('ovent
Garden in 1806 in the pantomime of " Mother Goose," in
whicli he appeared jui Squire Bugle (clown). He made his
last appeaiance .June 27, 1828, as Harlequin Hoax. His
singing and grimacing excited great enthusiasm, and with
him the days of genuine pantomime expired. His son .lo-
septi S. Grimaldi niadc his first appearance in his father's
[laits ill 1811 ; he died in 1832. Vict. Sal. Biog.
Grimalkin(gri-ini"irkin). A gray cat; especially,
a gray cat into which the spirit of a witch has
entered.
Grimani (gre-ma'ne), Antonio. Born 1436:
died May 7.. 1523. A doge of Venice (July 7.
1521). descended from a powerful patrician fam-
ily, and dist ingiiisheil for both his civil and mili-
tary services. I le was made captain-general of
the Venetian fleet sent against the sultan Baja-
zet in 1499.
Grimani Palace. A fine 16th-century palace on
the (irand Canal. Venice. It was designed by San
Micheli and decorated l)y Tintoretto, but tlio frescos have
disapiieared. It is now used as a iJost-ofllce.
Grimes (grimz), James Wilson. Bom at Deer-
ing, N. II., Oct. 20, ISIO: died nt Burlington,
Iowa, Feb. 7, 1872. An American politician,
governorof Iowa 18.54-.58, und Re]iiililicMn United
States senator from Iowa 18.59-()9. He was one of
the few Republican senat<)r8 wh<i voted against the con-
viction of I'rcsidiMit Andrew JoIniBon.
Grimes, Old. Sei' (lUi crinics.
GrimkS ( gii 111 ' k e ) , Frederick. Bom at Charles-
ton, S.C., Sept. 1, 1791 : died March 8, 1863. An
American jurist, brother of T. B. Grimk6. Hu
Grim's Dyke
was a judge of the State Supreme Court of Ohio 1886-42.
He wrote " Nature and Tendencies of Free Institutions"
(1848).
Grimk^, Sarah Moore. Bom at Charleston,
S. C, Nov., 1792 : died Dec. 23, 1873. An Ameri-
can abolitionist, sister of T. S. Grimk(5. she
wrote ' ' lA'tters on the Condition of Woman and the Equal-
ity of the Sexes " (1838), etc
Grimk6, Thomas Smith. Bom at Charleston,
S. C, Sept. 26, 1786 : died near Columbus, Ohio,
Oct. 12 (11 ?), 1834. An Aiflerican lawyer and
lecturer. He graduated at Yale in 1807, and was a mem-
ber of the Stiite senate of South Carolina 1826-30. He was
a prominent member of the American Peace Society, and
was one of the pioneers in the cause of temperance reform.
He wrote "Addresses on Science, Education, and Litera-
ture "(1831).
Grimm (grim), Friedrich Melchior, Baron.
Born at Ratisbou (Regensburg), Bavaria, Dec.
25, 1723: diedatGotha, Germany, Dec. 19, 1807.
A noted German-French critic, man of letters,
and diplomat, long resident in Paris, and a mem-
ber of the most brilliant literary society of the
periotl. He was made a baron of the empire and minister
of the Duke of Gotha at the French court in 1776, and
minister of Catharine II. of Russia at Hamburg in 1795.
His works include"LettressurOmphale "(17.'>2)," Le petit
proplu-te de Boelimischbroda " (1753)," Correspondance lit-
teraire, philosopbique et critique adress^e h un souve-
rain d'.\llemagne " (first part 1813, second part 1812, third
part 1813, with a supplement 1814), "Correspondance in-
edite de Grimm et Diderot, eto." (1829).
Grimm, Herman. Bom at Cassel, Jan. 6,
1828. A German critic and author, son of Wil-
helm Grimm. He studied at Berlin and Bonn, and has
been since 1873 professor of the history of art in the Uni-
versity of Berlin. Ilis most important works lU-e "Das
Leben Michelangelos, " " Ess.ays " (1859 and 1865, new series
1871 andlST.i). " Das Leben Rafaels " (1872), " Vorlesungen
uber Goetbe" (1877). He is the author, besides, of the
novel " Unnberwindliche Machte" ("Unconquerable
Powers"), and of "Novellen " ("Stories ").
Grimm, Jakob. Bom at Hanau, Jan. 4, 1785:
died at Beriin, Sept. 20, 1863. A German phi-
lologist and writer. Hestudied jurisprudence at Mar-
burg. In 1805 he went to Paris to assist Savigny, whose
pupil he had been. The following year he was at the mili-
tary school in Cassel. In 1808 he became librarian to the
King of Westphalia. After 1814 he lived and labored with
his brother Wilhelm in the closest association. They
were together librarians at Cassel; 1830 to 1837 professors
at Gottingen; subseipiently again at Cassel; and 1841
on the invitation of tlie king settled in Berlin. In 1812
and 1815 they published conjointly the well-known book of
fail-y tales "Kinder- und Hausmarchen "('■ Children's and
Domestic Tales "), in 1810 " Deutsche Sagen "(" German Le-
gends"), and after 1852 worked together on the great
"Deutsches Worterbuch"("Gerniaii Dictionary"). Jakob's
independent work consists of an essay, " Poesie ini Recht "
(18U0, expanded 1828 into " Deutsche Rechtsalterthumer. "
Beginning with 1829, his "Deutsche Crainmatik " ("Ger-
man Grammar") appeared. This last is the fundamental
work in comparative Germanic philology, of which spe-
cific branch he may be called the founder. Its principal
terminology originated with him, and one of its most
characteristic phases, that of the relative correspondence
of consonanta, was first formulated by him, and bears the
name of Grimm's Law. In 1835 appeared another great
work, the " Deutsche Mythologie." His minor works,
"KleinereSchriften, "appeared at Berlin, 1864-S2,in Ovols.
Grimm, Lud'Wig Emil. Born at Hanau, Prus-
sia, May 14, 1790: died at Cassel, Prussia, April
4, 1863. A German painter and etcher, brother
of Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm.
Grimm, Wilhelm. Bom at Hanau, Feb. 24, 1786 :
(lied at Biu'lin, Dec. 16, 18,59. A German phi-
lologist and writer. He was the brother of .lakob
Grimui, with whom he lived and was freiiuently as.sociated
in joint authorsliip. Like his brother, he studied juris-
prudence at Marburg. Owing to ill healtli he had, how-
ever, noperniannit position uj) to 1814, when he went with
Jakob as lilirai iaii lo Cassel. Their subsequent career Is
one. (See JnhAt Grimm.) Wilhelm married, and Jacob
did not. He did the chief work in tlic collection of fairy
tales which owe their particulat style to him. An inde-
pendent work was" Die Deutsche Heldcnsage"(" The Ger-
man Heroic Legend," 1829).
Grimma (grim'mii). A town in the district of
Leipsic, Sa.\ony, on the Midde 17 miles south-
east of Ijcipsic." It contains a noted school and
an electoral castle. Population (1890), 8.957.
Grimmelshausen (gi-ini'mels-hou-zen), Chris-
toph von. Horn at (ielnhausen, Prussia, 1625:
died at Renchen, in Baden, Aug. 17, 16(6. A
German writer, nis parents belonged to the peasant
class. Until the i>cacc of Westphalia, in 1648, he was a
sohiier, but snlisequ«-ntly is supposed to have traveled in
Holland, l''ranre, and Switzerland. He was afterward in the
service of flic I'.ish.qi of SIraslmrg, and ultimately magis-
trate at licnclnii, when- he died. His principal work, and
the most important of its class in German literature, is the
romance " Iicr atienlcurlichc SimplicissimusTcutscli, das
ist ; Beschreibung des I.cltens eines Seltzamen Vagnntens
gcnannt .Mdchior Sternfels von Fuchsbaini" ("Tlie Adven-
turesome Sinipliclsslnius : That is. Description of the Life
of a Strange Vagabond named Melchior Stei-nfcls von
Fncbshaiiu, ' 1609).
Grimsby,oi'GreatGrimsby. See (;iratGrim.'<h!i.
Grim's Dyke, or Grimesditch. See the extract.
The BelgB! » ere of the same Keltic family as the Kymry
and the Oauls. But coming later from the continent they
Orim's Dyke
brought with them its latest ciiilization, and, as settlers,
perhaps for centuries, in the lowlands between the Somme
and the Scheldt, they had acquired the instinct of throw-
ins; up dykes and earthworks. The actual occupants of
Hampshire, Sussex, and Kent were subdued or driven
out, and the great fortified fosse, Grim's Dyke, which en-
closes Salisbury and SUchesterwaa at once the rampart
and the march of the new nationality.
Pearson, Hist. Eng., I. 6.
Grimsel (grim'zel), The. A pass over the Ber-
nese Alps, Switzerland, leading from Meiring-
en, Bern, to Obergf stolen, Valais. It was the scene
of the repulse of the Austrians by the French in 1799.
HiiL'lit. 7,150 feet.
Grimston, William Hunter and Margaret.
See Kendal.
Grlmwig (trrim'wig), Mr. In Dickens's " Oli-
ver Twist." an old friend of Mr. Brownlow,
rough and irascible in conduct but kindly at
heart, ready to "eat his head" if he is mistaken
on any point.
Grindal (grin'dal ), Edmund. Born about 1519 :
died at Croydon, July 6, 1383. An English Prot-
estant di\nne, elected archbishop of Canter-
bury Jan. 10, 1375. He graduated at Cambridge in
1538 : became a royal chaplain in 1541 ; was elected muster
of Pembroke Hall. Cambridge, in 1559 ; and was elected
bishop of London in the same year. He was a vigorous
opponent of the Roman Churcli.
Grindelwald (grin'del-viilt). A village, com-
mune, and valley in the canton of Bern, Swit-
zerland, 35 miles southeast of Bern, it is cele-
brated for picturesque scenery and as a tourist center.
Near it are the two Grindelwald glaciers.
Gringore (gran-gor ' ) . or Gringoire ( gran-gwar' )
loriginally Glingor), Pierre. Born in Nor-
mandy, 147.5-SO : died 1-344. A French satirist
and djamatic writer. Among his works are "Saint
Loys " (a mysteryX " Les foUes enterprises " (a series of
monologues), "La chilsse du cerf des cerfs," "Le coque-
luche," etc
It is to him that we owe the only complete and really
noteworthy tetralogy, composed of cry, sotie, morality,
and farce, which exists to show the final result of the
mediseval play — the "Jeu du Prince des Sots."' . . . Grin-
gore first emerges as a pamphleteer in verse, on the side
of the policy of Louis XII. He held the important posi-
tion of m.TC sotU' in the company of persons who charged
themselves with playing the sotie, and Louis perceived
the advantages whicli he might gain by enlisting such a
writer on his side.
Saintsbury, Short History of French Lit, p. 216.
Grinnell (grin-el'). A city in Poweshiek County,
Iowa, 48 miles east by north of Des Moines: the
seat of Iowa College (Congregational). Popu-
lation (1890), city, 3,332; township, 4,066.
Grinnell, Henry. Born at New Bedford, Mass.,
Feb. 13, 1799 : died at New York, June 30, 1874.
An .\meriean merchant. He fitted out in 1S50 an
expedition sent in search of Sir John Franklin under the
command of Lieutenant E. J. De Haven. De Haven dis-
covered land lat. 80^ X., which was called Grinnell Land,
but failed to find Franklin. In 1853 Grinnell fitted out,with
George Peabody, a second Franklin search expedition un-
der Dr. E. K, Kane, which was equally unsuccessful.
Grinnell Land. [Discovered by De Haven in
the first Grinnell expedition, and named by him
from its promoter.] A land in the north "polar
regions, separated from Greenland by Smith
Sound and Kennedy Channel. It was explored by
Kane, by Hayes, and more thoroughlv by Greely in lhS2. It
contains I,akeHazen((i5niiles) and Mount Arthur(6,0001t.).
Grip (gripi. In Charles Dickens's "Bamaby
Rudge," a talkative raven. He is taken from a
raven owned by the author.
Gripe (grip). 1. A hyporritieal old city tisu-
rer in Wycherley's comedy " Love in a Wood."
— 2. The miserly father of Leander, cheated
by Scapiu, in Otway's "Cheats of Scapin." He
is the G^ronte of Moli&re's play. — 3. A miserly
money-scrivener in Vanbrugh's comedy " The
Confedcracv."
Gripe, Sir Francis. In Mrs. Centlivre's com-
edy " The Busybody," an old man, the guardian
of Miranda. He wishes to marry his ward for the sake
of her money, but is duped by her and Sir George Airy.
Gripsholm (grips ' holm). A royal Swedish
pahice situated on the southern shore of Lake
Millar, near Mariefred, 30 miles west of Stock-
holm. It was founded by Gustaras Vasa in
1537-
Griqualand (gre'kwa-land) East. A depen-
dency of Cape Colony, situated northwest of
Pondolaml and southwest of Natal. Chief place,
Kokstadt. It is governed by magistrates appointed by
the Cape authorities. Area, 7,594 square miles. Popula-
tion (1S91), 1.52,(U8.
Griqualand West. A part of Cape Colony,
forming 4 divisions. Capital, Kimberley. It
lies north of the remainder of the colony, and west of
the Orange Free State, and is famous for its diamond
fields, discovered in 1867. It was governed by a separate
administrator 1871-81. Area, 15,197 square miles. Popu-
lation (1891), 83,875.
Griquas (gre'kwaz). A South African race of
half-castes (Dutcli and natives). They form a dU-
462
tinct commonity in a region called Griqualand, now be-
longing to Great Britain, traversed by the Orange River,
and including the African diamond-fields. Some of them
are Christians and considerably civilized, being success-
ful agriculturists and cattle-breeders.
Grisar (gre'zar), Albert. Born at Antwerp,Dec.
i;6. 1808 : died at Asni^res, near Paris. June 13.
1869. A French composer of comic operas, melo-
dies, and romances. Nineteen of the first were
produced, and he published more than fiftvof
the last.
Grisebach (gre'ze-bach), August Heinrich
Rudolf. Bom at Hannover, Prussia, April 17.
1814: died at Gottingen, Prussia, May 9, 1879.
A German botanist and traveler, professor at
Gottingen from 1847. He traveled, for scientific pur-
poses, in Turkey (1839), the PyTenees (1850), and >'onvay
(1842). He wrote '■ Die Vegetation der Erde " (1872), etc.
Griselda (gri-zel'dii), or Griseldis, or Grissel.
A character of romance, noted for the patience
with which she submitted to the most cruel or-
deals as a wife and mother. The subject has been
variously treated by Boccaccio, Chaucer, Dekker, and other
writers. The song of "Patient Grissel" appeared about
1565, and a prose history shortly after. " From whatever
source derived, ' Griselda ' appears to have been the most
popular of all the stories of the 'Decameron.' In the
fourteenth century the prose translations of it in French
were very numerous : Legrand mentions that he had seen
upwards of twenty, under different names, ' Miroir des
dames,' 'Exemples de bonnes et mauvaises femmes," etc-
Petrarch,whohad not seen tlie ' Decameron' till ashort time
before his death (which shows that Boccaccio was ashamed
of the work), read it with much admiration, as appearsfrom
his letters, and translated it into Latin in 1373, Chaucer,
who borrowed the story fi-ora Petrarch, assigns it to the
Clerk of Oxenforde in his 'Canterbury 'Tales.' The clerk
declares in his prologue that he learned it from Petrarch
at Padua ; and, if we may believe Warton, Cliaucer, when
in Italy, actually heard the story related by Petrarcli, who,
before translating it into Latin, had got it l>y heart in order
to repeat to his friends. The tale became so popular in
France that the comedians of Paris represented, in 1393, a
Mystery in French verse, entitled ■ Le ilystere de (5risel-
dis. ' "There is also an English drama called 'Patient Gris-
sel ' entered in Stationers' Hall, 151*9. One of Goldoni's
plays, in which the tyrannical husband is king of Thessaly,
is also formed on the subject of Griseldis." Duntop, Hist,
of Prose Fiction, II, 146.
Grisi (gre'se). Carlotta (Garonne Ad61e Jo-
sephine Marie, called). Bom near Mantua.
June 28, 1819. A celebrated dancer, cousin of
Giulia Grisi and wife of M. Perrot, a dancing-
master.
Grisi, Giulia. Bom at Milan, July 28, 1811 (f ) :
died at Berlin, Nov. 28, 1869. A celebrated Ital-
ian soprano, famous as an operatic singer, she
appeared first in Italy in 1830 as Emma in Rossini's " Zel-
mira " ; sang in Paris 183"2— 19, and in London 1834-61 ; and
visited the United States in 1854, In 1861 she signed an
agreement not to sing for 5 years. In 1S66 she reappeared
at London, where she sang from time to time in concerts
till 1869. In 1836 she married Count de Melcy, but was
divorced : later she married the singer Mario.
Griskinissa(gris-ki-nis'sa). The wifeof Artaxa-
minous, king of Utopia,in Rhodes's "Bombastes
Fiu-ioso." The king wishes to divorce her and
marry DistaflSna.
Grisons(gre-z6n'),G.Graubiinden(grou'biind-
cu) or Graubiindten (grou'biint-en). It. Gri-
gioni (gre-jo'ne). [F., from i/n.s, gray.] 'The
largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland.
Capital, Chur. It is bounded by Glarus, St. -Gall, Liech-
tenstein, and Austria-Hungary on "the north, Austria-Hun-
gary and Italy on the east, Italy and Ticino on the south,
and Ticino and I'ri on the west. The surface is mountain-
ous. The constitution is democratic. The canton sends
5 members to the National Council. It formed part of the
ancient Rhcetia. The following are the leading events in
its history : formation of the Gotteshausbund. 1396: of the
Grauer Bund (Gray League), 14*24 ; of the Zehngerichten-
bund (League of Ten Jurisdictions\ 1436 ; alliance of tlie
first two leagues with the confederated cantons, 1497-98 ;
of the third league. 1567 ; loss of Italian possessions, 1797 ;
union with the Swiss Confederation, 1803. Area, 2,773
S(|Uare miles. Population (18S8X 96,'291.
Grisseh (gris'se). A town on the northern coast
of Java, situated on the Strait of Madura : one
of the oldest towns of the island.
Grissel, Patient. See Grixelda and Patient
(hi.-sel.
GriS'Wold (griz'wold), Roger. Bom at Lyme,
Conn., May 21, 1762 : died at Noi-wieh, Conn.,
Oct. 25, 1812. An American politician. He was
graduated at Yale in 1780. and began the practice of law
at Norwich in 1783, removing to Lyme in 1794. He was
a Federalist member of Congress from Connecticut 1795-
1805, and became a judge of the Connecticut Supreme
Court in 1807, and governor of the State in 1811. While
governor he refused 4 companies of troops, which were
requisitioned by the l*resident for garrison purposes, the
refusal being made on the ground that the troops were not
wanted to repel invasion, and that the requisition was in
consetjuence unconstitmionaL
Griswold, Rufus Wilmot. Bom at Benson,
Kutlaii(l(:"ounty,Vt.,Feb. 15, 1815: died at New
York city, Aug. 27, 1857. An American critic
and editor. He was for a time a Baptist clergyman, but
abandoned the ministry in order to devote himself to lit-
erature. He was editor of " Graham's Magazine " 1841-43,
GronoT, Abraham
and of the ' ' International Magazine " in 1852. Among hli
works are " Poete and Poetij' of America " (1842). " Prose
Writers of America" (1S4B), "Female Poets of America"
(1849), " The Republican Court ' (1854).
GritO de Dolores. See Dolores, Grito de. ,,
Grizzel. See Griselda. n
Grizzle (griz'l). The horse of Doctor Syntax. f
He was all skin and bone.
Grizzle, Lord. In Fielding's burlesque "Tom
Thumb the Great." a peer of the realm: -'a
flighty, flaunting, and fantastical " personage.
Grizzle, Mrs. The sister of Peregrine Pickle
in Smollett's novel of that name. She marries Com.
modore Trunnion, and henpecks him. " She goes a little
crank and humorsome by being often overstowed with
Nantz and religion."
Groats-worth of Wit, A, bought -with a Mil-
lion of Repentance. A posthumous tract by
Robert Greene, it was licensed in 1592 ; the earliest
existing edition known is 1596. It was edited by Henry
Chettle, Roberto, the young man whose conversion and
adventures are related, corresponds in some, though not
in all, respects to Robert Greene himself. He ends with
a pathetic letter to his wife, which was found with the
MS. after his death.
Groben (gre'ben). Count KarlJoseph von der.
Bom near Rastenburg. East Prussia. Sept. 17,
1788: died July 13, 1876. A Prussian general. 11
Grocho'W (gro'ehov). A village in Poland, 2^ I
miles east of Praga (a suburb of Warsaw), it "
was tJie scene of battles between the Poles and the Rus-
sians under Diebitsch, Feb, 19-25, 1831. The Poles fought
gallantly, inflicting severe loss on the Russians, but had to
fall back on Warsaw.
Grocyn (gro'sin), William. Born at Colerae,
Wiltshire, about 1446 : died at Maidstone, 1519.
An English classical scholar, first teacher of
Greek at (;)xf ord. He was a friend of Linacre, More,
Colet, and Erasnms, and an ardent promi'ter of the "new
learning," though an adherent of the old religious faith.
With the exception of a letter to Aldus and an epigram (OD
a lady who threw a snowball at him), no writings of hia
are known.
Grodek (gro'dek). A town in Galicia, Austria-
Huugarv. 18 miles west of Lemberg. Popula-
tion (1890), commtme, 10,742.
Groden (gre'den), or Grodnerthal (gred'ner-
tal). It. Gardena (gar-da'nii). A valley in
Tyrol, Austria-Hungary, 16 miles northeast of
Bozen. Length. 18 miles.
Grodno (grod'no). 1. A government of western
Russia, bounded by Suwalki and Wilna on the
north, Minsk on the east,Volhynia on the south,
and Lomza and Siedlce on the west. Area,
14,931 square miles. Population (1892). 1.510,-
028. — 2. The capital of the government of Grod-
no, situated on the Niemen in lat. 53° 44' N.,
long. 23° 45' E. Population (1890). 49,788.
Groen van Prinsterer (oron van prin'ster-«r),
Wilhelm. Born at Voorburg. near The Hague,
Aug. 21, 1801 : died at The Hague, May 19. 1870.
A Dutch historian, politician, and political
writer. His works include "Archives, ou correspondance
incite de la maison d'Orange-Nassau " (1835-^). "Hand-
boek der geschiedenis van het Vaderland" (1835), etc
Grogg (grog). Colonel. See the extract.
A smaller society, formed with less ambitions views, ori-
ginated in a ride to Pennicuik, the seat of the head of Mr.
Clerk's famil,v, whose elegant hospitalities are recorded in
the "Memoir." This was called, by way of excellence. The
Club, and I believe it is continued under tiie same name to
this day. Here, too, Walter had his sobriquet ; and— Ilia
corduroy breeches, I presume, not being as yet worn out —
it was Colonel Grogg. Lockhdrt, Scott, I. td
Grolier Club (gro'lya klub). A New York club,
founded in 1884 and incorporated in 1888. Itj
ohj ect is the encouragement and promotion of book-making
as an art, and tlu- occasional publication of worksdesigued
to advance and illustnitc that ai-t.
Grolier de Ser-piferes, Vicomte d' Aguisy, Jean.
Born at Lyons, 1479 : died in 15(55. A celebrated
French bibliophile, known as Jean Grolier. He
was of a rich family, and became treasurer under F^lnci^ I.
He owes his reputation to his passion for fine i«Kiks(regarti-
ingalike subject, binding, printing, andpaper). Uedesigned
many of his own ornaments and supervised the binding.
Grongar Hill (gron'giir hil). A descriptive
j>oem by John Dyer, published in 1727: named
from a hill in South Wales.
Groningen(Gr6'ning-Gen), G. Groningen (gr*'-
ning-en). 1. A province of the Netherlands,
bounded by the North Sea on the north, the
Dollart and Prussia on the east, Drenthe on the
south, and Friesland on the west. Area. 790
square miles. Population (1891), 277,282.-2.
A seaport, capital of the province of Grouingen,
Netherlands, situated ou the Reit Diep (formed
bv the junction of the Drenthe 'sche Aa and the
Hunse) in lat. 53° 13' N., long. 6° 34' E. It has
important trade, especiaUy in grain and rape-seed, and is
the seat of a university, founded in 1614. It was taken
by -Maurice of -Nassau in l.'.W. Population (ISMX 58.SM.
GronOV (uro'nov), L. GronO'ViuS (gro-no'vi-us),
Abraham. Born at Leyden, Netherlands, 1094 :
GronoT, Abraham
died there, Au". 17, 1775. A Dutch classical
Svholur, sono* 'i.kob Gronov. He wub librarian in
the Inivcrsity A Leyden, urn! is cliiclly noted tor Iiis edi-
tion of .Elian's "Viuia historia. " liesides wliicli lie pub-
lished editions uf .Instiri, I'onipoiiius .Mela, and Tacitus.
Oronov, L- Gronovius, Jakob. Bom at De-
vciitcr. Nftlitrlaii'l!;, Oct. L'O. I(i4."): diedat Ley-
<leu, Oct. 21, 171U. A Dutch classical scholar,
sou of J.F.dronov (1()11-71). He licc-ime professor
of belles-lettres at Leyden in 1070. His ehief work is "The-
sauni3 aiiticinitatum jriu'cannn " (l«n7-17o2).
Gronov, L. Gronovius, Johann Friedrich.
Bora at Hamburg, Sept. 8, Kill: died at Ley-
den, Dec. 28, 1(571. Au eminent (Jemian clas-
sical scholar. He became professor of liiatory and elo-
quence in the University of l.eyden in 1658, a position which
he occupied until his death. lie published vjiluable i-di-
tions of Livy. Tacitus, and other Latin classics, and is the
autlior of 'H'orauient;iriu8 tie sestertiis " (.Ii^S).
Chronov, Li. Gronovius, Johann Friedrich.
Born at Leyden. Marcli 10, 1690: died there.
17G0. A Dutch botanist, brother of Abraham
Gronov: author of "Flora Virjjinica " (1743)
and "'Flora Orieiitalis" (17.'i5).
Gronov, L. Gronovius, Lorenz Theodor. Died
at Leyden, 1778. A llutch naturalist, son of
J. F. Gronov (1690-17C0). He wrote '-Museum
ichtliyologicum" (1754-56), " Zoophylaeium
gronovianum" (176S-81), etc.
<&oot(gr6t), Gerhard, L. Gerhardus Magnus.
Bornat Dcventcr. Xctbcrhiuds.Oct.. liMO: died
there. Aug. 20, 1384. A Dutch reformer, found-
er of the society of " Brethren of the ('ommon
Life." He was the son of a burgomaster of De-
venter.
Groote Eylandt (grot i'lant). [' Great Island.']
An island in the Gulfof Carpentaria, Australia.
Or08(Kr6),Antoine Jean,Baron. Born at Paris,
March 16, 1771: drowned himself in the Seine,
near Paris, June 25, 1835. A French historical
painter. He studied flrst with his fatlier, a niiniature-
Minter ; in 178,5 entered the atelier of bavi<l ; and visited
Italy in 1793. Ho was esjiecially inspired by Rubens and
Van Dyck. Oros came into relations with Bonaparte at
the time of the Italian campaijjm. and painted his portrait
In the " Polite d'.\rcole," He was appointed on the com-
mission which selected tile works taken to France from
the conquered cities of Italy. On his return to Paris he
painted " Les pestiferes de .Talf a " ( 1804), "Charge de e;i-
vaierie h la bataille d'Aboukir" (ISWi), and other similar
works. He was made baron by Napoleon I,, and became a
member of the Institute in 1816, He exhibited in IS'27
"he portrait de Charles X,." and in 18:1.5 "Hercule et Di-
omede," The criticism upon thiswork brought on an at-
tack of melancholia, and he drowned himself. He ex-
hibited at the Salons from 1797 to 183.5,
Grosclaude (gr6-kl6d'), Louis. Born at Lode,
Switzerland, Sept. '26, 1788: died at Paris, Dec.
11, 1869. A Swiss genre painter. Ho studied
with Regnault. Many of his works were bought
by the King of Prussia.
Grose (gros), Francis. Born at Greenford, Jlid-
dlesox. about 1731 : died at Dublin, May 12.
1791. An English atitiquary. He studied art, and
exhibited at the Royal .Vcailemy for a inimber of years,
chietly architectural drawings, lie was Uichniond herald
175»-<i;l, and afterward held otlices in several corps of mi-
tltta. In 1789 he made an antiquarian tour in Scotland, and
in 1791 started on a similar tour in Ireland, from which he
never returned. He wrote "The Antiquities of Eiiglaml
ud Wales " (1773-87), "Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar
Tongue " (178.'iX "Military Aiitiquiti< s, ete."(1786), "I'ro-
Tlncial aiossai'y"( 1787), "The Antiiiuilics of .Scotland"
(1789X "The Antiquities of Irelanil," lliiished by Dr. Led-
wich (1791-9.5), etc.
Gross (gros), Samuel D. Born near Fasten,
Pa., July 8, 1805: died at Philadelphia, May 6,
1884. An American surgeon. His works include
"Elements of Pathological Anatomy " (1839), "System of
Surgery '' (ls59), etc.
Grossbeeren (gros'ba-ren). A village in the
province of Brandenburg, Prussia, 12 miles
south of Berlin. Here, Aug. 23, 181.1. the Prussians un.
der Von Bulow defeated the French army which was ad-
vancing on Berlin under iludiimt, driving it back on the
Elbe
Grosse (gros'se), Julius Waldemar. Bom at
Erfurt, Prussia, April 25, 1828. A German poet
and novelist. He was engaged in Journalistic work at
Munich 18.54-70. and became secretary of the Schiller-Stift-
ung at Weimar in 1870. lie has published numerous po-
etlcal and dramatic works, and the novels " Intreu aus
Mltleid" (1862 61), ".Maria Mancini" (1869), "Eine alte
Llebe" (18601, "(iei-en den Strom" (1871), "Xante Carl-
dorc"(lsOii), etc,
Orossenhain (gros' sen -hin), formerly called
Hain, A town in tlie government district of
Dresden, Saxony, situated on the Kiider 19 miles
north-northwest of Dresden. Population (1890),
12,935.
Qrosseteste (gros' test), Robert. Died 12.53.
An Eiiglisli divine and scholar, elected bishop
of Lincoln in 1235. ii,. slndicil at iixf..nl :inil Paris;
later became chanci-llor at li.xford and (12211 llist rector
of the Franciscans there; and was appnintrd archdeacon
of Wllt8(12H, 1220), archdeacon of Northampton 1221, and
later archdeacon of Leicester. He also held the prebend
463
of Empingham in Lincoln cathedral. He was energetic
in reforming abuses in his diocese. In 12:19 he fell into a
protracted quarrel with the chapter of Lincoln over his
right of visitation, which was tlnally settled by the Pope
in his favor. His career throughout was marked by a vig-
orous defense <if his rights and the right against all op-
ponents, including king and Pope, A notalile instance of
lllis was his refusal (1253), on the ground of untltness, to
Induct into a canonryat Lincoln the Pope's nephew l-'red-
erick di Lavauga. Grosseteste was a voluminous writer,
and long exerted a great intluence upon English thought
and literature.
Robert Grosseteste, a man of spotless orthodoxy, and
unquestionably the flrst English scholar of tlie age. With-
out any advantages of birth or pereon, Grosseteste had al-
ready begun to mount the ladtlei of fame. The son of a
mere peasant, he was generally described by a nickname
which in Latin was rendered Capt'tu, or Grttssuiti Captit,
and in English Greathead, or Grwthaid. The date of his
birth is unknown, and it is not certain whether he took
his degree in arts at 0.xford or at Paris. Before becoming
a lecturer in the Franciscan convent, he had been suc-
cessively appointed to the archdeaconries of Chester,
Wilts, S'orthampton, and Leicester, and he seems to have
held the last two of these preferments until the year 1231.
Lijte, Oxford, p. 29.
Grosseto (gros-sa'to). 1. A province in Tus-
can)', Italy, bordering on the Mediterranean.
Area, 1,738 square miles. Population (1891),
121,564. — 2. The capital of the province of
Grosseto, situated near theOmbrone in lat. 42°
46' N.. long. 11° 6' E. it is the chief place in the
Maremme, and has a cathedral. Population (1891), esti-
mated, b,71H).
Grossglockner. See Glockner.
Grossglogau. See Glogait.
Grossgorschen (gros'ger-shen), Avillagesouth
of Liitzen (which see). The battle of Lutzen, May 2,
1813, is sometimes called the battle of Grossgorschen.
Grossi (gros'se), Tonunaso, Born at Bellano,
on the Lake of Como, Italy. Jan. 20, 1791: died
at Milan, Dec. 10, 1853. An Italian poet and
novelist. His works include the historical novel "Marco
Visconti " (1834), the poem " Ildegonda " (1S20), etc.
Grossjagerndorf (gros-ya'geru-dorf), A village
in the jirovincc of East Prussia, Prussia, 9 miles
east of Wchlau, Here, Aug. 30, 1757, a large Russian
army, invading Pi-ussia under Apraxin, inllicted a severe
defeat on the Prussians under Von Lehwald,
Gross-Steffelsdorf. See Ilima-S:omb(it)i.
Grosswardein (gv6s'.yai'-dlu). Hung, Nagy-
Varad (nody'vii-rod), A royal free city, capi-
tal of the county of Bihar, Hungary, situated
on the Sebes Koros in lat. 47'^ 4' N., long. 21°
53' E. It has a Roman and a Greek cathedral. Itisone
of the oldest Hungarian towns. A treaty was made here
between Ferdinand I, and ,lohn Z:'ipolya in 1538. It was
a temporary seat of the revolutionary government in
1849, Population (1890), 38,6.57.
Grosvenor (gro've-nor) Gallery. 1. A private
picture-gallery established in Gros venor House.
London, by Richard, first Earl Grosvenor. He
purchased tlie pictures of Mr. .Agar as a nucleus. II con-
tains tine W(U'ks of Claude and Kubeus.
2. A gallery for the exhibition of jiaintiiigs of
the modern esthetic school, e.stablisheil liy Lord
Grosvenor in New Bond street in 1876. Pictures
were received only by invitation. The exhibitions have
been discontinued.
Grosvenor Square, A fashionable sijuare in
London, east of Hyde Park. It was laid out before
1716 and has been the residence of many famous men.
Thereis great variety of atylesin its arcbilectuie, ami it is
noted for the old ironwork and flambeau extinguishers
before many of the doors.
Grote (grot ). George. Bom at Clay Hill, near
Beekenhiiui, Kent, Nov, 17, 1794: died at Lon-
don, June 18, 1871. A celebrated English his-
torical writer. He studied at the Charterhouse, and in
1810 entered his father's bank, devoting himself thereafter
Ut that business. He was a member of Parliament 1833-
1841. His great work is a *' History of Greece " (1846-56).
He also publislied "Plato and the other Companions of
Socrates' (186.5). His "Minor Works" were collected by
liain (1873).
Grote, Mrs. (Harriet Lewin). Born ncarSouth-
amiiton. Eiigl.-uid, July 1, 1792: iHimI at Shiere,
near Guildford, Surrey, Dec. 29, 1878, Au Eng-
lish author, wife of George Grote (married
1820). whose bi<igraphv she wrote (1873). She
published also "Life of Ary Scheffer" (1860),
etc.
Grotefend(gr6'te-feni), Georg Friedrich. Born
at Miiiiden, near Cassid, Prussia, .luiie 9, 1775:
died at Hannover, Prussia, Dec. 1.5, 1853. A
noteil (ierman philologist ami archn>ologist,
prorector (later conrector) <if the gvinnasium
at Frankfort -on-the-Main (1803-21 ), and direc-
tor of th(^ lyceum at Hannover (1821-49). He
is especially noted for his labors on the deeiplienncnt tif
the cnnelfornl inscriptions. His works include "Neue
Beitrage zur Erlanterung der perBepolitanisehen Keil-
schrift " (1837), " Rudimenia linguie Umbricic " (18:15-38),
" Rudimcnta lingun; Oscie " (1839), etc. See the extract,
'I'hc clue to the decipherment of the [cuneiformt in-
scriptions was tlrst discovered by the successful guess of
Grove, Sir William Robert
a German scholar, Grotefend. Grotefend noticed that the
inscriptions generally began with three or four words, one
of which varied, while the others remained uiu'hanged.
The variable word had three forms, though the same form
always apjieared on the same monument, iiitilefend,
therefore, conjectured that this word represented tlie
name of a king, the words which followed it being the
royal titles. One of the supposed names appeared much
oftener tlian the others, and as it was too short for Ar-
taxerxes and too long for Cyrus, it was evident that it must
stand either for Darius or for Xerxes. A study of the
classical authors showed Grotefend that certain of the
monuments cm which it was found had been constructed
by Darius, and he accordingly gave to the charactcis com-
posing it the values re<]Uired for spelling " Daiius " in its
old Persian form. In this way he succeeded in obtaining
conjectural vjilues for six cuneiform letters. He now
turned to the second royal name, which also appeared on
several monuments and was of much the same length as
that of Darius. This could only be Xerxes ; but if so, the
tilth letter composing it (r) would necessarily be tlie same
as the third letter in the name of Darius. This proved to
be the case. Saiice, .\nc. Monuments, p. 13.
Groth (grot), Klaus. Born at Heide, in Hol-
stein, April 24, 1819. A German dialect poet.
He wrote in lS53the tlrst volume of " Qnickborn"(" Living
Spring"), iioems of popular life, in the '■ I'latt-Deutseh "
(Low Genuaii) dialect. He had not had a university edu-
cation, but wasgivtn the doctor's title " honoris causa "by
the Iniversity of Bonn in 1S56. In 1857 he became docent
at Kiel, where he w .as snbsefjnently made professor. Two
volumes of " Vertelln " (narratives in prcise) appeared in
1856 and 1859. A second volume of "Qoickborn "followed
iu 1872; "Ut mill .Tungsparadics, diei Vertelln " ("From
my Youthful Paradise, Three Stories") in 1876. "Briefe
Uber llochdeutsch uiul Plattdeutsch "(" Letters on High
German and Platt-Deutsch ") appeared in 1868 ; " Uber
Mundarten und Mumiartliche Dichtung " (" On Dialects
and Dialect Poetry ") in 1873.
Grotius (gi'6'shi-us) (Latinized from de GrOOt),
Hugo. Born at Delft, Netherlands. April 10,
1583 : dicil at Ko.stock, Germany, Aug. 28, 1G45.
A celebrated Dutch jurist, tlieologian, states-
man, and poet, the founder of the science of
international law. He was made pensionary of Rot-
terdam in 1613; as a Remonstrant leader was condemned
tolifeiniprisoninentat Loevestein in 1619; escaped in 1621 ;
and was Swedish ;iiiiliassador to FYance 16:15-45. He pub-
lished "Dejurcli'lii ct pacis" (1625: his chief work), " De
veritate reli^ionis cliristiana; " (1627), annotations on the
Old Testament (1644) and on the .New Testament (1641-46),
"Adamus exul " (1601: a tragedy), "Christus patiens"
(1008 : a tragedy), and many other works,
Groton (gi'o'ton). A town in Middlesex County,
Massachusetts, 32 miles northwest of Boston:
the seat of Lawrence Academy. Population
(1890), 2,057.
Groton. A town in New London County, Con-
necticut, situated at the mouth of the Thames,
opposite New London, it contains Fort Griswold,
whicli was the scene of a massacre of American troops
by British under Benedict Arnold, Sept 6, 1781, Popula-
tion (1890), 5,539,
Grotta del Cane (grot'ta del kii'ne), [It., lit.
' grotto of the dog': so named because the car-
bonic acid, collecting near tlie floor of the cave,
will kill a dog, while a man. being taller, es-
capes.] A gi'dtto near Pozzuoli, 6 miles west
of Naples. Tlie carbonic-acid gas collected in
it is diiiigerous to animal life.
Grottaglie (grot-tai'ye). A town in the prov-
ince of Lecce, Apulia, Italv, 13 miles northeast
of Tarauto. Pojiulatiou (1881), 9.431.
Grouchy (gro-she'). Marquis Emmanuel de.
Born at Paris, Oct. 23, 1766: died at St.-Etienne,
France, May 29, 1847. A French marshal, dis-
tinguished in the Napoleonic wars. Uecommanded
a detached force in the Waterloo campaign, and defeated
part of Bliiclier's anny at Wavre. .lune 18, 1815, but failed
to prevent Bliicher from joining Wellington or to come
himself to the assistance of Napoleon at thebattleof Water-
loo, which was fcnight a few miles distant on the same day.
Grouse's Day. St. The 12th of August: so
called jocularly in (IJreat Britain because the
shootiug-seasou opens then.
Grousset (grii-sii'), Paschal. Born in Corsica.
1844. A French journalist and Communist, min-
ister of foreign alTairs in the Commune 1871
(March 22), ami member of the executive com-
mittee (A] iril 21). He was arrested .lune 3, condemned
to deportation, and sent (,Iune, 1872) to New Caledonia.
In March, 1874, he e8c»]ied to England, and returned to
France in 1S81. where he devoted himself entirely to lit-
erary work. He wrote under the pseudonyms ilocteur
Blasius, Li'oiKild Virey, Philippe D1U7I, Andr(' Laurie, and
Tilnirce Moray.
Grove (grov), Sir George. Born at Claiiham,
near London, )8'20, An English engineer :iiid
writer. He built at .lamalca in 1841 the tlrst iron light,
house, and was employed on the Britannia Bridge. He
was made secretary to the Society of Arts in 1850, and di-
rector of the Royal College of Jliisic, Kensinglon. in 1882.
He eilitcfl " Macmillan's Magazine " ftir several yi'ara, and
edited the " Hielionary of Music and Musiciaiis"(lS79-S6).
Grove, Sii William Robert. Born at Swansea,
Wales, July 14, 1811: died Aug. 1,1896. An
English physicist. He was admitted to the bar 1835 ;
invented the voltaic battery known as "Grove's battery"
ls39 ; was professor of physics at the Loudon Institution
UIO 47 ; became a judge of the Court of Common Pleas
Grove, Sir William Robert
1871; was knighteil 1S72; became u judge of the High
Court of Justice 1875 ; and retired from the bencli 1887.
Chief worli, ' On the Correlation of Physical Forces " ami).
Groveton (grov'ton). See Bull Hun.
Groyne, The. The'old English nauie of Corimna.
Grua Talamanca y Branciforte (tn-oii tal-a-
man'kii e bian-tbe-for'te), Miguel de la. Mar-
quis of Branciforte. Born in Sicily aljout 1750 :
died after 1813. A Spanish general and admin-
istrator. He belonged to the family of the princes of
Carini, and was the brother-in law of Manuel Godoy,
whose influence secured him many undeserved honors.
He was made captain general in the army, grandee of
Spain, etc., and from July, 17'.)4, to Jlay, 1798, was viceroy
of Mexico. By scandalous abuse of his power he gathered
a large fortune, but incurred the hatred of his subjects.
In after life he adhered to Joseph Bonaparte.
Gruber (gro'ber). Jobann Gottfried. Born_at
Naumburg on the Saale, Pnissia, Nov. 29, 1774:
died at Halle, Pnissia, Aug. 7, 1851. A German
writer and scholar, collaborator with Ersch on
464
Guaimis
among other works. " Decorations and Stuccos of Churches Guadalavlar {gwii-THa-la-ve-ar'). A river of
?L}!^^" ('***^ *'"' "Specimens of Orna- eastern Spain which flows into the Mediten-a-
and Palaces
mental Art " (1850).
Griinstadt (griiu'stat). A small town in the
Khine Palatinate, Bavaria, 10 miles southwest
of Wonns.
Griinten (grun'ten). A peak of the Algauer
Alps, Bavaria, near Immenstadt. Thereis a
tine prospect from its summit. Height, 5,712
feet.
Grus (grus). [L., ' a crane.'] A southern con-
stellation between Aquarius and Piscis Austra-
lis. It is one of the constellations introduced
by the navgiators of the 16th century.
Gruter{giTi'ter),or Gniyt6re(grii-e-tar'), Jan.
Born at Antwerp. Dee. 3, loGO: died at Heidel-
berg, Baden, Sept. 20, 1627. A noted classical
scholar, author of '• Lnseriptiones antiqusB totius
orbis Romanorum" (1603), etc.
Griitli. See Hiitli.
the"AllgemeineEncyklopadiederWissenschaf- Griitzner (griits'ner), Eduard. Boruat Gross
ten und Kiinste
Grub (grub) Street. A London street, still ex-
isting, but for many years known as Milton
street. It is in the parish of St. Giles, Cripplegate. and
runs from Fore street to Chiswell street. It was formerly
noted " as the abode of small authors, who as writers of
trashy pamphlets and broadsides became the butts for the
wits of their time. . . . The name *Grub street," asoppro-
Karlowitz. in Silesia, May 20. 1846. A German
nean near Valencia.
Guadalcazar, Marquis of. See Fernandez de
Cordocft. Itiiyv.
Guadalquivir (ga-dal-kwiv'er; Sp. pron. gwa-
THal-ke-ver'). [From Ar. wddi-et-kcbir. the
great river.] A river in southern Spain, flow-
ing into the Atlantic 17 miles north-northwest
of Cadiz : the ancient Bsptis. Length, about 300
miles; navigable to Seville. Cordova is also on
its banks.
Guadalupe (gwii-THii-lo'pa). A town in the
province of Caceres, Spain, situated at the base
of the Sierra Guadalupe about 60 miles east of
Caceres. The Hieronymite convent of Santa Maria is
a noble foundation, royally endowed. The buildings are
very extensive. The church is massive, in Pointed archi-
lecture, with a sumptuous retable and many tombs. The
sacristy is reputed one of the finest in Spain ; it contains
paintings by Zurbaran and by Luca Giordano. There are
two fine cloisters — one in the Moresco style, the other
Pointed. Population (1887), i.iKM.
genre painter, best known from his scenes from Guadalupe (ga-dii-lop' ; Sp. pron. gwa-THa-16'
Shakspere.
Gruy^re, or Gruyferes (grii-yar'), G. Greyerz
(gn'erts). .\ district in the canton of Fribourg.
pa). A river in southera Texas which joins
the San Antonio, about 10 miles from its mouth.
Length, about 250 miles.
brious, seems, however, to have been first applied by their GrUyfere, TheodorC CharlCS. Born at Pari
Switzerland ; also, a town in the district, 15 miles Guadalupe-HidalgO (gwa - THa -lo'pa -e - dal'
south of Fribourg, celelirated for cheese.
opponents to the writings of Foxe themartyrologist, who
resided in the street " (flare. London, I. 27:i).
Grub Street Opera, The. A burlesque by Henry
Fielding, produced in 1731.
Grumbler (grum'bler). The. A comedy by Sir
Charles Sedley, printed in 1702. It is a translation
of Brueys's " Le grondeur. " and was adapted as a farce by
Goldsmith in 1773.
Grumbletonians (grum-bl-to'ni-anz). In Great
Britain, in the latter part of the"l7th century,
a nickname for memliers of the Country party,
as opposed to the Court party.
Gnunbo (grum'bo). A giant in the Tom Thumb
stories.
Grumentum (gro-men'tum). In ancient geog-
raphy, a towTi in Lucania, southern Italy, sit-
uated on the Aciris (now Agri) near the mod-
em Saponara.
Grumio tgro'mi-o). In Shakspere's comedy
"The Taming of the Shrew," a servant of Pe-
truchio.
Grumium (gro'mi-um). The fourth-magnitude
star f Draeonis, in the head of the animal.
Griin. See Bnldung, Hans.
Griin, Anastasius. ^ee Aiter»perg, Anton Alex-
ander von.
Griinberg ( griin'bero). A town in the province
of Silesia, Prussia, 50 miles southeast of Frank-
fort-on-the-Oder. It exports wine. Population
(1890), commune, 16,092.
Grundtyig (gront'vig), Nikolaijrederik Sev
erin ■ - . . --
Danish poet and dirine. He was the son of a cle:^-
man. He studied theology at the Copenhagen University,
and was first a tutor, and subsequently (180S) again in Co-
penhagen, where he published the same year *'Kordeu8
Mythologi" ("Mythology of the North"), and the suc-
ceeding year "optrin af Kjanipelivets I'ndergangi Nord"
("Scenes from the close of the Heroic Age in the North").
In 1810 he was chaplain to his father at Vdby. but returned
to Copenhagen in 1813, after the hitter's death. In the fol-
lowing years he wrote many historical and religious arti.
cles in periodicals, and immerous poems. He also trans-
lated S.axo and the Heimskringla into Ilanish, and in 1820
made a free version of Beowulf. In 1*21 he w.as appointed
parish priest at Prasto. but went the following year to Co-
penhagen as chaplain. In 1825, in consequence of a violent
expression of opinion in "Kirkens Gjeumale " (" The An-
swer of the Church," namely, to a work by H. Jf. Clausen
on Catholicism and Protestantism), he was prosecuted for
Sept. 17, 1813: ilied there. March 1, 1885. A
French sculptor, a pupil of Ramey and Atiguste
Dumont.
Grynaeus (gri-ne'us) (Latinized from Gryner),
Simon. Born at Vehringen, Swabia, 1493 : died
at Basel, Aug. 1, 1541. A German-Swiss Prot-
estant theologian and philologist.
GrypMus (grif'i-us; G. pron. gre'fe-os), An-
dreas. Born at Glogau. in Silesia, Oct. 11, 1616 :
died there, July 16, 1664. A German dramatist
and poet. He was in his early years a tutor, but was
enabled by his patron, the count palatine Georg von
Schonbom, to go to Holland, when (1638) he matriculated
at Leyden, where he subsequently studied and taught. He
returned to Glogau in 1613, but again (1646) left to travel
in Italy and France. In 16J>0 he became syndic of his
native town, where he died. He wrote odes, sonnets,
and hymns, but his fame is b.ased principally upon his
dramas. Hewas theauthorof 5tragedies: "Leo Armenius"
(1650 : written in 1640), "Katharina von Georgien," "C'ar-
denio und Celinde," " Carolus Stuardus"(1057 : written in
1649X and " Papinianus " (1669). More important still are
his comedies " Peter Squentz " (1657) and " Horribilicri-
brifax" (1663), both written between 1647 and 1650. A
third comedy, " Die geliebte Domrose," written in the
Silesian peasant dialect, was first acted in 1660 as the in-
terlude to a comic operetta, " Das verliebte Gespenst "
(" The Enamoured Ghost "). Two other operatic plays are
"Majuma"and "Piastus." In addition to these, he trans-
lated a Latin religious drama and several comedies from
Italian and French. He has been styled " the German
.shakspere."
Gryphon (grif'on). 1. A legen<lary monster,
with its lower part that of a lion and its upper
that of a bird of prey. — 2. See Aqnilant.
go). A to\^^l in the federal district, Mexico, 3
miles north of Mexico, it is celebrated for its chapel
on the spot where the Virgin is said to have appeared to
a shepherd. By a treaty signed here Feb. 2. 1848, Mexico
ceded a large territory, comprising the modern California.
Nevada, I'tall, most of Arizona, a large part of New Mex-
ico, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming, to the United
States.
Guadeloupe (ga-de-lop'; F. pron. gwiid-lop').
An island of the West* Indies, belonging to
France, intersected by lat. 16° 15' N.. long.
61° 30' W. It consists of two parts separated by a nar-
row channel — Guadeloupe proper or Basse- Terre in the
west, and Grande-TeiTe in the east. The former is moun-
tainous, the latter generally low. The chief product is
sugar. The capital is Basse-Terre ; the largest place, Pointe-
a-Pitre. The island, w ith M-arie-Galante, La I'esirade, Les
Saintes, St. -Bartholomew, and part of St. -Martin, forms a
government. It was discovered by Columbus, Nov. 4,1493 ;
was colonized by the French in 1635 ; was several times
taken by Great Britain ; and was finally secured to France
in 1815. Area, 618 square miles. Population (1889) of Gua-
deloupe, 142,294 ; of Guadeloupe and its dependencies,
166,899.
Guadet (ga-da'). Marguerite Elie. Bom at
St.-Emilion. near Bordeaux. France, July 20.
1758 : guillotined at Bordeaux, June 15, 1794. .-V
FrencluGirondist leader, deputy to the Legisla-
tive Assembly in 1791, and to the Convention in
1792.
Guadiana (gwa-THe-a'ua or gwa-tie-S'na). A
river of Spain and Portugal, forming in part of
its course a boundary between the two coun-
tries : the ancient Atias. it flows into the Atlantic
in lat 37° 9 N., long. 7* 18 W. In a portion of its uppci
course it flows for many miles underground. Length, over
400 miles.
irin. Born at Udby.inZealanclDeninark, Sept. Guacanagari (gwii-kiin-a-ga-re'). or Guacana- Guadix(gwa-THeH'). A town in the province of
,1783: died at Copenhagen. Sept. 2, 18(2. A j^ari (gwa-kiln-a-ii-re'). Died about 1496. An Granada, Spain, 30 miles east-northeast of Gra-
Indian chief of the district of Marien, on the
northeast coast of Haiti. He was very friendly to
Columbus, who left a small colony near his Tillage (Jan..
1493) ; this was destroyed by hostile Indians, who also at-
tacked Guacanagari. He remained faithful to the whites,
but in 1496 his subjects rebelled on account of the tribute
exacted by the ci>iuiueror8. Guacanagari fled to the moun-
tains, where he died miserably.
Guacharos (gwii'cha-ros). Cave of the. f^P-
Cueva de Guacharos.'] A cave near Caripe, state
of Bermudez, Venezuela : so named because it
is inhabited by the birds called guacharos (Stra-
tornl.t carijyensis). It was visited and described
by Humboldt.
Guachires. See Guaiqueris.
damages and fined, and resigned his position. From 1820 GuachlS ( gwa-.shez ). [So called by tue Guaycu-
" ' '■ ■■ ■ • -■ • rus: said to mean 'slippery feet.'] A tribe of
Indians of southern Matto Grosso, Brazil, now
nearly or quite extinct, owing to the practice
of infanticide among them. They were formerly
powerful. The Guachis'appear to be the same i>s the
Guaxarapos or Guasarapos mentioned by old writers
(also Giiararapoa and Guarapayot). Their relations axe
doubtful. Also written Guachien, Guaxil.
Guadalajara (gwii-dii-lii-Ha'rii). 1. A province
in New Castile, Spain, bounded by Segovia. So-
ria, and Saragossa on the north. Teruel on the
east, Cuenca on the south, and Madrid on the
west. Area, 4,870 square miles. Population
(1887), 201,496.— 2. The capital of the province
of Guadala,iara, situated on the Henares 33 miles
northeast of Madrid. Population (1887), 11,235.
to 1831 he was in England engaged in the study of Anglo-
Saxon literature. In 1839 he became pastor of the little
hospital church of Vartov, in Copenhagen, where he re-
mained until his death. On the fiftieth anniversarj- of his
priesthood the title of bishop was given him. He was a
most prolific writer in almost all departments of litera-
ture, and published more than 100 volumes.
Grundy (grun'di). Felix. Bom in Berkeley
County, Va., Sept. 11, 1777: died at Nashville.
Tenn.l Dec. 19, 1^0. An American politician.
He was United States senator from Tennessee
1829-38, and attorney-general 1838-40.
Grundy, Mr. In Dickens's ' ' Pickwick Papers,"
a friend of Mr. Lowten.
Grundy, Mrs. In Morton's comedy ' ' Speed the
Plough," one of two rival farmers' wives. She
is constantly alluded to by Sirs. Ashfleld. the other farm-
t Guadalajara. The capital of the state of Ja-
• lisco. Mexico, sittiated about lat. 21° X.. long.
er's wife, in "the phrase " Wliat will Jlrs. Grundy say ? " but
never appears on the scene. Her name has become prO'
vcrbial for conventional propriety and morality. j^go j,,- -^r j, ^^ founded in 1542, is the third city
Gruner (gro'ner), Wilhelm Heinrich LudWlg. „f Mexico in size, and contains a cathedral and a univer-
BomatDresden.Feb. 24, 1801: died there. Feb. sity. Population (1892), 95,000.
27, 1882. A German engraver. He illustrated, Guadalajara, Audience 01. Bee \ueva Galma.
nada. It has a cathedral and a ruined castle.
Population (1887), 11,989.
Guaduas (gwii'THwas). A town in the depart-
ment of Cundinamarca, Colombia, situated
about lat. 5° S., long. 74° 50' W. Population,
about 8,000.
Guagues. See Quaquas.
Guanan (gwii-hiin'), or Guam (gwiim), or San
Juan(sanHo-an'),Sp.Guajan(g^a-Hau'). The
southernmost and largest of the Ladrones. Pa-
cific Ocean, intersected by lat. 13° 26' N., long.
144° 40' E. Principal place, Agana. Population
(1887). 8,561.
Guaharibos (gsvii-a-re'bos). Atribe of Indian.*
of the Carib stock, in southern Venezuela, liv-
ing about the head waters of the Orinoco and
Caura. Formerly numerous and formidable, they are
now reduced to a few hundred, who stand in great fear
of the whites and have little intercourse with them.
Guahibos (gwii-e'bos). An Indian tribe of the
upper Orinoco valley. They were formerly pow-
erful, but are now reduced to a few thousand, near the
Orinoco, between the Meta and the Vichada. They are
nomadic, rarely passing two nights in the same place ; live
by hunting anil fishing and on wild fruits ; and are sav-
ages of a low grade, .\bout 1770 a few were gathered into
mission villages, but they soon returned to the plains, and
have remained inveterate enemies of the whites. Iheir
color is lighter than that of most Indians. Their linguis
tic relations are doubtful. Also written Guayhas, Guaji-
vos. Gnoftiros.
Guaicas, or Guaycas. See Quaquas.
Guaicuris, or Guaikeries. See Guatqueru^.
Guaimis ( g«i'mes). -\u Indian tribe of south-
eastern Costa Rica, near the Bay of Chiriqtn,
on both sides of the central Cordillera. Their
language appears to have some relation to that
of the ancient Chibchas of New Granada.
GnaiQueris
Gnaiqueris (gwi-ka-res'). A tribe of Indians
which furmf rly Ofcupied the islainl of MarKarita
and tho adjacent parts of Venezuehi. They are
supposed to huve been of Carib stock. Their deseeiiuaiits
live in the same region, but speak only Spanish, Also
written GttakerieSt GuavcurU, and Ouachires.
Ouaira, La. See La Huayra.
Guajira (ftwil-ue'rii), or Goahira (gwa-e'ra).
A peninsula, partly in Venezuela and partly in
Colombia, projecting into the Caribbean Sea
northwest of Lake Maracaibo.
Guajivos. See (ruahibos.
Gual (gwiil), Pedro. Born at Caracas, Jan. 31,
17»t: died at Guayaquil, Ecuador, May 6, 1862.
A Venezuelan statesman. He was a lawyer ; joined
the patriots in ISIO ; occupied many important civil and
diph)niHtic posts; was one of the leaders of tho insurrec-
tion a^Minst Monagraa in lSfJi>; and was vice-president and
presitlent ad inttrim in IStJO.
Gualdo Tadino (gwal'do ta-tle'u6). A town
in the province of Perugia, Italy, 21 miles east-
northeast of Perugia. Near this place, at the ancient
Taginic (Tadinum), Parses defeated Totila in 552. It has
a cathedral. Population (1881), commune, 8,477.
Gnaleguay (gwji-la-gwi'). A town in the prov-
ince of Entre Rios, Argentine Republic, situ-
ated on the river Gualeguay 120 miles north by
west of Buenos Ayres. Population (1889),
11,000.
Oualeguayclld (gwa-la-gwi-eho'). A town in
the province of Entre Rios, Argentine Repub-
lic, situated on the river Gualeguaychii 115
miles north of Buenos A>Tes. It was founded
in 1883. Population (1889), about 14,000.
Guam. See iiiuihan.
Guamanga (gwa-man'gii), or Huamanga (wa-
miin'ga). A city of Peru, now called Ayucucho.
Gnamas (gwii-miis'). An Indian tribe of the
Orinoco valley, on the Apuri5. They were foi-merly
numerous, had large villages, were agricultural, and were
skilled in the manufacture of pottery and other objects.
They were perhaps of Tupi stock. The tribe is nearly ex-
tinct.
Quamos. Same as Gnamas.
Goanabacoa (gwil-na-ba-ko'ii). A town in Cuba,
5 miles east of Havana. It is the residence of many
Havana merchants, and a sea-bathing resoil. Population
(18S7), 11,111 ; with the suburbs, 28,043,
Guanahani (gwii-nii-ii-ne'). The first island
iliscovered by Columbus in his voyage of 1492,
and consequently the first American land seen
by modern Europeans. It was described as low and
fiat, covered with trees, siurounded by reefs, and having
a lake in the center. It was certainly one of the Baliantas,
near the nuddle of the group, but its exact identity can-
not now be determined with certainty. The weight of
opinion Inclines to Watlinp's Island ; but various writers
have supposed it to be Cat Ishind, Samana, Acklin, Mari-
giiana, or (Irand Turk.
Guanajuato (g^va-na-Ho-a'to). 1. A state of
Mexico, bounded by San Luis Potosi on the
north, (^uer^taro on the ea.st, Michoacan on the
south, and Jalisco on the west, it is noted for the
richness of its silver-mines. Area, 12,64(S »(iuare miles.
Population (1892), 1,057,228. Also written (iuaiiaxxtato.
2. The capital of the .state of Guanajuato, situ-
ated about lat. 21° 1' N., long. 100° 5.5' W. It
is tho center of an important silver-mining re-
gion. Population (1890), 52,112.
Ouanare (gwa-na'nX). A town, capital of the
state of Zamora, Venezuela, 218 miles south-
west of Caracas. It was founded in 1593. Pop-
ulation, about 5.000.
Guanas (gwa-niis'). A tribe of South American.
Indians at present established in the southern,
part of the state of Matto Grosso, Brazil, near
Miranda. They are divided into several subtribes, known
la Layainis, Tereiias, and (juiniquinaos. Physically aiul
intellectually they are one of the llnest tribes in South
America, living in wcll-<micit'd vilbigcw, excelling in primi.
tive arts, and snb.Histint; in;unly by ;igi ifiilture. They are
now reduced to a few tbouHaiid, win. live in friendly re-
lations with the Hrazilians. I'nder the name i'hanaa or
Chanes they were kunwn in the 18th century, on the west-
ern side of the Paraguay, where the Jesuit authors men-
tion them as early as KVir,. Their language is closely al-
lied to that of the Moxos of the river Mamori5, of which
tribe they are probably an otfshimt. They belong to tho
great Arawak 8ti>ck.
Guancavelica. See nuaiicorcHca.
Guanches (gwiincli'cz). The Berber tribe which
inhabited the ( 'aimry Ishiiuls, West Africa, The
colonization of these islands by the Ouanehes must have
taken place before the .\rablan invasion. The Ouanehes
belonged to the red haired variety of Herbers, and em-
balmed their dead, whum they preserved in caves like the
Egyptian.). They also used alphabetic and hieroglyphic
characters in writing their language. Spanish has com-
pletely 8npersede<l the Guanch language, but it Is said that
the rural population still shows nniny Berber features and
custonts,
Guanes (gwii-nSs'). An ancient Indian tribe of
Colombia, which occupied the mountainous re-
gion in what is now the southern part of the de-
partment of Santander. They had attained some
30
465
degree of civilization, and resisted the Spanish connnerors
with great valor. Their descendants may be traced in the
mixeil races of the same region, and it is said that some
wild hordes to the cast were derived from them.
Guano Islands (gwii'no i'landz). Islands off
the coast of Peru, noted for their deposits of
guano. They comprise the Lobos Islands, Chin-
cha Islands, etc.
Guap. See Yap.
Ouapey (gwa-pay'), or Guapay (gwii-pi'). A
river in Bolivia which rises near Cochabamba,
and unites with the Mamore.
Guapor6 (gwa-p6-ra'), called in its upper course
Itenez (e-ta-naz'). A river in western Brazil
and on the Brazilian and Bolivian border. It
unites with tho Mamor6 in lat. 11° 54' 13" S.
Length, over 900 miles.
Guaranys (gwii-rii-nes'). ['Warriors.'] A
powerful race of South American Indians who,
at the time of the conquest, occupied most of
the region now included in Paraguay, together
with portions of Uruguay and of the Brazilian
coast to Santa Catharina. They were divided into
numerous tribes and villages with different names, not
bound together by any permanent league, but having es-
sentially the same language and customs. The Guai-anys
cultivated manioc and other plants, had well-ordered
towns, and practised rude arts : it does not appear that
any of them were cannibals. Generally they received the
whites as friends, and, though Spanish tyranny provoked
some revolts, they were easily subdued, .\mong them the
Jesuits established their most important missions. From
this race, mingled with the Spaniards, was derived the
modern population of I'jiraguay. where a corrupt form of
Guarany is still the common language. In that country
only the so-called Caas of the upper Parana remain in a
wild state. The name is loosely used for semi-civilized In-
dians of Tupi stock in Argentina, I'ruguay, and southern
Brazil, The Guarany language has a considerable litera-
ture, including a newspaper. Also written Gvaranis or
Guaranu'S.
Guarany stock. See Tupi stock.
Guaratinguet^ (gwii-ra-ten-gwa-tii'). A town
in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, situated on the
Parahiba 120 miles west by north of Rio de
Janeiro. Population, about 5,000,
Guaraunos (gwa-rii-o'nos or wa-ra-o'nos), called
by the English of Guiana Warraus, or Guar-
raus (wa-rii-os'), A tribe of South American
Indians about the mouth of the Orinoco, For-
merly they seem to have been confined to the swampy lauds
of the delta, where they built their houses on piles or in
trees ; latterly they have occupied portions of the higher
lands. They have plantations, but subsist maiTdy on flsh
and fruits. Their language is very distinct from that of
surrounding tribes. The Guaraunos are friendly to the
whites, A few thousand remain,
Guarayos (gwil-rii-yos'), [Quiehua: /(««)•«,
breeches, yoc, without; naked,] A tribe of
Bolivian Indians occupying the partly wooded
plains northeast of Santa Cruz de la Sierra,
They are an offshoot of the Guaranys of Paraguay, speak-
ing nearly the same language, but have occupied their
present position during historical times. They are de-
scribed as a line race, light in color, and having beards.
They are friendly to the whites, hospitable, and of good
nionds. A few thousand remain.
Guarayos, A name sometimes, but improperly,
applied to the Itenes and other savage Indians
of northern Bolivia,
Guardafui (gwilr-dii-fwe'), or Gardafui (gar-
da-fwe' ), Cape. A cape in the northeastern ex-
tremity of tho Somali country, Africa, lat, 11°
50' 30" N,, long. 51° 16' 10'' E,: next to Ras
Hafun, the easternmost point of Africa,
Guardi (gwiir'de), Francesco. Born 1712 : died
1793. A Venetian painter,
Guardia (gwiir-de'ii), Tomds. Born at Bagaces,
Guanacaste, Dec. 17, 1832: died July 7, 1882.
ACosta-Rican general, lie headed the revolt of 1870
which deposed .litncnc/.anii made I'arranza president: but
Guardia, th"ugli ni>ntin;illv remaining military command-
er, was really the chief of state. From Aug. 8, 1870, to
May 8, 1876, he was president.
Guardian (giir'di-an), The. 1. A play by iMas-
singer, licensed in 1633, jilaycd in 1634, ami
published in 10.55. — 2. A comedy by Abraham
Cowley, acted at Cambridgi> in 1641 for I'riiiee
Charles. It was printed in 1650, and rewritten
as "The Cutter of Coleman Street " in 16.58.—
3. A periodical published at London in 1713,
and edited by Steele. It comprised 176 num-
bers (51 of them by Addison). It followed the
"Spectator," and was inferii>r to it.
Guardian Angel, The. A novel bvOliverWen-
<lell ll.>lmcs, published in 1S68.
Guardiola (gwiir-de-o'lil) Santos. Born about
1810 : assassinated .Ian. 11, 1862. Ageneral and
politician of Honduras. He was a rough and cruel
soldier who, after serving under Malcspln and against
Walker, was president of Honduras from Feb. 17, 1856.
His administration was, on the whole, good, though his
previous acts had won for him the title of "the Tiger o!
Central Amcriciu"
Guarico (gwii're-ko). Originally, in 1492, the
Indian town in Haiti governed by Ouacanagari.
Gnatos
The name was transferred to the modern city near the
same place, now known iu English as Cape Uaitien.
Guarim(gwa-re'ne), Giovanni Battista. Born
at Ferrara, Italy, Dee. 10, 1.537 : died at Venice,
Oct. 4, 1612. A noted Italian poet and diplo-
matist, professor of belles-lettres at Ferrara.
He was in the service of the Duke of Ferrara, and later in
that of Tuscany and that of Urbino. His chief work is
the pastoral drama "II pastor fldo " (1."p85).
Guarionex (gwii-re-6'nag). Died after 1510. An
Indian chief of the region or "province" of
Maeorix, in the central part of Haiti. Ue received
Columbus hospitably in 1494, and remained friendly to
the whites until 1498, when he headed a revolt. Defeated,
he fled to the country of Mayobanex, but was eventually
captured and held as a hostage.
Guarneri (gwar-na're), Latinized Guamerius
(gwiir-ue'ri-us), Andrea. Born at Cremona,
Italy, about 1630 : died after 1695 (J). A noted
Italian violin-maker.
Guameri, Antonio Giuseppe. Bom at Cre-
mona, June 8, 1683: died 1(45, A celebrated
ItaUan \iolin-maker, nephew of Andi-ea Guar-
neri,
Guastalla (gwas-tal'la). A small town in the
province of Reggio nelF EmUia, Italy, situated
at the jimction of the Oostolo with the Po, 19
miles northeast of Parma, The duchy of Guastalla
(previous to 1621 a county) passed to Don Philip of Spain
along with Parma, in 1748, to Pauline Borghese iu 1805 to
Maria Louisa in 1816^ and to Mo.lena in 1848.
Guatemala (ga-te-ma'Iii ; Sp, pron, gwii-tii-ma'-
lii), incorrectly Guatunala (gwa-te-mii'la).
A republic of Central America. Capital, Gua-
temala. It is bounded by Mexico on the north and
northwest, British Honduras, the Gulf of Hondura.s, and
Honduras on the east, Salvador on the southeast, and the
Pacific Ocean on the suuthwest. The surface is generally
mountainous. The chief product is coffee. It is divided
into 22 departments. The executive is vested in a presi-
dent, and legislation in a national assembly. Most of the
people are Roman Catholics, but other cults ai-e tolerated.
Guatemala was conquered by Pedro de Alvarado, the lieu-
tenant of Cortt-s, in 1624-26, After a short connection
with Iturbide's Mexican empire, it formed part of the
Central American Confederation from 1823 to 1839, when
it was establishedas an independent republic. It has had
several wars with .Salvador and Honduras, Area, about
49,000 siiuare miles. Population (1S93), 1.510.326.
Guatemala, or Santiago de Guatemala (san-
te-ii'go da gw;i-ta-mil'la), sometime.s called
New Guatemala ( Sp. Guatemala la Nueva).
The capital of the republic of Guatemala, situ-
ated about lat, 14° 36' N., long. 90° 27' W. The
chief building is the cathedral. The city was founded in
177.% soon after the destruction of Old Guatemala, Popu-
lation (1893), 71,627.
Guatemala, Audience of. See Confines, AiuU-
eiirc of the.
Guatemala, Old, or Antigua (iin-te'gwa). A
town of Guatemala, 24 miles west-southwest of
New Guatemala. The original city of Guatemala,
founded 1.524, was destroyed by a flood from the Volcan
de Agtia 1641 ; refcnuuled on a new site l.'>42, it was almost
completely destroyed by the great earthquake of July 29,
1773 : the capital was then removed to its present site,
but the town of Antigua grew up about the ruins of the
second city. Population, about 10,000.
Guatemala, Presidency of. The region in Cen-
tral America which, during the colonial period,
was subject to the jiu'isdiction of the Audience
of the Confines or of Guatemala. See Cntifnies.
As originally limited, in li>45, it embraced all the present
states of Central America, the Isthnuis of Paiianm, Yuca-
tan, and Chiapas, the capital, after IWU, being at Guate-
mala, In 1548 Yucatan was placed under the Audience
of Mexico, and in 1550 the isthnuis was united to Peru,
From 1.564 to 1670 the C'entnd American colonies were
maile subject to New Spain (Mexico). In 1670 the Audi-
ence of the Contines was again established at Guatemala,
and thereafter the presidency included the present Cen-
tral American countries (cxcei>t porti'ins of the east coast
which subsequently fell ildo the Iiamis of the BritishX
together with Chiapas, now a state of Jlexico. After 1680
Guatennita was ruled by captains-general, who were also
generally presidents of the audience, but had iudcpcridcut
powers similar to those t>f the \ iceroys of New Si)ain and
Peru. The provinces, corresponding to the present re-
publics, were ruled by governors who, to a certain extent,
were subject to tho captain-general.
Guatemotzin (gwii-di-mot-zen'), or Guatemoc
(gwit'tii-mok). [' Swooping eagle. 'J Bornal)out
14!)7 : died in Tabasco early in 1:525. The last
.\zlec sovereign of Mexico. He was nephew of
Montezuma II., and was elected to the throne on tho
death of Cuitlahuatzin (Sept. 1620) ; defended Mexico
against Cortes in the famous siege. May-Aug., 1521 ; was
captured Aug. i;t : and was subsequently tortured in the
hope that he would give up coiu'caled treasure. In 1524
he was forced to gowithCorti^son the march to Honduras:
on the way he was accused of t reachcry and hanged. Also
written Gtiatemozin, Quauhteinolzin, Cuauht^-moc, etc.
Guatescos. See UiMstces.
Guatos (gwii-tos'). A South American Inilian
tribe in the swampy regions of the upper Para-
giia.y River. Fornicrly they were very numerous and
warlike : they arc now reduced to a few hundred about the
mnutbof the Sao Lourenyo tributjiry. Tho Guatos resem-
ble F.uropeans in color, and haveslmrt beards. They live
almost entirely in canoes. Ashing and hunting, making
rude huts in the swamps, and retiring to highorlandsonly
Guatos
darinjr the floods. They have long been friends of the Bra-
zilians, and aided them in the war with Paraguay 1865-70.
Their linguistic relations are doubtful.
GuatUSOS (gna-to'sos). A tribe of Indians in
northern Costa Rica, on the streams which flow
into Lake Nicaragua. They practise agriculture, are
enemies of the whites, and have always retained their in-
dependence. By tlieir language they appear to constitute
a distinct stock. Only a few hundred are left. Many of
the older writers have erroneously supp*>sed that the Gua-
tusos were descended from Mexicans brought to this re-
gion by the .Spaniards, or from the bucaneers. Also writ-
ten Huattuos.
Guaviaxe (gwa-ve-a'ra). A river in Colombia
and Venezuela, joining the Orinoco about lat.
4° X., long. 0>i° 10' W. Length, about 725 miles.
Guaxaca. Sec Oajam.
Guaxarapos, or Guasarapos. See Guackis.
Guayana. See Guiana.
Guayanas. Same as Guanas.
Guayaquil (gwi-a-kel' ), or Santiago de Guay-
aquil (siin-te-ii'go da gm-ii-kel' I. The chief
seaport and most populous city of Ecuador, sit u-
ated on the river Guayaquil in lat. 2° 12' S.,
long. 79° 52' W. : an important commercial
place. Population (1890), 44,772.
Guayaquil, Gulf of. An inlet of the Pacific
Ocean, west of Ecuador.
Guayas(gwi'as). A maritimeprovince of Ecua-
dor. Capital, Guayaquil. Area, 8.220 square
miles. Population, 98,042.
Guaybas. Same as Gualiibos.
GuaycurUS (gwi-ko-ros'). A tribe of South
American Indians, on the river Paraguay, in
Brazil, near the Paraguayan frontier : now com-
monly known to Brazilians as Cadiueios. prop-
erly the name of one of their clans. The Para-
guayans call them Mbayas. They are powerfully built,
brave, and warlike. Formerly they were ver>' numerous
and nomadic, living by hunting and Ushing and by rob-
bing other tribes. They acquired horses from Spanish
stock, and became skilful horsemen. They were long a
terror to the whites and to surrounding tribes. The few
hundred remaining live in villages under Brazilian rule.
It is doubtful if this was the tribe of the same name
known in the Ghaco region in the 17th and ISth centuries.
Also written Guaicurus, Giwi/curt/o-, OuaycuruSy etc
Guaycuru stock (gwi-ko-ro' stok), sometimes
called the Chaco stock. A well-<lefined group
of South American Indian tribes, nearly all of
which inhabit the region west of the river Para-
guay, between 19° and 29° S. lat., known as
the Gran Chaco. It includes the Guaycurus, Mocobis,
Tobas. the extinct Aidponcs, and many uthei's, all of more
or less nomadic habits, warlike, and living largely by rapine.
The Jesuit missionaries could make little impression on
them, and a few oidy, on account of weakness, have sub-
mitted to white intluence. They resemble North American
Indians in their coppery color. The ditferent tribes speak
closely allied languages.
Guaymas (gvvi'mas). [Prob. an Opata name.]
A tribe, now e.\tinct (as suchl, formerly living
on the coast of the Gulf of California in Sonora.
Yrom them the town of Guaymas derives its name. The
Guaymas were almost exterminated, in the second half of
the l?th century, by the Seris. Their language is said to
be a dialect of the Pima.
Guaymas. A seaport in the state of Sonora,
Mexico, situated on the Gulf of California in
lat. 27° 56' N., long. 110° 36' W. Population,
about 6,200.
Guaynos (gwl'nos). An ancient Indian tribe
of northeastern South America, south of the
Orinoco, from whom the great region called
Guiana is said to have derived its name. The
Guinaus of the upper Orinoco, or the Guianaus of British
Guiana (both of Arawak slock), maybe their descendants.
Guayra (gwi-ra' or gwi'rii). The name given
by the Spanish conquerors of Paraguay to the
region bordering the upper Paraii A. The name was
loosely applied, sometimes including both sides of the river
above the great fall, at other times denoting the region to
the east and southeast of the river, including the present
disputed territory of Missiones. and portions of Paran.-^
Santa Catharina, and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil and id
Corrientes in Argentina. X'ntil the 19th century it w,a8
legally or practically included in the government of Para-
guay,and the Jesuits had important missions there.
Guayra, La. See La Guaijrn.
Guayrd. Cataract. See Scte Quedas.
Gubbio (gob'be-o). A cathedral city in the
province of Perugia, Italy, at the foot of Monte
Calvo 20 miles north-northeast of Perugia: the
ancient Igu\num or Eugubiiiui. it has manufac-
tures of majolica. The Eugubine Tables (which see) are
here, and other Umbrian antii|uities ; and there are va-
rious remains of antitinity in the neighb,_»rhood. The Pa.
lazzo del Consoli is a building of the early 14th century,
one of the most massive examples of Italian medieval
civic construction. With its tower and its battlements, it
recalls the Florentine Palazzo Vecchio. This I'mbrian
town was destroyed by the Goths. It was independent in
the middle ages. Population, about 5,000.
Guben (go'ben). A town in the province of
Brandenburg, Prussia, situated at the con-
fluence of the Lubis with the Neisse, about
466
26 miles south-southeast of Frankfort-on-the-
Oder. Population (1890), commune, 29.328.
Gubitz (go'bits), Friedrich Wilhelm. Born
at Leipsic, Feb. 27, 17S6 : died at Berlin, June 5,
1870. A German journalist, author, and artist.
He edited and illustrated the" DeutscherVolks-
kalender" (183.'>-69), etc.
Gucumatz (go-kij-mats'). [Quiche, 'feathered
serpent,' or ' serpent clothed in green and blue.']
In the Quiche mythology of the Popul Vuh, the
title of the first creator of all things.
Gudbrandsdal (go'brans-diil). The valley of
the Laagen, in central Norway, about lat. 61°-
62° N.
Gude (go'de), Hans Frederik. Bom at Chris-
tiania, March 13, 182.5. A Xurwegian landscape-
painter, a pupil of Achenbach and Schirmer at
the Academy of Diisseldorf, and since 1880 a
successful teacher of his art in Berlin.
Gudea (go-da'a). One of the earliest Babylo-
nian kings, or, as they were styled in the old-
est epoch of Babylonian history, patesi, i. e.
priest-king or ^-iceroy. Gudea is mentioned as such
a patesi of .^irpurla or Sirgurla. Eight statues and other
monuments of him have been found. The exact date of
his reign has not been ascertained (possibly about 3000
B. c, or, according to some, 4000 B. c).
Gudin (gii-dai'i'), Theodore. Born at Paris,
Aug. 15, 1802: died at Boulogne-sur-Seine,
Prance, April 11, 1880. A French painter of
marines and landscapes.
Gudrun (go-dron'), or Kudrun (ko-dron').
[MHG. Eiitnlit, NHG. Gudrun.] The heroine
of a Middle High German epic poem, after the
"Nibelungenlied" the most important in the
early literature of Germany. Gudrun is the daugh-
ter of King Hetel of Hegelingen. The scene of action is
principally the coast region of the North Sea and Nor-
mandy. The poem was written in the 13th century by an
unknown author in Austria or Bavaria.
Guebers, or Ghebers (ge'berz), or Gabers, or
Ghavers (ga'verz), or Gebirs (ge-berz').
[Commonly derived from the Arabic Idfir, in-
fidel ('giaour,' the word applied by Mohamme-
dans to all non-Mohammedans, and supposed to
have been applied to this sect by their Arab
conquerors in the 7th century). From its oc-
currence in the Talmud as Cheber, and in Ori-
gen as Knhir, others believe it to be an ancient
proper name from some tribe or locality.] A
Mohammedan name of the followers of Zoro-
aster, otherwise known as Atishparastan ('fire-
worshipers'), ATajusan (from their priests the
magi), and Parsis, or people of Pars or Fars
(Persia). See Parsis.
Gu6briant (ga-bre-oii'), JeanBaptiste Budes,
Comte de. Born at Plessis-Budes, Brittanv.
Feb. 2. 1602: died at Rottweil. Swabia, Nov.
24, 1643. A French marshal. He served in Ger-
many from 1635 uiMier Bemhard of Saxe- Weimar. On the
dcathof Bernhard he concluded, Oct. 9, 1639, a treaty with
the officers of the late duke's army whereby the army en-
tered the service of France. He defeated and captured
the Imperialist general Lamboy at Eempen Jan. 17, 1612,
a service for which he was created a marshal of France.
He captured Rottweil Nov. 19, 1643, when he was mortally
wounded.
Guebwiller. See Gehioeiler.
Guelderland, Guelders. See Geldirland.
Guelfs, or Guelphs (gwelfs). [From Guel/o.
It. form of G. Jl'cl/, a personal name.] The
papal and popular party of Italy in the middle
ages: opposed to the Ghibellines, the imperial
and aristocratic party. The W'elfs (Guelfs) were a
powerful family of Germany, so called from Welf I. in the
time of Charlemagne. His descendants, several of whom
bore the same name, held great possessions in Italy ;
through intermarriage were at ditferent times dukes of
Bavaria, Saxony, and Carinthia ; and founded the princely
house of Brunswick and Hanover, to which the present
ro\al family of England belongs. The names Welf and
Waibiiwren (Guelf and Ghibelline) are alleged to have
been first used as war-cries at the battle of Weinsberg in
1140, fought and lost by Welf VI. against the Hohenstaufen
emperor Conrad III. The contest soon ceased in (Jer-
many, but was taken up on other grounds in Italy, over
which the emperors claimed supreme power; and the
names continued to designate bitterly antagonistic parties
there till the end of the 15th century. See Ghibetliiu^
Gilell y Bent6 (go-ely' e ran-ta'), Jos6. Bom
at Havana, 1818 : died at Madrid, Dec. 20, 1884.
A Cuban politician and author. Most of his life
was passed in Europe. In 1&48 he married the infanta
Josefa Femand,-!, sister of the King of Spain, who in con-
sequence was deprived of all her rights. As a republican
Gutdl y Kent^ was long prominent in Spanish politics.
He published many poems, essays, and sketches of West
Indian life.
Guelph (gwelf ). A city and the capital of Wel-
lington County, Ontario, Canada, situated on the
river Speed 47 miles west by south of Toronto.
Population ilS91), 10,.539.
Giiemez de Horcasitas (go-a'math da 6r-ka-se'-
tas), Juan Francisco. Bom in Oviedo, 1682:
Gn^roult
died at Madrid, 1768. A Spanish general and
administrator. He was captain-general of Cuba
March. 1734,-April, 1746, and viceroy of Meiico July 9.
1746,-Nov. 10, l?^.^. On his return to Spain he was made
captain-general of the army and count of RevUlagigedo.
He was reputed to be the wealthiest ^^panish subject of
his time,
Giiemez Pacbeco de Padilla Horcasitas (go-
a'lneth pii-cha'ko da pa-Del'ya oi-ka-se'tas),
Juan Vicente, Count of Reviilagigedo. Bom
at Havana, Cuba, 1740: died at Ma<lrid, May 2,
1799. A Spanish general and administrator,
son of Giiemez de Horcasitas. He distinguished
himself in the Peninsular wars ; was made nceroy of Bne-
nos Ayres 17S9 ; and was almost immediately appointed
viceroy of Mexico. His rule(Oct. 16, 1789,-,Tuly, 1794)waa
one of the best in Mexican colonial history. Returning to
Spain, he was made director-general of artillery.
Gnendolen (gwen'do-len). In tieoffrey of Mon-
mouth, the wife of Locrine, the eldest son of
Brute or Brutus. See Snbrina.
Guirande (ga-rond'). A town in the depart-
ment of Loire-Inf^rieure, France, 42 miles west-
northwest of Nantes. It manufactures salt.
Population (1891), commune, 7,020.
Guerazzi. See Guerras:i.
Guerche (garsh), La. A town in the depart-
ment of Cher, France, on the Aubois 11 miles
west of Nevers. Population (1891), commune,
3,515.
Guerche, or Guerche-de-BretaCTe.La. A town
in the department of Ille-et-Vilaiue, France,
25 miles east-southeast of Kennes. Population
(1891), commune, 4,933.
Guercino (gwer-che'no), Giovanni Francesco
Barbieri. Bom at Cento, near Bologna, Italy,
l.'>90 : died at Bologna. 16(J6. An Italian painter
of the Bolognese school. Among his best works
is the "Sta. Petronilla" (at Home).
Guerens. See Crens.
Gu^ret (ga-ra' ). The capital of the department
of Creuse, France, situated in lat. 46° 12' N.,
long. 1° 52' E. Population (1891), commune,
7,799.
Guericke (ger'ik-e). Heinrich Ernst Ferdi-
nand. Bom at Wettiu. near Halle, Prussia,
Feb. 25, 1803 : died at Halle, Feb. 4, 1878. A
German Protestant theologian, professor at
Halle. His works include " Handbuch der Kirchenge-
schichte" (1S33), "AUgemeine christliche Symbolik"
(1839)."LehrbuchdercluistlichenArchaologie"tlS47).etc
Guericke, Otto von. Born at Magdeburg. Prus-
sia. Nov. 20, 1602: died at Hamburg, May 11,
1686. A German nattu'al philosopher. He stud-
ied law at Leipsic, Helmstedt. and Jena, aiid mathematics
at Leyden, and traveled in France and England. From
1631-36 he was chief engineer at Erfurt, in the Swedish
service. He invented the air-pump (1650), air-balance,
etc., and constructed the "Magdeburg hemispheres,"
He published "Experimenta nova" (1672), etc
Guerin (ga-ran' ), Eugenie de. Bom 1805 : died
1848. A French writer, sister of G. M. de Gue-
rin. Her "Journal'' and " Lettres " were ed-
ited in 1862.
Gulrin, Georges Maurice de. Bom at the Cha-
teau du Cavla, near Albi. in southern France,
Aug. 4, ISld : died there, July 19, 1839. A French
poet. He wrote the "Centaur," which was published in
the "Revue des Deux Mondes" in 1840. His literary re-
mains, including the "Centaur," were published in iJmJO.
Guerin, Jean Baptiste Paulin. Bom at Tou-
lon, March 2.'), 1783: died at Paris, Jan. 19,
18.55. A French historical painter.
Guerin, Ba ron Pierre Narcisse. Bom at Paris,
May 13, 1774 : died at Rome, July 16, 1833. A
French historical painter, a ptijiij of Regnault.
He gained the prix de Rome in 1797. In 1815 he was made
academician, and in 1S16 returnetl to Rome as director of
the French .Academy. He returned to Paris in 1S22. lu
1S33 he visited R4.>nie with Horace Vernet, and dietl there.
He exhibited at Salons 1799-1S19. Among his pupils were
Cogniet, Gericault, and Ar)' Scheffer.
Gn4rin-M6neville (ga-ran'man-vel'), F^lii
£douard. Bom at Toulon, France, Oct. 12,
1799: died at Paris, Jan. 26,1874. AFrenchnat-
uralist. His works include " Iconographie du rt-gue ani-
mal, etc." (1S29X "Iconographie des mammiff^res, etc"
(182S), "Genera des insectes" (1836), etc
Guerino Meschino (gwa-ie'no mes-ke'no). The
hero of a roniame of the middle ages, of un-
certain authorship and date, first printed in
Italian at Padiui in 1473.
Guemsey(gern'zi),L. Samia(s!ir'ni-a). ['The
Green Isle.'] The second in size and popidation
of the Channel Islands, intersected bv lat. 49° 27'
X., long. -2° 35' W. Capital. St. Peter Port. It is
a popular health-resort. With Alderney and the other isl-
ands (except Jersey) it forms a bailiwick, ruled by a lieu-
tenant-governor, bailiff, and states-assembly. Area. 24
square miles. Ij^ngth, 91 miles. Population (1S91), with
Herm and Jethou, 35,339.
Gu^roult (ga-ro'), Adolphe. Bom at Rade-
pont, Eure, France, Jan. 29, 1810 : died at Vichy,
France, July, 1872. A French political writer.
Guerra
Chierra (ger'rii), Crist6bal. A Spanish mer-
chaut of Seville who, in 14U!) and MOO, was en-
gaged with Niiio in an exploration of the north-
ern coast of South America. See SiUu, J'vdro
AI011.S0.
Guerrazzi (gwer-riit'se),Francesco Domenico.
Born at Leghorn, Italy, Aug. Ill, lso4: died at
Cecina, near Volterra, Sept. 23, 1873. An Ital-
ian author and politician. He was Tuscan premier
in 1848, and triumvir and dictator in 1849. Amonj: his
historical r>>niancL-s are " La battagliadi Beiievento "(IS'JT),
" L'AsiicMlio di Firenze " (IS^ti), *' Isabella t)rsini "(1W4).
Gueirero (gcr-ra'ro). A state of Mexico,
bounded by Michoacan, Mexico, Morelos, and
Puelda on tlie north, Oajaca on the east, and
the Pacific Ocean on the southwest. Area, 22,-
866 s<|nare miles. Poptilation (1892), 354,400.
Guerrero, Vicente. Born at Tixtla, Aug. 10,
1782: died at (■hilai>a, Feb. 14, 1831. A Mexican
general. He joined tlie patriots in 1810 and held out
until 1821, wlien he united his forces witli those of Itur-
bide : but wllen Iturliide became emperor lie was one of
the leaders of tlie revolt against hira, and after liis de-
throtiemcnt was a member of the executive junta 182^-24,
and vice-president 1824-28. In 1828 he declared against
the president elect, Pedrazii- The election was nullified by
Conpress, which made (Guerrero president Jan. 12, 1829:
but at the end of the year he was forced to retire to the
south. There he kept up an armed resistance, but was
eventually captured and shot.
Guerri6re (gar-rySr), La. A British ship of war
captiire<l by the United States ship Constitution
during the War of 1812. See Constitution.
Guesclin, See Du Gncsclin.
Guess (ges), George (Sequoyah). Born about
1770 : died at San Fernando, northern Mexico,
Aug., 1843. A Cherokee half-breed Indian. He
invented a Cherokee syllabic alphabet in 1826.
Guest (gest), Edwin. Born in Worcestershire,
1800: died Nov. 23, 1880. A noted English his-
torical writer and archaeologist. He graduated at
Cambridgein 1824, and became a fellow of his college(Gon-
ville and Cains) in 1824, and its master in 1852. He was
vice-chancellor of the university 1854-55. He published
'• History of English Ithy thms " (1838), and numerous phil-
ological and historical jjapcrs, tlie most important of which
relate to the Itoinan period in Biitain. To liim principally
was due the founding of the rhiloIo).iical .Society.
Guetlavaca. Same as Cuitlahuat:in.
Gueux (ge). [F., ' poor,' ' beggarly ' ; as a noun,
'beggars,' ' ragatnuffins ': origin luicertain.]
The league of Flemish nobles organized in 1.566
to resist the introduction of the Inquisition into
the Low Cotmtries by Philip II. The name was
fireviously given to them in contempt, and borne by their
uUowera in the succeeding war.
Guevara (ga-vii'rii), Antonio de. Born in the
province of Biscay, Spain, about 1490: died in
l.")4.>. .\ Spanish historical writer. He was one of
the othcial chroniclers to Charles V. In 1528 he became a
Franciscan monk, and accompanied the emperor on his
travels and residences in various cities. He was court
pr.-aclier, imperial historiographer, bishop of Guadi.x, and
bishop of Mondoiiedo. He wrote *' Relox de Principes "
(" Dial for i'rinces," 1529), " Decada de los ( 'esares " (" Lives
of Ten Konian Emperors "), and " Epistolas Familiarcs "
(1539). The letters, sometimes called " Oolden Epistles,"
were very popuLar, and were translated !)y Edward Hel-
lowes (1574) and Savage (1657): Sir (leoffrey Fenton
tran-slated part of them (1579). (iuevara also wrote a num-
ber of woiks on tlicologT,-, navigation, and court life.
Guevara, Diego Ladron de. See Ladron de
ti ticrin'if,
Guevara, Jos6. Bom at Bocas, New Castile,
March 11, 1719: died at Spello, Italy, Feb. 2.'),
1806. A Spanish .Jesuit aiitlior. HesucceededLo-
zaiio as chronicler of the order in Paraguay ; resided in the
Pliitine countries from aliont 1750 until the expulsion of
tJie Jesuits in 1767 ; and subse<iuently lived in Italy. His
"Historia de la coni|nista del Paraguay, etc.," was first
published in the .-\ngelis collection 18:i5, and by Lamas
1882. Ue wrote various controversial works.
Guevara, Luis Velez de. Born atEcijain 1572
or l.')74: died :it Madrid in 1644. A Spanish
dramatist. Fifteen plays are ascribed to him, among
them " llaa pesa el Rey que laSangre "("King before Kin"),
"Luna da Sierra" (*' Diana of tin- Mountains"), etc. He
also wrote the romance " El diabto cojuelo " ("The Lame
iJevil," 1041), from which Le Sage took "Le diable boi-
teux."
Gugemi (gu-jer'nl), or Cugerni (ku-jer'ni), or
Guberni (gu-ber'ni). [L. (Tacitus) Crmjirni,
(I'liiiy) dnlnrni.] A (Jerman tribe located by
Pliny on the lower Rhine between the Ubii anil
the Batavi, where, also, Tacitus places them at
the mouth of the Ruhr. They joined in the ris-
ing under Civilis. They were probably a part
of the Sugambri.
Guglielmi (gol-yel'me), Pietro. Born at Massa-
Carrara, Italy, May. 1727: died at Rome, Nov. 19,
1804. An Italian operatic composer. His works
include "I due Gemelli." "La 8er\'a innamo-
rata," etc.
Guha(g()'hil), or'Wagllha(w!i-go'hii). ABantu
tribe of the Kongo .State, settled on both sides
of the Lukuga River. Their language is said to bo
467
the same as that of the Wagoma, and both are related to
the Riia or l.uha.
Guiana, or Guyana (ge-a'nii). [F. (iiiyanc, Sp.
(inittjdiia.'] A region in South America, boiuided
by the Atlantic Ocean on the north, Brazil on
the east and south, and Brazil and Venezuela on
the west. It Is divided into British Guiana, Dutch Oui-
ana. and French Cuiana. The name is sometimes applied
to the entire region between the tlrinoco, the ocean, the
Amazon, the Rio Negro, and the Cassiiiuiare.
Guiana, Brazilian. That portion of northern
Brazil which lies north of the Amazon and east
of the Rio Negro.
Guiana, British. A British colony, bounded
by the Atlantic on the north and northeast,
Dutch Guiana on the east, Brazil on the .south,
and Brazil and Venezuela on the west. Capital,
Georgetown. Theleading product is sugar. Richgold-
mlnes are now worked in the western part. There are 3
counties — Berbice, Demerara, Esseqnibo (formerly sepa-
rate colonies, consolidated in 1831). The region was first
settled by the Dutch in 1,'>8U ; was acquired by the Brit-
ish in 1803 : and was formally ceded to them in 1614. The
boundary with Venezuela is in dispute, and that with Bra-
zil has never been fixed. Ari-a (claimed), 109,000 square
miles. Population (18'.n), 288,328.
Guiana, Dutch, or Stirinam (so-re-nam')- A
Dutch colony, bounded by the Atlantic on the
north, French Guiana on the east, Brazil on the
south, and British Guiana on the west. Capital,
Paramaribo. The leading products are sugar and cocoa.
Settled by English in 1652, it was acquired by the Dutch
in 1674 in exchange for their North American colonies.
It was held by lireat Britain from 1804 to 1814. Area,
50,000 squaie miles. Population (1892), 61,088.
Guiana, French, or Cayenne (ka-yen' orki-en').
A French colony, bounded by the Atlantic on
the northeast, Brazil on the east and south, and
Dutch Guiana on the west (the boundary with
Brazil is in dispute). Capital, Cayenne. It was
settled by the French in 1626 : was several times taken by
the English and Dutch ; and was held liy the Portuguese
1809-17. Political prisoners were sent there during the
French Revolution, and regular penal colonies were es-
tablished in 18.^3. The climate of the coast region is very
unhealthy, and the colony is steadily declining. Area,
30,1100 square miles. Population (I8III), 26,796.
Guiana, Venezuelan, or Guayana. A former
province of Venezuela, corresponding (nearly)
to the present state of Bolivar (which see).
Guianaus. See Guaynos.
Guiart (ge-ilr'), Guiilaume. Born at Orleans
about the end of the 13th century. A French
chronicler, author of a metrical history of
France, in 12,000 verses, entitled " La branche
des royaux lignages," covering the period 1165-
1306.
Guibert of Nogent (ge-bar' ov no-zhon'). Bom
at Clermont, Oise, France, 1053: died 1124. A
noted French historian and scholastic philoso-
pher, a pupil of Anselm and (1104) head of the
abbey of Notre Dame de Nogent. Also surnamed
Ftaviaceiisw, from the monastery of .St. tiermer de Flaix,
which he entered in 1064.
Guibert, or Wibert. of Parma, or of Ravenna.
See Clement III., Antipope.
Guicciardini (gwe - chiir - de ' ne), Francesco.
Born at Florence, March 6, 1483 : died near Flor-
ence, May, 1.540. An Italian historian, and
statesman in the pontifical and Medieean ser-
vice. His chief work is "Storia d'ltalia" ("History of
Italy," 1561-04 : edited by Rosini 181H)- His "Opere in-
edite " were published in 1857.
Guiccioli (gwe-cho'le), Countess Teresa. Born
in Italy about 1801: died at Rome, March 26,
1873. An Italian lady, the daughter of Count
Gamba, celebrated on account of her relations
with Lord Byron. She married Count Guiccioli when
she w.as about 16 years old, and met Hyron a few months
later. After about ayeartliecountolijected to tier intimacy
with Byron, and she went back to her father's house. tYom
this time until Byron's death she niaiutained her relations
with him. After this she is said to have returned to her
husband. In IS.M she married the Marquis de Boissy, and
in 1868 published in French "My Kcctdlcctions of Lord
Byron."
Guichard(gesh!ir'). or Guischard, Karl Gott-
lieb: pseudonym QuintUS Icilius. Born at
Magdi'lmrg, Prussia, 1724: die(l at Potsdam.
Prus.sia, M:iy, 1775. A German soldier and
military writer, lie entered the military service of
Holland, attaining the rank of captain ; withdrew and went
to England in 1754 ; and in 1768 entered the service of
Frederick the Great, under whom he rose to the rank of
colonel, lie wrote *' Miimoires militairesBurles Orecs et
les Romains " (1757), " Mt^moireB critiques et historlques
snr plnsieurs points d'antitiuiti^s militaircs "(1773).
Guicowar's Dominions. Sec liarodn.
Guiderius(g»i-dc'ri-us). In Sliaksjiere's ''Cym-
beline," a legendary prince, the son of (jvmbo-
line of Britain. He is disguised under the name
and state of Polydorc, the son of Morgan.
Guidi (gwe'de), Carlo Alessandro. Born at
Pavia, Italy, June 14, 16.50: died at Frascati,
Italy, June 12, 1712. An Italian lyric poet,
Guiilaume de Palerne
author of "Poesie liriche" (1681), " Aiualsunta
in Italia" (1681), "Endimione" (1692), etc.
Guidi, Tommaso. See Mastucio.
Guidiccioni (gwe-de-cho'ne), Giovanni. Bom
at Lucca, 1500 (1480 f): died at Macerata, Italy,
1541. An Italian ecclesiastic, diplomat, and
man of letters. His complete works were pub-
lished in 1718; " Lettere iuedite" (1865).
Guide (gwe'do), surnamed " The Savage." A
champion, in Ariosto's " Orlando Furioso," who
tights with Marphisa among the Amazons. He
marries a number of the latter, Aleria being
his favorite.
Guide d'Arezzo (gwe'dodii-ret'so), often called
Guido Aretino (ii-re-te'no), or Fra Guittone,
orGuyof Arezzo. Born at Arezzo, Italv, proba-
bly about 990 : died near Arezzo about 1050. Au
Italian Benedictine monk. He is celebrated for his
reforms in musical notation. He went to Rome at the in-
vitation of Pope Benedict VIII., probably in 1022, and again
in the time of Pope John XX., to explain his method of
teaching music. He seems to have written most of his
works at the monastery of Pomposa in the duchy of Fer-
rara, where he remained for some time teaching his method
to the monks and choir-boys. He was afterward made
abbot of the monastery of Santa Croce at Avellano, near
Arezzo, where he is believed to have died. Guido has been
credited with a number of inventions and discoveries, some
of which obviously cannot have been his. He wrote the
" Micrologus," the " Antiphonarium," " De artiflcio novi
cantus." " De divisione monochordi secundum Boetium,"
and other works on musical sul>jects.
It appears certain that Guido invented the principle
upon which the construction of the Stave is based, and
the F and C Clefs ; but that he did not invent the com-
plete 4-lined Stave itself. There is strong reason to be-
lieve that he invented the Hexachord, Solmisation, and
the Harmonic Hand ; or, at least, first set forth the jirin-
ciples upon which these inventions were leased. Finally,
it is certain that he was not the first to extend the Scale
downwards to r ut ; that he neither invented Diaphonia,
Discant, Organum, nor Counterpoint ; and that to credit
him with tlie invention of the Monochord and the Poly-
plectrum is absurd. Orove, Diet. Music, IV. 661.
Guido Beni. See Reni.
Guido y Spano (gwe'do e spa'no), Carlos.
Born_ at Salta, March 8, 1832. An Argentine
politician and poet. He was president of the Na-
tional Congress in 1865, served in the Paraguayan war, and
from 1872-76 was president of the Senate. Most of his
poems are included in the collection "Hojas al Vieiito"
(Buenos Ayres, 1871).
Guienne, or Guyenne (ge-en'). A name fre-
quently given in its later history to Aquitaine,
especially in the name of the government Gui-
enne and Gascony.
Guienne and Gascony. An old government of
southwestern France.
Guignes (geny), Chretien Louis Joseph de.
Born at Paris, Aug. 25, 1759 : died at Paris,
March 9, 1845. A French Sinologist, son of
Joseph de Guignes. He was appointed in 1784 con-
sul at Canton and French resident in China, wiiere he
remained 17 years. He wrote various papers and works
on China, and edited a " Dictionnaire chinois, franfais et
latin " (1813), based on a manuscript work by liasil of Gle-
niona, a Roman Catholic missionary in China.
Guignes, Joseph de. Born at Pontoise, France,
Oct. 19, 1721: died at Paris, March 19, 1800.
A French Orientalist. His works include "Histoire
gt^nt^rale des Huns, des Turcs, des Mogols, et autres Tatares
occidentaux," etc. (1756-68), etc.
Guildenstern. See Ilosencrantz.
Guildford (gil'ford). The capital of the coim-
ty of Surrey, Eii'gland, situated on the Wey 29
miles southwest of London. It has Iniportaiit
grain trade. It is a very old town, and has a Gorman
keep. Population (18!)1), 14.310.
Guildhall (gild'hiil). The council hall of the
City of London, founded in 1411, and restored
after the fire of 1666. The great liall measures 163
by 48 feet, and is 55 high : it has a iiandsonie open-framed
roof, modern colored-glass windows, and the two legen-
dary colossal wooiicu tlKurcs of Gog and Magog. Along
the walls are placed statues of famous men. 'I'he crypt,
with its clustered columns, is of the original construction,
and is interesting. See G(t<) and Ma<jotj,
Guilford (gil'ford). A village and town in New
Haven County, Connecticut, situated on Long
Island Sound 16 miles oast of New Haven.
Population (1S90), town. 2,780.
Guilford, Earl of. See Xorth.
Guilford Court House. A idaco about 5 miles
from (ireensborough, Guilford County. North
Carolina. Here, March K, 1781, the British (about
2,40*)) under Cornwallis defeated the Americans (about
4,400) iiniler Greene. The British loss was aliout 600 ; the
American, about 400.
Guiilaume. See William and JVilhdm.
Guiilaume deLorri8(ge-y6m'delo-res'). Bom
at Lon'is, Loiret, France: died about 1240 (f).
A French poet, author of the first part of the
" Roman de la Rose." About 4.670 of the 22,800 or
more lines were written by him. See Homan tit; la Hose.
Guiilaume de Palerne (d^ pa-lSm'). An early
French roman d'aventure. It was translated very
Quillaume de Falerne
early Into English, and has been publisheil as "William of
Palerne ■' by the Early English Text Society. "It introduces
the favorite medieval idea of lycaiithropy, the hero being
throughout helped and protected by a friendly werc-wolf,
who is before the end of the poem freed from the enchant-
ment to which he is subjected." SainUbury, tVench Lit.,
p. 96.
Guillaumet (ge-v6-ma'), Gustave. Born at
Paris, March 26, 1840: died at Paris, March 14,
1887. A Frencli painter, a pupil of Picot and
BaiTias. He gained the second prix de Rome
in 1863.
468
administrator. He served in the English and Algerine
wars, and was made viceroy of New Granada in 1773, and
viceroy of Peru in 1776, retaining the latter otHce until 17S0.
He retained the rank of lieutenant-general, and was cre-
ated marituis of Gulrlor after his return to .Spain.
Ouisborough, or Gisborough (giz'ijnr-o). A
town in the N(n-th Riding of Yorkshire, Eng-
land, 40 miles north of York. The first aluiu-
works in England were established here about
KiOO. Poimlation (1891), 5,623.
Guiscard, Robert. See Robert (iuiscard.
Guillim (gwil'im), John. Bom at Hereford Guischard, Karl Gottlieb. See «««•'''"■;'•
aW1565: died at London, May 7, 1621. An GlUSe (guez). A town in the department of
English writer on heraldry. He pul)li.shed "A
Display of Heraldrie "(1610: sometimes ascribed
to .lohii Barkham).
Guillotin (ge-yo-tan'), Joseph Ignace. Bom
at Saintes, France, May 28, 1738 : died at Paris,
March 26, 1814. A French physician, wrongly
regarded as the inventor of the guillotine. As
deputy to the Constituent Assembly, 1789^ he proposed that
all capital punishment should be by decapitation, a privi-
lege till then reserved for the nobility, and suggested that
decapitation could be most quickly and humanely per-
formed by a machine. The device actually adopted as a
result of this suggestion was prepared by a German me-
Aisne, France, situated on the Oise 23 miles
north of Laon. It gave name to the ducal house of
Guise. It was the birthplace of Camille Desmoulins. Pop-
ulation (1891), commune, 8,153.
Guise, Cardinals and Dukes of. See Lorraine.
Guise, Duchy of. A former duchy of northeast-
ern France, which took its name from the town
of Guise, and corresponded to the northern part
of the department of Aisne. It was situated in the
government of Picardy. Formerly it was a county. It was
famous in the 16th and 17th centuries as a duchy in the
hands of the Guise family, a branch of the house of Lor-
raine.
chanic named .Schmidt under the direction of Dr. Antoine Guise(giz)iMartin. Died Jan. 21,1829. AnEng-
Louis, perpetual secretary of the Academy of Surgery,
and was tirst used April 25, 1792, for the execution of a
highwayman named Pelletier. The machine was first
named louison or louisett«, but after a while Guillotiu's
name was attached to it. Guillotin was not, as has been
asserted, executed in his own machine, but died a natural
death.
Guimaraes, or Guimaraens (ge-ma-rins'). A
town in the province of Minho, Portugal, situ-
ated on the Ave 30 miles northeast of Ojiorto.
The castle is a battlemented ruin with a huge central
keep, inaccessible save by a wooden bridge, and square
angle-towers connected by curtains. Population, about
8,000.
Guinart (ge-narf), Roque. A noble in Cer-
vantes's "Don Quixote." He was a realcharac-
tir, liis name being Pedro Rooha Guinarda.
Guinaus. See Guai/nos.
Guinea (gin'i). [Formerly Ginnie, Ginny, etc. ;
F. Giiiiiee, Sp. Guiiie, etc.: named from the
African Ginnie, or Jinnie, a town and kingdom
in the Niger district.] That part of western
Africa which lies along the coast from Cape
Roxo (or about lat. 12° N.) to Cape Negro (or
about lat. 16° S.), and extends indefinitely in-
land. It includes, besides native states, British, French,
German, and Portuguese colonies, Liberia, and part of the
Kongo Free State. It is divided into Upper or North
Guinea, and Lower or South Guinea (separated by the
Kamerun Mountains or the equator). The name is some-
times used in a more restricted sense. See Liberia, Gold
Coa^ft, etc.
Guinea, Gulf of. That part of the Atlantic
Ocean on the western coast of Africa comprised
between Cape Palmas on the north and Cape
Lopez on the south.
Guinegate, or Guinegatte (gen-gat')- A vil-
lage in the department of Pas-de-Calais, north-
ern France, near St.-Omer. Here the French were
twice defeated : (1) by Maximilian I. (then archduke of
Austria) in August, 1479 ; (2) by Henry VIII. of England
and llaximilian (his ally) in .August, 1513. See Spurs, Bat-
tle ')/ the.
Guines (gen). A town in the department of
Pas-de-C:ilais, France, 7 miles south of Calais.
It was an ancient seat of counts, and was held by England
in the 14th, 16th, and 16th centuries. Population (1891),
commune, 4,502.
Guinevere (gwin'e-ver), or Guinever (gwin'e-
ver), or Guenever (gweu'e-ver), or Geneura,
or Ganore (ga-nor'). The wife of King Arthur
in the Arthurian cycle of romance. She was the
daughter of Leodegraunce, king of Caraelyard, and loved
Lancelot of the Lake. See Lancelot.
This princess (Geneura) is described as the finest woman
in the universe ; her stature was noble and elegant ; her
complexiiui fair, and her eyes the finest blue of the heav-
ens: the expression of her countenance was lively yet
dignified, but sometimes tender: her understanding, nat-
urally just, was well cultivated ; her heart was feeling,
eompassionate.and capable of the most exalteil sentiments.
Ouiihrp. Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 224.
Guinevere. One of the "Idylls of the King"
by Tennyson, published in 1859.
Guingamp (gan-goh'). A town in the depart-
ment of Cotes-du-Xord, Brittany, France, sit-
uated on the Trieux 19 miles west -northwest of
St.-Brieuc. Its chtirch of Notre Dame is one
of the principal Breton pilgrim resorts. Popu-
lation (1891), commune, 9,196.
Guipuzcoa (ge-poth'ko-a). One of the three
Basque provinces of Spain. Capital, San Sebas-
tian. It is bounded by the Bay of Biscay on the north,
France on the northeast, Navarre on the east, Navarre and
lish naval officer who in ISlSentered the service
of Chile, under Cochrane, as captain. He did effi-
cient service in the war for independence, and on the re-
tirement of Cochrane (1^21) was appointed to organize the
navy of Peru. By blockading the port of Callao he forced
the'surrender of the last Spanish post, Callao Castle, Jan.
19, 1826. Admiral Guise was killed in the attack on Guay-
aquil.
Guiteau (ge-to'), Charles. Born about 1840:
hanged at Washington, June 30, 1882. An Amer-
ican assassin. He was a pettifogging lawyer of French-
Canadian descent at Chicago, and on Garfield's election to ^„,- „,„ ,p„
the presidency went to Washington to seek the oB5ce of ..,; ' " ' , , ,, ,..,
American consul at Marseilles, which he did not obtain. Grlilnane. bee Abdul-Meajia.
Excited by this failure, and by the political conflict be- GuUstan (go -lis -tan')- [Pers
Oumti
the district of Gujrauwala, situated in lat. 32'
10' N., long. 74° 14' E. Population, about 20,000.
Gujrat (guzh-raf), sometimes written Guzerat.
1. A district in the Paujab, British India, in-
tersected by lat. 32° 40' N., long. 74° E. Area,
2,051 square miles. Population (1891), 760,875.
— 2. The capital of the district of Gujrat, situ-
ated in lat. 32° 35' N., long. 74° 7' E. Here,
Feb. 22, 1849, the British under Gough defeated
the Sikhs.
Gula(go'lii). In Assyro-Babylonian mythology,
the name of the wife of Adar, the god of war
and the chase. She is styled "the great lady" who
presides over life and death. Those wlto break contraets
are threatened with her vengeance. Nebuchadnezzar
dedicated to her two temples at Babylon and three at IJor-
sippa.
Gulf Stream, The. An oceanic current, ori-
ginating from the Atlantic Equatorial Cuirent,
which is made up of two arras, one of them
issuing through the Florida Strait from the
Gulf of Mexico, the other running westward
along the northern face of the island of Cuba.
The united stream follows the Atlantic coast Tiortheast-
ward with a velocity of from 2 to 5 miles an hour, gradu-
ally expanding in breadth and diminishing in depth, but
distinctly perceived for many degrees beyond the eastern
edge of Newfoundland. Its comparatively hi;:h tempera-
ture (10 to 20 degrees above that of the surrounding oceanX
rapid motion, and deep-blue color make the Gulf Stream
a most remarkable phenomenon, and even more interest-
ing than the Kuroshiwo, the corresponding current on the
.Asiatic coast of the Pacific Ocean. The Gulf Stream,
doubtless, exerts a certain infiuence in modifying the cli-
mate of the British Isles, France, and other parts of west-
ern Europe, but to what extent is not yet definitely
known. On the other hand, it is certain that its effect is
not so great as was formerly supposed, and that some of
its assumed workings are rather to be credited to the
regular oceiuiic drifts. See articles on Kuronhiwo and
Sar'tasM .Sea.
'the rose-gar-
den.'] The most celebrated and finished work
of the Persian poet Sa<li. It is a kind of moral work
in verse and prose, consisting of 8 chapters on kings, der-
vishes, contentment, taciturnity, love and youth, decrepi-
tude and old age. education, and the duties of society, the
whole intennixed with stories, maxims, philosophical sen-
tences, and puns.
Gull (gul), Sir William Withey. Bom at
Thorpe-le-Soken, Essex. Dec. 31, 1816: died
Jan. 29, 1890. A noted English physician, ap-
pointed physician extraordinarj' to the queen
in 1872 (ordinary in 1K87). He received a
baronetcy for the skill with which he treated
the Prince of Wales in 1871.
Gullians (gul'ianz). A name sometimes given
to the followers of William HI. of England.
Gulliver, Lemuel. The ostensible reoounter
if '• Gulliver's Travels."
tween Garfield and Roscoe Conkling, he shot the President
fatally at Washington, July 2, 1881. ,
Guizot (ge-z6' or giie-zo'), Madame (Elisabeth
Charlotte Pauline de Meulan). Born at
Paris, Nov. 2, 1773: died at Paris, Aug. 1, 1827.
A French writer, first wife of F. P. G. Gui/.ot,
whom she married in 1812. She wrote -'Edu-
cation domestitjue, ou lettres de famille sur
I'education" (1826), etc.
Guizot, Frangois Pierre Guillaume. Born at
Nimes, Oct. 4, 1787: died at Val-Kicher, in Nor-
mandy, Oct. 12, 1874. A distinguished French
historian and statesman. At the age of 12 he left
his native city for Geneva, and in 1805 he took up the
study of law in Paris. In 1812 he became assistant pro-
fessor of literature at the Sorbonne, and later was called
to the new chair of modern histoiy. His early publica-
tions are "Du gouvenieraent repr^sentatif et de V6tiit
actuel de la France" (1816), " Des onspirations et de la
justice politique" (1821), " Des moyens de gouveniemcnt Gulliver's (gul'i-verz) Travels. A social and
at .I'rtT,Ti..cni.^n dfiiia Tiif^it ai.tiiel de lii France" MR-*1Y ,-...i . __..• ;^. ii._ £ ^e .. \ 1- .^e
professorship. Devoting himself exclusively
research, he published his "Histoire du gouvernement
reprt^'sentatif," "Essais sur I'histoire de France," "Col-
lection des m^moires relatifs k la revolution d'Angle-
terre," "Collection des mt^moires relatifs h I'histoire de
^Yance," "Histoire de la n^volution d'Angleterre depuis
I'avenement de Charles I. justiu'k la restauration de
Charles II.," etc. His courses of lecturesat the Sorbonne,
delivered 1828-30, appeared under the titles "Cours d'his-
toire moderne," "Histoire g^n^rale de la civilisation en
Europe." and "Histoire generale de la civilisation en
France." In 1830 he was elected t^i the Chamber of Dep-
uties. After the revolution of July, 18;i0, he became
minister of the interior, and, with the exception of a few
months in the year 1840 spent :is French ambassador to
England, remained almost continuously minister in vari-
ous capacities until he fell from power. Feb. 23, 1S4S. on
the eve of Louis Philippe's abdication. He had been
prime mirusterfor the s years preceding his downfall, but
had made himself so unpopular that he failed to be elected
to the National Assembly of 1848. The latter part of his
life was spent in retirement. Besides the works already
mentioned, Guizot translated Shakspere. and published
"Washington" (1840), "De la democratic en France"
(1849), " Discours sur I'histoire de la revolution d'Angle-
terre" (18'>0), "Meditations et etudes morales" (1851),
"L'Amour dans le maria-e " (IS.io), "Guillaume le Cou-
querant," " Edouard I II. etles bourgeois de Calais," " Me-
moires pour servir k I'histoire de mon temps " (1858-68),
"L'Eglise et la societe chretienne en 1861" (1861), ■"Dis-
c.iorsacademiques" (18lil), "Trois generations" (1801),
' Histoire parlementairede France " (IStB), " .Meditations
- . ... ^jyjj
actuel de la religion chretienne" (18«5), "Melanges
biographiques et litteraires" (1868), "La France et la
Prusse responsables devant I'Europe "(1868), " Meditations
sur la religion chretienne dans ses rapports avec I'etat
actuel des societes et des esprits " (1368), " Melanges poli-
tiques et historiques " (iseo), " Le due de Broglie " (1872),
"Les vies de qnatre grands Chretiens frau^ais, Saint-
Louis, Calvin "(187:<, incomplete), and " Histoire de France
racontee a mes petits-enfants " (1870-75).
Alava on the south, and lliscay on the west Area, 728 Gnjarat. See (htzerat. «,•»•<.•
si|uare mUes. Population ils87i. 181.856. Gujranwala (guzh-ran-wa la). 1. A district in
Guirlor (ge-re'6r), Manuel. Born at Aviz de the Panjab, British India, intersected by lat. 32°
Ugarte, Navarre, March 21. 1708: died at Ma- 15' X., long. 74° E. Area, 3,017 square miles,
drid, Nov. 25, 1788. A Spanish naval officer and Population (1891), 690,169.— 2. The capital of
_ . _ voyages-
to Brobdingnag, to Laputa, and to the country of the
Houyhnhnms. Lemuel Gulliver is an honest, blunt Eng-
lish sailor.
" Gulliver's Travels " owes most of its extenial shape to
the "Vera Uistoria" of Lucian, itself a travesty of lost
works on geography. The French poet C>Tano de Bergerac
(li;20-165.'')) had written a '■ Voyage Si la lune " and a " His-
toire comique des etats et empires du soleil," from which
Fontenelk- had borrowed some hints. .Several slight points
which Swift used he is said to have taken from a tract by
I'rancis Gooilwin, Bishop of Llandatf. There can be no
doubt, moreover, that the particular narrative manner of
Defoe, w hose " Kobinson Crusoe " had appe;u:ed in 1719,
produced an effect upon Swift. All these critical specu-
lations, however, are rather curious than essential. Swift,
always among the most original of writers, is nowhere
more thoroughly himself than in his enchanting romance
of Lemuel Gulliver. Whether we read it, as children do,
f.)r the story, or as historians, for the political allusions,
or as men of the world, for the satire and philosophy, we
have to acknowledge that it is one of the wonderful and
unique books of the world's literature.
Gosse, Hist. Eng. Lit, p. 160.
Gull's Hornbook, The. A book by Thomas
Dekker, jiublished in 1009. It gives a graphic de-
scription of the manners of Jacobean gallants. The tract
is to some extent modeled on Dedekind's "Grobianus.
^^_^ ^ ^ ^^ it is Dekker's best-known work.
sur I'essence de la religion " (1864), " Meditations sur I'etat QumbinnCn ( gom-bin'nen). A town in the prov-
"^'" iuce of East Prussia, Prassia, situated on the
Pissa in lat. 54° 36' N., long. 22° 9' E. Popu-
lation (1H90), commune, 12.207.
Gummidge (gum'ij), Mrs. In Dickens's "Da-
\id Copperfield," "a lone, lom creetur" Imng
at Mr. Peggotty's.
Gumri. See Alexanih-opol.
Gumti (gora'te), or Gamti (gam'te), or Goom-
tee (gom'te). A river in British India, .ioiinng
the Ganges 17 miles northenst of Benares.
Length, about 500 miles. Lucknow is on its
banks.
Oilmllsh-Ehana
Gtimiisll-Blliana. ['Silver house.'] A town
in Asiatic Turkey, about 40 miles south of
Trebiznud.
Gundamuk. See Gandamnk:
Giinderode(gii"'ile-r6-cle),Karoline von. Born
at Kiirlsruhe, Baden, Feb. 11. 17SII: eominitted
8iii<ide at Winkel, near Mainz, .July 20, 1806. A
Gennan romantic poet, author of ''Gedichteund
Phautasien" (1804), "Poetische Fragmente "
(IHO.TI, etc.
Gundlach (goad'Iach), Johann Christoph.
Born at Marburg, Hesse-Cassel, July, 1810. A
German naturalist who, since 1831). has resided
in Cuba. He is well known for his numerous
contributions to Cuban ornithology and ento-
mology.
Gnndobad (gun'do-bad), or, erroneously, Gun-
debald i t,'un'de-bald). Died .516. King of the
Burgundians473-.")16. He became a patrician of Rome
in472, and in the following year succi;eiU'ii hiafatherOnn-
diuch as king of the Biirgundians, dividing the sovereignty
with his brothers (Joilegisel, Chilperic. and CJodomar I. In
600 he was defeated by Chlodwig (Clovis), liing of the
Franks, through tlie treachery of Godegisel, and was ex-
pelled from his kingdom. He 8ubse<iuently recovered his
throne, depose<l fiodegisel, and, as his two other lirothers
had in the mean time died, reunited the Btu^nndian do-
minions under his sway. He formed an alliance with
Chlodwig. and. although an Arian, educated his sons Sig-
mund and Godomar IT. in the lUiman t'atholic religir>n,
which was the faith of his subjects. He drew up a code
of laws, which was named, after him, " Lex t! undobada. "
Gvmduk. See (iiiiidak.
Gundulf (gim'dulf), L. Gundolphus (gun-dol'-
fus). Horn in the diocese iif Kciuen about 10l!4 :
died MaiM'h 8, 1108. A Norman prelate. Inlii59
he became a monk in tlie abbey of Bee, where he became
a friend of Anselm and of Lanfninc, archbishop of Canter-
bury, by whose assistance he was elevated to the see of
lUjchester, March v.), 1077. He was the arciiitect of the
cathedral of Kochcster (some of his work still exists), of a
castle at Rochester, of St. Leonard's Tower and a nunnery
at Mailing, and of the White Tower in L.ondon Tower.
Gnndwana. Sie Ctmihenna.
Gungl (giiiigl ). Joseph. Born at Zsdmb^k, Hun-
gary, Dec. 1, ISIO : died at Weimar, Feb. 1. 1889.
A Hungarian composer, chiefly of dances and
marches.
Gunib (gu-nib'). A plateau in Daghestan, Cau-
casia: scene of the last resistance to Russia and
the capture of Shamyl in 185y.
Gunnems (gon-na'riis), Johann Ernst. Bom
at Cliristiania. 1718: died 1773. A Norwegian
botanist, bishop of Trondhjem. He described
the flora of Norway.
Gunning (gun'ing), Elizabeth, Duchess of
Hamilton ami afterward of Ar^'vll. Born in
1734: died May l-'0, 1790. A celebrated beauty.
.She married .Tames, sixth duke of Hamilton, in 17.52, and
in 17.5U she nuirried .John Campbell, marquis of Ix)rne,
afterward fifth duke of .Argyll. Compare Qunniiig^ Maria.
Gunning, Maria, Countess of Coventry. Born
in 1733 : died Oct. 1, 176(X A celebrat<'d beauty,
daughter of .John (iuniiing of Castle Coote,
County Roscoiiiinon, Ireland, she and her sister
Elizabeth went to I.«)ndon in 1751, and were at once i>ro-
nounced to be " the handsomest women alive." They were
followed l(y crowils wherever they went, and Maria, wlio
was the better looking, was mobbed one evening in Hyde
Park. The king gave her a guard to protect her, and she
once walked in the park ftir two houis with2 sergeants of
the guard liefore b,r' anil 12 soldiers following her. In \1^>Z
she niairied ijeoige William, sixth earl of Coventry. "Tile
beautiful M Isses f Junni rig " were painted a mnnbei-of times,
and there are many cngi-avings from these portraits.
Gunning, Mrs. (Susannah Minifie). Born in
1740(f): died at Lon.lon, Aug. 128. 1800. An
English novelist, she married .lohn Gunning, the
brother of the beautiful Guiming sisters. He was colonel
of the (16th p-giment of f.iot and lieutenant-gem-ral. He
had one ilaughter, Klizabeth, and owing to her llirtations
(in which her mother tor)k her part) she and her mother
left his house. Many s<p)il>s ami satires were written
on the ensuing complication, which Walpole called "the
Ounningiad." Both .HuHanmihGunTdng and her ilaughter
wrote a number of novels. The latter married Major .lames
Plunkott, and died in Suffolk, .Inly 21), 182:).
Gunnison (gun'i-son). A river in western Col-
orado, tributary of (irand River, which it joins
near lat. 39° N.
Gunnison Canon. A ri'inarkable caiion in the
Gunnison River, If) miles in length.
Gunpowder Plot. In Knglish history, a con-
N|iir;ii'y of certain Hotiiaii Catholics having for
its oliject the ileslru<'tioii of James I. and the
lords and commoners in the I'arliairieiit House,
London. The leaders were Catesby, Feny, liigby, Win-
ter, Guy Fawkes, and others. It was foiled by tlie arrest
of b'awkes, Nov. 4 IBO.'!. See Fawken.
Gttns (giins), Hung. Koszeg (k^'s'seg). A free
royal city in the county of Kisenlmrg (Vas),
Hinigary, situated on the river Giins in Int. 47°
2'i' N., long. 16° 31' F.. It was Buccesafully defended
against Solhnan the Magnificent Inl5:i2. Populatlon(lS9o),
7,076.
Qiinter (gun'tfer), Edmund. Born in Hertford-
469
shire, England, 1581 : died at Gresham College,
London, Dec. 10, 1626. An English mathema-
tician, professor of astronomy in Gresham Col-
lege from 1619. He invented the chain, line, quadrant,
and scale that are named from him "Guuter's chain," etc.
Henry Briggs was his colleague for a year ; and their as-
sociation doubtless led to Guuter's " Canon Triangulorum ;
or, Table of Artificial Sines and Tangents, to a radius of
100,1100,000 parts to each iniimte of the Quadnint," 1020.
This was the first table of its kind published, and did for
sines and tangents what Briggs did for natural numbers.
In these tables (lunter applied to tnivigation and other
branches of mathematics his admirable rule "TheGunter,"
on which were inserilied the logaiithmie lines for imm-
bers, sines, and tangents of arches; afid he showed how
to tiike a back observation by the cross-stafl, whereby the
errorsu-isingfromtheeccentricityof tbeeyeisavoided. . . .
He was the first who use*l the words cosine, cotangent,
etc., . . . and also introduced the iiseof arithmetical com-
plements into the logarithmieal arithmetic (Briggs, Arith.
Log., cap. 15). De Morgan {Arith. Bitiiks, xxv.) favors <.iun-
ter's claim to the invention of the decimal separator.
Diet. Xat. Biog.
Glinther (giin'ter). In the Nibelungen epic, a
Burgundian king, brother of Kriemhild and hus-
banil of Brunehilde.
Giinther, Albert Karl Lud'wig Gotthilf . Bom
at Esslingen,\Viirtemberg, Oct. 3, 1830. A Ger-
man-English zoologist, particidarly noted for
works on liei-petology and ichthyology. He be-
came assistant in, and in 1875 director of, the zoological
department of the British Museum. He has published
" Catalogue of the Colubrine Snakes " (185s), " I 'atalogue of
the Batrachia Salient ia" (185ft), "Reptilesof British India"
(ls(H),"Catalogueof Bl-shes "(1859-70), "TheGigantic Land-
tortoises" (1877), "Introduction to the Study of Fishes"
(Isso), " Report on the Shore-fishes, etc., of the Voyage of
the Challenger" (1S87-.SS), etc.
Giinther, Anton. Bom at Lindenau, near Leit-
meritz, Bohemia, Nov. 17, 1783 : died at Vienna,
Feb. 24, 1863. A German philosopher and Ro-
man Catholic theologian. Among his works are
"Vorschule zur spekulativen Theologie" (1828), "Die
Juste-Milieus inderdeutschenPhilosophiegegenwartiger
Zeit"(ls:f8).
Giinther, Johann Christian. Born at Striegau,
Silesia, Prussia, April 8,169.'): diedat Jena,Ger-
maiiy, March 15, 1723. A German poet. His
collected poems were published 1724-35.
Guntram (gun'tram), or Gontran (gon'tran).
Died March 28, 593. King of the Franks. He
received the sovereignty of Orleans and Burgundy on the
death of bis father Clotaire I. in 661, while the rest of the
Frankif.!) dominion wasdivided among his brothers Chari-
bert, Sigt'l»eit. and Chilperic, who received Aquitaine, Aus-
trasia, and Neustria respectively. In 507, on the death of
Charibert, he became sovereign also of Aquitaine. He
sided alternately with Sigehert and Chilperic in the great
feud which was kimlleil by their queens, and which was
eontinued by tlieir iltsrendants.
Guntur, or Guntoor (gun-tor'). A town in the
governorship of Madras, British India, situated
in lat. 16° 17' N., long. 80° 27' E.
Giinzburg (giints'biirG ). A town in Swabia and
Ncubm'g, Bavaria, at the junction of the Giinz
and Danube, 15 miles east by north of Ulm.
Poi)ulation (1890), 4,114.
Guppy (gup'i), William. In Dickens's "Bleak
House," a young articled clerk, hopelessly in
loyo with Esther Summerson.
Gupta (gop'til). [Skt., 'i)rotected.'] A name
fiirniiiigofteii the last member of the name of a
Vaisliya, or man of the third class. A Vaisha
of this name was the fontider of the renowned
dynasty of Guptas who reigned in Magadha.
Gurdaspur (giir-dils-por'). A district in the
Punjab, British India, intersected by lat. 32°
N.. long. 7.5° '20' E. Area, 1,889 scpiare miles.
Po])ulati(iii (1.891), 943,9-22.
Gurgaon (giir-gil'ou). A district in the Panjab,
Brilisli India, intersected by lat. 28° N.. long.
77° K. Area, 1,984 square miles. Poj)ulation
(1S91), 668,9'J9.
Gurhwal. See Garhwal.
Gurieff (gii-re-ef). A town and port in the gov-
ernment of Astraklian, Russia, situated on the
Ural, iK'ar its mouth, about lat. 47° 10' N., long.
52° v.. Population (1885), !),954.
Gurkhas. See Olmrh-ds.
Gurley (gt'-r'li), Ralph Randolph. Born at
Lidjaiion, Conn., May 2(i, 1797: (lied at Wash-
ington, D. C, .July 30, 1872. An American
clergyman iinii philanthropist, agent, after 1822,
of the American Colonization Society.
Gurnah (giir'nii). The site of the chief ne-
cropolis of ancient Thebes in Egypt.
The excavations in Cpper Egypt, which have proved so
ban-en of alt information ctmcerning the Fifteenth and
Sixteenth dynasties, have brought to light much concern-
ing the Seventeenth. In the tombs at Qllrmih have been
found tberemainsof a whole arrayof court finictiomiries.
thus betraying the exisfenee of a thoroughly civilized
sliitc. .MnrifHf, Outlim's, p. 24.
Gurnall (g6r'ual), William. Bom near Lynn,
Norfolk, 1617: died at Laveuham, Suffolk, "Oct.
Gustavns II. Adolphus
12, 1679. An English clergyman, authorof "The
Christian in Complete Armotir" (1655-62).
Gumey (ger'ni), Edmund. Bom at Horsham,
Surrey, March 23, 1847 : died at Brighton, .June
23, 1888. An English psychologist. He gradu-
ated at Cambridge in is71,aud became a fellow of 'i'rinity
in 1872. He studied music, medicine, and law. In 1880
be published "The Power of Sound." and in 1887"Tertium
Quid : Chapters on Various Disputed Questions," a collec-
tion of his philosophical papers. He was one of the found-
ers of the Society for Psychical Research, and published
some of the results of his iuvestigations as " Phantasms
of the Living " (1880).
Gurney, Sir Goldsworthy. Bom at Treator,
Cornwall, Englaml. Feb, 14, 1793: died at Reeds,
Cornwall, Feb. 28, 1875, An English inventor.
Among his inventions are the oxyhydrogen blowpipe,
the lime-magnesium (Drummond) ami oil-gjis lights, the
high-pressure steam-jet, the tubular boiler, a steam-car-
riage, etc.
Gumey, Joseph John. Bom at Earlham Hall,
near Norwich, England, Aug. 2, 1788: died there,
Jan. 4, 1847. An English jiliilanthropist, a min-
ister of the Society of Friends. He was an asso-
ciate of Mrs. Fry in prison reform, and of Clarkson and
Wilberforce in the antislavery movement. He wrote
"Notes on Prison Discipline "(1819), "Evidences, etc., of
Christianity " (1827), etc.
Gurth (gerth). In Sir Walter Scott's novel
" Ivanhoe," a swineherd and bondsman of
Cedric.
Gurton, Gammer. See Gammer Gttrton's Needle.
Gurwal, or Gurwhal. See GurJunil.
Gushington (gush'ing-ton), Angelina. The
nom de plume of Charles Wallwyn Radcliffe
Cooke.
Gushington, Impulsia. The nom de plume of
Helen Seliua Sheridan. Lady Dufferin.
Gusmao (gozh-miiii' ), Alexandre de. Born in
Santos, Brazil, 1695: died at Lisbon. Portugal,
Dec. 30 or 31, 1753. A Portuguese statesman.
Most of his life was passed in Europe, where he was au
influential minister under several Portuguese kings. The
treaty of 17.''0, which settled the limits of the Spanish and
Portuguese possessions in America by u(i potfndetis, was
due mainly to him.
Giissfeldt (giiss'felt), Paul. Born at Berlin, Oct.
14,1840. A German scientific traveler. In 1873,
in association with Falkenstein, Soyaux, Linder, Peehuel-
Losehe, and Dr. Bastian, he led an expedition to west-
central Africa, but failed in his effort to explore the far
interior. A rich harvest of scientific collections and oi)-
Bervations was brought back in 1875. and published in
Journals as well as in " Die Loango Expedition " (Leipsic,
1879). In 1870 Giissfeldt explored the eastern desert of
Egypt in eompany with Dr. Schweinfurth. His journeys
in the Andes of Chile and Argentina and in the Bolivian
highlands (1882-83) resulted in several important discov-
eries. In Feb., lS8:i, he made an unsuccessful attenu>t to
reach the suntmit of Aconcagua, one of the highest peaks
of the Andes, although he attained an elevation of upward
of 21,000 feet.
Gustavus (gus-ta'vus or gus-tii'\ais) I., or Gus-
ta'VUS Vasa (vii'sa). [NL. Gii.itavu.'<, F. G«.s'-
tavc, It. Gustaro,G. (lust/ir, Sw. (lii/<taf,T>a,n. Giis-
tav.] Bom at Lindholmeu, Upland, Sweden,
May 12, 1496 : died at Stockholm, Sept. 29, 1560.
King of Sweden 1523-60. lie was the son of Erik ,Io-
hansson (hence called Gustavus Erikson) of the house of
Vasa, and was ileSL-ended on the mother's side f I om the house
of Sture, two of the most iuHuential noble families in Swe-
den, He received a careful edneation, cliielly at the court
of his kinsman, the regent Sleii Sturc the younger, under
whom he served against the Danes at the battle of Itrann-
kyrka in 1518. In the negotiations which followed this
Swedish victory, he was sent as a hostage to Christian II.
of Denmark, by whom he was treacherously carried oil to
Denmark, lie eseajied in ]51i), and on the massacre of
Stockholm, in which 00 of the leading nien of Sweden, iu-
elinling tlie father of Gustavus, were executed by ('hrls-
tian II., headed a revolt of Ibi' Dalecarlians in 1520, and
captured .Stockholm in 152:t, in which year a diet at
Strcngnas chose him king (.lune (5) ami repndialed the
Ealmar union with Denmark. He favored the Itefoiina-
tion in opposition to the Roman Catbolie clergy, who
had supported the Dancsilnringthe war for freedom ; and
In 1.527. at the Diet of Wesleras, procured the passage of
measures placing the lands of the bishops at his disposal,
ami granting the liberty of itreaching the new doetrino.
Gusta'TUS II. Adolphus. Born at Stockholm,
Dec. 19, 1594: died Nov. l(i, 1632. King of
Sweden 1611-32, son of Charles IX. and Chris-
tina of Holstein, and gi-andson of Gustavus I.
He inherited at his accession three wars from the ]ireviouB
reign, namely, with Denmark. Russia, and Poland. He
concluded peace with Denmark at Knared, Jan. 29, 10l;t ;
compelled iUissia to cede Kexholm. Karelen, and Inger-
maidand at sl.iUiowa. Marih 9, 1017; and, through the
mediation of Rietulieu, concluded an armistice of 0 .vears
with Poland, Sept. 2(i. 1021), with a view to invading Ger-
many, wllere the recent victories of the emperor over the
I'rotestantju'inces under Christian IV. of Denmark threat-
ened both France and Sweden, the former by the increase
of the power of the house of Austria, and the latter by the
destruction of the eqililibrinm between Protestantism and
Roman Catholicism in the north of Europe. Leaving the
conduetof the goveniment in the hands of his chancellor.
Axel Oxensljerna. he landed in Pomerania with 15,ii00
men, .Inly 4, 1(S30 ; cmicluded a formal treaty of alliance
with France at Biirwalde in Jan., 1631 ; defeated Tilly at
LelpsIc, Sept. 17, 1631 ; and gained the victoi-y of Lutzen
over Wallcnstetn, Nov. 16, 1C32, but fell In the battle.
GustavTis m. 470
Gustavus III. Bom at Stockholm. Jan. 24, Gutium (gu'shi-um). See the extract.
Guzman de Alfarache
174() : (iied at Stockholm, March 29. 1792. King
of Sweden 1771-92, son of Adolphus Frederick.
He crushed the power of the royal council, consisting of
nobles, by a coup d'it&t in 1772, which reduced it from
the position of a co-regent to that of an advisory com-
mittee. He carried on war with Russia 1788-90, and was
murdered as the result of a conspiracy among the nobles.
GustavtlS IV. Adolphus. Bom Nov. 1, 1778:
died at St. -Gall, Switzerland, Feb. 7, 1837.
King of Sweden 1792-1809. son of Gustavus III.
Guyot (ge-6'), Arnold Henry. Bom near Neu-
chatel, Switzerland, Sept. 28. 1807: died at
Princeton, N. J., Feb. 8. 1884. A Swiss-Ameri-
can geographer and scientist, professor of ge-
ography and geologj' at Princeton from 1855.
He published a series of school geographies,
'Earth and Man" (1849), etc.
The northern plateau was inhabited by a mixture of un-
cultivated tribes at the earliest period of which we have
any itnowledge. and was known under the gener:d n.-une
of i^utium or Guti (Kutu in AssjTiaii), tlrst identilied by
Sir H. Rawlinson with the Goyim of Uen. xiv. 1. tiutium
comprised the whole country which stretched from the
Euphrates on the west to iledia on the east : the land of . . ... ,
Sizir, with the mountain of Rowandiz, on which the ark Guy S Hospital. A London hospital situated
of the Chaldean Noah was believed to have rested, being jn St. Thomas's street, south of the Thames, not
_ _ included within it. Soi/c-, Anc. Empires, p. 90. far from London Bridge. It was founded, with
Contrary to' tlie" interests of his countrj-. he bitterly op- Gutnic (got'nik). or Gutnish. [G. Gittnisch.] other charities, by Thomas Guy, a bookseller of
posed Napoleon, and in 1S08 became involved in war with rpj^g g^vedjgji dialect of the island of Gotland in London.
"•• " '" •'• ---' '^"'"■■■' ""■' "■" ■''""'"■' '''■ * the Baltic. Old Gutnic is a sharply differentiated dialect Guzerat (guz-e-raf). Or Gujarat (guzh-a-riit').
of Old Swedish, preserved in runic inscriptions from the A region in British India, bordering on the Ara-
Tiking age (700-10,S0) to the 16th century, and iu several - - ■ ......
' " " With Swedish and Danish
MSS. from the 14th century.
it forms the group specifically called East Norse.
Guts Muths (gots'mots), Johann Christoph
Friedrich. Bom at Quedlinburg, Prussia, Aug.
9, 1759 : died at Sehnepfeuthal, near Gotha.
Germany, May 21, 1839. A German educator,
teacher of gj-mnastics at Sehnepfeuthal. He
wrote "Gymnastlk fur die Jugend " (1793), "Handbochder
Geographic " (1810), "Tumbuch fiir die Sohne des Vater-
landes''(1817X etc.
GutzkOW(gots'k6),Blarl. Bom at Berlin. March
17, 1811: died at Frankf ort-on-the-Main, Dec. 16,
1878. A German dramatist and author. He
studied theology and philosophy at Berlin. In 1831 ap-
peared his first work, "Forum der Journal Lilteratur."
He was subsequently engaged in journalistic work in Stutt-
gart, and afterward traveled abroad and lived for short
periods in various places in Germany. In 1835 appeared
Wally, die Zweiflerin " (" Wally, the Skeptic "), which cost
months' imprisonment at Mannlieim. From 1847 to 1850
he lived at Dresden as a dramatist. In the mean time he
had again been active as a journalist, and had written be-
sides a number of critical works and essays. In 1852 he
founded, in Dresden, a weekly journal. From 1860 to 1864
he was secretary at Weimar of the Schiller foundation.
Loss of health compelled him to relinquish this position
in the latteryear. Among his many novels are "Die Hit-
ter vom Geist" (1850-52), " Der Zauberer von Rom " (1859-
18«)1), " Hohenschwaugau " (1868), etc. His principal dra-
mas are "'Z^^pf und .Schwert"(" Periwig an-lSwoi-d," 1843).
'■ Das UrbUd des Tartufle " (" The Prototype of Tartuf e,"
1844), '■ Uriel .\costa " (1846), " Der Konigslieutenant "
(•'The King's Lieutenant," 1849X
Born at Pyritz, Pom-
erama, Prussia. July 8, 1803: died at Hong-
Kong, Aug. 9, 1851. A German missionary in
China, and Sinologist. His chief works are
" China Opened " (1838), " Geschichte des chine-
sischen Keichs" (1847).
Guy, or Gui (gi or ge), or Guido (gwe'do), of
Lusignan(lu-zen-yon'). [ML. Guitlo,F.Gi<y, It.
Guido, Sp. Guido, G. and D. Guido.'] Died 1194.
Russia, which conquered Finland, and was deposed by a
military conspiracy'.
Gusta'TUS Adolphus Union. [G. Evangelischer
Verein der Guatav-Adolf-Stiftung.'] A union
of various Protestant churches in Germany,
for the puipose of assisting Protestants in Ro-
man Catholic countries, founded after the bi-
centennial celebration of the battle of Liitzen
(1832).
GiistrOW (giis'tro). A to-wn in Meeklenburg-
Sehwerin, Germanv, situated on the Nebel in
lat. 53° 48' N., long. 12° 11' E. It has a trade in
wool, and contains a cathedral and an ancient ducal castle.
Population (1890X 14,.ii)8,
Gutenberg (go'ten-bero), Johannes orHenne
(originally Gensfleisch). Bom at Mainz about
1400: died about 1468. The inventor of print-
ing. His claim to this invention has been much disputed.
(See Coster.) He was the son of Frielo Geustieisch and
Else Gutenberg, and took his mother's name. In 14'20 his
father was exiled, and various legal proceedings growing
out of this show that Gutenberg was in Strasburg in 1434.
In 1436 he was sued before the court at Strasiiurg for
breach of promise of marriage. His claim to be the in-
ventor of printing rests mainly on a legal decision ren-
dered at Strasburg Dec. 12, 1439, from which it appears
that he entered into partnership with certain persons to
cany on various secret operations, one of which involved
the use of a press with an attachment conjectured to have
been a type-mold. In 1450 he formed a partnership with
Johann Fust, a money-lender, which terminated in 1455.
Fust deroaniled payment of money loaned ; in default of
this, seized all of Gutenberg's types and stock ; and carried
on the business himself, with Peter Schotfer (later his son-
in-law) as manager. Gutenberg continued his work with
inferior types.
Giitersloh (gU'ters-lo). A town in the prov- (jiitzlaff (giits'laf), Karl
ince of Westphalia, Prussia, 33 miles east of - . - . -
Munster. It is the center of the "pumpernickel" re-
gion, and exports hams and sausages.
Guthlac(goth']ak), Saint. Bom about 673: died
at Crowland, April 11. 714. An English hermit
who for about 15 years lived with a few compan-
ions at Crowland. The church reared by ^thel-
bald over his relics grew into Oowland Abbey.
Guthrie (guth'ri). The capital of Oklahoma
Territory and of Logan County, situated about
30 miles north of Oklahoma. Population (1890),
2.788.
Guthrie, James. Bom near Bardstown, Ky.,
Dec. 5, 1792: died at Louisville, Ky., March 13,
1869. An American politician, secretary of the
treasury 18.)3-57.
Guthrie, Thomas. Bom at Brechin, July 12,
1803: died at St. Leonard's, near Hastings, Eng-
land, Feb. 24, 1873. A Scottish clergyman,
orator, and philanthropist. He published "Pleas
for Ragged Schools " (1847, 1849X "The Gospel in Ezekiel "
(I8.-.5), " The City, its Sins and Sorrows" (1857), etc.
Guthrie, Thomas Anstey: pseudonym F. An-
Stey. Born at Kensington in 18.56. An Eng-
lish novelist. He wrote "Vice Versa" (1882X "The
Giant's Robe" (1883X "The Tinted Venus " (1885), "The
Fallen Idol " (1886), " The Pariah " (1S89X etc.
Guthrum (goth'rom), or Guthorm. Died 890.
A Danish king of East Anglia. He conquered East
Anglia in 878. He was defeated by .\lfred at Ethandun
(Edington, Wiltshire) in the same year, but retained his
conquest.
Guti (go'te). See Gutium.
Gutierrez (go-te-ar'retU), Juan Maria. Born
at Buenos Ayres, 1809 : died there, Feb. 25, 1878.
An Argentine author. During the dictatorship of
Rosas he lived in exile in Chile, where he was director of
a nautical school. Returning to Buenos Ayres in 1853, he
became rector of the university. He published many
wiirks mainly biogrnphical or relating to Spanish-Ameri-
can lit, r:ituie.
Gutierrez, Santos Joaquin. Born at Villa del
Cocui, Boyacd, Oct. 24. 1820: died at Bogota,
Feb. 6, 1872. A New Granadan general and
politician . He was one of the chiefs of the liberal party,
and took a leading p;u't in the revolutionary struggles from
1S51 to 1863. From 186S to 1870 he was president of Co-
btiiibia.
Gutierrez de la Concha, Jos6. See Concha.
Gutierrez Vergara ( var-ga'ra), Ignacio. Bom
in 1806: died Nov. 3, 1877. A Colombian poli-
tician. He was a lawyer ; deputy to several congresses :
governor of Cundinamarca; and minister of the treasury
1857-61. In 1861, as a leader of the conservatives, he as-
bian Sea, about lat. 20°-24° 45' X., long. 69°-74o
20' E. It comprises the northern districts of the gov-
ernorship of Bombay, the Gaikwar's dominions, and other
native states.
Guzerat (in the Panjab). See Gujraf.
Guzman (goth-man ' ) . Fernando Perez de. Born
in 1405 : died in 1470. A Spanish poet and chroni-
cler. He served for a time at the council-lward and in the
army of John II., king of Castile, but eventually retired to
private life and devoted himseU to literature. His chief
work is "Cronicadel seiior don Juan Seguudodeste nombre,
rey de Castilla," etc. (1.S64).
Guzman, Gonzalo Nuno de. Bom at Portillo :
died at Santiago de Cuba, Xov. 5, 1.539. The
second governor of Cuba. He was one of the con-
querors of the island, regidor of Santiago, and after the
death of Velasquez became governor, April 27, 1527. On
account of his avarice and cruelty he was removed, Nov.
6, 1531, but again obtained the place and retained it until
1537.
him, on account of the reliflous views expressed, a three Guzman (goth-miin' ), JoaquiU FufraciO. Bom
.i-„. : .■ . .. ». 1 I- ,o.T.„iu.ji .^ Costa Rica, 1801: died in Salvador about
1870. A Central American general and politi-
cian. He served under Malespiu, and was vice-president
in his administration, but declared against him in Feb.,
1845, and assumed the presidential office until the end of
the term in 1S4S. Subsequently he was a leader of the
liberals in the S.ilvadorian Congress.
Guzman, Luis Henritjuez de. See Henriquez
de Gu:man.
Guzman, Nuno or Nunez Beltran de. Bom
at Guadalajara. Spain, about 14S5: died there,
1544. A Spanish lawyer and soldier. He was long
encomendero at Puerto de Plata, Espailola. In 15'26 he was
appointed to settle and govern Panuco, in northwestern
Mexico ; and by his encroachments on the territorj' of
Cortes, and of Narvaez on the north, caused much trouble.
In 1528 he was made president of the first audience of Mex-
ico, virtually ruling the country until 1.531. He did all he
could to injure Cortes, and made himself odious by arbi-
trary acts and extortion. In 1530 he conquered the region
on the Pacific coast long known as New Galicia. Guzman
was deposed by a new audience, Jan., 1531, and was sub-
sequently disgraced and heavily fined.
ry). king of Jerusalem. He succeeded to the throne in
1186 on the death of Baldw in V., the son of Sibylla and the
Marquis of Montferrat. In 1187 he was conquered and im-
prisoned by Saladin, by whom he was released on renoun-
cing his claim to the throne. This renimciation he subse-
quently disregarded, and in 1192 transferred his claim to
the kingdom of Jerusalem to Richard L of England in ex-
change for Cyprus, in which he became the founder of a
new Frankish kingdom.
Guy of Warwick. A legendary hero of Eng-
lish romance. The legends concerning him seem to
have been first put in shape by an Anglo-Norman poet of
the l'2th century. In the 14th century they were first con-
sidered authentic history by the chroniclers. Peter Lang-
toft and Walter of Exeter wrote his history about 1308.
Many poems as well as short bidhids have been written upon
the subject. His most p*>pular feat was the killing of the
giant Colbrand, a Danish champion, with whom he fought
a duel to decide the war between .\thelstanand the Danes
who were besieging him at Winchester. He then returned
to Warwick, where he had left his wife, the daughter of
the Earl of Warwick, in right of whom he assumed the
title. He resided near her castle as a hermit, and lived on
her alms without making himself known to her ; and she
only discovered his identity when he sent her their wed-
ding-ring, begging her to attend his death-bed. See War-
icick.
Guy (gi), Thomas. Born about 1645: died at
London, Dec. 27, 1724. An English bookseller
and philanthropist. He founded Guy's Hos-
pital (Loudon) in 1722, and endowed other
charita'ile institutions.
Guyenne. See Guieune.
Guy Mannering (gi man'^r-ing). A novel by
Sir Walter Scott, published in 1815.
Guyon(g'on; F.pron.ge-6n'),Madame( Jeanne
Bfl!arie Boiivier de la Motte-Guyon). Bom
at Moutargis, Loiret. April 13, 1648: died at
Blois, June 9, 1717. A French mystic, one of
the founders of quietism. She married Jacques de
la Motte-Guyon at 18 years of age. In 1695 she was im-
prisoned for her religious opinions, and later was banished
to Blois. She wrote " Moyen court et tres facile pour
I'oraison " (lf.88-90), " Les torrents spirituels " (17(M). " Poe-
sies spirituelles " (1689X autobiography (17'20), translation
of the Bible (I713-15\ etc.
sumed executive power and attempted to defend Bogoti ri„—„„ic^>^„\ a:- TVio Tiepsniiification of tem
against the revolutionist Mosqaera, but was defeated and UUyon (gi on), Jjir. t ne personincanon oi tein
for a time banished. perance in Spenser's " t aene yueene," Dk. u
greater part of his life was spent in the pnn-ij
Guayra, where he became military governor. His "His-
toria Argentina" describes the conquest of the Platine
States, and brings the history of the colony down to 1576,
The work was first published in the "Angelis Collection,"
1*36.
Guzman Blanco (blan'ko), An'tonio. Bom at
Caracas, Feb. 29, 1828. A Venezuelan soldier
and statesman. He was prominent in the federalist
revolts 1859-63, and on the triumph of his party became
first vice-president under Falcon in 186;i, The latter was
deposed by a revolution in 1S6S, Guzman Blanco headed
a successful counter-revolution in 1870, and (Falcon hav-
ing died) became president. By successive reelections he
ret.iined theoflice until 18S'2, and his inttuence was strong
under subsequent administrations until l;?fe8,
Guzman de Alfarache. A romance by Mateo
Aleman. named from its hero, it is " nearly of the
same age as *Don Quixote,' and of great genius, though it
can hardly be ranked as a novel or a work of imagination.
It is a series of strange, unconnected adventures, rather
drily told, but accompanied by the most severe and sar-
castic commentary. The satire, the wit, the eloquence and
reasoning, are oi the most potent kind : but they are di-
dactic rather than dramatic. They would suit a homily or
a pasquinade as well [as] or better than a romance. Still
there are in this extraordinary book occasional sketches of
character and humorous descriptions to which it would be
difficult to produce anything superior." HaMtt.
As it has reached us, it is divided into two parts, the
first of which was published at Madrid in 1599. Its hero,
who supposed himself to be the son of a decayed andnot
very reputable Genoese merchant established at Seville,
escapes, as a boy, from his mother, after his father's ruin
and death, and plunges into the world upon adventure.
He soon fluds himself at Madrid, though not till he has
passed through the hands of justice ; and in that capital
undergoes all sorts of suffering, serving as a scullion to a
cook, aTid as a ragged errand-boy to whomsoever would
employ him ; until, seizing a good opportunity, he steals
a large sum of money that had been intrusted to him, and
escapes to Toledo, where he sets up for a gentleman. But
there he becomes, in his turn, the victim of a cunning like
his own : and, finding his money nearly gone, enlists for
the Italian wars. His star is now on the wane. At Bar-
celona he again turns sharper and thief. At Genoa and
Rome he sinks to the lowest condition of a street beggar.
But a cardinal picks him up in the last city and makes hiin
his page : a place in which, but for his bold frauds and
tricks, he might long have thriven, and which at last he
leaves in great distress, from losses at play, and enters the
service of the French ambassador. Here the Firet Part
Guzman de Alfarache
ends. . . . In 1005 llie genuine Second l':irt appeared. It
befcins with the lifi- of l.Juznmn in the house of tlie French
aiubaasador at Rtinie. where he serves in some of the most
dislionorahle employments to which the great of that pe-
riod (iegraded tlieir mercenary dependents.
Tickiuir, .Span. Lit., III. i)9.
Gwalior (gwil'le-or). 1. A priitecteil state of
India, of irregular outliue, lyiuf; between the
Northwest Provinces on the northeast and the
states of Kajputiina on the west. It is ruled hy
the Slndhia dynasty : their forces were defeateii in 1803
and 1843. .^rea, ai.oOO siiuare miles. Population (1891X
S,3«6,49B.
2. The capital of the state of ( i walior, situated
in lat. 2t;° \',V N., lolifj. 7S° 111' K. it is the seat of
Jain and early Hindu antiiinities, and is noted for its for-
tress. Populaticjn (1S91), l(M,0!vi.
Owamba (Kwiim'bii). A Bantu tribe occupying
the vast tract between Zululaud and the Sabi
Eiver, mostly in Portujiuese East Africa, but
also represented in Transvaal, scattered tribes are
found as far north as Lake Nyassa. wllere they are called
Batonga, which is the nickname given them by the Zulus.
They call themselves Magwamba, and their language Shi-
gwamba. This language dilfers more from Chuana and
Sato than from Zulu. The Boers call them Kiiobnoses be-
cause of tlieir custom, now abamloned, of producing a
Btriiig of fleshy knobs down their noses. A Swiss mission
has been very successful in teaching these natives.
Gwendolen Harleth. See llurhth.
Gwilt ffjwilt), Joseph. Born at Southwark,
London, Jan. 11, 1784: died at Henley-on-
Thames, Se])t. 14, 18fi3. An English architect
and arclianilogist. He published an " Encyclo-
paedia of jVrcliiti'cturf " {1S42K I'te.
Cfwyn.or Gwinn (gw in ). Nell or Eleanor. Born
at Hereford (f), Feb. 2, 1650: died Nov. Hi,
16S7. An English actress,mistress of Charles H.
There is little niformation as to her early life. Her flrst
known appearance on the stage was in It^CJ. She was a
great favorite with the public, as she was gay and spright-
ly and played piipiant, bustling parts. Her dancing was
much admired. After various adventiu'es with other lovers
besides the king, she left the stage in 1682. The king re-
tained his alfection for her till his death. She had two
children by him : Charles Keauelerk (1670) (afterward
Dukeof .St. Albans), and a second son, James(1671). Large
sums of money, and Bestwood Park (Nottingham), Burford
House (Windsor), and other gifts, were best<nved oti her.
For tragedy she [Nell Gwyn] was unfitted : her stature
was low, though her figure was graceful ; and it was not
till she assumed comic characters, stamped the smallest
foot in Knglaiid on the boards, and laughed with that pecu-
liar laugh that in the excess of it her eyes almost disap-
peared, that she fairly carried away the town, and enslaved
the hearts of city and of court .She spoke prologues and
471
epilogues with wonderful effect, danced to perfection, and
in her peculiar but not extensive line was, perhaps, un-
eiiualled for the natural feeling which she put into the
parts most suited to her. She was so tierce of repartee
that no one ventured to allude sneeringly to her antece-
dents. She was coarse, too, when the tmmour took her;
could curse pretty strongly, if the house was not full ; and
was given, in eommuu with the other ladies of the com-
pany, to loll about and talk loudly in the public boxes,
when she was not engaged on the stage.
Duran, Eng. Stage, I. 62.
Gya. See Gayu.
Gyaman (gyit-miiu'). A Nigritic tribe of the
Gold Coast, West Africa, situated north of Ku-
massi, and speaking a language of its own.
Gye (gi), Frederick. Born at Loudon, 1809: died
at Ditchley, I>ec. 4, 1878. An English manager
of 0])era. Ue undertook the management of t'ovent t^ar-
den in 18<i«, and retained it till 1877, when his son Eniest
(Jye assumed etmtrol. See Albani.
Gyergyo-Szent-Mikl6s (dyer'dyo sent mf'k'-
losh). A town in the couuty of Csik, Transyl-
vania, situated in lat. 46° 42' N.,long. 25° 33' E.
Populiition (1890), 6,104.
Gyges (gi'jez). King of Lydia, a contemporary
of the Assyrian king Asurbanipal (668-626
B. c), and a founder of a new dynasty. Pressed
by the Cimmerians, he invoked the help of Asurbanipal,
and suljmitted to his supremacy. Afterward he allied him-
self with I'samnietichus, king of Egypt, against Assyria,
and seems to have fallen in one of the repeated attacks of
the Cimmerians, who were no longer checked by the As-
syrian power, in about 653. "According to the legend in
Plato, liyges, a herdsman of the king of Lydia, after a ter-
rible storm and earthquake, saw near him a chasm in the
earth, into which he descended and found a vast horse of
brass, hollow and partly open, wherein lay a gigantic
corpse with a golden ring. This ring he carried away, and
discovered unexpectedly that it possessed the miraculous
property of rendering him invisible at pleasure. Being
sent on a message to the king Candaules, hemade the magic
ring available to his ambition ; he flrst possessed himself
of the person of the queen, and then with her aid assassi-
nated the king, and finally seized the sceptre." Orote.
Gyidesdzo (gyed-iisd-zo'). A tribe of North
American Indians on Price Island, northwest of
Millbauk Sound, British Columbia. See Tsim-
shiaii.
Gyitgaata (gyet-gii'ii-ta), or Eitkada, or Kit-
kaet. A tribe of North American Indians on
Greuville Channel, British Columbia. Their
name signifies 'people of the poles' (from their
salraon-weirs). See Tsimsliiaii.
Gyitksan (gyet-ksiin'), or Kitikshian. [From
Ksliidii or 'Kmhian, a settlement on Skeena
Gjrula
River.] A tribe of North American Indians on
upper Skeena River, British Columbia. See
Xacfjd.
GymnopSBdise (jim-no-pe'di-e). [6r. jT/iioTo/-
Oiiii.] See the extract.
The feast of the Gymnopredia;, or naked youths, was one
of the most important at Sparta (Pausan. III. xi. § 7). It
lasted several days, perhaps ten. It was less a religious
festival than a great spectacle, wherein the grace and
strength of the Spartan youth were exhibited to their ad-
miring countrymen and to foreigners. The chief ceremo-
nies were chorid dances, in which wrestling and other
gymnastic exercises were closely imitated, and which
served to shew the adroitness, activity, and bodily strength
of the performers. These were chiefly Spartan youths,
who danced naked in the forum, round the statues of
ApoUo, Diana, and Latona. Songs in celebration of the
noble deeds performed by the youths, as the exploits of
Thyrea and Thermopylse, formed a portion of the pro-
ceedings at the festival.
Rawliiimn, Herod., 111. 451, note.
GymnosopMsts (.jim-nos'o-fists). A sectof an-
cient Hindu philosophers who lived solitarily
in the woods, wore little clothing, ate no flesh,
renounced all bodily pleasures, and addicted
themselves to mystical contemplation: so called
by Greek writers. By some they are regarded as
Brahman penitents ; others include among them a set of
Buddhist ascetics, the Shamans.
Gyoma (dyo'mo). A town in the county of B^k^s,
Hungary, situated on the Kiiros in lat. 46° ."iT'
N., lon;j. 20° 51' E. Population (1890), 10,867.
Gyongyos (dyen'dyesh). A town in the county
of Hevcs, Hungary, 47 miles northeast of Bu-
dapest. It has a flourishing trade. Population
(1890), 16,124.
Gyp. The pseudonym of Sibylle Gabriellc Marie
Antoinette de Kiquetti de Mirabeau, comtesse
de JIartel de Janville. See Alartd tic Jamille.
Gypsies. See Gipsies.
Gyrowetz (gir'6-vets), Adalbert. Born at Bud-
weis, Bohemia, Feb. 19, 1763 : died at Vienna,
March 19, 1850. An Austrian composer of sym-
phonies, operas, ballets, etc.
Gythium (.ji-thi'um or,jith'i-nm). [Gr. riftoi".]
In ancient geography, a seaport of Laconia,
Greece, situated on the Gulf of Laconia in lat.
36° 46' N., long. 22° 34' E., near the modern
Marathonisi.
G3nila (dyii'lo). The capital of the county of
Bekt's, Hungary, situated on the White Kiiros
in lat. 46° 38' N., long. 21° 17' E. Population
(1890), 19,991.
aanen (bU'neu), Bemi van.
Boru at Oosterliout , Brabant ,
Jan. 5, 1811!. A Dutch laiid-
sfape-paiuter.
Haarlem, or Harlem (har'-
lem). [D. Haarlem (former-
ly Hacrkm, Harlem), OD.
Huralem, ML. Harlemum.'}
The capital of the province
of North Holland, Netherlands, on the Spaarne
4 miles from the North Sea, and 11 miles west
of Amsterdam. It has various manufactures, and is
especially celebrated for its flower-gardens. The Groote
Kerk (of St. Bavo) is an impressive cruciform structm'e o(
the 15th centmy. The tower is 255 feet high. Theiuterior
possesses a brass choir-screen and fine carved stalls and
pulpit. The organ, built in 1738, is famous as one of the
finest existing. Haarlem was formerly the residence of
the Counts of Holland. It was seized by the insurgent
peasants in 149*2 ; was invested by the Spaniards in Dec.
1572 ; surrendered in July, 1573 ; and was retaken by Wil-
liam of Orange in 1577. It was an art center in the 17th
century. Population (1SSM\ 68,390.
Haarlemmer Polder (har'lem-mer pol'der). A
plain in the province of North Holland, Nether-
lands, between Haarlem, Amsterdam, and Ley-
den. It was formerly the Haarlemmer Meer or Lake, 26
miles in length, formed in the 16th century and commu-
nicating with the V and the Old Rhine.', This was drained
in 1840-53. Population of the district, about li;,iXiO.
Haas (hiis), Johannes Hubertus Leonardus
de. Born at Hedel, North Brabant, March 25,
1832 : died at Brussels, Ang. 16, 1880. A noted
animal-painter. He was a pupil of Van Oos at Haar-
lem, and went to Brussels in 1S57. His "Trio of Donkeys "
is at the Lisbon Gallery ; "Castle on the Rhine," " Cows at
Pasture, " and *' Three Comrades " at the National Gallery,
Berlin ; '• Pasture "at the Brussels Museum ; and ''Cattle"
at the Kunsthalle, Hamburg.
Haase (ha'ze), Friedrich. Born at Berlin, Nov.
1, 1826. A German actor. He first appeared on the
stage at "Weimar in 1S46, and played successively at Pots-
dam, Berlin, Prague, Karlsruhe, Munich, PYankfort. and
elsewhere. He visited America in 1869 and 1882-S3. He
is one of the most popular of German actors.
Haase, Heinrich Gottlob Friedrich Chris-
tian. Born at Magdeliurg, Prussia, Jan. 4, 1808 :
died at Breslau, Prussia, Aug. 16, 1867. A Ger-
man classical philologist, professor at the Uni-
versity of Breslau.
Habab(ha-bab'). An African tribe -wandering
as nomadic herdsmen over the pasture-lands
northwest of Massowah, between the Bogos and
the Beni Amer. In physical appearance they and the
Beni Amer show more altinity with the I'ushitic Bedja or
Bishariu ; but their dialects belong to the same cluster as
Tigr^ and Amharic, the base of which is Semitic. In re-
ligion the Hababs are said to be now Mohammedan, al-
though within recent times they still made a profession of
Ethiopic Cliristianity. See Tigri,
Habakkuk (ha-bak'uk or hab'a-kuk). [Of.
Assyr. hambaqiiqm, name of a plant.] A He-
brew prophet. Nothing authentic of his life is known,
and he therefore has become the subject of many legends.
Thus, in the ai)ocryphal book "Bel and the Dragon,"
he is carried through the air by an angel from Judea to
Babylon to feed Daniel. Thebtjok of his prophecies, con-
sisting of 3 chapters, holds the eighth place among the
minor propheta. The first two chapters bear on the
wickedness reigning in the country and the growing power
of tlie Chaldeans; the third chapter is a lyric ode repre-
senting God as appearing in judgment. Habakkuk ex-
hibits poetical genius of high order. His prophecy is con-
structed dramatically in the form of a dialogue between
himself and Jehovah, Tlie lyric ode ranks, for sublimity
of poetic conception, picturesqueness of imagery, and
splendor of diction, with the highest which Hebrew poetry
has produced. He prophesied most probably in the reign
of Jehoiakim (609-597 B. c).
Habana. See Havana.
Habassin. An old name of Abyssinia.
Habberton (hab'er-ton), John. Bom at Brook-
lyn, 1842. An American wi-iter, author of "Hel-
en's Babies" (1h76), etc.
Habelschwerdt ( hii'bel-shwert). A town in the
province of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the
Neisse 58 miles south-southwest of Breslau.
Population (1890), commune, 5, .586.
Habeneck (ab-nek' ), Frangois Antoine. Born
at Mezieres, France, Jan. 22, 1781: died at Pa-
ris, Feb. 8, 1849. A French violinist and con-
ductor.
Habichtfhii'biOhf ), Ludwlg. Bom at Sprottau,
Prussia, .July 21!, is:)l). A (Jermau novelist. He
has written "Der Stadtschreiber von Liegnitz" (1565),
" Zwei Hofe " (1S70), " Vor dem Gewitter ' (1873), "Scheiu
und Sein " (1875). "Am Gardasee " (1890), etc.
Habington (hab'ing-ton), William. Born at
Hiiidlip. Worcestershire, Nov., 1605: died there,
1654. An English poet. He published the lyrical
collection "Castara" (1634), etc.
Habor(ha'b6r). A river mentioned with Gozan
in connection with the settlement of the deports
ed ten tribes in AssjTia (2 Ki. x\ii.). its former
identification with the cHebar has been generally given up.
It is, no doubt, identical with the Abonhas, or Chaboras,
of classical writers, still bearing the name Khahour, which
falls into the Euphrates near Circesium. The name occurs
as Habur in the cuneiform inscriptions.
Habrocomas. See Abrocomas.
Habsburg. See Hapf:hurfi.
Hachette (a-shef), Jeanne Fourciuet, sur-
named. Born at Beauvais, Nov. 1-1, 1454: the
date of her death is not kno'wn. A French hero-
ine. She took part, armed with a hatchet (hachette), in
the defense of Beauvais against Charles the Bold in 1472
(whence her surname).
Hachette, Louis Christophe Francois. Born
at Rethel, Ardennes, France, May 5, 1800: died
July 21, 1864. A French editor and publisher,
founder of the firm of Hachette and (Jo., Paris.
Hackelberg (ha'kel-berG), or Hackelnberg
(ha'keln-bero). In German folk-lore, the wild
huntsman of the "furious army," identified with
a liistorieal Hans von Hackelberg (1521-81).
Hackensack (hak'en-sak). The capital of
Bergen County, New Jersey, situated on Hack-
ensack River 12 miles north by west of New
York. Population (1890), 6,004.
Hackensack River. A small river in Rock-
land County, New York, and northeastern New
Jersey, flowing into Newark Bay 4 miles south-
east of Newark.
Hackett (hak'et), Horatio Balch. Bom at
Salisbury, Mass., Dec. 27, 1808 : tUed at Roch-
ester, N. Y., Nov. 2, 1875. An American bib-
lical scholar. He was professor of biblical literature in
Newton Theological Institution 1839-69, and in 1870 became
professor of New Testament Greek in Rochester Theo-
logical Seminary. Among his works are "Hebrew Gram-
mar "(1847), "Commentary on the .^cts" (1851), "Illus-
trations of Scripture" (1855; translation of Philemon
(1860). He edited, with Ezra Abbot, the American edition
of Smith's "Bible Dictionary" (1868-70).
Hackett, James Henry. Born at New York,
March 15, 1800: died at Jamaica, N. Y., Dec.
28, 1871. An American actor. He went on the
stage about 1820. He was successful in the personation of
Yankees and Western pioneers. He is liest known, how-
ever, for his representation of Falstatf, which he tlrst
played about 1832. He WTote "Notes and Comments ou
Shakspere " (1863).
Hacklander (hiik'len-der), Friedrich Wil-
helm von. Born at Burtseheid, near Aix-la-
Chapelle, Pru.ssia, Nov. 1, 1816: died near the
Starnbergersee, Bavaria, July 6, 1877. A Ger-
man novelist, dramatist, and miscellaneous
writer. He wrote " Bildern aus dem Soldateideben im
Frieden " (1841), "Wachtstubenabentener "(1845)," Handel
und W.andel "(1850), etc.
Hackney (hak'ni). A parish and parliamentary
borough of London, 3 miles northeast of St.
Paul's, formerly a fashionable center. It re-
turns 3 members to Parliament. Population
(1891), 229,531.
Hackum (hak'um). Captain. Abully in Shad-
well's " Squire of Alsatia."
Haco. See Halnn.
Hadad (ha'dad). A SjTian deity. The name
is applied in the Bible to several persons. See
lieii-hadad.
Hadad occupied a higher position than Saul. He was,
as I have said, the supreme Baal or Sun-god, whose wor-
ship extended southward from Carchemish to Edom and
Palestine. At Damascus he was adored under the Assyr-
ian name of Rimnion, and Zeclnu-iab (xii.ll) alludes to the
cult of the compound Hadad Kimmon in the close neigh-
bourhood of the great Canaanitish fortress of Megiddo.
Coins bear the name of AbdHadad. "the servant of Ha-
dad," who reigned in the fourth century at Hierapolis,
472
the later successor of Carchemish ; and, under the abbre-
viated fonn of Dada, Shalmaneser speaks of "the god
Dida of Aleppo " (Khalman).
Sayce, Anc. Babylonians, p. 66.
Hadad-rimmon (ha ' dad - rim ' on). A place
mentioned in Zech. xii. 11 as situated in the
valley of Megiddo, where a lamentation took
place. The lamentation is referred by some to the fall
of Josiah in the battle with Necho of Egypt near Megiddo
^609 B. c.), and Hadad-rimmon is then taken as a place
identified with the modern village Kummaneh, south of
Lejun, which is considered as representing the ancient Me-
giddo. By others the lamentation of Hadad-rimmon is
explained to mean the rites connected with three Syrian di-
vinities similar to the mourning over the death of Adonis
in Phenicia and elsewhere.
Hadai (ha-di'), or Adaize (ii-diz'). A tribe of
the Caddo Confederacy of North American In-
dians. See Caddo.
Haddington (had'ing-ton). or East Lothian
(est lo'THi-an). A maritime county of Scot-
land, bounded by the Firth of Forth and the
North Sea on tlie north, Berwick on the south-
east and south, and Edinburgh on the west.
Area, 271 square miles. Population (1891),
37,485.
Haddington. The capital of Haddingtonshire,
Scotland, on the Tyne 17 miles east of Edin-
burgh. It was the birtliplace of Knox and of
Smiles. Population (1891), 2,465.
Haddon Hall (had'on hal). The seat of the
Duke of Rutland, situated 2 miles southeast of
Bakewell, Derbyshire, England, it is a notable
example of the medieval residence of a great English pro-
prietor.
Haden (hii'dn). Sir Francis Seymour. Bom at
Loudon, England, Sept. C, 1818. An English
etcher and jdiysician. He is pre-iiclent ..f the Society
of Painter-Eti'liers. His works include " Etudes .^ Teau-
forte," witli text by Burty (1865), " Alwut Etchings ■(1879),
"The Relative claims of Etching antl Engraving " (1879),
" L'lEuvrc gravS de Rembrandt " (1880). Knighted in 1894.
Hadendoa (hiid-en'do-a). One of the Bedja
tribes in Upper Nubia which foi-m the bulk of
the population of Suakim and Taka. They are pas-
toral and nomadic, to some extent agricultural, and are
notorious for attacking caravans. Ruins resembling th08«
of Zimbabwe in South Africa are found in their territory.
Hadersleben (ha'ders-la-beu), Dan. Haderslev
(hii'ders-lev). Atown in the provinceof Schles-
wig-Holstein, Prussia, situated on Hadersleben
Fjord in lat. 55° 15' N., long. 9° 30' E. It has
some trade. Population (1S90), 8,397.
Hades (ha'dez). [GT."Ai(^rKOv'Ai(^K.^ l.InGreek
mythology: (a) The lord of the lower world, a
brother of Zeus, and the husband of Persephone
( Proserpine ) . He reigned in a splendid palace, and, be-
sides his function of governing the shades of the departed,
he was the giver to mortals of all treasures derived from
the earth. In art he was represented in a fonn kindred to
that of Zeus and that of Poseid(.pn, and bearing the staff or
scepter of authority, usually in company with Persephone.
.\s the god of wealth hewasalsocidled by the Greeks Pluto;
and he is the same as the Roman Duty Orciig, or Ttirtarwt.
(h) The iuvisiljle lower or subterranean world
in which dwelt the spirits of all the dead ; the
world of shades ; the abode of the departed.
ITie souls in Hades were believed to carry on there a coun-
terpart of their material existence : those of the righteons
without discomfort, amid the pale sweet blooms of aspho-
del, or eveti in pleasure, in the Elysian Fields ; and those
of the wicked amid various torments. The lower world
was surrounded by fiery and pestilential rivers, and the
solitary approach was guarded by the monstrous three-
headed dog Cerberus to prevent the shades from escaping
to the upper world.
2. In the Greek New Testament and in the re-
vised English version, imiefiuitely, tlie state or
abode of the dead : often taken as equivalent to
pnrgatonj, the intermediate state of the dead,
or to hell.
Hading (ii-dan'), Jane Alfr6dine Tr6fouret,
known as Jane Hading. Born at Marseilles,
Nov. 25, 1859. A noted French actress. She
made her first appearance, when only 3 years tdd, as little
Blanche in " Le liossu." This part was usually represented
by a doll. From the time she was 14 years old she played
a variety of parts,at first in opcretta.until finally, in 1885,
she made her appearance at the Gynin.asc in Paris as an
exponent of high coraedy.
Hadji Khalfa, See Haji Khalfa.
Hadleigh
Hadleigh (had'li). A town in Suffolk, England,
on the Bret about 10 miles west of Ipswieh.
Population (1891), 3,229.
Haoley (luul'li). A town in Hampshire Coun-
ty, Massachusetts, ou the Connecticut opposite
Northampton. It is noted in Kinj; I'liilip's War (1675)
for the attack made upon it by tlie Indians, which was
repelled under the leatiership of the regicide («oIfe.
Hadley, James. Born at Fairtield, Herkimer
County, N. V., March 30, 1821 : died at New Ha-
ven, Conn. , Nov. 14, 1872. An American scholar,
professor of Greek iu Yale College 18.')l-72. He
published a "Greeli Grammar "(1801). An "Introduction
to Koman Law " (1S73), a volume of "Essays " (1S7;!), and a
"Brief History of tlie English Language " (1879), were pub-
lished after his death,
Hadley, John. Born April 16, 1682: died Feb.
14, 1743. A noted English mathematician and
mechanician. He improved the reflecting telescope,
and in 17;iO invented the reflecting quadrant. His chum
to the latter invention has lieen disputed, Thomas Godfrey,
of Philadelphia, having proposed a similar apparatus in
the saiue year.
Hadramaut (ha-drii-mat' )• A region in south-
em Arabia, of undefined boundaries, extending
along the Indian Ocean between Dahna on the
north, Mahra on the east, and Yemen on the
west: recently explored by Bent.
Hadrian (Popes). See Adrian.
Hadrian (ha'dri-an), sometimes Adrian (Pub-
lius .£lius Hadrianus). Born at Rome, Jan.
24, 76 a. d. : died at Bail?, Italy, July 10, 138.
Roman emperor 117-138, nephew of Trajan
whom he succeeded. Renouncing the policy of con-
quest, he abandoned the new provinces of Armenia, Meso-
potamia, and Assyria, and established the Euphrates as the
eastern boundary of the empire. In 119 he began a pro-
gress through the provinces, in the course of which he
began the construction of the wiUl that bears his name
against the I'icts and the .Scots in Britain, and from which
he returned about VA\. He promulgated the " Edictum
Perpetuum," a collection of the edicts of the pretors by Sal-
vlus.Iulianus, in 132. In 132 a revolt was occasioned among
the Jews by the planting of the Roman colony of -Elia
CapitoUna on the site of Jerusalem, which was suppressed
ill 135.
Hadrian, Arch of. See Arch of Hadrian.
Hadrianople. See Adrianoplc
Hadrian's Mole. See Angela, CasUe of Sant'.
Hadrian's Villa. -An assemblage of ancient
ruins, near Tivoli, perhaps the most impressive
in Italy. It inclmled the Greek and Latin theaters, so
called, ail odeum, therniBe, a stadium, a palace, several tem-
ples, spacious structures for guards and attendants, and
many subsidiary buildings and devices. Of most of these
there are extensive remains ; and here were found many of
the fine statues now in Koman museums.
Hadrian's Wall. A wall of defense for the Ro-
man pro\'ince of Britain, constructed by Ha-
drian between the Solway Firth and the mouth
of the Tyne.
The military genius of Hadrian is attested by the won-
derful " Picts Wall," of which the ruins still extend for
miles between Tynemouth and the estuary of the Solway.
The merit of the work lias been claiiued for Severus, for
the generals who in the fifth century brought temporary
help to Britain, and even for the native princes whom their
masters had abandoned to the enemy. But after a long
debate the opinion now prevails that the whole system
of defence bears the impress of a single mind, and that
the wall and its parallel earthworks, its camps, roads, and
stations, were designed and constructed by Hadrian alone.
Eltun, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 312.
Hadrumetum (had-ro-mO'tum), or Adrume-
tum (ad-ro-me'tuin). In ancient geography,
a Phenician (later a Roman) colony, generally
identified witli the modern Susa, Tunis, situated
on the (julf of Hanimaraet 70 miles south by
east of Tunis.
Haeckel (hek'el), Ernst Heinrich. Born at
Potsdam, Prussia, Feb. 16, 1834. A distin-
guished German naturalist, one of the leading
advocates of the biological theory of evolution.
He was appointed professor at Jeiia in 1802. His works
Include "Die Radiolarieu " (18(52), "Generelle Morpho-
logic der Organismcn" (1H6«). "Natiirliche Schopfnngs-
Seachichte " (" N'atural History of Creation," 1808), "I'ber'
le Entst«huiig uiid den staininbauin des Menschcngc-
schlechts" ("On the Origin and (Jenealogy of the Hit.
man Race," 1870), " Anthropogenio" (1874), "Die Kalk-
Bchwanime" ("Calcareous Sponges," 1872), "GastneaThe-
orli"(lH7l), " PlanktonStudien " (18BIJ), etc.
Haeltzuk (hii'el-tzuk). 1. A division of tho
Wakaslian stock of Nortli American Indians,
comprising 23 trilics. Its habitat is the northern part
of Vancouver Island, adjoining the Aht (Wakaslian) and
Salishaii tcrritiries, and the western coast of British Co-
lumbia. The principal tribes of this division are the
Haeltzuk proper, Wikcno, Kwakiutl, and Nawiti. 'J'here
are l,8i)8 on tlie Kwawkewlth agency, British Columbia,
and over I.IHX) not under agents. See Wakaghan.
2. A collective name for a body of North Ameri-
can Indians (also called lUlhilla, or MiUhaiik
Sound Inilintix) wliicli inidudes tho Haeltzuk
proper and the Wikeno. Tlieir lialiitat is Mill-
bank Sound and Rivers Inlet, British Coliinibia.
Hsemus (he'mus). The Latin name of tho Bal-
kans (which see).
473
Haenke. See Hanke.
HafF. See Frisches Haff, Eurisches Baff, and
Stittiiicr Huff.
Hafiz (Pers. proii. ha-iiz'). Shams ed-din Mu-
hammad. [Arabic Aa/i'~, he who knows by
heart, i. e. the Koran and the traditions.] Born
at Shiraz iu the beginning of the 14th century :
died between 1388 and 1394. An eminent Per-
sian divine, philosopher, and grammarian, and
one of the greatest poets of all time. He was not
only apiHunted teacher in the royal family, but a special
college was founded for him. He sings of wine, love, night-
ingales, and flowers, and sometimes of Allah ancl the
Prophet and the instability of life. His tomb, about 2
miles northeast of Shiraz, is sumptuously adorned, and is
still the resort of pilgrims.
Hafnia (haf'ni-il). The Latin name of Copen-
hagen.
Hagar (ha'giir). An Egyjrtian concubine of
Abraham, mother of Ishmael.
Hagarenes(hag'a-reuz).orHagrites(hag'rits).
A nomadic people of Old Testament times, oc-
cupying a region east of the Jordan.
Hagedom (ha'ge-dorn), Friedrich von. Bom
at Hamburg, April 23, 1708 : died at Hamburg,
Oct. 28, 1754. A German lyric, didactic, and
satirical poet. The best edition of his poems
was published in 1800.
Hagen (ha'gen). A town in the province of
Westphalia, Pnissia, situated at the junction,
of the Ennepo with the Volme, 32 miles east-
northeast of Diisseldorf. It manufactures iron
and textile fabrics. Population (1890), 35,428.
Hagen, Ernst August. Born at Konigsberg,
Prussia, April 12, 1797: died at Konigsberg,
Feb. 15, 1880. A German writer on art, author
of "Norica" (1827), "Leonardo da Vinci iu
Mailand" (1840), etc.
Hagen, Friedrich Heinrich von der. Born at
Schmiedeberg, Brandenburg, Prussia, Feb. 19,
1780: died at Berlin, June 11, 1856. A German
scholar, especially noted for researches in Old
German poetry. He became professor at Berlin when
the university was founded, was cidled to Breslau, and re.
turne«l to Berlin in 1821. He edited the " Nibelungen-
lied" (1810-20), "Minnesinger "(1838), etc.
Hagen, Hermann August. Born at Konigs-
berg, Prussia, May 30, 1817: died at Cambridge,
Mass., Nov. 9, 1893. A German-American ento-
mologist, curator of entomology at the Cam-
bridge Museum of Comparative Zoology (from
about 1873). He is best known for his works on
the Neuroptera and rseudoneuroptera.
Hagen, Theodore. Born at Diisseldorf, May
24, 1842. A German landscape-painter, pro-
fessor ( 1871) and director ( 1877) of the art school
at Weimar.
Hagenau (ha'ge-nou), F. Haguenau (iig-no').
A town in the district of Lower Alsace, Alsace-
Lorraine, on the Moder 17 miles north of Stras-
burg. It was once a fortified free imperial city, and was
a favorite residence of the Hohenstaufens. Population
(1890), commune, 14,762.
Hagenbach(hii'gen-bach), Karl Rudolf. Bom
at Basel, Switzerland, Marcli 4, IHOl : died at
Basel, June 7, 1874. A German-Swiss church
historian and Protestant theologian, a moderate
advocate of tlie "mediation theology." Among
his works ai-e "EncyclopHdieundMethodologiedertheolo-
gischen Wisscnscliaften " (1833), " Lchibuch der Iiogmen-
geschiclite " (I84»), " Kircheiigeschichte " (1808-72).
Hagerstown (lia'gerz-toun). The capital of
Washington County, Maryland, situated on An-
tietam Creek 63 miles west-northwest of Balti-
more. It has some manufactures. Population
(1890), 10,118.
Haggai (liag'i). Prophesied 520 b. C. The tenth
in order of tlie minor prophets of Israel. His
prophecy consists of 2 ch.ipters, and the burden of it is
an appeal to his countrj'men to prosecute the work of re-
storing the temple.
Haggard (hag'iird), Henry Rider. Born in
Norfolk, England, June 22, 1856. An English
novelist and barrister. He was in the colonial service
In the Transvaal 187.^-79, and published in 1882 "Cetywayo
and his White Neighbors." Among his novels are " King
Solomon's Mines," "She," "Allan tjuaterniain," "Cleo-
patra," and "Montezuma's Daughter."
Hagiographa (ha-.ii-og'ra fii). [Gr. a)i6ypaifin,
sacred writings: Hob. /wVii/il'/H, writings.] The
Greek name of the last of tile 3 Jewisli divisions
of tlie Olil Test II men t. They are variously reckoned,
but usually compriHc the Psalms. Proverbs, Job, ('anticli-s,
Ruth, Lamentations, lOcclesiastes, Esther, Daniel, Ezra,
Nehendah, and chronicles.
The third Bection of the Hebrew Bible consists of what
are called the Hagiographa or"Ketftbini," that islsacredl
writings. At the tieadof these stand three ]ioeti(ml tiook.s,
— I'salms. Proverbs, and Job. 'liieli come the Ave sniali
books of Canticles, Ruth, Laincntations, EeelcBiastes, aiul
Esther, which thellebrews name the Megilloth,or "iitlls. "
They have this name because they alone among the Hagi-
ographa were used on eortaln annual occasions in the ser-
Haiduks
vice of the synagogue, and for this purpose were written
each iu a separate volume.
W. R. Smith, O. T. in the Jewish Ch., p. 181.
Hagrites. See Haf/arenes.
Hague, La. See Hogiie, La.
Hague (hag). The, D. Den Haag (den hao), or
's Graven Hage ('s urii'fen hii'oe). [F. La
Hayv, G. Uir Haiuj, ML. Uaya ('omitig, repr.
D. Din Haaij, the Haw, or 's Graven }l(iiie, the
Count's Haw, that is, garden, it being orig. a
lodge or dwelling of the counts of Holland.]
The capital of the Netherlands and of the prov-
ince of South Holland, situated 3 miles from
the North Sea, in lat. 52° 4' N., long. 4° 18'
E. The chief attractions are the Binnenhof (t^iiildings
used for States-General, etc.), the Mauritshuis with the
picture-gallery, Groote Kerk, town hall, municipal mu-
seum, Steengracht picture-gallery and some other collec-
tions, royal library, and park. The town, originally a
hunting-lodge (hedge) of the Counts of Holland, was an
important diplomatic center iu the 17th and 18th cen-
turies. It was the scene of a concert between the em-
pire, Prussia, Russia, and the maritime powers in 1710, In
order to secure the neutrality of northern Germany ; the
Triple Alliance (between France, England, and the Nether-
lands) was concluded here Jan. 4, 1717 ; and the peace be-
tween Spain, Savoy, and Austria was signed here Feb. 17,
1717. Population (1894), 174,790.
Haguenau. See Hagcmiu.
Hahn (hiin), August. Born at Grossosterhausen,
near Eislcbeu, Prussia, March 27, 1792: died at
Breslau, Prussia, May 13, 1863. AGenuan Prot-
estant theologian, professor and preacher suc-
cessively at Konigsberg, Leipsie, and Breslau.
He wrote "Lehrbuch des ehristliehen Glau-
bens" (1828), etc.
Hahn, Madame (Helena Andrejevna Fade-
jeff). Bom 1814: died at St. Petersburg, June
24, 1842. A Russian novelist, wife of an officer
of artillery. Among her novels arc " Jelaleddin," "Ut-
balla," "Theophania," and "Abbiaggio," her best work.
She wrote originally under the pseudonym "Zeneida
R wa."
Hahn, Johann Georg von. Born at Frank-
fort-ou-the-Main, July 11, 1811: died at Jena,
Germany, Sept. 23, 1869. An Austrian traveler,
consul at Janiua 1847, and in Syria 1851. Ha
wrote " Albanesische Studieu " (1854), "Reise
von Belgrad nach Salonik" (1861), etc.
Hahnel (ha'nel), Ernst Julius. Born at Dres-
den, March 9, 1811: died at Dresden, May 22,
1891. A German sculptor. Among his works
are sculptures for the theater and other build-
ings in Dresden.
Hahnemann (ha'ne-man). Christian Samuel
Friedrich. Born at Meissen, Saxony, April 10,
1755: died at Paris, July 2, 1843. A German
physician, founder of himieopathy. He took the
degree of M. D. at Erlangeu in 1771), and practiseii for
some years at Dresilen and various other places. About
1796 he announced a new system of medicine, which he
subsequently developed in the work "Organon der ra-
tionellen Heilkunde " (1810).
Hahn-Hahn (Imn'liiin), Countess Ida Marie
Luise Sophie Friederike Gustave von. Born
at Tressow, Meckleiiburg-Schweriu, Germany,
June 22, 1805 : died at Mainz, Germany, Jan. 12,
1880. A German author, she was the daughter of
(^unt Karl Friedrich von Halin. In 1820 she married
her cousin Count Friedrich Wilhelni Adolf von Hahn. but
soon separated from him. In 1850 she became a Roman
Catholic, and in 1852 entered as novice a convent at Angers.
Later she founded a convent, and devoted herself there to
good works. She published various volumes of poems, and
the romances " AusderGesellschaft "(1838), "Gralln Faus-
tine " (1841), etc.
Haida (hi'da). A division of the Skittagetan
stock of North American Indians, wlio still oc-
cupy the CJueen Charlotte Islands, British Amer-
ica. They are famous for their carved work and baskets.
Slavery was hereditary, the slaves being captured from
other tribes. They still have 13 villages. Their present
number is from 1,700 to 2,000. See Skittagetan.
Haidarabad. See Hyderabad.
Haidinger (lii'ding-er), Wilhelm von. Bom
at Vienna, Feb. 5, 1795: died at l)oriibach,near
Vienna, March 19, 1871. An Austrian mineral-
ogist and geologist. In 1823-27 he resided In Edin-
burgh, and after 1840 at Vienna, where he was director of
tile Imperial Geological Institute 1841)-(Ki. He wiw the
author of "Handhucb der bestiinmendell Mineralogie '
(1815), "fieogiiostisidic l^bersichtskarte der osterreich-
isclien Monarchic " (1847), etc.
Haidee (lii-de' ). A Greek girl in Byi-on's " Don
.hian."
Haiduks.orHayduks (hi'diiks). [Hung., 'dro-
vers.'] A class of mercenary foot-soldiers in
Hungary, of Magyar stock, distinguished for
tlieir gallantry in the field. For their ibKIity tothe
ProtcRtaiit cause Bocskay. the leader in an insurrection in
Hungary, rewarded them in 1005 with the privileges of
nobility, and with a territorial possession called the Ilai-
dnk distrii't. which vvas enlarged as Haidiik county in
187<t. The Hungarian light infantry were called Haiduks
in the 18th century, from a regiment constituted for a
time by these jjcople.
Haifa 474
Haifa (hl'fa). A town in Syria, Asiatic Turkey, Hajdu-Bosz6rm6ny (hoi'do-be's^r-many). A
situated on the Bay of Acre in lat. 32° 48' N., town in the Haiduk county, Hungary, 12 miles
long. 35° 1' E. : the ancient Svcaminum. Popu- northwest of Debreczin. Population (1890).
lation (estimated). 5,000. " .^^•■"^'^-.^ „ .,,.. j., ., ., . ,^
Hail Columbia. A patriotic American song, Hajdu-Dorog (hoi do-do rog). A town m the
written by Joseph Hopkinson in 1798 for the Haiduk county, Hungary. 22 miles north by
benetit of "an actor. The tune was then called "The west of Debreczin. Population (1890). 8.720.
Presidents March." Vnder the political excitement of Hajdu-N4nis (hoi'do-na'nash). A town in
the time the sung became very popular, and, though pos- ji,p Haiduk county, Hungary. 23 miles iiorth-
sessing little poetical nierit, is still kept in vogue by the ^^rthwest of Debreczin. Population (1890),
14.457.
Hajdu-Szoboszl6 (hoi'do-s6'b6s-16).
in the Haiduk county, Hungary,
force of patriotic sentiment.
Hailes, Lord. See Dalnjmple, Sir Darid.
Haimonskinder (hi'mons-kin-der). A popular
Geimau romance, borrowed from the French
" Les qu.itre fllz Aymon." It appeared in 1535.
Hainan (hi-niin'). "An island belonging to the
southwest of Debreczin.
14.72S.
Population (1890).
province of Kwangtung, China, situated be- Haji Kha.lfa. (haj'e khal'fii), also called Elatib it illustrates the entire development of me
tweeii the China Sea on the east, and the Gulf Tchelebi (originally Mustapha ben Abdal- 'ecture from the Romanesque t.. the late E
. „ . . ., . , . ,' . -.^n rirtrt 1.T . , ^.. \ .^-. .* . ■ 1 ^- 1,'r^' , fr».--.i- west towers and facade are in laiije Dart
of Tongking on the west, about lat. 18°-20° N
long. 108°30'-111°E. Capital, Kiung-ehow-fu.
The surface is generally mountainous. The inhabitants
are Chinese, and partly independent Li. Area, estimated,
12.000-14,000 square miles. Population, estimated, about
2,0110,000.
Hainau, officially Haynau (hi'nou). A town
in the province of Silesia, Prussia, situated on
the Swift Deichsel 49 miles west by north of
Breslau. Here, May 26, 1813, the Pi'iissians de-
feated the French. Popul.ation (1890), com-
minip, 8.115.
lah). Died at Constantinople in lO-'iS. ATuik-
ish historian and bibliographer. He was a native
of Constantinople : spent sonie ye:u-s in military service ;
studied under C'adhiziideh Etfendi and Sheik .4'raj Mus-
tafazadah ; and was appointed khaltfa (assessor) to the
principal of the Imperial I'oUege at Constantinople about
164S. He wrote in Arabic a chronological work entitled
"Takwimu 'ttawarikh,"and a bibliographical lexicon en-
titled "Kasfu Ezuniin 'an Asiimt '1 Kutub wa 1 funiin,"
which contains notices of 18,.W0 Arabic, Persian, and Turk-
ish hooks, with memoirs of the authors (edited with Latin
translation by FlUgel as "Lexicon bibliographicum et en-
cyclopcedicum," lS3o-5S).
Hale, Nathan
Haf&hu mentioned in an Assyrian geograph-
ical list between Arbaha (Arrapaehitis) and
Razappa (Reseph).
Hala (ha'la) Mountains. A mountain-range
in eastern Baluchistan and the western part of
Sind, British India, intersected by the Bolan
and Mula passes.
Halas (ho'losh). A town in the county of Pest-
POis-Solt-Kiskiin. Hungary, situated in lat.
46° 25' N., long. 19° 31' E. " PopiUatiou (1890),
17.136.
A town Halberstadt (hal'ber-stiit). A city in the prov-
13 miles ince of Saxony, Prussia, on the Holzemme 30
miles southwest of Magdeburg. It has large trade
and manufactures. The cathednil, rebuilt verj' slowly af-
ter a fire in 1179, was not conseci-ated until 1491. so that
•dieval archi-
Pointed. The
west towers and fagade ai-e in lai-ge part Romanes<tue,
the nave is of the 13th century, and the transepts and
choir chiefly of the 14th. The choifscreen is of the rich-
est Pointed work. There are notable sculptures in wood
and in alabaster of the Crucifixion, and some fine 16th.
century paintings. The bishopric of Halberstadt, founded
as early as the 9th century, was granted as a secular prin-
cipality to Brandenburg in 1648. Population (1890), com-
mune, 36,786.
Halbig (hal'biG), Johann. Born at Donners-
dorf , Lower Franconia, Bavaria, July 13, 1814 :
died at Munich, Aug. 29, 18.82. A Gennan
iiiunr - ii , - sculptor. His chief works are at Munich and near
Haina'ut', oi- Hainault (ha-no '), Flcm. Hene- Hajipur (hiij-e-por'). A town in the Muzaffar- Oberammergau (group of the Crucifixion).
KOUWen (heu'c-fo-veu) [F Haiitaut forraeilv 1™!' district, Bengal, British India, situated on Haldane (hal dan), James Alexander. Bom
Bai,i,nilt, G. Henneqau, ML. Mannouia, Hag'i- the Gandak, near its junction with the Ganges,
noia. or ComiiaUis 'HeneqavenMs, Flem. Bene- about o miles north-northeast of Patna. Pop-
named from the"riyeri/«iHf .] Aprov- ulation, about 2o. 000.
go nice II :
mce of Belgium, bounded by West Flanders Hajjl Baba (had je btj ba). Adventures pf.
on the northwest. East Flanders and Brabant -"^ Oriental novel by Moner, published in 18_4
at Dundee, Scotland, July 14, 1768: died at
Edinburgh, Feb. 8, 1851. A Scottish preacher,
brother of Robert Haldane. He officiated in alarge
*' tabernacle " in Edinburgh, and spent much of his time
in itinerant preaching.
Haldane, Robert. Born at London, Feb. 28,
17G4: died at Edinburgh, Dec. 12. 1842. A
Scottish philanthropist and theological writer.
He spent large amounts of money and much pei-sonal ef-
fort in schemes for the advancement of religion in Scot-
Land. Both he and his brother James left the Church
of Scotland, becoming Congi-egationalists and afterward
Baptists. He published "Evidences and .Authority of
Divine Revelation " (1816 : 2d ed. 1834), " Exposition of the
Epistle to the Romans " (1835-39). etc.
Haldeman (hal'de-man), Samuel Stehman.
Born near Columbia, Lancaster County, Pa.,
Aug. 12. 1812 : died at Chickies, near Columbia,
Sept. 10, 1880. An American naturalist and
philologist. He was appointed professor of the natural
sciences at the Vniversity of Pennsylvania in IS.'il, and
at Delaware College in 1855, and beciune professor of com-
parative philology at the University of Pennsylvania in
1869. His works include "Freshwater Univalve MoUusca
of the United States" (1840), "On the German Vernacular
of Pennsylvania " (in "Transactions of the American Philo-
logical Society " 1870 ; in biwk form 1872). " Zoological
Contributions " (1842-43X 'Elements of Latin Pronuncia-
tion " (1851), "Affixes in their Origin and Application"
(1865), " Outlines of Etymology " (1877), " Word-building "
, . . ,, , (1881).
Hispaniola (his-pan-i"-6'lii). An island of the dii'de). Aseaportinthe^islaud of Yezo, Japan, Hale (hal), Benjamin. ^ Bom at Newbt^ry,
Greater AntUles, and ne.x't to Cuba the largest - • «. / »r -..t .,.. , ,^ j.j..
on the north. Namur on the east, and France on (second part 1828).
the southwest. Capital, Mons. It w.as a medieval Hakim (hii kem). or HaJkem (ha kern)
countship, which was joined through man-iage to Holland
in 1299. In 1433 it was united to the dominions of Philip
the Good of Burgundy, subsequently became a pos-
session of Spain. Part of it was ceded to France in
1059, and part in 1678. The remainder passed to Aus-
tria in 1713-14 and shai-ed the fortunes of the Bel-
gian Netherlands. Area, 1,437 square mUes. Population
0893). I,072,ni2.
Hainburg (hin'boro), or Haimburg (him'borG).
A town in Lower Austria, Austria-Hungary,
situated on the Danube 26 miles cast by south
of Vienna, near the site of the ancient (5arnun-
tum. There is a ruined castle in the vicinity.
Population (1890), 5.075.
Hainiclien(hi'nich-en) A towa in the distriet Hakluyt Society. [Named in honor of Richard
otLeipsie,Saxony.ontheLittle&tricgis28miles -^rrr., .•?." " \Z.A:A i..T,i:,i,„.i :„ t „,..i„., ;.,
Bom
985: died about 1021. AFatimite calif in Egypt.
996 to about 1021, regarded as the founder of the
Druses.
Hakluyt (hak'lot ). Eichard. Bom about 1552 :
died at London, Nov. 23, 1616. An EngUsh ge-
ographer. He studied at Oxford, took holy orders, and
was attached to the suite of the English ambassador in
France 1583-86. In 1603 he was made archdeacon of West-
minster. While in France he published an annotated edi-
tion of Martyr's "De orbe novo," and an account of Lau-
donnicre's expedition to Florida. His great collection of
travels, "The Priucipall Navigations, Voiages, and Discov-
eries of the English Nation," first appeared in 1589, and
was republished in a greatly enlai-ged form, in 3 vols.,
1598 to 1600. There are modern editions.
west-southwest of Dresden, it is the center of the
Gennan flannel manufacture. Population (1890), 8,260.
Hair of Berenice. See Coma Berenices.
Haiti, or Hayti (ha'ti; F. pron. a-e-te'), Sp.
Santo Domingo ( san'to do-meug'go), and for-
Hakluyt.] A society established iu London, in
1846, with the object of printing annotated Eng-
lish editions of rare works on early geography,
travels, and history. It has published a large
and valuable series of books.
merly Espanola (es-pan-yo'la). Latinized as Hakodate (ha-ko-dii'ta), or Hakodadi (hii-ko-
situated on the Bay of Hakodate in lat. 41° 47'
N., long. 140° 44' E. It was opened to Ameri-
can commerce in 1854. Population (1891),
55,677.
Hakon (ha'kon). or Haco (ha'ko), I., suraamed
"The Good." Born about 920 : died about 9G1.
Kiug of Norway. He was an illegitimate son of Hiirold
Haarfager, and was educated in England at the court of
King Athelstan. He expelled Harold's son and successor
Eric and usurped the throne about 934. He alienated a
majority of his subjects by attempting to introduce Chris-
tianity, and was defeated and killed by the son of Eric about
961
of the West Indian islands, it is separated from Cuba
on the west by the 'Windward Passjige, and from Porto
Kico on the east by the Mona Passage, and is traversed
from east to west by 3 mountain-ranges. II contains min-
eral and especially vegetable we;dth. It is divided po-
litic:dly into the republics of Haiti and Santo Domingo.
It was discovered by Columbus in 1492, and in 1493 he es-
tablished on it the first Spanish cidony in the New World.
Subsecplently it was neglected, and became the prey of
freebooters and bucaneers. .About 16;i2 French buca-
neers settled in the west«m part, which was definitely
ceded to France in 1697. Bloody revolutionary and slave
revolts in the French colony (1791-93) ended in the su-
premacy of the blacks. Their leader, Toussaint Louver- _, „„TT,nn V «„riiiTtiPfl " The Olil " Died
ture. governed the whole ishind from 1796, and proclaimed HakOn, or HaCO, V ., surnamea i "f ^4 Z , ,f
its independence In 1801. Temporal ily reduced by Lc- about 1203. Kingot Norway from IJW to about
clerc's expedition (1802-03), the blacks, aided by the Eng- 1263. He annexed Greenland and Iceland to
lish, recovered the western part, where Dessalines was em- Xorwav
peror 1805-06. Struggles between the blacks and ran- tt„|„, ,■'^,"•.^'l..x^ A /.«„..t^^ +^l.o onrl Hialect
lattos and between rival leaders led to the division of this HakU (ha ko). A country, tnbe, and_(tialect
part of the island ; but it was reunited under Boycr, who
in 1822 conquered the Spanish or eastern end. In 1844
the Spanish part became indipemlent, and since then the
island has been divided politically into Haiti and the Do-
minican Republic, the former occupying about one third
in the western part. (See these n.ames.) Total area, about
28,250 squai'e mUes. Population, estimated, 1,380.000.
Haiti, orHayti. A republic occupying the west-
ern jiortion of the island of Haiti. Capital, Port-
au-Prince. The chief export is coBee. The executive
isvestedinapresident,nowe!ec.edf,,rJ^j-e^,andle^s. ^^^^^ or Halla (ha'lil). A town in the Hyder-
of Angola, West Africa, between the Kuanza,
Ngango, and Kutato rivers. The country is high,
undulating, and covered with prairie and forest. The peo-
ple are well built. Their dialect, still unstudied, belongs
to the Kimbundu cluster.
Hal (hiil). A town in
Belgium, situated on th
west of Brussels. It is a pilgrim resort on account of
the shrine in its Church of Notre Dame. Population (1890),
10,441.
Mass., Nov. 23, 1797: died there, July 15, 1863.
An American clergyman and educator. Hewaa
professor of chemistry and mineralogy iu Dartmouth Col-
lege 1827-35, and president of Hobart College, Geneva,
New York, 1836-58.
Hale, Ed'ward Everett. Born at Boston. April
3, 1822. An American author, editor, and Uni-
tarian clergj-man, son of Nathan Hale (1784-
1863). Among his works are " Ninety Days' Worth of
Europe" (1861), "The Man without a Country " (1861),
"Puritan Politics in England and New England " (1869),
"The Ingham Papera " (1870). "His Level Best, etc."
(1872), "Philip Nolan's Friends" (1876). and a number of
volumes of sermons, boys' books, etc. He was editor of
the "Christian Examiner," founder and editor of "Old
and New," and is now (1894) editor of "Lend aHaDd"and
associate editor of " The Lookout."
Hale, John Parker. Born at Rochester. N.H.,
March 31, 1806: died at Dover, N. H., Nov. 19,
1873. An American statesman. He was member
of Congress from New Hampshire 1843-45 ; United States
senator 1847-53 and 1855-66 ; candidate of the Free Dem-
ocratic party for the Presidency in 1862; and United
States minister to Spain 1865-69.
the province of Brabant , Hale, Sir MafrthO'W. Born at Alderley. Glouces-
he Si-nne 10 miles south- tershire, England, Nov. 1, 1609 : died at ^Uder-
lation is intrusted to an assendily comp
chambi r of representatives. The prevailing language is a
debased French, and the nominal religion is Roman Catho-
lic. Independence n as proclaime<i 1801 ; Dessalines was
emperor 1804-<;k>; the eastern portion of the island was
annexed in 1822, and flmdly separated in 1843; and .Sou-
lonque was emperor 1849-.W, under the title of Faustin I.
It has suffered continually from revolutions. Area, 10,204
square miles. Population (about idne tenths of which are
blacks), estimated, 9,sn,ii00.
abad district, Sind, British India, situated in
lat. 25° 48' N., long. 68° 27' E.
Halacha (ha-lak'ii). [From Heb. halach, to go,
the way, rule.] those portions of the Talmud
which "discuss in a legal manner the precepts
of religion and law regulating the life of man,
as opposed to Agada (which see),
Haizinger (hits'ing-er). Anton. Born at Wil- Halab (ha'lft). A place mentioned in connec-
fer'idorf Lower Austria. March 14, 1790: died tion with Habor and Gozan as one in which
at Karlsruhe, Baden, Dec. 31, 1869. An Aus- Sargon settled the deported Israelites (2 Ki. Hale, Natban. _- ^-- -_- . .
trian tenor singer. xvii. 6, xviU. 11): perhaps identical with Aug. 16, 1784 : died at Brooklme, Maas., ii eo. »,
lev, Dec. 25, 1676. A celebrated English jurist.
He was judge of the Common Pleas 1653-.58, and was made
chief baron of the exchequer in 1C60, and lonl chief jus-
tice in 1671. His chief works are " Historia Placitornm
Corona ' (published in 1736). " History of the Common Uw
of England, "and "Contemplations, Moral ami Divine.
Hale, Nathan. Born at Coveutrj-, Conn., June
6, 1755 : died at New York, Sept. 22. 1776. An
American patriot. He graduated at Yale College In
1773, entered the army in 1775. and became a captam In
1776. In Sept., 1776, he was sent by General Washmgton to
procure intelligence concerning the British at New iork:
was arrested in the British camp ; and was executed aa a
spy by order of Sir William Howe. A statue was erected
to his memory in New York in 1893.
Bom at Westhampton, Mass.,
Hale, Nathan
1863. An American journalist, nephew of Na-
than Hale (1755-76). He was editor of the Bos-
ton "Daily Advertiser" from 1S14.
Hale, Mrs.' (Sarah Josepha Buell). Bom at
Newport, N. H., (;ct. 124, ITSMI: died at Philadel-
phia, 1879. An American editor and writer, she
became editor of the " Ladies' MiM;a2iiie " (Boston) in 1S2S,
andof ■' liodey's Lady's Buck (rhlladelphiajinisa?. She
wrotf "Woman's lU'COrd" (1853), etc.
Haleb. See .lhi>im.
Hales, Alexander of. See Alexamhr of IlaUs.
Hales (h:il/. ), John, surnamed " The Ever-Mem-
orable." Horn at Batli, Enjjland, April 10, 1584 :
died at Eton, Enf;;land, May 19. lCr)(;. An Ent;-
li.sh scholar and Arminian divine. He was edu-
cated at Oxford, and liecame a fellow of llerton < 'oIleRe.
He attende*! the .Synod *rf l>ort in ItilS. and in 16:^9 bt^earae
canon of Wimlsor. Hia most notable work is " Golden Re-
mains " (1&"''^)-
Hales, Stephen. Bom at Bekesboume, Kent,
Sept. 7, 1677: died at Teddington, near London,
Jan. 4, 1761. An English physiologist and in-
ventor. He was curate of Teddinpton, Middlesex, from
1708 until his death. His chief work is "Vegetable Stat-
ickB " (1727).
HaWvy (ii-la-ve'), Jacques Francois Fromen-
tal Elie. Horn at Paris, May 27. 1799: died
at Nice, March 17, 1S6L'. A French composer,
of Hebrew descent. He entered the Conservatoire in
1809, and studied with Berton and Cherubini. In 1819 he
took the grand prix with his "Ilerrainie." lu 1827 he was
professor of harmuny at the Conservatoire, in 1833 pro-
fessor of connterpuiut and fugue, and in 1840 professor of
composition. He wrote "Le^<»ns de lecture musicale "
(ISof), "Souvenirs et portraits, etc." (1801)., Among his
numerous operas are " La Juive " (18;i6), "L'Eclair" (183.5),
"Le .luif errant "(1^52).
Hal6vy, Joseph. Horn at Adrianople, Turkey,
Dec. 15, 1827. A Frencli Orientalist and trav-
eler in Arabia and Abyssinia, noted as an As-
syriologist. His works include " Kapport but une mis-
sfon archt^ologique dans le Y^men " (1872), "Melanges
d'tipignxphie et d'archijologie sc^mitiques" (1874X "Re-
cherches antiiiues snr I'origine de la civilisation baby-
lonienne " (1870), " Documents religieux de I'Assyrie et de
la Babylonie,,etc." (188:1), etc. He founded the "Revue
Sdmitique il'Kpigraphie et d'Histoire Ancienne."
Hal6vy, L6on. Bom at Paris, Jan. 14, 1802 :
died at Sl.-Gennain-en-Laye, France, Sept. 3,
1883. A Frencli ))oet and man of letters, brother
of J. F. F. E. Hal<''vy. He published theatrical
pieces, translations, historical works, etc.
Hal6'Vy, Ludovlc. Bom at Paris, Jan. 1, 1834.
A French dramatist and author, son of Won
Halevy. His works include librettos for the operas
boulfes"" Iji belle Helene " (ISU-I), "Barbe bleue " (1806),
" \a grande <Iucliesse de Gerolstein" (18(i7). "La P6ri-
chole ' (1868), iind for the operas c<)miques "Cai-nien " from
Merim^e (187.'>). " Le petit due " (1878), *' La petite made-
moiselle " (1^79), and the comedies " Frou-frou " (1869),
"Le r^veilion" (1872), "La boule " (1876), "La cigale"
0877), "La petite mtre" (1880), " Laroussotte"(1881). All
these were written in colLiboration with Mellhac. Among
his novels and romances, written alone, are *' Un scandale "
(18<iO), " L'Abbd- Constantin "(1882), "Deux mariages, etc. "
(188.'t), " Mon ramarade Moussard, etc. "(18.80), and stories
in ■'Karil<;iri' (1892).
Half Dome (hiif dom), or South Dome (soutli
dom). An inaccessible mountain near the east-
em end of the Yosemite valley, California, 4,735
feet above the valley, and about 8,800 feet above
sea-level.
Half Moon, The vessel in wliieh Henry Huii-
son sailed from Holland for America in 1609.
He explored the coast in her, anil went up the river called
from bini the Hudson River.
Half Moon, The. An old house standing in
Alilersgale, London. It was formerly the Half Moon
'raverii, was nmch fre(|Uenteil by literary men, and is now
also railed, for no particular reason. "Shakspere's house."
Halford (hal'lord) (originally Vaugham, Sir
Henry. Born at Leicester, England, Oct. 2,
1766: died at London, March 9, 1844. An Eng-
lish physician. He published "Essays and Orations
delivered at the Royal (.'ollege of rhysicians" (1831), etc.
Haliburton (hal'i-ber-ton). Thomas Chand-
ler: i)seudonyni Sam Slick, Honi at Wind-
sor, Nova Scotia, Dec, 179(i : died :it Islevvortli,
near London, Aug. 27, 1.S65. A Britisli-Ameri-
can Immorist. He practised law at Annapolis Royal,
and became chief justii-)M,f the Court of Common Pleas of
Nova .Hcotia in Iv.'H, an. I, on the abolition of this court in
1840, judge of tlie Siipn-nie ('ourl. He resigned and went
t<i EngbiMil in 18.,i;. lie wrote "The clockinaker, or Say-
ings and lioiiigsof s^unnel .Slick of .sllckville " (1837 : 2d
series IsiM, :i(l seiji-s isKJ), histories of Nova Scotia, "The
Attachi5, or .Sam slick in England " (1843). " The Bubbles
of Canada" (1839), "Ihe Old Judge, or LIfeIn a I'olony "
(184;0. etc.
Halicamassus(hal"i-kiir-nas'nH). [Gr. ' AliKap-
vann6r.] In ancient geography, a city of ('aria,
Asia, situated on the Ceramic Gulf, on tlie
mainianci and the island of Zejihyria. in hit. 37°
2' N., long. 27° 25' E. It was founded by Dorians,
and was taken and nearly destroyed by the Macedonians
about 3:u 11. r. li Is telebrated for the Mausoleum, the
tombof Mausolus, In antiquity one of the seven wonders of
the world. It waa built in 852 B. c, with the cooperation
475
of Scopas and the most celebrated of contemporary sculp-
tors. It consisteti of a noble (|uadrangnlar peristyle of
Ionic columns <ui a high basement, above whirh rose ii
pyramid of 24 steps, supporting a <)uadriga. Important
remains of the abundant sculptured decoration are in the
British Museum. It is also famous as the birthplace of
Herodotusand of DionysiuB. The site is now occupied by
the modern Budruu.
Halicz (liii'lich). A town in Galicia, Austria-
Hungary, situated on the Dniester 59 miles
southeast of Lemberg. Population ( 1 890), com-
mune, 3,8S7.
Halidon Hill. A hill about 2 miles northwest
of Berwick-ou-Tweed, England. Here, .luly 19,
i:i33, the English under Edward III. defeated the Scots
under the regent Archibald Douglas.
Halifax (hal'i-faks). [ME. //(/?(/'«j-, appar. f rom
AS. Iidliil, holy, and/<'«x, hair. Anotber view
makes the second element. /'«<'f. Tlie legends
which explain these different views appear to
be inventions. ] A town in the West Kiding of
Yorkshire, England, situated on the Hebbele,
near its junction with the Calder, 14 miles west-
southwest of Leeds. It is an important seat of the
manufacture of woolen (especially of carpets) and of ci)t-
toii. The chief buildings are the town hall, the piece-
hall (originally used for i)itrf go.uls), the parish church.
All .Souls' church, aiidotlu r cluncbcs. It returns 2 mem-
bers to I'iuliament. Population (is)l), 82,864.
Halifax. A seaport and tlie capital of Nova
Scotia, situated on Halifax harbor in lat. 44°
40' N., long. 63° 35' W. It has important commerce
and fisheries, is a leading military post, and is the chief na-
val station in British North America. It is very strongly
fortified. It was founded in 1749. Population (1891),
38,556.
Halifax, Earl of. See Mn»tnrin. ChnrJes.
Halifax, Marquis of. See Savilc, lUorac.
Hall (hal), Mrs. (Anna Maria Fielding).
Born at Dublin, Ireland. Jan. 6, 1800: died at
East Moulsey, Surrey, England, Jan. 30, 1881,
A British auflior, wife of S. C. Hall, she wrote
" Sketches of Irish Chai-acter " (1829), "Lights and Shad-
ows of Irish Life " (18:18), and other novels and tales of
Irish life; with her husband, "Ireland, its Scenery, etc."
(1841-4:i), ami other works.
Hall, Asaph. Born at Goshen, Conn., Oct. 15,
1829. An American astronomer. He was professor
of mathematics in the navy from ls(i3. and was stationed
at the naval observatory in \\'ashingtoii from 1862, retir-
ing in 1891. In 1874 he observed the transit of Venus at
Vladivostok, Siberia.
Hall, Basil. Bom at Edinburgh, Dec. 31, 1788 :
died at Portsmouth, England, Sept, 11, 1844.
A Britisli naval officer, traveler, and author, in
the Lyra he accompanied Lord Amherst's embassy to China
in 1815, returning in 1817. During this voyage impor-
tant explorations of the eastern seas were made. Hall
had an interview with Napoleon at St. Helena. In 1827-
1828 he visited the United States. He became insane in
1842. Among his works are "Account of a Voyage of
Discovery to the West Coast of Corea, etc." (1818), "Jour-
nal written on the Coasts of Chili, Peru, and Mexico"
(1.S24), "Travels in North America" (1829), "Fragments
of Voyages and Travels " (1831-33).
Hall, Charles Francis. Born at Rochester,
N. H., 1821 : died inOreenland, Nov. 8, 1871. An
American arctic e.X]>lorer. He received a common-
school education.and fidlowed variousoccupations, includ-
ing those of blacksmitliiiig and engraving. Becoming in-
terested in the fate of Sir .Iithii Franklin, he undertook,
fitted out by ]irivate subscription, a journey to the arctic
regions in search of the dociiincnts and possible survivors
of his exiicdition. He left New London May 29, 18t>0, and
domesticatetl himself with the Eskimos, whose roving
habits brought him over much of the territory he desired
to explore. He returned to New London Sept. 13, 18()2,
having failed in the main object of his journey, but hav-
ing iliscovcred relics of Frobisher's expedition of 1577-78.
He made a second journey of a sunilar chiiracter 1864-69,
during which he discovered numerous relics of the Frank-
lin expedition. July 3, 1871, he sailed from New London
in the Polaris, in c()mmand of an expediticui to the north
pole. The Polaris passed through Smith Sound into Kane
Sea, thence through Kennedy and Robeson channels to
the Polar Sea, ami Aug. :J0. 1871, reached lat. 82° 10' N.,
the highest point then attained by any vessel. The expe-
dition went into winter quarters at 'i'hank (Jod Harbor,
(Jreenland. He became ill Oct. 24, 1871, on the return frtnn
a sledge Journey to I'apc Brevoort, and died of apoplexy
Nov. 8, 1S71, IbeconiMiiuid d.volvingon S. O. Buddlngtoii.
He published " Arctic Kcsi-aiches " (1804).
Hall, Dominick Augustine. Horn in South
Carolina, 17(i5: died ;il New Orleans, Dec. 12,
1K20. ,\n .American jurist. Ue became I'nited
States Judge for LouLsiana in 1SI2. Ill March. 1816, while
New Orleans was under martial law, he granted a writ of
habeas corpus for the releiuie of Louis LouiiUlier, who had
been aiTested by General Andrew Jackson for exciting
discontent among the troops. General Jackson refused
to recognize the autliority of the court, rearrested I.onil-
lier, and committed Hall t*i Jail. Hall, havingbeen released
the next day, lined the general SI. 000 forcontenijit of court
in disregarding a writ of habeas corpus and in imprison-
ing a Jiidk'c.
Hall, or Halle, Ed-ward. Died 1547. An Eng-
lisli liistoriau, authorof "Tlie Union of tlie Two
Noble and Illuslrious Families of Lancaster anil
Yoi-k" (l:-)42: generally called "Hall's Chroni-
cle''). Grafton, Ilolinslied, and Stow borrowed from liinl,
and Shakspere followed him In some <if his historical plays.
The chronicle waa reprinted in 180S by EUls.
Halle
Hall, Fitzedward. Born at Troy, N.Y., March
21. lS2."i. .\ii .\merican philologist, ilegnnluated
at Harvard in 1840; resided in India 1846-02, becoming
professor in the govenmient college at Benju-es in 1853, and
serving as inspector of schools for v;u-ious districts 1S5.'>-
1862: went to I.«5nilon in 1S02, and became iirofessor of
Sanskrit in King's College; and in 1809 reinovcil to Maries-
ford, Suffolk. He hjis published various Sanskrit works,
"Recent Exeniplilications of False Philology" (1872),
"Modern English "(187:i), "On English Adjectives in .able,
with Special Ueference to Relialde " (1877), etc.
Hall, James. Born at Pliiladelphia, Aug. 19,
1793: died near Cincinnati, Oliio, July 5, 1.868.
An .\niericau autlior. He published "Letters from
the -West " (1829), "Legends of the West " (18:12), " Tales of
the Border" (1838). "Sketches of the West "(1830), and,
with McKenney, " Histoiy of the Indian Tribes "(1838-14).
Hall, James. Horn at liingham, Mass., Sejit.
12, 1811. A noted American geologist and |ia-
leontologist. He was assistant professor of chemistry
at the Rensselaer Polytechnii: School 1832 30, when he
became professor of jjeology. He began his labors on the
geological survey of New Vork in 1830, devoting himself
after 1843 chiefly to paleontology. He has published "The
Paleontology of New York " (in numerous volumes since
1847). and other important contributions to science.
Hall, Joseph. Born at Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Eng-
lantl, July 1, 1574: died at Higham, near Nor-
wich, England, Sept. 8. 1656. An English bishop
and author. He was educated at Emmanuel College,
Cambridge, of which he became a fellow ; held the living
of Hawstead and a canonry at Wolverhampton ; and be-
came bishop successively of Exeter and Norwicll. Of the
latter see he was depriveil by Parliament. Ue published
satires under the title " Virgidemiarum : First three books
of toothless satires" (1597), and a second volume "Last
three books of liytingSatires"(lfi98), " Epistles "(1008-11),
"Contemplations" (1612-20), " Paraphrase of Hard Texts,
etc. " (103:0, controversial works, etc.
Hall, Marshall. Born at Basford, Notts, Eng-
land, Feb. 18, 1790: died at Brighton, England,
May 11, 1857. An English physician, noted for
his researches on the nervous system, and for
the "Marshall Hall method" of treating as-
phyxia. Hepractised at London 1826-,'i3 ; became a fellow
of the Royal Society of Physicians in 1841 ; and delivered
the Gulstonian lectures in 1842, and the Crooiiian ls.'^,o-.52.
His chief works are "The Diagnosis of Diseases" (1817).
and " Principles of the Theory and Practice of Medicine "
(1837).
Hall, Ne-wman. Born at Maidstone, England,
May 22, 1816. An English Congregational clergy-
man. He was minister of the Albion Congregational
Church at Hull from 1842 to 1854, when he took charge
of Surrey Chapel, known as Rowland HUl's Chapel, in
Blackfriars Road, London. In 1870 he removed with his
congreg.ation to Christ Church, a splendid edifice erected
chiefly tlu"ough his exertions. He is the author of " Lec-
tures in America" (18(^8), "Pilgrim Songs" (1871), "Come
to Jesus " and other tracts, etc.
Hall, Robert. Born at Amesby. Leicestershire,
May 2, 1764: died at Bristol, Feb. 2L 1831. An
English pulpit orator of the Baptist Church. He
preached at Bristol 178.'i-90, at Cambridge 1791-1800, at
Leicester 1S07-20, and at Hristol 1826-31. His works in 0
vols. Wire tditcd by Olinthlls Gregory (1832).
Hall, Samuel Carter. Hoin at Waterford, Ire-
laud, May 9, 1800: died at Kensington, Ijondon,
March 16, 1.S89. A Britisli author and editor.
He edited or subedited "The Literary Observer," "The
Amulet," "New Monthly Magazine," "The Town," "Art
I'nion JouriuU," "Social Notes." He wrote "Baronial
Ilallsof England, etc."(1848), etc., and, with his wife, "Ire-
land, its Scenery, etc."(1841-43), and very many other works.
Halla. See Ilald.
Hallam(hal'ain), Arthur Henry. B(n-n ni Lon-
don, Feb. 1,1SU: died al X'iciina, Sejit. 15, ],S;j3.
An English essayist, son of Henry Hallani. He
formed an intimacy with Tennyson, to wliose sister he was
betrothed, and by whom he has been commemorated in the
poem "In Memoriam." His literary remains were pub-
lislud in 18:t4.
Hallam (hal'am), Henry. Born at Windsor,
En>;Uind, July 9,1777: died at Penshurst.Kent,
England, Jan. 21, 1859. An English historian.
He graduated with the degree of B. A. at Oxford (Christ
Church) in 1790, was afterward called to the bar, and waa
for many years a commissioner of stamps. In 1812 he in-
herited a competent fortune from his father, which en-
abled him to withdraw from the practice of law and de-
vote himself to historical studies. His chief works are
" A View of the Stale <if Europe during thcMiddle Ages"
(1818X "The CcULHtilutional llistoiy of England from the
Accession of Henry VII. to the Death of (iccuge II." (1827),
and the "Introduction to the Literature of Eurojie in tile
16tli, ll'.lli, ami ITtli rcnturies " (1837-39).
Halland (liiil'liind). A maritime laen of south-
ern Sweden, Ijiiiig on the ('attegat. Area, 1,899
square miles. Population (1893), 137,002.
Halle, or Halle-an-der-Saale (hiil'le-iin-der-
zii'le), formerly alsoHalle-in-Sachsen (hjil'le-
in-ziik'sen). A city in the province of Sa.xouy,
Prussia, on the Saale 20 miles northwest of
Leipsic. It has important salt-works and considerable
trade, and manufacturea machinery, starch, and sugar.
Objects of interest are the university, calliediid, Miirkt-
kirche. Church of St. ilaurice. Red "rower, Ratliaus. and
Francke's Institutions. 11 was the birthplace of Handel.
Halle was a llanseatic town. It was ac»|Uired hy Bran-
denburg in 1048. The French stormed it in Isuo. Popu-
lation (1890), commune, 101,40L
Halle, Adam de la
Halle, Adam de la. See La Hali
476
Hall of Fame, G. Ruhmeshalle (ro'mes-hai-
Born at Guil- le). A building at Munich, Bavaria, comi)leted
Halleck (hal'ek), Fitz-Greene.
ford, Conn., Ju]
19, 1867. An
j"R°Drake he wrotethe^Oroaker'' papers in the New Bavarians. The colossal statue of Bavaria, in hronze, liy
York "Evening Post" (1819). AmonK his poems are Schwanthaler, which stands beside the Ruhmeshalle, is ti2
"Fanny" (1819), "Marco Bozzaris" (1827). His poetical feet high: it represents a woman of robust form holdms;
works were edited and published in 1869 by James Grant a wreath in her raised left hand, and with the Bavanan
Wilson. lion sejant by her side.
Halleck Henry Wager. BomatWestemville, Hallowell (hol'o-wel or hal'o-wel). A city in
Oneida 'county, N. Y., Jan. 16, 1815: died at Kennel)ee County, Maine, situated on the Ken-
Louis%alle. Ky!, .Ian. i), 1872. Au American gen- ueljec 2 miles south of Augusta. It exports
eral. He graduated at West Point in 1839 ; served in the gi-anite. Population (1890), 3,181.
Mexican war: was promoted captain of engineere in 1863; Hallstadt (hiil ' stiit). Lake Of. A lake in
and in 18.M reaigned his commission m order to take up HdUSKtui/ i,uai =i<vi;,_ iioi,».c^».
the practice of law at San Francisco
Hameln, Piper of
hanged on the gallows he had caused to be
made for Mordecai.
and in 18M ^signed his commission In o,^er ^ up IhrsH^imnergut, Austria-^^ ^^I^^^^^ ^gog_gi_
man litterateur and philosophical \vriter, sur-
named "the Magus of the North." His col-
lected works were edited by Roth 1821^3.
Hamar (hii-miir'). A small town in southern
Norway, on Lake Mjosen.
Hamasall(ha-mii'se). [Ar., lit. -bravery.'] The
title ot various collections of Araljiau poems, of
which the most celebrated is that in 10 books
compiled by Abu-Teman in the 9th century. It
was edited'with a Latin translation by G. W. F.
ssissippi Jiarcn 11, 1SB2. ne coiniuaiiucu m i/ci^u.. ..., .»ii.i».»v«..- ^ — - /- = rf n *■;**„«
the siege of Corinth, which he occupied May :«, 1862. He tria, Austna-Huugary, situated on Hallstatter
assumed command as general-in-chief of all the armies of ggg 30 miles southeast of Salzburg: a salt-
the United States, with headquarters at Washington, July j ; ppnter
11, 1862, an office in which he was superseded by General ™i"»"S'^^'^";>''-
Grant, March 12, 1864. He was chief of staff to Grant, HalluC (a-lu'). A small tributary of the bomme,
M.arch 12, 18fW,-April 19, 1866, when he was appointed to department of Somiue, northern France. Near
the command of the division of the James. He published j^ g niiles northeast of Amiens, the Germans (about 20,-
"International Law " (1861), "Elements of International ^^ under Manteulfel defeated the French (40,000-50,000)
Law and Laws of War" (186«X etc. under Faidherbe, Dec. 23, 1870.
Hallein (hJil'lin). A town in Salzburg, Austria- Halluin (ii-lii-an'). A town In the department
Hungary, situated on the Salzach 8 miles south ^f jsfoi.d, France, on the Belgian frontier, near
of Salzburg. It is noted for its salt-mines. Pop- the Lys, 11 miles north by east of Lille. Pop-
ulation (1890), 3,945. ulation (1891), 14,841.
Hallelujah Victory, The. A victory said to Hallwyler (hill'vel-er) See. A lake inSwitzer-
have been gained by the Britons over the Picts j^^^^ jg miles north of Lucerne. Length, .5*
and Scots at Mold in Flintshire, March 30. 430. j^^jj^^
II tTrsu^gSti^n^^Gl^^aS. blsCof^iSLt'X Halm(hiilm) Karl von. Born at^Munich, April gambrch -(ham'bachy. ^ A ^illage i
was mesfnt at the battle. 5, 1809 : ibed there, Oct. 0, 1882. AGerman clas- of Neustadt, Bavarian Palatinate.
Hallenga (luil-leng'gil). See ISisharin.
Haller (hiil'ler), Albrecht von. Born at Bern,
Switzerland, Oct. 16, 1708 : died at Bern, Dec.
12, 1777. A distinguished Swiss physiologist,
anatomist, botanist, and poet. He studied at Tu-
bingen, Leyden, and Basel ; traveled in France, England,
Holland, and Germany : and settled as a physician at Bern
in 1729, where he became city physician and librari;m. His
works include " Eleraenta physiologic corporis humani "
0757-66), "Bibliotheca botanica" (1771-72), "Bibliotheca
anatomica " (1774-77), "Bibliotheca chirurgica " (1774-76),
" Bibliotheca medicinse practicse " (1776-87),
anatomicarum, etc." (1743X etc.
Haller, Berthold. Born at Aldingen , near Rott-
weil, Wiirtemberg, 1492 : died at Bern, Feb. 25,
1536. A Swiss preacher, influential in estab-
lishing the Reformation at Bern.
Halley (hal'i), Edmund. Born at Haggerston,
Shoreditch, London, Nov. 8, 16.56: died at Green-
wich, Jan. 14, 1742. A celebrated English astron-
sical philologist and critic, from 18.56 director
of the state library and professor at the univer-
sity in Munich.
Haimstad (hiilm'stiid). A seaport and the capi-
tal of the laen of Halland. Sweden, situated on
the Cattegat, at the mouth of the Nissa, in lat.
56° 40' N., long. 12° 52' E. It has important salmon-
flsheries, and is the seat of an old castle. Population (1890),
11,825.
Haimstad, Laen of. See Railtnid.
Iconum Halpine (hal'pin), Charles G. Born at Old-
castle, County Meath, Ireland, Nov., 1829: died
at New York," Aug. 3, 1868. An American jour-
nalist and humorist, author of the ' ' Miles (J'Reil-
ly"papers, etc. He came to the United states in 1851;
became assistant editor ot the Boston " Post " in 1862, and
editor of the New York "Leader" in 18,17 ; served in the
Federal aniiy 1861-64 ; became assistant adjutant-general
and colonel in 1862 ; and was editor of the New York ' ' Cit-
izen " in 1864, and register of the county of New Y'ork in
1867.
now called Hamah. Hamath was capital of a king-
dom to which the territory of Israel reached under David,
Solomon, and Jeroboam II. It often came in contact with
Assyria, In the great confederation of the 12 cities against
Shalmaneser II., about 860 B. c, Irliulena, king of Ha-
math, was, with the King of Damascus, the leader. Tiglath-
Pileser III., about 730 B. C, took tribute from Eni-ilu,
king of Hamath; and Sargon (722-705) records that he
"rooted out the land of Araatu." Antiochus IV. Epipha-
nes (17.'>-164) gave it the name Epipliania, by which it
was known to the Greeks and Romans. In 639 i. D. it
fell into the hands of the Arabs. The Arab historian Abul.
feda was its governor 1310-31. Hamath is in Gen. x. 18
enumerated among the descendants of Canaan. The Ha-
matites were closely akin to the Hittites, if not a Hittite
division. Of late, what are supposed to be Hittite inscrip-
tions have been discovered in Hamath.
Hamaziki. See Levkas.
in the circle
At the castle
omer. His father was engaged in the business of soap v~...,„ ,
boilingin Lond.m. He studied at St. Paul's School, and Hals (hills), FrauS. Bomat Antwerp about 1580 : 662,614.
in 1673 -^-ed t^ueen s^ ■ollcge.^Ox^^^^^^ ^^1S(^^ Haf rlem'Netheriands. AiVg., 1666. A Hamburg. [D.
versity in 1676 ' ^ _
studies were begun in his boyhood (his fll'st communica-
tion to the Royal Society was sent before he was 20), and
in 1676 he sailed for St. Helena for the purpose of observ-
ing the positions of the tlxed stars in the southern hemi-
sphere. The importance of observations made during this
trip led Flamsteed to name him "the S<jutlicrn Tyclio."
On Nov. 7, 1677, he made at St. Helena " the first complete
observation of a transit of Mercuiy." In 1678 he was
elected a fellow of the Royal Society. He was a friend of
Sir Isaac Newton, and printed the " Principia " at his own
celebrated Dutch portrait-painter. His works are
in all the principal museums and galleries in England and
on the Continent. The " Hille Bobbe " in the Metropoli-
tan Museum, New York, is probably by his son Frans.
There is a genuine "Hille Bobbe " in the Berlin Museum.
Five of his seven sons were painters.
Halstead (hal'sted). A town in Essex, England,
situated on the Colne 43 miles northeast of Lon-
don. Population (1891), 6,056.
here a political assembly of about 20,000 persons (Uam-
bacher Fest) was held May 27, 1832. This is noteworthy as
the first public appearance of the republican party in Ger-
many.
Hamblet (ham'blet), Prince of Denmarke,
Hystorie of. A translation from one of Belle-
forest's "Histoires tragiques." The original was
written in 1570, and the translation was made soon after.
It is in black-letter quarto. There can be very little doubt
that Shakspere.took his "Hamlet " from it.
Hamburg (ham'berg; G. pron. hiim'boro). [D.
Hi(iiihm,:l)a.n. Hambon/, F. Hamboiirg, It. Am-
biir<ji), Sp. Hamhurgn.} ' A state of the German
Empire, comprising the city of Hamburg, its
suburbs, the neighboring temtory of Bergedorf
and some smaller districts, and the outlying
territory of Kitzebiittel, inclosed in Prussia. It
is a republic, having a Senate (18 members) and a Biirger-
schaft or House of Burgesses (160 members). It has 1 mem-
ber in the Bundesrat, and 3 in the Reichstag. ITie pre-
vailing religion is Protestant. (For historj', see Hamburg
(city), below.) Area, 168 squaie niUes. Population (1896),
Hambro, Hambonjh, Dan. Sw
Hamborg, Y' Hamboimj, ^^.Vg. Hnmbiir-go.lt.
appointed successor to Flanisteed as astronomer royal in ^ Scottish divine, professor of divinity in St.
y^lnt^ri^^hl-Sirr^^plniri^n^rote'tTg*! ^^^ij^^'^i, ^T^:T^iS^^
s. In 1701, in the same vessel, he surveyed the tides and Halys (lia'lis). The ancient name 01 the river
coasts of the English Channel. He is best known froni his i^ij,^;] Irmak.
studies of comets. He inferred from his computations that
the comets of 1531, 16117, and 1682 were in reality the same
body, and predicted its return in 1758, a prediction which
was verified by its appearance on Christmas day ot that
year. This ccjmet has since been known by his name.
Hallingdal(hiil'ling-diil). A valley in southern
Norway, about lat. 60°-61° N., noted for its con-
nection with the ancient sagas.
Halliwell-Phillipps (hal'i-wel-fil'ips), James
Orchard. Horn at Chelsea, London, June 21,
1820 : dieil at Ilollingbury Copse, near Brighton,
Jan. 3, 1889. An English antiquarian and Shak-
sperian scholar. He was the son of Thomas Halliwell,
but in 1872 he succeeded to the property of hiswife'sfather, Hamadan (hft-ina-dan
Thomas I'hillipps, and assumed that name. He became juce of Irak-Ajemi
connected with the Shakspere Society in 1841. In March, — —
1872, he bought the theater at Stratford-on-Avon ; he was
also the means of buyinj.' Shakspere's house, New Place, at
Stratford-on-Avon, and conveyed it to the corporation of
Stratforil. Among his works are "Early History of Free-
Masonry in England " (1843), " Nursery Rhymes of England,
etc."(1845), " Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words '
(1847), "Outlines of the Life of Shak.spere" (1848). In
1853-65 he published a folio editic .11 of sliaksperc in 16 vols.
and in 1862-71 "Lithographed Facsimiles of the Shakspe
rian Quartos." He edited many Middle English and early
modem English works.
Ham (ham). One of the sons of Noah, the re-
puted ancestor of the Hamitic races.
Ham (iim). A town in the department of Somme,
France, situated on the Somme 35 miles east-
southeast of Amiens. It is noted for its castle, dating
in its present form from the 15th century : a picturesi|ue
fortress grouped about a central cylindrical donjon 100
feet in diameter and 100 high, with walls 36 feet thick.
This has long been used as a state prison : among the
prisoners have been Joan of Arc, the prince of Conde, Poli-
gnac, Louis Napoleon (1840-461, Cavaignac, and Changar-
nicr. It was surrendered to the Germans Nov. 21, 1870.
Population (1891), commune, 3,082.
). A town in the prov-
Ambiin/o, ML. Hamburgum, Hamhiirga, from G.
niii)ibi'iig,OB.G.H(immiihi(rg.'i A free city, form-
ing with its teiTitory a state of the Gei-maii Em-
pire. The city is situated on the Elbe, at the mouth of the
Alster, in lat. 53' 33' N., long. 9" 58 E. It is the most impor-
tant seaport of Germany, and, next to London, Liverpool,
and Glasgow, the chief commercial place in Europe. It
trades especially with Great Britain, the United States, and
northern Europe ; is an important place of embarkation
for emigrants; and is the terminus of various steamship
lines, including the Hanibm-g-Ainerican to New York. It»
exports are grain, iron, fancy goods, butter, hides, etc. The
city consists of the Altstadt and;Neustadt, and the suburbB
of St. Georg and St. Pauli. Allona adjoins it. There are
extensive harbors and quays. St. Nicholas, one of the
most important of modern churches in the Pointed style,
was built by Sir G. Gilbert Scott. The architecture repre-
sents the most ornate tj-pe of the 13th centuiy, with pro-
fuse sculpture inside and out. Tlie length is 285 feet ; that
of the transepts, 151. The western spire is 473 feet high,
and is surpassed in Europe only by the cathedrals of Co.
logne, Ulm, and Rouen, and the Eilfel Tower. Other ob-
jects of interest are the Chinch of St. Peter, exchange,
Johanneum Oibi-ary, museum). Lake Binnen-Alster, Kunst-
halle (picture-gallery), zoological ganlen, and museums.
Hamburg was founded ab.uit SOS, and was the seat of an
archbishopric 834-1223. It was one of the chief Hanseatic
cities. Its position as a free imperial city was acknow.
ledged in 1510. The Reformation was introduced in 16ai.
It was incorporated with France in 1810 ; an attempt at
rebellion was punished by Davout in 1813 ; and it regained
its freedom in lsl4. It has been successively a member 01
the Germanic Confederation, North tierman Cimfederation,
and (ierman Empire. In 1842 it sutfere.i from a H";- "
joined the Zollverein in 1888. Population (1890), 323,923,
with suburbs, 573,198.
Persia, about lat. 34° 48' ,,. „^ii,
N., long. 48°_2.5' E. . It has been identified ^th HamefkuttelU.^^^S^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^,
Hannover, Prussia, on the Hainel and Weser
Population, estimated, 30,000.
Ecbatana,
Kcbiitann.
Hamah (hii'mii). See Hamath.
Hamal(ha-miil'). [Ar./mmrt?,aram.] Theusual
name of the second-magnitude star a Arietis, in
the forehead of the animal.
Lithographed Facsimiles of the Shakspe- tt,—,-— /ha'inaTi)
~ - *^ --iddlBEmrllshandearlv •Ha',™*" v"'"' ""S"',, „ . , ... .. >
5th century B.C. (See Esther m.-vu.)
24 miles south of Hannover. It Is noted in connec-
tion with the legendary "piper of Hanieln " (sef. b*'"**
and contains the "Rattenfangerhaus. I', wsf.the Bcene
of a Swedish victory over the Imperialists m 1633. popu-
lation (1890), commune, 13,675.
A Persian courtier of the Hameln (ha'meln). or Hamelin (ham'e-hn).
He was Piper Of, or The Pied Piper of. In medieval
Hameln, Piper of 477
legeml, a magician who in tlie year 1284, for a Comte de Graraont whose "M^moires" he
gtiimlatetl sura of money, freed tlic town of wrote (1713). He also wrote " Contes de Kerie," et«.
Hameln from a iilat;ue of rats bv IilavinK on His coinpletc works were puhlishe.l in 181i
his pipe and Icadin- the vermin, which fol- Hanulton, Claud, L"id Paisley commonly
'.». ..,.,■ , ., -,..ih..i I ,,,-.1 nioiiH TT<iTTiii+r,« Born about
lowed the music, into the river when* they were
drowned. Wlien the townsmen retnseil t<i pay the
money, tlie piper rcturneil ami, ag-Mu playing on his
msKical pipe, led the way through the linnKcn-Strasse out
of the town, this time followed by 130 children. He led
them to a hill called the Koppenlierg, into which they all
entered and disappeared. The event is recorded in inscrip-
tions cm the llathaus and elsewhere in the town, and was
1 Lend Claud Hamilton,
ir)43: died KiL".'. A Scottish politician, foiirtli
son of tlie second Earl of Arran. He fought for
Queen Mary at the battle of Laiigside ; was inirlicated
in the assassination of the regent Murray ; was driven from
Scotland in 157i* ; entered the service of t^ueen Elizabeth ;
and retimicd to Scotland, becoming there a leader of the
lloman Catholic party.
long regarded as historical. 1 he legend has been toM m Hamilton. Elizabeth. Born at
rime by Koliert Browning. He apparently founded it on .,, iT.-.u. li„,l of HniToirnte Eiic^
Verategans account in his " Restitution of Decayed Intel- t.,',^ . r, ?!• . "'^""S''^*^' ''"b
Hamites
of the War of 1812, and it was in spite of his mandate "to
remain in lioston until further orders" that Hull in the
Constitution gained the victory over the Ouerric re.
Hamilton, Robert. Born at Edinburgh, June
11, 174:t : clici .Inly 14, 1829. A Scottish mathe-
matician and economist, professor of nuithe-
matics at .\berdeen. He wrote an "Iiuiuiry concern-
ing the Rise and Progress ... of the National Debt of
(ireat Britain and Ireland " (ISl.S), etc.
Hamilton, Schuyler. I^rn at New York, July
2.'i, 1,S22. An American general, son of J. C.
Hamilton. lie published "History of the Na-
Verstegan' . .
llgence " (IttM). Brandenburg, Lorch, and other towns
Imve a siinihu- tradition, and there are Chinese and rersiaii
legends nuich resembling it.
Hamerling (hii'mer -ling), Robert. Bom at ^^^^ (leoB) eic
Kirchberg, Lower Austria, March 24, 1S30: dieii Hamilton Ladv (E
at liratz, July 13, 1889. An Austrian jioet. Hi
works include the epic poems "Ahasver in Rom " (1S0*»),
"Der Konig von Siou " (1868X etc.
HamertOU ( ham'er-ton ). Philip Gilbert. Born
Sept. Ill, 1S.34: died' Nov. (i, 1S94. An Eng-
lish writer on art, landscape-painter, and et<dier.
His works include " IhcMights about Art"(l,S6-2X " Etching
and Et<diers " (ISC'i;), "Contemporary French Painters"
(1867), " Painting in Krance, etc."(lS(i8), " The Intellectual
Life " (187.t). "The (Jraphic Arts (1882). " Himian Inter-
course " (ly-'^). He has also written several romances, and
has reprintetl (1SS&) his articles written for "The Port-
folio," an art periodical which he planned in 18<>0 ; and in
1889 he published "French and English : a Comparison,"
founded on his contributions to the ".\tlantic Monthly."
TTa.Tni (hii-mo'), orEhamil (khii-mel'). Atown
in Suugaria, Chinese empire, situated about
lat. 42° 50' N., long. 93° 40' (?) E.: an important
trading center.
Hamilcar (ha-mirkjir), siu'uamed Barca (biir'-
kii) or Barcas (biir'kas). Killed in Spain, 229
or 22S B. c. A (Jarthagiuian general. He held
1816. A British writer, she wrote " .\ Hindoo Ra.
jah"(a series of criticisms on England, 179tiX "Memoirs
of Modern Philosophies " (a bumorons work, Isoo), " Let-
ters on Education " (I801-O2), "The Cottagers of Glenbur-
" (180S), etc. _
imma Lyon). Born about
gland, Julv 23, Hamilton, Thomas. Bom at Glasgow, 1789:
die<l at Pisa, Italy, Dee. 7, 1842. A Scottish
author, brother of'Sir William Hamilton (1788-
IS.'lG). He wrote "Cyril Thornton " (1827), " Annals of the
Peninsular Campaign " (1829), " Men and Manners in .^mer-
iia " (ls:«).
HamiltontWilliam. Born at Bangour, Linlith-
gowshire, 17114: died at Lyons, France, March
25, 17.")4. A Scottish poet, author of the ballad
''Braes of Yarrow " and other poems. His col-
lected works were published in 1760.
1761 : died at Calais, .Ian. 1.'), ISlo. An English
woman, wife of Sir William Hamilton (ambas-
sador at Naples), and mistress of Lord Nelson,
she was of humble birth, illiterate, and of loose charac-
ter, mislressof sevcnil pcrs<.iia, including Charles Greville ~T.,N- T, T^ -.o -.-nr.
indSir William Ilaniilton before she married the latter. Hamilton, Sir William. Born Dee. 13, 1(30:
In early life she possessed great beauty of face and figure :
later she became veiy Heshy. She attained considerable
social success, became an intimate friend of Queen Maria
Carolina of Naples, and played a somewhat important part
in the political intrigues of that court in relation to Eng-
land. .Nelson Hrst met her in 1793 at Naples. She was
arrcstcil and imprisoned for debt in 1813, but was released
in the following year.
Hamilton, Frank Hastings. Bom at Wil-
mington. Vt., Sept. 10, 1813: died in New York
died at London, April 6, 1803. A British diplo-
matist and arehffiologist, grandson of the third
Duke of Hamilton. He was British envoy at Naples
1764-1800. He made extensive collections of ancient works
of art, coins, etc., many of which were purchased f<ir the
British Museum. He purchased from itsllnderthc "War-
wick vase " (now at Warwick Cjistle), and bought the cele-
brated "Pot^land vase" (which see), selling it again to the
Duchess of Portland. His second wife was the notorious
mistress of Lord Nelson.
citv, Aug. 11, 1886. An American surgeon. Hamilton, Sir William. Born at Glasgow,
He was cimneeted with Bellevue Hospital, New York March 8, 1788: died at Edinburgh, May 6, 1856.
city, from 1861 until liis death, occupying the chair of the
principles and practice of surgery in the Bellevue Medi-
cal College I868-7a. He wrote "A Practical Treatise on
Fractures and Dislocations " (1860), "The Principles and
Practice of Siu-gery " (1872), etc.
MountErete(MontePellegrino),.siciIy,iigainsttheRomans Hamilton, Gail. The uom de plume of Mary
247-244 ; held Mount Eryx 244-241 ; suppressed the war Abigail Dodge,
" "" ~ ~ Lanark, 1730: died
Scottish painter and anti
quartan. He painted chiefly classical (Homeric) sub.
247-244; held Mount Eryx 244-241; suppressed tlie war Abii'ail Dodge
with the mercenaries 241-238; and began the reduction xt™™j'h-«« n^,^-^ T>^,.„ „+
of .Spain to a Cu-thaginiau piOTince. Hamilton, Gavin. Born at
Hamilton (ham'il-ton). A town in Lanarkshire, =1* "."""'• ^'^^- . '^ S^eottish
Hamilton ..
Scotland, on the Clyde, near the mouth of the
Avon, 10 miles southeast of Glasgow. Near it is
Hamilton Palace, a seat of the Duke of Hamilton, formerly
noted for its pictures and other art treasvires that were
sell! by auction in 1H.S2. The ruined Cadzow Castle, the
formerseat of the Hamiltons, is in the vicinity. Bothwell TTn^Jl+nTi T nrd Cionrao Traneid
Bridge is near by. Hamilton belongs t/) the Falkirk district -"tr ■ , ?"°'i.. .[ ... . ° ° i ' i uT?
of parliamentary liurghs. Population (1S91), 24,86.i.
Hamilton. A towm in Victoria, Australia, situ-
ated on Grange Burne creek in lat. 37° 44' S.,
l.>ng. 142° r E.
jects. His most important labors were his excavations in
Italy, which resulted in the discovery of many remains of
antiquity. He conducted explorations at Hadrian's villa
near Tivoli, on the Via Appia, about the Albaii Mountains,
and elsewhere.
Born at
Brighton,' England, Dec. 17, 1845. An English
politician, third son of the first Duke of Aber-
corn.
cil on educi
■llld 1886-',!
A Scottish philosopher. He was made professor of
civil history at Edinburgh In 1821, and was professor of
logic and metaphysics there 18.'!6-56. He published " Phi-
losophy of the Unconditioned " (1829), and other contribu-
tions to the "Edinburgh Review," collected as "Discus-
sions in Pliilosoidiy, Literature, and Education " (ISSS-.SS),
and edited Reid's works (1816) and Stewart's works ^1854-
1855). His lectures on " Metaphysics " and " Logic ' were
edited by Mansel and Veitch (18.=>8-60). See "Life" by
Veitch (1869).
Hamilton, William Gerard. Bom at London,
Jan. 28, 1729: died there, July 16, 1796. An
English politician. He was elected to Parliament in
17.'>4, and, Nov. 13, 1755, during the debate on the address,
delivered his maiden speech, which, as it remained his
most notable effort, procured for him the nickname " sin-
gle-speech Hamilton." He was a conunissioner for trade
and plantations 1756-61, and chancellor of the exelaMjuer
in Ireland 176.'i-s4.
He was vice-president of the committee of coun- TJnrniM-n-n "WilliaTn "Rieliflril Rom at Ijon-
ucation 187,8-^), first lord of the admiralty 188,5-86 •^^""^^""■o 1 7H • li.«l Hw^.o T.'iK- 1 1 185Q \„
-■,12, and secretary of state for India 1H.)5-. don, Jan. 9, 1 ( / ( : died there, Jlll> 11, 18.)9. An
of grammar) and the use of interlinear translations.
V). The leading repri-sentatives are the Dukea of Hamilton, JameS. Born at Charleston, S. C,
■ii and Hamilton. The present (12th) Duke of Hani- May 8, 1786: lost at sea, 1857. An American
on Burlington Bay, western end of Lake On-
tario, 3ti miles soiltliwest of Toronto. It is at the
hcail of iiiivigation on Lake t)ntario, and hiis important
commerce and manufactures. Population (1891), 48,980.
Hamilton. A town in Madison County, New
York, situated on the Chenango River 36 miles
southeast of SvTacuse. It is the seat of the
Baptist institutions Hamilton Theological Sem-
inary and Colgate (formerly Madison) Univer-
sity."
Hamilton. A manufacturing city, capital of
Butler County, Ohio, situated on the Miami
liiver 20 miles north of Cincinnati. Popula-
tion (1890), 17,.565.
Hamilton. A family of the Scottish nobility
descended from Sir Gilbert de Hamilton (13th
eeiitiir
Abercori:
llton (family name, Douglas) is the premier peer of Scot-
land.
Hamilton, Alexander. Born in the island of
Nevis, West Indies, Jan. 11, 1757: died at New
York, July I'i, 1804. A celebrated American
statesman. He settled in New York in 1772 ; attracteil
attention a.s a pamphleteer in the political agitation pic-
ceding the Revolution, 1774-75 ; entered the ( 'niitincnlal
service as an artillery captain in 1776; was a iiicrnbcr of
Washington's staff 1777-f^l ; served with distinction at
Yorktown in 1781 ; was a member of the Continental Con-
gress 1782 8;i, of the Constitutional Convention in 1787, and
of the New York ratifying convention in 1788 ; was secre-
tary of the treasury 1789-9.'> ; was appointed commander-
in-chief of the army in 1799 ; and was mortally wounded by
Aaron Burr in a duel atWeehawken. .New Jersey, .lulv 11,
18m. He was the chief author of the " Federalist "(which
sec). His works have been edited by his son .). C. Hainil-
ton(7 V(ds.,1851). See "l.ives"by,T. C. Hamilton (18.34 40),
Renwiek (1841), Morse (1876), Shea (1S80), and I.oilge
(1882).
Hamilton, Count Anthony. Born probably
at Koscrea, Tippcrary. Ireland, 1646: died at
St.-Germain-en-Laye. France, .Vug. 6, 1720. A
French authru', of British descent, third son of
Sir George Hamilton (fourth son of the first
Earl of Abercom), ami brother-in-law of tho
of Arran by .James IV. in l.^lB, and in 1513 commanded 1825. He wrote ".Sgyptiaca, or some Account of the An
an expedition sent to aid the King of France against Eng- tient and Modern State of Egypt, etc." (1809).
land. He supported the regent Albany during the minor- Hamilton, Sir William RotVan. Bom at Dub-
' " -■■ ■■■■ "■'•' -"' ""•■ '■' ° •"""■'■■■-"' ii„^ Aug. 3-4, 1805: died Sept. 2, 1865. A eelo
brated British mathematician. He was remarkably
precocious, especially in the stu<ly of lant-oiagcs, knowing,
it is s.aid, at least 13 at the age of 12 ; entci cd I'l inity (
ity of Janics'V., and in 1517 was appointed a member of
tlie council of regency, of which he became president.
Hamilton, James, second Earl of AiTan, and
Duke of Chatellcrault. Died at Hamilton, Scot-
land, Jan. 22, 1575. A Scottish statesman, ap-
pointed govemor of Scotland during the mi-
nority of Mary in 1542. Ho was forced by the
(jueen dowager to abdicate in 1.554.
Hamilton, James. Bom 1769: died at Dublin,
Sept. Hi, 1829. A British teacher, known as
the advocate of a particular method of instruc-
tion in languages. The " Hamiltonian " method was
based on a literal rendering of the text (prior to the study
I I'l inity Cid-
lege, Dublin, in 1823; in 1824 discovered by tlicictical
rcasoniuL' conical refraction; was appointed in ls-J7. before
graduation, professor of astronomy and sup. lintcn, lent of
the observatory ; and became president of the Roy al Irish
Academy in 18.37. He is especially celebrated as the in-
ventor of quaternions. He wrote " Lectures on (Quater-
nions " (1853), "The Elements of Quaternions " (1866), etc.
Hamilton College. An institution of learn-
ing at Clinton. Oneida (bounty. New York, con-
trolled by the Presbyterians. It was founded as
an academy by Samuel Kirklaml in 1793, and chartered
as a college in 1812. Connected with it are the Maynard-
Knox Law School and the Litchtlcld i ibservatory. It has
,.,. . „ , . „ ,„ .. (1896) 17 instructors ami 155 students,
mhticuui. He was member of Congress (Democrat) tt-_,j__„_ /iiiini pc nor') 1 A district in the
'rom South Carolina lS23-'29, and governor of South Caio- ■".SlPPP'"^, ',. , 'x? . . i. , '"f-t"" i«"
liiia 18,'i0-32, While governor he advised the legislature
to pass the N'nllillcation Act, and was subsequently in
mand of tho troops raised for the defense of the State un-
der this act.
Hamilton, James. Born at Paisley, Scotland,
Nov. 27, 1814: died at London, Nov. 24, 1867.
A British l'resbj't,eri:in clergyman and religious
author, minister of Kegent Square Church, Lou
.\ilahabad division, 'Northwest Provinces, Brit-
ish India, intersected l>v lat. '25° 30' N., long.
80° E. Population, .529,137.-2. The capital
of the Hamirpur district, situated at the junc-
tion of till- Befwa with the Jiunna, in lat. 25°
,57' N., long. .80° 12' E.
Hamites (ham'its). [From Ham, the son of
Nonli.] A race generally counted with the
%l:. ]^;fl;.u^!^^::^^t^!ZZ^^o:n^^ whiV^raceftogether with their Semiti.. nei
■ ■ ■ ^ '' bors and kinsmen, but in which, from tlie earli
liall Cl:l,s.«ics" (1S,^,7 r,ll).
Hamilton, Patrick. Born about 1504: burned
at St. Andrews, Feh. 29, 1528. A Scottish Re-
former, son of Sir Patrick Hamilton, and gi'and-
son of the first Lord Hamilton. He adopted and ad-
vocated the dtictrines of the Reformation, and was put to
death as a lu-rctic,
Hamilton, Paul. Born in St. Paul's parish,
S. ('.. (tct. 16, 17(i2: died at Beaufort, S. C,
June 30. 1.S16. An Amerii^an politician. He was
comptrollerof South Carolina 1799-1804 ; govcnior 1804-06 ;
and was secretary of the navy during the first administra-
tion of .Tames Madison, 1809-1:1. He endeavored to enforce
the embargo policy of the government at tho beginning
est times, 3 varieties (a pale and red-haired,
a reddish, and a dark-brown) have been dis-
tinguished. The blond type is found among the Ber-
bers ; the reddish among the Egyptians and licdja ; tho
dark-brown or black among the Somal. the Calla, and the
Fulbe or Fuhihs. In these three the admixture of Ni-
grltic blood Is evident. The earliest .ivilization of in.an-
klnd(that of Egypt, to which nil the olli.is seem to beili-
rectly or Indirectly indebteii) tlouriBlicil among llic Ham-
ites of the reddish type, in the Lower Nile valley. The
Hamltie family of languages is generally divided into 3
snbgrouiis : (a) the Libyan or Herber. spoken from the
Canary Islands to Egypt; (ti) the Egyptian, compris.
iiig Did Egyptian and Coptic with Its 4 dinJeots ; (c) the
Hamites
Ethiopic. iiicluiling the Bedja, Daiikali, Somali, Galla,
Agau, Saho, and BUin. The Ethiopic is also called Ci«/i-
itic ui Punic. Lately the Fulah duster has lieeii added
liysome to the preceding, as pi evailint'ly Haiuilic. (iwiiij;
to ethnic and linguistic mixtures with negroes, it is im-
possible to draw a clear line lietneen Hainltic and Bantu-
negro languages or tribes. Even the Ilausa and Hotten-
tot languages show traces of Hainitic structure. The -j - .^^ x n '-'
Haniitic languages are sometimes called seini- or ««*- MailUner-Purgstall (liani'mer-porg'stal), Jo-
Snnitic. In easteni Nijrth .Vlrica they are intemiLxed Seph VOn. BoiTl at Glatz, Stvria, June 9, 1774:
■aphically with IliiSrinitic ; in western North Africa, ,liprl .if ViBiiii!i 'Kcv ')q iokk a^ 4„„fmo.,
emilic are superposed ..n the Uamitic. Soe A/ricau V5„. !,■ I j' u-° ' ■ " ■^^^*'- ^^ Austrian
478
Hammer of Heretics, The. [L. Malleus He-
ntiainim.^ A sm-iiaiiii' nf Pierre d'Ailly, presi-
ileut of the Couneil ot Constance 1414-^18, and
also of St- Augustine.
Hammer of Scotland, The.
King Ed-vviird I. of England.
A surname of
geogra.
the Semitic are superposed tm the Haniitic. See A/i
laiujuttfte:i {under A/rii--a), Fttlah, UoltetUot, Berber, Bantu.
HamitiC (ha-niit'ik). See Mamilffi.
Hamlet (ham'lel), or Amlet. A mj-thieal or
semi-historieal Danish ininee whose story, origi-
nating in a Danish saga, is given by Sa.\o-Orani-
matieiis. This story is given in a French version by
Belleforest in 1570 in the fifth volume of his " Histoires
tragiques." The English translation of this latter was
published as "Hystorie of Hamblet.'and it was also made
into an English play, now lost, that probably served as a
stai-tinp-pfdnt for Shakspere's " Hamlet. " Henslowe men-
Onentahst and historian. He published " Ge-
schichte des osmanischen Keichs " (1827-34), " Ueschichte
der goldenen Horde" (liMO), " Geschichte der osmanis-
chen Dichtkunst " (1836-38), '■ Geschichte der arabischen
Litteratur " (1850-67), Oriental texts, etc-
Hammersmith (hani'ei-smith).
London, situated in Middlesex, nortli of the
Thames, 6 miles west by south of St. Paul's:
formerly noted for market-gardens and nurser-
ies. It retm-ns 1 member to Parliament. Pop-
ulation (1891). 97,237-
Hancock, Albany
south, and Wilts and Dorset on the west, it in-
eludes the Isle of Wight. It is traversed by the North and
South Downs. The New Forest is situated in the southwest
of it. It contains many Koman antiquities. Area, 1 B-'l
square miles. Population (1891), 090,i«e. ' "
Hampstead (hamp'sted). [AS. Hdm.'ttede. home-
stead.] A suburb of Loudon, situated in Mid-
Ulese.x -ti miles northwest of St. Paul's, it was
formerly noted for its muieral springs, and as a literary
center. It returns 1 member to Parliament. Hampstead
Heath is a well-known pleasure-resort. Population (1891),
cgister," July 26, 1602,
"A booke called the Revenge of Hamlett Prince Denmarke
as yt was latelie Acted by the Lord Chamberleyiie his Ser-
vantes." This was a very imperfect text, known as the
fli-st quarto. The second quarto, published in I6114, was a
good text, thought to be as Shakspere left it. The third
quarto, a reprint of the second, appeared in 1605 ; thefourth
in 1611. There is a fifth quarto, undated. No others ap-
peared during shakspere's lifetime. The 4 folios are es-
sentially the same text, which ililfers from the quartos.
The German i)lay "'-»-■-■"- . . _ .
Hamlet aus Djenr
Hamlet of Denm , ^.._
weak copy of the old play preceding" the 1603 quarto. " It
is not known precisely when it appeared, but it was early
in the 17th century, (iiet Shakspere.) About the charac-
ter of Hamlet and his real or feigned insanity there has
been much controversy. He shows the unfitness of a
thoughtful man who sees tjoth sides of a subject to deal
with ipiestions requiring prompt action under extraordi-
nary circumstances.
Hamlet. An opera by Ambroise Thomas, first
produced at Paris in 1868- The French words are
by Barbier and Carr^, after Shakspere. It was produced
in London in Italian as "Amleto " in 1869-
scholar. He graduated at Oxford (Magdalen College) in
1622 ; obtained the living of Penshurst, Kent, in 1633 ; be-
came archdeacon of Chichester in 1643 ; sided with the
Royalists in the civil war ; and was a canon of Christ
Church. Oxford, 1646-48. Hammond was a chaplain of the
king, but was not allowed to attend him in his last days.
He settled at Westwood in Worcestershire about 164!>, and
remained there until his death. He was a voluminous
, writer.
"Der BestrafleBiudermord, Oder Prinz tTommnnH Tamoo TToni-ir T!r.rr, ot Mow
lemark" ("Fratricide punished,or Prince ■'tt™™c <A ^i ^- lu^^'j- , ? r, t tT
.ark") is now thought to be probably a oerry, S. C, Nov. la, I8O1 : died at Beaoli Isl-
" ' ■ • -- - and, S. C, Nov. 13. 1864. An American poli-
tician, governor of South Carolina 1842-44, and
United States senator 1857-60.
Hammond, Samuel. Bom in Richmond County,
Va., Sept. 21, 1757: died at Horse Creek, Ga.,
Sept. 11, 1842. An American Revolutionary
commander and politician. He fought with distinc-
tion at King's Mountain, Cowpens, Eutaw, and other bat-
tles in South Carolina and Georgia ; was militaiy and civil
commandant of Upper Louisiana 1805-24 ; and was secre-
tary of state in South Carolina 1831-35.
Hampton ( hamp'ton). A \illage in Middlesex,
England, 14 miles west-southwest of London.
Population (1891), 5,822.
A stiburb of Hampton. The capital of Elizabeth City Coun-
ty, \ irginia, situated on Hampton Koads 15
miles north-northwest of Norfolk: seat of
Hampton Normal and Agiicultural Institute
(which see). Population (1890), 2,513.
Hampton Court. A royal palace on the Thames
12 miles from Charing Cross, built by Cardinal
Wolsey. A great part of the highly picturesque battle-
men ted Tudor buildings in red brick, surrounding 3 ciuirts,
still remains. The property originally consisted of aljout
1,000 acres of more or less barren land belonging to the
Knight Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem. It was leased
from the Priory of St- John in 1615 by Thomas Wolsey, arch,
bishop of York and primate of England, wlio erected the
original Gothic palace. In 1526 he suirendered the estate
to Henry VIII., who added the chapel andgreat hall 1531-35
In the reign of William III., the great facade, modern
state apartments and a gallery for the cartoons of Raphael
were added by Sir Chi istoj.her Wren, The front on the line
French gardens is later, in the Renaissance st \ le. The great
hall, 106 by 40 feet, and 60 feet high, possesses a handsome
open-framed roof with elaborate pendants. The state apart-
ments are filled with paintings, many of them noted works.
The cartoons by Raphael have been removed to the South
Kensington Museum. A part of the palace is now occu-
pied by persons of good family in reduced circumstances.
Hampton Court is most intimately associated with James
I. and W illiam III., and was a place of imprisonment of
Charles I.
Hamley(ham'li), Sir Ed-ward Bruce. Born at Hammond, William Alexander. BomatAn-
Bodmin. Cornwall. April 27. 1S24 : died Aug. 1:
1893. A British soldier and author. He entered the
army in 1S43 : served in the Crimean war ; was professor of
militai-y history at the staff College, Sandhurst, 1S5S-64, and
commandant of the Staft' College 1S70-77 ; was chief of the
commission for the delmiitati.m of the Balkan and Arme-
nian frontiers 1879-80 ; and commanded a division in the
Egyptian war of 1882. Among hisworksare "TheOpera-
tions of War Explained and Illustrated " (1866), and " The
Strategical Conditions of our Indian Northwest Frontier "
(1879).
Hamlin (ham'lin), Hannibal. Bom at Paris,
Maine, Aug. 27, 1809 : died at Bangor, Maine,
July 4, 1891. An American statesman. He was a
niemberof Congress from Maine 1843-t7; United States sen-
ator 1848-57; governor of .Maine in 1857; Cnited States sen-
ator 18.i7-61; Vice- President 1861-65; United States senator
1869-81 ; and United States minister to Spain 1881-83. He
was originally a Democrat, but differed with his party on
the question of slavery, and joined the Republicans about
1855.
Hamm (hiim). A town in the pro Wnee of West-
phalia, Prussia, at the junction of the Ahse
and Lijipe, 22 miles south-southeast of Miiu-
ster. It manufactures enghies. tacks, etc.; is an impor-
taait railway junction ; and has warm baths. It w.as the
ancient capital of the county of Mark. Population (1890),
10,!i03 ; commune. 24.969.
Hammarskjold (ham ' mar - sheld), Lorenzo
napolis, Md., Aug. 28, 1828. An American phy-
sician, surgeon-general of the armv 1862-64.
Among his works are " Military Hygiene " (lS«t), " Insan-
ity in its Medico-Legal Relations " (1866), " Diseases of the
Nervous System" (1871), "Insanity in its Relations to
Crime " (1873), "Spiritualism, etc.' (1876), "Cerebral Hv-
pera-niia, etc." (1878), "On Certain Conditions of Nervous
Derangement " (1881). Among his novels are " Robert Se-
veme" (1866), "Dr. Grattan " (1884), "Lai" (1884), "On
theSusquehanna"(1887), etc.
Hammurabi (ham-mo-ra'be). The first king of
all Babylonia, with residence in the city of Baby-
lon. Inhis" ■ ■
himself great alike in warand peace. He drove out the rem.
nants of the Elamitic invaders, united North and South
Babylonia (Shuniir and Akkad) under his sway, and made
Babylon the metropolis of the united kingdom, which it
remained during the wholeof its existence for nearly 2,000
years, so that he may be termed the founder of the Baby-
lonian empire. After freeing and uniting the country, he
turned his attention to its protection and interior prosper-
ity. To obviate the dis;istrous inundations and at the
Hampton Court Conference. A conference
appointed by James I., at Hampton Court, in
1604, to settle the disputes between the Puritan
party and the High-Church party iu the Church
of England, it was conducted on tliree days (Jan. 14
16, and IS), and resulted in a few alterations of the liturgy!
but entirely failed to secure the objects sought by the
Puritans. An important indiiect result of it was the re-
vision of the Bible called the King James's or authorized
version, which was suggested at that time.
Hampton Normal and Agricultural Insti-
tute. A training-school for negroes and Indians,
situated near Hampton, Virginia, establisheil by
General S. C. iVi-mstrong in 1868, and incorpo-
rated by the State of Virginia in 1870. its object
is to train young men and women of the negro and Indian
S^'fej- jSr^\^:^Z t:^ Hamon (a,m6^' j^Jean Louis. _Born at Plouha,
holm, Oct. 15, 1827. A Swedish critic and
poet. His chief work is " Sveuska Vitterhe-
ton" ("Swedish Belles-Lettres," 1818-19: re-
vi.sed edition 1833)
Hanune (hiim'me). A town in the province of
East Flanders, Belgium, situated on the Durme
20 miles northwest of Brussels. Population
(189(1), 12,039.
Hanimelburg (ham'mel-boro). A small town
in Lower Franconia, Bavaria, on the Franeo-
nian Saale 22 miles north ot Wurzburg.
Hammer (ham'mer), Friedrich Julius. Bom
at Dres<len. June 7. 1810 : died at Pillnitz, near
Dresden, Aug. 23. 1862. A (Jerman poet and
novelist. His works include the novel "Leben und
Trauin' (1839), the poetical collection "Schau um dich Hamnden-Sldnev Collptro
und schan ir, dich " (1851),_etc. l^«rnin7^»rt,,„t:S ^r..; I„
In his long reign (about 2287-2232 B. c.) he showed W^^^i-^TvL^T^^r '""°1^ ttey' "wn People.
(great .alike in warand peace. He drcive out the rem Hampton Roads (hamp'ton rodz). A channel
connecting the estuary of James Kiver with
Chesapeake Bay, situated south of Fort Mom-oe,
Virginia. Here, March S, 1862, the Confederate ironchid
Virguiia (Merrimac) destroyed the Federal frigates Cum-
berland and Congress ; and the following day there was a
contest between the Virginia and the ironclad ilonitor,
the former retiring. This was the fli'St engagement be-
same time to pr.mde the country- with water; hee^ecured tt"'!!"!''™'''^^^ <j„„., „ ,. .
one ot the greatest works, the excavation Ota gigantic ca- -Iiampton, Wade. Born in bouth Carohna m
" ■ " " 1 '00 : died at Columbia, S.C, Feb. 4. 1835. An
American general and politician. He served with
distinction under Marion and Sumter in the Revolution ;
obtained the rank of major-general in 1813 ; was repulsed
in an attack on Sir George Prevost at Chateaugay, Oct. 28,
1813 ; and frustrated the expedition against Montreal by
his unwillingness to cooperate with his rival. General
Wilkinson.
Hampton, Wade. Born at Columbia, S. C,
March 28, 1818. An American general in the
Confederate service, and politician, grandson
of Wade Hampton (1754-1835). He was an able
cavalry commander in the Civil War, commanding the
Hampton Legion at Bull Run 1861, and serving with dis-
tuiction at Seven Pines, Antietam, Gettysburg, etc. He
was governor of South Carolina 1876-79, and Uuited States
senator from that State 1879-91.
Hamun (hii-mon'). A large morass on the bor-
ders of Persia, Afghanistan, and Baluchistan.
- a giganti(
nal, named after him nahr-Hamrnurabi, later famous as
"theroy.ilcanal of Babylon." Besides this, he constructed
a great walk along the Tigris, and erected many temples.
Numerous inscriptions of him have survived.
Hamoaze (ham-oz'). The estuary of the river
Tamar, near Ph-mouth. England."
Cotes-du-Nord, France, May 5, 1821: died at
St.-Raphael, Var, France, "May 29, 1874. A
French painter, chiefly of genre scenes.
Hampden (hamp'den), John. Born at London
in 1594: died at Thame, O.xfordshire, England,
June 24, 1643. AcelebratedEuglishstatesman.
He entered Parliament in 1621, was one of the leaders of
the patriotic party in the Short and Long Parliaments, and
was one of the " five meml>ers " impeached by Charles I.
1642. He commanded a regiment for the Parliament 1642-
1613, and was mortally woundeil at Chalgrove Field. June
J&.TiL^^n^l''H=*„,'i;d°"nw'''Vi''n"''";'^"i•'''>"''''°' HanaStes (hau'a-fits). The oldest and most
tne King I'. John Hampden before the Court of Exchequer, - "
16:i7-38, for resisting the collection of the obsolete tax of
ship-money, which Charles I. attempted to revive without
the authority of Parliament. The case was decided against
A popular surname
A
Hammer (ham'er), The,
of .Judas Maccaba?us
Hammer and Scourge of England, The
surname of William Wallace.
Hammerfest (hiim'mer-tVst). A seaport in the
amt of Finmarken. Xorwav, situated on the
island of Kvalo in lat. 70° W N., long. 23° 40'
E. It exports fish, train-oil, etc., and has trade with
Russia. It is a favorite starting-point for arctic expedi-
tions, and is often visited by tourists. Population (1891),
2,239.
him, but in 1641 the House of Lords ordered the judgment
to be cancelled.
An institution of
learning situated near Farmville, Prince Ed-
ward County, southern Virginia : founded in
1775, and chartered in 1783. It has (1896) 8 in-
structors and 109 students.
Hampshire (hanip'.shir), or Southampton
(suTH-hamp'ton): abbre'viated Hants (hants).
[ME. Hamlmishire, Haiitcsshiri. AS. IJiimtun-
scir, from Hamtiin, Hampton (Southampton),
and Koir, shire.] A maritime county of England,
bounded by Berksjon the north, Surrey and Sus-
sex on the east, the English Channel on the
important of the four orthodox sects of Sunnite
Mohammedans, founded by Abu-Hanif ah of Al-
Kufah (about 700-770), a" puritan in doctrine
and the author of a system of jurisprudence.
.\lso Haiiitites.
Hanau (hii'nou). A town in the province of
Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, at the junction of the
Kinzig and Main, 10 miles east of Frankfort-on-
the-Main. it has flourishing commerce and manufac-
ttn-es. The Grimm brothers were born there. It was the
capital of an ancient countship of Hanau. Here, Oct. 3(^
1813, Napoleon, with 70,i>00 men, encountered on the retreat
from Leipsic an Austro- Bavarian army of 30,0tl0 men under
Wrede, who was compelled to retire after having mtlicted
severe losses on the Fi-ench. Population (1890), commune,
25,029.
Hancock ihan'kok), Albany. Born at New-
castle-on-Tyne, Dec. 24, 1806 : died there, Oct.
Hancock, Albany
24, 1873. An Eii^Iisli zoolofjist. Ho wrote, with
AdlfT, *' Mouognipli of British Nudibnint'hiate
Mollusea'* {184r>-55), etc.
Hancock (hau'kok), John. Born at Qnincy,
Mass., Jan, 11', 1737: died at Quiui'y,Oot.8,1793.
A noted Amerieau statesman. Ue was president
of the Provincial Congress 1774-7.'» ; president of Congress
1775-77 ; the first Bigner of the Declai-ation of Indepen-
dence; andmtvirncri.f Massachusetts 1780-Sr> and 1787-93.
Hancock, Winfield Scott. Born at Montgom-
ery Square, Pa., Feb. 14, 1824: tlied at Gov-
ernor's Island, near New York, Feb. 9, 1886.
An eminent Ameriean general, lie graduated at
West Point in 1844 ; served as a lieutenant in the Mexican
war; was commissioned a lirigadier-general of volunteers
at the outbreak of tlie Civil War; served under McClellan
in the Peninsular campaign; commanded a division liur-
Ing the second day's Hglit at Antietam, Sept. 17, 18(i"i, and
at Fredericksburg, Uec. i;J, 1S62; coniniantied a corps at
Gettysburg, July 13, lHt;:i, and at Spottsylvania Court
House (where he to(»k 4,i)(K) prisoners), May 12, 18tU ; was
commander of the military department of the Atlantic
1872-86; and was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate
for the presiileiiry in 1880.
Hancock House. An old house formerly stand-
ing in Boston, MassiU'husetts. it was built in 1737,
and was the residence of (jovernor John Hancock 1780-93.
It was deni< dialled in 1863.
Handegg Fall (hiin'deg fal). A cascade of the
Aare, in the eastern part of the Bernese Ober-
land, Switzerland. Hei^^ht, 250 feet.
Handel (lianMf*i),Greorge Frederick, Cl.Georg
Friedrich Handel. Born at Halle, Prussia, Feb,
23, 108.'): ^lied at Lomlon, April 14, 17.")9. Aeele-
brateil (u-rman (.'omposor. He studied withZachau,
organist «f the cathedral at Halle, for 3 years. He tlien
went to Berlin, wliere his powers of improvisation caused
him to be regarded as a prodigy ; then to Halle, where his
father died. It became necess:iry for him to support his
mother, and he went to Hamburg, where he entered the
orchestra of the Opera House as " violino di ripieno." He
soon became known, imd was made conductor. lu 1705
his titst opera, "Almira," was produced there. In 1706 he
went to Italy. Returning to Ciermany in 1709, he accepted
tlie position of kapellmeister from the Elector of Han-
over, on condition that he should be allowed to visit Eng-
land, having already received pressing invitations to do
80. Hellrst wentto London in 1710. His opera "Rinaldo"
was i)roduced there in 1711. He undertook the direction
of the Italian opera in 1720. Buononcini and Ariosti, both
of whom he had known at Halle, also went to London
about this time ancl formed an opposition to him, which
gave rise to much feeling and to Byrom's epigram ending
"Strange all this dilference slnmld be
■ rwixt Tweedledum and Tweedle4lee !*'
From 1729-;M he was in partnership with Heidegger at the
King's Theatre. In 1737 he became bankrupt. In 1739,
when he whs at}ont 54, lie began to compose the oratorios
which made him famous. In 17.'')2hew:is attacked by cata-
ract, and was couched three times. butwithoutsuccess. He
was nearly if not entirely blind for the rest of his life, but
continue*! to luesiileat the (U'gan during his own oratorios.
Hl» fame iiicieaseil. and the animosity which had pursued
him duriiivc liis earlier years died away. He is best known
by his .n-al'.rios "Esther" (1720), "Saul" (1739), "Israel
in Egypt " (17^9), " The ilessiah " (1742), " Samson "(1743),
".ludas Maccaba;u8"(1747), "Joshua" (1748), "Jephthah"
(17r.-*), ct^'. He wrote 23 oratorios, more than 40 tiperas,
" Acis and Oalatea" and "Alexander's Feast" (cantatas),
besides a great deal of church and chamber music, odes,
songs, etc. See his *'Life'" by Mainwaring, Scholcher, and
("hrysander.
Handel and Haydn Society. An American
iiiiisical so<'ifty, fimnded at lioHton in 1815.
Handel Society. 1. An Ei»glish soeiety for the
pniilication of Handel's works, formed in 1843
iiin\ dissolved in 1S4H. His works were issued
l.S43-r)S.— 2. [(>. /landel-aesf'Ksrltaft.'] A Ger-
man soeiety for tiie puljJieation of Hauihd's
works, formed in ]H')V). Tht-se works have been
puidishod siiire ls.')i) nndor the editorship of
rhrysander.
Handsome Swordsman, The. [F. Le beau sa-
l>fn(r.] A suriiMinr {^'iven to Murat.
Han dynasty, s.e tlie extract.
In the year 2u7 B. 0. another period of anarchy was
ended by Kaou-te, who. gathering up again all China under
Ids rule, founded the celebrated Han dynasty, which Iluur-
ishi'd till 220 A. !>.. or, roughly speaking, from the days of
Hannibal to those of ('aracalla,
Hinhjkin, Italy and her Invaders, II. 10.
Haneberg ihii'ne-bero). Daniel Bonifacius
von. Horn at Tanne, near Koujptrn, liavai'ia,
Juno 17, l.SKi: died at Spires, Bavaria, May
31, 187G. A (Jerman Koman CathoUe prelate
and tlieolo|^ian. He was professor of theology at Mu-
nich KS41 ol, abbot 1814, and Idahop of Spires Is72. He
wrote V!u-ioua theologjeal. historical, and polemical works.
Hanega ( lian'o-gil). A tribe of North American
liniians, livinfj^ on the west coast of Prince of
Wales Island, Alaska. Thoy number 587. See
l\it(usvhifu.
Hanes (hil'nez). An ancient Egyptian city
(Isa. XXX. 4). Sec the ('xtract.
But what and where was Hanes? The (Ireek trajislators
of the nbl Testtimcnt, labouring hi I'gypt, could not tell;
the patient Chaldees who paraphrased the Scripture in
the vulgar tongue of ralesllne could not tell, (^iesenlus,
that prince of modern Hebrew scholars, guessed that
479
Hanes must be the city which the Copts called Hnes, the
Greeks Heracleopolis, the town of Hercules, one the civil,
the other the religious name.
Poole, Cities of Egypt, p. 31.
Hangchow-fu (hang'chon-fo'). The capital of
the province of Chekian^, Cliina, situated near
the river Tsien-tang, about lat. 30° 16' N., long.
120° 15' E. It was lung noted fur its trade and its silk
mamifacturcs, and as a literary center. It was held by
the Taipings 1801-64. Population, estimated, isOO.OOO.
HangO-Udd (hiing'ge-od'). A seaport in Fin-
land, situated at the entrance of the Gulf of
Finland, in lat. 59° 51' N., long. 22° 57' E.
Here, Aug. 7, 1714, the Russians <lcfeated and
captured the Swedish atlmiral Ehreuskjold.
Han-hai (hJiti-hi'J. A name of the western part
of the (iolii desert, or of that desert itself.
Hanifites. See }{<iuafitrs.
Hanka (hjink'ii), Vaclav. Born near Konig-
j^i-jitz, Bohemia, June 10, 1791 : died at Prague,
Jan. 12, 18()1. A Bohemian philologist and poet,
author of grammatical works on Bohemian and
other Slavic' languages.
Hanke, or Haenke (henk'e), Thaddeus. Born
at Ki-eibit/. Bohemia, Oct. 5, 17G1 : died near
Cochabamba, Upper Peru, Dee., 1817, A Bo-
hemian botanist. As naturalist of Malaspina's expe-
dition, he wentto Peru, 1790 ; and, after visiting Chile, Cali-
fornia, Mexico, and the Philippines, fixed his residence in
Cochabamba, 1796, founding a botanical garden, 'rhence
he made various excursions. He published in Spanish a
work on the Peruvian tributaries of the Amazon. His bo-
tanical writings were printed aft«r his death.
Hankel(hank'eI),Wilhelm Gottlieb. Born at
Ermslel)en, Prussia, May 17, 1814. A German
jihysieist, professor of physics at Leipsic 1849-
1887, best known for his researches in elec-
tricity. His investigations have been princi-
pally of the thermo-electric properties of crys-
tals.
Hankow (hiin-kou'). A river port in the prov-
ince of Hupeh, China, situated at the conflu-
ence of the Han with the Yangtse, opposite
Hanyang and nearly opposite Wuchang, in lat.
30° 33' N., long, lli*^ 20' E. it was opened to for-
eign trade in 1801, and exports tea. Population, 800,000;
with Hanyang and Wuchang, 1,200,000.
Hanley (han'li). A town in Staffordshire, Eng-
land, 31 miles south of Manchester, it is noted
for pottery manufacture, and returns I member to Pai'lia-
ment, ropulution (1891), 54,846.
Hannah (hau'ii). [Heb., 'grace*; Gr. 'iii-ca.]
A wife of Elkanah, and mother of the prophet
Samuel.
Hannay (han'a), James. Born at Dumfries,
Scotland, Feb. 17, 1827: died at Barcelona,
Spain, Jan. 9, 1873. A British critic, novelist,
and miscellaneous author. From 1840^S he was a
midshipman in the royal navy, and consul at Bsircelona
18C8-73. Among his works are "Satire and Satirists"
(18r»4), "Studies on Thackeray "(1869), the novels "Single-
ton Kontenoy " (1850), " Eustace Conyers " (1855), and crit-
ical essays.
Hannibal (han'i-l>al). [Punic, 'grace of Baal';
Li. JIaiuiibalj F. Hannibal^ Annibalj It. Annib<ilCj
Sp. AKibal.'\ Born 247 b. c. : committed suicide
at Libyssa, Bithynia, probably 183 B. 0. A fa-
mous Carthaginian general, sou of Hamilcar
Barca. He accompanied his father U) Spain al)out 238 ;
succeeded Hasdrubal us cninniander of the army in 221 ;
completed tin.- cutniiRst of Spain south of the Ebro 221-
219 ; besieged and t<nik Sat; mil nm in 219; crossed the Alps,
probably by way of the Littltj St. Bernard, in 218; gained
the victories of the Ticino and the Trebia in 218, of Lake
Trasimene in 217, and of Canntc in 21 tS ; wintered at Capua
216-215 ; captured Tarentum in 212 ; marched against Rome
in 211 ; and was recalled to Africa In 20.'*. He was defeated
by Scipio Africanus Major at Zama 202. He bocanio the
chief magistrate of Carthage, and about fll5 was exileil to
Syria, and later to Bithynia.
Hannibal. A city in Marion (\)unty, Missouri,
situated on the Mississippi in lat. 39° 44' N.,
long. 91° 23' W. It is an important railway,
commercial, and manufacttiring center. Popu-
lation (1890), 12,857.
Hannington (h;in'ing-ton). James. Born near
Hrighlon. Knglaiid, Si'])t. 3, 1S47: killed near
hak(^ Victoria Nyanza, Ot. 29, 1885. An Eng-
lish divine, l)isliop of eastern equatorial Africa.
He sailed as a missionary for Africa in March. 1882, but
shortly returned to England. He was iiopninted bishop,
and returned Ui Africa in 1884. In 1885 he headed an ex-
pedition to open up a route to Victoria Nyanza. With a
small party he reached the lake, but was captured by tlie
natives and nmrdered.
Hanno (han'6). King of Gaza, one of the five
confederate cities of tlie Philistines, h,. isoften
mentioned by the name of Uanunu in the Assyrian in-
scriptions, and was involved in tlie cuntlict between As-
syria and Egypt, (inza being the frontier fortress on the
Egyptinii highway barring the rond to the south. He is
first mentioned in the annuls of Tiglath-IMleser III. (74r»-
727), against whom he relielled, but at the approach of
whose iinny <about 7.S2) he fleil to Egypt. Afterward he al-
lied himself with Sabaco, the Ethiopian king of Egypt (the
biblical So, Assyrian Sabe), against 8ai-gou II. <722-70&),
Hanover
shared the defeat of Sabaeo in the memorable battle of
Kapliia (7-''i), and Wiis carried captive to AsMria.
Hanno (han'6). Lived proViaVdy in the ilth cen-
tury B. c. A Carthaginian naWgator who led
a colonizing expedition to the western coast of
Africa. An account of his voyage is extant iu a Greek
translation ("I'eriplus ").
"In the tluurishing times of Carthage " (no nearer date
is known), Hanno and Himilco, two brothei-s belonu'ingto
the dominant clan of Mago.were despatclied by the Senate
to tlnd new tradhig stations, and to found new euluiiies of
the half-bred "Liby-rhoenician" population, from whose
presence the State was lUways anxious to be freed. Each
admiral was in command of a powerful lleet. Hanno was
directed to go south from the Pillars of Hercules, and to
skirt the African coast; Himilco was in like manner di-
rected to keep to the coastof Spain. The records ()f both
voyages were long preserved upon tablets in the temple
of Moloeh ; and Hanno's account is still extant in a Greek
transbilion. Himilco's tablet is lost, though it seems to
have been extant as late as the fourth century of the
Christian era; but its form is known from the *' Periplus
of Hanno,' and its substance is, to some extent, preserved
in the extracts of Avienus.
Eltun, Origins of Kng. Hist., p. 20.
Hanno (han'o). surnamed "The Great." Lived
in the 3d century b. C. A leader of the aristo-
cratic party at Carthage, an opponent of Hamil-
car Barca and Hannibal.
Hanno, or Anno (an'6), Saint. Killed 1075.
An archbishop of Cologne. He became chancellor
of the empire in tlie reign of Henry III., and was elevated
to the see of Ctdogne in 1056. In liMi'2, placing hinmelf at
the head of the jirinces disnffeLt*-.! witli tin- ailmhiistra-
tion of the regent Agnes of I'oiton, be ;il'iiii< ted Ihr ynung
kingHenrylV, from Kaiserswerth to Cologne, and usurped
the regency.
Hannover (hiin-no'ver), Eng. Hanover (han'-
6-ver), F. Hanovre (ii-nov'r). A province of
t*nissia. Capital. Hannover. The main portion is
bounded by tiie North Sea, Oldenburg, Schleswig-Hol-
stein, and lianiliuig(separ:iteil frnin these two liy the Elbe)
on the noil li, Meekleiibnig and T.i aiidtri I iurt;(. separated by
the Elbe) on the norlheust, the province ttf Saxony on the
east, Brunswick, Waldeek, Lippe, 8cb:unnliurt.'-Li|)pe,
and Westphalia on the south, and the Xi-tlieiliui'ls and
Oldenburg on the west. It is nearly cut in two i>y Olden-
burg. South of it is a detached portion, separated by Bruns-
wick, and reaching south to Hesse-Nassau, and there are
several minor exclaves. The surface is generally level ; the
Harz, Weser hills, and Teutoburger Wald are in the south.
The chief rivers ai'e the Ems, Weser (with the AUer and
Leine), and Elbe. The lending oceupationis agriculture.
In the south are mines of coal, iron, lead, copper, and silver.
There are considerable manufactures. The province is di-
vided into 6 districts — Hannover, Hilde8heim,0snabruck,
Liinei)urg, Aurich, and Stade. The great majority of the
population is Protestant Hannover formed part of the
old dudiy of Saxony. The \W-U house, wliicli had ac-
quired Bavaria in 1070, obtained Luneburg, etc., in 1120.
After the deposition (1180) of Henry tlie Lion, duke of
Saxony and Bavaria, his son \Yilliam obtained (1203) Lline-
burg, the Upper Harz, etc. His son Otto was made duko
of Brunswick and Liineburg in 1235, and acquired
Celle, Hannover, etc. There were various divisions and
reunions, and finally two main lines, Luneburg and
Wolfenbiittel. In 1692 the principality of Liineburg be-
came the electorate of Hanover. The second elector,
GeorgeLouis, succeeded to the British throne astJeorge I.
in 1714 (founder of the British line of Hanover, Bruns*
wiek, (tr the Guelfs : see Uenrye I.). The duchies of Bre-
men and Verden were acquired in 1719. Hannover was
occupied l)y the French in 1803 ; was ceded to Prussia in
1805 ; and was taken from Trussia in 180", Part of it was
allotted to the kingdom of Westphalia in 1S07, and another
portion in ISIO. It was liberated in 1S13. Hy the Con-
gress of Vienna (1814-15) it was raised to a kingdom, and
received accessions (East Kriesland, Hildesheim, etc.). It
entered the Germanic Confederation in 1815. A constitu-
tion was given lo it in 1833, which was suspendetl in 1837.
Hannover was separatetl from Great Britain in 1S37. Ernest
Augustus, duke of Cumberland, succeeding King William
of England. An alliance between Prussia, Hannover, and
Saxony wxs formed in I84i). Hannover sided with Austria
against Prussia in lS(f6. It was annexed to I'l-ussia in 186ti.
The Duke of Cumberland (representative of tlie house of
the Guelfs) resigned his claims on Hannover in 1892, re-
ceiving in excliangc from Prussia the "(Jnejf fund." (See
Bnnifin'ck.) Area, M,S53 square miles. J'opulation (18iK>),
2,27^.3r.i.
Hannover, En^^ Hanover. The capital of the
province of Hannover. Prussia, situated on the
Leine in lat. 512° 23' N., l<nij?. iP 43' K. It has
recently bcconie an important railway, commercial, and
mainifacturing center. It niaiiufactuios iron, nmehinery,
etc. Among the objects of interest are the Waterloo
column, war monument. Ket*f ncr rnusenni, palace, Mai'kt-
kirche. museum, picture i.Mlb r>, Katbuns, and theater.
Near the city are the Ileiienbiinsen ea^tle and the p»dy-
teclmic sehool (former Wi-iffit'Si-hlims). It was an ancient
Hanseatic town and a former ducal antl roval capital.
Population (1800), l<WJ,Slt3 ; with suburbs, 194,878.
Hanoi iliil-no'i), or Kesho (kcsli'6). The cai>i-
tal of Ton^rkinp:. situntrd almuf lat. 21^ 10' N.,
loii^. 105° 40' K., on the river Sriufxlvoi or Sonj?-
ka. It was occupied by the Krencli in 1SS2.
Hanotaux (han-6-t6'), Albert Auguste Ga-
briel. Born at Beaurevoir, Aisne. Kraiiee. N<»v.
HI, isr>3. A French author and slntesinnn, min-
ister oi" forei^^n ntTairs 1894-95 and IS9(»-.
Hanover. Set^ llftvnover.
Hanover. A town in Grafton County. New
ilMinjtsliire, situntcd (Ui the ( 'oimectietit. Kiver.
It is the seat of Dartmouth CoHego (which see).
Population (1890). 1.817.
Hanover, House of
Hanover, House of. The present reigning
family of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Irehind. See Gcorije I.
Hanover, Treaty of. An alliance for mutual
aid concluded between England, France, and
Trussia, Sept., 1725. It was directed against
the union between Austria and Kpain.
Hanover Court House. The capital of Han-
over Oonnty, Virginia, 17 miles north of Rich-
mond. Here, ll.ay27, 1S62, the Union general Fitz-John
Porter defeated a force of 13.000 Confederates. The I'nion
loss was 397 ; that of the Confederates, between 200 and
300 killed, and 7.'10 captured.
Hanover Square. A square in the West End
of London, south of Oxford street and west of
Regent street. It received its name in the days of the
early popularity of George I. St. George's, Hanover Square,
is the most fashionable church for niaiTiages in London:
it gives name to one of the parliamentary boroughs. The
Sfiuare was built about 1731, when the place for executions
was removed from Tyburn, lest the inhabitants of the
" new square" should be annoyed by them. The bronze
statue of William Pitt in the square is by Chautrey(1831).
Iliire, London, II. 138.
Hansa, The. See Hanseatic League.
Hansard (han'sard), Luke. Bom at Norwich,
England, July 5, 1752 : died at London, Oct.
29, 1828. An English printer, best known from
his publication of parliamentary reports. He
printed the "Journal of the House of Com-
mons from 1774."
Hanseatic League (han-se-at'ik leg), or the
German Hanse or Hansa. A medieval con-
federation of cities of northern Germany and
adjacent countries, called the Hanse towns, at
one time numbering about 90, with affiliated
cities in nearly all parts of Eiu'ope, for the pro-
motion of commerce by sea and land, and for
its protection against pirates, robbers, and hos-
tile governments. At the height of its prosperity it
exercised sovereign powers, made treaties, ami often en-
forced its claims by arms in Scandinavia, England, Portu-
gal, and elsewhere. Its origin is commonly dated from
a compact between Hamburg and Liibeck in 1241, al-
though commercial unions of German towns had existed
previously. The league held triennial general assem-
blies (usually at Liibeck, its chief seat) ; and, after a long
period of decline and attempts at resuscitation, the last
general assembly, representing 6 cities, was held in 1660.
The name waa retained, however, by the union of the free
cities of Liibeck, Hamburg, and Bremen, which are now
members of the German Empire.
Hansen (hiin'sen), Heinrich. Bom at Haders-
leben, Schleswig, Nov. 23, 1821 : died at Copen-
hagen, July 11, 1890. A Danish architectural
(lainter.
Hansen, Peter Andreas. Bom at Tondem,
Schleswig. Dec. 8, 1795: died at Gotha. Ger-
many, March 28, 1874. A noted German as-
ti'onomer (originally a watchmaker), director
of the oliservatory at Gotha from 1825. He
wrote " Methode zur Berechnung der absoluten Stbrun-
gen derkleinen Planeten "(1856-.^9), "Tables de lalune"
(1867), " Tables du soleil" (with Olafsen, 1864-57), etc.
Hansi (hiin'se). A town in the Panjab, India,
so miles northwest of Delhi. Population, about
12.000.
Hansom (han'som), Joseph Aloysius. Bom
at York, England, Oct. 2G. 1803 : died at Lon-
don. June 29, 1882. An English architect, inven-
tor of a patent safety cab which was named from
him the " Hansom." The principal feature of the
original vehicle was the " suspended " axle. It had no out-
si<le seat.
Hansteen (hiin'stan), Christopher. Bom at
Christiania, Norway, Sept. 26, 1784: died at
(ihristiania, April 15, 1873. A Norwegian as-
tronomer and physicist, noted especially for
his researches in terrestrial magnetism. He
published " Untersuchungen iiber den Magnetisnius der
Erde " (1819), " Kesultate magnetischer, etc., Beobachtun-
gen " (1.S63), etc.
Hanswurst (hilns'vorst). [G.,' Jack Sausage.']
.\ conventional V)uffoon in old German comedy.
See Clottsclicd.
Ue waa servant, messenger, spy, intrigant, and conjuror,
and was dressed in motley and provided with a crack-
ing whip, like the old gleeman. He was obscene and vul-
gar, a great eater and drinker, a braggart and a cowaid.
He was the hero of farce and the jester of tragedy, and he
even forced his way into Hamburg Opera. ... He went
under different names at different periods, Pickelhering,
Uarleciuin, and Hanswurst being the most frequent. . . .
As early as 1708 a German theatre was established in the
imperial capital, and its founder, .Joseph Stranitzky, a Si-
lesian, made extensive use of the characters aud plots of
Italian farce: he himself acted H.orlequin, to whom he
gave the old German name of Hanswurst, a title borne
occasionally by the clown of the earlier drama. He made
him appeal liiore directly to the Vientiese. His Hanswurst
came from Salzburg, just as the Italian Arlecchino came
from Bergamo, and i>oth were made to speak in their na-
tive dialect. As Arlecchino has his own special costume,
made of triangular patches of cloth, so Hanswurst always
appeared as a peasant with the characteristic green pointed
hat. Scherer, Hist. German Lit. (trans.), I. 398.
480
Hantiwi (han-te'we), orHantewa (Imn-ta'wa).
An almost extinct tribe of North American In-
dians. See I'lildihiiiliaii.
Hants. See H(iiiij)sliire.
Hanuman (ha'no-miin). [Skt., lit. 'having
(large) jaws.'] In Hindu mythology, a monkey
chief who is a conspicuous figure in the Rama-
yana. He and the other monkeys who assisted Riima in
his war against Ravana were of divine origin and superhu-
man powers. Hanuman jumped from India to Ceylon in
one bound, tore up trees, carried aw.ay the Himalayas, and
peTfonned other wonderful exploits. AcctmipanyingRama
on his returTi to Ayodliya, he received from him the reward
of perpetual life and youth. His exploits are favorite
topics among Hindus from childhood to old age, paintings
of tliem are common, and there are temples for his worship.
Hanumannataka (han"o-man-nat'a-ka). In
Sanskrit literature, a drama, by various hands,
on the subject of the adventures of the mon-
key chief Hanuman, written in the 10th or 11th
century.
Hanway (han'wa), Jonas. Born at Portsmouth,
England, Aug. 12, 1712: died at London, Sept.
5, 1786. An English traveler and philanthropist.
He became the partner of an English merchant in St.
Petersburg in 1743 ; and 1743-44 made a mercantile jour-
ney to Persia, in which he suffered many misfortunes.
He published an account of it in 1758. His later years
were occupied with vai'ious philanthropic schemes, espe-
cially in behalf of poor children. He advocated the es-
tablishment of Sunday-schools. He is said to have been
the first habitually to cany an umbrella in the streets of
London.
Hanyang (hiin-yang'). A large city in China,
nearly adjoining Hankow (which see).
Haparanda (hii-iiii-rau'dii), properly Haapa-
ranta (ha-pii-ran'tii). A small town in the laen
of Norrbotteu, Sweden, situated at the head of
the Gulf of Bothnia, opposite TorneS,, on the
boundarv of Sweden and Finland, in lat. 65°
51' N., long. 24° 2' E.
Hapi (ha'pe). In Egyptian mythology, the Nile
as a deity; the god Nilus.
We can more easily understand the worship of the god
Hapi, the Nile. We can readily realise that the Egyptians
paid divine honours to the river that brouglit them all
blessings. It is true no special temples seem to have been
erected to this god, but we find that gifts were presented
to him everywhere, and he was worshipped as a god in
hymns and was identified with other gods.
La Saussaye, Science of Religion (trans. X p. 411.
Hapitu. See Tti.taiian.
Happy Valley, The. In Johnson's " Rasselas,"
a garden of peace where the Prince of Abyssinia
lived. It was almost impossible to get into or
out of it. See Fosselas.
Hapsburg (liaps'lu'-rg; G. pron. hilps'boro), or
Habsburg(hiii>s'i..;r(;). House of. IGMupKbun/,
lloh-sbiinj, oiig. lltihiclitshuni, hawk's castle.] A
German princely family which derived its name
from the castle of Hapsbm'g (which see), and
which has furnished sovereigns to the Holy Ro-
man Empire, Austria, and Spain. The title Count
of Hapsburg was assumed by Werner I., who died in 1096.
Count Rudolf was elected tniperdr as Rudolf I. in 1273
and acipiired Austria, and foniidetl the impeiial line which
reigned 1273-91, 1298-1308, 1438-1740. Riulolf IV. became
archduke of Austria in 1453. In 1477 the emperor Maxi-
milian I. acquired the domain (except the duchy) of the
ducal house of Burgundy by marriage with the heir-
ess Mary, and in 14!)0 had all the Uapslturg possessions
united in his hands by thealKlication of Count Sigismund.
His son Philip the Fair married .Toanna the Insane, queen
of Aragon and Castile. Their eldest son became king of
Spain as Charles I. in 1516, and emperor as Charles V. in
1519; their second son Ferdinand received the Austrian
crown, to which he added liy election the kingdoms
of Bohemia and Hungary. The Spanish line was continued
by Charles's son Philip II., and reigned 1516-1700. On the
abdication of the imperial crown liy Charles V, in 15.66. he
was succeeded by his lirother Ferdinand, who continued
the imperial line, the last male representative of which
was Charles VI. On the death ol Charles VI. in 1740, his
daughter Maria Theresa succeeded to the Austrian inher-
itance by virtue of the pragmatic sanction (which see).
She married Francis I., grand duke of Tuscany, of the house
of Lorraine, who became emperor in 174.5, and founded
the Hapsburg-Lorraine line, members of which ruled as
emperors of the Holy Roman Emjiire until its abolition in
1S06. ami have since ruled as emperors of Austria,
Hapsburg Castle. See the extract.
Haiishmg is a castle (built about A. Ii. 1020) in the Aar-
gau on the banks of the Aar, and near flie line of railway
from Often to Zurich, from a point on wimli a glimpse of
it maybe had. "Within the ancient walls of Vindonissa,"
says Gibbon," the c:istle of Hapsburg, the abbey of Konigs-
felden, and the t(»wn of Brugg have successively arisen.
The philosophic traveller may compare the monuments of
Roman conquests, of femlal or Austrian tyranny, of monk-
ish superstition, an<i of industrious freed<^m. If he be
truly a idiilosopher, he will applaud the merit and happi-
ness of his own time." Brijcf, Holy R*)man Empire, p. 213.
Hapur (ha-por'). A town near Meerut, India.
Har. Same as Ilormahhu.
Hara (hii'ra). In Hindu mythology, a name of
Shiva.
Haraforas. See Alfures.
Harald. See Harold.
Harau (ha'ran). [Heb. Haran, Assyro-Baby-
Hardee
Ionian Harrauu, Gr. Xn/i/ini', L. Carrie or Char-
»•«.] A city in Mesopotamia, situated on the
Bellas (Belich, ancient Bilichus), a small afflu-
ent of the Euphrates, 10 hours southeast from
Edessa. The Assyrian meaning of the name is 'road,'
probably so called as the crossing-point of the .Syrian, As-
syrian, and Babylonian trade routes. In the tdd Testament
it is mentioned in connection with the patrim-ehs, and
Ezekiel (xxvii. 23) speaks of it as a coiisideiable trading
center. It is often mentioned in the cuneiform inscrip-
tions. It was an ancient seat of the worship of the moon-
god Sin; and Nabunaid, the last Babykudan king (555-
.538 B. c.\ relates that Sin, in a dream, commanded him
to restore his temple E-h\d-hul ('house of joy') in Haran,
which was destroyed by the Scythians during their inva-
sion under Asurbanipal. Naliunaid thereupon restored
or rather completed the restoration of the temple, and
adoi-ned the city. Haran became famous among the
Romans, being near the scene of the defeat of Ci'assus by
the Parthians. About the time of the Christian era it ap-
pears to have formed part of the kingdom of Edessa. After-
ward it came with tliat kingdom under the dominion of the
Romans. In the 4th century it was the seat of a bishop.
At present it is a small village inhabited by a few Arab
families.
Harar (ha-rar'), orHurrur (hor-rSr'). 1. A
small state in the Galla country, eastern Africa.
— 2. The capital of Harar, situated about lat.
9° 23' N., long. 42° E. Population, about 37,000.
Harari (hii-ra're), or Adari (a-dii're). A Se-
mitic dialect, mixed with Hamitic words, spoken
only in the important city and small state of
Harar. The language is allied with Gecz and
Amharic. The people are Mohammedans.
Harbour Grace (hiir'bor gras). A seaport in
southeastern Newfoundland, situated on Con-
ception Bay 29 miles west-northwest of St.
John's. Population (1891), 7,054.
Harburg (hiir'borG). A river port in the prov-
ince of Hannover, Prussia, situated on the south-
ern arm of the Elbe 6 miles south of Hambm'g.
It is increasing in importance. Population
(1890), 3.5,081.
Harcourt (har'kort). 1. A character in Shak-
spere's "Henry IV.," part 2. — 2. A character
in Wycherley's play " The Country Wife."
Harcourt, Simon, first Viscoimt Harcourt. Born
about 1661: died at London, July 29, 1727. An
English politician. Hewas attorney-general 1707-08,
and again in 1710 ; became keeper of the great seal in 1710 ;
and was appointed lord chancellor in 1713. He lost his
office in 1714. He was a friend of Pope, Swift, Gay, and
other literary men of his day.
Harcourt, Simon, tirst Earl Harcourt. Bom
1714: died at Nunehara, Sept. 16, 1777. AnEng-
lish politician and general. Hew.as appointed am-
bassador at Paris in 1768, and was lord lieutenant of Ire-
land Oct., 1772,-Jan., 1777.
Harcourt, William, third Earl Harcourt. Born
March 20, 1743: died Jtme 18, 1830. An English
soldier. Het«ok part in the Revolutionary War as lien-
tenant-colonel, and in 1776 captured Genei-al Charles Lee
in his own camp (a service for which he was promoted
colonel); and became major-general in 1782, general iu
1796, and tteld-marshal in 1820.
Harcourt, Sir William George Granville Ven-
ables Vernon. Born Oct. 14, 1827. An Eng-
lish politician, grandson of Edward Vernon Har-
court, archbishop of York, and a descendant of
the first Earl of Harcourt. He was educated at Trin-
ity College, Cambridge, and called to the bar in 1854. He
entered Parliament (for Oxford) in 1868, and has sat for
Derby since 1880. He was solicitor-general 1873-74, home
secretary 1880-85, and chancellor of the exchequer in 1886,
1892-^, and 1894-5. In March, 1894, he became leader of
the Liberal party in the H<uise of Coninrons. He wrote In
the "Times," under the signature of Historicus, a series
of letters on international law, which were republished in
1863.
Hardanger Fjord (hiir'diing-er fyord). One of
the most famous fjords of Norway, off the south-
western coast, about lat. 60° N. It extends, under
various names, northeastward and then southward. It is
inclosed by mountains .and snow-lields, and is noted for its
grandeur. Near it are the Folgefond and the Vtirlngsfos.
Length 75 miles.
Hard Cash. See Ven/ Hard Cash.
Hardcastle (hiird'kas-l), Kate. In Goldsmith's
play " She Stoops to Conquer," the lively daugh-
ter of Squire Hardcastle. She takes the part of a
barmaid in order to win Marlowe, who is afraid of ladles,
and so "stoops to cominer."
Hardcastle, Squire and Mrs. Characters in
GoMsmitli's iilay " She Stoops to Conquer." The
squire is an English countiT gentleman of the old Bchwd,
fond of everything (dil. Mrs. Hardcastle. his second wife,
is an extremely "genteel " lady who devotes herself to the
spoiling of her ungrateful hobbledehoy of a son, Tony
Lumpkin.
Hardee (hiir'de), William J. Bom at Savan-
nah, Ga., Oct. 10, 1815 : died at Wytheville, Va.,
Nov. 6, 1873. An American soldier. He gradu-
ated at West Point in 1838, and served with distinction in
the Mexican war. He entered the Confederate lu-my with
the rank of colonel at the outbreak of >he Civil War ; com-
manded a corps at Shiloh ; was appointed lieutenant-gen-
eral in Oct., 1862 ; commanded the left wing of the Con-
federate array at Penyville ; and in Dec, 1864, commanded
the army which defended Savannah against Sherman.
I
Hardenberg 481 Earless
Hardenberg (har'den-berG), Qeorg Friedrich ret«ryl867-«8,8ccretar>'forwarl874-78.8ecretaryforlndia also wrote n number of political tracts. He is best known
Philinn Trnn ■ naBiiflnnvni 'MnTrQlio Run. >if W78-80, and loril prc'siiientor thiiouucil 1885-S(iauil ISSB- now as the autlliir of tile couplet
£if^^fPP,Y9? • Pseu"oii)iii rnovaus. iwni lu , He was raised to the peerage as Viscount Cranbrook „_ , „ , . . .,
Wiedersta.lt, near Mansfeld, Prussia, May 2, in 1S78, u,„i «x, created eJl of ftanbrook iu 1892. "Treason doth never prosper : what s the reason?
1772- (iipH at Wpisspnfpls Prussia Mnrph ''.T it j t i-x- t ir /^ . . i <imt Foril It prosper, none dare call it treason.
,ont . /i^. 'i J,?:!- ' Hardy.Laetitia. lu Jlrs. Co\vlevscoinedy''The _ ,, ,. , ^
1801. A uotcd German po(>t and httoratour. He Belle's Stratagem," a young girl betrothed to Harington, John. DumI at Worms, Aug. 23. 1613,
wrote the novel "Ucmnch von Ofterdmgen, and lync 0o,.ieourt ^he ii Dioucdbv his iiuliBerence into nlav An Euglislmohlemaii, the first Lord Harington,
poems. His works were published in 1802. yoiiLuuii, .sne is piquca oy nis inu merence into pia>- ,.n=ti,,. ..,„.«!„ nf sir i.,h., Hiriniri,,.. T.. i(tn'i»;,> r»
ri J 1. T. ■ ir 1 » j. ti ing successfully a part which he hates m order to turn his lie w.ts the cousin oi sir .Punii iLiniiBiun. in iihjs nc re-
naraenberg, l^rince Jiarl August von. Uorn indifference into hatred, which can more easily be turned ceivcd the ehuiBe of the I'liiicess Elizabeth, who resided
at Essenrode. Hannorer. Prussia, Mav 31, 1750: to love. »''!' h's family at Combe .\bliey. He saved her in 1605
died at Genoa. Nov. 20, IS-.. A Pn.ssian states- Hardy Sir Thomas. Bom 176!) : died 1839. An 'Jl^,' ;,^r.rtr:;;;™ "'in^^^^^^^^^^^
man. He entered the Prussian ministrj- in 1791 ; was hiiglisli naval couimander, distingmslied under coining brass farthings for 3 years, gnintcd to reimburse
minister of foreign art aii s 18W-08 and 1807 ; and was made Nelson. him for e.\peiises incurred by her extravagance. These to-
chancellor in 1810, and president of the council in 1817. Hardv ThomaS Born in Dorset, Jtuio 2, 1840 kens were called " Haiingtons " in ordinary conversation.
His memoirs were edited by Von itanke in 1877. . ,f',- ,, ,,'t:^f i,i=„.„,.L-<,i,.„i.,a„ .. n.L,.-..*,, He went abroad as royal commissioner to settle the joint-
Harderwijk (har'dei-wik). A to,™ in the prov- Remedies '(IJIaT '' ifmier the iheenwood Tree' Ts?^^^ "■■<";' ^^e pHncess, and died on the journey home,
ince of (iolderlaud, Netherlands, situated ou the "A Pair of Klue Eyes ' (is7.i), "Karfrom the Jladding Hariri (ha-re're), the surname of Abu Moham-
Zuyder Zee 31 miles east of Amsterdam, it was Crowd' (1874), "The Hand of Ethelbert" (1876), "The Re- med Kasim ben Ali, [Ar. Iiaiiri, silk-mer-
formerly an imp.)rtant Hanseatic port, and the scat of a turn of the .Native ;;(1S78) ',','''."?, ''""""P.*''-*'?.!'"' „<***',>, chant.] Born at Basra about 10r)4: died there,
noiversity from 1648 to 18.8. Population (1891X 7 694. "Two on ^a^lower^ i<Srvif,es " o'so-^ . '""'"' ""'"" about 1122. An Arabian poet. ' The most famous
naroicanute (nar'dl-ka-nut ). LAlso Hardc- Ttor<lTm<r nvfJ^rAinir /h'ar'i\\«ir\ Tnh-n Roi-ri othis works are his JIakamatC assemblies or 'seances'),
ctowtr, Uardann,!. Ilarthacut; Uh. Hardi- , vf? 7?^.^ .'i^^f ,5^ X,/f url consisting „ff,ooratorical,pnetical,moral, encomiastic, and
,-«,.i//,,v \«-« ^f„r^l,„r,lf,t^ Mm-n abnnt mid- U' '^ : "'^''1 :"io»t '-«'■'• An iMiglihll c iromcler. satirical discourses. supp.,.sed to liave been spoken or read
Caiiutll.-, Ai^. Martlllioiut] Bom about 1019. ^sa youtli he was a member of the household of Harry in public a.ssemblies. It is considered among the Arabs
died at Liambetli, near Ijondon, June b, 104J. Percy (Hotspur), and was present at the battle of shrews- as a literary classic next onlv to the Koran. Itwasinpart
King of England 1040-42, son of Canute and Ijury. He fought also at the battle of Homildon and at translated into Engli.sh by'l'ieston and Chenery ; a free
^z^^i^^r^.f^^^^^ztX'^ cSs^l^^|^:r^^^^^^m:'^p^i Ss:^n!r';;i«^i?t,:';*^:;fl^;^i^^r^^i^
y3s!;^U=;tfe!^S!ein;kfn|-^f'S;L.li?h".T^ S'eirb\lft !r,S!j^^^rn■„^■^?io'n™JrtV•^rr?^u r^ml^n^fs Harishchandxa (ha-rish-chati'dra). In ffin/u
IT J- /I--/,- N nv i T, ..n forged by him relating to the feudal relations of the Scot- mj'thology, the twenty-eighth king of the SO-
llaramg(har dmg), Chester. BomatConway, tish and English crowns. lar race, celebrated for his piety and justice.
Mass., Sept. 1, 1792 : died at Boston. April 1, H^re (har), The A constellation. See Lemis. He is the subject of legends in the Aitareyabrahmana,
1866. .Vn .\nieriean portrait-painter. TTa-ro Amnic+nc! Tnh-n nn+bbort Rom it Mahabharata, and Markandeyapurana. The first tells
Hardinff Tamp<! Dllf&pld Born 'it Dentford ^J'^^< -^V^?™? ,c?P ^, ?• i- i Ji the story of his purchasing Shunahsheiihas to be olTered
■T?^ k I'^no 1- J r? c iS \ ' Kome, March l.i, 1S34. An Enghsh author, up as a vicarious sacrifice for his own son.
Kent 1(98: died at Barnes, Surrey 1863. An nephew of J. C. and A. W. Hare. He has written Harit (har'it) or Harita (har'i-ta) fSkt 'fal-
Enghsh landscape-painter, and wnter on art. .~^^^a^ks in Rome' (IS71X "Memorials of a Quiet Life" w ' ' vpIIow ' Wp,?M In Hin^ n mvtbnln.^
He was a successful teacher of his art, and pub- (187-2), "Wanderings in Spain ' (1873), " Days near Rome ' l?'^- ■> "llow <^een. J Id Hindu mythology,
lished educational works upon it. P874V'Citiesof Norfhernand(>nt,;ainaly''(lS76),;;\Valks the mares of Indra or the sun, tpical of his
TTai..ii«>r T/»i,r, Cr.«, r7/...,f.„./, in London (1878), "t'ltics .>f Southern Italy, etc. (1883), rays : according to Max Muller, the prototype
naxamg, JOtm. frxe lltiidi/iiff. "CitiesotCentralIt.aly'(18S4),"StudiesinRussia"(1885), of the Greek Charites
Hardinge ( har'dmgl, Sir Henry, first Viscount ■•P,aris"(l887) oi rne uieeKunantes. , ^ „ , ... ,.^
Hardint'c of Lahore. Born at Wrotham, Kent, Hare, Auglistus William. Bom at Rome, Nov. Harivansha (ha-n-van/sha). In Saiisknt lit-
March 30, 178.5: died near Tunbridge Wells, 17, 1792 -llied at Rome, Feb. 18. 1834. AnEng- "^'j^^ Han s (,, f\ishnu-Knshnas) race':
Sept. 24 1856. Ad English general, tUstin- lish clergyman, brother of J C. Hare, and his l^'be f ^pa"?t^^f 'JL' Matbltra^t 'bT;;'^;f nu,rhT^^^
guished throughout the Peninsular war and at eoUaborator m "Guesses at Truth." date. The first part treats of the creation and of the pa-
Ligny. Hcwassecretaryatwar under Wellington July, Hare, JullUS CharlcS. Born at Valdagno, Italy, triarchal .and reg.il dynasties ; the second, of the life and
1828, -July, 1830: chief secretary tor Ireland .luly-Nov., Sept 13 1795 ■ died at Hurstmoneeaux Sussex, adventuresof Krishna; the third, of the tutuieof theworld
1830, and 18:i4-36 ; secretiuy at war 1841-44 ; and governor- T'„„i',,i TQT,'')•^ l'*^'^ An Vno-Hsli fli^np and and thecomiptionsof theKaliage. It was probably writ-
geucial of India 1844-48, serving as second in command fjUgl-uia, -Jan. 23, 18.W. An ^.nglisli amne antl j^^ ;„ „jg ^^y,^ „, i„,ij^
under (Jotigh in the first Sikh war. He was commander- theological writer, archdeacon ot Lewes 1840. Harkawav (hiirk'a-wa"), Grace. In Dion Bouci-
in-chiel of the British army 185'2-5(i, and was made field- He held the living of Hurstmonceau.\ from 1832. Among en„it's emnedv " 1",oiidoi Assht-hw.p " ■) vnni.o.
marslial in 1855. his works are " Mission of the Comforter " (1846) ; " The ^aiUt s c ometlv L,on(lon AssuraiK e, a j oung
TTof/Ini n,„r',l/l 5^ A ,i;=t,.ipt 5„ H,p <s;f^r^,„. Coutcst withRome"(1852); " Vindication ofLuthcr " (1854); woman of fortune, betrothed to Sir Harcoui't
HardOT (hur do-e). A district in the Sitapur „„,j^,i„„ „.((„ a. Vf. Hire, "Guesses at Truth " (1827).| Courtly, an elderly fop,
division Oudh Northwest Pro«nccs, British Hare, Robert. Born at Philadelphia, Jan. 17, Harlan (hilr'lan), James. Bom in Clark Coun-
India, intersected by lat,2i° 30 N. loug.80°10 lygi. ^^^^ ^t Philadelphia, May 15, 1858. An ty. 111., Aug. 'iS, 1820. An American Republi-
rii'^''oM ' ''""^ Population (1891), American chemist. He was professor of chemistry in can (originally a Whig) politician. HewasFnited
'•"■'»-"• the iiiedic.ll department of the University ot Pennsylvania states senator from Iowa 186.5-65; secretary of the inte-
HardoUin (iird-oan'), Jean, Born at Quim- I8I8-17. He invented the calorimotor in I8I6. Hewrote rior 1865-66 ; and United States senator 1866-73, when he
per, KUii : lUed at Paris, Sept. 3, 1729. A French "Chemical Apparatus and ManipiOations " (1836), etc. became editor of the " Washingt<.n Chronicle. "
Jesuit classical scholar, numismatist, andchro- Harefoot, Harold. See Harold. Harlan, John Marshall. Born in Boyle Coun-
nologist. He maintained in the "Piulegomeiia ad cen- Harfleur (iir-fler' ). .A seaport in the department ty, Ky., June 1, 1S33. An American jurist. He
suram veterum scriptorum " the paradox that, with a few of Seine-Inf^rieure. northern France, situated graduated from the law depaitment of Transylvania I'ni-
eiceplions, all the works ascribed t<) classical antiquity „a the L6zarde near the month of the Seine 6 versity in 18,'.3. was attorney-general of Kentucky 1863-
had been forged by monks in the l.ith centuiy, under the „;i„_ „„„f „f rj' _,.„ ,„ . . , ■ »'. 1867, and became associate justice of the Inited States Sn-
direction of a certain Severus Archontins. He also at- "llles east of Hayi'e. This was formerly aii important ^^ ^.„„^^ i„ ,^77.
tacked the genuineness of ancient coins and of all church seaport. It wa-s twee occupied by the English in the 15tb -tt. , j fleir'I-mdl Marion The nseudonvm
councils before that of Trent. He also wrote " Chrom.lo- eenturj-. Population (1891), commune, 2,30,. MarlanaUiai lami) IVlariOn. 1 lie pseudonym
gia veteris Testameriti, ■ etc. Hargravos (har'gravz), Edmund Hammond. ''' ';"^' V ,■" ^ '• ^ "*?""" iia"<^s)-
Hardt (hiirt) Mountains. A continuation of Born at ( Josport, England,about 1816. An Kng- Harlaw (har-la ). A place Ih miles northwest
the \'osges in the Rhine Palatinate, Bavaria. lislifanueraudminer,thediscovei'er()f the gold- "* Aberdeen, Scotland Here the Highlanders who
TT J m* k 1 , T-.- 1 i^i- 1 1 <■ 1 I V \ ♦ ,1- . ■ iu?:i invaded Abenlcenshire under Donald, lord of the Isles,
Hard Times. A novel by Dickens, published helds ot Australia 111 I80]. were defeated by the Eiul of Mar 1411
origiiiall\ in "Household Worils" in 1854. It Hargreave (hiir'grov). Charles James. Born Harlech (hiir 'lech). The'aiicieut cajiital of
was pulilished entire in one volume in 1854. at Wortley, near IjeedSjDec, 1820: dicdatBray. Merionetlishire, Wales, situated on the coast
Hardwar,ovHurdwar(hur-dwar'). [Skt. JTa- near Dublin, April 23, 1866. An English jui-ist 2I miles s(mth of Carnarvon. Its castle was cap-
ridriini, gate of Ilari, i. e. Vishnu.] An ancient and mathematician. Uewasoneofthecimimissioners tured from the Lancastrians by the Vorkists in 1408, and
city on the right bank of the (ianges where the appointed to sit in Dublin to receive applications for the held out long for Chiules I. The national Cambrian war-
ri-^'i.r- V,rn.,tc. »l,,.r.„,,l> J,.!,, H... ,,u.,>, i. . ■ Sale of cstatcs uudcr thc Encumbered Estates Act of 1849, song, "The March of the Men of Harlech," is said to have
n\ er breaks tlirough into the plain, it is an ,,„- .„,j „.^^ „ j„j „, j,,„ ^.^.j^.j ^^^^^^^ fourt from its es- uriginated during the former of these sieges. Omve.
?S!^a 'pi^uHar"; Tred ^TS^ at.nlbrm'eirtakcs \^'^;!^ "' >**^>«- "••' >'"i^"»'"'" ■'™- ""''''™"" Harleian Manuscripts and Miscellany. See
C;:M,::::^,^z:::^i::l^i^:'z^^i::^,:i'<^ Hargreaves (har'grovz). james. Bom pK.b- ^^^ ^^i^^h
Also called Ganf,«,;«vo«Cgate of the Ganges'). Popula- ably a I Ulaekburn Lancashire : du'd a Nol- -^^rlem »' ^™^ jj^w York situated in the
tloii(l8i)U 29,1-r,. tinghani, Aiml, 177H. An English mechanic, I'i"' <" '"c nt> " ,, ? lorK suuareu in uie
Hardwick(liUrd'wik),Oharles. Born at Slings- inventor of the spinning-jenny. The invention "orthern part of Manhattan Is and, and m-
bv, Yorkshire, Seiit. 22 ]»•']■ died near Ba- was made ab,mt 1764, and was patented July 12, 177(i. It eluded between the La.st and Hariem rivers,
Iril^rBa He T.i.r.bnn Frn.i.'.p \«rr 1« 1«-iQ An has been Claimed for lliiunas lliglis, but on iiisufflcient Eighth .\veuue, and lOOth street.
fS:.^ ;S;;i;; ^.^J:^ol'^t, t:. ^Z:.,, S:;;^:^U tSinl^li^r -"- "•" " hariem mver a channel se,„in.ting Manhat.
^^'sft^^\!m'!;;r?i,n;!.b'""{^^;irx!^e^^^ ^^^^;:,^!;i"cl;r;SgluhUK:^East
"t^rist and otherMli^ter, ' (ls.6 6n^^^^ killed by monly dc'sigiiatiug Vislinn,but sometimes given ^^■^^^ „„ ^1,,. e,^st,and through Spuyten Duyvil
falling over a precipice io tlie I'.vrenees. to other gods. / t • 1 1 creek with the lliiilsou on the west. Length,
Hardy (hiir'di), Arthur Sherburne Born ;it Harihara (ha-ri-har'a). Innindumytholog;y,a „i,„ut7miles. The Harlem Canal, connecting with the
Amlover Mass Au<' I't 1K47 An American '■'""I'l'i^i'""" "t tlie names of Vishnu and Shiva, n,„ison River, was ofllcially opened .rune 17, 189,i.
noveli.st.' He gradu,ated at West Point in 1809, and was "■I'l''.^*'''*'"K^''%V"'-'p"i'''^^ Harlequin (har'le-kin or -kwin). [It. Arlec-
assistant instructor of artillery tactics there till 1870; was Ilari-Ilua. f>ee Nni-wia. tit-i- cliiiKi. t\ Hdileqiiiii.'] A conventional clown m
profe»sorof civil engineering and mathematics at tirinnell Haring ( ha'ring). Wilhelm: pseudonjnn Will- (ijg improvised Italian comedy, or commedia
M,e''chi,!,'l'i'^?seim:.Vn;. 'i'''!!'',Tn"'n"'".r"'v"H''",'5-!" ^ald Alexis. Born at Hreslau, Prussia, June ^ n- grte. He was the servant of Pantalone, or Panta-
ine ( hiii (tier Hctontitic .School, Dartinuutli, .\. U., 1S(4 : on ituw. .i;^./1 ..f \i...<,4.i.n 'l'liiit.iTi«-;.i 1"iiw. ifi ^^^t- " ■" i i ., i i j
and professor of mathematics in liartmouthCo lege 1878 ;";. ' 'i*^'' ,'lif<l "t Ai nstadi, 1 hniingia, Dec. lb, io„n, was noted for his agility and gin tony, and jmrried
Among his works are " But yet a Woman " (1883) "The '**' 1- A (ierinan novelisl . His works include ' Wal- a sword ..f lath He wasthe descendanl of the old K..man
Wind of Destiny '(ISSO) " Passe-Hose" (1889) ami "The ladmor" anil ' Schloss Avalon " (which he issued in 18'23 sannio (zany); the (lernian HanswursI was bomi«e,l from
Elimenis ..( (luJitemions " (1881) and 1827 respectively, under the name of Walter Scott), him. In l.ngllsh pantomime Harleiinni w;i» dignirlcd and
TTo..^.^ n„i.l.„ - <• n." 1 pn 1 in "Cabanis' (18.12), "Der Roland von llcrlin" {1840X anil made popular by the acting of Rich, W Iwaid, (I lirlen.
Hardy, Gathorne, first Eari of Cranbrook. Bom other romames from derman history. and Orimaldi. He hardly e.Msts now siiv,. in Christmas
at lirailford, Oi-t. 1, l.m4. A British imlitii-iaii. tTo-j«„4«^ ,1,.,,.';.,,, (^.,\ i.;;,. Tnlin R,.,-., .it iiantomimes, improvised Italian pbiys, and puppet-shows.
He w,u.,dn.ated at (.rielCollige, Oxford, and called to the Haiington (har ■' U'-ton) Si John. Bom . ( ' , (hiir'les) GottUeb Christoph Adolf
barinlHio. neenteredParliamontasConservativemember Ivlsl nil, near Bath, England, l.ibl : died there, ■"^^^^^^V, V,'.^ 'U',,^^^^^ Hovm-i^ N.w 21
forLcomlnsterin 1847, and was returned for the Inlvcreily Nov. 'JO, l(il2. All English poet. His chief work VOn. Koin at NurenilKng, Liavaiia, JNo\ . Zl.
otinfordinl8«5,defeatingMr.()lad8tone. Ilewiuhomesee- was a translation of the "Orlando Furloso" (1.^91). lie \SiW,: died at Munich, Sept. .0, 18(9. AOerman
Harless
482
Protestant theologian. His works include "Kom-
meiitar uher den Brief an die Epheser" (1*14), "Theolo-
cische Encyklopadie mid Methodologie (ISJi), uie
christliche Ethik ' (1S42), etc. ■ • ,
Harleth(liar'leth), Gwendolen. Thepnucipal
female character in George Eliot's novel • Dan-
iel Deronda."' __ ,. „. ,,
Harley (har'li). The "man of feeling:" in Mac-
kenzie's novel of that name : a sensitive, irres-
olute person, too gentle to battle with life.
Harley, Robert, first Earl of Oxtord. Bom at
Londoi, Dec. .5. 1661: died May 21. 1(24. An
English Torv (originally Whig) statesman. He
entfred Parliament in 1689; was speaker of theHouse of
Commons ITOI-O.'i ; was secretary of state 1,(M-0S, was
made chancellur of the exchequer in 1710; was raised to
the neeraKt in 1711 ; was lord treasurer and premier Idi-
1714 -was inipeacheU for lliKh treason in 1716, and acquitted
in 1717 He left a valuable coUection of manuscripts,
which was increased by his son Edward Harley and even-
tnallv acciuired by the government for the British Jliiseum.
A seiection of rare pamphlets, etc., from Ins library was
published under the title of "The Harleian lliscellany
in 1744-16. , .„ . . TT
Harlingen (har' ling-en), Fnesian Harns
(harnz). A seaport in the province of Iries-
land, Netherlands, situated on the North Sea
in lat. .53° 11' N.. long. 5° 24' E. : the chief com-
mercial place of Friesland. Population (1891),
Harlot's Progress, The. A series of 6 satiri-
cal pictures by William Hogarth, completed in
1733. Five of them were burned at Fonthill in 1755 ; the
sixth is at Gosford House, near Edinburgh, owned by the
Earl of Wemyss. Cyr. Painters and PaxnUngg.
Harlow (har'16). George Henry. Born at Lon-
don, .June 10, 1787: died at Loudon, ieb. 4.
1819. An English painter of portraits and his-
torical subjects. His most notable work is a portrait
of Mrs. Siddons as Queen Catharine in the trial scene in
Shaksp'cre's " Hi-nry VIII.';
Harlowe, Clarissa. See CUmssa Hurlowe.
Harmachis, or Harmais. See Uormal-hu.
Harmand (ar-mon'), Fran?ois Jules. Born at
Siiumur. France, Oct., 184.5. A French explorer.
He sen-ed in the campaien against the Kabyles in 18il,
and suhs-quently attached himseU to the scientific expe-
dition under Delaporte whose objective points were long-
king and Cambodia. As the other members of the expe-
dition fell sick on the way, he proceeded to Tongking >vittl
Garnier as his only companion. He visited Cambodia and
explored the tril)ut:uies of the Mekong River 18r»-81, and
in Is8»-S4 rendered important services to the French in
the contest for Tongking.
Harmensen (har'men-sen), Latinized AlTluni-
US Jakobus. Born at Oiidewater, South Ho -
land.1560: diedatLevden,Oct.l9,1609. ADutch
theologian, leader of the Armiuian movement
in theology. Hee Remonstrants. He studied at Ley-
den Geneva", and Basel ; preached in Amsterilam ; and
was professor ..t theology in Leyden u;03-O9. His works
were published in Latin in 1029. .
Harmer (har'mer), Thomas. Born at ^oiTVK-h,
England, Oct., 1714 (?): died at Watt isheld, Suf-
folk, England. Nov. 27. 1788. An English clergy-
man of the Independent Church, pastor at Wat-
tisfield. He was the author of " Observations
on Various Passages of Scripture" (li64), etc.
Harmodius (hiir-mo'di-us) and Aristogiton
(a-ris-to-ji'ton). Killed 514 B.C. Two Athenian
youths wiio killed Hipparchus, t jTant of Athens,
in 514. They are represented as entei-taining a strong
affection for each other, which remained unaltered despite
the endeavors of Hipparchus to withdraw that of the young
and beautiful Harmodius to himself. Enraged at the in-
difference of Harmodius, Hipparchus put a public insult
upon him by declaring his sister unworthy of carrying the
sacred baskets at a religious procession, in revenge for
which the youths organized a conspiracy to overthrow
both Hipparchus and his brother Hippias. Harmodius
and Aristogiton slew the former on the festival of the
great PanatheilKa, but their precipitancy prevented the
Sooperation of the other conspiratore. H armodius was cut
down by the guard. Aristogiton was captured, and, when
put to the torture to reveal liis accomplices, named the
principal friends of Hippi.-is, who were executed W hen
pressed for further revelations, he answered that there re-
mained no one whose death he desired, except the tyrant.
Thev are represented in a group now in the Museo >azio.
nale Vaples. The statues are copies of the famous archaic
bronze originals which stood on the ascent to the Athe-
nian Acropolis. Both figures are striding forward ; Aris-
togiton, a little behind, extends his left ann, over which
his chlanivs is wrapped, to cover Hannodiuss right side.
Harmodius. wholly undraped, with right arm raised, is
about to strike down the tyrant. Aristogiton s head,
though anticine. is ranch later than the body.
Harmon (hiir'raon), John, otherwise John
Rokesmith or Julius Handford. In Dick-
ens's -M )ur Mutual Friend." the heir to the Har-
mon property. , -i i t
Harmonia(h!ir-m6'ni-a). [Gr. "Afi^ovio.] 1. In
Greek legend, the daughter of Ares and Aphro-
dite, or, according to another version, of Zeus
and Electra. She was given by Zeus in marriage to
Cadmns of Tliebes. All the gods of ( Hympus were present
at her wedding, and she received either from Cadmus or
from one of the gods a robe and a necklace which proved
fatal to every person who successively possessed thera.
3. An asteroid (No. 40) discovered by Gold-
sc'hmidt at Paris, March 31, 1856.
Harmonious Blacksmith, The. An air upon
wliicli Handel wrote variations, and which since
his death has been known as '•Handel's Har-
monious Blacksmith." The original air has been
attributed to various persons. .
Harmonists (har'mo-nists). A communistic
religious body organized by George Kapp in
Wilrtemberg "on tlie model of the primitive
church, and conducted by him to Pennsylvania
in 1803 : their settlement there was called Har-
mony (whence their name). Theyremoved to Xew
Uarm'ony in Indiana in 1815, but returned to Pennsylvania
in 1825, and formed the township of Economy on the Ohio
near Pittsburg, and later a new village of Harmony. They
.are communistic, holding M property in common ; they
discourage strongly marriage and sexual intercourse, and
hold that the second coining of Christ and the millennium
are near at hand, and that ultimately the whole human
race will be saved. Also called Rappists and Emmmtes.
Harmony Society. See Hat-momsu
Harms (harmz), Klaus. Born at Fahrstedt.
Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, May 2o, 1/(8: died
at Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Feb. 1, 1855. A
German Protestant theologian and preacher
at Kiel. He published " Pastoraltheologie
(1830-34), volumes of sermons, etc.
Hamack (har'niik), Adolf. Born at Dorpat,
May 7. 1851. A noted German Protestant theo-
logian, professor successively at Leipsic, Gies-
sen, Marburg, and (1888) Berlin. His most im-
portant work is in the department of the history of the
ancient church. He has published "Lehrbuch der Dog-
mengeschichte ' (1886-90), etc., and contributed largely to
the ninth edition of the - Encyclopaidia Britannica.
Hamack, Theodosius. Bom at St. Petersburg,
Jan. 3, 1817. A German Protestant theologian,
professor of theology at Dorpat 1845-73 (ex-
cept 1853-66, when he was professor at Er-
langen): author of various historical and
theological works.
Harney (har'ni), William Selby. Born at
Havsboro, Tenn., Aug. 27, 1800: died May 9,
1889. An American general. He entered the
army in 1518. served as a colonel in the Mexican war(ob-
tainin" the brevet of brigadier-general lor gallantry at
Ceno Gordo), and was promoted brigadier-general in 18o8.
While in command of the Department of Oregon, he took
possession in 1S.59 of the island of San Juan, which was
claimed Ijy the English ; and was in consequencerecalled.
Harney's Peak. [Named from W. S. Harney.]
Tlie highest summit of the Black Hills, South
Dakota. Height, about 7,400 feet.
Haro (ii'ro). A town in the province of Lo-
gi-ono. northern Spain, situated near the Ebro
24 miles west-northwest of Logroiio. It has
some trade. Population (1887), 7,.549.
Haro, Don Luis de. Born 1599 : died at Ma-
drid, Nov. 26, 1661. A Spanish politician and
coiu'tier. He was the son of the Marquis of Carpio, and
a nephew of the Duke of Olivares. whom he succeeded in
1643 as prime minister and favorite of Philip IV. He car-
ried on an unsuccessful war against France, Portugal, and
the Dutch which was concluded by the treaty of thePjTe-
nees in 1659. He is said to have been the ablest minister
which Spain produced in the 17th century. His public
services were rew.arded by the erection of the marquisate
of Carpio into a dukedom.
Harold (har'old), surnamed •' Blue-tooth (Uar-
aldBlaatand). Died .about 985. KiugofDen-
niark.sonofGormthe Old whom he succeeded
about 93.5. He obtained the overlordship of Norway
on the death of Harold Harfagr, but was forced to recog-
nize the suzerainty of the emperors Otto I. and Otto 11.,
bv wh.im he was made to accept Christianity. He was
expelled by his son Svend Forked-beard at the head of
the pagan party, and was killed in the flight
Harold I., sumamed ' ■ Harefoot." [ME. HimM,
Hantld. AS. Harold, Haralcl, from (3Dan. Har-
ald, leel. Baraldr.} Died at Oxford. March 17,
1040. King of the English 1035-40, illegitimate
son of Canute bv ^.Ifgifu of Northampton. At
the death of his father in lo;«, he became a candidate
for the English crown before the witjin in opposition to
Canute's legitimate son Hardicanute, king of Denmark.
He obtained bv a compromise the region north of the
Thames while 'Hardicanute oljtained that to the south.
The alisence of Hardicanute in Denmark, however, enabled
him to gain manv of the latter's adherents, including (rod-
win, earl of Wessex. and in 10:!7he was chosen king over !dl
England. He died during the preparations of Hardicanute
tor an inv.ision of England. , , . ,, ,nnr'
Harold II. Bom about 1022 : died Oct. 14, 1066.
King of the English .Tan. 6-Oct. 14. 1066, son of
Godwin, earl of Wessex. and G\-tha. He became
earl of East Anglia about 1045 ; was banished with his fa-
ther by Edward the Confessor in 1051, and was restored
with him in 1052: succeeded his f.ather as eart of ^\ csscx
in 105:i (giving up his earldom of E:ist Anglia) ; anil wa.s the
chief minister of Edward 1058-66. Probably in 1064 he
was shipwrecked on the coast of Normandy and fell into
the hands of William, duke of Normandy, who compelled
him to take an oath whereby he promised to marry « ll-
liams daughter and to assist him in securing the sncces-
sion in England. He married about this time probably on
his return to England, Ealdgyth or Aldgyth, widow of
Oruffydd, and sister of Eadwine, earl of the Mercians;
Harpies
and on the death of Edward procured his own election 8«
king .Tan. 6, 1066. He defeated his brother Tostig (who
had iieen deposed from his e.arldom of Northumbria and
outlawed in the previous reign) and Harold Hardrada,kihg
of Norway, at Stamford Bridge, Sept. 26, 1066 : and was
defeated by William, duke of Normandy, and killed at
the battle of Hastings or Senlac, Oct. 14, 1066. His mu-
tilated body is said to have been recognized among the
slain by his former mistress Edith Swan-neck, and to
have been buried by WUIiams order on the coast which
he sought to defend, the grave being marked by a cairn of
stones.
stones. _, -
Harold I., surnamed Harfagr or Haariager
( ' Fair-haired '). Died in 933. King of Norway
860-930. son of Halfdan the Black. He completed
the conquest of the jarls. or petty kings, begun by his fa-
ther, and repressed freebooting. which caused a luigration
of many of the most famous vikings to Iceland and Nor-
niandv(Rollo). In 930 he divided his kingdom amonghis
sons, of whom the eldest. Eric Blodoxe, retained the over-
lordship. „ , , , ^ , • ,v
Harold II., surnamed Graafeld ('Gray-skin ).
Died in 963. King of the Norwegians 950-963,
son of Eric Blodo.xe.
Harold III., sumamed Hardrada ('the
Stern ')• Died Sept. 25, 1066. King of Nor-
way 1046-66. He entered the military service at Con-
stantinople in 1033. became commander of the imperial
guard and defeated the Saracens in 18 battles in Africa.
He invaded England in alliance with Tostig, the ouUawed
brother of Harold II. of England, in 1066, and was defeated
and slain at the battle of Stamford Bridge.
Harold, or The Last of the Saxon Kings. A
historical romance by Bulwer, pubbshed in
1848. The scene is laid" in the time of Harold II.
Harold en Italie. A symphony composed by
Berlioz in 1834. It is the fourth of his five sym-
phonies, and the idea is from " Childe Harold."
Haroun-al-Rashid. See Harini-al-Ii(ishiil.
Harp (hiirp). The. A constellation. See Li/ra.
Harpagon (iir-pa-gon'). A character in Mo-
liere's comedy " L'Avare " (taken fi-om Plautus s
"Euclio"), a miser.
Harpagon does not absolutely starve the rats ; he pos-
sesses ho'rses, though he feeds them ill; he has sercanti,
though he grudges them clothes : he even contemplates a
man iage-supper at his own expense, though he intendi
to have a bad one. He has evidently been compelled to
make some sacrifices to the usages ol mankind, and is at
once a more common and a more theatrical character than
Euclio. HaUam.
HarpagUS (hiir'pa-gus). A general of Cvriis.
\ccording to Herodotus, he was descended from a noblo
Median house, and was the contidential attendant of As-
tyages, who charged him with the duty of exposing Cyrus.
(See Mandane.) Instead, however, of performing that duty
in person, he delegated it to the herdsman Mitradates,
who substituted a still-born child of which his wife had
just been delivered. When the identity of CjTuswasdls.
covered, Astyages punished Harpagus by serving up to
him at a banquet the flesh of his own son. Harpagus
waited until Cjtus had srown to manhood, then incited
him to rebel against Astyages, and effected the downfaU
of the latter by deserting with the army to Cyrus. He
was afterward one of the most trusted generals in Cyrus s
service, and acted a prominent part in the conquest of
.\sia Minor.
Harper (hiir'per), James. Born at Newtown,
L. I., April 13. 1795: died at New York. March
27. lSt)9. An American piiblisher and printer,
founder of the firm of Harper and Brothers.
He was associated in business with his brothers
.Joseph Wesley ( 1801-70)and Fletcher(1806-77).
Harper, William Rainey. Born at New Con-
cord, Ohio, .lulv 26, 18.56. An American scholar
and educator, first president of the University
of Chicago (1891).
Harper's Ferry (har'p^rz fer'i). A town in
JefiEersou County, West Virginia, situated at
the junction of the Shenandoah with the Poto-
mac. 49 miles northwest of Washington. It is
noted for picturesque scener}'. It was seized by John
Brown Oct. 16, 1859. The (Confederates held it from AprU
to June, 1861. Here the Feder.il commander Miles surren-
dered to the Confederates (with Federal loss of 11,, 83)
Sept. 16. 1802. , , .
Harpies (hiir'piz). [Gr. "Apn-c(a/,the snat«hers.]
In Greek mvthologv, winge<l monsters, raven-
ous and filthv, having the face and body of a
woman and the wings of a bird of prey, with
the feet and fingers armed with sliarp claws and
the face pale vnih hunger, sending as ministers
of divine vengeance, and defiling everything
thev touched. The Harpies were commonly regarded
either as two (Aello and Ocypete) or three in number, but
occasionally several others were mentioned I lie.v were
originally conceived of simply as storm-winds sent by tne
.rods to carry off offenders, and were later personified as
fair-haired winged maidens, their features ami character-
istics being more or less repulsive at different times and
placs The Harpies have been to some extent confoundeo
bv modern scholai-s with the Sirens, who. though of kin-
dred origin, were goddesses of melody even if of a s»eet.
ness that was harmful to mankind, and were lepiesented
as women in the upper parts of their bodies and as birds
below.
The mummy lies on the bier, attended by A""Wj 'Jj'
jackal-headed go.l of embalmmen . The fooj. f^I>;?«
in one hand a little sail, the emblem of breath, in the
Harpies
483
Hartford Convention
[h ■• or emblem of life, hovers over Harris, Joseph. An English actor (played from Harrodsburg (har'odz-berg). Tlic ca)iitHl of
,e. No»- this .Soul this 'Ba," is a HiOl i„ Itisl). lie was successfulli. Loth tragedy m..l M.r.-.r County, Kentucky, situated 30 miles
other hand the " ankh '
the face of tlie corjtse.
loving visitant to the dead nian. It brinKS a l.reath of the ^.^^dy. (Not to "lie confounded with a more connnoM- south of Frankfort. It is the oldest town in Keii-
hT?he »\n mT-M is' of A .hli S'^r/^eeks^^^^^ l''«™ '"^'<" """n"' •'"»<'1>'' ^a-ri*. w"'" flourished fr«n> tucky, and a place of resort on account of its mineral wa.
L;Xendlngitlt;turti\'^-functio;;^^^^^^^^^^ . ^, , t.-r.. Population (ISW). :V«0.
a malevolent einissiuy of the t-.jds. and converted it into HamS, MrS. In Dickens's '• Martin Clmzzle- Harrogate.or HarrOWgatO (har'o-gat). A town
the Harpy. We have next the Oreek conception of a wit." an entirely imaginarv person, constantlv in the West Hiding of Yorkshire, England, sit-
Ilarpy, fron, a fratMnent of early (ircek painted ware found ,,noted l)v Saii'eV Gamp as'one for whose opin- uated near the Xidd 18 miles west bv north of
at Daphme. Hut we have a still flner example in the .' , -, * . * , . i *„ i%.„ i 'v*^,^ "^'^ .,'...
illustnitiun r.pr.i.luced from the famous Harpy Tomb in ions she has great respect, in order to lend \ork. It is noted for chalybeate, sulphurous, and saline
the British .Museum. Ihe Harpy is carrying off one of gi'eater weight to her own. springs, and is one of the luincipal watering-places in Eng-
thcilauwlitersof Pandarus. .She wearsa fillet and pendant Ti„__i„ ThaHrtpiiQ "William Bom at Dor- '■'"*'• '""pulation (ISM). i:i,;>l".
curls, an.l, l.esi.ies Ihe daws of a bird, she has human ^^"}f'. v-fii \W 1 " 1 ?r, • d^d at (^m HarrOW-On-the-HiU (har ' o-on-THe-hil'), or
arms like the Esyptian 'Ha.' wherewith to clasp her chestei. Mass.. :No\. 1-, li.t.). niea at I am- iiaxiuv. uii uuc ^xiii \
prey. 'Ihe iMonnmeut from which this group is copied
was disfrovered by Sir Charles Fellows at X^mthus, in I.ycia,
anil it dates from about Ave hundred and forty yeju-s be-
fore our era. Etiwardit, Pliaraohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 187.
Har^ignies (iir-pen-ye'), Henri Joseph. Born
at X'alenciennes, -July, 181!). \ noted French
landscape-painter. He was the pupil of .Achard, and
tlrst exhibited in the Salon of 1S53. A number of liis works
are in tlie Luxembourg, Douai, Lille, and otlicr museums.
bridge. Mass.. .Ian. Ifi, 1850. An American en-
tomologist. He published " Catalogue of the
Insects of Massachusetts," " Insects Injurious
to Vegetation " (1841), etc.
Harris, William. Born at Springfield, Mass.,
A|iiil I'll. 17(m: dieii Oct. 18. ISlii). An Ameri-
eaii i-lergvman and educator, president of Co-
lunibia College (New York) lSll-:29.
Harpin (ilr-pan'). A character in Moliere's Harris, William Torrey. Born at Killiugly.
■•Comtesse d'Escarbagnas,"an attack upon the Conn.. Sejit. 10, l.s3.i. An American philosoiih-
... — ^ -, -. -- ,, J - .J .Niaies commissioner ol etiucation in J
Komaiis Harrisburg (har'is-berg). A
(har-po-kra'shi-on), Valenus. „f p,;„,vlv;inia and oFDaupli
century. A rn-eek rhetorician „.„,. „„.,•,„ v.,,., i. „ ;„ i.!f
the pulilic schools of St. Louis 1807, founded the ".lour
nal of Speculative Philosophy " in 18417, and became United
States commissioner of education in 1889.
A city, the capital
'lin Countv. situ-
financiers of the time
Harpocrates {hiir-pok'ra-te/, ). A deity of Egyp-
tian origin, identified with Horus, adopted by
the Greeks ami Komans
Harpocration (
Lived 2d (4tli ?) centurv. .v .Ti-ecK metorician ^^^ _, ^^^ ^f^^ Susquehanna in lat. 40° 16' N.. long.
"^ i'*'-7r;- ■'"' ""l J "l ." '',''''n- "[ /l ^l^'^ 76° 03' W. It h!.s important manufactures, especially
or the Attic orators (edited liy Umdort 18.).i). of iron and steel. It became the state capital inl812. Pop-
All that we know of Valerius Harpocration is contained ulation (1S90), 30,3^5.
in the brief statement by Suidas tliat he was a rhetorician Haixison (har'i-son ). A citv of Hudson Coun-
of Alexandria ; and that besides tile "Lexicon to the Ten |^. j^g^^ Jersey, aclioiniug NeVark. Population
Orators, ■ wiiicli lias come liown to us, he wrote a book of /Soqav q ooc jo
elegant extracts, which is lost. Even the age at which ( I'^.'O), n.j.5». .,,...,
he rtourislied is quite uncertjiin : for while some identify HaniSOn, Benjamin. Born ui V irginia about
him with the Harpocration who taught Greek to the em- ] 74(J : iljed April, 1791. An American politi-
peror L. Verus, otliers recognize in him either the con- ■ ,lpl,.fr.,i ,. to Conpress 1774-77 and u-oy-
temporary and friend of Libanius, or the physician of " ''"'• ^ ''^i! &'l". ^' _^?i gl^^* ^' '* ' ' ^
Mendes, mentioned by Athenaius. ernor of \ irgiiiia 1 18J-S&.
A'. O. Muller, Hist, of tlie Lit.
Harrow. A yiUage in Middlesex. England, 11
miles iiortlnvest of Ijondon. Its school for boys
(founded by .lohn Lyon in 1671, opened in lull) is imeof the
great public schools of England, ropul.iticm (ISfll), 6,72S.
Harry (har'i). Blind, or Henry the Minstrel.
Lived about 1470-92. A Scottish minstrel, au-
thor of a poem onWilliamWallace (printed l.'i/O).
A complete manuscript, dated 14.88. is in the Ad-
vocates' Library, Edinburgh. Diet. .\<il. Riog.
Harry, Earl of Moreland, History of. See
Fiitil iif QiKiliti).
ical writer and educator. He was superintendent of Harry Lorrequer. A novel by Charles Lever,
first published in the "Dublin Magazine" in
1837.
Hart (hiirt), James McDougal. Bom a( Kil-
marnock, Scotland, May in. 1K28. .\n American
landscape-painter, brother and pupil of Wil-
liam Hart: noted for landscapes and paintings
of cattle and sheeji.
Hart, Joel T. Born iu Clarke County, Ky.,
in 1810: died at Florence. March 1, 1877. An
American sculptor. Among hisworksare "Angelina,"
"11 Penseroso," "Woman Triumphant," and statues of
Henry Clav.
Hart, John. Born at Hopewell, N. .1.. 1708: died
there, 1780. An American patriot, delegate to
( 'ongress from New Jersey 1776. and a signer of
ryuornt \uxuu:> li»-^90. the Declaration of Independence,
of Ane. Greece, III. 383. HarriSOn.Benjamm. Born at North Bend. Ohio, ^ ^ JohnSeely. Born at Stockbridge, Mass..
^ ^ r-, i(Oonald.on.) Aug. 20, 1833. Twenty-third President ot t^o ja,,.* 28, 1810: died at Philadelphia, March 26,
Harpoot, Harput. See £:A«/•m(^ United States, giandson of President \\ . H. j^^y An American educator ami editor. He
Hamngihar riiig).HarroPaul. Bornatloens- Han'ison. He graduated at Miami Iniversity in 1852;
dorf, near Husum, Prussia, Aug. 28.1798: com- studied law, and practised in Inclian;ii>"lis ; was elected
■ ' ■ ' -' (Republican) reporter of the Indiana Supreme Court in
1860 ; served in the Civil W.ar 1^63-65 as commander of a
regiment and brigade ; was brevetted brigadier-general :
took an active part in the battles of Resaca and Peach
Tree Creek in 1-S(i4 : and was rei'lected repurler in IStU, but
declined reelection in 1868.
pulllican candidate for governor
United States senator 1881-87 ; as Republican candidate
was elected to the presidency in 1888 ; and served as Presi
mitted suicide in Jersey, Channel Islands, May
25. 1870. A German writer and radical agitator,
author of the noyel "Dolores" (18.')8-.')9), etc.
Harrington (har'ing-toni, James. Born at
Upton. Xortliamptonshire, .Ian. 7. 1611: died
at London, Sept. 11, 1677. An English political
writer. His chief work was a treatise on civil govern-
ment, "The Coininonwealth of Oceana" (l(i50).
Harrington, sir John. See Harini/toii
published a " .\1 anual (»f * "omposition and Rhetoric " (1870),
a " Manual of English Literature " (1872), a "Manual of
American Literature " (187y), etc.
Hart, Solomon Alexander. Born at PlT,Tnouth,
ISO6: died at London, June 12, 1881. An Eng-
lish historical painter, of Hebrevy descent.
He was the unsuccessful Re- Hart William. Born at Paisley. Scotland,
?""»'/,^,!'n1;Xin"Sid:?e Mafch 31, 1823: died at Mouut Vemon.X Y.,.Tune
17, 1894. An American landscape- and ammal-
dent 1889-03. He was an unsuccessful candidate for re- painter, brother of .James McDougal Hart.
election in 1892.
Harriot, or Harriott (har'i-ot), Thomas. Harrison, Doctor. A clergyman, in FieldLngV
Born at Oxford, England, l-'iOO: died at Lon- "Anii'lia,"somewhat resembling Parson Adams,
don, .Inly 2. 1621. An English mathematician Harrison, Frederic. Born at Lonilon.Oct. 18.
and astronomer. His "Artis analytical praxis ad icqua-
tionea algebraicas resolvendas" was published posthu-
mously in 1631. He did much for the advancement of
algebra, especially by enunciating the fundamental prin-
ciple that an equation is the product of as many simple
equations as there are units in its highest power.
Harris (har'is;. A district in the Outer Heb-
1831. Ail Englisli .jurist, essayist, and philo-
sophical writer. He has been a frequent contributor to
the "Nineteenth Century "and other periodicals, and was
one of the foumlera of the Positivist school in 1870. Among
his works arc "(Irder and Progress" (1874), ".Social Stat-
ics" (I.STO), " Present and Future " (1880), "The Choice of
Books, etc." (ISSfi).
I iili^, Scotland. It comprises the southern part of the Harrison, John. Born at Foulby, parish of
l:uu''^t islanti (Lewis being the northern and larger part) ■-- ,- . . . ,.- . «. , .^v.« i. -, _ ,.
:uid a few smaller islands.
Harris, James. Born at Salisbury, July 20,
1709: died there, Dec. 22. 1780. An English
classical scholarand politician. He became a lord
of the admiralty in 17(0, and a few months later a lord of
the treasury, retiring In 176.''>. He wrote "Hermes, or a
Philosophical Empiiry concerning Universal Grammar"
(17.11), etc.
Harris, James, first Earl of Malmesbury. Born
at Salisbury. England, .\|iril 21, 174<i: died at
London, Nov. 20, 1820. An English diploma-
Wragby, Yorkshire, March 31, 1693:' died at
London, March 24, 1776. An English mecha-
nician and inyentor. He inyented the "grid-
iron" compensating pendulum and the chro-
nometer.
Harrison, Thomas Alexander. Born at Phila-
dcl|iliia, Jan. 17, 18r)3. An .American genre and
landscape jiainter. He was a pupil of G6r(lme at the
Hcole des Beaux Arts. He exhiluled llrst in the Salon of
1881. Among his works arc ' Au bold de la mer," "("oast
of Brittany "(l.HSI)," Ihe Amateurs," "Little Slave "(1883),
" The Wave, ' ■ ' S.a-sh. .re " (ISSf.).
tist and politician. He was made sccretaryof embassy . _..,,. tt r, i t> i ,
at Madrid in 17(18; became minister at Berlin in 1772, at HamSOH, William Henry. Boru at Berkeley.
in 1784 ; and ne- Charles City County. Va., Feb. 9, 1773:
St. Petersburg in 1776, and at 'I'hc Hague in
gnliated the marriage of the Prince of Wales in 1794. He
wri >te " Iliaries and CoiTcspondcnce " (4 vols., edited by the
third Earl of Malniesbiiiy. 1841), "Letters" (edited 1870).
Harris, Joel Chandler. Born at Eatonton.
Ga., Dec. K. 1848. An .\inericaii writer and
journalist, from 1876 on the staff of the "At-
lanta Constitution." He is best known as the author
of books lui negrr, folk-lore; " liiicle Hemus: his Songs
and his Say ingH'( 1,^80), '■ Nights with I'ncle Remus "(1883),
'■ -Mingo, and olbur Sketches "(18S4)." Free Joe, etc."(1887),
" Daddy .hike, the Runaway " (1889).
Harris, John. Born about 1667: died Sept. 7
tiled at
Washington, D. ('.', April 4, 1841. The iiinlli
President of the United States, son of Benja-
min Harrison. He was a delegate to Congress from the
Northwest Territory 1700-1800; was governor of Indiana
Territory 1801-13; and gained the victory of Tippecanoe
in 1811, "and that of the Thames in 1813. He was member
of Congress from <lhio 1816-19. TTnited States senator 1825-
182,H, and United states minister to Colombia 1828-29. In
18.'Ki he was liefeated as Whig candidate for the presi-
dency, but was electeil (in the "log-cabin and hard-cider
campaign ■')iri 1840. He was President for one month only,
being inaugurated March 4, 1841
1719. An JMiglish diyine and scientific writer. Harrison's Landing. A landing on the lower
.1. .-_..•■,... •.,.,..-,.. ,..,...„,. ... . ,. -(I \'irgiiiia, often mentioned in the
He was elected a fellow of the Koyal Society in 1696, and
its secretary in l7o9, and rldivered the Boyle lectures in
.St. I'aurs in 1698. He luiblished " Lexicon tcchnicum, or
an Universal English lliettonary of Ails and .Sciences"
(I'oiV the tlrst of its kind in f'^nglish. and <ither works
(niathetiiati<':il, historical, etc.), Including a " Collection of
Voyages .tnil Travels " (170.1).
Harris, John. Born at I'gborough. Deyonshire,
March 8. 1.S02: died near London. Dec. 21.
1856. An English Congregationalist clergyman.
He wrote "The Great Teacher " (183.')), "Mam-
mon "(1836)." Man Prinieyal" (1849), etc.
laini's Kiv
Civil War
Harrisse (har-es'). Henri. Bom
Kussiaii Hebrew parents, 1,S30. A critic, bibli-
ographer, mill historian. He became a naturalized
citizen of the Unit<-d States, and for some years practised
law in New \mk. He lias traveled in America ami in many
parts of F.urope in search of documents relating to the
early history of the New World. Among his important
publications are "BIbliotheea Americana Vetustisslma"
(ISflfl), "CrlsUipbe Colomb"(2 vols. 18«4-8.'i),
bastlan Cabot " (1883), etc.
Harte (hart). Francis Bret. Born at Albany.
N. Y'., Aug. 2;"), IKIiO. An American poet and
novelist. He removed to California in isr>4, and founded
the "Overland .Monthly "(San Fraio isco) in IMks. In 1870
he was made professor of recent literature in the Tniver-
sityof California, but resigned and mnoved to New York
in 1871. He was United Slates consul at Ciefeld. Genuany.
1878-80, and at Glasgow 18811-8.',, and lias since lived in F.ng-
laml. Among his manv works are "'the Lm-k of Roaring
Camp" (1868). "The (lutc-asts ..f Poker Flat " (li09). both
appearing in tile "OverlamI Monthly"; "Condensed Novels,
etc." (1870); "The Heathen Chinee "(in verse. 1S70 : origi-
nally appearing as " Plain 'I'alk from Truthful James" hi
the "Overland Monthly"); "Poems "(1871); "Storiesof the
Sierras " (1872) ; " Talcs of the A rgonauts " ( 1 875) ; " Gabriel
Conroy "(1876) ; " Thankful Blossom '(1W77); "Two Men of
.Sandy Bar " (a drama. 1877) ; " California Stories "(1884) ;
" A .Millionaire of Rough and Readv"(18H7); "A Driftfroin
Redwood Camp" and "A Phyllis of the Sienas " (1888).
Hartenstein (hiir'ten-stin). Gustav. Born at
Platien. Sa.vony, March 18, ISOS. A trerman
philosophical writer of the Herlmrtian school,
professor of philosoiihy at the University of
liOipsic 1834-.58. He edited Kant's works and
Herbari's.
Hartfell (hiirt'fel). A hill ill Scotland, on the
border of Peebles and Dumfries, north of Mof-
fat. Height, 2,6;11 feet.
Hartford (hiirt'ford ). A city, the capital of Con-
necticut and of Hartford County, situated on
the Connecticut in lat. 41° 4G' N!. long. 72° 41'
W.. at the head of navigation. It is noted for its
wealth, anil is ail important center of insurance business,
book-iiublishing, andmanufa(tures(especiallyof llrearms.
bicycles, etc.). It is the seal of a theological seminary
(CongregationalX of Trinity College (which see), and of the
American Iieaf and Dumb Asylum, Connecticut Retreat
for the Insane, Harlforddrphan Asylum, and other benevo-
lent institutions. It was settled in 16.36. and was the scene
of the attempt of Andros to secure the colonial charter
(hidden in the 'Charter Oak ") in 1688. It was sole capital
lWI.5-1701. and eapiliil Jointly with New Haven 1701-1873.
Poitulation (1890), .^,3,2:io.
Paris, of Hartford Convention. A political assembly
whichinilat llarttord Dec.l.'i, I814.-Jnn. ."i, ISl.'i.
It was composed of 12 delegates froni Jl.'issachnsotts (in-
eluding its president, George Cabot). 7 from Connecticut,
and 4 from Rhode Island (appointed by the legislatures of
these States), and 2 from New llampshiie and 1 from Ver-
moiil (appolnteil by counties), all Federalists. It published
a report protesting against the war with England and
against the action of the United States government in re-
fusing to pay the expenses of defending Massachusetts and
Mean et Se-
Hartford Convention 484
Connecticut because those States refused to pLice their mi- Harvard University. The oldest and largest in-
iitiasuniicrthec.introlofthelederalgovcrmneiit.andrec- gtitutiou ot leaniiiit' iu America, situated part-
onuuended, among other things, tiie restriction of the
powers of Congiess pertaining to war and to the laying of
erabargos. Its proceedings were carried on ia secret, and
tlie convention was suspected at the time of treason.
Harthacnut. See Uanliainnte.
Hartington (har'ting-ton). Marquis of. bee
l'iir(ii(lis)i. Spencer Coiiiptoii.
Hartlepool. See Jinst Uurtlex>oul aud West Har-
tlciuint.
Hartley (liait'li), David. Bom 1705 (exact date
uncertain): died at Bath, England, Aug. 28,
ly in Cambridge aud partly iu Boston, Massa-
chu-setts. The college was founded by the general cuui-t
of the colony of Massachusetts Bay in 1036. Two years .„ ^___
later the name Harvard was given to it in memory of John HarzbUTg (hilrts'borQ). A small town mBruns
Hasdrubal
ony in Prussia : the ancieut Silva Hercynia. ii
is divided into the Ipper Ilarz in the northwest and the
Lower Harz in the southeast, and is noted for mineral
wealth and picturesque scenery. Among the chief miner-
als are lead, silver, iron, and copper. The highest summit
is the Brocken (3.746 feet). Length of the chain, 10 niiles.
Harvard (see above). The university includes Harvard
College, the Lawrence Scientific School, the Graduate
School, the Divinity School, the Law School, the Medical
School, the Dental School, the School of Vetcrimu-y Medi
cine, the P.ussey Institution (a school of agriculture), and
the Arnold Arhoretuni. the first five of wl:' -*- ^'—'-i •"
philosoi>bical writer, noted as an expounder of
pessimism. He has written " Die Philosophic des
Unbewnssten " ("Philosophy of the Unconscious," 1869),
"PhanomenologiedessittliehenBewusstseins ■(W"9),'Das
religiose Hewusstsein der Menschheit," " Die Keligiou des
Geistes" (liiS'J), etc.
Hartmann, MoritZ. Bom at Dusehnik, Bohe-
mia, Oct. l."), ISiil : died at Oberdobling, near
Vienna, May 13. 1872. A Gei-man poet and nov-
elist. Among his works are "Der Krieg um
den Wald" (1850), and the poem
Eva" (1S51).
Hartmann von Aue (liiirt'miin fon ou'e). Born
iu Swabia about 11 70: died between 1210 aud
1220. A Miildk) Higli German epic poet. He was
a liegeman of the noble house of Aue. He was well edu-
cated, according to the measure of the time, and had re-
ceived instruction in Latin and French. He took part in
the Crusade of U97. At various times he wrote lyrics and
two poetical love-letters, or" BUchlein'C Booklets"). His
epics are '■(:regorius,"thelegendof St. Gregory, based on
a French poem : " Der arme Heinrich " (" Poor Henry '), a
pious tale from a Latin stoiy ; and two romances from the
so-called cycle of King Arthur, " Erec " and " Iwein," both
free versions of originals of the French poet Chrestien of
Troyes. " Erec " and " Gregorius " were written before
1197, "Der arme Heinrich" and "Iwein" after, probably
in the order given. In " Erec " he introduced the Arthur-
ian legend into German literature.
Hartranft (liiir'trant't ), John Frederick. Born
at New Hanover, Montgomery County, Pa., Dec.
16, 1830: died at Norristown,"Pa., Oct. 17, 1889.
An American general and politician, governor
of Peunsvlvania 1873-79.
Hartt (hiirt), Charles Frederic. Bom atFred-
erictou. New Brunswick, Aug. 2:i, 1840: died at
Eio de Janeiro, March 18, 1878. An American
geologist. He studied under Agassiz, and accompanied
him to Brazil in 1866 ; subsequently he was professor of
geology at \a3sar College and Cornell University. He
made repeated excursions to Brazil, and in 1876 organized
the Brazilian Geological Commission, under the govern-
ment of th;it country ; its work was cut short by his death.
He published " cieology and Physical Geography of Brazil "
(1870), and numerous important papers on geology, pale-
ontology, and ethnology.
Hartwick (hart'wlk). A township in Otsego
wick, in the Harz 26 miles south of Brimswick.
It consists of the vilhiges Neustadt, Bundheim, and Schle>
wecke, and is a noted summer resort, Neai- it is the Burg-
berg, with the ruined castle of Harzburg.
Lvh^Lre'sitaateTin Hasan, or Hassan, and Husein (Arabic pron.
Cambridge, the last Ave in Boston; also the University Li- hii'sen, ho-siin'). Sous of Ali and Fatima,
brary, the Museum of Comparative Zoology (jiniiularly il;iughter of Mohammed. Ali was Mohammed's cou-
' " ' '*~ ^ I--.;.-- _\luseum, ,,;„ „„,] f],,i fi,.(,f Tiprfinn. nfter liis wife, who believed in
dele-
daugh-
nvorites with
name
632 Ali
became
(656) Ali
_ ... „^v,^H..„ .... . iyah.who
more or less dii'ect control over the overseers, Imt since ^^^^^ g^j himself up as calif, and with whom he fought a
then they have been chosen exclusively by the alumni of
the college. The number of teachers at present (1897) 18
394 • of students in all ilei>artments, :i,674 (1,764 >:i them in
the college proper). There were also 624 students in the
summer school in 1896. The endowment of the university
is over $8,000,0iX): its other property, including lands and
buildings over S4,000,(X)0 more. It-s annual income Ls about
SI 000,000. Its fellowships and scholarships yield .«80,000
a year. The library contains about 490,000 bound volumes,
and nearly as many pamphlets and maps.
Adam unci Harvey (hiir' vi), Gabriel. Born at Saffron Wal-
den, Essex, 1545 ( r) : died there, 1630. An Eng-
lish author. He matriculated at Chiist's College, Cam-
bridge, in 1566, and in 1670 was elected a fellow of Pem-
broke. While there he became Intimate with Edmund
Spenser, who introduces him iu " The Shepherd's Calen-
dar ' as Hobbinol. He exercised for some yeajs an influ-
ence over Spenser's genius, from which the latter, who ad-
mired him, freed himself with difficulty. He was of an
arrogant, bitter spirit, and was continuously at war with
those who surrounded him. This finally culminated in a
scurrilous paper warfare with Nash and Greene, which
began with Greene's "tjuip for an Upst.art Courtier," writ-
ten iu retaliation for contemptuous references to himself
in the writings of Hurvev's brother Richard, to which Har-
vey replied in his "Pour Letters" (1592), vituperating
Greene unmercifully. Even the death of Greene, which
occurred soon after, did not prevent Harvey's attempts tu
blacken his chai'acter
powers of invective
In his
bloody but indecisive battle in Mesopotamia, Shortly after
Ali was fatally stabbed by an enthusiast in the mosque of
Kufa. The Jlohanimedan world is divided into the two
great sects of Shiahs and Sunis, The Bliiahs reject the
first three califs as usurpers, and begin with Ali as the first
lawful successor of Mohammed ; the Sunis recognize Abu-
Bekr, Omar, and Othmaii as well as Ali, anil regard the
Shiahs as impious heretics. Husein, one of Alls sons,
married the daughter of Yezdigerd the last Sassanian king
of Persia, whence Persia became specially connected with
thehonseof .\1L JIoawiyalidiedin6j>0. His son Yezid suc-
ceeded him as calif at Damascus. During Moawiyah'6
reign, Ali's sons, the imams Hasan and Husein, lived in
retirement at Medina ; but when Moaniyah died the peo-
ple of Kufa sent offers to Husein to make him calif. He
set out for Kufa with his family and relatives to the num-
ber of 80. Then ensued the tragedy of Kerbela, familiar
to every Mohammedan. In a battle on the plain of Ker-
bela, Husein and his men were slain. The women and
children were afterward taken in chains to Damascus.
The sufferings of the "Family of the Tent," as the imam
Husein and his companions at Kerbela are called, and the
death of Hasan, who was poisoned by his wife, form the
subject of a Persian tazya(see Tazifa), or religious drama,
resembling tlie Oberamnurgau "Passion Play." This
drama, nliicli luxs sprung up within the present century,
plays a great part in the religious life of the Persia ol to-
day. See 'A Persian Passion Play " in Matthew Arnold's
. - ■ 1 - . " Essays in t'riticism."
Iter. Nashe now began with great Hasbciya (hiis-ba'ya). A town of tlie Druses ill
s'ifnge' S ■■ "(1693) 'he proc[iSied S.vria, isiatic Turkey, 3G miles west bv south of
in the army of Hannibal in Italy. He contributed
greatly to the victory of Canua; in 216 B. c, by a cavalry
charge on the rear of the Roman infantry after having put
the Koman horse to rout.
Hasdrubal, or Asdrubal. Died in Spain, 221
B.C. A Carthaginian general and politician. He
rose to prominence as a leader of the democratic party at
Carthage in the interval between the first and second
Punic wars, and mairied a daughter of Hamilcar Barca,
whom he accompanied to Spain in 238, He subsequently
returned to Africa to assume command in a war against
the Numidians, whom he reduced to submission. In 229
he succeeded his father-in-law as commander in .Spain,
where he founded the city of New Carthage, and largely
extended the (.'artliaginian power. He was assassinated
by a slave w hose master he had put to death.
memory, in ma .-inivut^c iiti.o v^*'^"^ "^ ^..v..^.. . / i w i -x,,- i t> i'tt .„«.,«
"open warres" against Harvey imd his brother. Harvey Damascus: perhaps the biblical Baal-idennon.
replied with "Pierce's Supererogation.' The warfare con_ HasdTUbal (has ' dro-bal), or Asdrubal (as '-
tinned till in 1596 Nashe, hearing that Harvey boasted of j,.u.,jj,n_ ^ Carthaginian officer of high rank
having silenced him, "pubhshed his famous satire, Haie _ .. ' o . . ,. , " .
with you to Saffron Walden,' which he dedicated by way
of farce to -ilichard Lichfield, barber of Trinity College,
Cambridge ' ; and to this Harvey once more rejoined in his
' Trimming of Thomas Nashe ' (1.597), The scandal had,
however, now reached a climax, and in 1599 it was ordered
by authority 'that all Naslies bookes and Dr, Harvey's
bookes be taken wheresoever they may be found, and that
none of the same bookes be ever printed hereafter ' {Coo2>er.
Athena; Cant., u! 306)." (ife(. Sat. Biou.) Among his
works, besides those mentioned, aie "Rhetor, sive 2. Die-
rum Oratio de Natura, Arte et Exercitatione Rhetorica'
(1577), "Ciceronianus, sive (batio post Reditum habita
Cantabrigise ad suos auditores," etc. (1577), " The Story of
Mercy Harvey" (1574-75), "Letters to and from Edmund
Spenser " (1679-80), " A Letter of Notable Contents " (1693).
County, central New' York, 63 miles west of Al- Harvey, Sir George. Born at St. Ninian's, near
bany: seat of Hartwick Theological Seminary stii-ling, Feb., 1806: died at Edinburgh, Jan. 22, Hasdrubal, or Asdrubal. Died 203 B. c. A
(Lutheran). Population (1890), 1,894. 1876. A Scottish painter, chiefly of landscapes Carthaginian general, son of Hamilcar Barca
HartZ See /Toe,,-. and scenes fi'om Scottish history and life. and brother of Hannibal. He was left in clnuge of
Hartzenbusch(harts'en-bosh), JuanEugenio. Harvey, William. Born at Folkestone Kent, ^^,\i-'^^St'u:iy",fLt^ HTmalnTalnaUlt^waJ
April 1, 15/8 : died at Loudon, June d, iboi. A ^^inst'the Romans under the brothers Cneins and Pub-
celebrated English physician, physiologist, and jfus Scipio with varied success until 212, when, having
anatomist- the discoverer of the circulation of been reinforced by two armies under Mago and Hasdrubal,
?, 1 1 1 TT .5 ,A t r-o„..ri„„-v o,„l Cam Sou ot Gisco, lie was enabled to inflict a decisive defeat
the bl.Kid. He was educated at^ \''"'"''">' J" l.';*™: upon Cneins, who fell in the battle, Publius having been
bridge (Gonville and Caius College), where he graduateil . K. ". .^. .. , ^..i..^ , .
in 1.597 ; studied at Piidua ; took the degree of doctor of
medicine at Cambridge in 1602 ; became physician of St,
Bartholomew's Hospital in 1609 ; was Lumleian lecturer at
the College of I'hysicians 1016-56; and became physician
extraordinary to .lames I. in 1618. During the civil war he
sided with the Royalists, was at the battle of EdgehiU, and
went to Oxford with the king. His chief works are " Ex-
ercitatio de motu cordis et sanguinis "("Essay on thcMo-
tion of the Heart and the Blood," 1628X "Exercitationes
de generatioue animalium " (1661).
Born at Madrid, Sept. 6, 1806: died at .Madriil
Aug. 2, 1880. A Spanish dramatic poet, of Ger-
man descent. He published " Los amantes de Teruel "
(1836), and other dramas, and edited critically Calderon,
Lope de Vegsi, etc. He wrote "Cuentos y Fabulas"(1861).
Harudes (ha-ro'dez), or C!harudes(ka-ro'dez).
[L. (Cajsar) Ilarudes. Gr. (Ptolemy) XapotxSff.]
A German tribe first mentionetl by Csesar as in
the army of Ariovistus. In the campaigns of Tiberius
they were situated on the lower Elbe, at the base of the
Cimbrian peninsula. Nothing is known of their ultimate
fate.
Harun-al-Rashid (ha-ron'al-rash'id or -rii-
shed')('AariUitlie.Iust'). Calif of Bagdad 786-
809, the fifth and
bassides. Under him
height of its splendor and power. All the lands from the
Jaxartes and the Indus to Giliraltar obeyed his rule, and
Bagd.ad became a center of liiirniiig and civilization. Hanin
made successful expediti.vn.^i into tlu- Greek empire, forcing
killed a short time previously in a cavalry engagement.
He was defeated by Scipio Africanns at Bwcula in 209, and
probably in the same year crossed the PjTcnees on his way
to join his brother in Italy. He crossed the Alps in 207,
but was attacked and defeated by the Romans under C.
Nero and M. Livius on the Metaurus in the same year he-
fore he could effect a junction with Hannibal. He fell In
the engagement, and, according to Livy, his severed head
was thrown into tlie camp of Hannibal by the victorious
Romans.
Asdrubal. Died about 200 B. c.
the most renowned of the Al)- Harvey, William. Born at Newcastle-on-Tyne, •^c^^i|'.f„hlian general, son of Gisco. He waa
lira the Eastern califate attained the Kugland, .liilv 13, 1796 : died near Klclimoud, ^^^^ ^ j. P ^,.jj|j g,, ^^^y j,, 214, and on the departure
^._j .„ .,.„i„„.i., ,.„ _- , ,--... .„„„ . „ ,. , , _„ gbout20»of Hasdrubal, son of Hamilcar, on his expedition
to join Hannibal in Italy was left with Mago in command
of the Carthaginian forces in Spain. He " as ilefcated with
his colleague at Silpia <ii- Eliiiga by Scipio Afiicanus in
England, Jan. 13, 1866. An English wood-en-
graver and designer. He illustrated Lane's
".Arabian Nights," etc.
theemperorNicephorustii pay tribute,whilehe entertained Harwich (har'ij). A seaport m Essex, England, guo
friendly relations with Chailemagne, He is, however, best .^i,„a(,.fi opposite the confluence of the Stour Afr
was in command of an army opposed to .■*cipio in
^ ., , , ,.,, „, ,. V K. •■ • ,1,11, .>iiuai,-u uw,,^,=..c ...^ ^1.^. . „. .— Africa in 204, when his camp near Ctica was tired i.y the
knownfromthetalesof the "Arabian .Nights, mwhuli „„,, , .^pif^,, i„* .tiioiiR'N loue 1° 17' E. It Romans and nearly the whole of his army destroyed : and
everything euiicru,s, romantic, and wonderful is connected ana wrw eu, lu lai. ox ,10 i-. ., '""f-- J- , ,. ' :. ..jj 1,,. „,n,g authorities to have taken poison to escape
w£his name, or is supposed to have happened in his ;-^-»---it-'J»^e^'-?-",^^^^^^^^^^ rhX;;*orthe Carthaginian populace. ^
Harvard (hiir'vard), John. Born at Southwark, Harwood (hiir'wud), Edward. Bom at Dai- Hasdrubal, or Asdrubal. ^^^"■■'""^"^^"^f":
London, 1607: died at ( 'harlestown, Mass., Sept. wen, Lancashire, 1729 : died at London, Jan. 14, eral. He w.as comman.lcr-.n-chief in tiK war against
14, 1638. A clergvmau in the Massachusetts col- 1794. An English biblical and classical scholar.
ony, the first benefactor of Harvard College, to He wrote "A View of . . . Editions of the Greek
which he bequeathed his library of about 300 and Koman Classics" (1775), etc. ^
volumes and half of his estate. He was the son of Harz ( liiirts), sometimes written HartZ,G.HarZ
a butcher of Southwark, London : graduated at Emmanuel ,„, Harzgcbirge (h;irts'ge-ber-ge). A range of
College. Cambridge, in l(ai ; and emigrated to New Eng- m„,„itiuns in Germanv, situated in Biunswick.
l^st Chu'-rc^i of'^-hSres'toU."""-' ''"'^"'"' ^"""' "' "■' Anhalt, and the provincesof Hannover and Sax-
He was commander-in-L —
M.asinissa in 150 ii. r. Having sustained a decisive de-
feat, he was punisheil with exile. He was, however, re-
called on the outbreak of the third Punic war in 149, and
was placed in comnianil of the forces outside the walls of
Carthage. He defeatni the consul Manilins in two engage-
ments at Nepheris about 148. He .sllbse.|Uently became
commander of the forces within the city, which he de-
fended with great obstinacy against Scipio in 146. ae
finally surrendered, and. after gracing the tiiumpn oJ
Hasdrubal
Scipio, was ulluwcd to spend tlio rest of bis life in honor-
able captivity, It is said that at the time of his surrender
his wife upljraided him with cowardice, and tlirew heiself
and lier chihiren into the flames of tlie temple in wliieh
she liad taken refuse.
Hase (liil'ze), Karl August. Born at Stein-
bach, Saxony, An;;. 2o, !S()0: died at Jeiia, Jan.
3, 1890. A noted Gorman Protestant theologian
aiul church historian, professor at Leipsic 1^29-
1830. and at .Jena 1830-8.3. Hischief works are "Evan,
gi'lische Doiinialik " fl82'>), " Leheri Jesii " flS20 : enlarged
as "(.Jescliiclite .iesu ' 1S7.5), ■' Kirchengescniehte " (1834).
Hase, Karl Benedikt. Born at Suiza, near
Weimar, Germany, Alay II, 1780: died at Paris.
March 21, \HCA. A (xerrnan pliiloloi;ist, es])<'-
cially noti'd as a Hellenist.
Hasenclever (hii'zen-kla-ver), Johann Peter.
Born at Keinscheid, Pnissia, jlav ix, 1810: died
at Dusscldorf, Prussia, Dee. 16," 18.53. A Ger-
man genre painter.
Hasenmattihii'zen-miit). Asmnmitof tlie Jura,
west of Solothurn, Switzerlatid. ITeislit. 4.746
feet.
Hasenpflug (hii'zen-pfloG), Karl Georg Adolf.
Born at Berlin. Sept. 23. 1802: died at Halber-
stadt, Prussia, April 13, 1858. A German archi-
tectural i)ainter.
Hasis-Adra (hU'sis-ii'drii). One of the persons
in the Izdubar legends, or the Babylonian Nim-
rod epic, ancestor of Izdubar or (iilsamesli. He
Is one of the heroes of that poem, and attained immortality
and a life with the gods. Wlien Izdubju- comes to him and
asks him how he obtained this distmction, ho relates to
him the stoiy of tlie deluge, wliich forms a counterpart to
tile accounts of Berosus and of Genesis. He was living, he
relates, in Sunip;ik, an ancient city on the Euphrates(Sip-
par 'ir Seidiarvaim), when E:x, the god of the ocean, ap-
prised him of the decision of the gods to cause a llooil,
and advisc<l him to build a slup and to s:ive himself, liis
family, friends, ami goods. Tiiis he diii. When the waters
of tlie flood disappeared he left the sbi]i, which rested on
a mountain, and Mjlered a saerittceto the gods, .\fter this
he disappeared, anil a voice fr(mi heaven informed his com-
fianions that he hati been translated to the gods t« live
orever as a reward for his piety. He is therefore rightly
termed the "Babylonian Noah." In Berosus he is called
Xisnthros, and is ri'iireseiited as the lust of tlie (Irst 10
niytliical kings of Baliylonia. His name in the inscriptions
isalsosonictimesreatishaniash- ort^^it- or Pir-Napisthtim,
('sun' or 'fruit' or 'product of life*).
Hasli I hiiz'li). The valley of the upper Aare, in
tlie eastern jjart of the canton of Bern. Switzer-
lanil. It extends from near the Grimsel to the
Lake of Brienz.
Haslingden (has'ling-den). A town in Lanca-
shire, HMgland, 10 miles north by west of Man-
chester. It has manufactures of cotton. Popu-
lation (iw,)!), 18,22.').
Hasmoneans, See Maccabees.
Haspe (hils'pe). A manufacturiiiK town in the
province of Westphalia, Prussia, situated ou the
Enuepe 35 miles northeast of Cologne. It has
iron manufactures. Population (1890), 9,743.
Hassan (hiis'siin). A district in Mysore, India,
iiitcisected by lat. 12° 50' N., long. 76° E.
Hassan. See Hasan.
Hassard (haz'iird), John Rose Greene. Born
at \ew York, .'iept. 4, l«;i(i: died there, April 18,
1888. An American , journalist and musical critic.
Inl866hebeeameconnected with the New York "Tribune,"
and for many years was writer of editorials, musical critic,
and reviewer. After the death of Horace Greeley in 187'^
he was managing editor. He wrote " Life of Archbishop
Hughes " (1806), "Life of popi' I'iiis I.\." (Is78), "History
of tlie United .States for Schools" (1878), etc.
Basse (hiis'se), Faustina Bordoni. Bom at
Venice. 1693: died there in 1786. Acelebrate<l
Itidian singer, the wife of Johann Adolf Hasse.
Hasse, Johann Adolf. Born at Bergedorf, near
Hamburg, Marcli 23, 1699: died at Venice, Dec.
10, 1783. A noted (Ternian operatic composer.
Hasse, Karl Ewald. Born at Dresden, June
23, 1810. A (icrman pathologist, professor suc-
cessively at Leipsic, Zurich, Heidelberg, and
GBttingen. His works include " .\natonii8che Be-
nchreibung iler Krankheiten der rirkulations- und Res-
ptratlonsorgane " (1.S41), "Die Krankheiten des Nerven-
apparats " (1866), etc.
Hasselquist (hiis'sel-kwist), Fredrik. Born
at Tdrneviilla, in EasI (iothlaml, Sweden, .Tan.
14, 1722: died near Smyrna, Feb. 9, 1752. A
Swedish naturalist and traveler. He wrote
"Iter paliestinum" (1757), etc.
Hasselt (hiis'.selt). The capital of the pro^■^nco
of Liiiiliourg, Belgium, situateil on the Demer
43 miles east of Brussels. Here, Aug. «, 18;il, the
Duteh under the Prince of Orange defeated the Belgians
under Daine. Population (IsiKl), 13,'2.'iO.
Hassenpflug (h:is'sen-p(l6o). Hans Daniel
Ludwig Friedrich. Born at llinuui. Prussia,
Feb. 20. 1794: died at Marburg, Prussia, Oct.
10, 1802. A German politician, noted as a re-
actionary minister in Hesse-Cassel 1832-37 and
1850-55.
485
Hassler (hiis'ler), Ferdinand Rudolph. Born
in Switzerland, Oct. 6. 1770: dicil at Philadel-
phia, Nov. 20, 1843. A Swis.s-American scien-
tist. He was for some time connected with the trigono-
metrical survey of Switzerland, but subsequently emi-
grated t<i the rnit«d States, where, at the instance of
Albert UuUatiii, he became acting professor of mathe-
matics at West Point in 1807, a post which he held until
1810. He was made superintendent of the I'nited States
Coast .Survey in 1815 or 1816, and again, after the discmi-
tinuance of the survey from about 1818 to 183'2, from the
latter .late till his ileath.
Hassler Expedition. A scientific expedition
made in the United St ates Coast Survey steamer
Hassler, P. C. Johnson commanding, between
Dec. 4, 1871. and Aug.. 1872. The scientific In-
vestigations were carried on under the charge of Prof.
Louis Agassiz, who had a number of assistants. Starting
from Philadelphi;!, the route embraced the West Indies,
Brazilian coast, Strait of Magellan, and the Pacific coast
and islands tti San Francisco, C;difornia. Deep-sea dredg-
ings were made at all favoraljle points.
Hastenbeck (hils'ten-bek). A village in the
province of Hannover, Prussia, near Hameln.
Here, .Tuly '2(3, 17.')7, the French under Marshal d'Estr^es
defeated the Allies under the Duke of Cumberland.
Hastinapura(lias-ti-na-po'ra). The capital of
the Kaiiravns, for which the great war of the
Mahabharata was waged. It is siiid to have been
founded by Hast in, son of the first P.harata: but probably
the name means 'elephant city '(from AnA'ti'n, elephant).
The ruins are traceable about 57 miles northeast of Delhi.
Hasting(has'ting). [AS. Hiesti », Dan. flasten.']
Lived in the 9th century. A Scandinavian vi-
king. He made incursions in France, Spain, England, and
elsewhere, and was defeated by Alfred the Great in his
invasion of England 89S-897.
Hastings (has'tingz). [ME. Hastingcs, AS. Bies-
tiiiya.t, also *Hiestiiif/a ccastcr (reflected in the
Bayeux tapestry HestiiKja ccastra), city of
the Hastings, a patronymic name.] A seaport,
watering-place, and pai'liamentary borough in
Sussex, England, situated on the English Chan-
nel .54 miles southeast of London, it is one of
theCiuque Ports, and has a ruined castle. It forms practi-
cally one town with St. Leonard's. For the battle fought
neai-ilastings (106()), see Senlac. Population (1891), 5'2,340.
Hastings. A city and the capital of Dakota
County, Minnesota, situated at the .iunction
of the Vermilion vrith the Mississippi, 19 miles
southeast of St. Paul. Population (1890), 3,705.
Hastings. The capital of Adams County, south-
ern Nebraska. Poimlation (1890), 13,584.
Hastings, Francis Rawdon, first Marquis of
Hastini^s. Born Dec. 9, 17.54: died off Naples,
Nov, '28, 1826. An English general. He served in
the .\merican war, during \\ liit.li he defeated the Ameri-
cans at the battle of Hobkiik's Hill in 1781. He was raised
to the peerage as Baron Itawdon in 1783 : succeeded his
fatherasearl of Moira in 1793 ; was appointed master-gen-
eral of the ordnance 18U6; was governor-general of India
1813-23 ; was created marquis of Hastings in 181C ; and
was governor of Malta 1824-26-
HastingS, Warren. Born at Churchill, Ox-
fordsliire, England, Dec. 6, 1732: died Aug. 22,
1818. An English statesman. He went out to
Calcutta as a writer in the East India service in 1750 ; be-
came a member of the council at Calcutta in 1761 : re-
turned to England in 1764 ; went out as a member of the
council at Madras in 1769 ; and became governor of Ben-
gal in 1772, and first govei-nor-general of India in 1771.
In 1781 lie e.xpelled Raja Chait Singh, zemindar of Benares,
wlio refused a demand for a war contribution against the
Mahrattas ; and in 1782 confiscated a portion of the lands
and treasure of the mother of the Nawab of Oudh (the Be-
gum of Oudh), who had rendered assistance to < "bait Singh.
He returned to ICngland in 1786, and in 1787 was im-
peached on the charge of high crimes and misdemeanors,
based chiefly on his conduct in reference to Chait Singh
and the Begum of Oudh. The trial opened before the
House of Lords in 1788, andrcsnltid in an acquittal in 1796.
HastingS,Williain, Loril Hastings. Born about
1430: executed at tlie Tower, Lomlon, June 14,
1483. An English Yorkist nolileman. His ser-
vices in the civil war were rewarded by Edward IV. with
many appointments : he was made nia^ster of the mint
1461, receiver of the revenues of Cornwall 1463, grand
chamberlain of the royal household 1461-63, chamber-
lain of North Wales 1461-01), lieutenant of Calais 1471.
In 1475 he was sent to I-Yance with an invading army, and
a treaty of peace followed. In 1461 ho was created Baron
HiLstings. He swore allegiance to Edward's eldest son,
but was on bad terms with the ijueen. After the king's
death, Gloucester, failing to bring him to agree with his
plans, charged him with treason at a council held in the
Tower, and he was taken out and beheaded at once.
Shakspere dramatized sir Thomas Morc's account of this
in " Kicliard HI." HIa grandson was the first earl of
Huntingdon.
Hatasu (h!l'tii-so),_oi' Hatchepset (hiit-chep'-
set), A famous Egyptian (pieen, daughter of
Thol limes I. of the 18tli dynasty, and sister and
wife of ThotlmiesII. Atterthc death of the latter she
reigned as queen. She was succeeded by her younger
brother, Thothmes III.
Her tomb was discovered by Mr. lihlnil, in l&ll, exca-
vated in the cliff-side, In the near vii-inity of her temple ;
but Its Identity appears since then to have been forgotten.
Kdwarth, Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., p. '2if7.
Hatun Raymi
It has pleased historians to rank Thothmes II. as the iiu-
meiiiate successor of Thothmes I., and to place the reign
of t^ueen Hatasu between the reigns of her two brothers,
Thothmes II. and Tliotbmes III. By some she is described
as liueen Consort during the reign of Thothnu-s II., and
as tiueen-regent during the earlier years of tlu- reign of
Thothmes HI. By others, and most emphatically by Dr.
Brugseh, she is stigmatized as a usurper. As a matter of
fact, however, Hatasu was actually Queen, and Queen-reg-
nant, during the lifetime of her father. Her accession,
therefore, dates from a long time preceding that of her
brother, 'iihothmes II. An important historical inscrip-
tion sculptured on one of the pylons of the (ireat Temple
of Kamak records this event in eighteen columns of hiero-
glyphic text, which were copieii arid translated by the
late Vieomte E. de R<ing(; in 1872.
EdwardH, Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 261.
Hatchway (hach'wa). Jack. In Smollett's
" Peregrine Pickle," a retired naval officer, the
friend an<l comiianioii of Commodore Trunnion.
Hat Creek Indians. See .1 tsuijc.
Hatfield (hal'l'eld). A small town in Hertford-
shire, England, 19 miles north-nort h west of Lon-
don. Near it is Hatfield House, seat of the
Marcpiis of SalisVmry.
Hatfield Chase. A'large tract of feuland (now
drained) near Doncaster in Yorkshire.
Hathaway (hatli'a-wa), Anne. i>ee Shakspere.
Hathor (hil'thor). In Egyptian mythology, an
important deity, a female counterpart of Osiris,
sometimes replacing him, and worshipe<i in all
Egypt. She is with dithculty distinguishalde from Isis,
like whom she is the patroness of the cow and wears the
sola ■ disk with cow's horns. She had a great number of
hical forms and names.
Hathorne (ha'thorn), William. Born in Wilt-
shire, England, lOOS: died at Salem, Mass.,
1681. An American colonial official. Ue emi-
grated to America in 16:iO ; settled at Salem in 1636 ; was a
member of the commission appointed by the general court
of Massachusetts Bay to treat with the French agent
D' Aulney in 1646; was speaker of the general court of Massa-
chusetts Bay 1644-51 ; and was a member of the board of
assistants 1662-79. He was one of the five patriots whom
Charles II. ordered to be sent to England in 1666 to an-
swer to the charge of refusing to submit to the authority
of the royal commissioners.
Hatras (hil-triis'), or Hathras (hii-thriis'). A
trading town in the Aligarli ilistrict, North-
west Provinces, British India, situated in lat.
27° 30' N., long. 78° 5' E. Population (1891),
39,181.
Hatshepsu. See Hatasu.
Hattemists(hat'em-ists). Aseotinthe Nether-
lands, founded about 1683 by a deposed clergy-
man, Pontianus van Hattem. The founder was a
Spinozist who denied the e.xpiatory sacrifice of Christ and
the freedom of the will, ana aflirmed that sin exists only
in the imagination, and is itself its only punishment. The
sect disappeared in a few years.
Hatteraick (hat'er-ak). Dirk. A smuggler in
Sir Walter Scott's novel "Guy Mannering."
Hatteras (hat'er-as). Cape. A sandy point on
the coast of Nortfi Carolina, pro,iecting into the
Atlantic. Lat. of lighthouse, 3.5° 15' 14' N. ;
long., 75° 31' 17'' W. Violent storms occur in
the vicinity.
Hattingen (hilt 'ting-en). A town in the prov-
ince of Westphalia, Prussia, 22 miles northeast
of Diisseldorf. Population (1890), commune,
7,248.
Hatto (hiit'to) I. Archbishop of Mainz 801-913.
He became regent of (Jerniaiiy on the acccRsioii of Lud-
wig the Child in i)00, and continued to exercise ji predomi-
nant infiueiiee in (iernian politics until his death. He
sought to strengthen the royal authority at the expense
of an unruly nobility, a policy which caused him to be
feared and hated by a considerable part of the people.
According to a medieval legend, he was carried away by
the devil and thrown into the crater of Etna.
Hatto II. Died9()9or970. Archbishop of Mainz.
He became aldiotot Kulda in 942 or 943. and in !X'i8 was ap.
pointed by tlie cnipi'ror otto 1. to succeed William of Sax-
ony in the archbishopric of Mainz. According to a medi-
eval legend, which w as incorporated with the " Magdeburg
Centuries," he was eaten alive by mice as a punislimeiit for
having burned to the ground a barn full of peojile caught
stealing grain during a famine, whose dying shrieks he
likened to the piping of mice. He is further represented as
having built the .Mouse Tower In the Rhine in a vain endea-
vor to escape from his assailants,
Hatton, Sir Christopher. Born at Holdenby,
Northainptonsliiri", in 154(1: died at Ely House,
London, Nov. 2ll, 1-591. Loi'd Chancellor of Eng-
land. His relations with the ipieen were intimate. She
appointed him lord chancellor April 26. 1687. He was
called "(be dancing chancel lor," in allusion to the fact that
be first attnicted the attention of (^ueen Elizatieth by his
graceful dancing at a mask at court.
Hatuey (ii-tii-ay'). Died in 1512. An Indian
chief, originally of the district of (Juajabil in
Haiti. In 1510 or 1511 heandhisfolbiwersfied from the
tyrannyof the Spaniards, and established themselves in the
eastern part of Cuba. 'I'hey resisted \'(I:ist)Uez, but were
soon defeated, and Hatuey was captured and hurncd. His
story is a favorite theme of Cuban novelists and poets.
Hatun Raymi (ii'tou ri'me), or Raymi. The
great feast of the ancient Peruvian Indians^
Hatun Baymi
celebrated especially at Cuzco at the end of Au-
gust. It was a thanksgiving for the haivest. Praises
were offered to the supreme deity and to the sun, moon,
and lesser divinities. There were solemn dances and pro-
cessions from the Temple of the Sun, and the feasting and
rejoicing lasted many days. Some authors state that a
child or maiden was at times sacrificed during the feast,
but this is very doubtful.
Hatun-runas. See I'iruas.
Hatvan (hot'vou). A town in the county of
Heves, Hungary, situated on the Zag>Ta 32
miles east-uoitheast of Budapest. Population
(1890), 6.97!).
Hatzfeld (hiits'felt), Himg. Zsombolya i zhom-
bol'ya). A town in the eountv of Torontal,
Hungary, situated iu lat. 45° 48' N., long. 20°
44' E. Population (1890), 9,580.
Haubourdin (o-bor-daii'). A maniifacturiug
town in the department of Nord, France, di-
rectly southwest of Lille. Population (1891),
commune, 7.4^i7.
Hauch (houeh), Johannes Carsten von. Bom
at Frcderikshald. Norway, May 12, 1790: died
at Rome, JIarcb 4. 1872. A Danish poet and
dramatist. His childhood was spent in Norway. In
1803 he went to Copenhagen, where he subsequently stud-
ied at the university. .After taking, in 1821, the degree
of doctor, he traveled in Germany, France, and Italy. .Six
years later he returned to Denmark, and was appointed
lector at the Soro Academy. He was subsequently (1S40)
for a short time professor in Kiel. In 1851 he was ap-
pointed successor of Ohlenschlager as professor of esthet-
ics in the University of Copenliagen, a position which he
held until his death. His principal works are the tragedy
'* Tiberius "and the drama "GregoriusdenSj-vende," both
written during his first journey to It;dy ; the historical
novels "Vilhelin Zabern " (1834), ' Guldraageren" ("The
Alchemist," 1S3I1), ' En polsk Familie " (" A Polish Family,"
1839), " Slottet ved Bhinen " ("The Castle on the Kliine,"
1S4.1). "Robert Fulton " (1853), "Charles de la Bussifere"
S8S9): and the later dramas "SvendGrathe," "Sostrenepaa
innekuUen " ("The Sisters of Kinnekullen"X "Tycho
Brahes Tngdom" ("Tycho Bi-alie's Youth"), "Aeren tabt
og vunden " (" Honor Lost and Found "). A volume of lyric
poems, " Lyi-iske Digte," iippeared in 1842 : " Lyriske Digte
og Romancer" ^" Lyric Poems and Romances ") in 1861;
and " Nye Digtnmger " (" New Poetical Works ") in 1869.
Hauck (hak), Minnie. Born at New York. Nov.
16. 1852. An American mezzo-soprano singer.
She made her first appearance in concert at New Orleans
about 1865 ; in opera at New York in 1868. She has sung
with great success in Europe and the United States. She
made the success i^f Bizet's opera "Cannen " at London in
1878 ; it had not pleased on its first production.
HaufF (houf). Wilhelm. Born at Stuttgart,
Wtii-temberg. Nov. 29, 1802: died at Stuttgart,
Nov. 18, 1827. A German novelist and poet.
His works include the novel "Liehtenstein " (1826). the
tales "Die Bettlerin vom Pont-des-Arts, " "D.as Bild des
Kaisers," etc.
Haug (houg). Johann Christoph Friedrich.
Bom at Niederstotzingen, Wilrtemberg. March
19, 1761: died at Stuttgart, Wiirtemberg, Jan.
30, 1829. A German epigrammatic poet, author
of "Zweihundert Hyperbeln auf Herm Wahls
ungeheure Nase" (1804), etc.
Haug, Martin. Born at Ostdorf, near Balingen,
Wiirtemberg. Jan. 30, 1827: died at Ragatz,
St.-Gall, Switzerland, Jime 3, 1876. A German
Orientalist, collaborator of Bimsen at Heidel-
berg in 1856, professor of Sanskrit at Poona,
India, in 1859, and professor of Sanskrit and
comparative philology at Munich 18(58-76. He
wrote "Die fiinf Gathas, etc. " (1858-60), "Essays on the
Sacred Language, Writings, and Religion of the Parsees"
(1862), "Old Zend-Pahlavi Glossary " (1868), "A Pahlavi-
Pazand Glossary "(1870), "Essay on the Pahlavi Language "
(1870), "The Book of Arda Viraf" (1872-74; with E. W.
West), etc. He edited and translated the " Aitareya
Brahmana of the Rigveda " (1863).
Haugesund (hou'ge-sdn). A town on the west-
ern coast of Norway, abotit 35 miles northwest
of Stavanger. Population (1891), 5,383.
Haughton (ha'ton), William. Lived in the last
half of the 16th century. An Engli.sh dramatist.
He wrote a immber of plays, principally in collaboration
with Dekker, Day, Chettle. and others. In l(io2 he was
writing a play called " Cartwright, " Nothing later is
known of him. " Englishmen for My Money, etc. "(printed
1616), is the only play he is known to have written alone.
Haugwitz (houg'vitsi. Count Christian Au-
gust Heinrich Kurt von. Bom near Ols. Si-
lesia, .hiiie 11. 17.52: died at Venice, 1831. A
Prussian politician, minister of foreign affairs
1792-1S04 ami 180.5-06.
Haupt (houj)!), Herman. Bom at Philadelphia,
March 26, 1817. An American engineer and
general. He graduated at West Point in 1835 ; was pro.
fessor of civil engineering and mathematics in Pennsyl-
vania College, Gettysburg, 1811 17 : became assistant en-
gineer of the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad in li^T ;
was chief engineer of the Huosac tunnel in ilassachusetts
1856-62 ; and during the Civil War was aide to General Ir-
win McDowell, with the rank of colonel, and chief of the
bureau of ITuited Slates military railways, in cliargc of
construction and operation. In 187.^ he became chief en-
gineer of the Tide-water Pipe Line Company. Author of
'• General 1 heory of Bridge Construction " (1852), etc.
Haupt, Moritz. Bom at Zittau, Saxony, July
486
27. 1808: died at Berlin, Feb. 5, 1874. A Ger-
man philologist and Latin poet, professor at
Ijeipsic 1838-50, and at Berlin from 1853. He
edited Ovid, Horace, Catullus. Tibullus, Propertius, Vergil
and other chissics, and "Erec " (1839)," Derarme Heinrich "
(1842), and other Middle High German poems.
Haupt, Paul. Born at Gorlitz, Germany, Nov.
25, 1858. A German-American Assyriologist,
Semitic gi'ammarian, and Old Testament critic.
He was privat-docent at the University of Gottingen 1880,
extraordinary professor of Assyriulogy at the same univer-
sity 1883-89, and professor of Semitic languages at Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, from 1883. He has pub-
lished numerous works on .\kkadian and Assyrian subjects,
and is joint editor of " Beitragezur AssjTiologie." Among
his works are "Akkadische und gnmerische Keilschrift-
texte" and "Das babylonische Nimrudepos." He is now
(1894) engaged in editing a text and translation of the
Bible printed in colors to exhibit the present state of
biblical iriticism.
Hauptmann (houpt'miin), Moritz. Born at
Dresden, Oct. 13. 1792: died at Leipsie, Jan. 3,
1868. A German composer and writer on music.
He was cantor at the Thomasschule and professor of coun-
terpoint and composition at the Conservatory in Leipsie.
He wrote "Die Natnr der Harmonik uud der Metrik "
(1S,'.3), etc.
Hauran (hii-o-riin' or hou-ran'). A distiict in
S^Tia, intersected by lat. 32° 40' N., long. 36°
30' E., nearly corresponding to the ancient Au-
ranitis in Bashan.
Haureau(6-ra-6'). JeanBarthelemy. Born at
Paris, Nov. 9, 1812. A French historian and
publicist. He became editor-in-chief of the "Courrier
de la Sarthe" at Mans about 1838, which post he retained
7 years, and was director of the Imprimerie Nationale
1870-82. His chief work is "Gallia Christiana " (1856-65).
Hausa, or Haussa (hou'sii). A eotmtry and
nation situated north of the junction of the
Niger with the Binue River, in central Sudan.
Hausa-lanil is almost coextensive with the modern king-
dom of Sokoto. The Kansas form the most important
nation of the .Sudan. They belong to the Nigritic branch
of the Bantu-negro race. sUghtly mixed with Hamitic ele-
ments. According to their own tradition, their fatherwas
a negro and their mother a Berber. The Gober section
is of Coptic descent. The Hausas are Mohammedans,
semi-civilized, great traders, and able craftsmen. In the
slaving times Hausa slaves were in great demand ; to-day,
Hausa soldiers constitute a large portion of the British
and Kongo State forces. In the middle ages the Hausas
formed a great negro kingdom, which subsequently broke
up into small states. About the 16th centurj' the Fulahs
or Fulbe began to get a foothold among them, and in 1S02
Othraan dan Fodio founded in Hausa-laud a great Fulah
empire. From this, divided among his sons, sprang the
modern sultanates of Sokoto, Gando, and Adamawa. The
Hausa language is spoken fiu- beyond Hausa-land. It is
euphonious, simple and regular in structure, and eminently
fit to become a literary language. The principal dialects
lu-e those of Katsena (the literary standard), Kano, Gober,
and Danra.
Hauser (hou'zer), Kaspar. Died at Ausbach.
Bavaria, Dee. 17, 1833. A German foundling.
He appeared at Nuremberg in 1828, and was taken into
custody by the police, to whom he gave his name as Kas-
par Hauser. He carried on his person a letter, purporting
to have been written by a Bavarian laborer, which stated
that the bearer had been found at the writer's door, Oct.
7, 1812. A note was inclosed, which purported to have
been written by the mother. It stated that the foundling's
name was Kaspar ; that he was born April 30. 1812 ; that
liis father was a captain in the Sixth Chevau-l^ger Regi-
ment at Nuremberg; and that his mother was a poor
girl. The boy said that he had been confined in a dark
room all his life, until one night a man placed a letter in
his hand and directed him on the road to Nuremberg. He
was placed by the city under the care of Professor G. Fr.
Daumer, and was subsequently adi>ptcd by Liird Stanhope,
who sent him to Ansbach. He died in consequence of a
wound which he asserted he had received at the hands of
an unknown person who had enticed him to a rendezvous
by the promise of information as to his origin. His story
underwent many romantic changes in popularimagination.
Hausser (hois'ser).Lud'wig. BornatKleeburg,
Lower Alsace, Oct. 26, 1818 : tlied at Heidel-
berg, Baden, March 17, 1867. A (jerman histo-
rian, professor at HeideUierg. He wrote "Deutsche
Geschichte vom Tode Friedriclis des Grossen bis zur
Glriindung des dent schenBuiKles," "Geschichtederfranzo-
sischen Revolution "(1867), "Geschichte des Zeitalters der
Reformation" (1868), etc.
Haussmann (6s-m;in' ), Baron Georges Eugene.
Born at Paris. March 27, 1809: died there, Jan.
11,1891. A French magistrate. He was educated
for the bar, but entered the civil service, aiul in 1853 be-
came prefect of the Seine, wbicli post he occupied until
1870. He carried out vast works for the sanitation and
embellishment of Paris, including the improvement of
the Bois de Boulogne, the park <)f Vincennes. etc., and of
the sewer system and water-supply.
Hausstock (hous'stok). A peak in the Todi
chain of the Alps, in Switzerland. Height,
1(1.353 feet.
Hautecombe (6t-k6ub'). A Cistercian abbey in
t lie department of Savoie, France, about 13 miles
north-northwest of Chamb(5ry, founded in 1125.
It was plundered and desecrated iluring the
French Revolution, but was subsequently re-
stored.
Haute-Garonne(h6t-ga-ron')(UpperGaronne).
A department in southern France. Capital,
Havasupai
Toulouse. It is bounded by Tarn-et-Garonne on the
north. Tarn, .Aude, and Ari^ge on the east, Ari^ge and
Spain on the south, and Gers and Hautes- Pyrenees on the
«e.st, being formed from portions of the ancient Languedoc
andtiascony. Area, 2,429 square miles. Population (1891),
472,3s3.
Haute-Loire (hot-lwar') (Upper Loire). A de-
partment of France. Capital, LePuy. It is bound-
ed by Puy-de-D6me and Loii-e on the north, Ardeche on
the southeast, Lozere on the south, and Cantal on the west^
being formed from portions of Languedoc and Auvergne,
and a small portion of Lyonnais. Area, 1,916 square miles.
Population (1891), 316,735.
Haute-Mame (h6t-marn')(tJpperJIarne). Ade-
partmcnt in northeastern France. Capital,Chau-
mont. It is bounded by Marne and M euse on the north,
Vosges on the east, Haute-Sa6ne on the soutliea.st, COte-
d'Or on the southwest, and .\nbe on the west, being formed
chiefly from a part of the ancient Champagne. The lead-
ing industries are mining and iron maimfnctnre. .Area,
2,402 square miles. Population (1891), 243,:.33.
Hautes-Alpes (hot-ziilp') (Upper Alps). A de-
partment in southeastern France. Capital, Gap.
It is bounded by Isere and Savoie on the north, Italy on
the east, Basses-Alpes on the south, and Drome on the
west, being fonned from part of the ancient Danphin^.
The surface is mountainous. Area, 2,158 square miles.
Population (1891), 115,522.
Haute-Saone (hot-son') (Upper Saone). A de-
partment in eastern France. Capital, Vesoul.
It is bounded by Haute-ilame on the northwest, Vosges on
the noith, Haut-Rhin on the east, Doubs and Jura on the
south, and Cote-d'Or on the west, being fonned from a por-
tion of the ancient Frauche-Comt^. Area, 2,062 s^uare
miles. Population (1891), 280,866.
Haute-Savoie (h6t-sii-\'wa') (L^per Savoy). A
department in eastern France, (japital. Annecy.
It is bounded by the canton of Geneva on the northwest,
the Lake of Geneva on the north, Valais on the east, Italy
on the southeast, Savoie on the south, and Ain on the west,
being formed from the ancient .Savoy, ceded by Italy to
France 1860. The surface is mountainous (including Mont
Blanc). Area, 1,767 square miles. Population (1891X
568,267.
Hautes-Pyr6n6es (hot-pe-ra-na') (Upper Pyre-
nees). A department in southwestern France.
Capital, Tarbes. It is bounded by Oers on the north,
Haute-Garonne on the east, Spain on the south, and Basses-
Pyr^n6es on the west, being formed from a portion of the
ancient Gascony. It is traversed by the l*>renees and off-
shoots. Area, 1,749 square miles. Population (1891), 225,86L
Haute- Vienne (hot-vyen') (Upper Vienne). A
department in western France. Capital, Li-
moges. It is bounded by Vienne on the northwest, Indre
on the north, Crense on the east, Correze and Dordogne on
the south, and Charenteon the west, being formed chiefly
from portions of the ancient Limousin and Marche. The
leading industry is the manufacture of porcelain. Area,
2,130 square miles. Population (1891), 372,878.
Hautlein (6t-lan'), Marquis de. A gentleman
of the ancient regime at whose house Scott pro-
fessed tohave gathered the materials of " Quen-
tin Durward."
Hautmont (h6-m6n'). Amanufactm-ingtown in
the department of Nord, France, on the Sambre
19 miles east-southeast of Valenciennes. Pop-
ulation (1891). commune, 10.238.
Haut-Rhin. See Beljhrt, Territory of.
Haiiy (ii-Ue'), Bene Just, Abbi?. Bom at St.-
Just. Oise. France. Feb. 28. 1743 : died at Paris.
Jtme 3, 1822. A celebrated French mineralogist,
the founder of the science of crystallography.
He taught at the College of Navarre in Paris (from 1764);
on the opening vi the Revolution was thrown into prison,
but was rescued by Geotfroy Saint-Hilaire ; and became a
member of the connnission of weights and measures 179S,
professor of physics at the Normal School 1795, and pnw
fessor of mineralogy at the Museum of Natural History
(1802) and the Faculty of Sciences. He published " Trait*
de mineralogie " (1802X "Traits ^limentairede physique"
(ls04), "Trait* de cristallographie, etc." (1822), etc.
Haiiy, Valentin. Bom at St. -Just, Oise, France,
Nov. 13, 1745: died at Paris. March, 1822. A
French instructor of the blind, brother of R. J.
Haiiy.
Havana cha-van'ii), sometimes Havannah, Sp.
La Habana (lii a-Bii'nii) or San Crist6bal de
la Habana est. Christopher of the Haven'),
F. La Havane (lii ha-viiu'). A seaport and
the capital of Cuba, situated on a line bav on the
northern coast, in lat. 23° 8' N.. long. 82° 21' W.
It is the commercial center of the West Indies, and one of
the principal commercial cities in America. Thechit'ex-
ports are sugtir, cigars, and tobacco ; the leading manufac-
ture is tobacco. Havana is divided into the " old " and
"new "towns, thelatter beyond the old walls, and it has sev-
eral handsome suburbs. Itc"nt:iiiisacathedral(begunl7-i4),
and many public i)arks and primienades. It was founiled
on its present site in 1610. It was taken several times in the
17th century bv bucaneers, and by the English in 17(i2, but
restored to "Spiun in 1763. Population (1887), 200,44s.
Havana Glen. A remarkable glen neartho head
of Seneca Lake. 4 miles from Watkins Glen,
western New York.
Havasupai (hii-va-s6'pi). A tribe of North
American Indians, living in northwestern Ari-
zona. The name is translated as ' down-in
people ' and ' wiUow people.' They number 214.
See Yiiman.
Havel
Havel (liii'fel). A river in Prussia, joining the
Kill.- S miles northwest of Havelberg. It traverses
several lakes. Its cliief tributary is tlie Spree. Length,
■il«mt MO miles, nearly all uf it navigable.
Havelberg dia'tel-beroi A town in the i>rov-
i,,,.,- of I'.nuiilonbmg. Prussia, situated on an
i-laiid in the Havel, 59 miles west -northwest of
P.irliii. Population (1890), commune, 6,975.
Havelland (ha'fel-land). A territory in the
western part of tlie province of Brandenbm-g,
Prussia, l\ing between the Havel and the lower
i-oiirse of the Khin.
Havelock (hav'e-lok). Sir Henry. Born at
Hishup- Wearmouth. England, April o.l(9;>: died
at Lucknow, British India, Xov. 24. 18,)(. An
English general in India, espceially distin-
guished during the Indian mutiny of 18.57. He
relieved Eucknow SepU, 1*57. „ , , ,
Havelock the Dane, The Lay of. An Anglo-
Diiiisli storv, ccnuposed before 1300. it contains
tlu- leL-en.l of the town of Orimsby. There is a French lay
called "Le lai irHavelok le Danois." It is a trans-
lation of a trench romance called "I.e lai de Aveloc
written in the Hist halt of the 12th century and probably
fouiide.l on an Ans-Io.Sax .n oiicinal. Ithas been edited by
Sir V. Madilen f..r the Koxbnrghe Club (1S28), and reedite.
for the Early English Text Society by the Rev. W . W • ^.k;at
(18«8) Havelock was the son of the Danish king Bnka-
been. He was put to sea by treachery, and was saved by
Grim, a flshernian, who brought him up as his son. I. rim
was rewarded by the king when the truth was discovered,
and with the money given him buUt Grimsby, or t.riiu s
town. ._T^ i
Haven (ha'\-n), Erastus Otis. Bom at Boston,
Mass., Nov. 1,1820: died at Salem.Ore., Aug. 2,
1881. An American bishop of the Methodist
Episcopal Church. He edited "Zion'sHerald "(Boston)
IS-W-eS -, was president of the luiversity of Michigan (Ann
Arbor) ISOiKKI, and of the Northwestern I niverslty(Lvans-
lou Illinois) l»«i)-T2 ; and became chancellor of Syracuse
r niversity in 1^74. Ue published •• Rhetoric " (ISb^), etc.
Haven. Gilbert. Bom at Maiden, Mass., bept.,
18-1- died at Maiden, Jan. 3, 1880. An Ameri-
can bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church.
He edited "Zion's Herald" (Boston) 1867-<2.
Haverford College (liav'er-f.5rd kol'ej). An in-
stitution of learning situated at Havertonl,
Pennsylvania, 9 miles west-northwest of Phila-
delphia. It was founded 183-2, opened 1833, and incor-
porated 18;.e ; it is controlled by the Society of Friends.
Haverfordwest (hav'er- ford -west ), Welsh
Hwlffordd iliol'toiTH). A seaport and tlie
cipital i>f Pcinbrokeshire,'VVales, situated on the
West Cleddau in lat. .51° 48' N., long. 4°57'W.
Population (1891), 6,179.
Havergal (hav'er-gai), Frances Ridley. Bom
at .-^stlev. Worcestershire, Dec. 14. 1836 : died at
Swansea, Wales, June 3, 1879. An English re-
ligious writer. She published the "Ministry of Song '
(18-0) and other collections of devotional poetiy and prose.
Haverhill (hav'er-il). A town m Suffolk, Eng-
land. Population (1891), 4,587.
Haverhill (ha'ver-il). A city (incorporated
1870) in Essex Countv, Massachusetts, situated
on the .Merrimac 30 i^iiles north of Boston. I'
is noted for shoe manufacture. It was the birthplace of
Whittier. Population (1890), 27,41-2. . ,, , , ,
- HaverstraW(hav'er-stra). AtownmKocklaiid
Cuuutv X.Y.. situated on the Hudson 34 miles
north "of New York. Population (1890). 5,170.
Haverstraw Bay. The name given to the e.x-
Iiausioii of 11..- Hudson below the Highlands
and iiorib iif Tappaii Si-a.
Have with you to Saffron Walden. beo .saj-
I'riiii H'litdtii, etc.
Havilah (hav'i-lii). In the description of Eden
in Cen ii., a land mentioned as encompassed
by the Pishon, one of the four rivers whidi
go out from Eden, and as containing gold and
bedolach and shoham stone. As Pishon has been
identifled with almost all rivers, so Havilah was sought
and found in all parts of the earth, notably in Arnicma
((•oll■hi^)iOMl liidia. Frederick Delitzsch.who locates hden
in Mesopotinnhi near Babyl.mia (see Kden), identities Ha-
vilabwilh the liact immediately to the south and west of
the Euuhnites. Havilah is also enumerated in Gen. x. 4
among the s.Jiib of Cusb, son ..f Ham ; in Gen x. '29 among
the sons of Joktan, a descendant of Shem ; and in Gen. xxv.
18 It appears as the southeastern limit of the Ishmaclite
Arabs It perhaps designates the cast or southeast of
Arabia on the Persian Gulf, in which region, according to
Strabo alribeby tbenameot(hanlota-anslived,whowcre
neighb'orsot the Nabataians and llazarenes On theoth -r
hand the Analitie of the classical writers (Pliny, \I. -28),
a neoiile witli a l"wn Analis (now Zcila) on the African
coast, soulh of (he strait of Bab. el-Mandeb, would answer
to the CnBhite Havilah. x r. ,
Haviland(hav'i-land). John. BornatOumlen-
haiii, Somersetshire, in 1793: died at T'luliidel-
phia. March 2S, 1852. An English architect. Uo
studied with .lames Elmes. In ISl.'i ^^went to Russia to
enter the iin|)erial corps of engineers. The following year
he went U' the Hniled States, where he made a specialtyot
penltentiaiv buildings ; among tbeni were that at Pitt-sburg,
the first deiigned on the radiating principle advocated by
.lereniy Bentham ; the Eastern Penitentiary at 1 hilailel-
phia- the Tombs, New York ; aii.l the State penitentiaries of
487
New Jersey, Missouri, and Rhodelsland. Hs also designed
the I'nited states Naval Asylum at Norfolk, the 1 niteil
States Jlintat Philadclphiii, and other public buildings.
His prisons « ere considered standard at the tune, and w ere
visited by commissioners from England, France, Russia,
and Prussia.
Havre lii'vr), Le, or Havre, lormeriy Havre-
de-Qrace (U'vr-d(:--gi-iis'). [!•'.. 'tlu- Haven,
•the Haven of Grace': a chapel of yotrv Ditmi
<le Gnicc, 'our Lady of Grace,' formerly existed
there.] A seaport" in the department of beine-
Inf^rieure, France, situated at the mouth of
the Seine in lat. 49° 29' N., long. 0° 7' E. It is
the seoond seaport of France, and the terminus of severed
steamship lines; has atwut one fifth of the whole foreign
trade of France (especially with America)- and is noted
for its docks and shipbuilding yards, llie ( liurch of
Notre Dame and the museum are of interest. Bernardm
de Saint Pierre and Casimir Delavigne were born here.
The town was founded by Louis XII. ; was developed by-
Francis I. ; was occupied by the English in 1662-<J3; and
was unsuccessfully attacked by the English in 1094. Poj)-
ulation (18W). commune. 116,369.
Havre de Grace (hav'er de griis). A town in
Harford County, Maryland, situated on the Sus-
tpiehanna, near its mouth, 34 miles northeast of
Baltimore. Population (1890), 3,244.
Hawaii (lui-wi'e). The largest and southeast-
crumost of the Hawaiian Islands. The surface is
mountainous. It contains the volcanoes JIauna Kea,
Mauna Loa, and KUauea. The chief town is Hilo. Area,
4,210 square miles. .^
Hawaiian Islands (liii-wi'van i'landz), or Ha-
waii, or Sandwich Islands (sand wich i -
landz). A group of islands in the North Pacihc,
alout lat. 18° 5.y-22° 15' N., long. 1-54° 50'-160°
15' W. Capital, Honolulu. The chief islands are Ha-
waii, Maui, Oahu, Kauai. Lanai, Kahulaui, Mc.lokai, Nu-
hau The surface is largely mountainous and volcanic.
The chief export is sugar; other exports are rice, bananas,
and wool. The inhabitants are native Hawaiians (3r.,000,de-
ereasing), Chinese (15,301), .lapanese (12,360), Po^ug"""
(8,602), Americans (1,928), British (1,344), Germans (1,034 ,
etc The islands were discovered by Gaetano in la4A
ami rediscovered in 1778 by Cook (who gave them the name
Owhvhee). The government was consolidated by Kame-
hameha I. (who died in 1819), and idolatry was abolished
in 1819- the next year the American missionaries arrived.
A constitution was granted in 1840, and a more liberal one
in 1887 The government was a monarchy, with king,
cabinet, and legislature (consisting of a house of nobles
and house of representatives). The queen, Liliuokalam
(who ascended the throne in 1891), on Jan. 15, 1893, at-
tempted to force the cabinet to approve a new constitu-
tion designed to give greater power to the crown and t<,
the native population. This they declined to do. <hi.Ian.
17 1893, the queen was deposed by a committee of pulilic
safety, and a provisional government was f.jrmed, headei.
by Mr. Siuiford B. Dole, which was to retain office until a
treaty of annexation with the United States should be
concluded. Such a treaty was sent to the Senate by Presi-
dent Harrison, but it was withdrawn by President Cleve-
land on the ground that the revolution in Hawaii was
wrongfully accomplished by the aid of the American min-
ister, Mr. Stevens, and the American naval force, and that
the queen should be re(?Btablished on her throne. His ef-
fort to accomplish this end by diplomatic means failed.
A republic was proclaimeil July 4, 1894.
Hawar (ha-wiir'). \_^s. nl-litiwar, the intensely
bright.] The bright second-magnitude star
£ Ursffi Majoris, commonly known as Atioth.
Hawarden (har'dn). A town in Flintshire,
Nort h Wales, 16 miles south of Liverpool. N^'ai"
it is Hawarden Castle, the residence of W. h.
Gladstone. , , t, , *
Haweis (hois). Hugh Reginald. Born about
1840. An Engli.sh clergyman and author. He
has published "Music and Morals," etc^
Hawes (ha/.), Stephen. Born about 1470: died
about 1523. An English poet. He w-rote an alle-
gorical iioeni, "The Pastime of Pleasure (about 160(.),
printed by Wynkyn do Worde in 1609; "The Example of
Virtue" (151:1); etc. ,
Hawes, WilUam. Bom at London, 1-85: died
then-. Kcb. IS. 1S40. An English composer and
niusiciaii. Uc introduced Weber's "Her Freischiilz"
into England 1824, after which ho adapted many operas for
the English st;lge. t>- . • »
Hawes Water. A lake m the Lake District
Westmoreland, England, 9 miles northeast ol
Amblesiile. Length, 2i miles.
Hawick (ha'ik). A town in Roxburghshire,
Scotland, situated on the Teviot 40 miles south-
southeast of Edinburgh. It manufactures tweeds,
hosien- etc. Near it is liianksome Tower. Hawick, liala-
shiels ..nd Selkirk form the Hawick district of burghs (or
the Border burghs), returning 1 member to Parliament.
Population (1891). 19,-204. ,,,,,■ , »
Hawkabites (hak'a-lnts) A club of dissolute
young men, associated in London aflertlie Ives-
toratioii for the pleasure of lighting. "A class of
rufflanswhosefavorlteamiisement was ("swagger by night
about town, breaking windows, upsett ng »«''•'»;'''-■'''''«
,|Uiet men, etc." (Old and Srw L,m,lan, IV. IWI.) Also
Hawke (hak), Edward, first Har.ui Hiiw <■.
Bom at London, 1705 : died at Sunbury, Middle-
81-x, England, Oct. 17, 1781. An Eiigish ad-
miral He delealed the French off Belle-lie in
Hawthorne, Nathaniel
Hawke Bay. -V bay on the east coast of the
Ndrth Islanci, New Zealand.
Hawkesbury (haks'ber-i). A river of New
South Wales which flows into the Pacific north-
east of Syilney. Length, about 330 miles.
Hawker (hii'ker), Robert Stephen. Born at
Stoke Damerel, Devonshire: died in 1875. An
English w liter, vicar of Morwenslow, Cornwall.
Hawkeye (luik'i) State. -V popular name of the
State of Iowa. It is said to be so named from
an Indian chief who once lived in that region.
Hawkins (hii'kinz), Anthony Hope. Bom at
Loudon, Feb. 9, 1863. An English novelist.
He writes under the name of Anthony Hope. Ue was
called to the bar in ls87. He has written "A .Man of
Mark" (1890), "Father Stafford," "Sport Royal." "A
Change of Air," "The Prisoner of Zenda," 'The Dolly
Dialogues," "The Indiscretion of the Duchess," etc.
Hawkins, or Hawkyns (ha'kinz). Sir John.
Born at Plymouth, 1532: died at sea off Porto
Rico, Nov. 12, 1595. An English naval hero. In
1562, 1564, and 1067 he carried cargoes of slaves from Afri-
ca to the West Indies and the Spanish main. Several Eng-
lish noblemen, and, it is said, Queen Elizabeth, had a finan-
cial interest in these voyages. The trade was a violation
of Sjjanish law, and ultimately Hawkins was attacked by
a Spanish fleet in the harbor of Vera Cruz, and escaped
with difficulty, after losing most olhis ships(Sept. 24, 1668).
In 1573 he was made treasurer of the English navy. As
rear-admiral he took a prominent part in the defeat of the
Spanish Armada (Aug., 1688), and was knighted. He was
with FYobisher on the Portuguese coast in 1590, and died
while second in command in Drake's expedition to the
West Indies.
Hawkins, Sir John. Bom at London, March 30,
1719 : died at Westminster, May 21, 1789. An
English author ~ ' "" '"■
1747, and off C^uiberou in lio9.
Ai,ii^ii^n tfcuiu,v. . He was one of Dr. Johnson's execu-
tors, and wrote his life,which he published with an edition
of Johnson's works In 1787. His chief work is "A (ieneral
History of the Science and Practice of Music " (1776).
Hawkins or Hawkyns, Sir Richard. Born
about 1-562: died at London. April li , lOLL. An
English naval hero, son of Sir John Hawkins
( 1 532-95) . He was early engaged in West Indian enter-
prises ; took part in the defeat of the Armada, Aug., 1588,
and in the descent on the Portuguese coast m IjSX) ; and in
June, 1693, started on a voyage around the «-oild m the
Dainty. After touching in Brazil, he passed the Strait of
Magellan, and took and plundered Valparaiso; but he was
defeated and captured after a hard fight in San Mateo Bay,
Peru June -22 1694. Taken to Lima, he was sent to Spam
in 1597 and imprisoned until 160-2, when he was ransomed.
Subsequentlv he was vice-admiral of Devon, and second in
command iii'Sir Robert Mansell's fleet against the Alger-
iiie pirates, 1020-21. _. . t. i xt
Hawks (haks), Francis Lister. Born at New-
bern, N. C, June 10, 1798: died at New York,
Sept., 1866. An American clergyman of the
Protestant Episcopal Church, and historical,
legal, and miscellaneous writer. Among his
works is " Contributions to the Ecclesiastical
History of the United States" (1836-41).
Hawkwood (hak'wiid). Sir John. Born in
Esse.v, England, about 1320: died at Florence,
Italy, in 1394. A noted English leader of con-
dottieri and strategist. He served under the Black
Prince in France, and after the peace of Bietigny organ-
ized his famous White Company, whose services he sold to
various Italian powers. He Bnallybecame the permanent
military adviser and captain-general of Florence.
Hawley (ha'li), Gideon. Born at Stratford
(Bridgeport), Conn., Nov. 11, 1727: diedatMash-
pee, Mass., Oct. 3, 1807. An American mission-
arv. He graduated at Vale in 1749, and in 1763, at the
instance of the commissioners of Indian affairs estab-
lished a mission among the Iroquois Indians on the Sus-
nuehanna River, which he abandoned in 17.56 on account
.if the old French and 1 ndian war. He subsequently served
as chaplain in Colonel Richard t;ridley's regiment, and m
1767 was apiioiuted, by the commissioners of the .-society
f,ir Propagating (he G.ispel, pastor of the Indian tribes at
Mashpee, Massachusetts.
Hawley, Joseph. Born at Northampton, Jlass.,
Oct. 8, 1723(1724?): died in Hampshire County,
March 10, 17.SS. An American patriot.
Hawley, Joseph Roswell. Born at Stewarts-
ville, N. C, Ucl. 31, 1826. An American general,
iournalist, and politician. He graduated at Ham-
ilton ColU-ge in 1817 ; was admitted to the bar in 1860 : be-
came editor of the Hartford " Press in 1867 ; served as a
brigade and division commander in the I nion an."} '' f-
ini: (he Civil War, being brevetted major general in 186:. ,
was president of the Republican Katioual Convention ill
1868 • was Republican member of Congress from Lonneet:-
cut 187-2-75 anil l»7ii-«l ; has been United States senator
since 1881 - was an unsuccessful candidate tor the Repub-
lican nomination for Presblent in 1S84 and 1S88; and was
president of the I nited States Centennial Commission
Hawthornden (ha'thOrn-den). A glen or valley
in Ediiiburglishire, Scotland, 8 miles south ot
Edinburgh. The estate of Hawthorndcn was
tlie in-operiy ot the poet William Drummond.
Hawthorne(ha'l horn), Julian. Bornat Bost.iii,
.hull- 22, 1846. An American novelist and inis-
c.-Uaneous writer, son of Nat lianicl Hawthorne.
Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Bom at Sak-m. Mass ,
July 4. 1804: died at Plymouth, In. H., May 19,
Hawthorne, Nathaniel
1864. A ci-lebrati'dAinerieaii novelist. He grad-
uated at B(nv(ii)in t'ollepe in 1^25 ; served in the custom-
house at Boston ls.ih-11 ; joined the Brook Farm Associa-
tion in IS41 ; settled at IVmcnrd, Massachusetts, in 1S43 ;
was surveyor of tlie port of Salem t8-K>-49 : and was United
States consul at Liverpool 185;i-67. In 1861 he returned to
the United States. "Fansliawe," his Ilrst story, was pub-
lished in 1826 at his own expense. He wrote "Twice-told
Tales'* (1837; second series 1842), "Mosses from an Old
Manse "(1840), "The .Scarlet Letter" (1860), "The House
of the Seven Gables " (18.il), "The Wonder-Book" (1851),
" The Blithedale Romance "(1852X" Snow Image and other
Twice-told Tales " (18,12), " Life of Franldin I'ierce " (1832).
"Tanglewood Tales " (18.1:1), " The Marble Faun "(1860 : the
English edition was called "Ti-ansforma'io!i, or the Ro-
mance of .Monte Beni," also 1800), "Onr Olii Home" (1863),
"Pansie" (18t'^: also called "The DoUiver Romance"),
" Note Books "(1868-72), ' ' Septimius Felton ' ' (1872), " Tales
of the White Hills" (1877)k "Dr. Grimshawe's Secret" (a
fragment, 1883).
Hawwa (ha-wii')- [Ar. al-hawwa, the serpcnt-
flianiK 1-.] A rarely used name for the star
(1 Ophiuclii, oommonly known as Sus-alayhue.
Hay(ha), John. Boruat Salem,Ind.,Oft.8,1838.
An Americanauthor, journalist, anddiplomatist.
He was assistant private secretary to President Lincoln
1861-65 ; first secretary of legation at Paris 1805-67 ; chargt!-
d'affaii-es nt Vienna ]8ti7-68 ; secretary of legation at Ma-
drid 1868-70; assistant secretary of state 1^79-^1; ambas-
sador to Great Biitain 1897-. He published " Pike County
Ballads" (1871) and "Caitilian Days" (1871), and is the
author, with J. 0. Nicolay, of the "Life of Abraham Lin-
coln" (Itegun as a serial in "Tlie Centuiy," 1887).
Hayd6e (a-da'). An opera eomique by Auher
(words by Scribe), produ<'ed in Paris in 1847.
Hayden ( ha'd n ) , Ferdinand Vandeveer. Born
at Westfield,Mass.. Sept. 7, 1829: died at Phila-
delphia, Dec. '2'2, 1887. An American geologist.
He graduated at Oberlin College in 1850, and at the Albany
Medical College in 1853 ; w.as professor of geology and min-
eralogy in the University of Pennsylvania 1805-72; and
was connected with the geological and geogi'aphical sur-
veys of the United States 18.'i9-se. He edited the first 8
reports (1867-70) of the United States geographical and
geological surveys of the Territories, and is the author of
"Sketch of the Origin and Progress of the United States
Geological and Geographical Surveys of the Territories"
(1877), " The Yellowstone National Park and the Mountain
Regions of Idaho, Nevada, Colorado, and Utah " (1877).
Hayden, Mount, or Grand Teton (te-toii').
The highest of the Three Tetons, Teton Range,
western Wyoming. Height, about 13,600 feet.
Haydn (ha'dn; G. pron. hi'dn), Johann Mi^
chael. Boni at Eohrau, Lower Austria, Sejit.
14, 1737: died at Salzburg, Austria-Hungary,
Aug. 10, 1806. An Austrian comjjoser, brother
of Joseph Haydn.
Haydn, Joseph. Bom at Rohrau, Lower Aus-
tria, March 31, 1732: died at Vienna, May 31,
1809. A celebrated Austrian composer. He was
appointed chajjelmaster to Prince Esterhizy at Eisen-
stadt, Hungary, in 1760, and resided in London 1791-92
and 1794-95. His works include "The Seven Words, etc."
(1785: a cantata), "The Creation " (1798), "The Seasons"
('■ Die Jahreszeiten," 1801), 125 symphonies, 83 string quai--
tets, sonat.as, etc., and the Austrian national hymn. .See
his life by Pohl, 1876-82.
Haydon (ha'don), Benjamin Robert. Born at
Plymouth, England, Jan. 2G, 1786: committed
suicide at London, June 22, 1846. A noted Eng-
lish historical painter. His life was one of struggle
and of disappointment because his talent was not appre-
ciated. Among his works are " Christ's Entry into Jeru-
salem ' (now at Cincinnati), "The Raising of Lazarus, '
" The Judgment of Solomon " (in the National Gallerj',
London). He published "Lectures on Painting and De-
sign "(1844-46), His life, compiled fi-om his autobiogr.i-
pby and jom-nal, was published by Tom Taylor in 18.53.
Haye, La. See Haf/tie, The.
Hayel (hii-yel'), or Hail (ha-el'). A city of
Shomer, Arabia, situated about lat. 27° 40' N.,
long. 42° 40' E.
Hayes (haz), Catherine. Born in Ireland about
1825 : died at London, Aug. 11, 1801. An Irish
singer. She made her debut in 1845 at Marseilles, and
had a brilliant career in Italy and Austria. In 1S49 site
appeared in London, but so(Ui left England for America,
India, Polynesia, and Australia. She married a Mr. Bush-
nell in 1857. Gruiw
Hayes, Isaac Israel. Bom in Chester Countv,
Pa., March 5, 1832: died at New York, Dec. 17,
1881. An American arctic explorer. He accom-
panied the second Grinnell expedition under E. K. Kane
as smgeon l,s5;;-55. Convinced during this expedition of
the existence of an open polar sea, he solicited subscrip-
tions, as the result of which he was enabled to lit out an
expedition, c^insi=tiug of 14 persons, which sailed from Bos-
ton, Massachusetts, July 7, ISflO. He wintered in Foulke
Fiord, lat. 78* 18' N., near Littleton Island, and May 18.
1861, reached a point which he placed at lat, 81' 35 N.,
long. 70* 30' W., although the correctness of his observa-
tions has been called in ((Uestion. He returned to Bnston
Oct. 23, 1861. In 1809 he visited Greenland with the artist
William Bradford in the Panther. Hepnblished 'An Arctic
Boat-Journey "(1800), " The Open Pohir Sea "(1867), "Cast
Away in the I'old "(l.s('«), " The Land of Desolation '■(1872).
Hayes, Rutheriford Birchard. Bom at Dela-
ware, Ohio, Oct. 4, 1822 : died at Fremont.
Ohio, Jan. 17, 1893. The nineteenth I'resident
of the United States. He served iu the Union army
488
during the Civil 'War. being brevetted major-general of
volunteers in 1866 ; was a Republican member of Congress
from Ohio 1805-67 ; was governor of Ohio 1808-72, 1S76-77 ;
was a Republican candidate for the presidency in 1876;
was declared elected by the Electoral Commission March
2, 1877, and served 1877-81. See Eln-lnnil Cummimon.
Hayley (ha'li), William. Born at Chichester,
Englanei, Oct. 29, 174.'>: died at Felpham, near
Chichester, Nov. 12, 1820. An Engli.sh poet and
prose-writer.
Haymarket, The. A London market, estab-
lished iu 1644 on the site now partly covered
by the Criterion restaurant and theater and
Lower Regent street. It was abolished iu 1830.
The place is called Haymarket Square, or the Haymaj'ket.
Addison once lived there.
Haymarket Square Riot, The. A riot at Hay-
market Square iu Randolph street, Immediately
north of Des Plaincs street, Chicago, May 4,
1886, in which 7 policemen were killed and 60
wouiuied whUe attempting to disperse a meet-
ing of anarchists. The injuries of thepolicemen were
caused chiefly by a dynamite bomb thi-own by some one
in the crowd, suppused to have been a person named
Schnaubelt, who was never aiTested. The anarchists
August Spies, Adolph Fischer, George Eugel, and Albert
R. Parsons were hanged, Nov. 11, 1887, for complicitj' in
the riot, while Louis Lingg escaped the g.allows by com-
mitting suicide in prison. Samuel Fieldeu and Michael
Schw.ab were committed to prison for life, and Oscar W.
Neebe for a term of 15 years.
Ha3nnarket Theatre. A London theater stand-
ing in tbe Ha>nnarket opposite Charles street.
Next to Drury Lane no theater in London is so rich in
theatrical tradition as "the Little Theatre iu the Hay-
market." During the patent monopoly it was a kind of
chapel of ease or training-house to Drni-y Lane and Covent
Garden. In 1720 one John Potter juu-chased the site of
an old inn, the King's Head, in the Haymarket, and
erected there a small theater. The house was leased to a
company of French actors, and opened with "La fllle h
la mode, ou le Badeau de Paris," under the patronage of
the Duke of Montague. For some years after it was
called "the New FYench Theatre." Fielding's is the first
great name connected with this theater. In 1730 he pro-
duced "The Tragedy of Tragedies, or Tom Thumb the
Great," and became manager in 1734. In Feb., 1744,
Charles Macklin opened the Haymarket with a company
largely composed of his own pupils. On April 22, 1747,
Samuel Foote assumed the management. In 1766 he ob-
tained a patent for the theater during his lifetime. In
1770 Foote sold the theater to Colnian the elder, who man-
aged it till 1794. When Harris became manager in 1820,
he demolished the old house (its site is now occupied by
the Cafe de I'Europe), and erected a new onea little far-
ther north. It was opened July 4, 1821, with "The Rivals. "
The present theater was built in 1880.
Haym (him), Rudolf. Born at Griinherg, Si-
lesia, Oct. 5, 1821. A German political and
philosophical WTiter. His works include " Wilhelm
von Humboldt "(1866), "Hegel und seine Zeit" (1867), "Ar-
thur Schopenhauer" (1864), "Die roniantische Schule "
(1870), " Herder " (1880).
Haymerle (hi'mer-le), Baron Heinrich ■von.
Born at Vienna, Dec. 7, 1.828 : died at Vienna,
Oct. 10, 1881. An Austrian diplomatist and
statesman, minister of foreign affairs 1879-81.
Haymon. See Aymon.
Haynau. See JJainau.
Haynau (hi'nou). Baron Julius Jakob von.
Born at Cassel, Oct. 14, 1786: lUed at Vienna,
March 14, lHri3. An Austrian general, illegiti-
mate son of the elector AVilliam I. of Hesse-Cas-
sel. He was commander in Italy 1848-49, and
in Hungary 1849-50, and was notorious for his
cruelty.
Hayne (han). Isaac. Bom in South Carolina,
Sept. 23, 1745: died at Charleston, S. C, Aug.
4. 1781. An American patriot. He served against
the British at the siege of Charleston in 1780, when he was
taken prisoner and paroled. He subsequently took the
oath of allegiance to the king on the assurance of the Brit-
ish deputy coniiuandant at Charleston that he would not
be called ujjon to bear lu-ms against his country. Being,
nevertheless, sumiuoned to join the British army, he con-
sidered himself released from his oath, and became colonel
of an American militia company. He was captured and
hanged by the order of Colonel Balfour and Lord Ilawdon.
This action gave rise to a sharp debate in the British Par-
liament, and caused General Greene to issue a proclama-
tion .\ug. 26, 1781, in which he announced his intention to
make reprisals.
Ha3me, Paul Hamilton. Born at Charleston,
S. C, Jan. 1, 1831: died July 6, 1886. An Ameri-
can poet, nephew of R. Y. Hayne. He published
volumes of poems (1854-57), "Avolio and other Poems"
(1859), " Legends and Lyrics " (1873), etc,
Hayne, Robert Young. Born in St. Paul's par-
ish, Colleton district, S. C, Nov. 10, 1791: died
at Asheville, N. C, Sept., 1840. An American
politician. He was United States senator from South
Carolina 1823-;12, and is noted as an opponent of the jiro-
tective taritf and a leader of the nnllitiers, and for his de-
bate with Webster iu 1830. He was governor of South
Carolina 1832-34.
Haynes (hanz), John. Born at Old Holt, Essex.
England : died at Hartford,Conn., March 1, 1654.
An American magistrate. He emigrated to Massa-
chusetts in 1633. In 1636 he became governor of Massacha-
Hazen
setts Bay, and in 1639 was chosen (first) governor of Con-
necticut, an office to which he was reelected iu alternate
years.
Hays (liilz), Isaac. Born at Philadelphia, Jirly
:'). 1796:dieaat I'liiladelphia, Aprill3(12?),1879.
An Aiuei'ican ]iliysii-ian and scientist. Hegradu-
atedatthe I'nivcisityof Pennsylvania in 1816, and as M. D.
in 1820 : liecamc editor of "The American Jouj-nal of the
Medical Sciences'^ iu 1827; established the ".Medical
News" in 1843; established the " Monthly Abstract of
Medical Science" in 1874 ; and was president of the .\cad-
emyof Natural .Sciencesof Philadelphia 1806-69. Heedited,
among other books, H.)blyn^s "Dictionary of Terms used
in Mediciiie and the Collateral Sciences '■ (1846), and Lau-
rence's " Treatise on Diseases of the Eye ■■ (1847)i
Hays.William Jacob. Born at New York, Aug.
8, 1830 : died at New York. March 13, 1875. An
American animal-painter.
Haystack (ha'stak), The. One of the principal
summits of the Adirondacks. Height, 5,005
feet.
Hayti. See Haiti.
Hayward (hii'ward), Abraham. Bom at Lyme
Regis, England, Nov. 22, 1801 : died at London,
Feb. 2, 1884. An English essayist and general
writer. Among his works ai'c a translation of "Faust '
(1833), "Biographical and Critical Essays ■' (1858-73), etc.
Hayward, Sir John. Born in Suffolk, England,
about 1564: died l(i27. An English historian.
He published "First Part of the Life and Raigrie of King
Henrie the IV."(ir.90), and other historical works. Parts
of his history (which was issued under the patronage of
Essex) appeared to Elizabc'h to contain treasonable sug-
gestions, and he was brought before the Star Chamber aud
imprisoned.
Hazael (haz'a-el or ha'za-el). ['God sees.']
A Syrian officer who, after murdering Ben-lia-
dad II., became king of Damascus about 850 B. c.
He was engaged in hostilities with Ahaziah, king of
Israel, and Joram, king of Judah (2 Ki. viii. 28), and later
with Jehu, king of Israel, and seems to have held the king-
dom of Israel iu a kind of dependence. Towai-d the close
of his life he attacked Judah. taking Gath, and was in-
duced by Joash to retire from Jerusalem only through
gifts(2Ki. xii.). In the cuneiform inscriptions he is men-
tioned by thenameof Haza-ilu. He renewed the war with
As.syria first undertaken by Ben-hadad in alliance with Hit-
tites, Hamatitcs, anil Phenicians, but was defeated by Shal-
maneser II. and besieged in his capital, Damascus, in 842.
Three yeai-s later Shalmaneser again entered .Syria, and
took some of its strongholds. Haza-iln, as the name of
Arabian kings, occurs in the inscriptions of Esarhaddou
and Asurbauipal.
Hazara, or Huzara (liuz',i-ra). A district in the
Peshawar division, Panjab, British India, in-
tersected by lat. 34° 30' N., long. 73° 15' E.
Area, 2,991 square miles. Population (1891 ),
516.288.
Hazard (il-zar' ), D6sir6. A pseudonym of Oc-
tave Feuillet.
Hazard (haz'iird), Ro^wland Gibson. Bom at
South Kingston, R. I., Oct. 9, 1801: died at
Pe.acedale, R. I., June 24, 1888. An American
manufacturer and author. He accumulated a fortune
in the woolen business at Peacedale, Rhode Island ; was a
member of the Rhode Island Assembly 1861-62 and 1864-
18.55 ; and served iu the State senate 1806-<>7. He wrote a
number of treatises on philosophical and politico-economic
subjects, including "Essayson the Resources of the United
.states " (1864).
Hazard, Samuel. Born at Philadelphia, May
26, 1784 : died at Philadelphia, May 22, 187().
An American antiquarian. He published "Register
of Pennsylvania" (1828-36), "United States Commercial
and Statistical Register" (1839-42), ".\nnals of Pennsyl-
vania, 1009-82," and "Pennsylvania Archives, 1682-1790 '■
(1863).
Hazardville (haz'ard-'vil). A village iu the
township of Enfield. 16 miles north-northeast
of Hartford, Connecticut : noted for powder
manufacture.
Hazaribagh (ha-zii-re-ba'). 1. A district in the
Cliota Nagpur division, Bengal, British India,
intersected by hit. 24° N., long. 85° E. Area,
7.021 square iniles. Population (1891), 1,164.-
321. — 2. The ca])ital of the district of Hazari-
bagh, situated about lat. 23° 58' N., long. 85 =
20' E. PopiUation (1891), 16,672.
Hazebrouck (U/.-brok'). A town in the depart-
ment of Nord, France, 23 mUes west-northwest
of Lille. It is a railway center. Population
(1891), 11,672.
Hazen (ha'zn). William Babcock. Born at
West Hartford, Windham County, Vt., Sejit.
27, 1830: died at Washington, D. C, Jan. 16,
1887. An American soldier. He graduated .at West
Point in 1865, and in 1861 obtained cornnnmd of a legiment
of volunteers, with which he took part in the operationsof
General Bnell in Tennessee. He took command of the
19th brigade of the Army of the tlhio Jan 0, 1862. and be-
came brigadier-general in Nov. He participated in the bat-
tles of Pittsburg Landing, the siege of Corinth, the battle .
of Perryville, tbe pursuit of General liragg's army out of
Kentucky, the li;ittlei>f stone River, the campaign in Mid-
dle Tennessee, tlu' engagements at Chickamanga and Chat-
tanooga, and the relief of Knoxvillc. As commander of a
ddvislon in Sherman's march to the sea, he captured Fort
Hazen
McAllister on the Savannah River, and opened up com-
^SncatTon between the am.y -'f'h«',««f :,, "^J^J^X le
majorneneral of volunteers Api il 2o, ISfo, the ™* to dale
from Uec 13. ISW, and whs appointe.l chief ulHcer of the
ite™al Bervlee in liisO, a po8t which he held unl.l h.8 deatlu
ITa.7leton (lia'zl-tou). A borough in Luzerne
LV,u,?tv eastern f eLsyhania, 85 loiles north
489
the popular name of the Tolbooth, an Edinburgh
prison, demolished in 1817. This stor>- h supposed
?o have been writte., by Peter Pattit-.,.;., » '^^^'"'"^('^J^^
and edite.i by his friend Jededinh fleishbothain to delra>
Wb f uneiul eipenses. It is one of the " Tides of luy Land-
lord. The scene is laid in tlie time of the I'orteous not
in the reign of Ccurge II
Hecataeus of Miletus
, sylyania, 80 imles nortn- Ti'iart'aContent " 'a seaport and cable termi-
^estof Philadelphia, ft is a summer resort and Heart ^^Wlten^iland, situated on Trinity Bay
coal-mining eent.r. Population (1S90), 11,8,2. ?^i^t 470 53' N., long. 53° 22' W.
HazUtt(haz'lit), William. Born at Maidstone, ^ ^ William. Born at Roxbury,
Kent, April 10, 1778: died at London, bept. 18, "«*!'" Ma,.eh7 (2 ?).1737: diedat Roxbury, Jan.
1S30. .Vn English critic and essayist HU literary .,^ \^l^ ^^ .Vmeriean general in the Reyolu-
his older menus » uiuiiwiit,.-'.^"...-^, -
worth He is perhaps liest Isnowu by his leclures and ts-
Tvs n the Eiiglisli drama, about which he knew little,
K <,wlngbool.s^nd eramniiugforeaeh„cei^.on Among
his works are " I'haraetcre of .Shakspere s I lays <1817)
"Tile R<.und Talde " (1S17), "View of the F.iiKlish Stag
(ISlSi ■■ Lectures
;^;;;toi.^^ef:;;:Vhe bkllle oiiuierUin. on the oig^n.
tat oiot the Continental army he was coinmissuned hi IK-
adier-KcnS jS e 2-2, 177o, being promoted inajor-geiieral
Aug », ma Ue wrote •■ kemou-sof Major-General \N il-
Uaui Ucath ■' (17118)
le"nsl7). "View of the English Stage Uaui Ucath (l,i)B). !}„,.„ „t nnffipld
on English Poetry "(ISIS), -Lectures on Heathcoat (heth'kot). John. Born at Duibel .
tiTe" EiiglTsli (V'.niic Writers " (1819), "Dramatic LiteTOtnre D^i-hv, England, 1783 : died near 1 ivertou,
' . .1 . , . .«4 «*..! f .•Q,iclaTi'»r
writer, SOU 01 >> iiiiuMiii"- v*--- - .,
registrar in the bankruptcy court, and trauslatoi
of French historical works. Healsoedited Johnson's
" Lives of the Poets," and wrote on legal subjects.
HazUtt, William Carew. Born Aug. 'r^. i?**-
\n English author and lawyer, son of WiUiam
llazlitt (1811-93). He has published a "History of
the Veiiu ian KepubUc, etc." (Is58-<i0), and has edited
••Old Eg s Jest l!uoks-(lSW), "Remainso the Early
Popula "poetry of England " (IStH-Oti) I' E-;^ • f ."^.f,^ 1
etc "(18tJ9) "Works of Charles Lainb (1868-71), Meni
o^ of Wlliani llazlitt "(lsti7), Warton's ' History of Eng^
Ush Poetrv" (1M71; witl\ o.he,^). Blonnts "Jenurf "'
I^> .1 etc •■ fl874) " SLu-v and Chailes Lamb, etc. (1874),
U„'liy's "Old Plays" -(1874-70), "Shakspere's Library
^eld (h^d), Sir Edmund Walker. Bom near
Maidstone, England, 1805: died at London, Jan
•\s 18()8. An English colonial governor, and
w-riter on art. He published a "Handbook of the Span-
ish and French Schools of Painting " (1846), etc.
Head, Sir Francis Bond. Bom near Roches-
touglit neartne wan ui .riuiv.i.ii^..- -.- -- .
of England, where Oswald of Northum lu'ia de
feated the Britons under Cadwallon (( adwalla),
who fell in the engagement. According to legend,
OswiUd entertained a visl'on of St Columba, '1>«, ""'"'^^j:'
Hii, in a dream the night before •h';,'^,f ' '•■•...V. ,Xaid
tion shrouded the English camp with is ma e mdsad
to Oswald " Be strong, and do like a man . lo 1 .im wiui
thee "On the monow Oswald communicated 1»^ /««";
to tie army, which, with the enthusiasm horn of peril,
niedgcd tseli to berame Christian U it coiuiuered in the
flght-foir" the whole Northumbrian host only Oswald
a^d 1-2 ,?ob es from Hii were Christians. So Oswald^a^-
sisted \,y his soldiers, set up a cross of wood as a standanl
and the fleld of battle was in after f^^' ^''"^^ Jt?' "n
held, in iillusion to the miraculous intervention of heaven
of which it was the scene. _.
Hebbel (heb'bei), Friedrich. Boru at Wes-
selburen, Schleswig-Holstem, March 18, 1813.
lUed at Vienna, Dec. 13. 1863. A German dra-
matic and h-ric poet. Hi« ';l!,if,^''",f„frvl*iSu:
veva" (1S43)," Maria Magdalene (1844), Die Sibeluu
gen " (1862).
party in the Commune, but was released in consequenoe
^f a demunstratioi. in bis favor by the „„.,. lie insti-
tuted i conjunction with Chaumette and Anucharsis
C ootk, the worship of the goddess Reason, and oiganued
the ul ra-revolntiouary party known as the Uebe>lists or
e»rov " lie was the principal witness before he Revolu-
tmarvtr Imnal against Marie Antoinette whom he ac-
S of i est with her son, and procured the downfall
of Fabfe dEgl».><i"e. Desraoulins, and If,'.""- ",>; ^^"
«pnt to the griillotine by Robespierre, and died amid the
jir™ of the''mob whose- passion for blood he had helped
Hebrew (he'bro). The language spoken by the
Hebrews one of the northem orCanaanitic di-
visions of the Semitic family of languages. It
s the language of the books of the OJ^ Tes'a„.e„U«^h
the exception of portions of Daniel and E^jO' "' ' ""(^S
extinct as a vernacular tongue 3 centiines befoi e It t hri^
tian era. It is still the language of tlie syniigogue and is
employed as a scholars- language; has a|',"f"^"*' ^^ P"?.':
biblical .ind even mcdern litei-ature ; and isbecommg the
vernacular ..[ the .lews of Palestine. „„„„ ■!,„
Hebrew Melodies. A collection of poems by
L(u-<1 Byron, published in 1815. ,
Hebrews (he'broz). [Aram.'efcrrfv«, Heb. iftrS
(pi. -ihrim), a Hebrew, referred to an epony-
mous Eber or Heber: orig. 'those of the other
side' (of the Euphrates).] The members of that
branch of the Semitic family of mankind de-
scended, according to tradition, from Heber, the
great-grandson of Shem, in the line of Abra-
ham, Isaac, and Jacob ; the Israelites ; the Jews.
Jond. Bon. near Roches- gen (186_.) fromGr. 'H/^.a personifica-
h.^^ ^L:^.'f'^:^l ^f^f v^h. i. In Greel^ mythology, the
ter, England. -Ian. j, ^..■■- -- - - .
near London, July 20, 1875 An English travel
er, lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada (1835-
Sept. 10, 1K37), and author, brother ot bir
Oeoree Head. Among his works are "Bubliles iroin
The Brunnen of stssau?' (18:13), "ftokers and lakers
riiMfl^ •■ Defenceless state of Great Britain (1850), A
?agohf Pen £ Sticks" (1852), " Descriptive Essays fro^^^^
thlQuarterlv Review" (1856), "Mr. '^•»Bl''l<e 1863),
"TheRSyal Engineer "(1869), ••Sir John Burgoyne ^1872).
Head, sir George. Born near Rochester Eng-
land 1782: diMl at London, May 2, 18.5.^. An
T^ntrlish traveler. Ue published "A Home Tour
fhS the itaufacturing 'Districts of England in the
Summer of 18a.i"(18»i-:iT).
Headlev (hed'li,, Joel Tyler Born a Waj
ton, Delaware County. .N. \ .. Dec. .W, l«l.i. «>u u
at Newburg, N. Y.. Jan. 16, 1897. An Anieri-
can writer. He publislied numerous liistolical and liio-
graphical «oik.. i.lchuling "Napoleon and his Mal^hals
(ISIUI -Lif.- .il \Va-hiiis;l..n (185,), ete.
Headley. PMneas Camp. Born'it Walton.
Delaware County, N. V.. June 24. IMJ.
tfon of youth.] 1. In Greek mj-thology, the
goddessof youth and spring; the personihoa-
tion of eternal and exuberant youth, and, until
supplanted in this office by Ganymede, the cup-
bearer of Olympus. She was a daughterof Zeus and
Heriwho gave her as wife to Hercules after his deifica-
tion, as a reward of his achievements. tt„,,Vp
2. The sixth planetoid, discovered by Heuke
Heb^Uh^Vel), Joiiann Peter. Bom at Basel,
SwUzerland, May U, 1760: died at Schwetzm-
^l;i?;^tn^^-i::^rl^^er.^y^=a5:ri
l/.Alamannic dialect), which »PP-''/?f . " i*!teiit
"'■r'^'^r' r n^d •"■f8Viru''''Xt?rUuec^d u'nder
rhttitS •"schaukastlei'n dis ri?^nisciicn Uausfreundes "
An Heber (he'b^r), or Eber (e'ber) The epony-
rrericancde;gymW;ami;vrihu-onbiog,.a,,liic^ ^„„us ancestor of the ancient Hebrews. See
^^fil^. ^r:o;^-^. -o., p.. g;^^;. - ^^t^^^i.
^i;;;n:The. AnovelbyCooper.published iS^lH;j3 H W i, e,., ^^^^
^a^^tone(hed'st5n). Bradley, m Dickens's Snrfe'i;i;^;'H:i:?tS^iVT^
-Uu, Mutual Friend." an ungainly and stiff but f-^.-^ f* Mouinains,"" Brightest and Best, "Holy, holy.
Born at Greiiobl.^. France, Nov. 3, 181 1. A
Hubert ^ Jacaues Ren6, sumamed Le P^re
Duchesne liorn at Alenvon.France, 17,55: died
ft Paris March 24. 1794. A notorious French
July r'>. 1><1«"- <l'e<l Jime24, 1804
nortrait-painter. _ , , i-,-.
Hearne (l.eni), Samuel. Born at London, 1.4..:
died 1702. An English explorer m Bnt ish North
America 1769-72. He wrote an "Account of a J""/-
MV from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson s Bay to the
s'^r/rwert undertaken , .. for the discovery of Copper
Slines. a Norlh-Wrst Piissage, etc. (179.i).
Heame. Thomas,, Born at White Waltham
Berks, F.nglaiid, 1678: died June 10, l"f>- An
English antifiuarv. He edited Spelman s Life
of Alfred the Great," Lelands - Itinerary" and
"Collectanea," Robert of Gloucester, Fordun,
Heart of England. A name ^ven to Warwick-
shire frniii its central position. '
Heart of Midlothian, The. A novel by Sir
Walter iScott, published in 1818: so called from
Revoimion m a i gpeaker and writer, and was
louB »■"' Vai, a n -w Rev .lutionary paper called •' Le Pere
DuXsne" from .r,u. nilar eonsUt'i.tional paper of the
?ame name He beiame widely known n the l.rovlnc.-s
»nd In the army under the name of his paper; was a
feeler of the most violent faction in the Revolutionary-
Pnmnunie after Aug. 10, 1702; ami was appointed substi-
U?trt^ the pn.cure.ir syn.lic Sept. 2 following. On M.|
24 17M he was arrested by order of the more moderate
These tribes, first of all trans- Euphratian. which had
become by crossiiKi the stream, cis-Euphratian took the
gener c name of Hebrew (Ihrim, ' those of the other side )
t'h ugh we do not know whether they took it when they
nl' ccd the Euphrates between themselves and their bi eth-
?ei who remained in the Paddan-Aram, or whether it was
the Canaanites who called them -'those from beyond, or,
io be mo?e aeeurate, 'those who had '^™^»^,'"he river.
Rcnan, Hist, of the People of Israel, I. 76.
Hebrews, Epistle to the. One of the books of
the New Testament, addressed to Christians of
Hebrew birth dwelling in Rome, or perhaps in
Palestine or Alexandria. Its chief object is to pre-
fe^itap^yel between the symbolism of. the Old T,^ta,
raent dispensation and the life-work of Christ. Jhe an hor
U unknown - perhaps Barnabas, or less !""bably AP^l"f;
The authorship has often been ascribed to the -ipos'le
Paul but this view is contrary to the weight of authority
of the early church, and is opposed by most modern schol-
ars. A probable date of composition is about A. h. 65.
Hebrides ( heb'ri-dez), or Western Isles. [N L
HrhrUle,, an ei-ror for L. Hebudes {I;liny . yar. of
Hebudx, Gr. "EQov&u (Ptolemy), pi. of "hjiovda
appUed to the principal island.] A group of is -
ands west of Scotland, the ancient Ebudie (Ptol-
emy) or Hebudes (Pliny). It comprises the Outer
Helnides(Lewis and Harris, which togetherfiu-nithelargeBt
rslad North Uist, South UistBarra, ••'''V'"i'",?:,rTTree'
md tlie Inner Hebrides(Skye. Mull, lona. Ei-jg, toll, liree,
i" on'sa "im-a, Islay, aild smaller ''^'""Jf);, «"''?'•' 3^^"
are also sometimes included in the H« V- ' .^.^i,/?,^ '"^^^^^^^^
are noted for nicturesiiue scenei-y. Politically they loini
oart of Scotland, Lewis(or the Lewes)being in Ross-sliire,
ad the rest of the group partly in Inverness and partly lu
A -in The early Celtic inhabiUints were Christianized b^
rob^n l.a The illan.ls w.ie col.mi/ed from Norway in the
itetm-v- were ceded by Nn.waytoScotlandin 1-266; and
were l^b7tl^•L.n■.ls..fthelsIes"^^
0th centuries. ,Thc i.dlalutcd inlands '"""'"•j'-^fXin J^S'
Area, about 3,000 square miles. Fopn at 1. ni, about 100,000.
TTBh-ridp'? New. See A/»- Uihndiy.
Hlb?on O'^'^^")- [Heb., 'association or
'friendship.'] A city in Palestine situated on
a hill among the mountains of Judah, about 1
hours south of Jerusalem ItiV?"" "'"!,';, f.-J^fj
existing biblical towns. According to Num. xii. 22, it was
hnilt 7 vears before Zoan (t. e. Tanis, the capital of Lower
^gyp ),Ci,losepmissays\hatinhisday itwas2 3^^^^
old Its former name was Kiriatli Arbn (.losh. xiv. W)- "
:-]^r,!=^;:;:;m;:;fflt?-^he^^
!j-:;i{ak^rt:^s^^npt^5a«^J?rpn^
I.idis M-iccal>eils recaptured it (1 -Mac. v. us), fli pie»
S'5n'iry™iSo,;^»;}:it;^.:^';^«^lS
E^i^fej'-iiaiiisr^'risa^^^^
IE »?8^fei;^.;-?Buii?h?i8«;;: ji^^
Hs^';i^ini.u?rxr^^:;f^^:u;;o^
Hebrus (he'brus). [Gr. "K/ipoc.] The ancient
n-iiiie of the river Maritza.
Hecatius (hek-a-te'us) Of Abdera. A Greek
phiSioV ">»!■ historian who lived about 320
B c He was a pupil of the Skeptic l-yrrho, and appears
L'lmve acnunpanied Alexander the Great mi his Asiatic
«,,e iti"n lie wn.te a work on the nyperbmeans, and
am t ei n Egypt. Some critics also attribute to bin. .
w k on t e tw-s. An e.lilion of the extant t™!?""''.'' J"'
his w.'rkshas been published by P. Zorn (" Uecatei Ab-
,lerltie Kragmenta," 17:tO). .,^. , , , ,-r o r. A
Hecataeus Of Miletus. Died about 4-0 b.c. A
";, k .Geographer and historian. He was the son
,t Ilcuerand7-r ami was desrende.l from an ancient and
illustVirs fainily at Miletus. He traveled iu Egypt and
Hecataeus of JVIiletus
490
elBewUere to obtain materials for his works. He tried to lyxcna at the grave of Achilles, the murderof her son Poly,
dissuade the lonians from the revolt agiiinst the Persians doriis by Polyiiiestor, and the vengeance executed by her
in 500, and subsequently serveil as anibassaibu- to Arta- upi'n the latter.
phemes, whom he prevailed upon Ii> treat the conquered Hcdda Gabler. A plav bv Heni'ik Ibs«'U, pro-
insmgenU with mUdness. Ue »■;"'>;, '■•'^".'^'■■'iff^ .^"'; ,l,„.i-d ill 1890. It is iiiimeil from its priuripal
pi>)v>i<ri!X etc., the extant fragments of which have been i '
edited by R. H. Klausen ("Hecatei Milesii Fragmenta, <liaiaeter. , > .
1831). Hedemarken (ha de -mar-ken). An amt in
Hecate (hek'a-te). [6r. 'Em77/.] In Greek my- southern Norway, bordering on Sweden. Ai-ea,
thology, a goddess akin to Artemis, of Thracian 10,(US square miles. Population(1891), 119.1-9.
origiiT." She combined the attributes of Deineter or Ce- HedgeleyMoor. AmoornearWooler, Nortlium-
res, Rhea, Cybele, Artemis or I)ian:^ and_ Persephone or berlaiid, England, where, April 25, 1464, the
Proserpine, with whom, as a goddess of the infernal re-
gions, she was to si-'me extent identitled, and in this char-
acter was represented as practising and teaching through
her emissaiies sorcery and witchcraft. She played an iiu-
p<irtant part in later demonology.
Hechingen (bedh'ing-en). A small town in the
province of HoheuzoUern, Prussia, situated 31
miles south-southwest of Stuttgart. Popula-
tion (1890). 3.743.
Laneastrians under Margaret of Anjou were de-
feated by tlie Yorkists under Lord iloutaeute.
Hedjaz, or Hejaz (be.i-az'). A vilayet of the
Turkish empire, situated in western Arabia,
lying along the Red Sea and the (riilf of Akabah,
north of about lat. 20° N. The chief towns are
Mecca, Medina, and Jiddah. Area. 96,.')00 square
miles. Population, about 300,000.
thia"s; Revels." a voluptuous coxcomb and pol-
ished courtier. Marston felt that he was ridi-
Hecker(hek'er),Friedrich Karl Franz. Born Hedonjhe'dqn). In Ben Jonson's play ''Cyn-
at Eichtersheim, Baden, Sept. 28, 1811 : died at
St. Louis, March 24. 1881. A German revolu-
tionist, leader with Struve of the insuiTection
in Baden in 1848. He settled in the United
States in 1849.
Hecker (hek'er), Isaac Thomas. Born at New
York city, Dee. 18, 1819 : died there, Dec. 22,
1888. An American Roman Catholic ecclesias-
tic. He was at one time a member i>t the Brook F.irm
Community. He became a priest in 1849, founded in IS.W
Heidelberg
cipia." One of the characteristics of Hegelianism is its
constant readiness to recognize continuity both as a fact
and as acceptable to reason, wliich other metaphysical
systems have often struggled to deny. He published
" Phanomenologie des Geistes" (1807), ■Wissenschaft der
Logik" ("Science of Logic," 1812-lii), "Encyklupadie der
phUosophischen Wissenschaften " (*' Kncycl«'pedia of Phil,
osophical Sciences," 1817), " (".rundlinieu der Philoso-
phie des Rechts ' (1821), etc. His complete works, includ-
ing those on the philosophy I'f religion, esthetics, the
philosophy of history, and the history of philosophy, were
published" in 18 volumes (183J-J1).
Hegel, Karl. Born at Niuemberg. Bavaria,
June 7. 1S13. A German historian, sou of G. W.
F.Hegel: professorof history at Rostock (1841),
and later (1856) at Erlangen. His chief work
is '■ Geschichte der Stiidteverfassung von Ita-
lien"(1847).
Hegesippus (hej-e-sip'us). [Gr. 'H)^o(T7rof.]
Died 180 A. D. The earliest historian of the Chris-
tian church. He was a Jew by birth, but embraced
Christianity, and lived at Rome in his later years. He
wrote a history of the Christian church from the passion
of Christ down to his own time, fi-agments of which are
extant.
culed in this character, but apparently without Hegesoihe-je'so), Monument of. [Gr. 'H;j?ctu.]
reason. A monument in Athens, on the Street of Tombs,
Hedwig (hed'vig), Hedwige, or Jadwiga. Born remarkable for the beauty of its relief-stele of
1371 : died at Cracow. July 17, 1399. t,)ueen of i the 4th centtuy B. C.
Poland, the daughterofLonistheiireat of Hun- Hegira. See Hrjira.
gary and Poland, she was chosen by the nobles of the HenC (ha'he), orWahehe (wii-ha'he). ABantu
latter country to succeed him. and was crowned in i:«4. x^W^e of German East Africa, northeast of Lake
She married Jagellon, yrand duke of Lithuania, in 1386.
theorderof the Paulists, of which he was appointed supe- Hcem (ham), Jan DavidsZ Van, or Johannes
rior, and established the "Catholic World " in 1
Heckewelder (hek'e-wel-der), John Gottlieb
Ernest. Born at Bedford, England. March 12,
1743 : died at Bethlehem, Pa., Jan. 21, 1823. A
Moravian missionary among the Indians.
Heckmondwike (hek'mond-%vik). A town in
de. Born at Utrecht, Netherlands, about 1600 :
died at Antwerp about 1684. A Dutch painter
of still life.
Heemskerk (hamz'kerk), Egbert van. Bom
at Haarlem. 1610: died 1680. A Dutch genre
painter.
the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 8 miles Heemskerk, Egbert van. Born at Haarlem,
southwest of Leeds. Population (1891), 9,709. 1645 : died at London. 1704. A Dutch painter,
Hecla, or Hekla (hek'lii). [Icel. HeMa, short son of the preceding. He Uved in Loudon,
for Old Icel. Hekiu-1jaU"tel\ or hill of the hood Heemskerk, or Hemskerk (hemz'kerk). Mar-
(sc. of snow?): heklii. gen. of lickld. a cowled ten van (Marten van Veen). BomatHeems
or hooded frock.] A volcano in the south-
western part of Iceland, 70 miles east of Reykja-
vik. It is noted for the frequency and violence
of its eruptions. Height, 5,108 feet.
Hector (hek'tor^. [Gr. "EK7wp.] In Greek le-
gend, the son of Priam and Hecuba: champion
of the Trojans, and the principal character of
the Iliad on the Trojan side. He was slain by Achil-
les, who. in his chariot, ilragged Hector's body thrice round
the walls of Troy. He is introduced by Shakspere in his
" Troilus and Cressida. "
Critics, old and new, have felt the rem.arkable contra-
dictions in the drawing of this famous hero (Hector), and
yet none of them have ventured to suggest the real ex-
planation. Even Mure and Sir. Gladstone confess that in
our Hiad he is wholly inferior to his reputation ; " he is
paid oH," say they, "with generalities, while in actu:d en-
counter he is hardly e<iual to the second-rate Greek he-
roes." Yet why is he so important all through the plot
of the poem? Why is his death by .Achilles made an
achievement of the'highest order? Why are the chiefs
who at one time challenge ami worst him at another quak-
ing with fear at his approach '; Simply because in the ori-
ginal plan of the Iliad he icas a great warrior, and because
these perpetual defeats by Diinnede and Ajax, this avoid-
ance of Agamemnon, this swaggering and " hectoring "
which we now find in him, were intnfdnced by the en
kerk, near Haarlem, Netherlands, 1498: died
at Haarlem, Oct. 1, 1574. A Dutch historical
painter.
Heep (hep), Uriah. In Dickens's "David Cop-
perfield," Mr. Wicklield's swiudling clerk and
partner. He is a cadaverous, red-haired, osten-
tatious hypocrite.
Heer (har), Oswald. Bom at Nieder-Utzwyl,
St. -Gall, S«-itzerland, Aug. 31, 1809: died at
Lausanne, Switzerland, Sept. 27, 1883. A Swiss
naturalist, director of the botanical gardens at
Zui-ich from 1835. He published "Die Kafer der
Schweiz" (1838-11), "Flora tertiaria Helvetia'" (1S,>4-.=.6|,
"Die Uovelt der Schweiz" (1*65), etc.
Heeren (ha'ren), Arnold Hermann Ludwig.
Born at Arbergen, near Bremen, Oct. 25, 1760:
died at Gottingen, Prussia, March 7, 1842. A
German historian, professor of philosophy and
later of history at Gottingen. He wrote " Ideen
ilber Politik, den Verkehr und den Handel der voruehm-
sten Volker der Alten Welt " (1793-96X "Geschichte des
Studiums der klassischcn Litteratur" (1797-180-2), "Ge-
schichte der Staaten des Altertums" (17M), "Geschichte
des europaischen Staatensystems und seiner Kolonien "
(1S09), etc.
Nyassa, bordering on the Wasaiigo and Ma-
henge. The country, called tliehe. is moderately moun.
tainous, and strewn with great boulders. The Wahehe are
strong and wai-like, using assagais and elliptic shields.
They own cattle, but hartUy ever eat meat. Their head
chief is (1894) Mkaianika. His capital, Kuirenga, is sur-
rounded by a quadrangular stockade.
Heiberg (hi'bero), Johann Ludvig. Born at Co.
peuhagen, Dec. 14, 1791 : died there, Aug. 25,
1860. A Danish dramatist and poet. He was the
son of the dramatic poet and satirical writer Peter Andreas
Heiberg (175S-1841Xwho, inconsequenceof several otfenses
against the press law of 1799, was forced to leave Denmark
in 1800, and fled to France, where he remained until his
death. The younger Heiberg was educated in Denmark,
studying at the Copenhagen University, where he took the
doctor's degree in 1817. The same year he went to Paris,
and lived there with his father until 1822, when he was
appointed lector at the Iniversity of Kiel. In 1825 he re-
turned to Copenhagen, and wrote a number of the vaude-
villes that have made his name famous in the history of the
Danish drama. The most important of these are "Kong
Solomon og Jorgen Hattemager " ("King Solomon and Jor-
gen the Hatter"), ".\prilsnarrene" ("'Ihe April Fools '"I
"Recensenten og Dyret ' ("The t>itic and the Beast ")i
" De Uadskillige " (" The Inseparable ( ines ")• After 1827
he edited the weekly journal " Den flyvende Post " ("The
Flying Post") and subsequently the "Intelligensblade."
In 1828 appeared ihe national drama, the most important
of his greater plays, " Elverhui "("The Elf Hill ") In 1829
he was made poet and translator to the royal theater. The
following year he was appointed docent in the new mili-
tary acadeiny, which pi>5t he held until 1830. From 1849
to 1856 he was the sole director of the royal theater. Be-
sides his dramatic works and the esthetic criticism con-
tained in the journals mentioned, he wrote many lyric
poems and romances. His poetical writings, "Poetiake
Skrifter," appeared at Copenhagen in 1*62 in 11 vols.; bis
prose, "Prosaiske Skrifter," at Copenhagen 1861-62, also
in 11 vols.
Heide (hi'de). A town in the province of Schles-
wig-Holstein, Pi-ussia, 58 miles northwest of
Hamburg. Population ( 1890), commune, 7,444.
rhapsodists liked to admit, that he soon burst the gates
and appeared at the ships, that Patroclus was slain there
after a brief diversion, and that m this way the whole ca-
tastrophe was very nmch more precipitated than we now
And it. itahafi/, Hist, of classical Greek Lit., I. 76.
Hector, Mrs. (Annie French): pseudonym Mrs.
Alexander. Born at Dublin, 1825. A Britisli
novelist, author of "The Wooing O't " (1873),
"Ralph Wilton's Weird" (1875), "Her Dearest
Foe" (1876), "The Frferes" (1882), "At Bay"
(1885), "Mona's Choice" (1887), etc.
Hector, or Ector, Sir. The foster-father of
King Arthur.
Hector, or Ector, de Mares, Sir. The brother
of Sir Lancelot, and one of the knights of the
Round Table.
Hector of Germany, The. A surname of Joa-
chim 11. of Biaudcubuig.
Hecuba (hek'u-ba). [(Jr. ■E/>a,i;?.] In Greek
legend, the second wife of Priam, daughter of
Dymas of Phrygia (according to others of Cis-
seus). She was enslaved after the fall of Troy : witnessed
the sacrifice of her daughter Polyxena ; and saw the body
of her last son, Polydorus, who was murdered by Polymes-
tor, washed to her feel by the waves. On the murderer
she took vengeance by slaying his children and tearing out
his eyes.
Hecuba. A tragedy of Euripides, exhibited in
425 B. C. It portrays Ihe misfortunes of Hecuba, widow
of Priam, king of Troy, the sacrifice of her daughter Po-
14, 1831. A celebrated
He was professor at Jena in
(bishop
Rottenburg 1869) and church historian. Ue was
appointed professor of ecclesiastical history and Christian
arcliieology at Tiibingen in 1S40. His chief work is " Kon-
ziliengesehichte " (" History of Church Councils," 1855-74).
Heffernan (hef'er-nan), Mr. Michael. The
pseudonym of Samuel Ferguson, under whicli
he \vrote " Father Tom and the Pope, or a Night
at the Vatican."
Hegel (ha 'gel), Georg Wilhelm Friedrich.
Born at Stuttgart, Wilrtemberg, Aug. 27, 1770:
died at Berlin, Nov.
German philosopher.
1806; edited a political journal at B.amberg 1806-08; was
rector of the gymnasium at Nuremberg 1808-16 ; was pro-
fessor of philosophy at Heidelberg 1816-18; and succeeded
Fiehie at Berlin in 1818. His philosophical system was
during the second quarter of the 19th century the lead-
ing system of metaphysical thought in Gennany. It pur-
ports to be a complete philosophy, undertaking to explain
the whole universe of thought and being in its abstractest
elements and miimtest details. This it does by means of
the Hegelian dialectic, a new logic, the real law of the
movement of thought (not a mere form, like syllogistic),
the scheme of which is thesis, antithesis, synthesis, the
original tendency, the opposing tendency, and their uni-
fication in a new movement. By this law the conceptions
of logic develop themselves in a long series. This law of
the development of thought is assumetl to be necessarily
the law of the development of being, on the ground that
thought and being are absolutely identical. Hegelianism
is radically hostile to natural science, and especially to
the Newtonian philosophy — that is, t*i all the methods
aud scientific results which have sprung from the " Prin-
Heidelberg (hi'del-berr,). A city in the district
of Mannheim, Baden, situated on the Neckar 12
miles southeast of Mannheim. It has considerable
trade, and is celebrated for its picturesque surroundings.
The castle is a famous monument founded at the end of
the 13tli century by tlie count palatine Rudolf I., and en-
larged and strengthened by succeeding electors. During
the 16th century it received the architectural development
which, desiiite disaster, makes it still one of the richest
productions of the German Renaissance. In 1689 and
1693 it was ruined by the generals of Louis XIV.. but
was subsequently restored. It was finally destroyed liy
fire from a lightning-stroke in 1764. The ruins are Ihe
most imposing in Gennany. The picturesque outer walls
and towers, now broken and ivy-dad. inclose a large area :
but the chief architectural attractions are grouped about
the inner court. The Otto Heinrichs Ban, dating from
15.56, is the finest e.\ample of the early German Renais-
sance. It consists at present of 3 stories above the base
ment, with engaged columns and entablatures, and con-
tinuous ranges of ornate wimiows with central mijllion.
The doorway.surmounted by armorial bearings.is verj- rich-
ly treated : its two entablatures are supported by atlantes
andcarjatids. The FriedrichsBan.of 1601. isa good exaroplu
of late Renaissance work : it has 4 stories — Doric, Tuscan,
Ionic, and Corinthian — with statues of empei-ors and
electors in niches. This building is now in part restored
as a museum. The university, founded by the elector Ru
pert I. in i:!86. is the olilest in the present German Enipire.
From 1666 it came under the control of the leaders of the
Reformation. The libiaiT was plundered and sent to
Rome in 1023. and partially returned in 1816: it now
consists of over 400.000 volumes. The university was re-
organized by the elector Charles hYederick of Baden in
1803. Heidelberg was the capital of the Palatinate from
Heidelberg
491
the 13th century to 1720. It was sacked hy Tilly i 16-2,
and by the French in IBSfl, and was nearly destruyed by the
French in lii93. It passed to Baden in 1803. Population
(1891J), commune, 31,739.
• Heiden (hi' den). A village and health-resoit
in the .'anton of AppenzeU, Switzerland, 8 mUes
.■ast of St. -Gall. , ^ ■
Heidenheim (hi'don-him). A manufactnnns
t„«u in the Jagst circle, Wiirtemberg, on the
Breiiz 44 iiiiU's east by south of Stuttgart. Pop-
ulation (1890), commune. 8,001.
Heidenmauer (hi'den-mou-er). A stone rara-
i.irt .111 the summit of the Kastanienberg, near
Diiikheim, Palatinate, (Jermany, probably of
ancient Teutonic origin, noted in legend and
tiction : also other similar prehistoric or Koraau
Heiderimauer, The. A novel by Cooper, pub-
lished ill i8;ii;.
Heijn (hiu), Pieter Pieterse. Born at Delfts-
haven, Netherlands. lo77: died 1629. A Dutcli
admiral. Ue served as vice-admiral in the fleet of Ad-
miral Willeken at the capture of San Salvador Brazil, in
1024 : defeated the Spaniards in a bloody naval battle in
All Saints' B:iy. Brazil, in 1026 ; and captured the Spanish
silver tlcet, with treasure valued at 12,000,000 gulden, in
the Bay of Matanzas, Cuba, two years later. He was sub-
sequently placed at the head of the Dutch navy by the
stadthulder Frederick Henry, and was kiUed while block-
adim; Dunkirk in 1629. . xr i
Heilbronn (hil'bron). A town m the >;eckar
circle, Wurteiuberg, situated on the Neckar lb
miles north of Stuttgart. It has important manu
factures and commerce The Rathaus^ church of St Kdian
■ind Deutsches Uaus iU-e of interest. It was formerly afree
iiin.iiial citv. I'l.pnlati.m (1S«0), commune, 29.941.
Heilbronn, Union of. An alliance between the
Swedes and the German Protestants for the
prosecution of the war against the Imperialists,
eouclnded at Heilbronn in 1633.
Heil dir im Siegerkranz (hil der im ze ger-
kriints). [G., ' Hail to thee in the conquerors
wreath '1 The Prussian national hymn. It was
written hv Heinrich Han-ics in 1790 as a song for tlie urtli-
da o?ChristianVII. of Denmark, adapted to the English air
- God save tireat Georfc-e the King," and vv.is arranged in its
oresent form for Prussian use by B. C Schumacher ml (93.
Heiligenstadt (hi'lig-en-stat). A town lu the
Iirovinee of Sa.\onv, Prussia, situated on the
Leine liT miles east by north of ("a/sel. It was
the capital of the old principality of Eichsfeld. Popula-
tion (189ll), commune, 0,183. ^„ ,
Heilsberg(hil/.'berg). A town m f^f P™^""
of Kast Prussia, Prussia, situated on the AUe 39
miles south of Koiiigsberg. An indecisive battle was
fought here between the French under Soult and the Rus-
sTaiis under Beimigsen, June 10, 1807. Population (1890),
HeTlsbronn, or Kloster-Heilsbronn (klos'ter-
hilz "rou- )' A small town in iliddle Franconia.
Bavaria, 15 miles s(nithwest of Nuremberg. It
contains the remains of a medieval ( istercian
Heiin"\'am ) , Fr angois Joseph. Bom at Belf oj! •
Ki^ee. Dee. 16. IVsT : die.i at Pans, Oct. 2. 186...
A Freiieh historical painter. ^ „ ., ,. „, ,
Heimdall(himMiil). [OS. Hemidallr.li In Old
Norsemvthologv.theguardianagainstthegiants
of the bridge of the gods. Bifrost, at the end ot
which he dwelt in Hiiuinb,jorg. Ue was the son of
the nine daughters of the sea-gods .Eglr and Ran. Ho pos-
sess" tie tramliet (IjaUarhorn, with which the gods were
finally s mm n Jd togither at Ragnarok, when he and Loki
"lew each other. As his name and his attributes indicate,
he was a god of light.
This go.1 is briefly descrihc.l by Vigfusson and Powell as
follows- "An ancient god is Ileimdal, from whom he
Anas spring. There are strange lost myths connected
*m.hiridtstrugglcwitlil.<.kifortl.eBiisinganecklacc:
the fight in wbicl, th.y f..ught in the shape "« »«''l8„ «"
Is 'the gods' warder,' .Iw.lling on the gods path the Rain-
bow 'Ihere he sits, 'the white god,' 'the wind-llstening
go,!,' whose ears are so sharp that he hears the grass grow
fn the Belds and the wool on the sheep's backs with his
Bht.born,whosetrurapct-soumlwillring through ht-mne
worl.ls, for in the laU-r legends he has some of t e attr ■
butes of the Angel ot the Last Trumpet. His teeth ar ■
KoUl- hence ho is 'stud-eudowed.' Curious gencalogu.il
myth» attach themselves to him. He is styled the son of
nine mothers: and as Ei«'s father or Rig himself, the
•walking or wandering god,' he is the father of me" ""'
the sire of kings, and of earls and ceoils and thralls alike
His own name is epithetic, perhaps the World.t.ow. The
meaning of llallinskidi [another name of lns| l» olisuiit.
auchisasnmmaryof themostimportant p-assagesreterrinj,
to Heimdal «''."», Celtic Ueathendom, p. 82.
Heimskringla (hims'kring-la). [ON. hcjmr,
world, and Anm//,(, circle.] The history of the
Norse kings, from the earliest mythical times
down to the battle of Ke in 1177, written by the
Icelander SuoiTi Stnrluson (1178-1 '241). It re-
ceives its name from its first "•""''v''KnuKlft hcims n^
the circle of the world. In subject-matter and literal y
style It is the m..8t Important prose work In Old Norse
literature. . t. i t^-- i i e
Heine (hi'ne), Heinrich. Bom at Pusseldorf.
Prussia, Dec. 13. 1709: died at Pans, Feb. li,
185G. A celebrated German Utic poet and cntic.
of Hebrew descent. Destined for a business career, he
was sent, against his own desire, to his uncle Solomon
Heine, a l)ankerin Hamburg; hut through the tatters as-
sistance he was enabled Ui study jurispruden. e at Bonn,
Berlin, and (iotlingen. In 1825 he embraced t hrlsllanity.
He liveil alternately in Hamburg, Berlin, and Munich.
After 1S31 until his death he lived for the most part in
Paris, during the last years of his life a great sulf erer from
an incurable imUady. From 1»37 to 1848 he received an
annuity from the department of foreign atlairs. 'I he tlrst
collection of his poems, "Gedichte, appeared ""1822, his
•Buch der Lieder " (" Book of .Songs ) in 182,, -Neue
Gedichte" (".New Poems") in 1844, and 'Rumaiizero in
1851 Among his songs are some ot the best-known Ijtics
of Germany ; for instance, "Die Lorelei, " •' Du bist wie eii.e
Blume," " -Sach Frankreich zogen zwei Grenadier. He
also left a number of characteristic prose works, the most
?elebi-ate,l of which. the"Reiseb.lder"C Pictures of rra-
vel ") had appeared in 4 parts from lb2b to Issi. Iht
•• Romantische Sehule," to which Heine himself as a writer
preeminently belonged, appeared in 1836. His .■..mpletc
works appe:u-ed ill Hamburg 1861-«i, m 21 volumes.
Heineccius (hi-nek'tse-6s), Johann G;ottheb.
Born at Eisenberg, Germany, bept. H, 1681:
died at Halle, Prussia, Aug. 31, I'-^l- .."^x 'ii'
man im'ist, professor of philosophy (l(-0) and
later of law at Halle. He wrote " Llementa
juris civilis" (1725), " Historia ]uns civilis
(1733), etc. . _ . . ,
Heinecken (hi'nek-en), Christian Heinnch.
Born at Liibeck. Gei'many, Feb. 6 lr21 : died at
Lubeck, June. 1725. A German child, noted for
his extraordiuarv precocity. He is said to have been
well vei-sed in the histoi? of the Bible in his second yejir.
and to have learned French and Latin in his thu'd. He is
also known as " the ChUd of Lubeck."
Heinicke (hi'nik-e), Samuel. Born at Naut-
schutz, near Weissenfels, Prussia, April 10,
1727: died at Leipsic, -\pril 30, 1790. A Ger-
man teacher who opened the first institution
for the education of deaf-mutes in Germany in
1778.
Heinrich. See Hcnrii. , , . .^ ^
Heinrich von Meissen (Mn'neh fon mis sen).
Born at Meissen, 1250 : died at Mamz, 1318. A
Middle High German IjTie poet. He was a wander-
ing singer. In 1278 he was in the army of Hapsburg ; in
l"a6 at Prague. He is said to have founded at Mainz the
n'l^rscl.oof of "Master Singers, so S^Ued, and h.mse
marks the transition from the " Minnesingers to the latcl
"Mastei Singers.'' He is also called Frauenlob, a name
given him because of a declared preference in a poetical
Contest for the title "Fi-au" Oady, mistress) applied o
women, rather than " Weib" (woman, the "J ^re opposite
of man). The women of Mainz bore him to his gi.avt,
where, .at the cathedral, his monument is still to be seen.
Heinrich von Veldeke. See \''t'''''L„.,.,
Heinse (hin'ze), Johann Jakob Wilhelni.
Born atLaugewiesen, Thui'ingia, Feb. 16, 1(4J.
died at Aschaffenburg, Bavaria, June — , l»u.i.
A German romance writer. Amonghis romances
is " Ardinghello und die gluckseligen Inseln
HeinsiilS (liin'se-os). Antonius. Born at Delft,
1641 : died Aug., 1720. A Dutch statesman,
grand pensionary 16S9-1720 „ ,=00.
HeinsiUS, Daniel. Born at Ghent, Juae 9 1580 .
died Feb. 25,1655. ADuteh classical philologist,
author of Greek and Latin poems, editions ot
the classics, etc. t 1 on
HeinsiUS, Nikolaas. Born at Leyden, July -0,
lii-oTdied at The Hague, Oct. 7, 1681. A noted
Dutch classical philologist and Latin poet, son
of Daniel Heinsius. , -n t—
Heintzelman (hint'sel-raan). Samuel Peter.
Horn at Mauheim, Lancaster County 1 a .N'pt.
30, 1805 : died at Washington, D. (_., May 1, 18811.
An American general. He graduated at West Point
in 1820 ■ served in the Mexican war ; became hrigadler-geir
Iral of volunteers Nlay 17, 1861 :comn.anded a divu
McDowell's army at the Urst battle of Bull Run . com-
manded a corps at the battle of Williamsburg ; was made
n'ir general of volunteers May 6. ISO'2 ; piu- icipatc.l in
the attleof FairOaks ; :u,d <„,nmaTulcd the right wing of
Pone's arinv at the sec..„d battle of Bull Run. He subse-
n"entl> 1 " I o nma.Ml of the hepartment of Washing on
ad the Noitlurn hepaltmel.t. He was placed on the
retired list witli tin- rankot major-general, by aspccialact
„t Congress April 2',l, 1869. , , ^ , .,
Heir-at-Law, The. A comedy l>y Co';";^'' """
voun.'er. nrcxluced in 179/, printed in 18(18.
Heir of Linne, The. An old ballad preserved
in Percy's •• Heliciues": the story ot a spend-
thrift who linullv regains his lands and money.
TTBistprdiis'tcr)", Lorenz. Horn at I'rankfort-
on-Maiii,Sept rj 1683: died a. Helmsted.
Anril 18,17.')8. A Germiin surgeon, jirotessor oi
surgerv at Helmstedt from 1720. He was the
founder of modern German surgery.
B& (1^:? i"af "Ar., ' deptirture.'] The era
which forins the starting-point of the Mohamme-
dan calendar, July 15, 622, commemorative of
the Hight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina.
The actual date of the (light was June '20
Hel (liel). [ON., a persfijiilication of lul, tlio
Helena, Saint
abode of the dead, = E. hell.] In Old Norse
mythologv, the daughter of Loki and the giant-
ess Angurboda (ON. Amjrbvdhu), ami goduesg
of Nillheim, or Niflhel, the realm of the dead,
below the eart h. Originally all the dead went to her.
Ill later luvthology only she is horrible in appearance
half blue-black and half llesh-color, and her abode is one ot
misery to which those alone go who die of age or illness.
Helbon (hel'bon). An ancient name of .\leppo.
Helder i.hel'der), The. A fortilied seaport in
the province of North Holland. Netherlands,
situated on the Marsdiep 40 miles north of Am-
sterdam. It is an important commercial place, and a
Dutch naval station. The great Helder Dyke Jefeiids it
from the sea. Near it the Dutch under Rnyler -lud T oinp
defeated the English in a naval engagement Aug. 21, lt.i3
and near it also the English and Russian troops landed in
their unsuccessful expedition of 1799. Population (1&89),
commune, 21,984.
Helderberg (hel'dor-berg) Mountains. A range
of hills west of Albany, Xew York, an ofi^shoot
of the Catskills. „
Helen (hel'en). IGv.'-EUvr,, L. HeUna: hence
It. Elena, Sp. Helena, Elena, F. Bilhic, E. Helen,
Ellen, G. Helene.] 1. In Greek legend, the wife
of Menelaus, and, according to the usual tra-
dition, the daughter of Zeus and Leda, or, ac-
cording to another, of Zeus and Nemesis, cele-
brated for her beauty. Her abduction by Paris was
the cause of the Trojan war. Goethe introduces her in
the second part of "Faust," and Faustus, in Marlowe B
play of that name, addresses her thus :
"Oh' thou art fairer than the evening air
Clad in the beauty of a thousand stars !
Helen of Troy is one of those ideal creatures of the fancy
overwhichtime,space,and circumstance and moral proba-
bility, exert no sway. ... She moves through I'leek he-
role legend as the desired of aU men and the possessed of
many 'Iheseus bore her away while yet a gu-1 f rimi Sparta.
Her lirethren, Castor and Polydeukes recovered her from
Athens bv force and gave to her Jithra, the mother of
■rhesens, for bon'dwoinan. . . . She was at last assigned
in wedlock to .Menelaus, by whom she conceived her only
earthly child. Hermione. Paris, by aid of Aphrodite, vvon
her love and fled with her to Egypt and to Troy. In Iroy
she abode more than twenty years, and was the mate ot Dc-
iphobus after the death of Paris. When the strife raised for
lier sake was ended, Menelaus restored her wi h honoi to
his home in Lacediemon. There she received lelemachus
and saw her daughter mated to ^eoptolemub. But even
after death she rested not from the service of love. e
great Achilles, who in life had loved her by hearsay, but
had never seen her, clasped her among the sha.les upon
the island Leuk(5, and begat Euphorion
Symmids, Studies of the Greek Poets, I. 124.^
2 In Sidney's romance "Arcadia."' the queen of
Corinth. She begs and carries away the wounded
bodv of the knight Amphialus, falsely sup-
posed dead.— 3. A waiting-woman to Imogen
in Shakspere's •■ (■vmbeline."-4. In Shendan
Kiiowles'splay " The Hunchback," a lively girl,
in love with Modus.
Helen, a Tale. The last novel by Miss Edge-
worth, published in 1834.
Helena (hel'e-nil). a Greek painter, daughter
of the Eeyptian Timon. She is said to have lived in
the time of the battle of Issus, and to have painted a pic-
ture of that subject. This picture was hung by \ espasian
In the -r inple of Peace at Rome. The great Pompeian
mosarc of the battle of Issus must have been made about
this time, and is perhaps a copy of the picture.
Helena 1 . •'^ character in Shakspere's comedy
• ' All 's Well thiit Ends Well."— 2. In Shakspere s
play "A Jlidsuiumer Night's Dream." an Athe-
nian lady in love with Demetrius.
Helena, The. See the extract.
The Third Act lof the second piU-t of Goethe's "Faust, '
in which Helen of Troy is introducedl is known in Ger-
a y as "The Helena," not only because it was separa cly
u lished in 1827 under the title of " Helena : at lassieo-
^,nantic l'hantasma,orim" luit also because ■ '-' ™ 'J
nlete alleg(U-ical poem in itself, inserted in the Second
Part of -Faust" by very loose threads of attachment.
Goethe begiui its composition hi 1800. „„,..,
*■ yj, r„t/(or. Notes to Faust, part '2.
Helena A tragedv of Euripides, exhibited in 412
B ciri.ilsed on the story invented by Stesichorus
that onlv a phantom of Helen appeared at the
sice of "Trov, the real Helen being in Egypt.
Helena (hel'e-nil or he-le'n»). The «n»<«l "f
Phillips Count v, Arkansas, situated on the Jlis-
sissii) pi 52 miles southwest ot Memphis. It w-as
unsu«'essfullv attacked by the Contederates
July 4, 1863. "Population (1890), .1,189.
Helena. A city, the capital of Montana and of
Lewis and Clarke County, situated in lat. 46
36' N long. 1 11° 53' W. It is an important business
center'and there ar,' gold-mines in its vicinity. It was
settled in 18IV1. Population (18!») 13,8;H.
Helena, Flavia Julia, Saint. Died about 3.8.
The mother of Constantino the breat. She was,
according to some authorities, the daughter of ;"■ inn-
keeier at Drepanum, Bithynia: according to others, a
Br ish or Caledonian nrincess She l.ccan.c the wife of
CoMstantins chlorus, who, on his elevation to the dign^y
„( Ca-sar in 292, divorced her in <udcr to many ' heod..ra,
the stepdaughter of the Augustus y"^'"'''\''"» 'J,';';';X,'-
subsequently, on the elcvath.n t.j the purple of ( ons'an-
Helena, Saint
tine, her sou by Oonstantius. she received the title of Au-
gusta, and was tre;ited with marked distinctiou. About
325 she made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, where she built
the Church of the Holy Sepulcher and that of the Nativity.
Helensburgh, (herenz-bur-o). A town and wa-
tering-place in Dumbartonshire, Scotland, sit-
uated on the Clyde 20 miles northwest of Glas-
6;ow. Population (1S91), 8,405.
Helenas (hel'e-nus). [Gr."E/.fiof.] In Greek le-
gend, a son of Priam, celebrated as a prophet.
Shakspere introduces him in " Troilus and
Cressida."
Helgoland (hel'jro-lant), or Heligoland (hel'-
i-go-laiid), Friesian Hellige Land. [• Holy
Laud."J An island in the North Sea, belonging
to the province of Schleswig-Holstein, Pi-ussia,
situated in lat. 54° 11' N., long. 7° 53' E. It is
divided into the Oberland and I'nterland. Close by is the
bathing-place, the Diiiie, It has lobster-fisheries, and is
frequented for sea-bathing. The population is of Friesian
stock. Formerly it was a heathen sanctuary. It was taken
from Denmark Ijy Great Britain in 1807, and ceded to Great
Britain in 1S14. In 1890 it was ceded to Germany, and at-
tached to the province of Schleswifx-Holstein. Near it the
Danish rteet repulsed a combined attack of the Prussians
and Austrians. May 9. 18(i4. Length, a little over 1 mile.
I'opululi.in. -2,086.
Heliand(iia'le-and). [OS. HMiand, AS. HaelemI,
NHW. Ihil<iii(l, the healer, i. e. the Saviour.]
An Old Saxon epic poem on the Saviotu', writ-
ten in alliterative verse by an unknown author
between the years 822 and 840. It is a Christian
poem with old Germanic heathen elements, and is one of
the most extensive as it is one of the most important
works of early Genuanic literature.
Helias, or Helis, or Helyas. The Knight of the
Swan. See Swati, Knight of the.
Helicanus (hel-i-ka'uus). The faithful minis-
ter of Pericles, Prince of Tyre, in Shakspere's
play of that name.
Helicon (hel'i-kou), modern Zagora (za-go'ra).
[Gr.'E/(K(Ji'.] Inancientgeography, a mountain-
range in Boeotia, Greece, celebrated in mythol-
og.v as the abode of the Muses. It contained the
fountains of Aganippe and Hippocrene. Height, 5,736
feet CO.
Heligoland. See Helijoland.
Heliodorus (he-li-o-db'ms). [Gr. 'KkidSupoc^,
gift of the sun.] Born at Emesa, Syria: lived
at the end of the 4th century. A Greek ro-
mance-writer, a Christian bishop of Trieea in
Thessaly, author of the earUest Greek romance,
the ''JCthiopica." See Theagenes and Chariclea.
Heliogabalus. See Elagabalus.
HeUopolis (he-li-op'9-lis), Egyptian An (an),
the modern Matarieh (ma-ta-re'e). [Gr.
'H/lioi'ffo/.if, city of the sun-god.] In ancient
geography, a city in Lower Eg^-pt, situated on
the Pelusiae braiiehof the Nile in lat. 30° 8' N.,
long. 31° 24' E. " It stood on the edge of the desert,
about 41 mjles to the east of the apex of the Delta ; but
the alluvial land of the Delta extended 6 miles further to
the eastward of that city, to what is now the Birket-el-
Hag." (Batrfiiufon.) It wsis a seat of learning (" the uni-
versity of Egypt ") and of tlie worship of the sun-god Ka.
The site of Heliopolis is still marked by the massive
walls that surrounded it. and by a granite obelisk bearing
t the name of Osirtasen [I'sertesen] I. of the 12th dj-nasty,
dating about 3900 years ago. It was one of two that stood
before the entrance to the temple of the Sun, at the inner
end of an avenue of sphinxes ; and the apex, like some of
those at Thebes, was once covered with bronze (doubtless
gilt), as is shown by the stone having been cut ti, receive
the metal casing, and by the testimony of .Arab history.
Tradition also speaks of the other obelisk of Heliopolis,
and of the bronze taken from its apex.
RaicUii9on, Herod., II. 9, note.
Heliopolis. The ancient name of Baalbec.
Helios (he'li-os). [Gr."H/jof,'Hf/(or.] In Greek
mj^hology, the sun-god (called Hyperion by
Homer), son of the Titan Hyperion and the
Titaness Theia. He is represented as a strong and beau-
tiful youth, with heavy, waving locks and a crown of rays,
driving a four-horse chariot, rising in the morning from
the ocean on the east, among the Ethiopians, driving
across the heavens in his glowing car, and descending at
evening into the western sea. At night, while asleep, he
is borne along the northern edge of the earth in a golden
iMat to his rising-iilai e in the east. Alsocalled Phaethon
(Gr. ^atSun) for his brilliancy. In later times he was iden-
tified with .\pollo.
Helius ihe'li-us). Died 68 a. d. A Roman court
favorite. He was a freedman of the emperor Claudius,
and became steward of the imperial demesnes in Asia. He
was one of the ajients employed by Agrippina in ridding
herself of 51. .lunius Silanus, proconsul of that province
in 55. He was prefect of Rome and Italy during the
absence of Nero in Greece 67-68, being invested with full
power of life and death even over the senatorial order.
He was put to death, with Locusta, the poisoner, and
other creatures of the late tyrant, by Nero's successor, the
emperor Galba.
Hell (hel), Maximilian. Bom at Sehemnitz,
Hungary, May 13, 1720 : died at Vienna, April
14, 1792! An Austrian astronomer. He entered
the Society of Jesus about 173S, and was director of the
observatory at Vienna 1756-92. In June, 1769, he made,
In Lapland, a successful observation of the transit of Ve-
4:92
nus, of which he published an account (" Observatio tran-
situs Veneris," 1770). He is the author als<j of a number
of other works, including " I>e parallaxi solis " (I77a).
Hellacla. The modern name of the Spercheius.
Helladians (he-la'di-anz). See the extract.
Other^vise, while Greek w-as fast becoming the domi-
nant speech of the Empire, the name of Hellas became a
geographical expression, the name of a single theme of
the Empire, while the name of Hellenes meant only the
professors of the fallen faith, whose temples supplied ma-
terials for building the temples of the new. When the
people of the theme of Hellas, perhaps of a region a little
wider than the theme of Ilelhis, needed a geographical
name, the new name of Helladians was coined to express
them. Freeman, Hist. Essays, III. 331.
HellanicUS (hel-a-ni'kus). [Gr. 'E/J'.di'fKOf.] An
eminent Greek logogi-aiihcr. He was a native of My-
tilene, Lesbos, and lived about 4,">0 B. c. Nothing is known
with certainty of his personal history. According to an
evidently erroneous account by Snidas, he lived with He-
rodotus at the court of .Amyntas. The same doubtful au-
thority states that he died at Perperene, on the coast of Asia
Minor, opposite Lesbos. He was a prolitic writer, and was
held in high esteem l)y the ancients. His works, frag-
ments only of which are extant, included a history of At-
tica, a history of the-Eolians in .\sia Minor and the islands
of the -F-gean, and a history of Persia, Media, and Assyria
from the time of Ninus to his own day.
Hellas (hel'as). [Gr. 'E/^.df.] Inancientgeog-
raphy, originally a town and small district in
Phthiotis, Thessaly, and later the lands inhab-
ited by the Hellenes (see Greece) ; inarestricted
sense. Middle Greece (south of Thermopylse
and north of the Gulf of Corinth), or the dis-
tricts south of the Ambracian Gulf and the
mouth of the Peneius.
Helle (hel'e). [Gr. "E/Jir/.] In Greek legend,
the daughter of Athamas and Nephele. She was
drowned in the Hellespont, whence its name ('* Sea of
Helle ■').
Hellebore (hel'f-bor). A character assumed by
Foote in his pai-t of the de\'il, in his play " The
De^^l upon Two Sticks " : the president of a
medical college.
Hellen (hel'en). [Gr. "E;iX7v.] In Greek legend,
a king in Phthia (in Thessaly), eponymous an-
cestor of the Hellenes.
Hellenes (hel'euz). [Gr. "E/J>.;/wf.] 1. The
ancient Greeks ; properly, the Greeks of pure
race : traditionally said to be so called from
Hellen, son of Deucalion and PyiTha, the le-
gendary ancestor of the true Greeks, consisting
of the Dorians, jlEolians. lonians, and Achasans.
— 2. The subjects of the modern kingdom of
Greece, or Hellas.
Heller (hel'ler), Stephen. Born at Budapest,
Hungary, May 15, 1814: died at Paris, Jan. 14,
1888. A Hungarian pianist and composer for
the pianoforte.
Hellespont (hel'es-pont). [Gr. 'E?././/o;7on-Of,
sea of Helle. See Helle.J In ancient geogra-
phy, the name of the Strait of Dardanelles.
(See Dardanelles.) It is celebrated in the legend
of Hero and Leander.
Hellevoetsluis (hel-le-v6t-slois'), or Helvoet-
sluis (hel-vot-slois'). A seaport in the pro\-inee
of South Holland, Netherlands, situated in the
island Voorne, on the Haringvliet, 17 miles west-
southwest of Rotterdam. Here, in 1688, Wil-
liam of Orange embarked for England.
Hell Fire Clubs, Clubs consisting of reckless
and unscrupulous men and women. A number
of these have existed. Three such associations were sup-
pressed in London in 1721,
Hell Gate (hel gat). A passage in the East
River, east of the city of New York, noted for
itsitiangers to navigation. Obstructions were
removed by explosion at Hallett's Point in 1876,
and at Flood Rock in 1885.
Hellin (el-ven'). A town in the province of Al-
bacete, Spain, situated in lat. 38° 28' N., long.
1° 39' W. It has sulphur manufactures. Pop-
ulation (1887), 13,679.
Hellowes (hel'oz), Edward. Lived about the
last half of the 16th centmy. An English trans-
lator. In 1597 he was groom of the chamber in the royal
household, and in 1600 received a pension of 12 shillings
a day for life. He translated three works from the Span-
ish of Guevara,
Helmer (hel'mer), Nora. The principal char-
acter in Ibsen's "A Doll's House." Her husband
treats her as if she were a child, and so far unfits her for
real action that when she begins to meddle with realities
she commits a crime. Gn awakening to a knowledge of
her real self, and her husband's false idea that he can be
both will and conscience for her. she leaves him,
Helmers (hel'mers), Jan Frederik. Bom at
Amsterdam, March 7, 1767: died at Amster-
dam, Feb. 26, 1813. A Dutch poet. His chief
work is "De HoUandsehe Natie" ("The Dutch
Nation," 1812).
Helmholtz (helm'holts), Hermann Lud'wig
Ferdinand von. Boi'u at Potsdam, Aug. ui,
1821: died at Berlin, Sept. 8, 1894. A celebrated
Helsingland
GeiTnan physiologist and physicist, especially
noted forhis discoveries in optics and acoustics.
He became military physician at Potsdam in 1S43 ; taught
anatomy at the Academy of .\rt in 1&4S ; was professor of
physiology atK0nigsberglS49-5.T; wasprofessor of anatomy '
and physiology at Bonn 185,'>-58, and of physiology at Hei-
delberg 18,S8-71 ; and was appointed professor of physics at
Berlin in 1871, He invented the ophthalmoscope in 1851.
His chief works are " Handbuch der physiologischen Op-
tik " ("Manual of Physiological Optics," 1866-^6), "Die
Lehre von den Tonemptindungen " (" The Doctrine of the
Sensations of Tone, " 1862), "tjber die Erhaltung der
Kraft " (" On the Conservation of Force, " 184 '^v
Helmond (hel'mont; F. pron. el-m6n'). A
town in the province of North Brabant, Neth-
erlands, situated on the river Aa in lat. 51° 28'
N., long. 5° 39' E. Poptilation (1889), commune,
9,057.
Helmont (hel'mont), Jan Baptista van. Bom
at Brussels in 1578: died near Brussels. Dec. 30,
1644. A Flemish physician and chemist. He
spent a number of years in France, Switzerland, and Etig-
land, married a wealthy lady of Brabant, and in 1609 set-
tled on an estate near Brussels, where he devoted himself
to chemical investigations. He is said to have been the
first to demonstrate the necessity of employing the bal-
ance in chemistry, and to have introduced the word "gas "
in the terminology of that science. A collective edition of
his works appeared as "Ortus medicinse " (1648).
Helmstadt (helm'stat). A village in Lower
Frauconia, Bavaria, 10 miles west of Wiirzburg.
Here, in the Seven Weeks' War, July 25, 1866, the Prus-
sians dtrfeated the Bavarians.
Helmstedt (helm'stet). A town in Brunswick,
Germany, 21 miles east of Brunswick, formerly
the seat of a university. Population (1890),
10,9.55.
Helmund (hel'muud), or Hilmend (hil'mend),
or Halmand (hal'mand). A river in Afghanis-
tan, flowing in a generall.v southwesterly diiec-
tion into Lake Hamun, with no outlet to the
sea : the ancient Er_vmanthus or Ei-ymandrus.
Length, about 680 mUes.
Heloise (a-16-ez'). Bom about 1101: died at
the Paraclet, near Nogent-sur-Seine, France,
11(>4. A French abbess, celebrated on account
of her relations with Abelard. she w as a niece of
Fulbert, canon of Notre Dame, .\belard became her in-
structor, and soon her lover and seducer. After the birth
of her child he proposed a secret marriage, which was ac-
complished only after much opposition on the part of He-
loise, for she preferred to sacrifice her own future rather
than that of Abelard. She even denied the marriage after
it was performed, and retired to the convent of Argenteuil.
The em^ged Fulbert revenged himself on Abelard by in-
fiicting on him a shameful mutilation. He became a
monk, and Heloise took the veil
Heloise. See Xomelle Heloise. La.
Helos (he'los). [Gr. tu "E'/mc.'] In ancient geog-
raphy, a town in Laconia, Greece, situated near
the sea 25 miles southeast of Sparta.
Helots (he'lots or hel'ots). [Gr. Ei/.tiraj or
Ei/lu-!f.] Aclass of serfs among the ancient
Spartans who were owned by the state, were
bound to the soil under allotment to landhold-
ers, and fulfilled all ser\nle functions. The He-
lots paid their masters a fixed proportion of the products
of the ground cultivated by them. They served as light-
armed troops in war, and in great emergencies bodies of
them were organized as regular or hea^'y-armed troops, in
which case tliey might be manumitted as a reward for
bravery. They were descendants of captives of war, most
of them probably of the conquered Achsean aborigines of
Laconia ; they were ver>' cruelly treated, and often sys-
tematically massacred, to keep down their numbers and
prevent them from organized revolt.
Help (help). A character, in Bunyan's ''Pil-
gi'im's Progress," who pulls Christian out of the
Slough of Despond.
Helps (helps). Sir Arthur. Bom at Streatham,
Surrey, July 10, 1813 : died at London, March 7,
1875. An English author. He occupied various gov-
ernment positions, and from June, 1860, was clerk of the
pTi\'y council, enjoying the special confidence of the queen
He is best known for his social essays, " Friends in Coun-
cil " (1^7-59 : 3 seriesX and for his various works on the
early histoiyof Spanish America, especially " The Spanish
Conquest in America " (1865-61). He also wrote several
dramas and romances.
Helsingborg (hel'sing-borg). A seaport in the
lacn of Malmohus, Sweden, situated on the
Sound, opposite Elsinore, in lat. 56° 3' N., long.
12° 42' E. Near it is the old castle of Kanian.
Population (1890), 20.410.
Helsingfors (hel'sing-fors). Finnish Helsinki
(hel'sing-ki). A seaport, capital of Finland and
of the laen of Nyland, situated on the Gulf of
Finland in lat. 60° 10' N., long. 24° 57' E. It is
the largest and chief commercial city of Finland, and the
seat of a university (removed from Abo in 1827); was
founded by Gustavus Vasa in the 16th century ; was taken
by the Russians in ISOS ; and became the capital in 1819.
It is an important naval station. Its fortifications were un-
successfullv bombarded by the Allies in 1865. Population
08921, (V.,7.S4.
Helsingland i hel'sing-land). A district in the
northern part of the laen of Gefleborg, eastem
Sweden.
HelsingSr
Helsingor. Soe Klsiiiorr.
Heist ( heist ), Bartholomeus van der. Born m
the NetluTlrtiicIs, l(;l:^: died at Amsterdam, H""-
A noted Dutoh portrait-painter. Hisbest -known
work is the " Banquet " (at Amsterdam).
Helston (Uel'ston). A town in Cornwall. Eng-
land, situated on the river Cober 9 miles west-
southwest of Falmouth. Population (1891),
3 HIS.
Helstone (hel'ston). Doctor Matthewson. The
rector of Briarlield In Charlotte Bronte's '■ !^hl^-
ley," an uncompromising and bnisk, but up-
right and conscientious man. His niece Caro-
line is one of the principal characters.
Helvellyn (hel-vel'in). The second peak in
hei"ht in the Lake District in Cumberland,
EnAand, 8 miles north by west of Ambleside.
HeTght, 3,118 feet. , , , t .■
Helvetia (hel-ve'shia,). In later Latin, a part
of Haul corresponding generally to the western
and central portions of the modem Switzerland :
used also poetically for Switzerland.
Helvetian Desert. See Vechtlnnd.
Helvetic Republic. [F. BrpubJique Belvaiqtte.}
A republic formed in 1798 by France from the
larger portion of the Swiss Confederation. Th.-
former cantonal system was restored by Nfpoleon in lSO:i.
It lontinued under French influence until 1814.
Helvetu < hel-ve'shi-i). A Celtic tribe which in
1 he time of Ccpsar occupied a district east of the
.) lira, north of the Lake of Geneva, and west and
south of the Rliiue, They were defeated by
Helv6tius (el-va-se-tis'). Claude Adrien. Born
at Paris in Jan., 171.5: died Dec. L'6. Inl. A
French philosopher and litterateur-. He was ap-
pointed farmer-Ecneral about 1738 and soon after becan.e
chamljerlain to the <iucen. In 1751 he married the beauti-
?uf Mademoiselle dJ I.igneville, who. was afterward one
of the chief centers of litei-arj- society m Paris He retired
to Ids estate in Perche at his mamace, and devoted him-
self dilrinK the remainder of his life to philosophical
studies. He published in 1758 a metaphysical work en-
titled -De I'esprit," in ^'h'ch he derived all virtue fri>in
.eU-interest. and which was burned in 1759 by order of
Parliament. He made a journey to England in 1 ,(H and
In the following year was entertamed by fredem-k the
Great at Potsdam. His " (Euvres compU-tes were pub-
lished at Lie-Re in 1774, since which time numerous other
eilitiuns have appeared.
HelvidiUS (hoi - wl ' i - us). A pseudonym of
James Madison. Under this signature he re-
plied to the letters of Pacificus (Hamilton) in
HelvidiUS Priscus. See Priscus, Helvidiun.
Helvoetsluis. See Hdlcroetsluis.
hI yot (ll-^^6' ), Pierre, called P6re Hippolyte.
Born at Paris. Jan., 1660: died at Pans, .Ian.
5 1716 A French monk and ecclesiastical his-
torian,'author of "L'Histoire des ordres mo-
nastiqiies. religieux et railitaires, etc. (1/14-
Hemacliandra (ha-ma-chan'dra). A Sanskrit
lexicographer and grammarian, said to have
lived A. 1.. 1088-1172: author of the "Abhidha-
na-cliiiitainani" (which see).
Hemans (hem'anz), Mrs. (Felicia Dorothea
Browne). Boi-'n at Liverpool, Sept. 2:), 1 19.!:
Sed near Dublin, May 16, 183-5. An English
poet, best known for her lyrics. Among her other
Mems are "The Vespers of Palermo" (1823), "The Forest
CuJ!?" (1826). "Poetical Works" edited by \\ . M.
Rossetti. 187.^ , , ,^ ,
Hemel-Hempstead (hem 'el -hemp st^e'l). A
small town in Hertfordshire, England, 24 miles
northwest of London.
Hemes. See ./ewer.
Hemicycle of Paul Delaroche, The. An en-
caustic mural painting adorning the amphithea-
ter of the Ecole des Beaux Arts, Pans. In it are
CTouped 75 representative artists and figures typifying the
Stot all periods. The great Greek masters Phidias, Ic l-
S« and Apelle-s enthroned, form the central group. The
flgu'res are 2:) feet hiK'li.
Heming.orHemminge, John. Born at fehottery,
15.56 ( iy. died at Aldermanburv, Oct. 10, 16.i0.
An Eu'dish actor. Littleisknownofhisearlylife.but
he seems to have been treasurer of the King's Company o
«t^s lie played in the flrst part of " Henry IV and
fn Imson's •• Volpone, ■ " Alchemist," and several other
o^ his Plays With Cnndell he edited the first folio of
Shaksnere in l«2:i. To this he owes his chief fame. He
was , S cipal proprietor of the Olobc Theatre »"<1 closely
aMoeiai.d with Shakspcre, who mentions him in his » ill.
Hemling. See MimUwj.
Hempel (liem',.el), Charles Julius. Born at
Solingen. Pnissia, Sej.t- •'■ l^" ^ 'I"''' ■'* "•■'"!!
Rapids, Mich., Sept. 25, 1879. Abenuan-Ameri-
can rihvsiciaii. He came to America in 18.16 ; gradu-
ated at the medical department of the I'niyersity of New
York in 1845 -. became professor of "l» 7,'» "'^I'^'f "" '
therapeutics in the Hahnemann Mcdica ( " '""I' »''■"':
Bdelphia in 1857 ; and subsequently practised medicine at
493
Grand Rapids, Michigan. He wrote "System of Matena
Medica and Therapeutics" (18.5»), etc.
Hempstead (hemp'sted). A town in Qtieens
Coiintv, lioiig Island, New York, A part of it has
been iiicoriiorated in t ho cit v of New York. Pop-
ulation (1890), of village, 4,831; of town, 23,756.
Hems. See //om.<.-. c ^, , i
Hemskerk, Marten van. See Heemsl-erl:
Hemsterhuis iheni'st.i-hois), Frans. Born m
the Nethcriaiuis about 1722:diedat The Hague,
1790. A Dutch philosopher and writer on es-
thetics, son of Tiberius Hemsterhuis.
Hemsterhuis, Tiherius. Born at Gromngen,
Netherlands, 1685: died at Leyden. April /,
1766. A Dutch philologist and critic. Hischief
works are an edition of the "Onomasticon of PoUnx
(17n«>, " liialogucs of Lucian " (17(18). and the Plutus of
Aristophanes (1744). - « . i,
H6nault (li-iiO'), Charles Jean Franijois. Born
at Paris, Feb, 8, 1685: died at Pans, >,ov. U,
1770 A French historian. He wiote "Nouvel
abreg'.^ chroiiologique de Thistoire de France" (1744)
" Ahri'nf- chroiiologique de Thistou-e d Espagne et de
PortugiU " (17.5!)), etc.
Henderson ( hen'dfer-son). A city and the cap-
ital of Henderson County, Kentucky, situated
on the Ohio in lat. 37° 51' N., long. 8(° 35 ^\ .
P.piilatioii (1890), 8,83.5. . , t,-,
Henderson, Alexander. Born at Creich, i if e-
shire, about 1583: died at Edinburgh, Aug. 19,
1646. A Scottish ecclesiastic and diplomatist,
the most capable and most prominent Presby-
terian leader of his time. He was minister at Leu-
chars, i-ifeshire, 1613-38, and alterward at Edinburgh
The National Covenant (1638) and the Solemn League and
Covenant (adopted in 164:! by the Westminster Assenibly,
which he atten.led as a Scottish commissioner) were both
drafted by him, and were largely his productions. He
presided as moderator at three important general assem-
blies (16:«, 1«1, and 1(348); at that held at (Glasgow in
1638 the Scottish bishops were deposed, and the church
was reconstituted as Presbyterian. Henderson had various
conferences and even discussions with Charles I. on pub-
lic (espeeiallv ecclesiastical) affairs.
Henderson, James. Bom in the north of Eng-
land about 1783 : died at Madnd. Spam, Sept.
18 1848 An English author. From isw to 1821 he
tra'veled in Brazil. Subsequently he w.as British consul-
general at liogot.i until 1830. His principal work is His-
toiT of Brazil " (London, 1821). • t ■
Henderson, James Pinckney. Bom m Lin-
coln County, N. C, March 31, 1808: die.i at
Washington, D. C, June 4, 1858. An Amenean
seneral and politician. He was secretary of state
If Texas 1837-39, governor of Texas 184^47, and Lnited
States senator 185"-,58. ^
Henderson, John. Boruat Londoninl(4/: died
there Nov. 25,1785. An English actor. He made
his lirs't appJai-ance at Bath in 1772 as Hamlet, playing at
tlie outset under the name of Courtney. Dunng his Itrst
season he played parts far beyond hmi, though he was
known as the Bath Roscius ; but m 1777he played hhylock
at the Hnymarket with success, which increased until he
stood next to (iarriek in public estimation He made ene-
mies by his talent for mimicry, and Oarrick is said to have
been jealous of him. He was particularly fine m solilo-
quies. His repertory included all the best tragic and many
comic rAles. . ,
Hendon (hen'don). A suburb ot Loudon in the
coniitv of Middlesex. Population (1891 ), l.>,83u.
Hendricks (hen'driks), Thomas Andrews-
Burn near ZanesviUe, Ohio, Sept. 7, 1819 : died
at Indianapolis, Ind., Nov. 25, 1885. An Amen-
ean statesman. He was member of Congress from In-
diana 1851-65; United States senator 1868-61); governor of
Indiana 187:!-77 ; and unsuccessful Democratic eandulate
for^ce- President in 1876. Ue was elected Vice-President
in 1884, and was inaugurated .March 4, 1886.
Henge (heng'ge ). or Mahenge (mil-heng'ge). A
Bantu tribe of German East iUrica, west^ of the
Rufiji River, at the foot of the central plateiiu.
They are marauders, and imitate the ways and
language of the Zulus. . , • r c ^i,
Hengist (heng'gist). Died 488. A chief of the
Jutes, joint founder with Horsaof the kingdom
of Kent They landed at Kbbsllcet about 449. Many le-
gends have sprung up about their names, and thi'ir exis-
tence as historical personages has been questioned, with-
out, however, sulllcielit gr.>und8.
Hengstenberg (heng'sten-bero), Ernst Wil-
helm Born at I'riindenburg, Westphalia, Oct.
"o llJiV'- di.>d at Berlin, May 28, 1869, A Ger-
man Protestant theologian, leaderof the ortho-
dox Lutherans, professor of theology in Beriiii
from 1826. He wrote "Christologie des Alten Testa-
■.,ents "ns'5-.f5) " r.eitiagezur I'.inleilung ins Alte Testa-
ment'-(l«i"l :m), •■K..ininentar ilber die Psalmcn " (1842-
H6nin-Li6tard (.i-naii'lyri-tiir') A town in the
(leoarl mentor I'as.de-Calais, France, Ifa miles
south of Lille. Population (1891), commune.
Henke (heng'ke), Heinrich Philipp Konrad.
Born at Hehlen, Bniii^wiek, Germany, .Inly .1,
17:5" • died at Brniiswiek. May 2, 1809. A Ger-
man Protest a lit theologian and church historian.
Henricians
He was professor of theology at Helmstertt 1777-86, and ab-
bot of MIchaelstein, near Blankeul>urg (17S(i), an. I of Ko-
nigslutter (1803), and later vice-president of the consistory
and curator of the Carolinum at Brunsn iek. Uis chief
work is " Kirchengeschichte " (1788-1804).
Henle (hen'le), Friedrich austav Jakob. Born
at Fiirth, Bavaria, July 9, 1809: died at Got-
tingen. May 13, 1885. A noted lierraan physi-
ologist andanatomist, professor successively at
Zurich (1840), Heidelberg (1844). and Gottingen
(18.52). Hewrote "Handhuch derrationellen Patbologie"
(1846-.52) '• Handbuch der allgemeincn Anatoniie " (1S41)_,_
•' Handbuch der systeinatischeu Anatomic des Menschcn
(1855-73), etc.
Henley (hen'U), John, generally called "Orator
Henlev." Bora at Melton-Mowbray, England,
Aug. 3, 1692: died 1756 (1759 t). An English
preacher, celebrated for his eccentricities.
Henley,William Ernest. Born about 18.50. An
Englisli « riter ami critic. He became editor of the
" Scots Observer " in 1888. He has published " A Hook of
Verses" (18SS), etc.
Henley-on-Thames (hen'li-on-temz'), or Hen-
ley. A town in Oxfordshire. England, situated
on the Thames 36 miles west of London, noted
for its regattas. Population (1891), 4,913.
Henlopen (hen-16'pen), Cape. A cape on the
eastern coast of Delaware, situated at the en-
trance of Delaware Bav, opposite Cape May, in
lat. 38° 47' N., long. 7.5° 5' W.
Hennebont (en-bon'). A river port in the de-
partment of Morbihan, Brittany, France, situ-
ated on the Blavet 7 miles northeast of Lorient.
Population (1891), commune, 6,972.
Hennegau. See Hainaut.
Hennepin (hen'e-pin; F. pron. en-pan'), Louis.
Born at Ath, Belgium, about 1640: died in the
Netherlands after 1701. A French missionary
and explorer. He belonged to the order of K<5collets
of St Francis, went to Canada in 1673. and in 1678 jiuned
La siuie's second expedition to the West. He was de-
spatched by La Salle from Fort Creveeaiir with two men
in a canoe, Feb. 29, 1(580, to explore the Illinois Elver and
the upper Mississippi. He was captured by a party of
Sioux on the Mississippi. April 11, lOSO, ami during cap-
tivity discovered the Falls of St. Anthony. He was res-
cued by Greysolon du Lhut, arrived at (Quebec in 1682, and
on returning to Europe was made guardian of the con-
vent of Reuty in Artois. He published '■ Description de
la Louisiane "(1683), " Nouvelle di5couvcrte d'un tres grand
nays " (1697 : in which he claims to have descended the
Mississippi to its mouth in 1680 — a claim since shown to
be false), and " Nouveau Voyage " (1698).
HenneQuin(en-kan'),PhilippeAugustin. Born
at Lvons, France, 1763: died at Touniay, Bel-
('iuni, Mav 12, 1833. AFrenchhistorical painter.
Among his works are "Remorseof < Irestes " (in the Louvre),
"Battle of Quiberon " (Toulouse Museum), '■Triumph of
the French People " (Rouen), " Saul and the \\ itch of bn-
dor " (Lyons).
Henner (en-ar'), Jean Jacfiues. Born at Bern-
wilier, Alsace, March 5, 1829. -V genre-paintev,
pupil of Drolling and Picot. He gained the grand
nrix de Rome in 1S5S, and a first-class medid in 1878. He
was made mentor of the Institute in 1SS9. He pa.«sed five
years in Italy. Among his pictm-es arc " La Naiade, Le
lion Samaritain" (at the Luxembourg), "Idyllc. hu-
zaiine," and "La Madeleine."
Hennersdorf (hen'ers-dorf), or Katholisch-
Hennersdorf (ka-to'lish-). A village in nortli-
western Silesia, Pmssia, near Naumburg-on-
tlii'-l.lueiss. Here, Nov. 24, 1715, the l>russians under
Fredeiiek llie Creat defeated the Saxons and Anslrians
u]ider Ihe Imke of Lorraine.
Hennessy (hen' e-si), William J. Born at Tho-
mastown, Ireland, in 1839. .\ landscape- and
trenro-paint er. He went to New York in 1849, and was
elected national aea.lemician in 1863. In 1870 he went
to London, but lives principally in Nonnandy.
Henri (oii-re' ) I., King of Haiti. See Christophc.
Henri III. et sa Cour. A drama o( the riiman-
tic school, by Alexandre Dumas p^re, produced
in 1829. , a -IT 1
Henriade (on-ryad'). An epic poem by Vol-
taire in 10 cantos, it is a picture of war undertaken
in the name of religion, and was intended to inspire a ha-
tred i.f intolerance and perseeiltion.
Henrichemont (on-resh-moh'). Atowniu the
department of Cher. France. 16 miles norih-
uortheast of Bourges. Population (1891), com-
mune, 3,763. -,
Henrici (hen-ret'se). Jakob, Bom at Gross Kar-
l.nluieh, Bavaria, Jan. 1. 1803: died at Econ-
omy, Pa., Dec, 25, 1892. A German-Amencau
coinuiuiiist , lie iniigratcd to the United States in 1823.
niul siibaeciuently joined the llannonist Society founded
bv (ie,.rge Ilapp, which was then cstablislieil at Ilaiinony
in Bntlcr County, Pennsylvanir., but which was aftrrward
1 v'l) ,ein..ved to the present village of Economy in I caver
Coiintv. On the death of Rapp in lS6s he siieeecded to
the inanaKement of the community iiniler I le litle of lllst
trustee, which position he retained until bis death.
Henricians (hen-rish'anz). 1. A sect of reli-
.i-ious refoniiers in Switzeriaiid and soulliern
f'rance in the 12th century, followers of Henry
Henricians
of Lausanne.— 2. The followprs or adherents
of the emperor Henry IV.. wlio opposed Gregory
VII. in favor of the "antipope Clement III.
Henrietta Anna (hen-ri-et'a au'a), Duchesse
d'Orleans. [Fern, and dim. of Henry ; F. Hch-
riette. It. Enrii/lietia, Sp. Enriqucta, Pg. Hen-
riqueta, G. nciiricUe.^ Born at Exeter, England,
Juno 16, l&W: died at St.-Cloud, near Pans,
June 30, 1670. Daughter of Charles I. of Eng-
land. She married the Duo d'Orleans (brother
of Louis XIV.) in 1661.
Henrietta Maria (ma-ri'ii). Queen of England.
Born at Paris, Nov. 25, 1609 : died near Pans,
Sept. 10. 1669. Daughter of Henry IV. of France.
Shenliirried Cliarlcs I. of Englanrt in 1626 ; went to Uo\-
land in 11U2 to olitain aid for the king ; returned in 1643 ;
and finally loft Eii'-'Umd for France in 1644.
Henrietta Temple (tem'pl). A love-story by
Disraeli, published in 1S37.
Henriette ihcn-ri-et'; F. pron. ou-ryet'). 1. A
young, simple, and natural girl surrounded by
the pedantic "femmes savantes," in Moliere's
comedy of that name. She is considered by the
French the type of true womanliness. — 2. A
character in 'Balzac's "Lys dans la valine"
("Lily in the Valley")
494 Henry III.
the throne on Stephen's death, Oct. 25, 1154. His posses- 148r)-l.i09, son of Edmund Tudor, earl of Rich-
sions outside of England included Normandy and the mond, and Margaret Beaufort, through whom
J .--..•,.. v„ „!,,„„.■ ,,p jj.jjgpfi jjjj. .ipgpput from John of Gaunt, son
suzerainty of Brittany, iidierited from the Norman king:
Anjou and Maine, inherited from his father; and Poitou,
Guienne, and Gascony, acquired by marriage with Elea-
nor of Aquitaine (1152). He compelled Malcolm of Scot-
land to restore the English counties of Northumberland,
Cumberland, and Westmoreland, granted to Malcolms
father by Stephen, and to do homage for the Scottisll
crown (ll.'>7) ; reduced the Welsh to oliedicnce in 3 expe-
ditions (ll.'iS, 1163, and 1106); and conquered the south-
eastern part of Ireland (1171). He consolidated and ceii-
tralized the royal authority by the institution of fiscal,
judicial, and miUtary reforms, the chief of which were the
improvement of the coinage (11.68), the assignment of reg-
ular circuits to itinerant justices, the great assize or trial
by a iui-y of twelve knights (which superseded the old
modes of trial by battle and by compurgation), the commu-
tation of personal military service for a money payment or
scutage (1169), the revival of the ancient fyrd or national
militia by the assize of arms (1181 i, and the extension of the
jurisdiction of the secular courts to clerical offenders by the
Constitutions of Clarendon (11114). His reforms were ve-
hemently opposed by Thomas Becket, archbishop of lan-
terbury, in so far as they related to the church, although
after the unauthorized murder of the archoishop by four
of Henry's knights (Dec. 211, 1170), and Henry's c.mseqnent
of Edward III. He became head of the house of Lan-
caster on the death of Henry VI. in the Tower of London
in 1471, and, as an object of jealousy to the kings of the
house of York, spent the years from 1471 to 14S6 in exile,
chiefly in Brittany. In 1485 he efiected a landing in l.ng-
laud, and, having gained the victory of Bosworth Field,
Aug. 22, 1485, in which Richard 111. fell, wasciowncd king
Oct. 30, 1485. He m<arried Eliaibeth, eldest ilaughtcr of
Edward IV., Jan. 18, 1486, whereby he united in his own
person thetitlesof thehouses of Lancaster and York. He
defeated the impostor Lambert Simnel (who personated
the Earl of Warwick) at Sloke-upon-Trent .lune l(i, 1487,
and Nov. 23, 1499, executed the pretender Perkin « arbeck,
who personated the Duke of York. Lord Daubcney de-
feated the rebel Thomas Flainmock at Blacklieath.Iunel7,
1497. Henry married his son Arthur to Catharine of Ara-
gon Nov. 14, 1.601, and his eldest daughter .Margaret to
James IV. of Scotland in 1502. The Statute of Droulicila,
or Poynings'e Law, was passed in 1494, and the i abot.'s dis-
covered North America in 1497. Henry's distinguishing
characteristic was his avai ice. He accumulated a fortune
of £2,000,000, being aided in his extortions by his agents
Empson'and Dudley.
Henriduez.FranciscoFernandezdelaCueva. ter, Oct. 1, 1207: died at Westminster, Nov: 16.
•See l-'vniaiitU;: de la Cticrii Hniriqtir:._ \-2,Tl. King of England 1216-72, son of John
penance at"Becket'slhrine'in July, 1174, he vutually car- Henry VIII. Born at Greenwich . Juno 28, 1491 :
ried his point. In the last year of his reign a rebellion ^j^^j ^^ -SVestminster, Jan. 28. l')47. King of Eng-
Henry III. (of Winchester). Born at Winche:
Henriquez de Almansa ( en-re'keth da iil-man
sii), Martin. Born in Alcailizes, Spam, about
1525: died at Lima, Peru, March 15, 1583. A
Spanish administrator. He was the second son of a
Marquis of Alcafuzes. He was viceroy of Mexico Nov. 5,
1568, to Oct. 4. 1580, during which period the Iiuiuisition
was established (1571). and the great cathedral of Mexico
wa.s founded (1573). From Sept 23, 1581, he was viceroy
of I'eriu He was an e.vcellent ruler. .
Henriquez de Guzman (goth-man'), Luis.
Born about 1600: died about 1667. A Spanish
administrator. He was count of Alba de Liste and gran-
dee of Spain ; was viceroy of Mexico June 28, ]<i50, to Aug-
1, 1653, and of Peru Feb. 24, 1655, to July 31, 1661. His
reigii in bolh countries was rather uneventful. He was
just and benevolent, and encouraged learning.
Henriquez de Rivera (re-vii'rii), Payo. Born
at Seville about 1610 : died April 8, 1684. A
Spanish prelate and statesman. He was a mem-
ber of the Augustine order ; was chosen bishop of Guate-
mala in 1667 ; and was translated to Michoacan iu 166i,
but before reaching his new diocese was made archbishop
and Isabella of Angouleme. He succeeded at thi
age of 9 years, under the regency of William JIarshal, earl
of Pembroke. His title w.as disputed by Louis, son of
Philip of France, who had been cliosen king by the bai'-
ous opposed to John. The regent defeated Louis's army
at Lincoln M.ay 20, 1217, and compelled him to abandon
his claim to the crown after having suffered theloss of his
reinforcements in a naval battle off Dover, Aug. 24. 121i.
After the death of Pembroke in 121:1, the government w.is
carried on by the justiciary Hubert de Burgh, supported
by Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterburj-, until 1232,
when Henry personally assumed the direction of affairs.
He married Eleanor of ITovence, Jan. 14, 1236. Of the
French possessions of hishouse.he retained only Aquitaine
and Gascony. His misgovernment and the favoritisin
which he showed toward foreigners provoked a rising of
the barons, who compelled him to accept the Provisions
of Oxford in 12.68, whereby a series of reforms were caiTied
out by a commission of 24 barons. Henry subsequently
repudiated the Provisions of Oxford, whereupon the bar-
ons arose in arms under Simon de Montfoit, and defeated
the king at the battle of Lewes May 14, 1204. He was kep.
a virtual prisoner by Montfort until the battle of Evesham,
Aug. 4, 126.6, when he was rescued by his sou Edward.
but before reacning nis new oioccsBivnoiuuut .. ,„...■. =..-^i. -- =- ■ ■ , „f T) .ii„,,i.,.r.l-o
of Mexico (1668). From Dec, 1673, to Oct., 1680, he was Henry IV. Born at the castle ot Boh igbroke.
also viceroy. Returning to Spain, 1681, he was appointed
president of the Council of the Indies and bishop of Cuen-
ca, but resigned both offices and died in a convent.
Henry (hen'ri) I. [The E. name Henrij, for-
racrl V also Uin ric, Henri, assimilated Herri/, now
Utiri-ii, is from OF. and F. Henri, Sp. Enrique,
Pc Henrique, It. Eurico, from MXi. Henricus,
from OHG. Heiurlh. G. ffeiurich, D. Heudrik,
etc., chief ot the dwelling.] King of Castile
1214-June, 1217. son of .-MfonsoIX. and Eleanor,
daughter of Heiirv II. of England.
Henry II. Bom 1333: died in May, 1379. King
of Castile 1369-79, natural son of Alfonso XI.
lie was known before his accession as count of 'Tr.is-
near'Spiisbv, Lincolnshire, April 3, 1367 : died
at Westminster, March 20, 1413. The first king
of England of the house of Lancaster, 1399-1413,
son of John of Gaunt (fourth son of Edward
UI. ) and Blanche, heiress of Lancaster. He was
banished by Richard II. in 1398, succeeded his father as
duke of Lancaster in Ki99, and in the same year returned
to England and captured and imprisoned Richard, who
was deposed by Parliament at London Sept. 30, 1399. He
put down a serious rising under Harry Percy (Hotspurl at
the battle ot Shrewsbury, July 21, 1403, in which Percy was
kiUed.
Henry V. (of Monmouth). Born at Monmouth,
probably Aug. 9, 1387: died at Vincennes. Aug.
31, 1422. King of England 1413-22, son ofHenry
aS,=?:;:h?frc^el;^^"l^'S/S^lh:^d!^.S iv.y,KlM^vrdaugWerofHumplireydeBohnn
captain liu Guesclin. „,,.,„
Henry III., surnamed "The Sickly." Born
1379: died 1406. Kingof Castile 1390-1406, sou
of John I. He maiTied Catharine, daughter of John,
duke of T,anca.ster, in 13s8, and in 1403 recognized Bene-
dict XIII. as pojie in opposition to Boniface IX.
Henry IV., simiamed "The Impotent." Born
at Valladolid, Sjiain, Jan. 6. 1425 : died at Ma-
drid, Deo. 12, 1474. Kingof Castile 14.54-74, son
of John II. Hemarried.Toaniiaof Portugal, the legiti-
macy of whose daughter, Joanna, was questioned by the
Cortes He therefore adopted as his heiress his sister
Isabella of Castile, who married Ferdinand of Aragon in
1469
Henry I., sumamed Beauclerc. [F., 'fine
scholar.'] Bom at Sclby (f). Yorkshire, 1068:
died Dec. 1, 1135. King of England 1100-35,
fourth son of William
tilda. He was elected, on th
witan during the absence
duke of Normandy, on a cms
Edward the Confessor, as modified by the Conqueror, re-
called Anselin (see ^iweim). and 8uppres.sed the great
feudatories, for whom he substituted a class of lesser
nobles. He conquered Normandy ill 1106 by the victory
of Tenchehrai over Robert, who was kept in captivity until
his death (1114). He was twice married — first to Matilda,
dau-hter of .Malcolm of Scotland, and afterward to Adela,
or \doliza, daughter of Godfrey VII., count of Louvain.
Hi« only son, 'A illiam (born of the first marriage), was
drowned in the White Ship in the Channel in 1120.
' " in 1133: died July 6, 1189.
earl of Hereford. He is said on doubtful authority to
have been wild and dissolute in his youth, and is so repre-
sented bv Shakspere. As king he was able, energetic, and
brave. He invaded France in 1415; gained the brilliant
victory of Agincouit Oct. 25, 1415 ; miuried Catharine of
France June 2, 1420 ; and concluded the peace of Troyes
May 21, 1420, by which he was accepted by the French as
regent and heir of France.
Henry VI. (of Windsor). Born at Windsor,
Dec. 6, 1421: died at London, May 21. 1471.
King of England 1422-61. sou of Henry V. and
Catharine of France. He succeeded to the throne
at the age ot not iinite 9 months, under the protectorship
of his uncle John, duke of Bedford, the protectorship be-
ing exercised by Bedfoid's brother Humphrey, duke of
Gloucester, during Bedford's absence as regent in France.
He was irowned king of France at Paris Dee. 16, 1431, in
accordance with the peace of Troyes (see Henry I'.), but
ensued between Queen .Margaret (supported by the Duke
of Somerset) and Richard, duke of York. The Duke of
York prevailed, but fell into disgrace on the recovery of
Henry in 1454. He thereupon advanced claims to the
throne as the descendant of Liimel, elder brother of Henry's
ancestor, John of Gaunt, both of whom were sons ot Ed-
ward ni. War broke out in 14.66 (see Wars of the Roues,
and Ethmrd /!'.), and, after many fiuctiiations of fortune,
Ilcnry wa-sdeposed bv York's Sim, who was proclaimed king
as Edward IV.. March 4, 1461. A rising under the Earl of
HenrV II B'^™ '" 1133: died July 6, 1189. Warwick against Edward in 1470 restored Henry, who had
The first kinir of England of the house of Anion been imprisoned since 14ii6 : but he was recaptured in the
ine msi "^'"t. '» jt^S'""" „ rVoffrov Pl-in eame year, and, aft. r ibc final defeat of his party at the
(Plantagenet), ll.i4-89, son of Geoffre) I'lan- hattlesnf Harnetan.irewkcsl.ury, wasmurdered.itissaid,
tagenet, count of An.iou, and Matilda, daughter j,, ti,e rower of Lond..n.
of Henry I. He claimed the English throne in right of Henry VII Born at Pembroke Castle, Jan. 28,
his mothe'r, who had been ileprived of the succession by lirvT a^„a ,,» Richmond. April 21, 1509. The
Stephen of Blois. In 1163 he was adopted by Stephen as J;-*''' V ?„ ' ? VT^",! ,~i !;;• ."?' u. ,, ' „f m j .
his successor by the treaty of Walliiigford, and acceded to first king of England of the house ot luaor,
of York. He ascended the throne on the death of his
father April 21, VM, and June 11, 1609, married Catharine
of Aragon, widow of his brother Arthur. He joined the
Holy League (which see) against France in 1511. In 1513
he took personal charge of the war in France, and gained
with the empcr.ir Maximilian the victory of Guincgate
(called the Battle of the .'ipurs), Aug. lU, 1613. During his
absence James IV. of Scotland made war on Englan.l in
favor of France, and was defeated and killed at Flodden
Sept. 9, 1513. He made his favorite Cardinal Wolsey lord
chancellor in 1515, and in June. 1520, met Francis I. of
France near Calais at the Field of the Cloth of G.)ld, In
1521 he wrote the '.^s-sertio .Septem Sacrauientorum "
against Luther, which procured for him the title of De-
fender of the Faith from Pope Leo X After the capture
of Francis by the Imperialists at Pavia, he concluded an
alliance with I'rance as a counterpoise against the emperor
( harles V. (Aug, 30, 1526). In 1.627 he instituted proceed-
ings for a divorce from Catharine, alleging the invalidity
of marriage with a deceased brother's wife, although a
papal dispensation had been properly granted. Enraged
at Wolsej's failure to obtain a decree for the divorce from
the Pope, he dismissed him from the chancelloi-ship. and
bestowe.l it on Sir Thomas More (1529). At the instance of
Cranmer, he obtained opinions from English and foreign
universities declaring theinvalidity of the maiTiage andthe
incompetency of the Pope to grant a dispensation, where-
upon he secretly married Anne Boleyn (J an, 26, 153S), while
Cranmer (who had been made archbishop of Canterbury
in 1532) declared the maniage with Catharine void (Alay
23, 1.633), and that with Anne Boleyn valid (May 28, 1633).
In 1634, in consequence of the refusal of the Pope to grant
the divorce, he procured the passage of the Act of Su-
premacy, which severed the connection of the English
church with Rome and appointed the king and his suc-
cessors protector and only supreme head of the church
and clergy of England. He executed More July 6, 1635,
for refusing to acknowledge the royal supremacy. At the
instance of his new adviser Thomas Cromwell, who was
made vicar-general or vicegerent of the king in matters
ecclesiastical in 1535, he first suppressed the smaller (1,636)
and afterward (1539) the larger monasteries, whose prop-
erty was confiscate.!. He beheaded Anne Boleyn on the
chaige of adultery May 19, 1.636. He married Jane Sey-
mour May 20, 16S6(she died Oct. 24, 1637). In 1.639 he pro-
cured the enactment of the Statute of Six Articles (which
see). He married Anne of C'leves .?an. 6, 1.640. A divorce
and the execution of Cromwell followed in the same year,
as well as a marriage with Catharine Howai-d, who was
sent to the block on the charge of adultery Feb. 12, 1542.
He married Catharine Parr July 12, 1543,
Henry IX., King of England. A title assumed
by Cardinal York after the death of his brother,
the "Young Pretender."
Henry I. Bom about 1011: died Aug. 4. 1060.
King of France 1031-60, sou of Robert H.
Henry II. Bornat St. -Germain-en-Laye, France,
March 31,1519: died at Paris, July 10, 1559. King
of France 1.547-59, son of Francis I. He married
Catharine de' Medici in 1633 ; coiuiuereil the bishoprics of
Metz, Toul, and Verdun frcmi Germany in 16.2: captured
Calais and Guines, the last English p..ssessi.ins in France,
in 1568; and was mortally w..uiide.l at a tournament In
honor of the marriage of his daughter Elizabeth with
Philip II. of Spain.
Henry III. Bom at Fontainebleau, France.
-■' '■ ' at St.-Clotid, Paris, Aug.
auce 1574-.S9, third son of
,^. ine de' Medici. He was, while
prince, styled Due d'Aiijou ; defeate.l the Huguenots at Jar-
nac and Moncontour in 1.669; was elected king of Poland
in 1573; and succeeded his brother Charles IX. as king of
France in 1.674. Hesoughtto maintain a balance of p.>wer
between the Huguenots and the Koman Catholics, but the
favorable peace which he granteil t.i the f..rmer in 1.676
(the paix de mmsitiir) occasioned the formation of the
Holy League by the Roman Catholics under Henry, duke
of Guise, and compelled him to take siiles with the Roman
Catholic partv. The death of his brother, the Dnc d Alen-
con in 1684, caused the question of the siicc.ssi.jii to as-
sume importance, as it left Henry of Navarre, the head of
the Hnguen.d party, heir presumptive t.i the thn.ne. Ihe
H.ily League proclaimed the car.linal Charles de Bourbon
heir presumptive, which brought <ui a lencwal of the war
with the Huguenots in 1585. The victory of Henry of Na-
varre at Coutras, Oct. 20, 1587, was foll.iwed by a conspir-
acy of the leading members of the League to depose the
king whose sincerity was mistrusted. Henry caused the
I
Henry III.
assassination o( tlie Duke of (Juise and Ills brother. Ix)uis
de Lorraine, cardinal de liaise, l.ut was forced tr) take
refuse with Henry of Navarre, in whose camp at St. -Cloud
he was mtirdered by the monk .lucques I'ltment.
Henry IV. Bom .at Pan, Fraucc, Dee. 14(13f),
1553: died at Paris, May 14 (13?), fClO. King
of Franco IHSO-IGIO, son oi Antoino de Bour-
bon, king of Navarre, and .Joanne d'Albrot. lie
became the head of the llUKucnot party on the death of
the Prince de Condfi in VS9 ; succeeded to the tlirone of
Navarre In 157"i : married Marjraret of Valois. sister of
Charles I. \. of France, at Paris, Aug. 18, l.lV'i ; and escaped
the eeneral massacre of his partizans inaugurated on the
24th durinsrthe nuptial festivities. (See.SY. l>ttrt/i"t«inew,
ftaMiim- nf.) The death of the Due d'.-Vlen(,'oM in U'Si
left him heir presumptive to the throne of Frame, but
the Holy League refused to ri-uognize his title, ami pro-
claimed the cardinal Charles de liourbon heir j)resumj)-
live. "War broke <tut in con!'e<iuenco in 15S.5. The car-
dinal was proclaimed kins under the title of Chai-lesX. by
the League on the death of Henry 111. in 1589; but after
defeating the Leaguers under the Duke of Mayenne at
Ivry, March 14, IfiOO. and embracing the Roman Catholic
religion at St. Denis, July 2.^>, l^'Xi, Henry secured the gen.
eral recognition of the Roman Catholics ami was crowned
at Chartres, Feb. 27, l.'iiM, altliough the war wjis still con-
tinued by the I.eague in alliance with Spain. He published
the Kiiict of Nantes (which see) April 1.1, 1598. antl con-
cluded the peace of Veiviiis with Spain and the League
May 2, 1.IPS, which emied th.- .'so-called Wars of the Hugue-
nots. He was a.ssassinated by the Roman Catholic fanatic
R:LVaillac.
Henry V. The name given by tlio Freneh liO-
gitimiststo theComtedeChambord. See C'ham-
liiinl.
Henry I., sumamed " The Fowler." Bom 876:
died at Memleben on the Unslnit, Prussian
Saxony, July 2. 936. King of Gerniany 919-93G.
son of Otto, diike of Sa.xony. He was elected king
on the death of Conrad I., and \vas the ftrst of the Saxon
line of the kings of (iermany and emperors of the Holy
Roman Empire, lie consolidated the (ierman monarchy,
enlarged and improved the old fortresses, and put an end
to the inroads of the Hungarians, whom he defeated
(probalily on the Unstrut) in «:«.
Henry II., Saint. Born in Bavaria, May 6, 972
(973 ?) : died at Grona, near Gottingen, Prussia,
July 13, 1024. Emperor of the Holy Roman Em-
pire, son of Henry the Quarrelsome of Bavaria.
He succeeded Otto HI. an king of Germany in 1002, and
was criiwned emperor in 1014. ile made two expeditions
to Italy against Arduin. marquis of Ivrca, who had been
elected king of Ixmibartly on the death of Otto. Arduin
was overthrown in Irn3.
Henry III., " The Black." Born Oct. 28, 1017:
died at Bodfeld, in the Hnrz, Germany, Oct. 5,
10.")(). Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, son
of Conrad H. whom he succeeded as king of
Gormanv in 1039. He curbed the power of the feuda-
tories, reduced Peter of Hungary to the position of a vas-
sal, and dining an expedition t*> Ronu? deposed the three
popes Sylvester III., Benedict IX., and Cregory \'I., and
apiwiinted Clement II., by whom he was crowned emperor
on cinistinas day, 1048. He raised the imperial power to
its highealpoint.
Henry IV. Born at Go.slar, Prussia. Nov. 11,
10.')0 ; dicil at Liege, Belgium, Aug. 7. lliiG. Em-
feror of the Holy Roman Empire, son of Henry
n. wh<mi he succeeded as king of Germany in
10.")6. The principal occurrence of his reign was the
struggle with Hildcbnind (see (ircijirrii VII.). lie was
crowned emperor in 1084 by Clement I II., whom he had ele-
vated to the i)apal see in opposition to Gregory. On the
death of Cregory in lo85, his partizans elected Vict^)r III.,
ami Hern-yin lotto made a ni-w expedition to Italy to protect
Clement. In lo:t;{ his son Conrad rebclli d against him,
having allied himself with tlu^ papal party. Conrad died
in 1101. lint Henry's younger son, Henry, likewise allied
himself with the papal party, and for a time imprisoned
his f}.thcr.
Henry V. Born in 1081 : died at Nimwegen,
Netherlands, May 23, 112.'i. Emperor of the
Holy Roman Emjiire, son of Homy IV. whom
he sucoeeded as king of tiorinnny in 1100. Ue
was crowned emperor in 1111, and in 1122 coneludcil the
Concordat of Worms (which see). He married ^latilila.
daughter of Henry I. of I'.nglanil, in 1114.
Henry VI. Born at N'imwogon, Nothorlands, in
IKm: died at Messina. Sicily, Scj)!. 2.S. 1197.
Einporor of tlie Holy Roman Empire, son of
Frodorick Barliarossa whom li(^ succeeded as
king of (iorintm V in 1 190. Having inherited the king-
dom of the Tw<iSiil'lies through hi.i wife Constance in IISB,
he undertook an irxpedition in Italy ill lliil to rescue his
inlicritance from the usurper Tanered of l.eccc : but was
coiiiprlled to retire to (Jennany in the same year after an
uiisiicci-ssful siene of Najiles. During this expedition he
was Clowned emperor at Itome. He subdued the Sicilies
in twosiibsciiiienl r\pcilitions(1104 and 111)7), and died as
he was about to undertake a crusade to the Holy Laud.
Henry VII. Bom 1202 : died at Buoni'onvento,
iirnr Siona, Ittily, Aug. 24, 1313. Emperor of
the Holy Roman Empire, son of the Count of
Lii.\ombiirg: ho sucoeodod Albert I. as Gonnnii
king in 1308. He granted the .Swiss cantons docu-
mentary conllrnmtlon of their innnediat^* feudal relation
to the empire, and their conseiiuelit independence of
Austria, in I:{o0. He was eniwned emperor in 1:{1'_\
Henry I. I)ie<l in July, 1274. King of Navarro
1270-74.
Henry II. Bom at Sanguesa, Spain, April, ir.OS :
495
Henshaw
died at Pau, France, May 25, l,'w5. Titular king Henry VTII. A historical play, partly by Shak
of Navarre. He was an unsuccessful clainmnl
to the llirone in 1.521.
Henry III., King of Navarro. See Henry If'.,
King of France.
Henry I. Bom at Lisbon. Jan. 31, 1512: died
l.'iSO. King of Portugal 157H-80.
Henry, Due d'Anjou. See Henry in.. King of
Franco.
Henry, Prince of Portugal, sumamed "'The
Navigator." Born at Oporto, Portugal. March
4. 1394: died at Sagres. Portugal, Nov. 13. 1400.
Youngersonof John I. of Portugal, distinguished
for his encouragement of science and geograph-
ical discovery. His exiieditious rounded Cape
Bojadorin 1433, discoveredMadeira, the Azores,
the Senegal, etc.
Henry, Prince of Prussia (G. Friedricli Hein-
richLudwig). Bom at Berlin, Jan. l.S. 1720:
died at Rhomsberg, Prussia, Aug. 3, 1802. A
s|ioro. who appears tt) have left it unfinished,
the rest being by Fletcher and Massinger. It in
foundeilon Holinshed's "Chronicle " and Fox's "Christian
.Martyrs," and was produced in It'AX As we have it, it is
not tile play of that name that was being acted when the
(Oobe Theatre was burned in the same year.
Henry, Joseph. Born at -Mbanv. N. Y., Dec. 17,
1797: died at Washington, I). ('., May 13, 1878.
An American physicist, especially noted for iii-
vosligati<ms in eloctromiignolism. He became
secretary of the Smithsonian Iii>litiitinn (Waslnngton) In
1840. .Anuiiig his works are ■'Contributions to Klectrieity
and Magnetism " (1830). His collected works were jiub-
lished in IsSC.
Henry, Matthew. Bom at Broad Oak, Flint-
shire, Wales, Oct. 18, 1002: died at Nantwich,
England, June 22, 1714. An English biblical
commentator, son of Philip Henry. He became a
nonconforniist minister at Chester in 1*587, and In 1712 re-
moved to Hackney. His chief work is the " Exposition of
the Old and New Testament" (1708-10). He also wrote
"A Jtethod for Prayer"(1710), etc.
er
Henry,
Ravensburg, WUrtcmberg, 1129: died at Bruns-
wick, Germany, Aug, 6, 1195. Duke of Saxony
and Bavaria. He succeeded as duke of Saxony in 1130 ;
received Bavaria in ll.'>5 ; was deposed and his dominions
divided in 1180 ; and submitted to the emperor in llSl.
Henry of Ghent. Bom near Glient, Belgium,
probably about 1217: died at Touruay, Belgium,
1293. A scholastic philosopher. sumamed "Doe-
tor Solennis'' ('The Illustrious Doctor').
Henry of Huntingdon. Born about 1084 : died
1155, An English historian. His early life was spent
at Lincoln, and he became archdeacon of Huntingdon in
1110.
At the request of Alexander, bishop of Lincoln from
1123 to l\4~ (Hi.^i. AiifjUtr. Prolog.), he undertook an Eng-
lish history, following Bede by the bishop's advice, and
extracting from other chroniclers. The ftrst edition of
scendant of the Englisli fanuly of that name. He was ad-
nutted to the bar in 1700. In 170.'. he entered the Virginia
House of Burgesses, and immediately became the leader
in Virginia of the political agitation which preceded the
American Revolution. Ue ottered a series of resolutions
declaring the Stamp Act unconstitutional. May 29, 1765,
and in May, 1773, was associated with Thomas Jetfei-son,
R. H. Lee, and Dabney Carr in procuring the passage of
the resolution establishing a committee of correspondence
for intercourse with the other colonies. He was a promi-
nent member of the Continental Congress of 1774, 'ind of
the Virginia Convention of 1775 ; was governor of Virginia
1776-79 and 1784-80 ; and in 1788 was a member of the Rati-
fying Convent ion, where he acted with the Anti-Federalists.
Henry, Philip. Bom at London, Aug. 24, 1631 :
died at Broad Oak, Flintshire, June 24, 1696.
An English nonconfonnist divine. His diaries
*..„...=.>-«. , v^i were puVilished in 1882.
Uds'vTOrk'w'as'carriedd'owirtorm Robert. Born at Muirton, Stirling-
add to it at various times, the last edition being brought
down toll.i4, the year of Stephen's death, which could not
long have preceded his own, as we find a new archdeacon
of Huntingdon in 1155. The early portion of Henry's "His-
toriaAnglonim" is taken from the usual sources, the "His-
toriaMiscella,""Aurelius Victor," "Nennius,"" Bede," and
the "Anglo,
oral traditii
partly from his own invention. After 1127 he is probably
original, and his narrative is written contemporaneously
with the events he descrilies. Diet. Nat. Ew<j.
.iia, .(*m tilUS » lui."!, -icilllluc, xjcitc, miyt lliOtlOl Ol liiL-OOl Oilllilll
.iSaxon Chronicles " ; he enlarges partly from Henry Clay (hen'ri kla
;ion (as in the story of Cnut and the sea), and » ,ir„ +i:, *,.,,wl.^,. ^(
n his own invention. After 11'27 he is probably staiUon, tUe lonndei 01
shire, Fob. 18, 1718 : died at Edinburgh, Nov. 24,
1790. A Scottish historian, author of a "His-
tory of England" (1771-93).
Henry and Emma. A poem bv Prior upon the
model of the old ballad "The Nut Brown Maid."
). An American trotting
of tlie Clay family of trot-
tors. He was by Andrew .lackson, by Grand Bashaw, a
supposed -Arabian imported from Algiers.
TT nT J. T5 1 ii.inn ]■ 1 t. Henrv Esmond (hen'ri ez'mond). A novel by
Henry of Lancaster. .Born about 1299 :_died at Thackeray, published in 18.52. The scene is Laid
in the time nf Queen Anne. The book is iireproduetion of
Leicester, H;iy 13, 1301. An English noble, son
of Henry, earl of Lancaster (1281 (?)-1345). He
commanded under Edward III. in Scutland in 1336 ; was
created earl of Derby in 1337; fniifjht under Edward at
Vironfosse; took part in the sealii^lit before Shiys ; was
appointed captiiin-general in Scotland in 1341; and was
lieutenant and captain of AquitaineMay, l.S4r.,-Feb., 1347,
defeating the Krcnch at Auberoche, Oct. 21, 1345, and gain-
ing many (»thiT suctx-sses. In 1349 ho was created earl
of Lincoln, and apxwiiited vice-regent of the duchy of Gas-
cony and of tbe duchy of iViitou. In 13r)l he was created
duke of Lancaster, and ni;ide capt;iin and adnnnd of the
western tleet. He was cMMai;!.-!! in innntTnus military <)p-
erations and in diplomat ic niissinMS. A?nnni: liis coidem-
[loraries he was fanmns as a model of kni^'Iitbonil.
Henry of Lausanne : also called Henry of Clu-
gny, Henry the Deacon, Henry the Hermit,
the manners, thoughts, and liteiary style which prevailed
in England at that period. Henry Esmond, the primipal
character, is a brave, polished, true, antl ln\al gentleman,
almost too sclfsacrillcing:. He loves Beatrix Esmonil, but
lliially marries her motiier,Laiiy ('as tk wood. Sec E-'^mond,
fk-atrix.
Henryson {hen'i*i-son), Robert. Born about
1430: <Ued probably before iriOO (Morley). A
Scottish poet. He wrote "Schoolmaster of Dunferm-
line," "Testament of Cresseid " (a sort of sequel to Chau-
cer's "Troilusand Cressida"), " Kobeneand Makyue " (saitl
to be theeaiiiest English pastoral poem). " Fables of Esop"
(pi ol)ably written l.etweeii 147ii ;tnd 14Sn), etc. The fables
include" The TaillnftlieViM.nlaiidisMons and the Burges
Mous '("The ('(.lint ry Mnusciuid the t'ity M«mst; "). His
lliH-ted works were edited by I). Laing (lS(i5).
ftc. Di'Ml about 114S. A iM-cnehitinrrnntproaoh- Henry the Minstrel. See Harnf, liUnd.
eraiifl n-hp.ms ntornirr, founder of tlio sect of Henschel (licn'slicl). Georg. Born at Breslau,
the Ileiiririan
Henry of Marlborough, Flourished abont 1420.
AnKnfjlish (dironi<*ler. He was a chaplain in Dublin,
and held the vicarages of Balscaddan antl Dunabate in
Dublin ('ounty. Hi.s iinnals (in Latin) cover the history of
England and "Ireland Inr the period 1133-1421.
Henry of Trastamare. See llcnnj II., King of
Castile.
l\'b. IH, ISDO. A musical i»e7'fonner and con-
duet or. He has a barjtone voice, and has made a reputa-
tion as a coiicei't-singer. He nnirried Lillian Bailey, wbo
is also ft singer. He went to England in 1877. In 1S81 he
was appointed conductor of the Boston Symphony Orches-
tra. In 188.''i he organized tlie London Symphony Concerts,
and appeared for the first time in L<tndon as a conductor.
From IHW; (u ISMS ho was professor «►( siiiL'ing in Madame
__ ,__ .,. . , , . r» i 1 ci. 1 C(ddsebmidt'8plaeeattheKt)yalCollegeof Mnsic.London.
Henry IV. A historical play, in 2 parts, by Shak- HenseKlien's.li. Madame (Fanny Cecile Men-
spere. Itwasfnunde, onanohlpI,,y,"1heI.amon8\u-. Jelssohn-Bartholdy). BornatJlanilmr<;, Nov.
tories of H enry V. Tlie flrst juirt wiis prodiucd in l.'.'.l, , r , ?,T- .■ iVi i - i o i- i ■ • t i
and printed in ir.iiS; the second puitwns produced in ir.ns 1-*, l^"*->: dn-il .May li, ].S4(. A pianist and eom-
nnd printed in 180(1. poser, elder sister of Felix Mendelssohn, and
Henry V. .\ liistorii'al jilay by Shakspeie, aeted wife (Oct.^t.lSJlMnf W. Flensel, a (ierman paint-
in iri'JIt, prinlod llilKI. The ninterinl was taken Iiom er. She publishcil several books of sonfjs.
"The Famous VicL.ri.a of Henry V.," and with the two HcnSel Wilhelm. Born at Trebbin, Prussia,
previous plays c.cnpleics a tnloKy._ .Inly (i. 1 7!I4 : died at Berlin, Nov. 2(i. ISGl. A
Henry VI. A historical play m 3 ^arts. Thenrst ^.p,;,„,,„ ,,i^torieal painter. In 1K28 he became
part was act«d as a new i»lay in 1592. It was evjderdly
written in ir>8H-S0 by several hands, with additions by Shak-
apcre. The authors have been said to be Mailowe, Kyd.
i'eele. and Ix)dge, and perbaps (Jreene. (Flea;/.) The si e
onil part is a transcript of a play written about lo8!) and
pnblished in l.'iiH as " Tbe First Part of the Contcidion be-
twixt tile two Famous Houses of York and Lancaster." It
Is thought to have been written by (Jreone, I'eide, Mar-
iowe, and Lodire, some of it being rewritten by Shaksnero
(Flrai/) and altered by some illiterate actor. Tbe tlurd
part foll.>wed, "The true Tragedie of Richard Duke of
York, and tbe Death nf Good KiuK Henry the Slxl, ett
court painter. HenniiTieilfho sister of Mendela-
solin.
Henselt (hen'si li ), Adolf. Horn at Schwabach,
Havnria. May 12, 1S14; dicil at Warnibrunn, Si-
lesia, Oel. li), 1SS!(. A noteil Oernian pianist.
In 18;tS he was made court pianist and teacher of the im-
perial children at St. I'etersuurg. He visited England in
1852 and 1^67. He, with Liszt, invented and taiight the
piano tcchnlc now in use. He is especially identified
with the mndern treatment of extensions.
which was IheHei-nu.l part of "The! <intenti<m. probably HgnghaW (hen'sllJl). John PrCntlSS Kewlcy.
nu>HtIy bv Marlowe, with tvouehes by Shakspere. These i,,,,.., ,,* Mwhllotnwn ('<nni Ttiiii' Tt 179"' died
three plays were placeil by Muming an.l CondeU in the Ilrst i^<" " =1^ MuKlU 1o>n n t ;'^'''- '^"n M. w J- . me l
collected edition of Shakspere's plays in 1023. n^'ar Frederick, Md., July 19 (JO ?), 1H5J.
An
Henshaw
American bishop of the Protestant Episcopal
Church. He became rector of St. Peter a, Baltimore, in
1817, and in 1843 became bishop of Rhode Island and rector
of Grace Church, l-roviaence. He puljUshed a number of
theological works, includina a volume of "Hymns (5th
ed. 1832). „ ^^
Henslow (henz'lo). John Stevens. Born at Ro-
chester, England. Feb. 6. 1790: <lied at Hitcham,
Suffolk. Mav 16. 1861. An Englisli botanist, pro-
fessor of mineralogy- at Cambriilge 1822-27, and
professor of botanv 1827-61. He became rector of
Hitcham in 1837. He wrote a "Catalogue of British Plants •
(1829) 'Principles of Descriptive and Physiological Bot-
any ■ (is:*) " .\ Dictionarv of Botanical Terms " (1857), etc.
Henslowe (henz'lo). Philip. Died in 1616. An
EnclisU theatrical manager. He began life as ser-
vant of the bailia of Viscount Jtontague, whose town house
was in Southwark. Henslowe took care of the property
there, and gradually made money and bought property.
He owned the Bo-ars Head and other inns. In 15»5 he
bought land on the Bankside, and in l.i91 built the Rose
496
tending from about lat. 27" N. to the commence-
ment of the Delta : nearly equivalent to Middle
Egypt.
The Heptanomis, or region of the seven provinces or
nomes, the northernmost part, is far broader and more
productive than the Thebais, which takes its name from
Thebes, the southernmost district. In the Heptanomis.
about seventy miles by the river aboveCairo, on the western
baidi, stood the city of Hanes. The site is marked by the
extensive mounds around the Arab village of Ahnas-el-
Medeeneh. 'Ahnis the capital.' a name probably preserv-
ing the remembrance that in earlier times this was the
chief town of a province. Poole, Cities of Egypt, p. 37.
Heptarchy (hep'tar-kl). [From Gr. f— d, seven,
and upx'l, rule.] Aname formerly loosely given
to the early English kingdoms prior to their
consolidation. The number of them, however, was sel
Herbert, George
nus, who in the partition of the coiuiuered territories ob.
tained .\rgos ; Proclusand Eurysthenes,whoulitained Lace-
djeraon ; and Cresphontes, who obtained Messenia. The
invasion of the Peloponnesus by the Ueraclidie in alliance
with the Dorians was commonly referred to as the return
of the Heraclidge.
2. A tragedy of Euripides, exhibited about 420
B. C. '* It celebrates the honourable conduct of Athens
in protecting the suppliant children of Heracles, and her
victory over the iusolent .\rgive king Eurysthens, who in-
vades Attica to recover the fugitives. The play was ob-
viously intendetl as a political document, directed against
the Argive party in Athens during the Peloponnesian war."
Afahafy.
Heraclitus (her-a-kli'tns). [Gr. 'HpaK?f<rof.]
Bom at Ephesus, probably about 53.5 B. c. : died
there, probably about 475 B. c. A celebrated
Greek philosopher.
dom exactly seven, and their union or confederation was HeracUtUS. An elegiac poet of HalicamasSUS,
partial and temporary. The chief kingdoms were Kent, fj contemporary and friend of Callimachus.
Wessex, Mercia, East Anglla, Deira and Bemicia (umted HeracliUS (her-a-kli'us). Bom in Cappadocia,
as Sorthumbria). and Sussex. See England.
Theatre there. In 1592 he began to Keep me .accounts oi _, . . .. /■ ,,. i,-,i,\ rv^^r^ fJi- i n
his thStrical ventures in his " Diary." In it he gives the HeptateUCh (hep ta-tuk). [From Gr c.^a.
dates of new plays and the amounts he paid f<ir them. This
diary is of iTeat value to students of the drama. In 1600
he, with Alleyu, built the Fortune Theatre. His " Diary "
was edited for the Shakspere Society (1841). ^^^_ _
Hentz (hents). JIis. (Caroline Lee Whiting).
Born at Lancaster. Mass., 1800: died at Man-
anna, Fla.. Feb. 11. 18.56. An American novelist. Hepworth (hep'werth), Gec
She wrote "Amit Patty's Scrap-Bag" (1846), ^t Boston, Mass., Feb. 4, 1
"The Mob Cap" (1848).
Henzada (hen-za'dii). A district m the Pegu
division. British Burma, intersected by lat. 17°
30' N.. loug.95° 30' E. Area, 2,298 square mUes.
Population (1891), 380,927.
Hepburn (hep'bem), James, foui-th Earl of
Bothwell. Born about 1536: died 1378. A Scot-
tish noble, husband of Mary Queen of Scots. He
seven, and rf f vtcc, an implement, a book.] The
first seven books of the Old Testament . The last
two (Joshua and Judges) contain the history of the Jews
in the promised land under the theocratic government
historically developed in the preceding five (the Penta-
teuch).
George Hughes. Bom
833. An American
clerg.%"man, lecturer, and writer. He waspastorof
theChurch of the Unity in Boston 1858-70, and of the Church
of the Messiah in Sew York city 1870-72, when he aban-
doned the Unitarian and entered the Presbyterian Church.
Asia Minor, about 575: died 641. Emperor of
the East. He was the son of Heraclius, governor of
Africa, and succeeded to the throne as the result of a con-
spiracy between his father and Crispus, the son-in-law of
the eraperor Phocas. In the e.arly years of his reign the
empire was terribly i-avaged by the inroads of the .Avars
and the Persians. After having established the Ooatsand
the Serbs in IlljTicum as a barrier against the former about
620. he annihilated the power of the latter in a series of
brilliant campaigns 622-628. The subsequent years of his
reign were spent in an inexplicable inactivity, which re-
sulted in the loss of .Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia, and
Egypt to the califs.
Heraclius (a-ra-kle-iis'). A play by ComeUle.
anaentereatne rresnyieiiaui-uuieii. -,,,1,1; ,i,q,j ;„ lai'
He subsequently occupied the pulpitof the Chiu-ch of the PWOu^nea 111 J,''^'- . , , a r it
Disciplra/and eventually accepted .an appointment on the HcraS, Juan Gregono de laS. oee Las Meras.
New York "Herald." He has written "The VThip, Hoe, Herat (her-af). 1. A territory in western Af-
and Sword "(1S64),
alty"(1865), etc.
The Criminal, the Crime, the Pen-
tisli noble, nusoana 01 Aiarvvueeiiui ocuis. ne ■ - „ ,,-/•• _=•, re- "u™^ "a^r,! Tn
took no part in the murder of Eiizio, and aided Mary, after Hera, or HcrC (he ra. -re). [Gr Hpa, Hp,.] In
that event, in her flight from Holyl ood, and was her chief
supporter. He was the principal in the assassination of
Darnley ; was tried for the murder, under circumstances
which made his conviction practically impossible, and was
acquitted. On April 24. 1567. while the queen was return-
ing to Edinburgh, she was met by Bothwell, who, with a
show of force, carried her to his castle of Dunbar He
obtained a divorce from his wife early in May, and mar-
ried the queen soon after (May 15, 1567). They were di-
vorce'! in 1570. He became a pirate and died insane.
Hephaestion (he-fes'ti-on). [Gr. 'Hi*>aiarlui'.'\
Lived in the 2d century. An Alexandrian gram-
marian, author of a work on Greek meters (ed-
ited by Gaisford ISIO).
Hephaestion. Died at Ecbatana, 325 or 324 B. c.
A Macedonian of Pella. the intimate friend and
companion of Alexander the Great. He died of
fever at Ecbatana, and was mourned by the conqueror with
extrav;igant demonstrations of grief.
Hephaestus (he-fes'tus). [Gr. "HcSpQwrof.] In
Greek mythology, the god of fire and metallic
fireek mj-thology. tTie greatest feminine divin-
ity of Olympus, queen of heaven, wife and sister
of ZeusI and inferior in power to him alone.
She was the type of virtuous womanhood, and of the wife
and mother. In art she is represented as a majestic wo-
man, fuUy clad in flowing draperies, characteristically
with a crown on her brow, and bearing a long scepter. By
the Romans Hera was early identified with their Juno, ori-
ginally a distinct divinity ; and the Latin name is often in-
correctly given to the Greek goddess.
Heraclea (her-a-kle'ii). [Gr. 'HpoK^oa.] In an-
cient geography, a city of Magna Gr^cia, sit-
uated near the Gulf of Tarentum about lat.
40° 10' N., long. 16° 41' E.. near the modem
Policoro. It was a Tarentine colony, and was the scene
of a victory of Pyrrhus. king of Epirus, over the Romans
■280 B. c. "
Heraclea, suraamed '-Minoa" (Gr. Mawo). In
ancient geography, a city on the southern coast
of Sieilv, 18 miles west-northwest of Agrigen-
arts son "of Zeiis" and Hera, and one of the great t^i™- t-/i,i,N t f^v.
Olviipians: idenHfiedby the Romans with their HeracleanTables(her-,!i-ae anta biz) UT^^^
Vulcan, who became assimilated to him. He was
the creator of all that was beautiful and mechanically won-
derful in Dlyrapus. Volcanoes were held to be his smithy
and the Cyclopes were his journeymen. In art he was rep-
resented as a bearded man, usually with the short sleeve-
less or oneslecved tunic (exnmis) and the conical cap, and
holding the smith's hammer and tongs.
Hephzibah (hef'zi-biil. [Heb., 'my delight is
in her.'] The wife of HezeMah, king of .ludah ;
also, a name to be given to the restored Jeru-
salem Isa. Ixii. 4).
Heppenheim (hep'pen-him). A small town in
the province of Starkenburg, Hesse-Darmstadt,
16 miles south of Darmstadt. Near it is the
ruined castle of Starkenburg.
Heptameron (hep-tam'e ron ). [Irreg. from (fr.
i-rn, seven, and f/uepa, day.] A book contain-
ing the transactions of seven days. The "Hep-
Umeron " of Margaret of Angoul^me, queen of Navarre
(1492-1649). is a collection of stories supposed to have been Heracleidae
related during seven days, modeled on the " Decameron JJeracleitUS
,^ ^ _^ __ _ * Decameron
of Boccaccio,
The exact authorship of this celebrated book is^some
thing of a literary puzzle.
ulae Heracleenses. Two fragmentary bronze
tablets discovered near Heraclea in Magna Grse-
cia about the middle of the 18th century, and
preserved at Naples. They contain a Latin inscrip-
tion (a copy of the "Lex Julia municipalis "X and also a
much earlier Greek inscription.
Heraclea Perinthus. See PerMhus.
Heraclea Pontica (pon'ti-ka). In ancient ge-
ography, a citv in Bithvnia. Asia Minor, situ-
ated on the Black Sea in lat. 41° 17' N., long,
31° 25' E. : the modem Bender Erekli.
Heraclea Sintica (sin'ti-kii). In ancient ge-
ography, a town in Macedonia, situated about
lat. 40° 54' N.. long. 23° 30' E.: the modern
Zemokhori.
Heraclea Trachinia (tra-kin'i-a). In ancient
geography, a town in Malis. Greece, 10 miles
west of Thermopylie : a Spartan colony.
See HeracUdse.
See Heraclitus.
ghanistan. bordering on Persia. — 2. A city of
Afghanistan, situated near the river Heri-Eud.
lat. 34° 22' X.. long. 62° 9' E. It is a place of strate-
gic and military importance, defended by awall and earth-
work, and has been called " the key of India." It was often
captured in the middle ages : was unsuccessfully besieged
by the Persians in 1S;S7-:>S and taken by them in 1856 ; and
was taken by Dost Mohammed in 1S*>3, and by Abdurrah-
man Khan in ISSl. It has undergone over 50 sieges. It
is the center of a very fertile district, and is a natural
emporium of trade. Population, about 30,000.
Herault (a-ro'). 1. Ariverin southern France,
flowing into the MediteiTanean 31 miles south-
west of MontpelUer. Length, about 100 miles.
— 2. A department of southern France. Capi-
tal, Montpellier. It is bounded by Aveyron and Card
on the north, Gard on the east, the ilediterranean and
Aude on the south, and Tarn on the west, corresponding
to part of the ancient Languedoc. Among the leading pro-
ducts are oil and wine. .Area. 2,393 square miles. Popn.
lation (18911, 461,651.
Herault de Sechelles (a-ro' de sa-shel'). Marie
Jean. Born at Paris. 1760: guillotined at Paris.
April 5, 1794. A French revolutionist. He was a
member of the Legislative Assembly in 1791, of the Conven-
tion in 1792, and of the Committee of Public Safety in 1793.
Herbart (her'biirt), Johann Friedrich. Born
at Oldenburg, Germany. May 4. 1776: died at
Gottingen. Prussia. Aug. 14, 1841. A noted
German philosopher, professor at Konigsberg
(1809) and later (1833) at Gottingen, the fotm-
der of a school noted especially for its work in
psvchologv. He published " Lehrbuch zur F.inleitnng
in "die Philosophie " (ISi:?), -Lehrbnch zur Psychologic "
(1816). "Psvchologie" (1824-25), " .\llgemeine .Metaphy-
sik" (1828-29), " Encyklopadie der Philosophic" flSSl).
His complete works were edited by Hartenstcin (1S50-52).
Herbelin (erb-lah'), Madame (Jeanne Ma-
thilde Habert). Born in Seine-et-Oise, Aug.
24. 1820. A French miniature-painter. She
painted the only miniature admitted to the
Louvre.
Herbelot (er-bl6'). Barth61emy d'. Bom at
Paris, Dec. 4. 1625: died there, Dec. 8, 1695.
A French Orientalist. He published "Biblio-
th&que orientale. on dictionnaire nniversel"
(1697). etc.
Heracleonites (he-rak'lf-on-its). The follow- ,, . ,^ ti.j j t a tj ^. ^ ^e
ers of Heracleon, a Valentinian Gnostic of the Herbert (her bert), Edward, Lord Herbert of
the
Nlarguerite was a prolific au- ^ , , , . , „„
thoMfall'the'works which were published under her name 2d century, noted as a commentator on
be unhesitatingly ascribed to her. Besides the poems (Jospel of John.
printed under the pretty title of '■ Les Margueritos de la HeracleS. See Hercules.
■ ».,..!.. »nd the 'Hen. ^«''<'^^?='- . Died at Carthage. 413
eral. He assassinated Stilicho
printed under the pretty title of ■■ Les Marguerites oe la HeraclCS. See Hercules
.Marguerite." she wrote many other works, and the ■ Hep- TTp-apljan (he-rak'li-an)
tameron," which was not given to the world until after her MOraCUan ( ne rdk u aiw
death (1.5.58). The bouse of Val.is was by no means dcs- A. D. A Koman genera
titute (if literary talent. But that which seems most likely
to be the l^iecn s genuine work hardly coiresponds with
the rcmarkahle power shown in the ■Heptameron." On
the other hand. Marguerite for years maintained a literary
court, in which all the most celebrated men of the time,
notablv Marot and Bonaventure des Periers, held places.
If it were allowable to decide literary questions simply by
considerations of proliability, there could be little hesi-
tation in a.ssigning the entire " Heptameron " to Des Pe-
riers himself and then its unfinished conditiim would be
intelligible cnoueh. The general opinion of critics, how-
ever, is that it was probably the result o( the joint work of
the Queen, of Des Periers, and of a good many other men,
and probably some women, of letters.
Sainttbury. French Lit, p. 190.
Heptanomis (hep-tan'o-mis). [Gr.'EjrroTO;//f.] thens.
in 40S at the instance of the emperor Honorius, for which
service he was rewarded with the office of count of Africa.
He remained loval to Honorius during the usurpation in
409 and 410 of Attains, the creature of Alaric, but revolted
in 413. in which year he made an unsuccessful invasion
of Italy. He was killed at Carthage by emissaries of the
emperor.
Heraclidae (her-a-kli'de). [Gr. ' HpoK/fH!o(.] 1.
The descendants of Heracles: specifically, in
iireek legend, certain Achsean chiefs claiining
descent from Heracles, who in prehistoric times
joined the Dorian migration to the Peloponnc-
The sons of Heracles were said to have been ex
,„ sns.
. T pelled from their heritage in the Peloponnesus by Eurys
^„ „„„^,^„ t- .. ■ 'f'-l thens, and to have settled in Attica. The most notablt
In ancient geography, the part of Egypt ex- of their descendants who joined the Dorians were Teme-
Cherburv. Bom about 1582: died at London,
Aug. 20,1648. .\n English philosopher, soldier,
diplomatist, and historian. His chief work is
"De veritate" (''On Tmth." 1624).
Herbert, George. Bom at Montgomery Castle.
Wales. April 3, 1.593: died at Bemerton, near
Salisbury. Feb.. 1633. An English poet, bro-
ther of Edward. Lord Herbert of Cherbury. He
graduated B. .K. at lYinity College, Cambridge, in 1613,
and M. A. in 1616, when he was elected fellow. In 1618
he was prelector in the rhetoric school at Cambridge, and
in 1619 he was made public orator He was much in fa-
vor at court, and in his position as orator it was his duty
to wTite all official letters to the government This brought
him much in contact with public men. In 1627 In ri-signed
the post on account of ill health. In 1630 Charles 1. pre.
sented him to the rectory of Fngetestone with Bemerton.
Wiltshire. He repaired Bemerton ch.irch, which is said
to be the smallest in Kngland. It was restored by W yatt
in 1866. Here he wrote the religic.u- poems for which he
is principally remembered, and which were published after
his death in a volume called "The Temple : Sacred Poems
Herbert, (Jeorge
497
nncl Pr;vatc Ejaculations" (1M3). In 1670 "more than
S oon cnpiea lii.l iK-en a.l.l." There have hec,nna,.y ed -
Ti, 1,. llu- n,..st careful luiris that of Grusart lii his eul;
i.Vt.i'l i.liiimi "f III il" 1 1 (1S74). He also wrote "A Pnest
t,, 111,- 1 .111 pi.- "I tin- I'.'iiutry Parson," in prose (ltS2), etc^
Herbert, Henry William: pseudonym JranK
Forester B' •"' "t Umdon, April 7. ISO, : com-
mit ti-Tlsukiil.. ut New York, May 17, IK.W. An
AiiK'o-Amencau miseelianeous writer, author
of liistoiical works, novels, traiislatioiis, etc He
is best known by liis works on sports : " FieU Sports of the
ri Xl S ates " (ls«1), '■ frank Forester aii.l his I'Viends
(ullltt), '-The liorsc ami Horsemanship of the I n.ted
Herbert, Joixn Rogers. Bom at MaUiou, Essex
I'lii'lami Jan. S.k ISIO: dieil at London, March
17,'"l8!)0. An English historical and portrait
na'inter. He was elected one of the masters of the gov-
ernment school of design at Somerset House m It^l., and
royS academician in 1S4(!. He decorated the peers roh-
[ng^oom in the Ilonse of I^>rds. His picture '•-r Thomas
More and his Daughter" is in the Vernon collection, Na-
tional (Jallery. . , ■, j tt . i. f T „o
Herbert, Sidney, hrst I^™'^ H'M^^^rt of Lea
liorn 111 Kirlnii.ind, Surrey, Sept. 16, IhlO : dicil
at Wilton, En-land, Aug. :2, 1861. Aii English
statesman, vouufcer son of the eleventh Ea_ilot
Pembroke. He was secretary at war ls4.i-4(),
18.V2-,');), and 18.59-61, aud colonial secretary
Herbert Sir Thomas. Bom at York, England,
"lu.,. 1600: died at York, March 1, 1682. An
Eie'lish traveler ami author. He obtained a place
in tile suite of Sir Dodmore Cotton, ambassador to the King
of Perl a ill l.;-27. After the death of Cotton m the follow-
h B V, ar be niaile an extensive tour of the Persian do.nm^
ms'^ an. relnrned to England in 1(129. He adhered to he
ParliauR-ntary cause during the civil war ; was appo" e'l
U, attend Charles I. during his confinement a H" ^cl y
in 1W7 : and in the same year was app.iinted by the K ig
■ M one if his grooms of the bedchamber. He wrote A
Uescript o of the Persian Monarchy" (irew : reprinted
with additions as "Some Yeares Travels uto Africa .and
Asia the C.reat" in ItiSS) and "Thrcnodia Carolina (lb,!, .
„priite.wiha,lditionLs"Memoirsofthelasttwo years
f/thc reign of that ITnparallelld Prince of very blessed
memory. King Charles I.," in 170-2).
Herborn (her'bom). A town HI the province
of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, 39 miles northeast ot
Herculaneum (her-ku-la'ne-um). [Gr. ■llfM--
">,,o,., ,-ity of Herctdes.] An ancient city of
Campania, near the cast, 6 mi es southeast of
Naples, dir<M-tly at the foot ot Mount Ve.simus.
Itwas overwhelmed like Pompeii in thecrup ion ,)f 79 A. 1,.,
behiR overed in this and succeeding eruptions flrs with
nil .i and then with ashes and lava to a depth of from ,0 to
u" feet The ancient town was forgotten, and niodern
Kesina grew up over its ruins. In 17U9 an inhab, .-int of
Kes na s^'unk a well which reached the »"e;™ 1".;;' ";,;>•■
stage structure of the theater, and brought to light bculp-
?ure,a"<rn>ai-blefaci,,gs. f»rtl'f ««^■■^■'';'■^'^';'';; J'a'I"'^'/
for the marbles and works of art. and BuliseqiuTitly exca-
vati, ns we 'undertaken by the g.,vernmentlm^
[gn imtlv and irregularly conducted, and the galeries
pie ce'l were in great part lllle.l again. Under the french
rule (l.siHi-15) systematic explorations were ins itut,^ 1 a
1 le was il.nie between l»--i8 and 1837; theuno hing until
V i-U, nmmanuel canse,l the resumption "//h^ work in
lSi;9. The most important remains arc 'h'^ theater has 1-
l,.a prison, some interesting private dwellings, ami pol-
io is'^of several streets paved with lava. In Herclilaiienm
were found a number of earbomzc.l nmnnsciiptson pap -
ros some of which have been d.-.ipb.-r.d,and some of he
heslknown statues of the Napl.-s ^''- ,'';,;'> ;'-";V.;£^^'^
A'.;rippiiia.SI.-.-pingFauii, Ansti.l.-s,aii.UiilstsoI riaioanu
Hercuiano de Carvalho e Axaujo (er-ko-la'n?
de kiir-val'yii e ii-rou'i-.hi)), Alexandre. Bom
at Lisbon, March 28, 1810: died Sept. 2 18,7.
A Portu.niese poet, historian, and noveli.st His
woikHiiHln.l.-lli<'p.ieni"Avozdoproplicta"("lhe\oice
of the l'r.!pl.ct '■ U<:). " llistoria dc Portugal " (184li-r.: ),
" Da origem e cstabeleeimento da In.iuisicjao em 1 oi-tugal
(IHM r.M, the novels " Eurico "(1847), "<» mongedeCister
(•• The Monk of Cister," 1848), etc. ^
Hercules (her'kti-lez). Or. Heracles (her a-
klez). [(Sr.'H/)o/,/w.] In Greek and K.imanmy-
thologv, a might v hern, originating m ( ireek le-
Kcnd, but ail(.l>tedbvtbeRomans,aud worshiped
Is the god of physical strength, coiirage,and re-
lated (lunlities. According to the mythical account,
his father Z. us(.luiiilcr), destined him to the sovereignty
of Tl^'ns by right of his mother, Alcmene, gram}, aughtcr
of Sens, but was thwarted by Hera .Tuno) After Her.
cules had performed wonderful deeds in behalf of lliebes,
his birthplac.-. Hera .-onscnted to his being made immor-
tal, on condition ..f bis accomplishing certain superhuman
feats for his rival Knrystheus of Til-yns, in which he suc-
ceeded. These feats.called the " twelve labors of Hercules,
were a« follows ; (") the strangling of t he Nemean lion ; ('<)
the killing of the Lernean hydra :(c) the captlire of the
Cervneian stag ; (.() the capture of the Erymanthlan boar
le) the cleaning ..f 'he Augean stables ; (.0 the slaughlcr
of the Stymphalian birds; (9) the capture of the ( retan
bull ■ (/,) the capture of the maneating mares of DKimi-iU'S ,
(0 the securing ..t the ginlle of Hiiiliolyte, <iuecn of the
Amazons; (!) the fetching of the red oxen of (leryon; (*•)
the procuring of the golden apples of the Hesperldes ; (()
the liringing t.. the np,,cr w.irl.l of the dog Cerberus, guar-
dian of Ha.les. -rlK- siibi.-,-t of this m.ist famous of the
Herculean legends (of comparatively late date) is ilistln.
Kuisbcl as the Tin nthian Hercules from other persomllca-
88
tions of Hercules worshiped in different places and coiin-
trics (as the Cietan .ir tin- F.g> liliaii Ik-rcules, etc.), unik-r
th,-sauic,u-olli.-in;,iiics.tli.-altril.u<csofIh.-sevari.,usl,er-
simillcaliiuisln-iiig essentially lli.-sanic.bnllbcir legendary
history being dillcreiit. Hcr.:nK-s is represented as brawny
and muscular, with broa.l sli..iilders, gcneially naked, or
draped merely in the skin of the Ncnu-an hon, the head
of the lion being often drawn over that of the hero as a llel.
met. Ue is usually armed with a club, sometimes with a
bow and arrows. See Izduhar (d Mltubur).
It has long been recognised that Herakles was the bor-
rowed Pha-nician Sun.go.l ; we n.»v know that his primi-
tive prototype had been ailopted by the Ph.eiiuiaiis fiom
the .iccadians of Babylonia. It is not strange Ib.-refore,
that just as in the lireek myth of Aphrodite an.I A.lonis w e
find the outlines of the old Chaldean story ot Istar ami
Tamniuz, so in the legemls of Herakles we llnd an erh.i of
the legends of tJ isdhubar. The lion destroyed by iisdhnkir
is the lion of Nemea; the winged bull made by An to
avenge the slight offered to Istar is the winged hull of
Krete • the tyrant Khnmbaba, slain by ,iis,lhnbar in "the
land of pine'trees, the seat of the gods, the sanctuai-j- of
tie spirits," is the tjraiit liery.m ; the gems borne by he
trees of the forest b,-y..iid " the gateway of the sun are he
annlesof the ll.sp.-ri.les ; and the deadly sickness of Uis-
dhnbar liin.s,-l( is but the fever sent by the poisoned tunic
of Nessos through the veins of the Greek hero.
Saijce, Assyria, p. 111.
Hercules One of the ancient constellations, be-
tween Lyra aud Corona Borealis, representing
a man upon one kuee, with his head towaril the
south, and with uplifted arms. The ancients did
not identify the constellation with HercuU-s ; the moderns
place a club in one baud and a branch of an apple-tree,
with the three heads of Cerberus, in the other. Ihe con-
stellation contains 1 star of the second magnitude, 9 of the
thir.l, anil 12 of the fourth. , . , 11
Hercules. ABritisharmored war-ship, launched
in 1867. Herdimensionsare— length,32.sfeet; breailth,
.-■,9 feet ; displacement, 8,840 tons. She h.as a water-line
belt of krmor from 5 feet above to 5 feet below the wa cr-
iine a single-ilccked central citadel, and armored bulk-
heads at each end. Thickness of armor. 6, 8, and 9 inches.
Armament, 8 10-incli, 2 9.inch, and 4 7-inch guns.
Hercules, Pillars of. See Pillars ofBercuk-s.
Hercules and Stag. A notable antupie bronze
from I'ompcii, in tlie Museo Nazionale, Palermo,
Sicilv. The figure of Hercules is slender and youthful ;
ho seizes the stag by one horn, aud forces him to the
grouiul. .-, ^ XI
Hercules Buffoon. See Xon/, Jo/ih.
Hercules ( Infant ) Strangling the Serpents. A
painting by Sir Joshua Reynolds (1788), m the
Hermitage Museum. St. Petersburg. The child is
in the act St throttling the two serpents ; Iphicles shrinks
back and Alcnena with attendants rushes in ; while .luno
appears in -.i dark cloud above. It was ordered by Catharine
11 anil syiiib..liz.-s Russia's struggles, as a new nation,
wi'lhl.es.-tliligtn.ubles. . , .s im,-.
Hercynian Forest (her-sm'i-an for est). Tie.
[L. UcrcijiiKi tiitvn, dr. 'EpKwm iiX^.J In am-ient
geography,a mountain-range forming the north-
ern botim'larv to the then known Europe, ami
seemingly iiientilied by Aristotle with the Al-
pine mass. It has been variously represented as in
central Germany, and as identical with the Hidimenvald,
the Thiiringerwahl, etc. In modern geography it is usu-
ally made t,) eoinprisc the mountain elevations of centra
Germany (Wcsergebirge, the Harz, the Thuringian and
■Saxon highlands, Giant Mountains, etc.).
Hprdecke (lier'de-ke). A town in the province
of Westpliiilia, Prussia, on the Ruhr northeast
of Elberteld-Barmen. „ ^^^ . ■,
Herder (hcr'der), Johann Gottfried von.
Born at Mohrungen, in East Prussia, Aug. -o,
17-14- died at Weimar, Dec. 18, 1.80.i. A Ger-
man critic and poet of the so-called classical pe-
riod of (icrman literature. He was the son of apoor
,,., i.te-ii-lur Through his own exertions he was able to
at en.l tin- liiiiversity of Konigsberg, where lie ™PP""ty,'i
himse f by -iving private instruction. Krom 17M to 1,«9
e was U«ichel- in Kiga. In the latter year he went t,,
Paris where he accepted the positioiiof companion to the
vouni Prince of llolstein on a journey to Italy He ac-
e fanied the latt.-r, however only as far ,« » rasb»rg
where he reniaine.l the succeeding half year. In 1, ,lhc
^ceive.1 a call as pastor to liuckeburg where he lived
mm 1771 At the recommendation of Goethe, wliom he
a 1 known in Strasburg.he was ?'\"«1 ' f.''^'';';.'" ,.;:l;
mar as court chaplain ami superintendent of the chnieli
district, luid here with the except <,n of a journey to Italy
ii 1788. he lived until his death. II. 1802 he was emiode.l
,v the Elector of liavaria. His first important works, both
of which were published iu Riga, were " Fragmente nber
die lencrc deutsehe I.itcratnr" (" Knigments coneermng
the More Heeeiit German Literature," 17i;7). and "hr.
tseheWahlcr" ("Critical Korest8,"17,;il). In 1772appeareil
urther the ti.atise •MM.er den Irsprung der Sprae he
" ,, the , 11 i-.-i" ..t Language "). In 177:! he publ,»lled. In
collabor li..n « ilb Goethe, -V.m .leutscber . rl uud kunst
cinig.' 1 '■-'"■le P.bitter'C'AFew Flying Sheets on G.;r-
m n siv I- an.I Art"). In 1774 app.-ared "Die altcste r-
kiiiile U-Vrenschcnge»chU-,-bt»'("The()MestR>.e,,rdo^
the llunian Kace' ). 'the most important of Ins works wi-it_
en Ve in a ■ arJ" V.,lk«lie,ler''(". Knlk-Songs," 1778 an.I
Herero
HereaU(a-rO'), Jules. Born at Paris, 1830: died
.luiii" 26, 187<). A French landscape-painter,
... ..;.,ll,r ,•,„• bi,; ^^o^lrp« nf niiimnls.
ten in Weimar arc- voini-iie.ni. v . .-■.. ■•,■'•■',,•■,,,. . ,
nm called 111 later edltiiu^ '•Stiunncn ;ler Volk,a^^
IJoiUtii
I.iedern ■ ("Voices of the Nations in Simgs ): "Ideeli zur
•iXs pbicderllesehlehted.-rMeiischhclt' ("Idoasimthe
. , ■ of the History of Mankind," 17«M-91) ; 1 rietc
y, r lletorc'lerung ,ler Mlllnanitat " ("Letters for the Ad-
V. Le . ,'n " 1 In.nanity,'' I7»;i-97). The p,.>;m " D.-r Cid
rflcCir).«.illen I80-2-0:i, appeared pi.sthuinously in
I80V A complete editi.iu of his works was published at
Stuttgart, 1827-30, In 60 vols.
.HUH' -e,, ,.^1.^. ^^ i....^" ..».....— .-t-- |--~—
n.il,',! I'specially for his figures of animals.
Heredia (a-ia'De-a), Jose Maria. Born at
Santiago ile Cuba. Dec. 31. 1803: died at To-
luca, Jlexico, May 7, 18.39. A Spanish-American
poet. He lived successively in various parts of Spanish
America : was banished from Cuba in 1S23 for taking part
in an attempted ifcni-rection ; passed two years 111 the
United States ; ami from 1825 resided in Mexico, « here he
belli various j'uilieial othces. His poems have had numer-
ous editions, and many have been translated into other
languages: his " Oile to Niagara " is widely known. Many
Clitics eonsi.kr Heredia the greatest of the Spanish. Anieri-
Heredia, Pedro de. Born at Madrid about loOC) :
ilied near Cadiz, Jan. 27, 1554. A Spanish sol-
<ii>r. He was the lieutenant of Vadillo, and governor of
Santa Marta. He returned to Spain in 15-29. and was au-
thorized to colonize and govern the .iistrict of ^ucva An-
dalucia, corresponding to northwestern Colombia. He
founded Cartagena (Jan. 14, 1533) and other cities, made
many expeditions to the interior, and obtained a great
amount of gold. In 1537 he was accused of irregularities
and sent to Spain, but was restored in 1539. He was again
forced to go to Spain to answer charges in lfi48 ami l&M :
on the latter voyage he w:us sbipiwrecked and drowned.
Hereford (her'e-ford). [ME. Hereford, Hcrjord,
llerforth, AS. Hereford, army-ford, from here,
arniy, and ford, ford.] 1. A county of south
midland England. It is bounded by Shropshire on
the north, Worcester and Gloucester on the cast, Glouces-
ter and Monmouth on the south, and Wales on the west.
The chief industry is agriculture. It is noted for its breed
of cattle, and is sometimes called "the garden of Eng-
land " Area, 840 square miles. Population (1891), ll.^i,949.
2 The capital of Herefordshire, situated on the
Wye in lat. 52° 4' N., long. 2° 43' W. It has a
trade in agricultural produce. The cathedral is
a highly interesting monument, founded 1079, but 111 large
part built in the course of the 13th century. The l.a.ly
chapel is a beautiful ex.iniple of Early English, and the
great siiuare central tower is effective, llic lower part
of the nave and choir retains its m.assive cylimlrical Nor-
man piers and round arches with cbevroii-m.'lding. Ihe
work above is later, that in the noi tlnv .-st transept being
of especial beauty. Thereare many line t..mbs and ln-auti-
ful old church furniture. The city had birmcr ly a strong
castle. It was the birthplace of Garrick. Population(1891),
.?() 2ti7.
Herencia(a-ren'the-a). A town m the prov-
ince of Ciudad Real, Spain, 77 miles south ot
Madrid. Population (1887), 5,924.
Herencia Oeballos (a-ren'the-ii tha-biil'yos),
Mariano. Born at Cuzeo, 1820: died at Iliia-
nacu, Feb. 2, 1873. A Peruvian soldier aud poli-
tician. He was an advanced liberal, took pai-t in vari-
ous revolts, and wasprominent in Coiigi-ess. He was elected
vice-president in the Balta administration, and w-as acting
president after Balt.a's death, July -JO to Aug. 2. lb,2 Soon
after he was condemned to banishment, and was shot by
the Boldiers who were conducting him to the frontier.
H6rens (a-ron' ), Val d', G. Eringerthal ( a nng-
cr-fiil). An alpine valley iu the canton ot Va-
lais, S\vit/.erl;iud, situated about 20 miles east
of Marti. 'iiv, noted for its picturestpie scem-ry.
Here (hr-r) Prophecy, The. A bit of old Eng-
lish rime, which was preserved by Abbot Bene-
dict. It is connected with the image of a hart set up
in 1-289 by Ralph Fitzstcphen over his house at Here.
The date of the setting np the hart was that of the ileath
ot Henry II. and the accession of Kichard I., and the
iirobnble sense of the lines is : " When thou seest a hart
re-inil up in Hero, then shall the English people be divided
into three parts: one slndl go all too late into Ireland.
■I'hcre John, who was Lord, removed, at his brotlier Kicb-
ard's succession to the English crown, the llghling John
de Courcy from direction ot affairs, and mad,; him an
enemy; while Richard's coming ci-usa.le, exeilnig the
hopes of the Irish chiefs, cause, tliein te; pat,-h up he r
own ipiarrels and agree on a combined rising, of «l|!;^""e
most notable result was the destruction of the E"(Jhsh
army at Thurles. The results would have been se-rious to
England if theinsurgciitshad not again fallen out aumiig
themselves. Then th.- pi.-plu-.-y pr.«:ecds- '1 •»;•'">"
into Apulia, with pi..lllahl.- 1 eiiKiimng. On his »a> to
le II. y Land. Uiehar.l r. ueiiiu-dat .Messina where, .11 a
iiarrel about his sisl.-r's ,l..wei-, he extortcl fr,.ni Ian-
cm 11, elast.>f the N.n-inan kh>gs,,t .Sicily, Imly thousand
oui c,'-^ of g..bl- ami l.elrotbed his nephew Art lur of Bre-
t- gi . to T^ncrcrs .lam^hter. 'Ihen of the thir.l division
iit rophecvmlds-'-'Ihe third in their highes('r) oaths,
■111 .liawllt., vengeance.'' That is to say by Iheir .,ath as
■rusidc-s to avenge the desecration of the Holy Place by
1 e ii lld.l. The last line, as given by Hov-dcn. is ,, cor-
, pti," . This is my own guess at the unsolved rnldle of
thel s partof the Here Prophecy, ami, if not in every
-i "J.... it seems to 5j- <!-^;;^,^';s/;;l -;^x. 2«-.
Herero(lic-i'a'r.->).orOvaherero(o-vii-he-ra'ro).
A Bantu tribe and laugua.L-e of German South-
west Africa, in what is called Damaralaml 01
TTeri-rolaiiil. Th.-v called themselves Ovaherero, and
their language Otsbih.rero. By some the;- are cal ed
-'dt c K'.s,i...listlnctionfro,ntheHill.Da,,m^^^^
whole life of the Herero is engrossed l>y bis heids o i.at-
llc which he well nigh worships, and by wars » ■! > " »
Nan illottimtots, whose chief business is perioiUcally to
r, I Herero cattle. The Ovabeiero have been jmrtly
n Wtianized by (ierman missionaries, who have created
1 ■ MS len ble 1^^ in Otshih.-rer... This language
i„V. 'iigs t,; the same cluster as that of the Ovambo and
tivliubundu.
Hereroland
Hereroland (he-ia'ro-land). S(^o Ilcrero.
Hereward ( her'e-ward). FlourisluMl about 1070.
A nuteil English outlaw and patriot wlio defended Ely
against the Xonuans. He was a Lincolnshiie man, incor-
rectly said to have been a son of Leofric, earl of Mercia.
In 1070 he joined the Danes, who had appeared in the
Humber, and attacked Peterborou'.'h and sacked the ab-
bey He took refuge with hia liand in the Isle of Ely, from
which ho was finally driven by William the Conqueror.
Hereward
Charles Kiugsley, pi;
Herford (her'ford). A town in the province of
Westphalia, Prussia, situated at the junction
of the Werre and the Aa, 48 miles west-south-
498
Leipsic, Nov. 28, 1772: died at Leipsic, Dec. 31,
1848. A noted German classical philologist,
j)rofessor at Leipsic 1798-1848. Among his works
are "De metris Gnecorum et Romauornm poetarum"
(17!)0), "Handbuch der Metrik " (1799), "De metris Pin-
dari " (1817), " De emendanda ratione Gnccre grammatica> "
(18111). He edited Euripides, the "Clouds" of Ai'istoph.ancs
(1 7i)ft), " Homeric Hymns " (1806), Bionand Moschus (1849),
.£schylus (1S52), etc.
aukfort-
ottiugeu
hteologist
and philologist, professor at Marburg (1832)
and later (1842) attjottingen. Hi8;best-known work
is " Lehrbuch der griechischen Antiquitateu " (" Manual
of Greek Antiquities," lS41-o2).
west of Hannover. It has manufactures of cotton and Hermanns Denkmal (her'manzdenk'mal). A
flax. It is built arouud an ancient nunnery. Population
(18W), 19,255.
H6ricourt. See JBclfort, Battle of.
Hering (ha'ring), Constantin. Born at Osehatz,
Saxony, Jan. 1, 1800: died at Philadelphia,
July 23, 1880. AGerman-Americanhomcopathic
phj'sieian. He published "Rise and Progi'ess
of Homoeopathy '" ( 1834), ' ' Domestic Physician "
(1837), etc.
Heringsdorf (ha'rings-dorf). One of the lead-
ing watering-places on the Baltic, situated in
the island of Usedom, Pomerania, Prussia, 5^
miles northwest of Swinemiiude.
Heriot (her'i-ot), George. Born at Edinburgh,
1563: died at' Loudon, Feb., 1623. A Scottish
monument of the chieftain Arrainius at Det
mold, Germany, dedicated in 1875. The arcaded
pedestal is 100 feet high, and the colossal statue measures _ _
86 feet to the point of the uplifted sword. The figure is HemilOne (her-mi 9-ne)
■( sheet-copper secured to a framework of iron.
Hermannstadt (her'miin-stiit). [Hung. Xoiiy
S::ebc)i, Rumanian flibiu, L. Cibiitiiim.'] The cap-
ital of the county of Hennanustadt, Transyl-
vania, situated on the Cibin in lat. 45° 48' N.,
long. 24° 8' E. It was formerly an important trad-
ing center. The majority of the inhabitants are Ger-
mans. The Brukeuthal Palace (with collections) and the
Rathaus are of interest. It was founded by German col-
onists in the 12th century ; was formerly capital of Tran-
sylvania ; and was the scene of several contests between
Hungarians, Austrians, and Russians in 1849. Population
(1800), 21,465.
Hermogenes
rests on a tree-stump, over which is thrown the himation.
The right arm was raised, and held some object to amuse
the child. It is the finest rendering of a beautiful youth-
ful tigiu-e surviviug from antiquity.
Hermes (Mercury) in repose. A beautiful
Greek original bronze of the school of Lysip-
pus, iu the Museo Nazionale, Naples. The fig-
ure leans slightly forward ; the expression is
one of rest and amiability.
Hermes Trismegistus (tris-me-jis'tus). [Lit.
' Hermes the thrice gi-eatest.'] The Greek
name of the Egyptian god Thoth, the reputed
atithor of 42 encyclopedic works on Egyjit. A
partial collection of Hermetic writings was
translated into French by Menard in 18(i6.
Hermia (hir'mi-a). In Shakspere's "A Mid-
summer Night's Dream," an Athenian lady, the
daughter of Egeus: she is in love with Lvsan-
der.
[Gr. 'Epfttdvv.] 1.
Heri-Rud (her-e-rod'), orHerat-Rud, or Hari'
Bud. A river in northern Afglianistan and on
the Persian frontier, which, under the name of
Tejend. disappears in the Turkoman steppes,
Asiatic Russia, about lat. 37° 30' N.. long. 60°
E. : the ancient Arius. Length, about 650 miles.
Herisau (ha're-sou). The largest town in the
half-canton of Appenzell Outer Rhodes, Swit-
zerland, situated on the river Glatt in lat. 47°
23' N., long. 9° 16' E. It manufactures musliu.
Population (1888), 12.970.
Heristal, or Heristall. See Herstal.
Herjei-dalen (her'ye-a-da'len). A district in
the southern part of Jemtland, Sweden.
Herkimer (her'ki-mer), Nicholas. Died at
Danube, N. Y., in Aug., 1777. An American
Revolutionary general, of German e.xtraction.
He commanded the militia of Tryon County, who in 1777
marched to the relief of Fort Stan.wis on the Mohaw k Riv-
er, which was besieged by the British. He defeated a de-
tachment of the British at Oriskany in Aug. of that year,
but was himself wounded in the battle, and died in con-
sequence of an unskilful surgical oper.ition.
Herkomer (her'ko-mer), Hubert. Born at Waal,
in Bavaria, May '26, 1849. An English genre,
landscape, and portrait painter. He came to Amer-
ica in 1S51 with his father, a wood-carver, but went to
Enghind in 18.i7and settled in .Southjimptun. where he en-
tered the School of Art. In 1S65 he visited Munich, and in
1866 he entered the schools at South Kensington under
Frederick Walker. He became a memberof the Institute
of Water Colors in 1871, and associate of the R<.iyal Acad-
emy in 1879. He received the medal ■ 'f honor, Piuis, ls78.
In 1873 he settled in Bushey, Hertfordshire, where he es-
tablished an art school in ISSl. He revisited America in
18S2, and again in 1883 and 18S5. He was appointed Slade
professor of art at Oxford as successor to ,lolin Ruskin,
and l>ecame a member of the Berlin .\cademy in 1885.
Perkins, Cyclopedia of Paiutei-s and Paintings.
Hermandad (er-miin-dilTH'). [Sp.,'a brother-
hood.'] In Spain, originally, a volmit:irv organi-
zation (the Santa Hermandad, or Holy Brother-
hood) for the maintenance of jiublic order. The
first Hermandad was formed in Aragon in the 13th cen-
tury, and another in Castile and Leon a few yeare later,
chiefly to resist the exactions and rolibei-ics of the nobles.
They soon assumed general police .and judicial powers,
under royal sanction ; and at the end of the 16th century
" nswereunitedand cxtendedoverthe whole
a basis of fact in a stoi-y connected with the expulsion
of seveKil hundred Protestants from his territory by the
Archbishop of Salzburg, which occurred in 1731. Her-
mann is an established citizen of a little town, and repre-
sents a settled life as contrasted with the wandering and
UTisettled one of the fugitive but self-reliant Dorothea ex-
iled finm her home, whom he finally wins and marries
Hermanric (her'man-rik), or Ermanaxic (G.
Hermanrici). Di(?d 376. King of the East
Goths. He was descended from the royal family of the
Amali, and ruled over a loosely welded Gothic confederacy
extending proliably over northern Hungary, Lithuania,
and southern Russia. He was defeated by the Huns at
the beginning of the migration of the peoples in northern
Europe, and fell upon his sword in 376, having, it is said,
attained an age of over one hundred years. _
-lJ^j:...... /i,a f ^^ -i-'tus). [Gr.
son of
In Greek mythology, the daught<'rof Menelaus
and Helen, and wife of Neoptolemus, and later
of Orestes. — 2. The wife of the .jealous Leon-
tes in Shakspere's "Winter's Tale." she is the
Bellaria of Greene's " Pandosto," the story from which
the " Whiter's Tale " was taken.
3. A character in Racine's "Andromaque," said
to be " the most personally interesting on the
French tragic stage." — 4. The wife of Damon
inthe tragedy "Damon and I*ythias"by Banim
and Shell.
Hermione, Lady (Lady Erminia Fauletti). A
rich Genoese lady in Sir Walter Scott's novel
" The Fortunes of Nigel."
.^^ Hermiones (her-mi-o'nez), Herminones (her-
Hermaphroditus (her - maf - ro - di ' tus) .
'i;()/(.iO/«"'(-oc.] In Greek mythology, the
Hcrmesand Apkrodite. With the nymph of the
fountain Salmacis, in Caria, he was united into
one person.
Hermas, Shepherd of. See. Shepherd of Hennas.
mi-no'nez), orlrminones(er-mi-n6'nez). [L.
(Tacitus) Hcrminoiun, the Latinizatiou of a hy-
pothetical Germanic fundamental form *Er-
iii(e))ia::, a name of the god "Tiua;, *Tiu, AS.
Tiw (in Tiwesdae;/), ON. Tyr, ORG. Zio, L. ^«-
2>ife); Gr. Z«f. Cf. AS. Tiwesdaeff.] According
to Tacitus, one of the three great divisions of
the West-Germanic people, named fi'om their
ancestors, the three sons of Mannus, Ingvseones,
Herminones, and Istvjpones. The Herminones com-
prehended, particularly, the Upper Gennan tribes. The
Ingvseones lived by the sea, and included the Lower Ger-
man tribes. The Istvseones were the tribes of the Rhine
region who ultimately formed a principal part of the
Franks. The terms are, however, of inexact ethnologic
application. Pliny makes a fivefold division in that he
gives, besides the three groups of Tacitus, the Vindili
and the Peucini-Bastarnre. The names were probably in
their first use not ethnologic, but were originally applied
to Amphictyonic unions all devoted to the cult, under dif-
ferent attritiutes, of the old Germanic heaven-god.
Hermen'egild(her'me-ne-giUl), Saint. Died at Hermitage, The. 1. A palace at St. Peters-
Tarraco, April 13, 585. A West-Gothic priuce.
He was the son of Leovigild, king in Spain, by whom he
was admitted to a share in the government in 573. He
rebelled against his father and was put to death. He was
canonized by Pope .Sixt lis v., tradition having pictured him
as a champion of the Catholic faith against the Arian, to
which his father adhered.
Hermengyld (her 'men-gild). The wife of the
Constable in Chaucer's " Man of Law's Tale,"
of whose murder Constance (Custance) was
falsely accused.
Hermes (her'mez). [Gr.'Ep//^c.] InGreekmy-
thology, the herald and messenger of the gods,
protector of herdsmen, god of science, com-
merce,invention,and the arts of life, and patron
of travelers and rogues: son of Zeus (Jupiter)
and Maia, born on Mount Cyllene in Arcadia.
He was the guide (psychopompus) of the shades of the dead
to theu- final abode. In art he is represented as a vigor-
ous youth, beardless after the ai-chaic period, and usually
but slightly draped, with caduceus, petasua, and talariaas
attributes. The Roman Jlercury, a god of milch more
material and solid character, became identified with Her-
mes. The name has also been given to quicksilver.
Hermes, or a Philosophical Inquiry concem-
ing Universal Grammar
Harris, published in 1751.
theorganizatiouL __ . ........-, , . -- —
kingilom. The Hermandad was socui after reorganized as Hgr~g„ , l,er'mes), Creorg. Born at Dreierwalde,
a regular national police, which has been superseded in -^f ,'"'«'■? > , .''^ ^!l^ ?'u .10 itt'S- Hiod nt
later times by a civic guard on the model of the French \\ estphalia, P™ssia, April _-, 1- /5 . died at
gendarmerie.
Hermann. See Armiuiiis.
Hermann (her'miin), surnamed "TheTiame"
(L. Hermannus Contractus). Born July 18,
1013 : died at Reichenau, Lake Constance, Sept.
24. 1054. A German historian, author of a
"Chronicon," edited by Pert?, in "Monunieuta
(Tcrnianiiv historica" (Is-W).
HermamiLFriedrich Benedikt Wilhelm von.
Born at Dinkelsbiihl, Bavaria, Dec. 5, 1795 :
Bonn" Prussia. May 26, 1831. A German Roman
Catholic theologian, founder of the system of
Hermesianism, a rationalizing theory of the re-
lation of reason to faith. He wrote "Einleitung in
die christkatholischc Theologie" (1819-29), "Christkatho-
lische Dogmatik " (1834-36).
Hermesianax (her-ipe-si'a-naks). Bom at
Colophon, Asia Minor: lived in the last part of
the 4th century B. c. A Greek elegiac poet.
Fragments of his works have been edited by
Hermann, Bergk, etc.
burg, Russia, founded by Catharine II., origi-
nally in the form of a pavilion of moderate size,
but rebuilt in the 19th ceutui-y, especially for a
museum, in a neo-Greek style of excellent ef-
fect, and forming one of the best-designed mu-
seums existing. It measures 375 by 512 feet, and has
2 interior courts. The entrance porch is supported by 10
colossal human figures, and the roof of the grand hall rests
on 16 fine monolithic columns. On one side of the build-
ing is a copy of Raphael's Loggie in the Vatican, whichsur-
vives from the old palace. The collections include im-
portant ancient sculpture, the unparalleled discoveries of
Greek jewelry, textile fabrics, and other minor antiqui-
ties, from the Crimea, and one of the great galleries of
paintings of Europe.
2. A fashionable resort at Moscow, Russia. It
is a garden on the side of a hill. — 3. A chalet
built in the valley of Montmorency, France, by
Madame d'Epinay as a retreat for Jean Jacques
Rousseau. He passed about 6 yeare here (1751-67X
writing then a part of "La uouvelle Ht^loise," the " Uis-
cours sur lin^galitd des conditions," and a part of hia
" Dictionary of Music." Gretry died here iu 1813.
4. An old house near Nashville, Tennessee, the
- residence of President Andrew Jackson.
A work by James Hgrmite, Tristan 1". See Tristan.
Hermocrates (her-mok'ra-tez). [Gr. 'EpftoKpd-
7//r.] Died at Syracuse about 407 B. c. A Syra-
cusan general and politician. He was one of the three
generals who in 414 were intrusted with the defense of
Syracuse against the Athenians, and who after several
spirited but unsuccessful engagements were deprived of
their commands. He was one of the ctimmanders of the
Syracusau squadron in the naval battle of Cyuosscma in
411. He was banished in 409, and w:ui killed in an attempt
to make himself master of Syracuse.
Hermodorus (her-md-do'rus) of Ephesus. A
Greek philosopher who is said to have assisted
the decemvirs in drawing up the laws of the
Twelve Tables at Rome in 451 B. c.
died at Munich. Nov.:23, 1868. . A German po- ^^;^^ Ai^ItosV^'a statue so named, in the ^b'o™ °ff "Tlfr^usrCUi'cfaf ifvel in thTSni
litical economist and statistician. He was ap-
pointed professor of political economy at Munich in 1827,
and occupied various political and official positions, among
,, . , t J , ., . . ., , , His chief
National Museum, Athens. It is. in fact, a sepul-
chral statue of the 4th century B. 0., the finest existing
.. ,, -. , K J < .1 ...-11 ,- „„ njc „i,i»f example of idealized portrait-figures of this class.
them that of head of the statistical bureau. His chief _£'" i^ ■,, ,, n, , T«fnn4- 'Do^r.Tiiia An
workis-staatswirtschaftiiebe i'ntei-suchungen"("Eco. Hcrmes carrying the Infant Baccnus. An
noiiuc Researches," 1832 : 2d ed. 1870).
Hermann, Johann Gottfried Jakob.
Born at
original statue by Praxiteles, in the niuseuin
at Olympia, Greece. The left arm, with the child.
liiilf of the 2d century. A noted Greek rheto-
rician. His rhetorical treatisos were edited
(in the " Rhetores Gra?ci ") by Walz.
The greatest technologist of the period now under con-
sideration was Hermogenes, the son of Calippus of Tar-
Hermogenes
409
Heron, Matilda
BUS. The year of liis birth ia not known, but ho was only
llftuin when the fame of his preeoeious gi'nius lU! an ex-
teniiMire speaker leil the emperor M. Aurelins to semi for
him; anil he introiluceil himself liy sayinn, "HehuM, I aiu
eoinc to yon, (I prince, an orator reciuiring a jieilaKogne,
an orator still looking forward to maturity." Si;on after
this he became a public teacher of rhetoric.
K. 0. Mutter, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 166.
{{Dutiattisun.)
Apeiiiiiiies iiboiit 40 miles sotitheast of Hoiiic. t.vrnnt, but the historicity of which causes chronologicaj
Theif capital was AnuKuia. They were siibjii- iliib'"l'ies. „ , .
-ate.l liv Koine mi B. c. Herod Agnppa. SeeJ;ini>l>"-
Hernosand (l.er'iie-sand). A seaport, (•ai)ital HerodAntipas(ber ralaii ti-pas). feonofHerod
of the laen of WesternorrlaiHl (or H.-rnosaiid), the (ireat, appointed by his tather successor to
Sweden, situated on tlie ishmd of Hernd, near the tlirone, but invested by the Romans with
— only the letrarehy of daliU'e. lie llrst marrieil the
I .-'.i.^... -c i • t.: ,.e tl... \T.>1... tl.n... >.!> Kiif 111...!.
the mouth of the river Angerinan, about lat. C2°
37' N., long. 17° 50' K. It has some manufac-
tures. Population (1890), 5,789.
Hermon (her'mon). IGr.'Aip/iiln:] Amountain-
ridt;e and the culminating point in the range of
situated about .!.. miles -^f^^ {^...^/Aphrodile at Sestos, on the llelles-
pont, beloved by Leander. See Jlcio and Lv-
anihr.
Auti-Libanus, Syria, situatea about .in mi
west-southwest of Damascus : the modern Je-
bcl-esh-Shcikh. Height, 9.'200 feet.
Hermonthis (her-mou'tUis). [Gr. "E/)//ui*f.]
In ancient geography, a town iu the Thebaid,
Egypt, situatetl on the Nile 8 miles southwest
of Thebes : the modern Erment. It was a scat
of ancient woi-ship, anil iniport;uit ruins remain, notably
those of a temple built in the time of Cleopatra.
Hermopolis. See Ifcrmnpnlis.
Hermopolis (ln'r-mop'o-lis), or Hermupolis
(hOr-mup'y-lis), Magna. [Gr. 'E,i/;oii ■hoaii: /u-
ya/r/, great city of Hermes.] In ancient geog-
raphy, a city o"f Egypt, situated near the Nile
in lat. 27° 4.V N.: the modern Eshrann or Ash-
munein. Near it are the tombs and grottoes of
Beni-Hassan (which see).
Hermosillo (har-mo-seryo). A city, capital of
the state (if Sonora, Me.\ico, situated on the river
Soiiora about lat. 29° 10' N., long. 110° 45' W.
Population (1892), 7,071.
Hermsdorf (herms'dorf ), Nieder-. A village
and tourists' resort in the proxiuce of Silesia,
Prussia. 42 miles southwest of Broslau. Popu-
latiun (1890), commune, 7,014,
Hermunduri (lur-muu'du-ri or her-mun-dii'ri).
[L. (Pliny) H(rmi(ii<li(ri,'(iT. (Strabo) 'Epfioi'dv-
/jo(.] A German tribe, a branch of the Suevi,
first mentioned liv Strabo. They were situated on
the .Saale eastward to" the miiidle Elbe, and adjoined the
Chatti on the west, in the Harz region. They are men-
tioned under their old name for the last time in the 4th
century. They in all probability became, Anally, the Thu-
rintrians.
Hermupolis (her-muii 'o-lis), or Hermopolis
(her-niiip'o-lis), or Syra (se'ra). [(4r. 'Ep/wy
!ro>.(f, city of Henues.] A seai)ort and the capi-
tal of the nomarchy of the Cyclades, Greece,
situated on the island of Svra, lat. 37° 26' N.,
long. 24° .■)7' E, Population (1889), 22,104.
Hermus (her'nms). [Gr. "Kpiwr.'] In ancient
geogi'aphy, a river in western Asia Minor, flow-
ing into the Gulf of Smyrna 10 miles northwest
of Smyrna : the modern Ghedis-Tehai or Sara-
bat. Length, about 180 miles.
Hernals (her-nalz'). A western suburb of Vi-
enna.
Hernandez (ar-niin'dath), Francisco. Born at
Toledo, 1514 : died about 1578. A Spanish nat-
uralist. Philip 11. sent lam to Mexico with the cosmog-
rapher Kranciseo Uoiuinguez, to study the natural his-
tory of the country. He traveled there from blTO to 157ti,
and piep:irid 111 folio volumes on plants, animals, and
mirn-ruls; portions of these were Jiublished in 1G48, 1(151,
and 17'Jl.
Hernandez Cordoba. Francisco. See Ciinhbu.
Hernandez Giron, Francisco. See (hnm.
Hernandez de Oviedo y Vald6s, Gonzalo.
See Ihlrilii i/ Vdltli's.
Hernani, oii I'Honneur Castillan. A tragedy
by Victor Hugo, acted, after much opposition,
Feb. 25, 1830. See Krnani.
The main subject of " Hernani " is the point of honour
which compels a nobleSpaniard to kill himself, in obedience
to the blast of a horn sounded by his mortal enemy, at the
very moment of his marriage with his beloved.
S(tint.'<httrn, Krencli Lit., j). 520.
Hemdon (hern'don), William Henry. Born
at Greensburg, Ky., Dec. 28, 1818: died near
Springfield, 111., March 18, 1891. An American
lawyer, lie removed with his parents to Illinois in IB2n,
ami "in 1S43 entered into law partneisliip with Abratiam
Lincoln, which contiiuied iu form until the death of the
latter. He wrote a ' Life of Abraham Lincoln " (18SII).
Hemdon, "William Lewis. Bom at Fredericks-
burg, Va., (Jet. 25, 1813 : died Sept. 12, 1857. An
American naval oflieer. Inl8.M-r)'2,beiugthenaliou.
tenant, he was sent with Lieutenant Lardner Gibbon to
make an exploration of the river Amazon and its Peruvian
tributaries. The results were published by the United
States government as " Kxiiloiation of the N'allcy of the
Amazon "(18.',:i, -J vols.: Vol. 1. by Herndon, Vol. II. byCib-
tion). Ilerndoii was promoted connuauder in 18.15; took
service with the Panama Mail .Steiiniship Company ; ami
perish, d in the wreck of the Celitriil America, which went
down in a cyclone.
Heme the Hunter. A traditionary personage
suppiisi'd to range near an old oaU, known as
Henio's Oak, in Windsor Park, It was blown down
in l»<i:i. and was supposed lo be about (1.W years old. The
i|Ueeu Inw planted a yoting oak on the sjiot.
Hemici (her'ni-si). In ancient history, an Ital-
ian people, allied to the Sabines, dwelling in the
Hero. See Heron.
Hero. 'I'he daughter of Leonato, and friend and
ousin of Beatrice, in Shakspere's "Much Ado
daughter of .\retas, king of the Nabatha.'ans, but aban-
doneil her to nnirry Uerodias, the wife of his half brother
Herod Philip, ami was thus involved in a war with Ai etas.
At the instigation of his wife he had John the Baptist, who
reproached him for his criminal marriage, imprisoned and
afterward executed. Jesus called him "the fox." When
his nephew Agrippa I. was made king of Judea by Caligula,
Antipas, urged by his wife, repaired to Rome also to ob-
tain a kingdom. Agrippa accused him of treachery to Rome,
and .Vntipas was deprived of his principality and banished
to Lyons. He wa8 followed thither by his wife, and botli
died iu exile.
about Nothing;
The real sUiiy of the iilay, the slan- Hcrodes, AtticUS. See Alliens HcrodfS.
Icring of Hero, is generally left out in the stage version.
Hero and Leander. 1. A poem in 340 verses,
ascribed to Musieus. " For grace of diction, metrical
elegance, and simple pathos, which avoids all violations of
good taste, tills little canto stands far before the other
poems of the same age. We know nothing of the history
of this JIusicus, but his imitations of the style of Nonnus
show tli.at he was later than the poet of Paiiopolis. Ueis
indirectly referred to by Agathia.s, who nourished in the
first half of the sixth century." A'. O. MiiUrr.
The poem of "Hero and Leander" belongs rather to
erotic than to epic poetry. Its subject is the well-kiiowii
story of Hero, the beautiful priestess of Venus at Sestos.and
Leal " " .. . ^ .,--1 - — .,.,„., i„ ..*
the wati
ing to , -
ter's night, and his body cast up at the foot of Hero's tower,
who, in despair, cast herself down from the battlements,
and died by the side of her lover. This tragedy of Hero
and Leander, the Juliet and Romeo of the Dardanelles, was
of much older date than Musa;us. It was well known to
Ovid, Virgil, and Statins, and had become a popular love-
tale. But Musajlls is the author of the most complete
version of the story, and he has told it in a manner which
will bear criticism. There is no pause in the brief narra-
tive from the beginning, where the lovers meet, like the
hero and heroine of Heliodorus and Shakspere, on a festive
occasion, down to the fatal issue of Hero's passion. The
poet does not, like the other erotic writers, delight in his
opportunity of describing details. There is nothing to
shock the most delicate reader, and the grace of the lan-
guage is sometimes enhanced by a conciseness of expres-
sion which would have done credit to a better age. The
" Hero and Leander " of Mn8a;us is the dying swan-note
of Greek poetry, the last distinct echo of the old music of
Hellas.
K. 0. Milller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 370.
[{DotuUdson.)
2. A poem of Marlowe and Chapman, based on
the poem of Musa^us. The first edition consisted of
Jlarlowe'a portion, 2 sestiads ; the second edition gave
the whole poem, the remaining 4 sestiads being written by
Chapman after Marlowe's death. Both editions appeai'ed
in 1698.
Herod (her'od) I., surnamed "The Great." [Gr.
'H/irJ(U/r.] King of Judea 40-4 B. C. Hecameof
an Idumean family which was converted to Judaism. His
father, Antipater, succeeded during the conllict between
Hyrcanus II. and his brother Aristobulus II. in obtaining
a hold in Judean politics an. I b.friciiding the Konians. Ac-
cordingly when A nti]iatcr w;i,-<;i|ip.. iutiil by Ca; sarin 471!. c.
if Ju.lca, llcro.l, tli..ii','li only 15 years old, was
Herodians (he-ro'di-anz). A party among the
Jews iu the time of (jhrist and the apostles, ad-
herents of the family of Herod. The Herodians
constituted a political jmrty rather than a religious sect,
.Some writers sujipose that they were for the most part Sad-
dncces in religion.
Herodianus (hc-ro-di-a'nus), orHerodian (ho-
ro'di-an). [Gr. 'IlpuiSmwif.] Born about 170 (?)
A. D. :"died about 240 (?) A. D. A Greek histo-
rian, resilient in Ital.y, author of a Roman his-
tory for the period 18()-238 A. D. (Commodus to
'iderVw'ho was the glory of Abydi>s on the other side of Trl'l^Jfl^no jp\\na Born at Alevaiidl-i-l ■ lived
ivatJr, and who swam across the Hellespont every even- HorOdianUS, A.11US. liorn at Alexanana . uvea
to his fair bride, till at last he was drowned on a win- at the end ot the 2il centmy. A (jreeli gram-
*" ■' marian, author of a work on prosody.
Herodias (he-ro'di-as). Lived in the first halt
of the 1st century. " The sister of Herod Agrip-
pa I., wife of Herod Philip, and afterward sec-
ond wife of Herod Antipas, half-brother of
Herod Philip. See Herod Antipua.
Herodotus (he-rod' o-tus). [Gr. ll/ioiSoroi;.] Born
at Halicarnassus. Asia Minor, probably about
484 B. c. : died at Thurii, Italy, probably about
424 B. c. A celebrated Greek historian, sur-
named "the Father of History." According to the
commonly accepted account of hislife, gleaned chiefly from
his own works, he was the son of Lyxes and Dryo, persons
of means and station at Halicarnassus ; assisted in the ex-
pulsion of tlie tyrant Lygdamus from his native city; trav-
ele.l in the Persian empire, Egypt, Asia Minor, and Greece ;
liveil in Sinnos, and later in Athens ; and settled a-s a col-
onist in Thurii (probably in 444). He wrote a history in
Obooks (named alter the nine iIuses)of the Persian inva-
sion of Greece down to 479 B. c. It was tUst printed in the
original by Aldus Maiintius in 150'2, a Latin version by
Valla having appeared as early as 1474.
About fifteen manuscripts of the history of Herodotus
are known to critics; and of these, several are not of
higher antiiplity than the middle of the fifteenth century.
One copy, in the French king's library (there are in that
collection five or six), appears to belong to the twelfth
century; there is one in the Vatican, and one in the Flor-
entine library, attributed to the tenth century ; one hi the
library of Eninianu. 1 lollige. Cambridge, formerly the
property of Archt.i.sliop Saneroft, which is believed to be
very ancient; the libraries of (Lvford and of Vienna con-
tain also manuscripts of this author,
procurator of Ju.lea, licro.l, tli.iii'.,'li only 15 years mo, was Taylur, Hist. Anc. Books, p. 171.
madegovernorof Galilee, and shortly afterward of Cicle- ,.,,..,. „ / ,.!i,- ^ r.- i i t -m . ^
Syria. In 40 he had to flee from Judea to Rome, and was Hcrod Philip (her'od hi ip). Uied about 34 A. D.
appointedbythesenate king of Judea. In 37 he took pos- ,Soii of Herod the (ireat and Cleopatra, made
sessi f Jerusalem with the aid of the Romans. During { ,t,,.^,.,.l^ |,f Auraiiitis and the neighboring re-
tli.- civil war he was on the side of Mark Antony, but alter . . ,,. ... ^j i- i ^,., -l
Sh;.l,attleofActinm(31i.c.)hesccnredthefavorofthevic- gions 111 4 B. c His wite Herodias deserted
tori..nsii.tavianus,whi>notonlyconflrmedhiniinhisking- him for his halt-brother, llcroil .Xntipas.
d , but iiN „sicliralilyincr,:ased his territory, so that Harold (a-rold'), Louis Joseph Ferdinand.
it ixteiKk-.l (i..ni the .sea t.. .Syria, and from Damascus to g ^ p ; j .,^ ,-,,( ^||,,,| ,,, ,.,,,.j^ j.,„_
S?iifit,y,n;ou!;;?l^^i;;«S'Lii!;m:y;a;;l;:;luhe']oS;;^ 19, I833. a noted F,;neh composer of comic
ing of a'n' indipciident monarchy. His attitude toward the
people over wh.>m be ruled was cliaiu.ti i ized by entire
want of uM.lerslaniling of or sym|.:ilby "ilh its nature,
Ideals, and aspirati.ms. His rule was mai kc.l liy unscru]in-
lous selfishness and bl ly ilespotisin. In his family rela-
ticmshe showed himself passionate, jealous, and cruel. At
the same time, he was bold, prudent, understanding his
opportunities and knowing how to avail himself of them,
liberal, and fond of pomp anddisplay. To tiiese qualities
may bo ascribed his success, and what popularity he ob-
tained. Thus, to striiigtliiM bis position he had his bene-
factor Hyrcanus II. execute. 1, ami it was assumed that his
brother-in-law Ari8t.>lnilus. apiH.inted by him high priest,
wasdrownedat his instigation for fear of his great popular-
ity with the people. The people ho held in abeyance by
bloody terror. Kvcn the luiignillccnt teinido begun in
B. c. and finisheil in s years (Jim-pli., Antiq., -W. II) could
not gain him the hearts of the outraged people. At the
same time with the temple, he erected everywhere thea-
ters, gymnasia, and heathen temples. Kven some cities
owe their origin to his love of building, notably Cicsarea.
Samaria was turned by him into :\ fortress, and named Se-
baste. In a lit of jealousy he executed his beautiful wife
Mariamne, granddaughter of Hyrcanus II., and later his
two sons by her, Alexander and Aristobulus, and Hvcdays
before his death his eldest sou by Dons, Antipater. His
last order, according to a well-known story, was for the
massacre of the nobles immediately after his decease, so
that at least his death might cause mourning (Jimcpli.,
Antii|.,.\VII.(i,.5). He died in great agony from aloathsomc
disease, which drove him to a suicidal attempt, 4 ll, 0. In
Mat. ii. 1 tf. he is represented as having ordered the massa-
cre ot the infants of Bethlehem, iu order to exlemiinale
the child .lesus, an act which would have been quite in
harmony with his character as a superstitious despot ami
operas. He took the grand prix de Kome for his can-
tata " Mile, lie la Valliere " in 1812. His works include " La
Gioventu di Knrico (JuiuU)" (18Ui), "Charles de Krance '
(with Boieldieu: ISKl). " I.es rosicrcs" (1SI7), " Le pre-
mier venu" (1818). " Lcs troqueurs" (18111), "L'Anionr
platoniqile' (18111), " Le muletier " (1,S23), " Le rol Rem-"
(1824), "Le dernier jour do Missobmghi" (18'J8), "Kmc-
line" (1K2.S), "Zainpa" (1831), "La marquise de Urinvll-
liers" (1831), "La niedecine sans medecin " (18:«), " Le
lire aux elcrcs" (18:i2), "Ludovic" (finished by HaliSvv :
l,s:i3), etc. He also wrote a great deal of innsie for the
))iau.iforte, and a number of graceful ballets.
Heron (he'ron), or HerO. [Gr. "ll,jui.] An
Ale.vandrian" mathematician of the 3d century
B. v., the inventor of "Hero's fountain," in
which ;i .jet of water is maitiltiine'l by condensed
air, aiid'of a niaehine acting on the ]>rinciple
of Barker's mill, in which the motion is produced
by steam. Fr:igineiitsof his works on mechanics
liiive been preserved.
Heron, surnained "The Younger." A Byzantine
iiiathemiitician and natural philosopher, prolui-
blv of the 7tli ceiiliirv.
Heron (her'on), Matilda. BornatLondonilerry,
Ireliiiid, l>ec. 1, 1830: died at New York. March
7, 1877. An actress. She made her di'but at Philadel-
phia (IS.M), when quite young, as Bianca in "Fazio." Her
principal part was Camllle. In 1857 she married Robert
Stoepel, a musician, and was divorced from him in 18(19.
Her daughter. Bijou, also an actress, was born at New
V.irk in 1803,
Heroopolites Sinus 500
Heroopolites Sinus (lier-6-op-6-li'tez si'nus).
[Gr. ■ H/jLxjzo'/hr/^ ko'a-o^, gulf of fleroopolis, from
/; ■ 11/juur -(j/;f , city of heroes, a city ou the coast.]
The aueient name of the Giilf of Suez.
Herophilus(he-rof'i-lus). [Gr. 'HpiSiiK/of.] Bom
at Chaleedon, Bithynia : lived about 300 B. c.
A Greek anatomist and physician.
HerOStratUS (he-ros'tra-tus). [Gr.'HpO(Tr/>aToc.]
An Ephesiau who set fire to the temple of Diana
(Artemis) at Ephesus (as it happened, on the Herrnhut (heru'hiit). A town in the govern
night of the birth of Alexander the Great) in '"""*»' ^bstnot nf T!n„f»Bn Savonv 4n Tnile>
order to immortalize himself.
Herzberg
Landaeer, the keen sympathy for animal life which char-
acterizes the English school. Many important race-horses
were painted by him. Rice.
Herrings, Battle of the. A name given to the
engagement between the French under the
Count of Clermont and the English under Sir
John Fastolf near Rouvray, in Feb., 1429. .Sir
John was carrying provisions to the English army besieg-
ing Orleans, and these provisions consisted chiefly of her-
rings intended for the Lenten fast: hence the name.
mental district of Bautzen,
east of Dresden : the chief seat of the Mora\-ian
Brotherhood, founded 1722,
Hermhuters (hem'hot-ers), A denomination
of Moravians or United Brethren : so called in
Germany from the village Ituilt by them on the
estate of Count von Zinzendorf in Saxony,
named Hermhut (which see). See Moravians.
Smith, Diet, of Greeli and Roman Biography and Hcrschel (her'shel ). A name given for a time
(Mythology, IL 439. to the planet now known as Uranus, discovered
Herrada, Juan de. See Ra<1<i. by Sir William Herschel.
Herran (ar-riin'), Pedro Alcantara. Bom at Herschel, Caroline Lucretia.
It was remarked by Hegesias the Magnesian that the
contlagration was not to be wondered at, since the goddess
was absent from Ephesus, and attending on the delivery
of Olympias : an observation, says Plutarch, frigid enough
to have put out the fire. Tlie stroke of genius in question,
however, is ascribed by Cicero, whose taste it does not
seem to have shocked, to Timaeus of Tauromeniuni.
Bogota, (Jet. 19, 1800: died thery. April ■2C>. 18
A Colombian general and statesman. He served
in the war for independence, and in Peru 1824-26. He
subsequently was prominent as u liberal in the civil wars
of New Granada, at times as commander-in-chief of tlie
government forces, and was president 1841-4.n. (ieneral
Herran was known as the " Hiisar de Ayacueho,
brilliant charge which he made in that battle.
Herrenhausen (her'ren-hou-zen). A royal pal-
ace in Hiiuuover. George I. and George II. of
England resided there.
Herrera, or Herrera y Tordesillas ( er-ra'ra e
tor-da-sel'vas), Antonio de. Born at Cuellar,
Segovia. 1349: died at Madrid, March 29, 1625.
A Spanish historian. Philip Il.made him chief chron-
icler of America and one of the clironiclers of Castile,
offices which he held until his death. His greatest work
is the "Historia general de los hechos de los Castellanos
en las islas y Tierra Firme del Mar Oceano." in 8 decades
uover, Prussia, March Iti, 1750: tiled there, Jan.
9, 1.848, An English astronomer, sister and col-
laborator of Sir William Herschel. She published
a "Reduction and AiTangement in the Fomi of a Cata-
loLriiein Znntscf :illtlK- St;ir Clusters and Xebulse observed
l.v >ii' \Villi;ini H.TSfhel."
from a Herschel, f^iv John Frederick William. Born
at Slough, near Windsor, England, March 7,
1792: died at CoUingwood, near Hawkhurst.
Bosch, G. Herzogenbusch (,hert's6-gen-bosh),
F. Bois-le-Duc ibwii'le-dlik'). The capital of
the province of North Brabant, Netherlands,
situated at the jimction of the Dommel and Aa
in lat. 51° 42' X,, long, 5° 18' E. It contains a
noted cathedral, and was formerly strongly fortified. It
was taken l>y the French in ITiU, and by the lYussians in
1S14. Population (1889), commune, 27,103.
Herts. An abbreviation of Hertfordshire. See
Hertford.
Savonv 45 mYles Hettz (herts), Henrik. Bom at Copenhagen,
»axony, lo mues ^^^ ^5, 1798: died there, Feb. 25, 1870. A
Danish dramatist and poet. He was the son of
Jewish parents, but embraced Christianity. He studied
jurisprudence at the University of Copenlnigen. In 1833
he traveled abroad at the expense of the government, and
upon his return was given the title of professor, and an
annual pension. His first important work was a series of
rimed epistles "Gjenganger-Bi-eve eller poetiske Epistler
fra Paradis" ("Ghost Letters, or Poetical Epistles from
Paradise "), which appeared in ISIO, and whose purpose
was esthetic and critical. The same year appeareti a e< tm-
edy in verse, "Amors Genistreger" ("Amor's Clever
Pranks"). Among his many works for the stage are the
comedies "Emma " (1832), " Den eneste Feil " (" The Only
Error"), and " Sparekassen " ("The Savings Bank," 1836);
the romantic plays "Kong Rene's Datter" ("King Rene's
Daughter "), " .Svend D>Tings Hus " (" The House of Svend
Dyring "); the vaudevilles " Kjarlighed og Politi " (" I/>ve
and Politics"), "Arvingerne" ("The Heirs"). "De Fat-
tiges Dyrehave " ("A Park for the Poor"). During 18Ji8-
1859 he edited the weekly journal "Ugenlige Blade." His
poemsC'Digte") were published at Copenhagen (18ol-62)
in 4 vols. ; his dramatic works ("Draraatiske Vaerker")at
Copenhagen (1854-73), in 18 vols.
Born at Han-
Kent. England, Mav 11, 1871. A celebrated Hertzberg (herts'berc). Count E'wald Fried-
English astronomer' and phvsicist, son of Sir rich von. Born at Lottin, near Neustettin,
William Herschel. He continued his f.ither's re- P™ssia, Sept, 2, 172o: died May 27, 1-9.1. A
searches on double stars and nebulie, and conducted ob- Prussian statesman. He negotiated the peace of Hu-
servations at the Cape of Good Hope 1834-38. His chief bertsburg in 1763, and conducted the foreign affairs of
work is " Results of Astronomical Observations made 1834- Prussia 1763-91.
1838 at the Cape of Good Hope '^(1847). Among his other Hertzberg, Gusta'V Friedllch. Bom at Halle-
" "' v."/ivim "o,„. on-the-Saale, Prussia. Jan. 19, 1826, A Gei-man
works are "Study of Natural Philosophy " (IViO). "Out-
lines of Astronomy " (1849). "Familiar Letters on Scien-
tific Subjects " (1866), etc.
(Madrid, imvy. This includes the history of America, HerSChel, Sir 'William (originally Fliedrich
written in the form of annals, from 1492 to 1554, and is
the most important td the older works on the subject,
llerrera also published a history of the world during the
reign of Pliilip XL, and many other works.
Herrera, Fernando de. Born at Seville, Spain,
1534: tiled at Seville. 1.597, A celebrated Span-
ish lyric poet, surnamed "'the Divine." a friend
of Cervantes who wrote a sonnet in his honor.
His poetical works were published by his friend, the
painter Francisco Pacheco, in 1582 and 1619. He also
wrote "Relacion de la guerra de Chipre, y suceso de la
batalla naval de Lepanto" (1572), and " V'ida y Muerte de
Tonias Moro " (l,i9-2).
Herrera, Francisco, surnamed el Viejo ('the
Old ' ). Boi-n at Seville, Spaiu, about 1576: died
at Madrid, 16.56. A Spanish painter, etcher,
engraver, and architect. Among his best works
is a " Last Judgment," at Seville,
Herrera, Francisco, surnamed el Mozo ('the
Young'), Born at Seville, Spain, 1622: died
at Madrid, 1685.
Francisco HeiTera
Herrera, Jose Joaquin de. Born in Jalapa,
1792 : ilied at Tacubaya. Feb. 10, 1854. A Mexi-
can general and statesman. An officer in the Span-
ish array, he followed the defection of Iturbide in 1821,
but opposed him as emperor. He was sevenU times min-
ister of war ; was president of the Supreme Court ; and was
temporary president of the republic in 1844. He was elected
president Sept. 14, 1845. but was compelled to resign Dec.
30 : was second in command under Santa Anna during the
war witli the United states; and was again president dur-
ing a peaceful term. May :<0, 1848, to Jan. 16, 1851.
Herrera y Obes (ar-ra'rii § 6'bas), Julio. Born
at Jlimtexideo about 1846. An Uruguayan
statesiuan. He was a lawyer and journalist; was min-
ister of foreign affairs in 1872 ; on the fall of Ellaury (1875)
was banished ; rettirned in 1877 ; and was minister of gov-
Wilhelm). Bom at Hannover, Prussia, Nov
1.5, 1738: died at Slough, near Windsor, Eng-
land, Aitg, 25, 1822. A celebrated English as-
tronomer, of German birth. He joined the band of
the Hanoverian Guards as oboist at the age of 14 ; de-
serted and went to England in 1757 ; was engaged in the
teaching of music ; and attained considerable success as a
violinist and organist. He instructed himself in mathe-
matics and astronomy ; and in 1773 constructed a telescope
witii which he observed the Orion nebula. In 1775 he
erected his first large reflecting telescope. On March 13,
historian, professor of history at Halle. His
works include " (reschichte Griechenlands unter der Hetr-
schaft der Romer" (186t>-75X "Geschichte der Perser-
kriege" (1877). and, for encyclopedia.s. contributions on
Greek, Roman, and Byzantine history, etc.
Hertzen, or Herzen (hert'sen), Alexander.
Born at Moscow, March 25, 1812: tlied at Paris,
Jan, 21, 1870. A Russian author and political
agitator. He published in London and Hamburg in
Russian, French, German, and Englisli. He founded
in Loudon the liberal journal " Kolokol " (" The Bell ") in
1856. Among his works are the novel "Kto Vinovat"
(" Whose Fault," 1847), " Le monde russe et la revolution "
I186IM'.2), etc.
1781,hediscoTeredtheplanetUranus, naming it, in honor •rT„_,i; ;i.„,.',-, kn „,. -D.....K ^„ 2E<„mi; / ',-, kx
of George III., "Georgium Sidus," a name which was not Hetull (her u-h), or Erull, or Airull (er ll-ll)
accepted by astronomers. He was made court astronomer
in 1782. On Jan. 11, 1787, he discovered two satellites of
t^ranus (Oberon and Titania); on Aug. 28, 1'. 39,a sixth satel-
lite of Saturn (EnceladusX and on Sept. 17, 1789, a seventh
(Mimas). His great reflecting telescope (tube 39 feet 4
inches long) was erected in 1789. " In nearly every branch
of modern physical astronomy he was a pioneer. He was
the virtual founder of sidereal science. As an explorer of
the heavens he had but one rival — his son." Diet. Nat. Bioff.
A Germanic people, first mentioned in the 3d
century as dwelling near the Black Sea, and
as allies of the Goths. They joined with other
tribes under Odoacer in overthrowing the Western Empire
in 476. Their origimd home w-as probably on the Cinibrian
peninsula, whence, according to Jordanes, they were en-
tirely driven out by the Danes at the beginning of the 6th
centiiry. Nothing" is known of their ultimate fate.
A Spanish "painter, son of Hersent (er-son'), Louis. Born at Paris, March Hervas y PanduTO (ar-vas' e paii-do'ro) Lo-
^ ^ "■^'■"'^ — ^ -. - . " - . „ ' , , , renzo. Born at Cuenca, Spain, May 20, l/3o:
died at Rome, Italy, Aug. 24. 1809. A Jesuit
10, 1777 : died there, Oct, 2, 1860. A French his-
torical and portrait painter. He was a pupil of
Regnault.
Hersfeld (hers'feld). A town m the province of
Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, at the junction of the
Geisa and Haune with the Fulda, 32 miles south
by east of Cassel, It was formerly the seat of an old
Benedictine abbey. Itpassed to Hesse-Casselin 1&48. Pop-
ulation (1890), 6,758.
Herstal (hers'tal), formerly Heristal, or Heris-
tall (her'is-tal). A town iu the province of
Li6ge, Belgium, situated on the Meuse 3 miles
northeast of Iji&ge. It formerly contained a castle.
the residence of Pepin of Heristal, and was the birthplace
of Pepin and of Charles the Great (?). Population (1890),
13,87"
ernment under President Tajes, At the end of Tajes's Hertel (her'tel), Albert. Born at Berlin, April
term Herrera was elected president, March 1, 1890, for the
term ending Feb. '28, 1894.
Herreros, Manuel Breton de los. Born at
Quel, iu Logroiio. Spaiu, Dec. 19, 1800: died at
Madrid, Nov, 13, 1873. A Spanish dramatic and
satiric poet, author of 1.50 dramas. Among his
comedies are " Los dos Sobrinos," " El Ingenuo, " " El llom-
bre gnrdo.' "Todo es farsa en egte mundo," etc.
Herrick (her'ik), Bobert. Born at Loudon,
Aug., 1.591: died at Dean Pi'ior, Devonshire,
Oct., 1674. An English lyric poet, Inl«13hewaa
a fellow-commoner of St. John's, Cambridge. In 1616 he
went to Trinity Hall to study law. In 1629 he accepted the
living of Dean Prior. He was ejected in 1(47 for his roy-
alist principles, and went to London. He was restored in
1662. He published "Uesperides, or the Works both Hu-
man and Divine of Robert Herrick, Esq. "(1648). His ecun-
plete poems were edited by Grosart in 1876. .Many of his
poems were publislied anonymously.
Herring (her'ing). John Frederick. Bom in
SiuTey, 1795: died near Tunbridge Wells. Sept.
23. 1865. An English painter of horses. After
some years of service as a coachman he settled in Doncas-
ter. His best works were portraits of race-horses. He
19. 1843. A Prussian landscape-painter, noted
for his coloring.
Hertford (hert'ford or hiir'ford), or Herts
(hi'rts). A county in south midland England.
It is bounded by Bedford on the northwest. Cambridge
on the north. Esse-X on the east, Middlesex on the soutll,
and Buckingham on the west. The leading industry is
agriinlture. Area, 635 square miles. Population (1891X
22'i,iia.
Hertford. [ME. Hertford, AS. Hcortford. Heo-
rotford, hart-ford, from heorot, hart, and ford,
ford.] The capital of the county of Hertford,
situated on tlie Lea 20 miles north of London,
An ecclesiastical council called by Theodore, archbishop of
Canterbury, met here in 673. Population (1891). 7,'232.
Hertford College. A college of Oxford Uni-
versity, founded about 1282 by Elias de Hert-
ford as Hertford or Hart Hall, This foundation
(Hertford College from 1740) was dissolved in 1805 : and
the buildings, with other property, passed t<j ilagdalen
Hatl in 18'22. In 1874 Magdalen Hall was dissolved and
Hertford College reincorporated.
Hertha, See Serthus.
possessed more than any other painter of his day, except HertOgeubOSCh (her to-Oen-DOSCn'), B, or fleU
philologist. He taught philosophy at Madrid, spent
some years in America, and from 1S04 was libi-arian of the
Quirinal at Rome. He published numerous wt)rks on com-
parative philolog}', in Italian and Spanish, besides books on
astronomy, physics, etc., and a cosmograpbical work in 21
vols.
Her've (er-va'): assumed name of Florimond
Ronger. Bom at Houdain, Pas-de-Calais,
June 30, 1825: died at Paris. Nov. 3, 1892. A
French composer of operettas. According to Pou-
gin he claimed to be the founder of the kind of music ren-
dered famous by Offenbach. His works include "L'tEil
creve " (1867), "Le petit Faust' (lft>9), etc. In 1887 he
was conductor of the Empire Theatre, London,
Hervey (her'vl). John, Baron Hervey of lek-
worth. Born Oct.. 1696: died Aug., 1743, An
English politician, lord privy seal 1740-42. He
wrote ' • Memoirs of the Court of George II." (ed,
by Croker If'^S).
Hervey Islands. See Cook Islands.
Herward. See Hereirard.
Herwegh (her'veo). Georg. Born at Stuttgart,
Wiirtemberg, May 31, 1817 : died at Baden-Ba-
den, April 7. 1875. A German political poet. He
emigrated from Wiirtemberg in his youth, and settled at
Zurich, where, in 1S41, he published a volume of poems of
a political tendency, entitled "(iedichte cines Lebendi-
gen," which obtained great popularity with the Liltenil
party in Germany- He was one of the leaders of the un-
successful revolution in Baden in 1848.
Herzberg (herts 'bero), or Herzberg-on-the-
Elster (el'ster), A small town in the province
of Saxony, Prassia, situated on the Black Elster
56 niilos south of Berlin.
Herzberg, or Herzberg-in-the-Harz (hiirts). A
small town in the pro\ince of Hannover, Pms-
sia. on the Sieber 19 miles northeast of Got-
tingen. It has an old castle, and 'vas a former
residence of the dtikes of Brtinsvrick.
Herzegovina S<^1
Herzegovina (licit -SI --o-ve'nii), Turk. Hersek Hess, Karl Ernst Christoph. ,, . ,
(lu-r'sck) Foi-miMlv a saiijak of tlio vilavct of stadt, (icniiaiiy, .Jan. 22. li.i.i: died at Jluiurl.,
Bosnia, Tui-kev, since 1S78 administered l)V Aus- July 25, 1«2S. A (icrniau engraver. AmonK his
fViV „,;•',. . , , ,, „„: „ ,h, „„rti. bestworksiuu"AChai-latiin"afteil)ow, "Asoensiunof the
tna-Hiiiisrarv It is bounded by usm:. "'YJ^" »/"' virgin •' alter Oiiiclo ReMt. portraits after Kubens, and a
and northeast, Slonteiiet'ro on the southeast, and Dalniatia ; ">'' y. ■, .. ,, ,, .,ui,;!„i
on the west and southwest. The surfaee is nu.untaluous. »"') *"''"'> attei Kapnaei.
The inliabitanls are Slavs, and the languane Servian. It HeSS, Peter VOn. Buru at Dusseldorf, i'ruhsm,
was coni|Uered by the Turks in 14S3 ; was the scene of an July 29, I7S)2: died at Munich, April 4, 1871.
Hettstadt
insuiTtxtion iu lS7.T-7ti ; wasoceupied by Austria- Hungary
in Aug., 1S78 ; and was again tlie scene of an insurrection
(«liiib pnivcd unsuccess(nl) in 18iI-,Si.
Herzen, Alexander. See Jlcit-m.
Herz, mein Herz, warum so traurig? [G.,
' Heart, my lieart, why so sorrowful 1 'J A pop-
ular tTcrman song. The words were written liy J. R.
W\ss. .Ir., aliuut isli, and the music about 1814, by J. L.
K. i;liick, a i-KTt:>i
sur-Aube,
train " (N'ational CalUry in BerlinX "Battle of Leipsic,"
'Battle of Austcrlitz,"etc.
Born at Darm- Hesse-Nassau (hes'nas'a), (i. Hessen-Nassau
(h.'S ' sen-niis'sou). A province ot I'nissia,
formed iu 1808. Capital, Cassel. It cnniprises
nearly all Hesse-Cassel, nearly all Nassau, part of Hesse-
Hoinburg, the other cessions made by Hesse in 186(3, and
those made by Bavaria in 18(!(i. It is siirrounded by the
I'russian provinces of Saxony, Hannover, Westphalia, and
the Hhiue, Hesse, Bavaria, Waldcek, and Saxe-Weimar ;
and there are also several small exclaves. It surrounds
rpi)er Hesse. The surface is generally hilly, and in part
mountainou.«. The soil is generally fertile. Agriculture
and industries are flourishing. There ai-e 2 governmenl
districts, L'assil and Wiesbaden. Area, 6,058 square miles.
Population (ISIW), 1,664,4211.
" ■ " ' ■ ). The German dialect of old
ory about the upper Lahn, the
A lioted German painter of liattles and genre
scenes, son and pupil of Karl Krnst Christoph
Hess, and pupil of the Munich Academy. He
served in the campaigns of 1813-1.'"), and went to lireece in
lS33and to Russiainl8;i9tomakestudiesfor battle pictures •iTooo,"r^"7li(r<li'''.in
ordered by the czar. Among hisworksare "BatlleofArcis. IieSSian l.ne. n ,ui
-Aube " "Passage of the Beresina," "French Wagon- nessiau tcrruor;
Herzog (herl'sOcii. Johann Jakob. Born at Hggse (lies), G. Hessen (hes'sen). A landgravi- Middle German
Basid, Switzerland, Sept. 12, 1805: died Sept. ^jg yf the German-Roman Empire. It lay ah)ng Hessians
Fulda, and the Eder. With Upper and Middle Fran-
conianandTlmringi:in,it forms thegroupspeciflcidlycalled
30,1882. A (Jerman Protestant theologian. He
was professor at Lausanne ls3.'>-47, at Halle 1847-54, and
at Erlangen 18>1-T7. He eilited the "Eeal-Encyklopadie
fur protestantische Theobigie und Kirche " (1864-66).
Herzogenbuchsee (hert's6-geu-boch-za"). A
town in tlie canton of Bern, Switzerland, 20
miles northeast of Bern.
Herzogenbusch. See HrrUiticnhosi-h, '.S.
Herzog Ernst (hcrt'sog ernst). A Middle High
German poem,^vi-i tten iu Bavaria by an unknown
author in the latter part of the 12th century. It
recounts the marvelous adventures in the Orient of the
banished Duke F.rnst of swabia, who was at war with his
stepfather, the emperor Conrad II.
Hesekiel (he-za'ke-el), Georg Ludwig. Born
at Ilalle-on-the-Saale, Prussia, Aug. 12, 1819:
died at Berlin, Eel). 2(5. 1874. A German jour-
nalist and man of letters, author of poems, his-
torical novels, and a life of Bismarck (18()8).
Heshbon (hesh'bon). In Bible geography, a city
in Palestine, about 3G miles east of Jerusalem.
It was the cai)ital of Sib king of the Amoritc s. and af-
terward belonged successively to the Israelites and to tlio
Moabites. It was tributiuy to Thothiues III. It is the
moilern Hesblin.
Hesiod(he'si-od). [Gr-'IIo/otSof.] Aeelebrated
Greek poet. He was, according to a poem attributed to
him, born in the village of Ascra, in Boeotia, and probably
lived about 735 B. c. His youth was, according to the same
authority, spent in rural pursuits at his native village. He
appears to have lived during the latter part of bis life at
Orchomenus, where he is said to have been buried. The
obscurity in which his life is involved hiis led some critics
to adopt the oi)inion that the name does not represent an
actual person, but is a mere personiBcation of the Boiotian
or Uesiodic school of poetry, as opposed to the Homeric
or Ionic. Of the numerous works commonly ascribed to
him the most important are " Works and Days " ami " The-
ogony." The former is chiclly composed of precepts on
rural economy and maxims of morality ; the latter is an ac-
count of the origin of the world and the birth of the gods.
Hesione (lie-si'o-n6). [Gr. 'llo'or'/.] InCh-eekle-
gend.a daughte'rof Laomedon, king of Troy, and
ijcucipjie. .She wasexjioscd, as a propitiatoiy sacrifice, to
be killed by a sea-monster sent by Poseidonto devastate
the .Main and the middle Rhine, and extcndeil northciuit
ward to the Weser. The ancient inhabitants were the
Chatti. The landgraves of Thuringia became rulers in
Hesse in the 12th century. On the extinction of the Thii-
ringian line in 1247, various claimants appeared. In
1203, by the treaty of Wettin, Henry of Brabant acquir'-'
certain possessions, and styled himself landgrave ai
prince of Hesse, making I'assel his capital. Various aci|Ui
sitiouswereniade(Giessen,Uomburg.etc.). Philip the Mag
nanimous, landgrave of Hesse, wasone of the leailers of the
Keform:ition. \t liisdc atli in l.'i67 theeountry wasdivided
among bis four s..ns. and the linesof Hesse-Cassel, Hcsse-
I);oinsludl, lless.-Kluinfils(extinguished 1683), and Hesse-
Marburg (uxtinKUishcd 1604) were fonued. See below.
Hesse, Grand duchy of. A grand duchy and
state of the German Empire. It comprises mainly
two separate parts — the northern, consisting of the prov-
ince of IFpper Hesse (Oberlusscn), surroumlcd by Prussia ;
and the southern, consisting of tlie provinces of Starken
burg (east of the Rhine) and Rhine Hesse (west of tin
Rhine), bounded by l>iU85ia on the west and north, and
Bavaria and Baden on the east and south. There are also
11 snialkr exclaves. The chief physical features are the
OdcinvaUl, the Vogelsberg, outliers of the Taunus, and the
plains of the Rhine and Main. Hesse has considerable
production of wine and flourishing manufactures. The
capital is DaiTUstadt ; the chief city JIainz. The govern-
ment is abereditiiry constitutional monarchy witli a grand
duke and a Landtag of 2 chambers. Hesse has 3 repre-
sentatives in the Biindesrat and 9 in the Keichst,ag. The
religion of the majority is Protestant. The landgraviate
of Hesse- Darmstadt was constituted in 1.667. (See Ilesse,
above. ) It lost to France the territories west of the Rhine
in the wars of the French Revolution ; ceded various terri-
Uiries in 1803, but was largely increased by territories from
Mainz, the duchy of Westphalia, etc; entered the Confed-
eration of the Rhine in 1806, and becxine a grand duchy,
receiving territory : joined the Allies in 1813 : entered the HeSVChiUS (he-;
Germanic (.Vinfederation in 1816 ; ceded the duchy of W est- ,]„., f || .^j {[jp \iq
phalia to Pi'ussia in 1816, and made other cessions, but
received extensive territories and the towns of Mainz and
(liesh'anz). The natives or inhabi-
tants of llosse intiermany. The Hessians as a race
are the representatives of the ancient Teutonic people the
Catti (Chatti); they formed various minor states in Oer-
manv, of which the chief have been Hesse-Cassel (an-
nexed to Prussia in 1S66) and the grand duchy of Hesse,
called Hesse- Darmstadt pi-cvious to 1866.
certain possessions, and styled himself landgrave and HesSUS (hes'sos), HslluS EobanUS. Born at
"""' Halgehauseii, ilesse, Jan. U, 1488: died at Mar-
burg, Prussia, Oct. 4, 1.540. A German poet.
Among his Latin poems are versions of the
Psalms and of the Iliad.
Hestia (hes'ti-a). [Or. 'Eorm.] In Greek my-
thology, the giVddess of the hearth, daughter of
Cronos and Khea, identified with the Roman
Vesta.
Hestia. An asteroid (No. 46) discovered by Pog-
, „ __ , son at O.xford, Aug. IG, 1857.
burV"("e'ast' of tiie Rhine) and Rliin'e Hesse jwest^of the j[ggya,n (hes'vau), or Heshvan (hesh'van).
''""■"■""' "■ "> "-f "o-f > o,„ j-j^p], J The eighth month of the Jewish year,
corresponding to the latter part of Oct. and a
part of Nov. It has 2!) or 30 days. Its fuller form
is Miir-tieshoan, from Babylonian ardh-saiiiiui (with cus-
tomary phonetic change), eighth month. Like the other
names of the Hebrew months, it was borrowed from the
Babylonians about the time of the exile.
HesychastS (hes'i-kasts). [Gr. r'/avxarrrr/c, one
who leads a retired lite.] A body of monks who
lived on Mount Athos during the 14th century,
and aimed to attain, by tlie practice of con-
templation and asceticism, i)erfcct serenity of
mind, and hence supernatural insight and di-
vine light, with knowledge of the l)eity.
sik'i-us). IGr.'Uaix'oi-] Put to
jeginning of the 4th centtu-y. An
Egyptian bishop, reputed reviser of the Septua-
Worms; and received a constitution in 1820. It sided gint and the New Testament.
with Austria against Prussia in 1866, and was obliged to HcsychiUS. Lived in the (ith (or 4th ?) century.
make contributions and cede Hesse-Homburg and por- . I Ireek erammarian of Alexandria. He com-
tions of I'ppcr Hesse to Prussia, the grand duke being '^.. \"^ .. f-. . . ,-. .
compelled to enter the North Oerman Confederation for
his territories north ut the Main. From thiit time it lias
usually been calleil Hesse, instead of Hissc- Darmstadt.
Area, 2,066 square milts. Population (1806), 1,031, •"'
:iy a sea-monster sent ny roseiuon lo ucvasi-aie ■.■-■; -,~ p- j^-it -C^^A-^i^y, TinT.Ti nt Rvoa
Hercules slew the monster and set her free, and, HcSSe (hes'se), Adolf Fnedncll. Born at Bies-
thcland. , . , „,
when the promiseil reward was refused him, took Iroy
slew Laomedon and his sons, and gave Hesione to his com-
panion, Telamon, by whom she became the mother of
Tiuccr. . ■, . ,
Hesperia(lies-p6'ri-a). [(jT.'Eanfpia.\ Accord-
ing to the ancient Greeks, the region of the west,
espeeially Italy, and sometimes,accordingto the
poets, the Iberian peninsula.
Hesperides (In^s-iier'i-dez). [Gr.'E(T7rfYJ''%.] In
Grcc-k mythology, maidens, guardians of the
golden apples which Gaia ( Earth ) caused to grow
as a marriage-gift for Hora. They dwelt in the ex-
treme Wist, or, according to one accmint, among the Hy-
perboreans. According to Hcsio<l they were daughters of
Night ; in later accounts, daugliters of Atlas and Uesperis,
named .Kgle, Arclhusa, Erytbeia, and Hesperia.
Hesperus (lies'pe-rus). [Gr."E5jrfpor.] The even-
ing stiir, in (ireeK inythology.souofAstiTOUs and
Eos (according to Hesiod). He was regarded as iden-
tical with the morning star, and was hence called the
" Light-briiiger." (!ompare /'/(w/.i/iorf/vf.
Hesperus, in Arthurian legendjthe name given
to Sii' Pertolope, the Green Kniglit. Tennyson
calls liiiii tin- " Kvening Star": his famous combat took
place at dawn. See Ilt'Kperm, above.
Hesperus, Mount. See Handed Peak.
Hess (liesi.Heinrich Maria von. Born atDiis-
seldorf, Prussia, Ajiril l!l, 1798: dii'il at Munich,
A German historical painter.
lau, Prussia, Aug. 30, 1809 : died there, Aug. 5,
18()3. A German organist and eomposerfor the
organ.
Hesse (es), Jean Baptiste Alexandre. Born
at Paris, Sept. 3(1, 180(3: died at Paris, Aug. 7,
1879. A Frencli historical painter, nephew of
N. A. Hesse.
Hesse, Nicolas Auguste. Bom at Paris, 1795 :
died at Paris, June 14, 1869. A French histor-
ical painter.
Hesse-Cassel (hes'kas'el), or Electoral Hesse,
G. Hessen-Kassel (hes'sen-kiis'sel), or Kur-
hessen (kiir'hes-sen). A former landgraviate
and electorate which lay north ot Hesse-Darm-
stadt. It was formed in 1667 at the division of the Hessian
lands- was occupied by the French in the Seven Years' War;
furnishcil 22,000 troops for the lirltish service against the
United States ; lost to France in 1796 its territory westof
the Rhine ; received a few accessions and the electoral dig-
nity in 1803 ; was seized by the French in 1806 ; was allot-
ted to the kingdom of Westphalia in 1807 ; had its elector
restored in 1813; and received part of the principality of
Fulda ami other territories in 1816, and entered the (ier-
manlc tlonfedcration. A constitution was proclaimed in
18:il A constitutional struggle between the liberals and
piled a Greek lexicon, edited by Albert! and Ruhnkeli
1746-66, and by 11. Schmidt 1867-68.
The most important Byzantine lexicon bears the name
of HcsychiUS of Alexandria, who appears to have Iive<l in
the latter part of the fourth century ; but has unquestion-
ably come down to us in modilled form, including many
additions of a much later date. Hesychius himself was
probably a pagan, and a large portion of these additions
consists in Biblical glosses which must have proceeded
from the lien of some Christian grammarian. Tiie value
of the work is not much enhanced by these later additions.
But it is an iuestiniable aid t<i the study of the classical
authors, especially Homer, because it embodies in a large
measure the best traditions of the older grammarians of
Alexandria. It was derived immediately by Hesychius
from the dictionary, in live books, by Diogenianus, who
lived at Heraclea, in the Pontus, in the time of Hadiian ;
and this, again, was an extract from the great dictionai-y,
in ninety-live bixiks, by Pamphilus and Zopyrion, of the
school of Aristarebus.
A'. 0. Midler, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. .384.
l(/>mi(l/(fW'N.)
Hesychius, surnamed " The Illustrious." Born
at Miletus. Asia Minor: lived at the beginning
of the (ith century. A Greek historical and
biograjihic:!! writer.
Hetaeria Philike (liet-a-re'a fe-le'ke'). [NGr.
tTuiiiia (,V>/s//.] A secret political societyfoumled
at Odessa in 1814 for the purpose of liberating
Greece from the Turkish diuuination. in isjo it
chose as its leader Prince Alexander llypsilanti, who in
1S21 inailgurateil the (.'reek war for independence.
Hassenptliig in ls60 led to the armed intervention of Aus- jTg+j, (heth). A descendant of Canaan (Gen. X.
trlainai.lotllassenptlug. «c8se shied \yit_li Austria against -^^^^ _ ^^^^^^ ancestor of the family from whom
Piilssial
portion fori
March '29. 1.S63. A uerman nisioricai pamiei, ,+„„„„ -no-mofaHt nw'.K'diirin'slilt)
brother ,,f Peter von Hess: notedforhis frescos Hesse-DarmstadJOu^^
md was annexed by Prussia 18M. The greater "yi - , •- ii..,„i,,„,i.,),
f the province of Hesse-Nassau. Abraham purcdiased the cave Ot Maclipi l.iU
I part (
Hessi'. For its lii.s't ory, se<'//('.Mc,(.'r»/irf (/»(■/(// 'i/'.
in Munich.
Hess. Johann Jakob. Born at Zurich, Switzer- „ , ,, ' ,, ,i ■ \ n Tr»».,.^..
latifhoTr" 1741: died there. May 29, 1828. A Hesse^Hombur^ (hes'hom'berg), G. Hessen
Swiss Protestant theologian. His chief work is "'
Alaiulgra- (Gen. xx.).
now called Hettner (hct
'Lcbeiisgesi'hiclite Jesu" (1781).
Hess, Karl von. P'orn at DUsseldorf, Prussia,
1801: died at h'eii'hciihall, Bavaria, Nov. 16,1874.
A (ierinan painter, brother of Peter von Hess.
Hess, Karl Adolf Heinrich. Born sit Dresden,
1769: died at Wilheliiisdorf, near Vienna, July
3, 1849. A German jiainter of horses and bat-
tlo-seenes.
Homburg (lies'^sen-hom'boro). A former land-
graviate of Germany. Itlncluded Homburg-vor-der-
Hohc (n(ntb of Frankt'ort-tui-the-Main) and Meisenheim
(between llirlibincPalatinateandBirkonfeld). It branched
ilf fr
to lies
receive
Confcil
March,
llrsst--l)airnstadt in 1696; was made subordinate
i, -liainistacit in 1.S06, and imb-pendent In 1816;
I M.-iacnbeim in 1816; and entered the (lermanic
■ration in 1817. By extinction ot the house in
isiiii, it reverted to Hesse-Darmstadt, which iu
Sept., 1866, ceded it to Prussia. It now forms part of the
province of Ucsse-Nassau and of the Rhine Province.
See Jlittikv.
ner), Hermann Julius Theodor.
Born at Leisersdort, near Goldberg, Prussia,
March 12, 1821 : died at Dresden, Jlay 2t), 18)^2.
A German historian of literature and art. Hebe-
came professor at .Icna In 1861, and in 1866 wont to Drcs-
ileii as director of the royal collections of anthiuities, etc.
Iiter(186s) he became director of the Historical Museum
ami of the Rictscbel Museum. Mis chief work Is " Lit-
craturgeschichtc des 18. .lahrhuiidcrts " (1866-70).
Hettstadt, or Hettstedt (lut'stet). A town in
llic province of Saxoiiv. Pnissia. situated on the
Wipper 35 miles soutli of Magdeburg. Popula-
tion (1890), coiumuno, 8,641.
Heaglin
Heuglin (hoig'lin), Theodor von. Born at
Hirsehlanden, Geiiuany, March 1*0, 1824: tiled
at Stuttgart, Nov. 5, 1876. An African trav-
eler and ornithologrist. He was an able naturalist,
linguist, marksman, anil draftsman, ami his numerous ex-
peilitions resulted in Lollections and puMished works of
nu-e scientific value. His many-sidi-d exidorations carried
tiim to Arabia, Abyssiuia, and Kordofau (18')0-55); tu Ba-
yuda, Ked Sea, and Suniali coasts (1&;.(1) ; to Mensa, Bogos,
Barea, Adua, Gondar, and to Djamma, Galla-land. where he
met King Theodnrns (1861-62) ; and to the land of llie Dors
as far as the Dembo River (lSti3-64). In 18.SS-WI, and after
1864, he published 7 important works on his journeys
and on African oiTiithology. In lS7ft-71 he visit«d 8pitz-
bei-gen and Nova Zembla. on which regions he wrote 3
volumes, and in 1S74 he made his last Afiican tour along
the Red Sea and among the Beni Amer.
Heureaux le-ro'), Ulisse. Born about 1838.
A general and politician of the Dominican Re-
pulilic. Jle took an important part in the war with the
Spaniards 1806; became president of tlie republic l^-^'i-SS,
and again in 18S7: since then he has bt-eii continuously
rct'lccled, the last time in Feb.. 1S93.
Heusch(Uesch),orHeus(lies). Jacob van. Born
at Utrecht, Netherlands, 1657 : died at Utrecht,
1701, A Dutch painter, nephew of Willem van
Heusch.
Heusch, or Heus, Willem van. Lived in the
17th century. A Dutch landscape-painter.
Hevelius (hr-ve'li-us ; G. pron. ha-fa'le-os), ori-
ginally Hewel (ha'vel), or Hewelke (ha-vel'-
ke). Johannes. Born at Dautzic, Prussia, Jan.
28, IGll : died at Dantzic, Jan. 28. 1687. A Po-
lish astronomer. Aiter having completed his studies
at Leyden. he traveled in Holland, England, France, and
Germany 1630-34, when he returned to liis native city of
Dantzic, and devoted himself to the study of astronomy.
He was elected a judge in 1641, and a town councilor in
1651. Among his works are " Selenographia " (1647) and
" Prodromus astrononiiae " (1690).
Hewitt (hii'it), Abram Stevens. Born at Hav-
erstraw, N. Y., July 31, 1822. An American
statesman, son-in-lasv of Peter Cooper. He was
a Democratic member of Congress from New York 1875-79
and 1881-86, and mayor of New York 1887-88.
Hewitt, John Hill. Born at New York eitv,
July 11, ISOl: died at Baltimore, Md., Oct. 7,
1890. An American author, in 1825 he settled at
Baltimore, where he engaged in literary work, and was
brought into rivalry with Edgar Allan Poe. His best-known
work is tile ballad " The Minstrel's Return frnm the War."
Hexam (hek'sam), Lizzie. One of the principal
female characters in Dickens's "Oiu* Mutual
Frieud." She finally becomes the wife of Eu-
grene Wrayburn.
Hexapla (hek'sa-pla). [Gr, ra e^a-'/.d, sc. Bf/3A/a,
sixfold (Bible).j An edition of the Bible in six
versions. The name is especially given to a collection of
texts of the Old Testament collated by Origen. It contained
in six parallel columns the Hebrew text in Hebrew char-
acters and in Greek characters, the Septuagint with criti-
cal emendations, and versions by Syramachus, Aquila. and
Theodotion. There were also fragments of several other
versions.
Hexapolis (hek-sap'o-lis), Dorian. [Gr. 'EfdTro-
>./r, six cities.] In ancient (iireek history,a name
given to a league of six Dorian cities — Lindus,
Ialysus,Camirus(all in Rhodes), Halicarnassus,
Cnidus. and Cos.
Hexateucll (hek'sa-tiik). [From Gr. ff, six,
and rtrxff^y an implement, a book.] The first
six books of the Old Testament. The sixth book,
Joshua, relating the final settlement of the Jews in the
promised land, is a continuation of the Pentateuch, and
apparently forms with it a complete work, homogeneous
in both style and purpose.
Hexham (hek'sam). A town in Northumber-
hnid, England, situated on the Tyne 20 miles
west of Newcastle-on-Tvne. It contains a prioiy
church. Here, May 15, 1464, the Lancastrians under the
Duke of Somerset were totally defeated by the Yorkists
under Lord Montacute. Somerset was taken prisoner, and
was l^eheaded after the battle. Population (1891), 5,945.
Heyden (hi'den), Jan van der. Born at Gor-
kiim, Netherlands, 1637 (l(i40?): died at Am-
sterdam. 1712. A Dutch architectural painter.
Heylin,orHeylyn{hi'iin), Peter. Born at Bur-
ford, Oxfordshire, England, Nov. 29, 1600: died
at Lond(m. May 8, 1662. An English church his-
torian and controversialist. Among his works are
'■('nsmography "(ltl62).'*Ecclesia Restaurata: the History
of the Kcfnrmation of the Church of England "<16(il), etc.
Heyne (hi'ne). Christian Gottlob. Bom at
Chemnitz, Saxony, Sept. 25, 1729: died at Got-
tingen, Prussia, July 13, 1812. A German clas-
sical pliilologist and archaeologist, professor at
Gottingen 1763-1812. He published "Opnscula aca-
demica" (1785-1S12), and edited TibuUus (17r>5), Vergil
(17t;7-75), Pindar (1773), the Iliad (1&02), etc.
Heyse (hi'ze ). Johann Christian August, Bom
at Nordhausen, Prussia, April 21, 17(i4: died at
Magdeburg, Prussia. June 27, 1829. A German
grammarian, teacher successively at Olden-
burg, Nordhansen, and Magdeburg. He publish-
ed "Allgemeines Fremdwbrterburh " (1S04). '"Deutsche
Grammatik " (1814X " Deutsche Schulgranimatik " (1816X
etc.
502
Heyse, Johann Ludwig Paul. Bom at Berlin,
March 15. 1S30. A German novelist and poet.
He is the son of the philologist Karl AVilhelm Ludwig
Heyse. He studied at Berlin and Bonn. In 1849, and
again in 1852, he traveled in Italy. Since 1854 he has lived
in Munich. HisprincipjU works are his "Kovellen," 13 se-
ries of which have appeared from 18r>ii to lt»Sl under vari-
ous titles. Besides these he has puldlshed "Gesammelte
Novcllen .in Versen" (186;i). ''Syritha" (1867), "Die Ma-
donna in Olwald " (*'The Madonna of the Olive (Jrove,"
1879). Theno%'els "Die Kinder der Welt "("The Children
of the World ") and " In Paradies " ai)peai-ed in 1873 and
1875 respectively. He is the author of numerous dramas
written at various times from 1850 to 1881. An epic poem,
"Thekla," was published in 1858. "Das Skizzenbuch "
(" TheSketch-book "), a volume of poems, appeared in 1877 ;
"Der Salamander" in 1879; the collection of poems
" Verse aus Italien " in 1S80. His collected works ("Ge-
sammelte Schriften ") appeared, lN72-*iO, in 14 volumes.
Heyse, Karl Wilhelm Ludwig. Born at Ol-
denburg, Germany, Oct. 15, 1797: died at Ber-
lin, Nov. 25, 1855! A German philologist, son
of J. C. A. Heyse: professor at the University
of Berlin. He continued his father's grammatical works,
and wrote " System der Sprachwissenschaft " (1850), et<j.
Heyst (hist). A sea-bathing resort in the prov-
ince of West Flanders, Belgium, on the North
Sea 9 miles north of Bruges.
Heywood (ha'wud), A manufacturing town in
Lancashire, England, 8 miles north of Man-
chester. Population (1891), 23,286.
Heywood, John. Born about 1500 : died at Mech-
lin, Belgium, about 1580. A noted English epi-
grammatist. He was a sort of court jester, though of
good social position, and amused by his powers of repar-
tee. He was a favorite with t^ueen Mary, but when Eliza-
beth ascended the throne he retired to Mechlin, where he
is supposed to have died. He wrote 3 interludes in which
for the first time characters were pei-sonal and not mere
abstractions, and thus paved the way for English comedy.
The best-known of the interludes is the "Four P's : a
meriy interlude of a Palmer, a Pardoner, a Potycaiy, and
a Pedlar," printed between 1543 and 1.S47. His"Epiy;i-ams
and Proverbs " (1562) show both wit and humor, and were
ver>' popular. He wrote also " ITie Play of Love," " The
Play of the Wether," etc.
Heywood, Thomas. Born in Lincolnshire, Eng-
land: died about the middle of the 17th cen-
tury. A noted English dramati.st and miscel-
laneous writer. He speaks of his residence at Cam-
bridge in his " Apology for Actors," but there is no record
of him there. He was an actor, a member of the Lord
Admiral's, Earl of Southampton's, Earl of Derby's, Earl of
Worcester's, audtheQueen's companies. Afterthe death
of the queen he went back to the Earl of Worcester's com-
pany. He was a prolific writer. Among his plays are
"The Four Prentices of London, etc." (produced about
16tK): printed 1615), "Edward IV." (in 2 piU-ts), "If You
Knew not Me, You Knew Nobody, etc." (1605-06: in 2
pai-ts), "The Royal King aud the Loyal Subject "(printed
1637: acted much earlier), "A Woman Killed with Kind-
ness "(acted 1603: printed 1607). "The Fair Maid of the
Exchange " (1607). "The Golden Age" (1611). "TheSilver
Age"(1612X "The Bi-azen Age" (1613), "The Iron Age"
(1632 : 2 parts), "The Fair Maid of the West " (acted 1617 :
printed 1631), "The English Traveller" (printed 1633),
"Love's Mistress "(1636), "The Wise Woman of Hogsden "
(163s), " Fortune by Land and Sea " (with William Rowley :
printed 1655), "The Late Lancashire Witches"(withRich-
ard Brome: 1634). He wrote the lord mayor's pageants
for many years. Among his miscellaneous works are trans-
lations of Sallust, and selections from Lucian, Ovid, and
others; "Troia Britannic:i," a long heroic poem (1609);
"An Apolog>' for Actors" (1612: reprinted with altera-
tions by William Cartwright in 165\ with the title "The
Actors' Vindication") ; " England'sEliz:il)eth"(1631); "The
Hierarchy of the Blessed Angels," a long didactic poem
(1635).
Hezekiah (hez-f-M'a). [Heb., *God is my
strength.'] King of Judah for 29 years. The date
of his accession to the throne is vju-iougiy given as 727,
726, and 715 B. c. He restored the service of Jehovah,
purged the country of the idolatry which was 8i)read under
his father Ahaz, ami inaugurated a kind of revival of the
theocratic spirit. He obtained a series of victories over
the Philistines. Concerning his relation t^o Assyiia, ac-
counts are found in the Old Testament as well :is in the
cuneiffinn inscriptions. Hezekiah undertook to shake otf
the Assyrian supremacy underwliicli .Tnchih had groaned
since Uzziah. It would seem that Sb:dmaiieser IV. and
Sargoii were somehow prevented fiom punishing him.
But Sennacherib made two invasions into Judah. The tlrst
(702) is brietiy related in 2 Ki. xviii., according to which,
after Sennacherib had captured all the fortified cities in
.Tudah, Hezekiah submitted atid sent to the conqueror at
Laehish 300 talents of silver and 30 talents of gold. The
prism inscription of Sennacherib relates more fully that
he attacked Hezekiah because he kept Padi, king of Ek-
ron, prisoner in Jerusalem ; that he took 40 fenced cities
and many captives, and gave a part of his territory to the
kings of Ekron, Ashrlod, and G;iza; and that he besieged
Jerusalem, shutting up Hezekiah in it "like a bird in a
cage." Returning to Laehish, Sennacherib sent a letter
through his chief general(/ar/(?«) and prime minister (rnfc-
fihake) to Hezekiah. demanding the surrender of the rai>-
ital. The result of this invasion, as given in the biblical
record, was that the Assyrian army of 185,000 troops be-
sieging Jerusalem was smitten by the angel of the Ltn'd in
the night, and were "all dead corpses." The Ass3Tian in-
scriptions cont-ain no reference to the catastrophe of the
army, which is mostly explained to have been caused by
R pestilence; but this omission is easily accounted for by
national pride. The extraordinary event is corroborated
by a tradition presen'ed in Egypt, and heard 250 years later
by Herodotus. The divergences between the biblical and
the Assyrian accounts concern more seriously the chronol-
Hicks, Thomas
ogy. According to the biblical account Hezekiah reigned
727-699; for the destruction of the kini:doni of Israel in
722 is represented as taking place in his 6th yeai", and
Seimacherib's campaign, which fell in the Uth yearof Heze-
kiah, would have to be put iu 713. But Sennacherib did
not come to the throne before 705, and the date of the
campaign in the inscriptions (701) is therefore preferable.
Again, the illness of Hezekiah, liis recttveiy, and the con-
gratulatorj- embassy from Merodach-Baladan, to whom he
showed his rich treasures, are represented in the Bible as
happening after the collision with Seiniacherib. But this
must have occurred before the treasury wjis emptied to
pav the heavv tribute to Assyria ((. e., 704 or 703).
H. H. The pseudonj-m (for Helen Hunt ) of Helen
Maria Fiske (Mrs. Hunt ; afterward Mrs. Jack-
son).
Hiawatha (hi-a-wa'ta or hi-a-wa'tha). A per-
sonage of miraculous birth, known by this name
among the Iroquois, and by other names among
other ti'ibes of North American Indians. He was
sent among them to teach them the arts of peace. "In any
foiTu the tale has been known to the whites less than 50
years, and the Onondaga version first had publicity through
Mr. J. V. H. Clark, in a communication to the New Vork
'Commercial Advertiser.' He obtained it from two Onon-
daga chiefs. Schoolcraft used these notes before they
were included in Clark's bistorj-, anil afterward appropri-
ated the name for his Western Indian legends, where it
had no proper place. About the same time, Mr. Alfred
B. Street had a few original notes from other Iroquois
sources, which he used in his metrical romance of 'I-Yon-
tenac,' along with some from Schoolcraft. Thus, when
Liingfellow's 'Hiawatha' appeared, I was prepared to
greet an old fiiend, and was surprised at being introduced
to an Ojibway instead of an Iro(|Uois leader." (W. M. Brau-
champ, Journal Amer. Folk-Lore, IV, 29.'>.) Longfellow's
poem " Hiawatha," published in 185o, was based on School*
craft. The latter's " Myth of Hiawatha " was published in
1856, and dedicated to Longfellow.
Hiazus. See Yftroo.
Hibbert Lectures, A foundation instituted by
the trustees of Robert Hibbert, a West India
merchant, "who died in L^49. For many years the
trustees applied the funds mainly to the higher culture
of students for the Unitarian ministry, but in 1878 re-
solved to institute Hibbert Lectures, with a view to capa-
ble and really honest treatment of unsettled problems in
theology, apart from the interest of any particular church
or system. Amongst the lecturers have been Max Muller,
Page Ren^mf, Renan, Rhys Davids, Kuenen, Beard, R^-
xUle, Ptieiderer, Rhys, Sayce, and Hatch. Chambers's En-
ci/cIojJtedia^ V. 702.
nibernia (hi-ber'ni-a), or Ibernia (i-ber'ni-a),
or Ivernia (I-ver'ni-a). [L. Hibemifi, Ireriia,
Jnvernn, Irnia, Jerue ; Gr. 'lovFpviOf Ifpvr/i all
appar. representing the (->Ui Celtic form of Eritij
In-hnuh] An ancient name of Ireland.
Hibitos (e-be'tos). Atribe of Penman Indians
on the njiper Huallaga. apparently a branch of
the Chnnchos. From about 1676 to 1790 they were
gathered into mission villages ; later the missions were
broken np. the Hibitos returned to a wild life, and nothing
is now known of them. Also written Xfbitos.
Hibueros (e-b6-a'r6s),orHigueros (e-gwa'ros).
The Aztec name for Central America : some-
times used by Cortes and others before 1530.
Hickathrift (hik'a-thrift), Tom. A mythical
strung man.
Tom Hickathrift belongs to the same series as Jack the
Giant-killer, one of the popuhir corruptions of oUl north-
ern romances. It seems to allude to some of the insur-
rections in the Isle of Ely, such as that of Uereward,
described in Wright's Essays, ii. 91. Spelman, however,
describes a tradition, which he says was credited by the
iidiabitants of Tylney, in which Hickifric appeai-s as the
assertor of the rights of their ancestors, and the means he
employed on the occasion correspond with incidents in
the following tale. Ualliwell, Nm-sery Rhymes.
Hickes (hiks), Greorge. Born at Newsham, near
Thirsk, Yorkshire, June 'JO. ir)4L>: died Dec. 15,
1715. An English nonjuring divine, AngUv
Saxon scholar, and controversialist. His chief
works are "Institutiones Granimaticae Anglo-Saxonica"
(1689), "Linguamm veterum Septentrionalium ITiesau-
rus" (170S-O5).
Hickok (hik'ok). Laurens Perseus. Born at
Bethel, Conn., Dec. 29, 1708 : died at Amherst,
Mass., May 1, 1888. An American clergyman
and metaphysician. He was president of Tnion Col-
lege 1866-68. Among his works are " Rational Psychology "
(1848X "Moral Science" (is'-S), "Empirical Psycholog>"
{ls.>4), " Rational Cosmt .logv "(l^'iS). "I 'reator and Creation
(187-2X and '■ TheLogic of Re:isi..n "(1875).
Hickory (hik'o-n), Old. A nickname given to
General Andrew Jackson, from the toughness
and strength of his character.
Hickory Pole Canvass. The presidential can-
vass of 1S28 in behalf of Jackson C*01d Hick-
orv").
Hicks (hiks),Elias. Born at Hempstead. N.Y.,
March 19. 1748: died at Jeridio, N. Y., Feh. 27,
1830. An American preacher of the Society of
Friends, fotmder of the denomination of the
Hicksites, He pnblished "Observations on
Slavery "(1811)/' Doctrinal Epistle "(lS24),etc.
Hicks, 'George Edgar. Born at L>Tniugton,
Enghiiul. 1824. An English genre-pamter.
Hicks, Thomas. Born at Xewtown. Bucks Coun-
ty, Pa., Oct. 18, 1823: died at Trentou Falls,
I
Hicks, Thomas 503 Hildesheim
X. Y., Oct. 8, 1890. An Araeriean painter, espo- Hietan. See Comaiirhi: at Poitiers, Franco: died at Poitiers, Jan. 13,
cially of portraits. Among his works are " Ed- Higden(liig'den).orHigdon(Iiig'don),Ranulf. 308 a. D. A Gaulish prelate and theologian, a
will Booth as [a!;(>.''"lli-iiry WardBeecher,"etc. Died at Chester about 1363. An English chron- noted opponent of Arianisin. Uc became bislioi) o(
Hicks (hiks), William, Hicks Pasha. Born icier. He took the vows of a Benedictine iu the Abbey roititra alj.mt 353 His cbief works are " De Triuitate,"
1831 : killed near El Olieid, Kordofan, .Vfrica, of St. Weiburg, in Chester, about 1299. Ue was the au- _' l>c syi.o.lis, ami conimeiituiu-s.
Nov. 4, 1883. A British officer. Uc commanacd thor of a general historj- entitled "Polychronicon" (which HllariUS or Hilary, Saint: surnamed Arela-
the Egyptian army against the Mahdi in 18s3, and was ^ee). _ • T, ■ -c- ^^^f^^ ^ "* Aries ). Born m (..aul aljout 401 :
dcfiatwl l.y him Nov. 3, at Kashgil, near r.Kil.tid. Hlgginson (uig in-son), Francis. Born in Eng- .lud .May 0,44!). A Gaulish prelate. He became
Hicks-Beach (hiks'bech'), sir Michael Ed- land about 1587: died at Salciu, Mass.. Aug. bishup of .Arks in 429, and was deprived by Leo the Great
ward. Born at London. Oct. 23, 1S37. An Eng- 0, 1(J30. An English clergyman. He emignited "''"s rights as metropolitan i_n 445.
Ii«l, l.ar,.n..t -nid Consi-rvitive Dolitician Hp to Massachusetts in 1C29, and wrote '■ New England's I'lan- Hilary (hil an), hee Jiilaniis.
w±hle/sc:rio"for*r;ehu,d'i87l-7s; ';:;lo.UaVsecret.IJ? tations " (1630. cu.y.,r..v-. T Pi . HUary's Day, St. A feast commemorated on
1878^0; chancellor of the exchequer and leader of the Klgginson, J Olin. iJorn at t laymooke, LiCices- Jan. 1.3 by the Church ot England, and ou Jan.
House of Commons 18S5-8t) : chief sccrctaiT tor Ireland trrshire. England, Aug. (>, 1(110: died at Salem, 14 bv the Church of Rome. The Hilary Term at ox-
ls8(J-»7; president of the lioard of trade 1883-92; and Mass.. Dec.'.), 1708. An American clergyman, ford iiegins on Jan. 14, and ends ou the .Saturday next be-
chamcUov of the exche.iucr 1S95-. ^^^^^ ^^j Friiicis Ili.'i'iuson '"re Pnlm Sunday.
Hick or Hycke Scorner . A morality printed by Higginson.ThomasWentWOrth. Born at Cam- in law, the Hilary Term ie one of the four terms of the
\>>iihyinle \\orilc. bridge, Mass., Dec. 22, 1823. An American au- Courts of Law in England. It begins Jan. 11 and ends
HlCksiteS (hik sits). Aseceibngbodyof Inends ,i,„,.^,.;„HT>onnslm,l n« mi oimonent of slavery •'■'"■ •"■ '^'"^ ""•"'>' 5't''"8s >'ow begin Jan. 11, and end
or Quakers, followers of Elias Hicks, formed in i° ;„ ,'ied?^utvar,?h, i^l 1 fd was orda ned u Zv. "^ 'y^'^^^A^, ''"'""' ^^h'^.'- ^'''''T^"' ""^ ^"""P. 1
fl,,. II.,;t.»,l «fot/>= ;« iao7 o.„I l,f>lii;i.<» ><r>r.;.i;a,i ''e>ra<umicuaiuiiryiu-<iinir«i,unu iva»oiu.»mcuuii<>.., the Courts of Chancery and Common Law were regulated
the United States in 1827, and holding-bocinian retired from the ministry in l.S58; and was colonel of the [, y,^ ^^,^^^_ j^ ^j^ ^„_j Latn-e,we, Law Diet,
doctrines. tti-st colored regiment m the Civil \V ar. Hehas pulilished ' '^ ■' •
Hicks' <? Hall The sessions house of the county "OuWoor Papers" (1863X "Harvard Memorial P.iogra- Hlld. 8re ///Wrt.
T^,fiS S-a,buiit?;^ m2 ai^take^ KS^ffin^^Il^^e^S^":;!^^™^^?^.:^^: ^da Oul^Ui), -Hild(hiM)^ei,et.l.y called
down in 17S2. says ' (1871), " Young Folks^History of the United .States" Saint Hilda. [AS. Ihl,l h. //iVr/rt.] Born in
Hidalgo de Cisneros y Latorre (e-diil'go da (ls7.';),"LargerHistoryof thellnitedStates"(ls84)."Hinto the \\ est Killing ol iorkshire, England, fal4:
thes-ua'r6soUi-trir'rri),Baltazar. BoruatCar- "l')l"^"?^"'^^T>e^ch-m^kwe" (im),,itc died at Wliitby. England, Nov. 17, 680. An Eng-
tagi^na about 175.-. : died there, June 9, 1829. A High Bncige. A bridge built-in 1N40 at 1,5th l,.sh abl.,-ss. she was a descendant of the royal North-
c:.^..,;=i, ,.o„<,..oi o.,.l n.l.„;.,;utnotr.,. Ti street 111 New York, to carry the trotoii acaie- umlprian Ime, became abbess of Hartlepool m 649, and
Spanish general and adiumistrator. He com- ,.,,,....„,.„.,. ,i,„ Harem Riv"er into the city It founded the monastery of Whithy in 6.=i8.
manded various ships and squadrons in the wars with Eng- ""^t acioss lue jriaiiem niM r into luo tiiy. it „., , , -, t?,,„i„„,i „;,.i ., ,,„;„»„,. ;,, ti„,,,
land and Fr.mce, and w^is wounded at the battle of Traffi- is 1,4(!0 feetj long, and has 13 granite arches. The arches Hilda. A New Eng and gii 1 a pamte , in Ua w-
gar. He became lieutenant-general in Nov., 1S05. Ap- are 110 feet high. thorue's novel "llie Marble 1* aun." A tower,
pointed viceroy ot Buenos Ayres by the junta of .Seville, he Highflyer (hi'fli 'er) . A bay race-horse by Her- with the Virgin's image before which she is fabled to have
took possession of the ottice July .m. 1809. but was deposed ml foaled in 1774 He was "the property of Richard '^''P' ^ perpetual light burning, and where the doves came
by the revolution of May, IMO : June 21, 1810, he was Tattersall, founderof '" TattersalPs " in London, who made »? '''^''"^- >? -"''"w" ^'s Hilda's Tower in Home,
forced to leave the countrj-. The Spanish government ^g.'. UOO by his purchase, "Tattersall's " has alw.ays at- HlldbUTghaUSeil (hllt'borti-hou-zeu). A town
eioneriited him. He held various iinportant posts : was ,rii,uted the establishment of its fortune to the success in the duchy of Saxc-Meiiiingen, Germany, sit-
ZatVfc'Tsiruntfl deised'bJ ih^re vofuU.m'ofls ill' ?,' "jj' "V^^' ?f^^^,^^ 't '" 'I'', ""^f''' T?''' ',iT fl™' ^^^ted on the Werra in lat. 50° 2G' N., long. 10°
ann.umi ec., ISIS, uiHniiei)uscu uj uie itvoiutinu oi io„u. the Byeily Turk, the third great family of English thor- , •/ t:^ -„ . . ,,,.., ^, -^ , , .. y
Tlie rcvohitionists iinprisoned him for some time. 1 rom ou^hbretl stillions Rice ^ <= 44 ilj. Previous to 1S20 it was the capital of the former
Nov.. ... he was captain-general of the department of ^^ ' 1. A subuiO, of Londoii, in ^^[^^^^^i:^^^^;^^^ StB^^iZ-
^f^I^'^^^^^'£!x^^&^^ ^^^^i^^^^^^^^^^^^^oll va^in, ncLvendome/Franc. alKint ,055 : died
lubuanajuato, ilaj *, l/.w. aieuat Luumauua, the level of the Thames at Tours, France, Dec. 18, 1134. A French prel-
Aug. 1, 1811. The first leader of the Mexican 2. An old gate formerly standing at the south ate, theologian, and author, bishop of Le Mans
war for independence. He was curate of the village p^d of King street, which runs from Whitehall (made arclibishop of Tours in 1125).
of iMores, where he proclaimed a revolt Sept, 16, 181U. ^ Westminster. The gate-house was taken Hildebrand (hil'de-braud). See Gregory FIJ.
nie undisciplined army which he gathered marched to- ~y ,, couLuiiioi-ci. ^uv gcuu,^ ±±^/u.jv> ,tc*o vaa.^^ uA^\A\.uAn,uu v / j j
ward Mexico and defeated Trnsillo llct. 30, 1810; but it dOWn in 1(23. (fope).
was beaten l)y Calk j,i, and Hidalgo fell back on <iu;iilala- Hlgh-HeelS and Lo'W-Heels. Two parties in Hildebrand. A celebrated legendary character
jarx There he raised bis army to 1iki,(»ki imii but was |^ilii,„it, in "I iulliver's Travels " by Swift, in- of German romance. He is an old man, part of whose
S?mi''ira\f yrMl'^'ue ie\ig'l«l\n'l icd^ t^''"l'-il «'^ ^»ti'->'-*^ tl^e Tories and Whigs. stoiTis told in the •• Hildebrandslied," hut who also ap.
r';du!dsUtes^if,V,«?ap^STried:andsh!.^"' Highland Mary. The name given to Mary l?oTf^.\t^'Rr.S:: '-Id thrhero^^^^^^^ •*""
Hidatsa(he-dii'tsii). A division of North Ameri- Campbell and Mary Morison, sweethearts of Hildebrandslied(hil'de-briinds-led). [C'Soiig
eaiiliidians comprisiiigthe Hidatsa proper and Hie poet^Biiriis .^..■.- „ of Hil.lel.rand.'] An Old High German poem in
the Absaroka or Crow. The Hidatsa proper, also Highlands (hi l.atidz) The. A district in north- „„iterative verse, of unknown authorship, pre-
<ralkMi.Minitari,haveerrorieously iieenslyleilOrosVentres. ei'U ana western Scotlainl. or vatTue limits. It a • e * v • ■ i
The Hidatsa proper, who number 202, are in u village on fncdudes the Hebrides, the counties of .r.-gyll, Inverness; ^erye^ in a fragmentary form in a single manil-
tlie Fort llcrthold reservation, North Dakotji. SeeSiouan. Jioss and Cromarty, Sutherland, an<l Caithness, and parts script which dates from the end ot tlie 8tli cen-
Hiddekel. See Ti'iria. of Nairn, Elgin, Banll, Aberdeen, Kincanline. Forfar, tury. It is important as the only extant example of old
Hidimba (hi-dim'lia) (raasc), Hidimba (hi- Perth, Stirling, Dumbarton, and Bute. The inhaliitants German heroic poetry. Its subject is the combat of Hil-
,li.n'l.:i Wf..„i 1 r„ ftii,,lii i.,vlhnl,„ri- u ii.ivvpr areraainlyof Celtic stock. The Highlands are celebrated debrand with his son Hadubrand,
dim b,i) (tern.). In H n.Iii m.>lHolog> a power- ,„„omantic sceneiT: they contain the highest mountains Hildpbrandt niil'de-brint ) Eduard Born at
tul demon, a caiiiilbal, wlio dwelt in the torest in Great P.iitain. The Highland clans took .an active part ailaeDranai; (ini <ie 01 .nil), iiQUara. cinii ai
to which the Pandavas retired after the burning on the Il.^yalist side in thecivilwarsof l(!42-50,for James ilantzic, I riissia, Sept. 9, I.SIS: died at IJcrllu,
of their house. He sent his sister Hidimba to lure them IJ- ml.-«9, and in the .T^obite risings of 1715 and 1745 Oct. 25, l.SOS. A (iermau lau.lscape-painter.
to him but she fell in love with lihima, lihiniii, refusing Highlands 01 the HudsoH. A range of hills Hildebrandt, Ferdinand Theodor. Bom at
her advances, had to light with Hidimba, whom he slew; and low mountains in eastern New York, in Stettin, I'russia, July 2, 1S04: died at Diissel-
l.ut be afierward married her. Orange, Putnam, Dutchess, and Rockland couu- dorf, I'russia, Sept. 29, 1874. A German his-
HierapollS (m-e-rap o-lis). [Gr. IfpuTroA/r sa- {j^g^ Prominent points are Fishkill Mountain, .Storm torical painter. Amonghishest works are "Murder of
cred city. J 1. An ancient city ot i'lirygia, Asia King, Crow's Nest, Dondeiberg, Anthony's Nose, and West the .Sons of Edw.ird IV. '(183(1), "Othello relating his Ad-
Minor, situated about lat. 37° 57' N., long. 29° Point, ventures" (1847).
E.:themoaernl";ii.ibiikKalessi. It was held sacred Highland WldoW, The^ A story by Sir Walter Hildebrandt, Johann Maria. Born at lliis-
on account of its hot spiiiiu's and cave "Plutonium," and S<*ott, pultlislied ill 1827. sehlorl", (icriiinuN'. March VJ, 1807: died in M a da-
was the birthidace of |-.pict,tn8, ,,,,.„ High Life Below Stairs. A comedy farce by gascar, Mav29, 'I8SI. Au African traveler and
2 An aiicient city of Syria situated in lat. 30° t,,g ^^^ j^^^gg Townloy (1759). It was attrib- botanist. The fields of his e,xplo,-ation were- in 1872-73
dl N., long. 3(° Ob L.: the Greek Bambyce nted to Garriek. Bogos and Somali-land ; in 1875 the tract between Mom-
(l!n//,V> (,//), and the modern Membid.j. gjgjj pg^^ n^i pgk). An elevated region in the ','"»•' i"'"' ^'o",'" ^•"""^ ■ "' \*""-»i Mail'igfc.u-, where he
Hierizim (hi-er'i-/.im). [(Jrigiii doubtful, but ,„f,„,,,,„ ^.^ ^f the Peak, in Derbyshire, Eng- ; ?:;.V:;";;"Tre ("^iif t'he" " oir d' BedhrGeogn phi!
probablydue to some mistake.] Kicciuirsiiauu' ,.„„,^ „; J^i,,.^ oast-southeast of Manchester, cai sociJiy of the Bedm (.eograpw
forthestar,n'ygiii,ordinarilyknowna.s-l//«rto. ,j„,p,i f,„. ,|„. ('„slletoii caverns. Hildegard(liil'de-giird), Saint. Born at B()ckel-
Hiero (hi'e-ro), or Hieron (hi'e-ron), I. [tir. HighPeak,orMountLinCOln(niountling'kon). heim, diocese of Mainz, Germany, about 1098:
'It/jwi'.] Died at Catania, Sicily, 46/ B.C. Tyrant q^q ^f ,ijg ^,||i,,( ^nnimits of the Catskills', in died at Kupertsberg, near Bingen, Germany,
of Syracuse, brother of Gelon whom he sue- Ny^yYo,.^, Height, about 3,000 feet. Sept. 17, 1179. A German alibess, noted for her
ceeded about 478 B '^ He was noted as a pa- gj (e-gwi'). A region orso-called "prov- miraculous visions. She founded the convent
tron of literature. In 4i 4 he defeated the Etrus- '^fS;^^* ,.^ ^%■^^i \„ u^^ , >^^, ^f , .„u,mbus. It was of Kup.-rtsberg in 1 148. Her revelations were
cans near Uimiu. at the eastern end of the island, and was governed by a piiblishcd ill 1098.
Uiero 11. Born about 30/ B. 0. : died 210 B. C. chief called Cotubanama, who revolted, but was tlnally Hildcn (hil'den). A manufacturing town in the
King of Syracuse. He lieeame general of the Syracu- subdueil about 1.506, It is an Indian name. Also written l{l,ini. I'l-ovince Prussia ,situated on the liter
an'y'of' Kome'fl:" ' ""'' "' '''"'""'^''' '^ ' "'"' ^""'""""'^ ^^^' '"s, "^//«y,<-. ^. ""'''^ east-^southeast of' Dusseldorf. Popula-
Hierocles (hi-er'(Vk!e/.). [Gr. 'If/jo/c>.«.] A na- Hika '(hij'kil). [An «/-/ir(YV, the white spot.] 'iVj' v'""* m''m'\ 1- . a •. • *i
live of Caria, Komaii ,,rocoiisul in Bithynia, and A name given to the little group of stars in the Hlldesheim (hil des-him). A city in the prov-
later in Alexandria, during the reign of Diode- h,.,ul of tJrion, iu which gi'oup X is the most con- >'"•'• "' ;i"'i;>^''''"' P'-'i-'-sia, situated on the In-
tian: said t.) have incited tJiat emperor to his spicuous. ner.ste 19 miles southeast of Hannover, it u
r^nx,, ,..,t;.^.. , I- 11 , r'i,..;„<;...,„ „ . > . tVIi ■ ,^^<-> ■ ^ a • i t> i.mi 1 i.\ renowned for its specimena of medieval and German Re-
persecution ol the Clirislians. He wrote a work in Hllanon(hl-la'n-Qn), Saint. BornatThabatha, „„i,sanee buihiings. The cathednd is an early-Koman-
Greek, now lost, entitled "Tnithdoving \\ ords t.) the near Gaza, Palestine, about 300 A. D. : died in esoue monumentwithalatePointedsouthaisleand north
Clmstians In which Christ was m.favorably compared (1 -jyi ,\ licrmit of Palestine. He intro- transept. The interior has been barbarized, but preserves
wMth A,M,llomu8 of Tyana. It was answered by Eusebius ,,,-,'^ ,,;''• .,,:„,,, ;„.„ that country ™'"« ''^^ «"^' '^''"'■'•" '"niitiire and a noteworthy sculp-
ofCresarea, 'V'' «"'.' '''"'i'-^l^^ I'*'" '''° '"'!!.' ""'''"^Jv ,,, - tnrcd Renaissance n.od-lofl. The brass doors between the
Hierocles. Lived in the 5th century A. D. An HllanUS (hi-la ri-ns). [L. HiUiriux. UT.'1/.npior. vestibule at the west erul and the nave date from 101.5, and
Alexandrian Neoidatonic jihilosopher, reputed checiful, merry, P. Ilihiire, It. //((Wi), Sp. Pg. l,eail(iinterestingreliefsof ihe"l''aH"and"Uedcmption."
author of an extant commentary on the "Golden IliUirioA Born in Sardinia: died 467. Bishop Tlie two-storied cloister is decorated Hom:mes,|ue, St.
V, ■ " !• n .1 <• ij ii'i ir7 A ichaels, formerly the Benedctine abbey church, IS one
\erses • of Pythagoras. "f •^".""' -^''y."- „ •,, .,c,w 1 of the noidest Romanesque monnmenls in Germany, It
HieronymUS. See Jerome. HllariUS, or Hilary (nil a-n), Saint: 8Urname<l ,vasliniltcariyinlhelItlicenturv,andsomewh,it modifled
Hierosolyma. See Jerusalem. Pictaviensis ('of Poitiers'). Bom probably in the 12th and 13th, There are double transepts, and a
Hildesheim
choir at each eud, that towarU the west standing over
a columned crypt. Every tiiird support of the nave is a
massive pier; tliose ititerveuiiig are columns. Tlie nave
has a flat wooden celling which is covered with remark-
able scriptural paintings of the lith century. There is
a fine Romanes(|Ue cloister with Pointed vaulting. The
Church of St. Goilehai d, one of the most notable of Herman
Komanesiiue structiu-es, was built in the middle of the
12th century. The choir is French in character. Three
massive towers ch.aracterize the exterior, and there is a
rich sculptured doorway on the northwest. Other ob-
jectsof interest are the Kathaus, Kuockenhauer-Amthaus,
Wedekind house, etc. Hildesheim became the seat of a
bishiipric in 81S, and was a HiUlseatic town. Population
(I8tto), couunune, 33,461.
Hildesheim, Bishopric of. Abishopric of which
tbo oitv I'f llilileshi'im was the capital. Its seat
was removed from F.lze to Hildesheim in 818. It was ac-
quired bv Prussia in 18 i3, was made part of the kingdom
of We.stplialia in 1S07, and was a.ssigned to Uannover in
IS!.-..
Hildreth (hil'dreth), Richard. Bom at Deer-
lielJ, Mass., June 22, 1S07: died at Florence,
Italy, July 11, 1865. An American historian
and journalist. He was admitted to the bar in 18.30,
but abandoned law in 18o2 and became a member of the
editorial stalf of the Boston "Atlas." His chief work is a
" History of the United States" (0 vols. lS49-.i6).
Hilgard (hirgard), Julius Erasmus. Born at
Zweibi-iieken, Bavaria, Jan. 7, l.Si!.5: died at
Washington, D. C, May 8, 1891. iVn American
physicist. He emigrated with his father from Germany
to the United States in 1835, and in 1845 was appointed to
a position on the United States Coast Survey, of which he
was superintendent 18S1-S5.
Hilkiah (hil-ki'a). [Heb., ' Jehovah is my por-
tion.'] The high priest in the time of Josiali,
liiiig of Judah, who discovered the book of the
law in the temple.
Hill (hil), Aaron. Born at Loudon, Feb. 10,
1685 : died 1750 (?). An English poet, drama-
tist, and general writer.
Hill, Abigail. Sec Mnsham.
Hill, Ambrose Powell. Bom in Culpeper
County, Va., Nov. S), 1825 : killed near Peters-
burg, S'a. , April 2, 1865. An American general.
He graduated at West Point in 1847, fought in the Mexi-
can war, and became a colonel in tlie Confedei-ate ai'my
in 1861. He served in General Johnston's command
at the tii-st battle of Bull Run ; commanded a brigade at
the battle of Williamsburg ; became a major-general in
1802 ; paj'ticipated in the seven days" battles ai-ound Kich-
mond and in the second battle of Bull Run ; rcinf.irced
General Lee at Antietam ; commanded the right wing of
General Jackson's corps at Fredericksbiu'g ; ci)nmianded
the center at Chancellorsville ; became lieutenant-general
in 1803 ; commanded a corps at Gettysbui'g ; participated
in the action at Bristol Station (1863) ; repelled with Long-
street the Union attack on the Weldon Railroad ; and was
siiot near Petersburg by stragglers from the Union ai-my.
Hill, Daniel Harvey. Born at Hill's Iron
Works, York district, S. C, July 12, 1821: died
at Charlotte, N. C, Sept. 24, 1889. An Ameri-
can general. He graduated at West Point in 1842;
served in the Mexican war ; became professor of mathe-
matics and military tactics in Washington College, Vir-
ginia, in 1849; professor of mathematics in Davidson Col-
lege, .North Carolina, in 1854 ; and president of the North
Carolina Military Institute at Charlotte in 1859 ; and was
commissioned colonel in the Confederate anny at the
begimdng of the Civil War. In Sept., ISiS, during the
Maryland campaign, he held the pass in the Blue Ridge,
near Boonesboro, until Jackson had captured Harper's
Ferry and Lee had crossed the Potomac. He was pro-
moted lieutenant-general in 1803, and commanded a corps
under Bni;;g at the battle of ChickaniaUKa. He became
prcsidi nt of the .\rkansas Industrial University in 1877.
Hill, David Bennett. Bom at Havana, N. Y.,
Aug. 29, 1843. An American lawyer and Demo-
cratic politi<*ian. He waseleLtctl lieutenant-governor
of New York in 1882; became governor on tlie election of
Cleveland to the presidency ; was elected governor in 1*^5,
and again ir) 18SS; was chosen United .states senator in
IS (I ; and \\:is defeated for govenmr in 18:i4.
Hill, Rowland. Born at Hawkestoue, Sliroj)-
.sliire, England, Aug. 23, 1744 : died at London,
April 11, 1833. An English preacher. He grad-
uated B. A. at Cambridge in 17G9 ; became curate of
Kingston, Somerset, in 1773 ; and erected Surrey Chapel,
Ix)ndon. in 1783. His most notable work is " Village Dia-
logues'• (1810).
Hill, Rowland, tirst Viscount Hill. Born at
Prees, Shropshire, England, Aug. 11, 1772: died
at Hardwicke Grange, near Shrewsbury, Eng-
land. Dec. 10, 1842. An English general, nephew
of Rowland Hill (1744-18;;3). He entered thearmy
as ensign in 1790 ; was promoted lieutenant-general in
1809 ; served with distinction in the Peninsular war and
at the battle of Waterloo ; was created B:u-on Hill of .\1-
roarez and Hawkestone in 1814 ; was promote*! genend in
1825; was commander-in-chief of the British army 1828-42 ;
and was created viscount in 1842.
Hill, Sir Rowland. Born at Kidderminster,
England, Dec. 3. 1795: died at Hampstead, near
London, Aug. 27. 1879. The author of the pen-
ny postal system. He published in 1837 a pamphlet
entitled " Post Office Reform ; ils Importance and I*rac-
ticability," in which he recommended the adoption
thrungliout the United Kin'.:dtini of a uniform rate of 1
Senny for letters not exceeding half an ounce. -An act em-
odyiug thia proposition was passed by Parliament in 1839,
504
and the penny rate was introduced in 1840. He was ap-
pointed secretai-y to the postmajiter-general in 184G ; was
secretary to the post-otfice ls54-t>4 ; and was knighted in
]»I10.
Hill, Thomas. Born at New Brunswick, N. J..
Jan. 7, 1818: died at Waltham, Mass., Nov. 2,
1891. An American educator and Unitarian
clergyman. He was presidentof Antioch College 18.'i9-
18*J2, and of Harvard College 18G2-tJ8 ; and at the time of
his death had chai'geof a I'nitarian church at Waltham,
Alassachusetts. He invented a number of mathematical
machines, the best-known of which is the occultator ; and
was the author of " Curvature " (lS5t)), etc.
Hillah(hil'lii),orHilleh{hil'le). A town in the
vilayet of Bagdad, Asiatic Tiirkev, situated on
the Euphi-ates in lat. 32° 28' N., long. 44° 28' E.
It is the place situated neai'cst to the site of ancient Baby-
lon, and is built almost entirely with bricks from the
mound El-Kasr, i.e. the ruins of the once gorgeous palace
of Nebuchadnezzar. Its inhabitants carry on a brisk trade
in bricks which they dig out of the mounds and sell as
building materiaL Population, estimated, about 10,000.
Hillard (hil'Urd), George Stillman. Born at
Machias, Maine, Sept. 22, 1808 : died at Boston,
Jan. 21, 1879. An American journalist and mis-
cellaneous writer. He published "Six Mouths in
Italy "(18;i3), "Life and Campaigns of George B. McClel-
lan " (1804), school readers, etc.
Hillel (hil'el). Boru in Babylonia, a descendant
of the family of David. President of the San-
hedrim 30b. "c. -9a. D.,appointedby Herod I. He
lived in poor eircumstauces, and went to Jerusalem to
study the law under Shemaiyah and Abtalion, becomhig
there the reorganizer of Jewish life and the founder of T;d-
mudic Judaism. By his introduction of the seven dialec-
tical rules for the interpretation of the law, he gave its
study a rational basis. He also enacted many reforms
which affected the whole social fabric of his time. He was
the first of the presidents of the Sanhedrim to be honored
with the title nasi (i. e., ' prince,' ' patriarch *). and the pa-
triarchate remainea thenceforth hercditarj' in his family
until its extinction. He was particularly distinguished for
his humility, gentleness, and lii)eral, humane spiriL From
his numerous sayings and maxims may be mentioned " Do
not judge thy neighbor until thou hast stood in his place."
" Do not beUeve in thyself till the day of thy death," and
the most celebrated,"Do not unto others what thou wouldst
not have done unto thyself. This is the whole law : the
rest, go and finish."
Hillel n. Patriarch 360 A. D. He introduced defi-
nite rules for the calculation and fixing of the Jewish calen-
dar, which St ill form the groundwork of Jewish reckoning.
Hiller (hil'ler). Ferdinand. Bom at Fraukfort-
ou-the-Maiu, Oct. 24, 181 1 : died at Cologne, May
10, 1885. An eminent Uerman composer, pian-
ist, director, and writer on music, of Hebrew de-
scent. He became municipal kapellmeister at DUssel-
doi'f iu 1847, and at Cologne in 1S50. He conducted the
Lower Rhine festivals from 1850 whenever they were held
in Cologne. His works include the oratorio "Die Zersto-
rung Jerusalems" ("The Destruction of Jerns.alem," 1839),
symphonies (notably his " Spring Symphony in E "), con-
certos (notably the pianoforte concerto in F' minor), can-
tatas, choral works, songs, chamber music, etc.
Hiller, originally Hiiller (hiil'ler), Johann
Adam. Born at Wendischossig, near Gorlitz,
Pmssia, Dec. 25, 1728 : died at Leipsic, June 16,
1804. A German composer of operettas, songs,
and church music, resident in Leipsic after 17.58.
He was the first to compose the " Singspiele" (operettas),
and the founder of a series of public concerts sinc« fa-
mous as the "Gewandhaus Concerts "(from being given in
the hall of the Gewandhaus after 1781).
Hillerod (hil'le-red). A town in the Island of
Zealand, Denmark, 21 miles north-northwest of
Copenhagen. It is noted for the palace of Frederiks-
borg (the historical museum of Denmark), an imposing
Renaissance structure of red brick with towers ami pedi-
ments, built early in the 17th century by Christian IV.
The apartments of the interior are richly decorated. The
palace chiu'ch, in which many Danish kings have been
crowned, is excellent artistically, despite its exuberant
richness in gilding and color.
Hille'Viones (hil'e-^i-o'nez). The name given
by Pliny to the Germanic tribes of Scandinavia.
It is of unknown etjTuology and uncertain ap-
plication.
Hillhouse (hirhou.s). James. Bom at Mont-
ville, Coun., Oct. 21, 1754 : died at New Haven,
Conn., Dee. 29, 1832. An American pcditician.
He was United States senator (Federalist) from
Connecticut 1796-1810.
Hillhouse, James Abraham. Bom at New Ha-
ven, Conn., Sept. 26, 1789: died near New Ha-
ven, Jan. 4, 1841. An American poet, son of
James Hillhouse. He published "The Judgment : a
Vision" (1812), and the dramas "Perc.v's Mjis*iue " (1820)
and "Iladad" (1825). In 1839 he pnblishetl his works in
2 volumes.
Hilliard (hil'yard), Henry Washington. Born
at Fayetteville, N. C, Aug. 4, 1808 : died at .At-
lanta. 6a., Dec. 17, 1892. An American lawyer.
He graduated at South Carolina College in 1826; was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1829; and was a member of Congress
from Alabama 1845-51. He was appointed ( 'onf ederate com-
missioner to Teiniessee by Jelfcr>on Davis, ami held the
rank of brigadier-general in the (Confederate army. He
was United States minister to Brazil 1877-81. He wrote
''Speeches and Addresses " (1855), "De Vane: a Story of
Plebeians and Patricians " (1666X and " Politics and Pen
Pictures " (1892).
Hincmar
Hilliard, Nicholas. Btirn at Exeter, 1537:
died at London, 1619. An English miniatiu'e-
i>aiiiter.
Hill of the Nymphs. See Nymplixum.
Hillsdale (hilz'dal). A city and the capital of
Hillsdale (bounty, southern Michigan, 85 miles
west-southwest of Detroit : the seat of Hills-
dale College (Freewill Baptist). Population
(1890), 3,915.
Hill Tipperah (hil tip'e-ra). A tributaiT state
of British India, intersected by lat. 23° 30' N.,
long. 91° 45' E. Area, 4,086 square miles.
Population (1891), 137.442.
Hilo (he'lo). A seaport situated on the east-
ern coast of the island of Hawaii, in lat. 19° 44' ,J
N..- long. 155° 4' W. I
Hilversum (hil'ver-sum). A town in the prov-
ince of North Holland, Netlierlamls, 16 miles
southeast of Amsterdam. Population (1889),
commiuK, 12,393.
Himalaya(him-ii'l,a-ya or him-a-la'ya), or Him-
alayas (-yaz). [Skt., 'snow-at)ode.'i A moun-
tain s.ystem in Asia, extending from about long.
73° to 96° E. along the northern frontier of Hin-
dustan : the ancient Emodus, Imaus. etc. It is
connected with the Hindu Kushon thewest.aiul with the
plateau of Tibet on the north, and contains the sources of
the rivers Indus, Ganges,and Brahmaputra. The mountains
rise from the plain of the Ganges in ranges generally par-
allel. The two main chains are the southern orOnter Ilima-
laya, and northern or Inner Himalaya ; there are also the
sub-Himalayan or Siwalik Hills and various other outer
ranges. The highest peaks (the highest in the world) are
Everest (29,002 feet), Godwin-Austen (2s. 250 feet), Kun-
chiujinga (28,176 feet), Dhwalagiri (26,820 feet). Two peaks
app:u"ently higher than Mt. Everest were seen by Graham
in 1SS4. Tire range is crossed by few good passes (by none
except in the western parts). Length, about 1,500 miles.
Himera (him'e-rji). The ancient name of two
rivers in Sicily, one flowing south (the Salso),
and the other north past Himera.
Himera. In ancient geography, a town on the
northern coast of Sicily, 20 miles southeast of
Palermo, it was founded by Greek colonists iu the 7th
century B. C. Here, 480 B. C, Gelon of Syracuse defeated
the Carthaginians. It was destroyed about 408 B. c. Ther-
m£e (the moaern Termini) was founded in the vicinity.
Himilco (hi-mil'ko). [Gr. 'l/j(/'.kui'.] 1. Lived
about 500 (?) B.C. A Carthaginian na-s-igator. Ac-
cording to Pliny he conducted a voyage of discovery from
Gades northwar-d along the coast of Europe. It is inferred
from passages iu the " Ora Maritima" of Festns Avienus
that the voyage of Himilco may have extended to the Sar-
gasso Sea.
With a little good fortune the admiral [HimUco] would
have discovered America more than 2,0(K) years before the
birth of Columbus, but " the magicians on board " were
too powerful to allow the prosecution of the adventurous
voyage. They had arrived at the sarga-sso Sea.
Ettoti, Oilgins of Eng. Hist., p. 2L
2. Lived about 400 B. c. A Carthaginian gen-
eral in SieUy.
Himmel (hiiu'mel),FriedrichHeinrich. Bom
at Treuenbiietzen, Brandenburg, Prussia, Nov.
20, 1765 : died at Beriin, June 8, 1814. A Ger-
man composer, author of the opera " Fanchon,
das Leierm!idchen,"'librettobyKotzebue (1805),
"Der Kobold" (1804), a number of cantatas,
oratorios, songs, etc.
Himyarites (him'ya-rits). The former people
of southwestern Arabia, or Y'emen, said to be
so called after an ancient king Himyar : now
more often known as Saheaiis.
Himyaritic (him-ya-rit'ik). The former lan-
guage of southwestern Ai-abia, especially of the
Himyaritic inscriptions, it nas an Anbic dialect,
more nearly akin to Abyssinian than is the classical Ara-
bic; it has been crowded out of existence by the latter.
Hinayana (hi-na-ya'na). [Skt., ' Little Vehi-
cle."J The southern sehooi of Buddhism. See
Hinckley (hingk'li). A town in Leicestershire,
England, 13 miles southwest of Leicester.
Population (1891), 9.638.
Hinckley, Thomas. Bom in England about
1618: died at Barnstable, Mass., April 25, 1706.
(iovemor of Plymouth colony. He came to Scit-
uate with his piu-ents in 16;>5. and in 1639 removed to Barn-
stable. He was deputy governor of Plymouth in 1680.
and, except during the administration of Sir Edmund An-
dros, was governor 1681-92.
Hincks (hiugks), Edward. Born at Cork, Ire-
land, 1792 : died at KiUyleagh, County Down,
Ireland, Dec. 3. 1866. An Iinsh AssjTiologist
and Egyptologist.
Hincks," Sir Francis. Bomat Cork, 1807: died
■it Montreal, Aug. 18. 1885. A Canadian states-
man. He emigrated to Canada in 1832, founded the To-
rnnto "Examiuer" in 1SS8, .and the Montreal "Pilot" in
1844 ; was premier of Canada 1851-54 ; and was govenior
iif P.arbados and the Windward Islands 1855-62, and of
P.ritish Guiana lS62-<i9.
Hincmar (hingk'miir). Born about 806 : died
at fipernay, Dec. 21, 882. A French prelate.
Hincmar
Hi- was desccmU'd frmii a noble West Frankish family,
w i^ i-ducatud at the Abbey of St. Denis untler IliUtilin, and
\\.i5 appointed arehbishop of RheiuiB by t'liailes the liald
ill M5. Ho played a conspieuous part in the thenlo^rieal
movuuientti of liis tinte, notably in the prede^tinarian con
troversy, in whieh he supported I'aseliasius Kadbertus.
His chief work is the "Aunales Bertiniaid "(fi"om 801 to
882). His complete works were lirst published by Sirmond
in Itn.'i.
Hind (liiiid \ John Russell. Bom at Nottiug-
hain. May 12, 18L'^ ; .HimI Uee. 23, IS!)"). An Kng-
li.sli astronomer. He was superintendent of the Nau-
tical .\lnmnac Office for many years, and discovered 10
planetoids and several comets. He published " The Solar
System ■ (lH4(i). "Astronomical Vocabulary" (1S62). "Ele-
ments of Aluebra" (]N,'i."i), etc.
Hind and the Panther, The. A satirical poem
by Diyilen. |iutilisli<'ii l(iS7 : a defense of Koman
Catliolieism. Tlie hind tyjiiliod the Churcli of
Koine ; the panther, the Chiu-ch of England.
Hindi (liin'de). A mo<l<>rn dialect of northern
India, differing from Jlinilnstani in being a
pnrir Aryan clialect. See Hindnslnnl.
Hindley (hlnd'li). A manufacttmng town in
Lancashire, England, 19 miles northeast of Liv-
erpool. Population (1891). 18,973.
Hindley, Charles. Died at Brighton, May, 1893.
An Knglisli bonksidler. Ue wrote a pood dealforthe
press, and several books, but is best known as the author
of " Motbei- sbipton's Prophecy," assumetl to have been
published in 144-..
Hindol diiu-dol'). A tributary state of Orissa,
British India, intersected by" lat. 20° -40' N.,
hilig. 8.->OL>0' E.
Hindoos. See Uindu.i.
Hinduism (liin'di>-izm). A term used to desig-
naie the aggregate of the religious beliefs and
practices developed in modern times from the
earlier Brahmaliism. Hinduism subordinates the wor-
ship of the purely spiritual Brahman (noni. Brahma) (see
Brahnm), with its first manifestation Brahma (brahma),
to that of Shiva and Vishnu, or of their wives, or of some
form of these deitie-s while each sect exalts its own god to
tin- place of the Supreme. The J'uranas (which see) are
its Hible.
Hindu Kush (hiii'dii kosh). A range of moun-
tains situated mainly in Afghanistan and Kafir-
istan, extending from about long. 67° to 7-i° E. :
often identified with the ancient Paropamisus.
It is a vvestci'ii continuation of the Himalaj'a
range. Highest point, over 23,000 feet.
Hindur (hin-diir'). A native state in the Pan jab,
India, intersected by lat. 31° N.. long. 7G°45' E.
Hindus ( hin'doz), or Hindoos. The native race
in India descended fi-oiii tlic ^Vi'yan conquerors.
'I'heir purest leprcsentatives Itdonp to the two great his-
t<tric castes of T'l-ahmaris and Kajputs. Many of the non-
Aryan inhabitants of India have been largely llilldnized.
The Hindus speak vai ions dialects di-iived tr<ini SaTiskiit,
as Hindi, Hiiidnstani, P.cn-ali, Maratbi, etc. \l..i,- loosely,
the name includes also the iion-Ar\an inliabit;udsi>f India.
Hindustan (liin-d.i-siiiii'), or Hindostan (hiu-
do-st-iii'), orlndostan (in-do-stiin'), Tlie land
of the Hindus; the central peninsula of Asia,
or, in a more restricted .sense, that portion
north of the Vindhya Mountains, or even the
valley of the upjier Ganges. See India.
Hindustani(hin-d()-stan'e). Oneofthelanguages
of Hindustan, a form of Hindi wliich grew up in
the camps of the Mohammedan comiuerors of
India, siiK'e the Uth century, as a medium of
comnninication between them and the suliject
population of I'ential Hindustan. It is more cor-
rupted in form than Hindi, and abounds with Persian ami
Arabic words. It is the otiicial language ami means of
general JTiten-'nirse throughout ne;u-ly tlie whole penin-
sula. Also called I'rillt.
Hinganghat (hin-gan-gat'). A small town in
the Wardha district, Centra'. Provinces, British
India, situated in lat. 20° 34' N., long. 78° ri2' E.
Hingham(hir>g'am). A town in Plymouth Coun-
ty. .Massacliusctts, situated on Boston harbor 12
miles southeast of Boston. Poi)ulatiou (1890),
4,.'->(>4.
Hinnom(hfn'om), The Valley of. Heefirlinina.
Hinojosa (e-no-iio'sii). Pedro de. Born at
Tnijillo about 1490: died :il I 'huc|uisaca, I'pper
Peru, May (i. l.")r)3. A Spanish soldier. He was
a follower of Pizarro in Peru ; fought against the Ahna-
gros in 15:i8 and i:.42 ; followed the relielli4*n ot lionzalo
Pizarro in l-^4.^> ; and as caption of his ships took Panannt
and Nombre ile l»ios. iiasca induced Htniijosa to desert
to the royal siile with his whole fleet (Nov. Ill, 1.^4(i), and
this defcctliui insured the defeat of the rebellion. Oasca
gave him the command of his amiy, and Bubse(iuently he
was nnide governor of Charcas, where he received rich
giants, lie was murdered there by conspirators.
Hinojosa del Duque (del dfi'ka). A town in the
pioviiH'e of Cordova, S])ain, 43 miles north-
northwest of Cordova. Population (1.HS7), 9.470.
Hinterland (hin'ter-land; (i. [ir(ui. hin'ter-
liinl ). [(i.,'b;ick-lanil.'] .\(ierman term used
specifically for regions in Africa inland from
the European coast possossions: as, the British
505
"Hinterland " of the Gold Coast, or the German
"Hinterland" of Kamerun.
Hinter Bhein (hiu'ter rin). [G.,' Back Khine.']
A liver in the canton of Grisous, Switzerland,
uniting with the Voider Kheiu to form the Rhine
at Kcichenau.
Hinton (hin'ton), James. Bom at Reading in
1822: died Dec. 10, 1875. An English physician
and philosophical writer. Ue was apprenticed to a
clothier at London in lS.'iS ; became a mend)er of the Royal
Collet cot Siu-geou8 in 1847 ; began the ju-actice of medicine
at London in IS.SO: and wasleettu-eronaurrdsurgeiyatCuy's
H<)spital lst.;i-74. when he abandoned medicine to devote
]iinis< If to ]diilosoT»bical studies. Among his works are
".Man and his liw.Uing-Plaec " (IS.W), "The Mystery of
Pain " (18l)i;), ami '■ The Place of the Physician " (1873). Ue
edited " Physiology for Prartical I se " (1874).
Hinton (hin'ton). John Howard. Born at Ox-
ford, England, March 24, 1791: died at Bristol,
England, Dec. 17, 1873. An English Baptist
(dergyman and atit hor. He had charge of Devonshue
Square Chapel, Bishopsgate street, London, 1837-63. He
wrote "Theology, or an Attempt towards a Consistent View
of the wlKde Counsel of (iod " (1827), " The Work of the
Holy Spirit in Conversion Considered " (1830). '• Memoir of
John Howard Hinton " (1835), etc. : and edited "The His-
tory and Topography of the United States" (1830-32).
HiogO (he-o'go). A seaport in the main island
of Japan, situated in lat. 34° 40' N., long. 13.5°
12' E. It is one of the chief commercial places of ,Tapan,
opened to European commerce in 1808. Population, with
Kobe (ISIW), l:>ii,!)08.
Hiouen-Tsang (he-wen 'tsiiug'). A Chinese
Buddhist pilgrim who visited 110 eoimtries and
places in India 629-64.') A. D. Of the two works re-
lating to his travels, neither was written by himself. The
first is a bilditigraphiral notice, in which his travels form a
principal feature, composed by two of his pupils, Hoei-li
and Ven-Tson^' ; the second ("Memoirs of the Countries of
the West ") was edited by Pien-ki. These works, translated
into French by .Tulien, are an invaluable source for the his-
tory of the times. Hiouen-Tsang is said to have translated
from Sanskrit into Chinese 057 works.
Hipparchus(hi-par'kus). [Gr."In-jrap;i;or.] Died
at Athens, 514 B. c. A tyrant of Athens, son of
PisistratiiS. He reigned in conjunction with his t)rother
Hippias from 527 to 514, when he was slain by Harmodius
and .-\ristogiton. See Ilarnwdius.
Hipparchus. Born at Nicaea, Bithynia : lived
about 160-125 B. c. A celebrated Greek astron-
omer, the founder of scientific astronomy. He
catalogued the stars, invented the planisphere, auii made
a luimberof most important discoveries, including the ec-
centricity'if tlie solar orbit, sonieof tin- ineiinalitiesof the
moons motion, the precession of the equinoxes, etc.
Hippel (hip'pcl), Theodor Gottlieb von. Born
at Gerd;iucn, East Prussia. .Tan. 31, 1741: died
at Konigsljerg, Prussia, April 23, 1796. A Ger-
man humorist. HisworksincIude"inierdieEhe"("On
MalTiage," 1774), "Lebenslaufe nach aufsteigender Linie"
("Careers according to an Ascending Line." 1778-81), etc.
His collected works were published 1827-38.
Hippias (hip'i-as). [Gr. 'I7r-/nf.] Died about
490 B. c. A son of Pisistratus, whom he suc-
ci'ccleil ast\Tant of Athens (jointly with Hippar-
chus) in 527. He was sole niler from 514, and
was expelled in 510.
Hippo, or Hippo Regius (hip'O re'ji-ns). [Gr.
'\~-^>,n' ,iuni'/ik(ii;.] In ancient geography, a city
of Numidia, near the site of the modern Bona.
Augustine was bishop of Hippo. It was burned
by the Vandals in 430.
Hippocrates (hi-pok'ra-tez). [Gr. 'iTrmw/xirr/r.]
liorn in tlic island of ('os about 460 B. c. : died
at Larissa. Thessaly, ab(mt 377. A famous
(ireek jdiysician, siu'uamed " the Fatherof Med-
icine." The 87 treatises forming the so-called "Hippo-
cratic Collection " have been edited by Kuhn 182tt-27, by
Ermerins ISSO-OS, and by Littri 18;i9-«l (with translation).
See the extract.
The lift- of Hiiipocrates is shrouded in a strange mist,
considering t he exti'aordiuary celebrity of the man. In the
late biograidues which renndu to us, the following facts
seem worthy of record. A certain Soranus of Kos, other-
wise unknown, is said to have made special researches
among the records of the Aselepiad guild, in which Iliji-
pocrates was set down as the seventeenth in descent from
the god Asdepios, and born on the 20th of the mtmth Ag-
riaims, in the year 4ti0 ». C. The inhabitaids were still
ottering him the honours of a hero. He seems t^t have
traveled about a good deal, particularly in the t-ountries
around the northern .Kgean, and to have died at an ad-
vanced age, at Larissa in Thessaly, leaving two sons, Thes-
sains and Drakrtn. Many of his d'eseendanta and followers
in the school of Kos were called after him -- Suidas enu-
merates seven in all — so that this additional uncertainty
of authorship attai-hes to his alleged writings. The many
statues of him agreed in representing him with his heatl
covered, a jieculiarity whicli excited many baseless and
some absurd conjectures. Abstracting carefully from the
numerous Hip[iocrate8 mentioned in contemporary Attic
literature, there are two undoubted references to thegreat
physi(-lau of Kos in Plato, and tnie in .\ristophanes, which
establish the epoch assigned to him in the biographies.
He is saidto have been instructed liy Herodh-usof Selym-
bria, and Corglasof lx>ontliu. a legentl arising merely fi-om
the con fusing of this 11 erodicus with another physician who
Intiipencd to be the brother of Corgias. There is n() vi-stige
of eitlier Heroilicus' practice or Corgias" rhetoric in the ex-
tant treatises; but Hippocrates assuredly, like Pericles,
Hiram
trained himself for a large knou ledge of his special pursuit
by a familiarity with the nietaphysic of the day. His al-
leged study of the great plague at .\thens is not corrolw-
nded by a c<»mparison willl Thucydides' account. The
works pronounced getniine by Littrc in the large collec-
tion of UippocRttic writings wbichstill survive arethese:
the treatises on "Ancient Medicine," on "Prognitsis"
(which includes our diagnosis in the largest sense), the
" Epidemics" (i. and iii.), the -'Treatment of Acute Dis-
eases," the tracts on joints, fractures, and surgical instru-
ments applied to them, on head wounds, and the "Oath"
and " Law " of the guild.
Mahapj, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., II. 47.
Hippocrene (hip'o-kren or hii>-o-kre'ne). [Gr.
'VTT-unpi/vii.'l A fountain on Mount Helicon, Boe-
otia, sacred to the Muses.
Hippodamia (hip'o-da-mi'a)^ or Hippodameia
(hip'o-da-mi'a), [Gr. 'iTToAi/nvn.] In (iret-k le-
gend: (a) The daughter of (Enonui us, and wife
of Pelops. 0>) A daughter of Atra.K, one of the
Lai)itha\ At her marriage with Perithous the
liattle of the ('etitanrs and Lnjiithu' took place.
Hippodamus (lii-pod'a-mus) of Miletus. [Gr.
'l7T-u6aui>e.^ A (ii'eek sophist, architect, and en-
gineer, who laid out the Piranis, and later con-
structed Thurion and Uhodes. His work was done
on definite pnneiples and according to a carefully devised
system which was always followed in laying out new Greek
cities.
Hippolita (hi-pol'i-ta). 1. See IIiiipiiUile.— 2.
In Shakspere's " Miilsummer Night's Dream,"
queen of the Amazons, betrothed to Theseus.
She also appears as the bride of Theseus in
" The Two Noble Kinsmen." — 3. The principal
female character in Wycherley's comedy "The
Gentleman Dancing Master."
Hippolyte(hi-pol'i-te). [Gv.'l--o7.iT)i.'\ In clas-
sical mythology, a queen of the Amazons, she
was the daughter of Ares and Otrera, and wore as an em-
blem of her dignity a girdle received from her father. This
girdle was coveted by Eniystheus, who ordered Hercules
to fetch it. Hercules was kindly received at her coin-t. and
was prondsed tin- --'itdlc ; but Hera roused the Amazons
by spreading the rcpoif that tbeii- queen w-as being robbed,
and Hercules, lielic\ ingthat Hippolytewas plotting against
his life, killcil her aTid can itil away the girdle.
Hippolyte. See Hi/jipolitc.
HippolytUS (hi-pol'i-tus). [(ir. 'l-7r('>>.i-Tuc.'] In
Greek legend, the son of Theseus and Hippolyte
or Antiope, and stepson of Pha-dra. Pluedra fell
in love with him, luil was repulsed, ami in revenec falsely
accused him U) Thesens of making improper pioposals to
her. Theseus called upon Poseidon to avenge hini, and,
accordingly, as Hippolytus was riding along the shore, the
god sent a bull out of the sea against hiiu. His horses
were frightened, and he was thrown out of his chariot and
dragged until he died. When Theseus discovered the in-
nocence of his son, Pha?dra killed herself in despair. See
I'h^eiirn.
Hippolytus. 1 . A tragedy by Euripides, exhib-
ited in 428 B. C.
The " Hippolytus "[of Euripides] is our earliest example
of a romaidiir stihject in the Greek drama. We are told
that it obtained the first place against lophon and Ion's
competition, but we are not told whether or what other
plays accompaiued it, nor of the plays it defeated. The
earlier version of the play was not 4)nly read and adnnred,
but possibly copied in the play of Seneca ; yet it failed at
Athens, chiefly, it is thought, because of the boldness with
which Pha'dra tohl her love in i»erson to her stepson, and
then in person maligned him to his father.
Mahajlii, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 333.
2. A trageily by Seneca, also called '' Plitedra,"
founded upon the same legend.
The "Hippolytus" of Seneca, from which the scene of
Phredra's persomil declaration to Hipp<dytus was adopted
by Kacine in his famous play, is still praised by French
critics. It was highly t-slet-nu-*i. and even preferred U> the
Greek play, in the Iteuaissance. It was acted in Latin at
Rome in 148:i, and fieely rrliandlcd liy Giu-nier in a French
version in 157."{. The ne\l c b-liiafed French version was
that of Gilbert, (Juecii (hi istinas Krctu-h minister, in 1640.
But his very title, " lliiipolyte. on le ilatcoii insensible,"
sounds strange, ami the play is said ncvcrlhi-b-ss to have
admitted a great deal of galiantiv in (lie lu-m.
Miihrifn, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 330.
Hippolytus Romanus, An ecclesiastical writer
of tile 3d century. He was a ]>ui)il of Irenicus ; appears
to have been bishitj) of Portus Itouumus (Porto) ; and was
the leader- of a disatfcctt-d an<l S(-hisuudic party, orthodox
in doctrine and rigoi-istic in discijiline, during the pontifi-
cates of Zephyrimis (^-202-218) and callistus (218-22.3). Ac-
cording to a late tradition he died a mart)T in Sarditda in
2;t5 or -230. He is comnu-m4»rated tty the Roman Calliolie
Church on Aug. 2-2. His chief work is " Philosopliunu-iia,"
wiitten in Greek, a mamiscript of which was disi-overcil
at Minint .Vthos in 1842 and pidilished by Ennnauuel Mil-
ler in IS.'il.
Hipponaz (hi-iKi'naks). [Gr. 'In-^-wrof.] Born
at R]>lii-siis: flourished during the second half
ot the ilth ci-ntury B. O. A Greek iambic poet,
generally ri'ck(uied as the third (with An-hilo-
chus and Simonides): noted as tlie invent(U'of
the ehidiambus. He was expelled fiiun Fjdiesus by the
tyrants Athenagoras and Connis, and thereafter resided at
Clazomenic. He was deformed.
Hiragana. See Kaldlium.
Hiram (hi'raiLi », or Huram (hu'ram). [Perhaps
shorteue<l from Alii-rniii, e.xalteil brother.] 1.
King of Tyre about 1000 b. c, a contemporary
Hiram
of David and Solomon. He raisea Tyre to a leading
position in the Phenician confederacy, built many temples,
and subjugated Cyprus. He entertained aniicaide rela-
tions with David and Solomon, assisted at tlic building of
the temple at Jerusalem liy furnishing materials and arti-
sans, and entered witli Solomon into a commercial alliance.
The so-called tomti of Iliram is shown about three milts
distant from the modein Tyre (Sur), but it i.s said to have
lieen originally bnilt just outside the eastern gate of the
continental town, which thence sloped down to the sea.
It is a "grey, weather-lieaten " structure, hearing all the
marlcs of a high antititiity.
2. A distiuguislied worker in Brass brought by
Solomon from Tjn-e (1 Ki. vii. 13).
Hiram. A town of Portage County, Ohio, 30
miles southeast of Cleveland, the seat of Hiram
College (Cbureh of the Disciples).
Hiranyagarbha (hi-ran-ya-giir'bha). [Skt.,
' golden germ ' or ' golden womb.'] In the Rig-
veda, a deity who is said to liave arisen in
the beginning, the one lord of all beings, who
upholds heaven and earth and gives life and
breath, and whose command even the gods obey.
According to Manu lie was Brahma, the first male, fonned
by the nndiscernible First Cause in a golden egg resplen-
dent as the sun. After a year Brahma divided the egg into
2 parts by his mere thought. One part became t lie heavens,
the other the earth ; and between them he placed the sky,
the 8 regions, and the et€rn.al abode of waters.
Hiren (hi'ren). [A corruption of the Greek
Irene.'] A strumpet, a character in Peele's play
" The Turkish Mahomet and Hiren the Fair
Greek." The phrase,"Have we not Hiren here? " which
appears in Dekker's "Satiroraastix," Chapman's "Eastward
Hoe," and a number of 17th-centnry works, is an allusion
to her. Pistol in Shakspere's 2 "Henry IV." ajipears to
apply the phrase to his sword. William Barksteed wrote
a poem called "Hiren, or the Fair Greek " in 1611.
Hirhor (her'hor). A high priest of Amun at
Thebes, the founder of the 21st (illegitimate)
djTiasty of Egj-])tian kings, ruling at Thebes.
Brugseh gives his date as 1100 B. c.
Hirlas Horn, The. A Welsh poem, written bj'
Owain, prince of Powys, in the 12th century.
Tlie liirhis horn is "a drinking-horn, long, blue, and sil-
ver-rimmed.' which Owain fills and drinks to each of his
chiefs, witli a song.
Hirpini (her-pi'ni). In ancient history, an Ital-
ian people, of Samnite stock, living in southern
Samnium in the district near Beneventum.
Hirsau (hir'sou), or Hirschau (hir'shou). A
village in the Black Forest circle, Wiirtemberg,
situated on the Nagold 21 miles west of Stutt-
gart. It was noted in tlie middle ages for its Benedic-
tine monastery, built in tlie 9th century.
Hirsch (hirsh). Boron Maurice de (Baron Mau-
rice de Hirsch de Gereuth). Born at Munich,
Dee. 9, 1831 : died at Ogyalla, near Konioni,
Hungary, A])ril 21, 1896. An Austrian finan-
cier, capitalist, and philanthropist, of Hebrew
descent. His great wealth was partly inlierited from his
father, partly increased by marriage, and to a great extent
gained Iiy hanlcing ami liv transactions in railroads, chietly
Turkish. He contriliuted upward of S'i'i.OoO.iK.iO for charit-
able jairposes, largely for the education and alleviation of
the sulferings of the Jews. Among the gifts hy which he
is best known is tliat to the Jewish Colonization Associa-
tion (.*10,(iflO,lJi)0), anil the Dc Hirsch Trust for the United
.States (S-^r.OO.dOO).
Hirschberg (hirsh'bero). A town in the prov-
ince of Hilesia, Prussia, at the junction of the
Zackeu and Bober, CO miles west-southwest of
Breslau. It is the center of trade in the Silesian Moun-
tains, and the center of the Silesian linen manufactiure.
Population (1890), 16,214.
Hirson (er-s6n'). A to'wn in the department of
Aisne, France, on the Oise 33 miles northeast
of Laon, noted for basket-making. Population
(1S91), commune, 6,294.
Hirtius (her'shi-us), Aulus. Killed near Mu-
tina, Italy, 43 B. c. A Koman politician, a friend
of Ceesarj the reputed author of the eighth book
of Ca'sar's "Commentaries on the Galli<' War,"
and of the history of the Alexandrian war. As
consul with Pansa (43) he defeated Antony at
Mutina.
Hispalis (his'pa-lis), or Hlspal (his'pal). The
ancient name of Seville.
Hispania (his-pa'ni-ii). The ancient name of
tlie Sp;mish peninsula.
Hispaniola. See Espnitola and Haiti.
Hissar (liis-siir'). 1. A dependency of Bokhara,
central Asia, lying between Russian Turkestan
on the north and Afghanistan (separated by
the Amu Daria) on the south.— 2. The chief
town of Hissar, situated on the river Kafimi-
gan about lat. 38° 25' N., long. 68° 28' E. Popu-
lation, about l."),000.
Hissar. 1. A division in the Panjab, British
India. Area, 8,355 square miles. Population
(1881), 1,311,067.-2. A district in the Hissar
division, intersected by lat. 29° N., long. 76° E ■
Area, 5,163 siiuare miles. Population (1891),
.506
776,000.-3. The cajiital of the district of His-
sar, situated in lat. 29° 10' N., long. 75° 46' E.
Population (1891), 16,854.
Hissarlik. See Troy.
Histisea (his-ti-e'a)- [Gr. 'lormm.] See Orciis.
Histiaeus(his-ti-e'us). [Gr.'Ior/oiof.] Executed
at Sardis, Asia Minor, 494 B. c. A tyrant of
Miletus, a friend of Darius I. of Persia.
Histoire Comique de Francion (es-twiir' ko-
mek' de froh-syoh'). [F., 'Comic History of
Francion.'] A fiction by Charles Sorel, chiefly
remarkable for the "evidence it gives of an
attempt at an early date ( 1623) to write a novel
of ordinary manners." Saiiit^bury.
Historia Miscella (his-to'ri-a mi-sel'a). See
the extract.
This curious farrago of history forms the first part of
Muratori's great collection of the "Scriptores Rerura Itali-
carum." The first eleven books are substantially the work
of Eutropius (the familiar Eutropiusof our tiwyii i), and
reach down to the death of Jovian. Tlic authorship of
the following books is gcnei-ally attributed to I'aulus Dia-
conus, of Aquik'ia, who died in 799, and the completion of
the work to Landulf tlie Wise, who flouiished in the elev-
enth century. Without going into the disputed question
as to this autliorship, it is sufficient to say that the writer,
who is confessedly a mere compiler, interweaves large
passages from Jornandes, Orosius, the Annalists, and the
Ecclesiastical Historians.
Hoihjkiii, Italy and her Invaders, I. 431.
Histriomastix (liis"tri-6-mas'tiks). [LL., 'the
player's scourge.'] A play by Marston, produced
before 1.599, in which year Jonson satirized it
in his "Every Man out of his Humour." It was
printed in 1610.
Histriomastix, the Player's Scourge, or Ac-
tor's Tragaedie. Atreatise by William Prynne,
published in 1632, though dated 1633. The book
was designed to promote the total suppression of stage-
plays. " Prynne's treatise, as is well known, led to his
tieing summoned before the High Commission Court and
Star Chamtier, which condemned his book to be burnt,
and the author to be exiK-llt-d from the Bar and his Inn, to
stand in the pillory, to l..se tiotli his ears, to pay a flue of
£5,000to the King, and to lie perpetually imprisoned. . . .
For, about the time when tlie book was published — ac-
cording to one account on the day before, according to an-
other l)ut shortly afterw-ards-- the Queen and her ladies
had themselves acted in a Pastoral at Whitehall." (Warti,
Hist. Dram. Lit.) In 1(!49 a mock retractation, entitled "Mr.
William Prynn his Defence of .Stage- Plays, or a Ketracta-
tion of a former Book of his called Histrio-Mastix," was
published.
Hit (hit). A town in the vilayet of Bagdad,
Asiatic Tm-key, situated on the Euphrates about
100 miles west-northwest of Bagdad: the an-
cient Is. It is famous for its fountain of bitu-
men. Popidation (estimated), 2,500.
Hitchcock (hich'kok), Ed'ward. Born at Deer-
field, Mass., May 24, 1793: died at Amherst,
Mass., Feb. 27, 1864. An American geologist,
professor from 1825 of chemistry and natural
history at Amherst College, and president of the
college 1845-54, with the professorship of natu-
ral theology and geology. Among his -works are
"Geology of the Connecticut Valley " (1823), "Elementary
Geology " (1840), "Fossil Footsteps" (1848), "Religion of
Geology " (IS.'il), "Illustrations of Surface Geology " (IS.'iG),
"Supplement to the Ichnology of New England " (1865),
"Elementary and Popular Treatise on Geology" (witli
Charles H. Hitchcock, 1860), "Anatomy and Physiology"
(with Edw.-u-d Hitchcock, Jr., 1800).
Hitchcock, Ros'well D'wight. Born at East
Maehias, Maine, Aug. 15, 1817 : died at Somer-
set, Mass., June 16, 1887. An American clergy-
man and theologian. He was appointed professorof
church history at Union Theological Seminary (New York)
in 18.').5, and president in 1880. He published "Complete
Analysis of the Bible" (1869), "Socialism " (1879), etc.
Hitchin (hich'in). A town in Hertfordshire,
England, 33 miles north by west of London.
Population (1891), 8,860.
Hitchiti (he-che-te'). A division of North Amer-
ican Indians. The name is from a Creek word, ' to look
up ' (i. c, the stream) The language was spoken on the
Cllattahoochee River, Georgia, and spread to Flint River
through Georgia and Florida. The Seminoles were a half-
Creek and lialf-Hitchiti speaking people, and probably the
Yamassi also. See Creelc. Also Echeetee, Etchita, Ichitl.
Hitopadesha(hi-t6-pa-da'sha). In Sanskrit lite-
rat lire, the book of "Good Coimsel." Itwastheflrst
Sanskrit book printed in Nagari letters (see Vevana^ari):
eiliteil by Carey, and printed at Serampore in 1803. It had
het-ii already translated byWilkins (Bath, 1787)and Sir Wil-
liam Jones (London, 1799). It is ethico-didactic,and is what
the Hindus call a nitishastra or 'conduct-work.' The plan
is simple. The sons of King Sudarshaua ai-e vicious. He
convolies the wise men, and asks if any one is able to re-
fomi his sons. Vishnnsharnian offers to do so, takes them
in charge, and relates to them the stories which make up
the collection. The Hitopailesha is not an original work,
but an excellent compilation of ancient material. The
sources are expressly said to be " the Panchatantra and
another work." The author or editor is said to have been
Nai-ayana and his patron, the prince Dhavalachandra. The
work is at least iiOO years old.
Hitteren (hit'ter-en). An island of Norway,
west of Trondhjera. Length, 30 miles.
• Hoare, Sir Richard Colt
Hittites (hit'its). An important tribe, descend-
ed from Heth, son of Canaan, the son of Ham,
settled in the region of Hebron on the hill, and
often mentioned as one of the seven principal
Canaanite tribes, and sometimes as comprising
the whole Canaanite population. Hittite kings are
mentioned who seem to have dwelt north of I'alestine.
About the middle of the 9th century B. c. they disappear
from biblical histoi-y. Some scholars, however, distinguish
the latter as Syi-ian Hittites, whom they consider a dilfer-
ent tribe from the Canaanite Hittites. They have lately
been ideiititled with the Kheta of the Egyptians and the
Chatti of the Assyrian monuments. These monuments
agree with the notices of the Old Testament in depicting
the Hittites as a powerful tribe. Thothmes III., of the
18th dynasty, fought with them about 1600 u. c. in Megid-
do. Later Seti attacked them about 1350 b. c, and Kaniesea
II. (the supposed Pharaoh of the oppression), defeated
them not long after at Kadesh, on the Orontes. The
Kheta are also often referred to in the diplomatic corre-
spondence of Tcl-el-Amarna. The chatti are found early
in collision with Assyria, They were defeated by Tiglath-
Pileser I. (lliJii-lliKiJ. Asurnazirpal (884-860) carried their
princes into captivity, lender Shalmaneser II. the Hit-
tites entered into an alliance with Ben-hadad of Syiia, but
were defeated in the great battle on the plains of Syria,
and their city, Carchemish, was taken in 855. Twelve Hit-
tite kings are enumerated as contcniporai-y rulers at this
time. .Sargon finally put an end to the Hittite iudepeu-
dence in 717, when the inhabitants of Carchemish were de-
ported to Assyria and the city was repeopled with Assyrian
colonists. Monuments, supposed to be Hittite, have been
discovered since 1872 in Hamath, Aleppo, Carchemish,
Cappadocia, Lycaonia, and Lydia, which would show that
the Hittite empire once spread over the greater part of
Asia Minor; and it may be that from there they at one time
pushed their way into northern .Syria. The question whe-
ther they formed one race with the Hittites of the Canaan-
ite stocJc remains an open one. The originators of these
Hittite nionumeuts are considered by some scholars to
have been a " Slongoloid " race. The art exhibited on these
monuments is still of a primitive, rude character. The in-
scriptions, in hieroglypliic characters, have not yet been
decipliered. Of late there is a tendency among some scholars
to consider the Hittites as a race speaking a Semitic lan-
guage akin to Syriac or Aramaic, and to regard the so-
called Hittite inscriptions as the work of another people
who are, for the time being, called "pseudo-Hittites."
Hittorff(hit'torf). Jacques Ignace. Born at Co-
logne, Aug. 20, 1792 : (lied at Paris, March 25,
1867. A French architect. His chief work is the
Church of St. Vincent de Paul in Paris. Hepulilisbed "Ar-
chitecture antique de la Sicile " (1826-30), "Architecture
modtrne di- la sicile " (1S2C.-36), "Architecture polychi'ome
Chez lus lircrs ' (l.s.M). etc.
Hitzig(liit'siii), Ferdinand. BomatHauingen,
Baden, June 23, 1807: died at Heidelberg, Baden,
Jan. 22, 1875. A German exegete, professor at
Zurich (1833) and later (1861) at Heidcllierg. Ho
published commentaries on Isaiah (1833), the l's:Ums (1835-
1836), the minor prophets (is:i8), Jeremiah (1841), etc.
Hitzig,Friedrich. Born at Berlin, April 8, 1811:
died Oct. 11, 18S1. A German architect.
Hivites (hi'vits). An ancient Canaanite people
in northern Palestine.
Hjelmaren (hyel'miir-en), or Hjelmar (hyel'-
miir). A lake in Sweden, 10 miles southwest of
Lake Millar, into which it discharges its waters.
Length, about 40 miles.
Hi6rring(hyer'ring). A town and bathing-place
at almost the northern extremity of Jutland,
Denmark.
Ho. See Hirfinfilm.
Hoadly, orHoadley (hod'li), Benjamin. Bom
at Westerham, Kent, England, Nov. 14, 1676:
died at Chelsea, London, April 17, 1761. An
English diN^ine and controversialist, bishop suc-
cessively of Bangor (1715), Hereford (1721 ), Sal-
isbury (1723), and Winchester (1734). He origi-
nated the "Bangorian controversy " (which see) by his ser-
mon on the "Kingdom of Christ " (1717).
Hoadly, Benjamin. Born at London, Feb. 10,
1706: (lied at Chelsea, London, Aug. 10, 1757.
An English physician and author, son of Ben-
jamin Hoadly. He wrote " The Suspicious Husband "
Vl747), and assisted Hogarth in his "Analysis of Beauty."
Hoangho. See Ewnnqlio.
Hoar (hor), Ebenezer EiOck'WOOd. Born at Con-
cord, Mass., Fell. 21, ISKi: did there, Jan. 31,
1 895. An American jurist, son of Samuel Hoar.
He was judge of the Massacliusetts Supreme Court 185^
1869; I'nited States attorney-general 1869-70; joint high
commissioner on the treaty of Washington 1871 ; and
member of Congress from Massachusetts 1873-75.
Hoar, George Frisbie. Born at Concord, Mass.,
Aug. 29, 1826. An American statesman, son of
Samuel Hoar. He was a Reimblican member of Con-
gress from Massachusetts 1869-77, a member of the Elec-
toral ('iimniission in 1877, and United States senator 1877-.
Hoar, Samuel. Born at Lincoln, Mass., May 18,
1778 : died at Concord, Mass., Nov. 2, 18.56. An
American politician, member of Congress from
Massachusetts 183.5-37.
Hoare (hor). Prince. Born at Bath, England,
about 1755 : died at Brighton, Dec. 22, 1834. An
English jjainter and playwright, son of William
Hoare.
Hoare, Sir Richard Colt. Born at Stonrhead,
Wilts, Eugland, Dec. 9, 1758 : died there. May
Hoare, Sir Richard Colt
507
Hoffmann, Daniel
TTAKVirfQ TTill Oinli'k/.vk* Iiin A nlnpp npftr became pmfessor emeritus. He wrote " DiseasKS Peculiar
nODKirK S ±1111 (tioi. Kt IKS nil;. A piacp Dtar ,„^r„n,^„.mj5m .. Principles and Practice of Obstetrics "
Caiiidcn. S( ml li Carolina. Here, April •2.'i, 1781, the ugy^, and " l<'a'tieiile " (ISWt).
British under L..r.l K.ivv.lon defeated the Americans under Hojjgson (hoj'son), John Evan. Boni March
Greene, in what is sunietinies called the second battle of , °^,, ^ --•'-■■- " - . .._
An Knglish histori.-al and Ho^Q^'en (ho'bo-keu). Acity in Hudson County,
rsey, situated on the Hudson, opjiosite
N.w J. . ,
Now Voi'k, oonlifjuuus to Jersey City. It is the
terminus of sevenil ste;imship and raiiway lines and the
seat of the Stevens Institute of Technology. Population
(18!)ll). 4.-(,WS.
Hobson (hob'sou), Thomas. Born about 1544 :
died 1031. A ean-ier and keeper of a livery-sta-
ble at Cambridge, England, in the first half of
the 17th century. His habit of oldiRing his customers
to take the horse which happened to be nearest the door
g.ave rise to the expression "Hobson's choice" — that is,
' this or none.'
Heche (osh). Lazare. Born at Montreuil, near
Versailles, France, June 2.5, 17G8: diedatWetz-
lar, Prussia, Sept. IS (19 f ), 1797. A Fren<-h gen-
eral. He served with distinction in Alsace in 17i)3 ; sup-
19, 1838. An English antiquary and topogra-
pher. His chief work is a " History of Modern
Wiltsliire'' (1S22-44).
Hoare, William. Born about 1706 : died at Bath
England, Dec, 179:' " "■••=-- '-^
portrait painter.
Hobart (ho'biirt), sometimes written Hobarton
(h6'bar-tou),"orHobartTown (ho'liiUt toun or
ho'biir-tou). The capilal of Tasmania, situated
on Sulliyiin's Cove, at the mouth of the river Der-
went, in lat. 42° .iB' S., long. 147° 21' E. It was
founded in 1S04, and is the chief commercial city of the
colony. Population (18;)1), Si.'M:,.
Hobart (ho'iyUrt), Augustus Charles, Hol)art
Pasha. Born at Waltou-on-t he-Wolds, Leicester-
shire, April 1, 1822 : died at Milan, June 19, 18,S().
An English admiral in the Turkish service, third
son of the sixth Earl of Buckingliainsliire. II,
entered the llritish iiuvy in IStt ; became naval adviser t..
the Sultan of Turkey in ISt'iT ; sui)pressed the Cretan re-
bellion in 18(17 ; was appointed admiral, with the title of
pasha, in 18<;9 ; reorganized the Turkish Ueet and operated
against Russia in the Black Sea in 1877 ; and was promoted
mushir or inai-shal of the Turkish empire in 1881. _. i, i_ _ ,i - „i.„i/„ „;n
Hobart, Garret Augustus. Born at Long Hochelaga(ho-shel a-g!v)
Branch, N. J., 1844. An American lawyer and ' "
Ke)mblican politician. He w:is educated at liut-
gers College, and was admitted to the bar in 18(!lt. In 1872
he served in the State assembly of Xew.Tel"8ey; in lS7(Iwas
elected a member of the State senate, and in 1881 its presi-
dent; and ill ISiMi was elected Vice-President,
Hobart, John Henry. Born Sept. 14, 1775:
dieil Sept. 10 (12.'). 1830. Protestant Episco-
pal bishop of New York l.Sl(5-3ll.
Hobbema (hob'be-mii), Meyndert or Minder-
hout. Born at Amsterdam, or Koeverdam,
about 1(538 : died at Amsterdam, Dec, 1709. A
Dutcli landscape-painter. He wasinlbiencedinstylc
by Rnlsdael. He is noted for his atmospheric effects, tone,
anil brilliancy. In many of his landscapes figures have
been painted by other noted artists. His picture of "The
Heniiitaae. St. Petersburg " (1603) is owned by the New
yi>rk Historical Society.
Hobbes (hobz), Thomas. Born at Westimrt
(now in Malinesbury). Wiltshire, A])ril5, l.')S8:
died at Hardwiek Hall, Dee. 4, 1079. A cele-
brated English ])hilosopher. His father, Thomas
Hubbes, was vicar of t'hailton and Westport. In 1B03
Hobbes entered Magdalen Hall, Oxford, where he grad-
I, 1.S31: died "June 19, 189.'). An English
painter of genre, historical, and Moorish sub-
jects.
H6d-Mez6-Va,si,rhely (liod ' me - z6 - vji ' shiir-
hely). A city in the county of Csongrad, Hun-
gary, situated in lat. 40° 27' N., long. 20°22'E.
Population (1S90), rir).47.'i.
Hoe (lio ), Richard March. Bom at New York
city, Sept. 12, 1812: died at Florence, Italy,
June 7, 18SG. An American inventor. He per-
fected in 1846 a rotary printing-press which received the
name of Hoe's lightning press, and subsequently invented
the Hoe web perfecting-press.
Hoecke (hii'ke), Jan van den. Born at Ant-
werp, 1011: died there, 1051. A historical and
portrait painter of the Flemish school. He was
court painter to Archduke Leopold William in
,- 1047.
pressedtbeVendeaurevolt]795-90; andfoughtagainstthe H^ecke, Robrecht Van den. Born at Antwerp,
AustriaMsinl797. Nov. 30, 10'22 : .lied after 109.5. A gen " '
^__ ., , A tribe or -village of
North Anierican lutliaiis, on the site of Moii-
treal when it was discovered by Cartierin 1535.
It had disappeared in 1003. The tribe was Iroquoian, and
was surrounded by Algonquian tribes. The name is de-
rived from a word meaning ' be.aver grounds.' See Iro-
qttninn.
Hochheim(lio'lnm; G. prou. hoch'him). A small
town in the province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia,
situated near the Main 4 miles east of Mainz,
celebrated for the Hochheimer wines.
Hochkirch (hoch'kirch), or Hohkirchen (ho'-
kirch-en). A Wllage in the governmental liis-
trict of Bautzen, Saxony, 6 miles east-southeast
lieil after 1095. A genre, land-
scape, and battle painter of the Flemish school,
half-brother of Jan van den Hoecke.
Hoedi(he'di). [L. /(«'(?(, the kids.] The two stars
;/ and C Auriga?. The constcUatiim Auriga, though one
of Ptolemy's old 48, is partly overlain by the still older
one of "the goat and kids," the brightest star in Auriga
being ordinarily known as Capella, • the goat.'
Hoenir (he'nir). [ON.] In Old Norse mythology,
one of the three gods Odin, Hffiuir, and Lodur
(ON. Lodhurr), who created out of trees in
Midgard the first man and woman. Ask and
Emilia. Oilin gave them life, Hoenir sense, and
Lodur blood and color.
of Bautzen. Here Oct. 14, 1758,
0.1,000) under Daun defeated the Prussians (about 42,(100)
under Frederick the Great, the loss of the Prussians being
about 9,(11 HI, that of the Austrians about 0,(100.
Hochst (h(''<;-hst). A town in the province of
Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situated on the Main
6 miles west of Frankf ort-on-the-Main. Here, on
June 2(1,1022, Tilly defeated link, f'hristian of Brunswick,
and on Oct, 11, 179.'>, the Austrians uii.krClerfayt defeated
the French under Jourdan. Pi ipulat ion (1890), commune,
8,4.n.'",,
the Austrians (about HoeveU (hii'ven), Jan Van der. Born at Rot-
terdam, Feb. 9, 1801 : died at Leyden, Nether-
lands, March 10, 18ft8. A Dutch naturalist. He
wrote "Handboek der Dierknnde" ("Manual
of Zoologv," 1827-33), etc.
Hof (hof), fonnerly Regnitzhof (reg'nits-liof).
A city in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, situated
on the Saale in lat. .50° 18' N., long. 11° 55' E.
It has important manufactures. Poptdation
(1.S90), commune, 24,4.55.
uated initios He soon entered "thr'servkJTof Winiam Hochstadt (hech'stet). A small town in the Hofer(h6'fer), Andreas. Born at St.Leonhard
■" " Swabia, Bavaria, sit- Passeyr valley, Tyrol, Nov. 22, 1767: exeeutec:
Cavendish (later first earl of Devonshire) as tutor t« his
eldest son (later second eiul of DevonshireX and retained
this position until the death of his pupil in 1028. They
made a continental t-.ur in 1010. In 1029 he became trav-
eling tutor to the son of Sir (Jervase Clifton, and visited
Paris and, probably, Italy. He returned to the service of
the Cavendishes in 1031 as tutor to tlie third F.arl of Devon-
shire, with whom, 1634-:i7, be niadr an ivUiid.d tour on the
Continent, during which he cst;lllli^llc■ll dicinlly rclatiiMis
with many distinguisheil men, including ( iaiileo, Gassenili,
Mersenne, and Descartes. Previous to tliis time (before
16'2.1'.')be had served IJacon as amanuensis, and in translat-
ing some of his essays into Latin. He lived with Devon-
shire until liH", when fear of ijersecution by Parliament
for his pcditicid opinions drove him to Paris, where he re-
mained until lO.'il, when, in the belief that his life was in
danger from those who accused him of helelodo.\y and even
atheism, he lied back to England and became reconciled
to the Croinwellian government. For a time in 1040 he
instructed the Prince of Wales (later Charles II.) in niatb-
ematics. After the K(«toiatioll be lived with the F.arl
of Devonshire. Hobbes was a pronounced nominalist in
philosopliy, an antag(uiist of srliolasticism, one of the
suggesters of the associational psyi'hology, and a leader
of modern rationalism. He insisted especially upon the
complete separation of the.dogy ami phUosophy, and the
Rul>or(lination of the church to the state. He is best
known from his doctrine that the power of the state is ab-
scdutc as against the individual —that it is the '• Levia-
than " that swallows all, a mortal god who, like the Deity,
governs according tohis pleasure, and gives peace and se-
curity to bis subjects. His chief works are a translation
of Thucydides, " De civc" (ltH2), "Human Nature, or the
Fundamental Klements of Policy" (lOfid), " De corpore
politico " {llffio), " Leviathan, or the Matter, Form, and
Power of a Commonwealth, Ecilesiastical and Civil " (10.11),
"Of Liberty and Necessity" (10.14). His collected works
were edited by Sir W. Slidesworth 1839-45, in 10 vols, (.lin
Latin).
Hobbes, John Oliver. The pseudonym of Mrs.
('rai(,'ie.
Hobhouse(liob'lious), John Cam, Lord Brough-
toii. Horn at Ifedlaiid, near I'.iislol, .luno 27,
17S0: (lied at London, June 3, 1.S09. An Eng-
lisli polititdan and writer. He entered Parliament
in 1820; became secretary at war in 1832; was appointed
chief secretary for Ireland
his oHlce and "his seat ; ree
was president of tin- board of control 183,1^1, and agai
1840-.12. In 1819 he was arrested and committed to .New-
gate for an anonymous pamphlet (*' A Trilling Mistake in
Thomas l/)rd F.rskine's recent Preface, etc."), the publica-
tion of Abicll was held to be a breach of privilege by the
House of Commons. He was the most Intiniate friend of
Txird Uynm, a connection which was formed at Cambridge.
They traveled together im the ('(Uitinent lS(i9-lii. llol
governmental district of
uated on the Danube 23 miles northwest of
Augsburg. It was the scene of three b.attles : (1) Sept.
20, 1703, defeat of the Imperialists by the Bavarians and
French ; (2) Aug. 13, 1704, the battle of Blenheim, CiUled
asseyr valley, Tyrol, isov. rj, i(Oi : executed
at Mantua, Italy," Feb. 20, 1810. A Tyrolese
patriot, the head of the Tyrolese insurrection
1809. He gained victories at Sterzing, Innsbruck, Isel,
etc., and was the head of the governn_ient in 1809.
tra-
died at Oberdobliug, nearVienna, July 18, 1884.
A German geologist, traveler, and geographer.
He became privat-docent at the University of Vienna in
18.10. geologist to the Novara expedition in 1857, and was
profess<ir of mineralogy and gwilogy at the Vienna Poly,
technic Instituti^ 1800-81. He wrote -Neuseeland " (180:i),
■'(Icologie von Neuseeland " (1804), " Palaontologie von
Neuseeland " (1804X etc.
Hodeida (li6-da'diL or ho-di'dii), or Hudeide.
A seaport in Yemen, Arabia, situated on the
Red Sea ill lat. 14° 47' N., long. 42° 54' E. Pop-
ulation, about 20J100,
Hodel
Lehmann.
i city 1
June 7, 1884. An American poet .-ind novelist.
He was admitted to the bar about l.S2S, but shortly aban-
doned tile profession of law in order to devote himself
to literature. He established the " Knickerbocker Jlaga-
zine " in 1833, and subse<iiiently becanie proiirietor of the
"American Magazine, ' which he eilited for many yeare.
He became insane in 1849, and during the rest of his life
was contlned in the Harrisbnrg Insane Asylum. The first
Cfdlection of his poems, "The Vigil of Faith, a Legend of
the Adirondack Mountains, and other Poems," appeared
in 1842. A complete edition was ixihlished by E. F. Hoff-
man in 1874.
the emperor William by firing two shots from a
revolver, neither of which took effect, atBerlin,
May 11, 1W78.
Hodge. The name given to the typical peasant
ill Kiigland.
Hodge (lio'i), Archibald Alexander. Born at
Princeton, N. J., July 18, 1.S23: died there, Nov.
11, 1880. An American I'rcsliylerian clergyman
and theologian, son of Charles Hodge. He was
professor of didactic thcologyin Western Theological Sem-
inary, Allegheny. Pennsylvania, 1804-77, and in 1878 suc-
ceeiieil bis father as professor of didactic and polemic
theology at Princeton Tliecdogical Semlmu-y. Annmghis
works are " Outluics of Theology" (1800), "The Atone-
tnent " (1808), and ".Manual of Forms " (revised edition,
.-- -- - . . . i88;i).
, .March, 18:«, but soon resigned Qodge CharleS. Born at Philiidelphia, Dec. 28,
ntered Parliament in KM ■ and ,-,,f> ',■ , j p.-inceton, N. J., June 19, 1878.
1 of control 1835^1, and again . . . t. i i ■ .i i ■
,\n Americati Presbyterian theologian. Uo was
professor In I-i-lncet/m Theological Seminary frimi 1822, and
was the founder ipf the "liiblieal Repository and Prince
t<m Review" (1826). His chief work Is " .Systematic Thc-
idogy"(I871-7:i). Among his other works are "Comnion-
taryini Romans ' (18:1.')), imd es.says republished from the
Princeton Review
house was. me of iiyrmi's executors. Ho was created r/>rd Hodge, Hugh LCUOX. Born at Philadelphia,
Broughton in 1851. He wrote " Ilistoricid Illustrations of ,]„||(, 07 1790; ilii'd at Philadelphia, Feb. 20,
the Fimrth Cmito of ■Childe llaridd'" (2(1 ed. 1818), " A ,„_., '. A rnoriciiii nlivsici-iii mid medical
Journey tbnmgb Albania, etc." (I8I:!), etc. His " Diaries, "^'.•>- {"" '^""\"\[" I'">sl'i.iu ana mdlK.il
Correspondence, and Memoranda " are In the keeping of writer, brother ot ( Maries 1 lodge. He became in
the British Museum, and cannot be opened until the year l.s:!6 prolessm- of obstetrics in the I'niversity of Penn-
1800. sylvania, a position which he retained until 1803, when he
20, 1874. A (iernian poet, philologist, and lit-
erary hist(U'iail. He studied at Gottingcn and Bonn.
In 1823 he was made custodian of the university library at
Hreslau, and in 18:10 professor there of Oermanic philol-
ogy. In 1842, in consequence of the views expressed 111
his" I'npiditische Licder " ("Nonpolltical Songs," 1840-41),
he was dciuived of his position, and for sevei-al years had
no settled place of residence. He was Anally rehabilitated
in 184H, in Prussia. In 18.13 he went to \Veimar, where ho
engaged, in collaboration witlitbeficrnmni.st llscarScliade,
in the editorship of the short-lived "Weimarisehe ,lahr-
blicherfdrileutseheSprache.Litcraturund KunsfC Wei-
mar Anmds for Herman Language, Literature, and Art").
After 1800 he lived at Korvei as librarian t<i the Duke of
Katibcu'. Among his many poetical works are " Lieder
und Romanzcn'C- Songs and Romances," 18'21), "Jager.
licder ' (" Hunters' Songs," 1828), " Kinderlieder " ("Chil-
dren's Songs," 1,S4:)-17), " Hentscbc Oa8scnlieder"("(Jer-
man Street Songs." lS4:i), " l.icbcslicder " (" Love Songs,"
1851), "Sol(lalenlieder"(" Soldiers' Songs," 1851-52), " Va-
tcrlaridsliedcr"(" Songs of Fatherland," 1871). Among his
equally numerous scicnlille writings are "Fundgruben fur
C.escbictitc (b'ulsclier Spraclie und Literatur" ("Trea-
sures for the lli»t(uy of tlieCierman Language and l.itera.
lure," IH.'lo 37), "Oeschlchte des deulschcn Kircbenlieds
bis I,utber"(" Ili8t<u7 ot thefierinan Church llymu ihiwn
to Luther," l&'il), " llono lielgicn'" (a collection of Low
(iernian folk-songs, 18;t:t-«2, in 12 vols.), " Deutsche Phl-
lologle im Orundriss" ("Sketch of German Philology,"
is:i(;).
Hoffmann, Daniel. Born at Halle, Prussia,
l,'i40 : died at Wolfenbiittel, Gerinauy, Kill. A
German Lutheran controversialist.
Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Amadeus
Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Amadeus (origi-
nally Wilhelm). Umii at Kouigsbeit;, Prussia,
Jan. 24, 1776: died at Berlin, June i'j, ISL'2. A
German romaneo writer. His works include "Phan-
tasiestlicke in Callots Maiiier' C'rhaiitiisy I'ieces in bal-
lots Manner," ISU-l.l), "Elixire lies Teiifels" (ISlS-lii).
"Nachtstiicke" (ItslT), "Die Seraiiionsbriider " (1819-21),
"Kater Murr " (1S20-'J2), etc.
Hoffmann, Friedrich. Born at Halle, Prussia,
Feb. 1S>, l(i(JO: died at Halle, Nov. 12, 1742. A
celebrated German physieian, author of "Sys-
tema medieiuiP rationalis" (1718-40). He be-
came the lirst inofessor of medicine at Halle in
1693.
Hoffmann, Ludwig Friedrich Wilhelm. Born
at Lceiiberg, Wlirtemberg, Oct. 30, 1806: died
at Berlin, Aug. 28, 1873. A German Protestant
clergyman. Ue studied theology at TubinRen, became
pastor" at Stuttgart in 1833. and was appointed superin-
tendent of the Missionaiy Institute at Basel in is:iy. He
became in 1852 court preacher toFi-erterick William IV., cm
whose ecclesiastical policy he exerted a strong influence.
Hofgeismar (hof'gis-miir). A small town in the
province oi Hesse-Nassau. Prussia, situated on
tlie I'^sse 14 miles north-northwest of Cassel.
Hofhuf (hof-h6f'),<irHofuf (ho-fof). The capi-
tal 0 f El-Hasa, Arabia , sit uated near the Persian
Gulf about lat. 25° 20' N., long. 49° 50' E. It
was taken Tjy the Turlis in 1872. Population,
about 25,000.
Hofmann (hof'mau), August Wilhelm von.
Born at Giesseu, Germany, April 8, 1818: died
at Berlin, May 5, 1892. A noted German chemist.
He became superintendent of the Royal College of Chem-
istry (afterward chemical section of the Royal School of
Mines) at London in 1S48 ; warden of the British mint in
185.S ; professor of chemistry at Bonn in 1S(M ; anil was
professor of chemistry at Berlin from 1SC5 until bis death.
He published "Handbook of Organic Analysis" (1853).
"Einleitnng in die moderne Chemie" (6th ed. 1877), etc.
Hofmann, Johann Christian Konrad von.
Born at Nuremberg, Bavaria. Dec. 21, 1810:
died at Erlangen, Bavaria, Dec. 20, 1877. A
German Lutheran theologian, professor of the-
ology at Erlangen in 1841, ordinary professor
at liostock in 1842, and at Erlangen in 1845.
Hofmann, Richard. Born at Manchester, Eng-
land, May 24, 1831. An Anglo-American com-
poser, pianist, and teacher. He has lived in
New York since 1847.
Hofwyl (hof'vel). An estate 6 miles north of
Bern, Switzerland: the seat of the educational
institutions of Fellenberg.
Hogarth (ho'giirth), William. Born at Lon-
don, Nov. 10, 1697 : died at London, Oct. 26,
1764. A celebrated English painter and en-
graver. In 1712 he was apprenticed to Ellis Gamble, a
silversmith : in 1718 he turned his attention to eiij^rav-
ing ; and in 1726 he fii-st became known by his phites for
*' iludibras." In 1729 be lan away with Sir .Tames Thorn-
hilTs oidy daugliter, and was m.arried at Paddington
church. He published in 17;i3 "The HarIot*s Progress,"
which was soon followed by "The Rake's Progress." In
1735 Hogarth obtained the passiige of an act securing the
rights of artists to their own designs. In 1736 he painted
on the stairway of .St. Bartholomew's Hospital " The Good
Samaritan" and "The Pool of Bethesda." Among his
other pictures are the " Distressed Poet "and the "Enraged
Musician "(1741), " Marri;ige;ila Mode"(174r.)| " Tndustrj'
and Idleness" (1747). He made afamousjoiiiiny to l''riiiici'
in 174S. In his later years Hogarth intlulircd in literary
compositions, and wrote "The Analysis of Beauty." He
painted a rniiiiber of portraits of himself, the best of which
is in the National Gallery, London.
Hogarth is essentially a comic painter ; his pictures are
not indill'crent, unimpassioned descriptions of human na-
ture, but rich, exuberant satires upon it. He is carried
away by a passion for the ridiculous. His object is "to
show vice her own feature, scorn her own image," He is
So far from contenting himself with still life that he is
always on the verge of caricature, though without ever
falling into it. llazlitt, Eng. Poets, p. 190.
Hogarth Club. A liondon club for artists, es-
tablished in 1870. It has a life class, sketching
club, and reading-room.
Hogg (hog). James. Born at Ettriek, Selkirk-
shire, 1770: died .at Eltrive Lake, Nov, 21, 1835.
A Scottish poet, called "the Ettriek Shep-
herd " from his oeeupation. In 179« he began to be
known as a song-maker, and in 1796 his education had ad-
vanced so far that he began to write his verses. In 1802
he made the aci|Uaintance of Scolt. In 1810 he settled in
Edinbuigb with a view of devoting himself to literature,
but went to intrive Lake in Varrow about 1816, He was
"the Shephei-d " in Wilson's "Recreations of C^hristopher
North," Among his poems are "The Queen's Wake "
(1813), " The Pilgrims of the Sini " (181,'.), " Madoc of the
Moor" (181(1), "'i'be Poetic Mirror, or the Living Bards of
Great Britain" (isw; : parodies), and "Queen Hynde "
(1826), Among his prose works are "The Brownie o' Bods-
beck, etc." (ISITX and "Winter Evening Tales" (1820).
His "Jacobite Relics, etc." (I819-'20), are both prose and
verse.
Hogue (hog), or Hague (hag ; F. pron. hag).
La. A yiromontory at tlie northwestern e.\-
treniity of the department of Manehe, France,
projecting into the English Channel, in lat.
BOS
Holberg
plicated and well-defended ramps The inner bulldioga
consist of several wings with h great towers. The state
apartments are adorned with jiolished msirbles, gilding.
and color, and the vaulting is admirable. The style of
the 14tb century is consistently followed throughout.
Height, 2,840 feet.
Hohenzollern. A German princely family. It
rnletl over Brandenburg from 1415, and has furnished the
_ kings of Prussia since 1701 (German emperors since 1871).
tains of the Eifel, western Germany. Height, Hohenzollem-Sigmaringen (sig'miir-ing-en).
2,490 feet, A foi-mer principality of German}', situated in
Hoheneck (ho'en-ek). The second highest Wiirtetnberg: incorporated withPrussiain 1850.
summit of the Vosges, on the frontier of Friiuce Hohe Tauem. See Tiiiurn.
and Alsace. west of Milnster. Height, 4, 480feet. Hojeda. See Ojedu.
Hohenelbe (ho'en-el-be). A town in Bohemia Holbach (G. pron. liol'biieh ; P. pron. 61-bak'),
situated on the Elbe 62 miles northeast of p^yi Henri Thiry, Baron d'. Bom at Hei-
49° 43' N., long. 1° 57' W. This cape is generally
incorrectly mentioned in connection with tlie great victory
of the English and Dutch over the French May 10 (N. s.
29), 1692, oir the fort of La Hogue. or La Hougue, near the
northeast extremity of the peninsula.
Hoh. See Quilt lite.
Hohe. See AssiiiilHiiii.
Hohe Acht(li6'o iicht). One of the chief mouu-
Prague. Population (1890). 5,736.
Hohenems (ho'en-emz), orHohenembs (ho'en-
embz). A town in Vorarlbeig, Austria-Hun-
gary, situated in lat. 47° 21' N., long. 9° 41' E.
Population (1890), commune, 4,972.
Hohenfriedberg (ho " en - fred ' bero). A sinall
town in the province of Silesia, Prussia, 36 miles
west-southwest of Breslati. Here, June4, 1746, Fred-
erick the Great defeated the Austrians and Saxons under
Prince Chmles of Lorraine. The Prussiim loss was about
delsheim, Baden, 17'J3 : died at Paris. Jan. 21,
1789. A French skeptic and materialistic phi-
losopher. He wrote " Le Chi'istiauisme d^voil^, etc"
(1767), "Le syst^me de la nature "(" System of Natui-e,"
1770 : published in popular form as '*Le bon sens," 1772X
numerous articles in the "Encyclop^die," etc. He re-
sided in Paris from his youth, and his home became a ren-
dezvous for the free-thinkers of his time. His dinners
were exceptionally celebrated, and earned for him , from
the Abbi5 Galiani, the title of the "premier maitre d'hfltel
lie la philosophie.'"
2,000 ; that of the Austrians and Saxons wa34,()00 killed and Holbcach ( liol'bech). A town in Lincolnshire,
wounded and 7,000 prisoners. England, in the Holland district. Population
Hohenlimburg(ho''en-lim'b6rG). Atowninthe (1,891), 4,771.
j,j. .... « iir^ ..,..,:. T,.... :_ nr ___.
F
Hohenlinden (iiu eu-iiu ueiw. .n. vmiigciiit^ij- died there, iai;4. a tjerman mstoncal pa
per Bavaria, 19 miles east of Muuich. Here, Dec. He represented the realistic tendency of the Swabian
3, 1800, the French under Moreau defeated the Austrian school, and later was influenced by that of the Italian Re-
army under the archduke John, The Austrians lost 8,000 naissance. His "Altar of St. Sebastian " (1616), in the Old
killedandwoundedandl2,0O0prisoners, and the battle vir- Plnakothek, Munich, is his masterpiece.
0^11,6 battle *'"' ^"' ^'"^ *""' ^'"P''^" """'^ " '*'"" Holbein,Hans,surnamed "The Younger." Born
probably at Augsburg, Bavaria, about 1497:
10neniimDurg(Uo en-lim Doi'G). Aiowmntue (1,891), 4 771.
province of Westphalia, Prussia, near Hagen. jjolbein (hol'bin), Hans, surnamed "The Eld-
Population (1.890), commune, 6,204. _ g^." Born at Angsburg, Bavaria, about 1466:
lohenlinden (ho'en-lm'den). A village mUp- ^^^ fjjp,.p_ 1504. a German historical painter.
on the battle.
Hohenlohe (h6''en-16'e). A former county, later
a principality, of Germany, mediatized in 1806,
and now mainl.y included in the circle of Jagst,
Wlirtemberg.
Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen(ing'el-fing-en), Prince
of (FriedrichliUdwig). Born at Ingeltingen,
Wiirtemberg, Jan. 31. 1746 : died near Kosel, Si-
lesia, Prussia, Feb. 15, 1818. A Prassian gen-
eral. He gained a victory over the French at Kaisers-
lautern in 1794, but was defeated by Kapoleon at Jena, Oct.
14, 1806, and compelled to surrender with 17,000 men at
Prenzlau, Oct. 28, 1806.
Hohenlohe-Schillingsfiirst (shil'lings -fiirst),
Prince of ( Chlodwig Karl Victor), Prince of
Katibor and Korvei. Born March 31, 1819. A
German statesman and diplomatist. He was Ba-
varian minister of foreign affairs 1866-70 ; became German
ambassador at Paris in 1874 ; and was appointed governor
of Alsace-Lorraine in 1885. On the dismissal of Caprivi
Oct., 1894, he became chancellor of the German EmpiJ-e
ami jircsiilent of tile Pru-ssiau mini-stiy,
Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfiirst
(viil' den-biJiG-shil'liiigs-filrst), Prince of iLeo-
pold Alexander). Born at Kupferzell, near
Waldeubiu'g, Wiirtemberg, Aug. 17, 1794: died
at Voslau, near Vienna, Nov. 13, 1849. A
died at London, 1543. A German historical and
portrait painter and wood-engraver, son of Hans
Holbein (1460-1524). He went to Basel in 1516, and
matriculated in the paint«is' gild in l,'il9. His frescos
in the city hall at Basel, and the "Passion" in the Basel
Museum, were painted about 1521-22. In 1623 he painted
the portrait of Erasmus at Longford Castle. About 1526 be
visited Antwerpto seeQuentin Massys,and afterwiird went
to England, where he was lodged at Sir Thomas More's
house, ne.ar London. In l,52She went to Basel, and returned
to England in 1532, where he remained for the rest of his
life. He became court painter to Henry VIII. about 1636,
Among his works are a series of 89 sketches in red chalk
and India ink, belonging to this period, now in the Wind-
sor collection ; a series of designs for wooil.engi-jiving,
"The Dance of Death." engraved by Hans Liitzelliurger,
published in 1538 and 1547 ; a portrait of Sir Thomas More
(1527); a portrait of Anne of Cleves (1639); a number of
portraits of German merchant goldsmiths of the Steel-
yard, some of wMch are in Germany ; " The Ambassadors "
(in the National Gallery, 1633); and portraits of Henry
VIII. and of the principal personages of the time. He
also designed the title-pages to Coverdale's and Cranmer's
Bibles, and painted some important works with religious
subjects (" The Last Supper, " " The Dead Christ," eight Pas.
sion pictures, etc. — all in the museum at Basel; "The Na-
tivity " and '"the Adoration of the Magi," at Freit)urg-
im-Breisgau ; " Madonna," with the Meyer family at Danu-
stadt ; "Madonna and Saints," at Solothurn, etc).
German Roman Catholic ecclesiastic. He was Holberg (hoI'bei'G). Ludvig VOn. BornatBer-
ordained priest in 1815, and Iiecamc a member of the
society of "Fathers of the Sacred Heart" about 1816,
canon of Grosswardein in 1824, grand provost iu 1829,
and bishop of Sai-dica in partibue iiifidelimii in ls44.
He several times came into conflict with the civil au-
tlioiities as a practitioner of the prayer-cure. He wrote
"Der im Geist der Katholischen Kil'ehe betende Cluist"
(1819), etc.
Hohensch'wangau (ho 'en-shvang'ou). Amedi-
eval stronghold in Swabia, Bavaria, 56 miles
southwest of Munich, said to have been raised
on Roman foundations, but entirely rebuilt by
Maximilian H. It is especially interesting for its fres-
cos, which include the "Legend of Lohengrin." many his-
torical subjects, the "Life of a Medieval Lady," episodes
of chivalry, etc. The g.arden exhibitsa reproduction of the
Fountain of Lions in the Alhambra.
Hohenstaufen fho'en-stoufen). A village in
Wiirtemberg, 23 miles east of Stuttgart. Its
fonner castle was the seat of the Hohenstaufen family.
Height, 2,237 feet.
Hohenstaufen. A German princely familv. It
fnniislnd sovereigns to Germany 1138-1208 and 121.5-,''.4,
ami loSii-ily n;)4-l-J6«, Coiiradin, last of the line, was exe-
cuted 12i'.s.' See " Geschichte der Hohenstaufen," by Rau-
miT.
Hohenstein (ho'en-sfin). A town in the gov-
ernmental district of Zwickau, Saxony, 48 miles
west-southwest of Dresden. Population (1890).
7.546.
Hohentwiel (ho'en-tvel). A ruined fortress in
Wiirtemlierg, near Singen. Height. 2,273 feet.
Hohenzollern (ho'en-tsol-lern). Aprovince of
Prussia, inclosed by Wiirtemberg. Area, 441
square miles. Population (1890), 66.085.
Hohenzollern. A castle nearllechingen, south-
ern Germany, belonging to the Prussian royal
family, situated in the Swabian Alp. It was be-
gun in IH.60, the medieval fortress having practically dis-
appeared, except the chapel. The exterior walls and bas-
tions reproduce the old castle. The entrance is by com-
gen, Norway. Dec. 3. 1684 : died at Copenhagen,
Jan. 28, 1754. The father of the Danish drama,
and the gi-eatest name in Danish literature. His
father, who had risen from n conmion soldier to the rank
of colonel, died when he was still an infant, and his mother
when he was 10 years old. He had been intended for the
army, but showed such an aptitude for study that he was
sent to the Bergen Latin school, and in 1702 he entered
the Copenhagen University. Being destitute of means, he
soon came back again to Norway, and was tutor in the
family of a clei-gymau at Voss. A year later he again
went to Copenhagen, where he studied theology and took
his examination, Iiut shortly after returned to Norway and
was again a tutor, this time with a clergyman at Bergen.
This latter had been a great traveler, and Holberg, through
the perusal of the journal be had kept, was inspired with a
desire to see the world. He accordingly set out for Hol-
land, but went only as far as Aix-la-Chapelle. The year
after he returned to Norway and settled atChristiansand,
where he taught French during the winter. The foUoivlng
spring he went to England and remained 2 years, chiefly at
Oxford, where he supported himself by teaebitiL- languages
andnuisic. Returning to (',i]HnlKigen, he estiiMisbed fiim.
self as docent at the university, but soon after acceiited
the post of private tutor, and accompanieii his charge te
Germany. Cpon his return to Denmark he was again a
tutor until the year after (1710), when he was admitted as
a stipendiary at Borch's Collegium in Copenhagen. » ben
he was flnaliy enabled to devote himself to literarj' work.
In 1711 he published his first work, " Introduction til den
EuropaisUe Rigers Historic " ("Introduction to the His-
tory of the Nations of Europe "), In 1714hewasmadepro-
fessorextraiudinaiius, but without a stipend. Shortly after,
however, he was made the beneficiary of the " Rosenkrants
fund," and was thus enabled to go abroad. He accord-
ingly Bailed to Hidland ; traveled on foot from Brussels
to Paris, where he remained for a year and a half; pro-
ceeded again, partly on foot, to Marseilles and Genoa,
where be fell ill ; aiid afterward went on to Rome, where
he remained the whole winter. The following Feb. he set
out again for Deimiark, making the whole journey from
Rome to Palis on foot. In 1718 he was made professor
of metaphysics at Copenhagen ; later he became profes-
sor of Latin and rhetoric, and ultimately (17:io) of history
and geography. In 1719-20 appeared, under the pseudo-
nym Hans .Mikkelsen, the first of his characteristic pro-
Holberg
ductlnns, the comic-heroic poem " I'eiler Paar»." In 1722
he lieuiin to write comeilies. I'p to this year, wlleu the
Ihinii^h theater waa t»pene<i with a transhitioi) of Muliere's
'"I.'Avare," there had heeii French ami liennan hut no
Danish theaters in Copenhagen. Holbers: was applied to
to write Danish comedies, and this year the Brst of them
was produced; "Den politiske Kanderst^ber" ("The
Pewterer Politician ") Five plays were furnislled duriri(;
the year, and ultimately he had written :iJ. Among the
most notalile of these, besides the one mentione<i, are *' Den
Stundesljise ' ("The liiisy llau^ "Ei-.isnms Montanus,'
509
Holstein
"Barsel8tuenH;TheLjinB4nRoom;).' JeppcpaaBjer- HoUand (liiil'ana ; 1). pron.hol'lant)
eet" CMeppe of the Mountain 1, "Jacob von Ihyho, ■"",, ^ %,'■,, ',, ', x- ,,, ...
"Den VaeKelsindcde"(" The Fickle Woman ■> In 1726 'iluiiilx. i or Holliincl. Aoitli, aii^
heaeain went abroad, and remained during the winter in Si)utli. soe Surtli Holhiinl and Soiitli
Paris. After 172)S the year of the great conflagration in Holland (hol'and). A region in tl
Copenhagen, and during the reign of christian \1., no , „ T.iiicolnsliil-p Eno-liind
more plays were written; but when the theater was re- > ' " 1';' If i^l"<^0'"''""'-' ^"»''''""'
opened in 1747. on the accession of FYederick V., sever.il ]iosicl ot tens. ^ . -r ■,
more were furnislled, inferior, however, to his earlier com- Holland, GeOrge, ~
ill the Sor(« church. Besirles the above, he wrote various
historical and other works, among theni " Danmarks Eiges
Historle"('Tlle History of the Kingdom of Denmark")
in 3 vols., an autobiography in 3 letters written in Latin,
and several hnnn»rous epics and lyrics. Ho has been called ^1^3'J)
"the founder of modern Danish literature."
Holborn (liri'liorn). A district in the crntral
liar! of London. Pov"i''iti"'i < '''^••' '• -l^.-'iO-'-
Holbrook ( hol'bruk), John Edwards. Born at
Beaufort. S. C, Dee. 31, 179D: died at Norfolk,
Mass.. Sept. S. 1871. An Aiuerieaii naturalist.
He became jirofessor of anatomy in the Metlical College of
.South t'arolina in 1M-J4, a position which ho retained up-
wavil of :m years. His chief work is "American Herpe-
tology •■ (184-2).
Holcroft ( hoi ' krof t ) , Thomas. Born at London,
Dee. 10 (t). S.), 1743: died there, Mareh 23. 1809.
An English dramatist, miseellaneous ^^Titer. and
aetor. He was ridiculed by Gifford in the" Baviad." In
1794. having embraced the principles of the French Revo-
lution, he was indicted for high treason, but after remain-
ing for about two months in Newgate he was discharged
without a trial. Among his plays are "The Follies of a
Day," a translation of Beaumarchais's " Mariage de Figaro '
(produced in 1784. Holcroft appearing as Figaro), "The
Road to Ruin " (1792 : revived m 1873, and translated into
Danish and Oerman), "The Deserted Daughter." founded
on Cumberland's "Fashionable Lover" (1795), etc. He also
wrote "Tales of the Ca.stle" from the French of Madame
de Genlis (USri), "Life of Baron Frederic Trenck. etc."
(1788), "A Tale of Mystery" (the first melodrama, 1802),
with several novels and tianslatii -
Holder
1878. An Aineriean navnl oftieer. He entered the
navy in 1814, served under Decatur in the .\lg<rian war in
1815, and became commander in 1814. In Itai. » bile lying
olf the Mosquito Coast, he bombarded (ireyt.iwn, whose
citizens, it was alleged, had molested the American resi-
dents, in consequence of which hasty action serious diHi-
culty was narrowly averted with lircatHrilain, who claimed
a protectorate over Nicaragua. He n-sicned in 18IU. in order
to accept a commission as commodore in the Confederate
Hollis(hol'is), Thomas. Bom in England, 1659:
died 1731. An English merchant, a benefactor
of Karvard College.
Holo (ho'lo). A Bantu tribe of Angola, West
Africa, settled between the Kuangii and Luiyi
rivers. They own many cattle, but live in a very
low stale of culture.
Born at London, Englaiid. HoUoway (hol'o-wa). A district in the north-
part of London.
Thomas. Born at London, 1748:
near Norwich, England. Feb.,
h etigraver. His chief works are
luiid/uu, '^iii j^Lcixi^. ij'.i.i (II. aj.*..*i...w^.., . — - engravings aiier naphael's cartoons, and illustrations for
sliire, England, Oct. 27. 1788: died at London. T.avater's "Physiognniny."
Oet. 27, 1S73. An English physician and author. Holm, Saxe. A pseudonym under which a uum-
Ile iiulilisheil " Medical Notes and Reflections '' ber of pcjpular stories were published in 1874.
land, and Richard .stanlhnrstt-i continue from 1509 to 1647
the hi.Hlory of Ireland, which Hnlinshcil had compiled
chiefly from a manuscript by F.dinund Campion. At length,
on 1 .lul.v, 1578, a license for publishing "Raphael Hol-
lingesheds Cronycle " was issued to John Harrison and
George Bishop, on payment of the unusually high fee of
•SX' and a copy." Did. Hat. ISinff.
Holkar (horkjir). A Mahratta family in the 18th
and 19tli centuries.
Holkar's Dominions. See Indore.
' '" ). SeeXcth
\ Holland
th Hoi Id ml
n the southeast-
largely eom-
, etc.
Holland, Josiah Gilbert. Born at Belcher-
town, Mass., Jidy 24, 1819: died at New York,
Oct. 12, 1881. An American author, journal
The authorship has never been acknowledged.
Holmboe (holm'be), Kristoffer Andreas.
Born in the district of Valders, southern Nor-
way, March 19,1790: died April 2, 1882. ANorwe-
ist, and editor. He was an editor of the " Springfield gian philologist. He was appointed to a professorship
;or-in-chief of "Scribner's in the University of Christiania in 1826. Uis works include
He was curator of invertebrate zoology
herpctology in the American Museum of Natural History
In New York city from 1870 until his death. He wrote a
"Histoi-y of the North American Fauna" (1882), "Hist<iry
of the Atlantic Right Whales " (1883), " The Living Worid "
(1884), etc.
Holderlin (hel'der-lin), Johann Christian
Friedrich. Born at Lauffen, Wiirtemberg,
.March 20. 1770: dieilat Tiibingen.Wilrtemberg,
June 7. 1843. A Geriiiaii poet, author of the
romance "Hyperion" (1797-99), lyric i)oems
(1820). etc.
Holderness (hol'dfer-nes). The peninsula be-
tween the North Sea and the Humber, in the
East Hiding of Yorkshire, England.
HolgerDanske' hol'gerdans'ke). Thetntelary
genius of the Danes, who. ac<'ording to the le-
gend, sleeps beneath the Kronborgat Helsiiigiir
(the Elsinoreof Sliakspere's "Hamlet"), ready
to arise when Denmark is in danger. Local le-
gend iilaees him also at Mogeltondcm, in North
Schleswig.
Holies (ho'lich). A town in the county of Neu-
tra, 1 [iingary. 4.'> miles north of Presburg. Pop-
ulation (1890), 5.747.
Holinshed (iHjl'inz-lied), or Hollingshead
(liol'iiig/.-hcd), Raphael. Born probably at
Sutton Downes. Cliesliire: died about 158(1. An
English chroiiiider. He is said to have been educated
at one of the universities, possibly Cambridge. His great
work, "Chronicles of F.ngland. Scotland. and Ireland," was
begun for Reginald Wolfe, a l^ondon printer, wbose service
ho entered as translator early in the reign of F.lizabeth.
(See the extract.) A second and enlarged edition, edited
by John Hooker, was published after Holinshed's death
(15S7).
About 1.548 Wolfe designed a universal history and cos-
mography, with maps and illustrations. He had inher-
ited Leland's notes, and he himself began the compilation
of the F.ngllsh. Scottish, and Irish portions. Holinshed
worked for some years under his direction, ami had free
access to Leland's .nainiscripts. " After flne-and-twentie
yeares travell spent therein, ' Wolfetiied in 1.^73. No part
of the great project was then ready for ]mblicati<ui. but
three well-known publishers, flcorge Bishop, .lohn Harri-
son,and Luki
with
vice. _
Wolfe's successors resolved to limit their plan to histories
Republican" 1849-()«, and editor
Monthly " (later "The Century Magiizine ") 1870-81, and
one of its fonnder.s. He wrote "Timothy Titcomb's^Let
terstothe Vc.nng"(1858)."GoldFoil
on Familiar Subjects" (186.5); the poems
(1858) and "Kathrhia" (18li8) ; and the novels "Arthur
Bonnicastle "(1873), "Sevenoaks " (1876), "Nicholas Min-
turn " (1877), etc.
Holland, Lord. See Fox, Hcnnj Richard VaxsnII.
Holland, Philemon. Bom at Chelmsford, Es-
sex, 1552 : died at Coventry, Feb. 9, 1637. An
English wi'iter. noted as a translator. He gradu-
ated at Cambridge (Trinity College) in 1571, and after 1595
lived at Coventry. His translations include Livy (KiOO),
the "Natural Histoiy ' of Phny (1601), the "Morals" of
Plutarch (1603), the "History of the Cajsars" of Snet^jiiius
(1«k;), Camden's "Britannia "(1610), and the "Cyropiedia"
of Xenophon (1632).
Holland House. Amansion in Kensington , Lou-
don, especially noted as a social center during
the life ot the third Lord Holland. It took its name
from Henry Rich, eari of Holland, i.y whose father-in-l.aw,
.Sir Walter Cope, it was built in 100^
(Vaclav Holar)
■" ' March 28,
us Merian
at Frankfort. Hetraveled extensively, makingplatesot
views in the various cities he visited. The Earl of Arun-
del, ambassador to the emperor in 1635, discovered Hollar
and brought him to England. About 1639 he b.^canie
teacher of drawing to the Prince of Wales, and was made
royal designer on the prince's accession as Charles II.
Hollai- enlisted with the Royalists in the civil war, and was
made prisoner at Basing House in 1645. On regaining his
liberty he joined the Earl of Arundel at Antwerp, return-
ing to England in 1B.52. He was afterward sent with Lord
Howarii to Tangier to make toiiogiapliical drawings. In
1640 appeared '26 jdates entitleil "Ornatns Muliebris An-
glicanus. or Several Habits of English Women, etc.," fol-
lowed in 1643 by illustrations of feminine costumes in other
parts of Enroi>e. In 1672 he mailo plates of Lincoln, York,
etc. His rendering of architecture is especially Hue.
HoUenthal (hel'Ien-tiil). A picturesque valley
Dasalteste Munzwesen Norwegens" (1846), " Sanskrit og
_ oldnorsk " (1846), " Det oldnorske Verbum " (1848), etc.
■'(1859), " Plain Talks Holmby (hom'lji) House. An old mansion near
jenis "Bitter-sweet" Xorthamptou in England, in which Charles I.
was imprisoned in 1(547.
Holmes (homz), Abiel. Bom at Woodstock,
Conn., Dec. 24, 17(53: died at Cambridge. Mass.,
June 4, 1837. An American Congregational
clergyman and historical writer. He was pastor
of a church at Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1792-1832. Au-
thor of "Annals ot America" (1805: new ed., bringing the
narrative down to 1826. 1829).
Holmes, Oliver Wendell. Born at Camin-idge,
Mass., .\ug. 29, 1SU9: died Oct. 7, 1894. An
American poet, essayist, and novelist, son of
Abiel Holmes. He was professorof anatomy and physi-
ology in the medical school of Harvard t'niversity from
1.847 to 1882, when he resigned and was appointed inofessor
emeritus. He contributed to the " Atlantic Monllily "the
"Autocrat of the Breakfast- Table" (1S67-5S). "Professor
at the Breakfast-Table " (1859). " Poet at the Breakfast-
Table"(1872), and"Over the Tea-cups " (1891) ; and wrote
the novels"Elsie Venner "(1S61). "The (iuardian Angel"
(1868), and " A Mortal Antipathy " (1885). His poems have
been collected in "Songs in .Many Keys " (1861), "Humor-
ous Poems " (1865), "Songs of Many Seasons" (1874), "Be-
fore the Curfew" (1888). He also wrote a miinber of vcd.
umes of essays, and memoirs of Ralph Waldo Emerson
(1885) and of John Lothrop .Motley (1878).
Holofernes (hol-o-fer'nez). [Gr. '0/o(t>fp''«, also
'O'/oijiiiinrn:, 'OpoiptpvK.~\ A general of Nebuchad-
nezzar: the leading character in the book of
■Judith (Apocrypha). He was killed by Judith.
Holofernes, or Holophernes. 1. A conventional
cliar;ieter of Italian conn ily : a pedant or pom-
pous schoolniaster. — 2. A pedant in Kabelais's
"Gargantua and Pantagruel." He teaches Gar-
gaiitua to say the alphabet backward in 5 years
and 3 months. — 3. A pompous schoolmaster
in Sliakspere's "Love's Labour's Lost," taken
' " 'of Italian
tho southern part of the Black Forest, Ger- from the conventiontil character
many, east of I'^reiburg.
Holies (holz), Denzil, Baron Holies. Born Oct.
31, 1599 : died Feb. 17, )ti79. An English states-
man, second sou of the lirst Earl of Clare. U>-
was the brother-in-law of Stratford. In 1624 he entered
Parliament, and mi March 2. 1629. was one of the two who
held the speaker in his chair when he attempted to adjourn
the House at the king's order. Two days later he was ar-
rcstedand senttotheTower. He refused to acknowledge
thejnriBdiclionof the courts over what was done in Pariia Holst (hoist), HanS Petet. Bornat Copenhagen,
• • • ■■ • -■ '-00"."— ' ^"'f;2o,,sndi..dJniie'_M893. A Danish poet
comedy.
As for the notion of certain critics, that Holr.ferrics was
meant forasatireupon John Klorio,wliose "Second Fruits"
appeared in 1.591, coiitaininj; siane ivIUctloiis oii the inde-
corum of the English stage, we cann..l discv,'! Ilie slight-
est ground for it. Shakespeare, nodoulpl. had pie occa-
sion to laugh at the jiedanti-y of pedag. .gucs long before ho
knew any thing of Florio. . . ^
Uudson, Int. to Loves Labour B Lost.
ment. and was heavily llneil. The sum of .t;5,000wa8 voteil
to him by the Long I'ariiainent as compensation for his
losses in the alfair. He was an iufluontial ineinber of this
Parliament, was one of the members impeached by the king
.Ian. ;t, 1042, and fought for the Parliament at Edgellill and
lii cut ford. Laterhebecamcaproniinentadvocateof peace
and an agreement with the king, was opp..scd to the Incle
pendents, and in 1617 was inipeaelled »itll 10 ol hers by the
army. He fled to France, and In .Ian., 1648, was expelled
from Parliament. On the Restoratlimho was created Baron
llcdles, and was ambassador at Paris ll«)3-f.6.
Holies John. Bornatllaughton.Nottingham-
sliiie, about 1.564 : died there, Oct. 4, 1037. An
English politician, created lirst earl of Clare in
10'24.
piist-bor-
pital oi Liiair i ouiuv, Pennsyl-
vania. siluat.Ml in lat. 40° 20' N., long. 78° 25' W.
Poi.iilatioii (1890), 2.97,5.
HoUidaysburg (li<d'i-dilz-berg). A m
on"h and I ho capital of Blair County, P-
vania. siluatcd in lat.40°20' N., long. 78=
Poniilitioii (1890), 2.975.
i,and Luke or l.iuas Harrison, determined to persevere i „„_i.v /l,.,l'i„„, ivArth) A chnrncter
:h II, and Holinshed c.ntinued his labours in their ser- HollingSWOrth (h 1 ig7,-w(>rtn). A cnarac tei
e. Alarmeilatthesizetheworkseemedlikelytoassunie, in I Inwthoi'ue s •■ Hill liedalc Koinanee. lie is
. life's successors resolved to limit their plan to histories (],,, ,,iilv man of action in tin' sloiy.
and descriptions of England. Si-otland, and Ireland mily, ti„ii;_„" (liol'iny) dparae Nichols.
and to omit maps. William Harrison was engaged to as- tlOllinS < ""' "'^';,„^°V^r ,f;„ V"V"'
elBt Holinshed In the descriptions of England and Soot- Baltimore, Sept. ^^), l(JJ. (Ilea mere,
Born at
Jan. 18,
After having been successively a teacher and a newspaper
editor, he became, in 1875, di-aniatnrgist to the royal thea-
ter at Copenhagen. Ho founded in 1868 the magazine
"For Roniaiitik og Historic," and was the author of " Ude
og lljemme," " Di-n lille Hornblaeser " (1849), etc.
Holst (hoist), Hermann Eduard von. Bom at
Kcllin, Livonia, Russia. .Iitne 19 (N. S.), 1841.
A (ierman historian. He came to the United States
in 1866, and settled at New York, where he contributed
to the press, and in 1869 became assistant editor of the
"Dentseh-Amcrikanischcs Conversations-l.exik.m." Ho
became iirofessor of histoi-y at Stnisburg I'inveisily ">
187-2, at the University of Freiburg in 1874. and at Chicago
Univei-sity in 1892. Among his works are " Vei-fassungs-
geschichte der Vercinigtim Staaten von Amcrika " (1878-
1885 : translated Into English as "Constitutimcd and Po-
lllical History of the United States "), and " Life of John
C Calhoun " (1884).
Holstein (hol'stin). The southern part of the
province of iSchleswig-Holstein, Prussia, sepa-
ratcil froniSchleswigbytheEideraiid the Baltic
Canal. The chief place is Kiel. I he surfa<e is generally
low. It fomied part of the realm of Charles the lireat,
and was for several centuries ruled by counts of the house
Holstein
of Schauenberg. Schleswip aud Holstein were formally
unite! in l:i8a. In 1460 they psisseii t4i tlie kings of Den-
murk (Ohienliurg line), llulsteiii continutil a lief of the
empire; became a duchy in 1474; and was incorporated
witli Denmiuk in ISCNj. 'J'hc Kinu'ttf Denmark entered the
Germanic Confederation for Ibilstoin in 1815. It received
representative government in 1^31 ; lebt-llcd against Den-
mark lS48-r»0 and 18ti3-(>4 ; and was jinnextd by Prussia in
1866. See Schlexwii^ and Schh-xwiijUuistein Wars.
Holstein-Gottorp. See Oldcubtay.
Holston (hor.stoii). A liver in eastern Tennes-
see, formed by the North and South Forks near
Kiiifcsport. It unites with the Clinch t« form the
Tennessee at Kingston, length, about 20u miles (in-
cluding the North Jb'ork, over 300 miles); navigable to
Knoxville.
Holtei (horti). Karl von. Born at Breslau, Jan.
24. 1798: died there, Feb'. 12, 1S80. A German
poet and dranuitist. lie began the study of jurispru-
dence, but s»ii»n abandoned it to go upon the stage, and
afterward was connected with the theater, in variousplaces,
as actor, director, and poet. He also acquii-ed reputation
as a Shaksperian reader. A Volume of poems('*Gedichte ")
appeared in 1826. His principal fame, however, as a poet
rests upon his"Schlesische(iedichte"("Silesian i'oems,"
1830). Among his dramas are particubxrlyt^) be mentioned
** Leonore," *' Lorbeerbaum und Rcttulstat) " (" Laurel Tree
and Beggai- Statf "). " Der alte h eldherr " (" The Old Gen-
eral"), "Die Berliner in Wien " ("The Berliners in Vien-
na'")," Die Wiener in Berlin" ("The Viennese in Berlin"),
all of which appeared in his " Theater " (1867) in 6 vols.
He is also the author of a number of novels, among them
"Die Vagabunden"("The Vagabonds.*" 1852). "Christian
LammfeU"(18o3),"Ein arm er Schneider "("A Poor Tailor,'"
18,i8), "Der letzte Komudiaut" ("The Last Comedian,"
1863).
Holty (hel'ti), Ludwig Heinrich Christopli.
Born at Mariensee, near Huunover, Dec. 21,
1748: died at Hauuover, Sept. 1, 1776. A Ger-
man l>Tic poet. He was the son of a clergyman. He
studied theology at Cottingen, where he was one of the
founders of the poetic limtherliood, the so-called "Hain-
Bund." He wrote songs, odes, and elegies, and tlie patriotic
idyl " Das Feuer im Walde" ("The Fire in the Forest ").
His collected poems were first published posthumously in
17s:i.
Holtzendorff (hoits'en-dorf ), Franz von. Born
at Vietmannsdorf, Ukerinark, Prussia, Oct. 14,
1829. A German jurist. He wrote " Franzbsische
Rechtszustande " (ISfiO), " Die Reform der StaatsanwaJt-
schaftin Deutschland "(1864)," DiePrinzipiender Politik"
(1S6!)). etc.
Holub(h6'l6b),Emil. Born at Holitz, Bohemia,
Oet. 7, 1S47. An Afriean explorer. After prac-
tising medicine at the diamond-fields of South Airica
(1872), he took to scientific exploration and collecting. He
first explored the Transvaal (1873-74) ; reached the Zam-
besi River, via Shoshong, in 1875 ; and went as far as the
Barotse, returning to Europe in 1879. In 1884 he was again
at the Cape and on his way to the Zambesi. The looting
of his camp by the Mashukulumbe obliged him to return
in 1887. His young wife accompanied him on this second
exploration of the Zambesi valley, and rendered heroic ser-
vice. He has written " Seven Years in South Africa "(1880),
etc.
Holy Alliance, The. A league formed by the
sovereigns of Russia, Austria, and Prussia in per-
son after the fall of Napoleon, signed at Paris
Sept. 26, 1815, and afterward joined by all the
other European sovereigns except those of Rome
and England, its professed object was to unite their
respective governments in a Christian lirotherhood, but
its real one was to perpetuate existing dynasties by their
joint opposition tf> all attempts at change. A special
clause debarred any member of the Bonaparte family from
ascending a Eviropean throne. The league came to an end
after the French revolution of 1830.
Holy Bottle. See THvc Bouteille,
Holy Coat. See Treves.
Holycross {Ii6-li-kr6s'). A village in Tipperary,
Ireland, situated on the Suir 3 miles south of
Thurles. Holycross Abbey is a very notable i'istercian
foundation, now ruined. The cruciform church, with cen-
tnil tower, has round arches on the north side of the nave
and pointed arches on the south side. There is a beauti-
ful window of 6 lights at the west end of the nave, and a
similar one in tlie chevet Each transept possesses two
beautifully vaulted and arcaded chapels: those i if the north
transept are connected by an elegant vaulted passage. In
the (dioir stands a very ornate 14th-century altar-tomb to
a countess of liisMiond.
Holy Dying ami Holy Living. Two tractates
liv Jeremy Taylor.
Holy Grail. One of Tennyson's "Idylls of the
Kin^^'' See Grtiil.
Holyhead (hol'i-hed), Welsh Caer-Gybi (ka'-
er-gib'e). A seaport in Anglesea, Wales, sit-
uated in lat. 53° 19' N.. long. 4° 38' W. It is the
terminus of the mail-packet line to Dublin. Population
(ISOI), S.72C..
Holy Island, <>r Lindisfarne (lin-dis-fiirn'). 1.
Aiiishind(atlo\v walera peninsula )iu the Nortli
Sea, 2 miles from the eoast of Northumberland,
and 10 miles southeast <»f Ber\viek-()n-Tweed.
It is celebrated for the ruins of its monastery, founded by
Oswald 635, and famous under St. Cuthbert. Length, 3
miles.
2, A name sometimes given to Riigon, and also
to other islands.
Holy Land. Sfo Palestine,
Holy League, The. 1. A league between Pope
510
Julius n., Ferdinand of Aragon, and the states
of Venice and Switzerland, fonued in 1511 for
the pui-pose of ex]>elling Louis XII. of France
fr(tm Italy, it was subsetiuently joined by Henry VIII.
of Englandand by the emperor Maximilian. It was dis-
solved on the death of Julius in 1513.
2. A league between the emperor Charles V.,
the archbishops of Mainz and Salzburg, and the
dukes William and Louis of Bavaria, George
of Saxony, and Eric and Henry of Brunswick,
formed at Nuremberg July 10, 1538. for the sup-
port of the Roman Catholic faith in Clermany
in opposition to the Smalkaldic League. — 3.
A league formed by the Koman Catholics iu
France iu 1570 for the purpose of aimihilating
the Huguenot party and elevating the Guises
to tllC throne, it owed its origin to the dissatisfaction
amonp the Roman Catholics with the peace of Chastenoy
{paix de nwn-ifirur). c<.>nchuled in that yeiu", which pranted
the HujjueiKits free exeniso of their religion in all parts
of France except Vixris. It was supported by Philip ll. of
•Spain, and was Iinally overthrown by Henry IV. in l.^iWl.
Holy Mother of the Russians. An epithet of
Moscow.
Holyoake (h6ri-6k), George Jacob, Born at
Birmingham, April 13, 1817. An English re-
former. He has taken a prominent part in pi"omoting
schemes for the education of the working- classes and for
the advancement among them of various forms of coopera-
tion. He is an advocate of secularism. Among his works
are "The History of Co-operation in England : its Litera-
ture and Advocates" (lS7r>-78) and '"Tlie Rochdale Pio-
neers: Thirty-Three Years of Co-operation in Rochdale"
(1SS2), of which a ninth edition appeared in 1883 under
the title of 'Self-Help by the People."
Holyoke (horyok). A city iu Hampden County.
Massachusetts, situated on the Connecticut 7
miles north of Springfield, it is noted for its manu-
factures, especially of paper, being one of the chief paper-
manufacturing cities in the world. Population (18S0),
35,637.
Holyoke, Mount. The chief point iu a low
range (Holyoke range) in western Massachu-
setts, southeast of Northampton. Height, 955
feet.
Holy Roman Empire, or German-Roman Em-
pire, often called the (xerman Empire, G.
Romisches Reich deutscher Nation (rc'mish-
es rich doich'ernat-se-on').orDeutsches Reich
(doich'es rich). The realm ruled by the em-
peror who claimed to bo the repi'esentative of
the ancient Roman emperors, and who asserted
(in theory) authority over the nations of west-
ern and central Europe : called "holy" from the
interdependence of the empire and the church.
It comprised in general the German -speaking peoples in
central Europe, audit had for a long time a close connection
with Italy. Various regions outside of Germany proper
were at different times under the empire. It began with
Charles the Great, king of the Franks, who was crowned
emperor of the West SOil, and was succeeded by various
Carolingian emperors. By the treaty of Verdun (843) the
Carolingian dynasty continued in the eastern part of
Chiu"! em ague's empire (t. e. Germany). The German na-
tion grew from the union of Thuringians. Franks, .Saxons,
Bavarians, Swabians, Lorrainers, etc. The Saxon line of
German kings began with Henry the Fowler in 919. The
lasting union of Genuany with the empire began in 962,
when Otto I., king of Germany, became Roman emperor.
The Saxon line of emperors continued until 1024. The
Franconian line (Conrad IV., Heni-y III., Henry IV,,
Hem-y V.) reigned li)24 to ll'3r> ; the Hohenstaufen or Swa-
bian liue(Conrad III.. Frederick Barbarossa, Frederick II.,
Conrad IV.) 1138-1208. 1215-54. There was an interregnum
from 12.S4 to 1273. Emperors from the Hajisburg, Luxem-
burg, and other houses reigned 1273-1437. The continuous
line of Hapsburg emper<»rs. who were powerful Austrian
rulers, began in 1438. .After Maximilian I. and Charles V.
the empire degenerated through the 17th and 18th centu-
ries; and Francis II. (Francis I. of Austria)a)idicatt<l as thc;
last emperor iu 1S06. The emperors wt-ie tUrteil. Tbt-
number of electors was fixed at seven by the Gnjikii Bull of
13r>(i — the archbishops of Alainz. Treves, and Cologne, the
Count Falatineof the Rhine, the King of Bohemia, the Duke
of Saxony, and the Margrave i.>f Brandenl)mg. Bavaria and
Hannover were respectively made electorates in 1023 and
1092, and in the years immediately before the fall of the em-
pire Wiirtemberg, Hesse-Csissel. and Salzl>urg. By Maxi-
milian I. the empire was divided into 10 circles— Bur-
gundian, Westphalian. Lower Rhine, tapper Rhine, Lower
Saxon, rpper Saxon, Franconian, Swabian, Bavarian, and
Austrian. See Gennfin ViuiftiUralion, Germany, Prussia,
Saxony, and the different Gt-rnian states; also Austria.
Holyrood (ho'li-rod) Palace. An ancient royal
palace of Scotlaml. situated at Edinburj^h. it
was orlcinally an abbey, founde<l 1128 ; was several times
biinied ; and was the scene «.>f the murder of Rizzio 1506.
It is a large and picturescjue castellated structure, in its
existing form luiilt ihietly about 1670. The apartments of
Mary tjut-en of Srols ait- preserved. The palace replaced
Holyrooil Altliey, to wbirh l)elonged the tine ruined Early
English ilmrtb, whose traciry, arcades, and other details
are admiiable. The abbey posBcssed the ancient privilege
of sanctuary, and for debtors this survived until 1880,
when imprisonment for debt was abolished.
Holy Sepulcher, Church of the. A clmrch at
Jerusalom. consecrated in XMy. The original build-
ing was in the form of a n»tunda, whose shape, at least,
survives in the existing complex structure. It assumed
various forms in the course of the middle iiges, and was in
great part rebuilt after a fire in 1808. The chief entrance
is from a court on the south, and has handsome recessed
Homer
pointed Norman-Saracenic arches. In the Interior is the
sepulcher proper, inclosed iu a 16-sided chapil bt-iteaHi a
douje 65 feet iu diameter resting on 18 piers, to'^'L-tJirr with
a great numberof chapels appropriated to .iitftiLiit ntfds
and Miiiionahties, or marking various spot^^ traditionally
coniRctiil with the Sa\ iom s passion. Mmh of the 12th-
century ('hint.li of the Crnsiiders, originally distinct from
the Holy Stimlclier, is included in the existing edifice: it
presents iMiiutiful details of the French architecture of the
style of transition t<j the Pointed.
Holy Thorn. See (ilasionhnrn.
Holy War, The. 1 . A work by Thomas Fuller,
published in 1639: Ids first important l>ook. — 2.
A work by John Bnuyan. published in 1682.
Holywell (hol'i-wel). A town in Flintshire,
North Wales, situated near the estuary of the
Dee. 14 miles southwest of Liverpool. Popula-
tion (1891), 3,018.
Holywell street. A London street parallel to
the StrandfromNewcastlestreet to St. Clement
Danes Church : so named from a "holy well" in
tliat locality, it is occupiedchieflyby book-shops, and
was formerly notorious as a place of sale for obscene lit-
erature.
Holzminden(h6lts'min-den). Atownin Bruns-
wick, (iermany. on the Weser 40 miles south-
southwest of Hannover. It has a school of en-
^neerin^. Population (1890), 8,787.
Homam (ho-mam')- [Ar. .S(/V? al-homam, the
lucky star of the hero.] The thii'd-magnitudo
star ?/ iVfrasi.
Homberg (hom'bero), Wilhelm. Born at Ba-
tavia, .lava, Jan. 8, 1652 : died at Paris, Sept.
24,171'), A chemist of Gennan descent. He dis-
covered boracic acid and "Homberg's phos-
phorus."
Homburg, or Homburg-vor-der-Hohe (hom'-
borCx-for-tler-he'e). A town in the province of
Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, on a spur of the Taimus
9 miles north-northwest of Fraukfort-ou-tlie-
Main. it is one of the most frequented watering-places
in Germany, noted for mineral springs, formerly for its
gaming-tables. It has a castle. It was the capital to I860
of the former landgraviate of Hesse-Hombui^. PopuIatioD
(1S90), commune, 8,863.
Homburg. A small town in the Palatinate,
Bavaria. 43 miles southeast of Treves.
Home (hom), Sir Everard. Born at Htdl, Eng-
land, May 6, 1756: died at Loudon, Aug. 31, 1S32.
A Scottish surgeon and anatomist. H* wasapupil
of his brother-in-law John Hunter, and later his assistant.
From 1S21 he was surgeon to Chelsea Hospital. He wrote
"Lectures on Comparative Anatomy "(1814-28), etc.
Home, Henry, Lord Kame.s. Born at Kames,
Berwickshire. Scotland, 1696: died at Edin-
burgh,Dec. 27, 1782. A Scottish judge and pliilo-
sophical Wl'iter. He published "Essays on the Princi-
ples of Moralityand Natural Religion" (1751), " Elements
of Criticism " (1762). and various legal works.
Home, John. Born at Leith, Scotland, Sept.
21, 1722: died near Edinburgh, Sept. 5, 1808.
A Scottish clergyman and dramatist, author of
"Douglas" (which see). He was settled as minis-
ter at Athelstaneford in East Lothian in 1747. His con-
nection with the stage aroused clerical hostility, and pro-
ceedings against him were begun in the presbytery : but
he resigned in 1757. He also wrote "Agis" (acted 1758),
"The Fat.al Discover}'" (1709), " Alon2o"(1773), "Alfred"
(1778).
Home as Found. A novel by Cooper, published
iu is;jy.
Home Counties. A name given to the English
counties containing London and in its imme-
tliatc neighborhood. They are Middlesex, Sur-
rey, Kent, Essex, and Hertford.
Homer (ho'mer). [L. HoiutruSy Gr. "Of/r/pu^y one
who puts together; a liostage ; a pledge agreed
upon between two parties.] The poet to whom
is assigned by very ancient tradition the author-
ship of the Iliad and the Odyssey, and of certain
h>-mns to the gods ( * ' Homeric Hymns '0- Other
poems also, as the "Batrachomyomachia" ("'Battle of the
Frogs and Mice"), were with less certainty attributed to
him. Of his personality nothing is known. Seven cities —
.Smyrna, Rhodes, Colophon, Salamis (in Cj'prus), Chios.
Argoa, and Athens — contended for the honor of being his
birthplace : of these, the best evidence connects him with
Smyrna. He was said to have died on the island of log.
The tradition that he lived on the island of Chios, and in his
old :ige was blind, is sniipinted by the Hymn to the Deliaii
Apolio. Modern destructive criticism has led to the doubt
wliether stich a person as Homer existed at all, the great
ejiics which beai- that name being supposed to be, in their
existing form, of a composite character, the product of vari-
ous persons and ages. It is altogether probable, however,
that the nucleus of the Iliad, at least, was the work of a
single poet ()f commanding genius. (See Iliad, Odyssey,
ajid the quotation below.) Vaiious dates have beon as-
signed to Homer. According to Herodotus he lived about
85bH. c; others give a later date, and some a date as early
as 1200 li. c. His poems were sung by prof essional reciters
(rhapsodistsX who went from city to city. (See Hinnt-ridiP.)
They were given substantially their present form by Plsis-
tratus or his sons Hipparchus and Hippias, who mdered
the rhapsodists to recite them at the Panatbenaic festival
in their order and completeness. The present text of tlie
p<>em8, with their division into books, is based upon the
work of the Alexandrine critics.
Homer
Wc may assume it as certain tliat there existed in Ionia
sclKKtls fir fraternities of epii- iliapsoilists wliu composed
and reciteti heiH>ic laysat feasts, and often luol fiieiully con-
tests in tliese recitations. Tlie «iri^'in of these recitations
may l»e soujrht in nortliern Greece, from wliicli tile f;is)iion
uii^rat^id in early days to Asia ilinor. W'e may assume
tiiat these 8inj;ery became popular in many parts of Creece,
and tliat they wandered from court to court, udorifyin^: the
lieroie ancestors of the various chiefs. One ;iin<in;; them,
called Homer, w;is endowed with a genius superior to the
rust, and struck out a plot capaljle of noliler and larger
treatment It is likely that this .superiority was not recog-
nized at the time, and that heremainc<l all Ids life a singer
like the rest, a wandering minstrel, possibly |MMir and blinil,
Tlielisteninir pu I ilic^'ratlually stamped his poem with theii-
approval, they demanded its frequent recitation, and so
this Homer be;;an toattaina;rreat jjost humous fanje. But
when this fame led people to inquire into his life and his-
tory, it had already piLSsed out of rccollecti«>n, and men
supidied by fal)les what they had foryotten or neglected.
The rhapsoviists, however, then turned their attention to
expaiulin^ and perfecting his poem, which w;is greatly en-
larged ami called the Iliad. Indoiii;.'this they had rectairse
to the art of writing, which seems to have been in use when
Homer franieii his poem, but which w:is certainly employe<l
when the plan was eldarged with episodes. The home of
the original Homer seems to have been about Smyrna, and
in contact with both .Kolic and Ionic legends. His date is
quite uncertain : it need not he placed before 800 B. C, and
is perhaps later, but not after 7i>o u. c.
Mahafu, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 81.
Homer, Winslow. Horn at Boston, Feli.24, 1836.
An Aincricun genre-painter, in 1S61 he went to
Washington, and three times accompanied the Army of
the I'ot4>niac in its campaigns. His llrst oil pictures were
war scenes : among them is the famous " Prisoners from
the I-Yont." In later years he has lived chiefly in New York.
He was elected national academician in IStio. He h;is pro-
duced many works in 4>jls, in water-colors, and in black
and white. Among his pictures are " The Life-Line " (1:^),
"Launching the Boat" (IS84), etc
Homeric Hymns. A group of Greek he.xameter
poems, .") of eonsitl('ral)le length and 29 shorter,
aneiently aseribeil to Homer. Each is inscribed to
and relates a legend concerning a god or goddess. The
most noted are the '* Hymn to the Delian Apollo," in which,
an account is given of the birth of Apollo and of the an-
cient festival at Debts (the author describing himself :is
the blind bard of rocky Chios): the "Hymn to the Pythian
Apollo "; and the hymns to Hermes, Demeter, and Aphro-
dite.
The Homeric Hymns are essentially secular and not re-
ligions ; they seem distinctly intended to be recited in
competitions of rhapsodes, and in some cases even for
direct pay ; they are all in form preludes ... to longer
recitations, apparently of epic poems, though the longer
Hve are expanded into snlistantially itulependent compo-
sitions. Mahajfy, Hist, of Chissical Greek Lit., I. 129.
Homeridse (ho-mer'i-de). See the extract and
ilonicr.
In fact, in addition to Creophylus of Samos and Cynaj-
thus of t.'hios, both of whom are mentioned as friends of
Homer, or early preservers of his poetry, the main simrce
of early traditions about Homer seems to be among the
clan of Homerida;, at Chios, who claimed him as their
founder, and who recited his epics through (Greece. In
the Hynni to the Deliati Apollo one of tlusc bai ds speaks
of himself, and we know of contests being belri among
them, such as are described in the alleged contest between
Homer and Hesiod.
Mahaffu, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 28.
Home Rule Bills. Two bills introduced into
the liritisli I'arliainent by Mr. Gladstone, the
object of wliicli was to provide a separate le-
gislature for Ireland. The first, introduced in I88ii,
was defeated on the second reading, June 7 ; the seconil,
introduced it) 1S93. passed the House of Commons Sept.
1. but was thrown out by the House of Lords Sept. 8, by
41!l votis t.> 41.
Homespun (liom'spun), Zekiel and Cicely.
Brotherand sisterin Colinan theyounger's play
"Tile lleir-at-Law." Their names are almost
a synonym for rustic worth and simplicity.
Homestead (hom'sted). Atownnear Pittsbmg,
Peniisylviiiiia, noted for the mantifactiire of
steel plates and rails, it was the scene of a strike
and shut-down from .Inly to Ntiv., 1892, which was at-
tendetl with very serious disturbances. A body of de-
tectives who attempted to gain access to the stecI-wo,rks
in two barges were attacked by the strikeis. Winchester
rifles and cannon were used in the light, ami oil was injured
on the river and set on lire to burn the barges. Many on
btith sides were killed or wounded.
Home, Sweet Home. A favorite English song.
The music is in Bishop's opera "Clari, or the Maid of
Milan." It is called a Sicilian air. but is probably Bish-
ops. The words were written by .Iidin Howard Payne.
Homeward Bound. A novel by Cooper, pub-
lished in l.SDS.
Homildon (honi'l-don) Hill. A height near
Woolor. in Northumberland, Knglanil, where
the Kuglish under I'erc'V defeated the Scots un-
der Douglas ill Sopt., 1402.
Homme Arme, L" (lom iir-ma'). [F., 'Tho
Armed Man'; 1)!'. /,«;«« armr, Lammi- anm'.]
1 . All (dd Freneli chanson, the melody of which
was used liy some of the musicians of the Ifith
and Ifitli ctuiluries as the canto fi-rmo of a cer-
tain kind of mass ciiUeil tlii' " Missa L'Homme
arme." Tho origin of the song has given rise to
much speculation. — 2. A French dance-tune
511
said to date from the 15th century, and printed
with sacred words at Antwerp in l.^iBo. Grorc.
Homme tiui Rit, L'. [F., 'The Man who
Laughs. 'J A romance by Victor Hugo, pub-
lished in 1869.
Hompesch (hom'pesh). Baron Ferdinand von.
Born at Diisseldorf, Prussia, Xov. 9, 1744: died
at Montpellier, France, 1803. The last grand
master of the order of St. John. He was elected
in 1797, and was exiled from Malta by the French
in 1798.
Homs (lioms), Hums (hums). Hems (hems), or
Hims (hims). A city in SjTia, Asiatic Turkey,
situated on the Orontes about hit. 34° 45' N.,
long. .36° 43' E.: the ancient Emesa. It was noted
in ancient times for its Temple of the Sun : was frequently
captured and recaptured : and was the scene of a victory of
Aurelian over Zeiiobia in 272, and of a victory of Ittrahiin
Pasha of Egypt over the Turks in July, 1832. Population,
about 20,000.
flonan(h6-n!in'). Aprovince in northern China.
Area, 65,104 square mUes. Population, 22,115,-
827.
Honda, or San Bartolomeo de Honda (san biir-
to-lo-ma'o da on'dii). A town in the state of
Tolima, United States of Colombia, situated on
the Magdalena, at the head of na\'igation, about
lat. .5° 12' N.,long. 74° 50' W. Population, about
3,800.
Hondekoeter{hon'de-k6-ter), Melchior. Born
at Utrecht, Netherlands,aboutl636: died at Am-
sterdam, April 3, 1695. A Dutch painter of ani-
mals, especially of fowls.
Honduras (hon-do'ras). [Sp. Honduras, lit.
• depths,' pi. of Iwiidura, depth, from /lOHrfo, deep,
from L./'h iidus, bottom. The name is said to refer
to the difficulty the first exidorers had in finding
anchorage off the coast.] A republic of Central
America, bounded by Guatemala on the north-
west, the Caribbean Sea on the north, Nicaragua
on the southeast and south, the Pacific Ocean on
the south, and San Salvador on the southwest.
Capital, since Nov., 1880, Tegucigalpa : the old capital was
Comayagua. The surface is much varied, with numerous
mountain-chains, especially in the west, and high, open
valleys and plateaus : on the northern coast there are ex-
tensive forest-covered alluvions. The climate of the higll
lands is temperate and healthful ; portions of the coast are
hot and insalubrious. The valleys are very fertile, and
the high plains support large herds of cattle. Gold, sil-
ver, etc., are mined, though not on an extensive scale.
The principal exports are fruits, cabinet woods, hides,
indigo, and precious metals. A large proportion of the in-
habitants are Mestizos or Indians. .Spanish is the com-
mon language, and the prevailing religion is Roman Catho-
lic. The executive is vested in a president elected for
four years; congress consists of a single house. Hondu-
ras was discovered by Columbus in 1502; was conquered
by the Spanish 1523-36 ; formed a colonial intendencia or
province in the captaincy of Guatemala ; w;is a state in
the Central American union lS"23-39 ; and has since been
indeiiendent. It has sutfered from political revolutions
and from wars with Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua.
Area, 46,400 square miles. Population (1893), about 380,000.
Honduras, Bay of. An arm of the Caribbean
Sea, lying north of Honduras and east of Brit-
ish Honduras and Yucatan.
Honduras, British. See British Honduras.
Hone ( hoii ), William. Born at Bath, England,
June 3, 17S0 (1779 t): died at Tottenhiim^ near
London. Nov., 1S42. An English political sat-
irist and miscellaneous writer. His best-known
works are " Every-ilay Book " (1826), "Table-book ' (1827-
1828), " Year-book " (1829).
Honesdale (honz/diil). A post-borough ami the
cajiital of Wayne County, northeastern Peiin-
svlvaiiia, situateil 25 miles northeast of Seran-
ti'iii. T'..]iulatioii (1890), 2,816.
Honest George. A nickname of George Monk,
Lord AlliHiiiarle.
Honest Man's Fortune, The. A play by Fletch-
er. Massinger, and others, acted in 1613. It was
llrst printed in the 1647 folio. Fletcher wrote a poem
" Upon an Honest Man's Fortune," printed with the play.
Honest- Man's Revenge, The. See Atheist's
Triii/iih/
Honest Whore, The. A play by Dekker and
Miildleloii, ill i; iKU'ts. P;irt 1 was iiriuted in
l(i04 ; the earliest copy extant of part 2 was
printed in KiliO.
Honeycomb! huii'i-kom), Henry. Apseudonym
of Leigh Hunt. He professes to be a descendant
of the Will Honeycomb in the "Spectator."
Honeycomb, Will. One of the imaginary club
pulilishiiig the "Spectator."
The characters of Will Wimble and Will Honey<'omliarc
not a whit behind their friend. Sir Itoger, in deiicaey ami
felicity. The delightful simplicity and good humoured of-
flciousness in the one are set oti by the graceful atf ectatiou
and courtly preteiiBion in the other.
Ilaziitt, Eng. Poeta, p. 1.10.
Honeymoon, The. A comedy by John Tobin.
produced in 1805. It is, to some extent, based on SUak
Hooch
spere's " Taming of the Shrew," with ideas from Fletcher
and Shirley.
Honesrwood. The " good-natured man " in (lold-
Miiith's plity of that name. He suffers from a foolish
eagerness to please, even wishing to give up the woman he
loves to a friend who also loves her. He is cured by Sir
William Honeywood, his uncle,
Honfleur (oii-fler'). A seaport in the department
of Calvados, France, situated on the estuary of
the Seine nearly opposite Ha\Te. it has consid-
erable export trade to England. Formerly it wjls of much
more importance. It was frequently taken and retaken
during the Hundred Years' War. Population (1891), com-
mune, 9,450.
Hong-Kong (hong'kong'). [Properly Hiany-
Kiiiiiij. fragi'ant streams.] An island belong-
ing to (ireat Britain, lying off the province of
Kwang-tung, China, near the mouth of the (Can-
ton Hivei-, in lat. 22° 17' N., long. 114° 10' E.
Chief place, Victoria. The surface is mountainous.
It was ceded by China to Great Britain in 1842(conftriued
in 1843), and is a crown colony and n.aval station. It is an
important commercial center and free port. The chief ex-
ports are tea and silk ; the chief import, ttpium. Area, 29
square miles. Population (1891), 221,441.
Honiton (hon'i-tou). A town in Devonshire,
England, situated on the river Otter 16 miles
east-northeast of Exeter. It has long been noted
forthemanufactiu-eof lace. Population (1891),
3,216.
Honnef (hon'nef). A small town in the Rhine
Province, Prussia, situated on the Khine 10
miles southeast of Bonn.
Honolulu (ho-no-lo'lo). The capital of the Ha-
waiian Islands, situated on the southern coast
of Oahu.in lat. 21° 18' N.,long. 157° 52' W. it has
the only good harbor in the islands, and is their chief sea-
port and seat of commerce. It was the center t)f the rev-
olutionary movement of 1893. Population (1890), 22,907.
Honore, Rue St-. See Rue St.-Hnnore.
Honoria (ho-no'ri-ii), Justa Grata. A Eoman
princess. She was the daughter of Constantiusin., em-
peror of the West, and Galla Placidia, and was boni about
418 A. D. Detected in her seventeenth year in an intrigue
with Eugenius, a chamberlain of the palace, she was sent
by her mother to the court of Theodosius at Constantino-
ple, where for sixteen years she was kept more or less
closely guarded. She is said to have sent, either before
or after her disgrace, a ring to Attila, with the request that
he claim her as his bride. Subsequently, in 450, when
seeking a cause of (juarrel with the Western Empire, Attila
sent an embassy to ^'alentinian, claiming the person of
Honoria and her share in the empire. 'The date of her
death is not known.
Honorlus (ho-no'ri-us) I. Died 638. Pope 62.5-
638. He delivered an opinion favorable to Monothelitism
in a letter to Sergius, patriarch of Constantinopl., about
634, in consequence of which he was condennied liy the
sixth ecumenical council, held at Constantinople in (iso.
Honorius II. (Peter Cadolaus). Died 1073.
Antipoi»e. He was elected by the Lombard bishops,
acting under the intluence of the empress Agnes, in oppo-
sition to Alexander II., and was deposed by the Council
of Milan in 10<i4.
Honorius II.(LambertdiFagnano). Died 1 130.
Pojie 1124-30. He concluded, while cardinal-bishop of
Ostiii, the Concordat of Worms with Henry V. (1122). He
was elevated to the holy see in opposition to the anti-
pope ('destine III. by the powerful family of the Frangi-
pani. He confirmed the order of the Templars at tlie .Synod
of Troyes in 1128.
Honorius III. (Cencio Savelli). Died 1227.
Pope 1216-27. Ho eonlirmed the order of the
Dominicans in 1210, and that of the Francis-
cans in 122:S.
Honorius IV. (Giacomo Savelli). Died 1287.
Pope 12.S5-S7.
Honorius, Fla'Vlus. Born at Constantinople,
Sept. 9, 384 A. \>. : died at Kaveniia, Aug. 27, 423.
Emperor of the West. He was the second son of The-
odosius, whom he succeeded in the western half of the em-
pire in ;J95. while his br<»ther Arcadius irdierited the east-
ern half. He was, by the will of his father, placed under
the guardianship of Stilicho, whose daiigbler ^laria he
married in 398. Stilicho defeated Alario at I'tdlentia in 403,
and in 406 repulsed the invasion of Radagaisus(wlio pene-
trated as far as Florence), but was i)ut to death at the in-
stance of the emperor in 408. In 410 Rome was taken and
sacked by Alaric. During the reign of Honorius the West
Goths, Franks, and Burgundians setlletl in Gaul, and the
Sucvi, Vandals, and Alans in Spain, while Itritain anil \v-
morica made themselves vii'tnall.\ independent.
Hontheim (hont'him), Johann Nikolaus von.
Born at Triei', Prussia, Jan. 27, 1701: (lied at
Monti|iiiiitin, Luxemburg, Sejit. 2, 1790. A (ier-
man Koniaii Catholic prelate, bishop in piirtibus
of Myriopf us, and sulTragan bishoji of Treves :
an oiipoiient of Ultramontanism. His chief work
Is" lie statu ecclesia^et legitima potestate Komani pontill-
cls " (published under the pseudonym of .lust inns Febro-
nius, 1763).
Honv6d (hon'vad). [Hung., lit. 'defenders of
the fatherland.'] Thelandwehrof Hungary, ex-
clusive of art illery. The name was used in 1848-49 to
denote, first the volunteers, and then the entire revolu-
tionary army.
Hooch, or Hoogh (hoch or hog), Pieter de.
Born at Kotterdam about 1632: died at Haar-
Hooch
Hood (Inid), Jolin Bell. Boi-n at Ovvingsville,
Bath Coimty, Kv., Juue 1, 1831: died at New
Orleans, Aug- -iO, lS7d. A Coufederato soldier
in the Civil War. Hcgra.iu.ited;it West Point iii]8.i;i ;
entered the Confederate ariuyut the liei;iiiiiin»' of the Civil
War ; coniinaiiUeJ a division of Lee's amiy at Aiitietam
and at (Jetlysbmg; comiuanded a brigade under (General HoOgh. See Hooch.
Bragg at Chiekamauga; was promoted lientenant-gen- TJongJiiTr See Until i
eral ; and in ls(i4 succeeded General .Johnston as com- tj._5_j:_.'
mander in-eliief of the army n]iposcd to lienend .Sherman
illGeorgix Abandoning the defensive poliey oi his ijrede-
cessor, lie attacked General Shei-raan -Joth. ^'Jd, and '^iSth
of .Tilly. I'-W. bat was re]mlsed with heavy loss, and com-
pelled to abandon Atlanta Sept. 1, 1S61. He was defeated
by Gencial Tlionnis at the decisive battle of Nashville,
Dec. H), 1,^(14, and wasrelievedof his command ill Jan., 1805.
greater force, they formed the sel
which Van der Hoog was the governor.
Hoogeveen (ho-Ge-van'). A to^vn in tlie prov-
ince of Drenthe. Netherlands, situated in lat.
52° 43' N., long. 6° 28' E.
Hoogstraten (hoo'stra-ten). A small town in
the proviiiee of Antwerp, Belgium, 20 miles
northeast of Antwerii.
Hoogstraten, Samuel van. Bom at The
Hairtie (.') aliout 1627 : died at Dor.lrecht, Neth-
erlands, Oet. 19. IGiS. A Dutfli painter.
Hood Mount. One of the most celebrated sum- Hook (huk), James Clarke. BornatLondi.il.
mifs of the Cascade RaiiRe. in Oregon, about Nov. 21, 1819. An English historical, mariiio,
lat. 4o° 24' N., long. 121° 40' W. Height given and genre painter. Hewasapupilof the Royal Acad-
as 11 ''OO feet and as 11,934 feet. emyinisse. In 1854 he began a series of English pastorals.
Hood,' Robin. A traditionary English outlaw Hook, Theodore Edward. Born at London,
and popular hero. He is said to have been born at «ept. 22. 1,SS: died there Aug. 24, 1841. An
Locksley, Nottinghamshire, about lUW. He lived in the English humorist and novelist. He became the ed-
woods with his band, either for reasons of his own or be-
cause he was really outlawed, his haunts being chiefly
Sherwood Forest and Banisdale in Yorkshire. He is also
said to have been the outlawed Earl of Huntingdon. He
was extravagant and adventurous, and though kind to the
poor robbed tlie lich. According to one tradition the
prioress of Kirkley, to whose care he had intrusted luinself
to be bled when he was a very old man, treaclieroubly al-
lowed him to bleed to death. His companions were Friar
Tnck.Maid Marian, Little John,Will.Sc:utett,Alleii-a- Dale,
and George-a-Greene. He is a favorite subject in ballad
tradition, and in fact the ballads are to all appeiu-ance the
original source of the legends concerning him. He is in-
timately associated with the May-day festivities. There
was a distinct set of sports in vogue at the beginning of the
leth century, called the Robin Hood sports. They por-
itorof '■ .Folm lUilI " in Isin. Among his novels are " Max
weU"(lS.:n), '•( albert I iurney "(1835), " Jack r!rag"(IS37).
etc. He w.as the original of Mr. Wagg in Thackeray's
"Vanity Fair."
Hook, Walter Farquhar. Born at Loudon.
JIai'ch 13, 1798 : died at Chichester, England.
Oct. 20. 1875. An English divine (dean of Chi-
chester) and writer, nephew of T. E. Hook.
He published " A Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Biography "
(1845-52\ "Church Dictionar)- " (Sth ed. 1859), "Lives of
the Archbishops of Canterbury " (18C0-T6).
Hooke (huk), Nathaniel. Born in Ireland
about 1690: died Jidvl9, 1763. A British his-
. ._ torian, authorof a "RomanHistorv''(17.i7-71).
trayed the adventures of Robin and his band, but were ^qq^q Robert. Born at Freshwater, Isle of
finally absorbed in one of the other sports, the "morris, '^ii- , v r^ i i t i ic mq-;. .i;,.,! „t T r..,.lr,.,
which, being a procession interspersed with dances, had a ^Y'S'l^'J^"??!-;!^^^'. "^^l^ ^?.' f*^^'^ '. *'"^'' "t^Londou.
tendency to absorb the characters of the others. A stop
was put to the whole at the Reformation, when penalties
were imposed by act of P:u*liament upon the performers.
liitsoil. Child.
Diligent enquiries have been made to ascertain wliether
the personage known as Robin Hood had a real existence,
but witliout positive results. The story of his life is purely
legendai-j-, and the theories in regard to him have never
been advanced beyond hj-potliesis. It is exceedingly prob-
able that such a man lived in the l'2th or 13th century, and
that the exploits of other less prominent popular heroes
were connected with his name and absorbed in his repu-
tation. The noble descent which has often been ascribed
to him is in all likelihood the result of the medieval idea
that the great virtues existed only in persons of gentle
birth. Tuckcnnan, Hist, of Prose Fiction, p. 48.
Hood, Samuel, first Viscount Hood. Born Doc.
12, 1724: died at Bath, England, Jan. 27, 1816.
An English admiral. On Feb. 21, 1759, in conunand
of the Vestal, he captured the French frigate Kellona after
a tlgbtof three hours. He was app(jintedconnii:uider-in-
chief in North America, April, 17U7, returning to England
in 1771. In 1780 he became rear-admiral of the blue, and
was sent to tlie West Indies to reinforce Rodney. He was
sent to blockade Martinique in 17S1, but was prevented
from accomplishing his object by a French ttet underlie
Grasse. Gn Aug. 28, 1781, he joined Rear-Admiral l Iraves
at New York. He commanded the rear in the lli-'ht with
De Grasse, Sept. 5, 1781, but was not able to git into action.
In Nov. he sailed to the West Indies, wlieie he again
met De Grasse. He was commander-in-ehief in the Medi-
terranean in 1793, and took jiossession of the liarbor and
forts of Toulon in Aug.: from this position ho was driven
by the French in Dec. He captured lijistia May 19, 1794.
Hood, Thomas. Born at Loudon, May 23, 1798:
dieil there. May 3, 1845. An English poet and
humorist. He began the study of engraving, but soon
abandoned the art, and in 18-21 became an under edit^ir of
the " London Magazine." In 18.'iO he began the "Comic
Annual," and in 1843 "Hood's JIagazine." From 1835 to
1837 he lived at Coblenz, and from 1,S37 to 1840 at Dstend.
He wrote " Whims and Oddities " (1S20), " Plea of the Mid-
summer Fairies, etc." (1827), "Lamia" (published IS.'.S),
" Dream of Eugene Aram " (1S29X " Tylney Hall " a novel
(1834), "Up the Rhine " (1844), "Song of the Shirt "(1843),
"Bridge of Sighs," "Miss Kilmansegg," "Epistle to Rae
Wilson," etc.
Hood, Thomas. Born at Wanstead, near Lon-
don. .Ian. 19, 1S35: diedXov. 20, 1874. An Eng-
lish aullmr, son of Thomas Hoo<i.
Hooft (hoft). Pieter Corneliszoon. Bom at
Amsterdam. March 16, l.'iSl: died at The Hague,
May 21, 1647. A Dutch poet and dramatist.
He was the son of an Amsterdam burgomaster. He .stud-
led at Leyden, having previously traveled extensively in
France, Italy, and (iermany (159S-1601). In liali) he was
appointed bailitl of -Muiden, and in the following years
lived during the summer at the castle of Muiden, and in
the winter at Amsterdam, in which places he gathered
about him the most renowned artists, poets, and learnetl
men of the day, since known in Dutch history as "the Mui-
den Circle." His lyric poems appeared for the first time
collected ill iri:ili. Among ills dramas are particularly to
be mentioned the pastoral play ■' Granida "(1615), the tra-
gedies "Geraerdt vanVelzen"(1613),"TlieseusenAriadne"
See Uiipd.
Hooper (hup'er or hop'er), John. BoruinSom-
ei'setshire, England, about 149.'): burned at the
stake at Gloucester, Feb. 9, 1555. An English
Protestant bishop and martyr. He fled from Eng-
laiul to escape prosecution for heresy in 1539, and resided
at Zurich 1.547-49. In the latter year he returned to Eng-
land, and became chaiilain to the pmtector Somerset. He
was consecrated bishop of ttloucester (after a struggle
against the wearing of vestments, yielding only when he
was committed to the Fleet) in 1551. In 15,52 he became
bisliop of Worcester. On the accession of Mary he was
imprisoned, accused of heresy, and, having refused to re-
cant, executed.
Hooper, William. Born at Boston, June 17,
1742: died at Hillsborough, N. C, Oct., 1790.
An Ainericau politician, one of the signers of
the Declaration of Independence.
Hoorn (horn). A town in the province of North
Holland, Netherlands, on the Hoornerhop (a
bay of the Zuyder Zee) 20 miles north-north-
east of Amsterdam. It has several interesting old
buildings, and was the birthplace of Schonten, who dis-
covered Cape Horn. Near it a naval battle was fought be-
tween the Dutch and the Spaniards in 1573. It was for-
merly the capital of North Holland. Population (1889X
commune, 11,170.
Hoorn (horn), or Hoome (hm'ne), or Horn
(horn), or Homes (orn), Count of (Philip II.
of Montmorency-Nivelle). Born about 1520:
beheaded at Brussels, June 5, 1.568. A Dutch
noble. He served with distinction at tlie battle of St,-
Quentin in 1557, and Gravelines in 1558, and was arrested
by the Duke of Alva Sept. 9, 15(>7, and executed in com-
pany with the Count of Egmont.
Hoosac Mountain (ho'sak mouu'tan). An ex-
tension in western Massachusetts of the Green
Mountains.
Hoosac Tunnel. A -timnel of the Fitehburg
Railroad through the Hoosac Mountain in Mas-
sachusetts, opened in 1875. Length. 4J miles.
Bom at Hopatcong (ho-i^afkong). Lake. A lake in
northern New Jersey, about 50 miles northwest
of New York. Length, 8| miles.
Hope (hop). Alexander James Beresford
(later (1854) Beresford-Hope). Born ,lau. 25.
1820: died near Cranbrook, Kent, Oct. 20, 1887.
An English Consen'ative politician and writer.
He entered Parliament in 1841, and took an active i>art in
its debates until a few years before his death. In pai-t-
nership with John Douglas Cook he founded the " Satur-
day Review" in 1855. He devoted himself especially to
the promotion of the interests of the Church of England.
He wrote " A Popular View of the American Civil War "
(1861), "The Results of the American Disruption " (lSti2),
the novel "Strictly Tied Vp" (I85O), etc.
Hope, Anthony. See Hfiu-I.-ins, Anthnnij Bo^r.
Hope, Thomas. Born at London about 17iO:
died there, Feb. 3, 1831. An English novelist
and antiquarian. His works include the novel " Anas-
tasius, or Memoirs of a Greek; written at the Close of the
Eighteenth Century " (1819), "Costume of the Ancients "
(1S09), " Jlodem Costumes" (1812), "Historical Essay on
Architecture "(1836), etc.
Hopeful (hop'ful). A companion of Christian
in Bunvan's ''Pilgrim's Progress."
March 3, 1703. An English natiu-al philosopher
and mathematician. He wrote ' ' Mierographia "
(1064), etc.
Hooker (htik'er or hok'er). Joseph.
Hadley, Mass., Nov. liS, 1814: died at Garden
City, N. Y., (Jet. 31, 1879. An American soldier,
surnamed '"Fighting Joe." He graduated at West
Point in 1837; served with distinction as a captain in the
Mexican war ; became brigadier-general of volunteers in
18i>l ; commanded a division of the Aimy of the Poto-
mac in the Peninsular campaign ; commanded a corps at
South Mountain, Antietam, and Fredericksburg ; was aii-
pointed to the command of the j^rmyof the rotoina.' Jan.
26, 1863; was defeated by (ieneral Lee at Chancellorsville,
May 2-4 (when at a critical moment he was stunned by a
cannon-ball); and was relieved of his command June 2s,
18(i3. He sulisequently served as a corps commander in
the Chattanooga campaign in 180.3, and in the march to
Atlanta in 18&4.
Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton. Born at Glasgow,
1S17. A noted English botanist, son of Sir
W. .7. Hooker. He h.is published "Flora Antarctica"
(1845-48), "Rhododendrons of the Sikkim-Uimalaya"
(1*49-51), "Flora of New Zealand" (1853-55), "Student's
Flora of the British Islands " (1870), etc.
Hooker, Mount. A mount ain in British Colum-
bia. Height, 15,700 feet.
Hooker, Richard. Born at Heavitrce, Exeter,
England, aliout 1553: died at Bishojisbourne, Hope Theatre, The. A playhouse openedon
uearCauterbury. England, Nov. 2, HiOO. A cele-
brated English divine and theological writer.
He graduated at Oxford in 1574, and obtained a fellow-
ship in 1577; was presented to the living of Drayton-
lieauchamp, Buckinghamshire, in 1584; was appointed
master of the Temple in 1585 ; became rector of Boscombe,
Wiltshire, and a prebendary of S.alisbury in 1.591; and was
rector of Bishopsbourne 1595-lCOO. His greatwork is " Of
the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity " (first ed., 4 books, about
1592 ; fifth book 1597 : the remaining 3 books were pub-
lished after his death).
Hooker, Thomas. Bom at Markiield, Leices-
tershire, England, about 1586 : died at Hartford.
Conn., July 7. 1647. .An English clergyman. He
emigrated to Massachusetts in 1033, and was one of the
founders of the Connecticut colony. He was the author
(witli John Cotton)of the " Survey of the Summeof Church
Discipline" (lfi4si.
Hooker, S^^ir William Jackson. Born at Nor-
wich, England, July 6, 1785: died at Kew. near
London, Aug. 12, 1865. A noted English bota-
nist, appointed director of the Royal Botanical
Gardens at Kew in 1841. He published numerous
botanical works, including "British Jungcrmannia; "
(IslO), "Flora Scotica"(1821), "Icones Plantarum " (1S37-
1854), "Species Filicum" (1846-53), etc.
Hooker, Worthington. Born at Springfield,
Mass., March 2. 18(16: died at New Haven.
Conn., Nov. 6, 1867. An American physician, and
medical and scientific writer. He was professor of
the theory and practice of medicine at Vale from 1852 until
his death
Hookey Walker. See Walker.
the Bankside, Southwark, London, about 1581,
It was originally a bear-gardeu.
On the same bank of the great river stood the Hope, a
playhouse four times a week, and a garden for bear-bait-
ing on the alternate days. . . . When plays were .sup-
pressed, the zealous and orthodox soMieiy broke into the
Hope, horsewhipped the actors, and shot the bears. 'I'his
place, however, in its character of Bear (iurden. rallied
after the Restoration, and continued prosperous till nearly
the close of the 17th century. Drrran, Eng. Stage, 1. 28.
Hophra. See Ajirit's.
Hopkins(hop'kinz).Ed'Ward. Bom at Shrews-
bury, England, KiOO: died at London, March,
165t. An English politieian. governor of (^ou-
uecticiit in alternate years from ItUO to ](!.">4.
The last election occurred after his return to
England (1(m2).
Hopkins, John Henry. Bom at Dublin, Ire-
land. Jan. 30, 1792 : died at Rock Point, Vt., Jan.
9, 1868. An American bishop of the Protestant
Episcopal ( 'liurch. He came to America with liis pa-
rents in 1801 ; was admitted to the bar in 1818 ; was or-
dained in 1S24; and became bishop of Vermont in 18,'ti
Hopkins, Lemuel. Born at Waterbury. Conn.,
.lime 19. 1750 : died at Hartford, Conn.. April 14,
ISlll. An American poet. He praetiseil medicine
at l.itchtleld from 1776 until 1784, and at Hartford from 1784
until his death. He was one of the so-called Hartford wits
ass.uiated in the composition of "The ,\nanhiad." He
wrote "The Hypocrite s Hope " and other i)oeins.
Hopkins, Mark. Bom at Stockbridge. Mass.,
Feb. 4, 1802 : died at Williamstown, Mass., June
Hopkins, Mark 513 Horten
17, 1887. An America,, cdu.-ator and Ruthor. He Tullus Hostilius for their combat with the three yea« after he had Perished. Ui, journal was publishedln
was president ot Williiinis Collci.'e 18:iivT-2, and pnsident Curiatii of Alha LoDfra. Twoof tlicni wercslaiii, Imt Tr'nrTior Ihiir'ni-rl Francis Born at Edinburgh,
of the American Board of Commissiniiers for KoriiKii Mts- the third by prelendiriK to lice vaiieiuished his wounded •'V""",,^ ,-. A i" 1 ( p;°o Ttolir T^oK « 1«17
Bions from 1857 until his death. His works inchide " Evi- opponents one at a time. t)n returninR to Rome he slew All^. l-,i/(«: Ulcu at f-isa, iiaiy, J? tu. o, ioj.i.
deuces o(tiiri»tianity"(lS46)," The Law <.t Love, and I-ove his sister Ho^atli^ who expressed her grief for one of the A British politician and political economist,
as a I-aw" (18(19), and "An Outline Study of Man "(1873). curiatii to whom she was betrothed. For this he was con- WnTnet (hor'net). An American ship of war.
Hopkins, Samuel. Bom at Waterbury, Conn., denmcd to death, but escaped with a humiliating punish- gij^ ^.^^ ^{ jg gm,s rating and 480 tons burden. Her
Sc-i)t 17, ITlil : died at Ncwiiort, K. 1., Dec. 20, nient. , ™, - , tt ttrst commander was Captain .lames Lawrence. (SeeChes-
1803 An American theologian, iuttuential in HoratiO (ho-ra shi-o). 1. The friend of Ham- ain-ake.) On Dec. 13, 1812, she blockaded the Bonne Cito-
tho f l,poln<ri,.nl discussions of New England in let in Shakspere's '• Hamlet." He is the antithesis yenne (IS guns ratmg) at ban Salvador. On Feb 24, 1813
the theological discussions oi isew l^ngiami m ^.^vering Hamlet. He takes with e<iual thanks the near the month of the Demerai;a R.ver, she fell m with
his day. He settled at Housatonic (now Oreat Barrn.g- i, '„'■-,, .„j rewards of fortune the P.ritish \v:ir brigs Espingle (18 guns rating) and Pea-
ton), Missachusetts, in 1743, a,.d at Newport. R. 1.. in 1770. g'"'5'f ^„ J^ ,T, ' °' *, v '' rS', „ y.- ppn^ent " the "'^K. a"d captured the Peacock.
Hi, chief work is a ••System of Theologj- "(1791). Hisfol- 2. In Rowe s tr<agedy The 1 air Penitent, t^'" Horne Tooke, Jolm. See Tooke.
lowers were known as Ilopkinsums (which Bee). friend of Altamont. TI„,„5V„r^T,,lQ I'Kr^.'nJc o-i-in ,ln^ A Riimmit of
Hopkins, Stephen. Born at Scitnate, R. I.. Horatius Codes (ho-ra'shi-ns ko'kle.). [L., ^?^X^?.^® 1 '°G '" ?nv abouUO mT^^^
March 7, 1707: died at Providence, R. I., July 13, 'Une-eyed Horatius.'] A Roman legendary ' f "VP'!, i!^ i^, ' iTi^ht 3 8^^^^^
1785. An American poUtician. He was governor liero, celebrated with his two companions for n'^Hp^t" ;,'-'„-, don'kiL) A'town in GaUcia
of Rhode Island from l76.-> to 1768. with three short inter- tlie defense of the bridge over the Tiber against Horodenka (lio-ro-Uen ka . A to" n "i '^'^Ji""'
vals, and signed the Declaration of Independence as a ' ]"'' 4.^.;., "^^ "' He is tlie subiect of a DOOm bv Austria-Hungary, situated on a tributary of the
member of Congress in 1776. He wrote a "History of the thefctluscans. He is tlie SUDjeci; 01 a poem oy j)„ipgtpj._ Population (1890), 11,162.
PlantMig and Growth of Providence." Maeaulay. ..,„,, ., . , 'Frnrnlnpiiini fhor-o-lo'ii-um) FL.' a clock.'! A
Hopki^sians {hop-kin'zi-anz). The adlierents Horb (horb) Atown in Wirtemberg situated ^OXfn^nstellktion of 12 stars, liserted by
of the theologu-al system foimded by hamucl on the Neckar33 miles southwest of Stutt^rt. Lacaille east of Eridanus. Itsbrightest star is
Hopkins (1721-1803) and developed by Emmons Horbury (hor'bur-i). A town m the West Rid- ^j tij^ fo^.tij ,„.^,^^it,],ie
and others. Hopkinsianism was Calvinistic and a de- ing of Yorkshire, England. Population (1891), HorrOckS,orHorrOX(hor'oks), Jeremiah. Bom
velopmentof the system taught by Jonathan Ldwards. It .•),(!. 3. nt Tr,vTotb Pi.L- t.ohi- T Vvornool ilini.t lfil7-
laid especial stress on the sovereignty and decrees of God, Hfirde (her'de) A manufacturing town in the 'i^ , ^m'^ ♦! ^ ^^% irii 'a i k i it? '
election the. jbligation of impenitent sinners to submit to -U-Orae u"-! ue;. a uiaui^a>.Luiiug u ^„, .,, died at Toxteth, Jan. 3, 1641. A celebrated Eng-
?he divine will, the ovenulin^g of evil .,. the good of the province of Westphalia, Prussia, 3 miles soutli- ^^^ astronomer. He studied at Cambridge, but did not
universe, sin and holiness as not inherent in man's nature east or UortmulRl . PopiUatlon (inauj, 10,010. ^^^^ ^ degree, and was curate of Hoole, near Preston, 1639-
apart from his exercise of the will and as belonging to each Hoieb (ho'rcb). See Siliai. 1640, He made the first observation of a transit of Venus
man exclusively and personally, eternity of future punish- goj.ffen (hor'gen). A town in the canton of (1639), an account of which is given in his "Venus in sole
raent.etc. As a distinct system Uopkinsiamsm no longer 7„f'^j~ ^„:f.,„,.1n„,l sitiintpd on the Lake of visa"(1662). Other posthumous works were published in
exists, but much of it reappears in the s,vcalled ^ew Eng- Zurich, bwit/.eilaiKl, situateO on tne L,aKe 01 ^^^^ k^^ >^^ ^^^ ^i^^ ^ ^^_^.^_^^ ^^ ^^_^ ^^^^_^ ^^^ elliptical
land theology. Zurich 9 miles south by east ot z,uricu. ropu- ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^j.,^ ^^ ^^g oj j^^ {o^,j_ ^„^ j^ ^ measure
HopkinSOn (hop'kin-son), Francis. Born at latiou (1888), 5,.518. anticipated the Newtonian theory of gravitation.
Philadelphia. Sept. 211' 1737 : died at Philadel- HorgOS (hor'gosh). A town in the county of Horsa (hor'sii). Killed at the battle of Ayles-
phia. May 9, 1791. An American politician and C'songr^d, Hungary, 15 mUeseast of Tlieresien- ford, 455 (f). "A Jutish chief, brother of Hengist
author, ilew.asadelegate to Congress from New Jersey, stadt. Population (1890), 5,503. (whom see).
and a signer of the Declaration of Independence, in 1776. HorlCOn (hor'i-kon). See Gcorgc, Lake. HorSChelt(hor'shelt),Theodor. BornatMunich,
He wrote the "Battle of the Kegs " (1777), and other hu- Hormakhu (hor-mii ' khfi). In Egyptian my- March 16,1829: diedat Munich, April 3, 1871. A
^I)^"J!'t^'«'cAT, Tncpn^^^ Nov thology, the rising sun, one of the principal German painter of genre scenes and battles.
I°^m0 °ud vt Phiiade pht^^^^^ *•«""« «f tl^e «^-g<«» «=^' T°''^^^P*^'^ f . ^"^'- Horse-Fair, The. A large painting by Rosa
a7,,oH^.; , ^ • st son1,t- F™^^^^^ au- «P0lis. ^"d represented by the great sphmx on Bonheur, now in the Metropolitan Museum of
Ameuc.in u 6t,s not iian isHopkinson. au ^^l^ southeast corner of the great pyramid at Art, New York. It represents a number of horses, some
TT 1 ■ Jill Vi; r^'vlr^r,.;!! A ,.Jt^ «,yA th o Olzch. Also Harmachis, Barnais, Bar. ridden, some led. trotting toward the right. It appeared
HopkinSVllle (hop kmz-vil). A city and the TTormavr fhor'mir) Baron JoseDli von Born in the Salon of 18,=.3, was bought by Gan.bart and Co., Lon-
capital of Christian County, southwestern Ken- "■'"^?'^J^^X^ ^,h i^n "n 178o- died at Mu '1'^^"'. '»■■ ■♦"•OOO '■'^"'^'^ ^"'' f""" "><=■" '»' ^^'- ^- ^'"''^^^•
tuckv situated 70 miles northwest of Nashville, ^t Imisbruck, 1 jaol, Jan. -0, KS... Hied at Mu- ^^].-^^^^^.^ New Jersey, in 1857: it then passed to the
IUCK> , siiu ueu , I mu^. nui ^^^^ j^^^_ 5^ jg^_ ^ j^pjp^^ German historian. stew.art coUection. It was bought and presented to the
t-opuiarioil (jnjo;, .i.n.M. He wrote "Kritisch-diplomatischeBeitrageznrGeschichte Metropolitan Museum, New York, by Cornelius Vander-
HopO my Thumb. I* . Lc petit pouCcr,Xlie m- xirol3imMitteliilter(1802-03),'^Geschichtedergefur8teten ijjit Landseer engraved it while it was in Giimlmrfs poe-
tic thumb.] Theheroof a fairy tale of the same Gratschaft Tirol " (1806-08), " Lebenabilder aus dem Be- session. Ros.i Bonheur painted for his use a reduced copy:
name taken from the French of Perrault. He freiungskriego " (1841-44), etc. this was beipieathed in 1859 to the National Gallery. She
should' not be confounded with Tom Thumb. Tlie story Hormisdas (hor-mis'das). Pope 5 14-.523. He ef- painted otherreplicas: the third isin London; the fourth,
ia an ,.ld one, taken partly from the adventuresof Ulysses fpp^p.i tjig reunion of the churches of Rome and ^ »'»''" water-color, is owned in England,
in the cave of Polyphemus, and jiardy from the fable of ('g,jj^^j^„(i,^^,pjp j^ 5]9 H6rselberg(her sel-berG). See VenuS, MotlMam
TTonST'/ho^'-TnT' Aiiffustus Born at Provi- Hormizdas hor-miz'das), or Hormuz (hor'- of, ^mXTannMrner
?iT^°l/.l':!5urv*h^^?^^^li^d;it Fh^hfngfKY:^ muz) IV. Killed about 591. King of Persia, gorse-Shoe Fall See ^-.^«-.
April 1. 1896. An American l.ook-iUustrator. He son of Khosru I. whom he succeeded m 5.9 Horse-bhoe Kobinson A f^'Y^j^".^' ™^y
illustrated works by many well-known authors. Horn horn). Cape. The southern end of a jl^^" tVl 'rRevolu iona^^^^
Tl««„„o^ .V,nn'r>.'.r1 TnhTi Rnrn at London rockvislandmtheFuegiauArchipelago.and the during tlie Kevolutionaiy war.
An^r^M 171S?.Ued Jan -3 18W An English southernmost point of America, lat. , 55° 59' S., Horsens (hor'sens). A seaport on the eastern
no'lt ,t; ,.; nier long. 67° 16' W. It was first rounded by Le Maire «»««* °fJ^f?"'' Penmark situated on the Hor-
portrait-painter. and Schouten in 1616, and named by them from Hoorn in sens Fjord in lat. 55° 52' N., long. 9° 51' E.
Hor. See Borus. ...,.„, , North HoUand. Population (1890), 17,290.
Hor (h(")r). A mountain in Arabia Petra?a, by g^^^ (horn). Count Gustaf. Born at Orbyhus, Horsford (hors'ford), Eben Norton. Born at
some authorities identihed with the modern Upland, Sweden, Oct. 23, 1.592: diedat Skara, Moscow,LivingstonCounty,N.Y., July 27,1818:
Jebel-Nebi-Han'm (4,360 feet). It was the Sweden, May 10, 1657. A Swedish general, jied Jan. 1, 1893. An American chemist. He
scene of the death of Aaron. distinguished in the Thirty Years' War. was Rumford professor of science applied to the arts at
Horace (hor'as) (QuintUS Horatius FlaCCUS). TJorn Otto A psendoni-in of Adolf Bauerlo. Harvard 1847-6.S, when he became president of the Rum-
Born at Vcniisia, Al.ulia, 1 )oc. 8, 65 B.C.: die. 1 ffornbere (iiorn'bero). The old castle of fiotz '"'d Chi^-'jical Works, Providence, Rhode Island. He dis-
nj M .. 07 a ,! n A (ummiu Rniii-io Ivi-ii. -tloruoeie uioiii ijcii.;. iiiuoiu w„., ""'• y covered the method of preparing baking-powder, con-
at Rome, Nov. 2/ , 8 Ii. C. A Hmous Kom.in I) 1 11 ^-m, Jierlichmgen. It is situated on the Neckar, below Sensed milk, and the medicinal acid known as '■ Uorsfords
and satirical poet. He was the son of a freedman ; was Hassmersheiin, on an eleviition 200 feet above the river. acid." Among his works are "The Theory and Artofliread-
educated at Rome and Athens ; served in the republican TTn-rihprff Atown in Baden in the Black Forest Making "(1861), "The Discovery of America by the North,
army at Pbilippi in 42 B. c; and enjoyed the patronage of -^.V.^";,, '^Z ,„., ,,„„ ^. _f F,.pii.m-cr nicn " (188,s). etc.
M.ecena.s, bywIinmhewaspreBeiitedwitliafarmorvilla -.3 inib 8 iHii uieaht or 1 leiuuig. Horsham (hor'sliam). A town in Sussex, Eug-
in the Sabine llillsabout:i4. His worksare " Satires"(nrst Homcastle liorn'kas-1). A town m Lincoln- -^"^.l^.fP, I,."' ,, i\, 4" ' p„°.
book ,S5 B. c, second book about 30), " Epodes "(abonta)), ]^^ England, sit uated on the Bain 18 miles '• '"'.' '''^ '' !l'T,^"",.! l''""^'"^ '^^^ ' London. 1 op-
" Odes" (first .•! books 24 or 2:1, fourth book about i:t),^'Epis- „.^t 'f t f,,„„i,, Ponulation (1801) 4 374 illation (isyi), S.b.ij .
ties ■■(first book about •20, secon.l book and the ''Ars Poe- Pa^'* " ,r- ,'? yi«.„iir Rnm, n ItlV;,,, Kent Horslcy (h.'.rs'Ii), CharleS Edward. Born at
tica'^ about i;i-s), ami -'Carmen .Seculare"(l7 . C.dlective HomO (horn), George. 15orn atjlt lani, Kent, -^"^ °, ^ \goo. j:' 1 jit New York, Feb. 28, 1876.
editions have bc/^n published by Bentley (1711), Meineke, England, Nov. 1, 1730: died at Bath, England, V°"|,i ";,:', "/^^^^^^^^^
Haupt,L. Mullcr, Orelli, etc. Ja,, ]7, 1792. An Knglish bisliop, author of J>" English cmniiosei, son ot \\ illi.uii lloisiey.
Horace (o-riis'). A tragedy by Pierre Corneille .Comn en(arv on tlio Psalms" (1776), etc. ^orsley, ^0^°^, ,^orn 'it W^^^^^^
produced in 1040: its subject is the combat of goj^e Richard Hengist. Born at Eondon,.Tan. '<'«' ,",'''^ aMoi-peth, Enghind Jan. 1., 1 32.
the Horatii and Curiatii. Lope de Vega wrote 1 w'ifdif.nt Margat,', England, March 13, A Brif >sh juit.quary luithm' ot '' Br, annia Ko-
a tragedy will, the sa>„e subject and title. i^^^_ An Knglish poet^„,d miscellaneous writer, """';'• or the Ant,q„,t,es ot Br,tai,, (1,. 12) etc.
Horace deSaint-Aubin. One of Balzac's early l,,^,,, „nhe epiL "Orion" (1843), the dramas ^orsley, John Ca^ C^^^^^^^^
pseudonvms. "Cosniod(.'Medici"(1837),"Deathof Marlowe" 2y,18W. ,\nLiiglishliistoiu alandg. niepiunter.
Horae (h.Vre ). [Gr. 'ilpa,, L. Borie, hours.] In (ih38), " (ircgorv the Seventh " (1840), etc. Horsley, Samuel Born at L<»>'1-', ij-'-pt- ^
cla8sicalmythology,goddesseswhopresideover Home Thomas" Hartwell. Born at London, 1-33: ,ie,l at Brighton. l.nglan.l,Oct. 4 1800. An
the changes .,f the seasons and the accomp.any-^j°'t°^,',/,f,Tdfe,f,TLon,h;n,Ja^ An '^"^'l^ V^l.f r^.i^^^VsyV:!!!, .liX''i.r,^^^^^^^^
ing course of natural growth and decay. Accord- Knglish biblical scholar. Ilischicf work isan "In- ,',nnoa;',l's..cinianiBm. Among his works are •'■ Hiblical rrit-
Ing to Homer, they are handmaideiiB of /.eus, who guard troduction to the- fritical Stmly and Knowledge ot the | Ij!,,,, „„ ,1,,, Hrgt f.iurleen Historical Booksof tlieOld Tea-
tlie gates of heaven and control the weather ; according „,,, j,,.,.i,,turcs ■■ (1818). tnment " (IsJil).
'i:,^^:!'^Z:r,:!^:vi:!^l^XI^:Z^ Hornellsville(ho,-nel.-vil). AcityinSteuben Horsley. William. Born at London, Nov. 15,
(• Peace ■), guardians of agriculture and also of social and County, New \ork, situated on tlie ( anisteo 1 , ,4 : died Jiiiiii 1 J. 1S.)8. An English composer,
political .inlir. Their numbervaried from two, asat Athens Kivcr 55 miles south of Kochestcr. Tt has car especially noted for his glees (" By Celia's Ar-
(ThaHo, go'ldrss of spring Howers, and Carpo, goddess of „„„|„c,|(.( „,.,.„. Population (1890), lO.O'.Hi. bour," "O Nightingale," etc.).
Kru'pn.:!::;^^^^^^^^^ a seaport, the
Wnrafin <rana(h„ ril'sliiil ienzl A Roman Born at llildesheim, (iermany, in 1 / (2: di.'d in ..niiilal of 1< aval, Azores Islands.
lu'rnhin^L^ns W Nunc about 1801. A nofd African exi.lorr.r. Horten (hor'ten). A town in sontlier.i Norway,
pati 1. lan (, n« w liose surnames were liaroauis, ^^^_ j^^ ^^^^ auspices of the African Association of i.on.loi,, „„ (he west erii bank of the Cliristiaiiia Fjord,
, ocles, unci 1 UIMIIUS. he crossed the African continent from Cairo over Slurziik -i.: miles soutli bv west of Christiania- a station
Horatii (InVra'shi-i ), The Three. In Roman le- to the h.wer Niger 171)8-1801. The place and the approxi •"' '""' f *■""' '1 "> J^* 7 '" ^ , ,■ ,un, ? c KKr
gend three brothers celebrated in the reign of mate date of hla death were not ascertained until a few of the Norwegian fJeet. Population ( 1891),6,555.
38
Hortense
514
Hortense (or -tons') (Eugenie Hortense de in Spain about 358. A bishop of the early Chris
T> 1 :-\ n ..i Ti , - ■ . t ;l lA T7QO . t:.^.. ,.U.,«^.T^ ;« C^.m'.^ tt :^*...l *„n ,..„,
Beauharnais). Born at Paris. April 10, 1783:
died at Aronenberg, Switzerland, Oct. ^, 1837.
The daughter of the empress .Josephine, wife
of Louis Bonaparte, and mother of Napoleon
III. She was the reputed author of the song
" Partant pour la Syrie."
Hortensia gens (h6r-teu'shi-ii jenz). A Roman
plebeian gens.
Hortensian Law ( li6r-ten'shian la), The. [L
tian church in Spain. He was appointed to the see of
Curdova about 300, and in 324 was seiitliy Constantine the
Great to Alexandria, with a view to composing the ditfi-
culties between Alexander and Arins. He is said by some
to have drawn up the symbol of faith adopted at the Coun-
cil of Nice in 325.
Hosius (ho'se-os). Stanislaus. Born at Craeow,
May 5, 1504 : died near Rome, Aug. 5, 1.579. A
Polish cardinal, a leading opponent of Protes-
tantism in Poland.
lex Hortoiaia.l In the histoiy of ancient Rome, Hosnier(hos'mer), Harriet G. Bom at Water-
a law, adopted probably iu 286 B. C, which de-
cided that the decrees of the Comitia Tributa
should be binding on all citizens, patricians as
well as plebeians. It was passed in consequence of a
dangerous uprising of the plebeians, and received its name
from the dictator Hort«nsius.
town, Mass., Oct. 6, 1830. An American sculp-
tor. She studied with Stevenson of Boston, and (anat-
omy) in the School of Medicine at St. Louis. In l&i2 she
went to Rome, and studied with Gibson. After 2 years
she produced busts of " Daphne " and "Medusa. " Among
her best-know n works are "CEnone " (1856), "Zenobia iu
Chains " (1W9), ■ The Sleeping Faun " (1867), "The Wak-
ing Faun," " Beatrice Cenci," " Puck " (1885), The foun-
tain in Central Park, New York, is by her.
Houdin
in Paris, of great size, burned by the Commune in
1871, but carefully restored and much enlarged.
The original structure was begun in 15.'i3 by an Italian. Do-
menico da Cortona : this is represented by the central part
of the existing fat-ade, whiih offers a picturesque combina-
tion of the Italian and French Renaissance styles. It is
of 2 stories, flanked by pavilions a story higher, all with
high hip-roofs, and siinnounled by a high openwork cen-
tral tower. The exterior is adorned with much sculpture.
The rooms of state display splendid sculptures and wall-
paintings by the most distinguished contemporary artista.
Hotho (ho'to), Heinrich Gustav. Born at Ber-
lin, May 22, 1802: died there, Dec. 24. 1873. A
German historian of art, appointed professor at
the University of Berlin in 1829. He was director
of the collection of prints in the Royal iluseum from 18^.
He wrote "Geschichte der deutschen und niederlandischen
Malerei " (1840-43), " Die Malerschule Huberts van Eyck"
(1855-58), "Geschichte der christlichen Malerei " (1867-72X
etc.
Hot Springs (hot springz). A town and water-
ing-place, capital of Garland County, Arkansas,
48 miles west-southwest of Little Rock. It is
noted for its hot springs. Population (1890),
8,086.
Hortensio (h6r-ten'shi-6). In Shakspere's
"Taming of the Shrew," a suitor of Bianca.
Hortensius(h6r-teu'shi-us),Quintus. Born 114 Hospenthal (hos'pen-tiil). A place on the St
B.C. : died .50 B. c. An eminent Roman orator. Gotthard Pass, Switzerland, southwest of An-
a leader of the aristocratic party. deniiatt.
Hortibonus (hor-ti-bo'nus), or" Hortusbonus Hospitalers of St. John of Jerusalem, Order Hotsnur See Perct/ Henry
(hor-tus-bo'nus). Is. The pseudonym of Isaac of the. A bodv of military monks, which took Sirf^rr:. ,,„„-.„*',,., -'■ .„* . ,., .
Casaubon. Ca.-,-eai( in the Dauphiuois patois be- its origin from kn eariier community, not mill- Hottentot^Bushmen (hot ei i-tot-bush
ing>r*«, the pseudonym is literally " bon jar- tary in%haracter under whose auspices a hos- '^^'^^::i^^^:^^;]l
dm" ('good garden'). pjtal and a ehnrch had been founded mJerusa-
Horus (ho'rus), or Hor (hor). In_Eg3T>tiau_my- Jem, its military organization wasperfected in the 12th
After the retaking of Jerusalem by the Moslems,
In Eg3T>tiau my-
thology, a solar deity, the son of Osiris and Isis,
and t^e avenger of his father upon Set : called
by the Greeks Harpoerates. As Osiris was the sun of
nighty Horns was the sun of day. As tlie opponent of Set,
he figured as the Elder Horus ; as Uurus the Child, he was
the rising sun. He was generally represented as liawk-
headed, and is hardly distinguishable from Ra, like whom
he was the lord of I'pper Eg)!)!.
The heaven- or sun-god Horus was worshipped almost
as generally as Ra. He was honoured in various shapes in
Egj-pt : as Haroeri (the elder), Harpechrud (Harpukrates,
the child), as the son of Isis. of Nut. orof Hathor, in many
places in I'pper Egjpt (as at Edfu) and in Lower Egypt.
His symbol is the winged sun-disc, and he tlies through the
air as a hawk. His chief myth is that of the tight with
Set. But it is difficult to trace his original form, as he is
completely absorbed in the Osiris circle, to which he i-er-
tainly did not originally belong.
La Sait^aye, Science of Religion, p. 408.
Horus. A name given by Mariette to Hor-em-
hib, an Egyptian king of the 18th dynasty.
century.
these knights defended Acre in vain, took shelter in Cy-
prus, and inthe 14th century occupied the island of Rhodes.
In 1522 the island of Rhodes was seized by the Turks, and
the knights, after some wanderings, had possession given
them of Malta, the government of which island they ad-
ministered until it was occupied by Napoleon in 1798.
The badge of the order was the cross of 8 points, without
any central disk, and consisting in fact of i barbed arrow-
heads meeting at their points — the well-known Maltese
cross. This is modified in modern times, with slight dif-
ferences for theditfert_'nt nations in which branches of the
order have survived. At different times the order has b<en
called officially Kni[fht^ of Jihndes and Knights of Malta.
It maintains to the present day a certain independent ex-
istence. The most famous grand master of the oi der was
La Valette, who successfully defended Malta against the
Turks in 1565. That branch of the order called the baili-
wick of Brandenburg was revived and recognized as a sep-
arate order by the King of Prussia in 1852. The dormant
langue of England was revived 1827-31, and is again lo-
cated at St. .John's Gate, Clerkenwell.
Hotcangara. See Winnehago,
men). A
ncludes the
Hottentots, Bushmen, and Pygmies, with the Bantu, in the
negro race, but he classes the Hottentot and Bushman
languages with the Hamitic family. He derives the Hot-
tentots from Cushitic Hamites blended with Bantu ne-
groes. Generally the Hottentots, Bushmen, and Pygmies
are classed as one race or two separate races. There
are striking differences between the Hottentots and the
Bushmen in structure and language, but their physical
and linguistic kinship seems to be well established. In
the Bushmen the distinctive features of the Hottentots
with regard to other races are found exaggerated. These
peculiar features are (a) the color, that of the Bushmen
being brown, that of the Hottentots yellow; (6) the stat-
ure, the Hottentots being somewhat shorter than the
Bantu, while the Bushmen rank with the P>'gmie8; (c) the
tufty hair; (d) the diminutive and broad nose: {e) the
perpendicular forehead; (/) the tapering chin with promi-
nent cheekbones; (jf) the wrinkled skin. Intellectually,
the Hottentots and' Bushmen are fairly gifted. By no
people are the Bushmen more ill-treated than by their
nearest of kin, the Hottentots. The Hottentots are pas-
toral; the Bushmen and Pj-gmies are exclusively given to
hunting. The Hottentots are independent, even aggres-
sive ; the Bushmen and Pj'gmies are timid, and hover, as
Helots, on the skirts of the stronger Bantu settlements,
which they supply with game. See KhoOchoin, Bushmen^
and Africa (with subheadings).
After several insignificant kings came Horus, and with Hotcl de ClUHy (o-tel' d6 klii-ne'). The pal- HottentotS (hofn-tots) [Native name Ehoi-
himtheseriesof legitimate princes begins again; but with "-- '" D....i- -p 4T,^ Av.i.,.tc «f r'i.,«Tr ;,, T^,,^_ ■^v"''^** r_ ..''.. . ' >- ,
him there also set in a violent reaction against the fanati-
cal reforms of Amenophis IV. The names of the dethroned
kings were everj'where chiselled out ; their buildings were
razed tothe ground, and thecapitalat Tell-el-Amarna was
so carefully and patiently demolished that not one stone
is left standing. Mariette. Outlines, p. 43.
Horv4th(h6r'vat),Mihaly. Born at Szentes,
Hungary, Oct. 20, 1809: died at Karlsbad, Bo-
hemia, Aug. 19, 1878. A Hungarian historian
and politician, minister of worship and public
instruction in 1849. He wrote a "Historyof the Hun-
garians" (1842-46), "Historical Monuments of Hungary"
(1857, etc.), "Historyof Hungary "(185&-63).
Hosea (ho-ze'a), or Hoshea (ho-she'a). The first
ofthe"mtnorprophets." He flourished in the king-
dom of Israel under Jeroboam II. and his successors. In his
prophecies, which consist of 14 chapters, he represents the
relation of Israel to Yahveh (.Tehovah) as that of a wife to
her husband, and its apostasy as the faithlessness of a wife.
In the flrstdivision(i.-iii.), which originatedduringthelat-
ter part of the reign of Jeri>bo:un II., these ideas are sym-
bolically expressed and illustrateil by the pnqdiet's own
experiences in his married life with a faithless woman ;
the second division (iv.-xiv.), belonging to the period of
the kings following, contains, on the basis of the same
ideas, a series of discourses in which the sins of the peo-
ple in all ranks are exposed and censured. Hosea's style
is characterized by short and abrupt, sometimes obscure,
sentences, full of fervor and strong feeling.
Hosea Biglow. See Biglow Papers.
Hoshangabad (bo-shung'gii-bad), or Hushang-
abad (hu-shung'ga-biid). 1. A district in the
Central Provinces. British India, intersected by
lat. 22^ 30' N., long. 77^ 30' E.
square miles. Population (1891), 529.945.-2.
The capital of the district of Hoshangabad, sit-
uated on the Nerbudda about lat. 22° 45' N.,
louL'. 77° 37' E. Population (1891), 13.495.
Hosnea (ho-she'ii), or Hosea (ho-ze'ii). [Heb..
* deliverance,' * salvation.'] The last king of
the ten tribes, successor of Pekah son of lie-
maliah, whom he assassinated in a revolution,
and whose llirone he usuil>ed. According to the
annals of Tiglath-Pileserlll., Pekah was killed by the As-
syrian king, and Hoshea (Assyrian .1 »^■(") was appointed his
successor. The invasion by Tinlath-Pileser of the king-
dom of Israel, resulting in the capture of many cities, the
inhabit.-ints t>f which were dei>nrti-d to Assyria, is men-
tioned in 2 Ki. XV. 20. I'nder Tiglath-Pileser's successor,
Shalnianescr I\'., Hoshea 'ciiiiapired "against the Assyri-
ans, seeking an alliance with the R;,n,'plian kirtg Slmhaka
(biblical Sd). This led to tlie destruction of Samaria after
a three years' siege by Shahnaneser, and the imprisoning
of its last king,
ace. in Paris, of the Abbots of Cluny in Bur-
gundy, built in the 15th and 16th centuries, and
now a museum of medieval and Renaissance
decorative art. it is a picturesque example of the late-
Pointed style, with towers, square muUioned windows,
high roofs, and tracery-framed dormers. The little chap-
el is elaborately ornamented. The palace occupies the
site of a Roman palace assigned to Constantius (hlorus.
Of this the baths survive in part, notably the vaulted frigi-
darium, 37^ by 05 feet and 59 high, and decorated with
rostra.
khoin. Hottentot is supposed to be imitative of
stammering, with ref. to the clicking sounds of
Hottentot speech.] A nickname given by the
first eoloniststo the natives of the Cape of Good
Hope, because of the clicks and other strange
sounds of their language. The Hottentots call them-
selves Khoikhoin, 'the men.' Sometimes this name is used
for the Bushmen and Pjgmiesas well, all three being con-
sidered as one race. In this acceptation the name Hotten-
tot-Bushmen (which see) is to be preferred.
Hotel de Rambouillet (de ron-bo-ya'). A fa- Hottinger (hot' ting- er), Johaim Heinrich.
Born at Zurich, Switzerland, March 10, 1620:
drowned in the river Limmat, near Zurich,
June 5, 1667. A Swiss Orientalist and biblical
scholar. He wrote "Thesaurus philologicus"
(16-J4), ''Et}Tnologicum orientale" (1661), ete.
Bom at
died at
mous house in Paris, on the Rue St. Thomas du
LomTe. It was destroyed together with the street when
the Louvre was finished. It was originally the Hotel Pi-
sani, the residence of the father of Madame Rambouillet.
Itwaa noted as being the center of a literary and exclusive
circle out of which afterward grew the French Academy.
This salon was instituted about 1615 by the Marquise de Houbraken (hou'bril-ken), JacobuS,
Rambouillet, who was shocked by the puerile and immoral rj.iT-.lvAr-lit XpfhprljiTiHvi T)(^o '^1 IfJOS •
society of the period. The women assumed the title of Y'T'Jiecnt, ^^l^^^^i^^^^^^^'^'^l':^^^
••Lespr6cieuses,"and proposed to devulgarize the French Amsterdam, ISov. 14, 1*80. A Dutch engraver
language. The men called themselves "Esprits doux." and painter.
IJey had a vocabulary of their own, and called all C(mimon Houchard (6-shar'), Jean NicolaS. Bom at
things by uncommon names. They also had a conventional -"vuuiKiiu v" -"_«» j, v^au. A-<j,wiwo. -r^ .
language out of which Saumaise composed his "Diction- torbacli, Lorraine, 1/40: guillotined at Pans,
naire des pr^cieuses." Richelieu, Bossuet, Corneille, Des- Nov. 16,1793. A French general. He defeated
cartes. La Rochefoucauld, Balzac, Madame de S^vign^, the Allies at Hondschoote Sept. 6-8, 1703, but was defeated
and others were members of this coterie, and it exerted a at Courtray Sept. 15. This defeat was the cause of his ar-
good influence. Pedantry and atfectation, however, in- rest and execution.
creased, and the gatherings declined in interest, and never Ho^^an (o-don' ),LUC dC. Eoru at Kennes, 1811 :
recovered from the irony of Moh^re m "Les pr^cieuses ,7 5^"^t^p^,.- ici,^ a Vv«.,,.l. bv^lrAt/rnnhpr
ridicules" and "Lesfemme3savantes,"thoughitwa8only died at Pans. lS4b. A !■ lencli udrogiapher.
the extravagances of a few that he attacked. Iji Bruyere He was a lieutenant in the French fleet in the Rio de la
also took occasion to quarrel with them. Plata 1840-13, made extended sun'eys, and published sev-
.^».^^v,iv V* .V --*. , J X Tj /- * 1' 1- ■ ^- ^-Af\ \ eral works on the Plata end ParanA, and on .^outh Ameri-
Area, 4,594 Hotel des Invalldes (o-tel da zan-va-Ied ). A ^.^^ hydrogiaphy in genenil. .
greatestablishmentfoimdedm 16>0at Pans for g^mjgtot (od-to'). Comtesse d' (fiUsabeth
disabled and infirm sohliers. The monun\entai fa- prancolse Sophie de La Llve de Bellegaide).
cade, about 650 feet long, has 3 stories, and isadorned With t^,„.„.^^ F^v\^ 1730: died Jan. 22.1813. A French
military trophies and an equestrian statue of Uiuia Al\ . , , , j- i •" • „-4.i r» .,„«„„„
The interior possesses halls adorned with interesttnirmiU- lady, known from her intimacy With Kousseau.
tary paintings, and contains the Mus^edArtillerie, which She is described as Julie iu Rousseau's * .^0U-
includes a remarkable collection of medieval and Renais- velle H^loise."
sauce armor. The Church of the Invalides consists of 2 __ ,. i - /\ t t* x » 'D^V/t^.'i-
parts — the Eglise St. Ixiuis and the D6me. since 1840 the HOUQin (o-uan ). Jean ±iUgene KODerU.^
mausoleum of Napoleon I. The nave of the former is
adorned with captured battle-flags. The DAnie was tuiilt
by J.H. Mansartinl706. Inplanit is a square of 198 feet,
surmounted by a gilded dome on a circular drum which is
86 feet in diameter, and with its cross and lantern 344
high. The entrance is adorned with 2 tiers of classical
columns and a pediment. The tomb of Napoleon is a
large nmnolithie sjircophagns of red granite, jihu-ed be-
neiith the dome in an open circular cryjtt 'Jn fiei deejiand
:i6 in liiameter. The walls of the crypt In ;ii allegorical
reliefs, and against its 12 piers stand coloasid Victories.
In alternate intercolumniations are placed (Jtrophies, each
of 10 flags taken in battle.
Hosius (ho'sbi-us), or Osius (o'shi-us). Died H6teldeVille(6-tel'd^vel). Ahistoric building
Born
at Blois,' France. 1805 : dicftlK-re. June. 1871. A
French conjurer and mechanician. He learned the
trade of watch-making, but a friendship with a traveling
juggler and aloveof works on natural magic turned his at-
tention t<j i-onjuring. He constructed the most compli-
i-ated toys and automata, and in 1845 l)egan a series of
juggling exhibitions. In lS.^i5he received the gold medal
at Paris for an application of electricity to clocks. In 1850,
at the request of the French goveniment, he went to Al-
geria to "hoist with their <>wn petard, ' if possible, the
priests who were stirring up the people with their ti it-ks.
In this he was successful. Heputdisbed "Ruliert Huiidui,
etc." (1857). "Confidences " (18.09), and -'Les trichenesdee
Qrecs d^voU^ei " (ISGl), exposing gambling cheats.
Houdon
Houdon (o-ddn' ), Jean Antoine. Bom at Ver-
sailles, Frant^e, about 1741 : ilieii at Paris, July
It), 1K2H. A noted French soulptor. Ue won the
prix lie Rome at the ajic of nineteen, antl remained in Italy
10 years, during; the peri<nlo( Winckelluann and tlie exca-
vations at Pompeii and ilerculancum. Wliile in Rome ho
made the famous statue of St. Bruno at Sainte-ilarie-des-
Anges. On his return to France he exhibited in tl»e Salon
of 1771 a statuette of Morph^e, which gained him entrance
to, the Academy, and soon after he made his famous
"Ecorcht;," reduced copies of which are well known in the
drawing-schools, lie visited America with Franklin, and
resided with Washington at Philadelphia, where he mod-
eled a bust from which he afterward made his Richmond
statue. In 1773 he made busts of Catharine of Russia and
of Diderot, and in 1775 busts of Turgot and t^luck, and a
statue of Sophie Arnould as Iphigenia. In tlie Salon, of
1781 he entered his nude statue of Uiana (which was ex-
cluded), the statue of Tourville, and the famous \'oltaire
of the Theatre Kran(;ais. He also made busts of .Moliere,
Bousseau, Franklin, and D'Alembert. His Inist of Buffon
is perhaps his rtneatwork. In the Revolution he was de-
nounced at the tribunal of the Convention for having a
statue of a saint in his atelier, and escaped through the
presence of mind of a member who declared that the work
was a statue of Philosophy.
Houghton (hou'tou), Baron. See Milnes, Rich-
ant Miiiiihton.
Houghton-le-Spring (ho'tou-le-spring'). A
town in Durham, England, 7 miles northeast of
Durham. Population (189:), 6,476.
Hougomont (ci-Ko-mun';- A house near Water-
loo, noted for its imiiortance ill counection with
the battle of Waterloo.
Houlgate. See Beii:eral-Houlgate.
Houndsditcll (hounz'dieh). A district in the
east of London, near ^\^liteehapel, occupied
largely by Jews. It is called "Dogsditch" contemptu-
ously by Beaumont and Fletcher. Its name is a relic of
the old toss which encircled the city, formerly a recepta-
cle for dead dngs. Hare.
Hounslow (hounz'16). A town in Middlesex,
England, lii miles west by south of St. Paul's.
It was formerly an important coaching center.
Hounslow Heath. A heath formerly situated
west of Hounslow (now inclosed). It was long
notorious as a resort of highwaymen. A military camp
w:ls formed here by James II. in 1686.
Hours, The. See Horse.
Housatonic (ho-.sa-ton'ik), or Ousatonic ( o-sa-
ton'ik). A river in the western part of Massa-
chusetts and Connecticut, flowing into Long
Islanil Hound VA miles southwest of New Ha-
ven. Lengtii. about 1.50 miles.
Household Words. A periodical conducted by
Charles Dickens. It fii-st appeared March 30,
1830.
House of Fame, The. A poem by Chaucer. The
inlluence of Dante is marked in it, and" Lydgate speaks of
it as " Dante in English." Its general idea is from Ovid,
though the (Irst book follows Vergil. Pope converted it
into ■"'the Temple of Fame" in 171.').
House of the Faun. See rompeii.
House of Life, The. A series of sonnets by
Dante (iabricl Kossetti.
Admirable as are his ballads, "Tlie House of Life," re-
cording a personal experience transmuted by the imagina-
tion, is Rossettt's higliest achievement iti verse. There are
two other " 8onnet-Be(iuences," and only two, in English pi>
etry which can take rank beside it, "The .Sonnets of Shak-
Bpere" and "Sonnets from the Portuguese."
Duu'ilcii, Transcripts and Studies, p. 229.
House of the Seven Gables, The. A novel by
Hawthorne, published in 18.t1. it shows the trans-
mission of personal character and the blighting influence
of evil actinn to succeeding generations.
Houses of Parliament, London. See Parlia-
mi lit.
House that Jack Built, The. An accumulative
tale ;<i veil iii".\lcil ln-ri iiiose'sNursery Rhymes."
The origin:U of " The hnuse that Jack built " is presumed
to be a hymn In "Sepher Uaggadah," fol. 23. . . . The
historical interpretation was tlrst given by P. N. I.ebe-
recht, at I.elpsic, In 1731, and is printed in the " t'hristian
Reformer," vol. xvii., p. 28. The original is in the Chaldee
language. Italliwdl, Nursery Rhyiues.
HoUSSa. See Ililiixil.
Houssain, or Hussan. See Hasan.
Houssaye (6-sa' ), orig. Housset, Arsfene. Born
at BruN ("•res. near Laoii, Frnnee, Mni'cli L'K, l.Sl.'):
dieil Feb. 26, 1896. A French critic, novelist,
and litterateur. In 1*48 he was for a short time en-
tangled in politics. In 184i> he became direct"r of the
ConiiJdie Franvalse. He resigned in 18;')(i, having put over
a hundred plays by the best-known dramatists on thestaue.
He wrote *' Lagalerio tie portiaits du X Vlll'siicle " (1844) ;
"HIstoire de la peinture flamando et hollandalse" (184ti);
"L'Empire, c'est la paix," a cantata, composed for Radiei
after the coup d'lHat of IS.Il ; besides a large number of
novels, live or six volumes rtf poems, a number of r-ritical
Works, histories, etc. among which are "Le roi Voltaire,
eli'."(18r.8). "Ilistoire tie Tart flanvais" (18tai), •■Molli-re,
etc," (188(1), " I.e livre dc mlniiit" (1887), and "Oonlessiiuis,
etc. "118«.'.-1)1).
Houssaye, Henri, Born at Paris, Feb. 24, 1848.
.•\ French historian and critic, son of A^s^ue
Houssaye. His chief work is "Histoire d'Alcibi-
twle et de la r6publique ath6nienne, etc." (1873).
Howells
of Bull Run and Fair Uaks, a division at the battles of An
tietam and Fredericksburg, aud an army corps at Chan*
celbtrsville. tiettysburg, Missionary Ridge, and (_'halta-
tupoga ; and led the right wing of Sherman's army in the
niai ch from Atlanta to the sea. He was cllief of the Freed-
raen'a Bureau 18(15-74, and was prom(»ted major-general
in btSd. He retired in 1804.
Howard, Thomas, Karl of Surrey and second
Duke of Norfolk. Born in 1443: died May 21,
1524. An English soldier and politician. He
defeated the Scots at Flodden Field, Sept. 9,
1513.
Howard, Thomas.Garl of Surreyand third Duke
of Norfolk. Born in 1473: diedatKeuninghall,
Aug. 25, 15.54. Ad English soldier and politi-
cian. He became lord high treasurer in 152:^, aud, on the
marriage of his niece Catharine Howard to Henry VIII.
in 1.S40, gained great influence at court. Through the in-
fluence of his rival the Karl of Hertford, he was ordered
for execution on the charge of treason in 1547, but was
saved by the death of Henry VIII.
_. „ . . . . J J -.t K . Howard.Thomas, fourth Duke of Norfolk. Born
The Houyhnhnms, beings endowed with reason but un- ,f , ,', , -T^T ,' , , .-, , r,-o a f r i
■ ■ •" - - ' . P. .. . , gglesof March 111, l.)3() : died June 2, 15/2. An English
515
Houston (hus'ton or hous'tpn), A city and the
capital of Harris County, 're.xas, situated on
Buffalo Bayou 45 miles northwest of Galveston.
It is an important rail way, commercial, and manufacturing
center. Its trade is chieily in cotton, cutton-oil, sugar, and
lumber. It was settled in ISoti, and wjis the temponuy
capital of the Slate in 1837. Population (t81>0), 27,067.
Houston (hiis'tou or hous'tcm), Sam, Born
near Le.xingtou, Va., March 2, 1793: died at
Huntersville, Texas, July 25, 18t)3. An Ameri-
can general and statesman. He served in the War
of 1812; was a member of Congress from Tennessee 1823-
1S27 ; was governorof Tennessee 1827-29 ; as commander-
in-chief of tile Texans defeated the .Mexicans at Sau Ja-
cinto April, 1S36 ; was president of Texas 1836-38 and 1841-
1S44 ; was I'nited states senator from Texas 1845-59 ; and
was governor of Texas 1859-61.
Houyhnhnms (hou'iumz or ho'inmz). A com-
munity of horses described as endowed with
reason and intelligence, in the fourth part of
" Gulliver's Travels," by Jonathan Swift.
disturbed and untempted by the passions or struggli
an earthly existence, are not brutes, and are not to be coni-
])are(l with men. TucK-ennan, Hist, of ProseFiction, p. 177.
Hoveden, Roger of. See liogcr.
Howadji, The. A pseudonym of George William
Curtis.
Howard (hou'iird). Catharine. Executed Feb.
12, 1.542. Daughter of Lord Edmtmd Howard,
and fifth queen of Henry VIII. whom she mar-
ried July 28, 1540. She was convicted of adul-
tery and condemned as a ti'aitor.
Howard, Frederick, fifth Earl of Carlisle. Born
May 2S, 174S : died at Castle Howard, Yorkshire,
England, Sept. 4, 1825. An English politician.
liolit ician, sou of Henry Howard, earl of Surrey.
He was the ftrst subject in England under Elizabeth, in-
asmuch as there were no princes of the blood and he was
the possessor of the highest title of nobility. He was ap-
pointed lieutenant of the northern counties in IS.sg. He
aspired to become the husband of Mary Queen of Scots,
and joined a conspiracy for her liberation, in consequence
of which he was executed on the charge of treason.
Howard, Thomas, Earl of Arundel. Bom July
7, 1586: died at Padua, Italy, Oct. 4, 1646. An
English nobleman. He was employed in various dip.
lomatic missions; and formed the first large collection
of works of art in I-]ngland, part of which was presented
to the University of Oxford by his grandson under the
name of the Arundclian marbles.
viceroy of Ireland 1780-82. He was chief of the Howard University. An institution of learu-
commissioners sent to America by Lord North
in 177s.
Howard, George William Frederick, seventh
Earl of Carli^e : earlier Viscount Morpeth.
Born at London, April 18, 1802 : died at Castle
Howard, Yorkshire, England, Dec. 5, 1864. An
English statesman. He was chief secretary for Ireland
1835-41; chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster 1S60-52 ;
and lord lieutenant of Ireland 1866-58 and 1859-64. He
wrote "Diary in Tmkish and Greek Waters " (1854), and
other works in prose and verse.
Howard Henry, Earl of Sun-ey. Bona ab<3ut Howe, George Augustus, Viscount Howe. Borr
lol,: beheaded on Tower Hill, London, Jan. 21, •"i^^^'kuied at Ticonderoga, N. Y., July 8, 1758,
ing at Washington, District of Columbia, found-
ed in 1867, and designed especially for the high-
er education of the colored race, but open to
all races and creeds. It comprises preparatory, nor-
mal, collegiate, theological, medical, law, and industiial
courses. It had (1896-97) 6U instructors and 598 studenta.
Howe (hou), Elias. Bom at Spencer, Mass.,
July 9, 1819: died at Brooklyn, N. Y., Oct. 3,
1867, An American inventor. He completed
the first sewing-machine in 1845 (patented in
1846). _ _
. Bom
1547. An English poet. He was known in youth as . d -.- u i i n.^^ ^v v..«^ xi :..
"Henry Howard^of Kenninghall," from an estat'e owned A British general, brother of Earl Howe
by his grandfather in Norfolk. He received an unusually HOWe, Joon. Born at Loughborough, LeioeS-
good education, and from 153U-32 lived at Windsor with the tershire, England, May 17, 1630: died at Lon-
young Duke of Riclmiond, the natural son of Henry VIII., ^ ^ jj o 1705. An English Puritan clergy-
accompanying the king to France m 1632. He remained „ , , .-,.,..„ ,, _,
at the French court tor about a year. In 1541 he was in- man. He became domestic chaplain to Cromwell, and
stalled Knight of the Garter, and in 1643 joined the English settled in Loudon in 1076. His complete works were pub-
forces at Landrecies with special recommendations from lished hi 1724, including the "Living Temple of God
Henry V'lIL to Charles v., and a little later was appointed (1676-1702). , .„ „ ,.„ „ _,
cup-bearer to the king. He was present at the surrender HOWO, Joseph. Born near Halifax, Nova Sco-
of Boulogni;, of which he was made governor in 1645, but tia, Dec. 13, 1804: died at Halifax, June 1, 1873,
was recalled to England the next year. Henry VIII. was
ill, and, when his death was near. Surrey's father, the Duke
of Norfolk, who was premier duke, was suspected of aim-
ing at the throne. A month before the king's death both
were arrested, and the Dukeof N..rfolk. as peerof the realm,
was tried by his peers. 1 he Earl of Surrey, however, who
A Canadian politician. He became secretary of state
and superintendent-general of Indian affairs in 1870, and
in 1873 was appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia.
His "Speeches and Public Letters,"edited by W. Annand,
were published in IS.'iS.
had oiJy a courtesy title, was tried by a jury picked for Howe, Mrs. (JuliaWard), Bom at New York,
the occasion, who found that he " falsely, maliciously, and
treacherously setup and bore the arms of Edward the Con-
fessor, then used by the Prince of Wales, mixed up and
joined with his own proper arms." He had borne these
arms without question in the presence of the king, as the
H<iwaids before him had done since their grant by Kichar<l
II. He was tried for high treason and beheaded. His poems
were llrst printed as "Songs and Sonetes" in "Tottels
Miscellany in 1557, with those of Sir Thomas Wyatt. He
was the flrst English writer of blank verse, translating the
second and fourth books of the ^neid into this form, and
with Wyatt he introduced the sonnet into English litera-
ture.
Howard, John. Born probably at Hackney, Lou-
don, Sept. 2, 1726: died at Kherson, Russia, Jan.
20, 1790. An English philanthropist, celebrated
for his exertions in behalf of jirison reform. He
was appointed high shcrilf of Bedfordshire in 1773, and the
ac((Uaintan(-e with i)rison abuses which he gained in the
ofllcc led to hirt career as a reformer. After a careful pel-
sonal inspection of the prisons of England, .Scotland, and
Ireland, ho visited those of Paris, Holland, Flanders, Ger-
many, and Switzerland, and later made a second t<»ur in
England. He published " The State of the Prisons in Eng-
land and Wale.-*, etc." (1777). He made other continental
tours of inspection in 1778, 1761, 1783, and 1785, during the
last of wliicli bo ins])ccted theconditi(m of the lazarettos.
Ills last journey was begun in 1789, when he went to Itus-
sia for the purpose of examining the military hospitals.
While engaged in this work he was attacked by camp-fever
anil died. He was hurled at Dophinovka. Ilia labors led
to inan,\ imiiortant reforms.
May 27, 1819. An American poet and philan-
thropist, wife of S. G. Howe. Her poems were col-
lecteil in "Passion Flowers" (1864), "WOrdsfor thellour"
(1856), and "Later Lyrics" (1866: including "The Battle
Hymn of the Republic," which was written during a visit
to the camps near Washington in 1861). she has also
written "Sex in Education" (1874), 'Modern Society"
(ISSOX " Margaret Fuller, etc." (18S3).
Howe, Richard, first Earl Howe. Bom at Lon-
don, March 8, 1726: died Aug. .5, 1799. An Eng-
lish admiral. lie was made vice-admiral in 1776, and
in Feb., 1776, appointed commander-in-chief in America.
Here be conducted the English naval operations after
the beginning of the Kevidution until 1778, when he re-
turned to England. He wa.sfii-st lord of the admiralty 1783-
1788. Iln June 1, 1794, be defeated the Flench off I'shant,
In 1796 ho was promoted admiral of the fleet.
Howe, Samuel Gridley. Born at Boston. Nov.
Ill, IKlll: died at Boston, Jjiii. 9, 1876. An Amer-
ican pliilaiithroiiist . lie became superintendent of
the Perkins Institute foi the Uliiidat .s..ulh Boston in 1832,
and was I'nited Slatis c.miniis.^i.'ncr losanio Domingo in
1871. llepiiblisln'il " Historical Sketches of the Greek Rev-
olution " (182s), etc.
Howe.William, Viscount Howe. Born Aug. 10,
1729: died .Tnly 12, 1814. A Britisli general,
brother of V,nv\ Howe. He succeeded Gage as com-
mander-in-chief in America 1775 ; commanded at Bunker
Ilill 1775 ; and gained the victories of Long Island, White
Plains (1776). Brandywinc, and Germantown (1777).
Howard, John Eager. Born in Baltimore Ho^gll(i,„u'(l), James. Born in WaN's about
Courily, M(l., June 4, 1752: dieil nt BaItimor(
(let. 12, 1.S27. .\n .■\niericnn Kevoliitionary otli-
eer and (lolit ician. He served at theCowpensin 1781,
and was g(»vernor of Maryland 17.s9-fl2 and United States
senator IT'.Xi IS03.
Howard, Oliver Otis. Born at Leeds. Maine.
Nov. 8, 1H30. A Union general in the Ameri
l.'dlo: ilicd llilKi. ,\n English author, lost known
for his " Letters" ( ir)4.'i-.55). He edited the third
and fourth editiont, of Cotgrave's " Krt neb and English
Dictionary" (1650 and KKKI), and compiled a polyglot die
tlonary, " l,<'xlcon Teliaglotton " (Kam), ivllli a classifled
iioioenclator, lists of proverbs, etc.
Howells (hou'elz), William Dean. Born at
can Civil War. He commanded a brigade at the battles Martinsville, Belmont County, Ohio, March 1,
516
subordinate i
Their descendants are now merged iu the general popu
lation of Peru.
Huancavelica (wan-ka-va-le'ka). 1. A depart-
ment of central Peru. Area, 10,814 square
miles. Population, about 100,000.— 2. The capi-
tal of the department of Huancavelica, situated
about 170 miles southeast of Lima. It was for-
its ((uiclisiher mines, now abandoned,
S.IXK
Popuhition, about
Howells
1837. An American novelist and poet. He was
I'nited States consul at Venice 1861-(i.'5 : editor-in-chief
of the "Atlantic Monthly" 1871-«1; an associate editor of
"Harper's Magazine " 1886-01. He published " Poems of
Two Friends " (with J. J- Piatt, 1880), "Venetian Life"
(1866). " Italian Journeys " (18fi9). " Poems "(1SB7). Among
his chief novels are " Their Wedding Journey" (1872). "A
Chance Acquaintance" (1873), "A Foregone Conclusion
(1874), "I'he Lady of the Aroostook " (1875), "The Indis-
covered Country" (1880), " Ur. Breen's Practice" (1881),
" A Modem Instance " (1SS2), " A Woman's Reason ' (1883),
"The Rise of Silas Lapham " (1886), "The Ministers
Charge "(ISSC)," Annie Killiurn "(1888), "World of Chance"
(1893). He lias also written a number
and farces. He edited the "Cosmopolitan " in 1892
Hcwe's Cave (houz kav). A large and remark-
able cave near .Schoharie, New York.
Ho-witt (hou'it), Mrs. (Mary Botham). Bom at
Uttoxeter, England, about 1804: died at Rome,
1888. An English authoress, wife and collabo-
rator of William Howitt. Among her separate works . , .. , .,
are translations from Frederika Bremer and Hans Ander- xlliancayC* (wan-Ka yo)
sen, and juvenile works. Her autobiography was edited
by her daughter (18S9).
Hewitt, William. Born at Heanor, Derbyshire,
England, 1792: died at Home, March 3. 1879.
An English poet and miscellaneous author. He
wrote "Book of the Seasons" (1831). " Rural Lite of Eng-
land " (183SI, "Visits to Remarkable Places" (1840-42),
"Rural and Domestic Life of Germany " (1842), "History
of the .Supernatural, etc." (1863), "Northern Heights of
London, etc." (1869), etc.; jointly with his wife,
tare and Romance of Northern Europe ' (ISSr
Abbeys and Castles of Great Britain " (1862-64), of the part of the upper
Wye, etc. (1863). of Yorkshire (1865), of the Border (18(i5). 'adjacent mountains. The mountains are rich in mln-
Howie-glass. '='-- '^•■' ■ ■■ •■ ■ ■— •*■■
Hudibras
to the Chancas until both tribes were con- Huber (ii-bar'), FraiKJoiS. Bom at Geneva,
quered by the Inca Pachacutec Yupanqui, about 1420. j^jy 2 1750 : died near (.leneva, Dec. 31, 1831
A Swiss natm'alist, best known from his obser-
vations on the honey-bee. He was the author ol
" Nouvelles observations s'ur les abeilles " (1792)." Mil'moire
sur I'influence de I'air et des diverses substances gazeusea
dans la germination des ditferentes plantes " (1801). He
early became l)Und from excessive study, anil conducted
his scientific work thereafter with the aid of his wife.
V iiaige tico,!^ .-limit jkit.'>4... yi.^^ — /, — - -- _-- . ... ... -1/1 •• \ h el
(1893). He has also written a number of short comedies Huanca'TlllcaS (wau-ka-vel kas). A poweitui
„ ,-....., .,„ .:.„„ ■• i., -lon.i j^.j^^ ^j Indians, presumably of Quichua stock,
who formerlv inhabited the lowlands of eastern
Ecuador, between the river Daule and the sea.
They were conquered by Huaina Capac about 1600, and,
under Inca domination, occupied the same region at the
merly one of the richest cities in Peru, and was noted for Huber (ho'ber), JobanneS. Bora at Munich,
' " "-—'-. > Aug. 18, 1830: died at Muuich, March 19, 1879.
A CJerman philosophical writer and leader of
the Old Catholic party, professor of pliiloso-
phy (1855, extraordinary; 1864, ordinary) at
Munich : author of " Philosophic der Kirchen-
viltcr" (18.59), "Das Papsttum und der Staat"
(1870), "Der Jesuitenorden " (1873), etc.
time of the .Spanish conquest. Their descendants are Huber, Johann Rudolf . Born atBasel.Switzer-
merged in the general population of the Guayaquil valley. ]aud, 1668 : died 174S. A Swiss historical painter,
_, , , , , A city of Peru, in the sometimes called " the Tintoretto of Switzer-
southwestern part o'f the department of Junin, laud."
n the vallevof Jauja, 10„8.80 feet above the sea. Huber, Madame (TbereseHeyne). BomatGot-
' —•- "■ — « *" »i. =ntnnnn nrnmninnf prt there tlngcu, Pnissla, May 7, 1764: died at Augsburg,
It gave its name to tlie constitution promulgated there
Nov. 10, 18.S9, which was finally superseded by that of Nov.
26, 1860. Population, about ri,000.
Huanta (wiin'ta). A town in the department
of Ayacucho, Peru, about 200 miles southeast
of Lima. Population, about 4,000.
Bavaria, June 15, 1829. A German author,
wife first of G. Forster, and after his death
of L. F. Huber, and daughter of C. G. Heyne.
Her " Erziihlungen " (" Tales") were published
1830-33.
^ife, "Litera. HuanuCO (wij'no-ko), or Guauuco (gwa'no-ko). g-Xr Victor Aim6 Bom at Stuttgart, Wur-
K2), "Ruined l.AcentraldepartmentofPeru,comprehending ^^bCT V^
^<^-<^3? partoftheuppervalleyoftheHuallagawiththe t'^}"^-}!^'^}:'}^^^^^^
See Eiilenspiaycl.
Howrah (hou'ra). A suburb of Calcutta, sit-
uated west of that citv on the Hugli. Popula-
tion (1891), 116,606.
Ho-WSOn (hou'son), John Saul. Born at Giggles-
wick, Yorkshire, England, May 5, 1816: died at
Bournemouth, Hants, England, Dec. 15, 1885.
An English clergyman and author. He published,
Jointly with W. J. c'onvlieare, "Life and EpistUs of .St.
Paul " (lS.W-52), and wrote ' ' Metaphors of St. Paul " (1868),
etc.
Howtb (houth). A peninsula in County Dublin,
Ireland, on the northern side of Dublin Bay.
Hozter (heks'ter). A manufacturing town in
the province of Westphalia, Prussia, situated on
the Weser 43 miles south-southwest of Han-
in the Harz, July 19, 1869. A German literary
historian and publicist, son of L. F. Huber. He
became professor at Rostock in 1833, at Marburg in 1836.
and at Berlin in 1843. He retired in IS.'iO. He wrote '■ Die
Geschichte des Cid " (1829)," Chronica del Cid " (1844)," Die
neuroinantische Poesie in Frankreich " (1833), "Die eng-
lischen Universitaten " (1839-40), etc.
Hubert (hu'bert; F. pron. ii-bar'), Saint. [L.
Hiihertiif:, It. VhcrtoSp- Pg- Huicrto.F. Hubert.']
Died 727. A bishop of Li6ge, the traditional
Hu4nUC0 Viejo, or HudnUCO el Viejo ( wa'no- jatfO" of hunters. v=r,..»'» " lfi„„
koelve-a'Ho). An ancient Indian town of Peru, Hubert. A character in Shakspere s King
erals, and the valleys near the Huallaga are covered with
forest. Iluilnuco corresponds to an Inca province or re-
gion of the same name. It was settled by Gomez de Al-
varado in 1539. Area, 23,000 square miles. Population,
about 80,000.
2. The capital of the department of Huduuco, sit-
uated near the river Huallaga 170 miles north-
northeast of Lima, founded in 1542. Population,
about 7,500.
John." He is Hubert de Burgh, justice of Eng-
land, created earl of Kent. He died 1243.
Hubert de Burgh. See liurgh.
about 40 miles west-northwest of the present city
of Hudnuco. The remains of Incan architecture found
here are among the finest in existence. The place was set- __ _
tied by the Spaniards in 1-139, but abandoned soon after for HubertUSburg (ho-ber tos-borg). A Castle near
the present capital. .SomesUver-minesin the vicinity were Wermsdorf, Saxonv, 25 miles east of Leipsic.
worked in the 18th century. j],^ peace of Hubertus'burg was concluded here between
nover. Near it is the castle ol Corvei. It has a church HuaC[Ui (wa'ke). A place on the Desaguadero Prussia, Austria, and Saxony, Feb. 15, 1763, ending the
of St, Kilian. Formerly it was a free imperial city and JJiygj. Bolivia It is notable tor the battle of June 20 Seven Y'e.ar8' War. Prussia retained Silesia.
Hanseatic town. Population (1890), commune, 6,046. isil.in'wbich theSpanishforcesunderGoyenechedefeateii Hubli (ho'bli). A town in Dharwar district.
Hoxton (hoks'tqn). A district in Shoreditch the patriots of Buenos AjTes and Upper Peru under Cas- jjonjijav British India, situated in lat. 15° 20'
and Hacknev, London. " It was sometimes called 'i^"'- ,, ^ a ..i! *■ i ci.\. " ' ' --■" " ■ -• ,.r,«,, .m r„»
Hogsdon and Hog Lane. . . In the 'Domesday' record Huaraca (wa-ra ka). A great festival Ot tne an-
it is entered as Hocheston, and in a lease of the time of oient Peruvians, held at the time of the summer
Edward III. it is mentioned as Hoggeston . . - Hoxton solstice. The youths who had attained sufficient age and
has long been noted forthe nuraher of its chantable insti- ^^ ^^ t4„ admitted to mUitary rank, with various
(Tflfonl ) Thornbury. Old and New London, V. 524. ^^^^^^^^i^^ ^„a t^sta of endurance.
HOV (hoi). An island of the Orkneys, southwest Huaraz (wa-rath'). The capital of the depart-
of Pomona. It is high and picturesque. Length, ment of Ancachs, Porn, situated on the river
13 miles. e i " > ^^^^^.^ about 200 miles north by west of Lima.
Hoyden (hoi'den), Miss. The daughter of Sir Population, about 17,000.
Tunbclly Clumsy i" Vaubrugh's comedv "The Huarina (wa-re'na). A plain at the southeast-
Kelapsc," a pert and amorous country girl. She ern extremity of Lake Titicaca, Bohvia. It gave
' " ' its name to the battle of Oct. 20, 1547, in which Gonzalo
Pizarro and hislieutenant Carvajal defeated Diego Centeno.
■D ifl-o .q„.q „t Huascar(was'kar),orIntiCusiHualpa(en'te i'fiied".sixtusy. ^ r- ■ i
Born 16,2: died at ^'Jf'°>t4K,a). Born about 1495 (according to Hiibner, Karl Wllhelm, Boi;n at Konigsberg,
Vn Kncrhsh writer on {5,° ^_^ ^^ jl J^_ .^ ^.^q^^. ^j^^ at Andamarca, Pmssia, June 14, 1814: died at Diisseldorf, Pnis-
Jan.,1533. Anincachict. At the death of his father, sia, Dec. 5, 1879. A German genre-painter.
HuaiiiaCapac(Nov., 1526), the empire was divided between Hiibner, Rudolf JuliUS BenUO. Born at Ols.
Huascar and his legitimate brother, Atahualpa. Huas- j^ji^.^ja Prussia, Jan. 27, 1806: died at Losch-
car had the southern and hu-gcr part, with ins capital at _ ' T)„p„,ip,, -s:.... 7 igBQ A German
Cuzco. Wiu- broke out between the two, and Huascar was witz, near uresaen, 1\0\ . /, IM^. .«. ueimau
eventually defeated and captured (lf.32). After Atahualpa historical painter. Among bis works are "Roland,
was seized by Pizarro he feared that the Spaniards would " Samson," "Job and his Friends," "The Golden Age, etc.
interfere in favor of his brother, and by his secret orders g .^^j.^ «yariste R^giS. Bom at Toulouse,
J'::::::r ' . a tribe of Indians near Fja"ce,\ug. 1,^813: ied at Paris. March 26,
the coast of eastern Mexico, in southern Tamau-
lipas and northern Vera Cruz. By their language
they are allied to the Mayas of Y'ucatan, and those ethnol-
ogists will) hold that the Mayas came from the nortli be-
lieve that the Hnastecs were a tribe left behind during
their migration. At the time of thecnnqnest they lived in
villages, generally of wooden houses, and practised agri-
culture. They readily submitted to the whites, and have
long been Christianized. Also written Huattecm, IJiiax-
lecm, and Guatescos.
Sec Gnatusns.
was a great favorite with both actresses and
audiences.
Hoyle (hoil), Edmund.
London, Aug. 29, 1769. An English writer on
games. He puVdished "Short Treatise" on
wliist (1742: included in his book on games).
HOZ (6th), Pedro Sanchez de. Died at Santi-
ago, Chile, 154,8. A Spaniard who, in 1.537, re-
ceived from Charles V. authority to conquer
and colonize Chile. Pizarro had already given the
same right to Valdivia, and to avoid conflict he arranged
that the two should be associated in the enterprise_(1.539)
V
N., long; 75'= 12' E. Population (1891), 52,595.
Hiibner (hiib'ner), Emil. Bom July 7, 1834. A
German philologist, son of Rudolf Julius Hiib-
ner. He became professor of classical philology at the
University of Berlin in 1870, and was editor of the periodi-
cal "Hermes" 1866-81, and of the " Archaologische Zei-
tung" 1868-73. He has published "Grundriss zu Vorlcs-
ungen iiber die romische Literaturgeschichte " (4th ed.
1878), "Grundriss zu Vorlesungeii uber die lateinische
Grammatik" (2d ed. 1881), etc.
Hiibner, Baron Joseph Alexander von. Bom
at Vienna, Nov. 26, 1811: died July 30, 1892.
An Austrian diplomatist. He was minister at Paris
1849-59, and ambassador at Koine 1866-67. He has pub-
lished ".Sixtus V."(1871), etc.
aldivia speedily became the real leader, but Hoz re- Ti,-,__to-o rwas'toVs)
ceived rich grants of land and Indians. During Valdivia's ■'J!^*?^®'^? i7„„„.„.l iV,
absence in Peru he plotted to seize tlie command : the
plan was discovered by Villiigra, and Hoz was beheaded.
Hrabanus Maurus. See B«ftnHH.«.
Hradschin. See I'mnue.
Hrotsvitha. See Hoswitha.
Huaina Capac, or Huayna Ccapac (wji-e'njl
kji'piik). Born at Tumibamba about 1450: died
Nov.. 1525. The eleventh Inca ruler of Peru. _^^ „„„ „,
According to Bias Valera he had ruled 42 years at the time TT.Vr'-fl'.'o'nc
ofhisdeath. Balboa says 33 years. He compl.Iedthccon- gUcH.Ui.Ob. , • 1 • i„„j„ :„ ^t
quests of his father, TupacIncaYupaiiiiui, penetrating far HuaylaS (Wl'las). A colonial mtendencia Ot
south into Chile and subduing the province of Quito, where Peru, now the province of .Ancachs. Also writ-
he fought a memorable battle. During his reign the Inca ^^j^ HuailaS
emph V attained its greatest extent and splendor. At his -g^^.^^ CcapaC. See nuaina Capac.
Hubbard ( hub'iird ), William. Born iuEugland,
1621 : died at Ip'switdi, Mass., Sept. 14, 1704. An
deatli it was divided between his two sons, Huascar and Huayna CcapaC.
Atahualpa.
Hualapai See IValnpai.
Huallaga (wiil-yii'gii). A river of Peru wliich
Hows north and joins the Amazon about lat. 5°
6' S., long. 75° 40' W. Length, about 650 miles.
Huamanga. See Cuamanga.
HuancaS (wan'kas). An ancient tribe of Peru-
v\an Indians, of Quichua stock and language,
who inhabited a portion of the present depart-
ment of Junin (province of Jauja). They were
American historian and clergvman. He wrot« a
" History of New England " tpublished 1815), and a "Nar-
rative of the Troubles with the Indians in New England "
?1677)-
Hubbardton (hub'ard-ton). A town in Rutland
County, western Vermciiit, 14 miles northwest
of Rutland. Here, July 7. 1777. the British under Eraser
defeated the Americans under Francis and Warner. Pop-
ulation (1890X 506.
1860. A French Roman Catholic missionary and
traveler in the Chinese empire. He published
".Souvenirs d un voyage dans la Tartaric, le Thibet, et la
Chine "(ls.'.0), "L'Empire chinois ' (18.14), "Le Christian-
isme en Chine " (1857), etc.
Huddersfield (hud'erz-feld). A parliamentary
borough in the West Riding of Yorkshire, Eng-
land, situated on the Colne 15 miles southwest
of Leeds. It has important manufactures, par-
ticularly of fancy woolens. Population (1891),
9.5,422. "
Hudibras (hti'di-bras). A satirical poem by
Samuel Butler, directed against the Puritans,
published 1663-78: so called fi-om the name of
its hero, who is a Presbyterian country iu.stice.
Accompanied by a clerk, one of the Independents, he
ranges the country after the manner of Don Quixote, with
zealous ignorance endeavoring to correct abuses and re-
press superstition.
Tlie greatest single production of wit of this period, I
miglit say of this country', is Butler's ' ' Hudibras. "It con-
tains specimens of every variety of drollery and satire,
and those specimens crowded togt-thcr into almost ever)'
page. The proof of this is that nearly one-half of his lines
are got by heart, and quoted for mottoes.
^ ' ' •* EaaUt, Eng. Poets, p. 80.
Hudibras, Sir
Htldibras, Sir. A rash and melancholy man in
Sppiisei-'s ■' KaPrie Queenp." It is thought that the
poet intcndei! to shadow forth the Puritans in this char-
acter. S<-e llmlihras.
HudiksvallChii'diks-viil). Aseaporton theeast-
eru coast of Sweden, south of Sundsvall. Pop-
ulation (1890), 4,804.
Hudson (hud'sou). [Named from Henry Hud-
son, who discovered it in 1609.] A river in New
York, risingin the Adirondacksin Kssex County,
New York, flowing south, and falling into New
York Bay in lat. 40° 42' N., long. " '
celebrated for its picturesi|ue scenery,
course throuRli the Highlands and past i
its lower course it is called the North River. The Mohaw k
is its cliief tributju-y. Length, about 350 miles ; navigable
to Troy. 151 miles. On its banks are Troy, Albany, Kings-
ton, Poughkcepsie, Newburg, Fishliill, Cornwall, West
Point, .Sing Sing, Vonkers, .New York, and Jersey City.
Hudson. A city, river port, and tlie capital of
Columbia County, New York, situated on the
east bank of the Hudson, 2S miles south of Al-
bany. Population (1890), 9,970.
Hudson, George. Bom at York, England, 1800 :
died at London, Dec. 14, 1871. An English
speculator, known as "the railway king."
Hudson, Henry. Died in Hudson Bay (f ), 1611.
A noted English navigator. He was, perhaps,
grandson of Henry Hudson, one of the founders of the
Muscovy Company in 1555. In 1607 he was sent out by
that company, in the Hopeful, to sail across the pole to
the Spice Islands. He reached the east coast of Greenland
(lat. (J9'-70°) in June ; sailc<l northward along the co.ast U>
lat 73' ; thence went along the ice-barriir to Spitzbergen,
reaching lat, 80* 23'; and returned to England, discovering
Jan Mayen (named by him Hudson's Touches) on the way.
In lliOS he attempted to find a northeast passage. On
March 2:<, 1S09, he set sail with the Good Hope and Half
Moon, in the service of the Dutch East India Company,
with the same object ; but his crews mutinied, tlie Good
517
ville on the east, Cadiz on the southeast, the
Atlantic on the soutli. and Portugal on tlie west.
Area, 4,122 square miles. Population (1887).
254,831.-2. The capital of the province of
Huelva, situated on tlio river Odiel 54 miles
west-soutliwcst of Seville, it has sardine fisheries.
Near it is the convent of La Kilbida. where Columbus was
sheltered and received cfticient aid for his voyage. The
simple buiblings, with tin irun cniss before the door, the
two ai'cadcd courts s,urrunnded with cells, and the large
liall of the i)rior Marcbena, remain very nearly as when
the discoverer sojourned tlu-re. Population (ISS'X 18,195.
74° 1' W. It is Huelva, AlonSO Sanchez de. The name given
.especially in its ^^, Qarcilasso de la Vega (1609) to a sailor or
'„ TiIfMifh,,,;!.! pilot who is said to have discovered land west
of the Canary Islands about 14S4. According to
the stoiy, this man died in the house of Columbus after
having revealed to him the secret of the discovery. The
report, in a much less dellnite form, and without the name,
first appeared in Ovicdo's history in 1535. It is now gen-
ei-ally discredited.
Huen-Tsang (hwen-tsang'). See Hioucn-Tsang.
Huesca (wes'kii). 1. A province of Aragon,
Spain, bounded by France on the north, Lerida
on the east, Saragossa on the south, aud_ Na-
varre and Saragossa on the west. Area, 5,878
square miles. Population (1887), 254,958. — 2.
The capital of the province of Huesca, situated
40 miles uorthea.st of Saragossa. It was occupied
by the Arabs from 713 to 1090, and was probably the ancient
Osca. It is noted for its cathedral of the 15th century.
The great recessed west door has fine statues and reliefs,
Hugo, Victor Marie
1135: died at London, Nov., 1200. An English
prelate, made bishop of Lincoln in 1186.
Hugh of Lincoln. An English boy alleged to
have been i»it to deatli by Jews at Lineoln,
England, 1255. He is the suljject of the" Prioress'sTale "*
in Chaucer's "Caiiterbury Tales," and of "Alphousos of
Lincoln."
Hugh, or Hugo, of Saint Cher. Born at St.
Clier, near \ ieiine. Fiance, about 1200: died at
Orvieto, Italy, 1261!. A French cardinal and
theological coiupiliT.
Hugh, or Hugo, of Saint Victor. Bom about
1097: died Feb. 11, 1141. A French mystical
theologian. His works were edited in 1648.
Hugh Capet (hfikil'pet; F. jiron. iig kii-pa').
Dieil Oct. 24, 996. King of France 987-996, son
of Hugh tlic Groat whom he succeeded in the
duchy of Franco and in the eountship of Paris
in 956. He was elected king on the extinction of the
direct line of Charles the Great by the death of Louis le
Faineant without issue in 1>S7. He found the royal do-
main restricted to the region Iwunded by the Soinine, the
Loire, Normandy, Anjou, and 4'bampagne ; and was pow-
erless to resist tlie great feudatories — tlie dukes of Nor-
mandy, Brittany, Burgundy, and .Aquitaine, and the counts
of Flanders, Champagne, and Vermandois — each of whom
surpassed the king in military power and in extent of ter-
ritory. He became the founder of the Capetian dynasty.
Hughenden (hii'en-den). A village in Buck-
inghamshire, England, 31 miles west-northwest
of London. Hughenden Manor was the seat of
the Earl of Beacousfield.
and the alabaster reredos, sculptured with the Passion of g^gjigg (hu;,), Jo]m_ Born in County Tyrone,
Christ, is by the master who executed that in the Pilar at •^"o~5 ^",._'' Xi ^tot . .i:„,] „t xt v i. t
Saragossa. Population (18S7), 13,041.
Hudscar (wes'kar). A town in the province of
Granada, Spain, situated on the Guardal in lat.
37° 47' N., long. 2° 33' W. Population (1887),
7,.''i2S.
Hope returned, and with the Halt Moon he sailed across Huot (ii-el), Pierre Daniel. Born at Caen,
the' Atlantic to Nova .Scotia. Thence he sailed southward,
exploring the coast as far as Chesapeake Bay. In Sept.
he explored the river aftenvard named for him, ascend-
ing it nearly to the site of Albany. In 1610 he sailed in
the i)iscovei7 to find a northwest passage, and entered
Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay. He wintered on James
Bay. On his return bis crew mntinied, and on June 23,
1611, he was bound and with 8 others set afloat in a small
boat on Hudson Bay. 'They were never seen again.
Hudson, Henry Norman. Born at Cornwall,
Vt., Jan. 28, 1S14: died at Cambridge, Mass.,
Jan. 16, 1886. An.Vineriean Shaksperian scholar
and Episcopal clergyman. Hepublished "Lectures
on Shakspcre " (IMS)," Slnikspcre : his Life, Art, and Char-
acters, etc." (1872), " Studies in Windsworth " (1874), " Es-
says on Education, etc." (1883). He edited Shakspere (11
vols.) in 1851-611 and (20 vols.) in 1880-81.
Hudson, Sir Jeffery or GeofErey. Born at Oak-
ham, Rutlandshire, England, 1019: diedin 1682.
France, Feb. 8, 1630: died at Paris, Jan. 26,
1721. A French prelate, bishop of Avranches,
and a noted scholar. He wrote " Demonstratio evan-
gelica (1679), "Censura philosophise cartesianie" ("Cri-
tique of the Philosophy of Descartes," 1089), etc.
Huexotzinco (wa-ii6t-then'k6). [A Nahuatl
name.] A town on the eastern base of the Iz-
tac-cilmatl, in the state of Puebla, Mexico. At
the time of the conquest the tribe of Huexotzinco was in
Ireland, June 24. 1797: died at New York, Jan.
3,1864. A Koman Catholic prelate. He became
bishop of New York in 1842, and ai-chbishop in 1850. He
founded St. John's CoUege, Fordham, in 1839.
Hughes, Thomas. Bom near Newbury, Oct.
20, 1823 : died at Brighton, March 22, 1896. An
English author, reformer, and politician. He
was educated at Kugby under Dr. Arnold, and was later as-
sociated with Canon Kingsley and F. D. Maurice in the
movement fur improving the condition of the poor known
as Christian Socialism. He lectured in the United States
in 1870, and in 1880 he founded the "Rugbj Colony" in
'Tennessee. He was made (lueen's counsel in 1869, and
county court judge inl88'2. (Sve Kugby.) He wrote "'Tom
Browns School- Days" (1856), "The Scouring of the White
Horse" (1858), "Tom Brown at 0.\ford " (1861X "I'he Man-
"iness of Christ" (1879), "Rugby, Tennessee " (1881), etc.
dependent, and almost always at war with the Mexicans Hugli, or Hooghly (hog'le). The westernmost
and their confederates. In 1.524 a convent was established ' ,,..,,-,. _^ _i:»_j_,i_ /^.1,...ii_
there, parts of which are still occupied.
Hufeland (ho'fe-liint), Christoph Wilhelm.
Born at Langensalza, Prussia, Aug. 12, 1702:
died at Berlin, Aug. 2.5, 1836. A noted German
phvsicitin and medical writer. He wrote "Makro-
biotik, Oder die Kunst das menschliche Leben zu ver-
langern " (1796), and numerous other works.
A famous English dwarf. He was but 18 or 20 inches Huf eland, Gottlieb. Born at Dantzic, Prussia,
high till he was about 30 ye.u-8 of age, when he grew to the ,, , ,,, iTiiA. ,ii„,i of Halle Prussia Feb. 18.
height of 3 feet 9 inches. He made his first appearance \l}:. ^-'l \'™ ■ '"'." ai^ "aiie, Jr™i"-i>^ ^^"•.^Z'
Bcrv-ed up in a pie at the table of the Duke of Bucking- 181 < . A German jurist and political economist. ^ .^^^_ „ TJicXOT Marie,
' " ■ Boni at Con- '^^ '•. -r^^ ' ^t-, ,. .^^,AL^^ -,_• - , .i t,.„-.
channel of the Ganges, at its delta. Calcutta
is situated on it. Length, 145 miles.
Hugli, or Hooghly. A city of Bengal, on the
Hugli about 25 miles north of Calcutta. Pop-
ulation, about 31,000.
Hugo. See Hugh.
Hugo (ho'go), Gusta'7. Bom at Lorraeh, Baden,
Nov. 23, 1764 : died at Gottingen, Prussia, Sept.
15, 1844. A Gei-man jurist, author of " Lehr-
buch des civilistischen Kursus " (1807-22).
ham. After the marriage of Charles I. he was a page in Hug (hiio), Johann Leonhard.
the service of the queen. Ho had many adventures ; was
a captain in the royal army at the beginning of the civil
war ; and had his portriit painted by Vandyck. Scott in-
troduces him in "Peveril of the Peak." He was finally
arrested in 1682 upon some suspicion connected with the
Popish plot, and confined in the Gatehouse prison. He
was released, and did not die there as Scott and others
state. Did. Sal. Biog.
Hudson Bay. -Vn inland sea in North America,
inclosed by British America on the cast, south,
and west, and partly inclosed by Soutluiinptou
Island on the nortli: called James Bay in the
south. It conimniiicates with the Atlantic through Hud-
eon Strait, and with the Arctic Ocean thmngli Fox Channel.
Itachlef tributariesarethcChurcbill and Nelson. Itwas
explored by Henry Iluilson in 1010. Length, about 1,000
miles. Greatest width, about (100 miles.
Hudson Bay Company. A British joint-stock
company chartcnd in 1670 for tho jiurpose of
stance, Baden, June 1, 1765: died at Freiburg,
Baden. March 11, 1846. A German Roman
Catholic biblical critic. He wrote •' Einleitung
in die Sohrif ten des Neuen Testaments " (1808),
etc.
Hiigel (hii'gcl). Baron Karl Alexander An-
selm 'VOn. Born at Katisboii, Bavaria, Ajiril
25, 1796: died at Brussels, June 2, 1870. A
(xcrman traveler in Asia, the East Indies, and
elsewhere. He published "Kaschmir und das Reich
der Siklis" (1840-42), "Das Beckon von Kabul" (1851-52),
etc.
Huger (u-je')- Benjamin. Born at Sautee, S.C,
1805: died at Charleston, Dec. 7, 1877. A Con-
federate general in tlie Civil War. He command-
ed a division under General Johnston at Fair Oaks, and
under General Lee at Malvern Hill.
purchasing furs and skins from (he Indians of Huger, FranciS Kinloch. Born at Charleston,
BritishNorlh America. Ilsoriginalpossessions, '' ' " '' ' "" ' '""■'
called the I ludson Bay Territory, were ceded to
the government in 1870.
Hudson Bay Territory. Tho territory wa-
tered by the streams llnwing into Hudson Bay,
granted to the Hudson Bay Company in 1670.
It was incorporated with tho Dominion of
Canada in 1870. It is known also as Kupert's
Land.
Hudson Strait. A sea passage connecting Hud-
son Bav on the southwest with the Atlantic
S. 'C, Sept., 1773: died there, Feb. 14, 1855.
An American ulliccr, nephew of Isaac Huger.
He joined Dr. I'.ric Bc>Ilninn in the unsuccessful attempt
to lllieratc La Fayette from the fortress of Olmiitz in 1797,
with tlio result that he was imprisoned liy the Austrian
gcvei-Mincnt nearly eight months.
Huger Isaac. Born on Limerick Plantation,
S. C, March 19, 1742: died Oct. 17, 1797. An
American ceneral in the lievolution. He com-
niaiiilcil the lift wing at tlie battleof Stono, June 20, 1779;
was def.atcd bv Tarleloii and Webster at .Monk's tlorner.
South Carolina : and commanded the Virginians at Guil-
ford Cciurt Hipuse.
on the east: discovered by Sebastian (Jabot iii jjuggjng (l,„g'inz), -William. Bom at London,
ni,L:!^^J'*' ' " ''^* Breadth, about t"t,. 7. 1824? An Engli.sh astronomer, noted
for his researches in siicctrum analysis.
100 m-les
Hu6, or Hu6-fu (b8-a'f8')- The capital of An-
nam, situated on the river Hu6 about lat. 16°
30' N., long. 107° 35' E. It wsis fortified by
French engineers. Population (estimated), 30,-
000; with suburbs, 50,000.
Hnel'Vra (wel'vil). 1. A province of Andalusia,
Spain, bounded by Badajoz on the north, Se-
Hugh (hti), F. Hugues dig), "the Great," or
"tTieWhite." Dieil June 16, 9.")6. Count ofParis
and Duke of France. He nmrricd Hcdwig, sister of
the emperor Otto I., by whom be liecaine the father of
Hugh Capet.
Hugh, or Hugo (hu'go), of Lincoln, or of Ava-
lon, Saint. Boru at Avalon, France, about
Bo'i-n at Besan^on'; Feb. 26, 1802 : died at Paris,
May 22, 1885. A celebrated French poet, the
recogmzed leader of the romantic school of the
19th century in France. His childhood was spent
partly with his mother in Paris, and pai-tly in Corsica. Elba,
Italy, and Spain — wherever his father, an otficer in the
French army, could gather his family about him. He re-
ceived his early education from his mother, and al.soat the
hands of an old priest, Larivicre. In 1815 he went to school,
and thence to the Lycc^o Louis-le-Grand in Paris, In 1816
he wrote his first tragedy," Irtjim^ne." Wliile still at school
lie began another tragedy, "Athelie," and composed a
melodrama, " Inez de Castro," and several poems. He also
competed for a prize of the French Academy with a poem,
".Sur les avantiiges de I'tHudo " (1817). Again, in 1818, he
cimipeted with his poems "Sur liristitntion du jury "and
" Sur les avantages de renseignement mutuel." Uis suc-
cess encouraged him to send U< the Academy of Floral
G'amesat Toulouse " Lci derniers bardcs," " Les viergesde
Verdun," and "Le ri^tablissemcnt de la statue de Henri
IV." (1819), for which he was awardcil the principal prize.
In 1820 he took another prize with his poem " Moise sur
le Nil," and was made maiire is jeux-fioraux. In 1819 ha
had founded a fortnightly review, "Le Conservaleur Litti-
raire": ho wrote also for "LaMuseFran^aise." Hispoett-
cal compositions include " Odes et p<ii'sies diverses " (1822),
"Nouvelles odes" (lS-24\ "Odes el ballades" (1820: of
which a revised and enlarged edition appeared in 1828),
" Les orientales " (1S29), " Les feuilles d'autonme " (\^il\
" Les chants du cr^pnscnlo " (1836), " Les voix inti'ricurcs "
(1837), "Los rayons et les ombres" (1840X "Les chati-
menta " (1853), "Les contemidations " (1858-57), first series
of " La ICgende des sii'clcs " (1860X " Les chansons des rues
et des bois" (1865), "L'Anneo terrible" (1872), " l.'Art
d'Otrc grand-pi re" (1877). second series of " La k'gcnde dca
sit'-cl.es " (lS77),"Le pape " (1878)," I.a pitie supreme "(1879),
"L'Ane (ls8o),"Keli'.'ion ct religions" (1880), "I..eaiiuatre
vents do I'esprit" (1881). third series of '" La l(5genue des
sitclcs" (1883), "La fin de Satan" (1888), "Dicu" (1891),
" route la lyre " (1888-93). As a dramatist Victor Uu^o
adapteil "Amy Ilobsart ' (1828) from Scott's "Kenil-
woith," and also wrote "Oomwell " (1827), " Marlon De-
l.irnie " (1829), " Hernani " (1830), " Le roi s'amuse " (ISS'3),
"Lucri ce Borgia" (18S:i), "Marie Tudor " (1833X " Angelo "
(18:15), "Esmeralda "(1836), "Ruy Bias "(1838), " Les Bur-
graves "(184;)), "Torquemada" (1882), 'Le thi-Vitre en II-
licrtiS " (1886), and " Les Jumeaux " (1889). Victor Hugo's
I>rosc writings are " Han d'Islande " (1823), " BugJargal "
(1826), "Le dernier Jour d'un condauin^ " (1829), "Notre
Hugo, Victor Marie
Dame de Paris " (1831), "Litt^rature et philosophie mfi-
l^es"and " Claude Uneiix" (1834), "LeRhin "(1842), "Na-
poleon le petit '■ (1852), "Les mis^nibles " (1862). " Vict<)r
Hugo raconte par un tenioin de sa vie " (18*>3X "William
Shakespeare " (1864), "Les travaillcurs de la mer"(186t>),
•■ L'Homme qui rit"(l869). "Actes et paroles'* (1872-70),
" Quatrevingt-treizc " (ls74), "Histoiie dun crime " (1877-
1878), '• Choses vues " (1887). '* En voyage : Alpes et Pyre-
nees "(1890). He was elected to the French Academy Jan.
7, 1841. Hisiiiterest in politicsand journalism led him to
found a newspaper, "I.'l!:vtinement," in 1848. After the
revolution of the same year he was exiled from France,
not to return till the fall of the empire in 1870. He went
first to Belgium, in 18.'>2 to Jersey, and in 1855 to Guernsey.
Victor Hugo was elected a life member of the l-Yench sen-
ate in 1876, and the last years of his life were devoted to
literary work.
Huguenots (bu'ge-nots). [The name as applied
to the Protestauts of France was first used
about 1560, being apparently imported from
Geneva, where it appears to have been for some
time in use as a political nickname. Its par-
ticular origin is unknown : no contemporary
information has been found.] The Refonued
or Calvinistic communion of France in the 16th
and 17th centuries. The Huguenots were the Puri-
tans of France, noted in general for their austere virtues
and the singular purity of their lives. They were perse-
cuted in the reign of Francis I. and his immediate suc-
cessors, and after 1562 were frequently at war with the
Catholics, under the lead of such men as Admiral Coligay
and the King of Navarre (afterward Henry IV. of France).
In spite of these wars and the massacre of St. Bartholomew
(Aug. 24, 1572), they continued numerous and powerful,
and the Edict of Nantes, issued by Henry IV. (1598), se-
cured to them full political and civil rights. Their
political power was broken with the surrender of La
Rochelle in 1628, and the revocation of the Edict of
Nantes by Louis XIV. (1685), and thesubsequentpersecn-
tions, forced hundreds of thousands into exile t4> Prussi;i,
the Netherlands. Switzerland, England, etc. Many settk-d
in the colonies of New York.Virginia, etc., but especially in
South Carolina. The name is sometimes applied at the
present day to the descendants of the original Huguenots.
Huguenots, Les, An opera by Meyerbeer, first
produced at Paris in 1836.
Hugues (iig), Victor. Born at Marseilles, 1761 :
died near Bordeaux, Nov., 1826. A French ad-
ministrator. He went to Santo Domingo in 1778, was en-
gaged in the revolution of 17S9, and was deported to France.
The Convention made him commissioner to the Frencli
West Indies (1794), where he reconquered Guadeloupe and
took St. Lucia and other islands from the English. In hi->
government of Guadeloupe he showed extreme cruelty to
those opposed to revolut ionarj- ideas. He fitted out several
privateers which preyed not only on the English but on
North American commerce, nearly provoking a war be-
tween the United States and France (179S). Recalled in
Dec, 1798, he was made govemorofCayenne in 1799, finally
surrendering to the English Jan. 12, 1809. He was again
governor uf Cayenne 1817-19.
Huilliches fwel-ye-chas'). [Ai'aueanian : huiUij
southern, and ch^, people.] The name given to
various hordes of Indians of the Araucanian
stock who inhabit that portion of Chile near
the Gulf of Ancud. See Jraneaiiians.
Huitzilihuitl(wet-ze-ie'wetl). [Nahuatl, 'hum-
ming-bird,'] Died in 1414. An Aztec sovereign
of Tenoehtitlan (Mexico) from 1403. He was a
son of Acampichtli, and married a daughter of the Tec-
panec chieftain, thus strengthening the alliance between
the two tribes. It is said that a regular system of laws was
first established during his reign.
Huitzilopoclltli (wet-zel-6-p6ch'tle). The war-
god and principal deity of the ancient Mexicans :
'*the mythic leader and chief deity of the Az-
tecs, dominant tribe of the Nahua nation " {Ban-
croft). He was represented by a hideous stone idol, be-
lieved by Bandelier and others to be the one now preserved
in the mu&eum at Mexico. As he was supposed to be of
a very sanguinary disposition, immense numbers of human
sacrifices were made before the idol. Wlien his great tem-
ple was dedicated, in 1486, it is stated that 70,000 victims
(evidently an exaggeration) were slain. It appears that
he was also called MextU (whence the name Mexico, given
to Tenoehtitlan).
Hulin, or Hullin (ii-lan'), Comte Pierre Au-
gustin. Born at Paris, Sept. 6, 1758; died at
Paris, Jan. 9, 1H41. A French general in the
Napoleonic wars. He became adjutant.general to Bo-
naparte in 1796, and general of division in 1802. lie pre-
sided at the court martial which condemned the Ducd'En-
ghien in 1804, and in IHI'2, when governor of Parie, put down
the conspiracy of Malet to subvert the eiiinire.
Hull (lull), or Kingston-upon-Hulldcingz'ton-
u-pon-hul'). A seaport in the East Riding of
Yorkshire, England, situated at the entrance of
the Hull into the Humber, in lat. 53° 45' N.,
long. 0° 19' W. After London and Liverpool, Hull is
the principal port in England. It is an important termiiius
of steam-packet lines to domestic, continental, and Ameri-
can port^ and a center for extensive fisheries. Trinity
Church is one of the greatest of English parish churches,
in the Decorated and Perpendicular styles: it exhibits
highly interesting tram-y. Hull became an important
port under Edward I. It wjis the birthplace of William Wil-
berforce. Population (1^91), 200,044.
Hull. A town in Ottawa Onnity, Quebec, on the
Ottawa River opposite Ottawa. Population
(1891). 11,265.
Hull, Isaac. Bom at Derhv, Conn., March 9,
1773(1775 f): died at Philadelphia, Feb. 13, 1843.
518
An American commodore. He commanded the
Constitution, which defeated and captured the
(rtierri^re Aug. 19, 1812.
Hull, William. Born at Derby, Conn., .Tune
24, 1753: died at Newton, Mass., Nov. 29, 1S25.
An American general. He served through tlie Kevn.
lutionary War; was governor of Michigan rerrit*)ry 1805-
1814 ; and surrendered Detroit to the British in 1812.
Hullin. Wee HiiUu.
Hulse (huls), John. Bom at Middlewich, Che-
shire, March 15, 170S: died Dee. 14, 1790. An
English clergyman. He bequeathed estates to tlieUni-
versity of Cambridge, which furm an endowment for the
Hulsean professorship of divinity, for the Hulsean lec-
tures (on the Christian evidences, or in explanation of diffi-
cult or obscure parts of Scripture), and for certain Hulsean
prizes.
Hulst (hulst). A town in the Netherlands, 16
miles west by north of Antwerp,
Huma, or Wahuma (wa-ho'ma). A pastoral
tribe of Galla origin which has given to Karagwe,
Unyoro, and Uganda their royal families, in
these 3 kingdoms they are found as herdsmen, giving wives
to tlieir llantu neighboi-s, but keeping otherwise separate.
lu Unyoro and Karagwe they are honored; in Uganda
they aie rather despised. Like the Galla, they are a fine-
looking race. Everywhere they speak the Bantu languages
of their neighbors in addition to their own, which must
be of Hamitic structure.
Humahuacas(o-ma-wa'kas). A tribe of Indians
who inhabited the valleys and plateaus of the
eastern Andes, in what is now the Argentine
province of Jujuy and southern Bolivia. They
made a brave resistance to the Spaiuards from 15s>2 to about
Ul.'iO, when the remnants were taken to Rioja, farther south;
there they soon became extinct as a tribe.
Humaliwi. See Humawhi.
Humaita (6-ma-e-tii'). Atown of southwestern
Paraguay, on the river Paraguay 15 miles above
its confluence with the Parana. The river is here
greatly narrowed. Humaita and an advanced post to the
south, called Curupaiti, were strongly fortified by the
elder and younger Lopez, and they are memorable for the
long siege which they sustained from the Bnizilian and
Argentine forces during the war of the Triple Alliance.
The works were abandoned July 25, 1868, and were dis-
mantled by the Brazilians.
Humawhi (ho-ma'h we). An almost extinct tribe
of North American Indians. See Palaihnihan.
Humbaba. See Khumhaha.
Hunibe(hom'be). A Portuguese fort and county
capital on the Kunene Eiver,'West Africa. Sev-
eral wars have been fought here between the Portuguese,
the Boers, and the natives. The native name is Uninimbi.
Humber (hum'ber). [ME. Bumher, HumhrCy
AS. Hum}>€}\ Hntiibre.'] An estuary formed by
the junction of the Trent and the Ouse, England.
It lies between Yorkshire on the north and Lincolnshire
on the south. Length, about 40 miles. The chief ports are
Hull and Grimsby. It was the boundary of ancient North-
umbria (Deira) and Mercia, and a thoroughfare for Norse
incursions.
Humbert (hum'bert), It. Umberto (om-ber'tO),
I., Kanieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria
FerdinandoEugenio. Born at Turin, March 14,
1844. King of Italy, son of Victor Emmanuel,
whom h<' succeeded in 1878. He commanded, while
Prince of Piedmont, a division of (Jeneral Cialdini's army
at Custozza June 24, 1866. The most notable event of his
reign is the formation of the Triple Alliance (in 1883).
Humboldt (hum' bolt; G.pron.hom'bolt), Baron
Friedrich Heinrich Alexander von. Bom at
BerUn, Sept. 14, 1769: died there. May 6, 1859.
A celebrated Oermau scientist and author. He
studied at the universities of Frankfort-on-the-<ider and
Gbttingen, and after traveling in Holland, Belgium, and
England continued his studies at the ilining School iTi
Freiberg. From 1792 he was for several years mining en-
gineer at Stebeu.near liayreuth, but resigned the position
in 1797 to travel in Switzerland, It^Uy. and France. In Paris
he became acquainted with Aime Bonpland, with whom
he undertook from 1799 to 1804 a scientific journey to South
America and Mexico. From 1S09 to 1827 he lived for the
most part in Paris, engaged in scicntitic work. After 1827
he took up his permanent residence in Berlin. In 1829, at
the instance of the Emperor of Russia, he undertook an-
other scientific expedition, to Siberia and the t'aspian Sea.
Subsequently, until his death, he lived in Berlin. The re-
sults of the American journey were published iTi a large
series of works with the general title " Voyage aux regions
('•quinoxiales du nouveau continent." They include "Re-
lation historique " (1814-25, covering only the fli-st pait of
the trip), " Essai politique sur la Nouvelle Espagne " (1811).
"Essai politique sur I'isle de Cuba" (1826-27), scientific
monographs, atlases, etc. The "Asie Centrale"and other
works describe the Asiatic journey. The "Examen cri-
tique de I'histoiredela gt-ographie du nouveau continent,
etc.," a work showing great research, was published
1814-34, and " Kosmos " 1845-58. The latter, perhaps the
greatest of Humboldt's books, was first published in Ger-
mau. Commoidy known as Alexander von Humboldt.
Humboldt. Baron Friedrich Wilhelm Chris-
tian Karl Ferdinand von, commonly known
as Wilhelm von Humboldt. Bom at Potsdam,
Prussia, June 22, 1767: died at Tegel, near Ber-
lin, April 8, 1835. A German philologist and
author. He studied jurisprudence at Frankfort- on- 1 he-
Oder and Gbttingen. He aiterward traveled extensively
throush Knrope, and acquired a mastery of the principal
modern languages, l-'rom 1801 to 18U8 he waa I^ussiau
Humphrey
minister resident in Rome. The latter year be returned
to Berlin, where, as minister of public instructiun, he waa
active in the foundation of the new T'niversity of Berlin.
Afterward he was minister resident in Vienna and a mem-
ber of the Vienna t'ongrees. Later he was minister resi-
dent in London, and, finally, minister of the interior in
BerHn. After 1819 he lived for the most part at Tegel. His
principal work, '* Ueber die Kawisprache auf der lusel
Jawa "("On the Kawi Language of the Island of Java"),
appeared posthumously at Berlin 1830—10, in :< vols. The
introduction to this work," Ueber die Verschiedenheit des
mensehlichen Sprachbaues und iliren Einfluss auf die geis-
tigeEntwickelung des Menschengeschlt-chts"^" (In the Dif-
ference in the Construction of Language, and its Intluence
upon the Intellectual Development of the Human Race"),
has been published several times separately. "Briefe an
eine Freundin " ("Letters to a Friend," Charlotte Diede)
appeared first in 1847. His collected works wt-re published
at Berlin, 1841-52, in 7 vols. Brother of the prcrcding.
Humboldt (hum'bolt) Lake, or Humboldt
Sink. A lake in the west of Nevada, with no
outlet to the sea.
Humboldt Mountains. A range of mountains
in the eastern part of. Nevada.
Humboldt River, A river in Nevada, flowing
into Lake Humboldt. Length, about 350 miles.
Its valley is traversed by the Central Pacific
Railroad.
Hume (hiira), David. [The name Hume is the
same as Home.'] Born at Edinburgh. April 26
(O. S.), 1711 : died there, Aug. 25, 1776. A fa-
mous Scottish philosopher and historian. He
studied at Edinburgh ; weut to France in 1734, where he
remained until 1737, chietly at La Fleche in Anjou ; retired
to Ninewells, Berwickshire, in 1740 ; became a companion
to the Marquis of Annandale in 1745, and was dismissed in
1746 ; became secretary to General St. Clair, by whom he
was appointed judge-advocate, and whom he accompanied
on an embassy to Vienna and Turin; was appointed keeper
of the Library of the Faculty of Advocates at Edinburgh in
1752 ; visited France 1763-66 ; and was under-sccretarj'of
state 1767-68. He is chiefly celebrated as the expounder
of skeptical views in philosophy, which have produced an
extraordinary effect upon all metaphysical thinking since
his day. He wrote "A Treatise of Human Nature, etc."
(173&-40), "Essays, Moral and Political" (1741-42), "Philo-
sophical Essays concerning Human Understanding" (1748:
afterward called *'An Enqnirj' concerning Human Under-
standing ")," Political Discourses "(1751), "An Enquiry con-
cerning the Principles of Morals" (17.M), " Four Disserta-
tions "(1757), " History of England "(1764-61), " Natural His-
tory of Religion "(1757), "TwoEssavs"(17T7), "Dialogues
concerning Natural Religion " (177fl). Collected works ed-
ited by Green and Grose (4 vols., 1874) ; life by J. H. Burton
(1S46).
Hummel (hom'mel), Johann Nepomuk. Bom
at Presbnrg, Hungary, Nov. 14, 1778 : died at
Weimar, Germany, Oct. 17, 1837. A noted Ger-
man pianist and composer for the pianoforte,
author of concertos, sonatas, operas (3), etc. He
was a pupil of Mozart, kapellmeister to Prince Esterh^zy
1804-11, conductor at Stuttgart 1S16, and later (1820) con-
ductor at Weimar.
Hummums, The. See the extract.
In the southeast corner of the mai-ket-place f Covent Gar-
den), and occupying that portion which was aestroyed by
fire, are two hotels, known by the strange names of the
"Old Hummums "and the " New Hummums." The name
is a corruption of "Humoun." Mr. Wright, in his "His-
tory of Domestic Manners of England," says : "Among the
customs introduced from Italy was the hot sweating bath
which, under the name of the hothouse, became widely
known in England. . . . These "Hummums,'* however,
when established in London, seem to have been mostly fre-
quented by women of doubtful repute. . . . They soon
came to be used for the purpose of intrigue, which grad-
ually led to their suppression.
Thornbury, Old and New London, III. 251
Humorists, The. A comedy by Thomas Shad-
well, produced in 1671. In this play the word
humorist has its early meaning of a capricious
person.
Humorous Lieuteiiant,The. A play by Fletch-
er, probably produced between 1618 aiul 162n.
printed in 1647.
Humperdink (hom'per-dingk), Engelbert.
Born Sept. 1, 1854. A noted German composer.
His opera "Hansel und Gretel," produced at Weimar
Dec. 23, 1893, has earned for him the title of "the modern
Wagner, "
Humphrey (hum'M) , Duke of Gloucester, called
"Good Duke Humpliroy." Bom 1391 : died at
Bury St. Edmunds, Feb". liS, 1447. The youngest
souof Henry J\'. by his first wife. Mary Bohun. Ho
studied at Balliol College, Oxford, and was noted as a patron
of learning and a collector of books. He was the fonnder,
by his gifts of books, of the library of that university, in
14-20 he was appointed lieutenant of England, and held that
ofHce until the return of Henry V. in 1421. <in Henry's
death Gloucester, though orjly deputy for Bedford, became
practically protector of the young king Henrj' VI. , through
Bedford's occupation with affairs in France. In 1422 he
married Jacqueline, only daughter of William VI., count
of Hainault. to whose estates she had succeeded, but of
which she had been deprived ; and in 1424 conquered Hai-
nault and was proclaimed its count. In US his marriage
with .lacqueline was annulled, and he soon married hi8
mistress, Eleanor Cobham. His protectorate, which was
throughout unfortunate, waa terminated i-y the coronation
of Henry VI.jNoT.O, N-S. In 1441 he wasdisgraced through
the dealings of his wife with the astrologer Bdingbroke.
(.See Cobham, Klennnr.) In 1447 he was arrested by order
of the king, and in a few days died.
Htimphrey, Heman
Humphrey, Heman. Born at West Simsbury,
Ilartluiil <'oiiiity, Coun.. March 2G. 1779: died
at Pittslield. Ma"ss.. April 3, 18G1. Au Ameri-
can Con^rpgatioual (•lerK.viuau and educator,
prcsidi'iit of Amherst t'ollofre ISL'S-!"). He puti-
lished "Tour in Frunc-e, etc" (Is:i,S).
Humphrey Clinker, The Expedition of. A
novel by Tobias Georf;e Smollett, published iu
1771. It is written in the form of letters.
They [Mr ami Mrs. Bramhieontheir expedition in search
of health] picic up a postilion named Iluiuphrey Clintcer,
a convert to tlie new doctrines of Whitetleid and Wealey,
who afterward turns out to l>e a natural son of Mr. Urainble
himself, and who, after eonvertini; Miss Tabitha and Mrs.
Winifred [Mrs. Bnimble's maid], mari-ies tlie latter.
Furxt/th, Novels and Novelists of the 18th Cent,, p. 28i).
Humphreys (hum'friz), Andrew Atkinson.
Born at Philailelphia, Nov. 2, 1810: dieil at
Washington, Dec. 27, 1883. iVn American geii-
eral. He served with distinction in the X'nion army in
the Civil War, commanding a division at the battle of <:et-
tysburg in 1S63, and a corps in t he openitiona about Peters-
burc lst>M». He was chief of engineers in the United
States anny l5t^7i*.
Htimphreys, David. Bom at Derby, Conn.,
July, 17.52: died at New Haven, Conn., Feb. 21,
1818. An American poet and diplomatist. He
published, with Barlow, Hopliins, and Trumbull, the "An-
archiad " (1786-88). His collected works were published
ITliOand 18o4.
Humphrey's Clock, Master. See Master Hum-
ph re ij.
Humphrey's Walk, Duke. A name given to
the middle aisle of St. Paul's Church in London,
on account of the tomb of Duke Humphrey, the
son of Henry IV., which was said to be there.
HumpoletZ (hom'po-lets). A town in south-
eastern Bohemia, 57 miles southeast of Prague.
Population (1890), commune, 0,913.
Humuya (o-mo'yii), or TJlua (6-ld'ii). A river
in Honduras which flows northward and falls
into the Gulf of Honduras.
Huna(h6'na). Born 212: died 297. The prin-
cipal of the Talmudic Academy in Sora, Meso-
potamia. He was distinguished both for learn-
ing and charity.
Hunah (ho'na). A tribe of North American In-
dians, livingonChiehagof Island, Alaska. They
number 908. See KttJiisehan.
Hunan, or Hoonan (hO-nan'). A province in
central China. Area, 82,000 square miles. Pop-
ulation, 21,002,604.
Huncamunca (himg'kS-mung'ka). A character
in Fielding's burlesque tragedy "Tom Thumb
the Great." she is the daughter of King Arthur and
Queen Dollallolla, and is sweet, gentle, and amorous.
Hunchback, The. A comedy by J. Sheridan
Knowles, produced in 1832.
Hundred Days, The. The period of about 100
days, from the midiilo of March to June 22, 1815,
during which Xapoleou I., after his escape from
Elba, ma<lo his final effort to reestablish his em-
f)ire. It ended in the crushing defeat at Water-
00 and his abdication.
Hundred Years' War. The series of wars be-
tween England and France about 1338-14.')3.
The EnKlisb, generally victors in these wars down to about
14SO(t.'r6cy, Poitiens Agincourt, etc.), and rulers of a great
part of France, were finally expelled entirely, except from
Calais, which they retained for about a century longer.
Hundsriick (honts'riik). A mouulain-range in
western Germany, between the Moselle and
Nalie, connected with the Vosges.
Hunfalvy ( hfin'fol-ve), J&nos. Bom at Gross-
Schlagendorf, Zips, Hungary, June 9, 1820: died
Dec. 6, 1888. A Hungarian geographer, brother
of PAl Hunfalvy. His chief work is a '' Phys-
ical Geographv of Hungary" (18G3-()6).
Hunfalvy, P4l. Born at (iross-Schlageiidorf,
Zips, Hungary, March 12, 1810: died Nov. 30,
1891. A Hungarian jihilologist and ethuog-
raphei'.
Hungarian Insurrection. A rising in Hungary
against the tyranny of Austria, 1848-49. Kos-
suth was tbecllief leader. The overthrow of Metternidi,
the reactionary minister, at Vienna in March, 1848, was
immediately followed by a revolutionary movement in
Pest. The emperor Ferdinand waa foi-cerl in grant a sepa-
rate Hungarian ministry, but eni-ouraged Jellachich, the
Ban of Croatia, to revolt against Hungary. In Oct., 18t8,
Hungary rr)8e in insurrection. The war continued under
the relgii of Francis .Toseph (who succeeded Dec. 2). The
chief Hungarian generals were (lorgei. Klapka. Bem, and
I>eml)in8ki. In April, I84!l, the Hungarians declared their
independence, and proclaimed their country a republic,
wilh Kossuth as governor. By the aid of Hus.sian armies
the Au8triansconquere4l the country, (iorgci surrendered
the main army at Vilagos Aug., l.S41t, and Kossuth escaped.
Austria restored the constitutional liberties of the king-
dom ill 1.S67.
Hungary (hung'ga-ri). [ME. HiDujarir, Hnn-
garic, OF. ffongnrir, F. Hnnqrie, Sji. Pg. Hun-
gria, It. Unr/herin, Ongiirin, ML. tftiwinria (G.
Vngarn), from Hungari, Ungari, Vngri, Ugri,
619
MGr. Ovyypoi. a name given to the Magyars. The
Magyar name of the country is Mayyarorssdg.']
A country of central Eui-ope: a name used in
three distinct, more or less extended senses.
(«) The Transleithan division of the Austrian-
Hungarian monarchy, includiugHungarypro]>er
with Transylvania, Croatia and Slavonia, and
Fiume. In this sense it is a kingdom united with .Austria
in a personal union uiuler the emperor, liut having its own
Reichstag at Hudapist : this is composed of a Table of XI ag-
nates and a Chamber of Deputies( numbering 45;i), and legis-
lates in gener.d for the I'l-ansleithan division, and in par-
ticular for Hungary ami Transylvania. In the Hungarian
part of the empire less than one half are Magyar, the re-
mainder being Rumanians, Germans, Slovaks, Herbo-Croa-
tiaiis, Ruthenians, et<;. As regai'ds religion, the Roman
Catholics are more numerous than the (ireek < 'hurch, Prot-
estants, and Israelites. (For Crttatia, Stai-"itia, Tratun/lva-
nia, see these names; for the empire in general, see Aug-
(ritt.) Area, 125,039 square miles. Population (1890), 17,-
463,473. (6) Hungary proper and Transylvania
(now incorporated with it). This is the main p.art
of the Transleithan division just described. Area, 109,100
square miles. Population (189o), l.i,232,159. ((■) Hun-
gry proper — that is, the main portion of the
Transleithan division, less Transylvania. See
Tratwylrtinitt. in this sense, Hungary is bounded by
Moravia (separated by the Carpathians)on the northwest,
.■^ilesia (separated by theCai"pathians)on the north, Galicia
(separated by the C;u'patbian8)on the north and nortlieast,
Bukowina and Transylvania on the east, Servia (separated
by the Daimbe) and Croatia-Slavonia (separated by the
Drave) on the south, and Styria and Ix)wer Austria (sepa-
rated by the Leitha and March)onthewest. TheCarpathi
ans are inthenorthand east ; the Bakony Wald and spurs
of the Alps are west of the Danube. The leading physical
features are the great plains of the Danube and Theiss.
The country produces large quantities of wheat, barley,
p'e, Indian corn, wine ; the mineral products are coal, salt.
iron, lead, copper, silver, gold, etc. ; the exports are wheat,
flour, barley, live stock, etc. Including Transylvania, Hun-
gary has 03 counties. The capital and principal city is
Budapest. The dominant people in Hungary proper are
the 3I.agyar8. Hungary proper was in part included in
Pannonia and Dacia. The settlement of the Magyars un-
der Arpid took place about 895. The Magyais made many
attacks on neighboring lands, and were defeated by Henry
the Fowler and by Otto the Great on the Lechfeld (966).
Hungary was Christianized in the end of the 10th century,
and became a kingdom under St. Stephen in 1000. During
the next two centuries it increased its territories at the ex-
pense of the Slavs. The constitution of the "Golden Bull"
was granted in 1222. The country was terribly ravaged by
the Mongols in 1241. The ArpAd dynasty came to an end iu
1301, and w-as followed by the house of Anjou (1309), under
which Hungary came to occupy a commanding position.
Louis united the crowns of Hungary and Poland 1370-82 :
and they were again united under Ladislaus. who died in
1444. War against the Turks was carried on under the lead-
ership of Hunyady (1442-66). Matthias Corvinus reigned
1458-90. The crowns of Hungary and Bohemia were
united 1490-1520. On the overthrow of the Hungarians by
the Turks at tlie battle of Mohacs in 1520, a great part of
Hungary passed to the Turks, and Ferdinand of Hapsburg
(later emperor) became king of the remainder (with Zii-
polya as rival king). Buda was recovered from the Turks in
1686. The sovereignty was made hereditary in the Hapshurg
family in 1687; and their Hungarian dominions were ceded
by the Turks in 1699 and 1718. .An eight years' rebellion
terminated in 1711. The revolution of 1848-49, under the
leadership of Kossuth, was suppressed with Russian assis-
tance. I'he dual system of government was established
under the leadership of Deak in 1867. Area of Hungary
proper, 91,509 square miles. Population (1890), 12,995,110.
Hungerford (hung'ger-ford), Mrs. (Margaret
Hamilton Argles). Died at Baudon, Ireland,
Jan. 24, 1897. .\n Irish novelist. Most of her books
have appeared under the pseudonym "The Duchess.''
HungU, or MahungU (mii-hon'go). A Bantu
tribe of Angola, west Africa, stretching in
straggling settlements from the head waters of
the I)ande eastward to the Kuangu River. The
MahungU grow coffee, which they sell at Dondo, l.oanda,
and Arabriz. They speak a <lialect of Kongo clos. ly re-
lated to Mbaniba, and in a lesser degree to Kinibundu.
Hiiningen (hii'ning-en), F. Huningue (ii-
nan'g). A town and former fortress of Up))er
Alsace, on the Khine 3 miles north of Basel.
Huns (hunz). [IjL. HKiiiti, LGr. Oi'nw, also LL.
C'liunni, Cliiini, LGr. Xnhvoi, Xoivoi; doul>tfully
identified with the Chinese Uiongnn or Hcunij-
noo, a people who, according to Chinese annals,
constituted about tlie end of the 3d century
B. c. a powerful empire in central Asia.) A
Mongolian race which, having crossed the Volga
about S.'iO and totally defeated the Alani, united
with them ami then attacked the Goths, thus
compelling the irruption of tlie Goths into the
Roman Empire about 375. The Huns, with various
subject tribes, invaded Gaul under the leadership of Attila,
and were defeated near ChAlons-sur-Marno in 461. (Com-
pare AttUa.) The fate of the Huns is uncertain. They
were pnibably merged iu the later invatlers.
But for one somewhat disputed soui-ce of infoi-nnttion,
all is dark concerning them. That source is the history
of china. If the Huns bo the Hiong-nu, whose ravages
are recorded in that history, then we have a minute ac-
count of their doings for centtwics before the (.'hrlstian era,
ami we know, in fact, far more about them than about the
Itdiabitants 4>f Gaul or Britain before the time of Julius
Crosar; if they arc not, our ignorance is complete. A
learned and laburlouB Frenchman, M. Deguignes, in the
Huntingdon
middle of last century, conceived the idea that the Huns
might be thus identified, and witli infinite pains has writ-
ten "Ut their history from < binese sources, and has exhib-
ited it in its C'innection witli that of the various Tartar
conquerors, who, since their day, have poured down upon
the civilised kingdoms of Kurojie and Asia and wasted
them. Btttlfftin, Italy and her Invaders, n. 5.
Huns, White, or Ephthalites. An ancient peo-
ple in central Asia, near the O.xus. They were so
called by the Greeks on account of their civilization. It
is supposed that they Itecame established in the region
after tlie great emigration of the Huns. They were finally
blended with the Turks.
Hunt (liuiit), James Henry Leigh. [The sur-
name Jluiit is from ME. Iiunte, AS. hioita, a
hunter.] Born at Southgate, near London, Oct.
19, 1784 : died at Putney, near London, Aug. 28,
1859. An English essayist, poet, and miscel-
laneous autlior. His chief works are essays, the poem
"Story of Rimini" (1816)," Recollections of Lord Byron"
(1828), "Autobiography " (18.t0).
Hunt, Richard Morris. Bom at Brattleboro,
Vt., Oft. 28, 1S28: (lied July 31, 1895. An
American architect, brother of W. M. Hunt.
He designed the I.enox Library, the Tribune building
(New York), and residences in Newport, Boston, etc.
Hunt, Thomas Sterry. Born atNorwieh,Coim.,
Sept. 5, 1820 : died at New York city, Feb. 12,
1892. An American chemist, mineralogist, and
geologist. He was chemist and mineralogist to the
Geological Survey of Canada 1847-72, and was professor of
geology in the Massachusetts Institute of 'Technology
1872-78. He wrote "Chemical and Geological Essays'*
(lb74), "The Domain of Physiology " (2d ed. 1682). "A
New Basis for Chemistry" (1887), etc.
Hunt, William Henry. Born at London, March
28, 1790 : died Feb. 10, 1864. An English painter
in water-colors.
Hunt, William Holman. Born at London,
1827. An English painter, one of the leaders
of the Preraphaelite school. He first exhibited in
the Royal Academyin 1846. Among hisworks are ".\wak-
eiied Conscience "and " Light of the World " (1854), " Find-
ingof the .Saviour in the 'Temple " (I8001, "Isabella and
the Pot of Basil" (18(S), "The Shadow of Death " (1873),
" Portrait of Dante Gabriel Bossetti " (1884).
Hunt, William Morris. Born at Brattleboro,
Vt., March 31, 1824: died at Isles of Shoals,
N. H., Sept. 8, 1879. A noted American portrait,
landscape, and figure painter, a pupil of Cou-
ture and Millet. Among his works are sketches of
street life in Paris, mural paintings in the Capitol at Al-
bany, New York, etc.
Hunter (Imn'ter). Da'Tid. Born at Washing-
ton, D. C, July 21, 1802 : died at Washington,
Feb. 2, 1886. An American general iu the Civil
War. He commanded the main column of McDowell's
army in the Manassas campaign, and participated in the
battle of Bull Run July 21, 1861. He was appointed to
the command of the Department of the .South in March,
1862, and May 9, following, issued an order liberating
the slaves in his department ((ieorgia, F'lorida, and South
Carolina), which order was annulled by the President ten
days lat«r.
Hunter, John. Born at Long Calderwood, Lan-
arkshire, Scotland, Feb. 13. 1728: died at Lon-
don, Oct. 16, 1793. A noted British surgeon,
anatomist, and physiologist.brother of William
Hunter. He collected at London a museum of anatom.
ical, physiological, and pathological specimens. He wrote
"Natural History of the Human Teeth " (1771-78), "Trea-
tise on the Blood, Iiitlammation, and Gunsliot Wounds"
(1794), eU\
Hunter, Mrs. Leo. Tho author of an ode to
"an expiring frog": a character devoted to
celebrities, in Dickens's "Pickwick Papers."
Hunter, Robert Mercer Taliaferro. Born
April 21, 1809: died July 18, 1887. An Ameri-
can statesman. He was a member of Congress (Demo-
cratic) from Virginia ls;{7-48 and 1845-47 (speaker 1839-
1841); fnited statt 8 senator 1847-lil ; Confederate secre-
taiy of state in 1861 ; Confederate senator; and peace com-
missioner in 18(!5. He became treasurer of \'irginia iu
1S77, and retired from puldic life in 1880. Hi- took a lead-
ing' part in the framing of the tariff act of 1867.
Hunter, William. Horn at Long Calderwood,
Laiuirksliir(«, Scotland, May 23, 1718: died at
].,oiidoii, March 30, 1783. A British physician,
aiuitomisl, and physiologist. He was noted as a lec-
turer on anatomy, and as the collector of a museum (now
in the I'niversity of Glasgow). He wrote "Anatomy of
theliravid Cter'us"(1774), etc.
Hunter, Sir William Wilson. Bom July 15,
1.840. .\n English statisliciiiii and author. He
receivetl an appointment in the Indian civil service in
1802, and becitne director-general of statistics in India iu
1871. ami an additional member of the viceroy's council
in 1882. lie has published " The Annals of Rural Bengal"
(IstiS), " .V Comiiarative Dictionary of the Languages of
ludiaandHigh Asia "(ISIMX " The Indian Empire "(1878),
"The Imperial Gazetteer of India " (1881), " I he Indian
Kmpire" (l.'^Sa), "A Brief History of the Indian People"
(18,82), etc.
Huntingdon(huii'ting-don). [ME. TJiinti/iigdon,
llinitriiiliiii, Hiiiilciitlun, AS. Ifmitiindiin, hun-
ter's hill.] 1. A county in south midland Eng-
land, also ctiUeil Hunts. It is hounded byt^ambridge
on the east, Me<Iford on the south and south west, and North-
aniptoti on the west and north. The northern portion be-
Huntingdon
lonf?s to the Fen district. Agriculture is the leading in-
dustry. Area, 8(i6 square miles. PopuIatiDU (1891), 57,761.
Also Huntingdonshire.
2. The capital of the county of Huiitiiigilou,
on the Ouse 57 inilos north of London. It was
the birthphice of Oliver Cromwell and the residence oi
Cowper. Topulatioii (3Si)l), 4,349.
HuntingdoHj Countess of. Soe Shirley, SeUmi.
Huntiugdonians (Imn-ting-do'ni-anz). A de-
nomination (if Ciilvinistie Methodists in Eng-
land and Wales, ailherents of George Whitelield
and Seliiia, countess of Huntingdon, after their
separation from the Wesleys. It is Congrega-
tional in polity.
Huntington (hnn'ting-ton), Daniel. Born at
New York, Oct. 14, 1816. An American j)aiiiter,
especially noted for portraits. He was a pupil of
Morse and of Innian. and was elected national academician
in lit40. He was for many years president of the National
Academy. Among his paintings is ''The Republican Court
in the Time of Washington."
Huntington, Frederick Dan. Born at Hadley,
Mass., May 28, ISUl. An American bishop of
the Protestant Episcopal Church. He was pastor
of the South Congregational Church at Boston 1842-.^5, and
was Plummer profess(U' of Christian morals in Harvard
Univei'sity lSo5-60, when he withdrew from the Unitarian
denomination and took orders in the Protestiuit Episcopal
Church. He established, witli Dr. George il. Randall, the
"Church Monthly " in 1861, aud in 1869 became bishop of
Central New York.
Huntington, Samuel. Born at Windham, Conn.,
about 1732: died at Norwich, Conn., .Tan. 5, 1796.
Au American politician, a signer of the Decla-
ration of Independence as member of Congress
in 1776. He was governor of Connecticut 1786-
1796.
Hunts (hunts). An abbreviation of Huntingdon
or Ilioiliiii/floiishire.
Huntsville (huuts'^'il). A manufacturing city
aud tlie capital of Madison County, Alabama,
in lat. M° i'>' N., long. 86'= 41' W. Population
(1890), 7,995.
Hunyady (hou'yod-i), Jinos. Born at Hun-
yad, Transylvania, 1387: died at Semlin, Croa-
tia-Slavonia, Aug. 11, 1456. A Hungarian gen-
eral. He became voivode of Transylvania in 1442, and
was chosen regent of Hungary on the death of Ladislaus
I. of Poland at the battle of Varna in 1444. His most
celel>rated exploit was the successful defense of Belgrad
against the Turks under Mohammed II. in 14.S6.
Hunyady was the name the Christians conjured with.
When King .Sigismund of Hungary was flying from one of
his unsuccessful engagements with the Ottoman armies,
he met and loved the beautiful Elizabeth Morsiney. at the
village of Hunyady. and John Hunyady was believed to be
the fruit of this consolatory affection. " Wliatsoever his
parents were," says KnoUes, "he himself was a politic,
valiant, fortunate, and famous captain, his victories so
great as the like was never before by any Christian prince
obtained against the Turks; so that his name became unto
them so dreadful that they used the same to fear their cry-
ing children withal." Poule, Story of Turkey, p. 87.
Hunza (hou'zii). A small hill kingdom, nom-
inally tributary to Kashmir, situated opposite
Nagar along the Hunza River. It joined with
Nagar in an insurrection crushed by British troops in 1891.
It commands an important route from the Pamirs and
Asiatic Russia.
Hunza River, or Kanjat. A small river, north
of Kashmir, which unites with the Gilgit.
HuondeBordeaux(ii-6n' dfebor-do'). AFrench
chanson de goste. It supplied Shakspere with
some of the dramatis personse of ' 'A Midsummer
Night's Dream."
Huon de Bourdeaux, though written in verse as far back
as the thirteenth century, is not in its present form sup-
posed to be long anterior to the invention of printing, as
there are no manuscripts of it extant. It is said, indeed,
at the end of the work, that it was ^vrittcn by the desire
of Charles Seigneur de Rochefort, an<l completed on the
29th of .January, 1454; hut it is suspected that the conclu-
sion is of a date somewhat more recent tlum tlie llrst part
of tlie romance. The oldest edition is one in folio, with-
out date, and the second is in quarto, l.'iKi. There are also
ditferent impressions, in the original language, of a more
recent period. Huon of Bordeau.x, indeed, seems to have
been a favourite romance not only among the French, but
also with other nations. The English translation, executed
by Lord Berners in the reign of Henry \'III., has gone
through three editions, and it has lately formed the sub-
ject of the finest poem in tlie German language. . . . The
incidents in the Uberon of Wieland are neai'ly the same
with those in the old French romance, and arc universally
known through the . . . translation of Mr. Sotheby.
Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 294.
Huon Gulf. A gulf In the east of New Guinea.
Hupa (ho'pii), or Hoopah. A tribe of the P.a-
eifie division of the Athapascan stock of North
American Indians, formerly in villages along
the lower Trinity River, California, now on the
Hoopa valley Indian reservation, California.
See Athapascdn.
Hupeh (li6-pa'), Hu-pih (ho-pe'), etc. A prov-
ince in central China. Area, 70.450 square miles.
Population, 33,365,005.
Hupfeld (hop'feld), Hermann. Born at Mar-
burg, Pi-ussia, March 31, 1796: died at Halle,
520
Prussia, April, 1866. A German theologian and
Orientalist, noted as a biblical critic. He was pro-
fessor at Marburg 1825-13, and at Halle 184a-<'6. Anioug
his works are "Ubersetzung und Auslegung der Psalmen "
(1855-61X "Die Quellen der Genesis aufs neue untersucht "
(18.'.3), etc.
Huram. See Hiram.
Hurdwar. See Hardwar.
Hurepoix (iir-pwii'). A former small territory
in nortliem France, in the department of Seine-
et-Uise. Its chief town was Dourdan.
Hurlbut (herl'but), Stephen Augustus. Bom
at Charleston, S. C., Nov. 29, 1815 : diedat Lima,
Peru, March 27, 1882. An American general
and politician. He became a brigadier-general of vol-
unteers in the I'nion army at the beginning of the Civil
War, and served with distinction at the battle of Shiloh in
1862; was promoted major-general of volunteers in the
same year; and commandcii a corps under General Sher-
man in the expedition to .Mt-ridiuii in Feb., 1864. He was
United States minister to the Cnited States of Colombia
186i»-7;i, Republican member of Congress from Hlinois 1873-
1877, and United States minister to Peru from ls81 until
his death.
Hurlothrumbo (hei-16-thrum'b6). A burlesque
opera written and brought out by Samuel John-
son ( 1()91-1773) in 1729. He played the jiart of Lord
Flame. The piece was successful, throngli the iniiu-rturb-
able conceit of Johnson, and a Hurlothrumbo Society was
formed, the word becoming proverbial for absurdity and
nonsense.
Huron. See Wyandot.
Huron (hii'ron). Lake. One of the 5 gi-eat lakes
in the St. Lawrence basin. It lies between Michi-
gan on the west and the province of Ontario on the north-
east and south. Its chief arms are Georgian Bay. Saginaw
Bay, and Thunder Bay ; the chief island, Grand Manitou-
lin. It is connected with Lake Superior by St. Marj-'s
River, and with Lake Michigan by the.Strait of Mackinaw.
Its outlet is St. Clair River. It is named from the Huron
tribe of Indians. Length, 270 miles. Breadth, excluding
Georgian Bay, 103 miles. Depth, from 300 to 1,800 feet.
Height above sea-level, 581 feet. Area, estimated, 23,800
square miles.
Hurrur. See Harar.
Hurst (h^rst), John Fletcher. Bom near Sa-
lem, Md., Aug. 17, 1834. An American bishop
of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and a writer
on ctuirch history. He became professor of historical
theology in Drew Theological Seminary (Madison, New
Jersey) in 1871, of which institution he was president 1873-
18S0, when he was elected bishop. He has published a
*'History of R.ationalism " (1865), an "Outline of Church
History "(1876), "Shoi-t History of the Reformation '(1884),
"Short History of the Sledieval Church" (1887), "The
Success of the Gospel, etc. "(1888), etc.
HurtadodeMendoza(or-t!i'd6 da man-do'thii).
Andres. Born at Cuenca about 1490: died at
Lima, Peru. March 30, 1.501. A Spanish noble-
man, marquis of Canete. who was governor of
Ciicnca, aud from June 29, 1556, viceroy of Peru.
He took vigorous measures against those whoiiad been in
rebellion, and for the first time placed the government of
the country on a secure footing. Sayri Tupac, the last of
the Inca chiefs, was induced to leave his mountain fast-
nesses and resign his sovereignty.
Hurtado de Mendoza, Garcia, Marquis of Ca-
fiete from 1.561. Born July 25, 1535: died Oct.
15, 1609. A Spanish administrator, son of
Andres whom he accompanied to Peru in 1556.
His father made him governor of Chile 1567-00, where he
carried on a successful war with the Araucanians. Return-
ing to Spain, he served in the war with Portugal. He was
viceroy of Peru from Jan. 6, 1.^)90, to July 24, l.')96. The
Maniuesas Islands, discovered in 1595 by an expedition
which he sent out, were named in his honor.
Hurtado de Mendoza yLuna (e lo'na), Juan
Manuel, Marquis of Montes-Claros. Born at
Seville about 1560 : died at Madrid, Oct. 9, 1628.
A Sjianish administrator, vicerov of Mexico
1G03 to 1606, and of Peru Dec. 21, 1607, to Dec.
18, 1615. He was an able and successful ruler.
Often called Juan <lf Minilo-a y Luna.
Hurter (hor'ter), Friedrich Emanuel von.
Born at Schaffhausen, Switzerland, March 19,
1787: died at Gratz, Styria, Aug. 27, 1865. A
Swiss historian. He was Protestant pastor at Schaff-
hausen 182,5-il. In 1844 he went over to the Konian (.'atb-
olic Church, becoming an exponent of ultT'amontanism.
From 1846 (except 1848-52) he was imperial historiographer
at Vienna. He wrote "Geschichte Papst Iinioeenz III.
und seiner Zeitgenossen " 0834-42), "Geschichte Ferdi-
nands II. und seiner Elteru (1850-64), etc.
Hus, John. See Hii.'iS.
Hlisar de Ayacucho. See Herran, Pedro Al-
rantani.
Husbands (huz'baiulz), Herman. Born in Penn-
sylvania: died near Philadelphia, 1795. An
American revolutionist. He was a leader of the North
Carolina " Regulators " 1768-71, and of the " whisky insur-
rection " in western Pennsylvania in 1794.
Husch (hosh). or Husi (ho'se), or Hush (hosh).
A town in Moldavia, Rumania, situated near the
Pruth 38 miles southeast of Jass.y. The peace of
the Pruth (which see) was signed here 'in 1711. Popula-
tion (18^',l ',in), 12,660.
Hushang (ho-sheug'). According to Firdausi,
the second Iranian king. He Orst separated iron from
Hutchinsonlans
ore, and practised irrigation and the breeding of animala
Hurling at a serpent demon a stone which struck a spark
from another, he was led to ordain the worship of tlj'e.
Hushiarpur (hosh-e-ar-piir'), or Hoshiarpur
(hosh-e-iir-p6r'). 1. A district in the Jalan-
dhar division, Paujab, British India, intersected
by lat. 31° 30' N., long. 76'' E. Area, 2,24-1
square miles. Population (1891), 1,011,639.-2.
The capital of the district of Hushiarpur, situ-
ated about lat. 31° 35' N., long. 75° 47' E.
Huskisson (hus'ki-son), William. Bom at
Birch Moreton, Worcestershire, England, March
11, 1770: accidentally killed at Eccles, near Man-
chester, Sept. 15, 1830. An English statesman
and financier. He was secretary of the treasury 1804-06
and 1807-09 ; president of the board of trade 1823-27 ; and
colonial secretary 1827-29.
Huss (hus; G. pron. hos), or Hus, John. Bom
at Husinetz, near Prachatitz, southern Bohe-
mia, July 6, 1369: burned at Constance, Baden,
July 6, 1415. A celebrated Bohemian religious
reformer. He was the son of well-to-do Czech peasants,
and studied divinity and the liberal arts at the University
of Prague, where he began to lecttu-e on the writings of
Wyclif in 1398. He was appointed dean of the philosophi-
cal faculty in 1401, and was rector of the university 140*2-
14u:J. In 1402 he became pastor of the Betldehem Chapel
at Prague, where as a popular preacher in the Czech lan-
guagehe spreadthedoctrinesof Wyclif amongthe populace,
and sought to bring about a reformation of ecclesiastical
abuses without separating himself from the Roman Cath-
olic Church. He was reelected to the rectorship of the
university in 1409. In 1412 he denounced the bull of John
XXIll. decreeing a crusade against Ladislaus, king of
Naples and Hungary, and with his coadjutor, Jerome of
Prague, condemned the sale of indulgences, with the re-
sult that he was excommunicated in 1413. He was in 1414
cited before the Council of Constance, where he was ar-
rested in spite of a safe-conduct from the emperor Sigis-
mund. and burned at the stake as a heretic. A complete
edition of his works was published in 1558.
Hussars of Junin. [H'p. Hiisares de Jmiin.'] A
title conferred by Bolivar on the Peruvian cav-
alry which took part in the battle of Junin.
They were commanded by Miller.
Hussein. See Hasan.
Hussites (hus'its). The followers of John Huss.
Sec Huss. The Hussites organized themselves imme.
diately after Huss's death into a politico-religious party,
and waged fierce civil war from 1419 to 1434. A compromise
was effected 1433-36. They were divided in doctrine into
radical aud conservative sections called Taboritcs and
Catixtines. The former finiilly became merged with the
Bohemian Brethren, and the latter partly with the Lu-
therans and p:u*tly with the Roman Catholics.
Husum (ho'som). A seaport in the province of
Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, situated near the
Heverstrom 21 miles west of Schleswig. Pop-
ulation (1890), commune, 6,761.
Huszt (host). A town in the county of Mdrma-
ros, Hungarv, situated in lat. 48° 10' N.,long.
23° 17' E. Population (1890), 7,461.
Hutcheson (huch'e-son), Francis. Born in
County Down, Ireland, Aug. 8, 1694: died at
Glasgow, 1746. A Scottish philosopher, pro-
fessor of moral philosophy at Glasgow 1729-46.
He wrote an "Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas of
Beauty and Virtue " (172.'')), " Nature and Conduct of the
Passions and Atfections " (1728), "System of Moral Philos-
ophy " (17f>5), etc.
Hutchinson (huch'in-son). The capital of Reno
Count v.southernKansas, on the ArkansasRiver.
Population (1890), 8,682.
Hutchinson, Mrs. (Anne Marbury). Bom in
Lincolnshire, England, about 1390: killed by
Indians near Hell Gate, N. Y., 1643. A religious
enthusiast, the leader of an antinomian fac-
tion. She emigrated to Massachusetts in 1634,
and was banished from there in 1637.
Hutchinson, John. Born in Nottin^am, Eng-
land, 1616: died at Sandown Castle, Kent, Eng-
land, Sept. 11, 1664. An English revolutionist
and regicide. An account of his life (written
by his wife) was published 1806.
Hutchinson, Thomas. Born at Boston, Sept.
9, 1711 : died at Brompton, near London, June,
1780. An American magistrate and historian.
He became acting goveinor of Jlassaehusetts 176s>, gov.
ernor 1771, and resigned in 1774. Author of " History of
the Colony of Massachusetts Bay" (1765-67). "Collection
of Original Papers relative to the History of the Colony of
Massachusetts Bay " (1709).
Hutchinsonlans (huch-in-s6'ni-anz). 1. Those
who held the views of John Hutchinson (1674-
1737), a secular English writer on theology and
natural philosophy. He and his followers interpret-
ed the Bible mystically, regarded it as an infallible source
of science and philosophy, opposed the Newtonian sys-
tem, and laiil great stress on the importance of the Hebrew
language. The Hutchiusonian school existed till the 19th
centui-y.
2. In American history, the followers of Mrs.
Anne Hutchinson (dieil 1643), an antinomian
teacher, in the early days of the colony of Mas-
sachusetts Bay.
Hutten
Hutten (hot'teu), Ulrich von. Bo™ at Castle
Ste<tkflbt'rf:, near Fulda, Prussia, April Jl, 1488 :
died on the island of Utenau, Lake Zurioh, Aug.
*>'! lui'i A (lemian humanist. Intcndeilfor the
cimrch, l.'e was in 1498 placed In the ■n»"''-f">„ "' '*."\''f'
whence he fled in 1505. He subsequently sti died the
humanities at various German and Italian universities,
includiui; those ol Frankfort-on-the-Oder and Payia. Ut
served in the imperial army in 1513 ; was crowned iwet by
tlie emperor Maximilian I. at Augshuix m 1..17; entered
the service of the .Archbishop of Jlentz in ir.lS ; joined tlic
Swal)ian I.eaKUC ajiainst flrieh, duke of \\ ui teml.erK, in
1619- and in 1.W2 fought unsuccessfully witli Irauz vou
Siekiniteu at the head of the nobility of the I ppcr Rhine
against the spiritual principalities, lie was a friend and
suiiporter of I.uther; wiis one of the authors of the Epis-
tohc Obseunirum Viixjrum "(which see); and wiis one of
the i.riii.ipal satirical writers of his time. \\ orks edited
by E. Bockinj; (ls:.9-7o) ; life by Strauss (1857).
Hutton (hut'u), Charles. Born at >ieweastle-
on-TyuG, England. Aug. 14, 1737: died Jan. ii,
1823. An Knglish mathematician, professor ot
mathematics at the Royal Academy, Woolwu-h,
1773-1807. Among his works are "Mathematical and
Philosophical Dictionary" (1795)," Courseof Mathematics
button, James. Born at Edinburgh, June 3
17"0- dieil March i(), 1707. A Scottish geologist
and natural pliilosophcr. He wrote "Theory
of the Earth, etc." (l-uri), etc.
Huxley (huks'li),Thomas Henry ...Bom atEal-
i^ii?ar London, May 4, 1825: died at East-
bourne, June 29, 1895. A celebrated English
biolot'ist . He was educated at Ealing School and at Char-
inc Cross Hospital, London ; served as assistant surgeon
oil board U. Jl. s. Rattlesnake lS4t>-50 ; became professor
of natural historj- at the Royal School of Mines and Fill-
ferian pn,f's£"r"f physiology at the Royal Institut.onin
ls-,5 • was installed h.rd rector of Aberdeen University for
a term of three years in 1874 ; was Rede lecturer at Cam-
bridse in 1883 ; and was president of the Royal Society 18*3-
1885 AmonK his works are "Oceanic Hydrozoa (1859),
••l^idence as to Man's Place in Nature " (18,63). ''I.eetnres
on the Elements of Coniptirative Anatomy (1864), Les-
sons in Elementary Physiology " (1866), " An Introduction
to the Classitlcation of Animals " (1869), "Lay .Sermons
■ - ■ ■ ■ of Vertebratcd Animals
621
(1S70), "A Manual of the Anatomy of \^.v„y. „..,.. -- -„
(1»71) ■•Critiimes and Addresses "(1873), "Physiography,
(1877)! "A Manual of the Anatomy of Invertebrated Ani-
mals " (1877), "The fraytlsh " (1880)." Science and Culture
fl881) '• A Course of Practical Instruction in Elementary
bioloey " (with H. M. Martin, 1S7.U "Essays upon some
Controverted Questions " (1892), "Evolution and Ethics
(1893). . ,,
Huy (u-e';,Flem. Hoey. A town m the province
ofLi^ge, Belgium, situated at the confluence ot
the Hoyoux with the Mcuse, 17 miles west-south-
west of Li&go : the medieval Hoium. It has a
citadel. The Church of Notre Dame is note-
worthy. Population (1.S90), 14,486.
Huvgens, less correctly Huyghens (hi genz; 1).
pron. hoi'oens). Christian. Bom at The Hague,
April 14, 1G29 : died there, June 8, 169,). A
celebrated Dutch pliysicist, astronomer, ami
mathematician, son of Constantijn Huygens.
He discovered a satellite of Saturn in 1655, and the ring
of Saturn in 1659 ; invented the pendulum clock in l(i66 ■.
improved the telescope : and developed the wave-theory
of light. He wrote " HoroloKium Oscillatoriuiu (1673).
Huveens, or Huyghens, Constantijn : L. Hu
^^ - Born at The Hague, Sept. 4^ 1.59G : dici
eehlUS Born at The Hague, »ept.4, loyo: uicd
at his estate, Ilof wijk, March 28, 1687. A Dutch
poet, father of Cliristian Huygens. He was the
ion of a state secretary. He studied at Leydcn, and sub-
seaucntly was sent upon various embassies, Hrst to r.ng-
laiid, then to Venice, and afterward twice again to Eng-
land where he was knighted in 1622. In 1625 he sue
ceeded to his father's p.isition. His collected poems ap-
peared for the tirst time in 1025, under the title Otia of
tedighc Uren"("Othl, or Idle Hours"), later ampliflcd as
"Koreiiblocmeir' ("Comflowei-s," 1658-72) in 27 books.
His later poems, "('luyswerk" ("Cell-Work"), were pub-
lished in 1841. .^, ^ , t
Huysum (hoi's"'")' Jan van. Born at Amster-
dam, April 15, 1G82 : died there, 1749. A noted
Dutch painter of flowers aud fruit: in this de-
partment the ablest painter of the 18th century.
Hwangho (liwang'ho), or Hoangho, or tlie
Yellow River. The northernmost of the two
chief rivers of China. It rises iu Kok.mor, enters
Kansu, traverses part of Mongolia, reenters cliiiia, Aowinj!
south, cast, and northeast, and enters the Gulf of I'etchili.
It Is calh'd "China's .Sorrow" from its frequent disastrous
floods. Length, estimated, 2,7(10 miles.
Hwen Tsang. See Iliouen-Tsang.
Hyacinthe (yii-sanf), P6re. See Loyson,
Hyacinthus(hi-a-sin'thus). [Gr. 'Tawi'Soc.] In
(ireek mvtliologv, a beautiful youth, son ot
Anivclas,'kiiigof"Amycln3 in Laconia, and Dio-
ineile. He typllled the early vegetation of spring. Ho
was killed thr.jugh jealousy by Apollo (the sun) while the
two were iplaying at quoits on the banks of the Eniotas
l-roMi liisl,l..;idthegodean8ed the hyacinth to spring, and
imi.n the petals ot the plant was thought to lie marked
the .v.lamation M ('woe!'). His festival the Hyacin-
tlii:i, w:i» <d>served at Amycla; during three days in .miy.
Hyades (hi'a-dez). [Or. 'T-i.VcJ A group of
nymphs, daiiglitcrs of Atlas and .Kthra. and sis-
ters of the Pleiades. They nursed the infant ZeU8(or
Dionysus), and as a reward were transferred to the heav-
ens as a part of the constellation Taurus. Their r s g
with the sun was associated with the beginning of tlic
rainy season. The Romans, through a mistaken etymol-
ogy, called the eonsteUation "the little pigs (.Succulie).
Hybla Hersea (hi'blil he-re'a). {Gv. 'H/;«'a.J
In ancient geography, a city of southern bicily,
about 33 miles west of S5Tacuse.
Hybla Major (hi'blii ma'jor) or Magna (mag -
na) [(Jr. "V,<>a7)//f('Cui' or /«;"'''/■] 1" ancient
geography, a'cit v iu Sicily, on the soutliern slope
ot Etna, i 1 miles northwest of Catania.
Hvbla Minor (hi'blii mi'nor), or Megara Hy-
blaea (meg'a-rii hi-bie'a). [Gr. "T,</.a ;/ /..^la or
ra MA ami ra 'f,«aia.] In ancient geograpliy,
a city of Sicily, situated on the east coast about
12 iniles north of S^Tacuse. It is celebrated for the
honey pr.)duced in the vicinity. Often confounded with
HydaspeMl'i-das'pez). [Gr. 'T,5«a.«.] The
ancient name of the river Jbelum.
Hvde ( hid ) . A manufacturing town m Cheshire ,
fingland, sit uated near the Tame 6 miles east^by
south of Manchester. Population (1891), 31,-
68'*
Hyde, Edward, first Earl of Claremion. Born
at Dinfon, Wiltshii-e, Feb. 18, 1608 (O. S ) : (ted
at Rouen, France, Dec. 9, 1674. An Englisli
statesman aud historian. He entered Parliament
iu 1M(1; became chancellor of the exchequer in \hii ; was
the chik adviser of Charles I. during the civil »ar, and of
Prince Charles during his ejile ; and was lord chanceUor
of England 1660-67, when he was impeached and banishe.
by Pariiament. His chief works are a "True Histonca
Narrative of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in ,E"?l»,"d
(generally termed "History of the Rebellion, 1(02- «)
and "The Life of Edward, Earl of Clarendon, . . . Wiit-
ten by Himsetf " (17.19). .
Hyde, Edward, Viscount Combm-y (later third
Earl of Clarendon). Died at London, April 1,
1723. An English politician. He was governor
of New York 1702-08. .
Hyde Park (hid pilrk). A park in Westminster,
London, situated 2i- miles south by west of St.
Paul's. It is one of the largest of the London parks, ex-
tending from Westminster to Kensington, and covering an
area of about 390 acres. It originally belonged to the manor
of Hyde, the property of the monks of St. Peter, ■Westmin-
9 e" which fill into the hands of Henry VIII. at the dis-
solution of the monasteries During the ComraonweaJth
and lor 10 years after the Restoration, a large pal k was
leased to pi'ivatc holders. In 1670 it was inclose<l mth a
wall andr csL^kcd with deer. Itis now the prmcipal ret--
reatimi-ground of London, and is frequented by rich and
poor. It has 9 carriagcentrances and niany gates for pe-
destrians. See SerpentiM, St. Javu-sS Park, Holteii Row,
and Ladies' Mile.
Hyde Park. A former township in Cook County,
Illinois, now annexed to Chicago.
Hyde Park. A town in Norfolk County, Mas-
sacliusetts, situated on the Neponset Biver b
miles south-southwest of Boston. Population
(1890), 10,193. ^ .. , ,
Hyderabad (hi"dtr-a-bad'), or Haidarabad
(Li"d!i-ra-biid'), or The Nlzam's Dominions.
The principal Mohammedan state aud mtist im-
portant native state in India, situated in the
Deccan between the British provinces of Bom-
bay and Madras. Capital, Hyderabad. The sur-
face is a low i>lateau. The ruling people Me Mohammedans.
The prevailing languages are Telugu, Marathi, and Kana-
rese. In 1687 it was made a Mogul province. About 1,1.)
the viceroy (Nizam-ul-Mulk) became indepemlent In
1748 there was a disputed succession, meat the rivals I e-
irig s,ipp,u-te<i liy Uupleix and oneby l^Eas ndn (^ m-
Hypatia
vus Crater, Leo, and Cancer, and by the modern constel-
lations Sextans and Mouoceios (which separates it from
Canis Major). It contains 1 starof the secoud niagmtude,
and about 4(XI Btiu-s visible to the naked eye.
Hydra [Gr. "TiSfia.] An island in the Greek
Arcliiiielago, 4 miles from the Peloponnesus.
It contains the seaport of Hydra. It w,as noted for its
trade before the war of independence, and took a leading
part in that war. Length, 11 miles. Population, about
Hvdrabad(hi-drii-biid'), or Haidarabad (hi"da-
rfi-biid ' ) . A city in Sind, British India, on the
li'idus. It is a manufacturing center. It was founded
in 1768. IV.pulation (1891), 5^048. , , o-
Hydriotaphia, or Um-Bunal. A work by Sir
Tliomas Browne, published in 16o8. "It is a des-
cant <.n the vanity of human life, based on the discovery
of certain cinerai-y urns in Norfolk. "
Hy^res (e-iir'). A town in the department ot
■Var France, near the Mediterranean, on the
Riviera, 10 miles east of Toulon: the ancient
Castrum Arcarum. It is a noted winter health-resort.
It was destroyed in the religious wars. MassiUon was
born there. Population (1891), commune, 14,982.
Hygieia(hi-ji-e'ya),orHygeia(hi-ie ya). [Gr
'T)/rin, later erroneously 'Tjun, health.J X
ng snpporteo ny i^upu-i-v am, ■'■,.. .-., ... .
anv Atreatyof alliance with England was made m 1761.
IV A iruuy <'i iiiii<iin.-t; « nil .i>i.H - ■- — ----- -
in 'he mutiny' of 18.^7 Hyt-''';''V^''V'lUi n sr ,140
Area .S2 (1U8 square miles. Population (1891), n,6.Si,ll40. ^
Hyderabad, or Haidarabad. The capital of
the state of Hyderabad, situated on the river
Musi. It is an Important eomraerciia center. The can-
tonment of Secunderabad and the old city aolcondaaie
In the neighborhood. Population (1891). with suburbs,
415,1139
■l^lEia, laLcr eii*jii«:;c»o.oi.j ^/'"'j ""' J -•
The goddess of health. She was the daughter
of .a!:sculapius.— 2. An asteroid (No- 10) dis-
covered by De Gasparis at Naples, April 12, 1849.
Hyksos (hik'soz), or Shepherd Kings. The
name given to kings of Egypt, of a foreign race,
whose mle (about 2000 B. c.) fell between the
13th and the 18th dynasty, and lasted, according
to Manetho, for oil years.
Uyksos is the Egyptian hik-shasu," chief ()f the Beduins,"
or "Shepherds," Shasu being the name given to the Se-
mitic nomades of Northwestern Arabia. The Hyksos, how-
ever are called Men or Menti in the inscriptions Menti
bengexplaned in the geographical table of Edfu to lie
the natives of Syria. In accordance with his, Manetho
speaks of Jerusalem as a Hyksos town, ai^ then- Egy'ptian
capital, Zoan or Tanis, is connected with Hebron in ^ un K
viii oo' It is possible that their leaders were Hittlte
nrinc'es, though Lepsius believes them to have come from
Pu It or Southern Arabia; at any rate, their features, as
reveiUed by the few memorials of them that exist, more
especially the lion of S.an, betong to a veir peculiar and
non-Semitic type. Sayce, Anc. Empires, p. 31.
The exact nationality of the Hyksos is stUl a matter of
dispute AU we know with certainty is that they came
from Asia, and they brought with theni in then- tram vast
numbers of Semites who occupied the northern part of
Egypt. Comparatively few Hyksos monuments have as
yet been discovered. These exhibit 'J.P'^'^"!!?,'; 'yP,? »'
features, very unlike that of the Egyptians. The face is
hckly bearded, the hair being curly, w-^ith a Pifail hang-
in.' iK^.ind the head. The nose is broad and sub-aqui ne,
the cheek liones high, the forehead square and knitted,
tla. lips prominent and expressive of intense dfitermma-
tion The kindly urbanity so characteristic of the Lgjp-
tiaii face in statuary is replaced by an expression of stern-
ness and vigour. Among the ethnological types presented
by th(^^ Egyptian sculptures there is only one winch can be
compared with that of the Hyksos monuinents. This is
netTpe peculiar to the inhabitants of Northeastcni Syria,
Me district called Nahrina by the Egyptians and Aran -
Naharaini in the Old Testament. It was a .listr ct of which
ile centre was Mitanni in the fifteenth and following ceu-
t tries before the Christian era; and since the cuneiform
t 1, ets recently discovered at Tel el-Amarna have disclosed
to us the fact that the language of Mitanni ";,«^ »<■'>'•'■■ f*-"
niitic nor Ind,.-Enropean, we may perhaps conclude tl at
the Donulation which spoke it was also non-Semltic. How-
ever this may be. if we are to regard the so-c:Uled Hyksos
sphinxes of s'siii as reproducing the Hyksos type of conn-
t" ance, it would follow that the hordes which ove..
whelmed Egypt in the twenty-third century B. c were led
by princes from Northern^Sym. ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^ ^_^ ^ ,^_
Hvlacomvlus. See JVaJdseciiiiiUcr, Martin.
Hvlas (lii'las). In classical mythology, a boy
■who was a'fayorite of Hercules. He was carried
off by the Naiads, who fell in love with him while he was
drawing water from a fountain in Mysia. _ ^
Hvmen (lii'meu), or Hymenaeus (hi-me-ne us).
[Gr 'T/w/r, ■r/uva-ioc.-i Originally, a marriage-
song among the Greeks. The names were gradu-
»oii^ <nii tr. i„volf..il nn the god 01
Hvder Ali (hi'der ii'lG), or Haidar All (in -
diir ii'le). Died at Chittore, British India, Dec.
1782 A inaharaia of Mysore. He was of obscure
birth; entered the Mysore army in 1749; >'«'j';n'7;[. '':;'
ruler of My8<ire in 1759; and usurped the title of n^"'-
raia In 17«« The English having formed a league w Ih the
Mkhrattas mtaiust l.Tm, In 1767 a war ensued which re-
suited in the defeat of the English, who were eompellei
to sue f r peace in 1769. In alliance with the Krench and
Mahratas he invaded the Carnatic In 178(1 but was de-
feateii by Sir Eyre Coote at Porto Novo, Polliloor, and sho-
lingnr In 1781. , -, ■, r
Hydra (hi'dril). [Gr. Mi>a. water-snake.] 1. In
('reek mvth()logV, a monstrous dragon ol liUUc
LernaiuArgolis, represented as having 9 lieads,
each of wliicli, Ix-ing cut olT, was inimediati'Iy
succeeded liv 2 new ones unless the wound was
cauterized. Tlie destruction of tliisnumster was
one of Die "twelve hU)ors"of Hercules.— 2. An
ancient southern constellation, representing a
sea-serpent. It is of Babylonian origin, like most of
the ancient constellations. It Is bounded by the ancient
constellations Canis Minor, Argo, Ceutaurus, Virgo, Cor-
aUv persol 1 ?d and Hymen was invoked as the god of
m'nr?age lleis represented as a taller and more serious
v.iuth than Kros, carrying a briiliU torch.
Hymettus(hi-met'us). [Gr. l/z'/rrdf.] 1 he an-
cTenf name of a mountain in Attica Greec.?,
southeast of Athens : the modern Trelo\ ouni.
It was celebrated for honey, and also noted tor
itsmari.le. Height. 3,368 feet.
Hymir(he'mir). [ON.] InOld Norse mythology,
a water-demon, the giant of tlie winter sea. He
dwe t far In the east, at the end of the heavens, l.y the sea
The glaciers resounded when he ■■<=t"™f '>«";;• '™" ^
i-hase and his beard was covered with ice lie was t lo
origin'a" owner of the kettle in which the gods brewed ale.
Hvoeo. See Hiorio.
Hypit a (In-pa'slnil). [Or. 'T^^^a.] A Neo-
,,KtT>i.ic philosoplier of Alexandria, at the end
of'llie 4lh and the beginningof the ;-)th century,
(■olebrated for her beauty and her uiiliappy fate.
The celebrity of Theon Is obscured by that of his daugh-
ter llvpatia. whose sex, youth, l.eanly. a„.l cruel fate have
m.ulc'h'er the n„«t interesting ,nav>y, of P 'I "-',*>;„*^Vi
receiving instruct on in matbemalns rr..ii hci fatiur, wn()
was a profeBBor at the Museum In his native city, she went
Hypatid.
to Athens, where she became such a proficient in the Pla-
tonic philosophy that, on her return to Alexandria, she
presided in the public schools there, and taught at once
the mathematics of Apollonins and Diophantus, and the
philosiiphyof Ammoniusand Plotinus. Heriiitluenceover
the studious and cducuted classes in Alexandria, especially
the intimacv which sulisisted between her and the prefect
Orestes, excited the hatred and jealousy of the narrow,
minded and unprincipleii aichliishop ; and Cyril found no
difficulty in directing the brutal violence of a superstitious
mob ag-cUnst one who was described as an enemy of the
faith and its ministers. Headed l>y an ecclesiastic named
Peter, a band of fanatics attacked Hypatia, in the spring
of A. I>. 415, as she w;is pa.ssing through the streets in her
chariot, dragged her to one of the churches, where they
pulled her clothes from her back, and then cast her out
into the street, pelted her to death with fragments of earth-
enware, tore her body to pieces, and committed her mu-
tilated remains to the flames.
K. O. }f idler. Hist of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, in. 351.
{(Donaidgon.)
Hypatia. A novel bv Charles Kingsley, pub-
lished in 1853.
Hyperboreans (hi-per-bo'rf-anz). [Gr. 'Tirrp-
Jcjpioi, those who are beyouti the north wind.]
In early Greek legend, a people who lived be-
yond the north wind, and were not exposed to
its blasts, but enjoyed a laud of perpetual sun-
shine and abundant fruits. They were free from dis.
ease, violence, and war. Their natural life lasted a thou-
sand years, and was spent in the worship of Apollo. In
later times the Greeks gave the name to inhabitants of
northern countries generally.
Very elaborate accounts have been given of the Hyper-
boreans both in ancient and modern times. Hecatjeus of
Abdera, a contemporary of Alexander the Great, wrote a
book concerning them. They are, however, in reality not
a historical, but an ideal nation. The North Wind being
given a local seat in certain mountains called Rhipsean, it
was supposed there must be a country above the north
wind, which would not be cold, and which would have in-
habitants. Ideal perfections were gradually ascribed to
this region. According to Pindar, Hercules brought from
it the olive, which grew thickly there about the sources
of the Danube (01. ili. 249). When the country had been
made thus charming, it was natural to attach good quali-
ties to the inhabitants. .Accordingly they were made wor-
shippers of Apollo (Pindar. 1. 8. c), observers of justice
(Hellan. Fr. 96), and vegetarians (ibid.). As geographical
knowledge grew, it was necessary to assign them a distinct
position, or to banish them to the realms of fable. Herod-
otus preferred the latter alternative, Damastes the for-
mer. Damastes placed them greatly to the north of Scy-
thia, from which they were separated by the countries of
the Issedones and the .Arimaspi. Southward their boun-
dary was the (supposed) Rhipsean mountain-chain ; north-
ward it was the ocean. (Fr. 1.) This arrangement sufficed
for a time. When, however, it was discovered that no
522
mountain-chain ran across Europe above Scythia, and that
the Danube, instead of rising in the north (compare Find.
Ol. iii. 25 with Isth. vi. 34). rose in the west, a new posi-
tion had to be sought for the Hyperboreans, and tliey were
placed near the Italian Alps, and confounded with the
Gauls and the Etruscans or Tarquinians. A different and
probably a later tradition, though found in an earlier writer,
is th.at which assigned them an island as large as Sicily,
lying towards the north, over against the country of the
Celts, fertile and varied in its productions, possessed of a
beautiful climate, and enjoying two harvests a year. In
this island it is not difficult to recognize our own country.
Hatclingon, Herod., III. 27, note.
Hyperides, or Hypereides (hi-per-i'dez). [Gr.
'~i'-epecdjic, 'Tfffpidw.J A celebrated Attic ora-
tor, a contemporary (and probably a younger
contemporary) of Demosthenes, and the son of
Glaucippus of the deme Coll)-tus. He supported
Demosthenes in his opposition to tiie Macedonian party ;
later (324) took part in his prosecution on the charge_ of
bribery by .\lexander ; was chief instigator of the Lamian
war ; and was slain at Corinth in 322.
Hyperion (hi-pe'ri-on or hi-p^r-i'on). [Gr.'T-E-
p/ui'.] 1. In (ireek mj-thology, a Titan, a son
of Uranus and (J«a. By his sister Theia he was
the father of Helios, Selene, and Eos. — 2. The
seventh satellite of Saturn, discovered by Bond
Sept. 16, 1848.
Hjrperion. 1. A poetical fragment by Keats,
published in 1820. — 2. A prose romance by
Longfellow, published in 1839. The subjects
of the two works are entirely different.
Hyphasis (hif'a-sis). [Gr. "l>aCT(f.] The an-
cient name of the river Sutlej.
Hypocrite, L'. The name under which "Tai-
tufe" was first played.
Hypocrite, The. A play by Bickerstaffe. in
which Cibber's "Non-Juror," an adaptation of
•'Tartufe," survives. It was produced in 1768.
H^ropolite (e-po-lef), Louis Mondestin Flor-
vil. Bom at (?ap Haitieu. 1827: died March 24,
1896. A Haitian getieral and politician. He was
amulatto, the son of »»ne of S<-»ulouque's ministers; first at-
tained prominence in the civil war of 1865 ; was the leader
.of the sanguinaiy revolt by which Legitime was defeated ;
and in Oct., 18S9, was proclaimed acting president. In
May, 1890, he was elected president for seven years.
Hyrcania (her-ka'ni-a). [Gr. ;} Yp\arm.] In
ancient geography, a region in Asia which bor-
dered on the Caspian Sea and the ().\us. It cor-
responded in part to northern and northeastern
Persia.
Hythe
Hyrcanus (h^r-ka'nus) I., or John Hyrcanns.
A MaccabeanprinceofJudea 13.5-10.') B.C. Vnder
him the political achievements of the Maccabees were con.
.solidated and extended. He cleared the young state ol
heterogeneous and hostile elements by di i^ ing out the Hel-
lenists from Palestine and destroying the Samaritan tem-
pie on Mount Gerizim, thus accomplishing the dissolution
of the Samaritans as a separate religious nation. The Idu-
means he forced to accept Judaism. He also extended,
by successful wars, the boundaries of Judea, and assured
its independence. WithRomeheentertained friendly re-
lations. His reign was compared to that of Solomon.
Hyrcanns II. The last and most unforttuiate
of the Maccabean princes. He was of a weak, irres-
olute character, but, being the elder of two brothers, was
at the death of his mother, Salome Alexandra, 69 B. c, ap-
pointed king, while to his more energetic but rash brother,
AristobulusII., was bequeathed the high-priesthood. Soon
a conflict broke out between the brothers. 'I'he helpless
Hyrcanus fell into the hands of the crafty Idumean An-
tip.ater, father of Herod, whom he adopted as his guide
and counselor. Antipater's machinations brought Pom-
pey to Jerusalem in 63 B. c, an event which was the begin-
ning of the end of Judean independence, and resulted in
supplanting the ilaccabean race by that of Anlipater, the
Herodians. Aristobulus II. was led as a prisoner by Pom-
pey to Rome, and w.as there poisoned. The weak HjTca-
nus became a tool of Herod. Even of the dignity of Ihe
high-priesthood, to which Herod confined him, he was de-
prived in consequence of mutilation which he suffered at
the hands of the invading Parthians. He finally died the
ignominious death of a criminal, Herod ordering his exe-
cution on the charge of conspiracy, 30 B. c.
Hysmene and Hysmenias (his'me-ne and his-
me'ni-as). A (jreek romance by a certain
Eustathius (or Emathius, or Eumathias), writ-
ten not earlier than the S)th century A. D.
Hystaspes(his-tas'pez). [Old Pers. n.<A?<f«pa.]
See the extract.
Hystaspes, the son of Arsamea and father of Darius — the
Gustasp of Persian romance — not only occurs in the ge-
nealogical lists, Greek and native, but likewise appears in
the Behistun Inscription as actually living in the reign of
his son and serving under him. According to Ctesias, he
was accidentally killed as he was being drawn up by ropes
to examine the' sculptures which Darius was having exe-
cuted for his own tomb. I have already noticed the prob-
ability that Hystaspes was the real heir to the throne, on
the failure of male issue in the line of Cyrus, but waived
his riglit in favour of his eldest son.
Hauiinmn, Herod., IV. 267.
Hythe (hiTH). [AS. .ffyfA, the port.] A town
in Kent, England, on the Strait of Dover 11
miles west of Dover, it is one of the Cinque Porta
and a military station. Population (1891), 4,3S1.
acchU8(i-ak'us). [Gr."IoKt"';.'
In ( irt'ck mytholof;;}', iidivin-
ity peculiar to Athens, and
iniportaut from liis intimate
connection with the Eleiisin-
ian mysteries. He was a son oi
Deiiieter ami Zeus, and a brulliev
of Koni (Proserpine), and personi-
fied the male element in nature,
as liis sister the female. At Eleusis
lie was looked upon as an intermedial^ between tlie great
goddesses and their votaries, and presided in person (rep-
resented by an image crowned with myrtle and bearing a
torch) over the splendid procession from the Eleusiniuni
at Athens to the sekos at Eleusis, and over the mysterious
rites ill the latter sanctu;iry. At a comparatively late date
lacchus became to some extent confounded with a new-
type of infant Bacchus, who, as a son of Demeter, was en-
tliely distinct from the older Dionysus.
lachimo {i-ak'i-moi. In Shakspere's "Cymbe-
line," a worUlly and affected Roman courtier:
a brutal villain. He conceals himself in a chest in Im-
ogen's room, and so furnishes himself with details which
seem to prove her unchastity.
lago (i-ii's?o). A character in Shakspere's tra
Kor this short, dark dolichocephalic type we may adopt
the usual and convenient name "Iberian." Professor Knl-
lestoii prefers the term 'Silurian," and it has been vari
ously designated by other writers as the Euskariaii. Basque,
Berlier, or Mediterranean race. By some French writers
it is calle<l the " t'ro-Magnon " type, from a skull, possibly
of palniolithic age, found in a sepulchial cavern at t'ro-
Magncin in I'^rigord. . . . Before the arrival of the braihy-
cephalic I.igurian race, the Iberians ranged over the great-
er part of France. We trace them in the valleys of the Ibrahim (ib-rji-hem' )
Seine, the Oise, and the Mariie, frequently in association *r' "*•" \
with the remains of the Ligurian invaders. If, as seems
probable, we may identify them with the Aquitani. one of
the three races which occupied Gaul in the timcof Cicsar,
they must hare retreated to the neighbonrhood of the Pyr-
enees before the beginning of the historic period. It is
in this regiou, mainly in the valley of the Garonne, that
their sepulchral caves are the most numerous. . . . The
Iberians, a short Southern dolichocephalic race, repre-
sented in the long barrows of Britain and the sepulchral
caves of France and Spain. The stature averaged 6 feet 4
inches, and the cephalic index 71 to 74. They were orthog-
nathous and swarthy. They arc now represented by some
and e.\tending thence to the north and cast.
The chief town, also called Ibo, is an emporium of the
palm-oil trade. All the slaves exported from the Niger
used to be called Ibos in North America, The Ibo tribe
comprises some minor tribes speaking dialects of Ibo,
namely, Isoaina (the dialect used in missionary books),
Elugu, Abadja, and Abo. The Ibo, being a trade language,
is used beyond the territory of the tribe. See lyara and
Tdzo.
The Arabic form of ^frrw-
lidni.
Ibrahim. Died in 1535. A grand vizir of Tur-
key. He was the son of a sailor at Parga ; was captured
by corsairs in his youth ; was sold into slavery at Magne-
sia, and became the property of Soliman II.. by whom he
was made vizir in l.'i23. He fought witli distinction in the
war against Hungary in 1527, and was put to death at the
instigation of the sultana in 1535.
Ibrahim of Aleppo. Died in 1549. A celebrated
Ottoman .jurist. He compiled the great code of laws
^ _ known as "ilnlteka-al-AMiar"("ronBuence of the Seas").
of the Welsil and Irish, by the Coi sicans, and by the .Span- Jbrahlm OU I'lUUStre BaSSa. A romance by
ish Basques. TheiramnitiesareA|rtean^ ^^ ^^^ Mademoiselle de Scud^ry, published iu 1641.
" Settle wrote a tragedy founded on this : it was
,_„.,__ ^ , _ Iberus(i-be'rus). The Latin nameof the Ebro. publi.shed in 1677.
gedv "Otiiello." He is the ancient of Othello, and is IberviUc (e-ber-vel'), Pierre le Moyne, Sieur Ibrahim Pasha (ib-ra-hem' pash'a). BornatCa-
tlUeil with jealousy of his rank and power. His cool and
calculating villainy, his speciousness, and his bitter sar-
casm foiui an artistic contrast to the noble and large-
natiircd Othello. In order to revenge himself for the loss
of the position as Othello's lieutenant which he failed to
secure, (and partly apparently from sheer love of evil), be
raises a whirlwind of passion in the latter's breast by
adroitly making him believe in the unfaithfulness of Des-
deniona, to the final destruction of all three.
lakon. See Ydqiiiiix.
lamblichus (jam'bli-kus). [Gr. 'Ia///i/nof-J
Born at Chalcis,('a'le-Syria: diedabout330 a.d.
A Syrian Neoplatoiiic philosopher.
d'. Born at Montreal, July 16, 1661: dieil at Ha
vana, July 9, 1706. A French-Canadian naval
and military commander. He entered the French
navy at the age of fourteen ; was one of the leaders of the
expedition against Schenectady in 1U90 ; obtained com-
mand of a frigate in 1092 : and took Forts Nelson and Bour-
bon on Hudson Bay in 1694 and l(i!t7 respectively. In 1699,
_ _ ^ He wrote
many" phUosophical and mathematical works, of which ,,_,., .,, , . . .,
only a few have survived. His "Life of Pythagoras' and IblCUhy, or IblCUl (e-be-kwe ). Anverinsouth
" Exhortation to Philosophy " were edited by Kiessling - -r- . ,, •
(1813-16). -, T ^ 1
lapetUS (i-ap'e-tiis). [Gr. 'I«Tfr,ic.] I" Greek j
mythology, a Titan, son of Uranus and (.Tssa, J^^^ii ' ,,,^^...
aiKl father of P'-o^^^'eusEpimetheus Atlas Ibn Batuta^ibii bll-to'ta), properly Abu Ab-
and Menoetius. He was thrown by Zeus into ^^^jj^j^ Mohammed. Boni at Tangier, Mo-
valla, Humelia, 1789 : died at Cairo, Nov. 9, 1848.
An Egyptian general, son (or adopted son) of
Meheuiet Ali. He subdued ihe Wahhabees 1816-18;
commanded against the Greeks 1824-27; stonned Acre
May 27, 1832 ; defeated the Turks at Horns and Konieh in
18;i2, and at Nisih .Tune 24, 1839 ; and succeeded Mehemet
Ali as viceroy in 1848.
having been commissioned by the French government to jr^ -, TKrailn Sfifi Braila
establish direct intercourse between France and the Mis- Ibraii, or IDraUa. 066 Jirmia.
sissippi River, he erected Fort Biloxi, at the head of Biloxi IbreeZ. See li'ris.
Bay, the first post on the Mississippi River. He suhse- T-i,„a™v,-„l Soo Abu-Simbel.
quintly established other posts in the same region, and IbSamDUl. ^^.1^°"^ """;'• „^ Nnrwav
was preparing to attack the coast of North Carolina when Ibsenfib'sen),HenriK. Born at bkien,INorway,
he died of a fever at Havana. March 20, 1828. A noted Norwegian dramatic
poet. He at first studied niedicme, but soon devoted him-
^ ,B .._„,-. ._ t:... — ^ Tj;., fl....f .i,.nn,oti,. attempt.
em Braz , io ning the Uruguay in the province self entirely to literature His first dramatic attem]
f TJ^ rl„'^, 1,, Ar. «„1 QlSi.it Int oqo on' « the threeact tragedy •■KatUina," was published at Chr
of Rio Grande do Sul, about lat. -9 -U ». ^..^^^.^ .^^ isso, under the pseudonym Brynjolf Bjarn
Tartarus,
lapygia li-a-pij'i-ii). [Gr.'lairvyia.'] In ancient
geography',' a name used vaguely by the Greeks
for Messajiia or Apidia.
lapygians (i-a-pii''-!H'^)- See the extract.
Under the general name of lapygians were commonly
included three distinct tribes, the Messapians, the Peuce
rocco, about 1304 : died at Fez, Morocco, about
1377. An Arabian traveler. He visited northern
and central Africa, western and central Asia, Russia, In-
dia, China, etc. His " Travels " were translated into Eng-
lish by S. Lee in 1829, and into French by C. Defrimery
and R. Sanguinetti 1874-79.
Ibn Ezra. See Almiham hen Meir iliii Ezra.
tians.and the Daunians, 'The "I'li^st-'nameii "are spoken of Ibn Haukul (ibn liou-kul'). Died976A. D. An
the inhabil:int8 of Ihe lapygian peninsula, eastward of Arabian geograplier and traveler. The observa-
tions of his twenty years of travel in the countries of
Tarenlum ami l!i undusiuni (Strab, vi. p, 401). They were
generally derived from Crete, strange as it may appear
(Strab vi. p, 405; Athen. xil. p. 522, F. ; Plut. Thes, c. 10 ;
Vestus, ad voc. Salenlinl, etc.). rtobably they came in
reality, like the other inhabitanta-of southern Italy, from
the Peloponncse, where there was a place called Mcssa-
peaj, Hawlimon, Herod,, iv. i;il», note.
Ibadan fe-bii'diin). A town in the Yoruba coun-
try, West Africa, about lat. 7° 20' N., long. 4°
lO'' E. ['ojiulation, estim;ited, 100,000.
Tlu> eapilal of the province
Ibarra (»"• biir'rii). Tiu^ c .
of Imbalmra, northern Ecuador, about 55n.iles i^'^'KbalUkan (ibnkal'li-kiin). Born 1211 A.D.
northeast ot (.Juito. It was destroyed^ui 1868 ^j. ^^^^j.^. jjpj jog] a. D. at Damascus. An
by an eartli<iuake which killed 3,000 of the in-
habitants. Population, aliout 6,000.
Ibea (i-be'a). The part of British East Africa
under control of tlio Imperial British East
Africa Company. The name is formed from the
initials of the above words.
Iberia (i-be'ri-il). [L. /fccn'a, Gr. 'I,%;a, from
llifris, llihcrcs, Gr. "Ijh/prr, the inhabitants.]
In ancient geography: («) The peninsula of
southwestern Europe, comprising tlie modem
Spain and Portugal, (li) The region bounded
by the (Caucasus Mountains on the north, Al-
bania on the east, Armenia on the south, and
Colchis on the west. It corresponds nearly to
the moilerii (ieorgia.
Iberian (i-be'ri-an) Mountains. A name some-
times given to tHe mountains in central and east-
ern Spain.
Iberian Peninsula. The southwestern penin-
sula of Europe, comprising Spain and Portugal
Iberians (i-b6'ri-anz). The ancient inhabita^nts Ibo"(e'bo), or Igbo (eg'bo). An important A fri-
of the Iberian peninsula. See the extract. cantribedwelliugat the apex of the Niger delta.
arme.
In the same year he went to Christiania in order to
pursue his studies at the university. With A. 0. Vinje
and Botten-Hansen the bibliographer, young men of
his own age, he engaged in the editorship of the short-
lived weekly jouniiU ■' Andhrimner," to which he contrib-
uted lyrics and satirical pieces. A short saga piece,
" Ksempehojen " (" TheWarrior's Mound "). written at this
time, was produced upon the stage. On the cessation of
the journal the following year, he obtained from the vio.
linist Ole Bull the jiosition of manager in the newly
opened Natiomd Theater at Bergen, a post which he held
until 1857. In 1852. ill the interest of the theater, he un-
dertook a short journey to Denmark and iic-iniany to study
scenic art. From this period is the historical drama "(iil-
det iiaa Solhaug" ("The Banquet at Solhaog"). In 1867
he was called to Christiania as director of the Norwegian
Theater. From this year is the hislorii;al drama "Fru
Inger til Ostraat " (" Mistress Inger at Ustraat "), which sub-
sequently, however, was almost wholly rewritten. From
18,i8 is the historical drama "Hcrmxndene jiaa Uelge-
land" ("The Warriors at Helgeland "). "Kjferlighcdens
Komcdie " (" Love's Comedy "), the first of the satirical so-
cial plays that have particularly niaile his name famous,
was the next important work to ap]>ear (in 1SU2). In 1S6S
appi-incd the historic drama " Koiigs-Emncrne" ("The
Pretenders'), In 181H, after writing the poem "En Broder
1 Nod" ("A Brother in Need") a demand to the people to
take up the cause of Denmark, which, however, fell un-
heeded — he left Norway in a sort of voluntiiry exile. In
Rome in 1806 he completed one of the greatest of his
works, the dninia "Brand." This was followed the buc-
ceeding year (1807) by the dramatic poem "PecrGynt,"
also written in Italy. His ne.xt work wasthe satiric com-
edy "De Unaes Forbund " ("The Young Men's Union,
1807): like all his later works, written in prose. This was
fidlowed in 1871 by the long historic dnima "Kejser og
dalilrecr" ("Emperor and Galilean "), which consists of
twopurts—" Julian's Apostasy "and ".luliantheEniperor."
In tlie meantime he had changed his place of residence,
first til Dresden, anil later to Munich, where lie lived un-
til recently when he returned to Christiania. In 1877
appeared further, " Samfundets Stiitter " ("The Pillars of
s'.eicty") another satiric comedy, 'this was followed in
1S79 by "Et Dukkehjem " ("A Doll's House," translated
under the name "Nora."), in the same vein. Ills latest
pbivs arc "djengangere" ("fShosIs," 18.M), "En Folke-
lleiidc " (" An Enemy of the People," 188'2), " \ lldiinden
(■•The V,"M Duck," 1884), "Hosmersholm " (1880)" Fnien
fra Hnvet" ("The Lady from the Sea," 1888), " llid.la
Cablet- " (1890), and "Bygniester Sidness "(" Architect Sid-
liess," 1892). Among his minor writings arc the e|iic " Terje
Vigen " and the long poem " I'aa Vidderne ' (1860).
An island seajiort and town of Por- Ibycus (ib'i-kus). r<^r. "liiwi,:.] A (ireek lyric
st Africa, in lat. 12° S.V S. puet of the second half of the (ith century B. C,
born at Uliegium, Italy. He lived for the greater part
of his life at the court of Polycrates of Samoa. Fragments
Islam were put down in the work " Highways and Coun-
tries," which was translated into English by Sir William
Ouseley, under the title of " The Oriental Geography of
Ibn Haukul," in 1800.
Ibn Khaldto (ibn khiil-doii'), patronymic of
Abu Zeid Abdurrahman. Born at Tunis,
1322: died at Cairo, March. 1406. An Arabian
historian. His cliief work is a universal history
which treats especially of the Arabs and Ber-
bers.
eminent Arabian scholar and writer. He was
scholar, poet, compiler, biographer, and historian. His
celebrated biographical work,"Death8 of Eminent .Men
( ' Wafiat-ul-Aiyan "), has been translated into English and
copiously annotated by Baron Mactiuckln de Slane (1842-
1871).
Ibn Sina. See .iriccnnn. , , ,„ , ^
Ibn Tofail (ibn to'fii-il) (Abu Beker Ion el-
Tofeil). An Arabian iiliilosopher and jihysi-
ciaii, a contemporary of t he Arabian jihilosopher
and writer Averroes. He lived toward the close of
the 12th century in one of the Arabic kingdoms in Spain.
He composed a philosophical description of the imaginaiy
voyages of llm Yokdhtm, translated into Hebrew by Moses
Narbonensis. and into Latin by Pococke in 1071. Several
English translations were made from the Latin, and one
from the original Arabic by Simon Ockley, published in
1711 under the title" The Improvement of Human Reason
Exhibited in Ihe l.ifeof Ilai Ebn Yokdhan, written by Abu
Jaafer Ebn Topliail." See Aulottiilactut.
Ibo (e'bi.i)^.
tuguese K:
52S
Ibycus
of his poems, which were chiefly erotic, have survived. Ac-
cording to the legend, he was murdered at sea, and his
murderers were found out tlirough some crams that fol-
lowed the ship : hence the "cranes of Ibycus " l)ecame a
proverb for the agency of the gods in revealing crime.
Ica, orYca (e'kii). A town in western Peru, 160
milos south-soutlieast of Lima. Population
(1889), about 9,000.
Ica. A maritime department of Peru. Area,
6,29.'> square miles. Population, about 60,000.
Ic4 (e-sa'), called Putumayo (p6-t6-mi'.v6) by
Spanish Americans ' ■■ *■ a„,.*i, a „,„„;,.„
524 Iglesias, Jos6 Maria
Iconoclasts (i-kon'6-klasts). A sect or party in Idler, The. A series of essays by Dr. Johnson,
the Eastern Empire" in the 8th and 9th centuries published 17.i8-60 m a newspaper called • ine
which opposed all use and honor or worship of Vniversal Chronicle." . -> t
icons, or images, and destroyed them when in Idomeneus (i-dom'e-nus). [Orr. Idofincic.] In
power. The party of Iconodast.s was originated by the Greek Isgeud, a king of Crete, one of the lead-
emperor Leo the Isaurian. and afterward continued or re-
vived by Constautine Copronyraus and other emperors, es-
pecially Leo the Armenian and Theophilus. The emperors
named treated those who honored icons with great cruelty,
and after the death of the last of them the party of Icono-
_ clasts soon became extinct.
A ii"er"of'South America IctinUS (ik-ti'uus). [Gr. 'I/cn'iof.] Lived in tlie
ing heroes of the Greekarmy in the Trojan war.
Idria (id're-a). A town in the crownland of
Camiola, Austria-Hungary, situated on the
Idrizza '29 miles north-northeast of Triest : cel-
ebrated for its quicksilver-mines, discovered
1497. Population (1890), commune, 5,084.
which rises near Pasto, southern Colombia,
flows east and southeast thi-ough Colombia and
Brazil, and joins the Amazon near lat. 3° S.,
long. 69° W. Aportion of the middle course is claimed
both by Ecuador and by Peru. Length, about 1.100 miles;
navigable for nearly 900 miles. Also written Iztl.
Icaria (i-ka'rl-a). [6r. 'Irap/a.] 1. A site in the
Kapedosa valley, Attica, Greece, north of Mount
middle of the 5th century B. c. A Greek arohi- Idrisi (id're-se), or Edrisi. A noted Arabian
Pentelicus.excavated by the American Schoolat -loa '' 'iS^p,LJ;^'^
Athens in 1888, with the result of the discovery *" "'
of architectural remains and interesting sculp-
ture, chiefly archaic, and the definitive identi-
fication of the site. It is important because here, ac-
cording to the legend, wine-making and the Dionysiac cult
were introduced into Attica by Bacchus himself ; an<l here
was born Thespis, who, by the changes he introduced into
the old dithjTarabic songs, became the originator of the
drama, of whose first essays Icaria was the theater.
2. See Icarian Sea.
Icaria. A cooperative community established
in 1848 in Texas, removed to Nauvoo, in Illinois,
in 18.")0, and in 1S57 to Adams County, Iowa.
Icarian Sea. The part of the J^gean Sea sur-
rounding Samos and the neighboring small isl-
and of Icaria. Compare Icarus.
oi.u 11.^ temple of Apc.^ , — ^ , - --- - . , ,^ - „ ,
sculptures of this temple are among the treasures of the portance ni the historj- of geography.
British Museum). Other architects were associated with Jdro (e'dro). Lake. A small lake m the prOT-
him in neariy all of these works. Ictinus and Phidias were ^^^ ^j Brescia, northern Italy, 9 miles north-
identifledwithPericlesintheexecutionofhisgreatscheme ^^^^ ^^ Lake Garda
of public works, ^^ ^ ^^ ^ mountain- Idstedt (id'stet). A ^-illage in Schlesyrig-Hol
vori^o inPhrvcriM »Tid Mvsia isia Minor 4t the stein. Prussia, 5 miles north of Schleswig. Here,
W^o'f ?t"was fL^lVoaf f^^ilti^ZT^rlk legend July 24 and 25^ ia50,theDa^es (38,000) defeated t^e troops
especially as a seat of the worship of Cybele. Highest sum- of sehleswig-Holstem (2, ,000).
mit, Garg;u-on (the modern Kaz Dagh, 6,749 feet). Idumea. isee M.doi)l.
Herodotus appears to have given the nameof Ida to the Idun (e'don) [ON. Idhliun.] In Old Norse
highlands which close in the v.-ilky of the Scamander on mythologj", the goddess who had m tier keeping,
the left, lying west and south of Bunarbashi. in" Asgard, the apples eaten bv the gods to pre-
i(a««;«o;i, Herod., IV. 42, note. ^^^^ eternal youth. Later myths make her
2. The central mountain-range of Crete: the the wife of Bragi.
modem Psiloriti. It was the scene of legends Idylls of the King. A series of poems by
of Zeus. Highest point, about 8,000 feet. .-- .- .. , , ... ., ■ _ _-
Ida (i'da). Died 559. A chief of the Angles,
the first king of Bemicia. He began to reign
in Northumbria in 547. Ida's immediate kingdom
did not probably extend south of the Tees, though his
Alfred Tennyson, founded on the Arthurian ro-
mances. Tbev comprise "The Coming of Arthur," "Ga-
reth and Lynette, " "Geraint and Enid," "Merlin and Vi-
vien," "Lancelot and Elaine, ' 'The Holy Grail," "Pelleag
and Ettarre," "The Last Tournament," '■ Guinevere," and
•The Passing of Arthur " (published 1S59-85).
The Icarian sea received its name from the island of
Icaria (now Nikaria), which lay between Samos and Myco-
nus (Strab. riv. p. 915). It extended from Chios to Cos,
where the Carpathian sea began.
Rawlinson, Herod., III. 474, note.
Icarus (ik'a-ms). [Gr."lKapof.] In Greek legend,
the son of Dfedalus, drowned in the Icarian Sea
(named, according to the legend, from him), near
power may have been felt beyond that river ; for the king- .,j "^,.'1^,^'"'? r , - ,. i, ;„i.„K;*<.ti,„M;™«»
^ip of Deira, between the Tees and the Humber, does not Idzo (ed'zo). A people which inhabits the Niger
*• '-■-—•'- delta. West -Africa; also, its language. Theter-
ritorj'of the Idzo comprises tlie Bonny Brass, 5ew Calabar,
Akassa, and Okrika townships and dialects, and extends a
hundred miles up the >'un branch of the >'iger. Some-
seem to have been founded until his death. It is quite
possible that Ida's Bernicia did not extend as far as the
Tees. He is said to have had six sons by queens and six
by concubines (Florence). The consolidation and advance
of the heathen power under him and his sons caused a
wide-spread apostasy from Christianity among the Picts.
He reigned twelve years, and died in 5,^9. On his death
iupt___ _ .._
times Idzo- and Il>o-speaking settlements are found inter-
mixed, and the two names are easily confounded. AH the
Idzo and Ibo people are now under British protection.
£lla (died 5SS) Ijecame king in Deira, and is supposed to j (i-er'ne). An ancient name of Ireland.
A^" ^: ^"" °"" (Skene,. i),ct. jerae ( ^ ^J^^^ .^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^ ^est-southwest
Samos, in his flight from Crete, by flj-ing so near j^g^' or Idda (ed'da). The chief city of Igara of MarseUles,notedforits fortress. Chateau d'lf
the Sim that his -nings of wax, made by Daeda- (^hieh see). (one of the scenes of Dumas's novel " Count of
" ' " " '' _:. T _.-_.- ^._ Idaho (i'da-iio). One of the Western States of Monte Cristo "). Mirabeau and Philippe Egalit^
lus, melted. See DiediiUis and Icarian Sea.
Iceland (is'land), Dan. Island (es'land). [For-
merly Iseland, Island, from Icel. Island, Dan.
Sw. Island, land of ice.] An island in the North
Atlantic Ocean, belonging to Denmark, in lat.
63°23'-C6°33'N.,long. 13°32'-24°35'W.,about
160 miles east of (Greenland. Capital, Keykja-
vik. The surface is generally mountainous. Iceland is
noted for its volcanoes and glaciers. Its leading occupa-
tion is the raising of cattle. The religion is Lutheran. The
legislative government (according to the constitution of
1874) is vested in the king and a local assembly (Althing)
with an upper ch.amber of 12 members and a lower chamber
of 24 members; the executive being vested in a governor-
general appointed by the king. Iceland was settled in part
by Irish monks (from about 79')). and was maiiUy settled by
Northmen about 870-930. Christianity was introduced
the United States of America. Capital, Bois^ were confined here.
City. It is bounded by British America on the north, Iffland (if 'tland). Auglist Wilhelm. ^Born at
Montana and Wyoming on the east, Utah and Nevada on
the south, and Washington and Oregon on the west, lying
between lat. 42° and 49° S., and long. 111° and 117' 10' W.
It has 21 counties ; sends 2 senators and 1 representative
to Congress ; and has 3 electoral votes. It contains the
Salmon River Mountains, and on the eastern border the
Kocky and Bitter Root Mountains. The leading occupa-
tions are mining of gold and silver and cattle-raising. It
Hannover, Pi-ussia, April 19, 1759 : died at Ber-
lin. Sept. 22, 1814. A noted German actor and
dramatist, director of the national theater at
Berlin after 1796, and general royal theatrical
director after 1811. His best-known plays are "Die
Jager." " Dienstpflicht," "Die Advokaten," "Die Mundel,"
and "Die Hagestolzeu."
formed part of the Louisiana cession; was originally part Ig[ev (if'li)" A village near Oxford, England:
of Oregon Territory, and later of Washington Territory- ; ^^^•'^ ^^^ jj^ church, which is of small size, but in many
and was organized as a separate Territory in 1863 (includ-
ing the present Montana and part of Wyoming). The
present boundary was settled in 1868, and Idaho was
admitted as a State in 1890. Area, 84,800 square miles.
Population (1S90), 84,385.
about 1000. The island was united to Norway in 1262, and I(ialiuni(i-da'li-um), orldalia(i-da'li-a). [Gr.
passed to Demnark in 1380. It was celebrated for its liter- •iga/.iov.'i A town and promontorv on the coast
ary productiveness m the 12th and ISth centuries. Anew „, p,„„„,„ „„„„„/]+„ a,. l,,.nri;to wbr, -n-oa onmo
constitutionwasgrantedinl874. Length, 300 mUes. Area, of Cyprus, sacred to Aphrodite, who was some-
39,756 square miles. Population (1890), 70,927. times called Idalia.
ways remarkable for the interesting moldings and other de-
tails of its early Norman architecture. It has a massive
square central tower, also of Norman date.
Igara (e-gii'ra), or Igala (e-ga'lii). An African
tribe, of the Nigritic branch, settled on the east-
em bank of the Niger, between the Ibo and the
junction of the Niger and the Binue. Ida is the
capital. The language seems to be a mixture of the native
Akpotto with Yomba introduced by immigrants. At Ala,
Iceland, which had remained undUcovered till long after Idar (e'dar). A small town in Bil'kenf eld. Olden- i^o isspoken concurrently withlgara. See Wand Idm.
- ■ ■ ■ • burg, Germany, about 30 miles east of Ireves. Igbira (eg-be'ra). A Nigiitie and pagan tribe,
the days of Charles, was, down to the year 1262, the only
absolutely free republic in the world.
Brijce, Holy Roman Empire, p. 185.
Iceni (i-se'm). An ancient British tribe, in the
eastern part of England, whose queen, Boadi-
eea, headed a formidable insurrection against
the Romans in 01 A. D.
Ichabod (ik'a-bod). [Heb.,' no glory.'] A child
(the son of Phinehas and gi'audson of Eli) so
named by his mother, who died in giving him
birth (1 Sam. iv. 21).
Ichang (e-chang'). or Y-lin (e-len'). A treaty
port in the province of Hupeh, China, situated
on the Yangtse about lat. 30° 45' N., long. 111°
25' E. It was made a treaty port in 1877. Popu-
lation, 34,000.
Ichiti. See Hitchiti.
Ichlil (ik-lel'). [Ar. ildil al-jebbah, the crown
of the brow.] The third-magnitude star /3
Scorpii.
Icknield Street (ik'neld stret). An ancient
Roman road which ran through Britain from
Norfolk to Cornwall.
Icolmkill. See lona.
Iconilun (i-ko'ni-um). The ancient name
Konieh.
Iconoclast. The pseudonym of Charles Brad-
laugh.
Iconoclast Emperors. Those Byzantine em-
perors who were noted for their opposition to
image-worship in the Eastern Church. The con-
troversy began with the edict of Leo the Isaurian in 726,
and continued until the middle of the 9th century.
Iddesleigh, Earl of. See Xorthcote.
Iddhi (id'd-hi>. [The Pali for the Skt. rddhi,
success.] lu Buddhist theology, the name for
the extraordinary powers over matter possessed
by the Arhat or"Buddhist in the fourth stage
of moral perfection. In this stage he has gained the
Abhinnas, " transcendent faculties of knowledge," the in-
ner eye, the inner ear, knowledge of all thoughts, and recol-
lection of previous existences and Iddhi. Under Iddhi
are included : (1) the faculty of reducing the body to the
size of an atom ; (2) increasing size or weight at wUl ; (3)
making the body light at » ill ; (4) reaching any object,
however remote ; (5) unlimited exercise of will ; (6) abso-
lute |)ower over one's self and others; (7) subjecting the
elements ; (8) the suppression of all desires. See Monier-
Williams, "Buddliism," pp. 133-245.
Iddoa. See Edohne.
Ideler (e'de-ler). Christian Ludwig. Bom at
dwelling on both banks of the Binue River above
its confluence. Fanda, or Panda, is the capital. The
Igbira language has two dialects. Hima and Panda :_ it
shows greater affinity with Nupe and Yomba than with
Igara. The Panda people have been driven, by the Fulah
invasion, from the right to the left of the Binue, into the
Akpotto territory. Igu is the chief town of the Hima, on
the right bank. The Igbira people are semi-civilized,
peaceful, industrious, and prosperous.
Igel (e'gel). A village in the Rhine Province,
Prussia, near Treves. The Igel monument, or Heiden-
thurm, is one of the most remarkable Roman monuments
in northern Europe. It is a funeral monument of the
Secundini family, and is assigned to the end of the 3d cen-
tury. It consists of a tower 16A feet square at the base,
rising above the basement in two stages, crowned bysmsll
pediments and a pyramidal flnial. Almost the whole sur-
face is covered » itii reliefs which represent mythological
scenes and symbols, and incidents of everyday life.
Gross-Brese, Prussia, Sept. 21, 1766: died at Igerna (i -gi'r ' nil), or Igeme (i-geru'), or
Berlin, Aug. 10, 1846. A German astronomer,
Srofessor at the University of Berlin from 1821.
is chief work is "Handbuchder mathematischen und
Yguerne (i-gem'). In the Arthurian cvcle
of romance, the wife of Gorlois, and the mother,
by Utlier, of Ai-thur.
Yorkshire, England, situated near the Aire 9 tween tlie Hussites and sigismund, who was recognized
miles west-northwest of Leeds. It has manu- as king yf Bohemia. Population (1890), -23,716.
factures of woolens. Population (1891), 7,118.— Iglesias (e-gla'se-iis). A town m the province
2. A tributarv of the river Trent, in Notting- of C'agliari, Sardinia, Italy, 32 miles west by
hamshire, England. yEthelfrith. king of North- north of Cagliari. It has a cathedral. Popu-
umbria. was defeated and slain in a battle lation, 7,000. . ,, • n-t
on its banks by Redwald, king of East AngUa, Iglesias, Jose Mana. Born at Mexico Uty,
jn617 Jan. 5, 1823. A Mexican politician, lawyer, and
author.
In 1S57, and of that of Juarez in 186;i. lie beciuiic presi^
dent of the Supreme Court in 1S7:1, and by virtue of that
office assumed the presidency after the diiw nf:Ul of Lerdo
in 1876 ; Imt the success of Diaz compelled him l« give up
the onicc. He is the author of several works on Mexican
history.
Iglesias, Miguel. Born at Cajamarca, Aug. 18,
18:i2. A Pfi-uvian general and statesman. He
was minister of war in ISSO ; took a principal part in tlio
defense of Lima, Jan., 1.^1 ; and was captured hy the Chil-
eans, but escaped. During the confusion of 18sa he as-
sumed the presidency, and signed (Oct. -JO, i.s.<i) a treaty
Iglesias, Jos6 Maria 525
He was a member of the cabinet of Comonfort Uderim fil'de-rim). See Baja'el.
ile-de-France (el-di^-froiis'), Isle of France.
1. An ancient government of Franco. Capital,
Paris. It was bounded by Picanly on the north. Cham-
pagne on the oast, Orleanais on the south, and Normandy
on the west ; and was so called because included between
the rivers .^eine, Marne, Aisne. oise, and Ourci). It cor-
responded to the department of Seine, with a large part of
Seine-et-Oise, Seine-et-ilarne, Aisne, and oise, and small
parts of Nicvre and Loiret. It was the portion of the
counto" about Paris that was most completely under the
control of the kings — «'. «., tlie royal domain.
sumea me presuiency. anu sigiieu (.»'ci. -o, i.^^i; ii ncaij ty M.,nritiiis;
of peace with the Chileans. Caceres refused to recognize Tf'i^V -'
Iglesias. and civil war followed. Caceres occupied Lima lietZl
Dec. 1, 1885, and both the leaders resigned the government Oren
Into the hands of an executive ministry, pending an elec- ;yiil Ural. Populatiou, 7,33.5,
tion which resulted in favor of Caceres. Iglesias then left H FiammingO See John of Holof/iui.
thecountry. ,-,-.. ,-,.■, s Ilfracombe(il'fra-k6m). A seaport and water-
Iglesias de la Casa (e-gla'se-as da la ka sa), ""°"-" \ - .. - .' - . •■
J0S6. B'lrii at Salamanca, Spain, Oct. 31, 1748:
died Aug. 2(5, 1791. A Spanish jioet. His col-
lected poems were i)iiblishcd in 17!>s. "Olfendcd at the
low state of morals in his native city, he indulu'ed himself
at first in the free forms of Castilian satire : ballads, ap<
logues. epigrams, and especially the half-simple. haif-m:i
iicious letrUltu, in which he was eminently successful. '
ricA-nor.
Igl6 (ig'ld). or Neudorf (noi'dorf). A mining , , .- t. j-i. i •
town in the county of Zips, Uungarv. situated Ilheos(el-ya'os). A former hereditary captaincy
on the HernM in lat. 48° SG' N., long. 20° 33' E. ?t Brazil, coiTesponding to the coast from Ba
lUyria
Iller (il'ler). A tributary of the Danube, which
it joins near Ulm. It forms part of the boundary be-
tween Wurtembcrg and liavaiix Length, about 100 miles.
Illiberis (i-lib'e-ris). All important Koinan city
in Spain, noar the modern AtarlY> and Granada.
lUieZ, Val d". See Vald'Illh:.
Illiger u 1 ' 1 i-ge >■ ) . Johann Karl Wilhelm. Bom
at lirunswick, Germany, Nov. I'.t, 17('): died at
Berlin. Mtiy 9-10, 1813. A German naturalist.
He edited si " Magazin fUr Insektenkunde," and
published ' ' Prodromus systematis mammalium
Tetzk (e-letsk'). A town m the government of lUimani (el-ve-mil'ne). A mountain in the Bo-
Orenburg, Knssia, near the junction of the Tick 1;^.;.^^^ Andes,'iminediately east-southeast of La
'""■■' ' *■"" ' " Paz. Height, 21.030 feet.
Illiniza (el-ye-ne'tli!i),orIliniza (e-le-Tie'thii).
.. A mountain in Ecuador, about 17,400 feet high.
ing-place in Devonshire, Pingland, situated on ^^^ ^j^g extract
the British Chiinuel 43 miles northwest of Exe-
ter: formerly an important port. Population
(1S91), 7.692.
Ilhavo (el-yii-'vij). A town in the district of
Aveiro, province of Beira, Portugal, 27 miles
north-northwest of Coimbra. Population, about
8,ono.
Population (l.'i90). 7.34.5
Ignacio (eg-nii'so-ii), Joaquim Jose, Marquis
of Inhauma from Sept. 17. lS(i7, and Viscount
I8()H. Born at Lisbon, Portugal, .1 uly 30, 1808 :
died at Kio de Janeiro, March 8, 1809. A Bra-
zili.tn naval oflicer. He distinguishecl himself in many
actions from lv22 ; was minister of marine IStil ; and com-
manded the Hrazilian llotilla in the I'araguayan war ls(i7
and ISOSi. His brilliant passage of Humait,i(Fel). 1», 1SG8)
Wiis his greatest exploit. He liecainc! full admiral sliortly
before his death.
Ignatieff (ig-nii'tyef), Nikolai Pavlovitch.
Born at St. Petcrsl>urg, Jan. 29, 1832. A Rus-
sian tliplomatist. He was anibassad*»r at Peking is-^ip-
18fti. and at Constantinople 1801-77 ; was inlluential in
negotiating the treaty of San Stefano in 1878; and was
minister of the interior 1881-82.
Ignatius (ig-na'shi-us), Sttint, surnamcd The-
ophorus (L. Deifer, lit. 'God-bearer'). [L.,
from Gr. 'I}i'ii7/of, ardent, liery ; F. Iijiiiire, It.
Igna:io. Sp. Iijndcio, Iiiiijii, Pg. Ipndcio, G. l;/-
««:•.] Died between 104-117 A. u. A bishop of
Antioch who, according to the tradition, sufferetl
martjTdom under Trajan. He was therepntcd author
of epistles to the Ejihesians, Romans, Polycarp, etc. (ed-
ited in " Ciupus Ignatiaimm," 184!)).
Ignatius de Loyola. See Loi/ohi.
Ignoramus (ig-no-ra'mus). A famous academi-
cal comedy written by George Kuggle, 1015, as
a personal satire. It is a mixture of the iambics of
PlautUB (from whom it was taken through the Italian) and
I.atin aiul Knglish prose.
Igor (e'gor). Song of the Band of. A Russian
hia 50 leagues southward. It was settled in 1.535,
prospered for a time, but fell into decay, and in the 18th
century was incorporated with Bahla.
Hi (e'le). 1. A river in central Asia, flowing
into Lake Balkash about lat. 45° 40' N., long.
74° 20' E. Length, from 800 to 900 miles ; nav-
igable in its lower course. — 2. A colonial de-
pendency of China, situated about lat. 36°-49°
N., long. 71°-96° E. The sin-face is elevated. It is
divided into the North Circuit (Sungaria) and the South
Circuit (East Turkestan).
3. See Kulilja.
Iliad (il'i-ail), The. [Gr. 'lAiac, from "iXiov, Hi-
um, Troy!] A famous Greek ejiic poem, com-
posed, according to tradition, by the poet Homer
(see Homer) : with its companion poem, the
Odyssey, the greatest of epics and "among the
most ancient, if not the most ancient, works
of the human spirit in a Eiu'opoan tongue"
( (laldcn). The subject of the Iliad is the ten years' siege
of Ilium or Troy by the confederated states of Greece
under Agamemnon, king of Mycentc, to redress the injury
done to Menelaus, kitig of Sparta, in the carr>'ing otf of his
wife, Helen, by the Trojan Paris, to whom Helen was given
by Aphroilite as a reward for his decision in favor of Aphro-
dite in the contest of beauty between her, Athene, and
Hera. The direct narrative relates only to a part of the
last year, leaving the fall of the city untold. The mighty
deeds of the Creek Achilles and of the Trojan Hector, son
of King Priam, supply some of the chief episodes of the
poi-ni.
Iliniza. See Illiniza.
IlisSUS (i-Us'us). [Gr. 'I?i(aoof.] A small river
in Attica, Greece, flowing through Athens.
epic poem, <U-scril)ing the struggle of Igor, Ilithvia (il-i-tlii'yii). [Gr. Ei;ici0c(«.] In Greek
prince of Novgorod-Severski, with the pagan
hordes from the southwest. It is supposed by some
authors to have been inspired by Homer. It is the most
ancient of the Kussian epics of the middle ages, and the
prototype of all. The MS. was burned in the great Are at
.Moscow (1812). The story had, liowever, been edited by
Pushkin.
IgU (e'go). See Ii/hira.
Iguala, Plan of. See IlnrUdr, Af/iixtiii de.
Igualada (e-gwii-lil'Tllii). A town in the prov-
ince of liarcclona, Sjiain. situated oil the Noya
35 miles northwest of Barcelona.
(1887). 10,201.
Iguvium (i-gi"i'vi-um). An ancient name of
tinblnii.
Ijashne (i-jash'ne). [Gujrati for the Pahlavi
ijiijialin, fi-om yn:. yim, to worship by sacrifices
aiid prayers, kindi"ed with Avestan i/axiiii, Skt.
i/ajiia, siK'i-itice.j The nann- of the ceremony
attending, iiniong the I'arsees, the solemn recital
of the '^'asna. See .4vestft. In it are used conse-
crated water, a kinil of bread, butter, fresh milk, meat,
the bnimdies of the Homa plant with one of the pome-
granate, the juice of the Homa plant, the hair of an ox,
and a bundle of twigs tied together by means of a reeil,
evidently relics of ancient sacrihcial usages agreeing in
part witli the Brahniaide.
Ikelemba (e-ka-lem'bii), or Ikelembe (-be). A
southern tributary of the Kongo, which it joins
near the equator.
Ikenild Street. See Ii-hnieM.
Ilanz (e'liinls). Romansh Glion (lye-6n'). A
town in llie canton of Grisons, Switzerland, on Hie (el)
the Vorder Uliein at the junction of Die Lngnotz
valley. 17 miles west of Coire. It was the old
cajiilal of the Gray League.
Ilchester (il'ches-ter), formerly Ivelchester
(iv'el-clies-tVM'). A small decayecl town in Som-
erset, England, situated on the Yeo 31 miles
southwest of Bath. It was the birthplace of
Roger Bacon.
This nKundain is probably seventh in rank of the Great
Andes of the Equator. It is slightly inferior in elevation
to Sangai, and is loftier than Carihuairazo. It has two
peak.s, or rather it is composed of two mountains that are
grouped together, the mor'- northern of which is the
lower, and is called Little Illiniza. The summits of both
are sharp, and during the time of our stay in Ecuador they
were completely covered by snow.
Whymppr, Travels amongst the Creat Andes of the
[Equator, p. 130.
Illinois (il-i-noi' or -noiz'). A confederacy of
North American Indians, formerly occupj-ing
Illinois and adjacent parts of Wisconsin, Iowa,
and Missouri. They were allies of the French, and
therefore the Iroquois in 1678 began a long and destruc-
tive war against them. The name is from Ulini, 'man' :
their own plural nk was changed by the French to their
plural ending <m. Their five principal compcinent tribes
were Peoria, Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Tamaroa, and Michega-
mea. The assassination of Pontiac by a Ka.skaskia in 1765
was avenged by the Lake tribes in a war of destruction.
The present number at the Quapaw agency, Indian Terri-
tory, is only 1G5. See At[fonquian.
Illinois (il-i-noi' or -noiz'). One of the Central
States of the United Statesof America. Capital,
Springfield; chief city, Chicago. It is bounded by
Wisconsin on the north and Lake Jliiliigan and Indiana
on the east, and is separated by the Ohio from Kentucky
on the south, and by the Mississippi from Iowa and Mis-
souri on the west. The surface is generally leveL The
chief mineral products are coal and lead. It is one of the
chief States in the production of corn, wheat, and oats,
and has flourishing manufactures. It is the first State in
mileage of railways, and the third in population ; has 102
counties : sends 2 senators and -22 representatives to Con-
gress; and has 24 electoral votes. It wa.s settled by the
French at Kaskaskia and elsewhere in 1682 ; was ceded to
Great Britain in 1763, and to the United States in 1783;
became part of the Northwest Territory in 1787, and part
of Indiana TeiTitory in ISOO; was made a separate Terri-
toi7 in 1809 ; and was admitted to the tTuion in 1818. Among
later events were Black Hawk's war in 1832, and the Mor-
mon troubles, culminating in 1844. Area, 66,860 square
miles. Population (1800), 3,826,351.
Illinois. A river in the State of Illinois, formed
by the junction of the Des Plaines and Kanka-
kee in Grundy County, 40 miles southwest of
(_'hica^o. It joins the Mississippi It; loiks above .\lton,
anil is connected liy the Illinois and Jlirliigan Canal with
Lake Miibigan. Total length, about ."^lOo miles; navigable
245 miU'.s.
Illuminated Doctor, The, L. Doctor Illumi-
natUS (dok'tor i-lu-iui-iia'tus). A surname
given to the scholastic ])hil(isoj)her Raymond
Lullv (1235-1315), and also to the (ierman mvs-
tic .I'ohaiin Tanler (1300-1.3(51).
mythology, the goddess whopresidesover child'
birth: corresponding to the Roman Lucina.
Ilium (il'i-nm). [Gr. "l/.ior, ;} "l/voi;.] In ancient
geography, a place in Mysia, Asia Minor, iden-
tilicd by the Greeks with the legendary Troy.
It was frequently destroyed in prehistoric times ; was re-
built by Greek colonists in the 6th century B. c. ; was en-
larged by Lysimachus at the end of the 4th centuiy n. c. ;
and continued (as New Ilium) to late lloman times. Its , ,
site has been iilentilled by Schliemanii at Hissarlik, about Hluminati (i-lii-ini-nii'tl). [L., 'the enlight-
100 miles north by west of Smyrna. Compare J'rii.v.
Population Hkeston (il'kes-ton). A town in Derliyshire,
Knglaiid, 8 miles iiorlheast of Derby. Popula-
tion (1.S91). 19,744.
Ilkley (ilk'li). A watering-place in Yorkshire,
England, on the Wharfe nortnwest of Bradford.
Population (1891), 5,767.
Ilkshidites. See the extract.
Egypt, dining the ninth and tenth centuries, was the
theatre of several revolutions. Two dynasties of Turkish
slaves, the Tolunides and the Ilkshidites. established them-
selves in that cnuntix which was only reunited to the
Caliphate of liagdad for a brief period between their usur-
pjitinns. Freeman, Hist. Saracens, p. 111.
Ill (el). -^ river in Alsace which joins the Rhine
7 miles below Strasbnrg. Length, about 125
miles; iiiivigable from near Colmiir.
Illa-ticsi (el'yii-tek'so). One of the names or
titles given by the ancient Peruvians to their
supreme deity, Uiracocha (which see). Also
written IlUi-tii-i or llld-tici-i.
A town in tin' (lepartment of Pyrl*"-
nees-Orientales, France, on the Tel west of
Per))i^'nan. Popuhition (1891), commune, 3,341.
Ille-et-Vilaine (Cd-a-ve-lan'). A department in
ened.'] A name given to (lilT<'rent religious so-
cieties or sects because of their claim to perfec-
tion or enlightenment in religious matters. The
most noted among tliem were the Alnmbradoa (' the En-
liKhteiied) of Spain in the 16th century; an ephemeral
society of lielgium and northern France (also called Gui-
rill' Is) in the 17th century ; and an association of mystics
in southern France in the 18th century, combining the
doctrines of Swedenborg with the methods of the Yret-
masons.
Illuminator (i-Ui'mi-na-tor). A surname given
to (iregory of Armenia.
Illusion Comique (e-lU-zyon' ko-mek'). L". A
triigieonieily by Corneille, issued in l(!3(i, "of
the e.xtremesi Siianish type, complicateil and
improbable to a degri'e in its action, which
turns on the motive of a play within a play,
and lu'oduces, as the author himself remarks, a
division into prologue (Act i.), an imperfect
comedy (.Acts ii.-iv.). and a tragedy (Act v.)"
{Siiiiitshiin/. French Lit., p. 2!)5).
Illusions terdues ( par-iHi' ). Les. [F., ' lost il-
lusions.'J .V W(U'k by Biilztic, in 3 p.arts, written
in 1837-39-43. He diew in it a picture of
the feuilletonists which exasperated the press
iigainst him.
nortliwcsleni France. Capital, Rennes. It is Hljrria (i lir'i-ii). F. lUyrie (e-le-re'), G. lUy-
bounilcdbv the English Channel and Manche on the north, fign ( il-le're-ell). [(ir. 'l?.?.v/ii<; or 'I/?.iy)/n.]
s:;!;;:Nor:^'ooi"l;,;biim;:;;[fti;;;'^r 'irfi^iCi;:'! a region o,, the ,v.^..rn coast of nu. Mkan
of the ancient Brittany. Area, 2,600 square miles. Pop- peninsula, north of Greece Jiroper. Its hounda-
ulation (IbOI). 026,875. ries are vague. It Is included now In MoDtenegro and
Illyria
parts of the Austrian and Turkish empires. The soathem
part 1*1 it came early under Greek influence. The king-
dom of Illyria, with Scodra a.s its capital, waa important in
the 3d century B. c, and was i>verthrowu by Kome in 16S
B. c. For the ecclesiastical lUyricum and the modem Il-
lyria, see below.
The use of the name Illyria is at all times very vague ;
but it has a more definite meaning as the name of a king-
dom whose capital was Skodra, and which, in the second
half tif the third centurj', was a dangerous neighbour to
the Greek cities and islands on that coast.
Fti^eman, Hist. Oeog.,p. 62.
The same remarks apply to the second branch of peo-
ple occupying the nurth-we.st of the Balkan Peninsula, the
Illyrians; the last linguistic remains of this branch are pre-
served in modern Albanian. According to the probable
opinion expressed by H. Kiepert (Lehrb. d. alten Geogra-
phic, p. 240, f.), this tribe in pre-Hellenic times was widely
spread over Greece under the name of Leleges.
Schradcr, Arj'an Peoples (tr. by Jevons), p. 430.
Illyria. A titular kingdom belonging to the
Cisleithau division of the Austrian-Hiuigarian
monarehv, comprising the five crownlands Ca-
rinthia, Carniola, Istria, Triest, and Gorz and
Gradiska, formed from the niyrian Provinces
ceded to Austria 1.81").
niyrian (i-Ur'i-an) Provinces. A state under
French control, formed liy Napoleon in 1809
out of cessions by Austria, it comprised Carniola,
Dalmatia, Istria, Fiume, Trieste, Gorz and Gradisca, and
parts of Carinthia and Croatia. Restoreil 1815.
Ill3?Ticmn(i-lir'i-kimi). [Gr. 'l>./iy3(Mii-.] 1. One
of the four great prefectures into which the
later Roman Empire was divided. It comprised
the dioceses of Sfacedonia and Dacia, and corresponded
generally to Greece, Crete, Macedonia, Albania, and Servia.
2. A diocese of the later Roman prefeetiu'e of
Italy. It ?omprised Noricum, Dalmatia, and Pannonia
(that is, nearly all of Bosnia and that part of Austria be-
tween the Danube and the Adriatic).
Ilmen (il'men), Lake. A lake in the govern-
ment of Novgorod, Russia, about 100 miles
south-southeast of St.Petersbirrg. It discharges
by the river Volkhoff into Lake Ladoga.
Ilmenau (il'me-nou). A town in Saxe-Wei-
mar-Eiseuach, Germany, situated on the Dm
28 miles southwest of Weimar. It was fre-
quentlv the residence of Goethe. Population
(ISnO)," 0,4.5.3.
Ilminster (il'min-ster). A town in Somerset,
England, situated on the Isle 31 miles north-
east of Exeter. Population (1890). 6,764.
IlopangO (e-lo-pan'go). A lake near the city of
San Salvador, noted for a recent volcano which
has formed an island in it.
Uori (e-16're), or Ilorin (e-16'ren). A town in
the Yoruba country. West Africa, about lat. 8°
30' N., long. 4° 20'" E. Population, estimated,
70,000.
Use (il'ze). In German folk-lore, a princess who
was changed into a river.
Ilsenburg (il'zen-borG). A small town in the
province of Saxony, Prussia, in the Harz 18
mUes west of Halberstadt.
Hus (i'lus). [Gr. "I/of.] In Greek legend, the
sou of Tros: the mythical founder of Ilium.
Ilva (il'va). The Latin name of Elba.
ImaUS (im'a-us). [Gr. "I,uao(-, to "Ifiaov bpoQ,']
In ancient geography, the name given to the
mountain system of central Asia, extending
east and west : later the so-called Bolor range.
Imbert (an-bar'), Barthelemi. BornatNimes,
France, 1747: died at Paris, Aug. 23, 1790. A
French poet, noted especially for his fables.
Imbros(im'bros). [Gr. "I//,3pof.] An island in
the .Egean Sea, belonging to Turkev, situated
in lat. 40° 10' N., long. 25° 45' E. it was an an-
cient .Athenian possession. Area, 98 sqtiare miles. Pop-
ulation, abi>ut 6,000 (mainly Greeks).
Iineritia(e-me-rish'i-ii),orImeretia(e-me-ret'-
syii). A region in the goveruinent of Kutais,
Transcaucasia. Russia, between Georgia on the
east and Mingrelia on the northwest.
Imgur-bel (im'gor-bel). [• Bel is favorable.']
One of the walls of ancient Babylon. See Babel.
Imbotep (em-ho'tep). In Egyptian mythology,
the first-born son of Ptah and Sekhmet. with
whom lie formed the Memphic triad. He was the
Ko4 of know-ledge, akin to Thoth, and was identitled by
the (irceks with -Ksculapius.
Imitation of Christ. See i)e imitatUme Christi.
Imlac (ini'lak). h\ .Johnson's "Ra8selas,"a man
of learning who accompanies Rasselas from the
monotonous " hapjiy valley."
Immanuel, Emmanuel (i-, e-man'u-el). [Heb.,
lit.' (iud with us.'] A name that was to be given
to Jesus Christ (Mat. i. li:!) as the son born of a
virgin predicted in Isa. vii. 14. As a personal
name also ^^Titten Kmntniil.
Immenstadt (ini'men-stUt). A small town in
Swabia and Neuburg, Bavaria, near the Iller 23
miles east of Lake Constance.
526
Immermann (im'mer-man), Karl Lebrecht.
Born at Magdeburg, Prussia, April 24,1796 : died
at Diisseldorf , Prussia, Aug. 25, 1840. A German
dramatist, poet, and romance-writer. His chief
romances are "Die Epigonen " (1836), "Miinchhausen "
(lS3S-.il)).
Imogen (im'o-jen). In Shakspere's play '' Cjtu-
beline," the daughter of CymbeUne and wife of
Posthumus. Her characteristics are fidelity and
truth.
Imogene (im'o-jen). See Alonzo the Brave.
Imola (e'mo-la). A town in the province of Bo-
logna, Italy, 22 miles southeast of Bologna, on
the river Santemo: the ancient Forum Comelii.
It is the center of a wine-producing region. It was founded
by Sulla. Population, about 11,000.
Imola, Innocenzo da (originally Innocenzo
Francucci). Bom at Imola, Italy, about 14&4 :
died about 1550. A Bolognese painter.
Imperial (em-pii-re-al' ). A former city of south-
em Chile(inthepresentprovince of Cautin), near
the Rio de las Damas, about 15 mUes from the
Pacific. It was founded by Valdivia in March. 15.11, and
for half a century was an important place, becoming the
seat of a bishop in 1582. After withstanding many assaults
from the Araucanians, it was destroyed by them in 160O.
Nueva Imperial, a small modem town, is near the same site.
Imperial City, The, A common epithet of
Rome.
Imperial Delegates Enactment. [G. Beichsde-
putatioiif-liauptichliis.?.^ A convention drawn up
Feb. 25, 1803, by delegates of the German Em-
pire under French and Russian influence, and
ratified by the Reichstag and emperor. The prin-
cipal provisions were : cession of the left bank of the Rhine
to France ; indemnification of the secular powers who lost
possessions thereby, partly by the secularising of the eccle-
siastical powers (except the electorateof Mainz and the Teu-
tonic Order and the Order of St. John), partly by mediatiz-
ing all the free cities except Hamburg, Bremen, Lubeck,
Frankfort, Nuremberg, and Augsburg ; certain territorial
changes in Prussia, Hannover, Bavaria, Baden, Wiirtem-
berg, etc. ; the abolition of tlie electorates of Cologne and
Treves ; and the creation of tlie electorates of Wiirtemberg,
Baden, Hesse-Cassel, and Salzburg.
Impertinents, The. See .simdiceU.
Impey (im'pi i. Sir Elijah. Born June 13, 1732 :
ilied Oct. 1, 1809. A noted English jurist, the
first chief justice of Bengal. He assumed this oflice
in 1774, and act«d from the first in harmony with Warren
Hastings. In 1775 he presided at the trial of Nana Ku-
mar for forgery, and sentenced him to death. In 1783 he
was recalled and impeached for his conduct in this case,
but was honorably acquitted.
Importants (im-p6r'tants; F. pron. an-por-
ton' I, The. lu French history, a political clique
formed after the death of Louis XIII., 1643. It
intrigued against the government unsuccess-
fully.
Inachus (in'a-kus). [Gr."Iva;i;of.] 1. In ancient
geography, a river of ArgoUs, flowing into the
Argolic (Julf near Argos. — 2. In Greek my-
thology, the god of the river Inachus, son of
Oceanus.
Inagua (e-nii'gwa). Great, and Inagua, Little.
Two of the Bahama Islands, situated at the
southern end of the group.
Inactuito. Same as Anaquito.
Inawashiro (e-na"wii-she'r6). One of the two
largest lakes of Japan, in the main island, about
long. 140° E. Length, about 10 miles.
Inca (ing'ka) Empire. The region ruled by the
Incas. At first it was confined to the immediate vicin-
ity of Cuzco. To this were successively added the neigh-
boring valleys, the Titicaca basin, parts of the eastern
slope of the Andes, the Peruvian coast, Quito with the
neighboring coast-regions, and northern Chile. In its
greatest extent, under Huaina Capac, it included nearly
all the highlands of Ecuador, Peru, BoliWa, and northern
Chile. Its length, from the river Ancasmayu, north of
Quito, to the river Maule in Chile, was about 2,200 miles.
The breadth varied from 400 or more to 100 miles. See
Incttif.
Inca Manco. See Manco.
Inca Bocca (en'ka rok'ka), called Sinchi Roca
(sen'ke ro'kii) by Montesiuos. The sixth Inca
sovereign of Peru. He reigned about the middle of
the 14th century, and his conquests were not extensive.
He is l)est known as the founder of public works, remains
of which may still be traced at Cuzco. Bias Valera says that
he held the crown more than 50 years, but this is very
doubtful.
Incas (ing'kiiz). [Quichua, 'chiefs' or ' lords.']
The reigning and aristocratic order in ancient
Peru from the 13th to the 16th century. Mark-
ham and others believe that they were originally a tribe
or family of the Quichuas who inhabited certain val-
leys near Cuzco and first became dominant under Manco
Capac about 1240. Their own tl-aditions described Man-
co Capac as a child of the Sun. From him descended
the twelve other historical sovereigns of Peru, the last
reigning one being Hnascar, though the lineage was pre-
served long after. These sovereigns (the Incas in a re-
stricted sense) always married their own sisters, and the
throne was inherited, in general, by the oldest son pro-
ceeding from this marriage. Children by their other wives
could not, by custom or law, receive the crown, though
this rule was broken when .\tahualpa inherited a part of
India
the empire in 1523. The rule of the Incas was absolute,
but verj* mild, and may be descrii)ed as an extreme form
of state socialism with a desjiotic head : lands and a large
proportion of goods were held in common. The Incas, as
an order, retained all the important civil and military
offices, and the sacerdotal offices were confined to tlu-m :
thus the sovereign was the head not only of the state and
the army, but of the priesthood. It has been stated that
the Incas used a language distinct from the Quichua, but
this is improbable. The word Incas is often used for the
whole Quitbua race. See Quielium and Peru.
Ince-in-Makerfield (ins'in-ma'ker-feld). A
town in Lancashire, England, near Wigan, 17
miles northeast of Liverpool. Population (1891),
19,2.55.
Inchbald (inch'bald), Mrs. (Elizabeth Simp-
son). Born at Stanningfield, near Bury St.
Edmunds, England, Oct. 15, 1753 : died at Lon-
don, Aug. 1, 1821. An English novelist, di-am-
atist, and actress. Among her novels are " A Sim-
ple .Story " (1791), " Nature and Arf'(17n6). Shealsowrote
" Such Things Are " (178S), and other plays.
Inchcape (inch'kap) Rock. See Bell Bock.
Inchcolm (inch'kom). An islet in the Firth of
Forth, Scotland.
Incledon (ing'kl-don), Charles Benjamin.
Bom at .St. Keverne. Cornwall, England. 1763 :
died at Worcester, England, Feb. 11, 1826. An
English tenor singer. He visited the United
States in 1S17. His forte was ballad-.singing.
Inconstant, The, or the Way to Win him.
A comedy by George Farquhar. produced in
1702. It is an adaptation of Fletcher's " Wild-
goose Chase."
Incredible Things in Thule. -Aji ancient ro-
mance by Antonius Diogenes (about the Ist
century), narrating the adventures and loves
of Dinias and Dercyllis. The lovers meet in Thule,
whither each has fled, Dinias from .-Vrcadia and Dercyllis
from Tyre.
Ind (ind). A poetical name of India or the In-
dies.
Independence (in-df-pen'dens). The capital of
Jackson Countv, western Missouri. 9 mUes east
of Kansas City". Population (1890). 6,380.
Independence Hall. A building in Chestnut
street. Philadeiijhia. where on July 4, 1776,
the Declaration of Independence was adopted
by Congress and read to the people assem-
bled on Independence Square. The Continental
Congress assembled here, and Washington was here chosen
commander-in-chief in 1775. The building is now used
as a museum of relics connected with the history of the
countr>".
Inderab. See Anderah.
Index Ezpurgatorius (iu'deks eks-per-ga-to'ri-
us). ['Expurgatory Index."] Catalogues of books
comprising respectively those which Roman
Catholics are absolutely forbidden to read, and
those which they must not read unless in edi-
tions exptu-gated of objectionable passages. They
are prepared by the Congregation of the Index, a body of
cardinals and their assistants. Pope Paul IV. published
a list of forbidden books in 1.^57 and 1559. The Council of
Trent in 15G2 attempted the regulation of the matter, but
finally referred it to the Pope. He (Pius IV.) published
the ''Index TYidentinus " in 15C>4, often reprinted, with ad-
ditions, under the title "Index Librorum Prohibitorum."
In 1539 Charles the Fifth obtained a Papal hull author-
izing him to procure from the University of Louvain, in
Flanders, where the Lutheran controversy would naturally
be better understood than in Spain, a list of books danger-
ous to be introduced into his doininious. It was printed
in 1546, and was the first "Index Expurgatorius" published
under Spanish authority, and the second in the world.
Subsequently it was submitted by the Emperor to theSu>
preme Council of the Inquisition, under whose authority
additions were made to it ; after which it was promulgated
anew in 1.550. Ticknor, Span. Lit., I. 422.
India (in'di-ii). [Fonuerly also Indie (still
used, in the plural, in Ea.tt Indies and West
Indies) and Inde ; F. Indie, Sp. Pg. It. India, G.
Indien, from L. India, Gr. 'lidia, from Indi, Gr.
'IvSoi, the inhabitants.] An extensive region
in southern Asia. The name India is and has been
used with very different meanings. With the ancients it
meant the country of the Indus; later it was extended
through the peninsula, and sometimes made to include
Further India and the northern islands of the Malay Ar-
chipelago. In modern times it may mean what is some-
times called Hither or Nearer India, the peninsula whose
natural bouTidaries are the Indian Ocean, the Sulinian
Mountains, the Himalayas, and the hill-ranges east of Ben-
gal : in this sense it isnot so inclusive as the political India
(1. p., British India), but includes on the other hand the
French and Portuguese possessions. (See I'ondicherrp,Gon,
Maht\ Karikal, Panjitih, Daman, Z)t«.) The name India
is also sometimes used fi>r the two peninsulas of Hither
and Further India, anil sometimes as nearly equivalent to
East Indies. The ordinary meaning, however, is British
In.lia, or the Indian Empire, officially c.illed In<lia This
includes Bengal. Madnis. llombay. sind. .^Jen, Assam. Be-
n»rs, .Ajmere, Central Provinces, Coorg, Northwest Prov-
inces, tlndh, Panjab, Lower Burma, t'pper Burma, Anda-
nians, and Quetta and the Bolan, having ar. .area of Qta.Wi
square miles, and a population (ISi)l) of ■221,172.!).'i3. In ad-
dititm there are theleudatoiy native states, inchnling Hy-
derabad, Mysore. Kashmir. Baroda, states in Rajpulana,and
states in connection with the Central Provinces, Central
A novel by George Sand, published
A character in Steele's "Conscious
Mrs. Gibber made a great hit in this
India 527
India, Panjab, Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Northwest Ptot. Indiana.
incus, etc. Their area is 69r),167 square miles, with a pop- ;,, ]^;-j]
ulation (1801) of 6«,06il,479. Total area of India, l,5«ii,15'.) »„ jj--.
8quare mUes. Population (1891), 2S7,223,431. The approx- inoiAua..^
imate population of other rtjjions under British supervi- LjOvers.
sion, including Sikkini, British Baluchistan, trilies on the part.
The capital
y, situated on
iu lat. 39° 48'
N., long. 86° 6' W., nearly at the geographical
center of the State. It is the chief city in the state,
and an important railway center, and has a large trade in
grain. Among its chief industries are pork-packing ami
niilliitg. It was laid out in 18'21, and was chju-tered as a
city iu 1S47. ropniation (1890), 106,4:i(i.
Indian ArcMpelagO. See 2I(il(ii/ ArchipcUigo.
See i'otinfit itfthc Iiidics.
Indian Emperor,The, or the Conquest of Mex-
ico by the Spaniards. A play by Dryden, a se-
quel to " The Indian Queen," produced in 16G5.
Indian Empire. Same as British India. See
„__, _ . India.
name Hindostan properly belongs to this northern region. Indian MutinV. or SoDOV MutinV. The revolt
... It appears then that Iiulia is not a political name, but „",■„, «,.:,;„!; ',,,),,,t.|tv i,, T.i.Hu lR'i7-.'S8 lt=
onlyageTgraphicalexpressionlikeEumpeor Africa/; (J >^^}^l^}}!^..^il}^'^^}y,^\^!^^t ^^'" ^'^ "'
R. Seeley, Expansion of England, p. SS'i) India, mentioned
Indo-Europeans
_ India On
London), with a council of about 10 (also in London). In
India the government is administered by a governor-gen-
eral appointed by the crown, a council with a centnilized
system of governors, etc., for provinces, and conimissionei-s
and deputycommissionersfordivisionsand districts. About
three fourths of the inhabitants are Uindus in religion ;
Mohammedans come next (over 60,000,(X)0). "To them
(the Greeks] for a long time the word India was for prac-
tical purposes what it was etymologically, the valley of the T„^ia ^i f!niiTiril
Indus. Meanwhile in India itself it did not seem so nat- J-"iii'i" v/uuui,ii,
ural as it seems to UB to give one name to the whole region.
For there is a very malked dirt erence between the northern
and southern parts of it. The great Aryan community
which spoke .Sanscrit and invented Brahroinism spread it-
self chietly from the Punjab along the great valley of the
Ganges, but not at first far southward. Accordingly the
in Esther i. 1^ viii. 9, as the limit of the territories of .\ha8-
uerus on the east, denotes probably the country surround-
ing the Indus, the Paiijab. The name Indu (Hindu) also
occurs in the cuneiform inscription of Nakhsh-i-Kustem.
Whether and how India was known to the Pheuicians, He-
brews, and Assyro-Babylouians before the Persian kings
is uncertain. The view that Ophir, whither the mercantile
fleet of Solomon and Hiram went, was in India, has been
generally given up. The knowledge of the ancients con-
cerning India, before the expeditions of Alexander the Great
and Selencus I., was in general very limited. West India
(India intra Qangem) was to the Greeks and Romans the Indian OcCan,
immediate cause was the introduction into the Sepoy army
of a new rifle whose use required the touching of grease
(on the cartridge) : this olfended the religious prejudices
of the soldiers. The mutiny began at Sleerut Hay 10. The
centers of activity were Delhi, L'awnpore (where in July
a massacre of the Europeans was ordered by Nana .Sahib),
and Lueknow. Lucknow's garrison was relieved by Have-
lock in September, and again by Campbell in November ;
Delhi was besieged and taken in 1867 ; Lueknow wastinally
conquered iu JIarch, 18.i8; and the last resistance w.as
suppressed in 1858. The last Mogul (titular emperor) was
banished.
land east of the Iranian highland and south of the Ima-
U8. Alexander the Great penetrated India as far as the
Hypliasis in the east and the mouth of the Indus in the
south. The island of Ceylon was known by the name of
Taprobane, or Salike, the inhabitants being called Salae.
Still less comprehensive and accurate was their knowledge
of East India i^lndia extra Oati(/em). Alongside of a land
of gold, silver, and copper is mentioned a golden penin-
sula, by whicli probably Malacca was meant. As names of
the islands of the Indian Archipelago occur "the island of
the Gmjd God " (a-y<if*oO 6(nt±ovoi\ perhaps meaning Suma-
tra, and Jabadin, doubtless Java. The chief authenticated
facts of Indian history are the following : the passage i)y
Aryan tribes of the northern and northwestern mountain
The part of the ocean lying
between Asia on the uortli, Africa on the west,
the Malay Archipelago and Australia on the
east, and an arbitrary line (about lat. 38° S.)
connecting the southern e.xtremities of Austra-
lia and Africa on tlie soutli. Its chief arms are the
Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea (with the Persian Gulf
and Red Sea). It contains .Madagascar, Mascarene Islands,
.Socotra, Ceylon, Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, Lakka-
dive Islands, and Maldive Islands. It receives the drain-
age of the Zambesi, Euphrates and Tigris, Indus, Ganges,
Brahmaputra, Irawadi, and the rivers of the Deccan.
Length from the Cape of Good Hope to Tasmania, about
0,000 miles. Average depth, about 14,000 feet.
passes, and their settlement in the plains, at an unknown _ ' . _' ^, . , a • ,
period : founding of Buddhism, lith century B. c. ; comiuest Indian Queen, The. A tragedy m heroic verse
of the Panjabby AlcxandertheGreat, 327-326 B.C.; aGreco- by Sir Robert Howard and John Dryden, pro
; Panjab by
Bactrian kingdom in
B. c, the s,,-called .Seythia,, invasions fjjilowing or accom- jjj^g^^ Territory. A territory of the United
India down to about the '2d century dnced in 1664.
panying this ; Buddhism displaced byBrahmanism,
the 6th century of our era ; invasion of Mahmud of Ghaznl
(thellrst .MDhammedan invasion), 1001; invasion of Timur,
1398 ; expedition of Vascoda Gama, 1498 ; permanent set-
tlement of the Portuguese at Goa, l-'jlO ; foundation of the
Mogul empire by Baber. i;i28i reign of Akbar, ir>6ft-1605;
formation of the English East India Company, 1600, and
of the Dutch East India Company, 160*2 ; rise of the Mah-
ratta power under Sivaji, 1(557; death of .Auruug-Zeb and
beginning of the Mogul decay. 1707; rivalry of French and
English in India at its height in the time of Dupleix. about
1748 ; Cllve's victory at Plaasey, 17.i7, followeil by the ac-
quisition of Bengal and Behar ; acquisitions made under
the administrations of Warren Hastings (1772-85). Welles-
ley, Cornwallis, Minto. Marquis of Hastings, Amherst, Dal-
housie;Carnaticannexed, 1801; British (Lower) Burma ail- InrlianS (in'di-auz) (of North America).
nexed, 182(1 and 1862; first Afghan war, 1838-42; annexation _i,__:„:,,.,i ;,il,.;bitflnts of North America
of .Sind, 1843 ; annexation .,1 the Panjab, 1849 ; .Sepoy Mu- aljongm.ll "'"^'/J'tants ol iWtll .tim^^^
Panjab, 1849 ; .sepoy
tiny. 1»57 (suppressed, 1858) ; transference of the adminis-
tration fn)rn the East India (Company to the crown, 1.S58 ;
Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India, 1877 ; second
Afghan war, 1878-80 ; annexation of Upper Burma, 1886.
Recent events have been the biiilrling of the Sind-l-iuetta
Railway toward the Afghan frontier, the acciuisition of cer-
tain territories in Baluchistan, the suppression of the
Hunza-Nagiu' insurrection in 1891, the Maiiipur revolt in
1891, etc.
India, British. Same as India, in the present
official sense; or, more strictly, tliat part whicli
is under direct British administration, exclud-
ing the native states. See Iiidiii.
India, Further, or Indo-China (in'do-ehi'nii),
or India beyond the Ganges. The south-
eastern peninsula of Asia, including Burma,
Siam, Oambiidia, (locliin-Cliina, Annam, Tong-
king, Straits Settlements, etc.
India, Hither or Nearer. The great central
peninsula in southern Asia, with the natural
boundaries as described under India.
Indiana (in-di-au'a). [NL., 'land of Indians.']
One of the t'entral States of the United States.
Caiiital, Indianapolis. It is bounded by Lake Michi-
gan and Michigan on the north. Ohio on the east, Illinois on
theweHt,and Kentucky(separatedbythe (»hio)onthcsouth.
The surface is generally level and undulating. The lead-
ing occupation is agriculture. Imliana is one of the chief
States in the production of wheat, and the sixth State in
population. It has 92 counties ; sends 2 senators and 13
representatives to Congress; and has 15 electoral votes.
It was settled by tile Krench at \'incennes and elsewhere
early in the 18th century ; was ceded to Great Britain in
17l'.3. and to the United States In 1783 ; became part of the
.Northwest Territory in 17h7 ; and win* made a separate
Territory In IHOO. Th<! battle of Tippecanoe occurred
within its limits in 1811. It was admitted to the Union
In 1816. Area, 36,350 suuaie miles. Population (1890),
2,192,404,
States. It is bounded by Kansas on the north, Missouri
and Arkansas on the east, Texas on the south, and Cikla-
homa on the west. Its surface is generally level and roll-
ing. Herding is the chief industry. It is unorganized.
The Indian tribes CherokeeB,Choctaw8,Chickasaws,Creeks,
and Seminoles conduct their own attairs. Tahlequah in
the Cherokee land is the chief town. The region was ac-
quii-ed in 1803 and 1845. In 1834 it was set apart for the
Indians who were removed during this period from their
original homes. The portion north of lat. 37° was ceded
afterward liy the Indians to tlie United States. In the
Civil War the Indians sided with the Confederates. (For
the setting' apart .if Oklahoma, see Oldalimiui). Area (1890),
31,4011 squiue miles. Population (1S90), 186,490.
The
They
were so named on the supposition that the lands discovered
by the early navigators were parts of India : the errone-
ous name has continued in use, notwithstaniiing attempts
at its correction. Schoolcraft invented for the North
Americans the names Atgic. to denote the people of the
eastern coast ; Abanic, for those west of the Mississippi ;
and 0»(i'c. for those who live between these limits : but no
other writer has used them. The latest attempt, equally
unsuccessful, calls the North American tribes Aonea-Ma-
ratlnniam ~ Maranon beinga name for the river Amazon,
and Aomo a word connected with a Northern myth. Seri-
ous mistakes in governmental practice as well as in the-
ories came from errors in the names of the ethnic divi-
sions of North America. Each tribe called itself by a
name in its own language which often was metaphorical
and varying ; and lis several neiglit)ors called it in their
languages by other mimes, wliicli, iiccoriliiig lo their exist-
ing relations, nii;;lit be ti rnis of uldoc|Uy, of friendship, i>r
of simple t«pi>grapliic desciii.tion. The methods adopted
by the French, I'.nglish, Spanish, and Dutch to exjiress the
native pronunciation added to the confusion, and a liu-ge
firoportlon of the.se various forms afterwiu-d appeared in
iterntnre and in st:itistirs, the population (which was it-
self iniilti|ilicd llir.ingh fear or through interest) being
sometimes ilnplii^iitid over and over again, and thus vastly
exaggerated in the best olflcial estimates. Subsciiuently
many of the erroneous names disappeareil, and then it
was inferred that the tribes so named hail become ex-
tinct. From these eiTors arose, mainly, the opinion, still
generally entertained, that the rapid extinction of the
North Americans is without a parallel in history, and
that it is line to an Inherent defect, styled /era natura,
through wliich civilization is fatal to the part of the
human race found in the western hemisphere. The pres-
ent iilliiibcr of Indians in the United States is about
;iiKi,oon. 'Hie number In Hritisli America is not so accu-
rately known, and that in Mexico, being more affected by
mixtuie of blood, is still less ileteriMinilble. liesldcs the
actually a.Hcei'taineil errors in noiin'ii'latnie. other eon
sideral'ions alfect the questions concerning population,
liabitat, and migrations, upon which, together with lan-
guage, a proper classitlcation depends. Before the Euro-
pean Invasion the North American tribes had reached a
state of quasl-equUlbrluiu, and were sedentary to the ex-
tent that their territories were recognized, and. though
many of them held districts too large for actual occu-
pancy, the limits were substantially dellned. While ag-
riculture had commenced in some parts oi the present
area of the United States, and was spreading, it nowhere
Butllced to replace hunting, which demands enormous
ai-eas per capita for support; and the population liad not
increased, except perhaps in a small part of California, bo
as to press upon the food-supply. Contrai-y to the cur-
rent opinion, the Indians were not nomadic until alter
the an-ival of Europeans, who drove many tribes from
their established seats to those occupied by other tribes ;
and from the same Europeans they procured the horse
and flrearms, both of which were necessary to a nomadic
life under the existing conditions. The wars with the
invaders and those occasioned by their pressure, in which
flrearms were used, were far more destructive than the
former quarrels between tribes. The losses and gains of
most of the tribes during recent decades are now known
with sntficient precision to allow an estimate of the effect
of civilization upon them. In this connection it must be
noted as important that many individuals of aboriginal
blood have disappeared from the numerical strength of
tribes, not by extinction but by absorption. From all
these considerations it is concluded that the Indian pop-
ulation of North America at the time of the Columbian
discovery was not very greatly in excess of that now ex-
tant. The Bureau of Ethnology, established liy Congress
in 1879, has brought the classification and nomenclature
of the Indians of North America into system and approxi-
mate accuracy. The tribes in British America, Lower
California, and the United States, including those found
both north and south of the Mexican border and exclud-
ing the remainder of ilexico, are divided into 57 linguistic
families or stocks, fundamentally differing from each other,
and often apfiarently as distinct as the Aryan and Scythian
linguistic stocks. In all the stocks were languages, some-
times but one being now known, sometimes many, the dif-
ferences between which were such that the speakers failed
either entirely or in large part to understand each other.
The names assigned to these stocks in this work are those
given by the authority who first recognized each particular
stock in a publication ; and the termination an or ian is
now added to each to distinguish between the stock names
and tribal names, many of which without such distinction
would be identical anil confusing. The 57 linguistic fam-
ilies or stocks in the territory mentioned are as follows ;
Algonquian, Athapascan. Attacapan, Beothukan, Cad-
doan, Chimakuan, Chimarikan, Chimmesyan, Cliinookan,
Chitimachan, Chumashan, Coahniltecan, Copehan, Costa-
iioan, Eskimauan, Esselenian, Iroqiioian, Kalapooian, Ka-
rankawan, Keresan, Kiowan, Kitunahan, Koluschan, Ku-
lanapan, Kusan, Lutuamian. Mariposan, Moquelumnan,
Muskhogean, Natchesan, Palaihnihan, Piman. Pujunan,
Quoratean, Salinan, Salishan. Sastean, Sahaptian, Shosho-
nean, Siouan, Skittagetan, Takilman, Tanoan, Timuqua-
nan,Tonikan, Tonkawan, Uchean, Waiilatpuan, Wakashan,
\\'ashoan, Weitspekan, Wishoskan, Yakonan, Yanan, Yu-
kian. Yuman, and Zufiian. These stocks differ widely in
the amount of territory occupied, in the number of com-
ponent tribes, and in the number of individuals identified
as belonging to them. Some claimed the combined areas
of a number of the present States and Territories of the
United States, while the known habitat of others was not
more than a modern county or township. Some are dif-
ferentiated by the language of a single tribe now known ;
others comprise many tribes, those of the Algonquian
stock amounting to 600 separately named divisions, each
one of which has been regarded by some authority to
be a tribe. Some are extinct, or ai-e represented only
by a score of living persons, while others number tens
of thousands. The first subdivision of the linguistic
stocks, more permanent than temporary alliances or
leagues for special pui'poses, is the " confederacy " ; but it
is not a constant basis of classification. It is noticed in
certain stocks where several neighboring tribes have acted
together for a considerable period in an approach to the
nationality common in civilization. These confederacies
do not embrace all the tribes of any stock, and are not
confined to people speaking the same language; indeed,
interpreters have been required in the councils of a con-
federacy between the delegates of the component tribes.
In this connection it must be noted that tribes of the
same linguistic family are often bitter hereditary enemies,
so that language does not afford a political classification.
The unit of classification is the tribe, which often is in-
distinguishable from the village. The latter often ex-
tended over a considerable area, and was normally com-
posed of widely separated dwellings, eaeli of them the
home of a domestic family, though sometimes several
families occniiied the same dwelling. Another divisionis
the clan or gens ; but, as it is neither political nor ethnic,
and as it internermeales all other divisions, its titles are
not mentioned in this work. Those appearing here al-
phabetically as the names of confiileracics and tribes are
selected as having been the most used in literature, and
lU-o not e.vpreascd in the determined scientific translitera-
tion which is required for the above-mentioned 67 lin-
guistic stocks, but in the form most frequently found in
jiublications.
Indies (in'diz), also foi-nierly Indias (in'di-az).
The name given by t'oliimbus and early geogra-
phers to the American islands and mainland,
tlieii supposed to be a part of Asia : later, when
their true nature was known, they were dis-
linguishcil ns tlie West Indies, niid the latter
term waseventinilly retained fortlic islands now
bearing that name. Many writers of the 10th century
use the word Iwlieii in a restricted sense for the country
now Included in Mexico.
Indies,Council of the. ^Qe('owic.ih>f the Indies.
Indigirka (in-dc-^'ir'kii). A river in eastern
Siliiria, Mowing into the Arctic Ocean about lat.
71°tl)'N..long. bWOK. Lengtli. about OOOmilos.
Indo-China. See India. Further.
Indo-Europeans ( in 'do-ii-ro-pe'aiiz). The races
speaking tlie Indo-European languages; Ar-
yans (which see).
Indo-Europeans
I am compelled to opine that the absence of the ass and
the camel, together with the presence of the horse, in the
pastoral lifeof the Indo-Europeans, is in favour of our look-
ing for the original abode of the Indo-Europeans rather in
the European than the Asiatic portion of the steppe district.
Further, the locality [banks of the Volga] proposed by us
for the original home of the Indo-Europeans affords the
simplest explanation of the manifold points of contact be-
528
Inness
twin-screw double-turretea battle-ship. She was latitrom 1867 he was lord justice general and president of
launched in April, 1S76. Her dimensions are : length, 320 tne^ourt of Session.
feet; breadth, T.i feet; draught, 25 feet; displacement, IngllS.bir JonnEardley Wllmot. BominiNova
11,400 tons. The armored region consists of a submerged '-'—-'--- xt„.. tr toi<. .1:^.4 „*. xj 1 c; — 4.
hull with an armored deck 5 or 6 feet below water-line,
and a central rectangular redoubt or bulwark carrj-ing two
tween the Finns and the Indo-Europeans, in language and t__„ = -_ Sp„ ^rnnn„^
in habits, to which we have referred in various passages ol Augduosi. oce ji./i un^.
turrets placed diagonally at opposite comers. She car-
ries four 80-ton guns in the turrets.
Ingauni (m-ga'ui). In ancient history, aLigu-
riaii tribe which dwelt in northwestern Italy, on
tlie (iulf of Genoa.
Ingelheim (ing'el-him), Nieder-, and Ingel-
heiin, Ober-. Two small towns in the prov-
ince of Khine-Hesse, Hesse, 8 miles west of
Mainz : formerly noted for a palace of Charles
_ _ _ . the Great.
uierinthemiddleufthelsthcentur). Ingelow (in'je-16), Jean. Born at Boston, Lin-
SLs!tp\da^ion(;8«\t^ -olnslure. in 1820 ; died at Lottdon, July 19, 1897.
- - - An English poet ana novelist. Her works mclude
poems (1863, 186.'i, 18(17, 1876, 1879, 1886, 1888), ".'studies
lor Stories" (1864), "Mopsa the Fairy" fl869), "OH the
Skelligs"(anovel, 1872), '■Fated to be Free "(1876), "fSarah
de Beren^-er" (1879), "Don John" (1881), "John Jerome,
etc." (1886), " A Motto Changed " (1893), and a number of
cliiidren's books.
Ingemann (ing'e-miln), Bemhard Severin.
Born at Torkildstrup, Falster, Denmark, May
this work. Schrader, Aryan Peoples (tr. by JevonsX p. 437
Indonesia (iu-do-ne'shia). [XL., 'Indian isl-
ands.'] A name for the Malay Archipelago.
Indore (in-dor'). 1. A native state in India,
under the control of the Central India Agency.
It consists of various detached tracts, p;lrtly in the valley
of theNerbudda. It is also called the Holkar's Dominions,
from its MiUnatta ruler of the Ilolkar family. It was
founded by an .odventui'
Tlie ruler became a pi
1S18. Area, 9,625 square . .
2. The capital of Indore state, situated in lat.
22° 42' N., long. 75° 50' B. Population (1891),
92,329.
Indra (in'dra). The god who, in Vedie theology,
stands at the head of the deities of the middle
realm — that of the air. The especial manifestation of
his power is the battle which he wages in the storm with
his thundertxilt (OTJrn) against the demons Vritra (' sur-
rounder'), Ahi ( ' couflner ' ), Shushna ('parcher'), and
others, who in the form of mighty serpents or dragons en-
compass the waters and shut off their path, as well as that
of the light, from heaven to earth. He is originally »"' the
supreme, but the national and favorite, god of the Iiido-
Aryan tribes, and a type of heroic might exerted for noble
ends. He becomes more prominent as Varuna is gradually
obscured. In later times he is subordinated to the triail
Brahma, Vishnu, and .Shiv:i, but still is the head of the
heaven of the gods. He is the subject of many stories in
the great epics and the Puraniis.
Indraprastha (in-dra-prast'ha). The capital
city of the Pandu princes. The name is still known
and used for a part of the city of Delhi.
A river in central France, join
Scotia, Nov. 15, 1814: died at Hamburg, Sept.
27, 1862. The defender of Lucknow. He was the
son of John Inglis, third bishop of S ova Scotia. He served
in Canada in 1H37, and in the Panjab war 1848-49. In the
Indian mutiny of 1857 he was second in command to Sir
Henry Lawrence at Chinhut June 30, and at Lucknow,
where the garrison was besieged in the residency, July 1.
When Lawrence was wounded, July 2. Inglis succeeded to
thecommand, and conducted the defense until the arrival
of -Sir- Henry Havelock, Sept. 20, 1857. On this date also he
was promoted to major-general and created K. C. B.
Ingoldsby Legends (ing'goldz-bi lej'endz or
le'.iendz). A series of satirical stories in prose
and verse by Richard Harris Barham, under the
pseudonym of Thomas Ingoldsby, Esq. Theearlier
numbers were published in " Ben tley's Miscellany," and
afterward in " The New Montlily Magazine." In 1840 the
first series was published collectively : a second and tliird
series in 1847.
n«'"f Ingolstadt (ing'61-stiit). A fortified town in
Upper Bavai-ia, situated at the junction of the
Schutter with the Danube. 44 miles north by west
of Munich. Its university, founded in 1472,was removed
to Landshut in 1800, and to Munich in 1826. Its fortifica-
tions were razed by the JYench in 1800. It was besieged
by Gustavus Ailolphus in 1632. Population (1890), 17,tM6.
28, 1789: died at Copenhagen, Feb. 24, 1862! A Ingomar^theBartaria^^^^^^
a translation from the German. It has been a favorite on
account of the ch.aracter of Parthenia.
Ingraham (iug'gia am), Joseph Holt. Born at
Portland, Maine, 1.809 : died at Holly Springs,
Danish poet and novelist. Hewrote the epic "Val
demar de Store og bans Mand " (1824), the historical novels
• ' Valdemar Seier "(1826), " Erik Menveds Barndom " (1828),
"Kong Erik" (1833), " Priuds Otto af Danmark" (1835).
Ingenhousz (ing'gen-hous), Johannes. Bom
1730: died in England, 1779. A Dutch physician.
Ingermanland (ing'er-man-land), or Ingria
(in'gri-ii). An ancient district, now forming a
large part of the government of St. Petersbm'g,
Russia. It passed several times between .Sweden and
Russia, and was acquired by Sweden 1617. It was con-
<iuered by Peter the Great.
ty, Ontario, Canada, situated on the Thames
54 miles west-southwest of Hamilton. Popu-
lation (1891). 4,191.
IngersoU, Charles Jared. Born at Philadel-
pliia, Oct. 3, 1782 : died at Philadelphia, Jan. 4,
18(52. An American politician and author, son
of Jared IngersoU. Hewrote "A Historical Sketch of
the Second War between the United States and Great Brit-
ain " (1845-52).
ingthe Loire 17 miles west-southwest of Tours. IngerSOlKmg ger-sol). A towTim Oxford Conn
Length, about 150 miles.
Indre. A departmentof central France. Capital,
Chateauronx. It is bounded by Loir-et-Cher on the
north, Cher on the east, Creuse and Haute-Vienne on
the south, Vienne on the west, and Indre-et- Loire on the
northwest. The surface is leveL It exports grain. It was
fonned from the ancient Bas-Berry and parts of OrWanais
and Marche. Area, 2,624 square mUes. Population (1S91),
292,868.
Indre-et-Loire(and'r-a-lwar'). A department ^-oii 1 1 i-
of France. Capital, Tours. It is bounded by Sarthe Ingersoll, Jjsseph Reed. Born at Philadelphia,
on the north, Loir-et-Cher on the northeast, Indre on the June 14, l(b6: died at Philadelphia, i eb. 20,
southeast, Vienne on the south, and Maine-et-Loire on the 1868. An American politician, son of Jared In-
west, and was forme.! chiefly from the ancient Touraine o-ersoU : United States minister to England 1850-
The surface isgenerally level. Thedepartment is traversed ^„..,
by the Loire, whose valley here is called •• the garden of J^^J-'- ,,_,._ „ ^tnj
France." It produces grain, wine, hemp, fruit, etc. -Area, IngerSoU, KoDert Green. Bom at Dresden,
2,361 square miles. Population (1891), 337,298. N. Y., Aug. 11, 1833. An American lawyer, lec-
Indulgence, Declarations of. In English his- turer, and politician. He settled as a legal practi-
tory, royal proclamations ijromising greater
religious freedom to nonconformists. Tlie prin-
cipal were : (a) A proclamation by Charles II. in 1671 or
1672, promising the suspension of penal laws relating to
ecclesiastical niattora which were directed against noncon-
formists. It was rejected by Parliament. ((>) A proclama-
tion by James II. in 1687, annulling penal laws against
Koman Catholics and nonconfoniiists, and abolishing reli-
gious tests for oBce. The refusal to read this declaration
by several prelates led to their trial, and was one of the
causes of the revolution of 1688. «,tij. « j 51
Indus (in'dus). [Skt..S7»rf/,K.] Oneofthechief Ingham, Col. Frederic. A pseudonym used by
riv^sof India. U rises in an unexplored region among Edjard Everett Halein " The Ingham Papers '
the Himalaya of Tibet, atK.ut lat. 32" N., long. 82- E. It and other w<3rks. , -o v t, 1
flows northwest thr.iugh gorges in Tibet and Kashmir. Inghamites (mg am-its). An tnglish denomi-
Near the northern part of Kashmir it turns south aii.l nation founded bv Benjamin Ingham (1712-72),
flow-s through British India (Panjab and simi) into the Yorkshire evangelist, which combines ele-
Arabian Seabya deltain ali.mt lat.24 >. Itscliuf tribu- ^"' " =.
IDss., Dec, 1860. An American clergyman and
novelist. Among his works are "The Prince of the
House of David " (1856), " The Pillar of Fire " (Is.ifl).
Ingres (ang'r), Jean Auguste Dominique.
Born at Montauban, Aug. 29, 1780 : died at Pa-
ris, Jan. 14, 1867. A celebrated French histori-
cal painter. At the age of 16 he went to Paris and en-
tered the atelier of David. He won the grand prix de
Rome in 1801 ; studied for 5 years in Paris ; and went in
1806 to Italy, where he remained about 15 yeais. In 1834
the " Vow of Louis XIII." was exhibited in the Louvre,
and the artist returned to Paris in great favor. He was
made a member of the Institute in 1825. Among his works
are"(Edipus and the .Sphinx " (1808), "Apotheosis of Ho-
mer "(1826)," Martyrdom of St. Symphorian " (1834)," Strat-
onice "(1839), " The Golden Age " (unfinished, 1848), " Joan
of Arc" (18!>4X "The Spring " (1856).
Ingria. See Ingermanland.
Ingvseones (ing-ve-6'nez). [L. (Tacitus) Iiwse-
tones, the Latinization of a hypothetical Ger-
manic fundamental form *Ingva:, a name of
the god *Tiica',''Tiu. Cf. AS. (rune song) Ing,
OHG. Inc. the name of a rune ; OX. Tngri, Fngvi-
Freyr, from whom the Swedish kings, the Xng-
Ungar, derive their descent; AS. (Beowulf) /w<;-
icine, the Danes. From -^ igli, to implore.] See
Hermioncs.
tioner at Peoria, Illinois, in 1857, and became colonel of Inhambane (en-yam-ba'ne). A seaport OU the
the nth lUinois cavalry in 1862 and attorney-general for eastern coast of "Africa, belonging to Portugal,
Illinois in 1866. He has published " ITie Gods, and Other . t j • it. oqo so' a T£„,Ti„t;n« «Vw,.,f
Lectures"(lS7e),"SomeMist4ikesofMoses"(1879), "Great Situated m lat. 23° oO S. PopiUatlon, about
Speeches" (1887), etc. 6,000.
Ingham (ing'am), Charles Cromwell. Bom at Inheritance, The. A novel by Miss Farrier, pub-
Dublin, about 1796 : died at Xew York, Dee. 10, lished in 1824.
1863. An English- American painter. He came to Inimacas. Bee Enimagas.
the United States in 1816. He was one of the original mem- Inkerman (iugk-er-man'). A ruined town in the
hers of the National Academy of Design.
Crimea, Russia, near Sebastopol. Here, Kov. 6,
1854, the English and French defeated the Russians, who
had made an unexpected attack on the English camp. The
battle was severe, and the loss on both sides great.
Inkle andYarico. Amusicalcome<lyliyGeorge
Colman the younger, taken from the " Specta-
tor" (No. U). It was produced at the Haymar-
ket Aug. 4. 1787.
tarie8aretheioinbinedriversofthePanjab(Jhclum,che- ments of Methodism and Moraviamsm The con- Inland ^ea See Smronada.
nab, Ravi, and Sutlej, through the Panjnad) and the Ka- version of Ingham to bandemani,an views led to the disrup- ^i^i"^ / j,,*:, „„ ^ ti^„^-^ r>„
bal.' Length, about l,aiK) miles ; navigable from Rori, tion and nearly total extinction of the denomination.
e'ne), or Inij[^'"^)' t"" ^^ (^'ps'- ^''"'^ Inghirami (eng-ge-ra'me), Francesco. Born at
Inman (in'man), Henry. BomatUtica, N. Y.,
Ine(e'ne), or Ini(e'ue), or Ina(i'na). Died Inghirami (eng-ge-ra'me), Francesco. Born at Oct.,1801:diedatNewYork, Jan.l7 1846. An
7->9 King of the West Saxons 688-726. He con- Voltena, Italv, 1772 : died at Florence, Mav 17, American painter, noted for portraits,
quered Kent in 694, defeated the Cymry of Cornwall in ig4<;. ^\ji Italian aichajologist. Hewrote "Mon- In Memonam (m me-mo n-am). An elegiac
711, and between 690 and 693 published a series of laws, „„,„„.: pfT.,,<;r.hi n di etriisco nome" (1820-27) poem bv Alfl-cd Tennyson, published m 18.50.
commonly called the Laws of Ine, which f,.rni the eariiest Uinentl etrusclll o (U etrusc O nome (lB_u-„( ), ^^ .^ ^ ,,i,ii„s„pi,ic lament for the poets friend Arthur
extantspecimensof West-Sax.mlegislalion. He abdicated etc. _ j tj j t> Uenrv Uallam, and is Tennyson s most characteristic work.
in 725 or 726, and, with his wife jEthelburh, made a pil- Inghirami, Tommaso, sumamed Fedia. Born jj^j ,;,j) Q^p ^j- jj^p pijjgf tributaries of the Dan-
Krimage to Rome, where I'e >licd- at Volterra, Italy, 1470 : died at Rome, Sept. 6, „i,e, which it joins atPassau : the ancient tEnus.
Ines de Castro. >^e tasno. jnesae. j5ig An Italian poet, scholar, and orator. it rises in the Orisons, Switzerland, traverses the Ipper
Inexpiable War, The. A war between oar- IngJeby (ing'gl-bi), Clement Mansfield. Bom and Lower Engadine valleys, the upper and Lower Inn
at Edgbastou, near Birmingham. England. Oct. valleys in Tyrol, and Bavaria and forms part of the boiin-
29, 1J3 : died at Ilford. Essex, Sept. 26, 1886. ^^^1:^^^^ S\.' ^"^ ^""""'- ""
The
thage and her mercenaries, 241-238 B. c
latter were unsuccessful.
Infant Phenomenon, The (otherwise Ninetta
Crummies!. Daughter of Vincent Crummies,
thetbeatrical inauager, and a supposed shining
light in the pr.UVssion : a character in Charles
Dickens's "Nicholas Nickleby.''
Inferno (in-f6r'uo; It. pron. in-fer'no). The.
[It., • hell.'] The first part of Dante's "Dirina
Length, SSO
An English philosophical writer and Shakspe- imjer Temple. See Ii'mg of Court, and Tcnifle.
rian scholar. Hewrote"OutlinesofTheoreticalLogic" T,,iies(in'esl Cosmo Born in Al
(l&56),'"The Shakspere Fabrications " (18691, "Shakspere
Controversy" (1861), "An Introduction to Metaphysics"
(1864-69), " Shakspeare's Centurie of Prayse. etc." (1874),
•• The Still Lion " (1874 : a new edition 1875, entitled " Shak-
spcre's Hermeneutics"), "Shakspere: the Man and the
I'.ook " (1877-81), etc.
Commedia." It is divided into S4 cantos. The poet is Inglis (ing 'Izj, John. Born at Edinburgh in
conducted by Vergil thr.iugh the realms of liell to an exit j^jk) . ,ijp,j m.^r Edinburgh, Aug. 20, 1891. A
"where once was Eden." From here he visits Purgatory
(which see).
Inferum Mare (in'fe-rum ma're). [L., Mower
sea.'] See Ti/rrhenian Sea.
Inflexible (in-flek'si-bl). An iron-clad British
Aberdeenshire,
Sept. 9. 1798: died at Killin, in the Highlands,
July 31, 1874. A Scottish anticiuary. From 1846
iinti'l his death he was professor of constitutional law and
history at the fniversitv of Edinbiu-gh. Among his prin-
cipal works are " Two A'ncient Records of the Bishopric of
Caithness ' (1827), "The Book of the Thanes of Cawdor
(18.59), "Scotland in the Middle Ages "(1860), "FacsimUea
of National Manuscripts of Scotland " (1867).
Scottish jurist. He was educated at Glasgow Tniversity T__gg„ Georee Born at Newbtu'g, N. 'i.,May
and Balli.jl College, Oxf.ml, and was called to the Scottish .,-• ,.:,.,i^.'r,h,i„p of Allan Scotland, Aug.
bar in 1836. He was solicitor-general for Scotland in 1852, }■ l^-'>- ''f '' 'V ^ 4,^,^ ^^^ft, ,"7''^^^^^^^
and lord advocate in 1852 and 1858. In 1858 he was ap- 3. 1894. A noted American lanOscape-pamier.
pointed lord justice clerk, with the title of Lord Glencorse, He studied for a short time with Regis Oignoux, ana aiso
Inness
abroad at three different periods, lie was elected na-
tional acadeniiiian in isen. He is noted for liis coloring
and sensitive repn>duclion of the moods of nature. Among
his works are " After the storm " (IStiD), " View near Itome "
(1.H71). "St. Peter's." "The Af terelow " (1B7»). "Spring"
(1881). "Niagara Falls "(1883), "Sunset" (ISS5X
Iimisfail ( in'is-fal). A poetical iiame of Ireland.
Innocent l in'o-seut) I., Saint. Died Mureh \'2,
417. Bisliop of iiome 402— 117. Durins: his pontill-
cate Home was sacked by Aluric (410). lie is commemo-
rated in the Roman Catholic Church on July ::8.
Innocent 11. (Gregorio de' Papi or Papares-
Chi). Died Se))l. L':t. 114:!. l'o|ie 1 i:i()-4:3. He
was elected in an in-egular manner by a minority of the
college of cardinals on the death of Honorins II., where-
upon the majority of the cardinals, refusing to recognize
the validity of his election, chose Anacletus II. iisantipope.
He was forced to seek refuge in France, wiiere Bernard
of Clairvaux procured his recognilii>n by the court and
the clerg}'. He was installed in the Latei-:ui at Komc by
the emperor l-oth;iir in ll:i;i, but did not gain undisputed
possession before the death of Anacletus in lliS.
Innocent m. (Giovanni Lothario Conti).
Bom at Aiia<ciii. Italv, in 1161 : died at Perugia,
Italy, July 16. 1216. " Pone 1 19.S-12U;. He was the
son of C<mnt Trasiniuudo, of the house of Conti, and Clari-
cia, a descendant of thehinlseof ."^cotti at Rome ; was edu-
cated at Rome, I'aris, and Bologna ; becimie a canon of St.
Peter's in 1181, and carditial deacon of St. Sergius and St.
Bacchus in 1190 ; and was crowned pope Feb. 22, ir.>8. Fol-
lowing in the footsteps of Greg()ry \'II.. he made it the
chief aim of his ecclesiastical j)oliuy to vindicate the papal
claim of the supremacy td the church over the state. He
forced Philip .\ugnstus of France to take back his repu-
diated (lueen, Ingeburga of liruniark, in 1200 ; instigated
the fourth Ci-usade (r20J-<W), the chief result of which was
the capture of Constantinople from the Greeks and the
establishment of the Latin Empire ; deposed Otto I\'., em-
peror of the Holy l^itnan lanpire, and in 1210 crowned his
former ward, Frederick of Sicily, emperor; compelled in
1213 .lohn of r.ngland, who refused to accept Stephen Lang-
ton, the papal nominee to the archbishopric <if Canter-
bury, to acknowledge the feudal sovereignty of the Pope
and to pay an annual tribute ; ordered the crusade against
the .Albigenses in 1*208 : and presid-il at the fourth Latcl-an
Council In 1215. During his pontillcate the papal power
attained its great'-st height.
Innocent IV. (Senibaldi di Fieschij. Died at
Naples, Dee. 7, 12.54. Pope 1243-54. He inherited
from his predecessors a feud with the emperor Fi-edcrick
II.. who had been excommunicated by Greeory IX. in
1239. After the death of Frederick in 1250. and of his son
the empen)r Connid I\'. in 12.'>4, the struggle was con-
tinued with ilanfred, the uncle and guardian of Conrad's
Bon, Cunnidin of Sicily, who intlicted a decisive defeat on
the papal troops [> days before Innocent's death.
Innocent V. (Pietro di Tarantasia). Born in
1225: died at Rome, June 22, 1276. Pope Jan.
20-June 22, 1276.
Innocent VI. (^tienned'Albert). BornatBris-
sac, l''rniH-e : died Sept. 12, i:i62. Pope i:i.52-(j2.
He kept liis court tit Avifjiioii.
Innocent VII. (Cosimo de' Migliorati). Bom
at Sulmona, Abruzzi, Italy. 13;i6: died at Rome,
Nov. 6, 1406. Pope 1404-06. He was opposed
by the aiitipope Beiietliet XIII., who resided at
.■\vi^'iioii.
Innocent VIII. (Giovanni Battista Cibo).
Boni at Geiioti, 14:i2: died July 25, 1492. Popo
1484-92. He was involved in war with Ferdinand of Na-
ples, whose crown he otfered to Rcnaldus. duke of Lor-
raine ; and kept Zezim, brother of the sultan Bajazet, a
close prisoner in consideration of an antmal payment of
40,»H)0 ducats and the gift of the sacred spear ssiid to have
piLTCcd the side of the Saviour.
Innocent IX. (Giovanni Antonio Facchi-
nettii. Bom at Bdlojjiia.Ittilv, 151i): diedDce.
oil, l.-iOl. Pope Oct. 2!)-I)ee.':!0, l.')!)l.
Innocent X. (Giovanni Battista Pamfili).
Born at Koine, 1572: died Jan. 7, 10.55. Popo
16+4 — 1.). He condemned the treaty of Westphalia in
Kill, and the .lans.uist heresy in Il'ir,:i.
Innocent XI. (Benedetto Odescalchi). Bom
at ( 'oino, Italv, 161 1 : died Aug. 12, ICSi). Pope
I(i76-«<J.
Innocent XII. (Antonio Pignatelli). Bom
at Naples, Mareli 13, 1G15: died Sept. 27, 1700.
Pope 16i)l-I7ilO.
Innocent XIII. (Michelangelo Conti). Boi-n
.'It K'oiue. .M;iv 1.5, 16.55: died Mtirch 7, 1724.
Pope 1721-24."
Innsbruck (ins'bWik), or Innspruck. The capi-
tal of Tyrol, Austria. situtUed on the Inn in
lat. 47'=' 17' N., loiiK. ll'"24' E. : the ancient U'lni
Po;is. or (Enipontuin. It Is noted for its pictures(|ue
situation. The t'ranciscan church, or Ilofkirche, is a Ke-
nal.ssance building, notable especially for its nnigldllccnt
niohument to the emperor ^laximilian I. The kneeling
ttgure of the emperor, in bronze, on a great marble sar-
cophagus. Is surrounded by '28 statues of his nticestors.
The sides of the sarcophagus are adorned with 24 reliefs of
scenes from the emperor's life, most of them by the Flem-
ing Colins. These reliefs ;u'e among the flnest sculpture
of the lUth century: many of the figures are porlniits.
I'he Schloss Amras is a line castle of ttie l;:(h i-cidnry. re-
fitted and enlarged in the Itith by the arclidukr l''c[<iinand.
It Is now a musennt, with veo" interesting cnllections,
chiefly historical, Inclinling medicVHl a?id niodcrn weapons,
fundtnrc. industrial art, sculpture, and portraits. The
10th-century Spanish saloon Is notable, as is the oniatc late-
Pointed chapel. It has several other castles and a univer-
34
529
sity. It was made a city in 12S4. Desperate fighting be-
tween tlioTyrolese and Bavarians occurred here in 1809.
Population (l!-!'!-!), 2:!.:i20.
Inns of Chancery. Inns sul)or<linate to the Inns
of Court I which see). Clilford's Inn, Clements Inn,
and Lyim's Inn (pulled down in 1808, now the site of the
Globe Theatre) were attached to the Iimer Temple; New
Inn and straml Inn (which have disappejired), to tlie Mitl-
dle Temple ; Barnard's Inn and Staple's Iim, to Gray's Inn ;
Thavie's Inn and Fnrnival's Inn, to Lincoln's Iim. Ser-
jeant s Inn, in Chancery Lane, was formerly used by the
StK'iety of Serjeants-at-law, but this ceased to exist in 1877.
Inns of Court. Legal societies in London which
litive the exclusive privilege of calling candi-
diites to the bar, and maintain insti-uction and
examination for that purpose ; also, the pre-
cincts or premises occupied by these societies
respectivelv. TheyarethelnnerTemplc, Middle Tem-
ple, Lincoln's Inn, and Gray's Inn. The first two originally
l)elonged to the Knights Tent])lars (whence the name Tcm-
]'ff). These inns had their origin about the end of the
IMlll century. The inn was originally the town residence
of a person of quality. "Before the 'Icinplc was Ic.'ised by
lawyers, the laws were taught in hostels, hosjiitia curia*, of
whicii there were a great munber in the mctri'polis, espe-
cially in the mighborhoodof Holborn ; but ixflcrwards the
Inns of Court and chancery increaseiiin prosperity till they
formed what stow describes as 'a whole university of stu-
dents, practisers or pleaders, and judges of the law of this
realm, not living on conim<»n stipends as in the other uin-
versities, as is tor the most part dime, but of their own
private maintenance.' " Hare, London, I. 59.
Innuit (in'fi-it). See Eskimauan.
Innvier tel (in'fer-tel). The region between the
Inn, Danube, and Salzach. It ■was ceded to
Atistriti in 1779, to Bavaria in 1809, and again
to Austria in 1815.
Inowrazlaw (e-nov-riits'lav), or Jung-Breslau
(yong-bres'lou). A town in the province of
Posen, Prussia, (36miles east-northeast of Posen.
There are salt-works in the vicinity. Popula-
tion (18(|0), commune, 16,303.
Insatiate Countess, The. A tragedy acted in
1610, and attributed to Marston, though altered
by Barksteed. It was sometimes mentioned as
'■ Barksteed's Tragedy." The play which tears the
latter's name (in some copies) seems to have been con-
densed by him from two others — one a tragedy, one a
cnnicdy. ilarstonprobablywrotetheplayin 10(14. Flrai/,
Inselsberg (in'sels-bero). One of the chief
summits of the Thiiringerwald, 'west of Fried-
richroda* H.ight, 3.000 feet.
Instauratio Magna (in-sta-ra'shi-o mag'nil).
[L., 'the great renewal.'] The comprehensive
philosoiihieal woi'k planned and parti.ally carried
out l)y Lord Bacon, comprising the "Advance-
ment of Learning," "Novum Organum," etc.
See Bacon, Frauds.
Insterburg (in'ster-boro). A town in the prov-
ince of Kast Prussia, situated at the jtmction of
the Angerapp and Inster.53 miles east of Konigs-
berg. Population (1890), commune, 22,227.
Institute of France. [F. Insiitut de France,
often simply Iiis/itxt.'] An association of the
members of the five French academies, L' Aca-
demic Fran(,-aise, L'Acad^mie des Inscriptions
et Belles- Lettreii, L'Acad^mie des Sciences,
L'Acadeinie desBeaux Arts.and L'Acad^mie des
Sciences Morales et Politiques. it was established
by the Republican Convention in 1705, and is snpptirted
by the government. Its purpose is" to advance the sciences
aiid art.s of research by the publication of discoveries and
by con-espondence with otlier learned societies, and to
prosecute those scientilic and literary labors which slnill
have for their ciitl general utility and the glory of the re-
public," It was originally called L'Institut Ntdional, and
the name has chatigcd with the various clnuigcs in the
government. .\t llrst the association was installed at the
Ix)uvre, but in 1800 it was removeii to the C<dlege des
tjuatre Nations. There is a general annual meeting on
the 25th of ttctr)bcr, the amuverHary of its fcniiuling.
Institutes of Justinian. See Cur/iKs Jurin.
Institutes of the Christian Religion. [L. /«-
utilulit) Jtiliiiiania Clirisliaiiu:} A tlieological
work by (,'tilviii, published in Latin in 1.536, ami
in Freiudi in 1540.
Instituto Historico e Geographico Brazi-
leiro. [Pg.,"Bnizili;tn llistoi'ical iind(i<'ogi'!iph-
ical Society.'] A society established at Kio d<-
Janeiro, Brazil, in 1839, for the encouragement
of historical and geographical studies. Since its
foundation it has publishc<l the " Revistji Trimensal," imw
(1804) numbering over .'»5 vtdumes, and containing docu-
meids of the highest interest. It possesses a very valua-
ble library.
Insubres (in ' si)-brez). In ancient history, a
(itillic jieopli" in Cisalpine (itiiil, dwidling noith
of the I'd, in the vicinity of Miliin. They were
finally subjected to Rome in 196 B. o.
Interim (in 'ter-ini). A provisional arrange-
ment for lite settlement of religious dilTerenees
between Protcslants and Kointiji Catholics in
Germany during the Keformation ejioch. iiend-
ing a deliiiite settlement by a churcli council.
There were three interims; the'Uatisbon Interim, pro-
mulgatcd by the eini)eror Charles \'.,.luly 29, 1541, but
Inverness
ineffective ; the Augsburg Interim, proclaimed also by
Charles V., May 15, 1548. but not carried out by many Prot-
estants : and the Leipsic Interim, cairied through the Diet
of Saxony, Dec. 22. 1548, by the ettorts of the elector M-iu-
rice, and eidarged and published as the Greater Interim
in March, 1541t ; it met with streimous opposition. Keli.
gions txdcrjit ion was secured for the Lutherans by the peace
' tf Passau, 15."i2.
Interlaken (in'ter-lii-ken), orlnterlachen (in'-
ter-lach-en). A summer resort in the canton of
Bern, Switzerland, on the Aare, between Lakes
Thuu and Brienz, 27 miles southeast of Bern.
It is a celebrated tourist center. The chief avenue is the
Iloheweg. It contains a casino and an old monastery.
Population, about 2,000.
International (in-tir-nash'ou-al). The. A so-
ciety (in full, "ThelntemationalWorking-men's
Association "), formed in Loudon in 1S64, de-
signed to unite the working-classes of all coun-
tries in promoting social and industrial reform
by political means. Itschicf aims were: (1) the sub-
ordination of capital to labor through the tratisterence
of industrial enterprises from the capitalists to lurdies of
working-men ; (2) the encouragement of men on strike by
gifts of money, or by preventing laborers of one locality
from migrating to another when the hdiorers of the latter
are on strike ; (:i) the overthrow of all laws, customs, and
privileges considered hostile to the working-classes, and
the encouragement of whatever aids them, as the shorten-
ing of hiturs of labor, free puidic edm-ation, etc. : (4) the
end of all wars. By 1807 the Iidernational had become a
powerful organization, though strenunusly opposed by the
continental European governments : but its manifestation
in 1872 of sympathy with the dcdngs of the Paris Commnne
in the preceding year, and internal dissensions, caused a
great loss of reputation and strength.
International African Association. An in-
ternational commission i>rovi(led for at the
Brussels Conference of 1876. its object was to be
theexplorationandcivilizationof central Africa. National
committees were formed in France. Germany, Italy, and
elsewhere to cooperate in the work. Its seat was'Brus-
sels. Out of it grew the Kongo Committee, the Interna-
tional Association of the Kongo, and the Kongo Free State.
Interpreter, Mr. A characterinBunyan's" Pil-
grim's Progress." He is intended to typify the Holy
Ghost. The house of the Interpreter was just beyond the
Wicket Gate.
Inti (en'tel. The Qnichua name for the sun,
deified and worshiped in ancient Peru ; hence,
the god of the Incas.
Inti-huasi (en'te-wii'se). [Qnichua, ' house of
the Sun.'] One of the names given by the an-
cient Peruvians to the Temple of the Siui at
Ouzco. See Curicancha.
Intra (en ' tra). A town in the province of
Novara, northern Italy, on the ■western shore
of Lago Jlaggiore. Population, about 5.000.
Intransigentists(in-tran'si-jen-tists). 1. A rad-
ical parly in S]>ain which in 1873-74 fomented
an unsuccessful insurrection. — 2. A faction in
France whose parliamentary program includes
various radical reforms and socialistic changes.
Intrepid, The. 1. A Tripolitan vessel, cap-
tured and so named by Americans, in which
Stephen Decatur sailed into the port of Tripoli
on the night of Feb. Ifi, 1804, and recaptured
and burned the United States frigate Philadel-
phia, ■which had fallen into the enemy's hands.
The vessel was afterward blown up in the
harbor to destroy Tri])olitan cruisers. — 2. An
Arctic exiiloring vessel. She sailetl under Com-
nianiler Austin in 1850 from England.
IntrigO (in-tre'go). A man of business in Sir
Francis Fane's comedy "Love in the Dark,"
from wliicli Mrs. Cenllivre took Marplot.
Intronati (en-tro-nii'te). A literary academy
founded tit Siiiia in 1525.
Invalides, Hotel des. See HoUl.
Inveraraj'', or Inverary (in-ve-ra'ri). A sea-
port and'the capital of Argyllshire, Scotland,
situatcil on Loch Fyne 40 miles northwest of
Glasgow: noted for herring-fishery. Popula-
tion'(1.S9I). 822.
InvercargiU (in-vfr-kSr-gil'). A town in the
South Island, New Zetiland, on an inlet of Fo-
vetiux SIrtiit. It exports niultoii, etc. Popu-
lation (I.'-Ol), 8,551.
Inverlochy (in-ver-loch'i). A place in Ar-
gyllshire, Scotland, situated near Loch Eil 33
niiles norlhetist of Oban. Here, Feb. 2, 1645,
Montrose defeated the Campbells.
Inverness (in-vcr-nes'). 1. A county of Scot-
land, Ipounded by Ross on the noith. Nairn and
Elgin on the northeast. Band' and Aberilcen on
the east, Perth and Argyll on the south, and the
Atlanlic on the west. It comprises also Harris,
North and South fist, Skye. and others <)f the Hebrides.
The surface is inountaiiions. It is notco for its lake)
and fm- picturesque scenery. 'The pri'vailing hmguago
is Gaelic. Area, 4,088 squal« miles. Population (1891),
»o,;2i.
2. A seaport and the capital of the county of
Inveniess, situated on the Ne:;s in lat. 57° 28'
N., long. 4° 13' W, Ithasllourishingcoastlngandfor-
Inverness
ei^ trade ; is a tourist center, and the capital of the north-
em Higlilands: and was the ancient Pictish capitaL Its
castle was destroyed by the army of the I'retenderin 174t>.
Inverness, Forres. Kortrose, andNaim forai the Inverness
distrii-t of p;irliaint nt;ir>- l)uri;hs. I'opulation (IHJH), 2u,8,'J5.
Invincible Armada, The. See Armudit.
Invincible Doctor, The, L- Doctor Invincibi-
lis(ilok't(;r iu-\'iii-sib'i-lis). A surname given
to tlie scholastic philosopher William Occam.
Invoice (in'vois). One of the piiiicipal charac-
ters in Footers '• Oevil upon Two Sticks.'"
Inwood (in'wu(l), Henry WilUam. Born May
22,1794: supposed to have been shipwrecked
March 20, l&i3. An architect, the eldest son
of William Inwood (1771-1843). He published
"The Erechtheum at Athens" (1827), "Of the Resources
of Design in the Architecture of Greece, Egypt, and other
Countries "nst3).
Inwood.Williani. Bom at Highgate about 1771 :
died at London, March 1(5, 1843. An English
architect. His chief work is St, Pancras New Church,
Ix>ndon (1S19-22), which is an adaptation of Athenian
models, chiefly the Erechtheum.
lo (i'6). [trr. 'Iij.] In Greek mj'thology, the
beautiful daughter of Inachus, king of Argos,
Greece, who was changed by Hera (Juno), in a
fit of jealousy, into a white heifer, and placed
under the watch of Argus of the hundred eyes.
When Argus was killed by Hermes at the command of Zeus,
the heifer was maddened by a terrible gadlly sent by Hera,
and wandered about until she arrived in Egypt. She re-
covered her original shape, and bore Epaphus to Zeus.
Epaphus became the ancestor of J^'p'us, Damans, Ce-
pheus, and Phineus. According to another legend, lo was
carried off by Phenician traders who landed in Argos.
The myth is generally explained to be Aah or the moon
wandering in the starry slaes, symbolized by the hundred-
eyed Argus ; her transformation into a horned heifer repre-
senting the crescent moon.
Greek mythology, too. knew her f.^starte] as 16 and En-
ropa, and she was tltly symbolised by the cow whose horns
resemble the supine lunar crescent as seen in the south.
Sayce, Anc Empires, p. 195.
lolaus (i-o-la'us). [Gr. 'Id/.aof.] In Greek le-
gend, the charioteer and companion of Hera-
cles.
lolcns (i-ol'kus). [Gr. 'Iu/jlOc.] In ancient ge-
ography, a city in Thessaly, Greece, situated
on the Pagassean Gulf near Mount Pelion : the
modem Volo. It was the point of embarkation
of the Argonauts.
Ion (i'on). [Gr. "lur.] In Greek mythology,
the ancestor of the lonians, the subject of a
tragedy by Euripides.
Ion. [Gr. '"lui'.] 1 . A play of Euripides, exhib-
ited about 424 B. C. its theme is the legend that Ion,
eponymous founder of the Ionian race, was the son of
Creusa, daughter of Erechtheus, by Apollo.
There is no character in all Greek tragedy like this Ion,
who reminds one strongly of the charming boys drawn by
Plato in such dialoguesas "Charmides" and "Lysis." In
purity and freshness he has been compared to Giotto's chor-
isters, and has afforded Racine his masterpiece of imita-
tion in the Joasof the"Athalie." But I would liken him
still more to the child Samuel, whose ministrations are
painted with so ex(]Uisite a grace in the Old Testament.
Mahafy, Uist. of Classical Greek Lit., I. 349.
2. A tragedy by Thomas Noon Talfourd, pri-
vately printed in 183.5, and produced the next
year at Covent Garden. It is properly a dra-
matic poem, and is the author's masterpiece.
Ion of Chios. Born at (Jhios : died before 42
B. c. A Greek poet. Fragments of his trage-
dies and lyrics have survived.
lona (i-6'na), or IcolmMIl (i-kom-kil'). [Ori-
ginally Hii or /.- written loita by Adamnan,
whence, by a blunder, lona.~] An island of
the Inner Hebrides, in Argyllshire, Scotland, IJ
miles southwest of Mull, from which it is sep-
arated by the Sound of lona. The cathedral is a
small but very interesting building, now rootless, though
the masonry is complete. It was founded in the 13th cen-
tury, but exhibits some details as late as the Itith. Some
specimens of plate-tracery in the square central tower are
especially curious. St. Martin's and Maclean's crosses near
by are interesting examples of the many sculptured Runic
crosses with which lona formerly abounded. It was an
ancient seat of the Druids. Columba founded a monastery
here about 585, which became a leading coloni2er in the
spread of Celtic missions. The Culdees were replaced by
Benedictines in the 13th century. The monastery was de-
molished in 115L Lengtli, 3J miles. Population, about 200.
loni. See Aicnai.
Ionia (i-o'ni-ii). [Gr. 'lui'/a.] In ancient geog-
raphy, a maritime region on the western coast
of Lydia and (_^aria, Asia Minor, with Chios and
Samos and the adjacent islands. It comprised on
the mainland the cities PhociPa, Clazomenae, Erythne,
Teos, Lebedus, Colophon, Ephesus, Priene, Myus, Miletus,
and later Smyrna. It was colonized in prehistoric times
by lunians from European Greece ; was conquered by
Croesus in the middle of the Gth century B. c. ; passed later
to Persia ; was the scene of an unsuccessful revolt 500-
491 ; became on the close of the Persian war a dependent
ally of Athens ; and passed to Persia in 387, and to Mace-
doni:i in 3:t4. Later it fell to Pergamum and Rome. It was
celebrated for its wealth, and for the early development of
art, music, philosophy, and literature.
530
Ionian Islands (i-o'ni-ani'landz). 1. The col-
lective name of Corfu, Santa Maura, Cephalo-
riia. Zante, Paxo, Ithaca, and Cerigo, and some
smaller islands, belonging to Greece, iiieyform
the modern nomarchies of Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, and
p.irt of Argolis and Corinth. They were acquired by Venice
from about 1400; were annexed to France in 1797; were
conquered by the Russians and Turks in 1799 : formed the
republic of the "Seven United Islands " 1800-07 ; were an-
nexed to France in 1S07 ; were placed under a British pro-
tectorate in 1815 ; and were ceded to Greece in 1804. See
Corj'Uy Ctphalonia, and the other separate islands.
2. In ancient geography, the islands belonging
to Ionia in Asia Minor.
Ionian Sea. {h. Ionium Mare.'} The part of the
Mediterranean between Greece and Albania on
the east and Calabria and Sicily on the west.
los (i'os). [Gr. "lof.] An island in the ..Egean
Sea, 12 miles south-southwest of Naxos: the
modern Nio. It now belongs to Greece. Popu-
lation, about •2.000.
lowa(i'o-wa). [PL, also /oirn«.' 'Gray 'or 'Dusty
Noses,' a name given to the Paqotce.] A tribe
of the Teiwere division of North American In-
dians, from which the State of Iowa is named.
They are in Kansas and Oklahoma, and number
273. See I'ciwerc.
lo'wa (i'o-wii). One of the Northwestern States
of the United States of America. Capital, Des
Moines. It is bounded by Minnesota on the north and
ilissouri on the south, and is separated on the east by the
Mississippi from Wisconsin and Illinois, and on the west
by the Missouri from Nebraska and by the Big Sioux from
Dakota. The surface is level and undulating. The chief
minerals are coal and lead. The chief occupation is
agriculture : it is one of the leading States in the produc-
tion of com. It has 99 counties, sends 2 senators and 11
representatives to Congress, and has 13 electoral votes. It
formed part of the " Louisiana Purchase "and of Missouri
Territory, part of Michigan Territory lS;i4-36, and part of
Wisconsin Territory 1830-38. The first permanent settle-
ments were made at Burlington and elsewhere in 1833.
Iowa was made a separate Territory in 1838, and was ad-
mitted into the Union in 1846. Area, 56,025 square miles.
Population (1890), 1,911,896.
lo'wa. A river in the State of Iowa, joining the
Mississippi IDmilessouthof Muscatine. Length,
about 300 mUes ; navigable from Iowa City (80
miles).
lo'wa City. The capital of Johnson Coimty,
Iowa, situated on the Iowa River 51 miles west
by north of Davenport : State capital from 1839
to 1S.57. Population (1890), 7,01ti.
lo'wa College. A coeducational institution of
learning, incorporated in 1847, opened at Daven-
port, Iowa, in 1848, and removed to Grinnell,
Poweshiek County, in 1860. It is controlled by Con-
gre,s;ationalists, and had (lS9t>-97) 34 instructors and 485
students. Its president is the Rev. Geoi-ge A, Gates.
lo'wa State University. A coeducational in-
stitution of learning at Iowa City, Iowa. It
•was opened in 1855, and had (1896-97) 105 in-
structors and 1,331 students.
Ipek (e-pek'),Serv. Pec(petsh). A town in the
vilavet of Kossovo, Turkev, situated in lat. 42°
35' N., long. 20° 26' E.: "th» ancient seat of
the Servian patriarch. Population, estimated,
10,000.
Iphicrates (i-fik'ra-tez). [Gr. 'Ii^«p(i77;r.] Lived
]u the first half of the 4th century B. C. An
Athenian general, noted for his improvements
in the equipment of the peltasts. He defeated
the Spartans near Corinth 392 B. c.
IphigeniaCif'i-je-ni'H). [Gr.'I(J;jfv«a.] InGreek
legend, the daughter of Agamemnon and Cly-
temncstra(or of Theseus and Helena). Accord-
ing to one legend, when the fleet which was to sail against
Tioy was becalmed at Aulis, through the anger of Artemis
with Agamemnon, the seer Calchas(or the Delphic oracle)
declared that the death of Iphigenia was the only means
of propitiating the goddess. Agamemnon sent for his
daughter, but when she arrived Artemis carried her away
in a cloud toTauris. and a stag (or other animal, or another
person) was substituted for her in the sacrifice. While
she was at Tauris as a priestess of Artemis, her brother
Orestes, accompanied l>v his friend Pylades, camew ith the
intention of carrying otf the celebrated image of the god-
dess. Iphigenia saved him from being put to death as a
stranger, and fled with him and the image. Herstory has
frequently been made the subject of dramatic poetry.
There were "Iphigenias" by both .Eschylus and Sopho-
cles, which were soon obscured by the present play [of
Euripides]. Both Nceviusand Ennius composed well-known
tragedies upon its model. Erasmus translated it into
Latin in 1524 ; T. Sibillet into t'rench in 1.S49. Dolce gave
an Italian version in 1.00O. There are obscure French ver-
sions by Rotrou (1640), and by Leclerc and Cor.ts (1675), the
latter in opposition to the great imitation of Kacine in
1074. Racine's remarkable play, written l)y a man who
combined a real knowledge of Euripiiies with poetic talent
of his own, is a curious specimen of the effects of French
court manners in spoiling the simplicity of a great mas.
terpiece. . . . .\n English version of Racine'splay, called
".\chilles. or Iphigenia in .\ulis," was brought out at Drury
Lane in 170<->, and the author in his preface to the print
boasts that it was well received, though another Iphigenia
failed at Lincoln's Inn Fields about the same time. This
tare play is bound up with West's "Hecuba" in the Bod-
Iquitos
leian. The famous opera of Gluck (1774) is based on Racine,
and there was another operatic revival *n the play in Dub-
lin in the year 1846, when Miss Helen Faucit apireared as
the heroine. The version (by J. '>V. Calcraft) w.is based on
Potter's translation, and the choruses were set to music,
after the model of Mendelssohn, by R. M. Levev. I fancy
this revival was limited to Dublin. Schiller"translated
Euripides' play (17tiO), and there is an English p»ieticiil
version by Cartwright, about 18U7 (with the 'Medea " and
"Iph. Taur.").
ilahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., L 371.
There yet remains the very famous " Iphigenia " of
Goethe for our consideration. This excellent play has lieen
extolled far beyond its merits by the contemponuies of its
great author, but is now generally allowed, even in Ger-
many, to be a somewhat unfortunate mixture of Greek
scenei-y and characters with modern romantic sentiment.
It therefore gives no idea whatever of a Greek play, and
of this its unwary reader should be carefully reminded.
Apart from the absence of chorus, and the introduction of
a sort of confidant of the king, Ai'kas, who does nothing
but give stupid and unheeded advice, the character of
Thoas is drawn as no barbarian king should have been
drawn — a leading character, and so noble that Iphigenia
cannot bring herself to deceive him, a scruple which an
Athenian audience would have derided. Etiually would
they have derided Orestes' proposal, of which Thoas ap-
proves, to prove his identity tiy single comtiat, and still
more the argument which Iphigenia prefers to .all outward
marks — the strong yearning of her heart to the stranger.
The whole diction and tone of tlieplay is, moreover, full of
idealistic dreaming, and conscious analysis of motive,
which the Greeks, who painted the results more accu-
rately, never paraded upon the stage.
Mahafy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 357.
Iphigenia. A tragedy by John Dennis, acted
at Lincoln's Inn Fields in 1700. The story is
taken from Euripides's "Iphigenia in Tauris."
Iphigenia among the Tauri. A play of Eu-
ripides, of uuceirtaindate. but certainly belong-
ing to the poet's later period.
Iphigenia at Aulis. A play of Euripides, brought
out after his death by his son.
Iphigenie. A tragedy by Eaclne, acted at court
in 1074, in public in 1675.
Iphigenie auf Tauris. A psychological drama
by Goethe, completed 1787.
Iphigenie en Aulide. An opera by Gluck, pro-
duced at Paris in 1774.
Iphigenie en Tauride. An opera by Gluck,
produced at Paris in 1779. The story of "Iphigenia
in Aulis" has been set to music by more than 20 composers
besides Gluck, and of "Iphigenia in Tauris" by 9 or 10.
Ips, or Ybbs (ips). A town in Lower Austria,
situated at the junction of the Ips with the
Danube, 58 mUes west of Vienna. Population
(1S901, commune, 4,286.
Ipsambul. See Abu-Simhel.
Ipsara (ip-sa'ra), or Psara (psa'ra). A small
island in the .^ilgean Sea, 12 miles northwest of
Scio, belonging to Turkey: the ancient Psyra.
Ipsus (ip'sus). [Gr. "Ii/'Of, 'IV^C.] In ancient
geographv, atowninPhrvgia, Asia Minor, about
lat. 38° 41' N., long. 30° 52' E. Here, 301 B. c,
Lysimachus and Seleucus defeated and slew
Aitigonus.
Ipswich (ips'-wich). A seaport and the capital
of SuflFolk, England, on the Orwell 64 miles
northeast of London. It has a grammar-school, re-
founded by Elizabeth, and w;\s the birthplace of Wolsey.
It was plundered by the Danes 991 and I'JOO. It returns
2 members to Parliament. Population (1S91X 57,260.
Ips'wich. A river port in Queensland, Austra-
Da, situateil on the Bremer about lat. 27'^ 35' S.,
long. 152° 50' E. Population (1891), 7,625.
Ips'wich. A river port in Essex County, Massa-
chusetts, situated near the mouth of the Ipswich
River, 25 miles north-northeast of Boston. Pop-
ulation of township (1890). 4,439.
Iquichanos (e-ke-chii'nos). A tribe of Peru-
vian Indians, of the Quichua race, in the wild
mountain region of the department of Ayaeu-
cho, west of Huanta. They have retained a form of
tribal independence. During the revolution they fought
on the side of the royalists, but since they have served the
Peruvian government bravely, especially in the war with
Chile 1880-S3. Also written Yquichanos.
Iquique (e-ke'ka). A seaport in the territory of
Tarapacii. Chile, in lat. 20° 12' S., long. 70° 11'
W. Sear here. May 21, 1879, occurred a naval battle in
which the Chilean ship Esmeralda was sunk by the Peru-
vian monitor Huascar. Iqnique was ceded to Chile in
1883. Population (1685), 15,391.
IqoitOS (e-ke'tos). A tribe of Indians on the
northern side of the upper Amazon, in the re-
gion disputed between Ecuador and Peru. For-
merly they were found about the rivers Tigre and .Nanay,
where missionaries preached to them from 1727 to 1768.
.Some, at least, relapsed into barbarism, and the remnants
live on the left side of the Napo. They are naked savages,
and use poisoned arrows. Nothing is known of their lan-
guage. The town of Iquitos, Peru, was named from them.
Also written YqttUog.
Iquitos. A town in the department of Loreto.
Peru, on the Maranon. Population (18S9), about
3,000.
Iraj
Iraj (e-rej'). In the Shahuamah, son of Faridun
bv Aniivaz, In the division of his realm Karidun (riive
to Ir.ij, though the yuunKcst Iran, and toSahn and Tur. re-
spectively, the West and Turan. These rose against Inij,
and Tiir slew hini. He was avenged by Miimchihi-, who
Blew both SiUin and Tnr. See Salui.
Irak (e-rak'). Tho tract of laud which is called
Babylonia by Ptolemy, bounded on the north
by ik'sopotauiia, on the west hy the Per-
sian Gulf and Susiaua, and on tho east by Su-
siana, Assyria, and Metlia. It was invaded by
the Arabs under the lirst calif » Abu-Bekr. 031*-
()M A. 1).
Irak Ajemi (e-rak' aj'e-me) or Adjemi. A
province of western Persia, lying west of Kho-
rasan and south of Azerbaijan, Ghilan, and
Mazanderan. It corresponds generally to the
ancient Media, and contains Teheran and Ispa-
han.
Irak-el- Arabi (e-rak'el-il'ra-be). Same as
Jral:.
Irala (e-rU'lU), Domingo Martinez de. Born
at Vergara. Guipuzcoa. 14-S7: died at Ita, near
Asuncion. Paraj^uay, 1")')7. A Spanish soldier.
Be went to the Rio de la I'lata with Mendoza in 1634, and
was commodore of the Meet with which Ayolas ascended
the Parana! and Para^nay in 153tt. In 1537 he was made
governor of the .Spanish colonies on the Plata and Pani-
guay. Succeeded hy t'al)cza de Vaca in 1542, he again he-
came governor on the hitters deposition in April, 1544, and
remained in pt)w er initil his death. He conducted many
important expeditions, and first opened communications
between Panij^uay and Peru.
Iran(e-ran'). 1. Originally, the land of the Ar-
yans.— 2. The plateau including Persia, Af-
ghanistan, and Baluchistan. — 3. The official
name of Pei-sia.
Iras (i'ras). A character in Shakspere's '*An-
tony and Cleopatra," a female attendant on
Cleopatra.
Irawadi, <»r Irrawaddy (ir-a-wad'i). The chief
river of HuriiiM. it is formed by two head streams,
Meh-kha and Mali-kha, which unite near Bhamo. Its
Bonrc<-8 are unknown. Perhaps the Mehklia is the lu-
ki.ing. or the N'u, a lurpe river in Tibet. The Irawadi flows
into the Bay of Itenjral liy a delta about lat. 10' N. The
chief nioutlis art- tlie Uang'ion and Bassinn. Ava and
llatiilalay are on its bunks. Length, probably about l,5u0
miles ; navipable from Bhamo.
Irbit (ir-bif). A town in the pfovemment of
Perm, Russia, situated on the Nitza about lat.
57° 30' X., loufc. fill^ 'JO' E. : noted for its fair.
Population, about ii.700.
Iredell (irMel), James. Born at Lewes, Eng-
land, Oct. 5, 17.')! : died at Edenton, N. C, Oct.
20, 179!). An American jurist, justice of the
United States Supreme Court 1790-99.
Iredell, James. Bom at Edenton, N. C, Nov.
2, 17S8: died at Kaleip:h, N. C, April 13, 1853.
An Americau jurist aiul politician, son of James
Irfdell. He was governor of North Carolina
1827-28, and United States senator 1828-31.
Ireland (ir'land). [ME. Inlfitid^Irlfnulj Yrland,
JCrtauiKV.JrltnulcjG. Irhthd, from E.),AS. //•«-
Imtd^ Irlajidj land of the Irish, from //y/, gen,
of Iras, Tras, tlie Irish, from Ir. J'jirc, Ireland,
Erin. See PJrin an<l Ilihrrttid.l An island west of
iireat Britain, formingwith it the United King-
dom of (ireat Britain and Ireland. Capital, Dub-
lin. It is bonnded by the Atlantic Ocean on the north,
west, and honth, and separated on the east from Great
Britain by the North e'hannel, Irish Sea, and St. George's
Channel. It extends fn>ni l:it 51 -Jtt' toDS^Sl' N., long. 5''2.r
to 10° 2a' W. There are iii"iiiit.;iiiis near the coast, but the
interior Is generally levul , and abounds in lakes. The lead-
inpT occupation is iigricnlture, and chief products CL-rcnls,
potatoes, etc. The cliief inanufacturcs are linen, wdnlen,
Rpirits, etc. Ireland is divided into 1 provinces (lister,
LtiiUBter, Munster. i'oinian^ht), ainl subdivided into 32
counties. lioveriuiK-nt is administered by a lord lieu-
tenant, appointed by the I'.ritish covernnient for the time
bein^. iiHsiHted by a privy ecnuieil at Dublin and a chief
wcretJiry in Parliament. The klnjjiiom is rejirescnted by
I0:{ members in the House uf (.'onnnons, and the peeraKe,
which at i)resent (l^iM) ininibcrs 170 nieml)ers, appoints
26 representative i)eL'rs to sit in the House of Lords. Alumt
7(Jpcr cent, of the population are Koman Catholics. The
Inhattitants aremoslly of Celtic descent (except in lister).
The colonizations of Ireland by Kirbolgs, Milesians, and
other races are legendary. The following are the leading
events and incidents of Irish hist^try : Christianity intro-
dnueil by St. Patrick. Mb century ; settlements on the
eastern coasts l)y the Northmen, i»th and KHh centuries;
I'miish invasions, ended in 1014 hy the victory at Clontarf
of the Irish chieftain Ilrian Horu ; ctnniuest of tile Eng-
llsh J*:ile made in the reign of Henry II. by Strongbow, be-
gimiing in 1109; expedition of I'oynings sent liy IIenr>'
VII., leading to Pnyrdnys's Act. 1404 ; revolt of the Irish
under theCjcnildines suppressed by Henry VIII., who tfwk
the title of King of Irclmid ; rebellions during the rt-ign
nf r.li7,abeth. under the l.-udeishin of Shane O'Neill, later
of Desnion.l, and biter i>f II ugh O'iNeill (earl of Tyrone), who
was defeated by Mountjny in KKH ; English and Scottish
settlement made in lister by .Tames I.: the lieutenancy
of Strafford, folln^ved by the " massacre of l<i41 '"; rising put
down (Hni^.%0) by Cromwell, who made additional settle-
ments nf f'.n'.liyh and Scots; adherence of Ireland to
.lames 11., UW :> : battle of the l^oyne .Inly 1, 1«1K) ; the Irish
i'ailltimcnt declai'cd indupunUent, 1782; UDSucccasful re*
531
bellion, 1798 ; Act of Union, ending the separate Irish Par-
liament and uniting Ireland with Great liritain, caixied
•tluough under the lieutenancy of Cornwallis (came into
force Jan. 1, ISOl); unsuccessful rebellion under Emmet,
lUiXi; t'atholic Emancipation passed, l.s29; repeal agita-
tion under O'Lonnell, 1842-44; potato famine of 1840-47,
followed by great emigialion to America; "Young Ire-
land" rebellion, 1848; Fenian outbreaks, ISti-S and IbtiT;
Land Act, 1870; disestaitlishment of the Irish Churcli,
1871; Land Act, 1881 ; Land League suppressed, 1881 ; Na-
tiomil League organized, 1882 ; Pha>nix Fark murders, 18^2 ;
Home Rule agitation under the lead of rarneil ; introduc-
tion by Mr. tiladstoneof a Home Rule Bill which failod
to pass tlie House of Commons 1880; Home Rule iiill
passed by the House of Commons, but rejected by tho
Htnise of Ix)rds, 1893. Area, 32,583 square miles. Popu-
lation (1891), 4,704,750.
Ireland, John. Bom near Weni, Shropshire:
died at Bir!nin<j;bani, Nov., 180S. An Knc(lish
authnr. He worked as a watchmaker in Maiden Lane.
London. In 1786 he published the " Letters and I'oems "
of John Henderson the actor. In 179;t he edited for liov-
dell " Hogarth Illustrated " (1791). In 179S. as a supple-
mentary volume of this work, lie published his " Life of
Hogarth," with engravings of some hitherto unpublished
drawings. This is the standard biography of Uogartli.
Ireland, John, Born at Burnehurch, County
Kilki'iMiy, Ireland. Sept. 11, 1838. A Roman
Catholk* archbishop. He emigrated to the Inited
States in 184!) ; was educ.ited in France ; and was ordained
priest in St. Paul, Mmii., in ISCl. He was Consecrated co-
adjnt'irto th''bi.sbop yf St. I'aul in lS7.'i, Irecaiue bisiiop of
that city in 1884, :ind ari hltishop in lf^88. He has written
"The Church and .Modt-rn Society" (189t;).
Ireland, Samuel. Born at London : died there,
July. ISOO. An Eri^lish author and eng^'aA'er.
Originally a weaver in SpitalHelds, London, he later went
int^> tnisiness a3 a dealer in prints and drawings, instruct-
ing himself in drawing, etching, and engraving. In 17G0
lie won a med;il from the Society of Arts, and in 1704 ex-
hibited at the Royal Academy fur the first and only time.
From 1780 to 1785 he etclud iiKiny plates after Jlortimer
and Hogarth, also Ruysdael (178ti)and reniers(1787). He
is best known as the dupe of his son, William Henry Ire-
land, in the atfair of tlie Shakspere forgeries.
Ireland, William Henry. Bom probably at
London, 1777: died there, April 17, 1835. A
forger of Shaks])orr iiiauusrripts. Ue is supposed
to have been .nn ilKgitiiiiatt.- sun of S;unuel Ireland. He
visited Stratfoid-on- Avon :tbout 1791 with bis father, an ad-
mirer of Shakspere.who fully believed astory of the recent
destruction of Sliakspcre's own manuscripts. On his re-
turn to London he began his famous series of forgeries of
Shakspere manuscripts. Among these are a mortgage deed
copiedonoldparL-hmentfromagenuinedeedofltil2, which
had been copied in facsimile by Steevens; Shakspere's
signature on the fly-lejxves of old books; a transcript of
"Lear"; and extracts from '"Hamlet" (the orthography
copied from Chatterton's Rowley poems). In Feb., 1795,
these documents were exhibited by the elder Ireland at
his house in Noi folk street. On Feli. 25 Dr. Parr, Sir Isaac
Heard. Herbeit Croft, I*>'e, the poet laureate, and 10 others
signed a paper testifying to theirbelief in thcirgenuineness.
To these Ireland added a new blank-verse play, "Vortigern
and Rowena," in Shakspere's autograph, and a tragedy.
'* Henry II.," which he said he had copied from shakspere's
original, which were examined by Sluiidan tif lirury Lane
and Harris of Covent Garden. On April 2, 17M0, "Vorti-
gern " was produced l)y Kemble at Drury Lane. Its com-
plete failure led to the exposure of the entire fraud, anil
before the end of the year Irelaml published "An Authen-
tic Account of the Shakespearian MSS." He also published
a number of bnllads, poems, novels, memoirs, and transla-
tions. Diet. Xat. liiog.
Ireland Island. One of the Bermudas.
Irenaeus (i-re-ne'us), 8aint. Born in Asia Mi-
nor : (lied at Lyons, probably in 202 A. d. A
celebrated Greek church father. H(^ was a native
of Asia Minor ; studied under I'olycarp. bishop of Smyrna ;
removed to Itome about ir)5 ; and became bishop of Lyons
in 177. He died a martyr during the persecution under the
emperor SeptiniiusSeverus. HewroteaGreek work against
heresies, whicli is extant in a Latin translation entitled
"Ctmtra hereticos" (ed. by Stieren 1851-53, and by Har-
vey 18r.7).
Irene (i-re'ne). [Gr. VApf'/vrf^ peace.] Born at
Athens about 752: died in Lesbos, Aug. 15, 80,1.
A Byzantine empress, she became the wife of tho
emperor Leo IV. in 7(li», and from 78M to 71)0 was regent for
her son ConstiUitine VI., whom she dethroned and blinded
in 71)7. She was deposed and banished by iSicephorus in
802,
Irene. An asteroid (No. 14) discovered by Hind
at London, May 19, IS.^.l.
Irene. A tragedy by Samuel Johnson. It was
played under the titio " Mahomet and Irene," under Gar-
ricU's management^ Feb. 0, 174i». Garrick jdayed Deme-
trius.
Ir^ne (e-rfm'). A tragedy by Voltaire, produ<*ed
Mar(di 10, 1778. Uowascrowncd with laurel in his box
for this play on the tlrst occasion on wliich he wiuj able to
attend.
Ireton (Ir'ton). Henry. Bom in Nottingiuim,
lOuf^jland, HJll; died near Limerick, Ireland, Nov.
20, 1651. An Kiij^li.sh Parliamentary fjeueral,
son-in-law of ('r(>in\v<-ll. in lC2«he became a gentle-
man commoner of Trinity Cnlh-ge. Oxford, graduating
It. A. in 1(V_".). At the begirmingof thecivil warhe was the
chiel suppmter of the Parliamentary interest in Notting-
hamshire. and.Iune80, 1(142, was made captahi of the Not-
tingham horse, He attached himself very intimately to
Cromwell, with whom lie had great Inllucnce; was made
commissary-general of the horse at Naseiiy ; and married
(Iromwell's daughter Bridget, June 1.0, 1«40. On Oct. tn\
IG45, he was returned to rnrllament for Appleby. Ue took
Imerius
part in the treaty between tlie commissioners of the army
and Parliament. He hoped to lay the foundation of an
agreement between the king and rarliament, and to es-
tabli.sh the liberties of the people mi a permanent basis.
Wlien Charles I., however, refused the "Four Bills, " Ire-
ton advised the settlement of the alfairs of the kingdom
without him. In the trial of the king he sat regularly in
the High Court of Justice, and signed the warrant for the
king's execution. On Aug. 15, 1(149, he went with Cromwell
to Ireland as second In command, and became his deputy
May 29, l(k'>o.
Iriarte, or Yriarte (e-re-iir'ta), Tomas de.
Born at Orotava, TenenlTe. Canarv Islands,
Sept.lH,175U: died at Madrid, Sept. 17,1791. A
Spanish poet. His chief works are "Lamusica"
(1779), '*Fabulas literarias" (1782).
Iris (i'ris). [i^r, '^Iptr.'] In Greek mythology, a
female divinity, messenjj^er of the gods, often
rci^arded as tlic personification of the rainbow.
Iris. An asteroid (No. 7) discovered by Hind at
London, Au^, 13, 1847.
Irisarri{e-re-sa'i-e), Antonio Jos6 de. Born at
Santiap:o de los CabalKros, t Juntcmnla. Feb. 7,
1780: died at Brooklyn, N. Y., June 10. LStiS. A
Spanish-Anieriean statesman and author. He
settled in Chile, where he took a juoininent part in the
revolution lsi(M8. Subsetiuently he held various diplo-
matic po^Is fur Chile, and from IS;'*.") was minister of Gua-
temala anil S;dvador t^^) tlie United States. He edited sttv-
eral jourmds in various Spanish-Aniei ican countries, pub-
lished bistoriciU and philological works and a collection of
satirical poems, and was a well-known bibliojihilist.
Irish (i'rish). The language of the native Celtic
race in Irehiud. it is in age and philological value the
most import;uit language of the Celtic family, though its
anticpiity and importance have been much exuggei ated by
tradition and patriotism. The alphabet is an adaptation
of the Latin. As heretofore printed the letters, like the
so-caUed Anglo-Saxon letters, are usually made to resem-
ble a conventionalized form of the Latin ali>habet in use
in Britain in the early middle ages. Gaelic is a compara-
tively recent form of the Irish spoken by the Celts of Scot/
land. It differs but slightly from the Irish of the same
age. Modern Irish is greatly corrupted in pronunciation,
as compared with the Old Irish ; but it retains in great
part the old orthography. Asa living speech it is fast go-
ing out of use.
Irish Sea. A body of water lying between Eng-
land on tlie east and Ireland on the west, and
connected with the Atlantic Ocean by the North
Channel on the north and St. George*^ Channel
on the south. The Isle of Man is in itseenter.
Irish Widow, The. A comedy by David Gar-
rick, taken in i>ai't from Moii^re's *' Le mariago
forc^." It was brought out Oct. 2:i, 1772. The widow
Brady was plnyed originally by Mrs. Barry, for whom Iho
play was written.
Irkalla. See Vrugal.
Irkutsk (ir-kotsk'). 1. A government of Sibe-
ria, bounded by Yakutsk on tiie north and east,
Trans-Baikal on the southeast, the Chinese em-
pire on the south, and Yeniseisk on the west.
Area, 287,0(31 square miles. Population, 421,-
187. — 2. The capital of the government of Ir-
kutsk, situated at the junction of the Irkut with
the Antrara, in iat. 52^ 17' N., long. 104° 12' E.
It was foumleil in 1652, and is the chief commercial city
of Siberia and the seat of the general government, and is
noted for its tea trade. It was nearly destroyed by tire in
1879. Populatitm, 50,274.
Irmin (er'min), or Irmino (er'mi-nf>). In Ger-
manic mythology, a god, eponymic ancestor of
the Herminoues.
Irminones. See TTn-mionrs,
Irininsul(er'min-siil). A Saxon id(d castdown
byCh:irletna^ne,nearEreslMirg, about 772. Her-
mann, or Arminius, the hero of Teutonic independence,
was the object of the Saxons' admiration, and they callea
this idol Irmensaule(nernmnn Saule, 'Hermann's Pillar'),
from a fancieil resemblance of the word. >io real connec-
tion of the idol with llennann existed.
The Irmin-Sul, or Column of Hermann, near Eresburg,
the modern Stadtberg, was the chosen object of worship
to the descendants of tlie Cherusci, the Old Saxons, in de-
fence of wliich they fought desptriitely agninst Charle-
niiigne and his Christianized tYanks. "Irmin." says Sir
Francis Palgrave, "in the cloudy Olympus of Teut*)nic be-
lief, appears as n king and a warrior; and the pillar, the
Irmin-Stil, bearing the statue, and considered as the sym-
bol of the deity, was the ralladiuni of the Saxon nation
until the temple of TreKhnrg was destroyed by Charle-
magne, and the column itself trnnsferred to the monastery
of Cnrbey, where perhaps a portion of the rude rockddol
yet remains, covered by the orniunents of (be (Jot hie era."
rhilip Sui.fii, Hist. World, III. 3(iS,
Imerius (t''r-ne'ri-us).(U'Warnerius (wiir-no'-
ri-us). Lived first part of the 12th eentiu'y. A
note<l Italian jurist. See thr extract.
Irnerius, by universal testimony, was the founder of all
learned investigation into the laws of Justinisin. He gave
lectures upon them at Bologna, his native city, not hnig,
in Savigny'sojiinion, after the commcnct,uR'ntof the cen-
tury. And, besides tills oral instruction, he began the
practice id making glosses, or short marginal explanations,
on the liiwbi)<iks, with the whole of which he was ac-
(jUJiintetl. Weowejdso to him, according to ancient opin-
ion, though much controverted in later times, an epitome,
called the .\iithenliea, ttt what Oravina calls tlie prolix and
ditllcnlt(s)debro8is atquegarrulls) Novels of Justinian, ar-
ranged according to the titles of the Code.
UaUanit Lit.. ]>. 03.
Iron
Iron (i'em), Balph. The nom tie plume of Olive
Selu-eiuer.
Iron Arm, F. Bras de Per ( bra cU- far). A sur-
name given to the Huguenot leader De Lanoue.
Iron Chest, The. A play by George Colman
the vouuger,witli musie l)y Storace. It was taken
from" Godwin's "Caleb Williams," and was produced at
Drury Ijue -March 12, 1790.
Iron City, The. A name given to Pittsburg.
P.-HMsylvauia, on aeeouut of its ii'on mauufac-
tuiis.
IronDuke. A Bi-itish war-ship.launched in 1871.
Her chief iliniensions are: length, aso feet; bi-cadth. 54
feet ; draught, 2i7 feet ; displaceiuuiit, t.Ulil tons ; thick-
ness of amior, S to 0 inches. The .nrinored repion consists
of a belt at the water-Une 10 feet wide, and a doublcdccked
central citjdel. The lower batter)- has only broadside fire
from I'i 12-ton guns. The upper battery lias 1 I2ton gun
and an indented port at each angle for fore-and-:if t as well
as broadside tire. The Iron Duke ran into and sjmk her
sisler ship tlie V:mguard olf the coast of Ireland Sept.,
i>7:..
Iron Duke, The. A popular surname of the
Duke of Wellington.
Iron Gates, The. A eelcbrateil defile in the Dan-
ube, at the confines of Hungary, Servia, and Ku-
miiuia. Length, 1^ miles.
Iron Man, The. See Talus.
Iron Mask, Man with the. See Man, etc.
Ironmaster, The. A jilay translated from Oh-
net's '-Muitre de Forges""(1882) by Pinero, and
produced in 1884.
Iron Moimtain. A hill, 1,075 feet in height, in
St. Fran(;ois County, eastern Missouri, 67 miles
south-southwest of St. Louis, noted for its de-
posit of u'on ore.
Ironside. A surname of Edmund II., king of
Kngland.
Ironside, Nestor. A pseudonym of Sir Richard
Steele in ••The Guardian."
Ironsides, Old. See old Ironsides.
Ironsides, The. The famous regiment led by
Cromwell in the English civil war. The name
was afterward applied to the entire army un-
der liis control.
Ironton (i'em-ton). A ei^ and the capital of
LawTence Countv, Ohio, situated on the Ohio
in lat. 38° 33' N., long. 82= 30' W. It is the
center of an iron district. Population (1890),
10,93i).
Iroiiuoian (ir-o-kwoi'an). A linguistic stock of
North American Indians, historically of great
importance though numerically inferior to sev-
eral others. The conduct otapartofthcsetribes.which
are collectively called Iroquois, in the colonial period
markedly shaped the liistoi-y of America north of Mexico,
as at the lirst collisions they became the allies of the Eng-
lish against the French, and by their early procurement of
firearms, perhaps more than by the pr eeniinent valor and
sagacity imputed to them by most writers, they mastered
and drove o(f from immense districts all the tribes before
occ'jpying them which would not submit to their rule.
The Sti Lawrence Kiver valley was their earliest known
habitat, whence they gradually moved southwest ah mg the
shores of the great hikes. Cartier in 1535 found between
Quebec and Montreal a people the recorded friipments of
whose hm'^age indicate that tliey were Wyandots. (.See
Iroimoig., The Ipoquoian tribes were notably sedentary
and to a considerable extent ;igricuUural, depending com-
paratively little upon hunting, and were remarkable for
their skill in house-building and fortillcation. The re-
maining Indians of this stoclc, both in the United States
aud in Canada, are distinguished for their advance into
civilization. As a rule they are prosperous and increasing
in numbers, Thuir whole population now is about 4:i,0JO,
of whom over ai.OOO are in the United .States and nearly
9,000 in Canada. They are divided both linguistically
and geographically into 4 groups, as follows: northern
group— Wyandot, Tionontati, Tohotaeni-at, Wcnrorono,
Kcuter, Hochelaga; central group— Slohawk, Oneida,
Onondaga, Cayuga. Sentca, Erie, Conestoga; southern
group — Tuscarora, Nottoway, Meherrin, Chowanoc, Co-
ree: Cherokee group — Elati or Lower Cherokee, ^fiddle
Cherokee, and At.ili or Upper Cherokee. The name of the
linguistic stock is taken from the form Iniqums, which has
been applied specitically to the confederacy or league also
called the " five .Nations," and later the "Six >'ations."
IrOQUOis (ir-o-kwoi'). [The name, given by the
French, was tleri vedf rom an e.Nclamationused by
the speakersof the confederacy.] Awell-known
confederacy of the North American Indians.
They called themselves by a name meaning 'we of the long
house,* also by another, meaning 'real men." The Dela-
ware name for them was Mcwjwe, corrupted into Minffo.
Tile English knew them as the Confederates or Five Nations,
and, after the :id mission of the Tuscaroni, as the Six Nfttittns.
The confederaiy was. about liWO, composed t>f live tribes.
Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca, extend-
ing across New York Stat«. In the order named, from Hud-
son River to Lake Erie. According to tnulitiou they had
before lived on the St. Lawrence Hlver, whence they had
been driven by Algonquian tribes. After proctlriup lireanns
from the Dutch, they made wai- upon all the surrounding
tribes, driving off some, incoi7M>ratiug some, and making
others tributary, until their rule was acknowledged from
the Ottawa River to the Tennessee, and from the Kennebec
to the lUiuoisand L.ake Michig:in. During the Revolution
thest tribes sided with the Lnglish, with whom they had
betore been allied against the French ; and afterward the
llohawks and Cayngas followed Brant in a body to Canada,
.532
They, with some individualsof other tribes of the confed-
eracy, settled and still remain at a resen'ation on IJrand
River, Ontario, and at other points in that province. Those
in the United States are on reservations in New York, ex-
cept the Oneidas, who are chiotly at tireen liay, Wisconsin.
'The so-c:llle<l Senecas of the Indian Temtol'y are really
"Mingos" collected from all the Iroquois tribes, and the
Catholic Iroquois at Caughnawaga. St, Regis and Oka have
no connection with the confwleracy. The number* of the
latter are now about 15,0U0, including mixed blood. See
J riM^noia II.
Irrawaddy. See Irau-adi.
Irredentists (ir-e-deu'tists). An Italian politi-
cal party, formed in 1878 for bringing about the
"redemption" ortheincorporationinto the king-
dom of Italy of all regions situated near Italy
where an important part of the population was
Italian, but which were still subject to other gov-
ernments, and hence called Italia irredett ta ( • un-
redeemed Italv ').
Irrefragahle Doctor, L. Doctor Irrefragahilis
(dok'tor i-ref-ra-gal)'i-lis). A surname given to
the scholastic philosopher Alexander of Hales.
Irtysh, or Irtish (ir'tish; Kuss. pron. ir-tish').
A river in Sitngaria and western Siberia, which
joins the Obi about 190 miles north of Tobolsk.
It traverses Liike Zaisan. Its chief aflluentsare the Ishim,
Tobol, Bukht,arma and Om. Length, over 1,600 miles ;
navigable to Lake Zaisan.
Iron, or Yrun (e-ron'), A town in the province
of Guipuzcoa, Spain, situated near the French
frontier 19 miles southwest of Bavonne. Popu-
lation (1887), 9,264.
Ims (i-rus). 1. In Homeric legend, a beggar of
gigantic stature who kept watch overthe suitors
of Penelope.and was employed by them as a mes-
senger. He was celebrated for his voracity. —
2. The Blind Beggarof Alexandriain Chapman's
play of that name. He assumes many disguises.
Irawai (ir'o-wi). A tribe or division of North
American Indians formerly living in Scott Val-
ley, Siskiyon County, California. In 1831 it had
seven villages and an estimated population of
420. See Sasfean.
Irvine (er'vin). Aseaport in Ayrshire, Scotland,
situated on the river Irvine 23 miles southwest
of Glasgow. PopiUation (1891), 4.554.
Irving(er'\-ing), Edward. Born at Annan, Dum-
friesshire, Scotland, Aug. 4, 1792: died at Glas-
gow. Dec. 7, 1834. A Scottish preacheranddi vine.
As a boy he was much influenced by the services of the ex-
treme Presbyterians, secedersf torn the Church of Scotland.
In lS12heobtained the mastership of the academy at Kirk-
c:Udy, where he formed a waim friendship for Thomas Car-
lyle. In ISIS he went to Edinburgh to pi epare himself for
the ministrj', and Oct., ISin, became assistant to Dr. Chal-
mers in Olasgow. He removed to the little chapel in Hatton
Oanlen, London, .Tuly, 1S22, when he immediately won ex-
traordinary popitlarity. At this time begin the peculiar
mental ami religious aberrations which are :issociated with
his career. InMay,18iS,hemadeatourof Scotland with the
objectof proclaiming theimminenccof thesccond advent.
-4nother expedition to Scotland followed, and in 1830 his
tract on "The Orthodoxy and Catholic Doctrine of Our
Lord's Human ^Nature" exposed him to direct charges of
heresy. The " unknown tongues," a peutecostal phenom-
enon, were first heard in March, 1S3«,), from the mouth of
Mary CampbelL They were at first heard only in private
assemblies, butOct. 16, 1:^:^1, the services of his new Regent
Square church were disturbed by a woman who pave utter-
ance to an outbreak of unintelligible discourse. An at-
tempted prosecution for heresy failed in Dec., 1S30; but on
April 20, 1.S32, he was removed from his church. On March
Vi, 1833, he was condemned by the Presbytei^ of Annan on a
charge of heresy concerningthesinlcssness of Christ. This
pnictically terminated his career. The "Irvingite" or
•'Catholic Apostolic Church" still stirvives. Diet. Nat.
Biog.
Irving, Sir Henry (real name was John Henry
Brodribb). Bom at Keiutou, near Glaston-
bury, England, Feb. 6, 1838. A noted Eng-
lish actor. He made his first appearance at the Sun-
derland Theatre in 1S56. After playing at Edinburgh for
some lime he made his first London appe-.u-ance at the I'riii-
cess's Theatre in 1S39. He made no distinct mark till 1870,
when he played Digby Grant in .Vlbery s 'Two Roses. ' He
played with success tiIlIS74, when his performance of Ham-
let created genuine interest. In 1878 he undertook the
mnn:vgement of the Lyceum Theatre, where his success
has been great. He has produced a Large number of new
plays ami .Shaksperian revivals. In IStxi, lt84, 18Sti, 1893,
and W i.'i he cume to the United SUitest with his company,
illL-Uiding -Miris Filon Tenr. Ho is especially distinguished
in '■ Hamlet," "Othello," "Merchant of Venice," " Ricliard
III,' 'Richelieu." "The Bells," ■ Louis XL," "Heniy
VllI ,• "Bccket." etc. Knighted in 1895.
Irving, Theodore. Born at New York. May 9,
ivwi : died at New York, Dec. 20, 1880. An
.■\rai'rican clergyman and author, nephew of
Washington Irring.
Irving, Washington. Bom at New York, April 3,
1783: died at Sunnyside, nearTarrytown,N.Y.,
Nov. 28, 1859. An American historian, essay-
ist, and novelist. He was the son of an Englishman.
William Irving, who came fitun the Orkneys. He entered
a Iwv office when qnite young, and wrote literary squibs
for the "Jloming Chronicle," under the pseudonym "Jon-
athan Oldslyle. " HU health obliged him tt) travel. and in
1801 he was sent abroad for two years. On hl» return he
undertook the publication, with Jamet K. Paulding, of
Isabella
"Salmagnndt" In 1S09 he published his ' Hi?:(oryof New
Y'ork,by Diedrich Knickerbocker." Iissuccess established
his literary position. In ISlu he became a [lartner in a com-
mercial hou!^e establisheii by two of his brothers. In 1815,
however, he went abroad again, and lived there till 1832.
In 182e he was attaeht^ of the United St.ates legation at
Madrid, and in 18*29 %vas made secretary of legation at
London. He lived principally at Sunnyside (Wolfert's
Roost) from 183*2 till 1842, when he was appointed min-
ister to Spain, He returned in 1840 to Sunnyside. where
he lived till his death. Besides the wtirks above mentioned,
he wrote "The Sketch-Book" (which came out in parts
in 1810, and collected in lS--:0), '"Bracel ridge liall, or the
Humourists "(18-22), "Talesof a Traveler '(1824), 'Life and
Voyages of Christopher Ci lumbus" (IS'-'S). "Chronicle of
the Conquest of Granada" (1829), " \ i^yages of the Com-
panions of Columbus" (lS;il), "The Alhambra ' (183-2),
"Crayon Miscellany "(including "Tour on tlie Prairies,"
ISai), " Astoria, etc. " (with Pierre M. Irving, 1838), •Adven-
tures of Captain Bonne\*ille, etc." (1837), "Oliver Gold-
smith " (1849), "Mahomet and his Successors" (1830),
"Wolferfs Boost " (1855), ''Life of George Washington"
(1855-59). Works in the "Geoffrey Crayon ' editixn (-6
vols., 1880); "Life aud Letters" edited by Pierre Irving
(1801^7).
Irvingites (er ' ving-its). A religious denomi-
nation named from Edward Iiring (1792-1834).
Irving was not the founder of the sect popularly called af-
ter him. but accepted and promote*! the spread of the prin-
ciples upon which, after his death, the sect was formed.
Its proper name is the Catholic Apostolic Church, and it
has an elaborate organization derived from its twelve
'■apostles," the first body of wlioin was completed in 18:i5.
It recognizes the orders of apostles, prophets, evangelists,
pastors or "angels," elders, deacons, etc. It lays especial
stress on the early creeds, the eucharist, prophecies, and
gift of tongues. It has an extremely ritualistic service
and an elaborate liturgy. The adherents are not numerous,
and are found chiefly in Great Britain. There are some ou
the continent of Europe and in the fnited States.
Irwin (er'win), Sir John, Born at Dublin, 1728:
died at Parma, May, 1788. A British general,
the son of Alexander Irwin. As lieutenant in hia
father's regiment he was granted ayear's furlough for con-
tinental travel in 1748. when he commenced a regular cor-
resp<indence with Lord Chesterfield, which continued for
twenty years. He is supposed to have suggested to Ches-
terfield his paper on '"Good Breeding." which appeared in
the " World," tict. 30, 17.S5. Irwin atterward became gov-
ernor of Gibraltar (176G-6S), and commander-in-chief aud
privy councilor in Ireland 1775.
Isaac (i'zak). [Heb.,' the laugher.' See extract
below.] A Hebrew patriarch, son of Abraham
and Sarah, and father of Jacob and Esau.
The name of his father Isaak is probably also an abbre-
viation for "Isaakel," 'He upon whom God smilei.' It
may be that the holy tribe was so designated at a certain
epoch ; or the Isaakel may perhaps have been a Puritan
group anterior to t-hat of the JakobeL
Reiuxu, Hist, of the People of Israel, L 9a
Isaac I. Comnenus. Died IO6I. Byzantine em-
peror 1057-59. He was elevattxl by the army in oppo-
sition to Michael VI., who was defeate<l and compelled to
abdicate. He resigned the crown to Constantine Ducas in
consequence of an illness supposed to be mortal, and en-
tered a convent.
Isaac n. Angelns. Died 1204. Byzantine em-
peror 1185-95 and 1203-04. He succeeded .\ndronl-
cus Comnenus, who was overthrown by a poi>ular revolt.
He was dethroned and blinded by his own bi-other. Alex-
ius III., in 1195 ; but, on the latter's flight before the Cru-
saders, was replaced by them on the throne, together with
his son .\lexius IV., in l-'03. Together with his sou, he was
supplanted by Alexius V. in 1204.
Isaac, Sacrifice of. A painting by Rembrandt,
in the Hermitage JIuseum. St. Petersburg. Isaac
lies bound on a heap of fagots; Abraliam, kneeling over
him, with his hand on the boy s face, is about to give the
fatal blow, when the angel strikes the knife from his haiid-
The entangled ram is seen in the wooded background.
Isabella (iz-a-bel'ii), [F, Isabeau, Isabdie, It.
Ii^abclla. Sp. Tsabti, Pg, Isabel, G,and Dan. Isa-
belle.'\ Born 1214: died at Foggia, Dec. 1, 1241.
German empress, wife of the emperor Frederick
n., and second daughter and fourth child of
John, king of England, and Isabella of Angou-
leme. Her marriage with Frederick II. was concluded
July 15, 1'235, Herdaughter Margaret was bom Feb., 12S7,
and by marriage with Albert, landgrave of Thuriiigia, be-
came ancestress of the S3Xe-Cobui%;-Gotlla house.
Isabella I., sui-named •' The Catholic." Born at
Madrigal. -\pril 22,1451: died at Medina del Cara-
po, Nov. 26, 1504. Queen of Castile 1474-1.504,
daughterofJohnll. of Castile. She married, in lte9,
Ferdinand of Aragon, conjointly with whom slie sneceedsd
her brother, Henry IV., as monarch of Castile in 1474. She
equipped the expedition of Columbus in USi. See Fer-
dinand r.. King of Castile.
Isabella n. (Maria Isabella Louisa). Born at
Madrid. Oct. 10, 1S30. Queen of .Spain 1833-
18G8, daughter of Ferdinand VII. whom she
succeeded under the regency of her mother,
Maria Christina. See Maria Christina, and Car-
los, Maria Jose Isidoro de Bourhtm. Don. she as-
sumed personal control of the govemuient in 1813; was
deposed and banishetl by a revolution which broke out at
Cadiz, Sept, IS 1868 ; and resigned her claim to the throne
in favor of her eldest son (afterward Alfonso XII.), June
•25. 1870.
Isabella. 1. A character in Ariosto's" Orlando
Fuiioso." loved bvZerbino. and killed by Kodo-
roont.— 2. A chsiracter in Shaksperc's comedy
Isabella
"Moasuro for Measure," the sister of Claudio,
and object of the base passion of Angelo, but
rescued and married by Vincentio, the duke.—
3 A character in Webster's tragedy ' • Vittona
Corombona, or The White Devil": the wife ol the
Duke of Brachiaiio, lover of Vittona. To shield
hiin from the vengeauce of l.er family because of his ill
t|!St'ncr.t of her, she purposely plays the shrew to make
them think her ^¥orthlcss. „ . ,r . i i
4 The " insatiate countess" in Marston s play
of that name. She alternately attracts her lov-
ers and induces their successors to kill them. —
6. The wife of Biron in Southeme's "Fatal
MarriaRe." .she marries Villcroy, being deceived into
a belief in Hiron's death ; and alter his rctuni and actual
death she dies distracted. Isabella was a favorite p.irt
with Mrs. Barry, Mrs. Siddons, and other tragic actresses.
The play Wiis iifterward known as "Isabella."
6. One of the principal characters in Mrs.
Ccnllivrc's comcdv " The Wonder."
Isabella of AngOlileme. Died at Fontebrand,
li:4(i. Quo'ii of King John of England and
daughterof Evmer, count of Angouleme, by Ali-
cia, datigliterof Peter of Courtenay, a younger
son of Loui.s VI. of France. She was married to
John durinu his visit to France, Aug., 120:). Her first son
(afterward Uonry III.) was born Oct. 1, 1207 In Dec,
r'H she was imprisont-d in Gloucester by order of John,
oiid was probably there when he died. In 1217 she re-
turned to France, and May, 1220, married Hugh, count
of Lu M.aivhe.
Isabella of France. Born 1292 : died at Hert-
ford, Aug. 2:5, la.'jH. Queen of Edward II. of Eng-
land, and daughter of Pliilip the Fair, king of
Frantre. Thev were married at lloulogne, .Tan. 2.1, 13<)8.
Her first son (aiterivard Edward III.) was bom ^ov. 13,
131' at Windsor. F.dward II. treated her wiOl extreme
Ulikindncss. Driven fnmi England by the mtluencc of
the Despensers, she i-aised an army, .and with lioger Mor-
tlmerin commanil, .Sept. 24, 1:««. landed at Hanvich, hcKin-
nlng the campaign which terminated with the deposition
of IJlwBid II. by the Parliament in London, Jan. 7, 13_'.,
and the recognition of Edward III., then 14 years old. Isa-
bellii and Mortimer ruled in his name. In 1:130 Edward
III and Henry of Lancaster conspired against her. and she
w:is arrested with Mortimer at Nottingham, Oct. 18. Mor-
timer was executed.
Isabella of France. Bom at theEouvre, Paris,
Nov. 9. i:!89 : died at Blois, Sept. 13, 1409. The
second daugliter of Charles VI. of Franco, and
second queen of Richard U. of England. The
marriage contract was signed March 9, ISOP, when she was
7 years old. .^ftcr Uichard's death she wns restored to
France (July, 1401), and June, 1404, married Charles, count
of Angouliimc, the poet.
Isabella (so called from IsabeUa of Castile,
(lueen of Spain). The first European city in
the New World, founded by Christopher Colum-
bus, Dec., 1493, on a small bay of the northern
shore of the island of Espaiiola or Haiti, 25 miles
west of the present town of Puerto Plata. It was
abandoned so<jn after the founding of Santo Domingo city,
and only a few ruins now remain to mark its site.
Isabelle(e-zii-l)er). l. A young girl brought up
by Sganarelle in Moiii^re's "Ecole des mans.
He secludes her from all knowledge of the world or c,t
pleasure, intemliiig to marry her. She eludes his vigi-
iauco and marries Valtre. See Uoruyre,
2. An amusing and mischievous girl in Dry-
den's "Wild Gallant.''
Isabey(e-zaba').Eug6ne Louis Gabriel. Bom
at Paris, July 22, 1804 : died at Lagny, Scme-
et-Manie, Aiiril 27, 1SS6. A French iiainter,
son of J. B. Isabey, noted especially for his ma-
rines. Hewent to Algier8iulS30,asroy.almarine-paintcr,
with the expeilition of that ye.ir. Ue received niedal.i of
the lli-st class ill 1824, 1.S27, 1S65, and became a mcmlier
of the U'gion of Honor in ls;i2 and officer in 18.52.
Isabey, Jean Baptiste. Born at Nancy, Franco,
April 11, 1707: died at Paris, April 18, 1S:).5.
A Froncli miniaturo-painter, a pupil of Cirar-
det and Claudet (at Nancy), and of Dumont
and David (at Paris). Among his portraits arc those
of .Insephine, Napoleon, his marshals, members of the
Congress of Vienna, etc.
Isabinda (is-a-liin'dil). One of the jirincipal
characters iii' Mrs. Centlivre's comedy "Tlio
Busybody." the daughter of Sir Jealous Traflfick,
wlio keeps her from the sight of all men.
Isaus (i-se'us). [Or. 'Itoioc.] Born at Chaleis
(at Athens f): lived in tlie first half of the 4th
centiirvn.o. One of the ton Attli' orators. His
11 extant orations mainly on contested inheritances, Inivc
been edited by Sclionmaiin (1831), Uiirmann (1S83). Eng-
lish tr:inshitioii liy air William Jones.
Isaiahd-za'yii or i-zi'ya). [Heb.,' salvation of
.Icliovah.'] A Hebrew prophet wlio prophesied
from 740 u.c. till701n.C. Uo was the greatest of the
Hebrew proidicts and orators, a consistent opponent of
the policy of the Hebrew kings to enter into entangling
alliances Willi foreign powers. Once, however, the alll-
oiue with Assyria being formed, he counseled the keeping
of faith, contininilly asserting that no dependence could
be plnced on Egypt. Chapters xl.-lxvl. of Isaiah, which
relate to the captivity and return, are eonsid.reil by somo
scholars the work of a post-exilic prophet called Deuturo-
Isaiah.
533
He was the greatest of a race of giants. He gave their
final form to Hebrew ideas. He is not the founder of Ju-
daism ; he is its cl.issical genius. Semitic speech reaches
in him its highest combiUKtions. . „ .na
Kenan, Hist, of the I'eople of Israel (trans.), n. 408.
Is.aiali's poetical genius is superb. His characteristics
are grandeur and beauty of conception, wealth of imagi-
nation, vividness of illustration, compressed energy, and
splendor of diction. „,._, . „,r
Driixr, Introd. to the Lit of the Old Test., p. 215.
Isandnla (e-san-do'la). or Isandlana (e-sand-
lll'iiii). A place in Ziiluland, South Africa, 90
mile's north-northwest of Durban. Here, Jan. 22,
1879 an overwhelming force of Zulus under C'etliwayode-
fcatod a detachment of the British anuy under folouel i ul-
Icine.
Isar (6'ziir). A river in northern Tyrol, and in
Upper and Lower Bavaria, joining the Dunubo
near Degfendorf : the ancient Isams. Municli
and Landshut are on its banks. Length, about
ISO miles. ^ ,
Isaure (e-zor'). CMmence. Bom at Toulouse,
France, about 14.50 : died at Toulouse about
l.'iOO. A French lady, restorer of the floral
games at Toulouse (1490). .
Isauria (i-sa'ri-ii). [Ur. ;) •lmi'i}!a.-\ In ancient
geography, a district in Asia Minor, bounded
by Phrygia on the north, Lycaonia on the east,
Cilieiaon the south, and Pisidia on the west.
The surfiue is rugged. The inhabitants were famous i^n
guerrilla warf:u-e. They were defeated by Servilius in .(J
u. c, and by I'ompey, but continued unsubdued.
Isca (is'kii), or Isca Silnrum. A Roman city
in the west of England, remarkable fonts the-
ater, its temi)les, and its palaces. Part of its
massive walls still remain at Caerleon. Wmjli t,
Colt, etc., p. 137.
Ischalis (is'lca^is). An important town m an-
cient Britain:' the modern Ilchester.
Ischia (es'ke-ii). An island belonging to Na-
ples. Italy, near the entrance of the Bay of
Naples, l(j miles west-southwest of Naples : the
ancient ^uaria (sometimes Pithecusa or Ina-
rime), and medieval Isela. It contains several vol-
canoes : is noted forits fertility andfor its wiu-m baths ; and
produceit wine and fruit. The capital is Ischia. It was
visited by all earthiiuake in 1S83, causing a loss of about
■V,i Olives. Area, 26 square miles. Population, 22,li0.
Ischl (ish'l). A watering-place in Upper Aus-
tria, situated at the jiuictionof tho rivers Ischl
and Trami, 27 miles oast by south of Salzburg.
It is the favorite resort of the Austrian royal family and
nobility, and contains salt and other baths. It is the cen-
tral point in the Salzkammergut. Population (1891), com-
mune, 8,473.
Iseghem (e'se-ccm). A town in the province of
West Flanders, Belgium, 25 miles west-south-
west of (xhent. It lias manufactures of linen.
Population (1890), 9,963.
Isenbras (is'en-bras), or Isumbras (is'um-
bnis). Sir. A hero of nieilieval romance.
Isengrim ( is'en-grim), Sir. The wolf iu "Rey-
nard the Fox."
Iseo (e-zii'o), LagO d'. A lake in Lombardy,
Italy 15 miles east of Bergamo : the ancient
Lacu's Sobinus. It is traversed by the Oglio.
Length, 14-i miles. Height above sea-level, bOo
feet.
Is^re (e-zar' ). A river in southeastern 1' ranee,
ioining tho Rhone 7 miles north of Valence:
the ancient Isara. Length, about 175 miles.
Is6re. A depart ment of France. Capital, Gre-
noble It is bounded by Ain on tho north, .Savoy on the
northeast, llaiites-Alpes on the southeast, Droiiic on (ho
southwest, and llhrtne and Loire on the west, and is formed
from the northern jiartof the ancient DauphinjS. Ihc sur-
face is moiiiit:iiiioiis, particnlnrly in the southeast, llio
chief occup:.li..n» arc „gri.nltiiie, working of mincnils
and the nianulacliiiv of gh.vcs, paper, etc. Area, 3,201
siiuaic miles. I'oinilation (IH'.lU, .',72,14.'..
Iserlohn (e-zer-16u'). A town in the province
of Westphalia, Prussia, on the Baar 44 miles
nortiieast of (.'ologne. It has a large trade, and man-
ufactures wire, needles, bra-ss ware, etc. Near it arc ciul-
mia mines, lopulation (IS'.K)), cimiinune, 22,11,.
Isernia (c-scr'ne-a). A (own in the provinceof
Cainpobasso, Italv, .'52 miles north of Naples:
the aiieient yEseriiia. It contains the r<-mains
of aiicieid walls. Population, about 7,000.
Iseult(i-solt'). In Arthurian romani-e: («) Tho
daughter of Anguisli, king of Ireland, known as
Iseiilt the Fair. She was the wife of Mark, king
of Coniwall, and loved Sir Tristram orTnstan.
(/)) Tli(^ daughter of Hoel or Howell, king of
Brittanv She was tliewife of Sir Tristram, and
was known as Iscult of the White Hands. Seo
Tri.itram.
Mr. Leith (on the legend of Tristan, p. sr.) gives the fol-
lowing enumeralion of Ihc forms of lianic : Isolde, \ sens,
Yscntz Yseut, Yssenlz, Izciitz, \ seul, \ son, V.solt, Isiuil ,
Essyllt, Ysone, Yseult, Isct, Ysalde, \ sonda, \zeul ,
Iseulte, Isot, Isodda, Ysoudo, Ysonde, Ysotc, Isond, Isot-
Isidorus Hispalensis
t-a, Iseo, Isawde, Isowde, Isod, Isold, Ysiaut, .and Ysoud,
to which Uisolda may be added.
DuiUuv, History of Prose Fiction, I. 471 (supplementary
[notes).
Isfendiyar (is-fen-di-yar'), in Pers., correctly,
Asfandiyar (es-fen-di-yar'), or Aspandiyax
(es-poi!-<li-yar'). A hero of the Shahnamah,
son of King (jushtasp, the Coustautine of tho
Zoroastrians. After many exploits he was called to con-
quer Arjiusp, a demon king, who had taken captive two
daughtersofGushtasp, and to restore his sisters. Forthis
he undertook his 'seven labors." Choosing, like Rustam,
the shortest and most i«m ilous way to the eiieni.\ 's strong-
hold, he lirst slew two monstrous wolves; secondly, con-
ciuered a tierce lion and his mate; lliirdly, slew a llerce
dragon ■ fourthlv, wilhstooil the wiles of a beautiful woman
who, caught in Asfandiyar's nooce, became first a cat and
then a wolf, and llnally a black, flame-vomiting demon, and
was then slain by him ; fifthly, slew a Simui-gh, a gigantic
bird, which tried to bear him away ; sixthly, brought his
troops through a furious storm of wind and snow ; and
seventlUy, traversed a deadly desert Reaching the brazen
fortress Asfandiyar collected a hunibxd camels and en-
tered it with his warriors disguised as a merchant caravan,
when his brother Bishntan attacked it from without, as he
within. After this success Gnshtasp wished Asfandiyar to
go against Rustam. to whimi Kaikhusniu had given Zabul,
Kabul, and N imruz. Asfandiyar pleaded the nobility and
services of Rustam, but the king was obdurate. Kustam
came out to welcome Asfandiyar, but when tolil the errand
of the latter retuseil to yield. The heroes fought on two
successive days, llustam was wounded but recovered and ,
guided by the .Siniurgh which had cared for his infancy, ou
the second day lodged an .-urow. made by the Simurgh's
direction from the kazu tree, in tile eye of his antagonist,
who fell. Zal and Rustam both came to oiler sympathy,
but Asfandiyar died, intrusting his son Bahman to tho
care of Rustam.
Isha (e'sha; with Vedie accent, e-sha ). [bkt.,
'Lord.'] Atitle of Shiva; also, with a long, the
name of an Upanishad of which Ishavasya is
the first word. It is also known as the Vajasaneyisan-
hita Ipanishad. It is translated by Midler in "Sacred
r.oolisof the East," I. 311.
Ishbosheth (ish-bo'sheth). [Heb., 'man of
shame.'] A son of Saul, proclaimed king of
Israel after his father's death. See Daiicl.
In our text of the Books of Samuel, Saul's son and suc-
cessor is called Ishbosheth, but iu 1 Chronicles viii- 33 he
is called Eshbiuil. Eshbaal means 'Baal'sluan, "a proper
name of a well-known Semitic type, precisely similar U>
such Arabic names as Imniu-1-Cais, ■ the man of the god
Cais.' W. li. Smith, O. T. in the Jewish Ch., p. 78.
Ishim (ish'im). A river of Siberia which joins
t he Irtish about 120 miles southeast of Tobolsk.
Length, about 1,000 mUes.
Ishmael (ish'ma-el). [Heb., 'God heareth.']
The sou of Abraham and Hagar: regarded by
the jVi'abs as their ancestor.
Ishmaelites (ish'mil-el-its). The descendants
of Ishmnel, Abraham's son, who, as is related
in Gen. ,xxi. 14, was driven into tlie wilderness
with his mother, Hagar. His twelve sons were
" princes" or heads of tribes. The Arabs ro-
<r;ird him as their ancestor,
fshpeming ( ish'pem-ing). A city in Manpiotto
County, northern Michigan, 14 miles west by
south of Marquette : the center of an iron dis-
trict. Population (1890), 11,197.
Ishtar (ish'tiir), or Istar (is'tiir). Tho prin-
cipal and most popular deity of tho Ass>to-
Babylonians, the goddess of love and war, unit-
ing, as it were, the Aphrodite (Venus) and
Atlione (Minerva) of tho (Jreeks, ami corre-
sponding in name and character to Ashtoreth
(Astarte) of the Syi'o-Canaanites, only that sho
ruled the planet Venus while Ashtoretli was
identifie<l with the moon. In herwailikc character
she WiLS conceived by the Baliylonians us ruling the inom-
in" stiU" as goddess of love she ruled the evening star.
Iinier fonncr character she was also c:Uled ^liiimit, and
had her principal scat of worship at Agane, iii the temple
l; illbar- iu the latter ch:uacter she was especially wor-
shiped at r.reeh (Orclioo of the Greeks, modern Wmka), in
the temple E-ana C House of Heaven ), wit li a volnptnous
cult. With the Assyrians she was the wife oi Del, and
WM somctiines called Kriif (' Lody ); they dislingiiished
between Ishtar of Arbehi, who presided over liattles, and
Ishtar of Nineveh, in whom tho voluptuous aspect pre-
dominated. Ishtar alsooccnrs.asnn appellation, or generic
name, for a goddess in genend. On the relation of Ishtar
to Talnninz, see yli/oiiisand Izdubar.
lo lainniii/., new j,nu,it<, ...... ...«
Isidorian Decretals, The. A code of native
and foreign canons which circulated in Spain
in the 0th century, tmd was afterward aeceided
throughout the 'Roman Catliolie Cliureh : so
called from Isidorus Hispalensis, who was er-
roneously supposed to h.ave compiled it . Also
eiilled the Spanish Decretals. _
Isidorus (iz-i-do'ms) Hispalensis, or Isidore
(is'i-dm-) of Seville. BoniatCartagena Spam,
about .'iCO : died April 4, (i3G. A Spanish eccle-
siastic and miscellaneous writer. He became bish-
op of Seville ill «10. His works, which were held in high
esloein during tho middle ages, include ■•(iriuinmn sen
etvmologiarum libri xx.," " De ecclesiiuslicis oiticiis liliri
diio "and ".Scntentiarum sive do snniino liono librl tres.
He has been erroneously accredited with the comjulatlon
of the so-called Isidorian Decretals (which see).
534
width, IV miles. Area, 220 square miles. Popnlation (1S91),
S.lfJ.
Isle of Dogs. See Vofjs.
Isidro, San
Isidro (e-se'dro), San. See the extract.
Uis[Lope'sl subject was well chosen. It was that ofthe ,„,„« c^^t, ,,„„^
great Line and glory of .San Isidro the Ploughman. This AhlB Ol ijug!.. oe^ i/^;;*.
rem:irkable personage, who pl.iys so distinguished a part Isle 01 France, see Mauntius.
in theecclejsiastical history of Madrid, is supposed to hare Jglg of Honey. See the extract
been Lorn in the twelfth century, on wh.it .-Jterwards be-
came the site of that citv, and to have led a life so emi-
nently pious that the angels c;ime down and ploughed his
grounds for him, which the holy nian neglected in order
to devote lis time to religious duties. From an early pe-
riod, therefore, he enjoyed much consideration, and was
regarded as the patron and friend of the whole territory,
as well as of the city of Madrid itself. But his great honors Isle of Man
date from the year 1598. In that year PhUip the Third j, f p;„-„
was dangerously ill at a neighboring village ; the city sent i^^e Ol ruieb
out the remains of Isidro in procession to avert the nn- ISle 01 Wlgnt. heo M ((//If.
pending calamity ; the king recovered; and for the first Isle Royalc (H roi'al; F. pron. elrwa-yal ). -an
time the holy man became widely famous and fashionable, island in Lake Superior, belonKing to Michigan,
TicJcnor. Span. lat., IL 165. intersected by lat! 48° N., long. 89° W. Length,
Isis(i'sis). 1. [Gr.^Io/f.] In Lgj-ptian mythol- 4,', miles.
ogy, the chief female deity, the sister, wife, and Igfeg^ Lord of the. A title assumed intermit-
feinale counterpart of Osiris, and the mother of - - - -
Horns, she is distinguished by the solar disk and cow's
horns on her head, often surmounted by a diminutive
throne, and bears the lotus scepter. By th- Greeks she was
identified with la Her worship in a modified form, as a
nature-goddess, was introduced subsequently to the .Alex-
andrine epoch into Greece, and w:ia very popular at Rome
from the end of the republic. TheOreekandKoman priests IsleS of Shoals (ilz ov sholz). Agroupofsmall
Israfeel
ing a patriot, while his want of appreciation for deep<»
politics prevented him from seeing the evils of despotism,
or taking any thorough interest in the forms and varieties
of constitutions. His bashfulness compelled him to re-
main in private life, while his vanity urged him to appear
in public ; his profession suggested to him the study of
philosophy, whde his intellect was incapable of under-
standing its higher problems. Thus his egregious vaidty
and self-complacency were perpetually wounded by the
consciousness that he had, after all, not made his mark
uiK>n the age, and that, thonyh eminent and widely re-
si>ected, he was neither consulted nor obeyed by the men
whom he most desired to influence. He aspired to the po-
sition of a Swift or a Junius, with the talents of an Addi^n
or a Pope. Mahaffij, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., n. 216.
Isola (e'so-la). A small to^^-n in Italy, on the
Liris about 60 miles east-southeast of Rome.
Isola Bella (bel'lii) ami Isola Madre (raii'dre).
[It., "fair island' and 'mother island.'] The
two chief islands of the Borromean Islands
(which see) in Lago Maggiore.
tentiy from the 12th to the 16th centiiry by Isola dei Pescatoii (da'e pes-ka-to're). An isl-
various Scottish chieftains who maintained a and in Lago Maggiore.
practical independence amongthe islands west IsolaGrossa(gr6s'sa),orLunga(long'^). [It.,
of Scotland. Some of the most notable were John Mac- 'great island' or ' long island.'] An island in
donald (died 1SS8) and Alexander Macdonald, and the elev- tjjg Adriatic Sea.belousrinK to Dalmatia, 10 miles
cnth Earl of Ross. - _ i .^Js.. '
The Welsh bards indulged their fancy in describing the
state of Britain before the arrival of man. According to
the authors of the earliest Triads, the swarms of wild bees
in the woods gave its first name to the "Isle of Honey."
£lton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 2.
Isle of Ladies, The. See Dream, Chaucer's.
See ilan.
See Pines.
and priestesses of Isis wore a special costume, and had as an
attribute a peculiar metallic rattle, the sistmm. On her
statue was an inscription mentioned by Proclns: "I am
that which is, has been, and shall be. !My veil no one has
lifted. The fruit I bore was the Sun"; hence the well-
known allusion to a mystery as " the veil of Isis," or as
covered with "the veil of Isis."
Isis, at once the sister and wife of Osiris, and the mother
of Iloros. .-'.t Thebes she was known .as Mut,* the mother,*
with the vulture's head ; at Bubastis as Sekhet, the bride
of Ptah and daughter of PuL .\s mother of Horos, she
was named Hathor or Athor, 'the house of Horos,' iden-
tiHed by the Greeks with their Aphrodite, and contused
with Astoreth by the Semites. The cow, with its horns,
symbolising the crescent moon, which in Egj-pt appears to
lie upon its back, was consecrated to her, indicating at how
early a time the bride of Osiris, the Sim-god, was held to
be the moon. She was also identified with Sothis, the
dog-star, and in later days with the planet Venus. All
that is good and beautiful among men comes from her;
she watches over the birth of children, and rocks the cradle
of the Nile. As Neit. too. she is the authoress of weaving
and of the arts of female life, Sayce, Anc. Empires, p. 04.
2. An asteroid (No. 42) discovered bv Pogson
at Oxford, May 23, 1856.
Isis. A name sometimes given to the Thames
(England) in its tipper course.
Iskander (is-kan'der). [Turk, form of Alexan-
lier.'] The pseudonym of Alexander Herzen.
IskanderBeg. See Scanderhep.
Iskanderun (is-kiin-de-ron'). See Alexandretta.
Populatiun, about 2.500.
Iskanderun, Bay of or Gulf of. An arm of
the .Mediterranean, at its northeastern angle,
situated between Syria and Cilicia.
Iskardo. See Sknr'do.
Isla (es'lii), Jose Francisco de. Bom at Sego-
via, Spain, 1703: died at Bologna, Italy, 1781.
A Spanish satirist and Jesuit preacher. He was
the author of the satirical romance " Historia del famoso
predicador Fray Gerundio de Campazas " ("History of the
Famous Preacher Friar Gerundio of Campazas," 1758-7U)l
It was an attack on the style of popular preaching, which,
originally corrupted by Panrvicino, the distinguished fol-
lower of "Gtjngora, had been constantly falling lower and
lower, until at last it seemed to have reached the lowest
point of ilegradation and vulgarity. The ass,ailant was
islands in the Atlantic Ocean, 10 miles southeast
of Portsmouth. New Hampshire. They belong
partly to Rockingham County (New Hampshire), partly to
York County (Maine), and comprise Appledore, Star Island,
etc They are a noted summer resort.
west of Zara. Length, 26 miles.
Isolde, Isonde, Isoud. See Iseult.
Isonzo (e'-son'zo). A riverin Gorzand Gradiska,
Austria-Hungary, flowing into the Gulf of Tri-
est 13 miles northwest of Triest. Length, about
80 mUes.
Isleta(es-la'ta). [Sp..' little island.'] The name Isouard (e-zo-ar'),orlsoard(e-z6-ar'), Nicolo.
oftwo villages of the Tigua tribe of New Mexico.
The main village lies 16 miles south of the city of Albu-
querque, at the junction of the Atclrison, Topeka, and
Santa F^ Kailroad and Atlantic and Pacific lines, on the
Rio Grande. It is inhabited by about 1,059 Indians, mostly
of Tigua stock. The aboriginal name is Shiehwhibak.
Born at Malta, Dec. 6, 1775: died at Paris, Marcli
23, 1818. A Maltese composer, usually known
as Nicolo. Author of about 3.S operas, among which are
"Michel .\nge " (1802X "Cendrillon " (1810)^ "Joconde"
(1S13), " Jeannot et Colin " (1»14), etc.
Isleta already existed, probably. When the Spaniards first Ispahan (is-pa-han ), or Isiahan (is-ia-han ).
olonized ?»ew Mexico in 1598, and a mission was estab-
lished there previous to 1636. Another Isleta in Texas, on
the Rio Grande 9 miles south of El Paso, was founded,
about 1682, by Indian refugees from New Mexican Isleta.
It has a small population.
Islington (iz'ling-ton). A parish and parlia-
mi'iitarvliorough in the north of London, 2miles
north of St. Paul's. It returns 4 members to Par-
liament. Population (1891), 319,433.
Islip, Simon. Died 1366. Archbishop of Can-
terbury. He was consecrated in 1S49. He derived his
name from the village of Islip on theCherwell near Oxford.
Isly (ez-le' ). A small river in eastern Morocco,
near the Algerian frontier. Here, Aug. 14, 1844,
the French under Bugeaud defeated the troops
of Morocco.
Ismail (is-ma-el')- A town in the government of
Bessarabia, Russia, situated at the Kilia mouth
of the Danube, in lat. 45° 21' N., long. 28° 46' E.
It was formerly a Turkish fortress ; was taken by the Rus-
sians in 1770. 1790 (stormed by Suvaroff, when SS,0<X» Turks
were massacred), and lft09 ; and was ceded to Russia in
1812, to Rumania in 1856, and back to Russia in 1S78. Pop-
ul.ation, 34,308.
Ismail Pasha (is-ma-el' pash'a). Bom 1830:
tlied 1895. Khedive of Egypt 1863-79, son of
Ibrahim Pasha. He succeeded Said Pasha as khe-
dive in 1863 ; annexed Barf ur in 1.S74 ; and was compelled
to abdicate in favor of his son Tewiik Pasha in 1879.
Ismailia (is-ma-e'le-a). 1. A small town in the
Isthmus of Suez, Egypt, situated on the Suez
Canal 47 miles south of Port Said : founded in
1863.— 2. See Gondoloro.
A city in the province of Irak-A jemi, Persia, sit-
uated on the Zenderud in lat. 32° 39' N., long.
51° 45' E. The Great Mosque was buUt by Shah Abbas
in the 16th century. The entrance to the sanctuarj' is by
a keel-shaped arch set in a square panel adorned with in-
scriptions *and arabes*iues in colored tiles. The archway
is flanked by a double tier of deeply recessed arcades, and
behind it rises a large pointed bulbous dome, whose sur-
face is decorated w ith arabesques. Before the dome stand
twtt slender cylindrical minarets, with a portion toward the
top corbeled out to a greater diameter and crowned by
cylindrical domed finials. The interior is arcaded in two
tiers. The Bazar of the Tailors is a very rich and monumen-
tal example of Persian architecture. The distribution con-
sists of wide and high corridors divided into bays by mas-
sive keel-shaped .arches, and covered with domes on pen-
dentives having open eyes for light at the apex. The walls
are ornamented with colored tiles, and the arches and bal-
ustrades over the square lateral booths are filled with geo-
metric pierced openwork. The Caravansary of .-Vmin-Abad,
on the road to Shiraz, is an octagon inclosing a central
court. "The gateway opens beneath a high keel->haped arch
which is flanked on each side by two superposed deeply
recessed arches. The court, in the middle of which stands
a prayer-platform, is surrounded by chambers for travelers,
behind which there is a vaulted corridor with quarters for
beasts of burden. Ispahan manufactures fabrics, weapot»*,
etc. It was captured by Tamerlane 1:W7 : was the capital
and an important city of OOO.OCHl inhabitants in the 17th cen-
tury ; and was sacketl by the Afghans in 1722. Population,
estimated, 60.000.
Israel (iz'ra-el). [Heb.,'Soldierof6od,'or'Go<l
is a warrior.'] A name given to Jacob after suc-
cessfully wrestling with the angel (Gen. xxxii.
28). Hence his descendants were called the peo-
ple of Israel. See Jews.
Father Isla. who was iwm i^n 1703 and died in 17S1, at Bo- jgjjjj^ (is-med'),orIskimid(is-ke-med'). A town I'sracl. The kingdom of the northern tribes of
logiia,where.beingaJc-*uit hehadbeensentasanexile, ■^fj^^'^.^^ ^,.,,_'''.-;f;?;^.^^^^^ -- -** - --
on the general expulsion of his order from Spain.
Ticknor, Span. Lit., III. 286.
Islam (is'lam). See Koran, Mohammed.
Islamabad (is-liim-a-biid'). A town in Kashmir,
situated on the Jhelum in lat. 33° 43' N., long.
75° 17' E.
Island City. A name sometimes given to Mon-
treal.
Island Number 10. An island in the Missis-
sippi Kivcr.near the noi'thwestemcomerof Ten-
nessee. It was captured by the Federal army
(under Pope) and navy (under Foote), April 7,
1862.
Island of Saints, L. Insula Sanctorum (in'su-
Ili sangk-to'rum). A medieval name given to
liVland as an carlv stronghold of Christianity.
Island Princess, The. A play by Fletcher, pro-
duced at court in 1621, pinnted 1647. After being
several times revived with alterations, this play was con.
verted into an opera by Motteux in 1699, the music being
by Daniel I'urcell and others.
Islandshire (i'land-slur). Formerly a part of
Durham, England, now a part of Northumber-
land. It comprises the Fame Islands and some
districts near Berwick.
Islands ofthe Blest. See Fortunate Islands.
Islay (i'la), or Isla (i'lji). An island of the Heb-
rides, belonging to Argyllshire, Scotland, 15
.Toiles west of the mainland of Argyllshire. It
manufactures and exports whisky. Formerly it was the
seat of the Lords of the lsle& Length, 25 milea Greatest
in .\sia Minor, 57 miles southeast of Constanti-
nople, at the head of the Gulf of Ismid : the an-
cient Nieomedia (which see). Population, es-
timated, 15.000.
Ismi-Dagon (is'me-da'gon). [' The god Dagon
has heard me.'] The earliest Imown king or pa-
tesi (priest, king, or viceroy) of Assyria. In the
ruins of the ancient city of Asfiur (modem Kileh-Sher-
gh.at) were found bricks of a temple bearing his name, and
from a reference to him in the annals of Tiglath-Pileser I.
(1120-1100 B. c.) it was concluded that he lived about IStO
n. c.
Isnard (is-nar'), Maximin. Bom at Grasse,
Var, France, Feb. 16, 1751 : died there, in 1830.
A French Girondist. He became a member of
the Council of Five Hundred in 1795.
Isnik. The modem name of Nicsea.
Isnik, Lake. See Ascania.
Isoama. See Il>
the Israelites who seceded from the southern
tribes in the reign of Rehoboam, 953 B. c. (or
perhaps about 975). Their first king was Jeroboam.
Prominent succeeding kings were Ahab,.Iehu,Joram. Jero-
boam II., and Pekah. Elijah and Elisha belonged to the
northern kingdom. Sargon, king of Assyria, captured Sa-
maria, ended the kingdom, and can-ied a large part of the
people into capti\ity in 722 or 721 B. c. Their ultimate
fate has been the subject of much speculation, and they
are frequently referred to as the lost tribes. They have
been found in the Anglo-Saxons, the American Indians,
etc. There seems to be no doubt, however, that soma
intermingled with the .\ssyrians, others returned to the
southern kingdom, and still others are to be found in the
scattered Jewish communities in Africa, .Abyssinia, and
elsewhere. Those remaining eventually united with As-
syrian colonists and formed the Samaritans.
Israel in Egypt. An English oratorio by Handel,
first performed April 4, 1739. The words are
thought to have been selected by Handel him-
self from the Old Testament.
Isocrates (i-sok'ra-tez). [Gr.'IffoKpdrw.] Bora jgj.^gig(e2-ra-als'), Josef. Born at Groningen,
at Athens, 436 B.C.: died338B.c. Oneoftheten
Attic orators, distinguished as a teacher of elo-
quence after about 392. Of his ora tions twenty-
one are e.xtant.
Thus this remarkable writer (Isocrates] lived through
three of the most eventful generations in Greek history,
and, though one of the most prominent writersof his time.
may be said to have produced no influence whatever ex-
cept upon the form of prose writing. For he was in no
sense a thorough-going man. He was a curiouscombination
of sophist and patriot, of would-be politician and philoso.
pher. of really private and public man at the same time.
The candour and honesty of bis nature made him in teel-
1824. A genre-painter of the Belsrian school.
He studied painting at Amsterdam under Kniseman, then
went to Paris, where he workeil in the atelier of Picot His
works have flgureii at the expositions of Paris. Brussels,
and R..tterdam. He received a first-class medal at Fans
in 1S7S, and a grand prix at the Exposition Iniverselle at
Paris in 1889. Among his pictures are "Les dormeuses
(186SX "Retoiir"(1878), "Le pot an feu," and 'Le jourde
repos."
Israfeel, or Israfll (es-rii-fel'). The angel of
music. His voice is more melodious than that of any
other creature. He is to sound the resurrection trumpet
the last djty. Koran.
Issachar
Issachar (is'a-kiir). [Hub.; meaning doubtful.]
1 . One i)f the patriarchs, son of Jacob a ntl Leah.
— 2. Oncof the twelve tribes of PalestinPjdwcII-
infi west of the Jordan, south of Zebulon, and
north of Mauasseb. The territory included the
vallev of Esdraelon.
Issik-Kul (is'ik-kiil). A lake in the province of
Semiryetchensk, central Asia, about lat. 42° 20'
N., long. 77° 30' E. Length, 112 miles. Height
above sea-level, 5,000 feet.
Issoire (e-swar'). A town in the de])artment of
Puy-de-D6iue, France, situated on the Couze 1!)
miles south-southeast of Clermont. It was cap-
tured by the Protestants in 157-1, and was destroyed by the
Catjjoli.s in 1577. It c()ntain8achurehof St. Taul. I'opil-
lalioM (]S;'l), commune, (i,182.
Issoudun(e-so-diih'). A town in the department
of Indrc, France, situated outhoTlK'-ols ITmili'S
northeast of Chateauroux. It has an old keep
(the "Tour Blanche"), and has been often be-
sieged. Population (1891), 13,.'>ai.
Issns (is'us). In ancient geography, a town in
Cilicia, Asia Minor, situated near the head of Italian Molifere, The.
the Gulf of Issus (the modern Gulf of Iskan- given to (ioldoni.
535
Bat whatever wo make of the Etmscans, the rest of
Italy in tlie older sense was lieUl by various branches of
an Aryan rat-c nearly allied to the (Ireeks, whom we may
call the Italians. Of this race there were two great
branches. One of them, under various naiues, seems to
have held all the southern part of the western ciiast of
Italy, and to have spicad into Sicily. Some of tlie tribes
of this branch sieni to have ln-en almost as nearly akin to
the Greeks as the Kittirota and other kindred nations on
tlie east side of t lu- ILuliiat ic. Of this branch of tlie It^dian
race, the most fanmus pi-. .pi,- were the Latins; and it was
thegreatest Latiucity, the border city (if the Latins at^ainst
the litruscans, the city of Komcon the Tiber.which became,
step by step, the mistress of Latium, of Italy, and <jf the
Mediterranean world. The other bi-anch, which held a
much larger i)art of the peninsula, taking in tlte Sabiiu-s,
Aeiiuians, Volscians. Saninites, Lucanians. and other pt-o-
ple who piny a great part in Roman history, may perhaps be
classed together as Opicans or Oscans, in distinction from
the Latins and the other tribes allied to them. These
tribes seem to have pressed from the eastern, the Hadri-
alic, coast of Italy, down upon the nations to the soutli-
xy.'ttt of them, and to have hu-pely extended their borders
at their expense. Freeman, Hist Geog., p. •!.">.
2. The inhabitants of Italy in general, ancient
or modern.
A surname sometimes
A surname sometimes
deriinl. Three notable battles were fought in its neigh- Italian Pindar, The,
borllood : .Alexanilerllie<;reat defeated the r.-rsiansunder rrivcMl tO t'hiabrera.
talian War of 1859. A war between France
(under Napoleon HI.) and Sardinia (under Vic-
tor Emmanuel) allied against Austria, for the
liberation and unity of Italy. Victories were won
by the allies at Montebello May 20, 1859, at Magenta June
4, and at .Solferino June 24. Preliminaries of peace were
negotiated at Villafranca July 11, and the treaty of Zurich
was signed Nov. 10. The work of unifying Italy, begun by
this war, was continued in ISBO, 1866, and 1870.
Italica (i-tal'i-kii). An ancient Roman town
near Seville in Spain. It has ruins of an amphithe-
ater, and was the birthplace of Trajan, lladrian, and The-
isthmian sanctuary. The. A sanctuary in the ° "^."'^' ,. ... , . ,. , ._j j„„ a r„
Isthmus of Gorinth, near the eastern mouth of ^^f^^.t'^^^ltj^f/'y"" ^' Boulevard Jes. A fa-
the modern canal. It was the seat of the Isthmian
Darius III., S13 H.e.; .Septimius Severusdefeateil hisrival Tt„i,-,_ TXT-- nf 1 ocq
Peecennius Niger, 194 a. v.; and Heraclius defeated the -Italian ^VV d.roi xoja.
Persian array of Khusrau, 622.
Issy (e-se'). A suburb of Paris, immediately
soutliwest of the fortifications. Population
(1891). commune, 12.830.
Istakhr. See rcrstjinh.f.
Istanibul,orlstamboul(es-tiim-bor). A Ttirk-
ish name of Constantinople.
Istar. See Ishtar.
Ister (is'tir). A Latin name of the Danube.
Isthmian games. See Isthmian sanctuary.
games, which were celebrated every two years, and were
second in importance ouly to those of Olympia. The sa-
cred Inclosure, whi.hw.as stron;;ly fortitied in the time of
Augustus, is roughly triangular in shape, about 660 feet
from east to west, and somewhat more inini II.. I Ih to south.
Within it were the temples of Poseidiui (Dorii) and Pala--
mon (Ionic), portions of the architecture of both of which
have been recovered, llie northern wall of the sanctuary
coincides with the great defensive wall crossing the isth-
mus. Outside of the inclosure, to the south, lies the sta-
dium, in which the chief exercises were held, and to the
west is the Ilonian theater, close heliind which was the
Greek theater, and beyond the ,Sacred Vale, with temples
to Demeter and I'ersi-phone, Artemis, and Bacchus. Al-
most all topographical knowledge of this historic sanctu-
ary is based upon the exploration lua-le in 1883 by the
French School at Athens,
Istib (is-teb'), or Shtiplie (shte'ple). A town
in the vilavet of Kosovo, European Turkey,
situated in "lat . 41° 41' N., long. 22° 20' E. Pop-
ulation (estimated), 20,000.
Istria (is'tri-ii), formerly Histria (Iiis'tri-a), G.
Istrien (is'tr'e-en), formerly Histerreich (his'-
ter-ricli). [Gr. 'Icr/Mi/.] A mart;;raviate in the
Cisleithan division of Austria-Hungary, which
forms with Gorz-tiradiska and Tiiest the ad-
ministrative district of Kiisteuland. Capital,
Parenzo. It is a peninsula, proji-ctingintotbo Adriati.-,
and bounded by Triest, (i..rz-i:radi>.ka,l'ariii(>la, and Croa-
tia, The surface is gem rally mountainous, l-'ruit and
wine are produ.a-d in abundance. Istria is a separate
crownland, though belonging administratively to Kuaten-
land, and has a Diet of 3) members. Two thirds of the in-
habitants are Slavs (Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes), and one
third Italians (cities and co.ast). It wasineorporatcil with
Italy about the time of Augustus ; was largely settled by
Slavs ; became a margraviate in the 11th ciaitury; was in
(treat part acquired by Venice : pass, d with Venice to Aus-
tria in n97;f.mneiin part of the Illyrian Provinces under
XajKileon ; and was restored to Austria in 1816. Area, 1,911
B<iuare miles. Population (1890), 317,610.
Istria, or Istropolis (is-trop'o-lis). [Gr. 'Icr/)('a
TiJ>/r, or 'lor/io:7o>.'f.] Seo the extract.
Istria, Ister, or Istropolis, at the mouth of the Danube
or Ister, was n colony of the Milesians, founded about the
lime of the Cimmerian invasion of Asia Minor. (Pcripl.
Pont, Eux, p. 1,^7.) Its name remains in the modern \\ is-
tcrl, but its site was probably nearer to K..slendje.
liawlitmm, Uerod,, III, 67. note,
Isturiz (es-tii-reth'), Francisco Xavier de.
I'.oni at Cadiz, Spain, 1700: died Ajiril Ili, 1871.
A Spanish politician and iliiiloniati.st, leader in
tlie revolution <)f 1820. n,; was premier in 18.16 and
1K16, and subsenuently ambassador in London, St. Peters-
burg, and Paris,
mous street in the central part of Paris.
Italiens, Les. See Thidtre Italien.
Italy (it'a-li). [Gr. 'IraXia, L. It. Sp. Pg. Italia,
F. Italie'j'G. Itaiwii.'] 1. A kingdom of south-
ern Europe, bounded by Switzerland and Aus-
tria-Hungaryon the north, Austria-Hungary.tho
Acb'latic Sea, and the Mediterranean on the east,
the Me. i i terrauean on the south, and France and
the Mediterraneanonthowest. Capital, Rome.
It comprises also Sicily, Sardinia, and some smaller isl-
ands, and is divided into 69 provinces (comprising 16 com-
partimenti). The government is a hereditary constitu-
tional monarchy, with a piu-liamcnt consisting of a senate
of 390 members and a chamber of 508 deputies. The pre-
vailing religion is Roman Catholic; the prevailing lan-
guage Italian. The northern districts of the country are
occupied by the Alps. .South of these is the valley of the
Po; and the boot-shaped peninsula in Iheccntcr and south
is traversed by the Apennines. The leading industr}- is
agriculture, the chief iiroducts being cereals, wine, silk,
olives, oranges, lemons, etc. The chief manufacture is
Bilk ; the chief exports silk, olive-oil, fruit, wine, and sul-
phur. The following are the leading events and incidents
in Italian history: early occupied by the lapygians, Os-
cans. Latins, Volscians, ,-<abines. Etruscans, Ligurians, Ve-
TWlilseeltnr.'j- t:iruria,Ma;nmOrmeii!); entry of the (Jauls
into northern Italy about the 6th century B. 0. ; the penin-
sula consolidated under Konia:i rule, tlr.st half of the 3d
century B. c, ; lloman Empire of the West overthrown by
the Heruliand other tribes under Odoacer, 476 A. P.; odo-
ai:ir (who became " patrician ") overthrown by the East-
( Gothic king Theodoric, 493 ; Nar,ses defeateil the last Oothic
king reias, 55:l. and Italy became an exarchate of the Byzan-
tine empire; Iximbard kiiig.l..iM under Alboin established
in 568; Lombards in ii.iwc-r tlin.u^h a great part of the pe-
ninsula, while part nauaincil to the empire ; foumlation of
the States of the cliurch through grants by I'cpin to the
Pope of the exarchate and lenlapoliaiu 750; depositiim by
(.Ilarlemagiu! of D.-siderius, last king of the Lombards, and
aunexatiou of his ilorninionB, 774; Charlemagne crowned
emperor of the Romans, Dec. 25, SiK); northeni Italy ruled
bycarolingiaiis until tlieend of the reign oft:harles the Fat,
887; southern Italy ruled by Lombard dukes ami by the
Byzantine empire ; rule of various Italian kings in north-
ern Italy until 961 ; accession of Otto I,, king of Genntniv.
asking of Italy (961). and emperor (962: beginning of the
permanent connection of It:dv with Ocrmany); rise of
the It.alian cities Oelloa, Pisa, Venice, Milan, Amalfl. etc,;
conquest of southern Italy by the Normans under llobert
Culscaril, who was ri'cognlzcd by the Pope as duke of
Apulia and Calabria in l(i59; struggle between popes and
emperors in the llth, 12th, and 13th centuries; quarrels
of the (.iuelphs and Chibellines begun, 12th centurv ; re-
forms of Armdd of lirescia suppressed by Frederick Bar.
harossa, 1155; Frederick Barbarossa worsted by the cities
of the l/)inbard League at Legnano, 1176; cud of the Nor-
man rule in southern Italy, 1194 ; participatiim of Venice
in tlie Crusade, and overthrow of tln^ (Ireek empire. 1*,^0-1;
end of the Swabian line lu Italy with the overthrow of
Conradin, 126s ; the popes at Avignon 13ll!>-76 ; spread of
the Renaissance movcjiientin 14tli ami 15th centurie8<the
IstVSeOneS (ist-ve-6'nez). [L. (Tacitus) Is- great period of Italian Jitia-ature). the chief Italiari states
f/rioHc.v, the Latinizatioii of a hypothetical Ger-
manic, fundament;il form 'htra~. a supposed
nauK* of the god »Tiwaz, "Tin. From •»/ idh,
to sliiiK'.] See Ifrrminnrs.
Itaborahy (e-tii-bo-rii-e'). Viscount of. Seo
Undriiiiics Torrcy, Joaijnim Jour.
Italians (i-tal'yanz). 1. Tlie primitive inhabi-
tants of Italy. See the extract.
at this period being the kingdom of Naples, the Papal
St4ltes, tilt; liucliy of Milan, anrl the republics of Venice,
noreiice.andtitaioa; invasion by t:harles VIII, of France,
1494 (beginning of the perioil of fmeign Interference);
the Two Siiilles attached to Spain in I,'i03, and the Milan-
ese soon after, Spanish inlluenee becoming dominant in
Italy, Ihechief independeiil stales being the Papal , States,
Tuscany, Modemi. Ferr-.ira, I'arina, Venice, ami Piedmont;
Itidy the scene of Napoleon's campaigns, 1790 and 1797;
the Cisalpine, LIgurian, and Tiborlne republics formed,
It is Never too Late to Mend
and Venetia granted to Austria, 1797 ; Napoleon ting of
Italy 18i>,'», his kingdom compri-.,ing the Cisalpine Repub-
lic, Venetia, ValtelUna, the bishopric of 'Ireut, and tho
march of Ancona; kingdom of Naples bestowed on Joseph
Bonap:irtc in 1806, and on Munit in 1808; Home annexed
to France, 1809; the old division nearly reestabli.-.hcd by
the Congress of Vienna (181,''.), the chief lowers being the
kingdom of Sardinia, the granil duchy of Tuscany, the
duchies of Parma and Modena, tlie Papal States, ai.d tho
kingdom of Naples, while Austria held Ixuubardy and Ve-
netia; unsuccessful insurrections in southern Italy, Pied-
mont, etc.. 1820-21 ; revolutions of 1S48-49, under tho
lead of Mfl7,zini, suppressed by Austria (battle of No-
vara, March 23, 1849) ; France and Sardinia allied de-
feated Austria. 1859; I/ombardy annexed to Sardinia, 1869;
Tuscany, Parma, Modemi, and Romagna annexed, I860;
Naples invaded by Garibaldi in 1860, and annexed; Vic-
tor Emmanuel, king of Sardinia, proclaimed the first king
of Italy, ISOl ; unsuccessful attempts of Garibaldi to lil)-
erate Home, 1862 and 1867; capital removed from Turin to
Florence, 1866 ; It.aly allied with Prussia against Austria
in the war of IstkJ, gaining Venetia; occupation of Rome
(which became the eapiUil) Sept. 20, 1870 ; entry of Italy
into the Triple Alliance 1833, Other recent events are
the aciplisitioii of foreign possessions in Africa, 1885-89 ;
the increase of the army and navy ; and the financial diffi-
culties. Area, 110,623 square niilea. Population, estimateil
(1894), 30,724,897, Foreign possessions: Massowali Dis.
triet, Assab Territory, Dahlak Archipelago, about 260,000
inhabitants (see Eritrea). Protectorates : Abyssinia, So-
maliland, Gallaland, Af:u- Country, etc.
Tlie name of Italy has been used in several meanings at
different times, but it has always meant either the whole
or a part of the land which we now call Italy. The iiamo
gradually spread itself out from the extri-me south to tho
north. .At the time when our survey begins, the name
did not go beyond the long narrow peninsula itself; and
indeed it hardly took in the whole of that. During the
time of the Roman commonwealth Italy did not reach
beyond the little rivere M.aera on one side, near Luna, and
Ruhico on the other side, near Arirainnm. The land to
the north, as far as the Alps, was not counted for Italy
till after the time of Ca'sar. Freeinan, llist, Geog,, p, 43.
Northern Italy deserves its German appellation of
Wallschland ; for neither the Roman nor the Lombard
conquest, nor the rav:ures of Goths, lluns, or Vandals,
ever rooted out the offspring of those Gallic hordes which
settled in the plain of the Po four centuries before our
era. Rmclinson, Herod., III. 185.
2. One of the four great prefectures in the later
Rom<an Empire. It comprised the dioceses of Italy,
lUyricum, and Africa, corresp«)udiug to Italy and neigh-
boring islands, that part of the Austrian empire and Ger-
many northward to the Danube, and neaily all the western
part of the Roman possessions in Africa.
3. A diocese of the later Roman prefecture of
Italy. It comprised Italy and neighboring islands, and
Rha-tia (Tyrol, Grisons, southern Bavaria), and had 17
provinces,
Italy. A descriptive poem by Samuel Rogers,
published 1822-28.
Itasca Lake (i-tas'ka lak). A small lake in
northern Minnesota, the source of the Missis-
sippi, lat. 47° 13' N., long. 95° 12' W. Height
above sea-level, 1,457 feet.
Itenez (e ta'naz), or Ites (e-taz'). A tribe of
Indians of nortliern Bolivia, on tho rivers
Guapore and Mamor^. It appears that they were
anciently found as far east a.s the P.ai-aguay. They are sav-
ages of a low grade, and have always been independent.
Their language, called Itonama, has never been classified.
Also Hams.
Ites. See Itcncz.
Ithaca (ith'a-ka). [Gr.'lOdKtj.'] One of the Ionian
Islands, Greece, 2 miles northeast of Cephalo-
nia: tho modern Thiald. The surface is mountain-
ous. The chief place is Vathy. It is famous as the re-
puted home of I'lysses. Length, 14 miles. Area, 37 B(|Uaro
miles. Population, about lO.OLin.
Ithaca. A city and tho capital of Tompkins
County, New York, situated near tho head of
Cayug;t I,iiiko,40 miles south-sonl,hw<'st of S)Ta-
cuso. It is tho seat of Cornell University (which
seo). Population (1890), 11,079.
Ithake. See Ithaca.
Ithamar(illi'a-raar). [Heb. ; Gr. 'Wn/m^.] The
youngest son of Aaron.
Ithamore (itli'a-mor). A Turkish slave in Mar-
lowe's 'Mew of Malta." "He is an effective
picture of tlie basest kind of villain." Ward.
Ithobal. See Elhbaal.
Ithome (i-tho'mc). [Gr. 'I0(j;/;/.] In ancient
geogi-aphy, a mountain fortress of Messenia,
Greece, 28 miles west^northwest of Sparta.
Ithuriel (i-tho'ri-el). An angel, a character in
Miltcin's "Paradise Lost." lie was sent by Gabriel
to timl out Satan. The slightest touch of his speiu- ex-
poat-d dcci-it.
Itineraries of Antoninus. Two official lists of
(lie Stat icuis or tlie rotids of the Roman Empire,
witli distiiiices by land ami sea.
Itinerary, The. An account by .lohn Lelaiul
( 1.5l)l>-52) of his journeys through England, with
descriptions of routes and matters of anti<iua-
rian int(>rest. It was edited and published by
Thonitis Ilearne in 1710.
It is Never too Late to Mend. A novel by
Cliarles Keade, publislied in 1850. Ho afterward
dramatized it.
Itius Portas
Itins PortUS (ish'i-iis por'tus). [Gr. to "Inov.]
lu ancient geography, the place from which
CoL'Sar sailed for Britain: generally identified
with Wissant or Boulogne.
Ito (e't6),Hirobllini, Marqnis. Bom in the prov-
ince of Chosu, Japan, in 1840. A noted Japan-
ese statesman : premier 1S86-8S. 1892-96. He be-
came convinced t'f the advniit;»::es ot Western civilization
through visits to Europe and the United states, and has
bCF-n the leader in the intixMluction of European ide.ts and
pt>Iitii"il nietbo'ls into .lapan. He was the ciiief founder
of ttu' Japanese constitution promulgated in lisS9.
Itonama. See lUnc:.
Itnrxa (it-u-re'S). In ancient geography, a
district lying northeast of Palestine. Its location
has not bten precisely determined, but it was probably
south" ist of Damascus and southeast of ilouut Uenuon.
Iturbide (e-tor-be'ua), Agnstin de. Bom at
Valladolid (now Morelia), Sept. 27, 1783: died
at Padilla, Tamaulipas, July 19, 1824. A Mexi-
can revolutionist, afterward emperor. He was a
colonel in the Spanish army, and in lb20 was in command
of the forces operating against Guerrero in the south. On
Feb. 24, 1821, he published the celebrated manifesto known
as the ** Plan of Iguala," in which he proposetl that Mexico
should be made independent under a Spanish Bviurbon
prince. Guerrero and other leaders quickly adhered to
this plan ; the viceroy was forced to resign ; and O'Donoju,
who succeeded him, was induced to recognize the inde-
pendence of Mexico in his sovereign's name. But Fer-
dinand ^^I. regarded the movement as a rebellion, and
refused the crown which was offered to him. After much
quarrel ing, Iturbide hi msel f was proclaimed emperor May
IS, 18"22. and was crowned July 21. A strong opposition
to him was quickly manifested. Santa Anna proclaimed
a republic at Vei-a Qxwz ; an army of insurgents marched
on Mexico; and in March, 1S23, Iturbide was forced to re-
sign. He was allowed to retire to Europe with a large
pension, on condition that he should not return. At-
tempting to enter the country in July, 1824, he was ar-
rested and shot.
Iturbide, Agnstin de. Bom 1863. Grandson
of the emperor Iturbide. His mother was a native
of the t'nited States. In 1805 he was adopted by the em-
peror Maximilian, and made heir to the Mexican tlirone,
Af tor M;vlimilian"3 death he was taken to the United States,
where he received part of his education. He is now (1834)
an officer in the Mexican army.
ItuzaingO (e-to-zU-eng-go'). A plain and rivulet
in the southwestern part of the state of Kio
Grande do Sul, Brazil, near the river Santa
Maria : a southern branch of the Ibieuy. Here,
Feb. 20, 18-27, the Brazilians (6,527) under the Viscount of
Barbacena were defeated by the Argentines (10,537) under
Carlos de Alvear.
Itys{i'tis). In Greek legend, the sonofTereus
and Procne. See Tercus.
Itzehoe (it'se-ho). A town in the province of
Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, on the Stor 33
miles northwest of Hamburg, it is theoldest place
in Holstein, and was formerly the place of meeting of the
estates. Population (1S90X commune, 12,481.
Illka (i-ii'ka). The capital of Tishemingo Coun-
ty, northeastern Mississippi, 110 miles east by
south of Memphis. Here, Sept. 19, 18C2, a battle was
fought between the Federals under Rosecransand the Con-
federates under Price. Darkness put an end to the fisht.
The Federal loss was about 70O ; that of the Confederates,
nearly 1,400.
lulus (i-ii'lus). In classical legend, a son of
Ascanius, or, according to other accounts, a sur-
name of Ascanius himself. See Ascanius.
Ivan (e-viin' ) I., surnamed Kallta. [Ivan is
Russ. forJ»AH.] Died March 31, 1340. Grand
Duke of Moscow 1328-40.
Ivan n. Bora in 1326 : died in 13.59. Grand
Duki- of Moscow 1353-59, son of Ivan I.
Ivan III., stimamed " The Great." Died at Mos-
cow, Oct. 27, 1505. Grand Duke of Moscow
1462-1505. He subjugated Novgorod in 1478,
and freed himself from the suzerainty of the
Tatars 1480.
Ivan IV., surnamed " The Terrible." Bora Aug.
2.5, 1.530 : died March 18, 1584. Czar of Russia.
He was the son of Vasili IV. whom he succeeded as grand
duke of Moscow in 1533. He assumed in 1547 the title of
Czar of Russia, which has since been borne by the monarchs
of Kussia. He annexed Ka^an in 1552, Astrakhan in 1554,
and conquered West Siberia near the end of liis reign.
Ivan V. Born Aug. 27, 1666: died Jan. 29, 1696.
Czar of Russia 1682-89. He was tlie half-brother
of Peter the Great, to whom, being mentally and physically
unllttetl for the conduct of the government, he resigned
the crown in 1SS9.
Ivan VI. Born Aug. 24. 1740 : died Dec. 5, 1764 :
Czar of Russia 1740i-41, son of Anton Ulrieh of
Brunswick and Anna Leopoldovna. He was adopt-
536
ed as her successor by the Czarina .\nna Ivanovna whom
he succeeded under the regency of Biron. He was deposed
by Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the threat, and is said to
have been put to death in prison in consequence of a rev-
olution in his behalf by Mirovitch.
Ivanhoe (i'van-ho). A historical novel by Sir
Walter Scott ','published in 1820: named from its
hero, Wilfred, knight of Ivanhoe. The scene is
laid in England during the reign of Richard I.
(1189-99).
Ivanoff (e-va'nof ), Alexander Andreyevitch.
Born at St. Petersburg, l^iKi: died at St. Peters-
burg, July 15, 1858. A Russian painter.
Ivanovo (e-vii'n6-v6). A town in the govern-
ment of Vladimir, Russia, situated on the Uvo-
da 66 miles north-northeast of Vladimir. It is
noted for its manufactures, especiallv of calico.
Population, 20,910.
Ivens, Robert. See Capelln. n. A. de Brito.
Iviza (e've-tha), or Ibiza (e'Be-thii>, or IviQa
(e've-tha,). One of the Balearic Island.s, .50 miles
southwest of Majorca : the ancient Ebusus.
The chief town has the same name. Length,
25 miles.
Ivory Coast. That part of the coast of Upper
Guinea, West Africa, Ijlng west of the Gold
Coast and east of the Grain Coast, or Liberia :
annexed by France 1892-93.
Ivory Gate, Tlie. In classical mythology, the
.gate of sleep by which false dreams are sent
from the lower world.
Ivrea (e-^Ta'a). A town in the province of
Turin, Italy, situated on the Dora Baltea 29
miles north-northeast of Turin : the ancient
Eporedia. It was a Roman colony ; was for a time the
capital of a marquisate of Ivrea ; and was ceded to Savoy
in 1248. It has a cathedral and castle. Population, com-
mune, about 10,000.
Ivris (i-^Tes'), or Ibreez (i-brez'). See the ex-
tract.
More than a centory ago a German traveller had observed
two figui'es carved on a wall of rock near Ibreez, or Ivris,
in the territory of the ancient Lykaonia. Oue of them
was a god who carried in his hand a stalk of com and a
bimch of grapes ; the other was a man who stood before
the god in an attitude of adoration. Both figures were
shod with boots with upturned ends, and the deity wore
a tunic that reached to his knees, while on his head was a
peaked cap ornamented with horn-like ribbons. A cen-
tury elapsed before the sculpture was again visited by au
European traveller, and it was again a German who found
his way to the spot. On this occasion a drawing was made
of the figures, which was published by Ritter in his great
work on the geography of the world. But the drawing
was poor and imperfect, and the first attempt to do ad-
equate justice to the original was made by the Rev. E. J.
Davis in 1875. He published his copy, and au account of
the monument, in the Transactions of the Society of Bib-
lical Archaeology the following year. He had noticed that
the figures were accompanied by what were known at the
time as Hamathit« ehamcters. Threelinesof these were
inserted between the face of the god and his uplifted left
arm, four lines more were engraved behind his woi-ship-
per. while below, on a level with an aqueduct which fed a
mill, were yet other linos of half-obliterated hieroglyphs.
It was plain that in Lykaonia also, where the old language
of the countrv' still lingered in the days of St. P.aul, the Hit-
tite system of writing had once been used.
Sayce, Uittites. p. el.
Ivry-la-Bataille (ev-re'la-ba-tay'). A village
in the depai'tment of Eure, Fi-ance. 42 miles
west of Paris. Here, March 14. 1590. Henry IV. defeated
the Catholic Leaguers under the Duke of Mayenne. A
memorial pyramid has been erected on the battle-field.
Ivry-SUr-Seine (ev-re'siir-san' ). A town in the
department of Seine, France, situated near the
Seine immediately south of the fortifications of
Paris. It has important manufactures. Its fort
figured in the war of the Commune, 1871. Pop-
ulation (1891), commime, 22,357.
Ixils (e-hels' ). A tribe of Indians, of Maya stock,
in Guatemala.
Ixion(iks-i'on). [Gr. 'If/ui'.] In Greek legend,
a king of the LapithiB, father of Pirithous. and
father by a cloud ( which was caused by Zeus to
take thef orm of Hera) of the Centaurs. For boast,
ing of the favors of the fictitious goddess, he was punished
in the lower world by being fastened to an ever-revolving
wheel.
Ixion in Heaven. A burlesque by Benjamin
Disraeli, published in 1828.
Ixtaccihuatl. See I^taccihiiatl.
Ixtapalapa (es-tii-pii-la'pa). A village of Mex-
ico, in the Federal District. 7 miles southeast of
Iztaccihuatl
Mexico City. Before the Spanii^h conquest it was a place
of importance on the canal between Lakes Tezcuco and
Chalco, and was note<l for its gardens. On an adjoining
hill the sacred fire was kindled at the beginning of each
cycle of .52 years. Population, about 3,000. AUo written
Ixtapaiapatn or Jxtapalajxin.
Ixtlilzochitl (est-lel-Ho-chet'l), or IxUlxo-
chitl (es-lel-Ho-chet'l). Born at Tezcueo. Mex-
ico, about 1500. A son of the chief of Tezeucn,
in Mexico, who, on his father's death, disputed
the succession with his brother, Caeama ( ]51(;).
The war ended in a division of the kingdom. Cortes sup-
ported the pretensions of Ixtlilxochitl and deposed Caeama.
The former subsequentlyaided Cortes in variouscanipaigns.
Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Alva Cortes.
Born abont 1568 : died about 1(>48. A Mexican
historian, of native race, descended from the
ancient kings of Tezcuco. He was an official inter-
preter, and, by order of the viceroy, wrote various works
on the ancient Mexicans. His history of the Chichiraecs
was published in theKingsborough collection, and a I'rencU
translation was printed by Ternaux-Corapans in 1840l
Izabal (e-thii-bal'). A seaport of Guatemala,
situated on Lake Izabal 107 miles northeast of
Guatemala.
Izabal, Lake. A lake in Guatemala, eommuni-
catingwith the Caribbean Sea by the Rio Dulcc.
Length, about 30 mUes. Also 'Go\fo Duke.
Izabel de Bragan^a (e-za-bel' de brii-gan'sa).
Princess. Born at Kio de Janeiro, July 29. 1846.
The eldest daughter of the emperor Pedro II. of
Brazil, and heiress to the Brazilian throne until
the abdication of her father in 1889. On Oct. 1.%
1864, she married Louis Gaston d'Orleans, Cumte d'Eu. by
whom she has three living sons. During the absence of the
emperor in Europe and America she was three times regent
(1871-72, 1876-77, 1886-69). She favored the clerical party.
Izalco(e-thal'k6). [Nahuatl.] A volcano in tho
western part of Salvador, 6,328 feet high, which
rose quite suddenly in the latter half of the 18th
century. Ever since that time it has been almost con.
stantly active, the eruptions occumng at very short inter-
vals, (iccasionally there are more violent outbreaks, as
that of March 19, 1869.
Izar (e-zar'). [Ar. al-izdr, the girdle.] The
bright third-magnitude star c Bootis, a beauti-
fully colored double star in the waist of the
constellation.
Izard (iz'ard). Ralph. Born near Charleston,
S. C, 1742: died May 30, 1804. An American
politician, United States senator from South
Carolina 1789-95.
Izcohuatl (es-ko-wiit'l). or Izcoatzin (es-ko-at-
sen'). [Nahuatl. 'obsidian snake.'J Bom about
1360: died in 1436. War-chief or (so-called)
emperor of ancient Mexico from 1427. Vnder
him the city first rose into prominence, and became tho
dominant power of the lake valley. Also Izcoatl, Uza*atl,
Izicoatl, etc.
Izdubar (iz-do-bar'), also called Gilgamesh
(gil-gii'mesh). The principal hero of certain
ancient Babylonian legends. They are called the
Babylonian "Nimrod Epic," because Izdubar was consid-
ered the prototype of Ximrod, who is mentioned in Gene-
sis X. The exploits of Izdubar are briefly as follows : Erech
(Orchoeof the Greeks, modern Warka), the capital of Shi-
nar (ShumirX had been governed by Du llzu (Taminuz,
Adonis), the husband of Islitar. After his tragic death it
wassubjected by the Elamite invaders. In this emergency
Izdubar comes from his native place, Marad, to Erech, and
with the help of the demigod Ea-bani kills the last Ela-
mite usurper, Khumbaba, and delivers Erech. Thereup'in
Ishtar offers him her love and hand, but is roughly re-
jected by him and reminded of her former amours, which
brought only ruin and death to the lovers. The insulted
goddess cries to her father Ann for revenge. ,\nu creates
a monstrous bull and sends it against Erech, but the ani-
mal is easily killed by Izdubar with the assistance of his
friend Ea-bauL -\t last Ishtar prevails on her mother
Anatu to smite Ea-bani with death, and Izdub.ar with a
loathsome disease, a kind of leprosy. To get rid of his
malady and to bring back his friend to life. Izdubar decides
to seek for his ancestor Uasisadra, who was translated lo
the seat of tlie blessed and enjoyed there immortality witli
the gods. After many adventures he reaches him. Ua-
sisadra describes to him the deluge which once tiKik place,
and how he with his friends was saved in a ship that he
had built at the advice of the pod Ea, and then cures him
of his disease. Izdubar thereupon returns to Erech, and
upon his lamentation for Ea-bani the gods grant the lat-
ter the privilege of returning from the under world.
Iztaccihuatl (es-tiik-se'hwiitl), or Izta(xi-
huatl. [Nahuatl, from i:tac. white, aud ci-
huatl, woman.] A mountain in Mexico, uoith
of Popocatepetl. Hei;;ht, 10,960 feet. The name
originated on the west sitle, where the mountain hears
some resemblance to a woman lying extended in a white
shroud. The summit is covered by glaciers.
abalpur (jiib-iU-por'), or
Jubbulpore (jub-bul-por').
1. A liivision of the C'oiiti-al
Provincfis, British India.
Area, 18,688 square miles.
I'..|HLlation (1S81), 2,201,-
i;:i:!. — 2. A distnot in the
Jabalpur division, intersect-
ed by lat. 23° N., long. 78° E.
Area. ;i,y4S square miles. Population (1891),
748,14(5.— 3. Tlic capital of the district of Jab-
alpur, about lat. 23° 10' N., long. 80° 3' E. It
is an important trading center. Population, in-
cluding cantonment (1891), 84,480.
Jabbah (jab'bji). [Ai. H.-ni al-jihah, crown of
the forehead.] The tine triple star v Seorpii,
of the fourth magnitude.
Jabbok (jab'oU). In Bible geography, amoun-
taiu stream of Gilead. Palestine, joining the
Jordan about 2.") miles north of the Dead Sea :
the modern Zurka. Length, about 50 miles.
Jabesh, or Jabesb-Gilead (ja'besh-gil'e-ad).
[Ilelj., 'dry.'J In Bible geogi'aphy, an impor-
tant town in Gileail, Palestine. Its situation
has not been identified.
Jabez (ja'bez). A person mentioned in 1 Cliron.
iv. 9, H) as more honorable than his brethren.
Jabin (ja'bin). [Heb., 'intelligent.'] In Old
Testament history: (n) A king of Hazor in
Palestine, defeated by Joshua by the waters
of Me rem. Josh. xi. 1-^3. (b) A king of Hazor,
whose general, Sisera, was defeated by Barak.
Judges iv. Tlie accounts of tlicse two kings and ttieir
overthrow are very mncli alike, and probably relate to the
saniepereon aiul event.
Jablunka (yiilj-lOn'kii) Pass, A pass across the
Carpathians in Austria-Hungary. Itconnectslhe
liiisiiis i)f the *)lsa iu -Austrian .^Uusia and tile \Va:'s in
Hungary, and is traversed liy a railway. Height, 1,970
feet.
Jabne(,)ab'ne), or Jabneel (,jab'ne-el or jab'-
nel), later Jamnia (.iam'ni-ii or jam-ni'ii). A
Philistine city which fell to the lot of tlie tribe
of Dan, situated between Jojipa and Ashdod,
about an hour ilistant from the Mediterranean :
the modern village of Yebna or Ibna. It was
con((uei*ed by the Maccabeans; given by Augustus to Her-
od ; and t>y tlie will t»f Salome, sister (jf Herod, became i>ri-
vate property t>{ the iniperial house, but was destined to
play an itnportant part iti Jcwisli histtjry. During the
siege of .lerusalem by the Romans, Titus granted permis-
sion to Jocbanan l»en Zaccai to estaldish tberea 'I'abnudie
school. After tlie fall of .lerusalem a .saidledrim was also
constituted, and .tabne I)ecame for centuries the center
and nursery of tlie religious and national life of tlur dis-
persed .lewish connnunity,
Jaboatao (zhii-bwii-tan'), Antonio de Santa
Maria. Born near Pernambuco,l(J9.'): died after
171)1. .V Brazilian Franciscan author. He occu-
pied various pnbts ill bis order, of which he w:i8chronicler
in Ilrazil. His ino^t important work is the "Orbe Se-
raphico Novo Uni^^ilico" (I'art I, l.i^lion, 17111; Part II,
Kio do Janeiro. ISM)). It is a history of the Seraphic
Franciscans in Brazil, and contains much of general in-
terest.
Jaca (llii'kii). A town in the province of Ilues-
ea, Siiain, situated on the Aragon 66 miles
north-northeast of Saragossa. It has a cathe-
dral, and was formerly important.
Jachin (.ia'kin). [IIeb".,'(Ood) establishes.'] 1.
The fourth sou of Simeon. Gen. xlvi. 10. — 2.
A priest, head of the 21st course, in the time of
David. — 3. A column set up in the court of
.Solomon's temple. Its companion was named
Boaz.
The two pillars, Jachin and Boaz, were regarded as Hi-
ram's chef d'icuvres, but were constnicted, probatily, in
several pieces. The shafts, the capitals, and the bases
were certainly distinct, and it is not certain that even the
shafts wore in one piece. The wonderfulness of the pil-
lars was in their ornamentation rather than in their con-
struction. Kach was ailorned with "chain-work" and
"checkiT-woi'k " (I Kings vii. 17), with "nets "and with
" pomegranates," two hundred of these, in two rows, being
embossed on either column (I Kings vii, 4'J),
Kiiltlinfum, I'luenieia, p. 100.
Jachmann (yiich'miin), Eduard Karl Eman-
uel. Born at Dantzic, Prussia, March 2, 1822:
died at Oldenburg, Oct. 23, 1887. A German
vioo-admir.al. He defeated the Bancs near Jasmnnd
Slareh 17, ls(V4, He became president of the ministry of
nuu'ine in 1M17, and vice-admiral in ISOS, and was com-
mander in-chief in the Xorth .Sea 1S70-71.
Jack (.iak). Captain. See the extract.
Another ally appeared at the camp. This was a person-
age long known in Western fireside story as Captain ,Iack.
the Black Hunter, or the Black Kille. It was said of him
that, li.aving been a settler on the farthest frontier, in the
valley of the Juniata, he returned one evening to his
cabin and found it buriud to the ground by Indians, and
the bodies of his wife ami children lying among the ruins.
He vowed undying vengeance, raised a band of kindred
spirits, dressed and painted like Imlians, and became the
scourge of the red man and the champion of the white.
But he and his wild crew, useful as they might have been,
shocked Braddock's sense of military fitness ; and he re-
ceived them so coldly that tliev left him,
Parknuin, Montcalm and Wolfe, I, 204.
Jack, Colonel. See Colnnel Jack.
Jack and Jill. An English nursery song. Jill or
Gill is an abbreviation of the once common feminine name
Giilian or Julian (L. Juliana). In Icilandic mythology,
Jack and Jill are two children kidiiaiiped by the moon,
w hile drawing water, which is carried on their shoulders
in a bucket suspended from a pole. The Swedish peasants
still account for the nUKtn-spots in this way, A iday with
this title was popular at the English court between 1507
and 1,^78.
Jack and the Bean-stalk. An English nur-
sery tale, founded on a world-wide myth. It is
found among the Zulus of South Africa and the North
American Indians, as well as among the races of Aryan
descent.
Jack and the Bean-stalk may be added to the series of
English nursery tales derived from the Teutonic. The
beau-stalk is a descendant of the wonderful ash in the
"Edda," Balliwdl, Nursery Rhymes, p. 175.
Jack the Giant-killer. The hero of a nursery
legend. I'he story wasoriginally in Walter Map's book,
and he obtanied it from France iu the early part of the
12th centui'y. It was written in British or Armoric, and
transl.ated into Latin liy Geoffrey of Monmoutil.
Jack Brag. A novel by Theodore Hook, pub-
lislied in 1837. Jack Brag is a vulgar bragg.art who
contrives to get into good society.
Jack Horner. An old nursery rime, the hero
of which "sat iu a corner eating his Christinas
I)ie." It is one of the oldest of this class of rimes.
A copy of his "pleasant history " is to be found iu the
Bodleian Library, which is in substance much the same as
"'I'he Krycrand the lioy." published in London 1617, Hal-
liwell says "both are from the moreaileieut 'Jack and his
Steji-damc,' printed by Mr. Wright,"
Jack-in-the-Green. A puppet character in the
English May-day games.
Jackson (,ia.k'son). [The surname Jachsnn
stands foi' Jddi'K .s'f<«.] A city and the capital
of .laeksou County, Michigan, situated on the
Grand Kiver 75 miles west of Detroit. It has
ilourishiug manufactures and trade. Popula-
tion (1890), 20,798.
Jackson. The capital of Mississippi and of
Hinds County, situated on the Pearl River in
lat. 32° 18' N., long, 90° 8' W, It exp.uts cotton.
Here, May 14, lsO;l, the Federals under (inint defeated the
Confederates under . I. E, ,Iohnsion. Federal loss, 300;
Confederate, 84.1, rojinlation (1890), 5,H20.
Jackson. A city and tlie capital of Madisou
Oiunty, Tennessee, situated on the Forked Deer
Kiver 77 miles northeast of Mem)ihis, It ex-
ports cotton. Population (1890), 10,039.
Jackson, Andre'W. Born at the Waxhaw set-
tlement, N. C, March 15, 1767: died at the
Hermitage, near Nashville, Tenn., June 8, 184.-).
The seventh President of the United States
(1829-37). He was member of Congress fromlVmiessee
170(i-97 ; I'nitcd State* senator 1707-i)8 ; justice of the Su-
Iirciiie Coint of Tennessee 1708-18114 ; defeated the Creeks
at Talladega in 181:;, and at Eiiiuckfan and Horseshoe
B.ei.d in 181 4 ; captured Pensacola from the English iu
1814 ; defeatcil the ICnglish under Sir Edward Pakenham
at New Orleans Jan, 8, 181.'); comniaiided against the
Semiiioles 1817-18 ; was governor of Florida Territory in
1821 ; was I'liited States senator from Tennessee 182;i-2,'i ;
was an unsuccessful camiitlate for I'rcsident 1824 ; was
electetl a> the lieniocratic candidate for I'resident in 1828 ;
and was reelected in 1S32. He inaugurated the "spoils
system " in l''ederai iioliliesby disuiissiiig about 090 olllce-
lioldeis during the llrst year of his iidministration, as
against 74 removals by all the preceding Presidents. In
•hily, 18;J2. he veti»ed a bill rechartering the Bank of the
rni'led States, He published, Dec. 11, 18:t2, a proclamation
iu answer to the millillcation onlinanee passed by South
Carolina Nov, 24, 18;W, declaring void certain obnoxious
537
duties on Imports, In this prorlamation he announced
his intention of eiiforciii'.: the Fedv ml laws, and ordered
V'nited States troops to Charleston and Augusta, with the
result that the nnltitUTs sulmiitlcd,
Jackson, Charles Thomas. Born at Plymouth,
Mass., .lune 21, JhO.'): died at Somervillc, Mass.,
Aug. 29, 1880. An American geologist and phy-
sician. He graduated at the Harvard SIcdical School in
1829, and after having completed his studies abroad prac-
tised medicine f.u" a time at Boston, He eventually aban-
doned medicine, and in 1838 opened a laboratory at Boston
for instruction in analyticid chemistry. He became State
geologist of Maine in 1830, and of Rhode Island in 18;i9.
and in 1847 was appointed l)y Congress to survey the min-
eral lands of Michigan, He constructed in 1834 a tele-
graphic apparatus similar to that jiatented by ]\Iorse in
]8:Jr>, and in 18.52 he received a prize from the French Aca-
demy for the discovery of etherization,
Jackson, Mrs. (Helen Maria Fiske, later Mrs.
Hunt): pseudonym H. H. Born at Amherst,
Mass., Oct. 18, 1831 : died at San Francisco, Aug.
12, 1883. An American poet, novelist, and mis-
cellaneous writer. In 1883 she was appointed special
commissioner to examine into the condition of the Mis-
sion Indians of California. Among her works are " .\leiey
Philbrick'sChoice"(187i)),"Hetty's Strange History "(1877),
'"A Century of Dishonor, etc," (18sl), and "Kaniona"
(1884), She also published several volimies of poems, tales,
"Bitsof Talk," etc,
Jackson, John. Born in Yorksliire, England,
1778: died at London, .lune 1, 1831. An English
portrait-|iaiuter, a friend of Wilkieaiid Hiiydon.
On<! of his best ni>rks is the portrait of Canova exhibited
at the Itoyal Aiiideiiiy in lS2o,
Jackson, Thomas Jonathan, commonly called
Stone'Wall Jackson. Born at Clarksburg, W.
V;i., Jan. 21, 1824 : died near Chancellorsville,
Va., May 10, 1863. A noted Confederate general
in the American Civil War. Ho graduated at West
Point in 1840 ; served as a lieutenant in the Mexican war ;
and resigned from the army in 1852, having becometl^r>l)
professor of physics and artillery tactics in Virginia Mili-
tary Institute. He joined theCoiifederatearmy at the be-
ginning of the Civil War, and served as a brigadier-general
at the llrst battle of Bull Kiin, July 21, 1801. Having at a
critical period iu this engagement been sent forward to re-
store the battle on the Coiifedenite left, he maintained an
exposed position against greiit odds until the broken forces
were enabled to rally. In rallying his troops General Ber-
nard E, Bee cried : "See, there is .(ackson standing like a
stone wall ! Kallyon the Virginians !" (whence the sobri-
quet Stonewall Jackson). He was jiromoted major gencial
in Sept,, ISdl ; was defeated by Grnnal Shi'lds near Win-
chester, March 23, 1802; defeated General Banks at Win-
chester, May 2,'). 1802; fought an indecisive battle with Gen-
eral l''renioiit at Cross Keys, June 8, 1802; commanded a
corps at the battles of Gaines's Mill, June 27, and Malvern
Hill, July 1, 1802 ; defeated General Banks at Cedar Moun-
tain, Virginia, Aug, !t. 1802 : captured Harper's Ferry, Sept.
K, 1802: participated in the battle of Antietam, .sept, 17,
1802; commanded the right wing at Frederieksbuig, Dee.
13, 1802 ; was promoted lieutenant-general ; and was mor-
tally wounded by his own men at the battle of Chancelhu's-
villc on the evening of May 2, 1803, :ui he was returning
from a reconnaissance beyond the lines.
Jackson, William. Born at Exeter, May 28,
1730: died there, July 12, 1803. An English
musical composer, known as Jackson of Exe-
ter. Hewrotc "The Lord of the Manor"(an opera, 1780),
"The Metamorphosis" (an opera, 178:0, and much ehurcli
music, settings for i»oems, songs, etc, and several volumes
of madrigals, canzonets, etc,
Jackson, William. Born at Mashani, York-
sliire, Jan. 9, 1815: died at Bradford, April 15,
lS(i(3. An English musical composer. Besides n
number of hymns and chants, he wrote "The Dellveranco
of Israel, ete"."(an oratorio, produced in 1847), "Isaiah " (an
oratorio, 1S.")4), songs, and a good deal of sacred music.
His last work, "The Praise of Music," was composed for
the Bradford festival (l.^(iC'), Uedidnot live toeonduct it.
Jacksonville (.jak'son-vil). A city and (he
capital of lluval Coiiiitv, Florida, situated on
the St. John's K'iv.^r in lat. 30° 20' N., long. 81°
39' W. It is a railway, steamboat, and cominerelal cen-
ter, with trade in grain ami fruit; is now the largest city
In the State; and is notedasa winter health-resort. Poji-
ulation (1800), 17,'JOl.
JackSOn'Ville. A city and the capital of Morgan
County, Illinois, situated near Maiivaiscterro
Creek 30 mili>s west by south of Spriiiglield. It
is the seat of Illinois rulli-ge. and has various other educa-
tional as well as charitable institutions. Population (18tK)X
K.KVk
Jack Sprat. An English nursery rime.
Few children's rhymes are more connnon than those re-
lating to Jack Sprat and his wife, " Jack Spmt could eat no
Jack Sprat
538
fat," etc. ; but it is little thoupcht they have been current porting him in the measures which led to the Eeipn of Tcr-
for two centuries. Such, however, is the fact, and when ror. Many of its niemhers were executed with Koliespiei re
Howell published his Colleclion of Proverbs in 1059, p. 2U, in July, 1794, and the club was suppressed in November,
the story related to no less exalteil a personage than an Jacobites (jak'o-lnts). 1. In English history,
archdeacon
"Archdeacon Pratt would eat no fat,
His wife would eat no lean :
'Twixt Archdeacon Pratt and Joan his wife.
The meat was eat up clean. "
UaUiwtU, Nursery Rhj-mes.
Jack Tier. A novel by Cooper, published in 1848.
It is :i recasting of "The Re<l Rover."
Jack Upland. An attack on friars, in prose,
added by S))eght to Chatteer's works in his 1602
edit ion, "but evidently not Chaucer's.
Jacmel (zhak-mel')- " A seaport on the southern
coast of Haiti, lat. 18° 14' N., long. 72° 34' W.
Population, estimated, 8.000.
Jacob (ja'kob). [F. Jacohc, Sp. Pg. Jacobo, It.
Jacopo, Gidcobo, G. Dan. S\v. Jakob (in vernacu-
lar F. Jacques, Jaques, whence E. Jack), from
LL. Jacnhiis, Gr. 'la/xj/J, Heb. YacjObh, of uncer-
t.ain origin. Ijut explained as ' supplanter.' Sec
Jamrs.] The son of Isaac and Rebekah.and t win
brother of Esau : father of the twelve pat riarclis.
and ancestor of the Israelites. The date of his
immigration into Egypt is given by Brugsch as
about 1730 B. c.
A kind of synonym of Israel was Jakobel, " He whom El
rewards,"or '■ He who follows El, who raarclies stepbystep
in the ways that He has traced." This name was abridffed
to Jacob, as that of Irhamcl w.as to Irham, or Calbel to _ _ j. ir«-.,™;«/v c,-:l'1.-a ,^A rlo ,t;\ ^a'i; Tlo^
Caleb. Beni-Jacob or Beni-lsrael was the name of the JaCOpO de VoraginC (>a ko-po de vo-ra Ji-De)
tribe ; and in course of time Jacob was taken to be a living Born at Viraggio, near Genoa, IJdO : died l_ys
paitizuns or adherents of .James II. after he ab-
dicated the throne, or of his descendants. The
Jacobites engaged in fruitless rebellions in 1715 and 17^5,
in behalf of James Francis Edward and of Charles Edwaid.
son and grandson of James II., called the Old and Young
Pretender respectively.
2. A sect of Christians in Syria, Mesopotamia,
etc., originally an offshoot of the Monophysites.
The sect has its'narae from J:ic(>bus l>arad:eus. a Syrian,
consecrated bishop of Edessa atmut .^)41. Tlie head of the
church is called the Patriarch of .-uili'ich.
Jacobs (ya'kops). Christian Friedrich Wi^"
helm. Born at Gotha, Germany, Oct. 0, 1764:
died at Gotha, March 30, 1847. A German clas-
sical scholar and author, librarian and director
of the various art collections at Gotha. He pub-
lished translations and editions of the classics, juveniles,
and "Elementarbuch dcr griechischen .Sprache " (1805).
Jacobs, Paul Emil. Born at Gotha, Aug. 18,
1802: died there, Jan. 6, 1866. A German his-
torical painter, son of C. F. W. Jacobs.
Jacob's Well. A well, near Shechem, where
Jesus conversed with a woman of Samaria. It
seems to be identical with the Bir Y'akub, still existing
nejir Nablus.
Jacoby (yii-ko'bi), Johann. Born at Konigs-
berg, Prussia, May 1, 1805: died at Kbuigsberg,
March 6, 1877. A Prussian radical politician,
of Hebrew descent
person,
grandson of Abraham.
Renan, Hist, of the People of Israel,
I. 90.
Jacobabad (ja'kob- a- bad'). [' Jacob's city.'
named from Gen. John Jacob, 1847.] A town
and militarystation in Sind, British India, about
lat. 28° 14'"N., long. 68° 28' K.
Jacob Faithful. A novel by Marryat, published
in 1834: so called from the nartne of its hero.
Jacobi(ja-k6'bi; G.pron.yii-ko'be), Abraham.
Born at Hartum, "Westphalia, May 6, 1830. A
German-Aiuerican physician. He graduated M. D.
at Bonn in 18.il, removed to the United States in 1&63. and
became professor of diseases of children in the New York
jMeclical College in liW, in the medical department of the
University of the City of New York in 18u7, and in the Col-
lego of Physicians and Surgeons in 1870. He is the author
of " Dentition and its Derangements " (186S), " Infant Diet"
(1874), "A Treatise on Diphtheria" (1880), and "The In-
testin.al Diseases of Infancy and Childhood " (1887).
Jacobi (yii-ko'be), Friedrich Heinrich. Born
at Diisseldorf, Prussia, Jan. 2.5. 1743: died at
Munich, March 10, 1819. A noted German phi-
losopher. He was the son of a merchant. After study-
ing in Geneva he applied himself (17G2) to his father's buti-
ness. In 1779 he was called to Jlunich, where he became
privy councilor, remaining there until 1794. From that
date until 1804 he resided in various places in northern
Germany, returning in the latter year to Munich, where he
became (1807) president of the Academy of Sciences. His
chief works are "Woldemar" (1779), "Eduard AUwills
Briefsammlung " (1781), "Ober die T.ehre des Spinoza"
(17R5). "David Hume iiber den Glauben" (1787), "Send-
schrciben an Fichte" (1799).
Jacobi, Johann Georg. Born at Diisseldorf,
Prussia, Sept. 2, 1740: died at Freiburg, Baden,
Jan. 4. 1814. A German poet, older brother of
F. H. Jacobi, professor of philosophy and rhet-
oric at Halle, and later of literature at Freiburg.
Jacobi, Karl Gustav Jakob. Born at Potsdam,
Prussia, Dec. 10, 1804: died at Berlin, Feb. 18,
18')!. Acelcbratedticrmanmathematician, bro- ., _ .,,.., ■-,. ttj„4.„_
ther of M. H. Jacobi, especially noted for his dis- Jacq^uemont ^ ( zhak - mon ;. Victor
ooveries in elliptic functions. Hewas professor at
Konigsberg 1827-42, and later taught at Berlin. His "Fun-
d:nncnta nova theoria* functionum ellipticarum " w.ts pub-
li!.lud in 1SJ9.
Jacobi, Moritz Hermann. Bom at Potsdam,
Prussia, Sept. 21, 1801: died at St. Petersburg,
March 10, 1874. A German physicist. He went
to St. Petersburg in 1837, where he later became a mem-
ber of the Academy of Sciences and a councilor of state.
He invented the process of electrotyping 1839 (described
in his "n,alvanoplastik,"1840), and the application of elec-
trouKignetism as a motive power.
An Italian ecclesiastic, the compiler of the "Le
genda aurea" (ed. by Griisse 1846).
Jacotot (zhii-ko-to'). Jean Joseph. Bom at Di-
jon, France, March 4, 1770 : died at Paris, .July,
1840. A French educator, professor of the
French language and literature at Louvain
1818-40. He devised a method of instruction
which is described in his ' • L'Enseignement imi-
versel" (1823).
His method of teaching is based on three principles : L
All men have an equal intelligence; 2. Everyman has re-
ceived from God the faculty of being able to instruct him-
self; 3. Every thing is in every thing. Tlie first of these
principles is certainly wrong, although Jacotot tried to
explain it by asserting that, although men had the same
intelligence, they differed widely in the will to make use
of it. .Still, it is important to assert that nearly all men
.are capable of receiving some intellectual education, pro-
vided the studies to which they are dil-ected are wide
enough to engage their faculties, and the means taken to
interest them are sutticiently ingenious. The second prin-
ciple lays down that it is more necessarj- to stimulate the
pupil to learn for himself than to teach him didacticiUly.
The third principle explains the process which Jacotot
adopted. To one learning a language for the first time
he would give a short passage of a few lines, and encour-
age the pupil to study first the words, then the letters, then
the grammar, then the full meaning of the expressions,
until by iteration and accretion a single paragraph ttiok
the place of an entire liter.ature. Encyc. Brit., VII. 077.
Jacquard (zhii-kiir'), Joseph Marie. Born at
Lyons, July 7, 17.52: died at OuUius, near Lyons,
Aug. 7, 1834. A French mechanic, inventor of
the .Jacquard loom about 1801.
Jacqueline (zhak-len'), G. Jakobaa (ya-ko-
ba'ii), of Bavaria or of Holland. Born 1401 :
died at the castle Teilingen, on the Rhine. 1436.
Daughter of William VI. of Holland, whom she
succeeded in Holland and Ilainaut in 1417. she
carried on a noted conflict with the Duke of Burgtindy, to
whom she surrendered her lands in 143:J.
Born at
Paris, Aug. 11, 1801: died at Bombay, Dec. 7.
1832. A French naturalist and traveler in In-
dia (1829-32). His journal and two volumes of
letters were published after his death.
Jacquerie (zhiik-re'). [F., from Jacques, a com-
mon name for a peasant.] In French history,
a revolt of the peasants against the nobles in
northern France in 13.58, attended by great de-
vastation and slaughter.
Jacques (zhiik) I., Emperor of Haiti. See Des-
(I lilies
Jacobini(ya-k6-be'ne),Ludovico. BomatGen- Jacques Bonhommc. [F., 'Goodman James.']
zano, near Rome, Jan. 6, 1832: died at Rome,
Feb. 27, 1887. An Italian cardinal, papal secre-
tary of state 1880-87.
Jacobins (jak'o-binz). 1. In France, the black
or Dominican friars: so called from the Church
of St. Jacques (Jacobus), in which they were
first est ablished in Paris. — 2. The members of a
club or society of French revolutionists organ-
ized in 1789 tmderthe name of Society of Friends
Among the French, a general name for a peas
ant: tised somewhat eoutemptuously.
Jacquin (zhii-kan'). Baron Nikolaus Joseph
von. Born at Levden, Netherlands, Feb. 16,
1727: died at Vienna, Oct. 24, 1817. A noted bota-
nist, professor of botany and chemistry in the
University of Vienna, and author of numerous
scientific works. From 17.55-59 he made exten-
sive scientific e.^qjlorations in South America.
of the (Constitution, and called Jacobins from Jacundas (zhii-kon-djis'). A horde of Brazilian
the Ja<'obin convent in Paris in which they met. Indians of the Tujii race, on the river Tocan-
The club originally included many of the nioclerate leaders tins, below the eonlluence of the Araguaya, and
of the ltevolution,'but the more violent members speedily q„ d^j. Ij^-ad waters of the river Capim. Also
gained the control. It had branches in all parts of France, „.„:»»,,„ Vn,;it,/lns
and was all-powerful in determining the course o( govern- ,"''"'" VLJ ,'■■,, , -o T'^i,,^,^ \r,
meot, especiaUy after Robespierre became its leader, sup- Jade, or JandC (ya de). Bay or tstuary. -An
Jahangir
inlet of the North Sea, north of Oldenburg. Ger-
many.
Jadin (zha-dan'), Louis Emmanuel. Born at
Versailles, France, Sept. 21,1768: died at Paris,
,\pril 11, 1853. A French composer, author of
many operas, including "Joconde" (1790) and
"Mahomet H."(1803); "La bataille d'.\uster-
litz," an orchestral piece ; and many string quin-
tets, nocturnes, etc.
Jael (jii'el). [Heb. ; Gr. 'lav?.] In Old Testa-
ment history, the wife of Heber the Kenite, and
the slayer of Sisera (Judges iv. 17-22). See
Siscra.
Jaell (vii'el), Alfred. Born at Triest, Austria-
Himgary, March 5, 1832 : died at Paris, Feb. 28,
1882. An Austrian pianist and composer.
Jaen (Hii-en'). 1. A proWnce in Andalusia,
Spain. Capital, Jaen. it is boimded by Ciudad Real
on the north, Albacete and Granada on the east, Granada
on the south, and Cordova on the west. The surface is
mountainous. Area, 5,184 square railes. Population (1887),
437,842.
2. The capital of the province of Jaen, situated
on the river Jaen in lat. 37° 46' N., long. 3° 49'
\V. It contains a castle and a cathedral. It was an im-
portant Moorish city and the capital of a small Moorish
kingdom. Population (1887), 25.706.
Jaffa (jaf fii or yiif'fil), or Yafa (ya'fa), Heb.
Japho (jii'fo). A seaport of Palestine, situated
on the Mediterranean in lat. 32° 2' N., long. 34°
47' E.: the ancient Joppa. It is often mentioned in
biblical history. It was frequently taken and retaken by
the Crusaders"; was stormed by the French under Napoleon
in 1799 : was taken by Ibrahim Pasha in 1832 ; and was re-
stoied to Turkey in 1841. It is the terminus of the Jafia-
Jemsalem Railway. I'opulation, about 15,000.
Jaffier. A conspirator in Otway's "Venice Pre-
served." He is the husband of Beh-idera.
Jaffna (jUfnii), or Jaffnapatam (jaf "na-pa-
tiim'). 1. Ail island at the northern extremity
of Ceylon. — 2. A seaport on the western coast
of the island of Jafl'na, situated in lat. 9° 41'
N.. long. 80° E. It was occupied by the Portuguese in
1617, by the Dutch in 1658, and by the British in 1795. Pop-
ulation, about 40,003.
Jagannatha. See Jufigcrnaut.
Jagas(zh;i-gas'). A Portuguese name of a sav-
age African tribe which invaded the kingdom of
the Kongo in the 16th century. They are called
Giafihi by Italian writers. HeeFaii and Yaha.
Jagello (ya-gel'16), or Jagjello. Died at Gro-
dek, near Lemberg, 1434. Grand Duke of Lith-
uania from 1381. He embraced Christianity and mar-
ried Hedwig. queen of Poland, whereby he ascended the
Tulish throne as \Madislaw II. in 1386. He defeated the
Teutonic Knights at Tannenberg in 1410.
Jagellons (ya-gel'onz). A dynasty, founded
by Jagello, which reigned in Poland 138(5-1572.
It furnished rulers also to Lithuania, Hungary,
and Bohemia.
Jagemann (yii'ge-man), Karoline. Born at
Weimar. Germany, Jan. 5, 1778: died at Dres-
den, July 10,1848. A noted German singer. She
made her"d<5but in 1795 at Jlanuheim, and the next yesr
at Weimiu* produced so great an effect that both Goethe
and Schiller interested themselves in her. In 1801 she had
another success at Berlin. On her return to Weiimtf she
became the mistress of the grand duke, but her caprice
was so troublesome that in 1817 Goethe gave up the direc-
tion of the theater to avoid her. She took the nameof Ma-
dame Ke-jcndorf, and remained at Weimar till the death
of tile grand duke, when she retired to Dresden.
Jagemdorf (ya'gem-dorf). A manufacttu-ing
town in Silesia, Austria-Hungary, on the Ojipa.
near the Prussian frontier. 14 miles northwest of
Troppau. Population (1S91). commune, 14.2.57.
Jagersfontein Excelsior, The. The largest
known diamond in t he world.found in the Orange
Free State. South Africa, June 2, 1893. and now
in Loinion. It was found in the mine of the Jagersfontein
Company. Its weight is ii71 carats ; its color blue-white,
and almost perfect.
Jagic (va'gich). Vatroslav (Ignatius). Bom
at Warasdin, Croatia. .Inly 6, 1838. A Croatian
philologist, professor of comparative philology
at Odessa 1871-74, and later at Berlin: author
of works on Slavic philology.
Jagst (yiigst), or Jaxt (yiikk). 1. A river in
Wiirtr-mberg, joining the Neckar 6 miles north
of Ilcilbronn.' Length, over 100 miles. — 2. A
circle of northeastern Wiirtemberg. Area, 1,983
square miles. Population (1890), 402.991.
Jaguarao (zlui-gwii-riiii'). The southernmost
city of Brazil, in the state of Rio (irandc do
Sui, on the river JaguarSo near its mouth in the
Lagoa Mirim. It lias an important trade with
I^rugiiay. Population, about 6,000.
Jahanabad ( ja-hiiii-a-biid' ). A townin the Gaya
district, Bengal, British India, 28 miles south-
southwest of Patna. Population, about 20,000.
Jahangir (ja-han-ger'). Reigned 1605-27. A
ilogul emperor, son of Akbar.
Jahde
Jahde. Sec Jttde,
Jahn (yiiii)) Otto. Bom at Kiel, Prussia, June
16, 1813: died at Gottingen. Prussia, Sept. 9,
1869. A distinguished German philologist, ar-
ehajologist, andmusical and art critif. professor
at Leipsic 1S47-51. ami at Bonn 18.V>-(iy. ne pul)-
llslied **Telciiliiis uiid Troilns " (1841), "Die lu'llunischo
Kunst "(lHi«). fditions of Latin aud Greek clussics, a life
of Mo£ai-t(tS..0-5.)). etc.
Jaihun ( ji-hon' )■ The Persian name of the Oxus.
Jaimini (ji'mi-ni), A Hindu saint and pfiiloso-
phcr, saiii to have been tlie pupil of Vyasa, to
have received from him tlie Samaveda, and
to have founded the Purvamimansa school of
Hindu pliih)S()phy.
Jainas (ji'njjz), or Jains (jmz). [From Skt.
jina^ the victorious one,] A Hindu sect which
numbers about 380,000, at least half of wliom
are in tlie Bombay Presidency. Tliey are the follow.
• ers of Jina, the •victorious," as the" Budilhists of Buddha,
the ' awakened.' A Jina is a snpe who lias reached omnis-
cience, and who comes lo rcestahlish thi; corrupted law.
There have been 24 .linas. aa Buddha had 24 predecessors.
They succeeded each other at ininieiise intervals, their
Btaturc and term of life always decre:isiiig. Like theBud-
dhas, the Jinas became deities. They have goddi^sses. Sha-
sonadevis, who execute their connnands. Their images,
sometimes colossal, especially in the Deccan, are numer-
ous in the sanctuaries, which are almost all of a distinctive
and elejrant type. Next to the .Tinas rank their immediate
disciples, the (iaiiadharas, worshiped as guardian saints,
and many deities borrowed from the Hindu pantheon, Imt
whu do not share the regular cultus. 'this cultus is akin
to the Buddhist in having the same offerings and acts of
faith and htmiage. Both use little bells. In both women
have the same riglits as men, and botli practise confession,
value pilgrinniges, and devote four months of the year es-
pecially to f;ujliii',>'. read i ml' I hi r'Sciiptnres,and meditation.
The Jainas, like Ihe Binidliists, reject the Veda as corrupt,
to which they oppose their own Angas as the true \'edii.
They have no sacerdotal caste. They observe the rules of
caste among themselves, but without attaching to them
religious signiticance. They have i)romoted literature and
science, especially astronomy, grammar, and romantic lit-
erature. Like the Buddhists they ai-e divided into a cler-
ical body and a lay (Yatis, ' ascetics,' and Shravakas,
'hearers'), but the monastic system is less developed.
They have two principal sects : the Shvetambaras, 'having
white garments," and the Digambaras, 'those having the
air as their garment,' who go naked — designations applied
to both clergy and laity. The first have the highest rank,
but the second are more ancient. Both sects go back per-
haps to the 5th centui-y A.r>. They are rather livals than
enemies. Another division is that into Xortheni and South-
ern Jainas, which, originally geographical, has extended to
the cimon and the entire body of traditions and usages.
The Diganibara Yatis now practise nudity only ut their
menls when these are taken in common. No Hindu sect
is more rigorous in rcspi-ct for and abstinence from every-
thing that has life, though the Southern Jainas frequently
practised religious suicide in the middle ages. The gen-
eral doctrine of the Jainas is nearly like that of the Bud-
dhists. They are atheists. Ilie Avorld is eternal. They
deny the possibility of a perfect being existing from all
eternity. Tlie Jina became perfect. As the Buddhists
have their Adibuddha, the Jainas have also returned to a
sort of deism in their Jiiuipati, a supreme Jina. Beings
are animate and inanimate. Animate beings arecompu^ed
of soul and body, and their souls arc eternal — a point of de-
viation from Buddhism. Not existence but life is evil to
the Jainas, and Nirvana is to them not annihilation, but
entrance into endless blessedness. The Jina reveals the
means, the Triratna, the 'three jewels,' jierfcct faith in
the Jina. perfect knowledge of his doctrino, perfect con-
duct. The paralMjsmof liuddhistand Jaina doctrincand
usage extends also to thetraditions i?i so manypoints that
some have believed Vaidhamana or Mahavira, 'the great
hero,' the Jina of th»* ])resent age, to beitlentiral with *Jau-
tama; l)ut Bolder thinks he has discovered data which
prove that Mahavira was a real personage, distinct fiom
Gautama, whose real name was Nirgrantha Jnatiputra,
i. fi. the ascetic <»f the Jnati.i. a Il:ijput tribe. Still Jaiii-
ism must, in view of the alllliation of its doctrines, be re-
garded as a sect that took its rise in Buddhism. The
Scriptures of the Shvetnmbnra Jainas are comprised in 45
works, in GgronjjS, collectively called Agamas, and written
in a lYakrit dialect calleil Ardhainagadhi ; those of the
Digamlparas are in Sanskrit, and still little known.
Jaintia Hills, Set> Khasi and Jaintin JIUls,
Jaipur. Sc(> J(f/p(,n\
Jais (.jn/is). [Ar. ftl-taU^ the Roat."! Tlie tliird-
nia<;iiitud(' st;ir '^ Draconis: the ** Nodus secun-
ilus" of tlic (dd o;itali>;,'-ucs.
Jaisalmir, <>r Jaysalmir (ji-sal-raer'), or Jes-
selmere (jcs-s(d-mer'). 1. A state in Rajpu-
taiia, India, intersected by lat. 27*^ N., long.
71^ I']. Area, 10,039 s(iuar«> miles. Popidation
(1801), 115,071.-2. Theeupital of the state of
Jaisalmir. Population, about 10,000.
Jajali (jii'.ia-li). A Urahman said in the Malm-
bharata to have acquired by asceticism a 8ui)er-
natural power of locomotion, of wliich he was
so proud that he thought liimself sujterior to
all men. A voice from the sky telling him that he w:ia
Inferior lo 'I'uladharn. a Vaishya and a trader, ho we?it to
him and learned of him.
Jajce. See Jni/rr.
Jajpur (.jiij-piu-'). or Jajpore (j'lj-por'). A sa-
cred town ill tiic i'uttacK district, Benjial, I'.rit^
isli India, situated on the river Uaitarani in lat.
20° ol' N., long. 86° 23' E. Population, about
10,000.
539
Jakob (yii'kop), Ludwig Heinriclivon. Born
at Wei tin, near Halle, I'rus.sia., Fob. 26, 1759:
died at Lauehstadt, near ilerseburg, Prussia,
Jidy 22, 1827, A German philosoplier and po-
litical eeoncmiist, professor of pliilosophy at
Halle 1791-1807, and of political eeonomv at
Kharkoff in 1807, and at Halle 1S16-27. ' He
wrote *' Grundriss der allKemeinen Logilc"
(1788), ^'Lehrbueh der Nationaliikonomie"
(180.1). etc.
Jakutsk. See Tal-iffsk,
Jalalabad. See Jefalabad,
Jalal uddin Rumi (ja-lal' od-den' rd-me').
Born at Balkh. 1207. A Persian poet, llisfather
wns the founder of a college at Iconiuni, to the directi(in
of which his son succeeded after studies at Aleppo iiiid
Damascus. The great work of J;dal uddin is the Mesnevi,
a series of stories with moral maxims.
Jalandhar (jul'an-dhar), or Jullunder (jul'-
lun-der). 1. A division in the Panjub. British
India. Area. 12.571 square miles. Population
(1881), 2,421,881.-2. A district in the Jalan-
dhar division, intersected by lat. 31° 20' N,,
long. 76° E. Area, 1,433 square miles. Pop-
ulation (1891), 907,583.-3. The capital of the
division and district of Jalandhar, 75 miles
east by south of Lahore. Population (1891),
66,202.
Jalapa, or Xalapa (Hii-lii'pii), Aztec Xalapan.
[See the extract below.] The eai>ital of the
state of Vera Cruz, Mexico, situated about 60
miles northwest of Vera Cruz. Population
(1892), 18,000.
Jalapa (meaning * place of water and sand ')wa8 an In-
dian town at the time of the Conquest; and because of its
position on what, for a long while, was the main road be-
tween Vera Cruz and the City of Mexico it early became a
place of importance. After the organization of theKepub-
lic it was for a time capital of the State of Vera Cruz. Be-
tween the years 1720 and 1777 a great annual fair was held
here for the sale of the goods brought yearly by the fleet
from Cadiz; whence is derived the name Jalapa de la
Feria, fi-equently applied to the city in documents of the
last century. Janvier, Mex. Guide, p. 43.'*.
Jalaiin(.ia-loun'). 1. A district in the. Thansi di-
vision, Northwest Provinces, British India, in-
tersected by lat. 26° N., long.79°E. Area,l,480
square miles. Population (1891), 396,361.-2.
A Town in the district of Jalaun, in lat. 26° 9' N.,
long. 79° 22' E. Population, about 10,000.
Jalisco, or Xalisco (iiii-les'ko). A maritime
state of Mexico, bounded by Durango, Zaeate-
cas, and Aguas Calientes on the north, Guana-
juato on the east, Miehoacan and Colima on the
south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Capi-
tal, Gtiadalajara. Area, 27,261 square miles.
Population (1892), 1,280,500.
Jalna (jill'nii), A small town in Hyderabad,
India, situated in lat. 19°51' N., long.^75° 53' E.
Jalpaiguri (jiil-pi-s^'re), or Julpigori (.jul-pe-
go're). A district in Benf:cal, British India, in-
tersected by lat. 26° 30' N., long. 88° 40' E.
Area, 2,962 sotxare miles. Population (1S91),
6.si,3r>i>.
Jamadagni (ja-mad-ag'ni). A rishi often men-
tioned with Vishvamitra as an enemy of Vasish-
tha, aTid sometimes as a descendant of Bhrigii.
In epic poetry he is tlie son of Ehargava Richika and the
father of five sons, of whom the most renowne<l was Ta-
rasliurama. The Mahabliarataand Vishnu I'urana contain
vaiinus legends reg:n(ling him.
Jamaica (ja-ma'kil). An island of the Greater
AntiUes, West Indies, belongiiig to Great Brit-
ain, situatcfl iu tlie Caribbean Sen 90niiles south
of the eastern i):irt of Cuba. Capital, Kingston,
The surface is generally mountainous, the Blue Moun-
tahis in the east rising to 7,.'ifiO feet, Tiie island has abun-
dant vegetable and some mineral rcsourccB. The chief
exports lU'o sugar, rum, cotfee, fruits, dye-woods, etc.
Jamaica is a crown colony, with a governor, privy council,
and legislative assembly. It was discovered by Columbus
May 4, 1494; was settled by the Spaniards iti 15U9; and
was conquered by the Knglisli in 1055. Many risings of the
Maroons (or runaway slaves) occurred in the ISth century.
The slaves were emancipated by purchase in 1834. A
negro inaurrection in 1805 was suppressed by Governor
Eyre. The Caicos and Turks Islands, Cayman Islands,
and a few smaller islands are dependencies of .Tamaiea,
Length, 144 miles. (Jreatest width, 50 miles. Area, 4,'20<)
sijuare miles. Population (estimated. March, 1892), (i40,-
524, including about 500,()0n blacks, 120,000 colored, and
only 20,000 wliites, the remainder being coolies.
Jamaica f.ia-uni'kil). Avillaf^einQueensCounty,
lionjX Islanii, New York: inecirporated in the
<-ity of New York, l^opulation, r»,361.
Jamaica Bay, An inlet of the Atlautic, south
of J.c.n;r Islami, New York.
Jaman (zhil-mon'). Col de. A pjiSH in the<':iii-
toii of Vaud, Swit/.erhiiid, h-adin^' from Mon-
treux over the Di-nt ih' Jaman lo llie valley of
the Saane, Fribour-,'. Hei^^hl. 4.974 feet.
Jaman, Dent de. yeo Dent dv Jaman,
Jamasee. See Yainmi.
James I.
Jambavat (jam'ba-vat). In Hindu legend, the
ehief i)f the bears who with the monkeys were
allies of Kama in his invasion of Lanka.
Jambres. See Jannes.
Jambudvipa (.jam-bo-dwe'pii). A name of In-
dia in Snnskrit poetry, and restricted to India in
Buddliist writinj^s, but strictly a poetical natne
for the whole earth, of which India was thought
to be the most important part, in the Mahabha-
rata the world is divided into seven cireular dvipas, or
continents, of which Jambudvipa ia the lirst, surroumled
respectively by seven oceans in concentric belts, the moun-
tain Mern, or abode of the gods, being in the center of
Jambudvipa, which again is divided into nine Vai'shas,
or countries separated by eight ranges of mountains, the
Varsha called l;harata (India) lying south of the Himavat
(Himalaya) range. Jambudvipa is so named from the
jambu (rose-apple) trees which abound in it, or from an
enormous jambu tree on Mount Meru.
Jamburg (yiini'bora). A town in the govera-
lueut of St. Petersburg, Russia, situated on the
Luga 68 miles southwest of St. Petersburg.
Population, 4,238.
James (jamz). [The E, name James^ dial, also
Jramcs (whence colloq. Jctn and Jim)y is from
ME. JameSj alsOf/f/w, from OF. James, another
form of Jaque.% Jacqncs, from LL. Jacobus^ Ja-
cob. See Jacob.'] There are several persons of
this name who hold an important place in New
Testament history, (l) The son of Zebedee and
brother of the apostle John. Originally a fisherman, he
was called to be a disciple of Jesus and an apostle. He
was killed by Ilerod Agrippa (A. D. 44), and is the only
ap<jstle whose death is rec<u ded in the Scriptures. Accord-
ing to one legend, he traveled and preaehed in Spain ; ac-
coiding to another, his body was miraeulously conveyed
toCompostella, in Spain, and worshiped there. (2) "James
the Lord's brother," author of the "Epistle of James."
He is described as holding office in the church at Jerusa-
lem, and appears to have been president of the council
that met there in A. i>. 50 or 51. He is also called "James
the less" (or "the little") (Mark xv. 40), and in early
church history "James the Just." (3) An apostle, dis-
tinguished as "James the son of Alphicus," identified by
many with "James the Lord's brother."
James, The General Epistle of. A New Tes-
tament epistle, written by "James the Lord's
brother." it was written from Jerusalem, and is ad-
dressed to the twelve tribes of the Dispersion. Its main
object is to uicnlcate the importance of practical monility.
James I. Born at Dunfermline, 1394 : died Feb.
20, 1437. King of Scotland 1406-37, son of
Robert III. and Annabclla Drumniond. He was
captured by the English while un his way to France, and
was detained in captivity until 142X He repressed the
great feudatories with the assistance of the tkrgy and tlie
burghs, and maintained peaceful relation.^ Imdi uitli Eng-
land and with France. He was murdered at Perth by the
Earl of Atholl and Robert Graham.
James II. Born Oct. 16, 1430: died Aug. 3, 1460.
King of Scotland 1437-60, son of James I. and
Jane, daughter of the Earl of Somerset. He con-
tinued his father's policy of repressing the great feudatories
with the assistance of the clergy and tlir Imiu'hs; and on
Feb. 22, 141^.2, stabbed with his own hand th<- F.arl of Doug-
las, who had entered into a treascmalde alliance with the
Earls of Crawford and of Ross, and whom he had enticed
to Stirling by a safe-conduct. He was accidentally killed
by a wedge from a bombard at the siege of Roxburgli.
James III. Bom July 10, 1451 : died June 11,
1488. King of Scotland 1460-88, son of James
II. and Mary of Ouelders. Uc favored men of in-
ferior rank to the neglect of the great feudal liouses, which
provoked a rising of the latter under his son James. Ho
was dcfe:ite<l by the rebels at Sauchicburn, June 11, 1488,
and was killed in the llight.
James IV, Born March 17, 1473: died Sept. 9,
1513. Kiiif^of Scotland ]4vS8-1513, son of James
III. and Margaret, daughter of Christian I. of
Denmark. Heheadedtherebelllousnoblcsuhodifeatcd
and killed his father at tlie battle of Sauchici.urn, Juno
n, 14S8. He maintained peaccfnl relalinns with Henry
VII. of England, whose daiigbftr Miugarct he niarricii in
1502; but was forced by the a^'.«'rcssivc attitude of Henry
VIIL to si-ek im nlfensive alliance with France. He was
defeated and killed by the Karl of Surrey at I-'lodden Field,
Sept, i», 15i:t, during an invasion of England in Henry's
absence in France.
James V. Born at Linlithgow, April 10, 1512:
died Dec. 14, 1542. King of Scotland 1513-42,
son of James IV. and Margaret, daughter of
Henry Vir. of Kngland. During his mincnity the re-
gency was conducted first by his mother, and afterward liy
the Duke of Albany, He assumed personal exercise of the
rnyal prerogatives in ir)28. He was a vigorous adminis-
trator, protected the poor against oppres.^ion from the
nobles, and minglcil freely with the coninions (sometimes
under the incognito of "the (iudeman of liallinVtreich"),
whence he is often called "the king of the commons."
He became involved in war with Englimd in ir)42, and suf-
fered the loss of an army under Sinclair at Solway Moss,
Nov. 24, 1542.
James I. Born in Kdinluirgh Castln, June 19,
15(i(;: died at Tlicnbalds, Mnrch 27. 1625. King
of Knglnnd, Scotland, ami Ireland 160;V25, son
of Lord Darnh'v ancl Mary l^uccn of Scots, no
became, on the abiiication of his mother, king of Scotland
as James VI. July 24. 1,')(t7; and by virtue of his descent.
both through hia father and his "mother, from Margaret
Tudor, daughter of Henry VII., succeeded to the English
throne on the death of Elizabeth without issue, Marcjt
James I.
24. 1603, being crowned king of England (and Ireland)
July :'.'>, HJ!J3. He was a learned but peiaiitic, we:ik, and
incapable uionarch, whence he was ai)rly clianicterized
by the Due de Sully us the -'wisest fool in Europe." In
domestic politics he souijht to a.'*sert the theorj- of the di-
vine right of kiiigship and of episcopacy : in his foreign
relations he strove to maintain peact- at all hazards, even
to the prejudice of his natural allies, thel'iotestant powers
on the Continent He presided, in H»04, over the Hampton
Court Conference between the bishops and the Puritans,
at which the latter soupht but failed to obtain a relaxa-
tion of the laws directed against nonconformists. In the
same yeaj he concluded peace with t^pain, with which he
had inherited awarfi-om his predecessor in England; and
appointed a commission to revise the English translation
of the Bible, which commission completed the so-called
King James version in 1611. He sanctioned in 1(J(J6 penal
laws of increased severity against the Roman Catholics in
consequence of the discover}' of the Gunpowder Plot (wldch
Bee} in the preceding year, and granted a patent organiz-
ing the London and Plymouth companies, the former of
which founded the settlement of Jamestown inlCOT, while
a band of £n-jlish separatists from Holland founded, with-
out authority, the settlement of Pljiuouth in the territory
of the latter in 1620. Another important event which took
place in 16t>6 was the restoration of episcopacy in Scotland.
He beyan in 1611 negotiations for the marriage of hiseldest
son Charles with a. Spanish princess; and in the same year
entered into a defensive alliance withthe Protestant Union
in Germany, which was followed in 1613 by the marriage
of his daughter Elizabeth to the elector palatine Fred-
erick v., head of the union. He refused to assist his son-
in-law in the struggle with the emper*_>r Ferdinand II. for
the crown of Bohemia (see Frederick \'., elector palatine,
Ferdinand II.. emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and
Thirty Veirg' War) ; and after the defeat of FredtTiek by
the Imperialists on the \\Tiite Hill, and the invasion of the
Palatinate by the Spanish troops in 1620, sought by futile
negotiations to induce Ph ilip III. of Spain to rei nstate Fred-
erick in the electorate and to assist in rest-iring peace. In
answer to a rebuke from the king for meddling in alfairs
of stiite by sending in a petition against popery and the
proposed Spanish marriage. Parliament passed, Dec. 18,
16-21, the Great Protestation, declaring that alfairs which
concerned the king and the realm were proper subjects for
debate in Parliament. The king tore the page containing
the protestation from the journal of the Commons. In
162a hereluctantlypermitted Charlesand the Dukeof Buck-
ingham to depart for Spain to conclude the negotiations
for a marriage treaty which had been kept up, with inter-
ruptions, since 1611 ; but as Philip was unwilling to pro-
cure the restoration of the Palatinate, Charles and the
duke returned in the same year, and the negotiations \vere
finally abandoned.
James II. Bom at St. James's Palace, Oct. 14,
1633: died at St. Germain. Sept. 6, 1701. King
of England, Scotland, and Ireland 16S5-88, son
of Charles I. and Henrietta Maria. Before his ac-
cession he was known as the Duke of York. He became
lord high admiral of England on the accession of his bro-
ther Charles II. in 1G60 ; received a grant of the New Neth-
erlands in 1664 ; embraced the Roman Catholic faith prob-
ably before 1672 ; and was forced by the Test Act to resign
the admiralty in 1673. Under the guidance of Father Pctre,
his confessnr and chief adviser, he aimed on his accession
to make him^ielf an absolute monarch and to restore the
B,oman Catholic Church. He increased the standing army
from 6,000 to about 30,000 men by keeping up the military
force raised to snppress the Scottish rebellion under the
Duke of Monmouth in 1635, and granted commissions in
the new regiments to Roman Catholics. He published a
declaration of liberty of conscience for all denominations
in England and Scotland earlj- in 1(187, and April 25, 16SS,
ordered the declaration to be read in all the churches. A
petition from the primate and six bishops against the oi"der
was pronouncedaseditiouslibelby the king, who sent the
seven bishops to the Tower and brought them to trial before
the Courtof King's Bench. Thetrialresulted inacquittal
June 30, 168S. and the same day an invitation, signed by
the Earts of Dauby. Devonshire, and Shrewsburj-. the Bish-
op of London, and others, was despatched to William of
Orange to save England from a Roman Catholic tjTanny.
William landed at Torbay Nov. 5, 16S8, and Dec. 22 James
escajied to France, where he was assigned the chateau of
St. Germain by Louis XIV. as a pl::ce of refuge. In 16S9
he made a descent on Ireland, but was totallv defeated by
William at the battle of the Boj-ne, July 1, 1690.
James. A river in Virginia, formed near the
border of Botetourt and Alleghany counties by
the union of the Jackson and Oowpasture rivers,
and flowing by an estuary into Chesapeake Bay
near Old Point Comfort, it played an important
strategic part in the Civil War. Lcngtli, about 450 miles;
navigable to Richmond (150 miles).
James IV. A play by Robert Greene, it was
written about 1591, but was not printed until 159S. Tlie
whole title is "The Scottish Histoid of James IV., slain at
FltxJden." It contains a fairy interlude in which Oberou
appears. Lodge assisted Greene hi this play.
James, Army of the. A Federal army in the
American Civil War, which operated in 1864 in
conjunction with the Army of the Potomac. It
was commanded by General B. F. Butler.
James, Duke of Berwick. See Fitzjame.%Jamcs,
James, George Payne Rainsford. Bom at l^on-
don. Auo;. 9, 1801: died at Venice, May 9, 1S60.
An English novelist and historical writer. While
still young he traveled on the Continent, read history and
poetrj', and became acquainted with Cuvier, I>arwin, and
other distinguished niL-n. Inder the influence of Scott's
works he began to write romances which had great suc-
cess. He w:is encouraged by Scott and Washington Irving,
"Richelieu." his first novel, was published in \S'19. He
was a ntost prolific and nit^liocre writer. Ke was appointed
historioerapher royal by William IV., and in that capacity
did much historical work. In 1850 he was appointed Bi it-
Uh coDBul to Boston, and in 1852 removed to Norfolk, Vir-
540
ginia. In 1856 he became consulgeneral to Venice, where
he died. Janus is parodied by Thackeray in "Barbazure.
by G, P. li. Jeanies, E.sq.''
James, Henry. Born at Albanv, N. Y.. June
'X ISU : died at Cambridge. Mass., Dec. 18, 1882.
An American theological and philosophical
writer. Among his works arc " Moralism and Christian-
ity " (1852), " Christianity the Logic of Creation " (1S57), etc.
James, Henry. Bom at New York, April 15,
184;J, An American novelist and critic, son of
Henry James. Hewaseducated principally in Eurtipc,
and studied law at H:u-vard. He began to contribute to
periinlicals in 18o*>. Since lS(i9 he has lived mostly in
England. Among his works are "Transatlantic Sketches"
(1875), "A Passionate Pilfrrim, etc." (1S75X "The Ameri-
can" (1877), "The Europeans" (1878), "Fiench Poets and
Novelists'' (1878), "Daisy Miller" (1S7S), "Hawthorne*
(English Men of Letters series, 1879), "Confidence" (18S0),
"Portrait of a Lady " (1881), ■ Daisv Miller"(a comedy, 18S3),
"A Little Tour in »ance" (18^4), "The Author of Bel-
traffio, etc." (1885), "The Bostonians" (1836), "Princess
Casnmassima" (ISSr.), "Partial Portraits ' (188S), "The
Real Thinu', etc. ' (1S03).
James, John Angell. Bom at Blandford, Dor-
set, England, June 6, 1785 : died at Birmingham,
Oct., 18o9. An English Congregational clergy-
man and religious writer. His best-known work
is "The Anxious Inquirer."
James, Thomas. Born about 1593: died about
lG3o. An Englii^h navigator. On Mays, 1631, he
sailed from Bristol in the Henrietta Maria to discover the
"northwest passage into the south sea" and circumnavi-
gate the globe. He reached Greenland in June, and sailed
on to Hudson Bav, where he wintered. He reached Eng-
land Oct. 22. 1C32.
James.William. Died at London, Slay 28, 1827.
A British writer on naval historA-. From 1801 to
18l:i he was an attorney of the supreme court of Jamaica,
and proctor in the vice- admiralty court. In 1812 he was
in the United States, where he was detained as a prisoner.
In March, 1810, hepublishel " An Enquiry into the Merits
of the Principal Xaval Actions between (ireat Britain and
the United States." In 1S17 this pamphlet was enlarged
as "A Full and Correct Account of the Chief Naval Oc-
currences of the Late AVar between Great Britain and the
United States of America." He also published "The Naval
History of Great Britain frora the Declaration of War by
France in 1793 to the Accession of George IV." (1822-24:
second edition 1826). It is the standard work on the
subject.
James Bay. The southern portion of Hudson
Bay, south of lat. 55° 15' X. Length, about 250
miles.
James Francis Edward Stuart, snrnamed
"Tlie Pretender.'' 8ee Sfuart.
Jameson (ja'me-son), Mrs. (Anna Brownell
Murphy), Born at Dublin, Mav 17, 1794: died
at Ealing, Middlesex, March 17,* 1S60. A Brit-
ish author, the eldest daughter of D, Brownell
Mm-phy, an Irish miniatm-e-painter. From the age
of 16 to 20 she was governess in the family of the Marquis
of Winchester. About 1*21 she entered upon the same ser-
vice in the family of Mr. Littleton, afterward Lordllather-
ton. Herjoumal was published anonymously as** A Lady's
Diary,"andthenas "TheDiaryof anEnnuyee"iul826. In
1S2J she married a former lover, Robert Jameson, barris-
ter; but they soon sepai-ated, Jameson going as judge to
Jamaica. Her "Characteristics of Women " appeared in
1832. In 1842 she began the series of art works which
made her famous with a "Companion to the Public Picture
Galleries of London." She traveled extensively in Euiope
and America, and in 1847 revisited Italy to write her chef-
d'ceuvre, "Sacred and Let;endar>' Ait." This appeared in
four parts : *' Legends of the Saints " (1848), " Legends of the
Monastic Orders "(18.'>0),'*Legendsof the Madonna"(I852),
and "The History of our Lord." The last was left unfin-
ished, and was completed by Lady Eastlake after Mrs, Ja-
meson's death. Among her other works are "Lovesof the
Poets "(18 >9)."CeIebrated Female Sovereigns "(1831)." Vis-
itsandSketches"(lS34X*'WinterStudiesaiidSumnierKam-
bles in Canada" (1838), "Social Life in Germany," a trans-
lation of the dramas of Princess Amelia of Saxony (1S4G),
" Memories of the Early Italian Painters " (18i5), and *' Mis-
cellaneous Essays," chiefly artistic (184G>.
Jameson, James Sligo. Born at iVlloa. Claek-
mannanshiro. Aug. 17, 1S56: died at Bangala
on the Kongo, Aug. 17, 1888. A British natu-
ralist and explorer. He visited Borneo in 1877, South
Africa in 1878, the Rocky Mountains in 1SS2. and Spain and
Algeria in 1&S4. On Jan. 2**, 1887. he became the natural-
ist of the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition under Henry M.
Stanley, contributing £1,000 to the funds. He was left as
second ill command of the rear column under .Major Bnrtte-
lot, and at staidey Falls in 1S8S witnessed the killing of a
girl of 10 by the cannibals of Tippu Tib.
Jameson, Leander Starr. A iSeottish physi-
cian. He practi.-ed medicine in Kiniberby, Cape Cob.ny.
and was appointed administrator of the British South Af-
rica Company; in this capacity he organized an attack
upon the Matabele in 1893. In 1895, at the instigation of
Cecil Rhodes and others, he prepared to lejid an annetl
force to Johannesburii. He started (Dec. 29)fr"m Pits;ini,
Beclmanaland, with about COO men (chielly drawn fmm
the Bechnanaland and ilatabelc monnte4i police), before
the prei)ar;itions wen- ennipKtf, and was obliged to sur-
render to the South African Krpiiblic at O^iorn K"p, Jan.
2, 1>96. President Krflger sent him to Great Britain for
trial. In July, 1896. he was condemned to serve a tlfteeu
months' tern: of imprisoiunent for having infringed the
foreign eidi->tiiient act, but was released l)ee. 3, 1896, on
account of ill health.
Jamesone i jii'tue-son), George. Bom at Aber-
deen, Scotland, about 1588: died 1644. A Scot-
Janauschek
tish portrait-painter, a pupil of Knbens "with
Vaudyck: called the Scotch Vandj'ck. He re-
turned to Aberdeen 1620, and established himself in Edin-
burgh about 1635. When Charles I. visited Scotland in
163r» he sat to Jamesone, and paid him with a diamond
from his own hand. Several of his portraits in Scotland
pass fur Vandycks. In Abenieen are several of his por-
traits and his picture of the Sibyls. His own portrait of
himself is in the galleiy at Plorence, and another is at
CuUcu House. EanlTshire.
James*S Palace. St, See St. James's Palace.
James's Park^ St. See St. James's Park.
Jamestown (jamz'toun). [Xamed from James
I.] The lirst permanent English settlement in
theUnited States, situatedinJamesCityCounty,
Virginia, on the James Eiver 37n2iles northwest
of Norfolk. Itwasthesiteof theSpanishsettleraentof
San Miguel, founded by Ayllon 1526, but soon abandonedi
The colonists sent by the London Company landed 31ay
13, 1G*.>7 : the settlement grew slowly and suffered terribly,
especially in the starving time of 1009-10. It was burned
in Bacon's Rebellion, 1676. The only relics are the tower
of the church and a few tombs.
Jamestown. A city and summerresort in Chau-
tauqua County, New York, situated at the out-
let of Lake Chautauqua, 57 miles south-south-
west of Buffalo. Population (1890), 16.038.
Jamestown. The onlv to\\"n in the island of
St. Helena. Population, about 3.000.
Jami (ja-rae'). Bom 1411: died 1492. A cele-
brated Persian poet. His name was Nuruddin Ab-
durrahman, but he is known as Jami from his birthplace.
Jam in Khorasan. He began his career as a general stu-
dent, but later devoted himself especially to the philoso-
phy of the Suflsunderthe Sheik ul Islam Saaduddin whom
he succeeded. He was the last gieat poet and mystic of
Persia, and is said to have been the author of 99 works in
both prose and verse. *' Tlic Seven Thrones " is thought by
a native critic to combine the most exquisite ct^impr^sitions
in the Persian language, with the exception of the "Five
Poems" of Nizami. The 7 poems thus termed are "The
Chain of Gold," "SalamanandAbsal," "The Present of the
Just," '"The Eosary," *'The Loves of Laila and Majnun,"
"Yusuf and Zulaikha," and "The Book of Alexander."
Other works are a "Spring Garden " (t. e. a book on ethics
containing anecdotes and fables written in both prose and
verse), the "Magazine of Secrets," and a biography of the
Sufis entitled "Exh:Uations of Intimacy or of Holiness."
He was buried at Herat, the saltans of which wei e his pa-
trons.
Jamieson (ja'mi-son), John. Bom at Glasgow,
March 3, 1759: died at EtUnburgh, July 12, 1838.
A Scottish clergyman, antiquary, and philolo-
gist. He entered Glasgow Cniversity at the age of 9, and
was licensed to preach in 1781. He was settled in Kdin*
burgh in 1797. His chief work is "An Etymological Dic-
tionanof theScottishLanguage'"(lSt8: supplement 1825).
Jamnia. See Jahne.
Jamracli (yiim'rach), Johann Christian Carl.
Bora at Hamburg, March, 1815 : died at Lon-
don, Sept. G. 1891. A dealer in wild animals.
He was tlie son of a dealer in curiosities in Hamburjr. He
became a dealer in wild animals in 1S4;*, and acquired a
monopoly of that trade, supplying menageries and zoolt^-
ical gardens.
Jamsrad Jam-rod'). A ruined fort 9 miles west
of Peshawar, Panjab, British India, at the en-
trance of the Khyber Pass.
Jamshid (Pers. pron. jem-shed'). In Firdausi,
the fourth king of the Pishdadian or earliest dy-
nasty. He reigned 700 years, the first 300 of which were
happy and beneficent. He softened iron and taught its
use in the arts, taught weaving, distingiiisheil castes, sub-
dued and employed the devs or demons, discovered pre-
cious stones and miuends, invented medicine, and first
practised navigation. In his homage meu first celebrated
the Xew Yeitr. Death was unknown, but Janishi.i became
proud and foigot God. He was forced to flee before l>ahak
\iGG Azhi Dahakay, and remained concealed 100ye3rs,when
heapi>e3redon the shore of the China Sea only to be seized
and sa\vn asunder by Dohak. Jamshid is the AvestanVimo
kshaeto, 'Shining Yima' (see IVma), Sanskrit Varna (see
Yama). Alsu called Jem.
Jamu (jnm-d')t or Jummoo ( jum-mo'). A town
in Kashmir, situated on the Tavi in lat. 32° 44'
N., long. 74° 54' E. Population (1891), 34.542.
Janaka(jan'a-ka). In Hindu legend: 1. A king
of Mithila. of the solar race. When Nimi died with-
out a successor, the sages rubbed his Iiody and produced
frora it a prince "called Janaka. from being born without
a proirenitor." He was the lirst Janaka, 20 geueraliuDS
earlier than Janaka tlie father of Sita.
2. KingofVideha. and father of Sita. Hewasre-
markablefor his knowledge and sanctity. The sage Yajna-
valkva was his priest. He refused to submit to the pre-
tensions of the Itrahinans, and asserted his right of per-
forming sacrifices. He succeeded in his contention, for it
is said tliat by bis righteous life be became a Brahman and
Kajarsbi.
Janamejaya rjan-a-ma'ja-ya). In Hindu le-
gend, a king, son of Parikshit and great-grand-
son of Arjuna. He listened to the Maliabh-arata, as re-
cited by Vaishampayana, and so expiated the sin of killing
a Brahman.
Janauschek (yii'nnu-shek), Fanny ^originally
Franziska Magdalena Romanced Bom at
Prague, Boiiemia, July 2i). 1S30. \ Bohemian
tragic actress, she made her first appearance at Prague,
and in 1S47 was engaged at the theater at Cologne. The
next year she went to Frankfort, where she remained for
12 years. She came to the United States in 1863, and played
I
Jananschek
Buccessiuiiy In the principal cities. Siie learned English
at this time in order to i)luy Sliakspere. In 1>70 she ap-
peared in I/ondon. She has a;.'ain visited tlie I'nited Stat^a
and played successful engagements.
Jandal (jon-del'). in tUe Shahnaniah, a trav-
eler, a noble of Faridun's eoiirt, whom he sent
to Sarv, the Kin^ of Yemen, to seek his three
(laughters in marriage for his three sous, Salm,
Tur, anil Iraj.
Jane Eyre ( jan ar). A noted novel by Charlotte
liroiiti'. imblislied in 1847 niulur the pseudomTji
Ciin-er Hell. Its title is the name of it.s principal char-
acter, a woman wiio is made interesting in spite of a lack
of heanty, liirth, money, and all the conventional attributes
of a heroine. 'J'he book is partly autobiogniphicil, and
caused much comment, bringing its writer prominently
before the public.
Jane Grey, Lady. Se6Groya.ndLadyJaneGrey.
Jane Seymour. See Sti/mnur.
Janes (.jaiiz). Edmund Stcrer. Bom at Sheffield,
ila.ss., April liT, 1807: died at New York, Sept.
18, 1876. All -Vmerican bishop of the Methodist
Episcopal Clmrch.
Jane Shore (jan shor). 1 . A tragedy by Chettle
anil Day, entered in Henslowe's "Diary" Maj',
ItiOIi. \\"ard says it was produced in 1002. It was thought
to be a revision of an older play.
2. A tragedy by Kowe (1714). See Sliorc's ff'ife,
and Shore, Jane.
The ballad of "Jane Shore" will be found in Percy's
*'Reliques." It is well known that the Jane s-hore of real
history survived Edward IV. for thirty years. The char-
acter, which had been rendered very popular by t.'hurch-
yard's Legend of "Shore's \Vife"in the".\lirrorforilagis-
trates" (see "The Returne from Parnassus," i. 2), appears
in a few scenes of "The True Tragedie of Richard III."
(l.'ilU). Ward, ilist Dram. Lit.
Janesville (janz'vil). A city and the capital of
Ruck County, Wisconsin, situated on the Rock
Kiver f'A miles west-southwe.st of Milwaukee.
Population (1890), 10,836.
Janet (zhil-na'), Paul. Bom at Paris, April 30,
1823. A French philosopher and member of the
Institute. He was professor of philosophy at the Col-
lege of Bourges 1845-18. and at Strasburg 18-JS-.^i7. He be-
came professor of logic at the LycOe Louis le Grand in
1857, and of the history of pliilosnj,liy at the Sorbonne in
18(i4. He is one of the principal advocates of liberty of
Bcientillc research. Ue is tiu- autltor of 'La famiUe"
(1855), "Ilistoire de la idiilu^ojiliie morale ct politique,
etc." (IS.iS), "Etudes sur laaiiiUrtiqiie dans Platon et He-
gel " {18U0X " La philosopiiie lUi liunhcur" (1862), "Le ma-
t^rialisme contemporain en .\llemagne, eto."(lSG4), "Les
probl^mes liu XI.>C« siecle" (1872), "Philosopiiie de la
revolution frangaise"(1875), "Les causes finales" (1S7G),
".Haint-Simon. etc. "(1878), " La philosophic fran^aise con-
temporaine" (187!*), "Les raaitres de la pensee moderne"
(18i';0. '■ Les origines du socialisme contemporain" (1883),
" Viotor *;ousin. etc." (188r>), "Histoire de la philosophic,
etc." (with G. .SiSailles, 1887), "Centenaire de 1788, etc."
(1889), "La philosophic do Lainennais"(1890), "Lectures
varices, etc." (189.3), etc. He lias also publislicd several
textbooks, translated Spinoza's ''God, Man, and Happi-
ness " and Leibnitz's " New Essays on Human rnderstand-
in'-'." and contributed articles on the liberty of thought to
all the principal periodicals.
Janiculum (.ja-nik'ivium), or Mons Janiculus
(nionz Ja-nik'ii-lns). A lonfc rid^e or hill in
Rome, on. tlie riglit banlc of tlie Tiber, extend-
ing south from the Vatican, and Ofiposito the
Capitoline and the Aventine. It is the hicrhest of
tile hills of Riime, attaining opposite the Porta .^ati Pan-
erazio, at about the middle of its extent, a height of 270
feet above the sex
Janik (jii-uek').or Yanik(ya-nck'). A district
in the vilayet of Trcbi/.nnd, Asiatic Turkey.
Janin (zhil-naii'), Jules Galiriel. Born at'st.-
Etieniie, France, Feb. Ki. 1804: died at Paris,
June :20, 1874. A Frencli novelist, feuilletonist,
litt^-rateur, and dramatic critic in the "Journal
des Dtbats." He wrote "L'Ane mort ct la fcmnicguil-
lotlniJe " (18'29)," Barnave "(1831), " H isloire du la litterature
et de la poesle, etc." (I8^i2), " Hist^iire de France" for the
plates of "La galerie liistoriiine de Versailles" (1837-43),
"Voyage en Italic" (1839), "La .Vormandie historique"
(1843), "La Bretagne historique" (1844). "Histoire do la
littiTature dramatique"(from the "Debats," 1851-.'iS),"B<;-
ranger et son temps" (1800),"Circe" (18(17), besides many
romances, novels, etc.
Janina (yii'ne-nii). A vilayet in Albania. Tm--
key. Area, 7,02.5 square miles. Population
(188.5), .50!J,151. Also written Yaniu(i,J<tniiiiia,
Ji>iiiiiiiiiri, etc.
Janina. Tlie capital of the %'ilavet of Janina,
situated on the Lake of Janina iiUat. 39° 48' N.,
long. 20^ ;)4' K. It has imjiortant trade, and manufac-
tures of gold lace, etc. It was taken by the Turks about
1431. and was nourishing in the time of .Mi Pasha (1788-
l52-'). r<ninlation, 20,0110 (largely lirerks).
Janina, Lake of. A lake in Albania, near Ja-
iiiiii'. I.engtli, 12 miles.
Janizaries (jan'i-zS-riz). [From Turk., 'new
troojis.'] A former body of Turkish infantry,
constituting the sultan's guard and the main
standing army, first orgiinizcd In the 14lli cen-
ttiry, and until tlie l.-itter part of Ihe 17lh cen-
tury largely recruited from com[mlsory con-
scripts and converts taken from the Bayas or
541
Christian subjects. In later times Turks and other
^lohaminedans joined the corps on account of the various
privileges attached to it. llle liody became large and vei-y
powerful and turbulent, often controlling the destiny of
the government ; and. after a revolt purposely provoked
by the sultan Mahniud II. in 1820, many thousand Janiza-
ries were massacred, and the organizjition was abolished.
Jankau (yiin'kou). A village in Bohemia, 32
miles soulh-southeast of Prague. Here, March 0,
lti4o, the Swetles under Torstenson gained an important
victory over the Imjierialists under Ilatzfeld.
Jan Mayen Island (yiln mi'en i'land). An
uninliatiiti'il island in the Arctic Ocean. It eon-
tains an extinct volctmo, Mount Beerenberg (8,350 feet
high), situated in lat. 71° 4' N., long. 7*36' W. It was dis-
covered by the Dutch iRivigat<»r Jan Mayen in 1611.
Jannseus. See Alcxmiftcr.
Jannes (jan'ez) and Jambres (jam'brez).
Names given by St. Paul (2 Tim. iii. 8) to tho
Kgy))tian magicians who withstood Moses at
Pharaoh's court.
Jansen (.jan'sen; D. pron. yiln'sen), Latinized
Jansenius (,ian-se'ni-us), Cornelis. Born at
Accjiioi. near Gorkum, Netherlands, Oct. 28,
1585: died at Ypres, Belgium, May 6, 1638. A
Dutch Roman Catholic theologian, founder of a
sect named for him. Sue ■liiiisciiisttt. His chief
work is ".\ugustinus, sen doctrina St. .\ugustini de hu-
niana; natunc sanitate, legritudiue, niedicina, etc." (16-10).
Jansenists (.jan'sen-ists). A body or school in
the Roman Catholic Church, prominent in the
17th and ISth centiu'ies, holding the doctrines
of Cornelis Jansen. Jansenism is described by Cath-
olic authorities as "a heresy which consisted in denying
the freedom of the will and the possibility of resisting
divine griice," under "a professed attempt to restore the
ancient doctrine and discipline of the (!'hurcll " (Cath.
Diet.). It is regarded by Protestant authorities as " a re-
action within the Catholic Church against the theoIogiciU
casuistry and general spirit of the Jesuit order," and "a
revival of the Augustinian tenets upon the inability of
t!ie fallen will and upon ethcacious grace" {G. P. Fisher,
Hist. Reformation, p. 451).
Janson (yiiu'son), Kristoffer Nagel. Born at
Bergen, Norway, May 5, 1841. A Norwegian
poet and novelist, author of poems and tales in
Norwegian dialect.
Janson, or Jenson (zhou-soii'), Nicholas.
Died about 1481. A French printer and en-
graver who set up a printing establishment at
Venice about 1470. He is kuovsm chiefly as the
introducer of the roman type.
Januarius (jan-u-a'ri-us), Haint. A Christian
martyr who was beheaded under Diocletian.
He was bishop of Bcnevcntum. Relics, which are assert-
ed to be his head and some of his blood, are preserved at
Naples. The blood is supposed to have the miraculous
power of bccomuig fluid wlieii it is brouglit near the head —
a miracle which is performed for the ediflcation of large
numbers of people several times a year. His festival is
kept in the Roman t^hurch Sept. 19.
January (jan'u-ii-ri). [L. Januarius (sc. mcnsis),
from Ja)iu.s.2 The first month of the year, ac-
cording to iJresent and tlie later Roman reckon-
ing, consisting of thirty-one days.
January and May. Pope's version of Chau-
cer's "Merchant's Tale."
Janus (.ia'nus). [Prob. connected with Gr.
Zen;.] A primitive Italic solar deity, regarded
among the Romans as the doorkeeper of heaven
and the especial patron of the beginning and
ending of all undertakings. As the protector of
doors and gateways, he was represented as holding a
staif or scepter in tho right hand and a key in the left ;
and as the god of the sun s rising and setting he had two
faces, one looking to tho east, and the other to the west.
His temple at Rome was kept open in time of war, and was
closed only in the rare event of universal peace.
Janus. Tiie pseudonjTn of Dr. Joliann Joseph
Ignaz von Diillinger.
Janus Quadrifrcns, Arch of. See Arch of Ja-
nus (^tutiilrij'rona.
Japan (jii-pan'). [Corrupted from Zipanr/u (of
Marco Polo), corrupted from native Nijihnn or
Hipiion, Land of the Rising Sun; F. Japoii,
Sp. Japoii, (>. ;ind D. Japan, Pg. Jajiiio.'] An
empire of Asia, lying in (he Pacific east of Clii-
na, Korea, and Siberia. Ca]iital,Tokio. It com-
prises four principal islands — the main island fUonshu),
Yezo, Shikoku, xnd K iushiu,with about 4,ii00 small islands,
including the Looclioo and Kniile groups. The surface
is mountainous and hilly, culminating in Vuji-san (12,365
feet). The leading occupation is agriculture. The cliief
exports are silk, tea, rice, coal, copper, tlsh, lacquer, etc.
The administrative divisions are 3 fu and 43 ken (or pre-
fer tares). There is also a subdivision ii.tlitically into S5
provinces, 'the government is a limited moiiarrhy, willi
an emperor, cabinet and privy eonncit, and an Imperial
Parliament coniiuiHcd of a House of Peeis and a House of
Representatives. Tlie prevailing religions are Shintotru
and IJndilliiim. Anthenti'- history begins about .''.00 A. I).
Korean inlluetiee began at an early date, and Buddhism
was introduced from Korea about 550. The shoguii Vori-
tonio usiiiped the aiitliority in 119*2. .Marco Polo visited
the islands in the 13th century. A system of feudal baron-
age grew up: the Mikados were the empeiors, but the real
power belonged to Ihe slingnns. The Portuguese traded
with Japan (roin 1543 till Iheir exclusion tti IcSS, and the
Jamac
native Christians were persecuted from 1624. The Toku-
gawa dyn:isty of shognns began in 1603. Japan cimtinued
iM)lated, except for restricted trade with the Uuteh, till the
Aniericaii exiiedilion under Perry. lt<53 : be forced a com-
nieieial treaty, ilarcli 31, KS.54, wliich was followed by
coniniercial rel at ions wit li other countries. Thesbogunate
wasabolished in 1867, and a civil war ended in 1H68 in the
recovery of full powcrby the .Mikado. More recent events
are abolition of the feudal system. 1871 ; annexation of tlie
Boniii Islands, 1870, and of the l.ooeboo Islands, 1879; sup-
pression of the Satsuma rebellion, 1877; constitution pro-
mulgated, 18?9; hrstpailianieiii met, 1890; war with China
and acquisition of Formosa, 1894-95. (.'^ee C/it'/m.) Area
(exclusive of the territory recently acquired by treaty
from China), 147,650 square miles. Population (18931
41,08:1.940.
Japan, Sea of. That part of the Pacific Ocean
which lies between Japan on the east and south,
Korea on the west, and Asiatic Russia on the
north. It communicates with the Sea of Okhotsk by the
Channel of Tatary on the north and the Strait of La P^-
rouse on the northeast, and with the Pacific by the Chan-
nel of Korea on the southwest and Sangar Strait on the
ea-st.
Japetus. The eighth satellite of Saturn, dis-
covered by Cassiiii, Oct., 1671.
Japheth (.ja'fetii), or Japhet (.ia'fet). Accord-
ing to the account in Genesis, the tliird son of
Noah, and the ancestor of various nations in
northern Asia and in Emope (in general, of the
so-called Indo-Eiu-opean race). See Shem.
Attempts have been made to explain the names of the
three sons of Noah as referring to tlie colour of the skin.
Japhet has been compared withthe Assyrianippatu. ' white';
Shem with the Assyrian samu, 'olive-coloured'; while in
Ham etyniologistsliave seen the Hebrew kliani, " to be hot.'
But all such attempts are of very doubtful value.
Sayce, Races of the O. T., p. 42.
JapurS, (zhii-po-rii'), or Yapura (yii-pii-rii' ),
called by Spanish Americans Caqueta (kii-ka'-
tii). A river in Coloinliia and Brazil. It rises in
the Andes near Popayaii and joins the Amazon through a
network of channels extending; Iroiii about long, OS' to 67°
"W. Length, about 1,500 miles ; navigable nearly 6'20 niilea.
The middle course lies in territory claimed by Ecuador.
Jaquenetta (.iak-e-net'ii). In Shakspere's
•'Love's Labour's Lost," a country niaiil with
whom the "high fantastical Armado" is in love.
Jaques (jiiks or jilks, or as F., zhak; on the
stage often pron. as if mod. L., jil'qucz). [F.
Jaques, Jacques, from LL. Jacobus, Jacob. From
OP. Jaques is derived ME. Jakes, Jak, mod. E.
Jack.l 1. In Shakspere's "As you Like it,"
a companion of the exiled duke. He is usually
spoken of as "the melancholy .Taques." He has not en-
tered on this life with patience, but poses as a censurer of
mankind.
2. A yotmger son of Sir Rowland de Bois in
tho same play is also named Jaques, and is
spoken of sometimes as Jaques de Bois. — 3. In
Ben Jonson's comedy "The Case is Altered," a
miser with a likeness to Shakspere's " Shylock "
in the scenes with his daughter.
Jaques (zhii'kes), Cliristovao. .A Portuguese
captain who, in 1521), was sent with a squadron
to Brazil, with tlie title of governor. He captured
some French ships on the coast, founded the first Portu-
guese settlement at Pernambuco (1527), and explored as far
south as the Rio de la Plata. lie was recalled in 15'28.
Jaraes. See Charaes.
Jara£;andha (,iar-ii-sand'ha). In Hindu legend,
son of Brihailratha, and king of Magailha. By
the favor of Shiva lie prevailed o\ er many king.s, and es-
pcci;dly fought against Krishna, attacking him ei;ilitcen
times. When Ivrishna returned from Dvaraka with Lhima
and Arjuna to slay Jarasandha and release the captive
kings, Jarasandha was slain by Bhima.
Jarehi. See Ha.ihi.
Jardine (jiir'din), sir 'William. Born at Edin-
biiigli, Feb. 23, ISOO: died at Saiulowii, Isle of
Wight, Nov. 21, 1874. A Scottisli baronet and
naturalist. His chief works are "Illustrations of Orni-
thology "(1830), "The Naturalist's Library "(1845: which he
edited and in part wrote), "The Iclinologv of Annandale"
(1853), " Birds of Great Britain and Ireland " (1876), etc
Jarita (.jar'i-til). In the Mahabharaf a, a certain
female bird. The s.-iint Mandapala returned from the
shades because he had no son, became a male bird, had by
her four sons, and then abandoned her. In the burning
of the Khandava forest she devotedly protected her cliij-
dren, who were saved by the intlucnccof Mandapala with
the god of fire.
Jarley (.jiir'li), Mrs, In Dickens's "Old Curios-
ity Sho)i," the merry, kind-hearted owner and
e.'ihiliitor of .Tarley's wa.x -works, "the delight
of the nobility and gentry, and tlie peculiar pet
of Ihe royal family."
Jarlsberg (yiirls'b'ern) and Laurvig (lour'vig).
Am.arilimeamt in southern Norw.ay. Area, 895
square miles. Population ( 1891 », 100,9.57.
Jarnac (zhiir-TiiiU'). A town in the de)iai'traent
of Charente, western France, siliiated on the
Cliarente 17 miles west of Aiigoiileme. It has
important trade in brandy and wine. There, March 13,
1569. the Catholics under the Duke of Anjou defeated the
Huguenots under Gondii and Coligny. Population (1891),
commune, 4,880.
Jarndyce
Jarndyce (jarn'dis). John. In Dickens's "Bleak
H.nisf." the owner of Bleak House, and guar-
dian of Richard Carstone, Ada Clare, and Esther
Summerson. it is his habit, when he is disappointed in
human nature, to feel a severe east wind.
Jarnsida (vam-se'da). [ON. JurnsnVm : Jam,
iron, and /((//in, side.] Thefii-st law code of lee-
land under Norwegian sovereignty, eompUed
from old Norwegian laws and sent to Iceland
bv King Magnus in 1-71. It is also called Hakon-
arbok, having been erroneously ascribed to King Hakon
Hakonsson. It met with strong opposition in Iceland, and
was soon supersedc.l liy the Jonsbok. . ,-, ,
Jaromierz ( va'ro-mCrts). A town in Bohenua,
situated on'the Elbe 66 miles east-northeast of
Prague. Population (1890), commune, 6,92o.
Jaroslaff. See Yaroslaff.
54^
Jean de Mean
and
for the native" wi-.s introduced in 1830. modified by an
agrarian law in 187a .Area, including Madura, 50,MS
sijuare miles. Cieatest length, W4 miles. Greatest
liriailth. abont 129 miles. Population, with JIadura
(1892), ■24,2»»,9»i8.
ecuou>u .,».u^ Javan (ja'van). According to Genesis, son of
asearly as the Council of Vesali(abi.ut MO B.C.). They were Japhct and ancestorof Elisha,Tarshlsh, Kittim,
put into their present form in the Suttapitjika in the blh anil Doilanim. In Ezek. xxvii. 13 he is mentioned as
__i . „ Ti .. ,.., ,„™ fho R,„iai.,=t5 carr)ii:g on trade with the Tjrians(compaie also Isa.lxvi.
Buddhists, a former birth of Shakyamun
a uarrative regarding it; "Birth-story." The
Jatakas are one of the sacred books of the Buddhists, a
diiision of the Khuddakaniliaya, or "collection of short
treatises," in the .Suttapitaka, or discourses for the laity v -_ (\5'i,ar\\
Thereisevidenceof the existence of a collection so named «Id,Vem U" vdu;,
10). In all these passages the lonians of Asia Minor ai-e
meant, with whom the Urientals were earliest and best
acquainted. In the annals of Sargon (722-7ii5 B. c.) they
are mentioned by the name of lavanu (or, by the frequent
interchange of v and ?« in Assyrian, lamanui, and figure as
pirates on the coasts of Phenicia and Asia Minor.
century A. ». There were current among the Buddhist
fables and parables ascribed to Buddha, the 6;inclity of
which they sought to increase by identifying the best char-
acter in any story with Buddha himself in a former birth.
Distinguished by quaint humor and gentle earnestness,
they teach the duty of tender s\Tnpathy with animals.
Many, if not all, of the fables of the ilitopadesha may be
identified with them. Thestoriesnuniber.ioO. Tlieyhave t..„.-__. (7i,jt.va-reM So Vavarv Iva-vii-re')
been edited in the original Pali by FaushoU, and are being Javaiy (zUd-Vd re ;, op. X avaiy (} a } ^re ;
translated by Rhys Davids and under his superintendence. A southern affluent of the Amazon, forming
Ehys Davids terms them " the most important collection the boundary between Brazil and Peru. It rises,
of ancient folk-lore extant." presumably, near lat. " S. and long. 74° W., and after a
Jaroslaw (ya'ro-slav). ' A townin_GaUcia, Aus- Jatayu (Ja-ta ' yo) {"^ *'^^^,^Jf^^y,\°d''kin^i'of JonT y.^?'«"=°'Sri?j"^ ^^ost-'oTX" ^^ i 'nav^il
miles west- the son of \ishnn s bad traruda, ana king ot lo^g^ By existing treaties, the extreme source of the
the ^niltures. As ally of Eama he fought, to prevent 5^.,;^., (unknown) is the western terminus of the boun-
the carrying away of Sita, against Kavana w-ho mortally ^ between Brazil and Bolivia, and the northwestern
wounded him. In the Puranas Jatayu is the friend of terminus of that between Bolivia and Peru. Also written
Dasharatha. _ _^ „ *, ,. , Javari.
Bom at Les
3, Feb. 1!1, 1/91. A Hai- Jativa, or Xitiva (Hii'te-va), or San Felipe de Java Sea. That portion of the ocean partly in-
789, was delegate to the j^tiva (siin fa-le'pa da Ha'te-va,i. A town in (■^Qse<\. bv Borneo on the north, Sumatra on the
:_„.! VI. — tv,,, K<^- ^^p province of Valencia, Spain, situated on the .^ggt j^Va on the south, and Flores Sea on the
Albaida 31 miles south by west of Valencia : the ^^^^
ancient Sa?tabis. Itbasacostle; was noted in Koman Ja^ea (Ha-va'a). X seaport in the province of
times for linen milD>^=''='"';f •,f»/j'%"'':,?!,'f/„^^ Alicante, Spain, situated on the Mediterranean
Po^e^ Alexander M. and of K.bera. Population (188,), ^^ ^.j^^' northeast of Alicante. Population
Jats, or JautS (jats). A mysterious race, per- _(1«87), 7.441.
tria-Hiuigiirv, situatedon the San 5
northwes'^t ofLemberg. Population (1890), com
mune, 18.065.
Jarric (zha-rek'), Louis Etienne
Cay es, 1757: died there
tian mulatto who, in 1" ,
French Assembly, and organized there the So-
eietv of Amis desNoirs, or Friends of the Blacks.
Subsequently he was engaged with <lg^ in a revolutionary
descent on Santo Homiugo, and was captured and put to
death. See Ot; '. , . , - *- / x i
Jarrow, or Jarrow-on-Tyne (jar o-on-tm ). a
mining and manufacturing town in Dm'ham,
England, situated on the T\-ne 6 miles east of
Newcastle. It contains the mins of a monaster}-, found-
ed 681, which was the home of Bede. Population (1891X
33,682
Jarvie (jar'vi), Baillie Nieol. Amagistrate of
Glaso'ow, a character in Sir Walter Seotfs novel
'•Rub Rov." . , „
Jasher (ja'sher), Book of. [Heb., 'upright.']
A lost book of Hebrewnational songs, narratmg
the deeds of the heroes (upright men). Two pas-
sages in the Old Testament are quoted from it : the famous
song which mentions the standing still of the sun (Josh.
X 13) and the lament of David over Saul and Jonathan
(2 Sam. i. 18). It is evident that the work cannot have
been co.mpleted before the time of David, although the
nucleus of the collection may have been in existence ear-
lier. There are several Hebrew works of this title extant,
and one forgery which appeared in England in 1751.
haps Hinduized Scvthians," first mentioned in Javert (zha-var' ) . An officer of the police force
thebeginningof the 11th century. Theyopposed in "Les Miserables."by VictorHugo. Hcistho
vasion ot Mahmud of Ghazni, by whom they were iucamation of inexorable law.
ed, though they are said to have gathered S,UOO boats JawOTOW (yii-vo'rov), or JawaXOW (va-va'rov).
Indus. In Aurung-Zeb's reign tliey were banditti ^ j Q^iipia Arstria-Hungarv, 28 miles
mountains of the interior of India. Increasing in -^ '"" n iii oaucia, ^^^.^iiio. ^""o>* . ' ,,r.ai\\
the invasion ot"Mahmud of Ghazni, by whom jhcy were iucamation of inexorable law
defeated,
on the
in the mountains ot tne interior oi iiiuia. iiicreusiug m - « t „„.i,.^,.™ ^3,„,^lot";,^T, /isoni
strength under their chief Simij ilal in the ISih century, west by north ot Lemberg. i opulation (ISJU),
they dictated the policy of the Moguls. Suraj Mai was commune, 9,'219.
killed when hunting in bravado in the imperial park at Jo vartes (iak-sar'tez). The ancient name of the
Delhi, which city he had undertaken to besiege. After a ciTnoriti
contestbetween the sons of Suraj Mai. theirsurvivor,Ean- oii-i^ciiid,.
lit Singh secured the chiefship. \Vhen British power was J aXt. aee JOffSt.
established in northern India, P.an jit Singh was allowed to Jay (ja), John. Bom at New York. I)ec.l2,li4o:
retain his territories, viz. Agra and its district, granted to jjp,} j^j Bedlord.WestchesterCounty, N.Y., May
Suraj il.al by Ahmad Shah as the price of his desertion of , .„„.:„„„ statesman and iurist. Ho
theMahrattasbeforethebattleofPaniput. Disagreements H,ib-J. An American siatesmaii aim j_llii.l.__£ic
arising between the English and the raja. Lord Comber-
mere stormed and captured the Jat fortress of Dig Jan. 18,
lS-2(>, and ended finally their power.
Jasmin (zhas-mah'), Jacques. Bom at Agen, Jaubert (zho-bar'), Amedee Emilien Probe,
France, March 6, 1798: died Uct. 4, 1864. A Pro-
vencal poet. He was knoivn as the last of the trouba-
dours and the "Barber Poet." His father was a composer
o' the burlesque couplets used at f^tes, chariv.-uis. etc.,
and he accompanied him on his expeditions. Put at last
in a semi:iarv, he leit it abruptly, and was employed in a
barber's shop ut Agen : later he entered thisbusinesson his
own account. His fli-st work was called " Charivari "(lS-25).
-n-
was a delegate to Congress from N ew York 1774-77 and 1778-
1779, and drewup the constitution of >ewYorkin 1777. He
was United States minister to Spain 1780-82 ; peace com-
missioner at Paris 1782-83; secretary for foreign altairs 1781-
1789 ; contributor to the " Federalist ": fli-st chief justice of
the United States Supreme Court 17S9-n.i ; unsuccessful
candidate for governor of New York 1702 ; specL-d minister
to Great Britain 1794-95 ; and governor of > ew York 1795-
1801.
Born at Aix, France, June 3, 1779: died at Pa-
ris, Jan. 20, 1847. A French Orientalist, author
of "filtments de la grammaire turque" (1823),
translator of Idrisi's geography (1836-40), etc. j'^y ' 'W'illiam. Born at Tisbiiry, Wilts, May,
Janer (.vou'er). A town iu the province of Si- 1700 ; died at Bath, Dec. 27, 18.53. ^\ji English
losia, Prussia, situated on the Wiitende Noisse independent clcrgvman and religious writer.
37 miles west of Breslau. It was formerly the capi- jjjg best-known work is "Morning and Evening
tal of the ancient principalitj'otJauer. Population(lS9o), E^pj-^-ises " (1S29-31).
A town Jayadratha (ja-yad'rat-ha). A prince ot the
lunar race, and king of Sindhu.
commune, 11,57G.
sunder J^tya (Hou'Ha), or XaUXa (Hou'Ha).
_ _ patois - „ ,
?,ll^«tTe'l^l^l,fCm°^!sPa^^^^ -ollhe department of Junin Peru, in a vallev
reachedPan™ he was presented to the ^ 11.150 feet above the sea, and 10b miles east of
the cross of the Legion ot Honor and a pension. ^In 1852 Ljaa. It was a large native citj- at f.ie time ot the con-
the Academy granted him a "prix extraordinaire for his q.^^st, and was Pizarro's temporary capital before the
Provencal poems. His p.incip .lpoeuisare"L'.A.vcngle de founding of Lima. Population, about 3,000.
CastelCuill^" (1836), translated by LongfeUow;"Fian9on- T-,T.TiTMir nnu-i-nrr'l
netto" (1840); "Marthe la foUe" (ISi:); "Les deux freres JannpUT (.1011.i-ptr )
jumeaux " (1M5); '-La semaine d'un Ills" (1849); etc
Jason (ja'son). [Gr.'Iuoui',thehealeroratoner.]
In Greek legend, the leader of the Argonautic
expedition. Hewasbornatlolcus.was asonof .Esonand
Polvniede. and was brought up under the instruction of
Chiron. The legends concerning him are numerous and
varied. His greatest exploit was the expedition to Col-
chis with the other .\l-gonauts to obtain the Golden Fleece.
This he secure I by the aid of the sorceress Medea, daugh-
He married the
daughter of Dhri turashtfa, and was an ally "f the Kauravas.
In the absence of the Pandavas he carried off Draupadi.
Seized liy them, he was spared, to lie slain by Arjuna in the
great battle.
Jayce, or Jajce (yit'se). or Jaitza (yit sa). A
town in Bosnia, situated on the Verbas in lat.
44° 16' N. It is one of the most interesting towns in
Bosnia, and contains a number of mosques. It hasa noted
waterfall. Population (1885), 3,706.
dis" Jay's Treaty. A name given to the treaty be-
tween Great Britain and the United States con-
cluded by John Jay Nov. 19, 1794. and ratified
by the United States .A.ug. 18, 1795. It contained
provisions for Iho surrender to the United States of the
northwestern military posts ; for the settlement of thee:ist-
cmboundarv; for the payment of British debts and Amen-
claims;'forthe restriction of American trade in the
at sea.
settled in Hungarv about the beginning of the
Christian era, "anil later were merged in the
JIagvars. _ _ ^
1 at
1 . A district in the Alla-
haba'd di\Hsion^ Northvrest Provinces, British
India, intersected by lat. 25° 40' N., long. 82°
40' E. Area, 1,550 square miles. Population
(1891), 1,'264.949.— 2. The capital of the
trict of Jaunpur, situated on the Gumti 35 miles
north-northwest of Benares : formerly an
important Mohammedan ca])ital. Population
snesecuie.u, ...ea.,.„. w....,..w.oo„. o- ( 1891), 42,819.
ter of Eetcs king of Colchis, who fell in love with him. Jauntlial (voun'tal). or Javmertbal (you ner-
She protected him from the bulls breathing fire and hoofed |^j> y yal de Bellegarde (val de bel-gard'). can claims ; for the restriction
withbnas which he w.isobUged in order to obtain the Ar,' Icine valkv in the canton of Fribourg. West Indies ; and for neutrahty
^-i^SZ^^^'^'^i^^^^^"'^^^ t^tSmCjoiningthevaUeyoftheSaaneat Jazyges da^z'i-jez). A Sarmatian people who
quired to sow in the fields. From other perils, also, she Broc.
saved him. and tied with him and the fleece. Jason finally Jauregui y Aldecoa (Hou'ra-ge e al-da-ko'ii),
deserted Medea. See Medea. ,,,..,, , A<nistin de. Born in Bazan, Navarre, 1708: --;-. n^^A^ T!„,„ ,i,
Jassy, or Yassy (yas'se), or Jash (yashV A f^l^thn^., Peru, April 27, 1784. A Spanish JeafEreson (jef'er-son). John Cordy. Born ai
• " :- -.-.„.i.-....,«.... ^,^,,3i^^.^„j^j„i„isti.atV Afterseninginthe\Vest Framh.igliam, Suffolk. Et^gland.^i^^^^
Indicsand Portugal, he was captain-general of Chilel77:Uo
1779 andviceroyof Pern July '211, 1781, to April i;t, 1784. The
revolt of Tupac Amaru took place during his tenn in the
latter country. Hedied from the results of an accident a
few days after giving up his office.
Sunda Islands, and the
^, „,„.,, .. .,!,„. ,„... .„.„ . the Dutch East Indies.
T.^.!'*.-J,^/Ua<,'f,.A\ A t«it-n In tliB Tirovince of Capital, Batavia. It is separated from Sumatra on the
JastrOW(.\as tro). A town in me provin_ce^ot ^g^{'^^^,3'i„j,s„„da,strait,fromBorneoonthenorthbythe
Java Sea, and from Bali on the east by Bali Strait, ?nd bor-
ders on the Indian Ocean south. It is traversed by moun-
tains throughout its length, and contiins many volcanoes.
Its soil is noted for its fertility. The chief exports are
coffee tea, sugar, indigo, and tobacco. It is divided into -22
residencies, under Dutch ■ residents" and the governor- v^a^^n ^j. ....... ^- _- , - -,.••, "„ f„_
general of the Dutch East Indies. The inhabitants are mam- is a var. of JniiieS-i A conventional name lor
ly Javanese. Madurese, and .Sundanese. Various Hindu a footman or Hniikev. Thackeray's " Jeames's Diaiy,
states were flouris-hing here prior to the intni.luction of „.|,jfi, appeared in " l*unch. " is the di-ao' of a footman, and
Mohammedanism m the 15th century. Dutch rule com- i,e ociaaioiially used the name as a pseudonym
de Metm ( zhoii de muii' ) ( Jean Clopmel)
city'iii Moldavia, Rumania, situated on the Bach-
lui, near the Pruth, in lat. 47° 10' N., long. 27°
30' E. It is the chief city of Moldavia, and was its capi-
tal from about 1504 to ISGl. It has been frequently occu-
pied by the Russians, and was neariy destroyed by janiza-
ries in 18-22. It has a university. Atreaty was made here
b.tween Russia and Turkey in 1792, by which the R'lssian Java (ia'vii ). One of the Si
frontier was e.vtended to the Dniester. Population (1=69- "j^^st Vmp6rtant island of tt
IS MIL iiVlD. ~ ... ',., .
„....,.*».. , - A town in the province of
"We'st^Prussia. Prussia, situated in lat. 53° 27'
N., long. 16° 47' E. Population (1890), 5,288.
Jasz-Apathi (yiis'o'pii-ti). A town in the
county of Szolnok, Hungary, 52 miles east of
Budapest. Population (1890), 10,401.
Ja3Z-Ber6ny (yas'be'rany). A town in the
co'.mtv of Szoinok, Hungary, situated on the
Zagvva 42 miles east of Budapest. Population
(l.so'Oi, 24.331.
Jataka (ja'ta-ka). [Skt.jatfltn, noro. ja«nJ,-<nn,
nativitv, priiieiples of nativity.] Among th(j
An En"lish novelist and miscellaneous writer.
\mong his works are " Isabel, the Young Wife and the Old
Love '■ " V Book about Doctors " (ISW), " olive Blake s Good
Work" (1S62), "live it Ikiwn" (1S63), ".Not Dead Yet
nsOiX " Life of Robert Stephenson, etc. " (ISMX "Journals
ind Journalists, etc.." "A B-iok about lawyers" (1566),,
"ApKiok about the Clergy " (1870), "Annals of O.xford
(187C) "TheEealLord Byron, etc." (1SS3X " The Real Shel-
ley, etc." (18S5X " Lady Hamilton and Lord Selson (.l^si),
Jealous Wife, The. A comedy by George Col-
man tlie elder, produced in 1761. It is foonded on
the epis.5de in Fielding's "Tom Jones " where Sophia takes
refuse with Lady Belhiston.
residencies, under Dutch ■ residents" and". hclov'e^c;;: Jeames (jfmz). [./«,m«. fonnerly _pron.jamz.
menccd in IGlu. The island was taken by the British in Tp,-
1811, but restored to Holland in 1816. There was a native ""^.flV
insuiTectiun in
cd to Holland ill 1816. There was a native ", , , - "V ■"'r,"* „ ^ ^ Yf,,,,n.K;iir-Loirc Orloan-
18-25-30. Colonial system of enforced labor (klo-pe-nel ). Bomat Alcun-sur i^oirt, uri,..iu
Jean de Meun
ais, about 1'2'tO : dioi] at Paris before Nov., 1305.
One of the leailing Frouoh poets of tho lath cen-
tury. He is known chiefly :is liavin^ continued, after a
Lipseof 40 years, "Le roinan Ac la rose, "a pneni uriilert;Lken
about 1237 I>y a youni;: poet, Guillaunie de Lorris, and left
Incomplete at tlie time of his death. lnlJ77Je!inde Menu
was still a student in Paris. His translations into French
Include tho " De re niilitari"of Vefretins (12ii4). the
correspondence of U^Ioise and Abulard, and (icnild
Karri's "fopojiraphia IJiliernia?." "L'Aniiti^ spiritnelle,"
translated from the F.n^Iish of the in"iik .I'llicd, and the
French ♦ran6latiout>f Iluethiuss "i)econsolatione]ilii[".'io.
phica' nave lioth been loat. Bet ween 12i»l and i-ji(.;.le:indi-
Alenn wrote his "Testament," a curious piece of work re-
plete with sarraam and criticism, especially of the women
and of the mendicant orders of hisday. Al&uJcandcMifUnf/.
Jeanette, The. See Dc Loiuj, G. w.
Jean Jacques. See Bousmean, Jean Jacques.
Jean Jacques I. See Desmlines.
Jeanne d Albret. Soc Atbret.
Jeanne d'Arc. See Jonn uf Are.
Jeanne d'Arc (zhau diirk'). An opera by Gou-
iioil, priHiuced at Paris in 1873.
Jean Paul. Sro lUi-htcr, jam raid Fricdrich.
Jebb (.jib, Richard Claverhouse. Born at
Dundee, Seotlanil. Aiij;. 27, 1S41. A noted Brit-
ish scliohir. In 187.5 he became professor of Oreek in
(tlaagow rniversity. and in 1881) rcKins professor of Gieek
at Camhridjre. He Inu* represented his univei-sity in the
House of Coninunis ls91, lSi)2-96, 18II6-.
Jebeil (.ie-bii ' ), or Jubeil ( ju-bil ' ), or Jebail ( je-
bal' or je-bil'). A town in Syria, situated on
the Mediterranean IS miles north-nortbeast of
Beirut : the ancient Byblus, and biblical Gebal.
Jebnsites (jeb'u-zits). A Canaanitish nation
which loufT withstood t!io Isr.T,elites. The strong.
hold of the .)ebusit«s was .Tebus on Mount Zion, a part of
the site of Jerusalem, of which they were dispossessed by
David.
Jed (yed). [At. yprf, the hand.] The two third-
magnitude stars 6 and c Ophiuehi, which mark
the giant's left hand. S is Jed prior, and f Jed
posterior.
Jedaya Penini (je-dii'yii pe-ne'ne), or Bedar-
shi (be-<lar'she). A Jewish poet and writerof
the 14th century in Proveiici>. The l«st-kn..wn r.f
his W(»rks is his didactic poem," Will itat inn nn tlie\\'nrld "
(" Bechinath tJlani "). (in account olhisekKjUcnceand the
elegance uf his style, he was called " Lho Jewish Cicero."
Jedburgh Cjpd'bur'o). The capital of Ros-
burghsTiire, Scotland, situated on the Jed 41
miles siiutiioast uf lOilinimrgh. Its abbey isonc of
the chief Scottish crcK-sia.stical ruins. It was founded in
1118 by David I., liut the rxi.-ting: nave, well-proportioned
and excellent in details, is E:irly English. What remains
of the choir is massive Norman. ,\Komanes(iue doorway
presents elaborate niohlin^s, in which the chevron is con-
spicuous. The nave and tho central part of the church arc
practically perfect except that they have lost their vaults
ami part of their side w.-ills. .Iedbur.i;h was famous in bor-
der warfare; and .lc<iilart justice v.as ])roverbiall.v sum-
mary, han«inK the culprit llrst and tr.ving )lim aft'erw:ird
(also called .ledwood justice). Population (1891), 3,397.
Jeddah. Sco Jiiiiinh.
Jefferies (j'-f'-nx), John Richard, cillod Rich-
ard Jefferies. Born near Swindon, 'Wiltshire,
England, Nov. G, ],S48: died at Goring, .Sus-
8e.\ (f), Aug. 14, 18.S7. An English miscellane-
ous writer, noted principally for his descriptions
of nature. Author of "The (^iame-Keepcr at Home"
(1878), " Wild Life in ft Southern Country" (IS'f), "Katurc
near London " (1S83), " Story of >Iy Heart "(1883), " Life of
the Fields '(1884), "Eed-Deer" (1884), "Amaryllis at the
Fair" (1887), etc.
Jefferson (jcfer-son). A river in Montana,
formed Ijy the nr'.ion of tho Beaver Head and
Wisdom (or Big Hole) rivers in Madison
County, it unites with the Madison and Gal-
latin to form tho Missouri. Total length, about
200 miles.
Jefferson, Tho capital of Marion County, east-
ern Te.xas, situated on Big Cypress Bayou
40 miles northwest of Shreveport, Louisiana.
Population (IHilO), 3,l)7li.
Jefferson, Joseph. Born at Pliiladelphia, Feb.
1!0. ISij!). A noted .\inerican actor. He is tlie
fouttli of bis family and tlie third of his name on tlie
BtaRc. He made his llrst apj>earance as tlie child in " I'i-
zarro " at the age of three years, t'ntil 1S5G he played
minor parts and managed several Southern theaters. In
18.')8 he became prominent as Asa Trenchard in "Oiu-
lerican Cousin. ' Later he became a " star," and h
Ameri
Dr. Pangloss, Bob Acres, and Dr. Ollapod are well known.
lie is prini'Ipally rinled for his perfonnance of l!ip Van
Winkle. His autobiography was publislied in 18!«l.
Jefferson, Mount. One of the summits of the
Pfcsidciilial Kauire, Whiti^ Miniiitains, Ni^w
nampsliire, near Moimt Washington. Height,
.''),7:m foot.
Jefferson, Mount. A peak of the Cascade Moun-
tains, Oregon, 7!) miles southeast of Portlaiul.
Height, lO.L'On feet.
Jefferson, Thomas. Born at Shadwell, Albe-
marle Cciinlv, \'a.. Apiil 2 (O. S.). 1741!: died
at iMonticello, Albemarle Countv, .liilv 4, 1S2G.
The third President of lho United States (1801-
.-143
1809). He was a member of the Virginia House of Bur-
gesses 176SI-75 and 1776-78, and of the ContineTital Con-
gress 177ri-7n, and drafted tlie Declaration of Imlepen-
deni-e 177ti. He was governor of Virginia 1770-81; nnnil)er
of Congress 178.S-84 ; t'nited States minister to Franco
17Sr)-8^> ; secretary of state 1790-113; founder of the Demo.
cratic-EepnI.licnn party; Vice-President 17H7-1801 ; and
President (elected as candidate of the Democratic-Republi-
can party) two terms, 1801-09. Among the chief events of
his administrations weie tlie war with Tripoli, the Loui-
siana Purchase, the reduction of the national del4, the
exploration of the West, and the embargo.
Jefferson City. The I'apital of Missouri and
of Colo Countv, situated on tlie Missouri in lat.
38° 35' N., long. 92° 11' W. Population (1890),
6,742.
Jeffersonville (jef'cr-son-vil). A city and the
capital of Clarke County, Indiana, situated on
the (lluo at its f:ills, opposite Louisville, Ken-
tucky. Population (1890), 10,66G.
Jeffrey (jefri), Francis, Lord Jeffrey. Bora
at Edinburgh, Oct. 23, 1773: died Jan. 20, 1850.
A Scottisli critic, essayist, and jurist. He was
the son of George Jcllrcy, depute clerk in tho Court of
Session. He studied at Queen s College, tlxford, for a i)art
of one year, 1701-93, and was admitted to tlie Scottish
biu- Dec. Its, 1794. The "Edinburgh Review" was started
by a coterie of which .Iclfrey. Sydney Smith, Brougham,
and Uornerwere thochicfs, at tho suggestion of Smith, who
at Hrst assumed control. He was, however, superseded
by Jeffrey, who became responsible editor. The llrst num-
ber was published Oct 10, 1802. Its success was imme-
diate. As Brougham was the principal political contribu-
tor, the politics of the "Review " were tliose of the Whigs.
Jeffrey's legal practice continued to increase until July 2,
IS'JO, when he was unanimously chosen dean of the Faculty
of Advocates, and resigned his editorship of the"Review"
to JIacvey Napier. In 1S30 he w.as appointed lord advo-
cate. After the passage of the Reform Bill hewas returned
to Parliament for Edinburgh, Dec. 19, 1832. In May, 1834,
he accepted a scat in the Court of Session, and became
Lord Jeffrey. Jeffrey visited America in 1813 lor six
mouths.
Jeffreys (jcf 'riz), George, Baron Jeffreys. Bom
at Acton, Denbighshire, 1648 : died at London,
April 18, 1G89. An English judge. He was called
to tho bar in 1068, and was appointed common sergeant of
the city of Lontlon in 1G71. Seeing no hope of further
advancement from the popular party, with which he had
liitherto been associated, he ingratiated himself with the
Duke of York, with the result that he was ai)pointed
solicitor-general to the duke, and was knighted in 1677.
In 1078 he w.as made recorder of London, a position which
lie was compelled by Parliament to resign in 1680. lie
hecame chief justice of Chester in 1680, and of England in
1G83; was created Baron Jelfreys of Wcm in ItiSri; and
was elevated to the post of lord cliancellor of England in
1GS5. He used Ills position as chief justice and as chan-
cellor to transfonn the judiciary from a stronghold of the
opposition to the chief agent in furthering tho attempt
of James II. to make himself an absolute monarch, and
rendered himself notorious by the flagrant injustice and
brutality which he displayed on the bench. (See Bloody
.U^s'izr.i.) lie was imprisoned on the overthrow of James
If., and died in the Tower of London.
Jehoahaz ( jt;-h6'a-haz). King of Israel 81.5-798
B. C. (Dunckcr), son of Jehu. He was held in sub-
jection by Ilazacl, king of Damascus, who compelled him
to reduce his army to 00 horsemen, 10 chariots, and 10,000
infantry. 2 Ki. xiii. 1-9.
Jehoiachin (je-hoi'a-kin). King of Judali 597
n. C. (Duncker), son of Jehoiakim. Ho was, after
a reign of three months and ten dajs, carried inio the
l!ab.vlonian captivity, with 10,000 of his subjects, by Nebu-
chadnezzar.
Jehoiada (je-boi'a-dii). High priest of Jiidah.
When tho usurper QiieeVi Athaliali slew tho members of
the royal house of Judah in 843 u. c., he saved the prince
•Toasli, whom ho I>rought up in the temple. In 8;I7 he
head^■d a rebellion by which Athaliah was overthrown and
Joasli placed on the throne.
Jehoiakim (jo-hoi'a-ldm). King of Judah 609-
.597 H. C. (Iluii(dcci-). son of Josiah. He succeeded
hisbrother.lrboalrtz. whowasdepoHcci by I'haraoh-Keclio.
After the defeat of riiaraoh-Necho atCarchemish by Ncbu-
chadnezzarintio."', he remained virtually independent until
600, when .Nebuchadnezzar invaded his kingdom and eoin-
pelied his submission.
Jeholiya'hdl ), or Ching-te-fu(ehiiig'te-fo'). A
towninMoiigolia, aliout)at.41°N.,long. 118°E.
It contains a summer residence of the Chinese
emiieror.
Jehoram. See Jnram.
Jehoshaphat (je-hosh'a-fat). King of Judah
about K7:i-84S B. c. (Duncker), son of A.sa. He
married his son Jehoram to Athaliah, daughter of Ahab,
king of Israel, and Jezebel; and was defeated with Ahab
at Riinioth-tiilead by the king of .Syria. 1 Ki. x.\il. 41-60,
2 chron. xvii.-\x.
Jehoshaphat, Valley of. The name now given
to the viiUey between Jerusalem and the Mount
of Olives.
Jehovah. See TahreJi.
Jehu ije'hii), son of Haiiaiii. A prophet of
.ludah ill the time of Jehoshaphat, s7l5-y4S n. c.
Jehu, son of Jehoshaphat, son of Nimshi. King
ot Isrnid 84:t-815 B. c, and the fountler of a new
dynasty. He was captain of the army under Jehoram,
son and siiceessor of Ahab. and at the orAer of the prophet
Klisha was anointed king, ami commissioned with the
execution of Judgment on the house of Alinb. lie then
ruthlessly exterminated tho old dyiioaty, and with it the
Jenkins, Thornton Alexander
worship and worshipers of Baal. In his war with Hazael
of Syria he lost the I^last Jordan region. He is mentioned
on the black obelisk of shalmaneser II. (8(J0-824B.c.) among
the kings paying tribute.
Jehu. A (;ommon name for a coachman, espe-
cially a recldess one. See 2 Ki. ix. 20.
Jeisk. See Tcislc.
Jekyll, Dr., and Mr. Hyde. See Strange Case,
etc.
Jelalabad (jei'a-la-biid'), or Jalalabad (jal'-
a-Ul-biid'). A town in Afghanistan, 77 miles
east of Kabtd . it was successfully defended by the Brit-
ish under Sale against the Afghans in 1842, and was held by
the British 1878-80.
Jelal-ed-din-Rlinil. Sec Jalal vddin Eumi.
JeletZ. See YrUts.
Jelf (jelf). William Edward. Bom 1811 : died
Oct. 18, 1875. An EngUsh scholar. He was
the author of a Greek grammar (1842-45).
Jellachich de Buzim (yeria-chich de bot'sem),
Count Joseph. Borii'at Peterwarilein, Slavo-
nia, Oct. 16, LsOl: ilied at Agram, Croatia, May
19,18.59. A Croatian general. He was appointed
ban of Croatia in 1848, and. incited by the court of Austria,
took up arms against the Hungari.ansSept., 1*18. Hewas
Ilnally completely defcateil in July, 1840.
Jellalabad. See Jelaluhad.
Jeilyby_(jel'i-bi), Mrs. In Dickens's "Bleak
House," a strong-minded woman, completely
occupied witli missionary and charitable work,
particularly with emigration to Borrioboola-
Gha, and ha\dug no time to attend to her house-
hold duties.
Jemez (ha'maz), or Emmes, or Hemes. A divi-
sion of the Taiioan linguistic stock of North
American Indians, occupying the pueblo of Je-
mez, on Jemez River 20 miles northwest of Ber-
nalillo, NewMexico. Thepuebloof Pecos was formerly
occupied by the eastern divtsion of the people speaking the
Jemez dialect, but since 1840 the few surviving members
of the Pecos tribe have lived with their kindred at Jemez
pueblo. The name is an adaptation of the Keresan name
of Jemez pueblo. Number, 4-8. See Tafioa/l.
Jemmapes, or Jemappes (zhe-map')- A village
in the provnnce of Hainaut, Belgium, 3 miles
west of Mons. it is famous for the decisive victory
gained by the French under Dumouriez over the Austriana
under the Duke of Saxe-Teschcn, Nov. 6. 1792. It was the
first battle won for the republic, and was followed by tha
occupation of Belgium. Population (1890), 11,682.
Jemtland (yemt'lilnt). 1. A (former) province
of Sweden, about lat. 63° N. — 2. A laen of
Sweden, formed from the former province of
Jemtland and Herjcildalen. Area, 19,593 square
miles. Population (1890), 100,455.
Jena (ya'nii). A city in the district of Apolda,
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, situated on the Saalo
45 miles southwest of Leipsic. It contains a castle.
The university, founded by the elector John F'rederick of
Saxony, was formally opened in l-'ifiS, and reached tho
height of its celebrity in the end of the ISIh century. It
has a library of aliout 'jeo.tmo volumes, and the first (Icrman
literaiy journal was published under its auspices in 1785.
A victory was gained here bylhe French (uunibei lug ino.-
00;j) under Napoleon over the Prussians and Saxons(iium-
bering 60,o00)under Prince Hoheidohc, Oct. 14, 18f;C. Tho
Prussian loss wa^ 12,<JOO killed and wounded, and 1.5,000
prisoners. The same day at Auerstiidt, a few miles dis-
tant, Davout dcfeateil another Prussian lU'iny. See ^wcr-
ulaai. Population (l.H'.iO). 1:<.4I9.
JenKhizEhan,orGenghisKhan(jen'giskhiin),
or Jin2hisKlian(jiii'giskliaii), etc.(origii:aIly
Temucllin l. Born near the river Gnon, Mongo-
lia, 11G2: died in Mongolia, 1227. A Mongol
conqueror, son of Ycsukai, a petty trilial chief-
tain. He [iroclaimcd himself khan of the Mongol nation
in 1206; completed tho conquest of northern t hina with
tile capture of Peking in 1215 ; and conquered central Asia
1218-2L
Jeniguich. See Chcmrlmcvi.
Jenil, or Genii (iiii-ncr). A riverin Andtilusia,
Spain, joining the GuadaUiuivir 30 miles west-
southwest of Cordova. Length, about 150 miles.
Jcnkin (jeng'kin), Henry Charles Fleeming.
Born near Dungeiiess. JIarch 25, I,s:i3; died iit
Edinliurgli, ,lune 12, 1SS5. A British engineer
and electi'irian. He began his ednealioii at the Edin-
burgh Acadiany, and entered the I nivcrslly of tJcnoa in
l84.swhcrc he look tho degree of il. A. The practical part
of his profession ho Icarneil in Fairbairn's simps at
Manchester. In Is.W he bcg.an, with Sir William Thcun.
son, experiments to determine the resislance and insiila-
ti<)n of electric cables, and from 185.^ to ls7;t wasespeci.-dly
occuiiicd Willi practical work in cable telegraphy. The
ri-jtorts to the British Association of the eommittee on
" electric standards " in ISiil .are largely his work. He was
elected F. K. S. in 186.S and professor of engineering in
rniversity t^llcgc. London, and in 1868 to the same chair
in F.dinlnirgh Iniversity.
Jenkins (jcng'kin/.l, Edward. Born at Banga-
lore. India. 183S. .\ liril isli aiitlior. Heisanad-
vaiiccd Liberal, ami has written a inimber of books and
pain pli let son political and soci;d subjcct.s : the best-known
o( these Is "(iinx's Baby " (18701.
Jenkins, Thornton Alexander. Px^rn in Grange
County, Va., Doc. 11, ISll: died at Washington,
Jenkins, Thornton Alexander
D. C, Aug. 9, 1893. .tVii American uaviil officer.
He was chief of slatf of FairaBiit's siiuadnpii in the llis-
Eissippi River dui-iiig the Civil Wur, and was piomoted lear-
a«hiiiral in 1870.
Jenkinson (jeng'kin-son), Anthony. Died at
Tighe, Kutlaad, Feb., 1611. An English sailor,
merchant, ami explorer. Uc began liis career in the
Levant (1516), visitinc most of the Mediterranean coun-
tries In lfK.3 he met Soliiuan tlie Great at Aleppo, from
whom he obUiiiied privileces for trade in Turkish ports.
In 1557 he was appointed taptain-genci-al of the Jluscovj-
Conipanys fleet, and their agent for three years. TIj
fleet reached the Dwina by way of tlie North lape.tuly
544
'makes free.'] A chieftain and judge of Israel
whose history is given in Judges xi.-xii. When
he went to battle against the Anunoiiites. he vowed tliat
Their
1:
Jerusalem
(which seel, and by his knowledge of Greeli and Hebrew
introduced the tre;isure8 of the Eastern I'hnreli into the
West The beat edition of his works is that by \aUarsi
= , ^ , ... (1734-4;).
whatsoever should come forth from his home to meet hiui TAj-Ame Kin" of Wcitiilialia. See Bonaparte.
on his return "in peace from the children of Ammou T._.n,.';„ xiTp WilHprnp<5<J A Daintin"- bv Ti-
shoiUd be oifered up as a burnt-ottering. TheAmmonites Jerome intne Wlioerness. Ap<iuiiiu^u> n
were routed, and as Jephthah returned the first to come tiau, in the isrera at Miliin. The solitary figure oi the
out to meet him was his daughter and only child. She saint is broadly and vigorously treated. The background
consented to the fuMlment of his vow alter a respite of brings to mind a wild scene in iriuli, with its rocks, piues,
two months. and gnarled oaks.
Jephthah. An oratorio by Handel, finished in Jerome of Prague. Bom at Prague. Bohemia,
1751. It was produced in 1752. and was the last about 1365: bm-nedatConstance. Baden. May 30,
he composed, "as he became blind at tliistime.
ephthes (jef'thez), or Jephtha. A jilay by
George Buchanan, written between 1333 and
1542.
Jequitinhonha (zha-ke-ten-yon'ya), or Eio
Grande do Belmonte (ro'o gi-iin'da do bal-
mon'ta). A river in Brazil which flows into
the Atlantic about lat. 16° S., long. 38° 50' W.
Length, about 500 miles; navigable tor 84 miles. The
Salto Grande, about 10) miles from the mouth, is one of
■•r ■,iv»-riiciiM the finest cataracts in South America.
"J; V hIp nt' Jerace ( va-rU'che). Francesco. Bom at Poles-
•* • tina. Ca"labria, 1853. An Italian sculptor.
An island in the Gulf of Ca-
1557, where he left it and proceeded overland to Moscow JgnJitlies (ief 'thez),
(Dec. 6) He was cordially received by the t?,ar, under f^^^,,^ Ri.nbnnaTi ^
whose protection he w;is enableil to proceed by way ol > ijni
Novorod Astj-akhan. the Caspian Sea, and Khiva to Bo-
khara, where he arrived Dec. ".a, l.i5S. After two months
he returned to Moscow and London by the same route. In
1561 the journey was repeated as f.ir as Astrakhan (.Tune,
1502). whence he made a somewhat unsuccessful detour
into Persia. He returned to .Moscow Aug. -20, l.^W, and to
London. Sept. iS. IMl. He was the first Englishman to
penetrate central Asia.
Jenkinson, Charles, first Earl of Liverpool
Born at Winchester, April 26,
An English politician
London, Dec. 17, 1808. ^., .^^.6..c„_j;^..... ...^, j ^ (jer'bii). An island in the Gulf ot Ua-
secretury at war under Lord ^orthl,,!v^2, and ''^l°Xll^„,;i,„ to Tunis: the ancient Menin.x.
president of the Board of Trade 1784-1801. He
wrote '-A Treatise on the Coins of the Kealm"
(1805), etc.
Jenkinson, Ephraim. A venerable-looking
swiiuller in Goldsmith's "Vicar of Wakefield."
He swindles the ^-iear out of his hoi-se.
Jenkinson, Hobert Banks, second Earl of Liv-
erpool. Burn -June 7. 1770: died at London, Dec.
4, 1828. An English politician, eldest son of
Charles Jenkinson, first Earl of Liverpool. He
was educated at Charterhouse and at Oxford (1T86-89X In
ITSihewentto Paris, where hewasp;esent attlie capture . ^
of the Bastille. He entered Piuliament in 1790. I:i 1796 Jeremy,
he became by courtesy Lord Hawkcsbury (Baron Hawkes- t ^.^.p ■•
bury 1803), and in 1799 w.as made master of the mint. In
ISJl he entered the Foreign OIHce with a seat in the cabi-
net. In 1803 he was responsible fur the failure to evacuate
Malta according to the treaty of Amiens. On May 12, 1S(M,
he was transferred to the Home Office, and became leader ot
the House of Lords. During the Whig ministry 1806-07 he
led the opposition. Ketuniing to the Home OBice March
25, 1SJ7, he opposed the Catholic emancipation movement ;
he' became earl of Liverpool upon the death ot his father
(Dec, 18! S). lYom June, 1812, to April, 1827, he was pre-
mier in a Tory ministry. He » as a prime mover in semling
Napoleon to St. Helena, and in the readjustment of French
alfaii's in ISl.i and 1818. During the reform struggle he
It is known as the island of the lotus-eaters, and was the
scene of the massacre of 18,000 Christians by the Turks,
May 11, 1500. Poole.
Jeremiah (jer-«-mi'ii). [Heb.,prob.' the Lords
appointed (or exalted) one.'] The second of the
greaterprophetsof Israel. He lived and prophesied
duringthereignsofthekingsof JudahfromJosiahtoZede- tv„„™i»o TtTllUo™
kiah (from 029 to about 6S0 B.C.). The book of Ins prophecy Jerrold (jer'old),_DOUglaS_ WllUam.
1416. A Bohemian religious reformer, an asso-
ciate and follower of Huss. He was condemned
forheresy by the Council of Constance. 1415-16.
Jeronimd (je-ron'i-mo), or Hieronimo (hi-e-
ron'i-mo). The first part of. A play by Thomas
Kyd. It was acted in ir.S* or 1592. The only veisi.in ex-
tant was printed in 1CC6. The second part was called •■ The
Spanish Tragedy " (which see). .Teronimo, the hero of both,
is an old man, the marshal of Spain, who goes mad with
grief over the murder of his son. His ravings were ridi-
culed by contemporary and later dramatists, and became
regular expletives in the slang of the period. Shakspere
alludes to this in his "Go by Jerouymy " in his " Taming of
the Shrew."
The two "Jeronimo"or "Hieronimo "plays were, as has
beensaid, extremelypopular,anditispositiTelyknownthat
Joiison himself . and probably others, were empliiyed from
lime to time to freshen them up, with the consequence
that the exact authorship of parlicuhir passages is some-
what problematical. Both plays, however, display, nearly
in perfection, the rant, not always quite ridiculous but al-
ways extravagant.from which Shakespere rescued the stage.
Saintfbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 74.
Born at
gives numerous details ot his personsil history. 1 1 is largely-
occupied with denunciations of the sins of the nation and
warnings of evils to come on account of them. Some of
his prophetic utterances were accompanied and illustrated
by symbolical actions.
A witty valet in Congreve's ' ' Love for
L(.indon, 'Jan.' 3, 1803 : died there, June 8, 1857.
An English dramatist, satii'ist, and humorist.
He was the eldest son of Samuel Jerrold, an actor, and was
brought on the st,ige when a child. In later life he occa-
sionally acted, but was never inclined to the profession.
His education was verv slight : his knowledge ot Latin,
itench, Italian, and English dramatic literature havuig
been acquired entirely by his own efforts. From 1S13 to
1815 he served as midshipman in the royal navy, which
was engaged in operations against Napoleon in Belgium.
Returning to London in 1816, he maintained himself as
apprentice to a printer, and by contributions to periodical
literature. .\ play," More Friphtcned than Hurt," was pro-
duced in London April 30, 1821, and later in Pai is. " Black-
eyed Susan, or .\11 in the Downs," produced June 8, 1829,
at the Surrev Theatre, was his first important success. It
was brought out also at Drury Lane in 1835. In 1S;;6 he
undertook the management of the Strand Theatre without
success. He now turned his attention to the reviews and
magazines, contributing to the "Athenteum." "Black-
wood's," etc. He attached himself to " Punch " at its ap-
pearance in 1841, and was a constant contributor until his
death. His articles were signed Q. His greatest success
was "Mrs. Caudle's Curtain Lectures." From 1S52 until
his death he edited "Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper." He
„ _ _ _ -- -to plavs.
of PalesViue.' situated vr'esi'oTthe jVdan anil Jerrold, William Blanchard. Born at Lon-
14 miles east-northeast of Jerusalem. It was de- don. Dec. 23, 1826 : died at W estminster, March
■ '■ 10,1884. An English .iournalist and author, eld-
Jerem'7 Diddler. See Diddler.
Jerez, Francisco. See Xcref.
Jerez (or Xerez) de la Frontera (na-reth da
la fron-tfi'ni). A city in the province of Ca-
diz, Spain, sitnated near the Guadalete 14 miles
northeast of Cadiz : probably the ancient Asta
Eegia. it is celebrated for the production and cNport of
sherry wine. It was the scene of a victory of the Sara-
cens under Tarik over the West Goths under Koderic in
711. Alfonso X. recovered it in the middle of the 13th
ctntmr. Population (1SS7), 61, 7C"
stroyed bv Joshua and rebuilt by Ahab ; was the residence
of Herod the Great ; was destroyed by Vespasian, rebuilt by
Hadrian, and again destroyed by the Crusadcre.
uniformly followed the policy of forcible repression uutil j He los CabaUerOS (Ha-reth' da 16s ka-Bal-
^.^:^ c:^^:^" ''-'''"''' ''' "'''-'"' "' yI'Vos) '°i>wn in th/province of Badajoz,
Jenkins's Ear, War of. The name popularly Spain 39miles south of Badajoz. Population
civen to the war between Great Britain and (1880, 8.9o3. , -di i u „■*„ '^'^ death he
Ipain which broke out in 1739. and became Jericho (jer'i-ko). In Bible geography, a cHy -;;te^aboiUi
merged in the War of the Austrian feuceession.
Its immediate cause was the grievance of an English mar-
iner, Hobert .lenkins,whoalleged that ho had been tortured
by the Spaniaids, with the loss ot his ear.
Jenne (jeu'ne), or Jinne (jin'ne). A town in jarmTOTi^r'min), Eenry, Earl of St. Albans.
Sm:an. western Africa, situaed near the ^lger ''g^^y^.'^^^iand 'aC^uT 1600: died at London,
about 2.-10 miles southwest of Iimbuktu. "^
Jenner (jeu'er), Edward. Bom at Berkeley,
Gloucestershire, May 17, 1749 : died there, Jan.
26, 1823. An English physician, famous as the
discoverer of vaccination. In I770hebecanieapupil
of John Hunter in London, and also studied at the same
time in St. George's HospitaL In 1773 he began to prac-
tise in Berkeley. His investigation ot cowpox began very
early, and was suggested by the local rustic tradition thiit
the d'airvinaids who contracted the disease were exempt
from sm'allpo!(. On Mav 14, 1736, he vacci;iated a boy of
eight with lymph from the hand of a dau^maid, and on
July 1 inoculated the same boy with smallpox. The ex-
perimeat w.as successful: an account of it was published
June, 1738. The practice of vaccination gradually gained
ground until in ISOO a great part othis time was taken up
by the distribution of lymph, much of it in America,
Honors came tohini from every quarter, and on June 2, 18,12,
a grant of £10,0 H) was made to him by Parliament.
Jenner, Thomas. Flourished 1631-56. An au-
thor. cni,'i'aver. and publisher. In the reigns ot
CharU-s I. and Charles II. hekept a print-shop at the Royal
Exchange which was frequented by Pepys and Evelyn.
Am );ig his works are the "Soul's Solace" with thirtycnri-
ous copperplate engravings (lC_il), " Duections tor the
est son of Douglas Jeriold. On the death of his
father he succeeded to the editorship of "Lloyd's Weekly
Newspaper. " He was a Liberal in politics and defended
the North in the Civil War. His chief work is a 'Life of
Napoleon III." (1875-82). He wrote a number of plays,
"Cool as a Cucumber" (1851), etc.
Jersey (jer'zi). The largest, most important,
and southernmost of the Channel Islandr.. cap-
ital St. Heller's, situated in lat. 49° 10' N., long
2° T 'VV. It exports potatoes, cattle, fruit, oysters, gran-
ite, etc. The government is vested in a lieutenant-goveinor
appointed by the British crown, and the "states" (a local
legislature). It is the ML. Ca;sarea. Length, 10 miles.
Breadth. 5 to 6 mdes. Area, 45 square miles. Population
(1S91), 54,.'.13.
terce'ptionofwhichexposcdthekingsattempttoprocure Jersey City. The capital of Hudson County,
foreign aid. After the death of Charles I. he remdned in Xew .Jersev, situated on the Hudson opposite
Jan., 1684. An English statesman. In 16-24 he was
attached to the British embassy in Paris, and was returned
to Parliament for Liverpoolin 1628. On July -2, 1628, he be-
came vice-chamberlain to the queen. He represented St.
EdnmndsbuiT in the Long Parliament, and was involved in
the •• lirst army plot " to overawe Pai'liament, March, 1641.
In the hostilities which followed he was engaged mainly in
procuring war material on the Continent He returned
to England in 1643, was wounded at Auburn Cliase Sept.
13, 1043, and was raised to the peerage as Baron Jcrmyn ot
St. Edniondsburv, S.:pt. 8. He returned to France with
the queen in 1M4 and directed her correspondence, the in-
France with Cliarles n. On April 27, 1060, ho was created
earl of St. Albans. At the Restoration Jcrmyn received
many favors, his snccessheing largely due to his influence
with the queen mother. He v as made ambassador to Paris,
and employed himself in strengthening the influence of
Louis XIV.
Jeroboam (.ier-o-bo'am) I,
927 B. c. (Duncker), son
of Eplirniiu. He organized a revolt ot the ten northern
tribes against P.ehoboam. and founded the kingdom of Is-
rael (1 Ki. xi -.Niv.. 2 Chron. ix.-xiiu).
Xew York. It is the terminus of many railway and
steamerlines.andhas important manufactmesof tobacco,
etc It was formerly called Paulus Hock, and was incoi^
poratcd as the City of Jerscv in 1820, and as Jersey City in
1S38. Popidation (1890), 163,003.
The. A collective name for
English Traveller " (1643).
Passagesof these Times" (1618), " London's Blame if not its
Shame " (1051). Diet. Nat. Biig.
Jennings, Sarah. See Marlborough, Duchess
or.
Jenyns (jen'inz), Soame. Bom at London. Jan.
1. 1704: died there, Dec. 18, 1787. An English
miscellaneous \\Titer. In 17-22 he entered St. John's
College, Cambridge, leaving without a degree in 1"'25. He
published anonymously "The Art of Dancing: a poem "
(1727) and a collection of jwems ',175-2). He was relurhed
to Parliament in 174->. In 1757 he published a "F-rce En-
quiry into the Nature and Origin ot Evil," and in 1765
"rile Objections to the laxation of •mr American Colonies
hy the Legislature of Great Mritain brielly considered " His
" View of the Internal Evidences of the Christ ian Rel igion "
was published in 1776. "Jenyns' prose style was regarded
by his contemporaries as a model of ease and elegance.
D:ct Xat. liim.
Jephthah (jef'tha). [Heb., '(God) opens' or
A Further Nai-rative ot the Jeroboam H. King of Israel (90-(49 B. C.
Kinsof Israel 9.53- Jerseys (jer'ziz), The. , . . xt
of Nebit of the tribe East'jersey and West Jersey, mto which Now
Jersey was temporanlv divided in lOib.
Jerusalem ( je - ro ' sa - iem). [Heb. YenUhdIm
"" YcnUlidlaifim, probably 'city of peace ; m
(Duncker), son of Joash whom he succeeded.
He was the most prosperous of the kings of Is-
rael (2 Ki. xiv.).
Jerome (.ic-rom'' or jer'om). Saint (Eusebius
Hieronymus). [Gr. 'Upumuof, sacred name;
L. UUriiinjm ua. It. Gcrommo,Girola»io, Sp. Jcro-
iiiiiio. Jeronio, Pg. Jernnimo, F. Jenhtic, G. Wie-
roiujmii.').'] Born at Stridon, Pannonia, abotit
340: died at Bethlehem. Sept. 30. 420. A father
of the Latin Church. He studied at Rome under Do-
natus the grammarian and Victorinus the rhetorician. In
S73, during a journey through the Orient, he was attacked
with a severe illness, on rec-overing from which he devoted
himself to an ecclesiastical lite. He became a presbyter at
Antioi:h in 379, and in :iS2 removed to Rome, » here he be.
came secretary to Pope Damasus. After tlie death ot this
pontiff he entered a monasterv at Bethlehem. He pub-
Ushed a Latin version ot the Bible, known as the V ulgate
the Assvriari inscriptions Ursatimmii; in the
tablets of Tel-el-Amama Cru-SuIiMi. Gr. 'lEpot^
aa/J/ii, L. Biero.mli/nxi.'] The ancient capital of
Palestine, regarded bv the Jews still as then-
sacred city, and as a holy city by both Chris-
tians and Mohammedans. Its identity with Salem
(Gen. xiv. IS) is disputed. It first appears as Jel.iis, or ttio
city of the Jebusitcs, from whom David captured it or lis
site, establishing himself in the " stronghold of /ion, ana
making it his capital. Its situation was suitable for a na-
tional inetrop.ilis: it lav in thetcrritory of the mighty tribe
of Jndah, and virtually in the center of the eountry SS
miles from the sea and about 19 from the Jonhni. whUe it
was the more secure from being some distance off thegreal
highroad of the nations. It wa.i also a mountain elty, sit-
nated in the heart of the "hill country, surrounded by
limestone hills, and itself on the edge of the chain, its
highest point being 2,582 feet aliove sea-U-ye >olomon
beautilled it by erecting the temide as » s'aW"? ■'"'■""'^
sanctuary, and otherwise, and surrounded the city witn s
Jerusalem
real wall. The secession of the ten tribes under Solomon's
son Rehoboain left Jerusiilt-ni the capital of tlie southern
kin|;r<loni only, rndtr Rehnboani it was iiivadtd by the
fiifyptian kintr Shishak, and the temple an^l niilacewere
in part despoiled (about 070 b. c). I'nder Joram (8-18-
814) the temple was iigain plundered by Arabian ami Phil-
istine hordes. Joash, kinp uf Israel, defentintr King Am-
aziah of Jmlah, made a wide breach in the walls and
spoiled the city. I'nder I'zziali (792-740) Jerusjilera and
all Judah enjnyed prosperity, but were visited by an earth-
quake. Hezekiah provided the city with water by means
ofoBubtemuiean canal: in his rei^n it was besieged with-
out success hy Sennacherib. AfterJosiahfelUnthe liattle
of Meiu'iddu, J iidah was at the mercy of Egypt. Necho took
Jehouiiaz prisuuer, and exacted a heavy tine from tlie city
and country. Jerusalem was visited by Nebuchadnezzar,
king of Baliyhui, after his victory over the Egyptians at
Carchemish : probaldy the city was besieged, as he cairied
oti some t-tf the vt'ssels of the temple. In r>i»7 the Babylo-
nians reappiared befoie Jerusalem: the city surrendered,
the treasuries of the temple and palace were pillaged, and
King Jehoiachiii, tlie whole court, 7,<h»0 warriors, \,*)0*) ar-
tisans, etc-, (in all lO.iMO), were carried off to Babylon. Zed-
ekiah, made king in his stead, revolted against Babylon,
and Nebuchadnezzar, after a terrible siege of 18 mouths,
af^ain cajitured Jerusalem (580). The Babylonians now
carried o(f all the treasures that remained; the temple
was burned, and the city and land deserted by all but the
Tery p4)orest class. In 53ti Cyrus is^sued a decree authoriz-
ing the rebuilding of the temple, and a large colony, com-
prising all classes, i etumcd to Judah. After many delays
the lemi»le was lliiished in 516. and the city ami its walls
were reliuilt under Nehemiah, al)out 44.^). In :i-2i) Jerusalem
wastaken by i'tolemy I. Soter. The high priest Sjnieon the
Just ^ibout 3(»*)-i;70) effected many improvements in the
city. In 198 Judea came under t he rule i>f the Seleucidre, and
Jenisalem opened its gates to .■\ntiochus the Cireat. Un-
der Antiochus Epiphanes(175-164) it again became a thea-
ter of ma.ssacre: in 170 he slew the citizens, plundered
the temple, and carried otf many captives; and in 168 his
army, after a great slaughter, plundered and burnt the
city, and destroyed the walls. Antiochus endca\orcd to
enforce the introthiction of heathen worship: the temple
was desecrate4l and tlie observance of Jewish ceremonies
wasabsolntely forbidden. This persecution provoked the
successful rising of the Maccabees, and the temple was pu-
rified and consecrated anew in 165. The city enjoyed pros-
perity under John Hyrcanus I. (I3r)-I05),bnta struggle for
the throne between two Maccabees resulted in Pompey's
coming to Jerusalem in 63 and reducing it, and in an inva-
sion in 4(ihy the Parthians. In37B.r. Jerusalem was taken
by Herod with the aid of the Romans. Herod embellished
it with palaces, theaters, gymnasia, etc., and especially by
the rebuildingot the temple. He also completed the recon-
struction of a fortress built by John Hyrcanus, naming it
Antonia, after Mark Antony. Soon after Ilerods death
Judea was reduced to a Roman province, and Jerusalem
was often the scene of riots and bloody encountersbet ween
the Jews and the Roman soldiers. The oppressive rule of
the procurators, especially of (iessius Fli>ru8, led to resis-
tance which ended in the destruction of Jerusalem. The
city, witli its triple walls, was besieged first by Cestius
Flonis. the governor of Syria, and for two yearaby the em-
perors Vespasian and Titus. Within it was ravaged by
party quarrels, famine, and pestilence; and at last, after a
most heroic resistance, it fell in 70 A. D. Its templewas
burned, and it lost forever its political importance. For
more than 5i) years after its destruction by Titus, Jerusa-
lem ceased to exist. About 1 3'J the emperor Iladriau erected
a t'jwn on its site, which he named .'Klia Capitolina, or
simply -Elia, and settled with a colony of veterans. About
the same time a revolt under Bar-(-'ochba occurred, in
which the Jews became masters of Jerusalem and attempt-
ed to rebuild the temple; and it t«ok Julius Severus, the
fn'eatest general of his time, two years to recapture it. On
the site of the temple various heathen temples were now
erected. Jews were forbidden to enter it on pain of
death, and a swine was sculptured over the gate leading
to Bethlehem. (_'hristian pilgrimages to Jerusalem began
as early as the 3d century. Helena, mother of (.'onstan-
tine. visited it in 32C, and the empress Eudoeia in 438, and
numerous churches were erected on the holy places. It
was an episcopal see subordinate to ('(Xsarea till after the
Council of chalcedon (4'>1), when it became an indepen-
dent patriarchate. It was taken by the Persians in 614,
hut was regained by Heracliusin 628. In 637 it foil into the
hands of the Saracen Omar: it had then about riO,fK):i in-
habitants. In JMJ9 it passed over to Egyptian F.itiniites.
From lOO'J to 1187 it was the capital of the kingdom of
Jerusalem of the Crusaders, who slew most of the Mo-
hammedan and Jewish inhabitants. Captured in 1187 by
Saladin. it was surrendered in 1229 to the emperor Fred-
erick II. Since 1244 it has been in possessiiui of the Jlo-
hammedans, and since 1517 uncJer Turkish rule. In ISOO
Napoleon planned the capture of Jerusalem, but gave up
his intention. Mchemet Ali, pjisha of Egypt, took pos-
session of it In 18:12; in 1834 it was seized and held for
sometimeby insurgent Bedouins; and InlMl it was again
restored to the sultan. Modern Jerusalem is a city of the
vilayet of Syria, Asiatic Turkey, situated In lat. 31' 47' N.,
long. 35' 13' E. The Christian quarter occupies the north-
west of ft, the Mohammedan the northeast, the Jewish
the southeast, and the Armeidan the southwest. It is
the residence of the Pasha of Talestine, ami is now con-
nected with Jaffa liy railway. The most conspicuous edi-
fice is the Harani esh Sherif, on the supposed site of the
temple. Population, estimated, about 40,000.
Jerusalem. An opera by Verdi, produced at
Paris in 1K47.
Jernsalem, Council of. A couneil of the apos-
tles, ciders. Mini bn-Ilircn, eonvoned at Jerusa-
lem 50 or 51 A. i>. for tlio settlotnont of ques-
tions that liad arisen vetjarding tlio roeof^nition
of Gentile Christians and tlie obligation of their
beingeirennicised. The deliverance ofthecoun-
cil is given in Acts xv. 23-29.
Already the peace of the nourishing community at Antf-
och had been disturbed by S(une of the more zealous con-
verts from Jerusalem, who still asserted the Indispensable
necessity of circumcision. Paul and Barnabas proceeded
545
as delegates from the community at Antloch ; and what
is called the rouncll of Jerusalem, a full assembly of all
the ajtoslles then present in the metropolis, solemnly de-
bated this great questi(m.
Mihnan, Uist. of Christianity, I. 403.
Jerusalem, Kingdom of. A Christian kingdom
in Syria. 1100-87. largely under French infiu-
eiice. It was c-outiiiued as a titular kingdom,
now belli iinininally by the house of Austria.
Jerusalem Chamber.* A room at the southwest
side of Westminster Abbey, dating from 137G
or 1IJ86. Henry IV. died inthisroom. The I'pperHouse
of Convocation of the Pi'ovinceof Canterburj' meets in it.
It probably derives its name from tapestries with the his-
tory' of Jerusalem on them, which hung on the walls.
Jerusalem Coffee House. An oUl house in Cora-
hill, London. It is (me of the oldest of the city news-
rooms, and is frequented by merchants and captains con-
nected with the commerce of China, India, ami Australia.
Timbs.
Jerusalem Delivered, It. Gerusalemme Lib-
erata. An epic poem by Torquato Tasso, re-
lating to the deliverance of Jerusalem from the
unbelievers by the Crusaders under Godfrey of
Bouillon (published 1581 ; English translations
by Fairfax, ICOO, and James, 1865).
Jeirvls (jer'-vis), Jolin, Earl St. Vincent. Born
at Meaford, Jan. 9, 1735: died March 14, 1823.
An English admiral. He entered the royal navy
as able seaman Jan. 4, 1749. Sept. 24, 1787, he was pro-
moted rear-ailmiral, and in 1790 was returned to Par-
liament for Wycombe. Feb. 1, 170;j, he became vice-ad-
miral, and on July 1.1795, was made admiral. On Nov.
29, 1795, he joined the fleet on the coast of Corsica as
commander-in-chief. Sept. 25, 1796, he was ordered to
abandon Corsica and the Mediterranean and to defend the
Channel. To prevent the union of the allied fleet with the
French squadron at Brest, he took up a position otf Cape
St. Vincent Feb., 1797. On Feb. 14 a battle was fought,
resulting in the capture of four Spanish ships. He was
at once gazetted to an earldnuMvith tlie title of St, Vin-
cent. He relinquished his cunniKiiid June 15, 1799. In the
summer of 180<j he again entered the service in command
of the Channel fleet. In 1801 he became first lord of the
admiralty. On the collapse of the Addington ministry and
the return of Pitt to power, St. Vincent's retirement from
the admiralty became necessary. After the death of Pitt
he again entered the service with the acting rank of ad-
miral of the fleet, !March, 1806, but was relieved April 24,
1807.
Jervis, Sir John. Born Jan. 12, 1802: died at
London, Nov. 1, 1856. An English jurist, lord
chief justice of the Common Pleas. He was second
cousin of John Jervis, Earl St. Vincent. He studied at
Trijiity College, Cambridge, and was called to the bar in
1824. From 1826 to 1832 he reported in the Exchequer
court. Dec, 1832, he was returned for Chester as a Liberal
in the first reform Parliament. He was appointed solicitor-
general in 1846, and attorney-general in the same year.
July 16, 1850, he was appointed lord chief justice of the
Common Pleas. In 1848 were passed three bills which hear
his name, regulating the duties of justices of the peace.
Jesi (ya'se). A city in the province of Aneoua,
easteniItaly,situatedon the Esino 16 miles west-
southwest of Ancona : the ancient^sis or ^sl-
um. It has a cathedral, and is noted as the birthplace of
the emperor Frederick II. Population, about 12,000.
Jesse (jes'e). The father of David, king of Is-
rael.
Jesse, John Heneage, Born 1815 : died at Lon-
don, July 7, 1K74. An En^^dish historical writer.
Hoj)ublished " Memoirs of the Court of England
during the Keigu of the Stuarts " (1840), and
similar works.
Jessel (jes'el), Sir Geotge. Born at London,
Feb. 13, 1824: died there, March 21, 1883. An
Enf;lish jurist. He was the son of a Jewish merchant.
lie graduated at London University in 184.*i, and was called
to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1847. Jessel was returned
to Parliament for Dover in Dec, 18f5S, and was appointed
Bolicitor-general in 1871. During his tenure of offlce oc-
cun-ed the Geneva arbitration. In 1873 he was made mas-
ter of the rolls.
Jesselmere. See Jaisalmir,
Jessica (jes'i-kii). In Shakspere's ** Merchant
of Venice," the daughter of Shylock. She elopes
with Lorenzo, taking her father's jewels and money. " A
most beautiful pagan, a most sweet Jew."
JesSO. See }Vro.
Jessonda. An opera by Spolir, first produced
at Cassel in IS2:J, and at London in 1840.
Jessor, or Jessore (jes-sor'). A district in Ben-
gal, British India, intorseeted by lat. 23° N.,
long. 89^30' K. Area, 2,925 square miles. Pop-
ulation (ISiH), 1.888,827.
Jests of Gonnella. The jests of the domestic
fool of Nieolo d'Este : they were printed in
ir)0(J.
Jesuits (JG^'xi-its). [So called (first, it is said,
by Calvin, atout 1550) from tlie name given to
the order by its f()nnder(NL. Soriftds Jrsu, the
Company (or Society) of Jesus).] The mem-
bers of the " Society of Jesus " (or **Comi)!ii)y
of Jesus"), founded by Ignatius Loyola in I'y'M,
and confirmed by the Pope in ir)40. Its member-
ship includes two general classes (laymen, or temporal co-
adjut^irs, and priests) and six grades — namely, novices,
formed temporal coadjutors, approved scholasttcB, formed
Jewel
spiritnal coadjutors, the professed of three vows, and the
professed of four vows. The professed <.f the four vow»
are the most inrtueutial class; they form the general cou-
gregation, and till the highest oltiees and the leading mia.
sioiis. The general is elected for life t>y the general con-
gregation. They were expelled from France in 1.'.94 ; re-
stored iu 16U3; again expelled in 1764, and for the last
time in 1880. They were expelled from Spain in 1707, and
at dilferent times from various other countries. In 1773
the order was suppressed by Pope Clement XIV., but it
was revived in 1814.
Jesus (je'zus). [Gr. 'Iz/ffoi)*:, Sa\iour^ from Heb,
Jchoshua or Joshua, Jehovah is salvation : used
in Acts vii. 45, Heb. iv. 8 for Joshua.] The
personal name of the founder of Chi-istianity,
often joined with the official name Christy the
Anointed One {Jesus Christ or Christ Jrsus). He
is the central figure in the christian religion, belief in
whom as the Son of God and the Saviour of men is its dis-
tinctive characteristic. His personality has been the sub-
ject of much controversy. The Trinitarian doctrine that
there isbut one (_iod andyet three equal subjects or "per-
sons " in one Godhead is that now accepted genei ally
throughout Christendom, the essence of the Fiitlier and
Son being regarded as the same, as was ninintainrd in the
early church by the llonioousians in opposition to the
Ilomoionsians. who lu-ld that their natures are only sim-
ilar, and the Ileteroousians, who held that they are dif.
ferent. According to the narratives of the four gospels,
Jesus was born of Mary, a virgin of the tribe of Judah and
family of David, in a stable at UethleheUi; was brought
up as a carpenter in the workshop of his n puttd father ;
entered, when about 30 years of age, on a public niinistiy;
traveled for two or three years through .Indeaund (Jalilee,
teaching and wurkitiL'^ numerous miracles, especially of
healing, aeeonii)anied more or less t>y twelve men whom
he had chosen as his disciples ; was thereafter seized by the
Jews, subjected to an irregular trial on a charge of blas-
phemy, handed over by the Jews to Pilate, the Roman
governor, and ultimately sent by him to crucifixion ; died
on the cross, was buried, and on the morning of the third
day rose again from thedead ; was afterward seen<)f many
witnesses; and forty days later ascended into Heaven.
The birth of Jesus is now generally believed to have taken
place about four yeai-s before the period from which we
reckon our year.s in the vulgar or Christian era.
Jesus, Raphael de. See Raphael dc Jesus.
Jesus College. A college of Cambridge Uni-
versity, England, founded in 1496 by John Al-
eock, bishop of Ely, on the site of a Benedic-
tine monastery. The chapel is the old convent church,
somewhat cut down ; its architecture is Norman and Early
English, with some Perpendicular interpolations.
Jesus College. A college of the University of
Oxford, founded in l")?! by Queen Elizabeth:
originall}' intended for Welsh students, it was
rebuilt in 1621-67, and restored in 1856. The chapel (l>uilt
1621) is notable for its wainscoting of paneled oak, and the
hall for its portraits and Jacobean screen.
Jesus Disputing with the Doctors. A i)aint-
ing by Paolo Veronese, in the Royal Museum at
Madrid.
Jethro (jeth'ro). [Heb./ excellence.*] A priest
or chief of the Midianites who inhabited the
southern point of Sinai, the father of seven
daughters, one of whom, Zipporah, was married
to Moses. In Ex. ii. 18, Num. x. 29 the name is given as
Reuel. Perhaps the latter was his personal name, and
Jethro an honorary title, or tin- discrepancy of the names
may be due to separate and indciKMidi-nt nairalives. By
the advice of Jethro, ISloses appninted <lfputi.*s to judge
tlie people and to share the burden of gtivernment with
Iiim (V.\. \\ iii.).
Jeude Paume (zhe de pom). Hall of the. [F.,
' tennis.'] A building in Versailles. France.
It is famous for the oath to form a constitution sworn here
by the representatives of the Third Estate June 20, 17^9.
Jeunesse Doree (zhe-nes' do-ra'). [F., ■ gilded
youth.'] Ill French history, a band of young
men who formed a reactionary faction against
the Jacobins after tlie i)th Thermidor, vear 2
(July 27, 1794).
Jever (yii'fer). A town in Oldenburg, Oermany,
34 miles north-northwest of Oldenbin-g : former-
ly the chief town of Jeverland, an old di^'ision
of Frieslaud.
Jevons (jev'onz), William Stanley. Horn at
Liverpool. Sept. 1, 183"): drowned while bath-
ing near Hastings. Aug. 13, 1SS2. An English
economist and logician. He was the son of a nail-
maker and iron merchant of Liverpool. He entered I'ni-
versityCidlege, London, in 1S51, and studied chemistry wit li
his cousin, SirHemy Hoscoe. In 18.'>:i he became nssjiyer
to the new mint at Sidney, Australia, resigning liis ap-
pointment in 18r)0 to return to I'niversity College. Krom
1862 to 1864 he published tnnneiims dissertations on cur-
rency and flinuice. In 1864 appeared his "Puie Logic, or
the Logic of Quality apart from (^nmtity," based on the
work of Boole. In lS6r> he published a work on the ex-
haustion of the coal-mines. lie wasajijiointed to the chair
of logic and political ecou(uny at Owens itdlege, Manches-
ter, iu 18«Hi, and to the profcssorsliiji of political economy
at Tniversity College in 1876. This he resigned in 1880.
He published "The SubstltutionofSiuiihirs"(lS6ii), "Stud
ies in Deductive Liigic " (1880), "The Principles of Sci-
ence" (1S74). " The Theory of Political Economy " (1871),
Jew, The Wandering. See U'duderitnf Jrw,Th€.
Jewel (jil'en. John. Born May 24. 1522: died
at Moiikton I-'arleigh, Sept. 23, 1571. I^ishopof
Salisbury. He gradinited at Oxford (Merton College) in
ir>4U, and waselectetl fellow of Corpus Christl in 1G42. On
the accession of Mary in 1&6S, Jewel was deprived of bit
Jewel
feUowship, and fled to Frankfort March 13, 1566. OnMerfs
death he returned to England. His letters to Peter Mar
"yr and other friends at this time ai-e a v^V'^^n^^rt n,t ft
iJistorical information He wa3 »??"■" ,"»„'\,'l.^^fi'^^?^
the Westminster Conference m 16..9 P'S""^?"^' ;'/?}"'?
Cross in June, 1560, an.i liish.>p of Salisbury in July, 15bU
Tn iw aDoeM-ed his " Ai...U«ia pro Ecclesia Anghcana
?he fl?s't nSdtca state'nKn't of'the Church of England's
pisit on against the Church of Rome. Jewels complete
works w.Te .ollectcd under the direction of Alxhbishop
Bancroft and pul.lished in 16i».
Tom nf Malta The A play bv Marlowe, it was
J,?St?n 5.. lil;, anfwas f,^.;u^entiy acted be^^^^^
and l.Wli Itwas revivedin 1(501 and IbJo, and in 181S Ktan
produced an altered version at Drury Lane. The earliest
Engl sh ediUon e.xtant is dated 1633, and was edited, some-
whit altered, by T. Heywood. It presents the popular
Idea of an avaricious, murderous Jew.
There was an older play of "The Jew " named by Ste-
phen Oosson in his "School of Abuse; as setting forth
"the griediness of worldly choosers and the bloody minds
of usurers," which seems to have been a treatment in one
Dlav of the two fables which form the groundwork of
Shakespeare's " Merchant of Venice." Some years after
the death of Marlowe we find evidence in Gennany of the
existence of a play in which Barahas of " The Jew of Mal-
ta" is made one with the Jew of the other play. It has,
therefore, some rough features of resemblance to . iue
Merchant of Venice," and in the course of this piece it is
to be observed that Bai-abas changes his name to Joseph.
Mortey, English Writers, X. 117.
Jews (joz). [From Juduli.'] Loosely, the Se
mitic nation that was earlier called Hebrews,
Israelites, or the children of Israel; strictly,
the people descended from the tribes of Judah
and Beniamin (see Jmhth, Kingdom of). After
the destruction of Jerusalem (70 A. D.) these were scat-
tered throughout other countries. They still remain a
■ distinct people, often oppressed and persecuted, but re-
taining their nationality and distinguished by specific
characteristics. Their number at the present time is es-
timated at between 7,000,000 and 8,000,000, about 0,500,000
being in Europe.
Jewsbury uoz'ber-i),Geraldine Endsor. Boru
at Measham, Derbyshire, in 1812: died bept.
23, 1880. An English novelist. She was the daugh-
ter of Thomas Jewsbury of Manchester. In 1841 she
became associated with Thomas Carlyle and his wife, and
removed to Chelsea, to be near them, in 1854 , Among her
novels are "Zoe" (1845), "The Half-Sisters dS^S), ' Sot-
rows of Gentility^' (1856), etc. ; and she wrote several
children's stories and short tales.
Jewsbury, Maria Jane (afterward Mrs.
Fletcher). Born atMeashani,Derbyshire,Eng-
land, Oct. 25, 1800: died at Poonah, India, Oct.
4, 1833. An EngUsh author, sister of Geraldme.
She wrote "Phantasmagoria, etc.," "Letters to the-i oung,"
"Lays of Leisure Hours," etc. Her best work appeared
in the "Athenajum." . ,
Jeypore (ji-p6r'), or Jaipur C.ii-por )• 1- Ana-
tive state in Rajputana, lucUa, intersected by
lat •''7° N long. 76° E. It passed under British
protection in 1818. Area, 16,349 square miles. Popula-
tion (1891), 2,832,276. , „ -, •* t 1
2 The capital of the state of Jeypore, situated
in lat. 26° 55' N., long. 75° 52' E. It is the chief
city of R.ijputana, and an Important financial center and
is noted for its flue buildings. It w.as founded in 1,28.
Population (1891), 158,906. „.,,,• t
Jezebel (jez'e-bel). The wife of Ahab, king of
Israel, whom'she married before his accession,
and by whom she became the mother of Atha-
liah, queen of Judah, and of Ahaziah and Jo-
ram kings of Israel. She was a Phenician princess,
daugtiter of Ethbaal, kmg of the Sidonians, and estab-
lished the Phenician worship at the court of Ahab. bhe
was put to death hy order of Jehu. _
Jezreel (jez're-el), mod. Zerin (ze-ren ). In
Bil>le geography, a city m the plain ot Jezreel,
Palestine, situated near Mount Gilboa, 53 miles
north of Jerusalem, it was the capital ot Israel under
the dynasty of Ahab. Ahaziah and Joram were killed
here by Jehu. , . x- i * „e v>„i
Jhalawar (jii'la-wUr). A native state of Baj-
putana. India, consisting of two separate por-
tions, situated west of Gwalior, about long.
76°-77°E. Itisunder British protection. Area,
3 043 square miles. Population (1891), 343,601.
Jhana (.i-ha'na). See Dhyaui Biiddha.
Jhang (Jung)." 1. A district in the Multan divi-
sion, Panjab. British India, intersected by lat.
31° 15' N long 72° 15' E. Area, 5,871 square
miles. Population (1891), 436,841.- 2 A town
in the district of Jhang, about lat. 31 1» JN.,
loii" 72° 23' E. PopiUation, about 9,000.
Jhansi Han'se). 1. A division in the Northwest
Provinces, British India. Area, 4,983 square
miles. Population (1881), 1,000,457.-2 Adis-
trict in the Jhansi division, intersected by lat.
2.5° 30' N., long. 79° 10' E. Area, 1,640 square
miles. Population (1891), 409,419.-3 A for-
tified town in Gwalior, India, situated in lat.
'>5° 27' N., long. 78° 33' E. It was the scene of a
massacre ot Europeans in 1857; was captured by the
British in 1858 ; and was ceded to Owalior in 1861. Pop-
ulation (1891), 63,779. . „ , _. ,
Jhelum. or Jhelam (je'lum), or Jhylum, or
Jhilam (ji'lum), etc 1. One of the nvers of
the Panjab, India, rising in Kashmir and goin-
546
ing the Chenab in lat. 31° 10' N. : the ancient
Hvdaspes. On its banks Alexander the Great defeated
Porus, »Z6 B. c. Srinagar in Kashmir is on its banks.
Length, about 460 mUes. . .
2 A district in the Kawal Pmdi dmsion,
Paniab, British India, intersected by lat. 33°
N lone 73° E. Area. 3,995 square miles.
Population (1891), 609,0.56.-3. The capital ot
the district of Jhelum, situated ou the river
Jhelum in lat. 32° 55' N., long. 73° 40 E.
Population (1891), 12,878.
Jibaros. See Jivaros.
Jicarilla (He-ka-rel'yil). The northern branch
of the Vaquero of Beuavides, a tribe ot tlie
Apache. Prior to 1791) they ranged north of northern
New Mexico till driven out by the Comanche. Ihe Jica-
rilla are closely related to the Faraone.
Jiddah ( jid'dii), or Jeddah (jed:cla). A seaport
in Arabia, in the vilayet of Hedjaz Asiatic Tur-
key, situated on the Red Sea in lat. 21° 28 N.,
long 39°11'E. It is one of the chief commercial cen-
ters of Arabia, and the landing-place for Mecca pilgrims.
II was the scene of a massacre of the Christians 1858. Pop-
ulation, estimated, 22,000.
Jihun. See Jmu-Darki. . .
Jiiona (ne-no'na). A town m the province of
Alicante, eastern Spain, 12 miles north ot Ali-
cante. Population (1887), 6,198.
Jilolo. See Gilolo.
Jim Crow ( jim kro ). A dramatic song and negro
dance brought out by Thomas D. Rice, the fii-st
"negro minstrel," in Washington in 1835. Jo-
seph Jefferson appeared with him in this dance
when only 4 years old. ,,,..._
Jimena de la Frontera (ne-ma'na da la fron-
ta'ra). A town in the province of Cadiz, opam,
north of Gibraltar. Population (1887), 8,622.
Jimenes. See Ximenes.
Jim6nez (ne-ma'nath), Jesus. Bom at Cartage,
June 18, 1823. A Costa Rican statesman, presi-
dent of the repubUc May 8, 1863, to May 8, 1865,
and again Nov. 1, 1868, to April 28, 1870 when
be was overthrown bv a revolution. He was
moderate in politics, and imder him the country
progressed steadily.
Jina. See Jainas.
Jingas (zheng'gas). See Nfiola.
Jingle Alfred, otherwise Charles Fitz Mar-
shall' A swindler with an airy temperament
and a glib tongue, in Dickens's "Pickwick Pa-
pers." .,
Jinnestan (jin-es-tau'). An ideal region in the
mountains of Kaf, the abode of jmns and pens
and devs, in Persian mythology.
Jisdra, or Jizdra (zbez'di-ii). A town m the
government of Kaluga, central Russia, situated
on the river Jisdra 82 miles southwest of Kaluga.
Jitomir. See Zliitomir.
Jivaros (ne-va'ros). A race of Indians m Ecua-
dor and northern Peru, about the rivers flow-
ing into the upper Amazon. They are still numer-
ou?, and are divided into many petty hordes with diltcr-
ent names. All are savages of a rather low grade, living
mainly by hunting, and making war on other tribes ; their
laniuage has never been classified. For arms hey use
lanSes and blow-guns with poisoned arrows Ihey drj
and preserve their enemies' heads, and also those of their
chiefs: these heads are well known in museums. Mis-
sionaries preached to the Jivaros in the 16th century, but
they revolted in 1599 and destroyed many settlements ;
recently they have received Italian missionaries. Also
written J*nrf«, Girarus, or .Tii-nrus.
Joab(j6'ab). [Heb.,'Yahvehisniy father.'] The
commander of the Hebrew ai-my under King
David (about 1033-993 B. C). He commanded in the
war against Ishbosheth, the son of Saul, as well as against
the Gentiles. He treacherously slew Abner Saul s former
captain, after he had become reconciled with David and
despatched David's rebellious son Absaloiu He was killed
by order of Solomon for conspiring with Adonijah.
Joachim, King of Naples. See Jl/».-n<.
Joachim (vo'ii-chim), Joseph. Born at Kittsee,
near Presburg, Hungary, June 28, 1831. A cel-
ebrated Gei-man violinist and composer. He has
had great success as a solo and quartet player 1" 18"
he was made leader of the grand dukes band at Wei-
mar He was conductor of concerts and solo violinist to
the King of Hanover 1854-66, and head of the musical
school at Berlin 18(18. He received the honorary degree
of doctor of music in 1877 from Cambridge. He is a mas-
ter of teehnic. and his style is recognized as a model botn
in England and on the Continent.
Joachimites (jo'a-kim-its). The followers or
believers in the doctrines of an Italian mystic,
Joachim (died about 1200), abbot of Floris
The most important feature of his doctrines was the beliel
that the history of man will be covered by ".!',«f.''''!B"f/
the first, that of the Father, from the creation till the birtn
of Christ; the second, that of the Son, from the JJirth of
Christ till 1260; and the third, that of the Holy Spirit
from 1260 onward. This last view was developed by his
adherents into the belief that a new gospel would super-
sedi- the revelation of the Old and New Testaments. Ihese
seat' inc levKuiLioii u. Ill,- v,,u ,...« .
views had many supporters in the 13th century.
Joachimsthal (yo'a-chims-t&l). A mining and
Joannes VI. Palaeologus
manufacturing town in Bohemia, situated In
lat 50° 23' N., long. 12° 54' E. Its silver-mines
were celebrated in the 16th century. The word thaler,
dollar, is derived from tills place. Population (1890), com-
Joan.'s'urnamed "The Fair Maid of Kent." [From
Jotiiiita.'] Born 1328: dieii at Wallingford Cas-
tle, Aug. 7, 1385. The wife of Edward, prince of
Wales, ' ' the Black Prince," and mother of Rich-
ard II., probably the younger daughter of Ed-
mund of Woodstock, earl of Kent, sixth son of
Edward I. In Oct., 1330, the young queen Philippa took
charge of her, and she became "in her time the most
beautiful of all the kingdom (■') of England and the most
lovable " (Fruissart). She was first married to Sir Thomas
Holland, steward of the household to William de Monta-
cute, second earl of Salisbury. A few months after his
death (Dec. 28 1360) she married the Black Prince. Ihe
marriage was celebrated by Sini..ii Islip(whom see), arch-
bishop of Canterbury, at Lambeth, Oct. 10, 1361. Between
1362 and 1371 she was with the in ince in Aquitaine, where
her two sons Edward and Ricluud II. were born. The black
Prince died on June 8, 1376, and in June, 1377, Kicbard
became king. At her interposition in 1378 proceedings
against Wyclif at Lambeth were arrested. She also ex-
erted all her influence to heal the breach between Eichard
and John of Gaunt. IHct. Xat. Biog.
Joan, Queen of Scotland, called "Joan of the
Tower " Born in the Tower, London, about
July, 1321 : died Aug. 14, 1362. The fourth and
youngest child of Edward H. and Isabella,
daughter of Philip IV. of France. In the summer
of 13''7 Isabella and Mortimer, in the name of Edward III.,
proposed to Robert Bruce, then besieging Norham, the
marriage of his son and heu- David to Joan, and the mar.
riage was included among the conditions of the peace con-
cluded at Northampton, April, 1328. Tliey were married
at Berwick July 12, Li28. The Scots called the princess
"Joan Make-peace." The children were crowned at Scone
Nov "4 1331 When Edward BiJiol seized the crown of
Scotla'nd (Sept. 24, l:!32), David and Joan fled to Dumbar-
ton and in 1334 to the Chateau GaiUard in 1 ranee until
May, 1341, when they returned to Scotland.
Joan. A mythical female pope, supposed to
have reignei about 855-858. She is represented as
of English descent, although born atlngelheim or Jlaiuz,
and i5 having fallen in love ^\«1' a young Benedictine
monk, with whom she fled m male attue to Athens. After
his death she removed to Rome, where she rose to tne
rank of cardinal. She was elected pope a^ J»hn % 111.
on the death of Leo IV., and died in childbirth during a
public procession. , , -ci t
Joan of Arc (jo-an' or jon ov ark), F, Jeaime
d'ArC or Dare (zhiin dark), called " The Maid of
Orleans." Born at Domremy, Jan. 6, 1412 : died
May 30, 1431. The French national heroine. She
was the illiterate daughter of a peasant proprietor at Dom-
remy. At the time of her appearance in histoiT the bnglisn
were masters of the whole of France north of the Loire and
thequeen mother IsabeUa supported the pretensions of her
grandson Henry VI. of England to the throne of France
in opposition to her son Chailes VII. of 1 ranee Accord-
ing to a version of a prophecy by Merlm, which was cur-
rent in her native province and with which she was un-
doubtedly famUiar, France was to be overwhelmed with
calamities, but was to be delivered by a vu-gin out of the
forest of Domremy. She imagined that she heard super-
natural voices commanding her to "berate France, and
eventually gained access to the court of Charles MI., who
intrusted her with the command of an army. She raised
the siege of OrlC-ans by the English, May 8, 1429, and gained
the great victory of Patay, JunelS, 1429, with the result that
Charles VII. was enabled, July 17, 1429, to receive the con-
secrated oil at Rheims, where the kings of France were
anciently accustomed to hold the coronation ceremonies.
She was captured May 24, 1430, while defending i oiupHgne
against the Duke of Burgundy; was sold b.y the duke to
his allies the English ; and was burned at the stake as a
heretic at Rouen, May 30, 1431.
Joan of Arc. A painting by Bastien-Lepage, in
the MetropoUtan Museum, New \ ork. The mind
as a coarsely dressed Lorraine peasant girl, leans against
an anple-tree amid rustic surroundings, and looks upward
with a rapt expression. Above Boat spectral figures of
angels and of knights in armor. -, -r,- j
Joanna (j6-an'a) I. [Fern, of Joanncs.^ Died
1382. Queen of Naples 1343-82. She procured the
murder of her first liu^^n'^sA'^J'-^''' P"?"!,?^^;™'
in 1345, and in 1346 married Prince Louis of Taientum.
She was expelled by Louis, king of HungaiT, who invaded
Nanlls to aveiige the death of Andrew, but was restored
ii, 1352. She WIS captured and put to death by the usurper
Charles III. (whom see). .
Joanna II. Died 1435. Queen of Naples 1414-
1435.
Joannes. See Marajo. -r^- , n^^„
Joannes (.jo-an'ez) I. Zimiskes. Died at Con-
stantinople, Jan. 10, 976. Byzantine emperor
969-976. HcputtodcaththeemperorNicephorusPh^^^^^
and took possession of the throne by ">«^"^."f »" "feated "l e
intrigue with the empress Tlieophauo. He defeated me
Joa^'es'lLComnenus. See C«?o^o«»««;.
Joannes III. Vatatzes. D^d at Ny^^pb^um.
Oct. 30, 1255. Emperor of Nicsea 1— --ao..
Joannes IV. Lascaris. Emperor of Nicks
1-59-61 son of Theodore H. Lascans whom he
succeeded. He was deposed and blinded by
Michael Palieologus.
Joannes V. Cantacuzenus. See r««tar,/^a««^.
Joannes VI. Palaeologus. Bom 1332: died 1391.
Byzantine emperor 1311-91, son of Androni-
Joannes VI. Palaeologus
cus III. whom hesueeeetleiiiinderthe guardian-
ship of Joannes Cantaruzenus. Ue was forced to
share the imperial title with Cantacuzenus in 1347, but
became sole emperor on the abdicatiou of tho latter in
13i5. ^^
Joannes VII. Palaeologus. Bom 1390: died
144S. 15yz;iutiue emperor 1425-48.
Joannina. See Janina.
Joannites (jo-au'its). The adherents of John
Chrysostom who supported him after his de-
position from the patriarchate of Constantino-
ple in 404.
Joash (jo'ash). King of Israel 798-790 B. c.
(Duneker), son of Jeboahaz. He expelled tho Syri-
ans from his kingdom, am i defeated and captm-ed Amaziah,
king of Judah, and plundered the temple at Jerusalem.
Joash. King of Judah 837-797 B. c. (Duneker),
son of Ahaziah. He was the only prince of the royal
house who escaped massacre on the usurpation of the
throne by Athaliah (whom see). He was proclaimed by the
high priest .Iehoiada(whom see), win* overthrew .Atluiliah,
Id 837. He put to death Zechariah, the son of .Tehoiada, in
anger at being rebuked for restoring the worship of Baal,
and was murdered by his own servants during au invasion
of the Syrians.
Job (job). [Heb. lijiih.'] The hero of a book
of the Old Testament named from him. He is
a man of great wealth and prosperity, who is suddenly
overtaken by dire misfortunes. These give rise to a series
of discussions between Job and a number of friends who
come to visit him. The pnjbleni discussed is whether suf-
fering is always the punislmient for sin, and, conversely,
whether sin is always followed by punishment. Job as-
serts his righteousness, and his friends assume that his
Altering must be a punishment for sin. A righteous man
named Jol) is mentioned in Ezek. xiv. U, but it is gen-
erally assumed that the book itself is not historical in char-
acter. This assumption is found as far back as the Talmud.
The authorship has Ibeen ascribed to Moses, Jeremiah,
Ezra, and other biblical writers. Some modern critics
consider it an Israelitish production, and place it directly
after the fall of Samaria (7L2 B. c), while others hold that
it is a .ludaic production dating from the period of the
Babylonian captivity. The work is poetic in form, with a
prose prologue and epilogue. .Some writers call it a dnima,
others a didactic lyric. It is held by some that the book
in its jjresent form is not the original poem. The prologue
and epilogue are considered later additions. The speeches
of Elihu (one of the friends) are held to be interpolations
made in the interest of orthodox beliefs, and some writers
consider still other passages interpolations made from the
same point of. view. The great literary merit of the book
is recognized by all modern %vriters.
Jocasta (.i6-,kas'ta). A play by Gascoigne and
franei.s Kinwelmarsh, acted in 1566. it has been
supposed to be the only Early English play derived from
the Greek, but is really a translation from the Italian of
Lodovieo Dolce.
Jocaste (po-kas'te), or Epicaste (ep-i-kas'te).
[Gr. 'luKaoTri, 'EKmaaTrj,'] In Greek legend, the
wife of Laius, and mother of CEdipus whom she
afterward married. See (Edijms.
Jocelin, or Joscelin (.ios'e-lin). Flourished
1200. An ?;nglish hagiographer, a Cistercian
monk of the abbey of Furuess in Lancashire,
and later of the monastery at Down, northern
Ireland. He wrote "Life and Miracles of St. Walthen
of Melrose," "Life of David, King of Scotland," "Life
of St, Kentigern," "Life and Miracles of St. Patrick." and
was probalily the author of a "Life of St. Helen," and a
work "De Brit4>nnm Episcopis" mentioned by stowe.
Jocelin de Brakelonde. Flourished 1200. a
native of Hur.v .St. Kilmunds, and chronicler of
St. Edmund's Alibey. He entered the convent in
1173. His chronicle of the abbey covers the period from
1173 to 1'20'2. The graphic account of the abbot Samson
suggested farlyU-s " Past and Present" (1S43).
Jochanan ben Zaccai (j6-ka'nan ben zak'ki).
The celebrated founder of the school of Jabno
(which see), and head of the .lewish community
after the destruction of Jerusalem by the Ro-
mans. He had a school in Jerusalem. At the outbreak
of the revolution he urged the maintenance of jieace witli
Rome. Later he managed to escape from the besieged city
into the Roman camp, being carried out of the t<jwn as a
corpse. He ol)taiiied from Vespiisian permission to open
a school in Jabne, and through the activity ho displayed
as head of the school and president of the Saidledrim,
which likewise took up its utiode at Jabne, became the re-
storer and regenerator of Jewish national life out of the
ruins of the state and tenii>lo. His last blessing to his
disciples surrounding his death-bed was : "May the fear of
God iiilluence your actions as nmeh as the fear of man."
Jodelle (zh6-der),fitienne, Sieur doLvmodin.
Born at Paris, 1.532: dieil there, July, 1.573. A
French dramat ie poet, a member of the Pl(5iade,
and the fotinder of modern French tragedy and
comedy. Ho wrote the tragedies "C16opatre
captive" (1.5.52), "Didon" (1.5.53), the comedy
"Eugf'ne," etc.
Jodhpur (jod-por'). 1. A native state in Raj-
?utana, India, intersected by lat. 26° N., long.
2° E. : called also Marwar. It passed under Brit-
ish protection in 1818. Area, 37,446 square miles. I'opula-
tion (1891), 2,.';21,727.
2. 1 he capital of the state of Jodhpur, situated
in lat. 26* 17' N., long. 73° 4' E. Population
(1891), 61,849.
Jodrell ( jo'drel), Richard Paul. Bom Nov. 13,
547
1745: died at London, Jan. 26, 1831. An Eng-
lish classical scholar and dramatist, a friend
of Dr. Johnson. He became member of Parliament
for Seaford, Sussex, in 1704. He wrote "Philology of the
English Language "(1820), "A Widow and no Widow ' (pro-
duced at tho Haymarket July 17, 177S)), "The Persian
Heroine," a tragedy (printed 1786, and acted under the
patronage of the Persian ambas.sador June 2, 1810).
JoeKJo'el). [Heb.,'JehovahisGod.'] Thesec-
ond in order of tho minor prophets of Israel.
His prophecy, which consists of 3 chapters, is spoken partly
in his own name and partly in that of Jehovah. It fore-
tells judgmentsthat aretocomein Israel, exhorts the peo-
ple to repentance and reform, and promises ultimate bless-
ings. Its date has been much disputed.
Jogues (zhog), Isaac. Born at Orleans, France,
Jan. 10, 1607: killed at Caughnawaga, N. Y.,
(.)ct. 18, 1(340. A French Jesuit missionary. Ho
ent*;red the order of the Jesuits in 1624 ; was ordained
priest iu 1636; and in the same year went to Canada, being
sent there as a missionary to the Hurons. He was cap-
tured in 1642 by the Mohawks, but escaped with the as-
sistance of the Dutch in 1643. In 1646 he voluntarily re-
turned to the Mohawks, with a view to establishing a mis-
sion ; but was looked upon as a sorcerer and killed. He
wrote a "Description of New Netherlands," a "Notice of
Rem5 Goupil." and a "Journal" of his captivity, which
have been published in the "Collections of tlie New York
Historical Society. "
Johanna. See Joanna.
Johanna (jo-han'ii) Island, or Anzuan (Un-zo-
iin'), or Anjuan (iin-,io-!iu'). One of the Co-
moro Islands, situated in Mozambique Channel,
east of Afi-ica, in lat. 12° 10' S., long. 44° 25' E.
It is governed by a sultau residing at the head
town, Johanna. Population (estimated), 12,000.
Johannes (yo-han'nes), surnamed Parricida
('the Parricide') (John of Swabia). Bora
1290: died 1368. A German prince. He was the
nephew of King Albert I., whom he murdered near Win-
diach, Aargau, Switzerland, May 1, 1308, tor withholding
his hereditary domains.
Johannesburg (yo-han'nes-boro). A town in
Transvaal, South Africa, about 300 miles north-
east of Kimberley. It is the center of the Wit-
watersrand gold-fields, laid out in 1886. Popu-
lation (1892), 9,539.
Johannes Secundus (jo-han'ez se-kuu'dus)
(originally JanEveraerts). BoraaffheHague,
Nov., 1511: died at Utrecht, Netherlands, 1536.
A Dutch poet, noted for his Latin lyrics, elegies,
etc. His " Basia" was published in 1539.
Johanngeorgenstadt (y6-han''''ga-or'gen-stat) .
A town in the kingdom of Saxony, situated in
the Erzgebirge, on the Schwarzwasser, 29 miles
south-southwest of Chemnitz. Population( 1890) ,
5,124.
Johannisberg (yo-han'ms-bero). A village of
Prussia, on the Rhine near Wiesbaden. It is
noted for its vineyards, which produce the Jo-
hannisberger wine.
Johannot (zh6-ii-n6'), Alfred. Born at Offen-
bach, March 21, 1800 : died at Paris, Dee. 7, 1837.
A French historical painter. He was first known
as the engraver of the pictures of Veruet and
-Vjy Scheffer.
Johannot, Tony. Bom at Offenbach, Nov. 9,
1H03: died at Paris, Aug. 4, 18.52. AFrenchhis-
torical painter and engi'aver, brother of ^Ufred.
John (.jou), the Apostle. [Early mod. E. also
Jon; also, after the L., Jolian ; "ME. Jon (with
long vowel, as iu the gen. Jones, whence the
mod. surname Jones), also Jolian, OF. Jolian,
Jilian, Jean, F. Jean, Sp. Juan, Pg. Joilo, It.
Ciovanni, frkinni, Gian, D.'Jan, G. Joliann, Kuss.
Ivan, etc., fromlAj. Joannes, Johannes, Gr.'lwiii'-
I'Vr, Hel). Yehiihliandn (in Eng. O. T. Jolianiin),
'tlie Lord gi'aciously giive.' The form Jack,
often used as a familiar substitute for Joliii, is
really a short form of Jacob.] One of the tliree
disciples of Jesus wlio were admitted to closest
intimacy with him, preeminently "the disciple
whom Jesus loved." He was the son of Zebedoe, and
originally a fisherman. His brother James and he were
designated "Boanerges," sons of thunder. He leaned on
the bosom of .lesus at the last supper, and was i)resent
at tho crucillxion, when Jesus conimilted his mother to
John a special care. He is generally believed to have been
the author of the gospel aiul the three epistles that bear
his name, an<i also of the Apocalypse or Revelation, though
the(|Uestionof the authorship of all these has more or less
been matter ttf discussion. Early ecclesiasfical traditions
tell that, after an enforced or voluntary- exile to the isle of
I'atmcjB, ho returned to Ephesus, and died there at a great
age.
John, The Gospel of. The fourth gospel, the
authorship of wliich is generally attributed to
the apostle John. It has very much less in common
with the (tther three gospels than they have with each
other. Its nmin purpose is set forth in the book itself:
"These are written that ye might believe that Jesus is the
Christ, the Son of Go<i, and that, believing, yo might have
life through his name" (xx. 31). While It is largely nar-
rative, the discourses and sayings of Jesus have promi-
nence (see especially xiv,-xvil.). The date usually assigned
to it is from 80 to 90 A. s.
John
John, the Baptist. Bom about 5 (t) b. c. : be-
headed about 30 a. d. The forerunner of Jesus,
and the last of the Hebrew prophets.
John I., Saint. Pope 523-.520. He was a native of
luscany, and was elevated on the death of Hormisdas. Iu
625 he was sent l>y Theodoric, king of the East Goths, at
the head of an embassy to the liyzantine emperor to obtain
toleration for the -Brians, iu which he was only partially
successful. He was suspected by Theodoric of having
secretly opposed the object of the nussiou, and was on his
return thrown into prison, where he died. He is com-
memorated in the Roman Catholic church on May 27.
John n., surnamed Mercurius (on account of
liis elii(|ueuce). Pope 532-535.
John III. Pope 560-573. Dtuing his pontificate
Italy was ravaged by frequent incursions of the
Lombards.
John ly . Pope 640-642. He was a native of Salona in
Dalmatia, and condemned the Monothelitic formula of
faith prepared by Sergius at the instance of the emperor
Heraclius.
John V. Pope 685-686. He was a native of
Antiofh in Syria.
John VI. Pope 701-705.
John VII. Pope 705-707.
John VIII. Pope 872-882, a Roman by birth. He
crowned the emperors Charles the Bald (876)' and Charles
the Fat (881), and paid tribute to tho Saracens.
John IX. Pope 898-900.
John X. Pope 914-928. He was elevated through the
inlluence of his mistress Theodora, a courtezan at Rome.
He defeated the Saracens near the Garigliano in 916.
John XI. Born 906 : died 936. Pope 931-932,
son of Marozia (whom see) and Pop* Sergius
in. He was deposed by his brother AJberic, and
died in prison.
John XII. Died 964. Pope 955-963, son of Alberio
II., patrician of Rome, and grandson of Marozia
(whom see). H« called to his aid against Berengarius 1 1,
of Italy, Otto I. of Germany, whom he crowned emperor
in 962. He presently conspired against the emperor, how-
ever, and was deposed by him in 963.
John XIII. Pope 965-972.
John XrV. Pope 983-984. He was elected, through
the influence of the emperor Otto II., to succeed Benedict
Vn., but was imprisoned by the antipope Boniface VII. in
984. and died prolialdv by jn.ison.
John XV. Pcpe ;is.-;-ii;)G.
John XVI. (Philagathus). Antipope 997-998.
He was elevated by Crescentiuson the expulsion of Gregory
V. in 997, but was imprisoned and blinded by the emperor
Otto III. in 998.
John XVII. (Sicco). Pope 1003.
John XVIII. (Fanasus or Fasanus). Pope
1003-09.
John XIX. Pope 1024-33.
John XXI. (or XX.). Pope 1276-77.
John XXII. (Jacques d'Euse). Bom at Cahors,
France, about 1244: died 1334. Pope 1316-,34.
He made his residence at Avignon, and was wholly sub-
servient to the interests of the t'reneh court. He opposed
the emperor Louis the Bavarian, whose imperial dignity
he offered to Charles the Fair of France. Louis, however,
installed Nicholas V. as antipope at Rome in 1328, but on
retiring from Italy was unable to prevent Nicholas from
falling into the hands of John.
John XXIII. (Baltasare Cossa). Bora at Na-
ples about 1360 : died at Florence, Nov. 22,
1419. Pope 1410-15. He served as a corsair in his
youth ; afterward studied at the University of Bologna ;
was created a cardinal in 1402; and in 1410 succeeded
Alexander V., whose death he was suspected of having
encompassed. He was opposed by the antipopes Bene-
dict XIII. and Gregory NIL, along with whom he was
deposed by the Council of Constance in 1416.
John (Sp. Juan (no-iln')) I. Born Dee. 27,
1350 : died 1395. King of Aragon 1387-95, sou
of Pedro I\\
John (Sp. Juan) II. Born June 29. 1397: died
Jan. 20, 1479. King of Ai'agon 1458-79, son of
Ferdinand I.
John (Sp. Juan) I. Bom In Aug., 1358: died
1390. King of Castile 1379-90, sou of Henry II.
John (Sp. Juan) II. Died in June, 1454. King
of (_'astile 1406-54.
John, G. Johann (vo'hiin), surnamed "Tho
Blind." Born about 1296: killed at the battle
of Cr^ey, Aug. 26, 1346. King of Bohemia, of
the house of Xiu.\einburg, 1310-4(5. He fought
at tlio battle of Jliihldorf in 1322.
John, surnamed Lackland. Bom probablv at
O.xford, Dec. 24, 1167 (f) : dieil at Newark, Oct.
19, 1216. King of England I199-121(i. son of
Henry II. and Eleanor. He ascended the English
throne on the death of his brother Rielnmi I. witliout
issue. His succession was recognized also in the ducliy
of Normandy, but the lords of Anjon, Maine, and Tou-
raine declared, according to their custom of inheritance,
in favor of Arthur as the son of an elder brother. Having
put Arthur to death in 1203, his JYeiu-li llcfs weie de-
clared forfeited by Philip II. of France, who took Ch.'Ueau
(laiUard, tho last of John's 8tronghi>lds in FYance, Mareli
l\ 1204. On the death of Hubert Walter, archbishop of
i'anterbury. in 1205, a disputed election for the archbish-
opric was followed by a reference to Rome, which re-
sulted in the election of Stephen Langton by the com-
mand ol Pope Innocent III. in 1206. John refused to rco
John
ognize the new archbishop, and England was laid nnder
an interdict in 1208. In 1212 the Pope issued :i bull de-
posing John and intrusting the excL-ution of the deposi-
tion to Philip II. of France. John made his peace with
the Pope by consenting to hold his kingdom in fief from
the Pope and to pay an anniud tribute of l.OoO marks
(May 15, 1213). He thereupon invaded FYance in alliance
with the emperor (Hto IV., tlie Flemish, and others, but
was defeated with his allies at Bonvines in 1214. In the
mean time the barons, witli whom he had been embroiled
ever since his accession l>y his exactions and misgovem-
ment, had combined to secure a reform in the govern-
ment, and on his return John was compelled to sign the
Magna Charta (which see) at Rnnnymede, June 15, 1215.
He appealed to the Pope, who declared the charter void.
The b:ir"iis rct';'rted Ity declaring the crown forfeited and
bestowing it upon I/juis, son of Philip II. of France, who
landed in Knghind iiil216. John died during the ensuing
war, and his opportune death preserved the crown for
his son Henrj' IIL
John (F. Jean) II., siu'nametl "Le Bon" ('the
Good ■). Died at London, April 8, 1364. King
of France 1350-64, son of Philip XI. He was de-
feated and captured by the British under the Black Prince
at Poitiers in 1356, and was restored to liberty by the
peace of Br^tigny in 1360.
John (Pg. Joao.! I., snmamed "Tlie Great."
Bom at Lisbon, April 22, 1357 : died Aug. 11,
1433. King of Portugal 1385-1433, illegitimate
son of Pedro I. He became grand master of Aviz in
13fi4. and was in 1385 elected to succeed his legitimate
brother Ferdinand I., to the exclusion of Ferdinand's
daughter Beatrice, wife of John I. of Castile. John of Cas-
tile sought to enforce his wife's claim, but sutfered a de-
cisive defeat at Aljubarrota, Aug. 14. 1385. John the Great
married Philippa, daughter of John, duke of Lancaster.
John IL, sumamed "The Perfect." Died in
Oft., 14!ri. King of Portugal 1481-95, son of
Alfonso V. During his reign Bartholomeu Dias
discovered the Cape of Good Hope (1486).
John m. Bom at Lisbon. 1502: died 1557.
King of Portugal 1521-57, son of Emanuel I.
He introduced the Inquisition about 1526.
John IV., surnanied "The Fortunate." Died
Nov. 6. 1656. King of Portugal 1640-56. He
headed the revolution against Spain, whose authority he
threw otf, although the independence of Portugal was not
formally recognized before 1668. He was the first of the
house of Braganza.
John V. Bom at Lisbon, Oct. 22, 1689: died
Julv 31, 1750. King of Portugal 1706-50, son
of Pedro II.
John VI. Born at Lisbon, May 13, 1767 : died
there, March 10, 1826. King of Portugal 1816-
1826, son of Queen Maria I. He assumed in 1799 the
title of regent for his insane mother, whom he succeeded
in 1816. Expelled by the French in ISO", he transferred
the government to Brazil, where he resided until 1S21.
John in. Bom 1537: died Nov. 17, 1592. King
of Sweden 15(i8-92, second son of Gustavus
Vasa. He deposed and murdered his brother
Erie Xr\". -n-hom he succeeded.
John n. Casimir. Bom March 21. 1609 : died
at Xevers, France, Dec. 16, 1672. King of Po-
land 1648--68, son of Sigismund III. He succeed-
ed his stepbrother Ladislaus, and w.aged wur with Swe-
den and Russia, with which powers he concluded peace
at Oliva May 3, 1660, and .\ndrussov Jan. 20, 1667, respec-
tively. He abdicate<l Sept. 16, 1668.
John m. Sobieski. Bom at Olesko, Galieia,
.June 2, 1624: died June 17, 1696. King of Po-
land 1674-96. He brought an army of 20,000 Poles to
the relief of Vienna, before which he gained a celebrated
victory over the Turks Sept. 12, 1683.
John, sumamed "The Fearless." Bom about
1370: assassinated 1419. Duke of Burgundy,
son of Philip the Bold whom he succeeded in
1404. He assassinated the Duke of Orleans in
1407, and was at strife with the dauphin (Charles
vn.).
John, G. Johann, sumamed "The Constant."
Bora June 30, 1468 : die<l -\ug. 10. 1.532. Elector
of Sa.xony, co-regent with his brother Frederick
the Wise" until the death of the latter (May 5,
1525). He was the Protestant leader at Spires 1529, and
in the Smalkaldic League 1531,
John, Don. 1. In Shakspere's comedy " Much
Ado about Nothing," the bastard brother of
Don Pedro of Aragon. — 2. In Beaumont and
Fletcher's comedy "The Chances," a hare-
brained but honorable Spanish gentleman.
John, Eugenie : pseudoni,-m E. Marlitt. Born
at Arnstadt, Thuringia, Germany. Dec. 5, 1825.
A German novelist. Among her novels is
" Goldelse " (1866). See Marlitt.
John, Baron Franz von. Bom at Bmok.
Lower Austria. Nov. 20. 1815: died at Vienna,
May 2fi, 1876, An Austrian general.
John, Little. See Little John.
John, Prester. See Prester John.
John of Austria, generally called Don Jnanor
John of Austria. Born at Ratisliiin, Bavaria,
Feb. 24, 1.547: died nmrNamur, Belgium, Oct.
1. 1578. A celebrated Spanish general, illegiti-
mate son of the emperor Charles V. by Barbara
Blomberg. He defeated the Moriscos in Granada 1569-
548
1570 ; gained a naval victory over the Turks at Lepanto
Oct. 7, 1571 ; captured 'l'utiisi-'»73; and was governor uf the
Netherlands from 1576 until his death. He granted the
"perpetual edict "in 1577, and in 1578 declared war against
the insurgent provinces under William of Orange.
John of Beverley, Saint. Died at Beverley,
lorksbire, 721. An English prelate, bishop of
Hexham 687, and bishop of York 705.
John of Beverley. Bom at Beverley, York-
shire: executed at St. Giles's Fields, Ilan. 19,
1414. .\u English Carmelite theologian, ideu-
tified with John of Beverley, the Lollard.
John of Bologna. [F. Jean de Boidopne, It.
Gioranni da Bologna.'] Bom at Douai about
1530: died at Florence, 1608. A celebrated
Italian sculptor. Hewassumamed bythe Italians "II
Fiammingo," from his birth in the Low Countries. He went
to Rome when quite young, and submitted work to Michel-
angelo. Aftertwoyetn-shesettledinFlorence. Thegreat
fountain of Keptune in Bologna was begun in 1563 and fin-
ished in 1566. From this he derived his name. The date of
the " Slercury. " now in Florence, his most popular statue,
is not known. He also made the "Rape of the Sabines"
in the Loggia dei Lanzi, the equestrian statue of Cosmo I.
in the Piazza della Signoria, the fountain in the Boboli
Gardens (all at Florence) ; the giant statue of the Apen-
nines at I'ratolino ; a charming statuette of Venus on a
fountain at Petraja ; and the bi*onze doors of the cathedral
of Pisa.
John of Damascus (John Damascene or
Joannes Damascenus), sumamed Chrysor-
rhoas. Boru at Damascus at the end of the 7th
centurj': died about 760 (?). A theologian and
father "of the Eastern Church. He is the reputed
authorof the romance " Barlaam and Josaphat." His works
wereeditril hy Le c^uien (1712).
John of Gamundia. See the extract.
John of Gamundia was a mathematician and professor of
astronomy. At his death, in the year 1442, he was chan-
cellor of the University of Vienna. The cidendars made
by him were highly esteemed, and were engraved and
printed for many years after his death. In his researches
after old prints, tlie late R. Z. Becker, of Gotha. discovered
one of the original blocks of a placard or poster edition of
the l'alend.ar of John of Gamundia. He describes it as
about lOJ inches wide, 15 i inches long, and li inches thick.
The block was engraved on both sides.
De rinnf. Invention of Printing, p. 241, note.
John of Gaunt (coiTuptedfrom Ghent), Duke of
Lancaster. Bom at Ghent. March, 1340: diedat
London, Feb. 3, 1399. The fourth son of Ed-
ward HI. In 1342 he was created earl of Richmond, and in
1359 married his cousin Blanche, second daughter of Henry,
duke of Lancaster. On the death of Henry (May, 1361)
and his eldest daughter Maud, duchess of Bavaria, he suc-
ceeded by right of his wife to the rank and possessions of
the Dukes of Lancaster. In i;^7 he accompanied the Black
Prince on the Spanish expedition. Blaiiche died in 1369,
and in 1371 he married Constance, eldest daughter of Pedro
the Cruel, the deposed king of Castile. Returning to Eng-
land in 1372, he styled himself King of Castile by right of
his wife. Lancaster was constantly engaged i n the struggle
with France, but although a brave knight he was never a
competent general, and his repeated failures contributed
much to his increasing unpopularity. The Black Prince
died June 8, 1376, and the Good Parliament, which under
his patronage had undertaken to reform abuses, was dis-
solved. On July 6 the supreme power passed into the
hands of Lancaster. His most powerfulopponent, William
of Wykeham, was disgraced. In the struggle with the
clerical party Lancaster was drawn into an alliance with
the Reformers, especially Wyclif whom he defended be-
fore the convocation at St. Paul's. Feb. Ifl, 1377. His brutal
behavior excited a riot in London : his palace, the Savoy,
was attacked, and he was forced to take refuge with Prince
Richard and his mother, the widow of the Black Prince, at
Kennington. Edw;ird III. died June21, 1377, andRichard
II. became king, and Lancaster's political power declined.
He was engaged in futile expeditions to France and Scot-
land. ^\'Tlile absent in the north his extreme unpopularity
was shown by the destruction of his palace of the Savoy
in Wat Tjler's insurrection, June 13, 1381. Richard li.
created him duke of Aqnitaine Mai-ch 2, 1390, and he as-
sisted in negotiating the French treaty May 24, 13M.
John of Gischala. Oneoftheheroesand leaders
in the Judean war with Rome. He first gathered
an anny of volunteers, and fortified himself in his native
place, Gischala, a small city in Galilee. Driven out by
Titus, he fled to Jerusalem, and became one of the leading
and ruling spirits, distinguishing himself by undaunted
courage, heroism, and military ability. He had at last to
gnice the triumphal procession of Titus, and perished in
a dungeon at Rome.
John o' Groat's (jon 6 grots) House. A locality
in the county of Caithness, Scotland, in lat. 58°
38' X. , long. 3° 4' W. . near the northeastern ex-
tremity of the island of Great Britain.
John oiF Hexham. Flourished 1180. An Eng-
lish historian, prior of Hexham before 1178.
He continued the chronicle of Symeon of Durham over
a period extending from 1130-.M. It deals mainly with
the church in the north of F.ngland.
John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford. Bom
June 20, 1389: died at Rouen, Sept. 14, 1435.
Resrent of England and France. He was the third
son of Henry IV. of England by Mary, daughter of Hum-
phrey Bohnn. earl of Hereford. He was knighted at his
father's coronation as one of the original knights com-
panions of the Bath, and in 1403 was made constable of
England and warden of the East Marches. In May, 1414,
he was crt-ated duke of Bedford and earl of Kendal, and
later earl of Richmond. He commanded the troops in
the north until the death of Henry IV. (March, 1413). On
John Nepomuk Maria Joseph
Aug. 15, 1416, the fleet under his command won the great
victory over the French in the Channel, and succeedt-tl iii
relieving the besieged town of Uartieur; and in 1417 his
expedition into Scotland was successfuL At the death of
Henry V. (Aug. , 14221 he assumed the regency. To secure
the alliance of Philip, duke of Burgundy, Bedford married
his daughter Anne in 142;J. His ailministration of France
continued both successful and beneficial until the siege
of Orleans (1428- 20\ which marks the appearance of Joan
of .\rc and the decline of English supr>-niacy. Charles
\"LI. was crowned king of France at Rheinis July 17, 1429^
and Joan of Arc unsuccessfully assaulted Paris .Sept. 8,
1429. She was betrayed to the English, and executed May
30, 1431. Anne, duchess of Bedford, died Nov. 13, 1432, and
Bedfordsacrificedtheallianceof Philip, duke of Bui-gundy,
by m.arTying Jacqueline, daughter of Pierre, count of St,
Pol, -April 20. 1433. Philip entered into an alliance with
the French king, thus thwarting Bedford's hopes, and ter-
minating the French dominion of the English king.
John of Levden (properly Johann Bockelson
or Bockolcl). Bom at Leyden about 1510 : put
to death at Milnster, Westphalia. Jan. 23. 1.536.
An Anabaptist fanatic. Hesucceeded Matthiesenas
leader of the Anabaptists in Munster 1534, revolutionized
the city, and established a theocracy or Kingdom of Zion,
ofwhich he was crowned king. He was imprisoned hy the
bishop of Munster in 1.535. He is the subject of Meyer-
beer's opera " Der Prophet."
John of London, or John Bever. Died I3ii-
An English chronicler, monk of Westminster
Abbey. He was the author of "Commendatio lamenta-
hilis in transitum Magni Regis Edwardi Quarti." He is
supposed to have been the author of '' Flores Historiartmi "
Ifrom 1205 to 1300).
John of Luxemburg, See John, King of Bo-
hemia.
John of Nepomuk. See Xepomul:
John of Peterborough. Flourished 1380. The
alleged author of the "Chronicon Petrobur-
gense," probably an imaginary person.
John of Salisbury, sumamed Parvus ("the Lit-
tle '). Born at Salisbury, Wiltshire, England,
about 1115: died at Chartres, France. Oct. 25,
1180. A noted English ecclesiastic, scholar, and
author,bishop of Chartres. In 1136hewent to Paris
to attend the lectures of .\belard. He also studied with
Alberic of Rheims, Robert of Melun, and William of
Conchea At Chartres he laid the foundation of his classi-
cal scholarship. In 1141 he returned to Paris to study the-
ology under Master Gilbert de laPorree, Robert PuUus and
Simon de Poissy. In 114S he attended the coimcil held by
Eugenius III. at Rheims, and followed the Pope to Rome.
From 1150-64 he lived at the court of Canterbury with
Archbishop Theobald. He was repeatedly intrusted with
delicate affairs of state, and frequently visited the papal
court in Italy. His close alliance with the bishops brought
him into disfavor with Henry II., which obliged him to
abandon England in 1164 and find shelter at Rheinis. He
later returned to Canterbury, and was present at the mur-
der of Archbishop Thomas Becket. His works consist of
his letters, "Policraticus," "Metalogicus," "Entheticus,"
"Vita Sancti Anselmi," "Vita S.ancti Thomte Cantuar.,"
"Historia Pontificalis." His collected works have been
edited by GUes (1848).
John of S'wabia. See Johannes Parhcida.
John (G. Johann) Baptist Joseph Fabian
Sebastian, Arcliduke of .\ustria. Bom at Flor-
ence, Jan. 20, 1782: died at Gratz, Styria. May
10, 1859. An Austrian general, younger son of
the emperor Leopold II. He was made comm.ander-
in-chief of the Austrian army in Bavaria in Sept., ISOO,
and was defeated by the French under Moreau at H-jhen-
linden, Dec. 3. lS<;i0. In 1S09 he obtained command of the
Austrian army in Italy, and g:uned a victory over the vice-
roy Eugene at SacUe .\pril 16, but was defeated at Raab
June 14, IS' 19. He commaniled on the Rhine in 1815, and
was chosen administrator of the empire by the German
National Assembly in 1848 (resigned 1849).
John Frederick (jon fred'er-ik), G. Johann
Friedrich, sumamed "The Magnanimous."
Born at Torgau, Prussia, June 30, 1503: died
at Jena, March 3, 1554. Elector of Saxony, son
of John the Constant whom he succeeded in
1-532. He was one of the leaders of the Smalkaldic League.
At Miihlberg, .April 24, 1547, he was defeate<l by the em-
peror Charles v., captured, and forced to renounce the
electorate. See ifuhlber^.
John George I. , G. Johann Georg. Born March
5, 1.5.S5: died at Dresden, Oct. 8, 10.56. Elector
of Saxony, in the Albertine line, second son of
the elector Christian I. and Sophia, princess of
Brandenburg. He succeeded his brother Chris-
tian II. in 1611.
John George n., G. Johann Georg. Bom May
31. 1613: died at Dresden. Aug. 22, 1680. Elec-
tor of Saxony, eldest son of John George I.
whom he succeeded in 1656.
John Greorge m. , G. Johann Georg. Bora June
20, 1647 : died at Tubingen, Sept. 12. 1691. Elec-
tor of Saxony, son of John George II. whom he
succeeded in 1(380. Hetookpart in warsagainst France,
aided the emperor against the Turks, and supported the
Venetians in the Morea.
John GeorgelV., G- Johann Georg. Born Oct.
]■*. 166>i: di»d April 27, 1691. Elector of Sax-
onv, son of John George III. whom Iiesneceeded
in "1691.
John (G. Johann) Nepomuk Maria Joseph.
Bom at Dresden, Dec. 12, 1801 : died at Pillnitz,
John Nepomuk Maria Joseph
near Dresden, Oct. 29, 1873. Kiug of Saxony
1854, brotiier of Frederick Augustus II. whom
he succeeded. He sidwi with .\iistria in the Austro-
Prussian war in 1866, joine'l the Nortli German Confeilera-
tion on its formation in IMWl, ami t)fcame a meml)erof the
fJemian Knipire in 1871. He pulilislied a translation of
Dante's " Divina Coiuinedia " (183'.>— lif).
JohnBull. TheEnglishuatiouiiersoiiified: used
.■lU.. Inr Mil Enxlislimaii.
John Bull, or The Englishman's Fireside. A
comedy by Colmau the younger, produced in
1805.
John Bull, The History of. A satirical work
by Arbiithiiot, issued (irigiually as "Law is a
Hottciiiiless Pit" iu 1712.
John Buncle. The title of a l)ook bv Thomas
Ainoi-y ^l(iStl (?)-1788), publislied 17"56-66: so
called from the name of its hero. The latter mar-
Ties 7 wives after extremely short intervals. He is "a pi-o-
diginus liand at matrimony, divinity, a song, and a peck."
John Company (jon kum'pa-ni). An old col-
loquial designation for the Honourable East
India Company, in familiar use in India and
England.
John Dory. A favorite old ballad frequently
refeiTcd to by writers of the IGth and 17th cen-
turies.
John Gilpin. Aballa<lby WilliamCowjier, pub-
lished ill liS5 (printed anonymously in 1782):
so called frcmi the name of its hero.
John Hjrrcanus. See Hyrcamts.
John Inglesant. A romance by J. H. Short-
house. ))ublished ill 1881.
John's College, St. See St. John's College.
John ScotUS. See Kriijcilil.
John, St. (the Baptist), in the Desert. 1. A
painting by Titian, in the Aceademia, Venice. —
2. A pa iiitingby Raphael, in the Uifizi, Florence.
St. .Tonn is represented as a youth of 15, with a panther-
Blcin about his loins, pointing to a cross beside him. This
picture is very familiar in engravings, etc.
John the Baptist, Life of. A series of 7 frescos
by t.ihirlaiidaio (1490), iu the choir of Santa
jiaria Novella. Florence. They begin with the "An-
Sel and Zacharias," and end with the "Dancing of Hero-
ias," and are of high interest not only for their inherent
merit, lint also for tlieir portraits of contemporary Floren-
tines.
Johns Hopkins University. An institution of
learning at Baltimore, Jlarylaud. founded by
Johns Hopkius, a capitalist of that city, who died
in 1873, lea\-iug a bequest of $7,000,000 to be di-
vided between the University and the Johns
Hopkins Hospital, also at Baltimore. The uni-
Tersity was incorporated Aug. 24, 1867, and was opened
for instruction in .Sept., 1876. It consists of a philosophi-
cal faculty, affording instruction in letters and science to
graduate students. To this is attached a collegiate de-
partment for undergraduates. A medical school, opened
by the Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1893, forms practically
part of the university. The university, including the
medical faculty and the collegiate department, hail (1896-
1807) 10!i instructors and .12(1 students, of whom 344 were
gniiluiitr students.
Johnson (.jon'son), Andrew. Born at Kaleigh,
N.C..l)ec.29, 1808: died in CarterCounty.Tenn.,
JulySl. 1875. The seventeeuth President of the
United States (1805-09). He was a member of Con-
gress from Tennessee 1813-5:J ; was governor of Tennessee
18.'i;t-57 ; was a United States senator 18ri7-62 ; was military
governor of Tennessee 1862-64 ; was elected as Republican
candidate for Vice-President in 1864, being inangui-ated
March 4. 180.5 ; succeeded Lincoln aa President April Ifi,
1865 ; and was elected United States senator from Tennes-
see in 187.'). He was nominated to tile vice-presidency by
the Republicans in order to ctmciliatc the war Democrats,
and on his unexpected accession to the presidency it was
found that his Democratic .State-right convictions placed
him Iiopelesflly at variance witli the Republican majority
In Congress on thetiuestion of reconstruction. The nuar-
rel with ( 'otigress came t^) a head on his attempting to re-
move Edwin .M. Stanton from tile secretarysliip of war
without the consent of the .Senate, contrary to tile tenure-
of-oftlcc act jijissed over his vet^i March 2, 1867. Ho was
Impeached for high crimes ami misdemeanors, luit was
acquitted (by a vote of ;i6 to 19, very little short of the two-
thirds vote necessary to conviction) after a trial lasting
from March 2:! to May 26, 1808.
Johnson, Benjamin. Born lOO.") (f ) : died Aug.,
1742. .\ii Eiiglisli actor. He Joined the Driir}- Lane
Company as a scene-painter in 1B9.''>, and in 1706 went to
the Haymarket, where, Dec. 3, 1706, he played I'orbaccio
In Ben .Tonson's " V'olpone." He played first grave-digger,
Polonins, and other Stiaksperian parts, but was especially
devoted t4) Hen .(oiiHnii.
Johnson, Charles. Born in 1079 : died at Lon-
don, March 11, 1748. An English dramatist.
Among his plays are "Force of Friendship" (1710). "Lovo
In a Chest" (1710), -Tlie Wife's Relief, or the Husband's
Cure"(I711), "Country Lasses, etc." (1716), "Cadia, orThe
Perjured Uiver" (1733), "The Cobbler of Preston," based
on the "'I'amingof the Shrew" (1716), etc.
Johnson.Captain Charles. Flmirishod 1724-30.
The name (]irolialily a |iseud<>iiym) of the writer
of "AtJeneralHistoryof the Kotiberies and Mur-
ders of the most notorious Py rates, and also their
Policies, Discipline, and Governmeut, from their
first Rise and Settlement in 1717 to the present
549
year, with the Adventures of two female Py-
rates, Mary Kead and Anne Bonn v " ( 1724). Some
of the lives are reproduced in Howard ryle's "Tile Buca-
neers and .Marooners of America "(1891). Diet. Xat. Bi'>g.
Johnson, Eastman. Born at Lowell, Maine,
July 29, 1824. An American gem'e- and portrait-
painter. He studied at Diisseldorf, and later in Italy,
Paris, Holland, and Tile Hague. He was elected national
academician in I860. Among his works are "The Old Ken-
tucky Homo "(1867), ■• TheOld StageCoach "(1871), " Husk-
mg Kee" (1S76). "Cranberry Harvest " (1S80).
Johnson, Edward. Bom at Heme Hill, Kent,
about 1599: died at Woburn, Mass., April 23,
1072. A historian of New Englaud. He came to
America as a joiner, probably with GovenujrWintbrop iu
1630. From 1643 to 1671 he was chosen annually (except
1648) to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, of
wliich he was speaker in 1655. He wrote a "History of
New England from the English Planting in 1628 until
1652 " (Lomlon, 10.''.4).
Johnson, Esther. See Stflln.
Johnson, Francis. Born 1796 (?) : died at Hert-
fonl, Jan. 29, 1876. An English Orientalist, in
1824 he accepted the chair of .Sanskrit, Bengali, and Telugu
in the East India (_"ompany's college at Haileybury. His
chief work is a "Persian Dictionary" (1st ed. 1H29; 2d ed.
lS.^i2), "the most important contribution to Persian lexi-
cography in any European language" {Diet. Nat. Biofj.).
Johnson, Guy. Born in Ireland about 1740:
died in the Haymarket, London, March 5, 1788.
An American Tory and militia colonel. He served
in the French war (1757), and under Jeffrey Amherst (17.59-
1760). He assisted his uncle, Sir William .Tohnson, in the
Indian administration, and succeedetl him as superinten-
dent at his death in 1774.
Johnson, Herschel V. Bom in Burke County,
Ga., Sept. 18, 1812: died in Jefferson County,
6a., Aug. 16, 1880. An American, lawyer antl
politician. He was United States senator from Georgia
1848-49 ; governor of Georgia 1853-57 ; Democratic can-
didate for the vice-presidency In 1860 ; and Confederate
senator.
Johnson, Isaac. Born at Clipsham, Rutland-
shire, Englaud: died at Boston, Mass., Sept. 30,
1030. One of the founders of Massachusetts.
He came to Salem with Winthrop in 1630, assisted In found-
ing the first church iu Charlestown July 30 of the same
year, and on Sept. 7 superintended the settlement of .Shaw-
mut or Boston.
Johnson, James. Died at Edinburgh, Feb. 26,
1811. ASeottish engi'avor, publisher, andmusic-
dealer. He published at Edinburgh "The Scots Musical
Sluseum " (1787-1803), to whi(m Burns contributed a num-
ber of pieces.
Johnson, Sir John. Bom 1742 : died at Mon-
treal, Canada, Jau. 4, 1830. A British general
in the Revolutionary War, son of Sir William
Johnson.
Johnson, Manuel John. Born at Macao, China,
May 23, 18t)5 : died in England, Feb. 28, 1859.
An English astronomer. In lS29he began obsening
at St. Helena, and in 1835 published a catalogue of 606
principal stars In the southern hemisphere, winning the
Astronomical Society's gold meiial. On July 27, 1832, he
observed tlie solar eclii»se at St. Helena. In 1835 he ma-
triculated at Magdalen II all, Oxford, and irraduatcdin 1839.
In 1839 he succeeded ISigaud at liailclitle llbaervatory,
and published 18 volumes of " Kudclitfe (Ibservations."
Johnson, Reverdy. Born at Annapolis, Md.,
May21, 1790: diet! there, Feb. 10, 1870. Anotod
American la^yver and politician. He was Iinlted
states senator (Whig) from Maryland 184.5-49 ; attorney-
generallMO-,50 ; United States senator 1803-68; andUnlted
States minister to Great Britain 1868-69. He negotiated a
treaty with England for the settlement of the Alabama
claims, wliich was rejected by the Senate.
Johnson, Richard. Born at London, 1573: died
l(i59(?). An English poet and prose--nTiter.
His best-known work is the "Famous Historic of the Seaven
Champions of Christendom : St. George of I'iMglaiid, St.
Denis of France, St. James of Spain. St. Aiitliony of Italy,
St. Andrew of Scotland, St. P.itriek of Ireland, aiul .St.
David of Wales." In Kin;; he pulilisbeti "Angloruin La-
chryina," : In a sad passion conirdayniiig <if theileathof our
late soveraigne lady t)ueene Elizabeth, etc."; In 1612 "The
Crown Garland of Golden Roses"; etc.
Johnson, Richard Mentor. Born near Louis-
ville, Ky., Oct. 17. 17SII: died at Frankfort, Ky.,
Nov. 19, 1S50. An .\iiierieaii politician. He was
member of Ccmgress from Kentucky 1807-19, United States
senator 1819-2'.l, and mrriiliemf Congress 1829-37. Hewas
elected (Democratic) N'icc-rresident in 1H37, and served
1837-41, and was an unsuccessful candidate for the vice-
presidency In 1840.
Johnson, Samuel. Born at Guilford, Conn., Oct.
14, 1690: died at Stratford, f^onu., 1772. An
Anierii'aii elerg>Tnan and educator, first presi-
dent of King's (Jollege (Columbia College), New
York, 17.'>4-()3.
Johnson, Samuel. Bom at Ijiclifiold, England,
Se],1. IS, 1709: died at London, Dec. 13, 1784.
A celebrated English lexicographer, essayist,
and poet. He was the son of Michael Johnson, book-
seller at Lichtleld, a High-churchman and Jacobite. He
lost the use of one eye from scrofula, and was "touched "
by Queen Anne. His uncouth apjiearanco and manner
were against him through life. In 17*28 he entered Pem-
broke College, Oxford, and resided there continuously until
Dec. 12, 1729, and afterward at Intervals until Oct. 8, 1731.
Johnston, Alexander Keith
A I.atin translation of Pope's " Messiah " (much admired
by Pope) was written at this time. He began to suffer
from violent attacks of the hypochondria which followed
him through life. In 1732 he became usher at Market Bos-
worth school, but soon abandoned the place and returned
to Lichfield and Birmingham, in which latter town he mar-
ried a Mrs. Porter, July 9, 1735. He established a school
at Edial, near Lichfield, in 1736, which soon failed. Among
his pupils was David Garrlck, with whom he started for
London, March 3, 1737. In March, 1738, a Latin ode to
Sylvanus Urban appeared In Cave's "(ientleman's .Maga-
zine," to which he became a regular contributor. In May,
1738, " London," an imitation of Juvenal, was published by
Dodsley. The "Life of Savage" appeared in Feb., 1744.
The plan of his dictionary. Inscribed to Lord Chesterfield,
was issued in 1747. The booksellers agreed to pay £1.575
for the copyright. Including the entire work of prepa-
ration for the press. He employed 6 amanuenses, 5 of
whom were Scotchmen. The book was based on an in-
terleaved copy of Nathan Bailey's dictionary, and appe:ired
in 2 volumes, folio, April 15, 1755. In Jan., 1749, he pub-
lished the "Vanity of Human Wishes," the finest of his
poems. His tragedy " Irene " (l>egun at Edial) was pro-
duced Feb, 6, 174d, with IndltTerent success by Garrick at
Drury Lane. The "Rambler" appeared every Tuesday
and Saturday from March 20, 1750, until March 14, 17.52, and,
with the exception of Nos. 10, 30, 44, 97, and 100, was en-
tirely his work (No. 97 was written by Richardson). His
wife died March 17, 1752. On Feb. 20, 17.5.5, be received the
degree of M. A. from Oxford. His work "Rasselas" was
written in the evenings of one week in 1759. Among his
political tracts Is " Taxation no Tyranny " (1775), In answer
to the address of the American Congress. After the ac-
cession of George III., Johnson received a pension of
.£:!00. During his last years he devoted himself almost
exclusively to society aiul conversation, and his sayings
and doings were carefully reported by BosweU and Mrs.
Piozzi (Thrale). In 1773 he tfjok his well-known journey
with BosweU, an account of which was published in 1775
as " A Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland." He also
wrote nearly all the numbers of "The Idler" (1758-60),
and published an edition of Shakspere In 8 volumes, with
notes, In 1705.
Johnson, Sir William. Born at Warrentown,
County Down, Ireland, 1715 : died near Johns-
town, N. Y., July 4, 1774. ABritish command-
er and magistrate in America, superintendent
of Indian affairs in the colonies, in 1744 he was
appointed colonel of the Six Nations by Governor George
Clinton, and in April, 1755, by General Braddock, superin-
tendent of the affairs of the Six Nations with the local rank
of major-general. He commanded the provincial forces
in the attack against Crown Point. In 1760 he commanded
the Indian troops in the advance of Amherst on .Montreal.
He received a grant of land in the ^Mohawk valley called
"King's land." where he built (174:J) Fort Johnson, the vil-
lage of Johnson (now Johnstown), and Johnson Hall (1764).
He Introduced sheep and blooded horses into the Mohawk
valley. He published, in the "Transactions of the Philo-
sophical Society," a paper on the "Languages, Custom,
and Manners of the Indian Six Nations " (1772).
Johnson, William Samuel. Born at Stratford,
Conu., Oct. 7, 1727: died at Stratford, Nov. 14,
1819. An American politician and scholar, son
of Samuel Johnson (1090-1772), president of
Columbia College (1787-lsOO).
Johnston (jon'ston), Albert Sidney. Born at
Washington, Mason Couiitv, Kv., Feb. 3, 1803:
killed at the battle of Shilidi, April 6, 1802. An
American general in the Confederate ser\-ice.
He graduated at West Point iu 1826; was chief of staff to
General Henry Atkinson during the Black Hawk war hi
1832 ; resigned from the ai-niy In 1834; enlisted as a private
In the Texan army In 1836; succeeded Felix Huston as
commander of the Texan army in 1837; was secretary of
war for the republic of Texas 18:^8-10; served as colonel in
the United States army during the Mexican war ; C(mimand-
ed a successful expedition against the revolted Mormons in
Utah in 1857 ; and was appointed commander of the Depart-
ment of Kentucky and Tennessee in the Confederate service
at the outbreak of tlie civil War In 1S61. He occupied
Bowling Grt;en, Kentucky, in the autumn of 1861, but was
forccfl to retreat to ('orintll, Misslssljipi, by the fall of Fort
DcMielson, Feb. 16, 1S62. Having been reinforced by Gen-
erals Beauregard and Bragg, he attacked General Grant's
army at Slilloh, April 6, 1S62, and was killed about 2 I'. M.
by a ball which severed an artery of his leg. See Shiloht
liiilllf .,/.
Johnston, Alexander. Born at Edinburgh. 18I5 :
died at ilanqistead, Feb. 2, 1891. A Scottish
portrait- and iigure-painter. He is known from va-
rious portraits, " The Interview of the Regent .Murray with
MaryQueenof Scots '(1841), ' The Covenanters' Marriage "
(1.S4-2), etc.
Johnston, Alexander. Born at Brooklyn. N. Y.,
April 29, 1,S49: die<l at Princeton, N.J. , Jtdy 21,
1889. An American historian. He graduated at
Rutgers College In 1870 ; was admitted to the bar in 1S76 ;
and was iirofessor of jnrisiirudenee and political economy
In Princeton College from l.s.s:i until his death. Among his
works are " Hi.^tory "f American Politics" (1879), "The
Genesis of a New England State IConnecticutj" (I88S). "A
Ilistoryof the I'nilcd Slates "(I8S51. "Connecticut: a Study
of a Commonweallh-Democracy " (lss7), and " The United
.States : Its History and Constitution " (reprinted from the
" EncyelopaMlia lirltannica," 1887).
Johnston, Alexander Keith. Bom at Kirkhill,
near Peiiieuik, .Midlolliiaii, Dec. 28, 1804: died
at Ben Rhydding, Yorkshire, July 9, 1871. A
Scottish geographer. He was educated at Edinburgh
University, ami in 18'26 formed the firm of W. and A. K.
Johnston with his brother William Johnston. In 1830 his
first maps were puldisheil in "A Traveller's Guide Book."
On Feb. 8, 1840, he was made geographer in .ordinary to the
iiueen. Ills chief publicati<«is were Heinrlch Berghaus's
" National Atlas "(1843)," The Physical Atlas "(1848), " Die-
Jolmston, Alexander Keith
tionary of Geography " (1850X '* Atlas of General and De-
scriptive Geography " (1852), " The Royal Atlas of Modern
Geography "(1S61).
Johnston, Alexander Keith. Bom at Edin-
burgh, Nov. 24. 1844 : liied at Berobero, Zanzi-
bar, June 28, 1879. A Scottish geographer and
map-engraver. In 1869 he took charge of the geo-
graphical department of the London branch of the John-
ston house. Fi-om 1S73 to 1875 he accompanied the com-
mission for the survey of Paraguay. In June, 1878, he was
appointed chief of the Royal Geographical Society's expe-
dition to Lake Nyassa; arrived at Zanzibar Jan., 1879; and
there died. His l)est-known works are "The Library Map
of Africa" J186t>), " A Mapof the Lake Regions of Eastern
Africa, ""Hand book of Physical Geography "(1870), "The
.Surface Zones of the Globe " (1874).
Johnston, George. Bom at Simprin, Berwick-
shire, July 20, 1797 : died July 30, 1855. A Scot-
tish naturalist. His chief works are "History of Brit-
ish Zoophj-t-es" (1838), "History of British .Sponges and
Lithophytes " (1842).
Johnston, Henry Erskine. Born at Edinburgh.
May, 1777 : died after 1830. An English actor:
he was called "the Scottish Roseius." He first ap-
peared in London in 1797, and until 1S30 was successful in
such p.arts as Romeo, Hamlet, Sir Edward Mortimer, Lo-
thario, Sir Archie Macsarcasra, Sir Pert inax Macsycophant,
Douglas, Count Komaldi, George Barnwell, Alonzo in " Pi-
zarro, "etc. In 1823 he became manager of the Caledonian
Theatre, Edinburgh, but soon resigned. In Oct., 1830, he
played a short engagement there, after which there is no
record of him.
Johnston, John Taylor. Bom at New York,
April 8, 1829: died there, March 24, 1893. An
American bu-siness man aiid philanthropist.
He was president of the Central Railroad of Xcw Jersey
from its beginning till 1877, when he sacrificed his fortune
in an effort to sustain its credit. He assisted in organiz-
ing the Metn >politau Museum of Art, and was its first presi-
dent, but in 1889 his health forced him to resign this office.
He was connected with many other educational and benev-
olent institutions.
Johnston, Joseph Eccleston. Born near Farm-
ville, Va., Feb. 3, 1807: tlied at Washington,
D. C, March 21, 1891. An American general
in the Confederate sen-ice. He graduated at West
Point in 1829 ; was promoted captain in 1846 ; sen'ed in the
Mexican war 1846-47 ; w.is commissioned quarter-master-
generiil of the United States army in 1860 ; and on the
outbreak of the Civil War accepted a commission as briga-
dier-general in the Confederate service. In May, 1861, he
took command at Harper's Ferr>', where he was opposed
by General Patterson. When General Beauregard was at-
tacked byGeneral McDowell, July 18, 1861, Johnston eluded
Patterson, and on the 20th or 21st formed a junction with
Beauregard, whom, although inferior in rank, he left in
tactical command. He was promoted general Aug. 31,
1861. He afterward (1862) opposed McClellan in the Pe-
ninsular campaign, and was defeated at Williamsburg May
5, and at Fair Oaks May 31, 1862. He was defeated by Grant
at Jackson May 14, 1863, while attempting to relieve Pem-
berton at Vicksburg. In the same year he was appointed
to the command of the Army of the Tennessee,with head-
quarters at Dalton, Georgia, where he was required to op-
pose the advance of Sherman toward Atlanta. He was
com pelledtoretreat across the Chattahoochee early in July,
1864, after having fought unsuccessful engagements at Re-
saca. May IJi, and at Dallas, ilay 28, and was in consequence
superseded in his command by General John B, Hood, July
17, 18tv4. Feb. 23, 1865, he was restored to the command
of the Army of the Tennessee, with orders to oppose Gen-
eral Sherman, to whom he surrendered at Durham Station,
N. C, April 26, 1865, General Lee having previously surren-
dered to Grant. He published a "Narrative of Military
Operations Directed, during the Late War between the
States, by Joseph E. Johnston " (1874).
Johnston, Samuel. Bom at Dundee, Scotland,
Dec. 15, 1733: died near Edenton, N. C, Aug.
18, 1816. An American jurist and statesman.
He went with his father to America in 1736. He was a
member of the Continental Congress 1781-82 ; governor
of the State of Xorth Carolina 1788-S9: United States sen-
ator 1789-93; and judge of the Supreme Court 1800-03.
Johnston, Sir William. Born at Kirkhill, near
Penicuik, Midlothian, Oct. 27, 1802 : died there,
Feb. 7, 18.88. A Scottish geogi-apher. In 1826 he,
with his brother Alexander Keith .Johnston, founded the
house of W. and A. K. Johnston, geographical publishers.
He was lord provost of Edinburgh (l848-51),and was knight-
ed in 1861.
Johnstone (.ion'ston). A town in Renfrewshire,
Scotland, situated on the Black Cart 10 miles
west by south of Glasgow. It has inanufactiires
of cotton, etc. Population (ISid). (),6(5.8.
Johnstone, Andre'w James Cochrane. Bom
May 24, 1707 : died .some time after July, 1814.
A British adventurer and swindler. Hewasamil-
itary officer, nieniberof Parliament, and colonial governor.
After a career of bribery and corruption, he speculated in
the London Stock Exchange on fraudulent reports of Na-
poleon's death Feb, 14, 1814, was found guilty of conspiracy
in June, and was expelled from the House of Commons in
July.
Johnstone, Christian Isobel. Born in Fife-
shin-, 17.^1 : died at Kdinlnirgh, Aug. 26, 18.')7. A
Scottish novelist and journalist. Herchief works
are " Edinburgh Tales," " Clan Albin " (a novel), ' ' El iz.abeth
Be Bruce," lives and voyages of Drake, Cavendish, and
Danipier, "Cook and Housewife's Manual."
Johnstone, John Henry. Born at Kilkenny,
Ireland. 1749: died at Loudon, Dec. 26, 1828.
An Irish actor and vocalist. He made his first ap-
550
pearance in Dublin about 1773 ; sang at Covent Garden,
London, 1783-1803 ; and played at Drury Lane 1803-20.
Johnstone, William Borthwick. Bom at Ed-
inburgh, July 21, 1804 : died there, June 5, 1808.
A Scottish landscape and historical painter,
better known as a connoisseur and as the first
principal curator of the National Gallery of Scot-
land.
Johnstown (jonz'toun). Amanufaeturingto'svn,
capital of Fulton County, New York, situated
on Cavadutta Creek 40 miles northwest of Al-
bany." Population (1890), 7,768.
Johnstown. A city in Cambria County, Penn-
sylvania, situated on Stony Creek and Cone-
maugh River 58 miles east by south of Pitts-
burg. It has manufactures of iron. It and the places
near it were destroyed by the bursting of a reservoir Slay
31, 1889, with a loss, at tlie lowest estimate, of about 3,000
lives. Population (1890), 21.805.
Johore (j6-h6r'). A native state at the southern
o.Ktremity of the Malay peninsula. It is under
British in^uence. Area, estimated, 20,000 square miles.
Population, estimated, 200,000.
Joimy (zhwan-ye'). A tovra in the department
of lonne, France, situated on the lonne 14
miles north-northwest of Auxerre : the Roman
Joviniacum. It has noted wines. Population
(1.891), commune, 6,218.
Join'Tllle (zhwan-vel'). A town in the depart-
ment of Haute-Marne, France, situated on the
Marne Similes southeastof Chalons-sur-Mame.
It was the seat of an ancient barony, later of a
principality. Population (1891),commune,4,478.
Join'Vllle, Jean de. Bom at JoinviUe-sur-
Mame, Champagne, about 1224 : died on his
ancestral estates, July 16, 1317. A French
chronicler. His family was noble and wealthy, and
held for four generations the office of seneschal of Cham-
pagne. By virtue of his birth he had access to the court
circles of Champagne and France. He followed Louis IX.
on the seventh Crusade with a retinue of 700 men, and
spent stx years in Egypt and S>Tia (1248-54), In 1250, at
Saint-Jean-d'Acre, he drew up the articles of his religious
belief, his " Credo," which he subsequently revised in
1287. The great work, however, to which he has left his
name is the "Histoire de Saint Louis." The original copy,
presented in 1309 by the author in person to Louis ie
Hutin, great-grandson of Louis IX., is lost. A second copy,
belonging to Joinville, shared a like fate : this was pre-
simiably used, however, in preparing the first edition in
1547. "The bust modern edition was made by Natalis de
Wailly for the Soci^t^ de I'Histoire de France in 1868,
Joinville, Prince de (Frangois Ferdinand
Philippe Louis Marie d'Orleans). Born at
Neuilly, near Paris, Aug. 14, 1818. The third
son of Louis Philippe. He was in the French naval
service 1834-48, accompanied McClellan in the Peninsular
campaign in 1862, and setved (incognito) in the war of
1870-71, He publisheil " Etudes sur la marine " (1859),
J6kai (yo'ko-i), M6r. Born at Komorn, Feb. 19,
1825. A Hungarian novelist, journalist, and
politician. Among his novels are "A Hungarian Na-
bob " (18&4), " Black Diamonds " (1873), " The Romance of
the Coming Century" (1874).
Jokjokerta (jok-yo-ker'ta). 1. A residencyin
the southern part of Java, Dutch East Indies. —
2. The capital of Jokjokerta residency, situated
in lat. 7° 48' S., long. 110° 21' E. Population,
about 45,000.
Joktan (jok'tan). See the extract.
Arphaxad was the grandfather of Eberor "Hebrew."
"UntoEber," we are told [in Genesis! "were born two
sons : the name of one was Peleg ; for in his days was the
earth divided ; and his brother's name was Joktan." The
tribes and districts of south-eastern Arabia traced their
descent to Joktan, Among them we find Hazarmaveth.
the modern Hadhramaut; Ophir, the famous sea- port and
emporium of the goods of the further east ; Havilali, 'the
sandy region,' compassed by the river Pison (Gen. ii, 11),
and occupied by the sons of Ishmael (Gen. xxv. 18); and
Amalek (1 .Sam. xv, 7), as well as Sheba, the Saba of the
native inscriptions, whose ancient capital is now repre-
sented by the ruins of Mareb in the south-western corner
of Arabia. Saf/ce, Races of the O. T., p, 05.
Joliba. See Xiger.
Joliet (j6'li-et). A city and the capital of 'Will
Cotmty, Illinois, situated on the Des Plaines
River 34 miles southwest of Chicago. It is a
railway and manufacturing center, and contains
a State prison. Population (1890), 23.204.
Joliet (zlio-lya'), Charles. Born at St.-Hip-
p()l\-te, Doubs. France, Aug. 8, 1832. A French
novelist and littih-ateur. He has written, under the
pseudonym J. Telio and several others, for" I.a Vie Pa-
risienne," "Charivari," and a number of other journals.
Besides his novels he has written " L'Esprit de Diderot"
(1850), "Les pseudonymes du jour" (1867: 2d ed. 1883),
" Curiosities des lettres, etc." (1884), " Le tr^sor des ciuio-
sit(58, I'argot, etc," (1891).
Joliet, or Jollie't, Louis. Born at Quebec, Sept.
21. ItU.-) : died in May, 1700. A French-Cana-
dian explorer. He was intended for the priesthood,
and took minor orders in 1662, but abandoned divinity in
1667, and became a merchant. In 1672 he was commissioned
by Frontenac, governor of New France, to explore the Mis-
sissippi River ; and. In company with the Jesuit missionary
Jones, Jacob
Jacques Marquett* and five other Frenchmen, explored the
Fox, Wisconsin, Mississippi, and Illinois rivers in 1673,
Jolley (jol'i). Sir Joslin. One of the principal
characters in Etherege's comedy " She Would
if She Could": a convivial country gentleman.
JolUvet (zhoi-i-va'), Pierre Jules. Bom at
Paris, Jime 27, 1803 : died at Paris, Sept. 7, 1871.
A French historical and genre painter. He was
a pupil of Gros and De Juinne. Among his pictures are
" Massacre of the Innocents "(1845 : Rouen Museum)," Es-
tablishing the Magistracy " (18.55 : bought by the state),
"Christ among the Doctors" (1865: Pri^fecture de la
Seine), etc., and portraits of Philip III,, Queen Victoria,
Prince Albert, and others.
Jolof. Same as Wolof.
Jomini (zho-me-ne'). Baron Henri. Bom at
Payeme, Vaud, Switzerland, March 6, 1779 :
died at Paris, March 24, 1869. A celebrated
S'wiss military ■nriter, in the French military
service as colonel and aide to Marshal Ney.
After 1813 he was in the Russian service as lieutenant-
general and aide-de-camp to the emperor. His works
include "Traits des grandes opc^'rations niilitaires"(18()5),
"Principesde la strategic " (1818), "Histoire critique et
militaire des campagnes de la revolution de 1792 k 1601,
etc." (with Koch. 1819-24), " Vie politique et militaire de
Napoleon " (1827), " Precis de I'art de la guerre " (1838), etc.
Jommelli, or Jomelli (yo-mel'le). Niccold.
Born at Aversa, near Naples, Sept. 11, 1714:
died at Naples, Aug. 28, 1774. An Italian com-
poser. He 'wrote the operas "Merope'' (1747),
"Didone" (1745), "Armida" (1771), etc., and
cantatas, oratorios, and church music.
Jonah (jo'nii). [Heb., 'a dove'; 6r. 'luiof, E.
Jonas.'] A Hebrew prophet who flourished in
or before the reign of Jeroboam II. His storj- is
given in the Book of Jonah, the date and authorship of
which are unknown. The incident of the whale has par-
allels in Babylonian, Egyptian, and Greek mythology.
Jonas (yo'nas), Justus. Bom at Nordhausen,
Prussia, June 5, 1493: died at Eisfeld, Saxe-
Meiningen, Oct. 9, 1555. A German Protestant
reformer, the friend and collaborator of Luther.
Jonathan (jon',a-than). [Heb., 'gift of Yahveh."]
A Hebrew commander, son of Saul and fi-iend
of David. See David.
Jonathan, Brother. A popular nickname for
the American people. Its origin has been ex-
plained in several ways, but is not definitely
known.
Jonathan Maccabaeus (mak-a-be'us). Killed
143 B.C. The fifth son of Mattathias. and leader
of the Maccabees after the death of Judas.
Jonathan Wild the Great, The History of. .-V
novel by Fielding, published in 1743.
Jon Bee. See Badcock, John.
Jones (jonz), Anson. Bom at Great Barring-
ton, Mass., Jan. 20, 1798: committed suicide at
Houston, Texas, Jan. 7, 1858. A Texan politi-
cian, president of Texas 1844-45.
Jones, Da'Ty. The name given by sailors to the
evil spirit who is supposed to rule over the sea-
demons (hence "to go to Davy Jones's locker"
is to drown or to die) . The name has been said
to be a corruption of Jonah.
Jones, George. Bom Jan. 6, 1786: died at Lon-
don, Sept. 19, 1869. An English painter. He en-
tered the Royal Academy in 1801 and exhibited annually.
Re served in the Peninsular war and in the occupation of
Paris after Waterloo. He was most successful in battle-
pieces.
Jones, Henry. Bom near Drogheda, Ireland,
1721 : died at London, Ajiril, 1770. An Irish
poet and dramatist. He published "Poems on Sev-
eral Occasions" (1749), "The Earl of Essex," a tr-lgedy
(1752), etc.
Jones, Henry. An authority on whist and other
games of cards, on which he has written under
the name of Cavendish. He has also wi'itten
on lawn-tennis, backgammon, dominoes, etc.
Jones, Hugh Bolton. Born at Baltimore, Md.,
1848. An American landscape-painter. Among
his works are " The Return of the Cows (Paris Exposition,
1878), "The Poplars " (Royal .\cademy, London), "Near
Maplewood " (Metropolitan Museum, New York), * Break-
ing Flax " (Columbian Exposition).
Jones, Inigo. Born at London, July 15, 1573:
died there, June 21 , 1652. A noted English archi-
tect, styled "the English Palladio." He went to
Italy anti resided there niany years, especially in Venice,
whence he was calletl tti Denmark by King Christian IV.
In 1620 he was appointed commissioner of repairs of St-
Paul's, which, however, were not commenced before 1631.
In 1643 he was thrown out of his oflice, and in 1646 fined
j;345 for being a royal favorite and a Roman Catholic, hav-
ing been taken in arms at the capture of Basing House.
He is supposed to have died of grief, misfortune, and old
age at old Somerset House on the Strand. He sat twice to
Vandyck, and a portrait by this master has been sent with
the Houghton collection to St. Petersburg. .Among his
works are thebanqueting-hall. Whitehall (1619-22). Covent
Garden Piazza, the famous gateway of St. .Mary's. Oxford
(UB2). the equally famous portico of old St. Paul's and the
reconstruction of that church (1631-11), etc,
Jones, Jacob. Born near Smyrna, Del., 1770:
died at Philadelphia, Aug., 1850. An American
Jones, Jacob
naval officer, eoniinumlcT of the Wasp at the
capture of the Frolic iu 1812.
Jones, John Paul, commonly known as Paul
Jones. Bom at Kirkbean, Kirkcudbrightshire,
ScotlaucI, July 0. 1747: died at Paris, July l,s,
1792. A Scottish-American naval adventurer.
He was the son of John Panl, a Scotch gardener, la 1773
he went to Virginia, anil in 1775, under the assumed name
of Jones, was appointed first lieutenant of tlie Alfred, a 3i)-
gun frigate in tne American navy. In 1777 lie commanded
the lunger, a new 20-gnn frigate ; cruised in tlie Irish ,Sea
and on the coast of Scotland ; and on April 24, 1778, cap-
tured the Drake, a British sloop of war. Returning to
Brest, he was superseded. When, in July, 1778, war began
between Oance and England, un old East Indiaman, tlie
Due tie Duras, was converted into a ship of war called the
Bonhonimc Richard (which see). She sailed, under tlie com-
mand of Jones, with the .Alliance, Pallas. Cerf and Ven-
fjeance, Aug. 14, 1779. Theysailed around Ireland and Scot-
and, and on .Sept. 23 fell in with the Serapis (44 guns) and
Countess of Scarhorough (20 guns). The battle lietweeu the
Serapis and the Bouhomme Richard, one of the greatest
naval engagements in history, resulted in the surrender
of the Serapis to the Richard, and the subsequent sinking
of the latter. Jones abandoned tlie American service, and
entered the French and later the Russian navy. After
serving under Potemkin in the Black Sea, with the rank
of rear-admiral, he returned to Paris in 1790.
Jones, John Winter. Born at Lambeth. June
16, 1S0.5: (lied at Ileuley, Sept. 7, 1881. Libra
rian of the British Museum. He became assistant
librarian of the British Museum in 1837. T'pon the retire-
ment of Panizzi in 18C6, Jones was appointed principal
librarian.
Jones, Owen. Born in Denbighshire, Wales,
1741: died at London, Sept. 26, 1814. A Welsh
antiquary. He published " Myvyrian Archaiol-
ogy of Wales" (1801-07), etc.
Jones, Owen. Bom at London, Feb. 15, 1809:
died there, April 19, 1874. An English architect
and writer on ornament, son of Owen Jones
(1741-1814). In 1851 he was appointed superintendent
of the works and decorations of tlie exhibition in London.
He publislied "Plans, Elevations, Sections, and Details of
the Alhambra" (1S42 -!.''>), **(jrammar of Ornament" (1856),
"The Polycliromatic Ornament of Italy "(184G), "Examples
of Chinese Ornament" (1867).
Jones, Paul. See Jones, John Paul.
Jones, Kichard. Born at Birmingham, 1779:
died at London, Aug. 30, 1851. An English ac-
tor and dramatist. He was successful in light comedy
parts and farce. He claimed the authorship of "The Green
Man "(1818) and of "Too Late for Dinner" (1820), which
was also assigned to Theodore Hook.
Jones, Thomas Rymer. Born 1810: died at
London, ])^•e. 10, ISSO. An English compara-
tive anatomist and [ihysiologist, professor of
comparative anatomy at King's College, Lon-
don 1836-74. His chief work is "General Out-
line of the Animal Kingdom" (1838-41).
Jones, Tom. See Tom Jones.
Jones, T. Percy. The pseudonym of Professor
Aytoun.
Jones, William. Born in the parish of Llanfi-
hangel, Anglosoa, 1675: died at London, July
3,1749. An Hnglisli mathematician. He entered
the seivice of a merchant in London, and visited the West
Indies, afterward tejiehing mathematics on a man-of-war
and in London. His "New Compendium of the Wliole
Art of Navigation" appeared in 1702, and his "Synopsis
Salmariorum matheseos, or a New Introduction to the
[athematics" in 1706. In 1711 he edited some tracts by
Newton.
Jones, William. Born at Lowick, Northamp-
tonshire, July 30, 1726: died at Nayland, Suf-
folk, Jan. 6, 1800. An English clergyman ami
tlieological and miscellaneous writer. Amonghi.s
works are "Catliolic Doctrine of thi- 'rriiiity" (1756) aiul
"Figurative Language of the Iltjly Smiptnre" (1786).
Jones, Sir William. Bom at Westminster, Sept.
28, 1746: dicl at Calcutta, April 27, 1794. A
noted English Urienlalist and linguist, young-
est son of William .loncs the mathematician.
He entered University Cnllcgc, oxford, in 1764, and be.
canieafellow of tliat college in 1766. In 177U he i,ublished
/ a translation into French <if the Persian life of Nadir Shah,
broiightto England by Cliristian VII. of Denmark. It was
followed (1770) by the "Trait(5 sur la poiisie orientjile."
In 1771 he issued his grammar of the Persian language,
followed by " Poems, consistingchietly of translations from
the Asiatiek languages, etc." (1772), "Poeseos Asiatica)
Cominentarioniin Librl ,Sex"(1774). He was called to the
bar at the Middle Temple in 1774, In 1778 ho published
a translation of the "Speeches of Isieus in Causes con-
cerning the Law of Succession to I'roperty at Alliens." His
essay on the " Law of Bailments" appi-ared in 1781, anil in
the same year was issued the translation of the ".Moalla-
kat." He was knighted March 19, 1783, and made jmlge
of the high court at Calcutta. In 1784 he founded the
Bengal Asiatic Si>ciety. He was (lie Hrst English scholar
to master Sanskrit, and to recognize its importance for
comparative iihllology. In 1704 he began a complete di-
gest of Hindu law with the "Institutes of Hindu Law,"
followed by ".Mohammedan Law of Succession" and " Mo-
hammedan Law (,f Inheritance."
Jonesborough (.ionz'lmr'o). Tlie capital of
(Jlayton (Jouiity, Ocoi-gia, 18 miles south of At/-
lanla. Here Aug. SI, 18(M, tho Federals under Howard
repulsed Hie Confederates under Hardee, with a P'ederal
loss of 1,149, and Confederate loss of about 2,000. Popula-
tion (1890X 803.
551
Jonkoping (y^n'ch^-ping). l. A laen in south-
ern Sweden. Area, 4,447 square miles. Popu-
lation (1893), 193,268.-2. The capital of the
laen of .Jonkoping, situated at the southern eml
of Lake Wetter in lat. .57° 48' N., long. 14° 13' E.
It is noted for its manufactures, especially of matches.
A peace between Sweden and Denmai'k was concluded
hero in 1809. Population (1890), 19,682.
Jonsbok (yons'bok). [ON. JoH,v6rfA:.] The law
code of Iceland under Norwegian sovereignty
and later, brought from Norwaj' to Iceland, in
1280, by Jon Einarsson, a lawyer, from whom
it received its name. Like the Jarnsida, which
it superseded, it was a compilation by King
Magnus.
Jonson (.ion'scin), Benjamin, usually known as
Ben Jonson. Bom at Westminster, 1573 (?):
died Aug. 6, 1637. A celebrated English dram-
atist. His parentage is not certainly known. His mother
married, while he was still a child, a master bricklayer said
to have been named Fowler. He was sent to a school at St.
Martin's-in-the-Fields, but was soon removed to \\'estnun-
ster school, where William Camden befriended him. After
a somewhat obscure period he began to work for the stage :
in 1697 he appeared in Henslowe's " Diary " as a player and
a playwright to "The Admiral's Men. " During a break
with the Admiral's company his first extant comedy, ' ' Every
^lan in his Humour," was offered to the rival company, the
"Lord Chamberlain's Servants." It was accepted, and was
performed at the Globe in 1598, Shakspere playing in it.
Jonson ranked from this time with the foremost drama-
tists of the period. He became involved in quarrels witlx
Dekker and Marston, and in the plays of the two latter
are characters attacking or ridiculing him, while he in
turn satirized them in several of his plays. In 1603 he
began to write " Entertainments," and in 1605 the first
of his series of " Court Masques." He was in favor with
the court, and his life now entered its most successful
phase. The plays performed during 1606-16 ("Epicoene,"
"The Alchemist," "Catiline," "Bartholomew Fair," and
" The Devil is an Ass") are among his best. In 1613 he
went to France as tutor to a son of Sir Walter Raleigh,
and in 1618 he made his well-known pedestrian journey
to Scotland. About this time he spent some weeks at
the house of William Drummond of Hawthornden, whose
notes of his talk are the principal source of his biography.
On his return he wrote a narrative in verse of his adven-
tures (" Underwoods, No. 62 "). Between 1621 and 1623 the
king raised Jonson's pension to £200, and the greatest ca-
lamity of his private life occurred — the burning of his li-
brary, which was one of the finest in England. In 1626 he
was attacked with palsy, followed by dropsy, and was con-
fined to his bed during his last years. He was appointed
chronologer to the city of London in 1628, which increased
his income; but his powers were failing and his next play,
"The New Inn," was not heard to the end, and in 1631
his salary as chronologer was withdrawn. He brought
out more plays and masks, and in 1634 his salary was re-
stored. He lived three years longer, during which time
he wrote little. "The Sad Shepherd," unfinished, was
found among his papers. He was buried in Westminster
Abbey, in the Poets' Corner. The political crisis at this
time prevented the erection of an elaborate tomb which
was intended, and a casual visitor. Sir John Young, caused
" O rare Ben Jonson " to be cut on his tomb. Among
his friends were all the people of culture of the time, no-
tably Chapman and Fletcher. With Shakspere he was
less intimate : but the theory of his jealousy of the latter
has been completely refuted by Gifford. Among his plays
are "Every Man in his Humour "(acted 1698, printed 1601),
" The Case is Altered "(1699, printed 1609), "Every Man out
of his Humour" (1699, printed 1600), "Cynthia's Revels"
(16(K)),"The Poetaster, etc." (1601, printed 1602)," Sejanus,
his Fall," with another(1603, printed 1606), '■ Eastwcu'd Ho,"
with Chapman and Marston (1604, printed 1605)," Volpone,
or the Fox (1605, printed 1607), "Eixicoene, or the Silent
Woman "(1609)," The Alchemist"(1610, printed 1612), "Cati-
line, his Conspiracy " (1611), " Bartliolomew Fair " (1614,
printed (folio) 1631)," Tho Devil is an Ass "(1616, fcdio 1631),
"The Staple of News "(1626, folio 1631), "The New Inn,
etc. " (1629, printed 1631), " The Magnetick Lady " (licensed
16:i2, folio 1640), " A Tale of a Tub " (licensed 1633, folio
1640), "The Sad Shepherd, etc." (folio 1641), etc. Besides
these, he wrote a number of " Masiiues," " Entertain-
ments," and poems : among the latter are included " Kpi-
gramnies " (published 1616) and " The Forest," which eon-
tains his best songs, etc., up to 1616, most of which were
subseijuently published under the name of "Under-
woods ' (his own title) after his death (1640). The lines to
the memory of Shakspere prefixed to the Shakspere foli<)
(1623) were first included in Jonson's works by Oilford.
He wrote several prose works, among which are "Timber,
or Discoveries made upon Men and Matter." usually
known as "Discoveries' (1641), and "The English fJram-
mar made by Ben .Tonsoii for tlie benefit of all strangcis "
(1640). etc. His works were first collected in a folio edition,
of which the first volume, revised by himself, appeared in
1616, the second 16.'iO-41. Whalley (1766) first eilited him,
and in 1H16 Oitford brought out an edition, reprinted by
Cunningham in 1876.
Jonzac (zhou-zilk'). A town in thede]iartnu'nt
of ('linronto-Infi'rieuro,Franoe,45 miles north of
Bordcau.x. Population (1891), commune, 3,431.
Joodpoor. See Jodhpur.
Joonpoor. See Juunpur.
JoplinCity (.jop'lin sit'i). Aminingcity in.Tas-
]>ei- Ciiuntv, southwestern Missouri, situated in
lal.:i7°3'N.,Iong.94°35'W. Population (1890),
it,94:i.
Joppa. See JalYa.
Joram (jo'ram), or Jehoram (,je-h6'ram). King
of Israel 85I-S43 u. c. (Duncker), son of Ahab.
Joram, or Jehoram. King of Judah 848-844
B. c, son of Jehoshaphat.
Joscelyn
Jorat (zho-ra' or zho-riit'), G. Jurten (yor'ten).
A chain of heights iu the canton of Va'ud, Swit-
zerland, northeast of Lausanne. It forms part
of the watershed between the valleys of the
Khine and Rhone.
Jord (yerd). [ON. Jiirdh.'] In Old Norse my-
thology, the goddess Earth, the wife of Odin aiid
the mother of Thor.
Jordaens (yor'diius), Jakob. Born at Antwerp
about 1593 : died there, 1678. A Flemish painter
of historical and genre scenes and portraits.
Jordan. See Jordanes.
Jordan (jor'dan). [Heb. Tarden, the descend-
er; Gr. 'lopidvriQ, L. Jordanes, mod. Ar. £sh-
Sheriah.'] The chief river of Fahstine. it rises
inAnti-Libanus, traverses Lake Mcr.'m ( Hnlcli)andtheSea
of Galilee, and flows into the Dead Sea 10 miles east of Je-
rusalem. Its length is about 120 miles.
Jordan. A river in Utah which flows from Utah
Lake into Great Salt Lake. Length, about 40
miles.
Jordan, Da'vld Starr. Bom at GainesWlle,
N.Y.,Jan.l9, 1851. An American naturalist and
educator. He studied at Cornell University, receiving
the degree of M. S. in 1872, and of LL.D. (honorarj) in 1886.
In 1875 he graduated in medicine at the Indiana Medical
College. He was assistant on the United States Fish Com-
mission 1877-91 ; professor of zoology at the liuliaiia Uni-
ver.=ity 1879-85, and its president 1885-91 ; and in the latter
year was appointed president of the Leland Staiif- -rd .1 nnior
University. He has published " Manual of the \'ertcbrateB
of the Northern United States " (1876 and later editions),
"Contributions to North American Ichthyology "(1877-
1883), "Science Sketches " (1888), etc.
Jordan, Mrs. (assumed name of Dorothy
Bland). Bora near Waterford, Ireland, about
1762: died at St.-Cloud, France, 1816. An Irish
actress, known as Dolly Jordan. She became
the mistress of the Duke of Clarence (William
IV.) in 1790.
As an actress in comedy Mrs. Jordan can have had few
equals. Genest says that she had never a superior in her
line, and adds that her ' ' Hypolita " will never be excelled.
K.osalind, Viola, and Lady Contest were among her best
characters. Diet. A'at. Biog.
Jordan, Thomas. Bom at London about 1612:
died about 1685. An English actor, dramatist,
and poet. He supported himself by promiscuous literary
work, largely plagiarized, until 1671, when he was made part
of the corporation of London in the capacity of poet to that
body. Jordan conducted the lord mayor's shows for four-
teen years with great success. Among'his works are " Poet-
ieall Varieties or Variety of Fancies "(1637), "A Pill t*) Purge
Melancholy "(1637). "The Tricks of Youth " (1663), ".-V New
Droll, or the Counter Scufite" (1663), "Money is an Ass"
(1663), " Rosary of Karities " (1659), etc.
Jordan (yor'dan), Wilhelm. Born at Inster-
burg, Prussia. Feb. 8, 1819. A German poet.
He has written "Die Nibelungen "(1st part, "Sigfridsage,"
lSt>8: 2il part, "Hildebrants Heinikebr," 1874). dramas,
"Dciuiurgos," a poem (ls.^>2-.^4). translations, etc.
Jordanes ( jor-da'nez), or Jordanis (jor-da'nis),
or (erroneously) Jomandes (jor-nau'dez). A
Gothic (Alan) historian and ecclesiastic of the
6th century: by a probably erroneous tradition,
bisliop of Ravenna. He wrote (in .561) "De Origine
Getarum," often called the "Oetica," a history of the Goths
compiled from Cassiodorus and others, and "De sumatcm.
porum vel origine actibusque gentis Romanorum," a uni-
versal chronicle. The supposition that he may have beau
bishop of Croton in Italy is rejected.
Jorg (yerG), Johann Christian Gottfried.
Born at Predol, near Zeitz, Prussia , Dec. 24, 1779 :
died at Leipsic, Sept. 20, 1856. A German physi-
cian and medical writer, noted especially for his
works i>n obstetrics.
Jorg, Joseph Edmund. Born at Immenstadt,
Bavaria, Dec. 23, 1819. A Bavarian ultramon-
tane politician and historian. His chief work is
"Goschicht(* des grossen Bauernkriegs " (1850).
Jorgenson (yor'gin-son), Jorgen, Born at Co-
penliagen, 1779: died In New South Wales about
183(1. A Danish adventurer, governor of Ice-
land 1809.
Jomandes. See Jordanes.
Jortin (jor'tin), John. Born at London, Oct.
23, lt)9S: died there, Sept. 5, 1770. An English
chui'ch historian and critic. His father, Renalui
Jortin, was a Huguenot exile. He was educated at Char-
terhouse and at Jesus College, Cambridge, where he grad-
uated in 1719. In 1749 he was Bi»yle lecturer, and becaniQ
archdeacon of Londini in 1764. Hischief worksare "Lusus
poctici " (1722), "Life of Erasmus" (1768), and ".Sermons
and charges "(1771-72).
Jorullo (Ho-rol'yo). A volcano iu the state of
Michoacan, Mexico, 160 miles west by south of
Mexico. It was formed in 1759. Height, 4,041
feet.
Jorundfjord (y6'ron-fy6rd). One of the most
noted liords in Norway, on the western coast,
soutlieast of Aalesund.
Josaphat. See linrlaam and Josaphat.
Joscelin. Si>o Jorclin.
Joscelyn, or Josselin (jos'e-Hn), John. Born
1529 : died at High Koding, Essex, Deo. 28, 1603.
Joscelyn
One of the earliest students of Anglo-Saxon. He
graduated at Queen's College, Cambridge. He was Latin
secretary to Pai-ker, arclibishop of Canterbury (155S), and
at his suggestion made eoUections of Anglo-Saxon docu-
ments, wliich he annotated.
Jose^ (yo-sef'i), Rafael. Born at Presbtirg,
Huiii;avy, in 18.52. A noted Hungarian pianist
and composer: a pupil of Tausig. He has pub-
lislied a number of pieces for the pianoforte.
Joseph (jo'zef). [Heb., of doubtful meaning:
perhaps from a verb ' to add '; Gr. 'luo;/^, L. Jose-
pkus, F. Joseph, It. Giuseppe, Sp. .Jos(', Josef, Pg.
Jose, Jo:e, G. Joscpli.'i The son of Jacob and
Rachel. He played an important part in traditional He-
brew history. He was sold by his brethren as a slave into
Egypt, where lie became prime minister and the progeni-
tor of two Lsraelifish tribes, Ephraim and Manasseh. Ac-
coniinp to tradition his sale took place in the reign of the
Hyksos or shepherd king Aphobis. See Aphobis.
Joseph. The husband of Mary the mother of
Jesus.
Joseph I. Born at Vienna, July 26, 1678: died
April 17, 1711. German emperor, son of Leo-
poUI I. He was crowned king of Hungary in 16S9, and
of the Romans in 1690, and succeeded to tiie empire in
1705. He continued the War of the Spanish Succession.
Joseph II. Born at Vienna, March 13, 1741 :
died at Vienna, Feb. 20, 1790. German empe-
ror, son of Francis I. and Maria Theresa. He
was crowned king of the Romans in 1764 ; succeeded to the
empire in 1765 ; became co-regent with Maria Theresa in
the Hapsburg dominions in 1765; took part in the War of
the bavarian Succession 1778-79 ; and became sole ruler in
1780. He proclaimed the "Edict of Tolerance" in 1781;
abolished serfdom ; and joined witli Russia against Turkey
in 17S8.
Joseph, King of Naples, later of Spain. See
liiiiiitjiiirte.
Joseph, Father (Fran?ois Leclerc du Trem-
blayl. Born at Paris, Nov. 4, 1577: died at
Kucil, Dec. li^. 1638. A French Capuchiu monk,
eontidential agent of Richelieu.
Joseph of Arimathea. A rich Israelite who ap-
parently was a member of the Sanhedrim at the
time of the crucifixion. He was afrtiid to confess his
belief in .Tesus Christ. After the crucifixion, however, he
went and begged the Ixtdy of Jesus, and buried it in his
own tomb. There is a legend that he was imprisoned for
42 years, which seemed but 3 to him on account of the
Holy Grail which he kept with him in prison ; and that
he carrieil the Grail, after his release by Vespasian, to
Britain, where he built the abbey of Glastonbury. There
isan alliterative English romance "Joseph of Arimathea,"
written about 1350 (edited by Professor Skeat in 1871).
Robert de Borron composed two versions of a *' Legend of
Joseph of .\riraathe!i, or The Little St. Grail," in verse and
in prose, which fell into the hands of Walter Map, who
wrote the "Great .Saint Grail" from them.
Joseph of Exeter, L. Josephus Iscanus.
Flourished about 1200. A native of Exeter, one
of the best medieval Latin poets in England. He
resided much in France, and in 118S went with Archbishop
Baldwin on a crusade to the Holy Land, returning to Eng-
land in 1190. His chief works ai-e "De Bello Trojano" in
6 books, "Antioclieis," a poem on the third Crusade,
"Paiie'.'yricus ad Henrienm."
Joseph Andrews (jo'zef an'droz). The title of
a novel Ijy Fielding, published in 1742, and the
name of its hero. He is represented as a young foot-
man of great beauty who maintains his uprightness and
chastity through a long series of trials. The most promi-
nent and famous character in the book is that of the curate
Parson Adams, {^ee Admns.) The book (said to have been
suggested by the "Paysan Parvenu" of Marivaux) was at
first intended to be merely a satire on Richardson's "Pa-
mela," but it grew as its author worked upon it.
Joseph Bechor Shor (.jo'zef be-chor' shor'). A
Jewish scliolar and biblical commentator of the
rjth ci'utury, in tlie nortli of France.
Josephine (jo'ze-fi^n) (Marie Josephe Rose
Tascher de la Pagerie). Born at Trois-llets,
Martinique, .June 23, 1763: died at Malmaison,
near Paris, May 29, 1814. First wife of Napo-
leon I., and empress of the French, she removed
to France in 1778; married, Dec. 13, 1779, the Vicomte de
Iieauharnais(wlio died 1791); and became the wife of Na-
poleon March 9. 1796. She was crowned empress in 1804,
and was divorced in 1809.
Josephstadt (yo'zef-stiit). A fortified town in
Bohemia, situated on the Elbe 66 miles east by
nortli of Prague. Population (1890), 6.097.
Josephus (jo-se't'us), Fla'Tius (Jewish name
Joseph ben Matthias). B(un 37 a. p.: died
about !!.). A celebrated .Jewish historian. He
was of illustrious priestly descent, and related to the Afae-
cabean house. A visit to Rome in his early years filled
him with enthusiastic a<in)irat ion for it and its institutions.
At the outtueak t»f the Judeo-Ronian war he was intrusted
by the .Sardiedrim with the governor-ship of Galilee, and as
such took part in thewar against Rome. But he weakened
the province under his administration by sowing discord ;
and when the fortress Jotapata, after a most heroic resis-
tance, was taken by Vespasian, he managed to save his
own life after the remnant of the besieged had died by
their own hands. Vespasian, glad to have him on his side
as a guide and adviser, received liim with courtesy and
friendliness, and he remained with Vespasian and Titus,
following them, after the fall of his people, to Rome, and
living in" the sunshine of their favor. He receiveti large
tracts of land in Judeu and an animal pension, and adopted
552
the name of Flavins after that of the imperial family. In
Rome he wrote his work "The Jewish War," in 7 books,
at first in the Syro-Chaldaic tongue and afterward in Greek.
His "Ant iquities of the Jewa, " a history of the Jewish peo-
ple from the earliest times to "26 A. I)., in 20 books, is a de-
fense of the Jews against Apion, and his own autobiogra-
phy. In his writings he displays agreat love for his nation
and religion. His works are not only the most couipre-
heiisive and important source of information for the his-
tory of his times, but also are distinguished for their ex-
cellent historical style, which gained for him the title of a
Hebrew Livy. He died under Domitian, and, according to
some intimations, as a martyr to the faith of his race.
Joshua (josh'ii-a). [Heb. Telmsliua. wliose help
isYahveh. See JesMS.] The successor of Moses
as leader of the Israelites. He was the son of Nun,
of the tribe of Ephraim, and was one of the two spies who
reported favorably of Canaan. He was an attendant of
Moses, who designated him as his successor. He led the
nation into the land of promise, and w-as their captain in
the wars that resulted in their peaceful occupation of it.
'The book that bears Ins name consists mainly of an account
of the settlement of the Israelites in Cauaan. It is of
composite structure.
Josiah (.io-.si'a). [Heb., 'Yahveh heals.'] King
of Judah 640^309 B. C. (Duncker), son of Amon.
He was defeated and slain by Pharaoh-Necho at the battle
of Megiddoin thevalleyof Esdraelon. ('2X1. xxii.-xxiv. 30,
and 2 Chron. xxxiv.-xx.xv.) He brought about important re-
forms, destroying all forms of idolatrous worship. It was
under his reign that the priest Hilkiah found the book of
the law. See Denteronmmi.
Josika (yo'she-ko), Baron Miklos. Born at
Torda, Transylvania, April 28, 1796: died at
Dresden, Feb. 27, 1865. A Hungarian historical
novelist. Among his chief novels are "Abafl" (1836),
"The Poet Zrinyi" (1840), "The Last BAtory" (1838), "The
Bohemians m Uilngai-y " (1840), "A Himgarian Family dur-
ing the Revolution" (1861), "The Family Mailly " (1852),
"Esther" (1853).
Josippon. The title of a history, in Hebrew,
which originated in the 10th century in Italy,
and which the author (under the pseudonym
Joseph ben Gorion) claims to be a free trans-
lation of Josephus's historical works. The his-
torical events are mingled with legends and tales which
the author has drawn from the labbinical literature,
Hegesippus, the oldest compendium of the authentic
Josephus, and the patristic writings. It was written in
a kind of poetical prose, and was a great favorite with the
Jewish people ; it has been translated into many languages.
Jos(lUin ( zhos-kaii ' ) or Josse Desprez ( da-pnl ' ) ,
or De Pres (de pra). Latinized to Jodocus a
Pratis (j6-d6'kus a pra'tis), or a Prato, or
Pratensis (prS-ten'sis). Born at or near St.-
(Jueutin, Hainault, about 1450: died at Conde.
Hainault, Aug. 27, 1.521. A celebrated Flemish
composer, "one of the greatest masters of the
Nethei'land school," author of masses, numerous
motets, etc.
Josse (zhos). Monsieur. A jeweler in Moli&re's
"L'Amour m^decin." when asked how to cure a
love-siek lady he recommends jewelry at once; hence the
s.arcastic phrase " Vous 6tes orf^vre, M. Josse" ('You ai'e
a jeweler, Mr. Josse') — that is, you advise others for your
own benefit.
Josselin (zhos-lan'). A town in the department
of Loire-Inferieure, France, on the Oust 23
miles northeast of Vannes. Thecastle, a seatotthe
Rohan family, and the former abode of the Connetable de
Clisson, is a fine medieval stronghold with lofty wallsover-
topped by cylindrical, conical-roofed towers. The interior
front, in tlie Flamboyant of the end of the Pointed style, is
highly picturesque, with gables, canopied windows, open-
work parapets, and flaming tracery.
Jost (yost), Isaak Markus. Born at Bemburg,
Germany, Feb. 22, 1793: died at Frankf ort-on-
the-Main, Nov. 25, 1860. A German-Hebrew
historian, teacher in Berlin and later (1835)
in Frankfort. He wrote "Gesehichte der Israeliten"
(1820-29: "Ncuere Gesehichte der Israeliten," 1846-47X
" Gesehichte des Judentums und seiner Sekten " (1857-59),
etc.
Jotapata (j6-ta-pii'ta). A fortress on the mod-
ern hill Tel Jefat in Galilee. During the Judeo-
Roman war it was held by .Tosephus. Forced by want of
food and water to surrender to Vespasian, thegarrison re-
tired to a cavern and died by their own hands, with the ex-
ception of the general, Josephus, and one other.
Jotham (jo'tham). King of Judah 740-734 B. c.
J6tunheim(ye'ton-him). [ON. Jotiinheimr: Jii-
tiiiui, giant, and lieimr, world.] In Old Norse
m%-thology, the realm of the giants : also called
Utgard(ON. f^^/arrf/o-), the oiiterworld. It was
conceived to be situated in the extreme north.
Jotunheim (yo'ton-him). A mountain region
in Norway, ilbotit lat. 61° 30' N. it contains the
highest summits in the country, (laldhoppigen (8.400 feet)
and Glittertind.
Joubert (zho-bar'), Barth^lemy Catherine.
Born at Pont-de-Vaux. Ain, France, April 14,
1769: killed at the battle of Novi, Italy, Aug.
15, 1799. .\ French general. He served with dis-
tinction in Tyrol in 1797, and in Piedmont in 1798, and suc-
ceeded ^loreau in Italy in 1799.
Joubert, Joseph. Born at Montignac, P^rigord,
May 6, 17.54 : died at Paris, May 4, 1824. A
French moralist and man of letters. Extracts
from his manuscripts, uuder the title " Pens^es," were
Jovellanos
edited by ChAteaubriand, and later (1842), under the title
"Pens^es, maximes, et correspondance," by Paul RaynaL
Joueur (zho-er'), Le. A comedy by Regnard,
produced in 1696. Jb-s. Centlivre's "Gamester"
was adapted from it.
Jouffroy (zho-frwii'), Theodore Simon. Born
at Pontets, Doubs, France, Jidv 7, 1796: died
at Paris, Feb, 4, 1842. A noted French philo-
sophical wTiter, a pupil of Cousin, professor at
various institutions in Paris, and after 1838 li-
brarian of the university. He translated Dougald
.Stewart and Reid, and wrote "MiJlanges philosophiques"
(1833), "Cours de ilroit naturel" (1835), etc.
Jougne (zhony). Col de. A pass over the Jura,
on the borders of Vaud, Switzerland, and Doubs,
France, connecting La usanne with Pontarlier.
Joule (jol), James Prescott. Born at Salford,
England, Dec. 24, 1818: died at Sale, Oct. 11,
1889. An English physicist, noted for his re-
searches in the mechanical equivalent of heat.
His paper on "Electro-Magnetic Forces" (1840) describes
one of the earliest known attemi)ts to measure an electric
current by adefinite unit. In a paper "On the I'roduction
of Heat by Voltaic Electricity " (1840) he first announced
the law "that when a current of voltaic electricity is prop-
agated along a metallic conductor, the heat evolved in a
given time is proportional to the resistance of the con-
ductor multiplied by the square of the electric intensity."
This discovery was Largely suggested by Ohm's " Die gjU-
vanische Kette" (1827). In a paper (1843) " On the Heat
EvolvedduringtheElectrolysisof \V.ater, 'he demonstrated
that the mechanical and heating powers of the current
are proportional to each other. 'These discoveries led to
a long series of experiments on the eijuivalence of heat
and energy, which occupied the remainder of his life. In
a paper "On the Calorific Ertects of Magnetic Electricity
and the Mechanical Value of Heat " (1843) it is stated that
"the quantity of heat capable of increasing the tempera-
t\ire of a pound of water by one degree of Fahrenheit's
scale is equal to ... a mechanical force capable of
raising 838 pounds to a perpendicular height of one foot"
Joule made his final experiments in 1878. and the physical
constant w.as determined to be 772. .55 foot-pounds.
Jourdain (zhor-dah'), Alfonse, Count of Tou-
louse. Born in Syria, 1103 : died at Acre, Pales-
tine, 1 148. Ruler of the greater part of southern
Prance 112.5-48.
Jourdain, Monsieur. In Molif're's " Le bour-
geois geutilhomme," a good, plain citizen, con-
sumed with a desire to pass for a perfect gentle-
man. To this end he endeavors to educate not only him-
self but all his family. His astonishment at learning that
he had been talking prose all his life has passed into a
proverb.
Jourdan (zhor-don'), Comte Jean Baptiste.
Born at Limoges, France, April 29, 1762: died at
Paris, Nov. 23, 1833. A French marshal. He was
distinguished in the campaigns of 1792-93 ; became com-
mander of the army of the north ; defeated the Austrians
at Wattignies Oct. 16, 1793, and at Fleurus June 26, 1794 ;
wjxs victorious at Aldenhoven ; was defeated at Hbchst
Oct. 11, 1795 ; was commander of the army of the Sambre
and Meuse ; was defeated at Ami. erg Aug. 24, and WUrz-
burg Sept. 3, 1796 ; was connnamlerof the armyof the Dan-
ube, and was defeated at Osfrach March 21, and Stockach
March 25, 1799; was made governor of Piedmont in 1800,
and marshal in 1804 ; and attended Joseph Bonaparte in
Naples and Spain.
Journey to London, A. The name given by
Vanbrugh to the unhnished comedy afterward
completed by Cibber and called "Tlie Provoked
Husband" (produced in 1728).
Jouvenet (zhov-na'). Jean. Born at Rouen,
France, Aug. 21, 1647: died at Paris, April 5,
1717. A French historical jiainter. Among hischief
works are "Descent from the Cross," "Esther before Alm-
suerus," "Miraculous Draught of Fishes."
Jouvet (zho-va'), or Jo'Tet (zho-va'). A peak
of the Tarentaise Alps, southeastern France,
east of Moutiers, noted for its view. Height,
8,410 feet.
Joux (zho). Fort de. A fortress in the depart-
ment of Doubs, France, 3 miles sotith-southeast
of Pontarlier. Mirabeau was imprisoned here
1775, and Toussaint Louverture died here 1803.
Joux, Lac de. A lake on the borders of France
and Switzerland, in the Val de Joux. Its outlet
is the Orbe. Lengtii. 5 miles.
Joux, Val de. A valley in the Jura, in Vaud,
Switzerland, on the border of the departments
of Doubs and Jura, France, traversed by the
Orbe and the Lac de .Toux.
Jouy(zh6-e'), Victor Joseph Etienne (called
de Jouy). Bornat Jouv, nearVersailles.France,
1764 (1769?): died at St.-Germain-en-Laye,
France, Sept. 4, 1846. A French dramatist and
matt of letters. Among Ids numerous wTitings. are" Er-
mitede laChaussee d'Antin.ou observations sinlesmffiurn
et les usages frani,-ais an commencement du dix-neuviifme
sitcle " (1812-14X librettos, comedies, tragedies, etc.
J0'7a. See Onnta.
Jo've (jov). See Jupiter and Zeus.
Jovellanos (no-vel-yii'nds), or Jo'7e-LIanos,
Gaspar Melchor de. Born at Gijon, Asturias,
Spain, Jan. 5, 1744: died in Asturias, Nov. 27,
1811. A Spanish statesman, poet, and man of
Jovellanos
letters. He wrote the comeily " F.liklincuentehonrado"
("The Honest Criminal"), the tra^i'dy "Pelayo," prose
works on politics and politicul economj, etc.
Jovellanos (Ho-vel-yii'uOs), Salvador. Born at
Asiiiiiioii, 1.S33. AParafiUHvaustatfsmau. Driven
out «»f the countiy, he established himself in the Argentine
Repuldic. and in lti4Jo joined the allied army apainst Ixipez.
At the end ot the war he was made a memlKT of llie pro-
visional iri.>veriiment, and a new constitutiim having been
adoptfd. lie was elected president in Oct.. 1S71, serving from
Dec. 12, 1S71. to Nov. 2.'., 1S74. With him began the regen-
enitinn ..f Panigllay.
Jovial Crew, A, or the Merry Beggars. A
coiiipily by Richard Brome, produced iu IWl,
printed in 1652.
Jovian. See .Joviamts.
Jovianus (j6-vi-a'nus), Flavius Claudius.
Bom about 332: died at Dada.staiia. Bithyuia,
Feb. 17. 3ft4. Emjieror nf Homo 3G:i-;it;4. He was
elevated by the army on the death of Julian the Apostate
during a campaign against Persia, and purchased the retreat
of himself and his aniiy by ceding to the Persian king all
tlicS Ri'inan provinces beyond the Tigris. The chief event
of his reign was the publication of an edict restoring Chris-
tianity to the jirivileges granted by Constantine the Great.
JoviUS. See Gioriii.
Jowett (jou'et), Benjamin. Born at Camber-
well, London, 1817: died Oct. 1, 1893. A noted
Kngiish classical scholar, regius professor of
Greek at O.xford, and master of Balliol College.
In 18S2 he was appointed vice-chancellor of the university.
His works include "The Dialogues of Plato translated into
English, with Analyses and Introductions" (1S71. ad ed.
18ii2), a translation of Tliuc>dides(l!iSl), and a translation
of the "Polities' (it Aristotle (lss.i). In 1860 he was tried
and acquitted before the chancellor's court of the Uni-
versity nf Oxford on a charge of heresy.
Jowf, or Djowf (jouf). .V to-ivn and oasis in
Arabia, about hit, 29° 30' X., long. 40° E.
Joyce's Country (jois'ezkun'ti-i). A district of
County Galway, Ireland, lying north of Conne-
mara.
Joyeuse (zhwil-yfez'). The stvord of Charle-
magne.
Joyeuse Garde (zhwil-y^z' giird), La, or La
Garde Joyeuse. In medieval romance, the cas-
tle of Lancelot of the Lake. It was given to him
by Arthur for his defense of the queen's honor in a con-
flict with Sir Mador who had accused her of poisoning his
brother. The name was changed from Dolorous Garde, or
La Garde Donloureuse, in honorofhis victory. Itis thought
to have stood at Berwick-upon-Tweed,
Berwick, but for the dulness within its walls, seems
almost as worthy of being called Joyeuse Garde as. both
from its real and romance history of siege, conquest, and
recoiuiuest, it is of being remembered as Dolorous Garde.
Stuart Otennu, .Arthurian Localities. III. 1.
J. S. of Dale. The pseudonym of F, .J. Stimson.
Juan iiii-iiii'), Spanish form of Jo/iH.
Juan, Don. See Don Juan.
Juan, Don. See John of AHstria.
Juana. Si-e Jonnna.
Juana,or JuannaCno-iin'uii). [Xamed in honor
of Prince .luan, the son of Ferdinand and Isa-
Ipclla.] The name given by Columbus in 1492
to Cutia. After his death it was changed, by the king's
desire, to Kernandina, and both names appear in some
old books and maps. They were soon abandoned.
Joan de Arpli ( ilii-iin' da iii-'jile). Born at Leon
ttliout l.'iS'i: died at Madridabouttlic beginning
of the 17th century. A .Spanisli goldsmith, the
most celelirated member of a numerous family
of goldsmiths: the Spanish f'ellini. Philip li.
appointeil him assayer of money at the .Segovia. He left
various writings on orfevrerie, sculpture, and arcliitecture.
Juan de Fuca (,i<i'an de f n'kii ; Sp. pron. Ho-iiu'
da fii'kii). or Fuca, Strait of. A sea pas-
sage separating Vani^ouvcr Island from Wash-
ington, and connecting the Pacific Ocean witli
the (hi\{ of Georgia and with Admiralty Inlet
and pMgct Sound.
Juan Fernandez (no-iin' fer-niin'deth). 1. An
island belonging to Chile, situated in the South
Paeitie in lat. 33° .38' S., long, 78° 53' W. The
•urface is rocky and mountainous. It was discovered by
a .Spaniard, Juan Fernandez, about 15S'i ; was a resort of
bucaneers in the 17tli and I8th centuries ; and is famous
for the solidary residence of Alexander .Selkirlt 1704-OB.
Also called .Vn» a TUrra. Area, 30 square miles.
2. A group including the above island, Mas a
Fuera (100 miles west of it), and the islet of
Santa Clara. Total area, 72 square miles. The
population is very small.
Juarez (Hij-a'reth), Benito Pablo. Bom at
Guehitao. Oajaca, March 21, 18ll(i: died at Mex-
ico, .Inly 18, 1872. A Mexican liVieral politi-
cian, of jiuve Indian blood. Banished by .Santa
Anna in 18.'»:i, he returned in 1855, waa minister of justice
under Alvarez, and in 1857 was elected president ut the
•unrenie court and viee-prcBident of Mexico. After the
fall of Conionfort (Jan., 1858), he became president by suc-
cession, but the reactionists had seized the government,
and Juarez triumphed over them (Dec, 1860J only after
a civil war. He was regularly elected presiilcnt March,
1S(U The invasion of .Mexico by the French, English,
and Spanish, ostensibly in support of foreign Imndholders
(Dec, 1861), ended In the occupation of .Mexico by the
663
Judson
French (June, 186,f), and the proclamation of an empire
under Ma.\iniilian. Juarez was driven to the northern
frontier, but on the withdrawal of the French army (Jan.,
ISti") quickly regained strength, and Maximilian was cap-
tured and shot. Juarez entered Mexico, and was reelected
president .\ug., 18
was again elected
surrection when he died
Juarez Celman (sal-miin'), Miguel. Bom at
Cordoba, Sept. 29, 1844. An Argentine politi-
cian of the liberal party. He became president Oct,
12, 1&S<S, but was forced to resign Aug, e, 1890, by a revolu-
tion brought on by the financial panic of that year.
Juarros (Ho-iir'ros), Domingo. Born at Guate-
mala city, 1752: died there, 1820. A Central
.\merican priest and historian. He wrote "His-
toria dela ciiidad de Guatemala " (2 vols. 1808-lS). There
is an attridgeti English translation by JohnBailey, entitled
"Statistical and C'ommercial Histoi-yof Guatemala" (Lon-
don, 1823). The work is important for the history of Cen-
tral America.
Juba (jo'bii). A large river in j\friea, which
Hows into the Indian Ocean near the equator. Judd(,iud), Sylvester,
Xow proved not to be the Omo. " ' ' "
Juba(j6'ba)L Committed suicide, 46 B.C. King
of Numidia, and an ally of Pompey. He defeat-
ed the Cipsareans under Curio in 49, and was
defeated at Thapsus in 46.
Juba II. Died about 19 A. D. Son of Juba I.,
made king of Numidia about 30 b. c, and tr,ins-
feiTed to Mauretaiiia in 25 B. c. He was noted
as a historical and general writer.
the impiety, of God's people submitting to a foreign yoke,
and thus acknowledging the sulxirdiriation of the Jewish
theocracy to the empire of Rome.
llUman, Hist, of Christianity, I. 14L
iw.""'RevoitTcomTnued!'andrthou«h'he Judas Iscariot (,io'das is-kar'i-ot), [Heb. (see
!d in 1871, the northern states were m in- Ju(lali); Gr. 'loiiWf 'lCT\ap(u7w. The surname
Iscariot is from Kcrioth in Judah,] One of the
twelve apostles, the betrayer of Jesus.
Judas Maccabseus (jU'das mak-a-be'us). Died
100 E, c. The second of the five sons of Matta-
thias the Hasmonean, He succeeded his father in
166 as commander and leader in the struggle against An-
tiochus Epiphanes. In the battles at Bethhoron and Beth-
zur (south of Jerusalem) he gained a decisive victory over
the Syrians, and on the 25th Chisleu (December), 164, he
entered Jerusalem and reconsecrated the temple ; in mem-
ory of this event the feast of dedication (hanukah) was
instituted. Later he fought many battles, and at last fell
in an encounter with the Syrians under Bacchides.
Judas Maccabsus. An oratorio by Handel, pro-
duced in London 1747,
„ Born at Westhampton,
Mass., .July 23, lsl3: ,lied at Augusta, Maine,
Jan. 20, 1853. An American Unitarian clergy-
man and author. His chief work is the ro-
mance "Margaret" (1845).
Jude (jiid), or Judas, Saint. [Heb. : see Judah.']
One of the twelve apostles, probably identical
with Thaddeus and Lebbseus (doulit'less a cor-
ruption of Thaddeus). There are no trustwor-
thy traditions concerning him.
Jubal (jo'bal). According to Genesis, a son of Jude, Epistle of. A book of the New Testa-
Lamech by'Adah, and the inventor of stringed ment. written, not by the apostle Jude, but pos-
and wind instriuneuts. -;i,i.. i . i,-..ii _.» t _ .
Jubbulpore. See Jabalpur.
Juby (,j6'be). Cape. A cape on the western coast
of Africa, south of Morocco.
Jucar (Ho'kiir). A river of eastei'n Spain, flow-
ing into the Mediterranean 25 miles south by
east of Valencia, Length, about 250 miles.
Jucunas (zho-ko-niis'). A tribe of South Amer-
ican Indians, on the river Japura near the con-
fines of Brazil and Colombia. They are of the
Arawak linguistic stock.
Judaea. See Judea.
Judah (jo'dii). [Heb.. 'praised'; Gr. 'loirfor,
I'arely 'iohSa. Judas.] 1. One of the Hebrew
patriarchs, the fourth son of Jacob and Leah. —
2. The most powerfiU of the twelve tribes of Ls
sibly by a brother of Jesus. He describes himself
as a "brother of James," by whom the brother of Jesua
may be meant. But both authorship and date are un-
certain.
Judea, or Judaea (jo-de'ii). [L. Judiea. Gr.
'I«i'<ia;n, from 'lovtkiioc,, Jew, from 'loi dof, Judah.]
1. The southern division of Palestine in the
Roman period, lying south of Samaria and west
of the Jordan and Dead Sea. sometimes, how-
ever, including territory east of the Jordan, —
2. An occasional name of the land of the Jews,
or of Palestine.
Judea, Kingdom of. See Judah.
Judenburg (yo'den-boro). A town in Styria,
Austria-Hungaiy, situated on the Mur 36 miles
west by north of Gratz. Population (1890),
commune, 4,642
rael. Its territory was bounded by Dan and Benjamin on T„^g.pR"*-Rof,v"fif' fHeb SnfpHm 1 A bnnV nf tl,o
th. the Dead Sea and Idumea on the east. Idumea .'^, ,Sg,°> ■'*°0^ "I- LUeo. So/epwi.J ADOOkOtthe
the north, the Dead Sea and Idumea on the east, Idumea
and Simeon on the south, and the Mediterranean (nomi-
nally) on the west. It was subdivided into the districts of
the mountain or hill country, the wilderness, thesoutli, and
the lowland,
Judah I., known as ''The Prince" (ha-Xasi), or
'•The Holy" (ha-Qaddsh). Flotu'ished 190-220
A. D. The seventh patriarch and president of
tlie Sanhedrim in succession from Hillel, He
resided Hist in Tiberias, afterward in Sepphoris, and was,
according to a tradition, on friendly terms with the emperor
Antoninus. The]nincipal workof his life consisted in the
cniiipilirig i.f the thousands of decisions (iLalachoth : see
//<(/«i7»() "f the teachers ot the law, which he arranged Ti,J„r«.;«4. «f -D--;- iliv_
acn.r.iing t.. subjects and redacted as the Mishna (which JUagmeUt 01 rariS, 1116,
see) in (i orders or classes, each comprising the regulations "• • ■'
of a certain branch of religious or social life.
Judah n. Patriarch about 225 a. d., gi'andsou
of .Judah I, He moderated many laws bearing on the
relation of Jews to heathen, and, according to a tradition,
was an intimate friend of the emperor AlexamlerSeverus.
Judah, Kingdom of. The southern kingdom of
the .Jews, comprising the tribes Judah and Ben-
,)amin. The northern kingdom of Israel seceded from
Old Testament: so named because it gives an
account of the history of Israel under the i-ule
of a series of leaders called judges, it describes
the transition period between the conquest of Canaan and
the growth of a strong, stable government. The juilge was
chieftain in ancient Semitic communities, and the chief,
of whatever title, always exercised juridical functions.
The ancient Carthaginians called their rulers by the same
name, suffetes. The most famous judges were Deborah
and Barak, Gideon, Jephthah, Samson, Eli, and Samuel.
-According to its own chronology, the book covers a period
of 410 years, but there are maiiy diHlculties in the way of
the acceptance of this number.
1 . A painting by Ru-
bens, in the museum at Dresden. The three god-
desses, accompanied by their attributes, and more or less
completely undrajied, stand in the foreground of a wood-
land. Paris sits on a stone holding the apple, with Mer-
cury at his elbow offering advice. This is the original of
the painting in the Kational Galleiy, London.
2. A painting by Rubens, in the National Gal-
lery, London. Mercury offers counsel to Paris, who is
seated on a rock, in shepherd's costume ; opposite stand the
three goddesses, more or less undraped.
'i . .1 , a „ t 1 ,1 i rt-.. . , ,, I.HIVV }iui.niy:aaKii, iiioic oi leas uiioraoeo.
it m the reign of Kehoboam (about 953 H. c). Among its , j-xr. /•••/ j-A ^ . -.^ , t-. ,• ■
kings were Jeh..sliaiiliat, Joash, Uzziah, Hezekiah, ami JUdlth l.lo dith). jVn Larly hnglish poem, prob-
Josiah. It was ovcrtlirown in 586 B. c. by Nebuchadnez-
zar, who carried many of the people to Babylon.
Judah ha Le'Vi (.iii'dii hii la've). Born about
1085: dii-il about 1140. A Spanish-.Jewish poet
and Jihysician. In him the Jewish-Spanish renaissance
of poetry reached its height of perfection of form and no-
bil